Federico García Lorca (5 Haziran 1898 – 19 Ağustos 1936) İspanyol şair ve oyun yazarı, aynı zamanda ressam, piyanist ve bestecidir.  27 kuşağının ("Generación del 27") sembol üyelerinden birisidir. İspanya İç Savaşı'nın başlangıcında 38 yaşında iken öldürülmüştür.

Yaşamı
1898 yılında, İspanya'nın Granada bölgesindeki Fuente Vaqueros kentinde doğan İspanyol şair Lorca, yüzyılının en büyük iki İspanyol şairinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Lorca'nın başarısında çocukluğunun büyük payı vardır. Granada'nın Fuentevaqueros kasabasında, varlıklı bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya gelen Lorca'nın babası ateşli, canlı, neşeli bir adam; annesi ise sessiz ve ağırbaşlı bir kadındı. 1928'de yazdığı Romancero gitano (Çingene Baladı) ile ün kazanan Lorca, Salvador Dalí ile birlikte İspanya'nın çağdaşlaşması için çalışan sanat adamlarından birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

Şiirde, politikada ve ahlak anlayışında modernliğin savunucusu olan Lorca, eşcinsel olması nedeniyle Katolik Kilisesi ile arasının açılmasına neden olur. 1918'de, Burjuvazi sınıfını, yeryüzünü şiirle doldurmuş olan İsa'yı katletmekle suçlayan Lorca, geçtiğimiz günlerde gelmiş geçmiş en başarılı edebiyat eseri seçilen Cervantes'in Don Quixote (Don Kişot)'u bir İsa figürü olarak ele alanlara katılır. Şair kavramını acılar çekmesi gereken bir kimse ile özdeşleştiren Lorca, İsa'nın hem katledilişini kınar, hem de kanının akması gerektiğini ifade eder.

"New York'ta Bir Şair" adlı eserinde Manhattan'ı, cesede doymayan bir mezbahaya benzeten Lorca, "hayvanların can çekişenler için öldürülüşünü" kaleme alarak kafasındaki batı anlayışına yönelik eleştirel yaklaşımlarını göz önüne serer. Lorca ve "Deli" lakaplı Salvador Dali, vücuduna saplanan oklar ile tasvir edilen Katolik Ermişi Aziz Sebastian (Rafael)'ı Aziz Yansızlık olarak yapıtlarında tasvir ederler. Dostlarınca apolitik bir sanatçı olarak nitelenen ve herhangi bir görüşe organik bağlarla bağlanmayan Lorca, yazdığı Yerma ve Bernarda Alba'nın Evi isimli oyunlarda ise Katolik Kilisesi, yükselen Nazizm ve milliyetçilik akımlarına karşı olan tutumunu yansıttı. Giyim kuşamında ve evinin dekorasyonunda ölüm ile özdeşleştirdiği beyaz rengi tercih eden şair, burjuva tarzı zevkler ve milliyetçilik ile çatışan çalışmalar yapmakta ve Franco'cuları masumiyeti katletmekle suçlamaktaydı.

Şiirlerinin yanı sıra tiyatro için yazdığı ve sahnelediği oyunlarla da ünlenen Lorca, eserlerinde hastalık hastalığını ve ölümü üzerine senaryolarını Kanlı Düğün (Blood Wedding, 1935), Yerma (1937) ve şiirlerinde başarı ile yansıtmış; ölüm - yaşam, verimlilik - kısırlık gibi çelişkiler arasındaki inişli çıkışlı çizgiyi başarı ile yakalamıştır.

19 Ağustos 1936'da doğduğu yörede hala aydınlığa kavuşturulamamış bir şekilde öldürülen Lorca, uluslararası camiada - özellikle de bir dönem yaşadığı Arjantin'de oldukça büyük bir yas ve öldürülüşüne duyulan tepki ile - alanında idolleşmiş, saygın fakat marjinal bir edebiyat adamı olarak hatırlanmaktadır.

Eserlerinin dünya çapında tanınmasının sebebi Lorca'nın geleneksel İspanyol kültürü ile çağdaş yaşamın sorunlarını içtenlikle işlemiş olmasıdır. Şiirlerindeki yaşama coşkusunu, doğa sevgisini, hüzün dolu duyguları her insan tanır ve kendine yakın bulur.

Lorca'nın sade ve derinlikli şiirleri, geniş kitlelerce kabul görmüştür. Sürrealist bir ressam olan Salvador Dali ve yönetmen Luis Bunuel 'in yakın arkadaşıdır.

Eserleri

Şiir
 Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes, 1918)
 Poema del cante jondo (Poem of Deep Song, 1921)
 Libro de poemas Book of Poem, 1921)
 Oda a Salvador Dali (Ode to Salvador Dalí, 1926)
 Canción de jinete (Songs, 1927)
 Primer romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928)
 Poeta en Nueva York (A Poet in New York,)
 Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, 1935)
 Seis poemas gallegos (Six Galician poems, 1935)
 Diván del Tamarit (The Diván of Tamarit, 1936)
 Sonetos del amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love, 1936)
 Primeras canciones (First Songs, 1936)

Tiyatro
 El Maleficio De La Mariposa (The Butterfly's Evil Spell, 1919-1920)
 Los Títeres de Cachiporra (The Billy-Club Puppets, 1922-1925)
 Mariana Pineda (1923-1925)
 La zapatera prodigiosa  (The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife, 1926-1930)
 Amor de Don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín (The Love of Don Perlimplín, 1928-1933)
 El público (The Public, 1929-1930)
 Así que pasen cinco años (When Five Years Pass, 1931)
 Retablillo de Don Cristóbal (The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal, 1931)
 Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding, 1932) (Kanlı Düğün)
 Yerma (1934)
 Doña Rosita la soltera (Doña Rosita the Spinster, 1935)
 Comedia sin título  (Play Without a Title, 1935) (yarım)
 La casa de Bernarda (The House of Bernarda Alba, 19 Haziran 1936)

Kısa Oyunlar
 El paseo de Buster Keaton (Buster Keaton goes for a stroll, 1928)
 La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante (The Maiden, The Sailor and The Student, 1928)
 Quimera (Dream, 1928)

Senaryo
 Viaje a la luna (Trip to the Moon, 1929)

Sinema ve televizyonda Lorca
 1. Los Abajo firmantes (With George Bush on My Mind) (2003) (Lorca'nın oyunundan sinemaya)
 2. Lorca, Santiago y seis poemas gallegos (1999) Kısa film (Şiirlerinden sinemaya)
 3. Yerma (1998) (oyundan sinemaya) İspanyol yapımı.
 4. Viaje a la luna (1998) (yazar) İspanyol yapımı kısa film.
 5. "Función de noche" (La zapatera prodigiosa) (1 episode, 1996)  TV episode (oyundan TV'ye)
 6. Zapatera prodigiosa, La (1995) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 7. Bernarda Albas Haus (1994) (TV) (play "The House of Bernarda Alba")
 8. Barraca. Lorca sobre los caminos de España, La (1994) (TV) (plays)
 9. Blind Grace (1993) (opening poem "Christmas on the Hudson") ABD yapımı
 10. The House of Bernarda Alba (1991) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 11. Rukmavati Ki Haveli (Rukvamati's Mansion) (1991) (oyundan sinemaya)
 12. Casa de Bernarda Alba, La (1987) (oyundan sinemaya)
 13. Yerma (1985) (oyundan sinemaya)
 14. "Proceso a Mariana Pineda" (1984) TV mini-serisi (oyundan sinemaya)
 15. Balcón abierto, El (1984) (writer)
 16. Dona Rozita (1984) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 17. "Estudio 1" (1. bölüm, 1983) - Mariana Pineda (1983) TV episode (oyundan sinemaya)
 18. Casa de Bernarda Alba, La (1982) (oyundan sinemaya)
 19. Debi Tskvdiadshi (La Casa de Bernarda Alba) (1982) (SSCB TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 20. Bodas de Sangre (1981) (Carlos Saura tarafından oyundan sinemaya)
 21. Yerma (1978) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 22. "Play for Today" (1. bölüm, 1976) - The House of Bernarda Alba (1976) dizi bölümü (oyundan TV'ye)
 23. Noces de sang (1976) (oyundan sinemaya)
 24. Casa de Bernarda Alba, La (1974) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 25. "Zenés TV színház" (Bodas de Sangre) (1 episode, 1974)- Vérnász (1974) dizi bölümü
 26. Yerma (1974) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 27. Frøken Rosita - Blomsternes sprog (1970) (Danimarka TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 28. Don Christobal of de klucht met de knuppel (1969) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 29. Frøken Rosita (1969) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 30. Zorongo (Recordando a García Lorca) (1969) (şiir)
 31. Don Christobal og Rosita (1967) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 32. Don Perlimplins kærlighed til Belisa (1966) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 33. Yerma (1966) (TV) (writer)
 34. Yerma (1965) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 35. Mariana Pineda (1965) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 36. Blodsbröllop (1965) (TV) (yazar)
 37. Doña Rosita, la soltera (1965) (oyundan TV'ye)
 38. Bernardas hus (1964) (TV) (Oyun "La Casa de Bernarda Alba")
 39. Huis van Bernarda Alba, Het (1963) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 40. Nozze di sangue (1963) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 41. Mariana Pineda (1963) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 42. Yerma (1963) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 43. Cogida y la muerte, La (1963) (şiir "Llanto por la muerte...")
 44. Thamar en Amnon (1962) (şiir "Thamar y Amnón")
 45. Jerma (1961) (TV) (yazar)
 46. Fröken Rosita (1960) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 47. "Play of the Week" (1 episode, 1960) - The House of Bernarda Alba (1960) dizi bölümü (oyundan TV'ye)
 48. "ITV Play of the Week" (1 episode, 1960)- The House of Bernarda Alba (1960) dizi bölümü *(oyundan TV'ye)
 49. Treurzang voor Ignacio Sanchez Mejias (1960) (TV) (poem)
 50. House of Bernarda Alba (1960) (TV) (oyundan sinemaya)
 51. Huis van Bernarda Alba, Het (1959) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 52. "Armchair Theatre" (1 bölüm, 1958) - The House of Bernarda Alba (1960) dizi bölümü (oyundan TV'ye)
 53. Bernarda Albas Haus (1957) (TV) (oyundan TV'ye)
 54. Eto nachinalos tak...(It Began This Way) (1956) (yazar) (as S. Garbuzov)
 55. Bodas de sangre (1938) (oyundan sinemaya)
 56. A Federico García Lorca (1937) (şiirler "La casada infiel" ve "Prendimiento de Antoñito el Camborio")

Ayrıca bakınız
 Federico García Lorca Ev Müzesi
 Federico García Lorca Parkı
 İspanya İç Savaşı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Lorca'nın bir şiiri: Roma'ya Doğru Haykırış
 Film: "Little Ashes" Dali ve Lorca'nın yaşam çizgilerinin kesiştiği dönemi anlatan bağımsız bir yapıt
 Büyük bir İsmin Küçük bir Şehirde Öldürülüşü

Federico García Lorca
1898 doğumlular
Granada (il) doğumlular
1936 yılında ölenler
İspanyol şairler
İspanyol oyun yazarları
İspanya'da LGBT kişiler
LGBT yazarlar
LGBT şairler
Sürrealist şairler
Suikast sonucu ölen yazarlar
İdam edilmiş yazarlar
Gey şairler

Federico García Lorca


202686 Birkfellner este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
202686 Birkfellner este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Gaisberg de Richard Gierlinger. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 5,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 202001-203000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2007
Centura de asteroizi

202686 Birkfellner


Amahl William D'vaz Pellegrino (Drammen, 18 de junho de 1990) é um futebolista profissional norueguês que atua como ponta-esquerda. Atualmente, joga no Bodø/Glimt.

Carreira
Revelado pelo Drammen FK, equipe de sua cidade natal, Pellegrino defendeu o Bærum entre 2012 e 2014, ano em que assinou com o Lillestrøm. Pelo LSK, foram 23 partidas (20 pela Eliteserien e 3 Copa da Noruega) e 3 gols (todos pela Copa).

Defendeu ainda o Mjøndalen por 3 temporadas (77 jogos e 30 gols no total), sendo contratado pelo Strømsgodset em 2018, onde atuou em 48 partidas oficiais e marcou 8 gols. Passou também por Kristiansund e Damac (Arábia Saudita) até 2021, assinando com o Bodø/Glimt, sagrando-se campeão norueguês no mesmo ano.

Vida pessoal
Nascido em Drammen, Pellegrino possui ascendências italiana e tanzaniana.

Títulos
 Bodø/Glimt
 Eliteserien: 2021

Ligações externas
 Perfil de Amahl Pellegrino - OGol.com.br

Naturais de Drammen
Futebolistas da Noruega
Futebolistas do Strømsgodset IF
Futebolistas do FK Bodø/Glimt

Amahl Pellegrino


Yukarıçiçekli, Adana ilinin Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 10 km, Yüreğir ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yüreğir'in mahalleleri

Yukarıçiçekli, Yüreğir


රෝම හමුදාවේ සංග්‍රාම ඉතිහාසය

ඉතාලියේ ප‍්‍රධාන නගරය වූ සහ ක‍්‍රි: පූ: 9 වන සියවසේ සිට ක‍්‍රි: ව: 5 වන සියවස තෙක් යුරෝපා ආසියාව සහ උතුරු අප‍්‍රිකාව පාලනය කළ ඓතිහාසික රෝමයේ ඉතිහාසය බැඳී පවතින්නේ යුද ඉතිහාසයත් සමග ය. මෙම ඉතිහාසය වනාහී, රෝම හමුදාවේ ගොඩබිම් සටන් වේ. මෙම සටන් ඉතාලි අර්ධ ද්වීපයේ අසල්වැසියන් යටත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසුව දියත් කළ මූලික ආරක්ෂක සටන්වලින් ආරම්භ වී අධිරාජ්‍ය නැගෙනහිර හා බටහිර ලෙස වෙන්වීමෙන් පසුව හන්, වැන්ඩල් හා ජර්මානු ගෝත‍්‍රවල ආක‍්‍රමණවලින් ආරක්ෂාවීමට දියත් කළ අවසන් අරගලය දක්වා දිවේ. රෝම හමුදා ඉතිහාසය තුළ මධ්‍යධරණි මුහුද වටා ඇති භූමිය යටත් කර ගැනීමට කරන ලද සටන් හැරුණු කොට, මුහුදු සංග‍්‍රාම ඉතා අවම ය. ඊට හේතුව නම්, පළමු පියුනික් යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව එහි නෞවක ආධිපත්‍යයට තර්ජනයක් එල්ල නොවීමය.

රෝම හමුදාව මුලින්ම සටන් කළේ සිය අසල්වැසියන් සහ එත‍්‍රැස්කාන් :ෑඑරමිජ්බ* නගරවලට එරෙහිව ය. පසුව මධ්‍යධරණි කලාපයේ සහ ඉන් අනතුරුව බි‍්‍රතාන්‍යය හා සුළු ආසියාව  :්ිස් – පසබදර* යන ප‍්‍රදේශවලට පැතුරුණි. බොහෝ ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල මෙන් රෝම හමුදාව ද කරුණු 3ක් සඳහා සේවය කළේය. එනම්, දේශසීමා ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීම, යටත් වැසියන් මත ආධිපත්‍යය පැතිරවීම සහ අභ්‍යන්තර සාමය පවත්වාගෙන යාමයි. මුල සිටම රෝම හමුදාව මෙය ආදර්ශයක් ලෙස පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අතර, එහි සංග‍්‍රාම මින් හේතු එකක් හෝ දෙකක් මත පදනම් විය. පළමුව, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප‍්‍රති ප‍්‍රහාර වැළැක්වීමක් ලෙස ආරම්භ කළ දේශසීමා පුළුල් කිරීමේ සටන් ය. මෙමගින් විශාල භූමි ප‍්‍රමාණ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ හැකියාව ලැබුණු අතර, ලොව ජනගහණයෙන් 10/4ක් පදිංචිව සිටින තරම් වූ බිම් ප‍්‍රමාණයක් සහිත ලොව තුන්වන විශාලතම අධිරාජ්‍යය බවට පත් විය. දෙවනුව, රෝමයේ ආරම්භක යුගයේ සිට බිඳ වැටෙන තෙක් එය පීඩාවට පත් කළ සිවිල් යුද්ධයයි.

රෝම හමුදාවන් ගැන තිබූ භයානක අදහස් හා ඔවුන්ගේ ජයග‍්‍රහණ මාලාව කෙසේ වුවද, ඔවුන් පරාජය කළ නොහැකි වූවන් නොවීය. ශත වර්ෂ ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ඔවුහු සිය නොහැකියාවන් ගොඩ නඟාගත් අතර, එය ඔවුන්ගේ අන්ත පරාජයන්ට මඟ පෙන්වීය. එසේ වුවත්, සටන් ජයග‍්‍රහණය කරන නමුත්. යුද්ධයෙන් පරාජය වීම වූ කලී රෝමයේ සතුරන් වූ පයිරස්වරුන්ගේ හා හැනිබාල්වරුන්ගේ ද ඉරණම විය. රෝම සංග‍්‍රාම ඉතිහාසය යනු අන් කිසිවක් නොව, අන්ත පරාජයන් යටපත් කරන ලද අප‍්‍රතිහත ධෛර්්‍යය පිළිබඳ ඉතිහාසයය

සටහන්

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රෝම හමුදාව


Aceasta este o listă de scrieri literare utopice. O utopie este o comunitate sau o societate care posedă calități extrem de dorite sau perfecte. Este o temă literară obișnuită, în special în ficțiunea speculativă și în științifico-fantastic .

Înainte de secolul al XVI-lea
Cuvântul "utopia" a fost inventat din limba greacă  de către Sir Thomas More pentru cartea sa din 1516, Utopia, dar genul are rădăcini datând încă din antichitate.

 Republica (aproximativ 370-360 î.Hr.) de Platon - Una dintre primele concepții despre o utopie.
 Legile (360 î.Hr.) de Platon
 Republica (aproximativ 300 î.Hr.) de Zeno din Kition, o societate ideală bazată pe principiile stoicismului .
 Istoria sacră (circa 300 î.Hr.) de Euhemerus - descrie paradisul insulei rațiunii Panchaea
 Insulele Soarelui (aproximativ 165-50 î.Hr.) de Iambulus - roman utopic care descrie trăsăturile și locuitorii insulei titulare
 Viața lui Lycurgus (circa 100 î.Hr.) de către Plutarh
 Tao Hua Yuan  (421 CE) de către Tao Yuanming
 Orașul virtuos (Al-Madina al-Fadila) de Al-Farabi (874-950) - O poveste despre Medina ca o societate ideală condusă de profetul Mohamed
 Cartea cetății doamnelor (1404) de Christine de Pizan - cea mai veche lucrare europeană despre istoria femeii scrisă de către o femeie  și care despre un oraș utopic construit exclusiv de femei.

Secolele XVI-XVII

 Utopia (1516) de Thomas More .
 Wolfaria (1521) de către Johann Eberlin von Günzburg - o utopie luterană care a impus pedepse dure asupra păcătoșilor
 La Città felice (1553) de Francesco Patrizi
 A Work touching the Good Ordering of a Common Weal (1559) de Joannes Ferrarius Montanus
 Siuqila: prea bine să fii adevărat (1580) de Thomas Lupton
 La Citta del Sole (ulterior publicată sub numele de Civitas solis) (1602) de Tommaso Campanella
 Il Belluzzi, o vero della citta felice (1615) de Lodovico Zuccolo
 Histoire du Grand et admirabila Royaume d'Antangil (1616) atribuită lui Jean de Moncy - descrierea detaliată a ordinii insulei Antangil, cu o republică clasică și mai multe verificări asupra puterii [politice]
 Christianopolis (Reipublicae Christianopolitanae descriptio) (1619) de Johann Valentin Andreae
 Cetatea Soarelui (1623) de Tommaso Campanella - prezintă o societate teocratică și egalitară.
 La Repubblica d'Evandria (1625) de Lodovico Zuccolo
 New Atlantis (1627) de Sir Francis Bacon
 The Man in the Moone (1638) de Francis Godwin
 O descriere a Regatului celebru al lui Macaria (1641) de Samuel Hartlib
 Marcaria (1641) de Gabriel Plattes
 Nova Solyma (1648) de Samuel Gott
 The Law of Freedom in a Platform (1652) a lui Gerrard Winstanley - o viziune comunistă radicală a unei stări ideale
 Gargantua și Pantagruel (aproximativ 1653-1694) de François Rabelais
 The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656) de James Harrington - o republică utopică constituționalistă în care o alocare echilibrată a terenurilor a asigurat un guvern echilibrat
 Istoria comică a statelor și imperiile Lunii (Histoire Comique Contenant les Etats et Imperii de la Lune) (1657) de Cyrano de Bergerac
 The Blazing World(1666) de Margaret Cavendish - descrie o societate utopică într-o poveste care amestecă science-fiction, aventura și autobiografia.
 The Isle of Pines  (1668) de Henry Neville -Cinci persoane naufragiate pe o insulă idilică din emisfera sudică.
 The History of the Sevarites or Sevarambi (1675) de Denis Vairasse
 La Terre Australe connue (1676) de Gabriel de Foigny
 Sinapia (1682)
 The Adventures of Telemachus (1699) de Francois de Salignac de la Mothe Fenelon

Secolul al XVIII-lea

 Robinson Crusoe (1719) de Daniel Defoe
 Călătoriile lui Gulliver (1726) de Jonathan Swift
 Aventurile lui Sig. Gaudentio di Lucca (1737) de Simon Berington
 Viața și aventurile lui Peter Wilkins (1751) de Robert Paltock
 A General Idea of the College of Mirania (1753) de William Smith - descrie un sistem educațional eutopian. Aceasta este cea mai timpurie utopie cunoscută publicată în Statele Unite.
 A Vindication of Natural Society(1756) de Edmund Burke
 Rasselas (1759) de Samuel Johnson
 Millenium Hall (1762) de Sarah Scott
 An Account of the First Settlement ... of the Cessares (1764) de James Burgh
  L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais (1771) de Louis-Sébastien Mercier
 Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (1772) de Denis Diderot - Un set de dialoguri filosofice scrise de Denis Diderot, inspirate de Voyage autour du monde de Louis Antoine de Bougainville. Diderot prezintă descrierile lui Bougainville despre Tahiti ca pe o utopie, în contrast cu cultura europeană.
 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice - Ancheta privind justiția politică (1793) de William Godwin
 Description of Spensonia (1795) de Thomas Spence

Secolul al XIX-lea

 Teoria celor patru mișcări (1808) de Charles Fourier
 The Empire of the Nairs (1811) de James Henry Lawrence
 Călătoria către Icaria (1842) de Étienne Cabet - Inspirat de mișcarea Icarilor
 Frați și surori (în ; 1848) de Fredrika Bremer
 Vril, puterea rasei viitoare (1871) de Edward Bulwer-Lytton este un roman utopic cu o societate cooperativă superioară subterană.
 Erewhon (1872) de Samuel Butler - roman utopic satiric cu elemente distopice stabilite în Alpii de Sud, Noua Zeelandă.
 Mizora, (1880-81) de Mary E. Bradley Lane

 A Crystal Age (1887), de W.H. Hudson - Un ornitolog și botanist amator cade într-o crăpătură și se trezește cu veacuri mai târziu, într-o lume în care oamenii trăiesc în familii, în armonie unul cu celălalt și cu animalele; dar, în această lume reproducerea, emoțiile și caracteristicile sexuale secundare sunt reprimate, cu excepția bărbaților și femelelor alfa.
 Looking Backward (1888) de Edward Bellamy
 Freeland (1890) de Theodor Hertzka
 Gloriana, sau Revoluția din 1900 (1890) de Lady Florence Dixie - Protagonistul feminin se dă drept bărbat, Hector l'Estrange, acesta este ales în Camera Comunelor și obține dreptul de vot al femeilor. Cartea se încheie în anul 1999, cu o descriere a unei țări prospere și pașnice, guvernată de femei.
 Noutăți din Nicăieri (1892) de William Morris - "Nowhere - Nicăieri" este un loc fără politică, o societate viitoare bazată pe proprietatea comună și controlul democratic al mijloacelor de producție.
 2894 sau The Fossil Man (1894) de Walter Browne
 Un călător pentru Altruria - A Traveler from Altruria (1894) de William Dean Howells
 Equality - Egalitate (1897) de Edward Bellamy
 Der Zukunftsstaat: Produktion und Konsum im Sozialstaat - Statul viitor: producția și consumul în statul socialist. (1898) de Kārlis Balodis - a adoptat pseudonimul Ballod-Atlanticus din cartea lui Bacon Nova Atlantis (1627)

Secolele XX-XXI

 NEQUA sau The Problem of the Ages de Jack Adams - Un roman feminist science fiction utopic tipărit în Topeka, Kansas în 1900.
 A Modern Utopia - Utopia modernă (1905) de HG Wells - O utopie imaginară, progresivă la scară planetară în care mediul social și tehnologic se află într-o continuă îmbunătățire, un stat mondial deține toate sursele terestre și toată puterea, constrângere pozitivă și munca fizică este eliminată, libertatea generală este asigurată și o ordine deschisă, voluntară a regulilor "samuraiului".
 The Millennium: A Comedy of the Year 2000 - Mileniul: o comedie a anului 2000 de Upton Sinclair. Un roman în care capitalismul își găsește zenitul cu construcția Palatului de Plăceri. În timpul marii deschideri, o explozie ucide toată lumea de pe planetă, cu excepția a unsprezece persoane din Palatul de Plăceri. Supraviețuitorii se luptă să-și reconstruiască viața prin crearea unei societăți capitaliste. După ce eșuează, ei creează o societate utopică de succes "Cooperative Commonwealth" și trăiesc fericit pentru totdeauna după aceea.
 Herland (1915) de Charlotte Perkins Gilman - O societate izolată a femeilor care se reproduc asexuat a stabilit un stat ideal care respectă educația, un stat fără război și fără planuri de dominație.
 The New Moon: A Romance of Reconstruction (1918) de Oliver Onions
 The Islands of Wisdom - Insulele înțelepciunii (1922) de Alexander Moszkowski - În roman sunt explorate diverse insule utopice și distopice care încorporează idei social-politice ale filosofiei europene. Filosofiile sunt duse la extrem pentru absurditățile lor atunci când sunt puse în practică. De asemenea, dispune de o "insulă de tehnologie" care anticipează telefoanele mobile, energia nucleară, o limbă scurtă concentrată de comunicare care salvează timpul de discuție și o mecanizare profundă a vieții.
 Men Like Gods (1923) de H.G. Wells - Bărbați și femei într-un univers alternativ fără guvern mondial într-o perfectă stare de anarhie ("Educația noastră este guvernul nostru", spune un utopic pe nume Lion) sectele religioase, ca și politicile, au murit, iar cercetarea științifică avansată înflorește; viața este guvernată de "Cinci Principii ale Libertății", care sunt intimitatea, libertatea de mișcare, cunoașterea nelimitată, veridicitatea și libertatea de a discuta și a critica.
 Război cu salamandrele (1936) de Karel Čapek - roman științifico-fantastic satiric.
 For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs (1938, publicată în 2003) de Robert A. Heinlein - Un roman utopic futurist care explică opiniile practice despre iubire, libertate, conducere, guvern și economie.
 Islandia (1942) de Austin Tappan Wright - O insulă imaginară în emisfera sudică, o utopie care conține multe elemente arcadiene, inclusiv o politică de izolare față de lumea exterioară și o respingere a industrializării.
 Walden Two (1948) de B. F. Skinner - O comunitate în care fiecare aspect al vieții este supus unei testări științifice riguroase. Un profesor și colegii săi pun la îndoială eficacitatea comunității începută de un om excentric pe nume T.E. Frazier.
 Sfârșitul copilăriei (1954) de Arthur C. Clarke - Ființe extraterestre ghidează omenirea spre o societate mai productivă și mai avansată din punct de vedere tehnologic, permițând oamenilor să își extindă capacitățile mentale.
 Island (1962) de Aldous Huxley - Prezintă povestea lui Will Farnaby, un jurnalist cinic, care naufragiază pe insula fictivă Pala unde întâlnește o cultură și tradiții unice care creează o societate utopică.
 Eutopia (1967) de Poul Anderson
 Ecotopia : The Notebooks and Reports of William Westo (1975) de Ernest Callenbach - Utopie ecologică în care Pacificul de Nord-Vest s-a separat de uniune pentru a înființa o nouă societate.
 Woman on the Edge of Time - Femeia de la marginea timpului (1976) de Marge Piercy - Povestea unei femei de vârstă mijlocie, hispanică, care are viziuni asupra a două viitoruri alternative, unul utopic și celălalt distopic.
 The Probability Broach (1980) de L. Neil Smith - Utopie libertariană sau anarhică
 Voyage from Yesteryear (1982) de James P. Hogan - O economie post-deficit în care banii și posesiunile materiale sunt lipsite de sens.
 Always Coming Home (1985) de Ursula K. Le Guin - O combinație de antropologie fictivă și ficțiune despre o societate din California în viitorul îndepărtat.
 Seria Culture (1987-2012) de Iain M. Banks - O serie de romane din și în jurul Culturii, o societate anarhistă utopică multi-planetară.
 Pacific Edge (1990) de Kim Stanley Robinson - Amplasat în El Modena, California în 2065, povestea descrie un proces de transformare de la sfârșitul secolului al XX-lea într-un viitor ecologic sănătos.
 The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993) de Starhawk - Un roman post-apocaliptic reprezentând două societăți, o economie durabilă bazată pe justiție socială și vecina sa, o teocrație militaristă și intolerantă.
 3001: Odiseea finală (1997) de Arthur C. Clarke - descrie societatea umană în 3001 așa cum o vede un astronaut înghețat timp de o mie de ani.
 Aria (2001-2008) de Kozue Amano - O serie manga si anime, care are loc pe versiunea terraformată a planetei Marte în secolul al 24-lea. Principalul personaj, Akari, este un gondolier stagiar care lucrează în orașul Noua-Veneție, bazat pe Veneția modernă.
 Manna (2003) de Marshall Brain - eseu care explorează mai multe probleme în tehnologia informației moderne și interfețele utilizatorilor, inclusiv unele din jurul transumanismului. Unele dintre previziunile sale, cum ar fi proliferarea automatizării și inteligența artificială în industria fast-food-ului, devin adevărate ani mai târziu. A doua jumătate a cărții descrie o societate utopică perfectă.

Vezi și
 Listă de scrieri distopice

Referințe

Ficțiune utopică
Liste de cărți

Listă de scrieri utopice


Donald Allan Dunstan  (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was an Australian politician who served as the 35th premier of South Australia from 1967 to 1968, and again from 1970 to 1979. He was a member of the House of Assembly (MHA) for the division of Norwood from 1953 to 1979, and leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party from 1967 to 1979. Before becoming premier, Dunstan served as the 38th attorney-general of South Australia and the treasurer of South Australia. He is the fourth longest serving premier in South Australian history.

In the late 1950s, Dunstan became well known for his campaign against the death penalty being imposed on Max Stuart, who was convicted of rape and murder of a small girl, opposing then-Premier Thomas Playford over the matter. During Labor's time in opposition, Dunstan was prominent in securing some reforms in Aboriginal rights and in Labor abandoning the White Australia policy. Dunstan became Attorney-General after the 1965 election, and replaced the older Frank Walsh as premier in 1967. Despite maintaining a much larger vote over the Liberal and Country League (LCL), Labor lost two seats at the 1968 election, with the LCL forming government with support of an independent. Dunstan responded by increasing his attacks on the Playmander, convincing the LCL into watering down the malapportionment. With little change in Labor's vote but with the Playmander removed, Labor won 27 of 47 seats at the 1970 election, and again in 1973, 1975, and 1977.

Dunstan's socially progressive administration saw Aboriginal land rights recognised, homosexuality decriminalised, the first female judge (Dame Roma Mitchell) appointed, the first non-British governor, Sir Mark Oliphant, and later the first Indigenous governor, Sir Douglas Nicholls. He enacted consumer protection laws, reformed and expanded the public education and health systems, abolished the death penalty, relaxed censorship and drinking laws, created a ministry for the environment, enacted anti-discrimination law, and implemented electoral reforms such as the overhaul of the Legislative Council, the upper house of Parliament, lowered the voting age to 18, enacted universal suffrage, and completely abolished malapportionment. He also established Rundle Mall, enacted measures to protect buildings of historical heritage, and encouraging arts, with support for the Adelaide Festival Centre, the State Theatre Company, and the establishment of the South Australian Film Corporation.

At the same time, there were also problems; the economy began to stagnate, and the large increases to burgeoning public service generated claims of waste. One of Dunstan's pet projects, a plan to build a new city at Monarto to alleviate urban pressures in Adelaide, was abandoned when economic and population growth stalled, with much money and planning already invested. After four consecutive election wins, Dunstan's administration began to falter in 1978 following his dismissal of Police Commissioner Harold Salisbury, as controversy broke out over whether he had improperly interfered with a judicial investigation. In addition, policy problems and unemployment began to mount, as well as unsubstantiated rumours of corruption and personal impropriety. The strain on Dunstan was increased by the death of his wife. His resignation from the premiership and politics in 1979 was abrupt after collapsing due to ill health, but he lived for another 20 years, remaining a vocal and outspoken campaigner for progressive social policy.

Early life
Dunstan was born on 21 September 1926 in Suva, Colony of Fiji, the son of Francis Vivian Dunstan and Ida May Dunstan ( Hill), Australians of Cornish descent. His parents had moved to Fiji in 1916 after his father took up a position as manager of the Adelaide Steamship Company. He spent the first seven years of his life in Fiji, starting his schooling there. Dunstan was beset by illness, and his parents sent him to South Australia hoping the drier climate would assist his recovery. He lived in Murray Bridge for three years with his mother's parents before returning to Suva for a short period during his secondary education. During his time in Fiji, Dunstan mixed easily with the Indian settlers and indigenous people, something that was frowned upon by many of the white people on the islands.

He won a scholarship in classical studies and attended St Peter's College, a traditional private school for the sons of the Adelaide establishment. He developed public speaking and acting skills, winning the college's public speaking prize for two consecutive years. In 1943, he portrayed the title role in a production of John Drinkwater's play Abraham Lincoln, and according to the school magazine, he "was the chief contributor to the success of the occasion". His academic strengths were in classical history and languages, and he disliked mathematics. He gained a reputation as a maverick. During this time, Dunstan did not board and lived in the seaside suburb of Glenelg with relatives. Dunstan completed his secondary schooling in 1943, ranking in the top 30 overall in the statewide matriculation examinations.

In his youth, influenced by his uncle, former Liberal Lord Mayor of Adelaide Sir Jonathan Cain, Dunstan was a supporter of the conservative Liberal and Country League (LCL) and handed out how-to-vote cards for the party at state elections. Dunstan later said of his involvement with the Liberals: "I do not call it snobbery to deride the Establishment in South Australia, I admit that I was brought up into it, and I admit that it gave me a pain." When asked of his roots, he said, "I'm a refugee from it and thank God for somewhere honest to flee to!"

His political awakening happened during his university years. Studying law and arts at the University of Adelaide, he became very active, joining the University Socialist Club, the Fabian Society, the Student Representative Council, as well as the Theatre Group. A two-week stint in the Communist Party was followed by membership in the Australian Labor Party.

Dunstan was markedly different from the general membership of the Labor Party of the time; upon applying for membership at Trades Hall, a Labor veteran supposedly muttered "how could that long-haired prick be a Labor man?" His peculiarities, such as his upper-class accent, were a target of derision by the working-class Labor old guard throughout his early political involvement. Dunstan funded his education by working in theatre and radio during his university years. He eventually graduated with a double degree, with arts majors in Latin, comparative philology, history and politics, and he came first in political science.

After Dunstan graduated, he moved with his wife to Fiji where he was admitted to the bar and began his career as a lawyer. They returned to Adelaide in 1951 and settled in George Street, Norwood, taking in boarders as a source of extra income.

Political beginnings
Dunstan was nominated as the Labor candidate for the electoral district of Norwood at the 1953 election. His campaign was noted for his colourful methods to sway voters: posters of his face were placed on every pole in the district, and Labor supporters walked the streets advocating Dunstan. He targeted in particular the large Italian migrant population of the district, distributing translated copies of a statement the sitting LCL member Roy Moir had made about immigrants. Moir had commented that "these immigrants are of no use to usa few of them are tradesmen but most of them have no skills at all. And when they intermarry we'll have all the colours of the rainbow." Dunstan won the seat and was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly. His son Andrew was born nine months after the win.

Dunstan was to become the most vocal opponent of the LCL Government of Sir Thomas Playford, strongly criticising its practice of electoral malapportionment, known as the Playmander, a pun on the term gerrymander. This system gave a disproportionate electoral weight to the LCL's rural base, with votes worth as much as ten times others − at the 1968 election the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes. He added colour and flair to debate in South Australian politics, changing the existing "gentlemanly" method of conducting parliamentary proceedings. He did not fear direct confrontation with the incumbent government and attacked it with vigour. Up to this point most of his Labor colleagues had become dispirited by the Playmander and were resigned to the ongoing dominance of Playford and LCL, so they sought to influence policy through collaborative legislating.

In 1954, the LCL introduced the Government Electoral Bill, which was designed to further accentuate the undue weight favouring rural voters. During the debate, Dunstan decried this "immoral Bill... I cannot separate it from the motives of those who put it forward. Since it is immoral, so are they." Such language, unusually aggressive by the prevailing standards, resulted in Dunstan's removal from the parliamentary chambers after he refused a request from the Speaker to retract his remark. The first parliamentarian to be expelled in years, Dunstan found himself on the front pages of newspapers for the first time. Nevertheless, he was not able to build up much of a profile in his first few years as The Advertiser, the dominant newspaper in the city, had a policy of ignoring the young politician's activities—its editor Lloyd Dumas was the father of one of Dunstan's first girlfriends.

Max Stuart trial

In December 1958 there occurred an event that initially had nothing to do with Playford, but eventually intensified into a debacle regarded as a turning point in his premiership and marked the end of his rule. Dunstan was prominent in pressuring Playford during this time.

A young girl was found raped and murdered, and Max Stuart, an Aboriginal man, was convicted and sentenced to be executed. Stuart's lawyer claimed that the confession was forced, and appeals to the Supreme and High Courts were dismissed. Amid objections against the fairness of the trial among an increasing number of legal academics and judges, The News brought much attention to Stuart's plight with an aggressive, tabloid-style campaign.

When Playford and the Executive Council decided not to reprieve Stuart, an appeal to the Privy Council was made to stall the execution. Spearheaded by Dunstan, Labor then tried to introduce legislation to stall the hanging. Amid hue and cry, Playford started a Royal Commission to review the case. However, two of the commissioners had already been involved in the trial and one of the appeals. This provoked worldwide controversy with claims of bias from Dunstan and Labor, who also attacked Playford for what they regarded as a too-restrictive scope of inquiry.

The Royal Commission began its work and the proceedings were followed closely and eagerly debated by the public. As Playford did not commute Stuart's sentence, Dunstan introduced a bill to abolish capital punishment. The vote was split along party lines and was thus defeated, but Dunstan used the opportunity to attack the Playmander with much effect in the media, portraying the failed legislation as an unjust triumph of a malapportioned minority who had a vengeance mentality over an electorally repressed majority who wanted a humane outcome.

Amid the continuing uproar, Playford decided to grant clemency. The Royal Commission concluded that the guilty verdict was sound. Although a majority of those who spoke out against the handling of the matter (including Dunstan) thought Stuart was probably guilty, the events provoked heated and bitter debate in South Australian society and destabilised Playford's administration, while bringing much publicity to Dunstan.

From 1959 onwards, the LCL government clung to power with the support of two independents, as Labor gained momentum. Always at the forefront, Dunstan lambasted the government for perceived underspending on social welfare, education, health and the arts. Dunstan heavily promoted himself as a reformer.

In 1960, Dunstan became president of the State Labor Party. The year also saw the death of Opposition Leader Mick O'Halloran and his replacement by Frank Walsh. Dunstan attempted to win the position of Opposition Leader and, failing that, Deputy Leader. However, the Labor caucus was sceptical of his age and inexperience, and he failed to gain either position, albeit narrowly.

Ascent to power
Federally, Dunstan, together with fellow Australian Fabian Society member Gough Whitlam, set about removing the White Australia policy from the Labor platform. The older trade-unionist-based members of the Labor Party vehemently opposed changing the status quo. However, the "New Guard" of the party, of which Dunstan was a part, were determined to bring about its end. Attempts in 1959 and 1961 failed, with Labor leader Arthur Calwell stating, "It would ruin the Party if we altered the immigration policy... it was only cranks, long hairs, academics and do-gooders who wanted the change." However, Dunstan persisted in his efforts, and in 1965 it was removed from the Labor platform at their national conference; Dunstan personally took credit for the change. Whitlam later brought about the comprehensive end of the White Australia policy in 1973 as Prime Minister of Australia.

Dunstan pursued similar reforms with respect to Indigenous Australians. In 1962, the Aboriginal Affairs Bill was introduced to liberalise constraints that had been placed on Indigenous Australians in the past and had effectively resulted in segregation. The initial proposal still retained some restrictions, placing more controls over full-blooded Aboriginal people. Dunstan was prominent in Labor's opposition to the double standards, and called for abolition of race-based restrictions, saying that social objectives could be achieved without explicit colour-based schemes. He was successful in forcing amendments to liberalise controls on property and the confinement of Indigenous Australians to Aboriginal reserves. However, his attempt to remove the different standards required of part and full-blooded Aboriginal people failed, as did his proposal to ensure that at least half of the members of the Aboriginal Affairs Board be Indigenous Australians. Despite the passage of the bill, restrictions remained in place and Dunstan questioned the policy of assimilation of Aboriginal people, which he saw as the diluting of their distinctive cultures.

Labor won the seats of Glenelg and Barossa at the 1965 election, after winning the seats of Chaffey and Unley at the 1962 election. Labor thus finally overcame the Playmander and formed government for the first time in 32 years, with Frank Walsh as Premier of South Australia. Despite winning 55 percent of the primary vote, the Playmander was still strong enough that Labor won only 21 of 39 seats, a two-seat majority. Dunstan became Attorney-General and Minister of Community Welfare and Aboriginal Affairs. He was far and away the youngest member of the cabinet; he was the only minister under 50, and one of only three under 60. Dunstan had a major impact on Government policy as Attorney-General. Having only narrowly lost out on the leadership in 1960, Dunstan became the obvious successor to the 67-year-old Walsh, who was due to retire in 1967 under Labor rules of the time.

The Walsh Government implemented significant reform in its term of office. Liquor, gambling and entertainment laws were overhauled and liberalised, social welfare was gradually expanded and Aboriginal reserves were created. Strong restrictions on Aboriginal access to liquor were lifted. Women's working rights were granted under the mantra of "equal pay for work of equal value", and racial discrimination legislation was enacted. Town planning was codified in law, and the State Planning Authority was created to oversee development. Workers were given more rights and the bureaucracy of the education department was liberalised. Much of the reform was not necessarily radical and was primarily to "fill the gaps" that the previous LCL government had left. Despite a consistently higher statewide vote, Labor were consistently outnumbered 16–4 in the Legislative Council, so some desired legislation did not make it through. In 1965, the legislature convened for 65 days, the most for 34 years, but many bills were still yet to be debated.

Many bills were watered down, but due to lack of public interest, outcry was minimal. In particular, the council blocked electoral reform legislation, paving the way for a probable LCL win at the next election. Such was Dunstan's pre-eminence during his term as Attorney-General that the cabinet was often called the "Dunstan Ministry".

An economic depression had begun in South Australia after the Labor government gained office in 1965; unemployment went from the lowest in the country to the second highest, while immigration levels dropped. Labor was not responsible for the depression, although it initially did little to alleviate it. The Liberals seized on this opportunity, blaming it on "twelve months of Socialist administration in South Australia" and branding it the "Dunstan Depression".

In the 1966 Australian federal election, Labor suffered a swing against it of 11.8% in South Australia, double the national average. If this was replicated at a state election, it was projected that Labor would hold only ten of the 39 seats. The Liberals dropped Playford as the state leader, and the younger and more progressive Steele Hall took his place. In a dire situation with the next state election looming, Labor changed leaders with Walsh, a "neanderthal figure in the television age", standing down in May 1967. Much of the Labor Right faction, as well as Walsh, was opposed to Dunstan taking the leadership, but no other MPs had the same charisma or eloquence. Eventually, Dunstan won the leadership over Des Corcoran, winning fourteen votes to eleven on the strength of rural and marginal Laborites, having trailed by one vote on the first count before less popular candidates were eliminated.

Dunstan's first Premiership was eventful, with a steady stream of reform and attempts to end the depression. The latter half of 1967 saw the beginnings of a slight recovery, with unemployment dipping and industrial capacity steadying. The 1967–68 budget ran into deficit, allocating funds to energise the economic engine whilst Dunstan lambasted the Federal Government for neglecting the South Australian economy, demanding it take a degree of responsibility for its ills.

Elections 1968–1970
In preparation for the 1968 election, Labor campaigned heavily around its leader, and this resonated with voters; in surveys conducted in parts of the metropolitan area, 84% of respondents declared their approval of Dunstan. In a presidential-style election campaign, Hall and Dunstan journeyed across the state advocating their platforms, and the major issues were the leaders, the Playmander and the economy. Television saw its first major use in the election, and Dunstan, an astute public speaker, successfully mastered it. With his upbeat style, Dunstan also made an impact in the print media, which had long been a bastion of the LCL. Despite winning a 52% majority of the primary vote, and 54% of the two-party preferred count, Labor lost two seats, resulting in a hung parliament: the LCL and Labor each had 19 seats. Had 21 votes in the rural seat of Murray gone the other way, Labor would have retained power. The balance of power rested with the chamber's lone independent, Tom Stott, who was offered the speakership by the LCL in return for his support on the Assembly floor. Stott, a conservative, agreed to support the LCL.

There was a degree of speculation in the press that Dunstan would call for a new election because of the adverse outcome. However, Dunstan realised the futility of such a move and instead sought to humiliate the LCL into bringing an end to malapportionment. Although Stott's decision to support the LCL ended any realistic chance of Dunstan remaining premier, Dunstan did not immediately resign his commission, intending to force Hall and the LCL to demonstrate that they had support on the floor of the Assembly when it reconvened. He used the six weeks before the start of the new legislature to draw attention to malapportionment. Protests were held on 15 March in Light Square. There, Dunstan spoke to a crowd of more than ten thousand: "We need to show that the people of SA feel that at last the watershed has been reached in this, and that they will not continue to put up with a system which is as undemocratic as the present one in SA."

On 16 April, the first day of the new House's sitting, Dunstan lost a confidence vote. With it now clear that the LCL had control of the House, Dunstan tendered his resignation to Governor Edric Bastyan. Hall was then sworn in as premier. However, the six weeks of protesting had brought nationwide criticism of the unfairness of the electoral system and put more pressure on the LCL to relent to reforms; it has been seen as one of the most important political events of its time.

With the end of Playford's tenure, the LCL had brought younger, more progressive members into its ranks. The Hall Government continued many of the social reforms the Walsh/Dunstan governments had initiated; most of these at the instigation of Hall or his Attorney-General, Robin Millhouse. Abortion was partially legalised, and planning for the Festival Centre began. The conservative and rural factions of the League, notably in the Legislative Council dominated by the landed gentry, were bitterly opposed to some reforms, and more than once Hall was forced to rely on Labor support to see bills passed. The LCL began to break apart; what had once been a united party was now factionalised into four distinct groups across the political spectrum. The economy of South Australia began to pick up under Hall, returning to full employment. During the term in opposition, Des Corcoran became Dunstan's deputy, and the pair worked together well despite any rift that may have been caused by the struggle to succeed Walsh.

Hall was embarrassed that the LCL was in a position to win government despite having clearly lost the first-preference vote, and was committed to a fairer electoral system. Soon after taking office, he enacted a complete overhaul of the electoral system. While they fell short of "one vote one value" as Labor and Dunstan had demanded, they were still significant. Under the Playmander the lower house had 39 seats, 13 in Adelaide and 26 in the country. Hall's reforms expanded the lower house to 47 seats–28 in Adelaide and 19 in the country. While there was still a slight rural weighting (since Adelaide accounted for two-thirds of the state's population), with Adelaide now electing a majority of the legislature, historical results made a Labor win at the next election likely.

Stott withdrew support in 1970 over the Chowilla Dam, a dispute over the location of a dam on the Murray River, and South Australia went to the polls. The dam controversy was not much of an election issue, and attempts by the Democratic Labor Party to portray Dunstan as a communist over his opposition to ongoing Australian support for South Vietnam had little effect. The LCL campaigned heavily on Hall, while Dunstan promised sweeping social reform, artistic transformation and more community services. He said "We'll set a new standard of social advancement that the whole of Australia will envy. We believe South Australia can set the pace. It can happen here. We can do it." Dunstan won the 1970 South Australian state election easily, taking 27 seats compared with the LCL's 20. Although the share of the votes had been similar to 1968, the dilution of the Playmander had changed the share of the seats. As Labor had attained a majority of the popular vote for a long period, and because malapportionment had been largely ended, the political scientists Neal Blewett and Dean Jaensch said: "A Dunstan decade seems assured."

Dunstan decade

Dunstan wasted no time in organising his new ministry. He served as his own Treasurer, and took several other portfolios for himself. Deputy Premier Des Corcoran took on most infrastructure portfolios: Marine and Harbours, and Public Works. Corcoran became the face of the Dunstan ministry in its relationship with the Labor caucus, with his ability to use his strong manner to settle disputes. Bert Shard became Health Minister, overseeing the construction and planning of new, major public hospitals: the Flinders Medical Centre and Modbury Hospital. Hugh Hudson took on the Education portfolio, an important role in a government that was determined to bring about profound change to the South Australian education system. Geoff Virgo, the new Transport Minister, was to deal with the Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study (MATS) plans. Len King was made Attorney-General and Aboriginal Affairs Minister despite being a new member of parliament. Dunstan formed a strong circle of loyal ministers around him, in a style radically different from his predecessors.

Soon after the election, Dunstan travelled to Canberra for the annual Premiers' Conference as the sole Labor premier. His Government, on a mandate to dramatically increase funding in key areas, sought to appropriate further finances from the Federal Government. This brought Dunstan into conflict with Prime Minister John Gorton, and federal funding to SA was not increased. An appeal was made to the Federal Grants Commission, and Dunstan was awarded more than he had hoped for. In addition to the money received from the Grants Commission, funds were diverted from water-storage schemes in the Adelaide Hills over the advice of engineers, and cash reserves were withdrawn from the two government-owned banks. The monies were subsequently used to finance health, education and arts schemes.

On the death in office of Governor Sir James Harrison in 1971, Dunstan finally had the opportunity to put forward a nominee for governor of his own choosing to HM Queen Elizabeth II (and by extension the British Foreign Office which still technically oversaw the appointment process of Australian state governors until the Australia Act 1986): Sir Mark Oliphant, a physicist who had worked on the Manhattan Project. Dunstan had never been happy that governors were usually British ex-servicemen and it was a personal goal of his to see an active and notable South Australian take on the role; Sir Mark Oliphant was uneventfully sworn in. Although the post is mostly ceremonial (with the exception of constitutional responsibilities), Oliphant brought energy to the role and he used his stature to decry damage to the environment caused by deforestation, excessive open-cut mining and pollution. Oliphant's tenure was successful and held in high regard, although he did come into conflict with the premier at times as both men were outspoken and strong-willed.

In 1972, the first major developments in regard to the state's population growth occurred. Adelaide's population was set to increase to 1.3million and the MATS plan and water-storage schemes were in planning to accommodate this. These were summarily rejected by the Dunstan Government, which planned to build a new city 83kilometres from Adelaide, near Murray Bridge. The city, to be known as Monarto, was to be built on farmland to the west of the existing town. Dunstan was very much against allowing Adelaide's suburbs to further sprawl, and thus Monarto was a major focus of his government. He argued that the new South Eastern Freeway would allow a drive of only 45 minutes from Adelaide, that the city was not far from current industry, and that water could be readily supplied from the River Murray. The government hoped Adelaide would not sprawl into the Mount Lofty Ranges to the east and that the bureaucracy would be dispersed from the capital. In contrast, public servants feared being forced into the rural settlement. Critics (of whom there were many) derided the project as "Dunstan's Versailles in the bush". Environmental activists aired fears of the effects of Monarto on the River Murray, which was already suffering from pollution and salinity problems. Later on, it was noticed that there was hard bedrock underneath the ground, raising drainage problems.

From 1970 to 1973, much legislation passed through the South Australian Parliament. Workers saw increases in welfare, drinking laws were further liberalised, an Ombudsman was created, censorship was liberalised, seat belts were made mandatory, the education system was overhauled, and the public service was gradually increased (doubling in size during the Dunstan era). Adelaide's water supply was fluoridated in 1971 and the age of majority was lowered from 21 to 18. A Commissioner of Consumer Affairs was created, a demerit point system was introduced to penalise poor driving practices in an attempt to cut the road toll, and compensation for workers was improved. Police autonomy and powers were restricted following a rally in opposition to the Vietnam War, which was broken up by police, although Dunstan had wanted the demonstrators to be able to close off the street. A royal commission was called into the police commissioner's disregard for Dunstan's orders, and resulted in legislation giving the government more control over the police; the commissioner then retired. The dress code for the Parliament was relaxed during this period, the suit and tie was no longer seen as obligatory, and Dunstan himself caused media frenzy when he arrived at Parliament House in 1972 wearing pink shorts that ended above his knees. After his departure from public life he admitted that his sartorial statement may have gone beyond the limits. Nevertheless, his fashion sense resulted in his being voted "the sexiest political leader in Australia" by Woman's Day in 1975, and the image of Dunstan in the shorts remains iconic.

Having played a part in Labor's abandonment of the White Australia Policy at national level, Dunstan was also prominent in promoting multiculturalism. He was well known for his attendance at and patronage of Cornish, Italian and Greek Australian cultural festivals and his appreciation of Asian art, and sought to build on cultural respect to create trade links with Asia. Dunstan's involvement in such cultural exchanges was also credited with generating strong support for Labor from ethnic and non-Anglo-Saxon immigrant communities, although it was viewed with suspicion by some in the Anglo-Saxon establishment. Dunstan himself later recalled: "When I proposed the establishment of a Cornish Festival, in Australia's 'Little Cornwall', people of Cornish descent came flocking."

Having been vocal in criticising Playford for sacrificing heritage to the march of development, Dunstan was prominent in protecting historic buildings from being bulldozed for high-rise office blocks. In 1972, the government intervened to purchase and thereby save Edmund Wright House on King William Street from being replaced with a skyscraper. In 1975, the Customs House at Semaphore was purchased to save it from demolition. His support of heritage preservation overlapped with his promotion of gourmet dining when his personal efforts helped to save the historic Ayers House on North Terrace, having it converted into a restaurant to avoid demolition. In contrast, there were also some controversial developments. Part of the rocky Hallett Cove on Gulf St Vincent in Adelaide's southern suburbs was developed for housing, as were vineyards in Morphettville, Tea Tree Gully, Modbury, and Reynella. This attracted criticism, as Dunstan was prominent in promoting South Australian viticulture and enotourism.

In pursuit of economic links with the nations of South-East Asia, Dunstan came into contact with the leaders of the Malaysian state of Penang in 1973. Striking a note with Chong Eu Lim, the Chief Minister, Dunstan set about organising cultural and economic engagement between the two states. "Penang Week" was held in Adelaide in July, and in return, "South Australia Week" was held in Penang's capital, George Town. In the same year, the Adelaide Festival Centre was openedAustralia's first multifunction performing arts complex.

Over a six-year period, government funding for the arts was increased by a factor of seven and in 1978, the South Australian Film Corporation commenced work. During Dunstan's time in charge, acclaimed films such as Breaker Morant, Picnic at Hanging Rock and Storm Boy were made in the state. Dunstan's support of the arts and fine dining was credited by commentators with attracting artists, craftspeople and writers into the state, helping to change its atmosphere.

The Legislative Council, the upper house of Parliament, was, due to its limited electoral roll, overwhelmingly non-Labor. Unlike the Lower House, its members were elected only by voters who met certain property and wealth requirements. Combined with the remains of the "Playmander" malapportionment, it was difficult for the Labor Party to achieve the representation it wished. The Legislative Council either watered down or outright rejected a considerable amount of Labor legislation; bills to legalise homosexuality, abolish corporal and capital punishment and allow gambling and casinos were rejected. A referendum had indicated support for Friday night shopping, but Labor legislation was blocked in the upper house by the LCL.

Dunstan called an election for March 1973, hoping to gain a mandate to seek changes to the council. The LCL were badly disunited; the more liberal wing of the party under Hall joined Dunstan in wanting to introduce universal suffrage for the upper house, while the more conservative members of the LCL did not. The conservatives then decided to limit Hall's powers, resulting in his resignation and creation of the breakaway Liberal Movement (LM), which overtly branded itself as a semi-autonomous component within the LCL. Labor capitalised on the opposition divisions to secure an easy victory. They campaigned under the slogan "South Australia's Doing Well with Labor", while the LCL was hampered by infighting; many LCL candidates were claiming different leaders in their electoral material depending on their factional allegiance. The Labor Party won with 51.5% of the primary vote and secured a second consecutive majority government with 26 seats. It was only the second time a Labor government in South Australia had been re-elected for a second term, the first being the early Thomas Price Labor government. It would be the first five-year-incumbent Labor government however. They also gained two more seats in the Legislative Council to have six of the twenty members. Labor entered the new term with momentum when a fortnight after the election, the LCL purged LM members from its ranks, forcing them to either quit the LM or leave the LCL and join the LM as a distinct party.

Dunstan saw reform of the Legislative Council as an important goal, and later a prime achievement, of his Government. Labor, as a matter of party policy, wanted to see the Legislative Council abolished. Dunstan, seeing this as unfeasible in his term, set about to reform it instead. Two bills were prepared for Legislative Council reform; one to lower the voting age to 18 and introduce universal suffrage, and another to make councillors elected from a single statewide electorate under a system of proportional representation. The LCL initially blocked both bills, stating that it would accept them only if modifications were made to the second one. Changes were conceded; unlike the House of Assembly, voting would not be compulsory and the preference system was to be slightly altered. Once the amendments were made, the legislation was passed.

During his second term, Dunstan started efforts to build a petrochemical complex at Redcliff, near Port Augusta. Negotiations were held with several multinational companies, but nothing eventuated. Legislation was passed to create a Land Commission and introduce urban land price controls. However, a bill to create "a right to privacy" was defeated in the upper house after protests from journalists, as was legislation to mandate refunds to consumers for returning beverage containers and therefore promote recycling. In 1975, Dunstan declared Australia's first legal nude bathing reserve.

Prior to the 1975 federal and state elections, Australia, and South Australia in particular, had been hit by a series of economic problems. The 1973 oil crisis had massively increased the cost of living, domestic industry began to erode due to a lack of cost-competitiveness, and government funds were waning. In response, the Dunstan Government sold loss-making railways to the Commonwealth and brought in new taxes to allow wage rises. The changes had unexpected consequences: inflation, already high, increased markedly, and workers were still displeased with wages. The LCL, now known as the Liberal Party, had rebuilt after internal schism and had modernised to make themselves more appealing to the public. Having called an early election, Dunstan appealed to the electorate and pushed blame onto the Whitlam Government for South Australia's problems. In a television address just days before the election, he said: "My Government is being smeared and it hurts. They want you to think we are to blame for Canberra's mistakes. The vote on Saturday is not for Canberra, not for Australia, but for South Australia."

Labor remained the largest party in Parliament, but lost the two-party preferred vote at 49.2% and saw its numbers decrease from 26 to 23. The LCL held 20 seats, the Liberal Movement two, the Country Party one, and the last remaining with an independent, the nominally Labor Mayor of Port Pirie, Ted Connelly. Dunstan appealed to Connelly and offered him the role of Speaker. However, the reforms to the Legislative Council's election bore fruit. Of the 11 seats up for election, Labor won six with 47.3% of the vote, and the LM two, allowing Labor a total of 10 seats. This meant they could now, with the help of the LM, push through reforms opposed by the Liberals.

Dunstan continued to try to  push through further legislation; he sought to expand on the Hall Government's electoral-boundaries reform, to bring it closer to one vote one value. The legislation sought to establish 47 electoral districts containing roughly equal numbers of voters (with a 10% tolerance). Redistributions were to be presided over by an independent boundaries commission. The bill passed with the support of the breakaway LM in the upper houseformer Premier Steele Hall and his former Attorney-General Robin Millhouse.

One famous demonstration of Dunstan's charismatic style and media savvy came in January 1976. A psychic predicted that, due to Dunstan and the state's social liberalisationwhich he saw as sinfulGod would destroy Adelaide with a tsunami caused by an earthquake. This was publicised by the media, prompting a not insignificant number of residents to sell their property and leave; some businesses had clearance sales while many who decided to stay indulged in doomsday parties. Dunstan promised to stand on the seashore at Glenelg and wait for the imminent destruction. He did so on 20 January, the day of the predicted storm, and nothing happened, although he made newspaper headlines in the United Kingdom for his defiance.

In 1976, the Dunstan Government stepped up its legislative efforts. Some bills, such as the one to remove the sodomy law and decriminalise male homosexuality, had been initially blocked by the Legislative Council. However, the bill to abolish capital punishment passed with ease, and the homosexuality law reforms eventually passed in September. Rape law was properly codified and defined as a crime within marriage for the first time in Australia. Shopping hours, previously the most restrictive in the nation, became the most open. Following a royal commission, Friday night shopping was introduced for the city and Thursday night shopping for the suburbs. The deposits on beverage containers was finally passed. The first signs of Monarto's eventual failure began to appear: birth rates started dropping significantly, immigration slowed and the economy was stagnant. South Australia's robust population growth, previously the highest per capita among the states, came to an abrupt halt. However, state money continued to be poured into the Monarto project, despite the fact that the Whitlam government cut funding to $600,000 in 1975, while his Liberal successor Malcolm Fraser gave nothing at all the following year. However, by the time Monarto was eventually scrapped after Dunstan's departure, no less than $20million had been used to buy land, plant trees and formulate development plans, and the failed project is often seen as Dunstan's greatest failure. In addition, the federal government removed subsidies for shipbuilding at Whyalla, forcing the operations to be scaled down.

After Oliphant's term had expired, Dunstan appointed the first Indigenous Australian Governor, Sir Douglas Nicholls, a former football player and clergyman. Following Nicholls' resignation due to ill health in 1977, a second consecutive clergyman took the post, Methodist Keith Seaman. However, this appointment was not successful; Seaman became involved in an unspecified scandal and made a statement admitting to a "grave impropriety", without elaborating further. He did not resign and kept a low profile from then on. Dunstan also appointed Dame Roma Mitchell to become the nation's first female Supreme Court judge.

Dunstan broke new ground in Australian politics with his policies on native title for Aboriginal people. The North West Aboriginal Reserve (NWAR) covered more than 7% of the state's land, and was inhabited by the Pitjantjatjara people. In 1977, when the NWAR was about to be transferred to the Aboriginal Lands Trust, a tribal delegation asked for the lands to be given to the traditional owners. Dunstan agreed to an investigation, and subsequently introduced the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Bill. This bill proposed for a tribal body, the Anangu Pitjantjatjaraku, to take control of the NWAR and further lands after the claims were cleared by an independent tribunal. It also proposed to allow the body to decide mining proposals on the land and receive royalties. This aroused discontent among mining interests, but a bipartisan parliamentary committee endorsed the bill and it was tabled. However, Labor lost power before the bill was passed and although the new Liberal government said they would remove the mining restrictions, mass public rallies forced them to relent, and a bill similar to Dunstan's was passed. The legislation, the bedrock of which was laid by Dunstan, was the most reformist in Australia, and in the 1980s, more than 20% of the land was returned to its traditional owners.

Dunstan called another snap election in September at the 1977 election; he hoped to recover from the previous election, the outcome of which had been affected by the dismissal of the Federal Labor Government. As the remnants of the Playmander had been abolished, conditions were more favourable for Labor and they wanted to end their reliance on the casting vote of the speaker. The campaign proceeded smoothly and exploited the unpopularity of the federal Liberal government, using the jingle "Thank the Lord for South Australia". Labor won an absolute majority with 51.6% of the primary vote and 27 seats.

Salisbury affair and departure from office
Since 1949, there had been a "Special Branch" within the South Australian Police, for the purposes of surveillance and espionage. Conceived in 1939 an "intelligence branch", to maintain surveillance of the large German Australian community during World War II, it had amassed information on tens of thousands of individuals and organisations. While such an operation troubled Dunstan and his government because of civil liberties concerns, the branch's apparent party-political bias was even more worrying. In particular, it held information files on Labor parliamentarians, communists, church leaders and trade unionists, and so-called "pink files" on gay community activists which dated from the time before homosexuality was decriminalised. Although only two Labor MPs, from both federal and state parliaments, did not have files, the branch held significantly fewer files relating to Liberal Party figures. Dunstan had known of the existence of the branch since 1970, but said that he had been assured by the police commissioner that its files were not systematically focused on left-wing political figures.

However, Peter Ward, a journalist and former Dunstan staffer, published a story about the files. An inquiry was conducted into the Special Branch by Justice White of the Supreme Court of South Australia, and the report was placed in Dunstan's hands on 21 December 1977. It said the dossiers did exist and that they were "scandalously inaccurate, irrelevant to security purposes and outrageously unfair to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of loyal and worthy citizens". The report also noted that the files overwhelmingly focused on left-wing politicians and activists, and that Dunstan had been misled by the Police Commissioner, Harold Salisbury. After reviewing the findings, Dunstan sacked Salisbury in January and threatened to make the report public.

However, controversy erupted regarding the inquiry and Dunstan's subsequent actions because Salisbury had a reputation as a man of integrity. Ward claimed that Dunstan had known about the true contents of the files for several years. A Royal Commission under Justice Mitchell, set up at the instigation of the Liberals, investigated the matter. It cleared the Dunstan Government of any error, and did not find that it had known about the Special Branch's activities earlier. Dunstan had sacked Salisbury for misleading Parliament about the existence of the "pink files" and many of the Special Branch files were burnt. Salisbury retired to the United Kingdom with a $160,000 payout. Stewart Cockburn wrote a book, The Salisbury Affair, about the debacle.

There were initially no other major controversies for Dunstan, although the economy remained poor and the Redcliff complex was still in limbo, because an agreement with Dow was still to be finalised. The financial difficulties forced a freeze on public sector expansion and hospital developments, and there were claims of theft and mismanagement in the health system. However, the Liberal opposition was in a disorganised state and unpopular, so they were not able to pressure Dunstan effectively.

Towards the end of the year, political and media scrutiny of Dunstan began to grow, and he became uneasy in his dealings with the press. Soon after the Salisbury dismissal, he walked out of a stormy media conference after refusing to be drawn on the rumoured sacking of Seaman from the gubernatorial role. Increasing innuendo about Dunstan's private life, and allegations of corruption and economic mismanagement were worsened by Dunstan's self-righteous tendencies. The premier angrily denied claims that he was using government funds to build an opulent residence in Malaysia, as well as claims about his sexual lifestyle. He pre-emptively called a press conference on one occasion to denounce what he called "idiot rumours" and he further claimed that "reactionary forces" and "right-wing journalists" were engaged in a witchhunt against his "decent and responsible government".

Dunstan also faced difficulties on policy issues. Factional cracks began to appear in the Labor Party, and the discovery of uranium deposits near the northern outback town of Roxby Downs put the premier in a bind. Mining the uranium promised to provide a valuable economic boost in difficult times, but a government ban on its mining, on safety grounds, was still in force. Dunstan was opposed to uranium mining but was seen as lacking conviction by environmentalists, and he was also being criticised by industrialists. By May, his approval rating had fallen to 57%, down from 80% just two years earlier, and unemployment was increasing. It was also widely anticipated that a book titled It's Grossly Improper would soon be released, containing embarrassing allegations about Dunstan's private life.

Together with Mike Rann, his press secretary and speechwriter (and later Premier), who had worked with him in 1978 on a series of speeches on Aboriginal Land Rights, industrial democracy and women's rights, Dunstan made a uranium fact-finding trip to Europe to study safe methods of generating nuclear power and of nuclear waste disposal. By the summer that followed Dunstan became extremely ill. When Parliament resumed, he collapsed on the floor of the House and was forced to use a walking stick; his doctor advised him that he required six months of rest to recover. The Liberal Opposition seized on the state of affairs and charged that the Labor Party was "as ailing as the man who led it". In a stage-managed press conference on 15 February 1979, Dunstan announced his retirement as premier from his room in Calvary Hospital, clearly shaking and wearing a dressing gown. The book, It's Grossly Improper, by two Adelaide journalists, Des Ryan and Mike McEwen, was published later that year.

Political scientist Andrew Parkin said one of Dunstan's main achievements was to debunk the notion that state governments and parliaments lacked the ability to make significant changes with profound impacts. As evidence, he cited Dunstan's sweeping social reforms and the fact that many other state governments followed South Australia's lead.

Life after politics
After Dunstan's resignation from Parliament, deputy Des Corcoran took his place as party leader and Premier. At the subsequent Norwood by-election, Dunstan's seat was retained by Labor. Corcoran soon called the 1979 election, which left the party with only 19 seats against the Liberals on 25 seats on an 8.4 percent two-party swing against Labor. The Tonkin Liberal Government came to power and officially abandoned the Monarto project. Dunstan took a trip to Europe after being released from hospital, staying in Perugia for five months and pursuing Italian studies. He subsequently returned home and lived quietly in Adelaide for three years without finding work that appealed to him, such as that related to the shaping of public policy.

During this time, he became increasingly disillusioned with South Australian political affairs. A book by two Adelaide journalists, It's Grossly Improper, was released in November and sold out within a week. It alleged inappropriate use of government funds and a homosexual affair with a restaurateur, John Ceruto, in return for political favours. There was initial fanfare and speculation as to the authenticity of its claims; Dunstan dismissed the book as a "farrago of lies" in his 1981 memoirs, entitled Felicia.

From May 1980 to early 1981 he acted as editor for the magazine POL. In 1982, he moved to the neighbouring state of Victoria, and was appointed the Director of Tourism. This sparked an outcry in South Australia due to the two states' traditional rivalry. For his part, Dunstan said he had yearned to be given a role in shaping and building the future of his native state, but that he had been snubbed for three years. He said that public figures in South Australia had told him his high profile and ability to overshadow others could have caused a loss of face to them, and thus his departure would be seen favourably by them, while Victoria's offer gave him an opportunity to be constructive. Dunstan was appointed to the Victorian Economic Development Corporation on 12 July 1983, resigning on 23 June 1986. Dunstan stayed in the Director of Tourism role until 1986, when he returned to Adelaide after falling out with the government of John Cain. His retirement from these positions followed the provocative publication of a photograph of him with Monsignor Porcamadonna, member of the gay community Order of Perpetual Indulgence, taken after he had launched a collection of coming out stories by gay historian Gary Wotherspoon.

He was the national president of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign (1982–87), president of the Movement for Democracy in Fiji (from 1987), and national chairman of Community Aid Abroad (1992–93). Dunstan was an adjunct professor at the University of Adelaide from 1997 to 1999 and portrayed himself in the 1989 Australian independent film Against the Innocent.

In his retirement, Dunstan continued to be a passionate critic of economic rationalism (neoliberalism) and privatisation, particularly of South Australia's water, gas and electricity supplies. During the 1990s he wrote essays for the Adelaide Review magazine strongly criticising the Federal Labor Governments of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating, the Federal Liberal Government of John Howard and the State Liberal Governments of Dean Brown and John Olsen. He remained an advocate for multiculturalism and cultural diversity, often writing about the dangers of racism. A year before his death, the ailing Dunstan decried Labor's economic rationalism in front of 5,000 at the Gough Whitlam Lecture. Regardless of the acclaim in which he was held during his decade in power, Dunstan was largely overlooked for honours after leaving office and largely ignored by the state's elite. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in June 1979, but no national parks or gardens were named after him. The Dunstan Playhouse was later named to honour his contribution to the performing arts.

Personal life

Whilst living in Norwood and studying at university, Dunstan met his first wife, Gretel Elsasser, whose Jewish family had fled Nazi Germany to Australia. They married in 1949, and moved to Fiji. They returned to Adelaide in 1951 and settled in George Street, Norwood, with their young daughter, Bronwen. The family was forced to live in squalor for a number of years while Dunstan established his legal practice; during this time, they took in boarders as a source of extra income. Gretel later gave birth to two sons, Andrew and Paul.

In 1972, Dunstan separated from his wife and moved into a small flat in Kent Town, adjacent to Norwood. The family home was sold as two of the children were already studying in university. In 1974, the couple were finally divorced. Dunstan notes this period as being initially a "very bleak and lonely" time for him. In absence of his family, he made new friends and acquaintances. Friends living nearby would come to his apartment for conversation and good foodcooking was Dunstan's hobby. Dunstan bought another house in 1974, partially financed from a then-unpublished cookbook. In 1976, Don Dunstan's Cookbook was publishedthe first cookbook released by a serving Australian leader. More generally, Dunstan promoted a revolution in fine dining in the state. Encouraged by Dunstan's enthusiasm for multiculturalism, many new restaurants were opened by proprietors and the diversity of cuisine increased. He also promoted the viticulture industry through his patronage of wine festivals.

In 1973, Adele Koh, a Malaysian journalist formerly living in Singapore, was appointed to work for Dunstan. She had been expelled by the Singaporean Government of Lee Kuan Yew for criticising its policies. The newspaper she had been working for, the Singapore Herald, was shut down by the government and she then moved to Australia. The two began a relationship in 1974, and married in 1976 in a small ceremony at Dunstan's residence. Dunstan was much older than Adele, who was in her 30s. She was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer in May 1978, and died in October after Dunstan had cared for her at her bedside for months. Her death seriously affected him and his own health began to suffer.

Although Dunstan never publicly commented on his sexuality, it has been said that he "lived as a sexually liberated bisexual man". In 1986, he met his future partner, Stephen Cheng, a post-graduate science student then in his twenties. Together, they opened a restaurant called "Don's Table" in 1994. He lived with Cheng in their Norwood home for the rest of his life. Cheng nursed Dunstan through lung cancer until his death, and Dunstan bequeathed their home to Cheng for life.

Death
In 1993, Dunstan was diagnosed with an aggressive throat cancer and then an inoperable lung cancer, which led to his death on 6 February 1999. Dunstan was not a smoker but was long exposed to passive smoking. A public memorial service was held on 9 February at the Adelaide Festival Centre as a tribute to Dunstan's love of the arts. In attendance were former Labor Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke, Federal Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, Premier John Olsen, and State Opposition Leader Mike Rann. Thousands more gathered outside the centre in Elder Park along the banks of the River Torrens. State flags were flown at half-mast and the memorial service was televised live.

Legacy
A theatre in the Festival Centre was renamed the Dunstan Playhouse.

The Electoral Commission of South Australia's 2012 redistribution included renaming the seat of Norwood to Dunstan which came into existence as of the 2014 election. In 2014 a biography Don Dunstan Intimacy & Liberty by Dino Hodge, written with the co-operation of Dunstan's family and former lovers, was published.

In 1988, Dunstan donated a collection of files pertaining to his political, professional and personal life; photographs; press clippings; speeches and press releases; audiovisual material; books from his library; some items of clothing; and other memorabilia to Flinders University Library, where it can be viewed and accessed for research purposes (see External links).

Don Dunstan Foundation
The Don Dunstan Foundation was established by Dunstan at the University of Adelaide in 1999, shortly before his death, to push for progressive change and to honour Dunstan's memory. Dunstan had spent his last months helping to lay the platform for its establishment. At the inauguration of the body Dunstan had said, "What we need is a concentration on the kind of agenda which I followed and I hope that my death will be useful in this."

The Foundation aims to represent and advocate for the values of its founder, such as cultural diversity, fair distribution of wealth, human rights advocacy, and Indigenous rights in Australia. Among other initiatives, it runs a series of annual events, such as a conference on homelessness, the IPAA Don Dunstan Oration, and the Lowitja O'Donoghue Oration, Hugo Lecture, AdMental, Southgate Oration and Human Rights Oration.

On 3 June 2020, Jane Lomax-Smith was announced as new chair of the organisation, taking over from Lynn Arnold, who had held the position for 10 years and remains on the Board as Director and Patron as of June 2022.

Don Dunstan Award

Since its commencement in 2003, the Adelaide Film Festival has presented The Don Dunstan Award in recognition of outstanding contribution by an individual to the Australian film industry. Deemed by the Adelaide Film Festival's Board to have "enriched Australian screen culture through their work", its recipients include David Gulpilil, Rolf de Heer, and Scott Hicks. After receiving the award in 2013, Hicks acknowledged Dunstan's vision for the creation of a film industry in South Australia as being instrumental to his professional development.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Hodge, Dino (2014) Don Dunstan : Intimacy & Libertya Political Biography. Wakefield Press

External links

Don Dunstan Foundation
Dunstan Collection, Flinders University Library
Don Dunstan ABC News Obituary

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1926 births
1999 deaths
Australian King's Counsel
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
Australian people of Cornish descent
Australian republicans
Australian bisexual people
Bisexual male politicians
Deaths from cancer in South Australia
Companions of the Order of Australia
Lawyers from Adelaide
Leaders of the Opposition in South Australia
LGBT legislators in Australia
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Politicians from Suva
Foreign born Australian politicians
Premiers of South Australia
Treasurers of South Australia
Adelaide Law School alumni
20th-century Australian lawyers
20th-century Australian politicians
Attorneys-General of South Australia
20th-century Australian LGBT people

Don Dunstan


Jože Plečnik (; ) a fost un arhitect sloven care a avut un impact major asupra arhitecturii moderne a Sloveniei, Pragăi și Ljubljanei, capitala Sloveniei, mai ales prin proiectarea Podului Triplu și a Bibliotecii Naționale și Universitare a Sloveniei, precum și a digurile de-a lungul râului Ljubljanica, a clădirilor Pieței Centrale din Ljubljana, a cimitirului din Ljubljana, a unor parcuri, a unor piețe etc. Amprenta sa arhitecturală asupra Ljubljanei a fost comparată cu impactul pe care l-a avut Antoni Gaudí asupra Barcelonei.

Stilul său este asociat cu stilul de arhitectură Secession din Viena (ținând de stilul Art Nouveau ). Pe lângă Ljubljana, a lucrat la Viena, la Belgrad și la Castelului Pragăi. El a influențat cubismul ceh avangardist. De asemenea, este membru fondator al Școlii de Arhitectură din Ljubljana, alăturându-se invitației lui Ivan Vurnik, un alt arhitect notabil al Ljubljanei.

Biografie
Plečnik s-a născut în Ljubljana, Carniola, Austro-Ungaria, Slovenia de astăzi, fiul lui Helena (Molka) și Andrej Plečnik. A studiat cu cunoscutul arhitect vienez Otto Wagner și a lucrat în biroul de arhitectură al lui Wagner până în 1900.

Opera
Din 1900 până în 1910, în timp ce practica în biroul lui Wagner din Viena, a proiectat Casa Langer (1900) și Zacherlhaus (1903-1905).

Biserica Sfântului Duh (Heilig-Geist-Kirche) din 1910-1913 este remarcabilă pentru utilizarea sa inovatoare a betonului turnat pe loc atât la structură, cât și la suprafața exterioară, precum și pentru limbajul clasic abstractizat. Cea mai radicală este cripta bisericii, cu coloanele sale subțiri de beton și capitelurile și bazele unghiulare cubiste.

În 1911, Plečnik s-a mutat la Praga, unde a predat la Colegiul de Arte și Meserii. Primul președinte al noii Republicii Cehoslovace din 1918, Tomáš Masaryk, l-a numit arhitect șef pe Plečnik la renovarea Cetății Pragăi în 1920. Din 1920 până în 1934, Plečnik a finalizat o gamă largă de proiecte la Cetatea Pragăi, inclusiv renovarea grădinilor și a curților, proiectarea și montarea monumentelor și a sculpturilor și proiectarea numeroaselor spații interioare noi, inclusiv sala Plečnik, finalizată în 1930, trei nivele de colonade dorice. Lucrarea finală la Praga a fost modernista Biserica Presfânta Inimă a Lui Isus din Praga (romano-catolică, 1929-1932).

La înființarea Școlii de Arhitectură din Ljubljana, din 1921, în orașul său natal Ljubljana, a fost invitat de către colegul său arhitect sloven Ivan Vurnik să devină membru fondator al facultății și să predea arhitectura la Universitatea din Ljubljana. Plečnik va rămâne în Ljubljana până la moartea sa, acolo unde influența sa ca arhitect este cea mai vizibilă.

Oferind orașului Ljubljana identitatea sa modernă
Plečnik a dat capitalei Sloveniei, orașul Ljubljana, identitatea sa modernă, proiectând clădiri iconice, precum clădirea Bibliotecii Naționale și Universitare a Sloveniei. El a proiectat, de asemenea, alte clădiri notabile, inclusiv birourile companiei de asigurări Vzajemna și a contribuit la multe îmbunătățiri civice. A renovat podurile orașului și malurile râului Ljubljanica și a proiectat clădirile Pieței Centrale din Ljubljana, cimitirul din Ljubljana, parcurile, piețele etc. Clădirile proiectate de Plečnik au fost construite de constructorul Matko Curk.

În timpul perioadei comuniste a istoriei slovene, Plečnik nu a mai fost în favorurile noului regim fiindcă era catolic și rolul său didactic la universitate a fost redus gradual pentru că avea peste 70 de ani. În 1947, la invitația președintelui Adunării Populare a Sloveniei de a proiecta o nouă clădire a Parlamentului, Plečnik a propus Catedralei Libertății (cunoscută și sub denumirea de Parlamentul Plečnik) unde a vrut să demoleze Cetatea Ljubljanei și, în loc, să construiască o monumentală clădire octogonală. În 1952, conducătorii orașului Ljubljana i-au cerut lui Plečnik să remodeleze mănăstirea Križanke într-o clădire pentru Festivalul Ljubljana, ultimul său mare proiect din Ljubljana. Alte proiecte pe care le-a finalizat în acea epocă au inclus renovarea Teatrului Prešeren, plus arcadele Plečnik, scara și fântâna, toate în Kranj, reconstrucția bisericilor, proiectarea Pavilionului de pe insulele Brijuni (reședința de vară a lui Tito) și numeroasele Monumente în memoria Războiului de Eliberare Națională (în Ljubljana-Trnovo, Vipava, Radeče, Črna na Koroškem, Dolenja vas, Sevnica, Laško, Split, Kraljevo etc.). Pentru munca sa, el a primit de două ori premiul Prešeren, în 1949 și 1952. Plečnik a murit în 1957 și a primit o înmormântare oficială de stat la Žale, la care au participat mulți lideri politici, culturali și bisericești.

Moștenire
În anii 1980, cu interesul postmodernist pentru munca lui Plečnik, interesul general pentru el a fost reînviat, după ce fusese uitat între anii 1960 și 1970. De atunci, moștenirea Plečnik a fost comemorată în diferite moduri, mai ales în anii 1990 pe bancnota slovenă de 500 de tolari, cu Biblioteca Națională și Universitară a Sloveniei reprezentată pe revers.

Nerealizata Catedrală a Libertății, proiectată de Plečnik, este prezentată pe moneda slovenă de 10 cenți.Slovenska akropola este titlul unui album din 1987 al grupului slovac de muzică industrială Laibach. În luna august 2008, la expoziția proiectului "Plecnik" referitor la viața arhitectului, care a avut loc la sediul Consiliului Uniunii Europene din Bruxelles, Belgia, cu ocazia Președinției slovene a UE, a fost prezentată o maquetă a Parlamentului..Curatorul expoziției, Boris Podrecca, a descris Parlamentul drept "cel mai carismatic obiect" al opusului lui Plečnik.

În plus, la 23 ianuarie 2012, pentru a sărbători cea de-a 140-a aniversare a nașterii lui Plečnik, o fotografie a podului triplu a fost prezentată ca adaptare oficială a logo-ului Google (Doodle) în Slovenia.

Casa lui Plečnik din Ljubljana găzduiește un muzeu al vieții și a muncii sale.

Există mai multe busturi și sculpturi reprezentându-l, situate în jurul capitalei naționale (Ljubljana) ca atracții turistice sau ca amintiri ale operelor și moștenirii sale.

Note

Legături externe
 Muzeul virtual al lui Jože Plečnik
 Jože Plečnik pe Architectuul

Nașteri în 1872
Decese în 1957
Oameni din Ljubljana
Arhitecți Art Nouveau
Arhitecți sloveni
Romano-catolici sloveni

Jože Plečnik


Lycinaïs Jean (prononcé ) est une chanteuse et guitariste autodidacte, d'origine guadeloupéenne et martiniquaise.

Biographie
Née dans une famille de musiciens, Lycinaïs Jean se trouve rapidement une passion pour la musique. Dès l'âge de 10 ans, elle fait ses premiers accords sur une guitare offerte par son grand-père lui-même guitariste. Plus tard elle s'intéresse à d'autres instruments tels que la batterie et le clavier. Adolescente, elle devient guitariste du groupe Swing 7 de son parrain. Le groupe se produit dans des banquets et interprète des tubes de zouk, de variétés françaises, mais aussi de leurs compositions.

Mais c'est via les réseaux sociaux que Lycinaïs Jean se fait connaître du grand public avec des reprises de divers artistes notamment Patrick Saint-Eloi et E.sy Kennenga.

Elle sort son premier single en 2014, Aimer, qui connaît un succès tant en Guadeloupe qu'en métropole.

Ensuite, elle se produit notamment en France en faisant la première partie du concert d'Admiral T au Zénith de Paris, puis celle de Erik Pédurand lors de son concert au Canal 93 en novembre 2016, à Bobigny.

En 2015, elle sort le titre et le clip Mwen Enme'w, où elle parle de son amour pour les femmes. Si la chanson raconte une histoire d'amour assez générique, le clip montre spécifiquement une relation lesbienne.

Elle écrit plusieurs singles en 2015 et 2016 : Sex Therapy, Entre Nous, avant de sortir son premier album avec Melmax Music en 2017, intitulé Lycinaïs Jean.

En 2018, elle fait les chœurs sur la chanson Paradisier de Gérard Manset.

Elle se produit dans plus de 160 concerts entre 2018 et 2020.

Son deuxième album, Mèch' Rebel, sort le 11 décembre 2020. Elle y chante exclusivement en français et non en créole, pour toucher une audience plus large.

En 2021, elle fait une tournée aux Antilles (Guadeloupe et Martinique) et se produit également à l'Institut du monde arabe à Paris.

Discographie

Albums

Singles

Récompenses

 Hit Lokal Awards 2015: Soul & Traditionnel
 Hit Lokal Awards 2017: Zouk Féminin
 Hit Lokal Awards 2018: Zouk Féminin
 Hit Lokal Awards 2019: Premier Album

En 2021, Lycinaïs Jean reçoit le Trophée d'argent de YouTube pour sa fidélité et avoir cumulé plus de cent millions d'abonnements sur sa chaîne.

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité liée à la Guadeloupe
Personnalité liée à la Martinique
Chanteur antillais
Zouk
Nom de scène

Lycinaïs Jean


10010 Rudruna este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10010 Rudruna este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Nikolai Cernîh și Liudmila Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,47 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 6,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Vesta

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1978
Centura de asteroizi

10010 Rudruna


Kromozom 2, 22 çift insan otozomal kromozomlarından genellikle ikinci en büyük olanıdır. 242 milyondan fazla baz çiftinden oluşan ve toplam DNA'nın %8'ini kapsayan bir kromozomdur. İnsanlarda normalde bir çift olarak bulunur. Kromozom 2, insan ve diğer maymunların ortak kökenli olması lehine çok güçlü kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

Evrim
İnsanlar, Neandertaller ve Denisovanlar hariç bütün Hominidae üyeleri 24 çift kromozoma sahiptir. İnsanlar sadece 23 çift kromozoma sahiptir. İnsandaki ikinci kromozomun, iki ata kromozomunun füzyonu sonucu oluştuğu kabul edilir. Bu füzyon, ata kromozomlarda ayırt edici telomer kalıntıları ve körelmiş bir sentromer bırakmıştır.

Bunun kanıtları:
 Kromozomun uzun (q) kolundaki körelmiş sentromer varlığı.
 Kromozomun uzun (q) kolundaki telomer kalıntıları.

Genler

Kromozom 2'de bulunan genlerden bazıları;

 ABCA12: ATP-bağlayıcı kaset, altaile A (ABC1), üye 12
 AGXT: alanin-glyoksilat aminotransferaz (oksalozis I; hiperoksaluria I; glikolikasiduria; serin-pirüvat aminotransferaz)
 ALMS1: Alstrom sendromu 1
 ALS2: amyotrofik lateral skleroz 2 (genç)
 BMPR2: kemik morfogenetik protein reseptörü, tip II (serin/threonin kinaz)
 COL3A1: kollajen, tip III, alfa 1 (Ehlers-Danlos sendromu tip IV, otozomal baskın)
 COL4A3: kollajen, tip IV, alfa 3 (Goodpasture antijeni)
 COL4A4: kollajen, tip IV, alfa 4
 COL5A2: kollajen, tip V, alfa 2
 HADHA: hidroksiasil-Koenzim A dehidrpgenaz/3-ketoasil-Koenzim A thiolaz/enoyl-Koenzim A hidrataz (üç kısımlı protein), alfa altünitesi
 HADHB: hidroksasil-Koenzim A dehidrogenaz/3-ketoasil-Koenzim A thiolaz/enoyl-Koenzim A hidrataz (üç kısımlı protein), beta altünitesi
 MSH2: mutS homolog 2, kolon kanseri, polipsiz tip 1 (E. coli)
 MSH6: mutS homolog 6 (E. coli)
 NR4A2: Çekirdek reseptörü altaile 4, grup A, üye 2
 OTOF: otoferlin
 PAX3: Eşli kutu geni 3 (Waardenburg sendromu 1)
 PAX8: Eşli kutu geni 8
 SLC40A1: çözünür taşıyıcı aile 40 (demir-düzenleyici taşıyıcısı), üye 1
 TPO: tiroid peroksidaz

Hastalıklar

Kromozom 2 üzerinde bulunan genlerin yol açtığı hastalıklardan bazıları şöyledir;
 Alport sendromu
 Alström sendromu
 Amyotrofik lateral skleroz
 Amyotrofik lateral sikleroz, tip 2
 Konjenital hipotiroidizm
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, klasik tip
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, vasküler tip
 Harlequin ichthyozis
 Hemokromatozis
 Hemokromatozis, tip 4
 Irsi polipsiz kolorektal kanser
 Çocuk-ırsi artan spastik felci
 Çocuk ilk lateral sklerozu
 Uzun-zincir 3-hidroksiasil-koenzim A dehidrogenaz eksikliği
 Olgunlaşmış diyabet gençlerde tip 6
 Mitokondrial üç kısımlı protein eksikliği
 Sendromik olmayan sağırlık
 Sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal çekinik
 Primer hiperoksaluriya
 Primer pulmoner hipertansiyon Detay için bakınız; Pulmoner Hipertansiyon
 Waardenburg sendromu

Düzensizlikleri

Yalnızca kısa kol (p) için kısmi trizomi bildirilmiştir. Küçük bir burun ve antimongoloid göz özelliği karakteristiktir.

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

İnsan evrimi

Kromozom 2 (insan)