Koi, büyük bir akvaryum balığıdır. İlk Japonya'da evcilleştirilen koinin yabani atası sazandır. Koi sözcüğü Japonca'da "sazan" anlamına gelen (コイ) kelimesinden gelir. Koiler sazan gibi yeşil değildir. Onun yerine kırmızı, beyaz, siyah veya gümüş beyazı olabilir.

Ancak koi pahalı bir balıktır ve onları balıkçıl, yalıçapkını, kedi, tilki ve porsuk gibi hayvanlardan korumak için özel havuz gerekir.

Koi balığı efsaneleri
Koi, akıntının tersine doğru yüzmesiyle bilinen bir tatlı su balığıdır. Akıntıya karşı yüzdüğü halde son derece zarif olan koi, Uzak Doğulular için hayatta başarıyı ve azmi simgeler.

Çin mitolojisine göre akıntısı en güçlü nehir olan Yangtze Nehri'nde akıntıya karşı yüzebilen ve nehrin kaynağına kadar ulaşabilen koiler ejderhaya dönüşmektedirler. Yine benzer bir mantık ile bu ejderhaya dönüşüm hikâyesi koi balığının başarı ve azmi simgelemesine neden olmaktadır.

Koi balığı dövmesi yaptıran kişi bu dövmenin ona şans getireceğine ve hayatta hep başarılı olacağına inanır.

Galeri

Evcil hayvanlar
Sazangiller
Akvaryum balıkları
Asya balıkları
Bangladeş'teki balıklar
Japonya'daki balıklar

Koi


The Scottish Football League Second Division was the third tier of the Scottish football league system between 1975 and 2013.

History
The Second Division was created in 1975, as part of a wider reconstruction of the Scottish Football League (SFL). Prior to 1975, the SFL had been split into two divisions (Division One and Division Two). The effect of the reconstruction was to split these two divisions into three, with the top flight named the Premier Division, second tier the First Division, and a new third tier was created known as the Second Division. A fourth tier, known as the Third Division, was created in 1994.

In 1998, the Premier Division clubs broke away from the SFL to form the Scottish Premier League (SPL). The Second Division continued as before, but it was now the second level of the SFL. In 2013, the SFL and SPL merged to form the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). The SPFL named its third tier as Scottish League One, which effectively replaced the Second Division.

Competition
From 1994 until 2013, the Second Division consisted of ten teams. From 1994 to 2006, the top two teams were promoted to the First Division and the bottom two were relegated to the Third Division. From 2006 to 2013, the top team in the Second Division was promoted to the First Division, while the clubs in 2nd through 4th places entered an end of season play-off with the 9th placed side in the First Division. The bottom club was automatically relegated to the Third Division and the 9th placed club entered an end of season play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs from the Third Division.

The teams played each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game. In the event of two teams finishing with the same number of points, the respective teams' position is decided on goal difference. If goal difference is equal too, the team who has scored the most goals is placed higher.

Most players in the Second Division were part-time professionals.

Winners of the Second Division

b.Team failed to gain promotion via play-offs

Notes
 1. Airdrie United lost in the play-offs, but were promoted due to Gretna's demotion to the Third Division, and subsequent resignation from the Scottish Football League.

References

External links
 Official Site Scottish Football League (Archived 16 June 2012)
 Scottish Football League Second Division clubs' locations Footiemap.com (Archived 15 October 2008)

3
1975 establishments in Scotland
2013 disestablishments in Scotland
Sco
Sports leagues established in 1975
Sports leagues disestablished in 2013


Rodrigo Garcia, né le  à Tanabi est un avocat, homme d'affaires et homme politique brésilien, affilié au Parti social-démocrate brésilien (PSDB).

Biographie
Il est député d'État élu pour trois législatures consécutives, entre 1999 et 2011 et président de l'Assemblée législative de São Paulo du  au .

De 2008 à 2010, il est secrétaire municipal pour la modernisation, la gestion et la débureaucratisation de la mairie de São Paulo. En avril 2010, il retrouve son siège à l'Assemblée législative pour poursuivre son travail de député d'État pour le Démocrates. Il est vice-président national des Démocrates et secrétaire général du parti dans l'État de São Paulo.

Lors des , il est élu député fédéral pour la circonscription de São Paulo. En mai 2011, il est nommé par le gouverneur de l'État de São Paulo, Geraldo Alckmin, au poste de secrétaire d'État au développement social. Le , il prend les fonctions de secrétaire au développement économique, à la science et à la technologie, qui devient ensuite secrétaire au développement de l'État de São Paulo. Le , il retrouve son siège à la Chambre.

Lors des élections de 2014 pour la  législature (2015-2019), Rodrigo se place en cinquième positions des candidats dans l'État de São Paulo, obtenant . Puis, le , il quitte son siège pour occuper le poste de secrétaire d'État au Logement dans le nouveau gouvernement de Geraldo Alckmin. A voté en faveur de la destitution de Dilma Rousseff.

Aux élections de 2018, il se présente comme candidat au poste de vice-gouverneur au côté de João Doria. Les deux hommes sont élus au second tour et prennent leurs fonctions le .

En tant que secrétaire du gouvernement, Rodrigo Garcia coordonne toutes les actions stratégiques de l'État : vaccins, concessions, investissements publics, partenariats public-privé et tous les grands programmes de gestion des autres secrétariats.

En 2021, Rodrigo Garcia quitte les rangs des Démocrates, où il est resté vingt-sept ans, pour rejoindre le PSDB.

Le , il est investi gouverneur de l'État de São Paulo, après la démission de João Doria. Candidat à sa succession, Garcia est largement battu au premier tour de l'élection du , ce qui met fin à vingt-huit ans de pouvoir du PSDB à la tête de l'État. Il décide de soutenir au second tour le 30 octobre Tarcísio de Freitas à l'élection gouvernorale et Jair Bolsonaro à la présidentielle, auquel il offre son appui « inconditionnel ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1974
Personnalité des Démocrates (Brésil)
Personnalité du Parti de la social-démocratie brésilienne
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Rodrigo Garcia (homme politique)


Les Jeux d'Asie du Sud-Est de 2021, trentième-et-unième édition des Jeux d'Asie du Sud-Est, ont lieu du 12 au 23 mai 2022 au Viêt Nam. Initialement prévus  du 21 novembre au 3 décembre 2021, ils sont reportés en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19.

Participants par pays
11 pays participent à la compétition. Entre parenthèses est indiqué le nombre de participants engagés par pays.

  (24)
  (550)
  (499)
  (363)
  (612)
  (352)
  (656)
  (476)
  (888)
  (69)
  (965)

Sports

40 sports sont en programme de ces Jeux :
Cyclisme

Tableau des médailles
Légende
 Pays organisateur

Notes et références

Jeux d'Asie du Sud-Est de 2021


Sita incandescentă (manșonul cu incadescență, manșonul Auer sau plasa de incadescență) este un dispozitiv care prin încălzire generează lumină în spectrul vizibil. A fost inventat și dezvoltat în jurul anului 1880 de către Carl Auer von Welsbach. Dispozitivul a fost utilizat la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea pentru a lumina străzile orașelor europene și din America de Nord. În prezent, dispozitivul mai este utilizat pentru felinare portabile de campanie, felinare sub presiune sau unele lămpi cu gaz.

Sitele incandescente sunt deobicei produse robuste la momentul fabricării; elementele de țesătură sunt impregnate cu nitrați, formănd o plasă rigidă de oxizi metalici, care devine fragilă în timpul utilizării. Oxizii metalici produs lumină din căldura rezultată în procesul de ardere. Dioxidul de thoriu a fost un component major al modelelor inițiale. S-a renunțat însă la utilizarea sa, din cauza faptului că thoriul este radioactiv, ceea ce a condus la temeri legate de sănătatea celor ce fabricau sitele. Utilizarea normală nu ridică însă probleme majore de săntate.

Mecanismul de funcționare
Manșonul (sita) are la bază un sac din țesatură în formă de pară fabricat din mătase naturală sau artificială impregnat cu săruri ale pământurilor rare. Când acesta este încălzit în flacără, fibrele manșonului ard iar sărurile se descompun în oxizi, formându-se o structură casantă de săruri metalice ce păstrează forma originală a manșonului. Sita strălucește cu lumină vie în spectrul vizibil și emite relativ puțină radiație infraroșie. Oxizii pământurilor rare (ceriu) și ai actinidelor (thoriu) au o emisivitate scăzută în infraroșu (relativ la corpurile negre ideale), dar o emisivitate ridicată în spectrul vizibil. Există unele dovezi că emisia poate fi sporită prin catodoluminescență, respectiv emisia luminii din produsele de combustie înainte de atingerea echilibrului termodinamic. Combinația acestor proprietăți produce o sită care – atunci când este încălzită cu o flacără de kerosen sau gaz petrolier lichefiat – emite radiații intense, care este cea mai mare parte a spectrului vizibil, cu relativ puțină energie în infraroșu (nedorită), ceea ce crește eficacitatea luminoasă.

Note

Tehnologii de gaze

Sită incandescentă


Hrvatska čitaonica je kulturna ustanova u Pazinu. Osnovana je 29. kolovoza 1897. godine. Bila je stjecište kulturnog i javnog života Pazina i Pazinštine. Tijekom postojanja bila je na više lokacija u gradu.
Od 1905. je godine djelovala u zgradi bivšeg Narodnog doma. 14. studenoga 1997. na toj su zgradi Narodno sveučilište i Matica hrvatska Pazin postavili spomen-ploču.
Čitaonica je osnovana po uzoru na čitaonice u ostatku Hrvatske, kao što je tad po Istri osnovano mnogo čitaonica. Bila je sastajalište inteligencije i maloga građanstva. Imala je ulogu društvenog organiziranja i javnoga djelovanja Hrvata u Istri. Pored prosvjetne uloge, jer se time širila kultura čitanja i pismenost, bila je izrazito nacionalno-političkog obilježja jer se preko nje dogovaralo djelovanje a radi postizanja ravnopravnosti s Talijanima.
Na čelu Hrvatske čitaonice bio je dr Šime Kurelić. U početku je djelovala u središtu Pazina u vrlo uskim prostorima. Izgradnjom Narodnog doma 1906. godine otvaraju se bolji uvjeti. Narodni dom u Pazinu smjestio je kod sebe Hrvatsku čitaonicu. Iskoro je zaslugom pazinskih čitaoničara te uz potporu Hrvatsko-slovenskog ferijalnog društva "Istra" dobio i knjižnicu. Pučka knjižnica je radi prosvjećivanja širih slojeva stanovništva otvorena 7. veljače 1909. godine.

Tajnik Hrvatske čitaonice bio je Zvonimir Doroghy.

Uz početak rada Hrvatske čitaonice može se povezati početak rada Gradske knjižnice i čitaonice Pazin. Hrvatska je čitaonica prekinula s radom raspadom Austro-Ugarske Monarhije 1918. godine. Talijanska okupacija, fašizam i dekroatizacija umrtvili su rad svih hrvatskih ustanova. Ustanova oživljava radom oslobođenjem od Italije. Od 1945. pa sve do današnjih dana Gradska knjižnica i čitaonica u Pazinu djeluju u sastavu Narodnog sveučilišta odnosno Pučkog otvorenog učilišta u Pazinu.

Više informacija
povijest Istre
hrvatski narodni preporod u Istri
čitaonički pokret

Izvori

Hrvatski narodni preporod
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj
Čitaonica

Hrvatska čitaonica u Pazinu


José Oscar Bernardi (født 20. juni 1954) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1978||11||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
|1980||4||0
|-
|1981||13||0
|-
|1982||11||1
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||11||0
|-
|1986||6||1
|-
!Total||59||2
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1978
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1982
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1986

José Oscar Bernardi


Palatul Sully (în ) este un palat din Paris care adăpostește Centrul Monumentelor Naționale din Franța. Este situat în arondismentul 4, pe Rue Saint-Antoine.

Istoric
A fost construit din anul 1624 pentru supraveghetorul al finanțelor Mesme Gallet. Inițial prevăzut cu cărămizi și pietre, la modă în momentul respectiv, a fost realizat doar în pietre în cele din urmă. Includea un corps de logis (clădire principal) în spatele a Rue Saint-Antoine, o grădină și o seră de portocali, și ducea la Place Royale (acum Place des Vosges). După ce s-a ruinat la joc, Gallet a trebuit sa vândă creditorilor săi palatul neterminat, care a fost cumpărat de consilierul de stat Roland de Neubourg. Acesta a achiziționat, de asemenea, câteva imobile conexe, pentru a ridica o fațadă pe stradă, sub conducerea arhitectului Jean Androuet du Cerceau. Astfel a fost creat aspectul actual al clădirii.

În anul 1628 palatul terminat a fost cumpărat de Maximilien de Béthune, primele duce de Sully, care a finalizat decorul sculptat. În 1651, Maximilien, cel al doilea duce de Sully, și a amenajat o galerie și niște apartamente la primul etaj, apoi și-a construit o aripă nouă, perpendiculară pe clădirea principal, la grădinile. Casa de Sully și-a păstrat palatul până la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și i-a lăsat numele său. În sec. al XIX-lea palatul a fost exploatat ca o investiție imobiliară. Clasat monument istoric în 1861, a fost cumpărat de statul francez, care a lansat lucrările de renovare. Din anul 1967 adăpostește sediul al Casei Naționale a Monumentelor Istorice și Preistorice, acum Centrul Monumentelor Naționale din Franța.

Galerie foto

Referințe

Legături externe

  Site-ul oficial  la Centrul Monumentelor Naționale din Franța
  Prezentare pe Structurae

Palate din Paris
Monumente istorice din Franța
Arondismentul 4 din Paris

Palatul Sully


Linucon was a combination Linux expo/science fiction convention in Austin, Texas. Conceived as a "sister convention" to Penguicon, Linucon was co-founded by Rob Landley and Stu Green.

Two Linucons were held. The first Linucon was held October 8–10, 2004, at the Red Lion Inn located at 6121 North I-35 in Austin. Linucon 2.0 was held September 30 – October 2, 2005, at the Ambassador Hotel located at the intersection of I-35 and Highway 183.

The science fiction side had three main tracks: an anime track, a literary track, and a gaming track. These tracks included cosplay (and a Masquerade), filk, a dealer's room, panels, author readings and signings, Birds of a Feather sessions, and an art show. The convention suite featured caffeinated Jell-O and ice cream made with liquid nitrogen. There was also a live action role-playing game. The video room played around the clock and both gaming rooms (computer and paper) were open 24 hours.

The technical side ranged over such subjects as Linux kernel architecture, security and network administration, web design, use of Linux on a laptop, computer gaming, digital art, electronic publishing, and machinima. Free wireless internet access was available. There were panels, tutorials, an "installfest" and featured guests who went head to head in a first person shooter elimination tournament (the "celebrity fragfest").

Notable guests included actor Wil Wheaton, Jay "Tron Guy" Maynard, game designer Steve Jackson, and Linux activist Eric S. Raymond.

Aftermath
Financial difficulties and the departure of primary founder Rob Landley from Austin led to the shutdown of Linucon after the second event.

References

Conventions in Texas
Defunct science fiction conventions in the United States
Recurring events established in 2004
Recurring events disestablished in 2006
Culture of Austin, Texas

Linucon


El MTV World Stage VMAJ 2010 se llevaron a cabo el sábado, 29 de mayo en el Yoyogi National Gymnasium en Tokio, Japón.  Los nominados fueron anunciados el 31 de marzo de 2010.

Nominados

Video del Año
 Exile — "Futatsu no Kuchibiru"
 Namie Amuro — "Fast Car"
 Ayaka — "Minna Sora no Shita"
 Alicia Keys — "Doesn't Mean Anything"
 Lady Gaga — "Poker Face"

Álbum del año
 Exile — Aisubeki Mirai e
 Namie Amuro — Past < Future
 The Black Eyed Peas — The E.N.D.
 Green Day — 21st Century Breakdown
 Superfly — Box Emotions

Mejor Video Masculino
 Shota Shimizu — "Utsukushiki Hibi yo"
 Jay'ed — "Everybody"
Jay-Z con Alicia Keys — "Empire State of Mind"
 Kreva — "Speechless"
 Sean Paul — "So Fine"

Mejor Video Femenino
 Namie Amuro — "Fast Car"
 Ayaka — "Minna Sora no Shita"
 Kaela Kimura — "Butterfly"
 Lady Gaga — "Poker Face"
 Rihanna — "Russian Roulette"

Mejor Video de Grupo
 TVXQ — "Share the World"
 Backstreet Boys — "Straight Through My Heart"
 The Black Eyed Peas — "I Gotta Feeling"
 Remioromen — "Kachōfūgetsu"
 Tokyo Incidents — "Nōdōteki Sanpunkan"

Mejor Artista Nuevo
 Big Bang — "Gara Gara Go!"
 Mao Abe — "Itsu no Hi mo"
 Keri Hilson con  Kanye West y  Ne-Yo — "Knock You Down"
 Taylor Swift — "You Belong with Me"
 The Telephones — "Monkey Discooooooo"

Mejor Video Rock
 Superfly — "Dancing on the Fire"
 9mm Parabellum Bullet — "Inochi no Zenmai"
 Green Day — "Know Your Enemy"
 Muse — "Uprising"
 Radwimps — "Oshakanshama"

Mejor Video Pop
 Big Bang — "Koe o Kikasete"
 Ikimono-gakari — "Yell"
 Kumi Koda — "Lick Me"
 Leona Lewis — "Happy"
 Pink — "Please Don't Leave Me"

Mejor Video R&B
 Miliyah Kato — "Aitai"
 Chris Brown — "Crawl"
 Jasmine — "Sad to Say"
 Juju with  Jay'ed — "Ashita ga Kuru Nara"
 Alicia Keys — "Doesn't Mean Anything"

Mejor Video Hip-Hop
 Kreva — "Speechless"
 Eminem — "We Made You"
 Flo Rida con  Kesha — "Right Round"
 Jay-Z con  Alicia Keys — "Empire State of Mind"
 Rhymester — "Once Again"

Mejor Video Reggae
 Han-Kun — "Keep it Blazing"
Sean Kingston — "Fire Burning"
 Sean Paul — "So Fine"
 Pushim — "My Endless Love"
 Ryo the Skywalker — "Kokoni Aru Ima wo Tomoni Aruki Dasou"

Mejor Video Dance
 Lady Gaga — "Poker Face"
 Cos/Mes — "Chaosexotica"
 David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland — "When Love Takes Over"
 La Roux — "I'm Not Your Toy"
 Perfume — "One Room Disco"

Mejor Video de una Película
 Juju con  Jay'ed — "Ashita ga Kuru Nara" (de April Bride)
 Flumpool — "Dear Mr. & Ms. Picaresque" (de MW)
 Leona Lewis — "I See You" (de Avatar)
 Paramore — "Decode" (de Twilight)
 Shōnan no Kaze — "Tomo Yo" (de Drop)

Mejor Colaboración
 W-inds con  G-Dragon — "Rain Is Fallin'"
 Beyoncé con  Lady Gaga — "Video Phone"
 Jay-Z con  Alicia Keys — "Empire State of Mind"
 Juju wcon  Jay'ed — "Ashita ga Kuru Nara"
 Miliyah Kato con  Shota Shimizu — "Love Forever"

Mejor Canción de Karaokee!
 Miliyah Kato  con Shota Shimizu — "Love Forever"
 The Black Eyed Peas — "I Gotta Feeling"
 Kaela Kimura — "Butterfly"
 Lady Gaga — "Poker Face"
 Kana Nishino — "Motto..."

Premios Especiales

MTV Icon Award
 Exile

Mejor Director
 Kodama Hirokazu

Presentaciones en vivo
 2NE1 — "Fire"
 Big Bang — "Gara Gara Go! / Hands Up"
 Bradberry Orchestra — "Love Check"
 Exile — "24karats Stay Gold"
 Miliyah Kato — "Sayonara Baby / Bye Bye"
 Kesha — "Tik Tok / Your Love Is My Drug"
 K'naan con AI — "Wavin' Flag"
 Superfly — "Alright!!"
 Taio Cruz — "Break Your Heart"
  W-inds — "New World"

Enlaces
 MTV Video Music Awards Japan website

MTV

2010 MTV World Stage VMAJ


Phaidon, græsk Φαίδων (Phaídōn), latiniseret Phaedo) er et filosofisk værk af Platon skrevet som dialog. Dialoger beskriver en litterært formet samtale, der er indsat i en rammehandling. Filosoffen Phaidon fra Elis, efter hvem dialogen er opkaldt, optræder i rammehandlingen som fortæller. Han er som Platon, elev af Sokrates, der kort forinden i Athen er blevet dømt til døden og henrettet for blasfemi og korrumpering af ungdommen. Phaidon beskriver som øjenvidne dødsdagens begivenheder, som Sokrates tilbragte i fængsel sammen med venner. Hoveddelen af hans fremstilling er en gengivelse af en filosofisk diskussion som Sokrates deltog i. Til slut beretter Phaidon om Sokrates' sidste gerninger og udtalelser.

Sokrates' samtalepartnere er, ud over Phaidon, to elever, Khebes og Simmias fra Theben. Hovedtemaet er sjælens karakter, dens forhold til legemet, som den besjæler, og dens skæbne efter døden. Sokrates forsøger at gøre sjælens udødelighed plausibel. Han fremfører forskellige argumenter, der støtter denne tese. Han betragter den individuelle sjæl som uforgængelig, og ser den som bærer af menneskets viden, evner og erindringer. Ifølge ham bebor, behersker og bevæger sjælen legemet, den tildeler med sin tilstedeværelse legemet liv. Ved døden skilles den fra legemet, hvilket medfører dets forfald. I reinkarnation forbinder den sig derefter med forskellige legemer. Derfor er der ingen grund til at frygte døden, da døden kun består i ødelæggelsen af den nuværende krop, mens personen er sjælen, der forbliver intakt. Sokrates forsvarer denne filosofiske antropologi mod indvendinger fra Simmias og Khebes. Især imod en alternativ model, i følge hvilken "sjæl" kun betyder harmonien af legemets materielle elementer. Hvis man opfatter sjælen som harmoni, må man antage, at den går til grunde når legemet dør og mister sin struktur.

Ifølge Sokrates afhænger sjælens skæbne efter døden af dens opførsel gennem livet; det bedste er bios theoretikos, en filosofisk livsførelse, som han selv har praktiseret. Denne tankegang hjælper ham til at have en afslappet holdning og til at imødegå døden munter og ubekymret, mens de andre er meget bedrøvede over hans død.

Dialogens påvirkning af den europæiske kulturhistorie, fra antikken og frem til moderne tid, er enorm. Den citeres ofte og nævnes i mange diskussioner over et muligt liv efter døden. På den ene siden er den en filosofisk undersøgelse af grundspørgsmål vedrørende den menneskelige eksistens; på den anden side tilhører den den klassiske trøstende litteratur. Sammmen med Platons dialoger Sokrates' forsvarstale og Kriton har den bestemt eftertidens billede af Sokrates i langt højere grad end Xenofons beskrivelse af Sokrates. I Platons fremstilling fremstår Sokrates som et forbilledligt menneske, der til sin død har virkeliggjort sit ideal om en filosofisk livsførelse.

Tid, sted og deltagere
Rammehandlingen foregår i byen Phleius på den nordøstlige del af halvøen Peleponnes. Sokrates henrettelse er sket omtrent en måned før. I Athen, hvor Sokrates levede og døde, tilhørte Phaidon hans kreds af elever. Efter Sokrates død har han ingen grund til at blive i Athen og vender tilbage til sin hjemby Slis i Peleponnes. På gennemrejse i Phleius møder han en gruppe pythagoræere, hvis ordfører er Echekrates. De har allerede hørt om retssagen og henrettelsen, men kender ikke detaljerne og er derfor nysgerrige for at høre om disse. Phaidon opfylder gerne deres ønske.

Dødsdommen kom i foråret 399 f. Kr. Da der er gået noget tid allerede, sætter man almindeligvis Phaidons ophold i Phleius til sidste halvdel af 399 f. Kr. Fængslet, hvori samtalen hvis forløb Phaidon skildrer, ligger i Athen, men det præcise sted kan ikke bestemmes. Man formoder i nærheden af retsbygningen Heliaia, der iflg. arkæologiske undersøgelser formodentlig lå ca. 100 meter sydvest herfor, lige uden for Athens agora.

Phaidons beskrivelelse af Sokrates' venner og elever som til dels athenske, til dels som stammende andre steder fra er vigtig. Han nævner hvem der var til stede ved henrettelsen og hvem der af forskellige grunde var forhindrede i at være til stede og henviser til det, at hans liste af Sokrates' venner fra Athen ikke er fuldstændig.

Litteratur
 Phaidon i PLATON. BIND 1. Samlede værker i ny oversættelse. (2009) Redigeret af Jørgen Mejer og Chr. Gorm Tortzen. Gyldendal.

Sekundærlitteratur
Jørgen Hass: ''Platons "Phaidon" : Struktur og argument,Odense Universitet, Filosofisk Institut, 1972.

Noter

Filosofiske skrifter
Efterliv

Phaidon


Water Tower Place is a large urban, mixed-use development comprising a  shopping mall in a 74-story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The mall is located at 835 North Michigan Avenue, along the Magnificent Mile. It is named after the nearby Chicago Water Tower, and is owned by affiliates of Brookfield Property Partners.  As reported by the Chicago Suntimes, Brookfield Property Partners handed the keys to the project back to their lender, MetLife, owing to numerous retail vacancies following the closing of Macy's and the impact of COVID and increasing crime along the Magnificent Mile.

History
Originally planned in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company (the former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co.), the skyscraper was eventually built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties, a company led by Philip Morris Klutznick and his son Thomas J. Klutznick. The project received a J.C. Nichols Prize from the Urban Land Institute in 1986. Modernist architect Edward D. Dart, of Loebl Schlossman Bennett and Dart, was the chief architect.

The tower section is a 78-story, 859-foot (262 m) reinforced concrete slab, faced with gray marble, and is the eighth tallest building in Chicago and the twenty-sixth tallest in the United States. When built, it was the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. It contains a Ritz-Carlton hotel, condominiums and office space, and sits atop a block-long base containing an atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.

Water Tower Place's opening changed the economic dynamics of the Magnificent Mile by bringing middle-class shops to what had been a street dominated by luxury retailers, tony hotels, and expensive apartments. It shifted downtown Chicago's retail center of gravity north from State Street to North Michigan Avenue.

The 360 condo units in the tower were designed in 1974. Richard A. Meyers Realty, Inc., was the contracted sales and marketing consultant. In a recessionary market, the company was given the challenge of demonstrating the product and obtaining hard contracts before construction began.  This was a challenging assignment in the recessionary climate of 1974–1976.

A detailed product research study was conducted by Gary S. Meyers, which included examining on a room-by-room basis over luxury 100 high-rise condominiums in the Chicago metropolitan area and a like number around the nation. The product analysis was then compared with sales velocities of other projects to determine buyer needs and wants and their respective acceptable price points. The net result was a mathematically designed housing product that allowed for specific space allocation for each room in each unit. The results were efficient units, where each room had a competitive advantage.

After the product was designed, Richard A. Meyers Realty, Inc. and Urban Investment and Development took an entire floor in the Blair Building, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, and built several full-scale condominium units, several blocks away from the site. This combined marketing approach produced sales of over 100 units before the building was ready for occupancy, a pace that surpassed units ready for occupancy in competing buildings during the same period.

In 2001, a program of refurbishments was begun, including enclosing the exterior arcade along Michigan and adding a loading dock in the middle of the block for additional retail space. Also included were updates to the escalators and fountains leading into the mall from North Michigan Avenue lobby, as well as enhancements to the sidewalk areas, the mall's exterior facades, and department store entrances. Some of the changes included the addition of exterior glass walls and display areas for the department stores, some small specialty retail space in the renovated lobby area, and large exterior rounded, corner glass bay windows and lighted "fins" on the North Michigan Avenue and side street exterior walls of the mall. These last additions broke up the boxy nature of the original architecture and added some dimension and scale to the monolithic marble walls. The interior fountain between the escalators leading from the North Michigan Avenue lobby were also updated with a tiered "pop jet" fountain with cascading waterfalls and balls of water, controlled by computer-based choreography.

The Rouse Company acquired the center in 2002 during the breakup of the then Dutch-owned Urban Shopping Centers. In 2008, a 3-story American Girl Store replaced Lord & Taylor, which closed in spring of 2007.

Oprah Winfrey acquired four condominium units in the building. The condos were sold in 2015 and 2016 for slightly more than what she paid.

On August 14, 2020, WGN-TV announced Macy's would be leaving, although they declined to give a comment. Then in September 2020, Macy's reopened their store and all operations will continue. On January 5, 2021, it was announced that Macy's would be closing as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store officially closed its doors on March 21, 2021. This was a part of the early 2021 downsizing by Macy's Inc.

In October 2023, it was reported that the top five floors of the shopping mall were for sale, for conversion to office space. The building's owners plan to downsize the mall to only the first three floors of the podium structure.

The Ritz-Carlton, Chicago
The Ritz-Carlton Chicago is a 435-room hotel at Water Tower Place.

The builders of Water Tower Place acquired the rights to use the Ritz-Carlton name and logo when they opened a hotel in the tower in 1975. This was before the modern Ritz-Carlton chain was established in the mid-1980s, using the same name and logo, which have been around since the early 20th century, in use at various hotels. Also under terms of the agreement, no other hotel was permitted to use the Ritz-Carlton name in the Chicago area while the agreement was still in effect, meaning that the modern Ritz-Carlton chain was never able to operate a hotel in Chicago, only a nearby condominium, which they built in 2012.

So that their hotel would be part of a chain, the owners of Water Tower Place contracted Four Seasons Hotels to manage the hotel in 1977. It was not part of the global Ritz-Carlton chain, despite its name and use of the lion logo. In 1985 the number of guest rooms was reduced to 435.

On August 1, 2015, The Ritz Carlton Chicago ceased being a Four Seasons property and converted management and operation to Sage Hospitality of Denver, operated as a full member of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, and participating in and marketed with the rest of The Ritz-Carlton properties.

In 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranked the hotel as the sixth-best hotel in Illinois.

Shopping center

When the mall opened, its anchor stores were Marshall Field's and Lord & Taylor. Marshall Field's was converted to Macy's in 2006. Lord & Taylor closed in 2007. Macy's closed in 2021.

The eight-level mall has nearly 100 shops, a live theatre and several restaurants, arranged around a chrome-and-glass atrium with glass elevators. It was one of the first vertical malls in the world, although along North Michigan Avenue it has been joined by The Shops at North Bridge and the Avenue Atrium (better known as 900 North Michigan), both of which contain higher end retail mixes.

Remaining stores include Akira, American Girl, American Eagle, Bath and Body Works, Chico's, Eileen Fisher, Express, Finish Line, Inc., Forever 21, Hollister Co., J. Jill, Lacoste, Lego, Sephora, Sunglasses Hut and White House Black Market.

In October 2023, it was reported that the top five floors of the shopping mall were for sale, for conversion to office space. The building's owners plan to downsize the mall to only the first three floors of the podium structure.

Education
Residents of Water Tower Place are zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools.
Ogden School (K-8)
Wells Community Academy High School

Position in Chicago's skyline

Bus connections
CTA

  3 King Drive
 26 South Shore Express
  66 Chicago
  125 Water Tower Express
  143 Stockton/Michigan Express
  146 Inner Drive/Michigan Express
  147 Outer Drive Express
  148 Clarendon/Michigan Express
  151 Sheridan
  157 Streeterville/Taylor

See also
List of skyscrapers
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
List of tallest buildings in the United States
World's tallest structures

References

 Dart, Susan (1993).Edward Dart Architect..
Emporis listing

External links

Water Tower Place

Residential buildings completed in 1976
Skyscraper office buildings in Chicago
Residential condominiums in Chicago
Residential skyscrapers in Chicago
Condo hotels in the United States
Brookfield Properties
Shopping malls in Chicago
Tourist attractions in Chicago
Edward D. Dart structures
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company
Skyscraper hotels in Chicago
1976 establishments in Illinois
Streeterville, Chicago

Water Tower Place


An Cannomois aristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Maxwell Tylden Masters. An Cannomois aristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cannomois, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cannomois

Cannomois aristata


Eva Horká  (* 10. Juli 1967 in Prag, Tschechoslowakei) ist eine tschechische Schauspielerin.

Horká wurde bekannt durch die Rolle als die Sensenfrau Frau Hippe in junger Gestalt (Frau Holle).

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1985: Ing. (Kurzfilm)
 1985: Frau Holle (Perinbaba)
 1989: Chodník cez Dunaj (Fernsehfilm)
 1991: Dno (Fernsehfilm)
 1991: Pres padací mosty (Fernsehfilm)
 1993: Podivné jméno pro psa (Kurzfilm)
 2009: Malá Smrt (Kurzfilm)
 2010: 3+1 s Miroslavem Donutilem (Fernsehserie, eine Folge)

Weblinks

Frau
Tscheche
Filmschauspieler
Geboren 1967

Eva Horká


Helkama Oy er et finsk konglomerat og paraply-brand, som driver flere datterselskaber som fokuserer på cykler (Helkama Velox), kabler til skibe og kommunikation (Helkama Bica), husholdningsmaskiner og køleskabe (Helkama Forste), accessories og importvarer til Škoda Auto biler (Helkama-Auto) og bilvedligeholdelse og import (Uuttera Oy). I 2005 var omsætningen på 320 mio. amerikanske dollar og der var omkring 1.000 ansatte. Helkama, der er etableret i 1905, er en familieejet virksomhed.

Helkama er mest kendt for sine cykler og sælger i dag også elcykler.
Helkama byggede flere knallerter indtil produktionen blev lukket i 1990'erne. Den mest populære knallertmodel var Helkama Raisu.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Official website
 Helkama Velox – Bicycles

Fremstillingsvirksomheder fra Finland
Cykelproducenter
Cykelmærker
Knallertmærker
Elektronikvirksomheder fra Finland
Virksomheder i Helsinki
Etableret i 1905

Helkama


Dietmar Eifler (* 13. September 1949) ist ein deutscher Werkstoffwissenschaftler. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen in den Bereichen Schwingfestigkeit, Fügetechnik und Ultraschallschweißen.

Leben und Werdegang

Eifler studierte an der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) allgemeinen Maschinenbau. Seine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn wurde wesentlich durch seinen Doktorvater und Mentor Eckard Macherauch geprägt. Seine Dissertation zum Thema Inhomogene Deformationserscheinungen bei Schwingbeanspruchung eines unterschiedlich wärmebehandelten Stahles des Typs 42 CrMo 4 legte Eifler 1981 vor. Danach übernahm er die Leitung des Schwingfestigkeitslaboratoriums am Institut für Werkstoffkunde I (IWK) der Universität Karlsruhe.

1991 habilitierte Eifler sich und erhielt die Lehrbefugnis für das Fach "Werkstoffkunde" der Universität Karlsruhe. Ab 1991 unterrichtete er an der Universität Essen. Seit 1994 ist Eifler Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Werkstoffkunde an der TU Kaiserslautern. Als Visiting Professor lehrt er ferner an der Fukuoka University in Japan.

Eifler ist national und international als Gutachter tätig. 2002 folgte die Berufung in den Rat für Technologie der Regierung des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz. Am 26. November 2008 wurde Eifler der Akademie-Preis des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz für "seine breit gefächerte Grundlagenforschung im Bereich der Werkstoffkunde sowie seine herausragenden Fähigkeiten bei der Ausbildung und Motivation der Studierenden" verliehen.

Seit 2009 ist Eifler Mitglied der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Schriften
 Mechanische Eigenschaften von Implantatwerkstoffen. DVM, Berlin 1998.
 Implantologie: mechanische und klinische Aspekte von Implantaten. DVM, Berlin 2000.
 Eigenschaften und Prüftechniken mechanisch beanspruchter Implantate. DVM, Berlin 2002.
 Grenzflächen bei Implantaten. DVM. Berlin 2004.

Weblinks

 Übersicht über Eiflers Forschungsprojekte bei der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft

Einzelnachweise

Werkstoffwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (TU Kaiserslautern)
Mitglied der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Deutscher
Träger des Verdienstordens des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz
Geboren 1949
Mann

Dietmar Eifler (Werkstoffwissenschaftler)


As Serpentine Galleries são duas galerias de arte contemporânea em Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, no centro de Londres. Recentemente renomeada apenas para Serpentine, a organização está dividida entre Serpentine South, anteriormente conhecida como Serpentine Gallery, e Serpentine North, anteriormente conhecida como Sackler Gallery. Os espaços da galeria estão a cinco minutos a pé um do outro, ligados pela ponte sobre o Lago Serpentine, de onde as galerias recebem seus nomes. Suas exposições, sua arquitetura, as atividades de educação e os programas públicos atraem até 1,2 milhão de visitantes por ano. A entrada para ambas as galerias é gratuita. A CEO é Bettina Korek, e o diretor artístico Hans Ulrich Obrist.

Serpentine South
A Serpentine South, anteriormente conhecida como Serpentine Gallery, foi fundada em 1970 e está instalada em um antigo pavilhão de chá listado como Grade II, construído em 1933-34 pelo arquiteto James Gray West. Artistas notáveis cujos trabalhos foram exibidos lá incluem Man Ray, Henry Moore, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol, Paula Rego, Sondra Perry, Bridget Riley, Allan McCollum, Anish Kapoor, Christian Boltanski, Philippe Parreno, Richard Prince, Wolfgang Tillmans, Gerhard Richter, Gustav Metzger, Damien Hirst, Maria Lassnig, Jeff Koons e Marina Abramović. No chão na entrada da galeria está um trabalho permanente feito por Ian Hamilton Finlay em colaboração com Peter Coates, e dedicado a Diana, Princesa de Gales, ex-patrona da galeria.

Serpentine North

Em 2013, a Serpentine North, até então conhecida como Serpentine Sackler Gallery, foi aberta ao público. Isso deu nova vida à The Magazine, um antigo paiol tombado, construído em 1805, com a adição de uma extensão projetada por Zaha Hadid. Localizado a cinco minutos a pé do Serpentine South através da Serpentine Bridge, é constituído por 900 metros quadrados de espaço de galeria, restaurante, loja e espaço social. O Magazine Restaurant fica ao lado do espaço da galeria.

Em uma prévia de sua exposição na Serpentine South, Hito Steyerl se manifestou contra o financiamento da Galeria pela família Sackler, cujos membros são donos da Purdue Pharma, que desenvolve o analgésico OxyContin. A Galeria posteriormente divulgou uma declaração que concluía: "As doações para a Serpentine do Sackler Trust são históricas e não temos planos futuros para aceitar financiamento dos Sacklers".

Pavilhões
Todos os anos, desde 2000, a Serpentine encomendou um pavilhão de verão temporário a um arquiteto de renome. A série apresenta o trabalho de um arquiteto ou equipe de design internacional que não concluiu um edifício na Inglaterra no momento do convite da Galeria. Cada Pavilhão é concluído em seis meses e está situado no gramado do Serpentine South por três meses para o público explorar.

 2000: Zaha Hadid
 2001: Daniel Libeskind
 2002: Toyo Ito
 2003: Oscar Niemeyer
 2005: Álvaro Siza e Eduardo Souto de Moura
 2006: Rem Koolhaas
 2007: Pré-pavilhão 'Lilias': Zaha Hadid e Patrik Schumacher
 2007: Olafur Eliasson e Kjetil Thorsen
 2008: Frank Gehry
 2009: SANAA
 2010: Jean Nouvel
 2011: Peter Zumthor com Piet Oudolf
 2012: Ai Weiwei e Herzog & de Meuron
 2013: Sou Fujimoto
 2014: Smiljan Radic
 2015: Selgas Cano
 2016: Bjarke Ingels
 2017: Diébédo Francis Kéré
 2018: Frida Escobedo
 2019: Junya Ishigami
 2021: Sumayya Vally, Counterspace

Galeria de pavilhões temporários

Ligações externas

 Coleção de artigos sobre os Pavilhões Serpentineno The Guardian

Kensington Gardens
Londres
Galerias de arte
Fundações em 1970

Serpentine Galleries


بلدية بولولا , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 390 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية

بولولا


Ning steht für:

 Ning (Qingyang), einen Kreis der chinesischen Stadt Qingyang
 Ning (Unternehmen), einen Anbieter einer Social-Media-Plattform

Ning ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Ning Hao (* 1977), chinesischer Regisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Ning Kaiyu (* 2004), chinesische Schachspielerin
 Ning Qin (* 1992), chinesische Freestyle-Skierin
 Ning Xiaohan (* 2000), chinesischer Hürdenläufer
 Ning Yuqing (* 1994), chinesischer Tennisspieler
 Ning Zetao (* 1993), chinesischer Schwimmer
 Ning Zhongyan (* 1999), chinesischer Eisschnellläufer

Ning


දේශපාලන ව්‍යුහවේදය (), යනු දේශපාලන පද්ධති වල ව්‍යුහය පිළිබඳ කරන අධ්‍යයනයි.

දේශපාලන ව්‍යුහවේදය


Åkermanit ist ein selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der "Silikate und Germanate". Es kristallisiert im tetragonalen Kristallsystem mit der chemischen Zusammensetzung Ca2Mg[4][Si2O7] und ist damit chemisch gesehen ein Calcium-Magnesium-Silikat. Strukturell gehört Åkermanit zu den Gruppensilikaten.

Åkermanit entwickelt meist kurzprismatische bis dünntafelige Kristalle, aber auch körnige bis massige Mineral-Aggregate sowie Durchkreuzungszwillinge. In reiner Form ist er farblos und durchsichtig. Durch vielfache Lichtbrechung aufgrund von Gitterbaufehlern oder polykristalliner Ausbildung kann er aber auch weiß erscheinen und durch Fremdbeimengungen eine gelblichgraue, grüne oder braune Farbe annehmen, wobei die Transparenz entsprechend abnimmt.

Mit Gehlenit (Ca2Al[4][AlSiO7]) bildet Åkermanit eine lückenlose Mischkristall-Reihe, wobei zwischen den beiden Endgliedern eine gekoppelte Substitution von Al3+Al3+ durch Mg2+Si4+ stattfindet. Zusätzlich können Anteile des Calciums durch Natrium und Kalium, Magnesium durch zweiwertiges Eisen und Aluminium durch dreiwertiges Eisen ersetzt sein.

Etymologie und Geschichte
Erstmals beschrieben wurde Åkermanit 1884 von I. H. L. Vogt, der das Mineral nach dem schwedischen Metallurgen und Hüttenfachmann Anders Richard Åkerman (1837–1922) benannte. Dieser hatte zu Analysezwecken einige Schmelzprodukte zur Verfügung gestellt, in denen das Mineral bzw. dessen synthetische Entsprechung zuerst entdeckt wurde. Später fand sich Åkermanit auch als natürliche Mineralbildung an verschiedenen Fundorten.

Klassifikation
In der mittlerweile veralteten, aber noch gebräuchlichen 8. Auflage der Mineralsystematik nach Strunz gehörte der Åkermanit zur Mineralklasse der "Silikate und Germanate" und dort zur Abteilung der "Gruppensilikate (Sorosilikate)", wo er zusammen mit Andrémeyerit, Barylith, Gehlenit, Gugiait, Hardystonit, Jeffreyit, Kaliobarylith, Melilith, Meliphanit und Okayamalith die "Melilith-Gruppe" mit der System-Nr. VIII/C.02 bildete.

Die seit 2001 gültige und von der International Mineralogical Association (IMA) verwendete 9. Auflage der Strunz'schen Mineralsystematik ordnet den Åkermanit ebenfalls in die Klasse der "Silikate und Germanate" und dort in die Abteilung der "Gruppensilikate (Sorosilikate)" ein. Diese Abteilung ist allerdings weiter unterteilt nach der Art der Silikatgruppenbildung, der möglichen Anwesenheit weiterer Anionen und der Koordination der Kationen, so dass das Mineral entsprechend seiner Zusammensetzung und seinem Aufbau in der Unterabteilung "Si2O7-Gruppen, ohne nicht-tetraedrische Anionen; Kationen in tetraedrischer [4] und größerer Koordination" zu finden ist, wo es zusammen mit Barylith, Cebollit, Gehlenit, Gugiait, Hardystonit, Jeffreyit, Melilith und Okayamalith die "Melilith-Gruppe" mit der System-Nr. 9.BB.10 bildet.

Auch die vorwiegend im englischen Sprachraum gebräuchliche Systematik der Minerale nach Dana ordnet den Åkermanit in die Klasse der "Silikate und Germanate", dort allerdings in die bereits feiner unterteilte Abteilung der "Gruppensilikate: Si2O7-Gruppen, generell ohne zusätzliche Anionen" ein. Hier ist er zusammen mit Gehlenit, Melilith und Okayamalith in der "Melilith-Gruppe" mit der System-Nr. 55.04.01 innerhalb der Unterabteilung der "Gruppensilikate: Si2O7-Gruppen, generell ohne zusätzliche Anionen und mit Kationen in [8] und niedrigerer Koordination" zu finden.

Kristallstruktur

Åkermanit kristallisiert tetragonal in der  mit den Gitterparametern a = 7,84 Å und c = 5,01 Å sowie 2 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle.

Die Kristallstruktur enthält [Si2O7]-Gruppen, die gestreckt mit ihrer Längsachse parallel der c-Achse angeordnet sind. Zwischen den Silikat-Gruppen sind die Kationen Calcium und Magnesium eingebaut, wobei Calcium von je acht und Magnesium von je vier Sauerstoff-Ionen umgeben sind (siehe Koordinationszahl).

Eigenschaften
Åkermanit neigt stark zur Zersetzung.

Bildung und Fundorte
Åkermanit findet sich überwiegend als kristalliner Bestandteil in Eisenhüttenschlacken, aber auch Zementklinker können Åkermanit und Melilith enthalten. In der Natur bildet er sich durch Kontaktmetamorphose in kieselsäurehaltigen Kalkstein und Dolomiten sowie in Sanidinit-Fazies. Des Weiteren kann Åkermanit auch in alkalischen und calciumreichen Magmatischen Gesteinen entstehen. Als Begleitminerale treten unter anderem Diopsid und dessen eisen- und aluminiumhaltige Varietät Fassait, Forsterit, Grossular, Larnit, Merwinit, Monticellit, Spurrit und Wollastonit auf.

Insgesamt sind weltweit bisher (Stand: 2018) rund 50 natürliche und anthropogene (Schlackenhalden) Fundorte für Åkermanit bekannt. In Deutschland fand sich das Mineral unter anderem auf der Schlackenhalde der Herzog-Julius-Hütte bei Astfeld in Niedersachsen und im Steinbruch "Caspar" am Ettringer Bellerberg bei Ettringen in der Eifel in Rheinland-Pfalz.

Weitere Fundorte sind unter anderem der Berg Dupezeh bei Qala Diza (Qeladze, قلعة دزة) im Irak; in der Hatrurim-Formation der israelischen Wüste Negev; am Monte Somma und am Monte Cavalluccio nahe Sacrofano in Italien; bei Hamada in Japan; Labrador, Oka und Saint-Joseph-du-Lac in Kanada; auf einer Schlackenhalde nahe Tsumeb in Namibia; bei Flekkeren in der norwegischen Kommune Skien; im Basaltsteinbruch bei Also-Rákos (Unter-Krebsenbach) im Kreis Harghita in Rumänien; im Odikhincha-Massiv in der Region Krasnojarsk sowie in den Chibinen und bei Kowdor auf der Halbinsel Kola in Russland; bei Kilchoan auf der schottischen Halbinsel Ardnamurchan; bei Söråker in Schweden; auf der "Hendriksplaats Farm" bei Mashishing (ehemals Lydenburg) und in der "Wessels Mine" bei Hotazel in Südafrika; bei Poličany/Kutná Hora (Schlackenlokalität) und Želénky/Duchcov in Tschechien sowie am Iron Hill im Gunnison County (Colorado), auf der Kaskadenkette (New York) und in der "Marble Canyon Mine" im Culberson County (Texas) in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Minerale

Literatur

Weblinks

 Mineralienatlas: Åkermanit (Wiki)
 RRUFF Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy – Åkermanite (englisch)
 American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database – Åkermanite (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Grandfathered Mineral
Tetragonales Kristallsystem
Gruppensilikate (Strunz)
Calciummineral
Magnesiummineral
Siliciummineral

Åkermanit


H. Dugald Macpherson (né en 1959) est un mathématicien et logicien britannique. Il est professeur de mathématiques pures à l'université de Leeds.

Biographie
Il a obtenu son doctorat en philosophie à l'Université d'Oxford en 1983 pour sa thèse intitulée « Enumeration of Orbits of Infinite Permutation Groups » sous la direction de Peter Cameron. En 1997, il a reçu le prix Junior Berwick de la London Mathematical Society. Il poursuit ses recherches sur les groupes de permutation et la théorie des modèles. Il est scientifique responsable de l'équipe MODNET à l'Université de Leeds. Il est co-auteur du livre Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups.

Publications
avec Meenaxi Bhattacharjee, Rögnvaldur G. Möller Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups, Springer Verlag 1998.
avec Deidre Haskell, Ehud Hrushovski Stable domination and independence in algebraically closed valued fields, Cambridge University Press 2008.
 (éd) avec Richard Kaye: Automorphisms of first order structures, Oxford University Press 1994.

Références

Liens externes

 Page personnelle de Macpherson à Leeds

Personnalité en théorie des modèles
Professeur à l'université de Leeds
Étudiant de l'université d'Oxford
Mathématicien britannique du XXIe siècle
Mathématicien britannique du XXe siècle
Lauréat du prix Berwick
Naissance en 1959

Dugald Macpherson


Caramoran ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde der Inselprovinz Catanduanes. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 27 Barangays leben. Die Gemeinde wird als teilweise urban beschrieben und gehört zur dritten Einkommensklasse der Gemeinden auf den Philippinen. Caramoran liegt ca. 344 km südöstlich der Hauptstadt der Philippinen Manila und 46 km nördlich der Provinzhauptstadt Virac, an der Küste der Philippinensee.

Caramoran hat eine hügelig bis gebirgig beschriebene Topographie, in denen das Natur- und Wasserschutzgebiet Catanduanes Watershed Forest Reserve mit seinen ausgedehnten Regenwaldbeständen liegt.

Das Klima der Insel Catanduanes wird als Type II klassifiziert, mit keiner ausgeprägten Trocken- oder Regenzeit, die stärksten Niederschläge fallen von Oktober bis Dezember. Die Gemeinde liegt innerhalb des Taifungürtels auf den Philippinen.

Baranggays

Weblinks

Caramoran auf philippine-islands.ph

Caramoran


Kırım Türkleri Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği, genel merkezi Ankara'da bulunan sivil toplum kuruluşudur. 1955 yılında kuruldu. Bakanlar Kurulunun 21 Aralık 1992 tarih ve 92/3924 sayılı kararı ile kamu yararına çalışan dernek olarak tescil edildi.

Derneğin 1 Ocak 2008 itibarıyla 22 şubesi var.

Dış bağlantılar
Kırım Türkleri Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği

Kamu yararına çalışan sivil toplum kuruluşları
1955'te kurulan dernekler ve vakıflar
Ankara merkezli dernekler


Işıklar, Balıkesir ilinin Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı kurucusu olan Işık Dede'den gelir. Işık Dede'nin mezarı bilinmeyip türbesi köy merkezine 100 m uzaklıkta muhtarlığın önündedir.

Coğrafya

Nüfus

2007 genel seçimlerinde oy kullanan seçmen sayısı 2000 civarında olmakla birlikte aldığı göçlerden dolayı nüfusun tam sayısı bilinmemektedir..

Bigadiç'in mahalleleri

Işıklar, Bigadiç


Fettecke ("rincón grasiento") era una obra del artista alemán Joseph Beuys. Consistía en la colocación de 5 kilos de manteca en un rincón del museo de Düsseldorf.

En 1986 una limpiadora, suponiendo que la instalación era, en realidad, suciedad en el suelo, la destruyó al pasarle encima su fregona. Por esta pérdida, el estado de Renania del Norte Westfalia compensó con 40.000 marcos (unos 20.000 euros).

Referencias
Una limpiadora destruye una obra de arte al querer limpiarla. El Periódico, 3 de noviembre de 2011.
Una empleda destruye una obra de arte en Alemania por su afán de limpieza. Levante, 5 de noviembre de 2011.

Arte de Alemania

Fettecke


Kuvaterner (Dördüncü Zaman), jeolojide yaklaşık son 2,588 ± 0,005 milyon yıllık dönemi kapsayan, Uluslararası Stratigrafi Komisyonunun (ICS) kabul ettiği jeolojik zaman cetveline göre tanımlanmış, Senozoik Zaman'ın sonuncu bölümüdür. Neojen'in sonundan günümüze kadar devam eder. Gayriresmî "Geç Kuvaterner" kavramı, son 0,5–1,0 milyon seneyi kapsar.

Kuvaterner'in ilk dönemi olan Pleistosen'de büyük ölçüde astronomik etkilere bağlı olarak yüzden fazla sıcak ve soğuk devir yaşanmıştır. Yüksek genlikli ve düşük frekanslı sıcak ve soğuk devirler, Çibanyen başlarından itibaren yaşanmaya başlandı. Bundan dolayı başlıca büyük buzul ve buzul arası devirler, Orta ve Geç Pleyistosen'dedir. Yaklaşık 11.700 yıl önce başlayan Holosen ise hâlen içinde bulunduğumuz devirdir.

Kuvaterner, tipik olarak Milankoviç döngüsü ve ona bağlı iklim ve çevre değişiklilerinden kaynaklanan kıtasal buzun yineleyen biçimde büyüyüp küçülmesiyle tanımlanır.

Araştırma tarihi
Kuaterner ("dördüncü") periyot, ilk defa Giovanni Arduino tarafından 1759'da Kuzey İtalya'daki Po Nehri'ndeki alüvyal tortulanmaları açıklamak için teklif edilmiştir. 1829'da Jules Desnoyers, Fransa'daki Sen Havzası'nda bulunan ve Tersiyer Periyodu kayaçlarından bariz şekilde daha genç görünen tortulanmalar için bu kavramı kullandı.

Kuaterner Çağı, Neojen Çağ'ın izler ve bugüne kadar devam eder. Bu zaman içinde Pleistosen buzullaşmaları ve günümüzdeki Holosen adı verilen interglasiyel periyot da bulunmaktadır.

Böylece Kuaterner, Kuzey Yarıküre'de buzullanmanın başladığı zaman olup takrîben 2,6 milyon sene evvel başlar. 2009'dan önce Pleistosen, 1,805 milyon sene öncesinden günümüze kadarki zaman olarak tanımlanırdı. Yani bugünün Pleistosen tanımı, 2009 öncesi Pliyosen'in bir kısmını da içine alır.

Böylece öne sürülen Pleistosen'in 1,805 milyon sene öncesindeki başlangıcı, önemli buzullaşmaların oluşmasından çok sonraya kalıyordu. ICS, bu problem üzerine Kuaterner teriminin kullanımını tamamen kaldırmayı önerdiyse de Uluslararası Kuaterner Araştırmaları Birliği (İng.  (INQUA)), bunun kabul edilemez olduğunu ileri sürdü.

2009'da Kuaterner'i Senozoik Zaman'ın en genç periyodu yapmaya karar verildi ve tabanı 2,588 milyon sene öncesine kaydırılarak daha önce Neojen ve Pliyosen Çağ'a ait olarak görülen Gelasiyan bölümü de dahil Kuaterner'e dahil edildi.

Antroposen, insanın Endüstri Devrimi'yle başlayan küresel çevreye etkilerini içeren ve takriben 200 sene önce başlayan üçüncü bir devir olarak teklif edildi. Antroposen, ICS tarafından resmen tespit edilmemiş olmasına rağmen bir çalışma grubu, 2016'da yeni bir epok ya da alt periyot oluşturmayı hedeflemektedir.

Jeoloji
Kuvaterner döneminin başlangıcı olan 2,6 milyon yıl öncesi, ilk Homo (insan) türlerinin ortaya çıktığı zamandır. Bu kısa dönemde levha hareketleriyle pek az değişiklik olmuştur.

Kuvaterner dönemine ait jeolojik kayıtlar, daha önceki devirlere kıyasla daha büyük detayla muhafaza edilmişlerdir.

Bu dönemdeki ana coğrafî değişiklikler, buzul devirlerde Boğaz'ın ve Skagerrak'ın ortaya çıkmasıyla Karadeniz ve Baltık Denizi'nin sırasıyla tatlı suya dönüşmesi ve yükselen deniz seviyesiyle tekrar suyun basmasıyla tuzlu su olması; Manş Denizi'nin periyodik olarak dolmasıyla Britanya ile Avrupa karası arasında bağlantı meydana gelmesi; Bering Boğazı'nın periyodik olarak kapanmasıyla Asya ve Kuzey Amerika arasında bir bağlantının meydana gelmesi ve yine Kuzeybatı Amerika'da 'lerin buzul sularıyla periyodik olarak su baskınlarına uğramasıdır.

Hudson Körfezi'nin şimdiki uzantıları, Büyük Göller ve Kuzey Amerika'nın diğer önemli gölleri, Kanada Kalkanı'nın son buzul çağdan beri kendini yeniden düzenlemesinin sonucudur; farklı sahiller, Kuaterner boyunca görülmüştür.

İklim
Kuaterner iklimi, periyodik olarak buzulların kutuplardan ±40° enleme kadar hareket ettirdi. Pleistosen Dönem'in sonunda büyük hayvanların nesli kuzey bölgelerde hatırı sayılır derecede tükendi. Pleistosen Dönemi'nin sonunda Kuzey bölgelerinde büyük memelilerde büyük bir yok oluş yaşandı. Bütün Dünya'da kılıç dişli kaplan, mamut, mastodon ve gliptodonlar yok oldu. At, deve ve Amerika çitası gibi cinslerin nesli Kuzey Amerika'da tükendi.

Kuaterner buzullaşmaları
Schimper'in 1839'da kullandığı ve 2,58 milyon sene evvel başlayıp günümüze kadar devam edegelen Kuaterner Buzul Çağı döneminde buzullaşma tekrar tekrar görüldü.

Son buzul periyodu

1821'de bir İsviçreli mühendis olan Ignaz Venetz bir makale yayınlayarak bu makalede Alplerden hatırı sayılır uzaklıkta bir buzulun geçiş izlerinin bulunduğunu öne sürdü. Önceleri Louis Agassiz adlı başka bir İsviçreli bilim insanınca tartışılan bu görüş, bu fikrin yanlışlığını gösterleye alışırken doğruluğunu ispat etmesiyle sonuçlandı. Bir sene sonra Agassiz, geniş tabanlı etkileri olan büyük bir buzul çağının önceden geçmiş olduğu hipotezini ileri sürdü. Bu fikir, Agassiz'in uluslararası şöhrete sahip olmasına ve Buzul Teorisi'nin kabul edilmesine sebebiyet verdi.

Zamanla ve jeolojinin hassaslaşmasıyla birkaç buzul büyüme ve geriye çekilme döneminin olduğu gösterildi; Dünya'nın eski sıcaklığının bugünden çok farklı olduğu anlaşıldı. Bilhassa Milutin Milanković'in keşfettiği Milankoviç döngüsü, Dünya'ya gelen Güneş ışımasının iklimi kontrol eden ana faktörlerden olduğu esasına dayanır.

Bu zaman zarfında hatırı sayılır buzul büyüme ve çekilmeleri, Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa'nın büyük kısmı ve Güney Amerika ile Asya'nın bâzı bölümleriyle bütün Antarktika'da  tespit edildi. Büyük Göller meydana geldi ve büyük memeli hayvanlar yayıldı. Memelilerin buzul devri 11.700 sene evvel bitince nesli tükendi. Modern insan 190.000 senede gelişti (kaynak: Leakey). Kuaterner periyodunda memeliler, çiçekli bitkiler ve böcekler karara yayıldı.

Kaynakça

Kuvaterner


Calotes liolepis යන විද්‍යාත්මක නාමයෙන් හදුන්වන මොවුන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේණික ඉතා දුර්ලභ කටුසු විශේෂයකි.මොවුන්  Calotes ගනයට අයත් වේ. තරමක් විශාල කටුස්සෙක් වන මොවුන්ගේ හිසේ සිට වලිගය දක්වා දිග 27 cm පමණ වේ. ඉනුත් වලිගය 19 cm පමණ වේ. ශාරීරය මධ්‍යයේ ඇති කොලරයක් සේ පවතින කණ්ටක ගොමු දෙකක් මොවුන් සතු වේ. මොවුන්ගේ ශරීරය කොළ , දුඹුරු , අළු පැහැ මිශ්‍ර වර්ණ රටා පිහිටා ඇත. හදිසි අනතුරක් සිවුරක් (ගොරෝසු රෙදි කඩක්) වනන විට ඇති වන හඩට සමාන හඩක් මොවුන් පිට කරනු ලබයි.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තෙත් කලාපයේ පමණක් දැකිය හැකි මෙම කටුසු විශේෂය මීටර 2-8 ත් අතර කදන් ආශ්‍රිතව වාසර කරයි.තවද මොවුනට පැනිය හැක්කේ අන්‍ය කටුස්සන්ට සාපේක්ෂව  ඉතා කෙටි දුරක් පමණි.

සිකුරු හඩලන කටුස්සා


Ambrosio (ou Ambroise) de Precipiano, né vers 1500 à Gavia dans le Duché de Milan et décédé en 1560 à Dole dans le Comté de Bourgogne, est un militaire et ingénieur génois fixé en Franche-Comté connu pour avoir édifié de nombreux systèmes défensifs dans l'est de la France et l'actuelle Belgique. Ses plus grandes réalisations demeurent les remparts de la ville de Gray et surtout de Dole.

Biographie
Issu d'une famille enracinée dans la région de Gênes, il est cependant né à Gavia en Lombardie.

Il était, selon une tradition loin d'être assurée, le petit-neveu de l'amiral génois Andrea Doria, par sa grand-mère paternelle. Appelé au service de Charles Quint il est envoyé de Gênes, dans les Pays-Bas espagnols en 1539, notamment dans la ville de Gand et contribue également à la construction de la citadelle de Namur. Le comté de Bourgogne cherche un ingénieur militaire capable de réparer et renouveler les fortifications des principales cités comtoises détruites en très grande partie lors de la guerre de Succession de Bourgogne. Après plusieurs autres ingénieurs, c'est lui qui se voit confier en 1541 l'élaboration et la direction du chantier de construction des fortifications de Dole, capitale de la province.

Après un passage en Lorraine, à La Mothe (actuellement en Haute-Marne), Pont-à-Mousson (Meurthe-et-Moselle), et sans doute Nancy dans les années 1545-1546, Ambrosio de Precipiano revint à Dole avant d'être envoyé à Gray, ville sur la Saône qu'il fortifia à partir de 1551. Il fortifie vraisemblablement ensuite, la ville de Champlitte.

On lui connaît également plusieurs succès militaires, comme le siège du château de Traves (appartenant à François de Clermont), qu'il mena à bien et qui lui valut, outre une confortable récompense de 2000 francs, une grande reconnaissance de la part de son souverain.Il fut en outre anobli et créé baron de Soye par lettres patentes du 14 octobre 1555, «par considération de ses bons et agréables services, s'y estant bien et vertueusement acquitté au travail et danger de sa personne». Il se fixe définitivement Franche-Comté ou se descendants continueront d'occuper de grandes fonctions. Sa postérité disparaît au .
Il décède à Dole en 1560 et il est inhumé dans la collégiale.

Descendants

 Achille de Precipiano, décédé le 2 novembre 1642 à Friedberg, baron de Soye, gentilhomme de la chambre du roi d'Espagne, gouverneur de Faucogney sergent de bataille des armées impériales,
 Humbert de Precipiano, né à Rougemont le 12 septembre 1627 et décédé à Bruxelles le 9 juin 1711 est un évêque et archevêque dans les Pays-Bas espagnols.
 Prosper-Ambroise de Precipiano, comte de Soye, né vers 1625  et décédé le  est un militaire et ingénieur comtois connu pour avoir commencé la construction de la citadelle de Besançon. Il a été également, l'un des chefs militaires comtois pendant la seconde conquête de la Franche-Comté.

Œuvres de Precipiano

Bibliographie

 Champlitte, place forte du comté de Bourgogne XIIIe-XVIIe siècles, Laurence Delobette, Paul Delsalle, Éditions Franche-Bourgogne, 2016

 Charles Quint et la Franche Comté: Portraits et lieux de mémoire, Paul Delsalle, Cêtre, 2012

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité franc-comtoise de l'époque moderne
Militaire du Saint-Empire romain germanique
Décès en 1560
Décès à Dole
Personnalité militaire du XVIe siècle
Architecte du XVIe siècle
Ingénieur militaire
Naissance dans le duché de Milan
Naissance à Gavi (Italie)
Décès dans le Saint-Empire romain germanique

Ambrosio de Precipiano


Istaravshan (; ; ) is a city in Sughd Province in Tajikistan. In 2000, the Tajik government changed the name of the city from Uroteppa (; Ura-Tyube, ).

The city lies in the northern foothills of the Turkistan mountain range, 78 kilometers southwest of Khujand, on the main road connecting Tajikistan's two largest cities, Khujand and Dushanbe. Bordered by Uzbekistan in the north and west, and Kyrgyzstan in the east, Istaravshan's administrative area encompasses 1,830 square kilometers and a population of 273,500 people. Most of them (76%) live in the outlying countryside.

Istaravshan is one of central Asia's oldest towns of commerce and crafts. The city celebrated its 2,500th birthday in the year 2002 It was one of three proposed locations for ancient Cyropolis, which was built on the north-eastern outskirts of the Achaemenid Empire by the king Cyrus in the 6th century B.C.

Climate
Istaravshan has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The average annual temperature in Istaravshan is . There is more rainfall in winter than in summer, and about  of precipitation falls annually.

Subdivisions

Before ca. 2018, Istaravshan was the seat of Istaravshan District, which covered the rural part of the present city of Istaravshan. The city of Istaravshan covers Istaravshan proper and ten jamoats. These are as follows:

Istaravshan on stamps

Notable people

 Ulmas Mirsaidovich Mirsaidov (born 1945), theoretical chemist and professor

See also
 List of cities in Tajikistan
 Osrūshana

References

Populated places in Sughd Region
Jamoats of Tajikistan

Istaravshan


Li Si (Mandarin: ;  BCSeptember or October 208 BC) was a Chinese calligrapher, philosopher, and politician of the Qin dynasty. He served as Chancellor (or Prime Minister) from 246 to 208 BC under two rulers: Qin Shi Huang, the king of the Qin state and later the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty; and Qin Er Shi, Qin Shi Huang's eighteenth son and the Second Emperor. Concerning administrative methods, Li Si "indicated that he admired and utilized the ideas of Shen Buhai", repeatedly referring to the technique of Shen Buhai and Han Fei, but regarding law followed Shang Yang.

John Knoblock, a translator of classical Chinese texts, considered Li Si "one of the two or three most important figures in Chinese history"; Li Si assisted the Emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying the laws, governmental ordinances, weights and measures, and standardized chariots, carts, and the characters used in writing... [facilitating] the cultural unification of China. He "created a government based solely on merit, so that in the empire sons and younger brothers in the imperial clan were not ennobled, but meritorious ministers were", and "pacified the frontier regions by subduing the barbarians to the north and south". He had the weapons of the feudal states melted and cast into musical bells and large human statues, and relaxed taxes and the draconian punishments inherited from Shang Yang.

Early life
Li Si was originally from Shang Cai () in the State of Chu. As a young man he was a minor functionary in the local administration of Chu. According to the Records of the Great Historian, one day Li Si observed that rats in the outhouse were dirty and hungry but the rats in the barn house were well fed. He suddenly realized that "there is no set standard for honour since everyone's life is different.  The values of people are determined by their social status.  And like rats, people's social status often depends purely on the random life events around them.  And so instead of always being restricted by moral codes, people should do what they deemed best at the moment." He made up his mind to take up politics as a career, which was a common choice for scholars not from a noble family during the Warring States period.

Li Si was unable to advance his career in Chu.  He believed that achieving nothing in life while being so intelligent and educated would bring shame to not just himself but to all scholars.  After having finished his education with the famous Confucian thinker Xunzi, he moved to the State of Qin, the most powerful state at that time in an attempt to advance his political career.

Career in Qin
During his stay in Qin, Li Si became a guest of Prime Minister Lü Buwei and got the chance to talk to Ying Zheng, who would later become the first emperor of a unified China, Qin Shi Huang. Li Si expressed that the Qin state was extremely powerful, but uniting China was still impossible if all of the other six states united to fight against Qin.  Qin Shi Huang was impressed by Li Si's view of how to unify China. Having adopted Li Si's proposal, the ruler of Qin spent generously to lure intellectuals to the state of Qin and sent out assassins to kill important scholars in other states.

In 237 BC a clique at the Qin court urged King Zheng to expel all foreigners from the state to prevent espionage. As a native of Chu, Li Si would be a target of the policy so he memorialised the king explaining the many benefits of foreigners to Qin including "the sultry girls of Zhao." The king relented and, impressed with Li Si's rhetoric, promoted him. The same year, Li Si is reported to have urged King Zheng to annex the neighbouring State of Han to order to intimidate the other five remaining states. Li Si also wrote the "Petition against the Expulsion of Guest Officers" (Jianzhuke Shu) in 234 BC. Han Fei, a member of the aristocracy from the State of Han, was asked by the Han king to go to Qin and resolve the situation through diplomacy. Li Si, who envied Han Fei's intellect, persuaded the Qin king that he could neither send Han Fei back (as his superior ability would be a threat to Qin) nor employ him (as his loyalty would not be to Qin). As a result, Han Fei was imprisoned, and in 233 BC convinced by Li Si to commit suicide by taking poison. The State of Han was later conquered in 230 BC.

After Qin Shi Huang became emperor Li Si persuaded him to suppress intellectual dissent. Li Si believed that books regarding things such as medicine, agriculture and prophecy could be ignored but political books were dangerous in public hands.  It was hard to make progress and change the country with the opposition of so many "free thinking" scholars.  As a result, only the state should keep political books, and only the state run schools should be allowed to educate political scholars. Li Si himself penned the edict ordering the destruction of historical records and literature in 213 BC, including key Confucian texts, which he thought detrimental to the welfare of the state.  It is commonly thought that 460 Confucian scholars were buried alive in the well-known historical event "Burning Books and Burying Confucianists" ().

Death
When Qin Shi Huang died while away from the capital, Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao suppressed the late emperor's choice of successor, which was Fusu. At that time Fusu was close friends with Meng Tian.  If Fusu became the next emperor there was a high chance Meng Tian would replace Li Si as prime minister.  Fearing a loss of power, Li Si decided to betray the dead Qin Shi Huang.  Li Si and Zhao Gao tricked Fusu into committing suicide, and installed another prince, Qin Er Shi (229 BC – 207 BC), in his place. During the tumultuous aftermath, Zhao Gao convinced the new emperor to install his followers in official positions. When his power base was secure enough, Zhao Gao betrayed Li Si and charged him with treason.  Qin Er Shi, who viewed Zhao Gao as his teacher, did not question his decision.  Zhao Gao had Li Si tortured until he admitted the crime and once even intercepted a letter of pleas he had sent to the Emperor. In 208 BC, Zhao Gao had Li Si subjected to the Five Punishments and executed via waist chop () at a public market and also had his entire family to the third degree exterminated. Sima Qian records Li Si's last words to his son as having been, "I wish that you and I could take our brown dog and go out through the eastern gate of Shang Cai to chase the crafty hare. But how could we do that!"

Legacy
Believing in a highly bureaucratic system, Li Si was central to the efficiency of the state of Qin and the success of its military conquest. He was also instrumental in systematizing standard measures and currency in post-unified China.  He further helped systematize the written Chinese language by promulgating as the imperial standard the small seal script which had already been in use in the state of Qin.  In this process, variant glyphs within the Qin script were proscribed, as were variant scripts from the different regions which had been conquered. This had a unifying effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years. Li Si was also the author of the Cangjiepian, the first Chinese language primer of which fragments still exist.

See also
 Burning of books and burying of scholars

Notes

References

Further reading

 Goldin, Paul R. (2005). "Li Si, Chancellor of the Universe". In After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy, pp. 66–75. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
 Levi, Jean (1993). "Han fei tzu (韓非子)". In Loewe, Michael (ed., 1993). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, pp. 115–116. (Early China Special Monograph Series No. 2), Society for the Study of Early China, and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, .
 Michael, Franz (1986). China through the Ages: History of a Civilization. pp. 53–67. Westview Press; SMC Publishing, Inc. Taipei. ; 957-638-190-8 (ppbk).
 Nivison, David S. (1999). "The Classical Philosophical Writings", pp. 745–812. In Loewe, Michael & Shaughnessy, Edward L. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.
 Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. . Chapter 1.

280s BC births
208 BC deaths
3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers
Chinese chancellors
Executed Qin dynasty people
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
History of the Chinese script
Inventors killed by their own invention
Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
Qin dynasty calligraphers
Qin dynasty philosophers
Qin dynasty government officials
Qin Shi Huang
People executed by cutting in half
Philosophers from Henan
Philosophers of law
Politicians from Zhumadian
Victims of familial execution
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty government officials

Li Si


Sanlav, İslamiyet öncesi Şamanlık döneminde kullanılan öz Türkçe bir kelimedir. Şamanlık döneminde her köyün ya da kabilenin bir "saygın kişisi" vardı. Bu kişinin toplum içindeki yeri Alevi toplumundaki "dede" makamı ile aynıdır ve aynı kültürün bir devamıdır.

Sanlav, içinde bulunduğu topluluğun "saygın kişisi" sıfatıyla davranır ve kararlar verirdi. Bu kararlar idari ve siyasi kararlar olmayıp tamamen töresel davranışların düzeni ile ilgiliydi. Bu bağlamda sanlav, köyde ya da kabilede doğan çocukların ergenlik çağına kadar taşıyacakları ilk isimlerini verirdi. Bu çocukların ergenlik çağından sonra taşıyacakları isimlerini ise köyün ya da kabilenin reisi, şefi verirdi. Çocuğun anne ya da babası çocuklarına isim koyamazlardı. Bu işi sanlav ve kabile reisi yapardı.

Bu töresel davranışa bağlı olarak günümüzde bile birçok Türk kültür dairesindeki topluluklarda anne-babalar kendi büyüklerinin yanında (kendi anne-babaları) çocuklarını kucaklarına almazlar. Bu davranış Türk kültüründen etkilenen diğer komşu ve birlikte yaşanan kültürlere de yansımıştır. Bu isim koyma biçimi aynen Kuzey Amerika yerlilerinde de görülmekte ve bu nedenle de Orta Asya halk toplulukları ile Kuzey Amerika yerli toplulukları arasındaki ırksal ve kültürel bağların birliği savına destek olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Bu töresel davranış günümüze kadar kısmen değişerek gelmiştir. Günümüzde ailede doğan çocuklara ya ailenin saygın bir kişisi isim vermektedir ya da erkeğin ya da kadının ailesindeki saygın bir kişinin ismi veya güvendikleri, inandıkları kişilerin ismi verilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, sanlav kelimesi "isim veren, isim koyan" anlamında bir sıfattır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Aksakallı
 Aksaçlı
 Adsız

Türkiye'de kültür
Türk mitolojisi
Türk şamanizmi

Sanlav


Jin Ping Mei ()—translated into English as The Plum in the Golden Vase or The Golden Lotus—is a Chinese novel of manners composed in vernacular Chinese during the latter half of the 16th century during the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Consisting of 100 chapters, it was published under the pseudonym Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng (), "The Scoffing Scholar of Lanling," but the only clue to the actual identity is that the author hailed from Lanling County in present-day Shandong. The novel circulated in manuscript as early as 1596, and may have undergone revision up to its first printed edition in 1610. The most widely read recension, edited and published with commentaries by Zhang Zhupo in 1695, deleted or rewrote passages important in understanding the author's intentions.

The explicit depiction of sexuality garnered the novel a notoriety akin to Lady Chatterley's Lover and Lolita in the West, but critics such as the translator David Tod Roy see a firm moral structure which exacts retribution for the sexual libertinism of the central characters.

Jin Ping Mei takes its name from the three central female characters—Pan Jinlian (, whose given name means "Golden Lotus"); Li Ping'er (, literally "Little Vase"), a concubine of Ximen Qing; and Pang Chunmei (, "Spring plum blossoms"), a young maid who rose to power within the family. Chinese critics see each of the three Chinese characters in the title as symbolizing an aspect of human nature, such as mei (), plum blossoms, being metaphoric for sexuality.

David Tod Roy calls the novel "a landmark in the development of the narrative art form—not only from a specifically Chinese perspective but in a world-historical context...noted for its surprisingly modern technique" and "with the possible exception of The Tale of Genji ( 1010) and Don Quixote (1605, 1615), there is no earlier work of prose fiction of equal sophistication in world literature." Jin Ping Mei is considered one of the six classics of Chinese novels.

Plot

Jin Ping Mei is framed as a spin-off from Water Margin. The beginning chapter is based on an episode in which  "Tiger Slayer" Wu Song avenges the murder of his older brother by brutally killing his brother's former wife and murderer, Pan Jinlian. The story, ostensibly set during the years 1111–1127 (during the Northern Song dynasty), centers on Ximen Qing (), a corrupt social climber and lustful merchant who is wealthy enough to marry six wives and concubines.

After Pan Jinlian secretly murders her husband, Ximen Qing takes her as one of his wives. The story follows the domestic sexual struggles of the women within his household as they clamor for prestige and influence amidst the gradual decline of the Ximen clan. In Water Margin, Ximen Qing is brutally killed in broad daylight by Wu Song; in Jin Ping Mei, Ximen Qing in the end dies from an overdose of aphrodisiacs administered by Jinlian to keep him aroused. The intervening sections, however, differ in almost every way from Water Margin. In the course of the novel, Ximen has 19 sexual partners, including his six wives and mistresses, and a male servant. There are 72 detailed sexual episodes in Jin Ping Mei.  However, considering the novel has over one million words (and over 3,600 pages in complete English translation), the graphic sexual scenes accounts for less than 3 percent of its total content.

Evaluation

For centuries identified as pornographic and officially banned most of the time, the book has nevertheless been read surreptitiously by many of the educated class. The early Qing dynasty critic Zhang Zhupo remarked that those who regard Jin Ping Mei as pornographic "read only the pornographic passages." The influential author Lu Xun, writing in the 1920s, called it "the most famous of the novels of manners" of the Ming dynasty, and reported the opinion of the Ming dynasty critic, Yuan Hongdao, that it was "a classic second only to Shui Hu Zhuan." He added that the novel is "in effect a condemnation of the whole ruling class."

The American scholar and literary critic Andrew H. Plaks ranks Jin Ping Mei as one of the "Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel" along with Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, and Journey to the West, which collectively constitute a technical breakthrough and reflect new cultural values and intellectual concerns. It has been described as a "milestone" in Chinese fiction for its character development, particularly its complex treatment of female figures. James Robert Hightower wrote in 1953 that along with The Dream of the Red Chamber, it ranks with "the greatest novels" for "scope, subtle delineation of character, and elaborate plot." Phillip S. Y. Sun argued that although in craftsmanship it is a lesser work than The Dream of the Red Chamber, it surpasses the latter in "depth and vigour".

The novel contains a surprising number of descriptions of sexual objects and coital techniques that would be considered fetish today, as well as a large number of bawdy jokes and oblique but titillating sexual euphemisms. Some critics have argued that the highly sexual descriptions are essential, and have exerted what has been termed a "liberating" influence on other Chinese novels that deal with sexuality, most notably the Dream of the Red Chamber. David Tod Roy (whose translation of the novel was published 1993–2013) sees an "uncompromising moral vision," which he associates with the philosophy of Xunzi, who held that human nature is evil and can be redeemed only through moral transformation.

Authorship

The identity of the author has not yet been established, but the coherence of the style and the subtle symmetry of the narrative point to a single author.  The British orientalist Arthur Waley, writing before recent research, in his Introduction to the 1942 translation suggested that the strongest candidate as author was Xu Wei, a renowned painter and member of the "realistic" Gong'an school of letters, urging that a comparison could be made of the poems in the Jin Ping Mei to the poetic production of Xu Wei, but left this task to future scholars.

The "morphing" of the author from Xu Wei to Wang Shizhen would be explained by the practice of attributing "a popular work of literature to some well-known writer of the period". Other proposed candidates include Li Kaixian and Tang Xianzu. In 2011, Zhejiang University scholar Xu Yongming argued that Bai Yue was possibly the author.

The novel contains extensive quotations and appropriations of the writings of other authors. According to The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Jin Ping Mei sources include vernacular stories, pornography, histories, dramas, popular songs, jokes, and prosimetric narratives, as well as texts far outside of the parameters of the literary, such as official gazettes, contracts, and menus."

Translations

English

1610 version
  5 volumes. 1993–2013. A complete and annotated translation of the 1610 edition presumed to be closest to the author's intention.

1695 version
 Clement Egerton. The Golden Lotus (London: Routledge, 1939).. 4 vols. Internet Archive, HERE. Various reprints.
Egerton worked with the celebrated Chinese novelist Lao She, who because of the nature of the novel refused to claim credit for its English version. It was an "expurgated", though complete, translation of the 1695 edition, with the more explicit parts rendered in Latin. Later editions translate the Latin. Republished in 2008, as part of the Library of Chinese Classics, in 5 volumes as the book is in a mirror format with the simplified Chinese facing the English translation. Reprinted with the Wade-Giles transliterations replaced with pinyin and the Latin passages translated, as The Golden Lotus: Jin Ping Mei (Tuttle Classics) Clarendon, VT: Tuttle, 2011 ), with a General Introduction by Robert E. Hegel.

 Bernard Miall, translated from the German of Franz Kuhn with an Introduction by Arthur Waley. Chin P'ing Mei: The Adventurous History of Hsi Men and His Six Wives. (London: John Lane, 1942; rpr. New York, Putnam, 1947).

Other Languages
 The book was translated into Manchu as  Wylie: Gin p'ing mei pitghe, (Möllendorff: Gin ping mei bithe) and published in a bilingual edition as early as 1708. The title is a phonetic transcription of each syllable in the Manchu script, rather than a translation of the meaning. It has been digitized by the Documentation and Information Center for Chinese Studies of Kyoto University and is available online.
 . Translated by Jean-Pierre Porret. (Paris: Le Club Français du Livre, 1949 – 1952, reprinted, 1967). 2 volumes.
 , translated by Otto and Artur Kibat. 6 volumes. (Hamburg: Die Waage, 1967–1983). Uses the 1695 recension.
 . Translated and annotated by André Lévy. La Pléiade Gallimard 1985. Folio Gallimard 2004. 2 volumes . The first translation into a Western language to use the 1610 edition, but follows the 1695 edition in omitting many of the longer song suites and other borrowed material.
 . Complete Spanish translation. Translated and annotated by Alicia Relinque Eleta. Atalanta. 2 volumes (2010, 2011).
 Complete Russian translation, 5 volumes, 1994—2016: . Иркутск: Улисс, 1994. 448+512+544 с. . Т. 4, кн. 1—2. М.: ИВ РАН, 2016. 640+616 с. ,

Adaptations
 The Concubines (Japan, 1968)
 The Golden Lotus (Hong Kong, 1974)
 Ban Geum-ryeon (South Korea, 1982)
 The graphic novelist Magnus created a truncated graphic novel loosely based on the Jin Ping Mei, entitled the 110 Sexpills which focused on the sexual exploits and eventual downfall of Ximen Qing (albeit with the surname being taken as the character's given name, and vice versa).
 The Japanese manga by Mizukami Shin  (Kinpeibai Kinden Honoo no Kuchizuke) is loosely based on Jin Ping Mei. (2004)
 The Forbidden Legend Sex & Chopsticks (Hong Kong, 2008)
 Golden Lotus (musical; premiered in 2014)

See also

Notes

References and further reading

 C. T. Hsia, Ch. V "Chin Ping Mei", in The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction. (1968; rpr. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, Cornell East Asia Series, 1996). .
  esp. pp. 639–643.

 Andrew H. Plaks. The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel: Ssu Ta Ch'i-Shu. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987).  .

  Essays.

 ; archived at NYRB China Archive "Remembrance of Ming's Past".

External links

 Sample of a chapter from David Tod Roy's translation
 Research articles (Chinese)
 Interview with David Tod Roy By Carla Nappi (December 16, 2013)
 (Chinese)

Chinese novels adapted into films
1596 books
1610 books
16th-century Chinese novels
Ming dynasty novels
Chinese erotic novels
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in the Northern Song
Works based on Water Margin
Novels set in Shandong
Novels set in the 12th century

Jin Ping Mei


Maria Ferdinanda af Sachsen (27. april 1796 – 3. januar 1865) var en tysk prinsesse af Sachsen, der var storhertuginde af Toscana fra 1821 til 1824 som ægtefælle til storhertug Ferdinand 3. af Toscana.

Maria Ferdinanda var datter af prins Maximilian af Sachsen og Caroline af Parma. Hun blev gift den 6. maj 1821 i Firenze med storhertug Ferdinand 3. af Toscana i hans andet ægteskab. De fik ingen børn.

Albertinske linje af Huset Wettin
Storhertuginder af Toscana
Kongelige fra Sachsen
Personer fra Dresden

Maria Ferdinanda af Sachsen


الخط السوداني هو أحد الخطوط العربية وكانت تكتب به إلى جانب العربية بعض اللغات المحلية ببلاد السودان الغربي أو ما يعرف اليوم بغرب أفريقيا. كما كان يسمى أيضا الخط التمبكتي نسبة إلى مدينة تمبكتو التي تقع في مالي والتي كانت مركزا ثقافيا وعلميا إسلاميا يشع على كامل السودان الغربي.

خصائصه
يعتبر الخط السوداني أحد تنويعات الخط المغربي، وهو لذلك يحمل الكثير من خصائصه ومن بينها إعجام حرفي الفاء والقاف ، حيث يعجم الحرف الأول بنقطة واحدة من أسفل والحرف الثاني بنقطة واحدة من فوق. كما يتميز هذا الخط بغلظه وبوجود الزوايا أكثر من الاستدارات. وقد ظهر في القرن السابع الهجري/الثاني عشر ميلادي.

مجاله
شاع استعمال هذا الخط في إفريقيا الغربية من مالي إلى السينغال إلى النيجر ونيجيريا حيث كانت الشعوب الإسلامية لهذه المنطقة تستعمل الخط العربي في كتابة لغاتها المحلية مثل الهوسا. وتحتفظ تمبكتو إلى حد الآن بالعديد من المخطوطات التي استعمل في كتابتها الخط السوداني.

انظر أيضاً
 خط الرقعة.
 خط الديواني.
 خط النسخ.

خطوط عربية

خط سوداني


Skelkrabbar (fræðiheiti: Ostracoda) eru flokkur krabbadýra sem inniheldur samtals um 70.000 tegundir, þar af 13.000 núlifandi tegundir. Skelkrabbar eru smásæir, yfirleitt um 1 millimetri að lengd. Flestir skelkrabbar lifa botnlægir í sjó eða sem dýrasvif, aðrir í ferskvatni og nokkrir hópar skelkrabba lifa á þurrlendi. Skelkrabbar eru ýmist rándýr, jurtaætur, hræætur eða síarar.

Skelkrabbar eru á Íslandi, bæði í ferskvatni og sjó.

Tenglar
 Jón Már Halldórsson. "Hvað er vitað um skelkrabba?" Vísindavefurinn, 22. október 2010. Sótt 25. janúar 2021.

Krabbadýr

Skelkrabbar


Vera Farmiga (n. 6 august 1973) este o actriță și producătoare americană de film și teatru. Cariera sa a început pe Broadway ca dublură la teatru în piesa din 1996 a lui Ronald Harwood, Taking Sides.

Rolul ei în filmul Cârtița (The Departed) (2006), care a câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film, i-a adus actriței recunoaștere internațională. În 2011, Vera_Farmiga a regizat primul ei film,  Higher Ground.

Aceasta este filmografia actriței Vera Farmiga:

Film

Televiziune

Teatru

Note

FilmografiiFilmografii de actori

Filmografia actriței Vera Farmiga


Am 5. Juli 1962 nahm die Regierung Alfons Gorbach einen mündlichen Bericht des BMfaA betreffend das Ergebnis des Referendums, das am 1. Juli 1962 in Algerien stattgefunden hatte, zur Kenntnis und beschloss alle Algerier zu dem Ergebnis zu beglückwünschen, das unabhängige Algerien anzuerkennen und in absehbarer Zeit die diplomatischen Beziehungen aufzunehmen.
Am 24. November 1962 wurden die bilateralen Beziehungen aufgenommen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der österreichischen Botschafter

Weblinks
 Der Botschafter. Österreichische Botschaft Algier

Einzelhinweise

Algerien
Osterreich
!

Liste der österreichischen Botschafter in Algerien


Iosif Stupinian (n. 27 ianuarie 1859, Uilacul de Câmpie, județul Cluj – d. 1929) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia , organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Părinții săi au fost plugari. A început școala în anul 1866 în Reghin-ul săsesc, unde a absolvit două clase primare, după care se mută la Blaj. Aici, remarcându-se drept un elev eminent, trece direct în clasa a IV-a. Tot la Blaj termină liceul și își ia diploma de bacalaureat, dar va fi și băiat de servici al canonicului Alexandru Uicălanu. Este primit în clerul tânăr al Eparhiei din Lugoj, de unde este trimis să urmeze Teologia Romano-Catolică din Alba Iulia. De aici este eliminat după doi ani, condamnat din cauza atitudinilor sale pro-românești. În cele din urmă pleacă la Blaj, absolvind aici Teologia.

În 12 martie 1882 a fost hirotonit preot, funcționând în cadrul mai multor parohii, între care Ruda, județul Hunedoara, Secaș, județul Caraș, Lunca Cernii, unde a zidit și o școala și o casă parohială, Mesteacăn, unde a construit o biserică. La Bărcea, fiind considerat de maghiari drept "agitator contra limbii maghiare", a fost condamnat de Tribunalul Deva la trei luni de închisoare și la suportarea cheltuielilor din cadrul procesului. Contestă decizia la Tabla din Cluj, achitat fiind datorită apărării avocatului Iustin Pop. Părăsind Deva, devine preot paroh în Râu Alb, de unde în 1908 trece ca administrator parohial și administrator protopopesc în Săcărâmb, iar mai târziu paroh și protopop în Geoagiu, județul Hunedoara.

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918, Iosif Stupinian a fost delegat al Cercului electoral Orăștie-oraș .

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7.
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu-Mureș, 1993.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 http://centenarulromaniei.ro/delegatii-alesi-ai-romanilor-din-transilvania-adunarea-nationala-1-decembrie-1918-alba-iulia

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1859
Decese în 1929
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Preoți români

Iosif Stupinean


La Fórmula Renault Alpes fue una competición de automovilismo de Fórmula Renault disputada entre 2011 y 2015. Resultó de una evolución de la Fórmula Renault 2.0 Suiza. La competición solía disputarse en circuitos de los Países alpinos.

Características

Monoplaza
Motor: Clio III Renault Sport Mk II, 4 cilindros, 16 V.
Cilindrada: 1998 cc
Potencia: 210 CV a 7.150 rpm
Cambio: 7 marchas secuenciales + retroceso con palancas en el volante.
Frenos: 1 disco en cada rueda.
Carburante y lubricante: Elf
Neumáticos: Michelin (slick 20-54X13 ant.; 24-5Xx13 post.)
Peso: 517 kg

Formato de carreras
 2 Prácticas libres de 30 o 40 minutos.
 1 sesión de calificación de 30 minutos.
 2 carreras de 25 minutos más 1 vuelta.

Circuitos

  Monza (2011-2015)
  Imola (2011-2015)
  Mugello (2012-2014)
  Vallelunga (2013)
  Misano (2013, 2015)
  Hungaroring (2011)

  Pau (2011-2012, 2014-2015)
  Paul Ricard (2011)
  Spa-Francorchamps (2011-2015)
  Österreichring (2011-2012, 2014-2015)
  Montmeló (2012)
  Jerez (2014-2015)

Campeones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial Fórmula Renault Alps

Deportes de motor en Suiza
Competiciones de automovilismo de Italia
Competiciones de automovilismo de Austria
Competiciones de automovilismo de Francia
Fórmula Renault
Campeonatos de motor desaparecidos

Fórmula Renault 2.0 Alpes


84096 Reginaldglenice este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
84096 Reginaldglenice este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Andrew Lowe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,31 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 5,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 84001-85000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

84096 Reginaldglenice


La bibliothèque Parker ( en anglais) est une collection de manuscrits et livres anciens conservée au Corpus Christi College de l'université de Cambridge, en Angleterre. Elle est issue de la collection personnelle de l'archevêque de Cantorbéry Matthew Parker, qui en fait don au Corpus Christi College (qu'il a dirigé de 1544 à 1553) à sa mort, en 1575.

Cette collection rassemble de nombreux manuscrits médiévaux rédigés en vieil et en moyen anglais.

Quelques manuscrits

 MS 2 : la Bible de Bury
 MS 12 : la traduction en vieil anglais de la Règle pastorale par Alfred le Grand
 MS 16 : les Chronica maiora de Matthieu Paris
 MS 70 : plusieurs textes juridiques, dont une version des
 MS 144 : le
 MS 173 : la version A de la Chronique anglo-saxonne
 MS 258 :
 MS 286 : l'Évangéliaire de saint Augustin
 MS 402 : une copie d'Ancrene Wisse

Liens externes

  , projet de numérisation des manuscrits de la bibliothèque Parker

Littérature médiévale anglaise
Université de Cambridge

Bibliothèque Parker


Joan Peters (née Friedman; April 29, 1936 – January 5, 2015), later Caro, was an American journalist and broadcaster. She wrote the 1984 book From Time Immemorial, a controversial book that wrongfully claimed that modern Palestinians were not indigenous to Palestine.

Life
Peters was born in Chicago. She studied at the University of Illinois without earning a degree and became a freelance writer for publications like Harper's. She became "fascinated by the Middle East while covering the Yom Kippur War as a freelancer for CBS in 1973".

Her first marriage, to Gary Peters, ended in divorce. Her second marriage, to Stanley Kaplan, lasted until his death in 1991. She married William A. Caro in 1997 and went by the name Joan Caro.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, Peters wrote for magazines such as Harper's, Commentary, The New Republic, and The New Leader, was a consultant in the creation of CBS news documentaries in 1973 about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and provided commentary on the subject for PBS. Her dedication to the cause of Israel may have been triggered by a visit in the 1970s to the Soviet Union, where officials treated her and her husband with suspicion.

According to the Walker Agency, which booked speaking and touring engagements for her, Peters also served as an adviser to the White House on American foreign policy in the Middle East during the Carter administration.

In From Time Immemorial (1984), she argued that Palestinians are largely not indigenous to modern Israel and therefore have no claim to its territory. The book became controversial and its central claims were discredited by reputable scholars shortly after its publication.  Scholars and writers across the political spectrum such as Norman Finkelstein, Noam Chomsky, Edward Said Yehoshua Porath. and Ian and David Gilmour criticized it.

Peters died at her home in Chicago in 2015 of a cerebral embolism. Shortly before her death, the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, Ron Prosor, telephoned to convey to her that Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu was deeply grateful for her work.

Awards
+ 1985: National Jewish Book Award in the Israel category for From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine

References

External links
 Review from Israel Hayom
 National Committee on American Foreign Policy
 Review from Noam Chomsky
 Assorted excerpts from From Time Immemorial
 Review of the book From Time Immemorial with critical aspects
 New York Review of Books
 Joan Peters's appearance on Zola Levitt Ministries, Episode: "From Time Immemorial" with Joan Peters, Part 1 and Part 2

1938 births
2015 deaths
American non-fiction writers
Writers on the Middle East
Journalists from Chicago
Jewish American writers
Jewish women writers
Deaths from embolism
American women non-fiction writers
American Zionists
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Joan Peters


Damasippos () ist eine Person der griechischen Mythologie.

Er ist in der Bibliotheke des Apollodor ein Sohn des Ikarios und der Periboia, der Bruder der Penelope sowie des Thoas, Imeusimos, Aletes und des Perilaos.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Damasippos (Mythologie)


Sponde , also known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation .

Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000 km in 734.89 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.443.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.

It belongs to the Pasiphae group, irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22.8 and 24.1 Gm, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References

Pasiphae group
Moons of Jupiter
Irregular satellites
Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard
Astronomical objects discovered in 2001
Moons with a retrograde orbit

Sponde