Abū al-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi-ʾllāh (; March 822 – 11 December 861), better known by his regnal name al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh (, "He who relies on God") was the tenth Abbasid caliph. He succeeded his brother, al-Wathiq, and is known for expanding the empire to its maximum extent. He was deeply religious, and is remembered for discarding the Muʿtazila, ending the Mihna (a period of persecution of Islamic scholars), and releasing Ahmad ibn Hanbal. He is also known for his tough rule, especially with respect to non-Muslim subjects.

He was assassinated on 11 December 861 by the Turkic guard with the support of his son, al-Muntasir, marking the beginning of the period of civil strife known as the "Anarchy at Samarra".

Early life
Al-Mutawakkil was born in February/March 822 to the Abbasid prince Abu Ishaq Muhammad (the future al-Mu'tasim) and a slave concubine from Khwarazm named Shuja. His early life is obscure, as he played no role in political affairs until the death of his older half-brother, al-Wathiq, in August 847.

Al-Mutawakkil was born during his uncle al-Ma'mun's reign. His full name was Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad and his Kunya was Abu al-Fadl. The young prince's early life coincided with what is called the golden age of the Abbasid Caliphate. During his youth his father was an important official of his uncle, caliph al-Ma'mun, who ruled until his death in 833. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his brother, rather than al-Abbas, as his successor, and Abu Ishaq was acclaimed as caliph on 9August, with the laqab of al-Mu'tasim (in full al-Muʿtaṣim bi'llāh, "he who seeks refuge in God"). His father became the eighth Abbasid caliph of the Caliphate in 833. His father ruled the caliphate for eight years and he was succeeded by his elder son al-Wathiq.

As a young prince, Jaʿfar's first and elder son Muhammad (the future al-Muntasir) was born in 837. Al-Muntasir's mother was Hubshiya, a Greek Umm walad. At the time of his birth Jaʿfar was 14 years old. His other sons Ahmad (the future al-Mu'tamid) and Talha (the future al-Muwaffaq) were born in 842 and 843, respectively. The future al-Mu'tamid's mother was Kufan Umm walad called Fityan.

As a prince, Jaʿfar lead the pilgrims in 842 (the year of al-Wathiq's accession). Al-Wathiq's mother  Qaratis accompanied him, intending to make the pilgrimage, but she died in al-Hirah on 4th Dhu al-Qadah (14 August 842) and was buried in Kufah in the Abbasid palace of Dawud ibn Isa. Jaʿfar remained a courtier during his brother's reign.

Caliphate

Al-Wathiq's death was unexpected, and although he had a young son, he had not designated a successor. Consequently, the leading officials, the vizier Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat, the chief qādī, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, the Turkish generals Itakh and Wasif al-Turki, and a few others, assembled to determine his successor. Ibn al-Zayyat initially proposed al-Wathiq's son Muhammad (the future al-Muhtadi), but due to his youth he was passed over, and instead, the council chose the 26-year-old Ja'far, who became the caliph al-Mutawakkil. The officials hoped that the new Caliph would prove a pliable puppet, like al-Wathiq. However, al-Mutawakkil was resolved to restore the authority of the caliphal office and restore its independence by destroying the coterie of civil and military officials, raised by his father, that effectively controlled the state.

Al-Mutawakkil's first target was the Vizier ibn al-Zayyat, against whom he harboured a deep grudge over the way he had disrespected him in the past. According to al-Tabari, when al-Wathiq had grown angry and suspicious at his brother, al-Mutawakkil had visited the vizier in hopes of persuading him to intercede with the Caliph. Not only had ibn al-Zayyat kept the Abbasid prince waiting until he finished going through his correspondence, but even mocked him, in the presence of others, for coming to him seeking assistance. Not only that, but when the dejected prince left, ibn al-Zayyat wrote to the Caliph to complain about his appearance, noting that he was dressed in an effeminate fashion and that his hair was too long. As a result, al-Wathiq had his brother summoned to court. Al-Mutawakkil came in a brand-new court dress, hoping to mollify the Caliph, but instead, al-Wathiq ordered that his hair be shorn off, and al-Mutawakkil was struck in the face with it. In later times, al-Mutawakkil confessed that he had never been so distressed by anything in his life than by this public humiliation. Thus, on 22 September 847, he sent Itakh to summon ibn al-Zayyat as if for an audience. Instead, the vizier was brought to Itakh's residence, where he was placed under house arrest. His possessions were confiscated, and he was tortured to death.

This was the apogee of Itakh's career: he combined the positions of chamberlain (ḥājib), head of the Caliph's personal guard, intendant of the palace, and head of the barīd, the public post, which doubled as the government's intelligence network. In 848, however, he was persuaded to go to the hajj, and laid down his powers, only to be arrested on his return. His possessions were confiscated—reportedly, in his house alone the Caliph's agents found one million gold dinars. He died of thirst in prison on 21 December 849.

He released from prison the famous jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal ibn Hilal ibn Asad al-Shaybani, who opposed the Mutazilites in their opinion that the Quran was created. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of the Hanbali madhhab, was arrested and tortured throughout the reigns of, respectively, al-Ma'mun (813-833), his brother and al-Mutawakkil's father, al-Mutassim, and his son al-Wathiq.

One Mahmud ibn al-Faraj al-Nayshapuri arose claiming to be a prophet. He and some followers were arrested in Baghdad. He was imprisoned, and beaten to death on 18 June 850.

In A.H. 236 (850), al-Mutawakkil issued a decree requiring all Christians and Jews in his realm, including Jerusalem and Caesarea, to wear a yellow (honey-colored) hood and belt to distinguish them from Muslims.

In A.H. 237 (851–852), Armenians rebelled and defeated and killed the Abbasid governor. Al-Mutawakkil sent his general Bugha al-Kabir to handle this. Bugha scored successes during this year; the following year, he attacked and burned Tiflis, capturing Ishaq ibn Isma'il. The rebel leader was later executed. That year (A.H. 238) the Byzantines attacked Damietta.

In A.H. 240 (854–855), the police chief in Homs killed a prominent person stirring an uprising. He was driven out. Al-Mutawakkil offered another police chief. When the next year saw a revolt against this new police chief, al-Mutawakkil had this firmly suppressed. As Christians had joined in the second round of disturbances, the caliph had Christians expelled from Homs.

Also in 241 occurred the firm response to the revolt by the Beja people, who lived beyond Upper Egypt. They had been paying a tax on their gold mines. They ceased paying this, drove out Muslims working in the mines and terrified people in Upper Egypt. Al-Mutawakkil sent al-Qummi to restore order. Al-Qummi sent seven ships with supplies that enabled him to persevere despite the very harsh terrain of this distant territory. He retook the mines, pressed on to the Beja royal stronghold and defeated the king in battle. The Beja resumed payment of the tax.

On 23 February 856, there was an exchange of captives with the Byzantine Empire. A second such exchange took place some four years later.

Al-Mutawakkil's reign is remembered for its many reforms and is viewed as a golden age of the Abbasids. He would be the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death, the dynasty would fall into a decline.

Religious policy
Al-Mutawakkil decided to diverge away from the religious policies of the previous caliphs, opting instead to put a stop to the controversy over whether the Qur'an was created or uncreated, ultimately putting an end to the doctrinal regime that had been in place since 833.
Al-Mutawakkil spent the next several years taking hostile steps against the Mu'tazilites, dismissing a number of Ibn Abi Du'ad's qadis from office and ordering an end to debate over the nature of the Qur'an.

The caliph also attempted to reconcile with Ahmad ibn Hanbal (died 855) and removed Ahmad ibn Nasr's body from public display, and finally, in March 852, he ordered that all prisoners held on account of the Inquisition be released, thereby largely bringing a close to the mihna period.

Al-Mutawakkil appointed the famous Arab Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Aktham as Chief judge (Qadi al-qudat) in 851, and he remained in office until al-Mutawakkil deposed him in 854.
Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid al-Hashimi was appointed as chief judge (qadi al-qudat) by al-Mutawakkil in July 854 as a replacement for Yahya ibn Aktham.

In 850 al-Mutawakkil made a decree ordering Dhimmi (Christians and Jews) to wear garments to distinguish them from Muslims, that their places of worship be destroyed and demonic effigies nailed to the doors, and that they are allowed little involvement in government or official matters.

Mutawakkil ordered the ancient sacred Cypress of the Zoroastrians, the Cypress of Kashmar, to be cut down in order to use it in constructing his new palace despite the enormous protests from the Zoroastrian community. The cypress, more than 1400 years old at the time, was of legendary value to the Zoroastrians, believed to have been brought from Paradise to the earth by Zoroaster. Al-Mutawakkil was killed before the cypress wood arrived for his new palace.

Accomplishments

Al-Mutawakkil was unlike his brother and father in that he was not known for having a thirst for knowledge, but he had an eye for magnificence and a hunger to build. The Great Mosque of Samarra was, at its time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret is a vast spiraling cone 55 m high with a spiral ramp. The mosque had 17 aisles and its walls were panelled with mosaics of dark blue glass.

The Great Mosque was just part of an extension of Samarra eastwards that was built upon part of the walled royal hunting park. Al-Mutawakkil built as many as 20 palaces (the numbers vary in documents). Samarra became one of the largest cities of the ancient world; even the archaeological site of its ruins is one of the world's most extensive.
The Caliph's building schemes extended in A.H. 245 (859–860) to a new city, al-Jaʻfariyya, which al-Mutawakkil built on the Tigris some eighteen kilometers from Samarra. Al-Mutawakkil ordered a canal to be built to divert water from the Tigris, entrusting the project to two courtiers, who ignored the talents of a local engineer of repute and entrusted the work to al-Farghanī, the great astronomer and writer. Al-Farghanī, who was not a specialist in public works, made a miscalculation and it appeared that the opening of the canal was too deep so that water from the river would only flow at near full flood.

News leaked to the infuriated caliph might have meant the heads of all concerned save for the gracious actions of the engineer, Sind ibn ʻAlī, who vouched for the eventual success of the project, thus risking his own life. Al-Mutawakkil was assassinated shortly before the error became public.

Al-Mutawakkil was keen to involve himself in many religious debates, something that would show in his actions against different minorities. His father had tolerated the Shīʻa Imām who taught and preached at Medina, and for the first years of his reign, al-Mutawakkil continued the policy. Imām ʻAlī al-Hadī's growing reputation inspired a letter from the Governor of Medina, ʻAbdu l-Lāh ibn Muħammad, suggesting that a coup was being plotted, and al-Mutawakkil extended an invitation to Samarra to the Imām, an offer he could not refuse. In Samarra, the Imām was kept under virtual house arrest and spied upon. However, no excuse to take action against him ever appeared. After al-Mutawakkil's death, his successor had the Imām poisoned: al-Hadī is buried at Samarra. The general Shīʻa population faced repression. and this was embodied in the destruction of the shrine of Hussayn ibn ʻAlī, an action that was carried out ostensibly in order to stop pilgrimages to that site, and the flogging and incarceration of the Alid Yahya ibn Umar.

The caliph al-Mutawakkil had created a plan of succession that would allow his sons to inherit the caliphate after his death; he would be succeeded first by his eldest son, al-Muntasir, then by al-Mu'tazz and third by al-Mu'ayyad.

Also during his reign, al-Mutawakkil met the famous Byzantine theologian Cyril the Philosopher, who was sent to tighten the diplomatic relations between the Empire and the Caliphate in a state mission by the Emperor Michael III.
Of his sons, al-Muntasir succeeded him and ruled until his death in 862, al-Mu'tazz reigned as Caliph from 866 to his overthrow in 869, and al-Mu'tamid reigned as Caliph in 870–892 with his brother al-Muwaffaq serving as an effective regent of the realm until his death in 891.

Family
Al-Mutawakkil's only wife was Faridah. She belonged to the household of his brother Caliph al-Wathiq, who kept her as a concubine and favorite although she belonged to the singer Amr ibn Banah. When al-Wathiq died, Amr presented her to al-Mutawakkil. He married her, and she became one of his favorites. One of his concubines was Hubshiya. She was a Greek, and was the mother of his eldest son, the future Caliph al-Muntasir. Another of his concubines was Ishaq. She was an Andulasian and was one of his favorites. She was the mother of his sons Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad and Abu Ahmad (the future regent al-Muwaffaq). Another concubine was Fityan. She was from Kufa and was the mother of the future Caliph al-Mu'tamid. Another concubine was Qabiha. She was a Greek, and was the mother of the future caliph al-Mu'tazz and Isma'il. Another concubine was Fadl. She was a poet, born in al-Yamama. She was from the Abd al-Qays tribe. She was purchased by Muhammad ibn al-Faraj al-Rukhkhaji, who gave her to al-Mutawakkil. She died in 870–71. Another concubine was Bunan. She was also a poet. Another concubine was Mahbubah. She was a poet and a singer. She had been given to al-Mutawakkil by Ubaydullah ibn Tahir, when he became caliph, as one of a group of four hundred slaves. Another concubine was Nashib, a songstress.

Death

Al-Mutawakkil continued to rely on Turkic statesmen and slave soldiers to put down rebellions and lead battles against foreign empires, notably the Byzantines. His secretary, al-Fath ibn Khaqan, who was Turkic, was a famous figure of al-Mutawakkil's era. His reliance on Turkic soldiers would come back to haunt him. Al-Mutawakkil would have his Turkic commander-in-chief killed. This, coupled with his extreme attitudes towards the Shia, made his popularity decline rapidly.

Al-Mutawakkil had appointed his oldest son, al-Muntasir, as his heir in 849/50, but slowly had shifted his favor to his second son, al-Mu'tazz, encouraged by al-Fath ibn Khaqan and the vizier Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan. This rivalry extended into the political sphere, as al-Mu'tazz's succession appears to have been backed by the traditional Abbasid elites as well, while al-Muntasir was backed by the Turkic and Maghariba guard troops. In late autumn 861, matters came to a head: in October, al-Mutawakkil ordered the estates of the Turkic general Wasif to be confiscated and handed over to al-Fath. Feeling backed into a corner, the Turkic leadership began a plot to assassinate the Caliph. They were soon joined, or at least had the tacit approval, of al-Muntasir, who smarted from a succession of humiliations: on 5 December, on the recommendation of al-Fath and Ubayd Allah, he was bypassed in favor of al-Mu'tazz for leading the Friday prayer at the end of Ramadan, while three days later, when al-Mutawakkil was feeling ill and chose al-Muntasir to represent him on the prayer, once again Ubayd Allah intervened and persuaded the Caliph to go in person. Even worse, according to al-Tabari, on the next day, al-Mutawakkil alternately vilified and threatened to kill his eldest son, and even had al-Fath slap him on the face. With rumors circulating that Wasif and the other Turkish leaders would be rounded up and executed on 12 December, the conspirators decided to act.

According to al-Tabari, a story later circulated that al-Fath and Ubayd Allah were forewarned of the plot by a Turkic woman, but had disregarded it, confident that no one would dare carry it out. On the night of 10/11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turks burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink. The murder of al-Mutawakkil began the tumultuous period known as "Anarchy at Samarra", which lasted until 870 and brought the Abbasid Caliphate to the brink of collapse.

Legacy

The Caliphate of al-Mutawakkil is remembered for its many reforms and is viewed as a golden age of the Abbasids. He would be the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty would fall into a decline. After his death, the Caliphate built by Rashidun, Umayyad and Early Abbasids also declined as a world power.

Al-Mutawakkil was praised by many contemporary scholars.
The famous scholar al-Taymi said:

Ali ibn al-Jahm said:

Ali ibn Ismail said:

Al-Mutawakkil nominated his three sons as heir. Al-Muntasir was nominated first, al-Mu'tazz was nominated second heir and third was al-Mu'ayyad.
Al-Muntasir became caliph on 11 December 861, after his father al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by members of his Turkic guard. Although he was suspected of being involved in the plot to kill al-Mutawakkil, he was able to quickly take control of affairs in the capital city of Samarra and receive the oath of allegiance from the leading men of the state. Al-Muntasir's sudden elevation to the Caliphate served to benefit several of his close associates, who gained senior positions in the government after his ascension. Included among these were his secretary, Ahmad ibn al-Khasib, who became vizier, and Wasif, a senior Turkic general who had likely been heavily involved in al-Mutawakkil's murder. His reign lasted less than half a year; it ended with his death from unknown causes on Sunday, 7 June 862, at the age of 24 years. During al-Muntasir's short reign (r. 861–862), the Turks pressured him into removing al-Mu'tazz and al-Mu'ayyad from the succession. When al-Muntasir died, the Turkic officers gathered together and decided to install the dead caliph's cousin al-Musta'in (Son of his brother Muhammad) on the throne. The new caliph was almost immediately faced with a large riot in Samarra in support of the disenfranchised al-Mu'tazz; the rioters were put down by the military but casualties on both sides were heavy. Al-Musta'in, worried that al-Mu'tazz or al-Mu'ayyad could press their claims to the caliphate, first attempted to buy them off and then threw them in prison. In 866 his nephew al-Musta'in was killed by his son al-Mu'tazz after Fifth Fitna. Al-Mu'tazz's reign marks the apogee of the decline of the Caliphate's central authority, and the climax of centrifugal tendencies, expressed through the emergence of the autonomous dynasties in the Abbasid Caliphate. Finally, unable to meet the financial demands of the Turkic troops, in mid-July a palace coup deposed al-Mu'tazz. He was imprisoned and maltreated to such an extent that he died after three days, on 16 July 869. He was succeeded by his cousin al-Muhtadi. He ruled until 870 until he was murdered on 21 June 870, and replaced by his cousin, al-Mu'tamid ().

In popular culture
Al-Mutawakkil is featured in the prologue of the video game Assassin's Creed Mirage, in which the caliph is serving as a puppet for the Order of the Ancients, a secret society devoted to restoring humanity to servitude. He initially protects a Precursor relic on their behalf, but when the game's protagonist Basim attempts to steal it, he fights the young thief and his friend Nehal, who stabs the caliph with his own dagger. His death allows the Order to gain more control in Baghdad, prompting the game's plot, which follows along with the Anarchy at Samarra.

References

Sources

External links

Imam Haadi and al-Mutawakkil
The great mosque at Samarra
al-Mutawakkil's decree of 850 (English)
al-Farghani and the canal

822 births
861 deaths
Arab Muslims
9th-century Abbasid caliphs
Assassinated caliphs
9th-century murdered monarchs
Mu'tazilism
One Thousand and One Nights characters
Sons of Abbasid caliphs

Al-Mutawakkil


The Riau Archipelago is a geographic term (as opposed to administrative region) for the core group of islands within the Riau Islands Province in Indonesia, and located south of Singapore and east of Riau on Sumatra.  Before the province of Riau Islands was formed, there was no ambiguity in term; however, in Indonesian language, both the archipelago and administrative province are referred to as simply "Kepulauan Riau".  The province may have the word "Provinsi" preceding it for clarity. Additionally the term BBK for Batam Bintan Karimun may refer to the archipelago.

History

The name of this archipelago predates the creation of the Indonesian province, and historically did not include the Lingga Islands or Natuna Islands, which now belong to that province.  On the other hand, Singapore was considered a part of the islands, at least in the Islamic eras.

Srivijaya and Jambi
From 650 CE–1377 CE are accepted dates for the Srivijaya empire, the area seems to be well within the bounds of their control.
The  Jambi Kingdom sacked the Srivijaya capital in 1088, allowing that empire to grow and spread Malay (language) as a lingua franca, ostensibly as a successor or part of the Srivijaya empire itself.
The Pamalayu expedition force of the Singhasari empire in 1275 sacked the Jambi/Srivijaya forces. Bintan was a staging ground in the Malay Annals for the foundation of a state at Temasek (Singapore).

Singapura Era
The Kingdom of Singapura dated from 1299 to 1398 but it not known how much influence it wielded on the nearby Riau archipelago.

Islamic Era
When exactly control passed to the Malacca Sultanate is unknown, but that sultanate dates from 1400 until 1511, when the Portuguese conquered and sacked Malacca (Melaka).  Some time after, the Johor Sultanate, once itself part of the Malacca Sultanate, took control of the area until Sultan Mahmud III's death in 1811, and Singapore's purchase in 1819, the islands of the Riau Archipelago, along with Temasek (now Singapore). The islands then became part of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, created after the succession dispute following the death of Mahmud III of Johor, when Abdul Rahman was crowned as the first Sultan of Riau-Lingga in 1812.

Colonial Era
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 established the border between Dutch and British interests and awarded the islands to the Dutch sector of influence.  Henceforth, Singapore was no longer co-administered. The remaining archipelago became a part of the Residency of Riau and Dependencies (Residentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden Riouw).

Modern
 In 1989, the Sijori Growth Triangle was formed to speed up development, especially in Batam.
 In 2002, Riau Islands Province was carved out of Riau Province.
 In 2009, the area was formally included in a free-trade zone, though it had already been operating as such.

Social change
A number of studies and books have detailed the growing violence and concern about identity and social change in the archipelago.  As the Malay, who were once the dominant ethnic group in the islands, have been reduced to about a third of the population, primarily as a result of immigration from elsewhere in Indonesia, they feel that their traditional rights are threatened. Similarly, the immigrants have felt politically and financially suppressed. Both of these causes have led to increased violence.

Piracy in the archipelago is also an issue.

Islands
The main islands are Batam, Rempang, Galang, Bintan, Combol, Kundur, and Karimun.

Tanjung Pinang located in the south of Bintan Island is the provincial capital.  Tanjung Balai Karimun is an international port along with Tanjung Pinang.

Transport
High speed ferry services exist to the archipelago of the south, the Lingga Islands (Kepulauan Lingga).

Notes and references

External links

 Singapore's southern islands: a shared heritage with Indonesia | The Islands That Made Us - a documentary about Singapore's southern islands' historical ties with the Riau Archipelago, produced by Channel News Asia in 2019.

Archipelagoes of Indonesia
Islands of Sumatra
Islands of the South China Sea
Maritime Southeast Asia

Populated places in Indonesia

Riau Archipelago


UCI Europe Tour 2017 var den 13. sæson af UCI Europe Tour.

Gennem sæsonen blev der uddelt point til rytterne efter placering på etaperne, endagsløb og slutposition i løb. Antal point varierede efter rangering i de forskellige løb. Hvert løb havde én kategori som afgør hvilke hold der kan deltage, point der uddeles, udover at det viser hvilken type løb der er tale om:

 Etapeløb: 2.HC, 2.1 og 2.2
 Endagsløb: 1.HC, 1.1 og 1.2

Løb

Januar

Februar

Marts

April

Maj

Juni

Juli

August

September

Oktober

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

UCI Europe Tour 2017


Sepileme olarak da bilinen tabaklama (bazı yörelerde dabaklama), deri liflerinin yani deri kollegeninin bozunmalara, mikroorganizmalara ve parçalanmalara karşı dayanıklılığını arttıran bir işlemdir. Tabaklama, deri işleme yöntemidir, yani derinin fiziksel ve kimyasal işlemlere tabi tutulup endüstriyel bir ürün olarak kullanılacak hale getirilmesidir.

Deri yapısının bozunabilirliği kullanımında ciddi problemlere yol açarken kalıcı dayanıklılık ve aynı zamanda kullanılabilirlik sağlamada temel aşama tabaklamadır. Tabaklama işleminde kollagenin amino ve karboksil grupları çeşitli maddeler ile (mineral, bitkisel, kimyasal kökenli) aralarında bağlar kurmak sureti ile dayanıklı hale getirilir.[1]
Deri, tabakhanede işlendiği için tabaklamak tabiri kullanılır. Tabakhanede yapılan işe tabakhanecilik, tabaklayan kişiye de sepici ya da tabak denir. Dericilik tabiri deri üretiminin yanı sıra deri konfeksiyon, deri ayakkabıcılık ve diğer deri ürün üretimlerini de kapsadığından, "dericilik" ile "tabakhanecilik" arasında bir ayrım vardır.

Sepi şerbeti
Sepi işlemi deri, post ve benzeri örnekleri kullanabilecek duruma getirmek için uygulanan işlemlerin tümüdür.

Sepilenmiş atıklar
Yarma ve tıraş işlemlerinden önce deriler sıkıldığı için sepilenmiş atıkların su oranı daha düşüktür. Krom sepilenmiş bu atıkların su oranı %40-50 arasındadır. Miktar olarak 2. sırada yarma derinin budama atıklar bulunur.[2]

Krom sepileme
Krom sepileme diğer sepi metotlarına göre oldukça basit , kolay yönlendirilebilen , hızlı cereyan eden rasyonel bir sepi metodudur. Krom sepilenmiş deri son sepileme, yağlama, boyama, ve finisaj işlemleri ile çok değişik tutum ve özelliklerde ürünlere dönüşebilir. Krom sepileme üç aşamada yapılır: pikaj, sepileme ve bazifikasyon. Günümüzde krom sepileme pikaj flotesinde yapılmakta toz krom dolaba verildikten 15-30 dakika sonra bazifikasyon başlanabilmekte ve 60 dakika sonra bazifikasyon bitirilmekte, sepileme 6-8 saat daha devam etmektedir. Böylece krom bileşiklerinin çökmesi ve yüzeysel bağlanması önlenmiş olur.[3]

Kaynakça

Dericilik

Tabaklama


Los polinoidos (Polynoidae) son una de las familias de poliquetos más abundantes y de más amplia distribución.

El nombre de la familia deriva del griego « Polynoe » (en español, « Polínoe » o « Polínome »), nombre de una nereida hija del dios Nereo y de la diosa Doris.  Fue hallado por primera vez en las profundidas del océano antàrtico.

Los cuerpos de los animales clasificados en esta familia de poliquetos son más bien aplanados, y están cubiertos por escamas anchas que no son más que modificaciones de las partes dorsales de los parapodios.

La mayoría de las especies tiene un tamaño moderado, pero algunas son enormes (hasta 190 mm de largo y 100 mm de ancho). Son animales carnívoros, y se alimentan de una amplia variedad de otros animales. Muchos polinoideos son comensales, y viven en galerías de otros poliquetos, o asociados a cnidarios, moluscos o equinodermos.

Subfamilias

 Acholoinae
 Admetellinae
 Arctonoinae
 Bathyedithinae
 Bathymacellinae
 Branchinotogluminae
 Branchiplicatinae
 Branchipolynoinae
 Eulagiscinae
 Gesiellinae
 Iphioninae
 Lepidastheniinae
 Lepidonotinae
 Lepidonotopodinae
 Macellicephalinae
 Macellicephaloidinae
 Macelloidinae
 Polaruschakovinae
 Polynoinae
 Vampiropolynoinae

Referencias

 Cleveland P. Hickman Jr., Larry S. Roberts y Allan Parson: Principios integrales de zoología. 1998. McGraw-Hill. Ed. española preparada por Fernando Pardos. España. En la 10.ª ed.: Parte III. Capítulo 18: Anélidos. Pp. 360 y 361.
  hasta la Parte V.

Enlaces externos

Polynoidae


ස්වදේස් () යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ආශුතෝෂ් ගෝවාරිකර් විසින් රචනා කොට, නිෂ්පාදනය සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 2004 ඉන්දියානු හින්දි-භාෂා නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ ශාරුඛ් ඛාන්, ගායත්‍රී ජෝශි, කිශෝරි බල්ලල් විසිනි. දයා ශංකර් පාණ්ඩේ, රාජේශ් විවේක්, ලේඛ් ටන්ඩන් මෙහි සහාය චරිත නිරූපණය සිදුකරන අතර, මක්රන්ද් දේශ්පාණ්ඩේ මෙහි විශේෂ නිරූපණයක් ද සිදුකරයි. මුදාහැරීමෙන් අනතුරුව, සර්වත්‍ර විචාරක ප්‍රශංසා ලද මෙම චිත්‍රපටය හින්දි සිනමාවේ අග්‍රකෘතියක් ලෙස සැලකේ.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 නිල වෙබ්අඩවිය

විචාර
 BBC review - BBC
 Times of India review - Times of India

2004 චිත්‍රපට
ආශුතෝෂ් ගෝවාරිකර් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපට
2004 නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට

ස්වදේස්


Calle U/African-American Civil War Memorial/Cardozo (anteriormente como U Street-Cardozo) es una estación subterránea en la línea Amarilla en los horarios no tan transitados y la línea Verde todo el tiempo del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en la Calle U en el cuadrante noroeste de Washington D. C..

Conexiones
WMATA Metrobus

Lugares de interés
 Lincoln Theatre,
 El histórico restaurante Ben's Chili Bowl
 Nightclubs The Black Cat y the 9:30 Club.
 African American Civil War Memorial

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: U St/African-Amer Civil War Memorial/Cardozo Station
 StationMasters Online: U St/African-Amer Civil War Memorial/Cardozo Station
 The Schumin Web Transit Center: U St/African-Amer Civil War Memorial/Cardozo Station
 10th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
 13th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1991
Estaciones de la línea Amarilla (Metro de Washington)
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Washington)

Calle U (Metro de Washington)


Simcha Dan Rothman (em hebraico: שִׂמְחָה דָּן רוֹטְמָן, nascido em 13 de agosto de 1980) é um advogado, ativista e político israelense. Atualmente, ele é membro do Knesset pelo Partido Sionista Religioso e presidente do Comitê de Constituição, Lei e Justiça do Knesset.

Biografia
Rothman nasceu em uma família que imigrou para Israel de Cleveland, nos Estados Unidos, no início do século XX. Ele foi educado na Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh e serviu como capelão do Corpo de Engenharia de Combate durante seu serviço nacional nas Forças de Defesa de Israel. Depois de obter um LLB na Universidade Bar-Ilan, ele fez mestrado em direito público na Universidade de Tel Aviv e na Universidade do Noroeste.

Ele fundou o Movimento pela Governabilidade e Democracia em 2013. Crítico do julgamento por corrupção de Benjamin Netanyahu, ele fez campanha por uma legislação que permitisse ao governo anular a Suprema Corte e apoia a imunidade de processo para primeiros-ministros no cargo.

Antes das eleições de 2021 para o Knesset, Rothman estava em quarto lugar na lista do Partido Sionista Religioso e foi eleito para o Knesset, quando o partido conquistou seis assentos.

Reforma judicial
Em 2023, após o retorno ao poder da direita a Israel sob a liderança de Benjamin Netanyahu, Rothman, como presidente do comitê de Constituição, Lei e Justiça no Knesset, liderou reformas judiciais junto com o ministro da Justiça, Yariv Levin (Likud). As mudanças derrubariam a Revolução da Suprema Corte do ex-presidente da Suprema Corte, Aharon Barak, na década de 1990, e limitariam o poder da corte sobre o Knesset.

Ver também
Reforma judicial israelense de 2023

Protestos contra reforma judicial em Israel

Notas

De tradução

Referências

Políticos de Israel
Judeus de Israel

Simcha Rothman