Constantin Cubleșan (n. 16 mai 1939, Cluj) este un prozator, dramaturg, poet, critic și istoric literar român.

Biografie
S-a născut la Cluj în familia învățătorului Grigore Cubleșan și a soției sale, Iolanda (n. Popa-Zaharonski). A învățat la Școala primară din comunele Traniș și Nearsova, după care a început studiile liceale la Huedin și le-a terminat la Școala medie Nr. 6 (fostul Liceu de Băieți Nr. 2) din Cluj în 1955, apoi a urmat cursurile Facultății de Filologie-Istorie-Filosofie, secția limba rusă, din cadrul Universității "Victor Babeș" din Cluj, obținând licența în 1959. Mai târziu, în 1982, a obținut titlul de doctor în filologie al aceleiași universități cu teza Opera literară a lui Delavrancea.

După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca reporter și redactor la Studioul de Radio Cluj (1959-1962) și ca redactor la secția de artă și de critică literară a revistei Tribuna (1962-1972), unde a publicat aproape săptămânal cronici dramatice și cronici literare și a îndeplinit în perioada 1970-1971, alături de Augustin Buzura, postul de secretar general de redacție. În 1972 s-a transferat la Editura Dacia din Cluj, unde a ocupat prin concurs postul de redactor-șef (1972-1980). A îndeplinit apoi funcțiile de director al Teatrului Național din Cluj-Napoca (1 octombrie 1980 - 31 decembrie 1987) și redactor-șef adjunct al revistei Steaua (1988-1999).

A început să predea începând din 1991 ca profesor asociat la nou-înființata secție de teatru (transformată ulterior în facultate) de la Facultatea de Litere a Universității "Babeș-Bolyai" din Cluj. S-a transferat în 1999, în urma unui concurs, pe postul de conferențiar la Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" din Alba Iulia, fiind avansat în anul 2002 la gradul de profesor universitar. Acolo a predat cursurile de Teoria literaturii și Estetica generală, iar din anul 2005 a fost conducător de doctorat în specialitatea Literatura română. În perioada 2000–2004 a îndeplinit funcția de prodecan al Facultății de Istorie și Filologie a Universității din Alba Iulia.

A fost decorat în anul 2004 cu Ordinul Meritul Cultural în grad de Ofițer, Categoria A - "Literatură".

Activitatea literară
Profesorul I.D. Sârbu i-a remarcat calitățile literare în perioada studiilor liceale și l-a îndrumat către cenaclul Filialei Cluj al Uniunii Scriitorilor, condus de A.E. Baconski. Cubleșan a debutat în anul 1956, cu poezii publicate în ziarul Făclia din Cluj. A publicat în perioada studenției în paginile revistelor Steaua și Tribuna din Cluj.

În anul 1964 a devenit membru al Uniunii Scriitorilor din România. A debutat editorial cu volumul de povestiri SF Nepăsătoarele stele (1968), publicând apoi proză științifico-fantastică în volumele Iarba cerului (1974; Premiul de proză al Uniunii Scriitorilor), Paradoxala întoarcere (1978), Suflete mecanice (1992) și Galaxia termitelor (1993). A publicat, de asemenea, nuvele din viața militară (Aproape de curcubeu, 1972), romanele Licheni (1974), Un gotic târziu (1975), ciclul Un anotimp pentru fiecare (I Sezonul crinilor roșii, 1985; II Porți deschise, 1986), Balada neterminată (1998), volume de versuri (Apropierea iernii, 1993; Vârsta amintirilor, 1995; Lumina din prăpastie, 1996; În oglinzile timpului, 1997; Meridiane lirice, 1998; Templul cu vise, 1999; Absent din Agora, 2001), piese de teatru (Teme provinciale, 1987) și cărți pentru copii (Pensiunea "Margareta", 1982; Iepurilă Varză-Dulce, vol. I-IV, 1984-1985; Orașul de cretă colorată, 1986; La foc de tabără, 1989) etc. Piesele de teatru scrise de el au fost reprezentate pe scenele teatrelor din Sibiu, Cluj, Arad, Satu Mare, Baia Mare, Turda, Brașov, Timișoara, Botoșani.

Constantin Cubleșan s-a remarcat, de asemenea, ca eseist și critic și istoric literar. A publicat comentarii critice despre Barbu Delavrancea (1982), Ion Lăncrănjan (1993), Ioan Slavici (1994; 2001), Mihai Eminescu (1997; 1998; 2000; 2001; 2002; 2005; 2006; 2008; 2011), I.L. Caragiale (1999; 2012), Pavel Dan (1999; 2007), Liviu Rebreanu (2001; 2012; 2013), Nicolae Filimon (2003), Lucian Blaga (2005; 2010), Mihail Sebastian (2007), Emil Cioran (2007), Ion Creangă (2008), Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu (2011; 2016), Urmuz (2014). Articolele de critică literară publicate în reviste au fost adunate în vol. Miniaturi critice (1969), în timp ce articolele dedicate teatrului au fost cuprinse în vol. Teatrul – istorie și actualitate (1978) și Teatrul între civic și etic (1983). Ca urmare a bogatei activități critice pe care a desfășurat-o, Constantin Cubleșan a fost distins cu Premiul Filialei din Cluj a Uniunii Scriitorilor (1980; 1999).

Și-a dedicat mai mult de două decenii studierii operei eminesciene, publicând mai multe volume de comentarii critice: Eminescu în conștiința criticii (1994), Eminescu în perspectivă critică (1997), Eminescu în orizontul criticii (2000), Eminescu în oglinzile criticii (2001), Eminescu în universalitate (2002), Eminescu în reprezentări critice (2003), Eminescu în privirile criticii (2005) și Eminescu în comentarii critice (2008), la care se adaugă cercetări proprii ale universului eminescian incluse în volumele Luceafărul și alte comentarii eminesciene (1998), Cezara (2002) și Ciclul schillerian (2006).

Opera

 Nepăsătoarele stele, povestiri SF, Ed. Tineretului, București, col. Fantastic Club, 1968;
 Miniaturi critice, Ed. pentru literatură, București, 1968;
 Clopotele de apă, nuvele, Ed. Albatros, București, 1970;
 Aproape de curcubeu, povestiri, Ed. Militară, București, 1972;
 Licheni, roman, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1974;
 Iarba cerului, roman S.F., Ed. Albatros, București, col. Fantastic Club, 1974 (ed. nouă, Ed. Nemira, București, col. Nautilus SF, 2013; altă ed., Ed. Eagle, Berca, 2022);
 Un gotic târziu, roman, Ed. Facla, Timișoara, 1975 (traducere în limba maghiară de István Sigmond, Szerelmeim városa, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1977);
 Umbra ulmilor tineri, nuvele și povestiri, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1976;
 Paradoxala întoarcere, roman S.F., Ed. Albatros, București, col. Fantastic Club, 1978 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Eagle, Berca, 2022);
 Teatrul - istorie și actualitate, critică literară, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1979;
 Viața și încă o zi, nuvele, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1980;
 Pensiunea Margareta, povestiri, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1982;
 Opera literară a lui Delavrancea, Ed. Minerva, București, 1982;
 Teatrul - între civic și etic, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1983;
 Iepurilă Varză-Dulce, I. Stăpânul pădurii, II. Ursul slugă la castel, III. O întâmplare neașteptată, IV. Carnavalul din pădure, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1984-1985 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2002);
 Un anotimp pentru fiecare, roman (I. Sezonul crinilor roșii, II. Porți deschise), Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1985-1986;
 Orașul de cretă colorată, povestiri pentru copii, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1986;
 Teme provinciale, teatru, prefață de Ion Vlad, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1987;
 Baladă neterminată, roman, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1988;
 La foc de tabără, povestiri pentru copii, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1989;
 Sincere felicitări, proză scurtă, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1991;
 Suflete mecanice, povestiri, Ed. Transpres, Sibiu, 1992;
 Apropierea iernii, versuri, L'Etoile d'Argent, Namur, Belgia, 1993;
 Galaxia termitelor, roman S.F., Ed. Transpres, Sibiu, 1993 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Eikon, București, 2018; ed. revizuită și publicată sub titlul Galaxia furnicilor, Ed. Eagle, Berca, 2022);
 Opera literară a lui Ion Lăncrănjan, Inspectoratul pentru Cultură al Județului Alba, Alba Iulia, 1993;
 Teatrul Național Cluj-Napoca, monografie, în colab. cu Iustin Ceuca, 1994;
 Eminescu în conștiința critică, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1994;
 Ioan Slavici interpretat de..., Ed. Recif, București, 1994;
 Vârsta amintirilor, poeme, Ed. Sarmis, Cluj-Napoca, 1995;
 Lumina din prăpastie, versuri, Ed. Helicon, Timișoara, 1996;
 Eminescu în perspectivă critică, Ed. Cogito, Oradea, 1997;
 În oglinzile timpului, poezii, L'Etoile d'Argent, Namur, Belgia, 1997;
 Alfabetul glumeț, versuri pentru copii, Deva, 1998;
 Meridiane lirice: un jurnal liric de călătorie, versuri, Fundația Culturală Forum, Cluj-Napoca, 1998;
 Băieții cuminți, versuri pentru copii, Ed. Emia, Deva, 1998;
 "Luceafărul" și alte comentarii eminesciene, Ed. Timpul, Reșița, 1998;
 Caragiale în conștiința critică, Ed. Cogito, Oradea, 1999;
 Templul cu vise, versuri, Oradea, 1999;
 Opera literară a lui Pavel Dan, Ed. Viitorul Românesc, București, 1999 (ed. a II-a, 2007);
 Eminescu în orizontul criticii, Ed. Paralela 45, Pitești, 2000;
 Romancierul Rebreanu, Ed. Viitorul Românesc, București, 2001;
 Eminescu în oglinzile criticii, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2001;
 "Moara cu noroc" de Ioan Slavici, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2001;
 Caligrafii "Caligrafului", eseuri critice, Ed. Decebal, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2002;
 Absent din Agora, versuri, Ed. Emia, Deva, 2001;
 Antologia basmului cult, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2002;
 Eminescu în universalitate, Ed. Aeternitas, Alba Iulia, 2002;
 Eminescu în reprezentări critice, Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2003;
 Nicolae Filimon, micromonografie, Ed. Scrisul Românesc, Craiova, 2003 (ed. a II-a, 2013);
 Clasici și moderni, eseuri, Ed. Gramar, București, 2003;
 Litanii profane, versuri, pref. de Aurel Pantea, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2004;
 Romulus Cojocaru, poetul, Ed. Decebal, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2004;
 Trilogii de buzunar, teatru, 2004;
 De la tradiție la postmodernism, Ed. Decebal, Drobeta Turnu Severin, 2005;
 Dicționarul personajelor din teatrul lui Lucian Blaga (coord.), Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2005;
 Eminescu în privirile criticii, Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2005;
 Efigii pe nisipul vremii, Ed. Clusium, Cluj-Napoca, 2005;
 M. Eminescu. Ciclul schillerian, Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2006 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Bibliotecii ASTRA, Sibiu, 2010);
 Ion Creangă în conștiința criticii, Ed. Tribuna, Cluj-Napoca, 2006;
 Mihail Sebastian. Teatrul. Dicționar de personaje (coord.), Ed. Hasefer, București, 2007;
 Serile cu Bartolomeu, Ed. Reîntregirea, Alba Iulia, 2007;
 Din mansarda lui Cioran, Ed. Europress, București, 2007;
 Pavel Dan - prozatorul Câmpiei Transilvane, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2007;
 Pasiunea lecturii, Ed. Napoca Star, Cluj-Napoca, 2008;
 Domnița nebănuitelor trepte, teatru, 2008;
 Eminescu în comentarii critice, Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2008;
 Bădia..., în colab. cu Ion Mărgineanu, 2008;
 Conferințe literare, Editura Galaxia Gutemberg, Târgu Lăpuș-Cluj Napoca, 2009;
 Lucian Blaga, dramaturgul, eseuri, Ed. Ardealul, Tg. Mureș, 2010 (ed. a II-a, 2011);
 Omul în colivie, proză (nuvele și povestiri), Editura Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2010;
 În jurul începuturilor romanului românesc, Ed. Gramar, București, 2010;
 Lucian Blaga: zece ipostaze teatrale, Ed. Dacia XXI, Cluj-Napoca, 2011;
 Eminescologi clujeni, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2011;
 Escale în croazieră - Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu, Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2011 (ed. a II-a, 2016);
 Curente, mișcări, grupări literare și artistice în sec. XX, Ed. Aeternitas, Alba Iulia, 2012;
 Dicționarul personajelor din teatrul lui I. L. Caragiale, coordonator, Ed. All, București, 2012;
 Nuvelistul Rebreanu, Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2012;
 Lecturi confortabile, Ed. Europress, București, 2012;
 Mersul prin cușcă, schițe, povestiri, nuvele, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2012;
 Liviu Rebreanu: zece ipostaze ale romanului, Ed. TipoMoldova, Iași, 2013;
 Opera literară a lui Nicolae Filimon, Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2013;
 Lectura – profesiune și delectare, Ed. Eikon, Cluj-Napoca, 2013;
 Eminescu în exegeze critice, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 2014;
 Urmuz în conștiința criticii, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 2014;
 Mihail Sadoveanu. Actualitatea în rezonanță istorică, Ed. TipoMoldova, Iași, 2014;
 Grăbește-te încet : -75- : (interviuri), prefață de Ilie Rad, Ed. Eikon, Cluj-Napoca, 2014;
 Contemplând eternitatea, poeme, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2015;
 Isprăvile lui Păcală : dramatizare liberă după Petre Dulfu, Ed. Ecou, Cluj-Napoca, 2015;
 Ceasornicul, povestiri și nuvele fantastice, Ed. Tracus Arte, București, 2015;
 Dumitru Radu Popescu în labirintul mitologiei contemporane, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2015;
 Ion Druță: conștiință a istoriei basarabene, Editura Cartier, Chișinău, 2015;
 Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu – aventura unei vieți literare, Ed. Sophia, București, 2016;
 Anotimpuri paralele, roman, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2016;
 Motanul încălțat. Dramatizare liberă dupa basmul lui Charles Perrault, Ed. Ecou Transilvan, Cluj-Napoca, 2016;
 Poezia, mereu poezia, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2016;
 Poezia de toate zilele, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2017;
 Eminescu în reflexii critice, Ed. Scrisul Românesc, Craiova, 2017;
 În marea dezordine a lumii, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 2018;
 Prăbușirea îngerului, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2018;
 Augustin Buzura. Prozatorul sondărilor abisale, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2018;
 Femei… Femei… Femei…, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2019;
 Poezia de zi și noapte, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2019;
 Poeții Stelei 70, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2019;
 Văzduhul din cuvinte, antologie de autor, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2019;
 Memoria memorabililor, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 2019;
 Candele de veghe, Ed. Renasterea, Alba Iulia, 2019;
 Poezia în lumini și umbre, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2020;
 D. R. Popescu. Teatrul politic, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2020;
 Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania cărturarul, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2021;
 Mircea Radu Iacoban. Dramaturgul, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2021;
 Eugen Ionescu în luminile avanscenei, Ed. Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2021;
 Prin Clujul de altădată. Clujul amintirilor mele, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2022;
 Poezia - O provocare, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2022;
 Defăimarea lui Eminescu, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 2022;
 Repere critice eminesciene, Ed. Scrisul Românesc, Craiova, 2023;
 Poeți din Clujul de azi, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2023;
 Leonida Neamțu și Universul fantezist al aventurii, Ed. Cuantic, București, 2023 (conține și Strania Poveste a "Marelui Joc" al lui Leonida Neamțu).

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române A-L, vol. I, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, pp. 431-433.

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1939
Prozatori români
Poeți români
Critici literari români
Istorici literari români
Dramaturgi români
Scriitori români de literatură științifico-fantastică
Scriitori români de literatură pentru copii

Constantin Cubleșan


O Colégio São Carlos, localizado à Rua Episcopal, n° 1859, na cidade de São Carlos (São Paulo), consta da lista de bens de interesse histórico publicada em 2021 pela Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos (FPMSC).

História
O Colégio São Carlos iniciou suas atividades em 1º de fevereiro de 1905 em um sobrado que se localizava na esquina das atuais ruas Padre Teixeira e Dona Alexandrina, sob coordenação das irmãs Saint-Odillon e Saint-Bernard, da Congregação do Santíssimo Sacramento, que chegaram à cidade de São Carlos em dezembro do ano anterior (1904). O trabalho educacional das freiras se inspirava na obra do Padre Pierre Vigne e a escola era destinada principalmente à educação de jovens moças das classes sociais privilegiadas da região.

Em 1906, o Colégio São Carlos foi realocado para o Palacete Conde do Pinhal; onde funcionou até dezembro de 1913. Nessa data, transferiu-se para o prédio próprio que ocupa até os dias atuais. A pedra fundamental do atual edifício foi assentada em1912, em cerimônia solene que contou com a presença do Bispo da cidade, no quarteirão localizado entre as ruas Padre Teixeira, Nove de Julho, São Sebastião e Episcopal, em um terreno de 1.943 metros quadrados. O projeto da edificação é assinado pelo escritório de engenharia Mello e Companhia, que se localizava em São Paulo, e sua obra foi comandada pelo empreiteiro Germano Fehr e fiscalizada pelo o engenheiro Francisco Homem de Mello.

O Colégio tinha capacidade para 400 alunas, sendo 130 em regime de internato. Oferecia dois cursos:

 Colegial: disciplinas para a formação de boas esposas e mães, "com traquejo para recepções na sociedade local –, como ciências, letras e língua portuguesa e línguas estrangeiras"; e
 Curso para normalistas (Magistério de 1º grau ou Pedagógico): "reforço das disciplinas ministradas na Escola Normal Secundária que funcionava em São Carlos".

Patrimônio tombado
Entre 2002 e 2003, a Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos (FPMSC), órgão da prefeitura, fez um primeiro levantamento (não-publicado) dos "imóveis de interesse histórico" (IDIH) da cidade de São Carlos, abrangendo cerca de 160 quarteirões, tendo sido analisados mais de 3 mil imóveis. Destes, 1.410 possuíam arquitetura original do final do século XIX. Entre estes, 150 conservavam suas características originais, 479 tinham alterações significativas, e 817 estavam bastante descaracterizados. O nome das categorias das edificações constantes na lista alterou-se ao longo dos anos.

A edificação de que trata este verbete consta como "Edifício tombado" (categoria 1) no inventário de bens patrimoniais do município de São Carlos, publicado em 2021 pela Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos (FPMSC), órgão público municipal responsável por "preservar e difundir o patrimônio histórico e cultural do Município de São Carlos". A referida designação de patrimônio foi publicada no Diário Oficial do Município de São Carlos nº 1722, de 09 de março de 2021, nas páginas 10 e 11. De modo que consta da poligonal histórica delimitada pela referida Fundação, que "compreende a malha urbana de São Carlos da década de 40". A poligonal é apresentada em mapa publicado em seu site, onde há a indicação de bens em processo de tombamento ou já tombados pelo Condephaat (órgão estadual), bens tombados na esfera municipal e imóveis protegidos pela municipalidade (FPMSC).

Ecletismo em São Carlos
O Ecletismo chegou à cidade de São Carlos por conta da riqueza advinda do período cafeeiro e pela construção da ferrovia, a partir de 1884. Foi um período de expansão urbana do município. Além disso, grande número de trabalhadores imigrantes traziam consigo conhecimento de métodos construtivos europeus, que foram sendo incorporados às práticas construtivas locais. Construções em estilo Eclético eram símbolo de status social.

Veja também
 Arquitetura de São Carlos (São Paulo)
 Lista de bens históricos de São Carlos

Referências

Construções de São Carlos (São Paulo)
Patrimônio Cultural de São Carlos (São Paulo)

Colégio São Carlos


Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet (PBF) sastavnica je Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. PBF je vodeća znanstveno-istraživačka i nastavna institucija u Republici Hrvatskoj u području biotehnologije, prehrambene tehnologije i nutricionizma. Dugogodišnja djelatnost fakulteta u obrazovanju visokokvalitetnog stručnog kadra te izvođenje znanstveno-istraživačkih i stručnih projekata u suradnji s gospodarstvom bila je i ostala glavni pokretač razvoja hrvatskog gospodarstva u navedenom području djelovanja.

Povijest

Studij Prehrambene tehnologije i Biotehnologije na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu ustrojen je odlukom Sabora SRH od 1956. godine, kada je dotadašnji odsjek Tehničkog fakulteta izdvojen u zaseban fakultet, Kemijsko-prehrambeno-rudarski fakultet s tri odsjeka. Studij na Prehrambeno-tehnološkom odsjeku novog Fakulteta imao je tri smjera: Prehrambenotehnološki, Biotehnološki i Tehnološko-analitički. U prvoj akademskoj godini 1956./1957. na Prehrambeno-tehnološkom odsjeku bilo je upisano 432 studenta s područja cijele bivše države.

1960. godine Prehrambeno-tehnološki odsjek prerastao je u Biotehnološki odjel Tehnološkog Fakulteta, koji je i dalje imao tri studijska smjera. Godine 1979. reorganizacijom Tehnološkog fakulteta, Biotehnološki odjel prerasta u današnji Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet. Prema tadašnjem nastavnom programu studij se odvijao kroz dva smjera: Prehrambeno inženjerstvo i Biokemijsko inženjerstvo, a završetkom studija stjecalo se zvanje "diplomirani inženjer prehrambene tehnologije". Od 1984. godine uveden je i smjer Nutricionizam. Te godine Fakultet uvodi i stručni studij (tzv. VI stupanj).

1996. godine ustrojena su dva studija: studij Prehrambene tehnologije sa smjerovima Prehrambeno inženjerstvo i Nutricionizam te studij Biotehnologije sa smjerovima Biokemijsko-mikrobiološki i Biokemijsko inženjerstvo.

Od akademske godine 2005./2006. provode se tri preddiplomska studija u trajanju od 3 godine: Prehrambena tehnologija, Biotehnologija i Nutricionizam, a od akademske godine 2008./2009. provodi se i pet dvogodišnjih diplomskih studija: Prehrambeno inženjerstvo, Upravljanje sigurnošću hrane, Bioprocesno inženjerstvo, Molekularna biotehnologija i Nutricionizam.

Uz diplomske studije, Fakultet ima dugu tradiciju u provođenju poslijediplomskih studija te je prvi poslijediplomski studij Kemija i tehnologija antibiotika organiziran još 1960. godine u suradnji s tvornicom "Pliva". Godine 1965. započeta je poslijediplomska nastava na područjima prehrambene tehnologije, biotehnologije i analitike namirnica, u okviru više poslijediplomskih studija. Implementacijom bolonjskog procesa ustrojena su tri poslijediplomska sveučilišna (doktorska) studija na Fakultetu: Prehrambena tehnologija, Biotehnologija i bioprocesno inženjerstvo i Nutricionizam (danas: jedinstveni studij), te dva poslijediplomska specijalistička studija: Upravljanje hranom te Kvaliteta i sigurnost hrane.

Uz stalna unaprjeđivanja i osuvremenjivanje nastavnog procesa, razvoj Fakulteta od njegovog osnutka do danas obuhvaća i sve ostale aktivnosti jedne visokoškolske institucije, u prvom redu znanstveno-istraživački rad. Od prvih dana Fakultet je bio usko povezan s tadašnjim Prehrambeno-tehnološkim institutom te reorganizacijom Fakulteta 1979. godine navedeni institut ulazi u sastav Fakulteta kao Centar za kontrolu namirnica.

Bitan oslonac za razvoj znanstvenih istraživanja bio je i uzajamni razvoj Fakulteta i vlastitog časopisa, koji je od stručnog časopisa "Informacije Prehrambeno-tehnološkog instituta" prerastao u znanstveni časopis "Food Technology and Biotechnology", danas prepoznat od međunarodne znanstvene zajednice.

Obrazovanjem vlastitog nastavničkog kadra te usavršavanjem nastavnika boravcima na inozemnim institucijama, Fakultet je već sredinom sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća postao vodeća znanstveno-nastavna institucija unutar biotehničkog područja, ne samo na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu i Hrvatskoj već i unutar bivše države. Kvaliteta znanstvenoistraživačkog rada na Fakultetu kontinuirano je rasla, tako da su do danas postignuti rezultati, kako primijenjenih, tako i temeljnih istraživanja, doveli Fakultet do međunarodne prepoznatljivosti, a neke istraživačke grupe su kroz dugogodišnju suradnju s istraživačima eminentnih europskih i svjetskih sveučilišta i instituta dosegle razinu znanstvene izvrsnosti.

Tijekom vrlo dinamičkog razvoja, nastavnici Fakulteta su dali i značajan doprinos razvoju cjelokupne akademske zajednice i društva sudjelujući u upravljačkim tijelima Sveučilišta kao prorektori ili predsjednici Odbora Sveučilišta i studentskih udruga pri Sveučilištu. Također, imali su vodeće uloge u osnivanju i u upravljačkim tijelima većeg broja stručnih društava u Hrvatskoj kao i na razini bivše države.

Organizacija PBF-a

Na Fakultetu postoje ustrojbene jedinice:
 Zavodi
 Zavod za kemiju i biokemiju
 Zavod za procesno inženjerstvo
 Zavod za poznavanje i kontrolu sirovina i prehrambenih proizvoda
 Zavod za biokemijsko inženjerstvo
 Zavod za prehrambeno-biotehnološko inženjerstvo
 Zavod za opće programe
 Centar za kontrolu namirnica
 Centar za prehrambenu tehnologiju i biotehnologiju, Zadar
 Jedinica za opće poslove

Studiji na PBF-u
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studiji (tri godine, 180 ECTS bodova):
 Prehrambena tehnologija
 Biotehnologija
 Nutricionizam
Diplomski sveučilišni studiji (dvije godine, 120 ECTS bodova):
 Prehrambeno inženjerstvo
 Upravljanje sigurnošću hrane
 Nutricionizam
 Molekularna biotehnologija
 Bioprocesno inženjerstvo
Poslijediplomski specijalistički studiji (tri semestra, 90 ECTS bodova):
 Kvaliteta i sigurnost hrane
 Upravljanje hranom
Poslijediplomski sveučilišni (doktorski) studij (tri godine, 180 ECTS bodova):
 Biotehnologija i bioprocesno inženjerstvo, prehrambena tehnologija i nutricionizam.

Znanstveni i stručni rad

Istraživačke teme
Osnovne su istraživačke teme:
 Razvoj novih tehnoloških postupaka u proizvodnji hrane
 Razvoj analitičkih metoda u kontroli kvalitete i sigurnosti hrane
 Nutricionizam i nutrigenomika
 Razvoj i selekcija/konstrukcija biotehnološki značajnih sojeva mikroorganizama
 Proizvodnja biogoriva i biokemikalija iz obnovljivih sirovina
 Biotehnologija u zaštiti okoliša, vodenih resursa i mora

Projekti
PBF se uključuje u brojne nacionalne i međunarodne projekte čiji se popis može pronaći na mrežnim stranicama PBF-a.

Popis dekana

Kemijsko-prehrambeno-rudarski fakultet
 Prof. dr. sc. Miroslav Karšulin (ak. god. 1956./1957.)

Tehnološki fakultet
 Prof. dr. sc. Luka Marić (ak. god. 1957./1958.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Viktor Hahn (ak. god. 1958./1959.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Franjo Ožegović (ak. god. 1959./1960.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Milenko Sevdić (ak. god. 1960./1961.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Marijan Laćan (ak. god. 1961./1962.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Ivan Lovreček (ak. god. 1962./1963. i 1963./1964.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Mirko Filajdić (ak. god. 1964./1965. i 1965./1966.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Ivan Filipović (ak. god. 1966./1967. i 1967./1968.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Marijan Rac (ak. god. 1968./1969., 1969./1970. i 1970./1971.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Egon Bauman (ak. god. 1971./1972., 1972./1973. i 1973./1974.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Pavao Mildner (ak. god. 1974./1975., 1975./1976. i 1976./1977.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Krešimir Jakopčić (ak. god. 1977./1978. i 1978./1979.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Mladen Bravar (ak. god. 1979./1980.)

Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet
 Prof. dr. sc. Tomislav Lovrić (ak. god. 1980./1981., 1981./1982., 1982./1983. i 1983./1984.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Vladimir Marić (ak. god. 1984./1985., 1985./1986., 1986./1987. i 1987./1988.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Egon Bauman (ak. god. 1988./1989., 1989./1990.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Slobodan Grba (ak. god. 1990./1991., 1991./1992., 1992./1993., 1993./1994. i 1995./1996.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Damir Karlović (ak. god. 1995./1996., 1996./1997., 1997./1998. i 1998./1999.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Branko Tripalo (ak. god. 1999./2000., 2000./2001., 2001./2002. i 2002./2003.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Vladimir Mrša (ak. god. 2003./2004., 2004./2005., 2005./2006. i 2006./2007.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Damir Ježek (ak. god. 2007./2008., 2008./2009., 2009./2010. i 2010./2011.)
 Izv. prof. dr. sc. Mirjana Hruškar (ak. god. 2011./2012., 2012./2013., 2013./2014. i 2014./2015.)
 Prof. dr. sc. Damir Ježek (ak. god. 2015./2016., 2016./2017., 2017./2018., 2018./2019)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Službene stranice
LinkedIn
Hrvatsko društvo za biotehnologiju

Fakulteti u Hrvatskoj
Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Biotehničke znanosti

Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet u Zagrebu


Lorca () is a municipality and city in the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia in south-eastern Spain,  southwest of the city of Murcia. The municipality had a population of 95,515 in 2020, up from the 2001 census total of 77,477. Lorca is the municipality with the second largest surface area in Spain, , after Cáceres. The city is home to Lorca Castle and the Collegiate church dedicated to St. Patrick.

In the Middle Ages Lorca was the frontier city between Christian and Muslim Spain. Even earlier during the Roman period it was ancient Ilura or Heliocroca of the Romans.

The city was seriously damaged by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake on 11 May 2011, killing at least nine people. Due to a shallow hypocenter, the earthquake was much more destructive than usual for earthquakes with similar magnitude.

History

Prehistory and Antiquity
Archaeological excavations in the Lorca area have revealed that it has been inhabited continuously since Neolithic times, 5,500 years ago. The earliest permanent settlement is in the Guadalentín River valley, likely because of its presence of water sources, mineral resources, and lying along a natural communication route in Andalusia. On the hillside below the castle and the town archaeological digs have revealed the remains of an important population of the El Argar culture during the Bronze Age.

During the Roman period, a settlement here was called Eliocroca, detailed in the Antonine Itinerary and located right on Via Augusta. Elicroca was important enough to become a bishopric, suffragan of the primatial Metropolitan Archbishopric of Toledo, but it was to fade under Islam.

Feudal and modern era
In 713, the Teodomiro Pact was signed, referring to the place with the name "Lurqa". Under this pact, the population was integrated into an autonomous territory, along with six other cities, governed by Theudimer (Teodomiro). This lasted until his death when a Muslim reorganization of the state occurred, carried out by Abb-al-Rahman II, who turned the territory into a Córdoba dependency. It led to the formation of the Taifa kingdoms, with the Taifa of Lorca as one of these kingdoms, first created in 1042, when Lorca declared its independence from the emirate of Valencia. Its first governor was Ma'n Ibn Sumadih, its power extending from the city to Jaén and Baza. During the Arab period it was known as Lurka and the old part of the town, made up of narrow streets and alley-ways, achieved its present shape under Moorish rule.

The taifa was shortly recreated in 1228, after the fall of the Almoravids, until it conquered by the Taifa of Murcia; in 1244, Fernando III, King of Castilla y León and his son and heir, Prince Alfonso, the future Alfonso X of Castile, conquered Lorca. The main tower of the fortress of Lorca was named Torre Alfonsina in honour of the King. The city continued to grow, as in Arab times, and became the main town in an emerging rich agricultural region, although the border hindered economic development.

Lorca, known as the city of 100 Coat of Arms, is where the Moors and the Visigoths battled for control of the land; initially they both controlled the land up to the border on the north including the city of Larcia while in later years, the Christians and the Moors controlled the city and the land up to the southern border.

During the late Middle Ages, Lorca was a dangerous border town, spearhead of the Christian kingdom of Murcia (belonging to the Castilian crown) against the Moorish Emirate of Granada. Lorca served as a base for launching raids into enemy territory. The Battle of Los Alporchones, took place here in 1452, during the reign of Juan II of Castile, who ten years earlier had granted the Lorca the title of "ciudad." The Kingdom of Murcia took Granada in 1492.

After the War of Granada and the Muslim threat disappeared, the city changed in appearance, carrying out a series of urban reforms and developing trade. The numerous public works to be carried out attracted labourers from elsewhere, resulting in an increase in the population to 8,000 people. Among the new buildings include the Colegiata de San Patricio, erected in 1553, which is the religious centre of the city, as well as numerous convents of La Merced, Santo Domingo and San Francisco.

In the seventeenth century, Lorca took shape as a modern city, but still had defensive duties due to the Ottoman threat along the coast.
This century witnessed the expulsion of the Moors, the plague, which killed half the population, and droughts and locust plagues. Nevertheless, from 1660 a spectacular recovery and development began; amongst the construction of new buildings was the Palacio de Guevara, built in 1694 and a fine example of baroque architecture. The eighteenth century is of vital importance for the city, being one of the regions favoured by the Bourbon reforms. Lorca truly became a modern city, losing its medieval character. The population grew, and urban sprawl began as immigrants settled in the suburbs of San Cristóbal and San José. The defensive wall disappeared, which is indicative of the greater security of the times. The city became a haven for painters, sculptors and engravers.

On 30 April 1802, a great calamity struck the town of Lorca. The walls of a nearby reservoir gave way, flooding the town and destroying many buildings and killing up to 700 people. In the nineteenth century, the War of Independence and yellow fever epidemics and recurring droughts brought famine to the region and brought about the emigration of more than twelve thousand people. By 1845 Lorca had become the largest and most populous municipality in Murcia. Trade declined during the first half of the century, although in 1865 it received its first steam engine, the Sewer-Lorca railway opened in 1885 and the Baza-Lorca railway opened in 1890, bringing integration of the region in the domestic market, enabling the movement of mineral deposits and people. Restoration in the late 19th century brought with it a period of prosperity and political calm, the roundabouts of San Vicente, the Teatro y Colón, the Casino Artístico y Literario in 1885, the Teatro Guerra in 1861, and the Plaza de Toros in 1892, etc. were amongst the notable building developments of this time. The 1878 edition of The Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information described Lorca (spelled as 'Liorca') thus:
 a town of Spain, province of Murcia, on the Sangonera,  W. of Carthagena. It has an old Moorish castle, and manufactures of silks, soap, dye-stuffs, leather, paper, etc... Near Liorca are important lead mines. Pop. 40,000.

In the early twentieth century, intensive exploitation of mineral deposits of the coastal zone meant a revival of economic life in the region. The Spanish Civil War paradoxically brought about the beginning of population recovery, but in the post-World War II years the population stagnated as a result of emigration. But today the flow has been reversed: the leather, pottery, cement and butcheries make the municipality an agricultural and livestock industrial tone, involving a large percentage of the population. The twentieth century in Lorca has been a technological take-off, with slow and gradual change of social structures, the specialization of the productive sectors, etc.

On October 19, 1973, Lorca and Puerto Lumbreras suffered a terrible flood that took more than 50 lives.

In 2008, Lorca received the annual Honorary Diploma of Europe Awards from the Council of Europe.

On January 29, 2005, an earthquake of 4.6 magnitude on the Richter scale with epicentre in the districts of La Paca (1,068 inhabitants in 2005) and Zarcilla de Ramos (1,077 inhabitants in 2005), caused damage especially in the structure of various buildings, and in Avilés, Coy, Doña Inés, Don Gonzalo, El Pardo, La Canaleja and Zarzadilla de Totana. This was however to be topped by worse.

2011 earthquake

The town was seriously damaged by a magnitude 5.3 earthquake on 11 May 2011, killing at least nine people.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the larger earthquake had a preliminary 5.3 magnitude, it was so superficial that the magnitude was like a 7 magnitude normal earthquake, and struck  south-southeast of Madrid at 6:47 p.m. (1647 GMT, 12:47 p.m. EDT). The quake was about 1 km (0.6 mi) deep, and was preceded by the smaller one with a 4.5 magnitude in the same spot.

Lorca Castle, a fortress of medieval origin constructed between the 9th and 15th centuries suffered serious damages to its walls and the Espolón Tower during this earthquake.

Titular see of Elicroca
The Ancient diocese was nominally restored as a titular see in 1969.

It has had the following incumbents, of both the lowest (episcopal) and intermediary (archiepiscopal) ranks :
 Titular Archbishop Paul Clarence Schulte (1970.01.03 – 1984.02.17)
 Titular Bishop Héctor Julio López Hurtado, Salesians (S.D.B.) (1987.12.15 – 1999.10.29)
 Titular Bishop Manuel Neto Quintas, Dehonians (S.C.I.) (2000.06.30 – 2004.04.22)
 Titular Bishop Matthias König (2004.10.14 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of Paderborn

Geography and climate

The town is situated at an elevation of  in eastern Spain between Granada and Murcia. It was part of the hura of Tidmir in the Muslim period when it became well known for its fertile soil and subsoil, and for its strategic location. It is situated on the southern slopes of the Siera del Cano mountains. The Guadalentín River flows through the town.

The municipality of Lorca is bound by Caravaca de la Cruz and Cehegín to the north, Mula, Aledo, Totana and Mazarrón to the east, Águilas to the south and Pulpí, Puerto Lumbreras, Huércal-Overa, Vélez Rubio and Vélez Blanco to the east. The town of Lorca itself is located  southwest of the city of Murcia and roughly  north of the coastal town of Aguilas. Lorca is connected to Puerto Lumbreras in the southwest by European Route 15 (Route A-7) and the village of Barranco del Prado just to the north. Beyond this the C-3211 road connects it to the city of Caravaca de la Cruz much further to the north.
Several towns and villages lie in the municipality, including La Paca, Palm Zarcilla, Avilés, Coy, Doña Inés, Don Gonzalo, El Pardo, La Canaleja and Zarzadilla de Totana.

The municipality is very large at  and has a range of geographical features, extending from the coastline to the mountainous areas of the northwest and northeast of the municipality. Lorca formed around the Guadalentín River (in Arabic "mud river") in an arid valley. In fact, agriculture heavily depends on water transferred from the Tagus river in Central Spain. Irrigation channels were laid out all over the country by the Moors during the Middle Ages. These agricultural plains lie to the south of the main town in the valley, a strip which expands into the western part of the municipality. The area to the north is mountainous; to the northeast is the Parque Natural Sierra Espuna.

Districts of Lorca
Lorca is divided into these districts:

Beaches of Lorca
The municipality of Lorca extends to the Mediterranean. There are many beaches in its  litoral stretch of the coast line surrounded by hills with coves with sparse to dense vegetation. Some of the popular beaches are: The Calnegre, a sand beach, 1200 m long and 20 m wide, is peaceful with the calm sea; Cala Leña, part of the Blana Cove with backdrop of hills covered with good vegetation and facing crystal clear sea water; El Ciscar, a gravel beach surrounded by low hills; El Muerto beach with volcanic black sand and rock faces; La Galera gravel beach in the backdrop of a cove and rock cliffs covered by vegetation; Los Hierros, a gravel beach; Larga beach, a 500 m wide gravel beach; and La Junquera, a small gravely beach with rocky landforms. Calnegre beach is one of the best beaches in Spain

Climate
Lorca has a warm climate, typical of southeast Spain, with an average annual temperature between 17 and 18 °C. The characteristics of this climate are due to the situation of the municipality, sheltered from the Atlantic storms. Western wet fronts release water when it hit the Betic Cordillera, which separates the Lorca area of depression of the Guadalquivir, which penetrate the winds off the Atlantic. Rainfall usually occur in torrents, falling mostly in a few days of the fall or spring, with very dry summers. The winters are usually mild with mean temperatures below 9 °C. Summers are hot, 31-32 °C is the common maximum temperature in July and August, although it sometimes reaches more than 40 °C. Due to the size and topographical fluctuation of the municipality, not all areas report the same rainfall and temperatures.

Notable landmarks

Lorca Castle

The Lorca Castle, which overlooks the city of Lorca from a strategic location, and is thus distinctly visible from a distance, was built by the Moorish inhabitants during the 13th century. Its history dates back to the Islamic period when it was built between 8th and 12th centuries; some remnants of which are still seen in the form of water systems in the older part of the castle. The Alfonsí Tower is of a rectangular shape which is built in the castle. The castle has a polygonal floor plan. The tower has three sections. Gothic vaulted ceilings are seen in its three sections. It also has the Espolón Tower. During the final stages of Christian reconquest, the Moors had taken refuge in the castle. Alphonse tower was added to the fort defences when Alfonso X had retaken the city in 1243 provided security to the turrets and crenels of the fort. The castle is now a popular place for holding fiestas and civic functions. The castle is also transformed into a theme park with fine display of "dioramas, actors in costumes and various gadgetry."

Plaza de España

The Plaza de España (Spanish Square) is one of the most emblematic monuments of the city, located in the heart of Lorca's historical centre. Containing the Collegiate San Patricio and the Chambers of the Collegiate members, the Casa del Corregidor and Posito, the granary of the 16th century, amongst others They were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Plaza has been declared a Cultural Monument.

Colegiata de San Patricio

The Collegiate Church of San Patricio is a Renaissance-style building situated on the Plaza de España. It was declared a National Historic-Artistic site by decree of January 27, 1941. The Collegiate is the only one in Spain which is under the patronage of St. Patrick. The dedication to the Irish saint, has its origins in the Battle of Los Alporchones, fought on March 17, 1452 (St. Patrick's Day) against people of the city of Granada.
The church began construction in 1533 under Pope Clement VII on the spot of the old church of San Jorge. Construction, however, was delayed until 1704. The church features a baroque façade with Renaissance interiors.

Museums
The city has many museums of which the Museo de Arqueologico Municipal maintained by the Plaza de Juan Moreno is popular. There is also an embroidery museum. The city hall has many paintings of battles that were fought in and around Lorca. Paintings of local artists are also on display here.

Museo Arqueológico

The Archaeological Museum of Lorca is located in the renovated "House of Salazar" which had been built in the early seventeenth century. The museum is a store house of all the archaeological antiquaries found during excavations in several historical areas of Lorca and from other regions in Spain. Limestone statues made in the Lavant area of Lorca decorate the façade. These statues carved are of Mary Natareloo Salazar flanked by figures of two naked female torsos. Inside the museum exhibits are in several sections arranged in a sequence. In the lobby and the first section of the museum the exhibits are: Prehistoric Palaeolithic (95000-32000 BC) and chalcolithic period (32,000 to 9000 BC) finds seen in the flint section consist of antiquaries of scrapers, knives and points used by the hunters and gatherers who lived in Black Hill of Jofré and the Correia in Lorca; utensils arrowheads, axes, polished piece, handmade pottery, beads of people who lived in the region of Lorca during the late Neolithic period (3500 BC); the Copper Age (3000 BC) findings of funerary objects found in the caves of the hills in Lorca; stone architecture of the megaliths of the Black Hill in Lorca; the later part of the third millennium idols made from clay, bone and stone from the excavations from the Glorieta de San Vicente (Lorca city), one particular item of display is the triangular plate of stone painted in black with schematic rock art painting and other animal on the shoulder blade; the two columns of Emperor Augustus (8–7 BC) and Emperor Diocletian; and the Roman period mosaics, faces of Venus and the nine females of the period.

Other monuments

Lorca is studded with ancient monuments built in baroque architecture, Roman villas, palaces, unique works of art.
In the central part of the town, La Casa de Guevara is one of the ancient baroque buildings built between 16th and 18th centuries by the Guevara family. Another historical monument is the Iglesia de San Mateo, which has an impressive vaulted interior.

A Roman Milepost of 10 BC of Emperor Augustus period over which a statue of San Vincente erected in the 15th century is an important landmark on the Columnia Milenaria." It is located on the located on the Calle de la Corredera
Lorca City Hall, built in the 17th–18th centuries, initially as a prison
 Medieval walls and gate or porch of San Antonio (13th-early 14th centuries) of Arabic origin was the main entrance gate then.
 Monumental complex of Santo Domingo (16th–18th centuries), formed by the namesake church, the Capilla del Rosario and remains of a convent's cloister.
 Iglesia de San Francisco (Lorca) (1561–1735), also known as the temple of San Francisco, is a national monument. It was first built by the Franciscan Order in the middle of the 16th century which was later totally rebuilt in the 17th century. It has many baroque altar pieces made by Ginés López in 1694. In the 18th century, Jerónimo Caballero added two high altarpieces of the transept that are dedicated to the Saint Antonio and to Vera Cruz and to the Blood of Christ. In 1941, the 'Virgin de los Dolores' altarpiece made by José Capuz was added.
 Palace of the counts of San Julián, in Baroque-Neomudéjar style (17th century)
Huerto Ruano Palace, an urban villa from the 19th century
 Casa del Corregidor, house built in the 18th century
 Pósito de los Panaderos, granary house, built in the 16th century
 Columna Miliaria, Roman structure
 Convento Virgen de las Huertas, Franciscan convent destroyed during a raid in 1653 and rebuilt
 Convento de las Mercedarias (16th century)
 Palacio de Guevara (17th–18th century)
 Antiguo Convento de la Merced
 Antiguo Colegio de la Purísima (18th century), now housing the Conservatorio de Música Narciso Yepes.
 Iglesia del Carmen, 18th-century church
 Iglesia de San Cristóbal (17th–18th century).
 Iglesia de San Diego (17th century).
 Iglesia de San Mateo (18th–19th century).
 Casino Artístico, Andalusian-style building, designed by Manuel Martínez Lorca.
 Teatro Guerra is the oldest theatre in the Murcia Region, inaugurated in 1861.
 Cámara Agrícola (early twentieth century), Art Nouveau building, unusual in this part of the Region of Murcia, designed by Mario Spottorno,
 Puente de Piedra (19th century), bridge
 Puente de la Torta (1910), bridge built in 1910 from concrete
 Plaza de Toros (1892).

Economy

After most of the land and water supplies had been held for centuries by a minority of landowners and by Roman Catholic religious orders, Lorca began a period of sluggish economic growth during the 1960s.

Still today, its economy is largely based on agriculture and stock breeding (pigs and brown cows), although its service industries make it the commercial capital of the surrounding area. The economy of the town is thus dependent largely on export of pork products and textiles. It also has saltpetre, gunpowder, and lead-smelting works. In recent years, Lorca has experienced a population growth because of peasant immigration, mostly coming from Ecuador and Morocco.

Lorca has launched a programme to boost its economy by attracting local, national and international industrial houses to set up base in the city and its precincts by identifying land for allotment to set up industrial parks, Research and Development (R&D) projects. Some of the important recent actions taken by the Lorca City Hall relate to allotment of  of land for development through 60 local entrepreneurial projects,  to promote investments that would create employment and maximize the Lorca economy,  allotted to Turkish investors to develop corporate projects, approval of land programmes for development of Serrata Industrial Park by the Lorca Land and Housing firm (SUVILOR) to develop five parks, setup Health Sciences University Campus for the 2010–2011 under agreements with Israeli firms. Further advantages cited for firms to set up their establishments in Lorca are the approved plans for the allotment of land of  in Hoya  in Purias and the identification of land for Zarcilla de Ramos, Zarzadilla de Totana, La Paca and Almendricos for development of industries.

The Region of Murcia, the City Council of Lorca, the Chamber of Commerce of Lorca and the Confederation of Entrepreneurs of the Region of Lorca (Ceclor), as a consortium, have formed the LORCATUR to develop cultural tourism of Lorca. The emphasis is on promoting urban tourist circuits and thematic itineraries. To this end, plans have been taken up to conserve, preserve and restore the built heritage of the city, regenerate urban areas for residents and tourists, and diversify the historical and cultural heritage.

Cultural activity

Cultural activity in Lorca is the Easter celebration, the Holy Week celebration popularly known as the Semana Santa. Semana Santa festival has been popularised since 1855. It is said to be the best festival held anywhere in Spain where two brotherhoods vie with each other to display two colours namely the Azul (blue) and Blanco (white) for the highly competitive festive display of cloaks. Each of the brotherhood in Lorca, on this occasion, carries an image of Virgin Mary – one draped in a blue cloak and another in white cloak with a banner and a museum. Music played on this occasion is of a different rhythm is reverential and vigorously mixing the story of Old Testament and the New Testament. Apart from this annual festival, there are four small museums where exhibits of Semana Santa costumes are on display. These costumes are finely embroidered on silk and depict historical and religious scenes; some of these cloaks are as long as . Fiesta celebration for La Virgen de Las Huertas is held on 8 September every year.

Education
Centres of education in Lorca:

Healthcare
The public health system that exists in Lorca is managed by the Servicio Murciano de Salud (SMS). In February 2010, Rafael Méndez Hospital was accredited University General Hospital.

Hospitals
 Hospital General Universitario Rafael Méndez
 Hospital Virgen del Alcázar

Health centres
The health centres below are placed in the municipality:
 Centro de Salud Lorca-San Diego
 Centro de Salud Lorca-Sur
 Centro de Salud Lorca-Centro
 Centro de Salud La Paca
 Centro de Salud Sutullena

Clinics
The primary care health centre with the fewest functions below are located in the municipality:
 Consultorio La Torrecilla
 Consultorio Morata
 Consultorio Coy
 Consultorio Zarzadilla de Totana
 Consultorio Las Terreras
 Consultorio Tova-La Parroquia
 Consultorio Campillo
 Consultorio Escucha
 Consultorio Ramonete
 Consultorio Cazalla
 Consultorio Zarcilla de Ramos
 Consultorio Doña Inés
 Consultorio La Campana / Pozo Higuera
 Consultorio Aguaderas
 Consultorio Campo López
 Consultorio Avilés
 Consultorio La Hoya
 Consultorio Marchena
 Consultorio Puente La Pía
 Consultorio Purias
 Consultorio Tercia
 Consultorio Consejero
 Consultorio Almendricos
 Consultorio Torrecilla

Sports

Sports teams

Athletics
 Atletismo Eliocroca, an athletic club participating at the regional level (cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, route, half marathon, marathon, 100 km).

Football
 Lorca FC, football team previously based in the hamlet of La Hoya which is currently active in Tercera División.
 CF Lorca Deportiva, football team in Segunda División B
 Lorca Deportiva CF (2002–2010)
 Lorca Atlético CF (2010–2012)
 Unión Deportiva Zarcilla, football team which is active in the Preferente Autonómica de la Región de Murcia.

Rugby
 Club Rugby Lorca

Futsal
 Ciudad de Lorca Fútbol Sala

Basketball
 Indigo Química, basketball team that plays in the Primera Autonómica.

Handball
 Club Balonmano Lorca, team that plays in the Segunda División Nacional Masculina y Femenina.
 Asociación Deportiva Eliocroca, team that plays in Segunda División Nacional.

Volleyball
 Asociación Deportiva Eliocroca, team which plays in the Liga FEV.

Swimming
 Club Natación Lorca.

Sports stadiums and venues
 Estadio Francisco Artés Carrasco
 Complejo deportivo Europa
 Ciudad deportiva de La Torrecilla
 Pabellón municipal de San José
 Pabellón municipal San Antonio
 Pabellón municipal de Almendricos
 Pabellón municipal de Las Alamedas

Notable people

 Joaquín Arderíus
 José Luis Munuera (1972–), comics artist
 Juan de Toledo, architect
 Juan Zurano (1948–), retired professional cyclist
 Narciso Yepes, guitarist
 Rafael Maroto, (1783–1853) military general
 Ramiro de Lorca (1452-1502), lieutenant

References

Sources and external links

 GigaCatholic on Elicirca bishopric, with titular incumbent biography links
 Ayuntamiento de Lorca
 Cámara de Comercio e Industria de Lorca
 Museo Arqueológico Lorca
 Viva Murcia community info/photos from Lorca town

Municipalities in the Region of Murcia

Lorca, Spain


Intershop was a chain of government-owned and operated retail stores in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) in which only hard currencies (and later Forum checks) could be used to purchase high-quality goods, usually from or associated with Western countries. The East German mark was not accepted as payment. Intershop was originally oriented towards visitors from Western countries, and later became an outlet where East Germans could purchase goods they could not otherwise obtain.  An unintended consequence was that ordinary East Germans had some insight into the selection of goods available in the West, which they could then compare with the rather limited offerings available in their own country.

Product offerings
Intershops sold imported products such as cigarettes, liquor, appliances and even car accessories. It even sold quality East German products that were exported and then re-imported. Those items were sometimes sold at a lower price than the same product, as sold in domestic shops.

History
Intershop was founded on 14 December 1962 as a publicly owned company (Volkseigener Betrieb - VEB). Its purpose was to increase the flow of hard currency into the GDR. There was such a lack of foreign currency that even small amounts were welcome.  The groups targeted were mainly tourists and other foreigners in transit from the West. The first mobile carts were in the Berlin Friedrichstraße station, where tax-free cigarettes were sold for much less than in West Berlin. Little by little, alcohol and other goods were gradually added. By 1962, annual sales totalled more than one million Deutsche Marks (DM).

Originally, Intershop was organised as a division of Mitropa, the company that provided catering services to the Deutsche Reichsbahn. With the arrival of the first Interhotels, which were intended to house Western tourists, Intershops also began appearing in these Western-oriented hotels.  One could also purchase items in one's room (via room service) with hard currency. Over time, these hotel-based Intershops grew as well.

Later, Intershops were opened at border crossings, rest stops and transit stops on the GDR Autobahns, railway stations, bus stations, ferry terminals and airports.  As an example of the GDR regime's desire for hard currency, in the 1980s, in the Berlin Friedrichstraße underground (U-Bahn) station, there was an Intershop kiosk on the platform of the U6 line created specifically for travellers from West Berlin who may not have wanted to pass through the GDR border controls.  One could disembark from the underground train, make a purchase, and then get back on the next train, and go back to West Berlin, all without passing through the GDR border controls.  Purchases could be paid for with any fully convertible currency, such as US dollars, Pounds Sterling, Swiss francs, and especially West German marks.

Until 1974, GDR citizens were not allowed to hold foreign currency.  By decree of the Council of Ministers of the GDR (Ministerrat der DDR), this ban was relaxed in that year, and East Germans were then allowed to shop in most Intershops.  The Intershops at Autobahn rest stops (so-called "Transitshops"), which were sometimes self-service, were still only for travellers from non-socialist countries and required travel documents for entry.  Additionally, certain duty-free items such as tobacco, spirits, coffee, perfume, brand name clothing, watches and jewellery required a foreign passport.  The prices for these goods were significantly lower than in West Germany or West Berlin, while the other goods that would have interested East Germans were relatively expensive. East Germans could not legally exchange East German marks for hard currency. The only legal ways for East Germans to acquire hard currency were either as gifts from relatives living in the West or wages earned for work in Western countries.

For East Germans without hard currency, there were 300 Exquisit shops (which sold higher priced clothing, shoes, and cosmetics) from 1962 onwards and 550 Delikat shops (which sold high end and gourmet food items) from 1976 onwards. Most of the goods sold in Exquisit and Delikat shops were of East German origin but were normally unavailable in the regular state-run stores.  These shops were intended to give East Germans access to high-quality goods and to absorb surplus purchasing power.

In 1977, Erich Honecker said, "These shops obviously aren't permanent companions of socialism. But we can't ignore the fact that the rising number of visitors is bringing more such currency among us than before." Honecker made these remarks in response to criticism that Intershops were a key driver of inequality. In the same speech, Honecker defended trade with capitalist countries. He said, "Naturally, we haven't overlooked the fact that the citizens of the German Democratic Republic who have no such funds are at a disadvantage, in a certain sense, compared to those who have such currency at their disposal." Honecker said the 9.5 million yearly visitors from capitalist countries "who eat with us, usually spend the night and obviously also have money in their pockets. Through the Intershops, we have created the possibility that these funds stay with us in the country."

Starting in April 1979, East Germans were required to convert hard currency at the East German state bank (Staatsbank der DDR) into the so-called forum check.  A forum check mark had a value of one West German mark. The Forum Außenhandelsgesellschaft mbH was responsible for the management of Intershops and had 900 employees.

By 1978, there were reportedly 100 Intershops in operation across East Germany. It was noted that Intershop gave an opportunity for West German companies, as well as companies based in the West, to sell consumer goods to a communist bloc country. The rise of Intershop was noted to have created a visibly separate social class in East Germany, where people who had access to an Intershop, as well as the means to shop there, were seen consuming items offered by the chain. Consumerism promoted by the existence of Intershop also caused labour disputes in some areas, with workers demanding part of their salary to be paid in hard currency so that they could shop at Intershop.

The Ministry of State Security (Stasi) monitored the Intershops very closely, with relatives of Stasi employees or officials often working as cashiers. In some stores, security cameras were present, and in the beginning, passports were even checked. The transport of these goods was closely monitored as well. Even so, there were numerous thefts and even some armed robberies of Intershop stores.  The investigations of these crimes always involved the Stasi as well as the regular police. In many cases, store managers and employees were involved in the crimes. Beginning in the 1980s, a portion of the salary of Intershop workers was paid in hard currency and additionally employees had to surrender their tips, according to regulations, in order to curb these problems.

The Intershops were dissolved upon the reunification of Germany in 1990.

Because photographing in Intershops was not allowed, there are few photographs of the inside of the stores. Most of those that do exist are from the Stasi archives. A West German photographer, Günter Schneider, collected numerous photos of Intershops while working on a larger report about the transit corridors in East Germany.

See also
 Pewex; Polish counterpart
 Beryozka; Soviet counterpart
 Eastern Bloc economies

References

Further reading
Jonathan R. Zatlin, The Currency of Socialism - Money and Political Culture in East Germany. Cambridge University Press 2007

External links
"Intershop – Der kleine Westen" (MDR 2005)

Economy of East Germany
Companies of East Germany
Hard currency shops in socialist countries
1962 establishments in East Germany
Retail companies established in 1962
Retail companies disestablished in 1990
1990 disestablishments in Germany

Intershop


Daniela de Oliveira Piedade (født d. 2. Marts 1979 i São Paulo) er en brasiliansk håndboldspiller som spiller for ungarske Alba Fehérvár KC og Brasiliens håndboldlandshold. Hun har deltaget under bl.a Sommer-OL 2004 i Athen, Sommer-OL 2008 i Beijing og Sommer-OL 2012 i London.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Brasilien
Håndboldspillere fra Fehérvár KC
Håndboldspillere fra Siófok KC
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2004

Daniela Piedade


غاي غاريغيز (27 يونيو 1948 في أوبين)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع . ساهم في احتلال نادي ليون المركز الثاني في بطولة كأس فرنسا موسم 1975-1976 .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو نادي النجم الأحمر
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
مواليد 1948

غاي غاريغيز


FBI franšiza američka je medijska franšiza sastavljena od tri televizijske serije koje se trenutno prikazuju na CBS-u, u Hrvatskoj premijerno na Fox Crime-u.

Franšiza je počela premijerom FBI-a 2018. godine, a od tada je proširena spinoffovima FBI: Najtraženiji i FBI: International. Dick Wolf je stvorio FBI s Craigom Turkom a FBI: International s Derekom Haasom, dok je FBI: Najtraženiji stvorio René Balcer. Sve tri serije producira Wolf Entertainment studio i bave se različitim aspektima Saveznog istražnog ureda (FBI).

Više likova pojavilo se u više serija franšize kroz povremene naizmjenične nastupe, a franšiza je imala i dva crossover događaja. Franšiza je također povezana s Chicago franšizom čije serije se prikazuju na NBC-u.

Sve tri serije ukupno imaju 216 epizoda u 11 sezona.

Televizijske serije

FBI
Serija se usredotočuje na unutarnje djelovanje FBI-jevog ureda u New Yorku, koji koristi sve nevjerojatne sposobnosti, intelekt i tehnologiju Bureaua za rješavanje federalno motiviranih zločina.

FBI: Najtraženiji
Serija se usredotočuje na rad odjela FBI-a pod nazivom Most Wanted koji ima zadatak pronaći i uhvatiti najozloglašenije kriminalce na popisu najtraženijih u sekciji.

FBI: International
Serija prati elitne agente FBI-jevog Međunarodnog letećeg tima "Fly Team" sa sjedištem u Budimpešti, čija je zadaća locirati i neutralizirati prijetnje Amerikancima, gdje god se nalazili.

Pregled serija

Glumačka postava

Crossoveri

Vanjske poveznice
 FBI - CBS službena stranica
 FBI - Wolf Entertainment stranica
 FBI - Fox Crime Hrvatska
 FBI: Most Wanted - CBS službena stranica
 FBI: Most Wanted - Wolf Entertainment stranica
 FBI: Najtraženiji - Fox Crime Hrvatska
 FBI: International - CBS službena stranica
 FBI: International - Wolf Entertainment stranica
 FBI: International - Fox Crime Hrvatska

Televizijske serije
Multimedijske franšize

FBI (franšiza)


was a town located in Uto District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,840 and the density of 203.73 persons per km². The total area was 48.30 km².

On January 15, 2005, Misumi, along with the town of Shiranuhi (also from Uto District), and the towns of Matsubase, Ogawa and Toyono (all from Shimomashiki District), was merged to create the city of Uki and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

History
An Imperial decree in July 1899 established Shimonoseki as an open port for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom.

References

External links
 Official website of Uki

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture

Misumi, Kumamoto


DFI Retail Group Holdings Limited (formerly known as Dairy Farm International Holdings Limited) is a Hong Kong-based retail company with legal bases in Bermuda and Singapore. A subsidiary of the Jardine Matheson Group, it is a major East and Southeast Asian retailer involved in the processing and wholesaling of food and health and beauty products. Jardine Strategic, a publicly listed holding company, has an attributable 78 percent stake in the firm.  It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, with secondary listings on the Singapore Exchange (SGX) and Bermuda Stock Exchange (BSX).

The head office is in the Devon House in Taikoo Place, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong.

As of 31 December 2020, the Group, its associates and joint ventures operated over 9,997 outlets; Wellcome/Food World (supermarkets), a controlling stake in Maxim's Catering (foodservice), Cold Storage (supermarkets), Jasons Market Place/Market Place by Jasons/Jasons Food Hall (high end supermarkets), Hero (supermarkets), Mannings/Guardian (health and beauty) stores; it also operates 7-Eleven (convenience stores) throughout the region, and IKEA (home furnishings) stores in Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia and Taiwan.

The group and its associates and joint ventures operated over 9,997 outlets, employed over 220,000 people and had total annual sales in excess of US$28.2 billion.

History

Dairy Farm was set up in 1886 by Sir Patrick Manson, a Scottish surgeon, and five well known Hong Kong businessmen. They initially aimed to improve the health of Hong Kong people by providing them with non-contaminated cows' milk and to import a herd of dairy cattle so as to decrease the price of milk by more than half. The farm was located in Pok Fu Lam.

In 1890, Dairy Farm built a low-rise brick and stucco building on Lower Albert Road in Central for use as a cold storage warehouse. This warehouse was later renovated and expanded in 1913 to include a dairy shop, a room for meat smoking, a cold storage room for winter clothes and residency for its manager. The building later evolved into the company headquarters until the company moved in the 1970s. The abandoned building was acquired by the Hong Kong Fringe Club, a non-profit-making arts organisation in 1984, and has been carefully restored. This distinctive 19th century building, now known as the Old Dairy Farm Depot, is a well-known landmark in Central providing a wide variety of cultural activities and performances.

In 1904, Dairy Farm began importing frozen meat and opened its first retail store at the Central District depot. The second Dairy Farm store was established on Nathan Road, Kowloon towards the end of the war in 1918. Amongst other things, this store provided fishing boats in Hong Kong with large amounts of ice.

In 1960, Dairy Farm and Lane Crawford formed a merged food retailing operations and renamed these supermarkets as Dairy Lane under Dairy Lane Limited. This joint business was undone by the acquisition of the Wellcome chain in 1964.

In 1972, Dairy Farm was acquired by Hong Kong Land, a Jardines subsidiary. In 1986 Dairy Farm was relisted on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange after it was demerged from Hong Kong Land. Dairy Farm acquired a 50% interest in Maxim's at the same time from Hong Kong Land. The 7-Eleven convenience store chain in Hong Kong and Singapore was acquired from Jardine Matheson in 1989.

Since 1999, Dairy Farm has continued to expand its footprint by acquiring supermarket and other retail operations in Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Notably, it also acquired IKEA Hong Kong, Taiwan in 2002 and began Ikea's Indonesian operation in 2014.

In May 2012, Dairy Farm bought a 50% stake in the Rustan Supercenters, Inc., the Rustan group's supermarket chain. 36% came from the Tantoco family and 14% from the Spinnaker group. Its holdings increased to 64% in 2015 and 100% in 2017. On March 23, 2018, the entire stake was sold to Robinsons Retail Holdings, Inc. through a stock swap, yielding Dairy Farm 18.25% of Robinsons Retail Holdings, Inc. stock. In 2018, therefore, Rustan Supercenters are fully acquired by Robinsons Retail Holdings the 20.00% of which is owned by Mulgrave Corporation and GCH Investments, wholly owned subsidiaries of Dairy Farm.

As of June 2011, Dairy Farm is 78% owned by Jardine Matheson Holdings.

In August 2021, Dairy Farm rebranded its trading name to DFI Retail Group. On 5 May 2022, the company subsequently changed its legal name to DFI Retail Group Holdings Limited, effectively phased out the Dairy Farm branding.

Discontinued operations
In 1998, Dairy Farm sold out its 49% interest in Nestlé Dairy Farm, set up in 1992 to develop dairy products factories throughout China, to Nestlé; on the merger of Kwik Save with Somerfield, Dairy Farm sold its 11% holding for US$290 million. Dairy Farm acquired 25% of the "No Frills" Kwik Save Group in 1987; Sold the 108-store Simago chain in Spain acquired in 1990.
In March 2000, Dairy Farm sold its half share in DFI Géant, the Taiwan hypermarket opened in 1998 back to Casino, its joint venture partner.
In 2001, the company sold the 287-store Franklins chain in Australia which it acquired in 1978. Its Hong Kong-based distribution business, Sims Trading, was sold to CITIC Pacific.
In June 2002, the 61-store Woolworths chain in New Zealand acquired in 1990, was sold for US$337 million.
In 2004, the Group's Hong Kong ice manufacturing business which began in 1918 was sold for US$107 million.

Controversy
Wellcome, a major food retailer owned by Dairy Farm Group, have been cited by the Taiwanese government for 33 labor violations in Taiwan. These include instances of maintaining unsafe work spaces that potentially endangered employees, having staff members work unpaid overtime beyond legal limitations, and refusing pay and rest time to employees.

See also
 The Hongs
 Wellcome/Food World
 Maxim's
 Cold Storage
 Jasons Market Place/Market Place by Jasons
 Giant
 Mannings/Guardian
 Rustan's

References

External links

Dairy products companies of Hong Kong
Jardine Matheson Group
Retail companies established in 1886
Companies formerly listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Former companies in the Hang Seng Index
Retail companies of Hong Kong
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Singapore Exchange
1973 mergers and acquisitions

DFI Retail Group


الجمجمة البلوريّة هي عدد من الأشكال الشبيهة بالجماجم البشرية والتي صنعت من قوالب المرو (الكوارتز) الحجرية. مصدرها أمريكا والتي يزعم أنها وجدت قبل الاستيطان الكلومبي للقارة.
توجد من هذه الجماجم في المتحف البريطاني ومتحف كواي برانلي في باريس ومتحف سيمثسونيان الأمريكي.
ولكن بعد اقل من ثلاثة أشهر من اكتشاف متحف كواي برانلي في باريس ان جمجمة الكريستال التي كان يعتقد انها قطعة فنية نادرة أبدعتهاحضارة الازتيك في أمريكا الاتينية، ليست سوى قطعة مزورة، جاء الدور الآن على المتحف البريطاني ومتحف سيمثسونيان الأمريكي ليعلنان انهما كانا ضحيتين لأكذوبة الجماجم الكريستالية.
وقال علماء من المتحفين المرموقين ان الجماجم من الكريستال التي يضمها المتحفان قطعت وشحذت وصقلت بأدوات من عصر الصنعة، وليس على يد حرفيي الحضارة الأمريكية الجنوبية البائدة.
وقال بيان علماء المتحفين: ((الجماجم محل الدراسة لا تنتمي إلى عصر ما قبل كولمبوس.ومن المؤكد انها نتاج صناعة حديثة نسبيآ)).
واضاف ((كل جمجمة منها صنعت قبل بيعها لأول مرة بعقد من الزمان على أقصى تقدير)).
وكانت الجماجم من أهم مقتنيات المتحاف الثلاثة قبل فترة طويلة جدآ من إنتاج فيلم انديانا جونز، ((مملكة الجماجم الكريستالية)).
وتقول خرافات الثقافات القديمة في أمريكا الاتينية ان هذه الجماجم جانب من مجموعة من 12 جمجمة، تمتلك قوى خارقة بما في ذلك القدرة على الشفاء.
وتذهب إحدى الخرافات إلى ان تجميع الاثنتي عشرة جمجمة، إلى جانب جمجمة ثالثة عشر مزعومة، سيستحضر قوة هائلة ستحول دون انقلاب الأرض في 21 ديسمبر 2012، يوم القيامة وفقآ لتقويم حضارة المايا المندثرة.
ولكن عشاق الخرفات صدموا في 18 أبريل 2008 عندما أعلن متحف كواي برانلي في انه اكتشف وجود ثقوب وثلوم في جمجمته الكوارتز التي يبلغ ارتفاعها 11 سنتيمترآ تشير إلى استخدام: ((مثقاب مجوهرات وادوات حديثة أخرى)).
واثيرت الشكوك ايضآ حول جماجم لندن وواشنطن، حيث لاحظ خبراء الفن انها كانت كبيرة نسبيآ وعلامات الاسنان خطية على نحو أستثنائي.
ومن اجل الاستئناس برأي العلم، فحص علماء المتحفين الجماجم بميكروسكوبات إلكترونية، ودققوا النظر في الخدوش والعلامات التي خلفها الحرفيون الذين صنعوا هذه القطع.
وقورنت هذه الآثار بسطوح الأقداح الكريستالية، وعقود الكريستال الصخري، وعشرات من قطع المجوهرات المصنوعة من الحجر الأخضر التي تعود لحضارة الآزتيك.
ونشر العلماء نتائج دراستهم في دورية the Journal of Archaeolobical Science.
والجمجمة الكريستالية في المتحف البريطاني التي تم شراؤها في العام 1897، مصنوعة من الكريستال الصخري الشفاف وارتفاعها 15 سنتيمترآ. أما جمجمة متحف السيمثسونيان التي اقتناها المتحف في عام 1992، فهي مصنوعة من الكوراتز الأبيض وارتفاعها 25,5 سنتيمترآ.
واكتشف الباحثون ان حجر جلخ استخدم لصقل جمجمة المتحف البريطاني، وان مثقابآ هو الذي حفر العينين وثقبي الانف، وان الماس أو الكوروندوم قد استخدم مع اداوت مصنوعة من الحديد أو الصلب لتنعيم سطوحها الخارجية.
أما بالنسبة لجمجمة متحف السميثوسنيان في الولايات المتحدة، فأن الأدوات الحديثة تركت بصماتها عليها أيضآ، خاصة حجر الجلخ.
ولم يعثر العلماء أبدآ على ما يدل ان الحجر الجلخ قد استخدم لتشكيل الصخور في أمريكا الوسطى قبل وصول الاوربيين.
واكتشف العلماء أيضآ في هذه الجمجمة بقايا مادة سوداء وحمراء في فجوة دقيقة فيها. وبعد فحصها بالأشعة السينية، تبين ان هذه المادة هي كاربيد السيليكون، وهي مادة صلبة لا توجد الا في الطبيعة في الاحجار النيزكية، ويشيع استخدامها في أدوات الكشط الصناعية الحديثة.
ومن دراسة النتوءات في حجر الكوارتز، ذهب العلماء الي ان جمجمة لندن ربما جاءت من خام مستخرج من جبال الألب الأوربية أو البرازيل أو مدغشقر، بينما يمكن أن يكون خام جمجمة واشنطن جاء من مصادر عديدة محتملة، بما في ذلك المكسيك والولايات المتحدة.
وشمل بحث العلماء دراسة أرشيفات المتحفين، ومتحف الجنس البشري في باريس، والمكتبة الوطنية الفرنسية، والجمعية الإسبانية للأمريكتين، إلى جانب أرشيفات صحف عديدة، على أمل أن يكتشفوا من أين جاءت الجماجم.
أشارت الوثيقة الوحيدة المتعلقة بجمجمة واشنطن إلى أنها أشتريت من مكسيكو سيتي في العام 1960، ويعتقد العلماءأن: ((الجمجمة صنعت على الارجح قبل فترة وجيزة من شرائها)). أما بالنسبة إلى جمجمتي المتحف البريطاني ومتحف كواي براندلي، فأن الوثائق قادت إلى جامع تحف فرنسي اسمه إيوجين بوبان دورفرج.
وكان بوبان يمتلك متجرآ في مكسيكو سيتي وشق طريقه إلى صالونات باريس بفضل ((التدخل الفرنسي)) في 1863-1867، عندما غزت قوات الامبراطورية الفرنسية الثانية المكسيك.
وقد بنى مجموعة من 2000 قطعة فنية تعود إلى عصور ما قبل كولمبوس، وكانت المجموعة الأكبر في أوروبا في ذلك الوقت. وضمت مجموعته عدة جماجم كريستالية، بما في ذلك الجمجمتان المزورتان في المتحفين البريطاني والفرنسي. وقالت الدراسة ان بوبان اقتنى الجمجمة التي وصلت في نهاية المطاف إلى المتحف البريطاني بين العامين 1878 و 1881، وربما اشتراها في أوروبا. وفي العام 1885، حاول بيعها لمتحف المكسيك الوطني، لكن محاولته باءت بالفشل.
وفي العام التالي، باعها بوبان في مزاد علني إلى متجر مجوهرات تيفاني في نيويورك.
وبعد عامين، باع متجر تيفاني الجمجمة إلى رجل أعمال في كاليفورنيا، لكن هذا الرجل أفلس بعد عامين، وطلب من تيفاني أن يجد مشتريآ للجمجمة.
وهكذا، فإن نائب رئيس تيفاني، جورج كونز، هو الذي عرضها على المتحف البريطاني.
واقترح على المتحف شراء ((هذه القطعة الرائعة))، التي انتقلت ملكيتها بين أياد عدة، بدءا بالجندي الإسباني الذي جاء بها من المكسيك. واستند في عرضه إلى آراء خبراء عديدين أجمعوا على ان الجمجمة من أصل مكسيكي قديم.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الملحق العلمي مجلة العربي الثقافية العدد 42 -نوفمبر 2008 م

أعمال أغفال
اكتشافات أثرية في 1881
الجماجم في الفنون
ثقافة راينلند بالاتينات
جسم الإنسان
خدع القرن 19
علم الآثار الزائف
قطع أثرية في غير أماكنها
مرو
مقتنيات المتحف البريطاني
منحوتات 1881
منطقة بيركنفلد
نحت الحجر الصلب

جمجمة بلورية


Decision tables are a concise visual representation for specifying which actions to perform depending on given conditions. They are algorithms whose output is a set of actions. The information expressed in decision tables could also be represented as decision trees or in a programming language as a series of if-then-else and switch-case statements.

Overview

Each decision corresponds to a variable, relation or predicate whose possible values are listed among the condition alternatives. Each action is a procedure or operation to perform, and the entries specify whether (or in what order) the action is to be performed for the set of condition alternatives the entry corresponds to.

To make them more concise, many decision tables include in their condition alternatives a don't care symbol. This can be a hyphen or blank, although using a blank is discouraged as it may merely indicate that the decision table has not been finished. One of the uses of decision tables is to reveal conditions under which certain input factors are irrelevant on the actions to be taken, allowing these input tests to be skipped and thereby streamlining decision-making procedures.

Aside from the basic four quadrant structure, decision tables vary widely in the way the condition alternatives and action entries are represented. Some decision tables use simple true/false values to represent the alternatives to a condition (similar to if-then-else), other tables may use numbered alternatives (similar to switch-case), and some tables even use fuzzy logic or probabilistic representations for condition alternatives. In a similar way, action entries can simply represent whether an action is to be performed (check the actions to perform), or in more advanced decision tables, the sequencing of actions to perform (number the actions to perform).

A decision table is considered balanced or complete if it includes every possible combination of input variables. In other words, balanced decision tables prescribe an action in every situation where the input variables are provided.

Example
The limited-entry decision table is the simplest to describe. The condition alternatives are simple Boolean values, and the action entries are check-marks, representing which of the actions in a given column are to be performed.

The following balanced decision table is an example in which a technical support company writes a decision table to enable technical support employees to efficiently diagnose printer problems based upon symptoms described to them over the phone from their clients.

This is just a simple example, and it does not necessarily correspond to the reality of printer troubleshooting. Even so, it demonstrates how decision tables can scale to several conditions with many possibilities.

Software engineering benefits
Decision tables, especially when coupled with the use of a domain-specific language, allow developers and policy experts to work from the same information, the decision tables themselves.

Tools to render nested if statements from traditional programming languages into decision tables can also be used as a debugging tool.

Decision tables have proven to be easier to understand and review than code, and have been used extensively and successfully to produce specifications for complex systems.

History
In the 1960s and 1970s a range of "decision table based" languages such as Filetab were popular for business programming.

Program embedded decision tables
Decision tables can be, and often are, embedded within computer programs and used to "drive" the logic of the program. A simple example might be a lookup table containing a range of possible input values and a function pointer to the section of code to process that input.

Control tables
Multiple conditions can be coded for in similar manner to encapsulate the entire program logic in the form of an "executable" decision table or control table. There may be several such tables in practice, operating at different levels and often linked to each other (either by pointers or an index value).

Implementations
 Filetab, originally from the NCC
 DETAB/65, 1965, ACM
 FORTAB from Rand in 1962, designed to be imbedded in FORTRAN
 A Ruby implementation exists using MapReduce to find the correct actions based on specific input values.

See also
 Decision trees
 Case based reasoning
 Cause–effect graph
 Dominance-based rough set approach
 DRAKON
 Karnaugh-Veitch diagram
 Many-valued logic
 Semantic decision table
 Decision Model and Notation
 Truth table

References

Further reading
 Dwyer, B. and Hutchings, K. (1977) "Flowchart Optimisation in Cope, a Multi-Choice Decision Table" Aust. Comp. J. Vol. 9 No. 3 p. 92 (Sep. 1977).
 Fisher, D.L. (1966) "Data, Documentation and Decision Tables" Comm ACM Vol. 9 No. 1 (Jan. 1966) p. 26–31.
 General Electric Company (1962) GE-225 TABSOL reference manual and GF-224 TABSOL application manual CPB-l47B (June 1962).
 Grindley, C.B.B. (1968) "The Use of Decision Tables within Systematics" Comp. J. Vol. 11 No. 2 p. 128 (Aug. 1968).
 Jackson, M.A. (1975) Principles of Program Design Academic Press
 Myers, H.J. (1972) "Compiling Optimised Code from Decision Tables" IBM J. Res. & Development (Sept. 1972) p. 489–503.
 Pollack, S.L. (1962) "DETAB-X: An improved business-oriented computer language" Rand Corp. Memo RM-3273-PR (August 1962)
 Schumacher, H. and Sevcik, K.C. (1976) "The Synthetic Approach to Decision Table Conversion" Comm. ACM Vol. 19 No. 6 (June 1976) p. 343–351
 CSA, (1970): Z243.1–1970 for Decision Tables, Canadian Standards Association
  Jorgensen, Paul C. (2009) Modeling Software Behavior: A Craftsman's Approach. Auerbach Publications, CRC Press. Chapter 5.

External links
 RapidGen Software For Windows, Unix, Linux and OpenVMS versions of decision table based programming tools and compilers
 LogicGem Software For Windows decision table processor for perfecting logic and business rules
  A Decision Table Example

Software testing
Decision analysis

Decision table


The minister for Foreign Affairs, also known as the Foreign minister, is the minister of state of the Commonwealth of Australia charged with overseeing the creation and implementation of international diplomacy, relations and foreign affairs policy, as the head of the foreign affairs section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The current Foreign minister is Senator Penny Wong, who was appointed by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese in May 2022 following the 2022 federal election.

Wong is the first female foreign minister from the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the third female foreign minister in a row, following Julie Bishop and Marise Payne. The position is one of two cabinet-level portfolio ministers under the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the other being the minister for Trade and Tourism. The Foreign minister is vested with several subordinate positions including the Minister for International Development and the Pacific, currently held by Pat Conroy, and the Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs, currently held by Tim Watts.

Scope

The minister is usually one of the most senior members of Cabinet – the position is equivalent to that of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in Britain or Secretary of State in the United States – as shown by the fact that eleven Prime Ministers of Australia have also worked as the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The minister is seen as one of the people most responsible for formulating Australia's foreign policy, as they along with other relevant ministers advise the Prime Minister in developing and implementing foreign policy, and also acts as the government's main spokesperson on international affairs issues. In recent times, the minister also undertakes numerous international trips to meet with foreign representatives and Heads of State or Government.

List of ministers for foreign affairs
The portfolio has existed continuously since 1901, except for the period 14 November 1916 to 21 December 1921. Prior to 6 November 1970, the office was known as the Minister for External Affairs.  Between 24 July 1987 and 24 March 1993 it was known as the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Starting with the Keating government, the Trade portfolio has been administered separately by the Minister for Trade.

The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs, or any of its precedent titles:

Notes
 Also served as Prime Minister for some or all of their term.
 Barton was knighted in 1902, while serving as Minister.

List of ministers for international development and the Pacific
The Minister for International Development was responsible, in the Rudd Cabinet, for the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and the international development and humanitarian aid policies of the Commonwealth of Australia, administered through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). AusAID was abolished by the incoming prime minister, Tony Abbott, in September 2013 and under the operations of the Abbott Cabinet its functions were absorbed into DFAT.

The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for International Development and the Pacific, or any precedent title:

List of ministers assisting the minister for foreign affairs
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister assisting the Minister for Foreign Affairs or any of its precedent titles:

List of parliamentary secretaries and assistant ministers for foreign affairs
The following individuals have been appointed as parliamentary secretaries and assistant ministers for Foreign Affairs or any of its precedent titles:

List of parliamentary secretaries and assistant ministers for international development and the pacific
The following individuals have been appointed as parliamentary secretaries and assistant ministers for Foreign Affairs or any of its precedent titles:

Former ministerial titles

List of ministers for tourism
Since 1966, Australia had ministers responsible for tourism under various titles. The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Tourism, or any of its precedent titles:

See also
 List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Australia

References

External links

Foreign_Affairs
Australia

Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)


An Stelis creodantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Stelis creodantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis creodantha


Payan Bertrand S.A., connu comme Payan Bertrand, est une entreprise française, indépendante et familiale, spécialisée dans la création, la production et la commercialisation d'ingrédients naturels aromatiques et de compositions parfumées. Fondée en 1854 à Grasse, l'entreprise est labellisée Entreprise du patrimoine vivant depuis 2014.

À la suite de son acquisition en 2005, General Aromatics est devenu une marque de Payan Bertrand.

Histoire
En 1854, Honoré Payan créé une parfumerie située place de la Poissonnerie, dans le centre historique de Grasse. En 1886, Antoine Payan et Etienne Bertrand, cousins et membres de la famille du fondateur, succèdent à la tête de la parfumerie Honoré Payan et nomment leur association Payan et Bertrand. En 1893, Antoine Payan se retire du partenariat mais le nom demeure. Dès lors, l'entreprise se tourne vers la fabrication de matières premières aromatiques pour la parfumerie et la savonnerie.

L'entreprise est vendue en 1906 à l'industriel suisse Théophile Mühlethaler qui conserve le nom Payan et Bertrand. À cette même date, la société quitte le centre de Grasse pour une nouvelle usine aménagée dans le quartier Saint-Jean, siège actuel de Payan Bertrand. L'année 1922 marque l'arrivée de la famille Proal à la tête de l'entreprise, qu'elle dirige encore de nos jours.

En 1970, la société Payan Bertrand se voit décerner l'Oscar de l'Exportation par Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, alors ministre de l'Économie, à la suite du développement international de l'entreprise, notamment en Europe et en Asie. En 1973, l'entreprise reçoit le Flambeau de l'Exportation.

En décembre 2005, Payan Bertrand acquiert General Aromatics, société du bassin grassois spécialisée dans la production de compositions parfumées.

En 2014, l'entreprise reçoit le label Entreprise du patrimoine vivant, octroyé par le Ministère de l'Économie et géré par l'Institut supérieur des Métiers, qui récompense les entreprises françaises qui font perdurer les savoir-faire traditionnels d'excellence.

En 2020, l'INPI classe Payan Bertrand parmi les entreprises homologuées pour l'attribution de l'indication géographique « absolue Pays de Grasse » reconnaissant le savoir-faire artisanal d'extraction des essences de fleurs.

Payan Bertrand est membre de l'International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT), du Syndicat National des Ingrédients Aromatiques Alimentaires (SNIAA) et du Syndicat National des Industries de la Parfumerie (PRODAROM).

Références

Lien externe

 https://www.payanbertrand.com

Entreprise labellisée au titre du patrimoine vivant
Entreprise de la parfumerie
Grasse
Entreprise fondée en 1854

Payan Bertrand


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Liberia enthält die Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Liberia. Sitz der Botschaft ist in Monrovia.

Siehe auch
 Deutsche Botschaft Monrovia
 Botschafter der DDR in Liberia

Weblinks
 Website der Deutschen Botschaft Monrovia

Fußnoten und Einzelnachweise

!
Liberia
Deutschland


La route régionale 624 () est une route régionale allant de Kirri à Jyväskylä jusqu'à Vehniä à Laukaa en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 624 est une route régionale de Finlande-Centrale.
Elle est parallèle à la valtatie 4.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

624

Transport à Jyväskylä
Transport à Laukaa

Seututie 624


Die Bayerische Taekwondo Union (BTU) ist der Landesdachverband für Taekwondo in Bayern mit Sitz in München. Die BTU ist Mitglied in der Deutschen Taekwondo Union und erkennt deren Regelungen an.

Geschichte
Der Verband wurde 1982 gegründet und als Mitglied beim Bayerischen Landessportverband (BLSV) aufgenommen. Die Rechtsform ist der eingetragene Verein (e.V.).

Erfolgreiche BTU-Sportler
Die BTU hat im Laufe ihres Bestehens zahlreiche auf Weltebene erfolgreiche Aktive hervorgebracht. Darunter zählen zum Beispiel Sümeyye Manz, Helena Fromm und Georg Streif (aktueller Bundestrainer der Deutschen Taekwondo Union).

Leistungsstützpunkt
Zur Förderung des Leistungssports hat die BTU ihren Landesleistungsstützpunkt in Allgäu. Im Frühjahr 1990 wurde Taekwondo in Bayern offiziell als Schulsport anerkannt. Dadurch bieten einige Schulen diesen Sport, in denen regelmäßig der Wettkampfnachwuchs trainiert wird.

Weblinks
 Bayerische Taekwondo Union

Taekwondoverband
Sportverband (München)
Kampfsport (München)
Regionaler Sportverband (Bayern)
Gegründet 1982
Haus des Sports (München)
Taekwondo (Deutschland)

Bayerische Taekwondo Union


Le César des meilleurs effets visuels est une récompense cinématographique française décernée par l'Académie des arts et techniques du cinéma depuis 2022, dans une volonté de « saluer l'excellence de la créativité française à travers le travail des superviseurs des effets visuels d'un film ».

Introduction

Règlement
Pour qu'un film soit éligible au César des meilleurs effets visuels, en plus des conditions habituelles d'éligibilité au César du meilleur film, il doit avoir un superviseur aux effets visuels crédité au générique pour l'utilisation exclusive de « VFX Support » ou de « VFX Univers ».

Palmarès

Années 2020

 2022 : Guillaume Pondard pour Annette
 Sébastien Rame pour Aline
 Olivier Cauwet pour Eiffel
 Arnaud Fouquet et Julien Meesters pour Illusions perdues
 Martial Vallanchon pour Titane

2023 : Laurens Ehrmann pour Notre-Dame brûle
Guillaume Marien pour Les Cinq Diables
Sébastien Rame pour Fumer fait tousser
Mikaël Tanguy pour Novembre
Marco Del Bianco pour Pacifiction : Tourment sur les îles

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 César du cinéma
 Académie des arts et techniques du cinéma
 Trophée César & Techniques
 Oscar des meilleurs effets visuels
 British Academy Film Award des meilleurs effets visuels

Liens externes

 Site officiel des César
 Site officiel de l'Académie des arts et techniques du cinéma
  Les César par année sur l'Internet Movie Database

César des meilleurs effets visuels


An Ischaemum raizadae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Koppula Hemadri ngan Billore. An Ischaemum raizadae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ischaemum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ischaemum

Ischaemum raizadae


Antonieta Valeria Rivas Mercado Castellanos, née à Mexico le  et morte à Paris  le , mieux connue sous le nom d'Antonieta Rivas Mercado, est une actrice, mécène, écrivaine, promotrice culturelle, défenseure des droits des femmes et militante politique, et une icône dans la culture mexicaine du .

Biographie
Rivas Mercado est née à Mexico en 1900, dans la Colonia Guerrero, un quartier limitrophe du Centre historique de Mexico. Son nom complet est Antonieta Valeria Rivas Castellanos et elle est la deuxième fille d'Antonio Rivas Mercado (1853), architecte, et de Matilde Cristina Castellanos Haff (1869). Dès son plus jeune âge, Antonieta reçoit la meilleure éducation qu'une femme mexicaine de l'époque peut avoir et pratique la danse. À l'âge de huit ans, elle voyage en France avec son père et souhaite se consacrer au ballet à l'Opéra de Paris, mais son père le lui refuse car il ne voulait pas laisser sa fille seule à Paris. Antonieta parle anglais, français, allemand, italien et grec.

Elle est encore enfant quand la Révolution mexicaine éclate et elle doit faire face à la situation difficile de rester responsable de la maison de sa famille depuis que sa mère est partie en Europe pour suivre un amant.

Le , à l'âge de 18 ans, elle épouse Albert Edward Blair (1890), un Anglais qui vivait aux États-Unis depuis l'âge de 10 ans. Blair est plutôt conservateur mais participe à la Révolution mexicaine car il est ami des frères Gustavo et Francisco I. Madero, d'éminents idéologues et dirigeants de la Révolution. Leur fils Donald Antonio naît le . Fin 1921, le couple vit dans l'un des domaines des Madero à San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila où Antonieta mène une vie paisible à la campagne. Le mariage n'ayant pas fonctionné, Antonieta retourne dans sa maison paternelle où vivent encore ses frères Amelia et Mario. Au début, son mari la cherche mais plus tard ils se séparent car Albert participe en politique et désapprouve l'amitié d'Antonieta avec Diego Rivera, un peintre mexicain bien connu, aux tendances nationalistes et socialistes. D' à , Antonieta et son fils voyagent en Europe à l'invitation de leur père Antonio Rivas Mercado. À leur retour, les problèmes commencent en raison de la séparation conjugale, puisqu'Antonieta a dû se battre pour la garde de son fils, ce qui la fatigue énormément.

En 1928, Antonieta fonde le Teatro Ulises, un groupe de théâtre expérimental mexicain, actif entre janvier et , et a fait partie de la direction de l'Orchestre symphonique de Mexico sous la direction de Carlos Chávez. En outre, elle est devenue le mécène de personnages tels que Andrés Henestrosa, Xavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo, Gilberto Owen, Celestino Gorostiza, María Tereza Montoya, Roberto Montenegro, Julio Castellanos, Lupe Medina de Ortega, Clementina Otero, Carlos Luquín, Julio Jiménez Rueda et le peintre Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, qui est son amour platonique.

Elle faisait partie de Los Contemporáneos, un cercle des artistes et intellectuels qui ont renouvelé la culture mexicaine à la fin de la révolution. Rivas Mercado a écrit pour le magazine de Los Contemporáneos et le périodique espagnol El Sol. Elle tomba éperdument amoureuse de son ami, le peintre Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, une affection qui n'était pas réciproque.

Antonieta joue un rôle de premier plan dans la candidature présidentielle de José Vasconcelos, dont elle est la partenaire sentimentale dans les années 1928 et 1929, au moins. Lorsque Vasconcelos a été vaincu (par une scandaleuse fraude électorale contre lui), Rivas Mercado s'exile successivement à New York et Paris, où elle a travaillé comme écrivain et journaliste. Son histoire d'amour avec Vasconcelos s'avère également infructueuse, puisque Vasconcelos est marié. En 1931, Antonieta suit Vasconcelos à Paris et, une fois rejetée se suicide le , à l'intérieur de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris avec le pistolet qu'il portait toujours sur lui.

Sa vie et sa mort tragique dans la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris inspirent le film franco-mexicain-espagnol Antonieta, réalisé par Carlos Saura, avec l'actrice française Isabelle Adjani dans le rôle principal..

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .

Références

Liens externes

Féministe mexicaine
Femme de lettres mexicaine
Naissance à Mexico
Naissance en avril 1900
Décès dans le 4e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en février 1931
Décès à 30 ans

Antonieta Rivas Mercado


Republika Hrvatska i Republika Filipini održavaju diplomatske odnose od 25. veljače 1993. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Jakarti.

Veleposlanici
Hrvatska nema rezidentno veleposlanstvo na Filipinima. Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Republici Indoneziji pokriva Republiku Filipini, Republiku Singapur i Kraljevinu Tajland.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Filipini na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Filipini

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika na Filipinima


Aqualorius er en børnefilm fra 2009 instrueret af Nikolaj Tarp efter eget manuskript.

Handling
For 20 år siden forsvandt to drenge i svømmehallen på Hulgårdsskolen. Blandt eleverne går der historier om, at der på bunden af bassinet lever et monster. Skolens mobbeoffer, 11-årige Lars, har skrevet et kærestebrev til den ældre pige, Sherin. Da Sherins kæreste, skolens værste skurk, finder brevet, tvinger han Lars til at svømme ned på bunden af svømmehallen efter en skinnende mønt. Men Lars er overbevist om, at monsteret Aqualorius venter i dybet...

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

Aqualorius


Sanja Zubčić je hrvatska jezikoslovka, filologinja, paleoslavistkinja, kroatistica, dijalektologinja i akcentologinja. Autor je nekoliko radova o govorima hrvatskog iseljeništva.

Životopis
Doktorirala 2006. godine temom 'Akcenatski tipovi imenica i glagola u sjeverozapadnim čakavskim govorima (sinkronijski i dijakronijski aspekt)'. Članica je Stručnoga vijeća Riječke kroatističke škole i članica predsjedništva Katedre Čakavskoga sabora Grobnišćine.

Glavna djela
 "Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju", Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, 2017.
 "Grobnički govor XX. stoljeća (gramatika i rječnik)", Rijeka, 2007. (s Ivom Lukežić i Silvanom Vranić);

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Tko je tko u hrvatskoj znanosti
Google znalac
Znanstveni centar izvrsnosti za hrvatsko glagoljaštvo

Životopisi, Rijeka
Hrvatski jezikoslovci
Hrvatski filolozi
Hrvatski dijalektolozi

Sanja Zubčić


Daire, bir çember ile sınırlandırılmış geometrik alan demekle birlikte ayrıca şu manalara da gelebilir:

 Apartman dairesi, apartmanları meydana getiren konutlardan her biri.
 Daire (film), 2014 tarihli Atıl İnaç filmi.
 Devlet dairesi, kamuya ait resmî işlerin halledildiği ofis

Daire (anlam ayrımı)