في علم الرياضيات يعتبر مبدأ التجربة والخطأ أو المحاولة والخطأ  أحد أهم الطرق المستعملة لحل المسائل خاصة المعقدة منها. تتميز هذه الطريقة بإمكانية برمجتها عن طريق الحاسوب والوصول إلى دقة عالية بأقرب وقت.

تبدأ الطريقة بدراسة أولية لنطاق المشكلة ومداها. بعد ذلك توضع قيمة تقريبية تقع ضمن النطاق (أو حتى خارجه). يفترض بالحل أن يكون أكثر تقاربا عندما يقع الاختيار على قيمة داخل النطاق عن تلك الواقعة خارج النطاق.أي أن المحاولة والخطأ لاتعني فقط المحاولة واكتشاف الخطأ بل وتصحيحه.

أمثلة
لتكن لدينا الدالة الرياضية:

يمكن حل هذه المسألة رياضيا بشكل مباشر:

أو

لو أننا لجأنا لطريقة التجربة والخطأ فسنبدأ برقم وليكن 0 ثم نقوم بالتعويض عنه:

نلاحظ أن النتيجة لم تكن صفرية ولكن سالبة وبالتالي سنختار رقما آخر وليكن كبيرا هذه المرة مثل 3:

هنا نلاحظ أن القيمة أصبحت أكبر من صفر أي موجبة وهذا يعني أن هناك حل واقع بين 0 و3 ليعطي النتيجة صفرا.
يمكن الآن استخدام طرقة التنصيف مثلا للاقتراب من الحل أي باختيار 1.5 هنا:

أي أن الحل سالب النتيجة وبالتالي فالقيمة الاقرب هي بين 1.5 و3.

إذا استمرت عملية التجربة والخطأ على هذا النحو وبتنصيف القيم في كل مرة (هنا مثلا (3+1.5)/2=2.25 يمكن الحصول على حلول أقرب أكثر فأكثر حتى نصل إلى الحل بالدقة المرغوبة. المثال السابق هو مثال بسيط لمسألة يمكن حلها مباشرة أصلا. لكن المعادلة التالية لا يمكن حلها بالطريقة المباشرة:

خواريزمية الحل
يمكن عمل خواريزم للمثال السابق كما يلي:

1- جرب رقما عشوائيا وليكن

2- عوض هذا الرقم في المعادلة

3- إذا كانت نتيجة الحل غير صحيحة جرب رقما آخر يمكن أن يجعل الحل واقعا بينهما وليكن

4- إذا كانت نتيجة الحل غير صحيحة قارن بين المحاولتين السابقتين.

5- إذا كانت نتيجة الحل الأصلية واقعة بين الحلين السابقين جرب رقما بينهما وليكن

6- إذا كانت نتيجة الحل الأصلية خارجة عن الحلين السابقين كرر الخطوات بدأ من خطوة 3

7- كرر الخطوات 5 و6 إذا رغبت بدقة أفضل.

تطبيقات

الرياضيات
يعتمد علم الاستقراء الرياضي على مبدأ المحاولة والخطأ في اسنباط العلاقات الرياضية حيث تنشأ علاقة رياضية أولية لمتغير ثم تدرس هذه العلاقة عند قيم أخرى للمتغير ويتم التأكد من صحتها. مثال ذلك صيغة دي مويفير في النسب المثلثية, المتسلسلات العددية والهندسية, طرق الاستنزاف في حساب المساحات والحجوم.

الفيزياء
تعتبر جميع القوانين الفيزيائية الأساسية مستنتجة من التجارب العلمية. تتم عملية استنتاج العلاقة الفيزيائية بملاحظة التأثيرات الممكنة على العلاقة ودراسة كل تأثير على حدة (بتثبيت باقي التأثيرات أو المتغيرات). هناك بعض العلاقات التي تتطلب المبادرة بقانون أولي ثم التأكد من صحة القانون بتجريبه في ظروف أخرى وعندما لاتتوافق هذه العلاقة يتم اللجوء إلى قانون آخر أكثر ملائمة للتجربة. مثال ذلك قوانين الضوء (تجربة ابن الهيثم لتصحيح الفكرة الخاطئة عن العين كمصد الضوء, تجربة نيوتن لدحض اعتقادات الكنيسة أن الضوء الأبيض هو أنقى الألوان آنذاك), انتقال الحرارة, قوانين كبلر للكواكب السيارة, وفرضيتي النسبية الخاصة والنسبية العامة لتصحيح قوانين نيوتن عند السرعات العالية (يمكن أن تكون هي أيضا قيد التجارب).

التحكم
يمثل الذكاء الاصطناعي أحد أبرز التطبيقات على التجربة والخطأ وتستند خواريزميات معقدة إلى محاكاة الواقع وتحليله كما أنها قادرة على التعلم من الأخطاء.

الطب
في الطب تستخدم تجارب المصل والمصل المضاد على الحيوانات أولا وعندما تثبت صحتها يرتقى بالمحاولات على عينة من الناس.

انظر أيضًا
 تحليل عددي
 استنتاج استقرائي

مراجع

حدس مهني
خطأ
طرق التعلم
فلسفة العلوم

التجربة والخطأ


Soyuz 10, Dünya'nın ilk uzay istasyonu Salyut 1'e yapılan ilk ziyaret uçuşuydu. Soyuz 10, 23 Nisan 1971'de havalandığında, Salyut 1, daha dört gün önce, 19 Nisan 1971'de yörüngeye oturtulmuştu. Vladimir Şatalov, Aleksey Yeliseyev ve Nikolay Rukavişnikov'dan oluşan mürettebat, Salyut 1'e yanaşmayı ve kenetlenmeyi başarsa da uzay istasyonuna geçemediler. Bunun nedeni kenetlenmenin yeterince sağlam yapılamamış olmasıydı. Ayrıca, Soyuz tarafındaki kapının kitlenmiş olduğu da anlaşıldı. Görev iptal edildiğinde uzayaracı, Salyut 1 istasyonundan ayrılmakta güçlük çekti. Bunu başaran uzayaracı, dönüş yolculuğuna geçti. Ancak dünyaya inerken kabine zehirli gazlar doldu ve Rukavişnikov bayıldı. Neyse ki, üç kozmonot da bu kazadan yara almadan kurtuldu.

Mürettebat
 Vladimir Şatalov (3. uçuş)
 Aleksey Yeliseyev (3. uçuş)
 Nikolai Rukavişnikov (1. uçuş)

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi, Soyuz 10 maddesi, 28 Eylül 2006, 18:10 sürümü

10

Soyuz 10


Kahverengi kariyaku (Mazama gouazoupira), geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından bir kariyaku türüdür. En yaygın kariyaku türlerinden biri olan gri broket Orta Amerika'nın güneyinden Güney Amerika boyunca Arjantin ve Uruguay'a kadar olan bölgede yaşar. Ormanlık, bataklık, savan ve açık alanlarda bulunabilir.

Kızıl kariyakudan çok az daha küçük olan gri kariyakunun rengi grimsi kahverengi ile kızıl-kahve arasındadır. Erkeklerin boynuzları 7–10 cm. arasındadır.

Kaynakça
 Animal Diversity Web (İngilizce).

Mazama

Kahverengi kariyaku


Şerif Gören, ya da tam adıyla Şerif Adak Gören, ( Seríf Gkiorén, d. 14 Ekim 1944; İskeçe, Yunanistan -), Türk film yönetmenidir.

Hayatı
Çocukluğunun ilk yılları İskeçe'de geçti. 1956 yılında dönemin cumhurbaşkanı Celal Bayar adına verilen bir bursu kazanarak Türkiye'ye geldi ve İstanbul Erkek Lisesi'nde okula başladı. Daha sonra bir tanıdık vasıtasıyla Hürrem Erman'ın sahibi olduğu Erman film stüdyosunda kurgucu olarak iş buldu. Sinemayla ilişkisi on sekiz yaşında, 1962 yılındaki bu tesadüfle başladı.

1966'dan itibaren Yılmaz Güney ile çalışmaya başladı. Bu dönemden itibaren Güney ile birlikte senaryo denemelerine başladı. 1970 yılında Yılmaz Güney'in çevirdiği Canlı Hedef filminde yardımcı yönetmenlik yaptı. Gören'in, yönetmen olarak imza attığı ilk film, 1974 yılında senaryosunu Yılmaz Güney ile birlikte yazdığı Endişe filmidir. Bu film kendisine 12. Antalya Film Festivali'nde en iyi yönetmen, Yılmaz Güney'e ise en iyi senaryo ödülü getirdi.

Gören Deprem ve Köprü gibi filmler çekti. 1982 yılında senaryosunu Yılmaz Güney'in yazdığı ve Gören'in yönettiği Yol filmi, aynı yıl düzenlenen Cannes film festivalinde en iyi film ödülünü aldı. Tarık Akan, Şerif Sezer, Halil Ergün gibi önemli oyuncularla çalıştığı bu film anlatımı ve konusuyla hâlen Türk sinemasının en önemli filmlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Gören Yol filminden sonra yeni çalışmalar yaptı. Sinema hayatının son döneminde Tomruk, Sen Türkülerini Söyle, Kurbağalar, Yılanların Öcü gibi önemli filmler çekti. 1993 yılında çektiği Amerikalı filminden sonra bir daha film çekmeyeceğini açıkladı. Neden olarak da bu filmin yeterince ilgi görmemesi olarak gösteren Gören, sinema dilinin toplumla uyuşmadığını belirtmiştir.

Amerikalı filminden sonra sinemadan uzak kalsa da son dönemlerde Serseri Aşıklar, Kırık Ayna ve Ah İstanbul adlı dizileri yönetti. Son olarak babasına ithaf ettiği İskeçe 1955 adlı kısa filmi çekti; filmin tamamlanmasından kısa bir süre önce babasının vefat etmesiyle bu filmi babasına izletemedi.

Şerif Gören'in yaşamı ve sineması, Ali Karadoğan'ın 2005 yılında Phoenix Yayınları'ndan çıkan Film Çeviriyorum Abi: Şerif Gören Sinemasında Öykü Söylem ve Tematik Yapı adlı kitabında incelendi.

Bir dönem Antalya Film Festivali jüri başkanlığı yapan Gören, festivalin git gide film şirketleri egemenliğine girdiği ve özgünlüğünü yitirdiği gerekçesiyle 2007 yılında bu görevinden istifa etti.

Sanat hayatı
Şerif Gören, 1980 öncesi Türk sinemasına damgasını vuran, Metin Erksan ve Ömer Lütfü Akad'ın başlattığı, Yılmaz Güney'in ise altın çağını yaşattığı toplumsal gerçekçilik akımının ikinci kuşağını oluşturan başlıca yönetmenlerdendir. Kendisinin de her fırsatta dile getirdiği gibi Yılmaz Güney ile olan dostlukları ve işbirlikleri sayesinde deneyimlerinden ve yaratıcılığından daha etkin bir şekilde yararlanma ve bunları çalışmalarında daha iyi bir şekilde kullanma fırsatı bulmuştur.

Gören sinema sektöründe pek çok farklı işte çalışmıştır. Yönetmenlik çalışmalarının dışında senaryo, kurgu, post-prodüksiyon, müzik direktörlüğü ve oyunculuk deneyimleri de yaşamıştır.

Filmlerindeki karakterlerin genelde sistem tarafından yok edilmeye çalışılan ya da sisteme uyum sağlayamayan güçlü karakterler olması, Şerif Gören sinemasının en temel ve ayırıcı özelliklerinden biridir. Gören, sinemasında işlediği konuları kendi zamanındaki güncel sorunlardan alır. Kişinin yaşadığı dünya ile olan psikolojik savaşı, toplumdaki düzensizlikten kaynaklanan ağır yaşam koşulları, göçlerin sebep olduğu kimlik bunlarımları ve kentleşmeden kaynaklanan yabancılık duygusu Şerif Gören'in sıklıkla işlediği konular arasındadır. Gören, sinemanın sanatsal gücünü kullanarak alt tabakanın kendi içinde yaşadığı hayata eğilmiş ve pek çok yer altı hikâyesini sinemayı kullanarak gün yüzüne çıkartmıştır. Kent, göç, kimlik, var oluş ve gelenekler gibi ana temeller üzerinden eserler vermiştir.

Dönemin önde gelen oyuncuları ile çalışan Gören genelde ara rollerde bulunan ve izleyicinin dikkat etmediği pek çok oyuncuya alışmışın dışında roller vererek izleyicinin dikkatini çekmiş bu yönüyle de sinemasına oyuncu ve karakter zenginliği katmıştır.

Gören, dönemin teknik imkânsızlıklarına rağmen filmlerinde kullandığı efektler ile Türk sinemasına pek çok yenilik katmıştır. Ayrıca İstasyon ve Yol filmlerinde en az iki köpeğin ve bir atın gerçekten canlarına kıyılmıştır.

Filmografi

Filmler

Yönetmen olarak

 1970: Canlı Hedef
 1970: Piyade Osman
 1971: İbret
 1971: Kaçaklar
 1974: Endişe
 1975: Köprü
 1976: Darbe
 1976: Deprem
 1976: İstasyon
 1976: Nehir
 1976: Taksi Şoförü
 1978: Derdim Dünyadan Büyük
 1978: Derviş Bey
 1978: Evlidir Ne Yapsa Yeridir
 1978: Gelincik
 1979: Almanya Acı Vatan
 1979: Aşkı Ben mi Yarattım
 1980: Kır Gönlünün Zincirini
 1981: Feryada Gücüm Yok
 1981: Herhangi Bir Kadın
 1982: Alişan
 1982: Tomruk
 1982: Yol
 1983: Derman
 1983: Güneşin Tutulduğu Gün
 1984: Firar
 1984: Gizli Duygular
 1984: Güneş Doğarken
 1985: Kurbağalar
 1985: Yılanların Öcü
 1986: Adem ile Havva
 1986: Beyoğlu'nun Arka Yakası
 1986: Kan
 1986: Sen Türkülerini Söyle
 1986: Umut Sokağı
 1987: Katırcılar
 1987: On Kadın
 1987: Sen de Yüreğinde Sevgiye Yer Aç
 1988: Polizei
 1990: Abuk Sabuk 1 Film
 1993: Amerikalı
 2011: Ay Büyürken Uyuyamam

TV dizisi
 1999: Fanatik
 2000: Bana Babamı Anlat
 2003: Kırık Ayna
 2003: Serseri Aşıklar
 2006: Ahh İstanbul

Belgeseller
 1988: Kırmızı Yeşil (20 dk. Berlin Belgeseli, Federal Almanya televizyonu için)
 1988: Patates Soğan (20 dk. Berlin Belgeseli, Federal Almanya televizyonu için)
 1994: Kimlik (Fransa 5. Kanalının talebi ile çekilmiş Strazburg belgeseli)

Ödüller
 1975: 12. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü - Endişe
 1982: Cannes Film Festivali - Altın Palmiye - Yol
 1999: 36. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü
 2018: 25. Uluslararası Adana Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü

Kaynakça
 Kayalı, K., (1994), "Geleneksel Türk Sinemasını Sürdürerek Aşma Eylemi": Şerif Gören, "Yönetmenler Çerçevesinde Türk Sineması", Ankara, Ayyıldız Yay, 187-201.
 Karadoğan, Ali (2005), "Film Çeviriyorum Abi: Şerif Gören Sinemasında Öykü Söylem ve Tematik Yapı", Ankara, Phoenix Yayınları.

Dış bağlantılar

 TSA´de Şerif Gören

1944 doğumlular

İskeçe doğumlular
Türk film yönetmenleri
Türk sinemacılar
Batı Trakya Türkleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Şerif Gören


Cathy Moriarty (29 de noviembre de 1960) es una actriz estadounidense.

Carrera
Su primer papel fue en Toro salvaje en 1980, como Vikki LaMotta, la esposa del personaje de Robert De Niro. Su actuación le valió una nominación para un Premio Óscar por mejor actriz de reparto. También ha aparecido junto a Andrew Dice Clay en Bless This House. Luego, apareció como Carrigan Crittenden en la película Casper y como Rose Donlan, esposa de Harvey Keitel, en Cop Land. Se reunió nuevamente con De Niro para Analyze That.

Vida personal
Nació en el Bronx, hija de inmigrantes irlandeses católicos, Catherine, ama de casa, y John Moriarty, un trabajador de almacén. Su padre es del Condado de Kerry, y su madre del Condado de Cork. Moriarty fue criada en Yonkers, Nueva York. Se casó por primera vez con Carmine D'Anna en 1981, y se divorciaron en 1988.

Ha estado casada con Joseph Gentile desde el 28 de agosto de 1999. Tienen tres hijos: los gemelos Catherine Patricia y Joseph John, nacidos en 2000, y Annabella Rose, que nació el 15 de noviembre de 2001 en Nueva York.

Es copropietaria de Mulberry Street Pizza en Los Ángeles con Richard Palmer, un ex compañero.

Filmografía

Premios y nominaciones
Premios Óscar

Referencias

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Bronxeños
Actrices de Nueva York

Cathy Moriarty


Guillermo Martín Taboada (n. Valencia; 20 de febrero de 1981) es un cantante, compositor, actor y presentador español.

Juventud e inicios
Durante toda su adolescencia mostró clara predisposición a ser artista, pues con 17 años ya ganó el Festival "Canta Canta", organizado por la televisión valenciana Canal Nou y donde interpretó Si tú me miras de Alejandro Sanz.

Ha estudiado 4 años de interpretación en la Escuela Catalana Banya del Bou, 4 más de canto en la Academia Amparo Dorado y por último, 2 años de solfeo y piano en la Academia Alsina. En cuanto a su experiencia en este mundo, ha sido cantante solista en la Orquesta Mancy (dos años) y después en la Orquesta Búffalo (tres años). También cantaba en diferentes espectáculos con magos, humoristas... Fue seleccionado en el casting del musical Hoy no me puedo levantar basado en el grupo musical Mecano como uno de los cuatro finalistas para interpretar a Mario, el personaje protagonista. Finalmente no fue elegido para el papel.

Operación Triunfo 2005
Decidió presentarse a los cástines de Operación Triunfo 2005 para la cuarta edición (primera edición realizada por Telecinco tras el cambio de cadena de transmisión del concurso). Guillermo se había presentado en la segunda edición, pero no fue seleccionado. Esta vez logró ser escogido y finalizó el concurso en el décimo puesto. El director de la academia fue Kike Santander. Al finalizar el concurso, participó en la Gira de verano OT 2005 presentándose en varias ciudades de España, y grabó el disco MUSICALES junto a otros concursantes de su misma edición.

Canciones que cantó en OT 2005

Carrera televisiva

Primeros trabajos y participación en ¡Mira quién baila! (2006)
Cuando finalizó la gira de OT 2005, participó en una serie de ficción de Canal 9 de RTVV llamada Matrimonis i Patrimonis encarnando el personaje "Suso", un joven instalador de WIFI del que se enamora una de las protagonistas. En 2006 es también el encargado de poner la voz a Peter Pan, en uno de los musicales en "Peter Pan on Ice", un espectáculo de patinaje sobre hielo de la famosa obra de J.M. Barrie. La cantante Lidia Reyes hizo la voz de Wendy y grabaron el tema "Sigue a las estrellas".

En septiembre de 2006 participó en la cuarta edición del programa ¡Mira quién baila! (llamado ahora ¡Más que baile!) en La 1  de TVE. Guillermo consiguió llegar a la final del mismo, celebrada en diciembre. Quedó finalmente en tercera posición, por detrás del segundo clasificado, Juan Alfonso Baptista "Gato" y la ganadora, Estela Giménez.

Etapa en Antena 3: Al pie de la letra y otros (2007-2008)
En 2007, Guillermo Martín fue el conductor del programa El destape de Antena 3.
Era un concurso que jugaba con la psicología de los concursantes. Ese año también presentó tres programas de los rankings de Antena 3, que era una serie de episodios que daban un índice de audiencia de los más sonados casos, romances, peleas, etc. Los presentó junto a Mónica Martínez. El programa logró liderar su franja al obtener el respaldo de la audiencia en ese horario.

Ese año además participó en Paranoia semanal, también de Antena 3, que era un programa de debate de actualidad y humor, ya que cada tema a debatir contaba con una canción con una letra modificada que lo reflejaba con humor e ironía. Para ello, el programa contaba con un pequeño grupo de cantantes encargados de ponerle música al programa. Guillermo Martín era uno de los cantantes que colaboraba cada semana. También fue invitado en el programa Tres en Raya (La Sexta), para ayudar a los dos participantes a hacerse con el coche que cada lunes se puso en juego.
En su semana de invitado estuvieron también la actriz María Barranco, los presentadores Félix Álvarez "Felisuco", Pilar Rubio, y el exjugador de fútbol Poli Rincón, que se unieron a Las Supremas de Móstoles, Lucía Hoyos, Agustín Jiménez y Goyo Jiménez, colaboradores habituales del concurso que formaban parte del panel de invitados famosos.

Formó parte de los cantantes del programa Al pie de la letra de Antena 3, junto a Sandra Polop, Mercedes Durán y Carles Torregosa. Era un concurso musical basado en el karaoke y extraído del formato original estadounidense The Singing Bee (EE.UU.). Se estrenó el 25 de diciembre de 2007. Guillermo dejó el programa para poder terminar su próximo disco, siendo reemplazado por Anabel Dueñas.

Trabajos posteriores (2008-2010)
El verano de 2008 presentó un programa en Canal 9 llamado ¡Crash!, un concurso donde aquellas personas que tuvieran un coche de más de 10 años, podrían ganar un coche nuevo.

Ese año participa como actor en Ponme una nube, Rocío (Canal Sur), un spin-off de la serie Rocío casi madre. La serie es un relato de personajes suave y desenfadado con pequeños matices dramáticos. Narra los enredos de dos primas: Rocío (Eva Pedraza) y Flor (Paz Padilla), que son copropietarias del bar "La Nube". Rocío es una mujer optimista y entusiasta, que contrasta con Flor, una persona muy pesismista y falsa. Guillermo Martín da vida a Yago, que es el único hijo de Flor. Su personaje tiene una personalidad fuerte y competitiva, ansía ser un líder y le gusta ser admirado por todos. Este personaje formará parte de un trío amoroso con María y Celia. Yago siente un amor a primera vista al ver a María, a la que intenta impresionar con todo tipo de fantasmadas, pero no se da cuenta de que Celia está enamorada de él porque le parece una niña pequeña.

También fue jurado del programa musical Cantando en familia de RTVCM. Presentado por Constantino Romero, fue un programa musical en el que compartían escenario distintas familias de Castilla-La Mancha.

Entre 2008 y 2009, colabora en el programa Los mejores años de nuestra vida canción a canción sustituyendo a Ivan Santos (después de que éste se marchara para participar en Supervivientes: Perdidos En Honduras), y participa esporádicamente en alguno de los conciertos de la gira del programa. El cantante se despidió del concurso para centrarse definitivamente en la preparación del lanzamiento discográfico del disco de su banda G Punto.

Es invitado a la Gala FAO de 2008 en TVE, donde presenta también su sencillo "No sé", de su primer álbum como solista con su banda G Punto. En 2009, Guillermo Martín estuvo como reportero invitado en los cástines de la novena edición de Operación Triunfo en Sevilla. En 2009 también volvió a ¡Mira Quién Baila! en un programa especial. En 2009, Antena 3 organizó para la noche del 31 de diciembre una edición especial del programa Canta si puedes, en la que dos equipos formados por famosos se enfrentaron cantando en condiciones muy especiales, como correr sobre una cinta o sumergidos en un tanque de hielo. Los puntos obtenidos por el equipo ganador se convirtieron en vacaciones en la nieve para cien niños, cortesía de Aramón (Montañas de Aragón) y Fundación Antena3.

El 6 de mayo de 2010 participa en el reality Supervivientes 2010: Perdidos en Nicaragua de la cadena Telecinco. Guillermo llega a quedar en octava posición siendo expulsado el 1 de julio de 2010 con un 38% de los votos frente a Beatriz Trapote y Malena Gracia.

Trabajos en México (2010-2011)
En 2010 participa en La Academia: Octava Generación. La Academia, es un reality show musical mexicano lanzado por TV Azteca. La temporada se llamó "La Academia Bicentenario", en honor de los 200 años de México y otros países de América Latina. La producción de esa temporada estuvo a cargo de Magda Rodríguez y Lolita Cortés como directora de La Academia. El Casting se inició el 31 de julio de 2010 en los Estados Unidos por Azteca América y se desarrolló hasta principios de septiembre en todo México y otros países de América Latina.

Guillermo Martín entró representando a España y pasó los 3 cástines o filtros realizados: España, Estados Unidos y finalmente, México. Cuando entró a La Academia 2010 estaba auspiciado por Azteca América (por el casting que hizo en los Ángeles, Estados Unidos) y su padrino fue el actor mexicano Luis Felipe Tovar. Dentro de la competencia tuvo buenas críticas de sus maestros y la directora Lolita Cortés. Nunca estuvo en la zona de confort. Dentro del encierro se convirtió en el líder de las revueltas dentro de la casa de La Academia, poniendo de moda palabras como esto es totalmente inexplicable, hostias, tío, mínimo esfuerzo o máximo rendimiento. Palabras extrañas para muchos que no entendían que significaban esos términos españoles usados por Guillermo (adoptando al instante el apodo de El Inexplicable Guillermo Martín).

En el Concierto 7 sale del concurso causando controversia entre los fanes y espectadores del programa pues Guillermo, a pesar de su polémica y controvertida personalidad, era favorito para la final. Para el Concierto 8 sale expulsado, a pesar de que recibió votos a favor para evitar su expulsión y, en señal de apoyo, abandonaron el set del concierto sus compañeros.

Canciones que cantó en La Academia

{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" style="background: #EBF5FF; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width=75%
|- bgcolor=#B22222 style="color:white;"
| Concierto
| Concursante
| Nacionalidad
| Ciudad de Origen
| Canción
| Género
| Resultado

| 01
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Corazón partío
| Pop
| A Salvo
|-
| 02
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Tan enamorados
| Balada
| Sentenciado
|-
| 03
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Tu nombre me sabe a hierba
| Pop-Flamenco
| Sentenciado
|-
| 04
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Valió la pena
| Salsa
| A Salvo
|-
| 05
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Vivir así es morir de amor
| Big Band - Orquesta en Vivo
| A Salvo
|-
| 06
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Persiana americana
| Rock
| Sentenciado
|-
| 07
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
| Estoy enamorado
| Reguetón
| Sentenciado
|-
| 08
| |Guillermo Martín
|  España
|  Valencia
|  No Cantó
|  -
| Eliminado
|}

En 2011 es invitado a conducir el programa Generación 2011 en México, emitido por TV Azteca y Azteca América junto con Ivonne Montero, Lili Brillanti, y Melchor. Estuvo un mes debido a que debía terminar de hacer su disco que realizaba en España. Su salida del programa provocó que las fanes y televidentes reclamaran su regreso durante semanas ante la producción de TV Azteca.

Carrera musical

Operación Triunfo
Participa en el álbum Musicales, donde los 10 finalistas de Operación Triunfo 2005 versionan canciones de los musicales más importantes de la historia de este género. Fue Disco de Platino y un éxito de ventas en España.

Generación OT
En 2006, Guillermo recibe la propuesta de Gestmusic Endemol, productora de "Operación Triunfo", de reunirse con Sandra Polop y Fran Dieli (ambos concursantes de Operación Triunfo 2005) creando el grupo Generación OT. Lanzan un álbum producido por Carlos Quintero (Chenoa y Carlos Baute) bajo el sello discográfico de Tool Music. La campaña incluyó la grabación de un disco y una gira de conciertos durante el verano del 2006 que inició en Valencia y continuó
por diversas ciudades de España. El álbum Generación OT incluye 10 canciones, 3 de las cuales son interpretadas por Guillermo en solitario. El sencillo del disco interpretado por los tres cantantes fue "Sunny, tú y yo". La gira fue promocionada por refresco Sunny Delight, de ahí el nombre del primer sencillo.

El álbum entra en la lista que elabora Promusicae con los más discos más vendidos en España.

En 2006, graba en solitario los temas principales para la obra musical "Peter Pan on Ice". Entre ellos, el tema central "Sigue a las estrellas".

G Punto
 2008 - Da la cara
 De él se extrae el sencillo "No sé", lanzado en noviembre de 2008.
 2013 - Amanecer zulú

Referencias

Participantes de la Cuarta edición de Operación Triunfo
Participantes de La Academia
Participantes de Supervivientes
Concursantes de OT

Guillermo Martín Taboada


Charles Lucy (July 1814 – 19 May 1873) was a British artist during the Victorian era who, while he was a talented portraitist, mainly focused on the history painting genre and whose work was mainly exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, England.

Early life
Charles Lucy was born at Norton Canon, Herefordshire in England in July 1814 and according to family records, he was his parents' first born child. His family descended from the Lucys of Charlecote, Warwickshire, who afterwards settled in Worcestershire.

Charles Lucy had a natural affinity for painting. He spent his spare time painting anything he could get his hands on. As a child, he was even known to prepare his own colours and manufacture his own brushes. His memoriam in The Hereford Times noted that "his natural bent from a very early age was towards painting, and he began to practice it without instruction, until aided by friends, he devoted his life to art. With that view, he decided to go to London to pursue his studies." At the early age of fifteen, he was apprenticed to his maternal uncle, Price Griffiths, who was a chemist in Hereford, but he was so passionate about art that he would sneak a lantern into his room, so he could paint all night long.

Education
He first studied at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, then in Paris under Paul Delaroche at the École des Beaux-Arts. In 1838, he returned to London to attend the Royal Academy of Arts as a student. Thereafter, Mr. Lucy spent two years studying paintings by Old Master in Paris and The Hague for a private patron. He also "pursued his studies in the Louvre and other great public galleries."

Career
The "self-taught" young Mr. Lucy "commenced his career as a painter of portraits, his father being one of the earliest of his productions." According to family records, "he soon left his uncle's establishment, and became an earnest in the art in which he so ably succeeded; and for several years travelled in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, and returned to England about the year 1836." Family writings revealed that "he then competed with Mr. Frost (who was also self-taught) for the gold medal of The Royal Academy of Arts, with his painting Prometheus Chained, which is now in the possession of the Philosophical Society at Hereford." According to family papers, "Mr. Frost obtained the prize, his picture being the more finished than that of Mr. Lucy, but the latter was generally looked upon as the bolder and more artistic work."

He is best known for his painting of The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, which is displayed in the National Heritage Museum in Lexington, Massachusetts, in the United States of America. His other notable work includes his engravings of Oliver Cromwell and a painting called, The Burial of King Charles the First, in St. George's Chapel of Windsor Castle, which was sold by the London auction house, Bonhams, on October 11, 2006.

For sixteen years Mr. Lucy took up his residence in Paris, Barbizon and Fontainebleau, where he reared his children with his wife, Ann. He continued to maintain his connection with Hereford, of which, according to the Freeman's Roll, he was admitted a freeman on July 29, 1841, thereby bestowing Mr. Lucy with certain rights and privileges within his native city. But it was while he was in France that he executed several of his greatest works, before he returned to London, where he resided until his death.

Charles Lucy "painted historical subjects and some portraits, which were frequently engraved." He exhibited his first historical painting, "The Interview between Milton and Galileo," in 1840 at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. After his first historical painting, "The Interview between Milton and Galileo," was hung in 1840" at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, Mr. Lucy divided his time between England and France. He lived in Barbizon for 16 years, but rather than joining the landscape painters there, he chose to continue is focus on significant scenes in British history. In 1847, he painted "Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers in the Mayflower," (later retitled: "Departure of the Pilgrims from Delft Haven"), which won him a prize bestowed by Prince Albert at the prestigious Westminster Hall competition in London in the same year. It was also one of the first pieces to bring Mr. Lucy attention on the east side of the English Channel. It would not be long before, "he was a regular contributor to the fresco competitions for the New Palace of Westminster." In 1848, it too was exhibited it at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Family records show that in 1838 Mr. Lucy "receiv[ed] considerable distinction and much practice as a rising artist [after he] obtained the Two Hundred Guineas Prize at the Exhibition of Cartoons in Westminster Hall, for his painting of The Pilgrim Fathers Embarking for America, which [resulted] in the late Sir Robert Peel taking great notice of him." Of all his work, Mr. Lucy is best known for his 1848 painting, The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers A.D. 1620, which is currently displayed in the National Heritage Museum in Lexington, Massachusetts, in the United States of America. Thereafter, Mr. Lucy served as the elected chairman of the committee of the New British Institution since its foundation in 1869 and "for many years was instructor at a drawing and design school in Camden Town, which he founded along with Thomas Seddon, Cave Thomas and one or two others. Unfortunately, "owing to want of funds, not withstanding the good services it was doing, [the school] was subsequently handed over to the government."

Notable works

 The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, America A.D. 1620 (1848, National Heritage Museum; Lexington, Massachusetts)
 The Departure of the Pilgrim Fathers for America, A.D. 1620 (R.A.1847; Pilgrim Hall Museum; Plymouth, Massachusetts)
 Prometheus Chained (approximately 1836)
 The Interview between Milton and Galileo (exhibited in 1840, it was his first historical piece that he exhibited)
 Departure of the Pilgrims from Delft Haven (1847; Originally entitled: Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers in the Mayflower)
The Burial of King Charles the First (1857)
Oliver Cromwell's Last Interview with his Favourite Daughter (1857, Engraving)
Oliver Cromwell Resolving to Refuse the Crown (1858)
The Babes in the Wood (1859; also known as Children in the Wood)
Noontide Repose (1869)
The Parting of Lord and Lady William Russell (1872)
Lord Say and Sele before Jack Cade
Napoleon On Board the Orient
The Man of Ross Portioning a Bride
Marie Corday on her way to Execution
The Forced Abdication of Mary Queen of Scots
The Arrest of Hampden and his Friends by order of Charles I. when leaving for America
Lord Nelson in the Cabin of the 'Victory
Devotion
Portrait of Mr. John Bosley (the last finished work of Mr. Lucy, according to family records)

Special notes of distinction

 Many of Charles Lucy's works were purchased for public institutions in The United States of America, such as the National Heritage Museum in Lexington, Massachusetts and Pilgrim Hall Museum; Plymouth, Massachusetts.
 His works are in the collections of the Duke of Manchester and Sir Robert Peel, while engravings of his works were frequently made.
 He was commissioned by the late Sir Joshua Walmesley to paint a series of portraits of famous men, including Oliver Cromwell, Nelson, Richard Cobden, John Bright, W. E. Gladstone, Disraeli, Joseph Hume, and Mr. Garibaldi, which were bequested by Mr. Walmesley to the South Kensington Museum.
 Mr. Lucy's painting, Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers in the Mayflower, (later retitled: Departure of the Pilgrims from Delft Haven), won him a prize bestowed by Prince Albert at the prestigious Westminster Hall competition in London in 1847.
 His work was exhibited at The Royal Academy of Arts throughout his career.
 His unwavering artistic integrity was acknowledged by The London Times in a Thursday 9 May 1867 article covering The Exhibition of The Royal Academy of Arts, in which his work was displayed. According to this article, Charles Lucy "abides by the determination to treat grave historical incident gravely nowadays runs the risk of poor remuneration, whether is the way of pence or praise ; and Mr. Lucy is conspicuous among the courageous few who, in this cause, have braved the risk of small gain and slight recognition from the distributors of artistic distinctions and public employment."
 The Illustrated London News also noted Mr. Lucy's artistic integrity in a June 7, 1873 article on his passing: "Mr. Lucy was a worthy painter of our English school, who through life devoted himself, at the sacrifice of many opportunities of immediate gain, and despite much un merited discouragement, to the highest branches of historical painting."

Fatal illness and death
Charles Lucy's memoriam in The Hereford Times noted that "his illness was of long standing, having begun some ten years ago; and for the past four years has been steadily gaining upon his vital powers," which "prevent[ed] him from executing many commissions offered to him." Ultimately, Mr. Lucy died from a complication of diseases, including cancer of the liver, which caused him severe suffering for four weeks until his demise, but that he endured "with his usual and quiet fortitude of spirit." A week before he passed, his death seemed imminent from water overflowing the heart, but the crisis rather brought relief in the bursting of a small tumour on the liver. Mr. Lucy "was not conscious of the fatal nature of his illness, and almost to the [very end] expressed his conviction that he would soon recover and be able to 'go down to Hereford' in order to take sittings of Mr. Rankin for the Memorial Portrait, which he had been selected to execute." He was resilient until the very end, passing "away from his agonies without a sigh or a struggle; while pressing the loved hands which he held, his breathing ceased and all was over." The Hereford Times memorandum of Mr. Lucy noted that John Henry Foley, "the eminent sculptor, has taken a cast of the head and face of the deceased, whose fine expressive features are described as singularly beautiful in death." However, whether Mr. Foley made a sculpture of this cast remains to be seen.

Charles Lucy passed away in his residence, 13 Ladbroke Crescent, in Notting Hill, London on 19 May 1873 at the age of fifty-nine. He was to have turned 60 in July of the same year. He left behind "a sorrowing widow, Ann-the daughter of the late Mr. Thomas Bishop, town councillor of Hereford, and a large family." Lucy's funeral took place on Saturday, May 24, 1873, at one o'clock in the afternoon at Highgate Cemetery. His grave (no.2363) on the western side of the Cemetery, is now derelict and there is no visible inscription.

The estate sale of his studio's contents included unsold paintings and was held at the London auction house, Christie's, on the 4th and 5 June 1875.

 Family members
 His father was also named Mr. Charles Lucy, who was born in 1780 and died in Hereford in 1871 at the age of 91.
His maternal uncle was Mr. Price Griffiths, a chemist in Hereford.
His wife was Ann Lucy and they had children together.
His eldest child with Ann was Charles Hampden Lucy, was also an artist. His works include portraits of his own sons entitled H. Lucy (1890) and John Charles Hampden Lucy (1890).
His grandsons were H. Lucy and John Charles Hampden Lucy.
His father-in-law (Ann's father) was Mr. Thomas Bishop, town councillor of Hereford
 His uncle-in-law (Ann's uncle) was Mr. Edward Pritchard', solicitor and treasurer of Herefordshire

References

External links
 Charles Lucy family portraits
All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Charles Lucy (see index)
The Lucy Family website

1814 births
1873 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
History painters
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
19th-century English male artists

Charles Lucy


Alain David "Al" Jourgensen (* 9. Oktober 1958 in Havanna, Kuba als Alejandro Ramirez Casas) ist ein kubanisch-amerikanischer Sänger, Gitarrist, Keyboarder, Musikproduzent und Songwriter, der hauptsächlich als Frontmann der Industrial-Metal-Band Ministry bekannt wurde. Weitere Künstlernamen sind Alien Jourgensen oder Hypo Luxa, wie er sich als Produzent nennt.

Werdegang
Jourgensen wurde als Sohn einer kubanischen Mutter und eines norwegischen Vaters in Havanna geboren. Alsbald kam er in die USA, wo er mit seiner Mutter und seinem dänischen Stiefvater unter anderem in Chicago und Denver aufwuchs. Er besuchte die University of Northern Colorado und die University of Colorado in Boulder. Er arbeitete als Radio-DJ, bis er die Band Special Affect mit Groovie Mann gründete. 1981 gründete Jourgensen Ministry. 2008 galt die Band als aufgelöst, meldete sich jedoch 2012 mit einem neuen Album zurück.

1983 war Jourgensen zudem Mitbegründer der Revolting Cocks. 1989 gründete Jourgensen unter anderem mit Jello Biafra (Dead Kennedys) und Paul Barker von Ministry Lard. Mit seinem Bandkollegen Paul Barker war er als Produzententeam tätig.

In vielen von Jourgensens Texten spiegeln sich persönliche Erfahrungen mit Heroin- und Kokain-Sucht wider. Manche sind aber auch politischer Natur, so gilt er als Kritiker von George W. Bush. Später gab er an, seit Anfang der 2000er-Jahre drogenfrei zu sein. Auslöser seien die Amputation eines Zehs und die drohende Amputation eines Arms, letzteres allerdings infolge eines Spinnenbisses, gewesen.

Seine Lebenserinnerungen, darunter viele unter Drogeneinfluss begangene Exzesse, erzählte Jourgensen dem Journalisten Jon Wiederhorn in mehrstündigen Interviewsitzungen. Das Material erschien 2013 als Biographie unter dem Titel Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen.

Diskografie

Mit Ministry
siehe Ministry#Diskografie

Mit Revolting Cocks

Mit Lard

Mit Pailhead

Buchveröffentlichung
 Al Jourgensen mit Jon Wiederhorn: Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen. Da Capo Press, Boston 2013, ISBN 978-0-30682-218-6 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

DJ
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
Post-Industrial-Musiker
Metal-Sänger
Metal-Gitarrist
Metal-Keyboarder
Metal-Produzent
Ministry
Industrial-Metal-Musiker
Industrial-Rock-Musiker
Dark-Music-Produzent
Popmusiker
Kubaner
Geboren 1958
Mann

Al Jourgensen


La  est une grande unité soviétique créée en août 1941 après l'invasion allemande de l'Union soviétique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La  servit pendant toute la guerre avant sa dissolution à l'été 1945.

La  combinée (en russe  ; en abrégé 49 ОА) des forces terrestres russes a existé de 1992 à 1994, puis a été recréée en 2010. Son état-major se trouve à Stavropol, dans le district militaire sud. En 2022, ses unités opérationnelles sont engagées dans l'invasion de l'Ukraine.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
La  est créée par la directive de la Stavka du  pour faire partie du front de réserve. Cette armée est constituée à partir du  de fusiliers ; l'armée est initialement composée de la  de montagne, des ,  et , de la  de milice populaire et du  d'artillerie. L'armée se déploie en défensive autour de Dorogobouj (à l'est de Smolensk), en arrière du front de l'Ouest. Le , la , remplacée par la , est envoyée sur la ligne de défense de Mojaïsk (pour défendre Moscou au sud-ouest), autour de Kalouga. L'armée y affronte de fin octobre à novembre les troupes allemandes, arrêtant finalement ces derniers sur l'Oka, entre Serpoukhov et Aleksine. En décembre 1941, la  participe à la contre-offensive d'hiver russe. De janvier à avril 1942, elle est impliquée dans la bataille de Rjev, reprenant Ioukhnov et atteignant les rives de l'Ougra. En mars 1943, l'armée n'empêche pas l'évacuation allemande du saillant de Rjev ().

En juin 1943, le lieutenant-général Ivan Grichine prend le commandement de l'armée, y restant jusqu'à la fin de la guerre. D'août à septembre 1943, l'armée participe à la seconde bataille de Smolensk, reprenant Spas-Demensk, franchissant la Desna au sud d'Ielnia, atteignant la frontière biélorusse à Mstsislaw. Transférée au deuxième front biélorusse le , elle est engagée dans l'opération Bagration à partir de juin 1944, perforant le front allemand, capturant Moguilev en compagnie de la  le . En juillet, la  perce de nouveau entre Grodno et Svislotch, puis prend Sokółka. D'août à septembre 1944, elle est engagée dans l'offensive Lublin-Brest, abordant finalement la Narew près de Łomża.

En janvier 1945, la  est en ligne face à la Prusse occidentale. À partir du , elle est engagée à l'offensive de Poméranie orientale, prenant Czersk et Berent, puis participant à la capture de Danzig. Le , elle échoue dans un premier temps à franchir l'Oder au sud de Gartz, établis une tête de pont le 21, débouche le 24 et fonce vers l'ouest en évitant l'agglomération berlinoise (la conquête de Berlin étant confiée au premier front biélorusse). Le , la  s'arrête sur l'Elde à Ludwigslust, y prenant contact avec des unités de la  britannique. En juillet 1945, l'armée est déplacée dans l'oblast de Gorky ; elle est dissoute en août 1945, son état-major devenant celle du district militaire de Gorky.

Recréations russes
En mai 1992, le  devient la  combinée de la toute nouvelle Armée de terre russe, avec son état-major à Krasnodar, dans le district militaire du Nord-Caucase. Cette armée est renommée  d'armée le .

La  combinée est recréée en 2010, avec son siège à Stavropol, dans le district militaire sud. En plus de cette armée, le district dispose de la  à Vladikavkaz, de la  à Novotcherkassk (près de Rostov et donc du Donbass) et du  à Sébastopol (en Crimée).

Composition

La  comprend en 2018 les unités suivantes :
  de commandement Odesskaïa, à Stavropol ;
  de fusiliers motorisés « cosaque » (159 MT-LB, 41 T-72B, 11 BTR-80, 6 GAZ-233014 Tigr, 4 BRDM-2, 36 2S3 Akatsiya, 18 BM-21 Grad, 12 MT-12 Rapira, 12 9P149 Chtourm-S, 12 9K331 Tor-M1, 6 9K34/35 Strela-10, 6 2S6M Toungouska et 27 9K38 Igla), à Boudionnovsk ;
  de fusiliers motorisés de montagne (80 MT-LB, 9 BTR-80, 18 2S3 Gvozdika, 12 2S12 Sani et 8 ZSU-23-2), à Storozhevaya-2 près de Zelentchoukskaïa en Karatchaïévo-Tcherkessie ;
  militaire (130 BTR-82AM, 41 T-90, 26 BTR-80A, 15 MT-LB, 4 BRDM-2, 18 2S3 Akatsiya, 18 D-30 de , 18 BM-21 Grad, 12 2S12 Sani, 12 MT-12 Rapira, 12 9P149 Chtourm-S, 12 9A33BM2 Osa, 6 9K34/35 Strela-10, 6 2S6M Tunguska et 27 9K38 Igla), à Goudaouta en Abkhazie (avec détachements dans la vallée de Kodori et au barrage d'Ingouri) ;
  de spetsnaz, à Stavropol ;
  de missiles de la Garde (douze Iskander-M), Goriatchi Klioutch dans le kraï de Krasnodar ;
  d'artillerie Tallinskaïa (8 BM-27 Ouragan, 18 2S65 Msta-B, 6 MT-12 Rapira et 18 9P149 Chtourm-S), à  en Adyguée ;
  de missiles antiaériens (36 9K37 Buk-M1-2), à  dans le kraï de Krasnodar ;
  de missiles antiaériens de la Garde (douze S-300PMU), à Goudaouta ;
  de soutien logistique, à Maïkop ;
  de protection NBC (9 TOS-1 Buratino, 18 BMO-T avec RPO-A Chmel, véhicules de reconnaissance chimique, véhicules de décontamination et générateurs de fumée), à  dans l'oblast de Volgograd.

Commandants
 2011-2012 : major-général Sergueï Vassilievitch Kouralenko ;
 2012-2013 : lieutenant-général Viktor Borissovitch Astapov ;
 2014-2019 : lieutenant-général Sergueï Mikhaïlovitch Sevrioukov ;
 2019-2020 : major-général Mikhaïl Stepanovitch Zousko ;
 depuis août 2020 : lieutenant-général Iakov Vladimirovitch Rezantsev.

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Dans le contexte de la crise russo-ukrainienne de 2021, des détachements des  de fusiliers motorisés (un BTG : groupe tactique de bataillon) et  antiaérienne sont identifiés en Crimée en novembre et décembre 2021. Les autres brigades de la  restent stationnées dans le Kouban, en réserve opérationnelle.

Ses BTG sont engagés lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine. Les documents russes capturés le  par les troupes ukrainiennes près de Kherson fournissent la liste des unités de la  déployées dans le Sud de l'Ukraine : les deux BTG de la , les deux de la , le renfort des deux du  de la VDV, avec le soutien de la  antiaérienne, de la  et de la  de Spetsnaz, de tout à l'est du Boug au nord-est de Mykolaïv. Fin mars, le  de la  est détruit ; selon les Ukrainiens, son commandant, le lieutenant-général Iakov Rezantsev, aurait été tué le  lors d'un tir d'artillerie sur l'aéroport de Kherson.

L'état-major de la  commanderait toutes les troupes russes dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Ukraine, y compris les BTG du  et des VDV ; de mars à la mi-avril, ses unités restent sur la défensive, gardant le contrôle de Kherson et d'une vaste tête de pont sur la rive occidentale du Dniepr, à l'ouest du réservoir de Kakhovka. En novembre 2022, lors de la seconde bataille de Kherson, la  doit finalement se retirer de Kherson et de toute la rive occidentale du Dniepr, contrôlant désormais la partie orientale et méridionale de l'Oblast de Kherson.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Lectures complémentaires

Articles connexes
 Histoire militaire de l'Union soviétique
 Armée de terre russe#Districts militaires et armées

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1941
Armée soviétique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 2010
Unité militaire russe

49e armée (Russie)


Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean; französisch Charles Antoine Hyacinthe de Gallean (* 18. September 1737; † 1. April 1778 in Mannheim), war kurpfälzischer Obersthofmeister, Wirklicher Geheimer Rat und enger Vertrauter von Kurfürst Karl Theodor.

Leben und Wirken
Die de Gallean waren ursprünglich Genueser Patrizier, welche teils in päpstlichen, teils in savoyischen, in spanischen, aber auch in französischen Diensten standen.

Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean wurde geboren als einziger Sohn von Karl Hyacinth von Gallean (1716–1754), französischer Gesandter in Sachsen-Polen, am Dresdener- bzw. am polnischen Hof und dessen Ehefrau Adelheid Carolina Felicitas de Forbin († 1743).

Zunächst trat Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean in die französische Armee ein und wurde Oberst im Regiment Grenadiers de France. Am 15. Januar 1757 erhob ihn Papst Benedikt XIV. zum Herzog in der päpstlichen Enklave von Avignon. Am 14. Dezember 1759 erhielt er durch Papst Clemens XIII. die Würde eines römischen Fürsten.

Schon am 2. Februar des gleichen Jahres hatte ihn Kurfürst Karl Theodor von der Pfalz mit dem Ritterkreuz des Ordens vom Hl. Hubertus ausgezeichnet. Ab 11. März 1761 fungierte Gallean als dessen Groß- bzw. Obersthofmeister im kurpfälzischen Mannheim. Sehr schnell gewann er das Vertrauen des Kurfürsten und wurde zu einem seiner wichtigsten und engsten Berater. Am 15. September 1761 erhob Kaiser  Franz I. Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean in den Stand eines Reichsfürsten; Kurfürst Karl Theodor als Reichsvikar folgte am 3. April 1763 mit Verleihung des "großen Palatinates", der Pfalzgrafenwürde.

Der noch fast zeitgenössische Chronist Felix Joseph von Lipowsky bezeichnet den Obersthofmeister 1823 in seinem Buch Karl Theodor, Churfurst von Pfalz-Bayern, Herzog zu Julich und Berg, wie er war und wie es wahr ist, als "in Künsten und Wissenschaften aller Art hocherfahrn".

Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean starb als letzter kurpfälzischer Obersthofmeister in Mannheim, kurz vor dem Umzug des Hofes nach München, nachdem Kurpfalz und Bayern nun zum Staat Kurpfalz-Bayern vereinigt worden waren. Er wurde in der Mannheimer Pfarrkirche St. Sebastian beigesetzt, wo sich sein Wappenepitaph aus schwarzem Marmor erhalten hat. (Die Altersangabe darauf ist offenbar nicht korrekt.)

Der Fürst gehörte zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Vereinigungen an, so der Kurpfälzischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, deren Gründungssitzung er am 20. Oktober 1763 in Vertretung des Kurfürsten eröffnete und seit 1766 auch als Ehrenmitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Er war Malteser-Ordensritter, Komtur des Ordens vom Hl. Mauritius und Lazarus sowie Ritter des polnischen Weißen Adlerordens und des hessen-kasselischen Hausordens vom Goldenen Löwen (14. August 1770).

Galleans Gattin hieß Marie Franziska Henrietta de Montpesat; das Ehepaar hatte 2 Töchter als Nachkommen. Die Tochter Gabrielle (1763–1834) heiratete den Sohn des ab 1790 im Heidelberger Exil lebenden, französischen Generals Joseph Palamede de Forbin-Janson. Ein Kind aus dieser Verbindung ist der Bischof Charles-Auguste-Marie-Joseph de Forbin-Janson (1785–1844), der das "Werk der Heiligen Kindheit" gründete (heute  Päpstliches Kindermissionswerk) und im Ruf der Heiligkeit starb.

Literatur
 Johann Friedrich Seyfart:  Handbuch der neuesten Genealogie hrsg. bei Gabriel Nikolaus Raspe, Nürnberg, 1768, Seite 111; Scan aus der Quelle
 Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, Sektion 1, Teil 52, Seite 104, Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig, 1851;  Scan aus der Quelle
 Christian von Stramberg: Denkwürdiger und Nützlicher rheinischer Antiquarius, Koblenz, 1859, Band 8,Teil 2, Seiten 727 und 728 Scan aus der Quelle
 Stefan Mörz: Aufgeklärter Absolutismus in der Kurpfalz während der Mannheimer Regierungszeit des Kurfürsten Karl Theodor (1742–1777), Seite 34, Kohlhammer Verlag, 1991, ISBN 3170111868
 Die Friedhöfe in Mannheim, Südwestdeutsche Verlagsanstalt Mannheim, 1992, Seite 25

Weblinks
 Datenseite der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
 Archivalie zur Erhebung in der Reichsfürstenstand, beim Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe

Einzelnachweise

Fürst (Deutschland)
Fürst (Italien)
Titularherzog
Politiker (18. Jahrhundert)
Obersthofmeister
Person (Kurpfalz)
Wirklicher Geheimer Rat
Ritter des Malteserordens
Träger des Ordens der hl. Mauritius und Lazarus (Komtur)
Träger des Weißen Adlerordens
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Kurpfälzischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Geboren 1737
Gestorben 1778
Mann

Karl Anton Hyacinth von Gallean


The doctrine of lapse was a policy of annexation initiated by the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent about the princely states, and applied until the year 1858, the year after Company rule was succeeded by the British Raj under the British Crown.

The policy was initiated by James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie.

Elements of the doctrine of lapse continued to be applied by the post-independence Indian government to derecognise individual princely families until 1971, when the recognition of former ruling families was discontinued under the 26th amendment to the Indian constitution by the Indira Gandhi government.

Doctrine
When the formal adoption of the doctrine of lapse was aware and used already, the British East India Company (British Rule) had administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the Indian subcontinent, the Presidencies and provinces of British India, and was responsible for the defence of the princely states.

According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the East India Company, the dominant imperial power in the Indian system of subsidiary alliances, would have its princely status abolished, and therefore be annexed into directly ruled British India, if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". This supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the Company took upon itself the power to decide whether potential rulers were competent to rule. The doctrine and its applications were widely regarded as illegitimate by many Indians, leading to resentment against the East India Company.

The policy is most commonly associated with  Dalhousie, who was the East India Company's Governor General of British India between 1848 and 1856. However, the doctrine was articulated by the Court of Directors of the Company as early as 1834, and several smaller states had already been annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him.

By the use of the doctrine of lapse, the Company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur, Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (Chhattisgarh State) (1852), Jhansi (1854), Nagpur (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855). Awadh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the doctrine, but in fact was annexed by Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by this doctrine. However, Udaipur State would later have local princely rule reinstated in 1860.

With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society, included disbanded soldiers; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.  Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the East India Company, renounced the doctrine.

Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie
Dalhousie vigorously applied the lapse doctrine for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely his invention.

The princely state of Kittur, ruled by Kittur Rani Chennamma (the queen at the time), was taken over by the East India Company in 1824, when after the death of her husband and son she adopted a new son and attempted to make him heir to the throne, which the British refused to accept. This development has similarities with the later 'doctrine of lapse', which the Court of Directors of the East India Company articulated early in 1834. As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba, Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842.

The impact of the doctrine of lapse
The doctrine of lapse was widely considered illegitimate by many Indians. By 1848, the British had immense power in India, since they were the de facto direct rulers of territories such as the Madras, Bombay, and Bengal Presidencies, Assam, Mysore, and the Punjab, as well as the indirect rulers of princely states of Rajasthan, Sind, Patiala, the Carnatic, and many others.

Most of the rulers of the remaining states which had not yet been annexed by the British were in a weak position against their mighty forces. Not willing to spend huge amounts of money and soldiers, the Indian rulers had little option but to give in to this policy. This caused increased resentment against the British Empire in India, and was one of the causes of the Uprising of 1857.

Princely states annexed under the doctrine

In independent India

After the Partition of India and the departure of the British in August 1947, British India became India and Pakistan, and within a year almost all of the rulers of the princely states had been persuaded to sign an instrument of accession to join one or the other. Under the terms of these accessions, the two governments continued to recognize the status of the princely rulers, who at first continued to rule; but later they each sought to integrate the states fully into themselves. The rulers were granted monetary compensation in the form of privy purses, which were annual payments in support of the grantees, their families, and their households.

In 1964, Maharaja Rajendra Prakash of Sirmur, the last recognized former ruler of Sirmur State, died without either leaving male issue or adopting an heir before his death, although his senior widow subsequently adopted her daughter's son as the successor to the family headship. The Indian government, however, decided that in consequence of the ruler's death, the constitutional status of the family had lapsed. The doctrine of lapse was likewise invoked the following year when the last recognized ruler of Akkalkot State died in similar circumstances.

See also

Escheat
List of princely states of India
Presidencies and provinces of British India

References

History of the British Empire
History of India
Legal history of India
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Princely states of India
Annexation

Doctrine of lapse


Stephen Crabb (født 20. januar 1973 i Inverness i Det skotske højland, men opvokset i Wales) er en britisk politiker, der i 2016 stiller op som kandidat til posten som leder af det britiske Konservative Parti.

Valget af  David Camerons efterfølger
Posten som Det Konservative Partis leder blev ledig, da David Cameron den 24. juni varslede, at han ønskede at gå af som partileder og premierminister senere på året.

Fristen for at tilmelde sig som kandidat blev fastsat til den 30. juni 2016. Ved fristens udløb var der  opstillet fem kandidater: Stephen Crabb, Liam Fox, Michael Gove, Andrea Leadsom og Theresa May.

Medlem af Underhuset
Siden 2005 har Stephen Crabb været medlem af Underhuset for Preseli Pembrokeshire i Wales.

Indpisker
I 2009 blev Stephen Crabb indpisker for oppositionen, og i 2010–2012 forsatte han indpisker for Regeringen David Cameron I.

Ministerposter
Stephen Crabb har været arbejds- og pensionsminister (Secretary of State for Work and Pensions) siden 19. marts 2016. Han var minister for Wales (Secretary of State for Wales) fra 15. juli 2014 til 19. marts 2016. Fra september 2012 til juli 2014 var han parlamentarisk understatssekretær for Wales.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ministre fra Storbritannien
Britiske konservative politikere
Medlemmer af Underhuset

Stephen Crabb


{{Infookvir motociklist
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| klasa01_natjecanje     = Svjetsko prvenstvo - 500cc
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John Kocinski (Little Rock, okrug Pulaski, Arkansas, SAD, 20. ožujka 1968.), bivši američki vozač motociklističkih utrka.

 Životopis i karijera
John Kocinski je rođen 1968. godine u Little Rocku, u američkoj saveznoj državi Arkansas. Prvi put je imao utrku na "minibikeu" već s 4. godine. Od 1981. do 1983. godine se natjecao u AMA National Amateur Championship u "dirt track" utrkama (na zemljanim stazama). 1984. se počinje natjecati u cerstovnom ("road racing") motociklizmu u AMA Superbike prvenstvu, gdje 1986. osvaja 9. mjesto. 1985. godine osvaja prvenstvo WERA National Endurance s motociklom Suzuki 750 u utrkama izdržljivosti. 1987., 1988. i 1989. godine osvaja prvenstvo AMA 250cc Grand Prix vozeći Yamahu u momčadi Kennya Robertsa - "Team Roberts". Također nastupa i AMA prvenstvima u Superbike i Supersport klasi, te u svejapanskom (eng. All Japan Road Race Championship) u klasama 250cc i 500cc.
Prvi nastup u "Svjetskom prvenstvu - klasa 250cc" ima u sezoni 1988., a 1989. debitira i u "Svjetskom prvenstvu - klasa 500cc" - za momčad "Team Roberts" i vozeći Yamahu. 1989. godine osvaja dvije utrke u Svjetskom prvenstvu 250cc, a 1990. godine postaje prvak s osvojenih 7 pobjeda i ukupno 12 postolja. 1991. i 1992. godine vozi pune sezone u Svjetskom prvenstvu 500cc za Marlboro Team Roberts (motocikl Yamaha YZR500) teos 27 utrka pobjeđuje u dvije, osvojivši 12 postolja. 1991. godine je četvrtoplasirani, a 1992 trećeplasirani u Svjetskom prvenstvu 500cc. 1993. godine prelazi u Team Lucky Strike Suzuki 250 koji nastupa u Svjetskom prvenstvu 250cc s motociklom Suzuki RGV250 - u sedam utrka John Kocinski osvaja dva postolja, ujedno i prva u klasi 250cc za Suzuki. Sredinom sezone 1993. se vraća u Svjetskom prvenstvu 500cc, ovaj put za Cagivinu tvorničku momčad Cagiva Team Agostini. Do kraja sezone uspijeva osvojiti VN SAD-a na stazi Laguna Seca. Na početku sezone 1994. osvaja VN Australije na stazi Eastern Creek, te na kraju sezone s ukupno 7 postolja i 172 boda osvaja treće mjesto.  Cagiva za sezonu 1995. odustaje od natjecanja u Svjetskom prvenstvu, te Kocinski se te godine pretežno bavi skijanjem na vodi, ali nastupa i na nekoliko utrka AMA Supersport 600 prvenstva.
U sezoni 1996. debitira u Svjetskom Superbike prvenstvu za Ducati (momčad Ducati Corse), te na kraju sezone osvaja treće mjesto s 5 pobjeda i 12 pobjedničkih postoolja. 1997. godine nastupa s momčadi Castrol Honda (motocikl Honda RC45) te postaje prvak Superbike s osvojenih 9 pobjeda i 12 postolja, te postaje prvi prvak Svjetskog Superbike prvenstva koji je prethodno bio prvak neke od klasa Svjetskog prventva (GP).
1998. i 1999. nastupa u Svjetskom prvenstvu 500cc za momčadi Movistar Honda Pons i Kanemoto Nettaxi Honda (motocikl Honda NSR500 V4). 2000. godine nastupa u AMA Superbike prvenstvu (momčad Vance & Hines Ducati), te prvenstvo završava na osmom mjestu.
2001. i 2002. godine je testni vozač za Yamahu, za koju razvija Yamaha M1 - motocikl za MotoGP kategoriju Svjetskog prvenstva'', te nakon toga prestaje s aktivnim bavljenjem motociklizmom.

Uspjesi u prvenstvima
 Svjetsko prvenstvo - 500cc
 trećeplasirani: 1992., 1994.

 Svjetsko prvenstvo - 250cc
 prvak: 1990.

 Svjetsko prvenstvo - Superbike
 prvak: 1997.
 trećeplasirani: 1996.

 AMA - 250 Grand prix (250cc)
 prvak: 1987., 1988., 1989.

 WERA National Endurance Champion
 prvak: 1985.

Osvojene utrke

Osvojene utrke u natjecanjima sa statusom svjetskog prvenstva

Ostale pobjede

Pregled karijere

Po sezonama - cestovni motociklizam

Povezani članci

Vanjske poveznice
 john-kocinski.com, wayback arhiva
 johnkocinski.co.uk, wayback arhiva
  motogp.com, John Kocinski
  worldsbk.com, John Kocinski
  motorsportmagazine.com, John Kocinski

Izvori

  john-kocinski.com, John Kocinski - The biography, wayback arhiva
  john-kocinski.com, ''Career history, wayback arhiva
  john-kocinski.com, The highlights, wayback arhiva
  john-kocinski.com, Teams, wayback arhiva
  motorcyclemuseum.org, John Kocinski, pristupljeno 30. ožujka 2021.
  worldsbk.com, John Kocinski, wayback arhiva
  pilotegpmoto.com, KOCINSKI John 'Little John', preuzeto 30. ožujka 2021.
   the-sports.org, John Kocinski, pristupljeno 30. ožujka 2021.
  motorsport-archive.com, John Kocinski, pristupljeno 30. ožujka 2021.
  racingmemo.free.fr, Les Champions Américains, pristupljeno 30. ožujka 2021.
  motorrad-autogrammkarten.de, AMA Pro Road Racing, wayback arhiva

Američki športski motociklisti

John Kocinski


Martinenghi ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carlo Martinenghi (1894–1944), italienischer Mittelstrecken-, Langstrecken- und Hindernisläufer
 Italo Martinenghi (1930–2008) italienischer Filmproduzent und -regisseur
 Nicolò Martinenghi (* 1999), italienischer Schwimmer

Martinenghi


Papar (Islandsk udtale: [ˈpʰaːpar]; fra latin papa, og oldirsk, og betyder "fader" eller "pave") var, ifølge de tidlige islandske historiske kilder, en gruppe af irske eller skotske munke hjemmehørende på dele af Island, da Nordboerne ankom til øen. Der er nogle arkæologiske bevis for deres tilstedeværelse.[præcisering nødvendig]

Skandinaverne begyndte at bosætte sig i Island i år 874, men den ældste kilde, der nævner eksistensen af Paparerne er nedskrevet i Íslendingabók ("Book of the Islændinge"), mellem 1122 og 1133. Sådanne tal er nævnt i Landnámabók (den Islandske Bog om Bosættelser), der fortæller, at nordboerne stødte på irske præster i Island, da de ankom, sammen med klokker og bispestave.

En tidligere kilde, der muligvis henviser til Paparerne, er skrifter af Dicuil, en irsk munk fra det tidlige 9. århundrede (ca. 825), som omtaler nogle hellige mænd der rejste til de nordlige lande. Men det vides ikke om Dicuil taler om Island, eftersom gæliske eneboere også slog sig ned på andre øer mod nord såsom Orkney og Shetland.

Flere islandske stednavne har været knyttet til Paparerne, herunder øen Papey, samt Vestmannaeyjar ("Vestmændenes øer"), men der er endnu ikke fundet arkæologiske beviser på denne forbindelse.

En anden teori er, at de to kilder blev smeltet sammen, og at Ari Þorgilsson, forfatteren af Íslendingabók, baserede sin historie på skrifter af Dicuil.

Landnámabók (bogen om landnam), stammer muligvis fra det 11. århundrede i sin oprindelige form, det står tydeligt på side et, at irske munke havde boet på Island, før nordboerne ankom. Ifølge denne kilde, var grunden til at de nordiske bosættere vidste det var, at munkene havde efterladt irske bøger, klokker og bispestave, sammen med andre ting. Derfor havde nordboerne ingen problemer med at identificere munkenes nationalitet. Ifølge Landnámabók forlod de irske munke øen, enten da nordboerne ankom eller også boede der ikke længere nogen da nordboerne ankom.

Paparer på Færøerne
Der er også flere toponymer der er relateret til Paparerne i Færøerne. Blandt disse er Paparøkur i nærheden af Vestmanna, og Papurshílsur nær Saksun. Vestmanna, i sig selv, er en forkortelse for Vestmannahøvn, hvilket betyder "Vestmændenes havn" (Irsk). En kirkegård i Skúvoy har også gravsten, der viser en mulig Gælisk oprindelse eller indflydelse.

Nogle foreslår, at Grímur Kamban kan have været ansvarlig for at fordrive dem, på trods af at han nok selv var en Nordisk-Gael:
 "I henhold til Faereyinga Saga... var den første nybygger på Færøerne en mand ved navn Grímur Kamban – Hann bygdi fyrstr Færeyar, det kan have været et erobringen af landet af Grímur og hans tilhængere, der fik at anakoritterne til rejse... øgenavnet Kamban er sandsynligvis Gælisk og en fortolkning er at ordet refererer til nogle fysiske handicap, en anden at det hentyder til hans evner som sportsmand. Nok kom han som en ung mand til Færøerne fra vikingetidens Irland og ifølge den lokale overlevering forlyder det at han slog sig ned i Funningur på Eysturoy."

Paparer på de Nordlige Øer
Historia Norwegiæ fra det 16'ende århundrede identificerer, spekulativt, de indfødte Pikterne og Paparer, som dem Nordboerne opdagede, da de invaderede Orkney i begyndelsen af det niende århundrede.Oprindeligt var disse øer beboede af pentere og paperer. Af disse racer var penterne, kun en smule højere end pygmæer og udførte mirakuløse gerninger ved at bygge byer, morgen og aften, men ved middagstid forlod hver en rest af styrke dem og de gemte sig af frygt i underjordiske kamre. [...]Paparernes blev kaldt således på grund af deres klæder, fordi de gik klædt som præster og af denne grund er alle præster kendt som papen på tysk. Men udseendet af og de skrevne udgaver af de bøger som de efterlod bevidner, stammede de fra Afrika og var udsprunget af den jødiske tro.Joseph Anderson bemærker:De to Papeys [af Orkney], den store og den lille (i gamle dage Papey Meiri og Papey Minni), [er] nu Papa Westray og Papa Stronsay... Fordun har, i sin optegnelse over øerne, en 'Papeay tertia' [tredje Papey], der er ukendt. Der er tre øer på Shetlandsøerne der kaldes Papey og både i Orkney og Shetland er der flere distrikter opkaldt Paplay eller Papplay, som uden tvivl er det samme som Papyli IslandOrcadian Papeay tertia kan være Holm af Papa, som ligger ud for Papa Westray.

Paparer på Hebriderne
De Ydre Hebrider har mange eksempler på paparer, men med den afgørende forskel, at de nordiske sprog uddøde tidligt i dette område, og det er diskutabelt om Skotsk Gælisk nogensinde uddøde. Der er mindst tre øer der oprindeligt blev navngivet Papey, nu stavet "Pabbay" (Gælisk: Pabaigh) i Skotlands Ydre Hebrider.
 Pabbay nær Barra ligger i Bishop øerne
 Pabbay i nærheden af Harris
 Pabay, er i de Indre Hebrider, tæt på Skye, grid referenceNF775195

Se også
 Culdees
 Keltiske Kristendom
 Storirland
 Hiberno-Skotske mission
 Norse-Gaels
 Kristendommen i Skandinavien
 Papa, Skotland

Kilder
 Sandnes, Berit (2010) "Linguistic patterns in the place-names of Norway and the Northern Isles" Northern Lights, Northern Words. Udvalgte dokumenter fra FRLSU Konferencen , Kirkwall 2009, redigeret af Robert McColl Millar.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Axel Kristinsson, Is there any tangible proof that there were Irish monks in Iceland before the time of the Viking settlements?

Islands historie

Papar (munke)


O cameră video este un dispozitiv de înregistrare a imaginilor sub forma unor semnale electrice. Ea poate fi o cameră de supraveghere, folosită pentru a supraveghea acțiunea. O cameră video cu VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) integrat este numită camcorder.

Un alt sens poate fi o cameră de filmat folosită de cameramani pentru a înregistra emisiuni TV, reportaje sau filmări personale. Prețurile variază de la ieftine la foarte scumpe în funcție de calități și de producător.

Referințe

Legături externe

Vezi și

Dispozitive de înregistrare
Produse electronice
Stocare video

Cameră video


2016 හිරු ස්වර්ණ සිනමා සම්මාන උළලේ සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබූවන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව පහලින් දැක්වේ.

හිරු ස්වර්ණ සිනමා සම්මාන


Prunus americana, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Es nativa de Norteamérica desde Saskatchewan hasta Nuevo México al este hasta Nuevo Hampshire y Florida. Es confundida con Prunus nigra, aunque la fruta es más pequeña, redonda y de color rojo brillante en lugar de amarillo. Muchas variedades de cultivo han derivado esta especie. Constituye un excelente stock sobre el cual injertar el ciruelo doméstico.

Descripción
Crece como un arbusto grande o árbol pequeño, que alcanza hasta los 4,6 m de altura. Se adapta a suelos de textura gruesa y mediana, pero no a los suelos finos. El arbusto es resistente al invierno, pero tiene poca tolerancia a la sombra, la sequía o un incendio. Su crecimiento es más activo en primavera y verano, y florece a mediados de primavera. Se propaga por semilla, pero la tasa de propagación por semilla es lento.

Las raíces son poco profundas y muy extendidas. Tiene numerosos tallos por planta, con una copa amplia.  Las ramas son espinosas con las hojas dispuestas alternativamente, con una forma ovalada. La longitud de la hoja suele ser de 5.1-10 cm de largo. La superficie superior de la hoja es de color verde oscuro y por el lado inferior es lisa y pálida. Las pequeñas flores blancas con cinco pétalos se presentan solas o en racimos en las axilas de las hojas. Los frutos son globulares con 2,5 cm de diámetro.

Usos
Prunus americana se utiliza tanto para fines ornamentales como culinarios. Las flores blancas son decorativas en la primavera y es un árbol popular del paisaje residencial. Sargent dice de él: "Como planta ornamental P. americana tiene un valor real, las largas ramas como varitas forman una cabeza ancha, elegante que es atractiva en invierno y en primavera ya que se cubre con masas de flores blancas puras seguidas por el follaje brillante y amplias y abundantes frutas vistosas". Más de 200 formas de  se han presentado para el cultivo. La fruta que es agria y dulce se consume fresca y es preparada como conservas, jaleas, mermeladas y vino.

Granjas de arbustos medianos o árboles altos se utilizan para la protección contra el viento en las carreteras o las plantaciones de ribera. Su densidad elevada de crecimiento reduce eficazmente la velocidad del viento cerca del suelo. El desarrollo de los retoños del sistema radicular la hace muy efectiva en la estabilización de los márgenes de arroyos y barrancos.  Algunas propiedades comerciales plantan los árboles a lo largo del camino de entrada.

Tradicionalmente, Prunus americana fue ampliamente utilizado por los nativos americanos. Los Cheyennes se comían las ciruelas, y las ramas se utilizaban para la Danza del Sol. Los Navajos utilizan las raíces para hacer un tinte rojo.

Ecología
Muchas aves y  animales comen la fruta y el venados de cola blanca y el ciervo mulo se alimentan de las ramas y hojas.

Taxonomía
Prunus americana fue descrita por Humphry Marshall y publicado en Arbustrum Americanum 111, en el año 1785.
Etimología
Ver: Prunus: Etimología

americana: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en América.

Prunus americana var. lanata Sudw es considerada un sinónimo de Prunus mexicana, y Prunus americana var. nigra un sinónimo de Prunus nigra.

Prunus angustifolia (Marsh.) se hibrida naturalmente con P. americana para producir Prunus × orthosepala Koehne.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 American plum, Virginia Tech Department of Forestry Tree ID.
 Fryer, Janet L. 2010. Prunus americana. In: USDA Fire Effects Information System
 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].

americana
Flora de América
Plantas descritas en 1785
Plantas descritas por Marshall
Plantas tintóreas
Cultivos originarios de América del Norte
Americana

Prunus americana


Kaboua est l'un des huit arrondissements de la commune de Savè dans le département des Collines au centre du Bénin.

Géographie
L'arrondissement de Kaboua est situé au centre du Bénin et compte 8 villages. Il s'agit de :
 Alafia
 Atesse
 Bako
 Gogoro
 Oke Olou I
 Montewo
 Oke Olou Ii
 Okounfo.

Histoire

Démographie
Selon le recensement de la population de  conduit par l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE), Kaboua compte 14029 habitants.

Références

Arrondissement au Bénin
Collines

Kaboua


An Elegia atratiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Esterh.. An Elegia atratiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elegia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elegia (Restionaceae)

Elegia atratiflora


Sarmato ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Piacenza in der Emilia-Romagna. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 19 Kilometer westlich von Piacenza am Po im Val Tidone und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Pavia.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Autostrada A21 von Turin nach Brescia. Parallel dazu verläuft die frühere Strada Statale 10 Padana Inferiore (heute eine Provinzstraße) von Turin nach Monselice. Der Bahnhof liegt an der Bahnstrecke Alessandria–Piacenza.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Emilia-Romagna

Sarmato


Le canal frontonasal (en latin : ductus frontonasalis) est une communication entre les sinus frontaux et leur cavité nasale correspondante. Le canal est tapissé par la muqueuse. Le canal débouche dans le méat nasal moyen de la cavité nasale à travers l'infundibulum de l'hiatus semi-lunaire.

Crâne
Anatomie de la tête et du cou

Canal frontonasal


The cravat () is a neckband, the forerunner of the modern tailored necktie and bow tie, originating from a style worn by members of the 17th century military unit known as the Croats. The modern British "cravat" is called an "ascot" in American English.

From the end of the sixteenth century, the term band applied to any long-strip neckcloth that was not a ruff. The ruff, a starched, pleated white linen strip, originated earlier in the sixteenth century as a neckcloth (readily changeable, to minimize the soiling of a doublet), as a bib, or as a napkin. A band could be either a plain, attached shirt collar, or a detachable "falling band" that draped over the doublet collar. It is possible that initially, cravats were worn to hide soil on shirts.

History

According to 1828 encyclopedic The art of tying the cravat: demonstrated in sixteen lessons, the Romans were the first to wear knotted kerchiefs around their neck, but the modern version of the cravat (French: la cravate) originated in the 1660s. During the reign of Louis XIV of France, Croatian mercenaries were enlisted in 1660 wearing a necktie called a tour de cou. The traditional Croat military kit aroused Parisian curiosity about the unusual, picturesque scarves distinctively knotted at the Croats' necks:

In 1660 a regiment of Croats arrived in France — a part of their singular costume excited the greatest admiration, and was immediately and generally imitated; this was a tour de cou, made (for the private soldiers) of common lace, and of muslin or silk for the officers; the ends were arranged en rosette, or ornamented with a button or tuft, which hung gracefully on the breast. This new arrangement, which confined the throat but very slightly, was at first termed a Croat, since corrupted to Cravat. The Cravats of the officers and people of rank were extremely fine, and the ends were embroidered or trimmed with broad lace; those for the lower classes were subsequently made of cloth or cotton, or at the best of black taffeta, plaited: Which was tied round the neck by two small strings.

Often the Dubrovnik poet Ivan Gundulić is credited with the invention of the cravat, due to a portrait hanging in the Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik. The scholar depicted in the painting looks very much like the frontispiece to his Osman published in 1844. However, considering the hairstyle, this portrait is more probably a later portrait of his namesake Dživo (Ivan) Šiškov Gundulić, also a Dubrovnik poet. In their honor, Croatia celebrates Cravat Day on October 18.

On returning to England from exile in 1660, Charles II imported with him the latest new word in fashion: "A cravatte is another kind of adornment for the neck being nothing else but a long towel put about the Collar, and so tyed before with a Bow Knott; this is the original of all such Wearings; but now by the Art and Inventions of the seamsters, there is so many new ways of making them, that it would be a task to name, much more to describe them".

During the wars of Louis XIV of 1689–1697, except for court, the flowing cravat was replaced with the more current, and equally military, "Steinkirk", named after the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692. The Steinkirk was a long, narrow, plain or lightly-trimmed neckcloth worn with military dress, wrapped once about the neck in a loose knot, with the lace of fringed ends twisted together and tucked out of the way into a button-hole, either of the coat or the waistcoat. It was designed to be worn in deliberate disarray. The fashion apparently began after troops at the Battle of Steenkerque had no time to tie their cravats properly before going into action. The steinkirk was popular with men and women until the 1720s. Colley Cibber's play The Careless Husband (1704) had a famous Steinkirk Scene.

The maccaronis reintroduced the flowing cravat in the 1770s, and the manner of a man's knotting became indicative of his taste and style, to the extent that after the Battle of Waterloo (1815) the cravat began to be referred to as a "tie".

Gallery

See also
Cravat Regiment
Pussy bow

References

Sources

External links

  (reprinted as ).

17th-century fashion
Neckties
17th-century introductions

Cravat (early)


Otto Anton Carl Bang (født 8. juni 1883 i København, død 25. april 1950 i Gentofte) var en dansk højesteretssagfører.

Bang var søn af overretssagfører Axel Bang og Johanne f. Gautier. Hans far tilhørte eliten i den danske sagførerstand, og Bangs livsbane syntes derfor allerede fra fødslen at være givet. Han blev student i 1901 fra Gammelholms Latin- og Realskole, cand.jur. i 1907, overretssagfører i 1909 og højesteretssagfører i 1922. Som ung sagfører indtrådte han i sin fars virksomhed som medejer i begyndelsen af 1910'erne, hvor også højesteretssagfører C. L. David i en periode var kompagnon. Bang besad en sjælden evne til at omgås andre mennesker og bevare sin fatning selv i vanskelige situationer: Der stod Højagtelse om ham. Han var omgærdet af den urokkelige Tillid, som næredes af hans Klogskab og Menneskekundskab, og han var ikke blot juridisk Raadgiver, men Ven for alle, der kom til ham, skrev Berlingske Tidende ved hans død i 1950.

Bang, som videreførte sin fars virksomhed ved hans død i 1942, var desuden fra 1919 til 1933 medhjælper hos statsadvokaterne i Østre Landsret. Han gav imidlertid sjældent møde i retten og lod i stedet sit arbejde som juridisk rådgiver vægte tungest. Udover sin sagførerpraksis sad han i bestyrelsen for adskillige virksomheder, bl.a. en lang række industriforetagender, eksempelvis Ballin & Hertz, Silvan og C. L. Seifert, flere ejendomsselskaber samt ikke mindst Ritzaus Bureau. Hans bestyrelsespost i Ritzau var af særlig personlig betydning, da Bang i lighed med sin far havde stor interesse for bladvirksomheden og nærede dyb respekt for journalister. Han overtog i en periode sin fars arbejde som formand for journalistforeningens alderdomskasse og prægede lovene for Københavns Journalistforbund.

Bang levede op til sine forpligtelser og videreførte sin fars strålende livsværk i en sådan grad, at det sommetider lod ham selv i skyggen, men denne rolle syntes ham på samme tid naturlig: Bang havde ikke den ringeste Lyst til at konkurrere med sin vitale Fader; tværtimod var det, som om han bevidst stillede sig selv i Skyggen. Han døde efter flere års sygdom den 25. april 1950 i sit hjem på Bernstorffsvej i Gentofte.

Bang giftede sig i 1910 med Kate f. Herforth, datter af grosserer Joseph Herforth, som under giftenavnet Kate Bang siden skulle blive kendt som den svenske forfatter Verner von Heidenstams muse. Ægteskabet blev opløst i 1915, hvorefter Bang giftede sig for anden gang i 1922 med Helga f. Christensen, datter af sagfører Niels Christensen. I sit første ægteskab var han far til landsretssagfører Jørgen Christian Bang.

Noter

Kilder
 Kraks Blå Bog 1950

Advokater fra Danmark
Personer fra København
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Riddere af Dannebrog
Danskere i 1900-tallet

Otto Bang


جامعة كنتوكي الشرقية  هي جامعة دولة في ريشموند بولاية كنتاكي، الأمريكية. تأسست عام 1874، عدد طلابها المسجلين في الوقت الحالي 16.183. إلى جانب الحرم الجامعي في ريشموند يوجد أيضاً في كل من كوربن، دانفيل، ومانشستر. تشتهر الجامعة بشكل خاص بتدريسها في مجال البحث، والعدالة الجنائية. جامعة كنتوكي الشرقية هي عضو في مؤتمر وادي أوهيو.

أشهر الشخصيات
 إيرلي كومبز - لاعب بيسبول.
 تيم ليستر - لاعب كرة قدم أمريكي.
 لي ماجورس - ممثل، ومغني.
 ثاكسين شيناواترا - رئيس وزراء سابق في تايلند.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للجامعة

التعليم في مقاطعة ماديسون (كنتاكي)
تأسيسات سنة 1906 في كنتاكي
جامعات وكليات أسست في 1906
جامعات وكليات معتمدة من قبل الرابطة الجنوبية للكليات والمدارس
ريتشموند (كنتاكي)
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1906

جامعة كنتاكي الشرقية