Anne MacKaye Chapman (Los Angeles, 27 de janeiro de 1922 – Paris, 12 de junho de 2010) foi uma etnóloga franco-americana que se concentrou no povo da Mesoamérica escrevendo vários livros, co-produzindo filmes e capturando gravações sonoras de línguas raras do Triângulo Norte da América Central ao Cabo Horn na América do Sul.

Primeiros anos e carreira
Anne MacKaye Chapman nasceu em 1922 em Los Angeles, Califórnia. Ela partiu para o México em 1940, matriculando-se na Escola Nacional de Antropologia e História (ENAH) na Cidade do México. Na ENAH, Chapman estudou com Paul Kirchhoff, Wigberto Jiménez Moreno e Miguel Covarrubias. Inspirada no trabalho de Covarrubias, Chapman e seus colegas publicaram Anthropos, uma revista que combina arte com artigos sobre antropologia e política. Apenas duas edições foram publicadas, ambas em 1947, devido aos recursos limitados. Chapman realizou seu primeiro trabalho de campo etnográfico como aluna entre as comunidades maias em Chiapas, México – primeiro, entre os Tzeltales até Sol Tax e, mais tarde, entre os Tzoziles até Alfonso Villa Rojas. Ela finalmente obteve seu mestrado em antropologia em 1951 pela ENAH; sua tese de mestrado, intitulada "La Guerra de los Aztecas contra los Tepanecas", usou as teorias de Carl von Clausewitz sobre a guerra para analisar a derrota dos Tepanecas pelos astecas para independência no início do século XV.

Chapman retornou aos Estados Unidos na década de 1950, obtendo seu doutorado em Antropologia pela Universidade de Columbia em Nova Iorque no ano de 1958. Sua dissertação foi intitulada Uma Análise Histórica das Tribos da Floresta Tropical na Fronteira Sul da Mesoamérica. Enquanto em Columbia, ela estudou com Conrad Arensberg e trabalhou como assistente de Karl Polanyi de 1953 a 1955. Outro professor, William Duncan Strong, apresentou-a Tolupan (Jicaque), povos indígenas de Honduras. Depois de receber fundos da Fundação Fulbright e do Instituto de Pesquisa para o Estudo do Homem (RISM), Chapman começou seu trabalho de campo em 1955 entre os Tolupan em Montaña de la Flor, Honduras. Ela retornaria por um período de vários meses todos os anos até 1960 para sua pesquisa, mas manteve seu relacionamento com a comunidade pelo resto de sua vida. Durante seu trabalho de campo, Chapman trabalhou principalmente com Alfonso Martinez. Por meio dele, Chapman pôde fazer um estudo da tradição oral e organização social tolupanas, bem como elaborar genealogias detalhadas da comunidade. Sua pesquisa acabou resultando em um livro, Les Enfants de la Mort: Univers Mythique des Indiens Tolupan (Jicaque), publicado em 1978; um texto revisto em inglês foi publicado em 1992 sob o título Master of Animals: Oraldition of the Tolupan Indians, Honduras. Alfonso Martinez morreu de sarampo em 1969.

Chapman também realizou pesquisas etnográficas entre os Lenca de Honduras, começando em 1965-66 e continuando até a década de 1980. Seu trabalho seguiu a análise de Kirchhoff sobre "áreas culturais", particularmente a Mesoamérica. Ela procurou resolver uma dúvida levantada por Kirchhoff sobre se os Lenca deveriam ser considerados um grupo mesoamericano, resolvendo a questão de forma afirmativa em um artigo intitulado Los Lencas de Honduras en el siglo XVI, publicado em 1978. Além disso, em 1985-86, ela publicou um estudo em dois volumes sobre os rituais e tradições de Lenca intitulado Los Hijos del Copal y la Candela.

Em 1961, Chapman tornou-se membro do francês Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, trabalhando sob Claude Lévi-Strauss até 1969 e, eventualmente, se aposentando do centro em 1987. Durante sua longa carreira como etnógrafa, esteve associada a vários outros centros de pesquisa na Europa e nas Américas, incluindo: o Musée de l'Homme em Paris, França; o Instituto de Pesquisa para o Estudo do Homem na cidade de Nova Iorque; o Instituto Hondureño de Antropología em Tegucigalpa, Honduras; e o Instituto Nacional de Antropologia em Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Em 1964, Chapman foi convidada a integrar a equipe da arqueóloga Annette Laming-Emperaire em um projeto na Terra do Fogo, Argentina. Embora não seja uma arqueóloga de formação, Chapman aceitou a oportunidade de conhecer Lola Kiepja e Ángela Loij, algumas das últimas Selk'nam (Ona) vivas da Terra do Fogo. Depois de terminar o projeto de arqueologia, Chapman se encontrou com Lola e a gravou falando e cantando em Selk'nam, bem como suas memórias de vida como Selk'nam. Embora Lola tenha morrido em 1966, Chapman pôde continuar trabalhando com os restantes Selk'nam na Terra do Fogo. Em 1976, coproduziu com Ana Montes um filme sobre os Selk'nam, The Onas: Life and Death in Tierra del Fuego. Em 1985, ela expandiu seu trabalho de campo para incluir os Yahgans restantes em Tierra del Fuego, Chile.

Chapman escreveu sobre muitas questões antropológicas importantes; possivelmente seu trabalho mais importante sobre os fueguinos foi Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego (1981). Ela também escreveu La Isla de los Estados en la prehistoria: Primeros datos arqueológicos (1987, Buenos Aires), El Fin de Un Mundo: Los Selk'nam de Tierra del Fuego''' (1990, Buenos Aires), e três capítulos listados no Cap. Horn 1882-1883: Rencontre avec les Indiens Yahgan (1995, Paris), que contém muitas fotografias tiradas por membros da expedição francesa ao Cabo Horn (1882-83) que estão entre as melhores dos Yahgans ; dez dos Alakaluf em 1881 dos onze que foram sequestrados e levados para Paris e outras cidades europeias; e seis dos últimos Yahgans que ela fez em 1964 e 1987. Ela também fez um filme sobre a vida dos membros da tribo Yahgan intitulado Homage to the Yahgans: The Last Indians of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn (1990), que foi finalista no Festival Internacional de Cinema e TV de Nova York.

Mais tarde, ela escreveu Hain: Selknam Initiation Ceremony, e junto com End of a World: The Selknam of Tierra del Fuego, ambos os livros incluem um CD de cantos Hain de Lola Kiepja. Em 2004, Chapman publicou El fenômeno de la canoa yagán (Universidad Marítima de Chile, Viña del Mar), e em 2006 Darwin in Tierra del Fuego e Lom: amor y venganza, mitos de los yámana.

Seu último livro é intitulado Encontros Europeus com o Povo Yamana do Cabo Horn, Antes e Depois de Darwin (2010, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press), uma narrativa dos dramas encenados de 1578 a 2000 na região do Cabo Horn, no Chile, pelo indígenas, os navegadores, os missionários e outros europeus.

No final de sua vida, Chapman morou principalmente em Buenos Aires, trabalhando e escrevendo lá. Chapman morreu aos 88 anos em 12 de junho de 2010 em um hospital de Paris.

 Prêmios

 Doutor Honoris Causa. Universidade de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile (2003)
 Orden José Cecilio del Valle en grado de Caballero. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, bem como outras homenagens do Instituto Hondurenho de Antropologia e História e da Universidade de Honduras, principalmente por seu trabalho com os Tolupan de Montaña de la Flor e os Lencas de Intibuca (2005)
 Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral en el grado de Comendador''. Dado pelo Ministério da Educação do Chile (2005)

Ligações externas
 Biografia de Anne MacKaye Chapman (em inglês)
 Encontros Europeus de Anne Chapman com o Povo Yamana do Cabo Horn, Antes e Depois de Darwin Oxford University Press. (em inglês)

Estado-unidenses expatriados no México
Cientistas dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Norte-americanos de ascendência francesa
Antropólogas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 2010
Nascidos em 1922
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Anne Chapman


Tie-dye is a term used to describe a number of resist dyeing techniques and the resulting dyed products of these processes. The process of tie-dye typically consists of folding, twisting, pleating, or crumpling fabric or a garment, before binding with string or rubber bands, followed by the application of dye or dyes. The manipulations of the fabric before the application of dye are called resists, as they partially or completely prevent ('resist') the applied dye from coloring the fabric. More sophisticated tie-dye may involve additional steps, including an initial application of dye before the resist, multiple sequential dyeing and resist steps, and the use of other types of resists (stitching, stencils) and discharge.

Unlike regular resist-dyeing techniques, modern tie-dye is characterized by the use of bright, saturated primary colors and bold patterns. These patterns, including the spiral, mandala, and peace sign, and the use of multiple bold colors, have become clichéd since the peak popularity of tie-dye in the United States the 1960s and 1970s. The vast majority of tie-dye garments and objects produced for wholesale distribution use these designs, with many being mass-produced.

In the 21st century, a revived interest in more 'sophisticated' tie-dye techniques emerged in the fashion and hobby industry, characterized by simple motifs, monochromatic color schemes, a focus on fashionable garments and fabrics other than cotton, and the pursuit of tie-dye as an art form, rather than a commodity.

Dyes, fabrics, and discharge agents
A variety of dyes are used in tie-dyeing, including household, fiber reactive, acid, and vat dyes. Most early (1960s) tie-dyes were made with retail household dyes, particularly those made by Rit. These dyes were designed for use on a number of different fibre types, and consisted of several different dyes, making them less effective and less colourfast than purely fiber-reactive dyes.

Most tie-dyes are now dyed with fiber-reactive dyes, a class of dyes effective on cellulose fibers such as cotton, hemp, rayon, and linen. This class of dyes reacts with fibers at alkaline (high) pH, forming a wash-fast, permanent bond. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is the most common agent used to raise the pH and initiate the reaction, and is either added directly to the dye or in a solution of water in which garments are soaked before dyeing. Fiber-reactives dyes are relatively safe and simple to use, and are the same dyes used commercially to color cellulosic fabrics.

Protein-based fibers such as silk, wool, and feathers, as well as the synthetic polyamide fiber nylon, can be dyed with acid dyes. Acid dyes are effective at acidic (low) pH, where they form ionic bonds with the fiber. Acid dyes are also relatively safe (some are used as food dyes) and simple to use. Vat dyes, including indigo, are a third class of dyes that are effective on cellulose fibers and silk. Vat dyes are insoluble in water in their unreduced form, and must be chemically reduced before they can be used to color fabric. This is accomplished by heating the dye in a strongly basic solution of sodium hydroxide (lye) or sodium carbonate (caustic potash) containing a reducing agent such as sodium hydrosulfite or thiourea dioxide. The fabric is immersed in the dye bath, and after removal, the dye oxidizes to its insoluble form, binding with high wash-fastness to the fiber. However, vat dyes, and especially indigo, must be treated after dyeing by 'soaping' to prevent the dye from rubbing (crocking) off. Vat dyes can be used to simultaneously dye the fabric and to remove underlying fiber-reactive dye (i.e., can dye a black cotton fabric yellow) because of the bleaching action of the reducing bath. The extra complexity and safety issues (particularly when using strong bases such as lye) restrict the use of vat dyes in tie-dye to experts.

Discharge agents are used to bleach color from the previously dyed fabrics and can be used as a reverse tie-dye, where the application of the agent results in loss of color rather than its application. Household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) can be used to discharge fiber-reactive dyes on bleach-resistant fibers such as cotton or hemp, but not on wool or silk, though the results are variable, as some fiber-reactive dyes are more resistant to bleach than others. It is important to bleach as long as required to obtain the desired shade (which will be lighter than observed on wet, unwashed fabric), and to neutralize the bleach with agents such as sodium bisulfite, to prevent damage to the fibers. Thiourea dioxide is another commonly used discharge agent that can be used on cotton, wool, or silk. A thiourea dioxide discharge bath is made with hot water made mildly basic with sodium carbonate. The results of thiourea dioxide discharge differ significantly from bleach discharge due to the nature of the reaction. Since thiourea dioxide only bleaches in the absence of oxygen, and the fabric to be bleached retains oxygen, a fractal pattern of bleaching will be observed. This is in distinct contrast with household bleach discharge, where the bleaching agent penetrates fabric easily (particularly in bleach formulations containing detergent). For example, pleating fabric multiple times and clamping on a resist will yield a clear design after outlining the resist with household bleach, but discharge with reducing agents will only partially penetrate the resisted area.

In general, discharge techniques, particularly using household bleach, are a readily accessible way to tie-dye without the use of often messy and relatively expensive dyes. It is particularly easy to put a design on cloth using stencils and sprayed-on solutions of household bleach, but the intricate and unintended results of discharge using reducing agents often surpass the results of oxidizing discharge techniques.

Designs and patterns

Tie-dye can be used to create a wide variety of designs on fabric, from standard patterns such as the spiral, peace sign, diamond, and the marble effect to beautiful works of art. Using techniques such as stencils (as in screen printing using dyes or discharge pastes), clamped-on shaped blocks, and tritik (stitching and gathering), tie-dye can produce almost any design desired. If a modern kit is used, then it is easier to accomplish a spiral or circle.

History

Earliest examples
The earliest examples of tie-dye in the Far East are from Sui dynasty (5th century AD) China.

The earliest surviving examples of pre-Columbian tie-dye in Peru date from 500 to 810 AD. Their designs include small circles and lines, with bright colors including red, yellow, blue, and green.

Asia
 is a form of tie-dye which originated in Japan, and has been practiced there since the 8th century.  includes several labor-intensive resist techniques which include stitching elaborate patterns and tightly gathering the stitching before dyeing, forming intricate designs for kimono,  and other accessories and garments. Another  method is to wrap the fabric around a core of rope, wood, or other material, and bind it tightly with string or thread. The areas of the fabric that are against the core or under the binding would remain undyed.

In Indonesia, especially in Java, tie-dye is known as .
Other terms including  and  are Indonesian terms derived from Javanese words for methods related to tie-dye. In Indonesia, tie-dye might be combined with other dyeing technique, such as , which combine tie-dye with batik wax-resist dyeing. Ikat is a method of tie-dyeing the warp or weft before the cloth is woven.

 is an Indian form of tie-dye that originated in western India.

 tie-dye originates in Thailand and the neighboring part of Laos. It uses different shapes and colors from other types of tie-dye, and the colors are, in general, more subdued. Another difference is that the base color is black.

In the 1941 book, "Orphans of the Pacific", about the Philippines, it was noted: "There are a few thousand Bagobos, who wear highly decorated clothing made of hemp fiber, all tied-and-dyed into fancy designs, and who further ornament themselves with big metal disks."

In China, especially in Dali, Yunnan Province, a traditional form of tie-dye is practiced by the Dali Bai people, known as Dali Bai nationality tie-dye ().

Africa
Tie-dye techniques have also been used for centuries in the Hausa region of West Africa, with renowned indigo dye pits located in and around Kano, Nigeria. The tie-dyed clothing is then richly embroidered in traditional patterns. It has been suggested that these African techniques were the inspiration for the tie-dyed garments identified with hippie fashion.

In southwestern Nigeria, the technique known as  is produced, using a variety of resist-dyeing techniques.

Tie-dye in the Western world

Tie-dyeing was known in the US by 1909, when Professor Charles E. Pellow of Columbia University acquired some samples of tie-dyed muslin and subsequently gave a lecture and live demonstration of the technique.

Although  and batik techniques were used occasionally in Western fashion before the 1960s, modern psychedelic tie-dyeing did not become a fad until the late 1960s following the example set by rock stars such as Janis Joplin and John Sebastian (who did his own dyeing). The 2011 film documentary Magic Trip, which shows amateur film footage taken during the 1964 cross-country bus journey of countercultural icon Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters, shows the travelers developing a form of tie-dye by taking LSD beside a pond and pouring enamel-based model airplane paint into it, before placing a white T-shirt upon the surface of the water. Although the process is closer to paper marbling, in the accompanying narrative, the travelers claim credit for inventing tie-dyeing.

Tie-dyeing, particularly after the introduction of affordable Rit dyes, became popular as a cheap and accessible way to customize inexpensive T-shirts, singlets, dresses, jeans, army surplus clothing, and other garments into psychedelic creations. Some of the leading names in tie-dye at this time were Water Baby Dye Works (run by Ann Thomas and Maureen Mubeem), Bert Bliss, and Up Tied, the latter winning a Coty Award for "major creativity in fabrics" in 1970. Up Tied created tie-dyed velvets and silk chiffons which were used for exclusive one-of-a-kind garments by Halston, Donald Brooks, and Gayle Kirkpatrick, whilst another tie-dyer, Smooth Tooth Inc., dyed garments for Dior and Jonathan Logan. In late 1960s London, Gordon Deighton created tie-dyed shirts and trousers for young fashionable men which he sold through the Simpsons of Piccadilly department store in London.

See also
Batik
Psychedelic art
Bagh prints

Notes

References

Further reading

"Tie dye chemical colors". http://diarylove.com/forum_posts.asp?TID=5070
"Tie dye in Thailand". http://www.kiriwonggroup.com/dye.html

1960s fads and trends
1960s fashion
1970s fads and trends
1970s fashion
1990s fashion
2020s fads and trends
2020s fashion
Articles containing video clips
Dyes
Hippie movement
Textile arts

Tie-dye


الرولز رويس نين هو محرك نفاث بريطاني من إنتاج شركة رولز رويس في الأربعينيات من القرن العشرين.

التطوير

النين أو أر.بي-41 كان ثالث محرك شركة رولز رويس ليدخل خطوط الإنتاج، صمم وصنع في فترة قصيرة جدا لا تتعدى 5 شهور في عام 1944 ودار لأول مرة في 27 أكتوبر عام 1944. شهد هذا التصميم القليل من الاستخدام في الطائرات البريطانية واستبدل بمحرك رولز رويس أفون الذي تبعه. الاستخدام الوحيد على نطاق واسع له في بريطانيا كان في طائرتي هوكر سي هوك وسوبر مارين أتاكر. أخذت شركة برات وويتني رخصة من رولز رويس واستخدمت المحرك لتشغيل عدد من طائراتها المحمولة على حاملات الطائرات مثل غرومان إف.9.إف بانثر. أعطى من 25-40 محركا إلى الإتحاد السوفييتي كبادرة حسن نية. تم تفكيك المحرك هناك وتم تطويره ليصبح المحرك كليموف أر.دى-45 ثم إلى نسخة أكبر الكليموف في.كيه-1 والذي ظهر بعدها في المقاتلة السوفييتية ميج 15. تم إنتاج هذا المحرك تحت الرخصة في أستراليا لفترة محدودة واستخدم في طائرات دي هافيلاند فامباير واستخدم أيضا في كندا بعض الطائرات.

المواصفات

الصفات العامة
النوع: محرك نفاث.

الطول: 2464 مم.

القطر: 1257 مم.

الوزن الجاف: 726 كجم.

المكونات
المكبس: مكبس طرد مركزي ذو مدخلين.

الاحتراق: 9 غرف احتراق.

التوربين: سريان محوري ذو مرحلة واحدة.

الوقود: كيروسين الطائرات + 1% زيت.

الأداء
الدفع: 22.2 كيلو نيوتن.

استهلاك الوقود: 109.1 كجم/ (كيلو نيوتن x الساعة).

انظر أيضاً
 أليسون موديل 250

قوائم ذات صلة
 قائمة محركات الطائرات

مراجع

محركات توربينية غازية للطائرات من صنع رولز رويس
محركات رولز رويس
محركات طائرات
محركات نفاثة عنفية عقد 1940

رولز رويس نين


الربيعية : أحد مراكز إمارة منطقة القصيم، تقع في شرق بريدة على مسافة 25 كيلاً. ويقطنها 2867 نسمة.

التسمية
الرُّبَيْعِيَّة - بتشديد الراء فباء مفتوحة فعين مكسورة فياء مشددة، فتاء مربوطة أخيرة - والرَّبيعَية على صيغة النسبة إلى الربيعة وهي في اللغة الرَّوضة من الأرض، والربيعية : موضع يرتبعون فيه البدو، وهو أيضاً: جماعة الناس.

قال محمد ناصر العبودي: «الرُّبَيْعِيَّة على صيغة النسبة إلى الربيعي والأمر فيها كذلك فهى منسوبة إلى الربيعى ففتح الباء - تصغير الربعى هو رجل أصله من أهل الشقة كان من أوائل من ملكوا فيها زراعة وأرضا.»

الجغرافيا
قال محمد ناصر العبودي: الربيعية قرية هامة من القرى القليلة الواقعة إلى الشرق من مدينة بريدة وفي البطين الذي يشملها ويشمل الشماسية إذ تقع في الشمال منه والشماسية إلى الجنوب وتبعد عن بريدة حوالى 32 كيلاً. الربيعية كانت تعرف في القديم بالروضة وبروضة الربيعى ولكنها بعد أن اتسع عمرانها وزادت أهميتها كادت تنسى التسمية الأُولى، وأصبحت لا تُعرف إلا بالربيعية، وهي غزيرة الماء ولعل لموقعها دخلا ًفي ذلك فهي لا يفصلها عن مجرى وادي الرمة الا كثبان رملية يبلغ عرضها حوالى أربعة أكيال، ومن المعلوم أن الكثبان الرملية لا تحجز المياه، بل هي ترشحها، وتلك الكثبان تشبه السد الطبيعى لمجرى وادي الرمة ، فهو يأتى من الغرب ذاهبا للشرق حتى إذا وازى الربيعية ووقفت في وجهه الرمال انعطف إلى الشمال واستمر إلى جهة الشمال الشرقى حتى ينتهى قرب الجعلة في الأسياح.

التاريخ
الربيعية ليست قديمة العمران، يقال : إن عمرها لا يكاد يتجاوز مائتين وخمسين سنة، والمعروف أن أهالى الشماس لما ذهبوا إلى تلك الجهة يبحثون عن مكان يعمرونه ويكون خاصاً بهم، بعد أن شعروا بأن نفوذ مدينة بريدة أخذ يقوى وخشوا أن يتغلب على بلدتهم ( الشماس ) التي تقع بالقرب من بريدة مروا بمكان الربيعية، وكانت مجرد روضة جميلة وكادوا ينزلونها إلا انهم استصغروها وخافوا أن تضيق أرضا بهم وبمن سيجاورهم فهجروها واختاروا عليها الشماسية، ثم اشتهرت الربيعية في السنين الأخيرة بمرور خط السيارات الذاهب من القصيم إلى الرياض بها فصارت محطة فيه هامة، الا أن ذلك زال بمجرد أن تمت سفلته الطريق المار بالسر إلى الرياض في عام 1388 هـ إلا أنه تقرر أن يمر بقربها مسفلت جديد وهو الخط الذي يأتى من الرياض فيمر بمقاطعة سدير ثم الزلفي ثم ينتهى بمدينة بريدة.

أما التاريخ المكتوب للربيعية فإنه شحيح ضحل، وقد ورد اسمها (روضة الربيعى ) لا الربيعية، ولكن ذلك كان في تاريخ متأخر فقد أورد ابن عيسى خبر غزاة للأمير عبدالله بن فيصل ابن تركى تمت عام 1277 هـ وأنه أغار على بعض أهل البدو في الزلفي وأخذهم، ثم سار إلى القصيم ونزل روضة الربيعى .

الربيعية والقصور
من أهم القصور الأثرية في الربيعية قصر الأمارة القديم ويسمى قصر الحوطة، وقد أسسه مهنا الصالح أبا الخيل قبل توليه الأمارة في بريدة حين اشترى جزءاً من ملك الربيعي، ويقع هذا القصر جنوب الجامع الكبير، وكان يتألف من دورين، ويُحيط به سور ضخم مربع الشكل، في كل زاوية منه مقصورة مرتفعة البناء، وبداخله آبار للماء، وقد تهدمت بعض اجزائه، وهو القصر الذي حُوصر فيه بعض أهالي الربيعية عندما هجم عليهم بندر بن رشيد، وأيضاً قصر البازعي أمير الربيعية سابقاً، ويقع جنوب غرب المدرسة الابتدائية السعودية، ويتواجد فيه بعض المقاصير، ويُحيط به سور ضخم، ويتكون من طابقين، وقد استضاف فيه البازعي الملك عبدالعزيز عدة مرات، كما أنها هناك الكثير من القصور التي تهدمت اجزائها، والتي تنتشر داخل بعض المزارع القديمة.

المراجع

مراكز محافظة بريدة

الربيعية (بريدة)


Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc (Manila, 13 de setembro de 1941 – Cidade Quezon, 24 de dezembro de 2015) foi uma jornalista e editora filipina, notável por seu papel na derrubada da ditadura de Ferdinand Marcos. Ela era um ícone da democracia. Magsanoc foi editora do tabloide semanal de oposição Mr & Ms Special Edition. Ela foi editora-chefe do Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Magsanoc está entre os três jornalistas cujos nomes foram adicionados ao Muro da Memória Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Monumento dos Heróis) em 2016. Bantayog ng mga Bayani a citou por "falar a verdade ao poder sem medo". Magasanoc foi reconhecida "por testar os limites da liberdade de imprensa como escritora e editora, por desafiar as restrições da mídia e a censura sob o regime marcial e por enfrentar a ira da ditadura".

O Senado das Filipinas, em uma resolução apresentada logo após sua morte, reconheceu Magsanoc por sua contribuição para a restauração da liberdade nas Filipinas.

Vida pessoal
Jimenez-Magsanoc era a mais velha dos nove filhos do Coronel Nicanor Jimenez, ex-gerente das Ferrovias Nacionais das Filipinas (abreviado em inglês: PNR) e diretor da NISA, a agência de inteligência do governo, mais tarde embaixador filipino na Coreia. Ela deixa seu marido Dr. Carlitos Magsanoc; e seus três filhos, incluindo Kara Magsanoc-Alikpala.

Magsanoc descreveu-se como "apaixonada pelos jornais" desde tenra idade, contribuindo com reportagens para a (Filipina) Sunday Times Magazine, enquanto estava no último ano do St. Teresa's College, em Manila, incentivada pela editora feminina do Times, Eugenia Apostol. Ela passou a maior parte da década de 1960 nos Estados Unidos, fazendo mestrado em jornalismo na Universidade de Missouri. Em 1963, casou-se com Carlos Magsanoc, médico. Sua filha, Kara Magsanoc-Alikpala, é uma jornalista que produz documentários de notícias. Jimenez-Magsanoc morreu na noite da véspera de Natal, 24 de dezembro de 2015, no Centro Médico St. Luke em Taguig, após sofrer uma parada cardíaca.

Início de carreira
A família Magsanoc retornou às Filipinas em 1969. Magsanoc juntou-se ao Boletim de Manila. Quando a editora da seção feminina da revista Sudany Bulletin's, Panorama saiu, e Magsanoc foi convidada a assumir o cargo."O último lugar que eu queria chegar, em qualquer publicação, eram as páginas femininas, que considero um gueto jornalístico. Eu estava tentando me livrar de escrever sobre batom e moda. felizmente, fui autorizada a escrever sobre quase tudo. Às vezes não tinha nada a ver com as mulheres."

Em 1976, Magsanoc começou a escrever para o jornal Manila Bulletin, depois que uma coedição com um colega do sexo masculino não deu certo. Ela escreveu uma coluna três vezes por semana, The Passing Scene, alternando com o colunista Tony Nieva. Mais tarde, ela recebeu sua própria coluna Not for People Only. Foi quando ela começou a ter problemas com as autoridades por criticar a lei pós-marcial do governo Marcos.

Em 1978, o general Hans Menzi, editor do Boletim de Manila, pediu a Magsanoc que assumisse a editoria do Panorama. Magsanoc estava relutante. "Eu não queria ser editora porque só queria escrever. Você sabe o que é ser editora, você tem que sentar na mesa, distribuir tarefas e limpar a cópia de todo mundo. É difícil conceituar toda a questão. O que eu queria fazer era sair e escrever." Ela exigiu que a Panorama recebesse uma proporção de 60% de editorial para 40% de publicidade e, para sua surpresa, Menzie concordou. A chegada de Magsanoc à Panorama deu uma nova reputação à revista. A circulação disparou com a editoria de Magsanoc. A funcionária do Panorama,  Margot Baterina, disse: "Nós buscamos histórias que ninguém mais se atreveu a tocar". Os dados do National Press Club, da época, colocam a circulação da revista em 300.000 exemplares aos domingos, mais que o triplo da circulação combinada dos outros dois jornais matutinos.

Panorama
Entre 1976 e 1981, Letty Jimenez Magsanoc foi editora da Panorama, a revista de maior circulação das Filipinas na época. Cinco meses depois de ser escolhida como uma das Dez Mulheres Notáveis da Nova Sociedade de 1981, ela foi forçada a renunciar depois de escrever um artigo considerado crítico para o governo.

Um artigo da revista Time que saudou Magsanoc como uma "heroína asiática", descreveu as circunstâncias que forçaram sua saída do Panorama: "Magsanoc escreveu uma história irônica sobre a terceira posse de Marcos como presidente. Marcos procurou afastar as críticas ao seu governo encenando uma falsa eleição. Sua "vitória" foi celebrada em uma cerimônia suntuosa, embora surreal, na qual um coro cantou o Messias de Handel. Magsanoc começou com uma linha de Handel: "E ele reinará para todo o sempre". Marcos achou isso uma blasfêmia e fez com que ela fosse demitida."

A renúncia forçada de Magsanoc provocou furor na mídia, com jornalistas usando suas colunas para se manifestar, embora vários artigos tenham sido suprimidos pelos editores. Vários artigos rejeitados por outras revistas foram publicados pela revista feminina de Eugenia Apostol, Mr & Ms.

O artigo de Magsanoc era um artigo sobre a inauguração, ilustrado com fotos e legendas espontâneas, sob o título There Goes the New Society; Welcome the New Republic.

Eventos após a renúncia forçada de Magsanoc
A renúncia forçada de Letty Jimenez Magsanoc foi a primeira de uma série de eventos que levaram a críticas ao governo Marcos por suprimir a liberdade de imprensa. Os eventos foram:

 Letty Jimenez Magsanoc forçada a renunciar depois de escrever um artigo considerado crítico dos Marcos.
 A prisão e apresentação de acusações de subversão contra o editor/produtor editorial de We Forum, Jose Burgos, Jr, e sua equipe
 Caso de difamação contra o editor do Panorama, Domini T. Suarez, e o escritor Ceres P. Doyo
 interrogatório militar das colunistas do Boletim Arlene Babst e Ninez Cacho Olivares; Editora do Mr & Ms, produtora editorial Eugenia Apostol e editora-gerente Doris G. Nuyda; os escritores Lorna Kalaw-Tirol e Jo-Ann Maglipon
 Renúncia da editor dp Tempo, de Recah Trinidad.

Artigos proibidos
The Lady at Maynila
Coluna Sundays, Panorama, 12 de outubro de 1980. Vários milhares de cópias da edição foram distribuídas na região metropolitana de Manila e nas províncias sem a página. Outra edição do número trazia Cartas ao Editor no lugar do artigo.

Survival: Variations on the Human Condition
Coluna Sundays, Panorama, 19 de julho de 1981. Ordenado retirado pelo editor Hans Menzi por causa de comentários irônicos sobre a situação econômica nacional.

Mr & Ms Special Edition
Letty Jimenez Magsanoc foi editora de Mr & Ms Special Edition de 1983 a 1986.

Magsanoc foi convidada para se tornar editora do Mr & Ms Special Edition pela editora Eugenia Apostol após o assassinato do líder da oposição Benigno Aquino Jr.

Apostol, em seu discurso de aceitação no Prêmio Magsaysay de Jornalismo, Literatura e Artes de Comunicação Criativa de 2006, disse: "Os filipinos ficaram indignados e mais de dois milhões deles se juntaram ao cortejo fúnebre (de Aquino). Mas a mídia de Marcos mal tomou conhecimento do evento. Foi quando decidi fazer uma edição especial de 16 páginas sobre o funeral de Ninoy Aquino, usando os recursos de uma revista feminina chamada Mr. & Ms. que eu estava editando na época (...) A resposta à questão do funeral foi inacreditável. Os agentes continuavam voltando para buscar mais, e por isso tivemos que imprimir 500 mil cópias. Depois disso, eu tive que pedir a Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc para me ajudar a editar uma edição especial semanal de Mr. & Ms. apenas para alimentar a fome dos leitores por mais sobre Ninoy e uma raiva crescente contra a lei marcial e Ferdinand Marcos. Todas as semanas nos sentíamos chamados a registrar as diversas manifestações de civis contra Marcos, e quando nenhuma represália veio (exceto um convite para um interrogatório no Forte Bonifácio em janeiro de 1983), continuamos por três anos (...)"

Revista Sunday Inquirer
Magsanoc foi a primeira editora-chefe da revista Sunday Inquirer de 1986 a 1987.

Philippine Daily Inquirer
Magsanoc foi editora-chefe do Philippine Daily Inquirer desde 1991 até sua morte em 2015. Ela foi a primeira mulher e a editora-chefe mais antiga (até hoje) do principal jornal do país. Quase um mês após seu falecimento, Magsanoc foi reconhecida como a filipina do ano de 2015 pelo jornal em que trabalhou por três décadas.

Prêmios
 1981: Mulheres de Destaque no Serviço da Nação. (Dez Mulheres de Destaque da Nova Sociedade.)
 1993: Medalha de Honra por Serviços Distintos em Jornalismo, Universidade de Missouri.
 2006: Time International "60 Anos de Heróis Asiáticos".
 2013: Medalha de Valor Ninoy Aquino
 2015: Jornalista do Ano, 19º Prêmio de Jornalismo do Rotary Club de Manila.

Jornalistas das Filipinas
Nascidos em 1941
Mortos em 2015
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Letty Jimenez Magsanoc


Eine Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation (abgekürzt GTP) ist die Polymerisation von Acrylmonomeren mit Silylketenacetalen. Dabei findet eine Verschiebung der Silylgruppe (Gruppentransfer) zum Kettenende und Ausbildung eines neuen Silylketenacetals statt. Als Monomere kommen vor allem Acrylsäure-, Methacrylsäureester, Acryl-, Methacrylnitril, aber auch Dialkylacrylamide sowie Dienoate und Trienoate zur Anwendung. Als Initiator, der ins Polymer eingebaut wird, dienen normalerweise Silylketenacetale von Methacrylaten oder ähnlichen Verbindungen, welche stabile Silylketenacetale bilden. Die Konzentration des Initiators steuert den Polymerisationsgrad. Die Polymerisationsreaktion benötigt einen Katalysator. Dazu werden zum einen anionische Fluoride, Azide oder Cyanide und zum anderen Lewis-Säuren wie Zinkchlorid oder Aluminiumdialkylchloride eingesetzt. Auf den Initiator bezogen wird etwa 10 % Katalysator eingesetzt.

Der genaue Mechanismus der Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation ist noch nicht aufgeklärt. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass der Mechanismus dem einer Mukaiyama-Michael-Reaktion entspricht. Die Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation wird auch als lebende Polymerisation (oder living polymerisation) bezeichnet, da sie im Gegensatz zu anderen Polymerisationsarten (mit Ausnahme der anionischen Polymerisation) keine Abbruchreaktion kennt.

Die GTP muss in streng wasser- und sauerstofffreier Umgebung durchgeführt werden, und deshalb werden als Lösungsmittel auch wasser- und luftfreie Lösungsmittel wie Toluol oder Tetrahydrofuran benutzt. Um die Polymerisationsreaktion zu unterbrechen, wird das Reaktionsgemisch mit Protonenlieferanten wie Wasser oder Alkoholen versetzt.

Durch GTP gewonnene Produkte sind als Dispersionsmittel, rheologische Additive und für Toner von technischem Interesse.

Die Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation wurde zuerst von Owen Webster entdeckt.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Manfred Dieter Lechner, Klaus Gehrke, Eckhard H. Nordmeier: Makromolekulare Chemie: Ein Lehrbuch für Chemiker, Physiker, Materialwissenschaftler und Verfahrenstechniker. 4. Auflage, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin 2010 S. 102, ISBN 978-3-7643-8890-4.
 Volker Wiskamp: Einführung in die makromolekulare Chemie. Harri Deutsch, Thun, Frankfurt 1999 S. 21–22, ISBN 3-8171-1609-8.
 Manfred T. Reetz, Ralph Ostarek, Karl-Erwin Piejko, Dieter Arlt, Bruno Bömmer: Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation von Acrylsäureestern mit Alkylthio- oder Arylthiosilanen als Initiatoren. In: Angewandte Chemie. 1986, 98, S. 1116–1118, .

Polymerbildende Reaktion

Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation


Le Clos du Bois Planté (en néerlandais : Geplante Bosgaarde) est un clos sans issue bruxellois de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui débute depuis Montage aux Ombres sur une longueur totale de 63 mètres. Un chemin permet à pied de rejoindre l'avenue des Muguets.

Historique et description

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Clos à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Clos du Bois Planté


Olaylar
 26 Ocak – Kuzey Amerika'nın batı sahillerinde 9 şiddetinde deprem (Kaskadya depremi) meydana geldi. Bu deprem dünya tarihinin kayıtlara geçmiş en büyük depremidir.
 27 Şubat – Yeni Britanya Adası keşfedildi.
 14 Temmuz – İstanbul Antlaşması imzalandı.

Doğumlar

 29 Ocak – Konstancja Czartoryska, Polonya asilzadesi (ö. 1759)
 2 Şubat – Johann Christoph Gottsched, Alman yazar (ö. 1766)
 9 Şubat – Daniel Bernoulli, Hollanda doğumlu matematikçi (ö. 1782)
 13 Mart – Michel Blavet, Fransız flütçü (ö. 1768)
 7 Mayıs – Gerard van Swieten, Hollanda doğumlu doktor (ö. 1772)
 12 Mayıs – Luigi Vanvitelli, İtalyan mimar (ö. 1773)
 19 Mayıs – José de Escandón, İspanya sömürge valisi (ö. 1770)
 26 Mayıs – Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, Alman reformist (ö. 1760)
 13 Ağustos – Heinrich, count von Brühl, Alman devlet adamı (ö. 1763)
 17 Ağustos – Clemens August (ö. 1761)
 11 Eylül – James Thomson, İskoç şair (ö. 1748)
 30 Eylül – Stanislaw Konarski, Polonyalı yazar (ö. 1773)
 10 Ekim – Lambert-Sigisbert Adam, Fransız heykeltıraş (ö. 1759)
 19 Kasım – Jean-Antoine Nollet, Fransız başrahip ve fizikçi (ö. 1770)
 28 Kasım – Nathaniel Bliss, İngiliz astronom (ö. 1764)
 25 Aralık – II. Leopold, Prusyalı general ve Anhalt-Dessau prensi (ö. 1751)
Doğduğu ay ve gün bilinmeyenler
 Francesca Cuzzoni, İtalyan opera sanatçısı (ö. 1770)
 Charles Frederick (ö. 1739)
 Franciszek Salezy Potocki, Leh yazar (ö. 1772)
 Ivan Ranger, Avusturyalı ressam (ö. 1753)

Ölümler
 7 Ocak – Raffaello Fabretti, İtalyan antikacı (d. 1618)
 21 Ocak – Henry Somerset (d. 1629)
 22 Ocak – Jacob Balthasar Schutz, Besteci (d. 1660)
 12 Şubat – Aleksei Shein, Rus komutan ve devlet adamı(d. 1662)
 12 Mayıs – John Dryden, İngiliz şair (d. 1631)
 15 Mayıs – John Hale, American witch hunter (d. 1636)
 23 Mayıs – Jens Juel, Danimarkalı diplomat (d. 1631)
 29 Temmuz – William, Gloucester Dükü (d. 1689)
 15 Eylül – André Le Nôtre, Fransız peysaj mimarı (d. 1613)
 27 Eylül – Papa XII. Innocent (d. 1615)
 16 Ekim – Patriarch Adrian, Rus Ortodoks Kilisesi lideri (d. 1627)
 1 Kasım – II. Carlos, İspanya'nın Habsburg Hanedanı'ndan gelen son kralı (d. 1661).
 25 Kasım – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, New York'un ilk yerli belediye başkanı (d. 1643)
Öldüğü ay ve gün bilinmeyenler
 John Lowther, İngiliz politikacı (d. 1655)
 Louis Jolliet, Kanadalı kâşif (d. 1645)
 Caius Gabriel Cibber, Danimarkalı heykeltıraş (d. 1630)
 Thomas Creech, English translator (d. 1659)
 Kamalakara, Hint astronom ve matematikçi (d. 1616)
 Henry Killigrew, İngiliz romancı (d. 1613)
 Louis Guittar, Fransız korsan

1700


Seada Kedir (* 1988) ist eine äthiopische Marathonläuferin.

2010 wurde sie Dritte beim Stockholm-Marathon, Zweite beim Casablanca-Marathon und Vierte beim Singapur-Marathon. Im Jahr darauf wurde sie Dritte beim Goyang-Halbmarathon, Elfte beim Seoul International Marathon, Dritte beim Košice-Marathon und stellte beim Beirut-Marathon einen Streckenrekord auf. 2012 wurde sie erneut Elfte in Seoul und gewann mit 2:35:08 Stunden wieder den Beirut-Marathon.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 Halbmarathon: 1:12:20 h, 6. März 2011, Goyang
 Marathon: 2:31:38 h, 27. November 2011, Beirut

Weblinks
 Athletenporträt von Seada Kedir bei der IAAF (englisch)

Fußnoten

Marathonläufer (Äthiopien)
Äthiopier
Geboren 1988
Frau

Seada Kedir


John Richard Wimber (February 25, 1934 – November 17, 1997) was an American pastor, Christian author and musician. Initially ordained as a Quaker minister, he became an early, pioneering pastor of charismatic congregations, and a popular thought leader in modern Christian publications on the third person of the Christian Trinity, the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Spirit's action in modern churches through miraculous phenomena referred to as miracles, or signs and wonders. Wimber was a founding leader of the Vineyard Movement, a Christian movement that Ken Gulliksen began in the United States and that later became a wider denomination.

Early life
John Richard Wimber was born on February 25, 1934, in Kirksville, Missouri, to Basil and Genevieve Estelynn (Martin) Wimber. He grew up outside of a religious or faith-based belief system until he became a Christian at the age of 29. Wimber was recognised as a talented musician, and he first played as a professional at the age of 15 at the Dixie Castle in Orange, California. Four years later, in 1953, Wimber won a first prize at the Lighthouse International Jazz Festival.

Wimber was a talented keyboardist and vocalist. He was a pianist and singer in The Paramours group, later known as The Righteous Brothers, from 1962 to 1963, as well as a manager for The Righteous Brothers during this period. This five-member band preceded Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley's eventual induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

He converted to Christianity in 1963, immediately enrolled in Azusa Pacific College, and majored in Biblical Studies. Upon graduating he was ordained as a Quaker minister. He then took a pastoral position with the Yorba Linda Friends Church.

Career
By 1970, Wimber was leading 11 different Bible study groups that involved more than 500 people. He was the Founding Director of the Department of Church Growth at the Charles E. Fuller Institute of Evangelism and Church Growth from 1974 to 1978, which was founded by the Fuller Theological Seminary and the Fuller Evangelistic Association. He was also on staff at Yorba Linda Friends Church.

Wimber eventually left the Quaker denomination after being discouraged from operating in the gifts of the Spirit. He formed a house church that would eventually grow into the Vineyard Christian Fellowship (VCF) of Anaheim in 1977.

Religious views and theology
Wimber strongly espoused Kingdom theology, and this approach to the charismatic differed from many of his peers and predecessors. Wimber's embrace of this new approach led a friend, C. Peter Wagner, to coin the phrase, "The Third Wave of the Holy Spirit" to describe the concept he taught. The Third Wave differed from classic Pentecostalism and the Charismatic movement, foremost, in their approach to speaking in tongues. Whereas the previous groups had emphasized the gift of tongues as the only evidence for the baptism of the Holy Spirit, Wimber and those he influenced emphasized that this was just one of the many spiritual gifts available to believers, as taught in the Bible. His teaching revolutionized what was a major theological stumbling block to some mainstream Evangelicals, and normalized the demonstration of "signs and wonders" in current times. Wimber held influence with a number of them, most famously Jack Deere, C. Peter Wagner, and Wayne Grudem.

Services led by Wimber often included activities, described as Holy Spirit manifestations, where congregants appeared to be drunk, dazed, or uncoordinated. But in the mid-1990s he led the Vineyard movement to split from the Toronto Blessing church primarily on the issue of bizarre manifestations and the church's extreme latitude for them.

Gender roles
Wimber held a complementarian view of gender roles, however his theology on various issues changed throughout the years. He believed firmly in who God was calling and anointing. In 2006, his daughter-in-law, Christy Wimber planted and led a Vineyard Church in Yorba Linda for eleven years. It was Carol Wimber who did the installation. This view believes the Bible to teach that a husband is called to lovingly lead, protect and provide for his wife and family, and that the wife should joyfully and intelligently affirm and submit to her husband's leadership. Complementarians also believe the Bible to teach that men are to bear primary responsibility to lead the church and that therefore only men should be elders. Wimber stated, "I personally do not favor ordaining women as elders in the local church ... I encourage our women to participate in any ministry, except church governance." Sam Storms, when discussing this issue, stated "Others would point out that in spite of his complementarian convictions, Wimber permitted at least two notable exceptions: both Jackie Pullinger (Hong Kong) and Ann Watson (England) served as the senior leaders of their respective congregations (although I should mention that Watson viewed her role as exceptional, given the premature death of her husband, and not a position to which women in ordinary circumstances should aspire)."

Authenticity
Wimber was very outspoken about maintaining authenticity and doing nothing for religious effect. He was dissatisfied with the way some services were run, was "angry with what appeared to be the manipulation of people for the material gains of the faith healer," "pushing people over and calling it the power of God," and accepting money for healing ministry. Wimber was not against manifestations in a service as long as they were real actions of God and not "fleshly and brought out by some sort of display, or promoted by somebody on stage"

In a 1996 Christianity Today article, Wimber told the story of someone he claimed was supernaturally healed, but he also shared stories of other people who were not healed. He had cancer at that time. A sociologist who conducted an analysis at one of Wimber's conferences observed that falsity and empty display were opposed by Wimber's team, commenting, "A few seemed to attempt to mimic phenomena like hand shaking but their attempts were obviously artificial and they were told to stop it by the more experienced team members."

Wider impact and other teachings
Wimber's teaching influenced many Christians, both inside and out of the Vineyard movement.  One of the key foundations of his teaching was intimacy with God, rather than religious habit and discipline. Another characteristic is in the area of teaching, which emphasized preaching extensively from the gospels and using Jesus as the model for Christian believers. Wimber also had a deep desire to be active in helping the poor.

He strongly emphasized signs and wonders, which he referred to as "Doin' the Stuff", the priesthood of every believer and that every Christian has the ability to prophesy and heal the sick. While this is not a new concept, Wimber was a key figure in the introduction of the concept that praying for the sick (or anything else) should not be reserved for special healing services, but should take place at every Church service, and should be practised on the streets by every believer. As a result, many churches have prayer time after the sermon. The Vineyard worship style has also had a wide influence on the church.

Wimber's teaching has had a significant influence on other Charismatic leaders, such as Mike Bickle, Terry Virgo, Randy Clark, John Arnott, Bill Johnson, John Paul Jackson, Sandy Millar, David Pytches Christy Wimber and Sam Storms. In 2007 Storms wrote an article commemorating Wimber ten years after his death.

Wimber's theology and methods have been challenged by cessationist Christians. Their criticism is mainly concerned with his embrace of Kingdom theology. Critics also argue that Wimber's emphasis on dramatic proofs of spiritual power show a lack of reliance on the Bible, and instead rely on practices derived from New Age philosophy and humanistic psychology.

Christy Wimber handled all of John Wimber's teachings and writings from his passing in 1997 up until 2018. She worked with Regent University in Virginia for twelve years and opened the library in 2018.https://www.regent.edu/lib/special-collections/wimber-collection.cfm

Declining health and death
In 1983 and 1984, Wimber said, "I had suffered minor chest pains every four or five months. I suspected they had something to do with my heart but did nothing about them. Nobody, not even Carol, my wife, knew about my condition." In October 1985 while in England he was very tired and had chest pains. His wife insisted he get tested. "I had what doctors later suspected were a series of coronary attacks." The next month his cardiologist confirmed he had a damaged heart and told him that his weight and schedule put him at risk of imminent death. "In 1985 I was away from home for over forty weeks." "All my life," Wimber confessed, "I have been a compulsive person, always working and eating more than I should." In 1986 he had a heart attack.

In 1993 Wimber was diagnosed with sinus cancer. He had successful radiation treatment which lasted a year, but said "at the time I weighed 280 pounds." In 1995 he had a stroke. In 1997 he had triple-bypass heart surgery. His mental faculties were declining and later that same year Wimber fell in his home and hit his head. This caused a massive brain hemorrhage, from which he died on November 17, 1997, at Western Medical Center in Santa Ana, California. He was 63 years old.

Wimber's health problems had challenged his theology and experience. After teaching on healing, praying for the sick, and seeing people healed, he openly admitted: "Not only have I suffered physically with health problems, but I also spent a great deal of time struggling with depression during my battle with cancer." He also commented, "Sometimes our experiences don't fit with our understanding of what the Bible teaches. On the one hand, we know that God is sovereign and that he sent Jesus to commission us to pray for and heal the sick. On the other hand, we know from experience that healing does not always occur. Why would God command us to heal the sick and then choose not to back up our act (so to speak) by not healing the person for whom we pray? This can be downright discouraging, as I learned years ago in my own congregation when I began to teach on healing. It was nine months before we saw the first person healed. The temptation was to withdraw from practicing Christ's commands or, at the other extreme, to drum up a false bravado to convince God to do what we thought He ought to do."

Published works
 Power Evangelism (co-author; Harper & Row, 1986)
 Power Healing (co-author; Harper & Row, 1986)
 Signs and Wonders and Church Growth (co-author; Harper & Row, 1988)
 Power Points: Your Action Plan to Hear God's Voice, Believe God's World, Seek the Father, Submit to Christ, Take Up the Cross, Depend on the Holy Spirit, Fulfill the Great Commission (co-author; HarperCollins, 1991)
 The Way In Is The Way On: Christy Wimber — John Wimber's Teachings and Writings on Life in Christ (Ampelon, 2006)
 Everyone Gets to Play Christy Wimber —  Teachings and writing's of John Wimber (co-author; Ampelon, 2009)

References

Further reading

External links
The John Wimber Collection at Regent University – Journal articles by and about John Wimber, conference materials, course syllabi, Vineyard publications, brochures, newspaper articles, correspondence and memorabilia.
John Wimber resources at Vineyard Church of Cedar Rapids

1934 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century Christian mystics
20th-century evangelicals
20th-century Quakers
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in California
American Charismatics
American Christian religious leaders
American evangelicals
American keyboardists
Association of Vineyard Churches
Converts to Christianity
Evangelical writers
Former Quakers
Fuller Theological Seminary faculty
People from Kirksville, Missouri
Protestant mystics
Musicians from Missouri
Writers from Missouri

John Wimber


, de son vrai nom , né le  à Yamagata au Japon, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète japonais.

Biographie
Né en 1947 à Yamagata, Mori passe son enfance à Kagoshima. Dans sa jeunesse, il remporte un concours de chant retransmis sur Fuji Television, ce qui marque ses premiers pas sur la scène musicale. Il se fait connaître en 1966 avec sa première chanson Onna no Tameiki (« Le soupir d'une femme »). Il choisit pour nom de scène Shin'ichi Mori, qui est une combinaison entre le patronyme du directeur de sa maison de production, Watanabe Shin, et son nom de naissance, Moriuchi. Sa voix rauque — qui fait au départ l'objet de diverses critiques ou moqueries —, son phrasé désuet, ses emprunts au blues occidental ainsi que son élégance doublée d'une apparente fragilité lui confèrent une grande popularité auprès de son public, essentiellement féminin. L'historienne Christine R. Yano écrit :

En concert, Mori livre des prestations très sobres, presque dépourvues d'artifices ou d'interactions avec le public, même s'il lui arrive fréquemment de descendre de la scène pour venir serrer la main des spectateurs dans une mise en scène soigneusement chorégraphiée. Très vite, il acquiert une réputation de « chanteur à femmes » du fait des paroles de ses chansons, souvent écrites du point de vue d'un personnage féminin ou ayant trait à la figure de la mère, qui occupe une place très importante dans la culture japonaise. Mori dispose également, dès les premiers temps de sa carrière, d'une nombreuse communauté de fans (pour la plupart des femmes âgées d'entre 40 et 50 ans) qui compte  membres au Japon en 1992.

En 1974, Mori est récipiendaire du Japan Record Award pour sa chanson Erimosaki (« Cap Erimo »). Reconnu pour sa contribution au renouveau du blues japonais dans les années 1960, il est en outre l'une des principales vedettes du genre enka dans son pays. Mark Anderson note ainsi qu'« en ce qui concerne son image, Mori s'affirme comme une icône incontestée et immensément populaire de l'enka contemporaine », tandis que Yano le qualifie d'« incarnation du chanteur d'enka masculin à l'allure soignée et habillé en smoking ». Mori refuse toutefois cette étiquette de chanteur d'enka et se définit comme un « chanteur populaire ».

Ses ventes de disques et de CD s'élèvent à plus de 90 millions d'exemplaires.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Chanteur japonais
Naissance en novembre 1947
Naissance à Yamagata
Artiste de Victor Entertainment
Nom de scène

Shin'ichi Mori


Twilight War may refer to:

Winston Churchill's name for the Phoney War, the first phase of World War II
A fictional war in the role playing game Twilight 2000
A novel series in the Forgotten Realms setting by Paul S. Kemp
A board game produced by SPI covering the resistance war in France during World War II

Twilight War


كنور  هي علامة تجارية للأطعمة والمشروبات والمواد الغذائية تابعة لشركة يونيليفر البريطانية الهولندية منذ عام 2000. مقرها الرئيسي في ألمانيا، وتصنع منتجاتها في العديد من الدول حول العالم مثل الهند، وباكستان، وفي كل من إندونيسيا وهولندا حيث تباع تحت اسم رويكو، وفي كل من أستراليا ونيوزيلندا حيث تباع باسم كونتيننتال.

تتضمن منتجات كنور الحساء المجفف، وخلطات الوجبات، ومكعبات المرقة، والبهارات.

التاريخ
تعتبر كنور أكثر العلامات التجارية التي تمتلكها شركة يونيليفر مبيعًا، حيث تحقق بعد دمج المنتجات التجارية التي كانت تباع سابقًا تحت علامة ليبتون التجارية ضمن خط إنتاجها مبيعات تقدر بنحو 3 مليارات يورو سنويًا.
تأسست شركة كنور عام 1838 على يد رجل الأعمال الألماني كارل هاينريش ثيودور كنور ويقع مقرها الرئيسي في مدينة هايلبرون بألمانيا. بدأ كارل هاينرش كنور محاولة تجفيف الخضروات والتوابل للحفاظ على الأغذية وإبقاءها محتفظة بمذاقها، وأنتجت شركته الحساء المجفف لأول مرة في عام 1873، ثم قدم أول مكعب مرقة من منتجات كنور في عام 1912 والذي كان مصنوع غالبًا من الخضروات واللحوم والأسماك. انتشرت منتجات شركته في أنحاء أوروبا، وفي عام 1957 كانت منتجات الشركة الرئيسية تباع في ثمان دول. وبحلول عام 2000 أصبحت منتجات الشركة تباع فيما يقرب من 90 دولة حول العالم. تنتشر الآن منتجات كنور في جميع أنحاء العالم. وتتنوع منتجاتها لتشمل التوابل، ومختلف أنواع المرقات مثل مرقة الدجاج، ومرقة لحم الابقار، ومرقة الخضروات، ومنتجات تحضير الحساء الجاف، وأنواع مختلفة من الصلصات مثل صلصة الطماطم، وصلصة الفلفل الحلو التايلاندية، وصلصة الشواء، والصلصة الهولندية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لكنور

شركات مقرها في بادن فورتمبيرغ
شركات مقرها في هايلبرون
طعام مجفف
علامات تجارية ألمانية
علامات تجارية باكستانية
علامات تجارية ليونيليفر
منتجات عرضت في 1838

كنور


Mehmet Akyüz (* 2. Januar 1986 in Adapazarı) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler.

Vereinskarriere
Akyüz spielte zu Beginn seiner Karriere für Sakaryaspor. Nach seiner ersten Saison ging er auf Leihbasis zu Fethiyespor und wechselte anschließend zu Bozüyükspor. Im Januar 2008 wechselte der Mittelfeldspieler von 3. Liga in die Süper Lig, er unterschrieb bei Gençlerbirliği Ankara. Doch in Ankara kam er lediglich zu fünf Einsätzen. Er wurde während seiner Zeit in Ankara an Sakaryaspor, Şanlıurfaspor und Hacettepespor ausgeliehen. Im Sommer 2010 verließ er Gençlerbirliği und wechselte zum Zweitligisten Tavşanlı Linyitspor.

Bei Linyitspor spielte Akyüz eine gute Saison. Er machte in 31 Spielen 15 Tore und schoss somit seine Mannschaft in die Play-offs, jedoch reicht es später nicht zum Aufstieg. Mit seiner Leistung machte er auf sich aufmerksam. Beşiktaş Istanbul verpflichtete ihn vor Beginn der Saison 2011/12. Er spielte in zwei Spielzeiten 16 Ligaspiele. Sein Vertrag wurde am 15. Juli 2013 aufgelöst und er erhielt eine Abfindung in Höhe von 256.332 TL.

Am 2. August 2013 unterschrieb Akyüz bei Akhisar Belediyespor einen Dreijahresvertrag.

Nach zwei Spielzeiten wechselte Akyüz innerhalb der Süper Lig zu Çaykur Rizespor. Hier etablierte er sich schnell als Stammspieler und Leistungsträger und beendete seine erste Saison mit 40 Pflichtspieleneinsätzen, in denen er acht Tore erzielte. In seiner zweiten Spielzeit bei Rizespor erlebte er mehrere Kontroversen mit dem Trainerstab und der Vereinsführung und wurde als Folge im März gemeinsam mit seinem Teamkollegen Ahmet İlhan Özek aus dem Kader suspendiert.  Nachdem Anfang Mai 2017 sein Vertrag vorzeitig aufgelöst wurde, wechselte Akyüz zum Zweitligisten Giresunspor.

Nach 13 Einsätzen und vier Toren in der Meisterschaft wechselte Akyüz in der Rückrunde der Saison 2017/18 zum abstiegsbedrohten Ligakonkurrenten Denizlispor und unterschrieb für anderthalb Jahre. Hier traf er in 15 Spielen zwölfmal und war damit maßgeblich daran beteiligt, dass der Verein die Klasse halten konnte. In der darauffolgenden Saison konnte er mit Denizlispor die Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig 2018/19 und den Aufstieg in die Süper Lig feiern. Akyüz wurde mit 15 Toren bester Torschütze der Mannschaft. Bei der anschließenden Station, Adana Demirspor, trug er 2020/2021 mit 9 Treffern in 23 Spielen ebenfalls zum Aufstieg in die Süper Lig bei. Nach 3 Monaten ohne Verein ging er zu Samsunspor, kam aber über die Jokerrolle nicht hinaus. Seit 2022 ist Akyüz in der 3. Liga aktiv.

Nationalmannschaft
Akyüz spielte am 25. Mai 2005 für die türkische U-19-Auswahl gegen die schwedische U-19-Auswahl.

Erfolge
Mit Denizlispor
 Meister der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2018/19

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Adana Demirspor)
Fußballspieler (Akhisarspor)
Fußballspieler (Beşiktaş Istanbul)
Fußballspieler (Bozüyükspor)
Fußballspieler (Çaykur Rizespor)
Fußballspieler (Denizlispor)
Fußballspieler (Fethiyespor)
Fußballspieler (Gençlerbirliği Ankara)
Fußballspieler (Giresunspor)
Fußballspieler (Hacettepe SK)
Fußballspieler (Sakaryaspor)
Fußballspieler (Samsunspor)
Fußballspieler (Şanlıurfaspor)
Fußballspieler (TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor)
Person (Adapazarı)
Geboren 1986
Türke
Mann

Mehmet Akyüz


Campionatul European de Volei Feminin din 1951 a fost a treia ediție a Campionatului European de Volei organizată de CEV. A fost găzduită de Paris, Franța din 12 până în 21 septembrie 1951.

Echipe

Tur preliminar

Componența grupelor

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa A

</center>

Grupa B

</center>

Faza finală

Meciul pentru locurile 5-6
</center>

Grupa Finală

</center>

Clasamentul final

Referințe
 Results

Campionatul European de Volei
Competiții sportive internaționale găzduite de Franța
1951 în sport


Cruz das Almas es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2006 era de 58293 habitantes.

Historia

 Emancipación: El municipio de Cruz das Almas fue creado a través de la Ley nº 119 del 29 de julio de 1877, separándose de Sao Felix.

Población

La población del municipio está en torno a los 60000 habitantes, con una densidad demográfica de 386,3 hab./km².

Hidrografía

 Forma parte de las vertientes del río Paraguaçu.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Portal de Cruz das Almas
 Recôncavo Bahiano

Localidades de Bahía

Cruz das Almas


كفركلا هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء مرجعيون في محافظة النبطية.

نبذه عن البلدة
هي بلدة صغيرة تقع في أقصى الجنوب اللبناني. تبعد عن بيروت (العاصمة اللبنانية) حوالي 96 كم. كلمة كفركلا تقسم إلى قسمين: 'كفر' (قرية) و'كيلا' (العروس)، إذاً هي قرية العروس. إجمالي عدد سكان القرية حوالي هو 14500، حيث يزداد عدد قاطنيها بشكل كبير خلال فصل الصيف. الارتفاع حوالي 200 متر عن مستوى سطح البحر. كفركلا تمتاز بمنتوجها الزراعي الفاخر من زيت الزيتون ، إلى العنب ، وعسل النحل ، بالإضافة إلى العديد من الأصناف الزراعية الأخرى.
كثرةً هي التطورات التي تجري حالياً في القرية نتيجة لجهود البلدية جنبا إلى جنب مع السكان من أجل التخفيف من المشاكل التي تراكمت على مر السنين بسبب عدم اكتراث الحكومة المركزية ، والحرب الأهلية والاحتلال

أعلام
 محمود حمود

وصلات خارجية
لمزيد من الإطلاع على أحوال هذه البلدة اللبنانية مراجعة

موقع بلدة كفركلا

موقع بلدة كفركلا1

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة النبطية
تجمعات شيعية في لبنان
قرى جبل عامل
قرى لبنان
قضاء مرجعيون
مدن لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء مرجعيون

كفركلا


Mechthild Schroeter-Rupieper (* 20. Januar 1964) ist die Gründerin der Familientrauerarbeit in Deutschland und Mitbegründerin der Familientrauerarbeit in Österreich und der Schweiz, Familientrauerbegleiterin, Fortbildungsreferentin und Autorin. Ihr "LAVIA Trauermodell" hat sie aus ihren jahrzehntelangen Erfahrungen schwerpunktmäßig für Familien erarbeitet.

Leben
Nach ehrenamtlicher Jugendarbeit bei der Deutschen Pfadfinderschaft St. Georg als Leiterin, Kuratin und Mitglied auf der Diözesanebene Essen, sowie bei der Katholischen Frauengemeinschaft Deutschlands im Alleinerziehendenbereich arbeitete Mechthild Schroeter-Rupieper als Erzieherin und Kindergartenleiterin in Gelsenkirchen. 1991 begann sie eine selbstständige Fortbildungstätigkeit für Erzieherinnen im Bistum Essen, es folgten Seminare zum Thema "Umgang mit Scheidung, Tod und Trauer in Familien", die alsbald bundesweit ausgeführt wurden. Heute arbeitet sie in eigenen Praxisräumen (Lavia Institut für Familientrauerbegleitung) in Gelsenkirchen als Familientrauerbegleiterin mit Kindern, Jugendlichen und Familien aus dem Ruhrgebiet. Schroeter-Rupieper ist dort in freier Praxis mit ihrem pädagogischen Fachteam in persönlicher Begleitung und in Trauergruppen tätig.

In Seminaren und Vorträgen der Trauerbegleitung ist sie aufgrund ihres Wissens um Theorie verknüpft mit der vielfältigen Praxiserfahrung international geschätzt. Als Fachreferentin ist sie für die bundesweite Ausbildung für Kinder- und Jugendtrauerbegleiterausbildung der Malteser, den Senat Berlin/Brandenburg, die Bundeswehr, die Justizakademie NRW, die Malteser-Akademie in Engelskirchen, für internationale Kongresse von Heilpädagogen, Palliativmedizinern und Kriseninterventionteams, Notfallseelsorger, Kinderhospize, für Lehrerfortbildung u. a. an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Vorarlberg, für die Caritas der Bistümer Essen, Köln und Wien, für den Palliativpflegeverband der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft in Belgien und den Landesverband für Hospizarbeit und Palliativmedizin Sachsen e.V. tätig.

Seit 2015 unterstützt sie mit ihrem Lavia-Team in Haltern am See die Trauerarbeit von Geschwistern und Freunden im Zusammenhang mit dem Unglück des Germanwings-Flugs 9525.

Schroeter-Rupieper ist seit 1987 mit Meinrad Rupieper verheiratet und Mutter von drei Söhnen.

Auszeichnungen
 Unternehmerinnenbrief NRW (Mai 2006)
 Borromäus-Sachbuch des Monats November für das Buch "Für immer anders"
 Schutzengelpreis 2016 für Lavia Institut für Familientrauerbegleitung von der Stiftung "Für Kinder" im Bistum Essen

Bücher
 Geschichten die das Leben erzählt, weil der Tod sie geschrieben hat. Patmosverlag 2017, ISBN 978-3-8436-0882-4
 Praxisbuch Trauergruppen. 2015, Patmosverlag ISBN 978-3-8436-0674-5.
 Handbuch Kindertrauer: Die Begleitung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und ihren Familien von Franziska Röseberg (Hg.) (Autor), Monika Müller (Hg.) (Autor), Mechthild Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Juli 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-40227-6
 Männer und Krisen – Trauer im Fokus Leidfaden 2013 Heft 02, als Mitautorin eines Fachartikels zu Männertrauergruppen, ISBN 978-3-525-80602-9
 Niemals geht man so ganz… Ein Buch voller Erinnerungen. 2012, ISBN 978-3-8436-0225-9
 Gemeinsam trauern – Gemeinsam leben. Patmos, 2011/2. Auflage, ISBN 978-3-8436-0093-4
 Rituale und Symbole in der Hospizarbeit. Mechthild Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin), Gütersloher Verlagshaus, ISBN 978-3-579-06836-7
 Für immer anders. Das Hausbuch für Familien in Zeiten der Trauer und des Abschieds. Schwabenverlag, 2009/3. Auflage, Patmos, 2012, ISBN 978-3-8436-0245-7

Fachartikel (Auswahl)
 MUM & Ich Trauerbegleitung bei Jugendlichen schwer erkrankter Mütter, Seite 24–25, 2016, Download unter Leben-mit-Brustkrebs
 Wenn Kinder trauern in Das Magazin Gemeindereferentinnenbundesverband, Herausgeber: Bundesverband der Gemeindereferenten/-innen und Religionslehrer/-innen in den Diözesen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e. V. , 2016, M. Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin)
 CNE.magazin, Certified Nursing Education-Den Humor pflegen-Trauernde begleiten, wie Sie Angehörige unterstützen, Thieme, , M. Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin)
 CLIC-Magazin vom Schweizerischen Verband der Mütterberaterinnen – Clic Dossier: Zum Trauern ist kein Kind zu klein Clic Nr. 86, Mai 2015, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Online Familienhandbuch-ifp Staatsinstitut für Frühpädagogik 2013, "Kinder fragen nach dem Tod, auch im Kindergartenalter" www.familienhandbuch.de
 Online Familienhandbuch-ifp Staatsinstitut für Frühpädagogik 2013, "Der anstehende Tod eines Familienangehörigen" www.familienhandbuch.de
 Manchmal ist Gott einfach doof, Kirchenblatt der Kath. Kirche Vorarlberg, 2012
 Stille Nacht, traurige Nacht?, WAZ Der Westen, 2011
 Die Dunkelheit gemeinsam meistern, KFD Verbandszeitschrift, 2010
 Trauer – Aber wie?, Lebenswert, 2010, M. Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin)
 Plötzlich und unerwartet, Blog bei der existenzielle seit 2009, M. Schroeter-Rupieper (Mitautorin)
 Online Familienhandbuch-ifp Staatsinstitut für Frühpädagogik 2007, "Bis du dann für immer weg? Umgang mit Tod und Trauer in der Schule" www.familienhandbuch.de
 Wie mit Trauer umgehen?, Leben und Erziehen, 2007, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Wo ist Oma denn jetzt?, Klein&Groß, 2006, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Grabstein für Hund und Katze, ddp, 2006, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Wenn Kinder dem Tod begegnen, Kindergarten und Hort aktuell, 2006, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Wenn Kinder trauern, Eltern und Kindergarten, 2006, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Das Märchen vom stillen Tod, Woman, 2006, M. Schroeter-Rupieper
 Familiensache, Radio Sachsen
 Der Umgang mit der Trauer will gelernt sein St. Vith, Belgien, M. Schroeter-Rupieper

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 familientrauerbegleitung (Webauftritt)

Sachbuchautor
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Frau

Mechthild Schroeter-Rupieper


Pretties for You ist das Debütalbum der Band Alice Cooper. Es wurde von der Band produziert und im August 1969 als eines der ersten Alben auf Frank Zappas neu gegründetem Label Straight Records veröffentlicht.

Das Album war in den Charts nicht erfolgreich und erreichte lediglich in den USA Platz 193 der Charts. Als Single wurde Reflected veröffentlicht. Das Lied erreichte keine Platzierung in den Charts.

Das Album wurde bei AllMusic mit 3,5/5 Sternen bewertet. Für Stephen Thomas Erlewine spiegelte das Album nicht den legendären und übersteigerten Hard Rock wider, für den die Band später gerühmt wurde. Pretties for You sei dennoch ein ernsthaftes Album. Lester Bangs vom Rolling Stone bezeichnete das Album trotz der selbstverschuldeten Einschränkungen der Band als anhörbar. Er vermisst Spontaneität, Wut, echte Leidenschaft und Überzeugung. Daher sei das Album für ihn überflüssig.

Das Albumcover zeigt den Ausschnitt eines Kunstwerks, das in Frank Zappas Wohnzimmer hing.

Titelliste
Alle Lieder wurden von Alice Cooper, Glen Buxton, Michael Bruce, Dennis Dunaway und Neal Smith geschrieben.

 Titanic Overture – 1:12
 10 Minutes Before the Worm – 1:39
 Sing Low, Sweet Cheerio – 5:42
 Today Mueller – 1:48
 Living – 3:12
 Fields of Regret – 5:44
 No Longer Umpire – 2:02
 Levity Ball – 4:39
 B.B. on Mars – 1:17
 Reflected – 3:17
 Apple Bush – 3:08
 Earwigs to Eternity – 1:19
 Changing Arranging – 3:03

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Alice-Cooper-Album
Album (Hard Rock)
Album 1969

Pretties for You


A beret ( ,  ;  ; ; ) is a soft, round, flat-crowned cap, usually of woven, hand-knitted wool, crocheted cotton, wool felt, or acrylic fibre.

Mass production of berets began in 19th century Spain and France and the beret remains associated with these countries. Berets are worn as part of the uniform of many military and police units worldwide, as well as by other organizations.

History
Archaeology and art history indicate that headgear similar to the modern beret has been worn since the Bronze Age across Northern Europe and as far south as ancient Crete and Italy, where it was worn by the Minoans, Etruscans and Romans. Such headgear has been popular among the nobility and artists across Europe throughout modern history.

The Basque-style beret was the traditional headgear of Aragonese and Navarrian shepherds from the Ansó and Roncal valleys of the Pyrenees, a mountain range that divides southern France from northern Spain. The commercial production of Basque-style berets began in the 17th century in the Oloron-Sainte-Marie area of southern France. Originally a local craft, beret-making became industrialised in the 19th century. The first factory, Beatex-Laulhere, claims production records dating back to 1810. By the 1920s, berets were associated with the working classes in a part of France and Spain and by 1928 more than 20 French factories and some Spanish and Italian factories produced millions of berets.

In Western fashion, men and women have worn the beret since the 1920s as sportswear and later as a fashion statement.

Military berets were first adopted by the French Chasseurs Alpins in 1889. After seeing these during the First World War, British General Hugh Elles proposed the beret for use by the newly formed Royal Tank Regiment, which needed headgear that would stay on while climbing in and out of the small hatches of tanks. They were approved for use by King George V in 1924. Another possible origin of the RTR beret is that it was suggested to Alec Gatehouse by Eric Dorman-Smith. While the two officers were serving at Sandhurst in 1924, Gatehouse, who had transferred to the Royal Tank Corps, had been given the task of designing a practical headgear for the new corps. Dorman-Smith had toured Spain, including the Basque region, with his friend Ernest Hemingway during the past few years, and had acquired a black Basque beret during his travels.

The black RTR beret was made famous by Field Marshal Montgomery in the Second World War.

Wear

The beret fits snugly around the head, and can be "shaped" in a variety of ways –  in the Americas it is commonly worn pushed to one side. In Central and South America, local custom usually prescribes the manner of wearing the beret; there is no universal rule and older gentlemen usually wear it squared on the head, jutting forward. It can be worn by both men and women.

Military uniform berets feature a headband or sweatband attached to the wool, made either from leather, silk or cotton ribbon, sometimes with a drawstring allowing the wearer to tighten the cap. The drawstrings are, according to custom, either tied and cut off or tucked in or else left to dangle. The beret is often adorned with a cap badge, either in cloth or metal. Some berets have a piece of buckram or other stiffener in the position where the badge is intended to be worn.

Berets are not usually lined, but many are partially lined with silk or satin. In military berets, the headband is worn on the outside; military berets often have external sweatbands of leather, pleather or ribbon. The traditional beret (also worn by selected military units, such as the Belgian Chasseurs Ardennais or the French Chasseurs Alpins), usually has the "sweatband" folded inwardly. In such a case, these berets have only an additional inch or so of the same woollen material designed to be folded inwardly.

Newer beret styles made of Polar fleece are also popular.

National traditions and variants

Basque Country
Berets came to be popularised across Europe and other parts of the world as typical Basque headgear, as reflected in their name in several languages (e.g. béret basque in French; Baskenmütze in German; Basco in Italian; Tascu/Birritta in Sicilian; or baskeri in Finnish), while the Basques themselves use the words txapela or boneta. They are very popular and common in the Basque Country. The colours adopted for folk costumes varied by region and purpose: black and blue are worn more frequently than red and white, which are usually used at local festivities. The people of Aragon and the Basque country adopted red berets while the black beret became the common headgear of workers in both Spain and France.

A big commemorative black beret is the usual trophy in sport or bertso competitions, including Basque rural sports, the Basque portions of the Tour de France, and the Vuelta Ciclista al Pais Vasco. It may bear sewn ornamental references to the achievement or contest.

France

The black beret was once considered the national cap of France in Anglo-Saxon countries and is part of the stereotypical image of the Onion Johnny. It is no longer as widely worn as it once was, but it remains a strong sign of local identity in the southwest of France. When French people want to picture themselves as "the typical average Frenchman" in France or in a foreign country, they often use this stereotype from Anglo-Saxon countries. There are today, three manufacturers in France. Laulhère (who acquired the formerly oldest manufacturer, Blancq-Olibet, in February 2014 ) has been making bérets since 1840. Manufacture de Bérets is a small artisan French beret manufacturer in the Béarnese town of Oloron-Sainte-Marie, and Le Béret Français is another artisan béret maker in the Béarnese village of Laàs. The beret still remains a strong symbol of the unique identity of southwestern France and is worn while celebrating traditional events.

Spain

In Spain, the beret is usually known as the boina, sometimes also as bilbaína or bilba. They were once common men's headwear in  across the north and central areas of the country, in the regions of Castile (both north and south), Aragon, Navarre, Leon, the Basque Country,  Cantabria, Asturias,  Extremadura and Galicia. The first areas to wear it were the Basque Country, Navarre, Aragon and Castile, but it spread over most of Spain during the 19th century.

All over Spain it has ended up becoming a stereotype of rural people, often with negative connotations of boorishness and uncouthness, found in expressions such as "paleto de boina a rosca" ("a hick wearing a screwed-on boina"), which has reduced the number of boina wearers even more.

Scotland
There are several Scottish variants of the beret, notably the Scottish bonnet or Bluebonnet (originally bonaid in Gaelic), whose ribbon cockade and feathers identify the wearer's clan and rank. Other Scottish types include the tam-o'-shanter (named after a Robert Burns' character in one of his poems) and the striped Kilmarnock cap, both of which feature a large pompom in the centre.

Uses

As uniform headgear

The beret's practicality has long made it an item of military, police and other uniform clothing.

Among a few well-known historic examples are the Scottish soldiers, who wore the blue bonnet in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Volontaires Cantabres, a French force raised in the Basque country in the 1740s to the 1760s, who also wore a blue beret, and the Carlist rebels, with their red berets, in 1830s Spain.

The French Chasseurs alpins, a corps of mountain troops created in 1888, were the first permanently established military force to wear the military beret as a standard headgear. As retained until the present day the chasseur beret is a large and somewhat floppy headdress.

In the 20th century, royal approval was given for the Royal Tank Corps to adopt the black beret in 1924, with the 11th Hussars adopting a brown beret in 1928. In World War II, the Royal Dragoons adopted the grey beret at the end of 1939, with other mechanised units of the British Army, such as the Royal Armoured Corps and the Guards Armoured Division, adopting the black beret in 1941. British officer Bernard Montgomery ("Monty") took to wearing a black beret given to him by the driver of his command vehicle in 1942, and it became his trademark.

The maroon beret (not to be confused with the red beret), was officially introduced in July 1942 at the direction of Major-General Frederick Browning, commander of the British 1st Airborne Division, and soon became an international symbol of airborne forces. In the 1950s the U.S. Army's newly conceived Special Forces units began to wear a green beret as headgear, following the custom of the British Royal Marines, which was officially adopted in 1961 with such units becoming known as the "Green Berets", and additional specialized forces in the Army, U.S. Air Force and other services also adopted berets as distinctive headgear.

In fashion and culture

The beret is part of the long-standing stereotype of the intellectual, film director, artist, "hipster", poet, bohemian and beatnik. The painter Rembrandt and the composer Richard Wagner, among others, wore berets. In the United States and Britain, the middle of the 20th century saw an explosion of berets in women's fashion. In the latter part of the 20th century, the beret was adopted by the Chinese both as a fashion statement and for its political undertones. Berets were also worn by bebop and jazz musicians like Dizzy Gillespie, Gene Krupa, Wardell Gray and Thelonious Monk.

As a revolutionary symbol

Guerrillero Heroico, an iconic photograph of the Argentine revolutionary Che Guevara, shows him wearing a black beret with a brass star.

In the 1960s several activist groups adopted the black beret. These include the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), the ETA (who wore black berets over hoods in public appearances), the Black Panther Party of the United States, formed in 1966, and the "Black Beret Cadre" (a similar Black Power organisation in Bermuda). In addition, the Brown Berets were a Chicano organisation formed in 1967.

The Young Lords Party, a Latino revolutionary organisation in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, also wore berets, as did the Guardian Angels unarmed anti-crime citizen patrol units originated by Curtis Sliwa in New York City in the 1970s to patrol the streets and subways to discourage crime (red berets and matching shirts).

Rastafarians

Adherents of the Rastafari movement often wear a very large knitted or crocheted black beret with red, gold and green circles atop their dreadlocks. The style is often erroneously called a kufi, after the skullcap known as kufune. They consider the beret and dreadlocks to be symbols of the biblical covenant of God with his chosen people, the "black Israelites". This style of hat is also known as a Rastacap.

See also
 Biretta, a similarly named but completely different cap
 Barretina
 Caubeen
 Flat cap
 Military berets by color:
 Black beret,
 Blue beret,
 Green beret,
 Maroon beret,
 Red beret,
 Tan beret
 Mohair berets
 Pakol
 Tam (women's hat)
 Tudor bonnet
 Zucchetto

Notes

References

External links

Hats
Basque culture
Navarre culture
Culture of France
French fashion
Culture of Spain
Spanish fashion
History of clothing (Western fashion)

no:Alpelue
fi:Baskeri

Beret


Ezio Auditore da Firenze (República de Florencia, Italia; 24 de junio de 1459 — ibídem, 30 de noviembre de 1524) es un personaje ficticio de la saga de videojuegos de ficción histórica Assassin's Creed, protagonista de los videojuegos Assassin's Creed II (y sus spin-offs Assassin's Creed II: Discovery y Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy), Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, y Assassin's Creed: Revelations, de las novelas Assassin's Creed: Renaissance, Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood y Assassin's Creed: Revelaciones; y de las películas Assassin's Creed: Lineage, Assassin's Creed: Embers y Assassin's Creed: Ascendance.

Ezio es uno de los antepasados de Desmond Miles, protagonista de la cronología actual de la trilogía original de Assassin's Creed. Durante el desarrollo de los juegos, Ezio busca la venganza de su padre (Giovanni Auditore) y sus dos hermanos (Federico Auditore y Petruccio Auditore) ahorcados a causa de un traidor; sin saber Ezio que iba detrás de uno de los líderes Templarios más influyentes. Luego de localizar y acabar con la vida de dicho enemigo, descubre que su padre había sido mandado asesinar ya que pertenecía a la Hermandad de los Asesinos. Después de adentrarse en la Hermandad y descubrir su origen, se les une y dedica toda su vida a la caza de Templarios tiranos influyentes en el 1400-1500, en especial, Rodrigo Borgia (Alejandro VI, papa de la Iglesia católica, personaje real), aunque irónicamente le perdona la vida en todas las oportunidades que tiene para matarle.
Luego de haber acabado sus asuntos con la familia Borgia continúa su lucha en toda Europa dirigiéndose así a Italia, España y al imperio otomano ascendiendo a Mentor de la Orden de los Asesinos. Tras descubrir el Fruto del Edén en Assassin's Creed: Revelations y las intenciones de Altaïr, Ezio finalmente se retira a la ciudad de Florencia, observando sus últimos años en la película animada Assassin's Creed: Embers.

Biografía

Assassin's Creed II

Nacido en una familia burguesa de Florencia, su padre era Giovanni Auditore, un banquero amigo personal de Lorenzo de Medici con múltiples conexiones a lo largo de Italia. A lo largo de la obra, sobre todo en el prólogo del juego, los personajes y las escenas muestran que Ezio es un joven apasionado, con fama de donjuán, que goza de una vida apacible siempre en compañía de su hermano Federico. En la obra, su madre Maria Auditore definió a su hijo como competitivo, tercio, y malhablado, pero tan apasionado que es imposible echarle nada en cara.

La vida de Ezio se ve sacudida cuando su padre y sus hermanos son arrestados acusados de conspiración. Ezio solicita la ayuda de Uberto Alberti, un viejo amigo de la familia, sin embargo, este traiciona a los Auditore; Giovanni, Federico y Petruccio son ahorcados en la Plaza de la Señoría, con Ezio entre la multitud, incapaz de rescatarlos. Ezio se venga de Uberto asesinándolo y después huye de Florencia junto a su madre y su hermana, siendo acogidos por su tío, Mario Auditore, el señor de Monteriggioni. A través de su tío, Ezio descubre que su padre era un Asesino, y que los hombres responsables de su muerte eran Templarios, enemigos ancestrales de los Asesinos; asimismo, Mario se revela a sí mismo como un Asesino igualmente, y se dispone a entrenar a su sobrino para que continúe el legado de su padre.

Ezio inicia su lucha contra los Templarios, dirigidos por Rodrigo Borgia, más conocido como «El Español», el cual pretende conseguir el Fruto del Edén, un objeto ancestral de poderes inimaginables. Ezio primero desbarata la Conspiración de los Pazzi en Florencia, salvando la vida de Lorenzo de Medici. Posteriormente colabora con Caterina Sforza para acabar con la influencia Templaria en Forli, y finalmente viaja a Venecia donde elimina a los Barbarigo. Durante su viaje, Ezio se relaciona con diversas figuras políticas italianas de su tiempo: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolás Maquiavelo o Bartolomeo d'Alviano. Tras confrontar al propio Rodrigo Borgia en Venecia, descubre que este está en posesión del Fruto, creyendo que él es «El Profeta» que conducirá a los Templarios a la victoria final. Ezio consigue vencer a Rodrigo, pero este huye dejando el Fruto atrás. En ese momento, los colaboradores de Ezio revelan que ellos son también Asesinos; Ezio es también introducido en la Orden de los Asesinos, afirmando que él es realmente el auténtico Profeta.

En 1490, se producen los eventos narrados en Assassin's Creed II: Discovery. Ezio acude a España, donde ayuda a Luis de Santángel a librarse de los Templarios dirigidos por Tomás de Torquemada, los cuales pretendían infiltrarse en el viaje de Cristóbal Colón al Nuevo Mundo. Los Templarios poseen una influencia decisiva en Castilla, y son los responsables de que los Reyes Católicos tomen Granada en 1492, teniendo Ezio que salvar al último rey de Granada: Boabdil.

Años después, en 1499, Ezio sigue la pista de Rodrigo (ahora convertido en papa) hasta el Vaticano, donde ambos vuelven a verse las caras. Rodrigo revela que debajo del Vaticano se oculta Dios, y que únicamente el Profeta podrá comunicarse con él. Tras vencer a Rodrigo, Ezio accede a la cripta, donde se comunica con una mujer que se hace llamar Minerva, la cual revela que el mundo será consumido y que Ezio es un canal a través del cual ella se comunica con Desmond, el único que puede detener la destrucción del mundo.

Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

Ezio decide no acabar con la vida de Rodrigo y regresa a Monteriggioni con su tío Mario, afirmando querer dejar su vida de Asesino atrás. Sin embargo, su tregua con los Templarios no dura mucho, cuando las tropas Templarias dirigidas por César Borgia, hijo de Rodrigo, asedian y toman la villa. César captura a Mario y roba el Fruto; Ezio intenta rescatarlo, pero no puede evitar que César elimine a Mario y después destruya la villa. Ezio se despierta en Roma, adonde Maquiavelo lo ha llevado para que desde allí acaben con el gobierno de Rodrigo de la ciudad.

Durante los siguientes nueve años, Ezio y sus Asesinos combaten por acabar con el gobierno Templario en Roma. Ezio lucha contra su influencia mediante el subterfugio, socavando los apoyos que los Borgia tienen con el rey de Francia, la banca y el pueblo. Progresivamente, los Borgia empiezan a perder apoyos y se quedan sin financiación, lo que obliga a César, que tenía planeado conquistar toda Italia con la fuerza de sus ejércitos, a detener sus campañas. En 1503, un furioso César decide asesinar a su padre y toma control del Fruto. César pretende hacerse con el control de Roma por la fuerza, sin embargo, es arrestado por orden del nuevo papa. Ezio, ahora nombrado nuevo Mentor de la Orden de los Asesinos, decide que es hora de acabar con los Borgia de una vez por todas.

César es llevado prisionero a España, y Ezio decide ir en su busca, pues no pretende cometer el mismo error que con Rodrigo. Ezio llega hasta Viana, en Navarra, pues César ahora está aliado con los rebeldes navarros; Ezio y César combaten durante el ataque a la ciudad, arrojando el primero al segundo desde las murallas y acabando con su vida.

Ezio regresa a Roma dispuesto a deshacerse del Fruto de una vez por todas, depositándolo en una cripta bajo el Coliseo, que será localizado por Desmond en la línea temporal actual de la saga.

Assassin's Creed: Revelations

Tras los eventos de Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Ezio descubre entre las pertenencias de su padre una carta que habla de una legendaria biblioteca construida por el mítico Asesino Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad bajo la fortaleza de Masyaf. Ezio viaja hasta allí en 1511, descubriendo que los Templarios también se hallan en su búsqueda. Si bien consigue frustrar su asalto sobre Masyaf, lo único que Ezio encuentra es un documento escrito por Niccolò Polo que habla de cinco llaves ocultas en Constantinopla que permiten abrir las puertas de la biblioteca.

Tras llegar a Constantinopla, Ezio colabora con los Asesinos de la ciudad, la cual está sacudida por los enfrentamientos entre los gobernantes otomanos y los bizantinos, pues estos están apoyados por los Templarios. Con la ayuda de una coleccionista de libros llamada Sofía Sartor, Ezio consigue obtener cuatro de las cinco llaves. Ezio llega a la Capadocia, base de los Templarios, descubriendo que los bizantinos son un títere del príncipe Ahmed, hijo del sultán otomano y líder de los Templarios. Tras conseguir la última de las llaves, Ezio descubre que Ahmed ha secuestrado a Sofía, pretendiendo intercambiar las llaves por su vida. Ezio consigue rescatar a Sofía y recuperar las llaves, siendo Ahmed eliminado por su propio hermano Selim, el cual conmina a Ezio a abandonar Constantinopla de inmediato.

Ezio y Sofía llegan a Masyaf, abriendo finalmente las puertas de la biblioteca. Ezio descubre el cadáver de Altaïr y un fragmento del Fruto del Edén, sin embargo, no halla ningún libro; el propósito de la biblioteca era servir de canal para enviar un mensaje a Desmond Miles. Sobrecogido por las revelaciones proporcionadas por Altaïr, y creyendo que ya había cumplido su propósito, Ezio decide que es momento de acabar con su vida de Asesino, dejando todo su equipo y marchándose con Sofía de vuelta a casa.

Assassin's Creed: Embers

Esta película de animación muestra los últimos años de Ezio, ahora ya retirado con una apacible vida junto a su esposa Sofía y a sus pequeños hijos, Flavia y Marcello, en la Toscana. Cierto día, una misteriosa Asesina china aparece solicitando su ayuda; esta mujer responde al nombre de Shao Jun y es una Asesina fugada que aspira a que Ezio la ayude a reconstruir su Orden. Shao Jun es perseguida por los soldados del emperador de China, el cual está aliado con los Templarios, de modo que Ezio decide instruirla.

Tras la marcha de Shao Jun de vuelta a China, Ezio regresa a su tranquila vida. Una tarde, mientras se hallaba junto a su mujer y a su hija en el mercado de Florencia, un joven se acerca a él, momento en el que Ezio empieza a sufrir un ataque al corazón, falleciendo, mientras Sofía y su hija corren hacia él. En la saga, Ezio será recordado como uno de las mayores leyendas dentro de la Orden, siendo respetado y admirado por sus sucesores.

Carta que Ezio escribió a Sofia antes de morir en Assassin's Creed: Embers'

 Otras apariciones

 Ezio Auditore aparece como personaje invitado en el videojuego de lucha Soulcalibur V, con la apariencia de Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood.

 Su atuendo de Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood es desbloqueable para los personajes de Lightning de Final Fantasy XIII-2, para el protagonista de Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sand, y en LittleBigPlanet.

 Ezio Auditore aparece junto a César Borgia en el videojuego For Honor, como parte de un DLC.
 Ezio Auditore aparece en el videojuego para móviles, AFK Arena, como un personaje de la facción dimensional.
 Ezio Auditore aparece en el videojuego Brawlhalla, como personaje jugable, con las armas Espada Auditore y Manzana del Edén.

 Referencias

 Enlaces externos

 Ezio Auditore en Animuspedia, la comunidad de la saga de Assassin's Creed''.

Notas

Personajes de Assassin's Creed
Personajes masculinos en videojuegos
Asesinos ficticios
Nobles ficticios
Terroristas ficticios
Italianos ficticios
Espadachines ficticios
E

Ezio Auditore


Greenwich is a suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Greenwich is located  north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Lane Cove.

The suburb occupies a peninsula on the northern side of Sydney Harbour, at the opening of the Lane Cove River. The suburb features harbour views, a few pockets of bushland, shops, restaurants, cafes and a harbour swimming pool with shark net.

History
The suburb's name is derived from its namesake Greenwich, by the banks of the River Thames in London. Parramatta River had been known as the 'Thames of the Antipodes' and other nearby suburbs were also named after Thames localities of Putney, Woolwich and Henley.

The Cammeraygal clan of the Dharug-speaking people of the Eora Nation were the first inhabitants of the Greenwich area, and lived along the foreshores of the harbour, hunting in the hinterland and trading with other clans.

The first known occasion when a European went to the area was in 1788, when Lieutenant Henry Ball passed through the area while returning from a trip to the Middle Harbour area. Land grants began in 1794 and industries developed in the area during the 1830s.

Aboriginal people were still present in the 1820s, but disease and displacement had driven them out by the 1860s.

Early land grants were made to Samuel Lightfoot, a convict, in 1794, and William Gore, public servant, in 1813. Gore built a road from his farm at Artarmon to Gore Cove, which was the beginning of Greenwich Road.

In the 1830s George Green and his father Amaziah bought land in Greenwich, with access to the harbour, and along with others began a shipbuilding industry on the foreshore. When Green subdivided his land in 1840, the name 'Greenwich' was mentioned for the first time.

Greenwich House—a two-storey Georgian home made from sandstone blocks—was built on the  estate of George Green in 1836 and still stands on the corner of George and St Lawrence Streets. The house was eventually sold, by the mortgage holders, to Gother Kerr Mann in the early 1850s, and remained in that family until 1949.

The eastern tip of Greenwich is called Manns Point, after Gother Kerr Mann (1809–1899). Mann was the first Chief Commissioner for Railways, the Superintendent of convicts at Cockatoo Island and the builder of Fitzroy Dock.

By the early 1880s Greenwich Point already had a post office, general store, and school, with around 16 houses. Upper Greenwich took longer to develop, with most of the area still virgin bush. But with the improvement in north shore roads, and increasing subdivision in upper Greenwich, some grander houses were built near River Road, and new estates were subdivided as Greenwich became a commuter suburb.

Between the 1880s and the 1940s a number of successful dairies operated in Greenwich, run by the Anderson, Hogan, Mather and Clarke families. The milk from Anderson's was delivered by boat along the Lane Cove River and to the residents of Cockatoo Island. Hogan's dairy at Chisholm Street had 300 cows by the time it closed in 1928. Clarke's dairy was on the site of the current golf course.

Light industry was set up along the foreshores of Greenwich, including Shipbuilding, brickmaking, quarrying, and the Patent Asphaltum Company which refined bitumen and manufactured building materials. The Shell Transport and Trading Company opened a terminal at Gore Bay in 1901, importing and distributing petroleum products. It grew over time to include the sites of the Patent Asphaltum works, and several wharves, as well as the shale oil refining works of John Fell & Co. By the late 1930s, over 500 workers were employed at the Shell site. Today fuel products unloaded at Gore Bay are transferred by an underground pipe to the Clyde Refinery.

Greenwich was the northern portal of the first tunnel under Sydney Harbour. The tunnel was dug by the New South Wales Government Railways to Birchgrove to provide a reliable way to get electricity from the Pyrmont Power Station to the tram network on the north shore. Cables had previously been laid on the floor of the harbour, but damaged by ships dragging their anchors. The tunnel was commenced in 1913 and excavated by hand, completed in 1924. Part of the tunnel is through the silt at the bottom of the river, so required constant pumping until it was allowed to flood in 1930 and abandoned from 1969. The tunnel was excavated almost entirely from the Greenwich side, as the residents on Long Nose Point at Balmain (now Birchgrove) successfully objected to the noise of the compressor powering pneumatic drills. There were both the tunnel portal and a vertical shaft nearer the water used for excavation. The tunnel passes between the floor of the harbour and the Balmain coal mine further below the harbour. The tunnel is excavated entirely through Hawkesbury sandstone which lies below the silt and sediment which form the floor of the harbour. At its lowest point, it is  below sea level.

Heritage listings
Greenwich has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 95 River Road: Pallister, Greenwich
 Greenwich Infants School
 Sydney Harbour railway electricity tunnel

Education
Greenwich Public School is a local primary school with two separate campuses located 1.5 kilometres apart. It was opened in 1876 as a provisional school, after repeated petitions from residents, and became a public school in 1880, with a new building and site in Mitchell Street in 1881. In 1909 the school moved to the site of the current infants school in Greenwich Road, and the primary school moved to Kingslangley Road in 1950. The children of former Prime Minister John Howard, attended the school.

Transport
Greenwich Point ferry wharf on the Parramatta River is served by Sydney Ferries Cockatoo Island ferry services between Circular Quay and Cockatoo Island. A second wharf on the Lane Cove River is served by peak-hour Captain Cook Cruises services. Busways bus route 265 from Greenwich Point runs to McMahons Point and Lane Cove. The closest train stations are at Wollstonecraft and St Leonards.

Sport and recreation
The Greenwich Village Games are held every four years featuring numerous sports and competitions held mainly at Bob Campbell Oval (Gore Creek Oval) and Lane Cove Aquatic Centre. Greenwich Sports Club, which was founded in 1936, organises football (soccer) for men, women and children and netball for girls. There are two sailing clubs as well. One is situated at the mouth of the Lane Cove River and the other off Greenwich Point.

A Scout Hall is located in the eastern side of Greenwich, and is the usual meeting place for the Greenwich/Wollstonecraft Scout group, as well as for other local organisations.

Population
5, 613 is the population of Greenwich, Australia

Demographics

At the 2016 census, there were 5,613 residents in Greenwich. 61.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.6%, New Zealand 2.6%, China 2.5% and India 2.4%.  74.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 2.8% and Cantonese 2.3%. The top responses for religious affiliation were No Religion 34.4%, Catholic 22.5% and Anglican 16.4%.

Greenwich's population has a median weekly household income of $2,555, compared with $1,438 in Australia. The most common types of occupation for employed persons were Professionals 46.8%, Managers 17.4%, Clerical and Administrative Workers 11.5%, Sales Workers 7.5%, and Community and Personal Service Workers 7.0%. Of all households, 68.7% were family households, 25.7% were single person households and 5.7% were group households.

Notable residents
 Norman Hetherington (1921 – 2010), artist, cartoonist, teacher, and puppet designer (Mr Squiggle)
  Antonia Kidman, journalist and sister of actress Nicole Kidman
  Andrew Olle (1947 – 1995), ABC radio and television presenter
  Ruth Park (1917 – 2010), author

Religion
The Catholic Church maintains Mary Help of Christians Chapel and the adjacent Clancy Terrace retirement village, and there are Anglican, Presbyterian and LDS Churches.

Politics
Greenwich falls within the Federal Parliament electoral division of North Sydney, currently represented by independent Kylea Tink, who defeated Trent Zimmerman, a member of the Liberal Party. The seat was held by Joe Hockey from 1996 federal election until 2015.

For NSW state elections, Greenwich is in the electorate of Lane Cove, presently held by Anthony Roberts, a member of the Liberal Party, who has held the seat since 2003.

Gallery

References

External links

 Greenwich Community Association
 Greenwich Sports Club

Suburbs of Sydney
Lane Cove Council
Lane Cove River

Greenwich, New South Wales