Melissa Müller () este o jurnalistă independentă și scriitoare austriacă.

Viața
Melissa Müller a urmat studii de germanistică și de administrarea afacerilor. După aceea, ea a lucrat pentru mai multe edituri și reviste din Viena și München.

La mijlocul anilor 1990, ea a decis să scrie o biografie a Annei Frank și că completeze lacunele istorice din Jurnalul Annei Frank. Ea a cercetat documente istorice din arhive, a purtat discuții personale cu istorici și cu martori ai acelor timpuri, a călătorit în Israel și în Statele Unite ale Americii. Cartea Das Mädchen Anne Frank, care a atras atenția internațională asupra Melissei Müller, a fost publicată în 1998 și a fost tradusă în peste 20 de limbi străine. Trei ani mai târziu, a apărut filmul Anne Frank cu Ben Kingsley și Hannah Taylor-Gordon în rolurile principale. Filmul, care a fost realizat pe baza acestei cărți, a câștigat Premiul Emmy.

În timp ce efectua cercetări cu privire la artiștii din perioada național-socialismului Melissa Müller a cunoscut-o pe Traudl Junge. Inițial autoarea a vrut să o întrebe pe secretara lui Adolf Hitler despre gusturile artistice ale "Führer-ului". Discuțiile purtate au condus la scrierea biografiei Bis zur letzten Stunde. Hitlers Sekretärin erzählt ihr Leben. Cartea s-a aflat aproximativ un an pe listele de bestseller-uri, a fost tradusă în 25 de limbi și a stat la baza filmului nominalizat la Oscar Ultimele zile ale lui Hitler din anul 2004, ce a inclus, de asemenea, două scene din filmul documentar Im toten Winkel.

Melissa Müller locuiește, împreună cu familia ei, la München.

Lucrări
 Die kleinen Könige der Warenwelt. Kinder im Visier der Werbung. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-593-35679-1.
 Das Mädchen Anne Frank. [Biografie cu o postfață de Miep Gies]. Claassen, München 1998, ISBN 3-546-00151-6. Um unbekanntes Material erweiterte Neuausgabe: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013, ISBN 978-3-596-18902-1.
 Picassos Friseur, în colaborare cu Monika Czernin, Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2001, ISBN 3-462-02980-0.
 Bis zur letzten Stunde. Hitlers Sekretärin erzählt ihr Leben. Claassen, München 2002, ISBN 3-546-00311-X.
  cu Reinhard Piechocki: Alice Herz-Sommer – "Ein Garten Eden inmitten der Hölle." Ein Jahrhundertleben, Droemer, München 2006, ISBN 3-426-27389-6.
 Coautor
 M. M, Monika Tatzkow u. a.: Verlorene Bilder, verlorene Leben – Jüdische Sammler und was aus ihren Kunstwerken wurde. Elisabeth-Sandmann, München, 2008, ISBN 978-3-938045-30-5.
 Editor
 Zwei Spuren im Schnee. Brandstätter, Wien 1994, ISBN 3-85447-499-7.
 Das Paradies der Erde. Brandstätter, Wien 1994, ISBN 3-85447-538-1.
 Zum neunzehnten Loch. Brandstätter, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-85447-559-4.
 Vom blauen Dunst. Brandstätter, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-85447-560-8.
 Bitte recht freundlich! Brandstätter, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-85447-561-6.
 Lust aufs Zweitbuch. Brandstätter, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-85447-581-0.
 Up up and away!. Brandstätter, Wien 1995, ISBN 3-85447-594-2.

Note

Legături externe
  Melissa Müller  în Catalogul Bibliotecii Naționale a Germaniei (Informații despre Melissa Müller • PICA  • Căutare pe site-ul Apper)

 Booknotes interview with Müller on Anne Frank, 29 noiembrie 1998

Nașteri în 1967
Jurnaliști austrieci
Biografi austrieci

Melissa Müller


Das Damendoppel der French Open 1979 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerinnen waren Mima Jaušovec und Virginia Ruzici. Das Finale bestritten Betty Stöve und Wendy Turnbull gegen Françoise Dürr und Virginia Wade, das Stöve und Turnbull in drei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste
Es ist weder auf der ITF-Seite noch auf der WTA-Seite ersichtlich, wie sich die Setzliste zusammensetzte oder ob es überhaupt eine gab, da dort keine Angaben zu finden sind.

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Damendoppel
1979

French Open 1979/Damendoppel


Die Christkönigskirche in Klagenfurt gehört zur Pfarre St. Egid. Sie wurde in den Jahren 1931 und 1932 nach Plänen von Karl Holey erbaut und schließlich im Jahr 1932 durch Bischof Hefter geweiht.

Baubeschreibung
Die Christkönigkirche ist ein einschiffiger, turmloser Saalbau, der mit seiner gerade schließenden Ostseite mit dem Gebäudekomplex des Diözesanhauses verbunden ist. An der Westfassade aus grünem Chloritschiefermauerwerk befindet sich das Portal mit geradem Schluss und drei schmale hohe Fenster mit Rundbogenabschluss. Die gleiche Fenstergestaltung findet sich an den Kirchenschiffwänden. Die Edelstahlfigur eines Engels vor dem Haupteingang schuf Tomas Hoke in den Jahren 1993 bis 1995.

Die Soffittendecke im Inneren ist mit Fresken von Hans Fischer bemalt. Dargestellt sind die Geburt Christi, das Letzte Abendmahl, die Kreuzigung und Engel. Die ursprünglichen Glasfenster der Portalfront von Heinrich Tahedl wurden zerstört und im Jahr 1991 von seiner Tochter Ernestine Tahedl wiederhergestellt.

Ausstattung
Der im Jahr 1675 entstandene Hochaltar stammt aus der ehemaligen St. Veiter Bürgerspitalskirche. Der Altar mit monumentaler Triumphbogenarchitektur, hohen geweigeteilten Sockelgeschoss und Opfergangsportalen besitzt am Giebel nach außen gekehrte Voluten und eine kleine Ädikula als Aufsatz. Die gedrehten Säulenschäfte sind mit Perlschnüren und knorpeligen Beschlagwerk verziert. Das Hauptbild stellt den Gnadenstuhl dar und wird von den Statuen des Evangelisten Johannes und des Johannes des Täufers flankiert. Das Aufsatzbild ist ein Werk des Malers Hans Fischer und stellt die Königskrone Christi auf dem Buch mit den sieben Siegeln dar. Der in Messing getriebene Tabernakel stammt von Wilhelm Bormann. In der Fastenzeit verdeckt ein Fastentuch aus der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, das ursprünglich der Kirche Maria Bichl bei Feicht gehörte, den Altar.

An den Seitenwänden des Kirchenschiffs sind vier von Wilhelm Bormann geschaffene Seitenaltäre aufgestellt, deren Mensen im Jahr 1971 entfernt wurden. An der Nordwand stehen der Hemma- und der Marienaltar, an der Südwand der Evangelistenaltar und der Altar der Kärntner Heiligen.
Die Reliefarbeiten aus gebranntem und glasiertem Ton wurden nach Zeichnungen von Karl Holey vom Bildhauer Wilhelm Bormann geschaffen und in der Wienerberger Ziegelfabrik hergestellt. Die vier barocken Apostelfiguren auf Konsolen stammen aus der Pfarrkirche Lieseregg.

Orgel
Die Orgel wurde im Jahr 1981 von der Orgelbaufirma Krenn erbaut. Das Instrument hat 26 Register auf zwei Manualen und Pedal. Die Trakturen sind mechanisch.

 Koppeln: II/K, I/P, II/P

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 357 f.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Webseite der Kirche

Klagenfurt, Christkonigskirche
Kirchengebäude in Klagenfurt am Wörthersee
Klagenfurt
Klagenfurt, Christkonigskirche
Dekanat Klagenfurt-Stadt
Baudenkmal (Kärnten)

Christkönigskirche (Klagenfurt)


Reverence je treći EP norveškog black metal-sastava Emperor. EP je u ožujku 1997. godine, objavila diskografska kuća Candlelight Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Emperor
Ihsahn — vokali, gitara, klavijature
Samoth — gitara
Alver — bas-gitara
Trym Torson — bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Christophe Szpajdel — logotip
Stephen O'Malley — dizajn, koncept omota
Pytten — inženjer zvuka
Eyeball Explosion — fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 1997.
EP
Albumi sastava Emperor

Reverence


Leles () ist eine Gemeinde im Osten der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ), die zum im Okres Trebišov, einem Kreis des Košický kraj gehört.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Ostslowakischen Tiefland unweit des Flusses Latorica nahe der ukrainischen Grenze. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist acht Kilometer von Kráľovský Chlmec sowie 13 Kilometer von Veľké Kapušany gelegen.

Verwaltungstechnisch gliedert sich die Gemeinde in den Hauptort Leles sowie den 1941 eingemeindeten Teil Kapoňa (ungarisch Kaponya).

Nachbargemeinde sind Veľké Kapušany im Norden, Kapušianske Kľačany im Nordosten, Bačka im Osten und Südosten, Kráľovský Chlmec im Südwesten, Poľany im Westen und Čičarovce im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Leles wurde zum ersten Mal 1190 schriftlich erwähnt, als hier ein Prämonstratenser-Kloster entstand. Wohl ab dem 13. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich der Ort als ein Marktflecken. 1828 sind 224 Häuser und 1609 Einwohner verzeichnet.

Bis 1919 gehörte der im Komitat Semplin liegende Ort zum Königreich Ungarn und kam danach zur Tschechoslowakei. Auf Grund des Ersten Wiener Schiedsspruchs lag er 1938–1945 noch einmal in Ungarn.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (1900 Einwohner):

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Gebäuden des Prämonstratenser-Klosters
 römisch-katholische Kirche aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, ursprünglich im gotischen Stil, heute barockisiert
 gotische St. Gotthard-Brücke aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, 70 Meter lang

Weblinks

 Eintrag auf bodrog-tisa.sk (slowakisch)

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1190

Leles


Alistair is a male given name. It is an anglicised form of the Scottish Gaelic Alasdair. The latter is most likely a Scottish Gaelic variant of the Norman French Alexandre or Latin Alexander, which was incorporated into English in the same form as Alexander. The deepest etymology is the Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (man-repeller): ἀλέξω (repel) + ἀνήρ (man), "the one who repels men", a warrior name. Another, not nearly so common, Anglicization of Alasdair is Allaster.

People

Alastair
 Alastair Bray, Australian footballer
 Alastair Aiken, British YouTuber
 Alastair Campbell, Tony Blair's former director of communications
 Alastair Clarkson, head coach of Hawthorn Football Club
 Alastair Cook, English cricketer
 Alastair Fothergill, British film producer, best known for BBC nature documentaries
 Alastair Gillespie, former Canadian politician who held several cabinet positions in the 1970s
 Alastair Mackenzie, Scottish actor most famous for playing Archie MacDonald in Monarch of the Glen
 Alastair Reynolds, Welsh science fiction author
 Alastair Robinson, Anglo-American field botanist
 Alastair Sim (1900–1976), comedy actor
 Alastair Sooke (born 1981), English art critic and broadcaster
 Al Stewart, Scottish singer-songwriter
 Alastair Stewart, ITV News presenter
 Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, a great-grandson of Queen Victoria

Alistair
 Alistair Abell, Canadian voice actor
 Alistair Appleton, television presenter
 Alistair Begg, American pastor, author, and speaker
Alistair Brownlee, British triathlete and Olympic gold medalist
 Alistair Campbell, Zimbabwean cricketer
 Alistair Carmichael, British politician
 Alistair Cooke (1908–2004), journalist and broadcaster
 Alistair Darling, British politician
 Alistair Hargreaves, South African rugby player
 Alistair Hinton, Scottish composer
 Alistair MacLean (1922–1987), Scottish novelist
 Alistair MacLeod (1936–2014), Canadian novelist, short story writer and academic
 Alistair McGowan, English impressionist and comedian
 Alistair McGregor, Scottish field hockey goalkeeper
 Alistair Overeem, Dutch MMA fighter
 Alistair Sinclair, computer scientist
 Alistair Taylor (1935–2004), personal assistant to the Beatles' manager Brian Epstein
 Ally MacLeod (1931–2004) Scottish footballer and national team manager
 Ally McCoist, Scottish footballer

Allister
 Allister Brimble, British video game composer
 Allister Carter (born 1979), English snooker player
 Allister Coetzee (born 1963), South African rugby union coach and former player
 Allister de Winter (born 1968), Australian retired cricketer
 Allister Grosart (1906–1984), Canadian politician
 Allister Heath (born 1978), British business journalist and commentator
 Allister Hogg (born 1983), Scottish rugby union footballer
 Allister Miller (1892–1951), South African aviation pioneer, First World War pilot, politician and entrepreneur
 Allister Sparks (1933–2016), South African writer
 Allister Surette (born 1961), Canadian politician

Alister
 Alister Jack (born 1963), Scottish politician
 Alister MacKenzie (1870–1934), British golf course designer
 Alister McGrath (born 1953), Northern Irish theologian, priest, intellectual historian, scientist and Christian apologist

Aleister
 Aleister Black, Dutch professional wrestler
 Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), British occultist

Pseudonym
 Alastair (artist), pseudonym of Hans Henning Otto Harry Baron von Voigt, a German artist

In fiction
 Alastair, a demon on the television series Supernatural
 Alastair Caine, a demon on the television series Charmed
 Alastair Carstairs, a Shadowhunter in Cassandra Clare's The Last Hours trilogy
 Alistair Cheng, a character in the Crazy Rich Asians novel as well as the film adaptation
 Alistair Deacon, a character in the British sitcom As Time Goes By
 Alistair Theirin, a character from the Dragon Age video game series
 Sir Alistair Hammerlock, a character from the Borderlands video game series
 Alistair Leslie Graham, better known as Ali G, one of three fictional characters created and portrayed by Sacha Baron Cohen
 Brigadier Sir Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, Brigadier of UNIT on British science fiction show Doctor Who
 Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, a character in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
 Alistair Smythe, a Spider-Man villain
 Alistair Crane, a villainous patriarch and businessman on TV's Passions
 Alistair Oh, the Uncle from the 39 Clues series
 Alistair Ryle, a character in the play Posh and film The Riot Club
 Alistair Krei, a Big Hero 6 character
 Alastair, family name of characters in three Georgette Heyer romance novels, These Old Shades, Devil's Cub and An Infamous Army
 Alistair, a character from the Twilight book and film series
 General Alister Azimuth, a character from Ratchet & Clank
 Allister, the ghost type gym leader of Stow-on-Side in Pokémon Shield
 Aleister, a mage-type character in Arena of Valor
 Aleister, Sterling Archer's butler in Season 11 of FXX's Archer
 Ser Alliser Thorne, master-of-arms in the Night's Watch in the A Song of Ice and Fire book series and Game of Thrones television series
 Alistar, a minotaur in the League of Legends game
 Alistair, a character in the film Wonder Woman 1984

See also
 Alastar
 Alastor
 Allaster
 Allister

 Macalester
 Macalister
 McAlister
 McAllester
 McAllister (surname)

Citations

References

English-language masculine given names
Masculine given names
Scottish masculine given names
Irish masculine given names
Welsh masculine given names
Welsh given names
English masculine given names

Alistair


Der Gestiefelte - Ein Rotlichtmärchen (en français, Le Botté - Un conte de fées au feu rouge) est une comédie musicale de Wolfgang Böhmer sur un livret de Thomas Pigor. Elle est inspirée du conte Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté par les frères Grimm.

Argument
Après la mort de sa mère, le pauvre Rainer Müller hérite d'une ventouse parlante. Quand sa copine Pamela le quitte, il est désespéré. Mais alors l'assistante sociale Iris König apparaît. Elle est la fille du célèbre roi des maisons closes Heinz König, qui ne sait pas que sa fille a étudié en secret. Rainer tombe amoureux d'Iris, mais ne sait pas comment faire face à son père. Il réussit à attraper l'un des très döners kebabs sauvages que le roi des maisons closes aime tant la nuit dans les bois autour de Königs Wusterhausen. Le kebab sauvage chante d'une voix grave sur les champignons tordus et l'ignorance d'un asticot.

Lors d'une rencontre fatidique dans un sauna, le bon Rainer réussit à donner au roi des maisons closes l'impression qu'il a du succès dans le milieu des souteneurs à Düsseldorf, pour qu'il l'accepte. De façon inattendue, Rainer rencontre également Iris dans le sauna et tous deux s'avouent leur amour. Après quelques enchevêtrements, ils se retrouvent, et enfin, dans le final, ils chantent le tapis qu'ils veulent utiliser pour meubler leur appartement ensemble.

Production
La pièce, développée pour de petites tournées musicales, ne compte que trois comédiennes et deux comédiens qui jouent plusieurs rôles et jouent également des instruments. Lors de la première mondiale en  à Wurtzbourg par la compagnie musicale berlinoise College of Hearts, dirigée par Christoph Swoboda, il s'agit de Susanne Betancor, Daniele Drobny, Bettina Wauschke, Kalle Mews et Thomas Pigor.

Source de la traduction

Liens externes

Comédie musicale des années 1990

Der Gestiefelte


Olhynka (, , Olguinka, nom formé sur le prénom Olga) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Donetsk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021 et fait partie du raïon de Volnovakha.
Elle est administrée par la république populaire de Donetsk.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Donetsk

Olhynka


An Luziola brasiliensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Luziola brasiliensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luziola, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luziola

Luziola brasiliensis


Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) is a family of crystalline chemical compounds that display high-temperature superconductivity; it includes the first material ever discovered to become superconducting above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) at about .

Many YBCO compounds have the general formula YBa2Cu3O7−x (also known as Y123), although materials with other Y:Ba:Cu ratios exist, such as YBa2Cu4Oy (Y124) or Y2Ba4Cu7Oy (Y247). At present, there is no singularly recognised theory for high-temperature superconductivity.

It is part of the more general group of rare-earth barium copper oxides (ReBCO) in which, instead of yttrium, other rare earths are present.

History
In April 1986, Georg Bednorz and Karl Müller, working at IBM in Zurich, discovered that certain semiconducting oxides became superconducting at relatively high temperature, in particular, a lanthanum barium copper oxide becomes superconducting at 35 K. This oxide was an oxygen-deficient perovskite-related material that proved promising and stimulated the search for related compounds with higher superconducting transition temperatures. In 1987, Bednorz and Müller were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.

Following Bednorz and Müller's discovery, a team led by Paul Ching Wu Chu at the University of Alabama in Huntsville and University of Houston discovered that YBCO has a superconducting transition critical temperature (Tc) of 93 K. The first samples were Y1.2Ba0.8CuO4, but this was an average composition for two phases, a black and a green one. Workers at the Carnegie Institution of Washington found that the black phase (which turned out to be the superconductor) had the composition YBa2Cu3O7−δ.

YBCO was the first material found to become superconducting above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, whereas the majority of other superconductors require more expensive cryogens.  Nonetheless, YBCO and its many related materials have yet to displace superconductors requiring liquid helium for cooling.

Synthesis
Relatively pure YBCO was first synthesized by heating a mixture of the metal carbonates at temperatures between 1000 and 1300 K.

4 BaCO3 + Y2(CO3)3 + 6 CuCO3 + (1/2−x) O2 → 2 YBa2Cu3O7−x + 13 CO2

Modern syntheses of YBCO use the corresponding oxides and nitrates.

The superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x are sensitive to the value of x, its oxygen content. Only those materials with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.65 are superconducting below Tc, and when x ~ 0.07, the material superconducts at the highest temperature of 95 K, or in highest magnetic fields: 120 T for B perpendicular and 250 T for B parallel to the CuO2 planes.

In addition to being sensitive to the stoichiometry of oxygen, the properties of YBCO are influenced by the crystallization methods used. Care must be taken to sinter YBCO. YBCO is a crystalline material, and the best superconductive properties are obtained when crystal grain boundaries are aligned by careful control of annealing and quenching temperature rates.

Numerous other methods to synthesize YBCO have developed since its discovery by Wu and his co-workers, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel, and aerosol methods. These alternative methods, however, still require careful sintering to produce a quality product.

However, new possibilities have been opened since the discovery that trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a source of fluorine, prevents the formation of the undesired barium carbonate (BaCO3). Routes such as CSD (chemical solution deposition) have opened a wide range of possibilities, particularly in the preparation of long YBCO tapes. This route lowers the temperature necessary to get the correct phase to around 700 °C. This, and the lack of dependence on vacuum, makes this method a very promising way to get scalable YBCO tapes.

Structure

YBCO crystallizes in a defect perovskite structure consisting of layers. The boundary of each layer is defined by planes of square planar CuO4 units sharing 4 vertices. The planes can sometimes be slightly puckered. Perpendicular to these CuO4 planes are CuO2 ribbons sharing 2 vertices. The yttrium atoms are found between the CuO4 planes, while the barium atoms are found between the CuO2 ribbons and the CuO4 planes. This structural feature is illustrated in the figure to the right.

Although YBa2Cu3O7 is a well-defined chemical compound with a specific structure and stoichiometry, materials with fewer than seven oxygen atoms per formula unit are non-stoichiometric compounds. The structure of these materials depends on the oxygen content. This non-stoichiometry is denoted by the x in the chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7−x. When x = 1, the O(1) sites in the Cu(1) layer are vacant and the structure is tetragonal. The tetragonal form of YBCO is insulating and does not superconduct. Increasing the oxygen content slightly causes more of the O(1) sites to become occupied. For x < 0.65, Cu-O chains along the b axis of the crystal are formed. Elongation of the b axis changes the structure to orthorhombic, with lattice parameters of a = 3.82, b = 3.89, and c = 11.68 Å. Optimum superconducting properties occur when x ~ 0.07, i.e., almost all of the O(1) sites are occupied, with few vacancies.

In experiments where other elements are substituted on the Cu and Ba sites, evidence has shown that conduction occurs in the Cu(2)O planes while the Cu(1)O(1) chains act as charge reservoirs, which provide carriers to the CuO planes. However, this model fails to address superconductivity in the homologue Pr123 (praseodymium instead of yttrium). This (conduction in the copper planes) confines conductivity to the a-b planes and a large anisotropy in transport properties is observed. Along the c axis, normal conductivity is 10 times smaller than in the a-b plane. For other cuprates in the same general class, the anisotropy is even greater and inter-plane transport is highly restricted.

Furthermore, the superconducting length scales show similar anisotropy, in both penetration depth (λab ≈ 150 nm, λc ≈ 800 nm) and coherence length, (ξab ≈ 2 nm, ξc ≈ 0.4 nm). Although the coherence length in the a-b plane is 5 times greater than that along the c axis it is quite small compared to classic superconductors such as niobium (where ξ ≈ 40 nm). This modest coherence length means that the superconducting state is more susceptible to local disruptions from interfaces or defects on the order of a single unit cell, such as the boundary between twinned crystal domains. This sensitivity to small defects complicates fabricating devices with YBCO, and the material is also sensitive to degradation from humidity.

Proposed applications

Many possible applications of this and related high temperature superconducting materials have been discussed. For example, superconducting materials are finding use as magnets in magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic levitation, and Josephson junctions. (The most used material for power cables and magnets is BSCCO.)

YBCO has yet to be used in many applications involving superconductors for two primary reasons:
First, although single crystals of YBCO have a very high critical current density, polycrystals have a very low critical current density: only a small current can be passed while maintaining superconductivity. This problem is due to crystal grain boundaries in the material. When the grain boundary angle is greater than about 5°, the supercurrent cannot cross the boundary. The grain boundary problem can be controlled to some extent by preparing thin films via CVD or by texturing the material to align the grain boundaries.
A second problem limiting the use of this material in technological applications is associated with processing of the material. Oxide materials such as this are brittle, and forming them into superconducting wires by any conventional process does not produce a useful superconductor. (Unlike BSCCO, the powder-in-tube process does not give good results with YBCO.)
The most promising method developed to utilize this material involves deposition of YBCO on flexible metal tapes coated with buffering metal oxides. This is known as . Texture (crystal plane alignment) can be introduced into the metal tape (the RABiTS process) or a textured ceramic buffer layer can be deposited, with the aid of an ion beam, on an untextured alloy substrate (the IBAD process). Subsequent oxide layers prevent diffusion of the metal from the tape into the superconductor while transferring the template for texturing the superconducting layer. Novel variants on CVD, PVD, and solution deposition techniques are used to produce long lengths of the final YBCO layer at high rates. Companies pursuing these processes include American Superconductor, Superpower (a division of Furukawa Electric), Sumitomo, Fujikura, Nexans Superconductors, Commonwealth Fusion Systems, and European Advanced Superconductors. A much larger number of research institutes have also produced YBCO tape by these methods.

The superconducting tape may be the key to a tokamak fusion reactor design that can achieve breakeven energy production.  YBCO is often categorized as a rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO).

Surface modification
Surface modification of materials has often led to new and improved properties. Corrosion inhibition, polymer adhesion and nucleation, preparation of organic superconductor/insulator/high-Tc superconductor trilayer structures, and the fabrication of metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions have been developed using surface-modified YBCO.

These molecular layered materials are synthesized using cyclic voltammetry. Thus far, YBCO layered with alkylamines, arylamines, and thiols have been produced with varying stability of the molecular layer. It has been proposed that amines act as Lewis bases and bind to Lewis acidic Cu surface sites in YBa2Cu3O7 to form stable coordination bonds.

Mass production

In 1987, shortly after it was discovered, physicist and science author Paul Grant published in the U.K. Journal New Scientist a straightforward guide for synthesizing YBCO superconductors using widely-available equipment. Thanks in part to this article and similar publications at the time, YBCO has become a popular high-temperature superconductor for use by hobbyists and in education, as the magnetic levitation effect can be easily demonstrated using liquid nitrogen as coolant.

In 2021, SuperOx, a Russian and Japanese company, developed a new manufacturing process for making YBCO wire for fusion reactors.  This new wire was shown to conduct between 700 and 2000 Amps per square millimeter. The company was able to produce 186 miles of wire in 9 months, between 2019 and 2021, dramatically improving the production capacity.  The company used a plasma-laser deposition process, on a electropolished substrate to make 12-mm width tape and then splice it into 3-mm tape.

References

External links

Diagram of YBCO structure
Synthesis of YBCO using somewhat common lab equipment - NileRed
New World Record For Superconducting Magnet 26.8T April 2007
External MSDS Data Sheet (safety classifications) for YBCO.
Superconductivity in everyday life : Interactive exhibition – little if any specific to YBCO .

Yttrium compounds
Barium compounds
Copper compounds
High-temperature superconductors
Mixed valence compounds
Transition metal oxides
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Articles containing video clips
Ceramic materials

Yttrium barium copper oxide


Lacrymaria lacrymabunda (Pierre Bulliard, 1785 ex Narcisse Théophile Patouillard, 1887), sin. Psathyrella velutina Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1801 ex Rolf Singer, 1949), Psathyrella lacrimabunda (Pierre Bulliard, 1785 ex Meinhard Michael Moser, 1953), este o specie saprofită de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Psathyrellaceae și de genul Lacrymaria, numită în popor văduvă plângăcioasă. Buretele se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord, nu rar și atunci adesea în mase, dea lungul drumurilor, în parcuri, grădini, prin pășuni bogate în substanțe nutritive și chiar la marginea pădurilor. Timpul apariției este din mai până în noiembrie.

Taxonomie

Specia a fost determinată pentru prima dată de micologul francez Pierre Bulliard ca Agaricus lacrymabundus în volumul 5 al marii sale opere Herbier de la France ou, Collection complette des plantes indigenes de ce royaume din 1785.

În 1887, compatriotul lui, Narcisse Théophile Patouillard, a creat genul nou Lacrymaria și a transferat soiul sub denumirea actuală (2018), de verificat în volumul 1 al lucrării sale Les Hyménomycètes d'Europe - Anatomie et Classification des Champignons Supérieurs - Matériaux pour l'Histoire des Champignons din 1887.

În a doua jumătate al secolului al xx-lea, un alt nume generic a fost preferat de mulți micologi, anume Psathyrella, după ce mai întâi micologul german Rolf Singer a schimbat numele în Psathyrella velutina într-o publicație în jurnalul științific argentinian Lilloa sub titlul Agaricales» (Mushrooms) in Modern Taxonomy (1949), apoi renumitul micolog austriac Meinhard Michael Moser în Psathyrella lacrimabunda, de citit în volumul 2 al cărții sale Blätter- und Bauchpilze (Agaricales und Gastromycetes) - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas din 1953. Astfel micologul francez Marcel Bon s-a ținut de termenul lui Moser, iar italianul  Bruno Cetto la cel al lui Singer. Aceste două denumiri mai sunt folosite câteodată până în prezent.

Ciuperca a mai fost descrisă de multe ori sub diverse alte denumiri care sunt văzute sinonim, dar nu sunt folosite, astfel pot fi neglijate. O selecție, bazând pe Index Fungorum (vezi mai sus), se poate citi în înfocasetă.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 3-8 (10) cm, este destul de cărnoasă și amenajată central peste picior, fiind în primul stadiu în formă de clopot apoi semisferică cu marginea răsfrântă către interior, iar la bătrânețe plană, ușor adâncită în mijloc, prezentând acolo câteodată un gurgui turtit și nu prea semnificativ, marginea fiind prevăzută, datorită vălului parțial, cu un șir de franjuri. Cuticula este uscată, dar la umezeală lipicioasă și unsuroasă, slab pâsloasă, catifelat-fibroasă, prezentând uneori niște solzișori foarte fini și repede trecători, de asemenea rămășițele vălului. Coloritul tinde de la gri-brun peste maroniu-ocru, portocaliu-roșcat până la brun, primind odată cu bătrânețea sau pe vreme uscată un colorit slab ocru-gălbui sau crem-gălbui.
 Lamelele: sunt lungi, destul de subțiri, aglomerate, cu lame intercalate și inegale precum neaderente la picior respectiv acolo umflate, atingându-l ușor. Coloritul variază, depinde de vârstă, între maroniu, brun închis, brun-violet și negru, marginile muchiilor fiind mereu albicioase. Ele sunt acoperite la început de o cortină groasă și albuie al vălului parțial care se dizolvă cu timpul. Au proprietatea de a secreta din abundență o soluție apoasă, când solul este suficient de umed care este la început transparentă, devenind apoi din ce în ce mai cenușie (de culoarea plumbului). Fluența odată uscată colorează muchiile lamelelor și marginile răsfrânte ale pălăriei negricios.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 4-8 cm și o lățime de 0,7-1 (1,5) cm, este destul de cărnos, fragil, cilindric și puțin îngroșat, dar niciodată cu o volvă la bază precum gol pe dinăuntru. Inelul este la început alb, fibros, cu aspect de vată, dar după relativ scurt timp dispare. Rămâne o zonă inelară punctată negricios din cauza pulberii sporilor. Tija este netedă și albicioasă deasupra inelului, iar fin solzoasă, cu un ton de ocru precum striată vertical maroniu în partea inferioară.
 Carnea: este în pălărie destul de compactă, fragilă, inițial alb-gălbuie, apoi ocru-maronie, adesea cu nuanțe roșiatice. Mirosul este foarte slab aromatic, gustul la ciuperci tinere nu neplăcut, dar cu avansarea în vârstă din ce în ce mai amară. Ea nu se decolorează după o secțiune.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori larg elipsoidali în formă de lămâie, hialini (translucizi), verucoși cu un por de germen mare, și au o mărime de 8–11,5 × 5–6,5 microni. Pulberea lor este negricioasă. Basidiile cu 4 spori au un conținut tare refringent. Cistidele pe marginea muchiilor apar în grupuri, având formă de măciucă cu vârfuri umflate și de obicei cu o mărime de 90 x 12 microni în diametru.
 Reacții chimice: Carnea se colorează cu anilină respectiv fenol încet roz.

Confuzii
În mod normal, buretele poate doar fi confundat cu specii ale aceleiași familii, unele comestibile, dar nu prea gustoase, altele din cauza gustului amar sau al conținutului fibros al cărnii necomestibile, cum sunt de exemplu: Agrocybe praecox (comestibilă), Lacrymaria glareosa (necomestibilă), Psathyrella candolleana (comestibilă), Psathyrella pyrotricha (necomestibilă), sau Psathyrella spadiceogrisea (comestibilă).

Dar dacă nu se dă seama de culoarea lamelelor, specia ar putea fi confundată cu letalele soiuri Clitocybe dealbata sau Clitocybe rivulosa.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Exemplare tinere ale văduvei plângăcioase sunt comestibile, dar nu prea savuroase. Cu timpul, ciupercile devin din ce în ce mai amare. Piciorul nu se folosește. Se recomandă prepararea împreună cu alte ciuperci, de asemenea, bureții pot fi conservați în oțet și ulei. Nu se potrivesc pentru uscare.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. XIX, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1931
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-7 (vezi la note).
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, p. 526, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser în Helmut Gams: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Văduvă plângăcioasă, film în limba franceză

Psathyrellaceae
Ciuperci saprofite
Ciuperci comestibile
1785 în știință

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda


Roa-Hønefossbanen (indtil 6. januar 2008 Roa-Hønefosslinjen) er en jernbane fra Roa til Hønefoss i Norge.

Banen blev bygget som den sidste etape af Bergensbanen. Den blev indviet af kong Haakon 7. 27. november 1909 sammen med strækningen fra Gulsvik til Hønefoss og taget i brug 1. december 1909. Gennem mange år kørte der tog fra Oslo ad Gjøvikbanen til Roa og derfra videre ad Roa-Hønefossbanen til Hønefoss og ad Bergensbanen til Bergen. Det ophørte imidlertid i 1984, efter at åbningen af Oslotunnelen i 1980 havde gjort det muligt at køre via Drammen til Hønefoss i stedet. De lokale persontog blev reduceret til et enkelt togpar i 1989 og indstillet helt i slutningen af 1990'erne. I dag bruges banen normalt kun af godstog mellem Oslo og Bergen og kun undtagelsesvist af persontog.

Forløb og trafik
Banen går fra Roa via via Jevnaker i Hadeland i Oppland og langs østsiden af Randselven ned mod Viul, Hval og Hønefoss i Ringerike, Buskerud.

Roa og Hønefoss er vigtige jernbaneknudepunkter. I Roa er der blandt andet forbindelse til Oslo og Gjøvik via Gjøvikbanen. I Hønefoss er der blandt andet forbindelse til Bergen med Bergensbanen og til Hokksund og Drammen med Randsfjordbanen, der igen giver videre forbindelse til Oslo eller sydpå via Sørlandsbanen eller Vestfoldbanen. På længere sigt vil Ringeriksbanen, der er planlagt færdigbygget i 2024, give en direkte forbindelse mellem Hønefoss og Sandvika. Til den tid vil Randsfjordbanen nord for Hokksund miste persontrafikken og blive en ren godsbane.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jernbaneverket.no  – Standardheving for viktig godsbane (fra 20.05.2009)
 Roa-Hønefosslinjen i Norsk Jernbaneklubbs stationsdatabase

Jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1909

Roa-Hønefossbanen


Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos, também conhecida como Matriz Velha, é uma igreja fundada no ano de 1882, na cidade de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, localizada no interior do estado do Espírito Santo.

História
Localizada no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, no interior do estado do Espírito Santo, sua história inicia-se no ano de 1854, com a doação de um terreno de Joaquim Marcelino da Silva Lima - o Barão de Itapemirim - para a construção da primeira capela da cidade. Somente no segundo semestre de 1860, a capela começou a ser construída após uma doação de um conto e quinhentos réis por Manoel José de Araújo Machado e o Tenente Sabino José Coelho.

Situada no bairro da Independência nas margens do Rio Itapemirim, a capela sofreu com enchentes nos anos de 1867, 1872 e 1875 que causaram danos graves na estrutura da capela. Com o prédio em condições precárias, o padre Manoel Leite Sampaio pediu ao Capitão Francisco de Souza Monteiro, abrigasse as imagens da igreja para sua capela particular.

Com sua situação de risco a capela foi doada a Paróquia de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim e passou por uma série de reformas até sua inauguração no ano de 1882 em que começou a funcionar como matriz de Cachoeiro e no ano de 1884, passou a ser dedicada a São Pedro Apóstolo, padroeiro da cidade.

Festividades
Entre as festividades promovida pela igreja está a Festa da Unidade na Paróquia Nosso Senhor dos Passos em que é realizada uma missa e posteriormente um almoço em comemoração à Paróquia.

Tombamento
A igreja passou pelo processo de tombamento junto ao Conselho Estadual de Cultura (CEC), órgão estadual responsável pela preservação da história do estado do Espírito Santo.

No ano de 2014, um processo de restauração foi iniciado na igreja. Naquele ano foi realizada uma reforma, que consistiu na revitalização externa e a pintura de portas e janelas. No ano de 2016, a obra passou por um processe de restauro interno que contou com a supervisão da restauradora Mariana Caliari. Segundo o padre Evaldo Ferreira, dos seiscentos mil reais destinado pela gestão do governador Paulo Hartung (PMDB), apenas duzentos e sessenta e sete mil reais chegaram para a realização da obra.

Em fevereiro de 2022, a igreja passou por mais um processo de restauração com a participação de órgãos de Secretária de Estado da Cultura (SECULT), do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), além de uma série de profissionais da área vinculados à Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES).

Ligações externas
 Site oficial
 Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos no Instagram
 Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos no Facebook
 Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos no YouTube
 Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos no TripAdvisor

Fundações no Brasil em 1882
Igrejas do Espírito Santo
Patrimônio tombado pela SECULT (ES)
Cultura de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim

Igreja Nosso Senhor dos Passos (Cachoeiro de Itapemirim)


La statue de Gomateshvara, aussi appelée statue de Bahubali, est une statue monumentale et monolithique située dans la ville de Shravanabelagola en Inde. Haute de  et sculptée dans un seul bloc de granite, c'est la plus haute statue monolithique au monde. Elle représente Gomateshvara, l'une des figures importantes du jaïnisme. Sculptée en 983 sous le règne de la dynastie des Ganga de l'ouest, elle fut commandée par le général indien . Un escalier de 614 marches permet aux visiteurs de gravir la statue.

Tous les 12 ans, la statue est l'objet de la célébration rituelle , un festival religieux pendant lequel des prêtres viennent oindre la tête de la statue (abhisheka) avec divers produits, tel que du lait, de l'eau de coco, du jus de canne à sucre, du safran ou encore du bois de santal. Des milliers de fidèles viennent également faire des offrandes à la statue, comme des pétales de fleurs, des pierres précieuses, de l'or ou de l'argent. Il s'agit d'un des rituels les plus importants du jaïnisme. Cette célébration, qui existe depuis plus de  ans, a connu sa  édition en 2018.

Références

Jaïnisme
Statue monumentale en Inde
Sculpture en plein air en Inde
Sculpture du Xe siècle
Sculpture en pierre

Statue de Gomateshvara


Una O'Connor () a fost actrita irlandez-americana care a lucrat extensiv in teatru inainte de a deveni actrita personala in film si televiziune. Ea a reprezentat adesea soții comice, gospodine și servitor.

Viata si munca
Născută Agnes Teresa McGlade la o familie naționalistă catolică din Belfast , Irlanda. Deși mama ei a murit la vârsta de doi ani, tatăl ei era agricultor, garantând că familia avea întotdeauna venituri din familii. [1] A plecat în curând în Australia, iar McGlade a fost crescut de o mătușă, studiind la Școala St Dominic, la Belfast, la școlile de mănăstiri și la Paris . Gândindu-se să urmeze învățământul, ea sa înscris la Școala de Artă de Sud din Kensington . [1]

Înainte de a-și asuma funcții de predare, ea sa înscris la Școala de Actori Abbey (afiliată cu Teatrul din Abbey din Dublin ). [1] Cariera ei cu Abbey a fost între 1912 - 1934, unde a interpretat în multe producții, acestea fiind listate în Arhivele Teatrului Abbey. [2] Și-a schimbat numele când și-a început cariera în actorie la Teatrul Abbey. Una dintre primele ei apariții a fost în filmul lui George Bernard Shaw, " The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet", în care a jucat rolul unei fetițe de ranch american. Productia a avut loc la Dublin, precum si la New York, inaugurata la 20 noiembrie 1911 la Teatrul Maxine Elliott , marcand debutul american al lui O'Connor. [1] [3]

Până în 1913, ea avea sediul la Londra, unde a apărut în Magic Jug , The Starlight Express (1915-16 la Teatrul Kingsway) și Paddy the Next Best Thing . La începutul anilor 1920, ea a apărut ca o servitoare cocoșilor în Plus Fours urmată în 1924 de portretul ei de o chelneriță în rolul lui Frederick Lonsdale , The Fake . Într-o revizuire a unui singur paragraf, un comentator anonim a remarcat că "serviciul de comedie scăzut al hotelului Una O'Connor a fost efectiv gestionat". [4] Cel de-al doilea spectacol a jucat și la New York (cu O'Connor în distribuție), deschis la 6 octombrie 1924 la Teatrul Hudson . O revizuire a spectacolelor New York din The Fake descrie detaliile complotului, dar apoi menționează

... doi jucători de excelență mai mult decât obișnuită. În cel de-al treilea act al The Fake apare o scenă între Una O'Connor și Godfrey Tearle, cu doamna O'Connor ca o chelneriță, încercând un fel de flirtă brută cu domnul Tearle. El nu răspunde deloc și dorința, patosul acestei fetițe servitoare, când ea și-a epuizat farmecele și nu primește nici o încurajare, este simplul fapt al a ceea ce ar trebui să fie portretul de caractere atent. Miss O'Connor se află pe scenă numai pentru acest act unic, dar în acest scurt interval de timp înregistrează o impresie de neșters. In mod corect, a marcat una dintre cele mai bune hituri ale spectacolului. [5]

Aceste două piese în care ea a portretizat slujitori și chelnerițe par să fi prezentat cariera ei viitoare. Revenind la Londra, a cântat în The Ring o 'Bells (noiembrie 1925), Autumn Fire (martie 1926), Villa Distinguished (mai 1926), [1] și Quicksands of Youth (iulie 1926). [6] Când Fire de toamnă a făcut turul SUA, deschizându-se în primul rând în Providence, Rhode Island, criticul a scris: "Una O'Connor, care joacă Ellen Keegan, săraca fiică a unei fiice, amărâtă împotriva vieții și iubirii, Excelența ei va câștiga, fără îndoială, dragostea unui public american ". [7]

A făcut prima ei apariție pe film în 1929 Trandafiri roșii închise , urmată de Murder! (1930) regizat de Alfred Hitchcock , și o parte necredibilă în " To Oblige a Lady" (1931).

În ciuda uceniciei ei lungi, nu atrasese prea multă atenție. Criticul britanic Eric Johns a reamintit întâlnirea cu ea în 1931, în care a mărturisit că "nu știu ce o să fac dacă nu muncesc ... Sfârșitul economiilor mele este în vedere și dacă nu se întâmplă ceva în curând, Nu voi putea să plătesc chiria. [8] Norocul ei sa schimbat când a fost aleasă de Noel Coward să apară în Cavalcade la Teatrul Regal, Drury Lane în 1933. Exprimându-și surpriza că Coward a observat-o, Coward a răspuns că a vizionat-o de ani de zile și a scris partea cu ea în minte. [8] Ea a portretizat un servitor edwardian, care se transformă într-o femeie de sine stătătoare. [8] Când cortina a coborât după un spectacol la care au participat directori de la Hollywood , ei și-au exclamat unul altuia: "Trebuie să avem o femeie irlandeză. Succesul ei a determinat-o să-și reia rolul în versiunea cinematografică a lui Cavalcade , iar cu succesul său, O'Connor a decis să rămână în Statele Unite.

Printre cele mai de succes și mai bine amintite roluri ale lui O'Connor sunt spectacolele sale comice în Whale's The Invisible Man (1933), soția publicistului și în Bride of Frankenstein (1935), în calitate de menajeră a baronului. A apărut în filme precum The Informer (1935). Simțindu-se de casă, în 1937 sa întors la Londra timp de douăsprezece luni în speranța de a găsi o parte bună, dar nu a găsit nimic care să o intereseze. În timp ce în Anglia a apărut în trei filme de televiziune. [9] În 1939, ea a apărut într-o producție de televiziune BBC a unei piese de teatru irlandez Teresa Deevy numită In Search of Valor, unde a jucat rolul lui Stasia Claremorris. După întoarcerea în America, spațiile de depozitare care-i găzduiau mobila și mașina au fost distruse într-una dintre loviturile The Blitz , pe care le-a luat ca semn pentru a rămâne în America. [8]

Cariera ei de film a continuat mai ales cu The Sea Hawk (1940) și Bells of St. Mary's (1944). A apărut, de asemenea, în susținerea rolurilor în diferite producții de scenă și a obținut un succes remarcabil în rolul lui Janet McKenzie, domnul aproape surd, în Martorul lui Agatha Christie pentru procuratură la Teatrul lui Henry Miller de pe Broadway din 1954-56; ea a apărut, de asemenea, în versiunea filmului în 1957, în regia lui Billy Wilder . Ca unul dintre martori, în ceea ce era în esență o dramă serioasă, caracterul lui O'Connor era destinat să ofere o ușurare comică . Era performanța ei finală. [8]

După o pauză de la începuturile sale în televiziune, ea a preluat mediul din nou până în 1950. [9] În 1952, ea a fost în măsură să afirme că ea a fost în 38 de producții în acel an singur. [11] Într-un articol rar pe care la creat, O'Connor a chemat să lucreze în televiziune "cea mai exigentă și mai nervoasă experiență care mi-a venit vreodată. Este o încercare de a face două lucruri simultan, o combinație de scenă și tehnici de ecran cu compensații ale nici ... " [11] Observând că mulți actori disprețuiesc munca de televiziune, O'Connor a spus că îi plăcea pentru că îi permitea să joace multe părți. Ea a plâns că pregătirea pentru munca de televiziune a fost o perioadă prea scurtă pentru ca un actor să înțeleagă pe deplin adâncimile caracterizării rolului, dar că a arătat o atitudine actorului prin cantitatea enormă de muncă necesară. Tonalitatea care acționează singură nu este suficientă pentru această slujbă, necesită o concentrare intensă, o alertă rapidă care poate face schimbări în direcția ultimului minut ... " [11] O'Connor a concluzionat cu precizie:" Sună fantastic și asta e exact ceea ce este, dar, de asemenea, un câmp de ocupare a forței de muncă care a ajuns să rămână. Ca atare, este mai mult decât binevenit aici, în cazul în care teatrul viu pare a se îndrepta cu hotărâre în mod invers. [11]

Se pare că a fost "resemnată fericit" că a fost tipărită ca servitor. "Nu există nici un fel de proiectare într-o carieră de actorie, ci doar mergeți împreună cu valul. De nouă ori dintr-o parte, o parte reușită vă va pune într-o rutină de la care numai un miracol vă poate împinge". [12]

Inima ei slabă a fost detectată încă din 1932, când sosirea ei în America a început cu detenție la Ellis Island din cauza unei "afecțiuni cardiace congenitale". La apariția ei în versiunea scenică a martorului pentru procuratură, a trebuit să rămână în pat toată ziua, apărând doar pentru a ajunge la teatru și apoi a lăsat apelurile de cortină devreme pentru a se întoarce în patul ei. Apariția ei în versiunea filmului era destinată să fie ultima ei. [8]

Note

Nașteri în 1880
Decese în 1959
Actrițe irlandeze
Actrițe americane

Una O'Connor


The River Cherwell ( or ) is a tributary of the River Thames in central England. It rises near Hellidon, Northamptonshire and flows southwards for  to meet the Thames at Oxford in Oxfordshire.

The river gives its name to the Cherwell local government district and Cherwell, an Oxford student newspaper.

Pronunciation
Cherwell is pronounced , particularly near Oxford, and  in north Oxfordshire. The village of Charwelton uses the river name. It lies upriver in Northamptonshire, suggesting that the pronunciation  has long vied for use.

Drainage basin
The river drains an area of . The Cherwell is the second largest tributary of the Thames by average discharge (after the River Kennet).

Course

Upper course

The Cherwell is the northernmost Thames tributary. It rises in the ironstone hills at Hellidon,  west of Charwelton near Daventry. Helidon Hill, immediately north, forms a watershed: on the south side, the Cherwell feeds the Thames, in turn the North Sea; opposite, the Leam feeds the Warwickshire's Avon through Worcestershire into the Severn, the head of the Bristol Channel. Another source rises east of Charwelton and feeds headwaters of the Nene, an inflow of the North Sea at The Wash and the source of the similar River Great Ouse is nearby.

South of Charwelton, the Cherwell passes between the villages of Hinton and Woodford Halse.

Two miles further on, the river swings westward a few miles, passing below the village of Chipping Warden through Edgcote, site of a Romano-British villa, then entering Oxfordshire at Hay's Bridge on the A361's Daventry to Banbury stretch.

Cropredy and the Upper Oxford Canal
Half-a-mile north of the village of Cropredy, the Cherwell resumes south. The Oxford Canal enters the valley here, and roughly follows, on its route to Oxford until Thrupp near Kidlington. The canal connects the Coventry Canal to the Thames, and the Act of Parliament authorising it was passed in 1769. A few years earlier, Oxford merchants had proposed canalising the river as far as Banbury.

Construction of the canal began near Coventry. The canal reached Banbury in 1778, however it was a further 12 years before the southernmost section was completed and the first boats reached Oxford in January 1790.

The Cherwell skirts the east side of Cropredy itself and passes under Cropredy Bridge, site of a major battle of the English Civil War in 1644, a long encounter with riverside skirmishes concentrated along  of bank between Hay's bridge and a ford at Slat Mill near Great Bourton. King Charles's forces beat the Parliamentarian army. The bridge has a plaque with words: "Site of the Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644. From Civil War deliver us." The bridge was rebuilt in 1780 and this plaque is a facsimile of the original one. Cropredy's church holds battle relics. Local tradition holds that locals hid the church's eagle lectern in the Cherwell in case marauding soldiers damaged or stole it.

South of the bridge, the river runs through fields used for the annual Cropredy Festival, a three-day music event run by the band Fairport Convention.
It then passes an ex-water mill as usual created by a weir holding back a millpond and a mill race (leat); this is the highest major mill. Upstream simpler mills are suspected from the Domesday Book and similar land returns.

Banbury
After a few miles the Cherwell passes under the M40 motorway and the industrial hinterland of Banbury, a town centred on the river, passing another mill position. From here, a main line railway runs alongside on the west side. This line was built by the Great Western Railway and links London and Oxford with Birmingham and the north. South, the railway closely follows the valley.

A Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park dates from around the year 250. Much later the Saxons built the first settlement: west of the flow. On the opposite bank is the Saxon-established Grimsbury, now absorbed into Banbury.

Banbury Castle was built in 1135 to command the river and valley. The castle was extended and rebuilt many times. In the civil war it became a Royalist stronghold and was besieged during the winter of 1644–1645. A second siege began in January 1646 and lasted until April when a surrender was negotiated. After petition to the much-empowered House of Commons in 1648, it was demolished.

A great water mill ground grain near the castle. The brick-built building and miller's cottage have been modernised and extended as Banbury's main theatre and arts centre.

South of Banbury
South of Banbury, the valley widens. On the west bank is a large housing estate built in the 1970s, Cherwell Heights, and a mile south the ancient village of Bodicote on high ground west of the river. Downstream, most of the valley's villages are similarly set back to enable flood-meadows.

After Bodicote, the river passes an industrial estate at Twyford Mill before reaching King's Sutton, a village noted for its rare, high spire which overlooks the river. At Kings Sutton the Sor and Mill Lane brooks join. Two miles further, the Cherwell reaches a neighbourhood Nell Bridge and passes under a main road leading to Aynho, a village a mile east on a low hill, overlooking.

Shortly after this comes a crossing of the Oxford Canal at a right-angle, flowing in on the east and out over a weir. Such level river crossings are rare nationally. The canal, a few yards below, has Aynho Weir Lock, unusual as instead of rectangular form, it has a wide, lozenge chamber – the lock lowers the canal by  – the form speedily tops up the water as often used up in the fall of locks below.

By the weir the railway's older line continues down the valley to Oxford; east of it, a more direct route (opened in 1910 by the Great Western Railway) runs via Bicester and High Wycombe to London, originally connecting Paddington station, succeeded by London's newest main terminus, Marylebone.

The Cherwell supplied water to the engines on the Oxford route, feeding long troughs on top of the sleepers between rails for scooping up water at stations or at low speed.

Lower course, Somerton, Heyford, Rousham and Shipton

From Aynho, the Cherwell meanders, overlooked by hilltop villages. Somerton and Heyford, the only villages adjacent, once had water mills. That at Lower Heyford (noted as pre-Conquest and in 1086 there in the Domesday Book) was last rebuilt in the early 19th century, milling until 1946.

At Rousham, the river passes a famous landscape garden designed by William Kent. It features many statues and a near-replica Roman pagan "temple" which overlooks. The river terrace is named the Praeneste after the temple in Palestrina near Rome.

Two miles south, the river is crossed by a medieval packhorse bridge at Northbrook and a further mile south the course of Akeman Street, a Roman road. South, the valley narrows and becomes more wooded.

The Cherwell passes under the Woodstock to Bicester road and shortly after the Oxford Canal flows into it from the east. The next mile of the river is used by boats as part of the canal, passing a now-demolished cement works once supplied by canal narrowboats and which used river water.

After sharing their course for about , the watercourses diverge at Shipton Weir Lock (in larger, lozenge form) west of which is Shipton on Cherwell.

East of Shipton, the deserted village of Hampton Gay fronted the river, main remnants being its disused church in the watermeadows and ruins of a manor house.

Below, the river reaches Thrupp where the Oxford Canal finally leaves the valley.

In hills to the east, a Romano-British settlement stood near Kidlington and a contemporary villa in a west-bank parish, Islip. To its east is a wide plain, Otmoor, drained by the multi-headwater Ray, the largest tributary, which joins at a weir in Islip, known as The Stank.

The city of Oxford

The Cherwell reaches the northern outskirts of Oxford and runs south on the eastern edge of North Oxford to the city centre. Near Summertown it passes the Victoria Arms riverside public house/restaurant at Marston and then under a modern bridge, part of Marston Ferry Road. A little further south, it passes Wolfson College (a graduate college of the University of Oxford), the Cherwell Boathouse (where punts can be hired) and the playing fields of the Dragon School. Next is Lady Margaret Hall, the first of the previously all-women's colleges.

The river is then flanked by Oxford University Parks and passes under Rainbow Bridge. Parson's Pleasure and Dame's Delight were for typically nude bathing for men and women respectively, now defunct. Below the Parks, the river splits into up to three streams, with a series of islands. One is Mesopotamia, which is a long thin island just south of the Parks with a scenic, tree-lined path. At the northern end are punt rollers next to a weir. St Catherine's College is on the largest island formed by the split of the river. It also flows past Magdalen College.

The river conjoins again into two close streams to flow under Magdalen Bridge. Early on May Morning, students used to jump off the bridge, a dangerous tradition if the river is low, so more recently the bridge has been closed on May Day. The river splits again. To the west is the Oxford Botanic Garden. To the east are Magdalen College School and St Hilda's College. The river then skirts Christ Church Meadow before flowing into the Thames (or Isis) through two branches; the island in between has the main shared college boathouses for rowing.

Easter and Summer punting is popular on the Oxford stretch. (A punt is a long, flat-bottom, low-topsides, boat propelled by a pole pushed against the river bed.) Punts are typically hired from a punt station by Magdalen Bridge, or the Cherwell Boathouse (just to the north of the University Parks). It is possible to punt all the way from the Isis, north past the University Parks, and out beyond the ring road.

The Withywindle river in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy The Lord of the Rings has been identified with the Cherwell near Tolkien's home in Oxford. Growing beside the Withywindle was the evil character Old Man Willow; Tolkien made a careful pencil and coloured pencil drawing of the character while he was writing the chapter "The Old Forest". Tolkien's son John suggests that the drawing was based on one of the few unpollarded willows on the Cherwell at Oxford. The Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society have placed a Tolkien memorial bench beside the Cherwell in the University Parks.

The lowest point saw early settlement. The river is known as the divide of the Dobunni to the west and the Catuvellauni to the east (Celtic tribes documented at the time of Romanisation).

At Oxney, Oxford a Romano-British settlement grew up, being naturally protected from raids by the large rivers. This settlement dominated the pottery trade in what is now central southern England, distributing it by boats on the Thames and its tributaries.

Entering Oxford, the average flow rate of the Thames is  then exiting after taking in the Cherwell it is .

Navigation
The river itself has never been properly navigable. In the 17th century weirs were fewer and goods seem to have been laden up to Banbury in modest flat-bottomed boats. A load of coal was taken up the river in 1764 as a test. Since the opening of the Oxford Canal in 1790 only a few sections are navigable, mainly to canoes and punts of shallow draft.

Literature
The Cherwell was mentioned by John Betjeman (1906–1984) in his poetry:

The Cherwell carried under Magdalen Bridge
Its leisure puntfuls of the fortunate
Who next term and the next would still come back.

See also
Tributaries of the River Thames
List of rivers in England

References

External links
 Wise Use of Floodplains – River Cherwell

Rivers of Oxfordshire
Rivers of Northamptonshire
Tributaries of the River Thames
Geography of Oxford
Banbury
Cherwell District
1Cherwell

River Cherwell


In electronics, a sample and hold (also known as sample and follow) circuit is an analog device that samples (captures, takes) the voltage of a continuously varying analog signal and holds (locks, freezes) its value at a constant level for a specified minimum period of time. Sample and hold circuits and related peak detectors are the elementary analog memory devices. They are typically used in analog-to-digital converters to eliminate variations in input signal that can corrupt the conversion process. They are also used in electronic music, for instance to impart a random quality to successively-played notes.

A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and contains at least one switching device such as a FET (field effect transistor) switch and normally one operational amplifier. To sample the input signal, the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own leakage currents and useful load currents, which makes the circuit inherently volatile, but the loss of voltage (voltage drop) within a specified hold time remains within an acceptable error margin for all but the most demanding applications.

Purpose
Sample and hold circuits are used in linear systems. In some kinds of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), the input is compared to a voltage generated internally from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The circuit tries a series of values and stops converting once the voltages are equal, within some defined error margin. If the input value was permitted to change during this comparison process, the resulting conversion would be inaccurate and possibly unrelated to the true input value. Such successive approximation converters will often incorporate internal sample and hold circuitry. In addition, sample and hold circuits are often used when multiple samples need to be measured at the same time. Each value is sampled and held, using a common sample clock.

For practically all commercial liquid crystal active matrix displays based on TN, IPS or VA electro-optic LC cells (excluding bi-stable phenomena), each pixel represents a small capacitor, which has to be periodically charged to a level corresponding to the greyscale value (contrast) desired for a picture element. In order to maintain the level during a scanning cycle (frame period), an additional electric capacitor is attached in parallel to each LC pixel to better hold the voltage. A thin-film FET switch is addressed to select a particular LC pixel and charge the picture information for it. In contrast to an S/H in general electronics, there is no output operational amplifier and no electrical signal AO. Instead, the charge on the hold capacitors controls the deformation of the LC molecules and thereby the optical effect as its output. The invention of this concept and its implementation in thin-film technology have been honored with the IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal.

During a scanning cycle, the picture doesn't follow the input signal. This does not allow the eye to refresh and can lead to blurring during motion sequences, also the transition is visible between frames because the backlight is constantly illuminated, adding to display motion blur.

Sample and hold circuits are also frequently found on synthesizers, either as a discrete module or as an integral component. They are used to take periodic samples of an incoming signal, typically as a source of modulation for other components of the synthesizer. When a sample and hold circuit is plugged into a white noise generator the result is a sequence of random values, which - depending on the amplitude of modulation - can be used to provide subtle variations in a signal or wildly varying random tones.

Implementation

To keep the input voltage as stable as possible, it is essential that the capacitor have very low leakage, and that it not be loaded to any significant degree which calls for a very high input impedance.

See also
Analog signal to discrete time interval converter

Notes

References
 Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill (2001 ed.). The Art of Electronics. Cambridge University Press. .
 Alan P. Kefauver, David Patschke (2007). Fundamentals of digital audio. A-R Editions, Inc. .
 Analog Devices 21 page Tutorial "Sample and Hold Amplifiers" http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/tutorials/MT-090.pdf

Applications of Monolithic Sample and hold Amplifiers-Intersil

Electronic circuits
Digital signal processing

Sample and hold


Gems, or gemstones, are polished, cut stones or minerals.

Gems or GEMS may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media
Gems (Aerosmith album), 1988
Gems (Patti LaBelle album), 1994
Gems (Michael Bolton album), 2011
Gems TV, a jewellery manufacturer and TV shopping network headquartered in Chanthaburi, Thailand
Gems TV (German TV channel)
Gems TV (UK)
Gems TV (USA)
Gems (TV series), a British soap opera, 1985–1988
Gems & Gemology, a quarterly scientific journal
Sonic Gems Collection, a 2005 compilation of video games

Businesses and organisations
GEMS Education, an international education company
GEMS Girls' Clubs, a Christian organization
Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, a non-profit organization

People
David Gems (born 1960), a British geneticist and biogerontologist
Jonathan Gems (born 1952), a British playwright and screenwriter

Science and technology
GEMS, software from Conning (company)
GEMs, or lipid rafts, glycolipid-enriched complexes in biology
Generic Eclipse Modeling System, software development tool
Geophysical Monitoring Station, former name of InSight, a Mars lander mission
Global Election Management System, software by Premier Election Solutions
Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX, a NASA project
GeMS, a system at the Gemini Observatory

Sport
Australia women's national under-19 basketball team, nicknamed the Gems

See also

Gem (disambiguation)
RubyGems, a package manager for the Ruby programming language

Gems (disambiguation)


Graceton bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Graceton (Maryland)
 Graceton (Minnesota)
 Graceton (Pennsylvania)
 Graceton (Texas)

Graceton


بلدية فيرنان كاباليرو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.148 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات سيوداد ريال

فيرنان كاباليرو (سيوداد ريال)


طريقة الأوراق المثقبة هي طريقة تعمية استخدمها مكتب التعمية البولندي قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية وخلالها. عن طريق حديقة بلتشلي لفك تعمية رسائل آلة إنجما. ابتكر هذه الطريقة البولندي هنريك زيغالسكي عام 1938 وبالتالي فهي تعرف أحيانا باسم أوراق زيغالسكي.

الطريقة

الطريقة تعتمد على وضع أكثر من ورقة من هذه الأوراق المثقبة كل منها لها ثقوب في مواضع مختلفة عن الأخرى ثم تنسيقها بطريقة سليمة بالنسبة لبعضها البعض ووضع مصباح تحتها. بهذه الطريقة تحصل على أكثر من حل لفك تعمية الرسالة وإذا توافرت معلومات أكثر ستصل للحل الوحيد الصحيح.

مراجع

أجهزة مخابرات
اختراعات بولندية
العلوم والتقنية في بولندا
بولندا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
حديقة بلتشلي
مكتب الشيفرات
هجومات كريبتوغرافية
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية

أوراق مثقبة


An Sasa pubiculmis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tomitaro Makino. An Sasa pubiculmis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sasa

Sasa pubiculmis


لوحة التحكم هي أحد مكونات مايكروسوفت ويندوز التي توفر القدرة على عرض وتغيير إعدادات النظام. وهي تتألف من مجموعة من التطبيقات الصغيرة التي تشمل إضافة أو إزالة الأجهزة والبرامج، والتحكم في حسابات المستخدمين، وتغيير خيارات الوصول، والوصول إلى إعدادات الشبكة. يتم توفير تطبيقات إضافية من قبل جهات خارجية، مثل برامج تشغيل الصوت والفيديو، وأدوات الشبكة الخاصة الافتراضية VPN، وأجهزة الإدخال، وأدوات الشبكات.

كانت لوحة التحكم جزءًا من مايكروسوفت ويندوز منذ ويندوز 1.0،  ومع كل إصدار متتالي يتم تقديم تطبيقات جديدة. بدءًا من ويندوز 95، يتم تنفيذ لوحة التحكم كمجلد خاص، أي أن المجلد غير موجود فعليًا، ولكنه يحتوي فقط على اختصارات للعديد من التطبيقات الصغيرة مثل إضافة أو إزالة البرامج وخيارات الإنترنت. فعليًا، يتم تخزين هذه التطبيقات الصغيرة كملفات بصيغ.cpl. على سبيل المثال، يتم تخزين التطبيق الصغير «إضافة أو إزالة البرامج» تحت الاسم appwiz.cpl في المجلد SYSTEM32.

في نظام ويندوز إكس بي، تم تغيير الشاشة الرئيسية للوحة التحكم لتقديم بنية تنقل مصنفة تذكرنا بالتنقل في صفحات الويب. يمكن للمستخدمين التبديل بين طريقة عرض الفئة أو التصنيف Category View هذه والعرض الكلاسيكي المستند إلى الشبكة من خلال خيار يظهر إما على الجانب الأيسر أو أعلى النافذة. في نظامي التشغيل ويندوز فيستا وويندوز 7، تم تقديم طبقات إضافية من التنقل، وأصبحت نافذة لوحة التحكم نفسها هي الواجهة الرئيسية لتحرير الإعدادات.

يمكن الوصول إلى العديد من تطبيقات لوحة التحكم الفردية بطرق أخرى. على سبيل المثال، يمكن الوصول إلى Display Properties (خصائص العرض) بالنقر بزر الماوس الأيمن فوق منطقة فارغة على سطح المكتب واختيار Properties (خصائص). يمكن الوصول إلى لوحة التحكم من موجه الأوامر عن طريق كتابة التحكم control؛ تتوفر المعلمات الاختيارية لفتح لوحات تحكم محددة.

في نظام التشغيل ويندوز 10، تم إهمال لوحة التحكم لصالح تطبيق الإعدادات، والذي تم تقديمه في الأصل لـ ويندوز 8 كـ «إعدادات الحاسوب الشخصي» لتوفير منطقة إعدادات محسّنة للشاشة التي تعمل باللمس. تم نقل بعض الوظائف، خصوصاً وظائف إضافة حسابات المستخدمين وإزالتها، إلى هذا التطبيق على ويندوز 8 بشكل حصري ولا يمكن إجراؤها من لوحة التحكم.

اعتبارًا من تحديث أكتوبر 2020 لنظام التشغيل ويندوز 10، ستقوم ويندوز بتوجيه المستخدمين إلى تطبيق إعدادات ويندوز 10 عند محاولة فتح صفحة النظام في لوحة التحكم.

قامت مايكروسوفت أيضًا بحظر الاختصارات وتطبيقات الطرف الثالث التي كان من الممكن استخدامها للوصول إلى صفحة النظام القديمة.

قائمة تطبيقات لوحة التحكم
التطبيقات الصغيرة المدرجة أدناه هي مكونات لوحة تحكم لمايكروسوفت ويندوز، والتي تسمح للمستخدمين بتحديد مجموعة من الإعدادات لأجهزة الكمبيوتر الخاصة بهم، ومراقبة حالة الأجهزة مثل الطابعات وأجهزة المودم، وإعداد أجهزة وبرامج واتصالات شبكات جديدة. يتم تخزين كل تطبيق صغير بشكل فردي كملف منفصل (عادةً ما يكون الملف بصيغة.cpl) أو مجلد أو بصيغة DLL، يتم تخزين مواقعه في محرر سجل النظام تحت المفاتيح التالية:

 HKLM \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Control Panel \ Cpls
 يحتوي هذا على المسار على جميع ملفات.cpl على القرص الصلب المستخدم داخل لوحة التحكم.
 HKLM \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Explorer \ ControlPanel \ Namespace
 يحتوي هذا على كل ملفات  لجميع اللوحات غير المدرجة كملفات cpl. وعادة ما تكون هذه المجلدات أو تطبيقات shell الصغيرة، على الرغم من أن ويندوز فيستا يسمح بتسجيل البرامج المادية نفسها أيضًا. يسمح CLSID بعد ذلك بتعيين عناصر مثل االإيقونة وصندوق المعلومات والتصنيف ويعطي موقع الملف المراد استخدامه.

تستخدم لوحة التحكم بعد ذلك هذه القوائم لتحديد موقع التطبيقات الصغيرة وتحميلها في برنامج لوحة التحكم (control.exe) عند بدء تشغيلها بواسطة المستخدم. بالإضافة إلى استخدام لوحة التحكم، يمكن للمستخدم أيضًا استدعاء التطبيقات الصغيرة يدويًا عبر معالج الأوامر. على سبيل المثال، الأمر " Control.exe inetcpl.cpl " أو " control.exe / name Microsoft. InternetOptions "سيتم تشغيل برنامج خصائص الإنترنت الصغير في نظام التشغيل ويندوز إكس بي أو فيستا على التوالي. بينما يتم قبول كلا الأمرين وتشغيل البرنامج على نظام التشغيل ويندوز فيستا، يتم قبول المثال السابق الثاني فقط في نظام التشغيل ويندوز إكس بي.

التطبيقات القياسية

الأجهزة الطرفية
هذه خيارات في لوحة التحكم تعرض الأجهزة المتصلة بالكمبيوتر. إنها لا تقدم في الواقع واجهة مباشرة للتحكم في هذه الأجهزة، ولكنها تقدم المهام الأساسية مثل إجراءات الإزالة والروابط إلى المعالجات (الطابعات والفاكسات هي استثناء).

تشمل هذه التطبيقات الصغيرة:

 الماسحات الضوئية والكاميرات
 التحكم في الإلعاب
 أجهزة الوسائط المحمولة

مراجع

تهيئة حاسوب
مكونات مايكروسوفت ويندوز

لوحة التحكم (ويندوز)


Fran Barbalić (Baška, Krk, 30. siječnja 1878. – Zagreb, 26. srpnja 1952.), hrvatski pedagog i povjesničar

Životopis
Rodio se u Baškoj na Krku. U Kopru završio učiteljsku školu. U Kopru je položio ispite osposobljenja za pučke škole s hrvatskim i u Ljubljani za pučke škole s njemačkim nastavnim jezikom. Privremeni učitelj u Pićnu do 1902. i stalni nadučitelj u Bermu do 1912. Zatim kotarski školski nadzornik za hrvatske škole puljskoga i porečkoga kotara do 1919. te je djelovao na unaprjeđenju hrvatskih škola u Istri. Proučavao je obrazovne i političke prilike u Istri. Poslije Prvoga svjetskog rata talijanske vlasti udaljile su ga iz Istre. Bio je na Sušaku preko deset godina sve do 19129., a zatim je bio službenik u HAZU u Zagrebu do 1937. godine. Pitanjima se Istre bavio i dalje, jer je djelovao u komisiji za razgraničenje. I nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata ponovno je sudjelovao u pregovorima o razgraničenju. Znanstvenim radom nastavio se i dalje baviti te se bavio proučavanjima školstva, kulture i vjere u Istri u 19. i 20. stoljeću.

Djela
Članke je objavio u Narodnoj prosvjeti, Hrvatskoj školi i Pučkom prijatelju. Pisao za puljski Hrvatski list. Nakon emigriranja pisao je u emigrantskim novinama i časopisima istarskih Hrvata kao Obzor, Omladina, Istra, Narodne novine, Danica koledar, Hrvatski jezik, Krčki kalendar. Poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata članke objavio u Historijskom zborniku i Radu JAZU.
Važnije knjige:
  Pučke škole u Istri, Pula, 1918.
 Vjerska sloboda Hrvata i Slovenaca u Istri, Trstu i Gorici, 1931.
 Peroj, srpsko selo u Istri, 1933.
 Hrvatski i slovenski jezik u crkvama Istre, 1938.
 Narodna borba u Istri, od 1870. do 1915., 1952.

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski povjesničari
Hrvatski pedagozi
Sušak
Životopisi, Baška

Fran Barbalić (1878.)


Un filosof ținând curs despre planetariu, sau titlul complet, Un filosof ținând curs despre un planetariu în care o lampă este pusă în loc de Soare, este o pictură a lui Joseph Wright de Derby reprezentând un lector care dă o demonstrație despre un planetariu pentru un public restrâns. Pictura a precedat un tablou similar al său Un Experiment pe o Pasăre în Pompa de Aer (National Gallery, Londra).

Un biograf al lui Wright, Benedict Nicolson, a susținut în 1968 că John Whitehurst a fost modelul pentru lector, în timp ce un alt comentator subliniază aemănarea figurii cu "o pictură a lui Isaac Newton de Godfrey Kneller". O observare îndeaproape a fețelor adulte din pictură arată că fiecare demonstrează una sau alta dintre principalele faze ale lunii – lună nouă, primul pătrar, ultimul pătrar și lună plină.

Note

Referințe

 Egerton, Judy (1998), National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The British School. catalogue entry pp. 332–343, ISBN 1-85709-170-1

 Waterhouse, Ellis, (4th Edn, 1978) Painting in Britain, 1530–1790. Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series), ISBN 0-300-05319-3

Picturi din 1766


Krieger ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Oceanus Procellarum.
Er liegt nordwestlich des großen Strahlenkraters Aristarchus.
Von seinem nordwestlichen Rand geht eine nach Nordwesten verlaufende Mondrille, die Rima Krieger aus.
Der südliche Rand ist von dem kleineren Krater Van Biesbroeck überlagert.
Der Rand des Kraters ist unregelmäßig und etwas erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Zeichner und Selenographen Johann Nepomuk Krieger offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Krieger auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Krieger (Mondkrater)


Rolf Theodor Schuster (* 10. August 1960 in Memmingen, Bayern) ist ein deutscher Diplomat.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur studierte Schuster von 1979 bis 1985 Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Biologie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und schloss dieses Studium 1985 mit der Diplomprüfung im Fach Betriebswirtschaftslehre ab. Im Anschluss studierte er zwischen 1986 und 1988 Physik und Mathematik.

1989 trat er in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und schloss 1991 die Laufbahnprüfung für den höheren Dienst ab. Zugleich erfolgte 1991 seine Promotion zum Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster mit einer Dissertation zum Thema Hysterese auf Arbeitsmärkten: eine Untersuchung zur empirischen Relevanz der stochastischen Katastrophentheorie.

Nach einer Verwendung von 1991 bis 1994 als Mitarbeiter der Ständigen Vertretung bei der OSZE in Wien, war er Referent in der Protokollabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes und danach von 1998 bis 2000 Ständiger Vertreter des Generalkonsuls in Houston. Nach seiner Rückkehr war er zuerst im Referat für Controlling des Auswärtigen Amtes tätig und danach von 2001 und 2004 Leiter der IT-Strategie, sowie schließlich zwischen 2004 und 2008 Chief Information Officer des Auswärtigen Amtes.

Von 2008 bis 2011 war Schuster Gesandter und Leiter des Politischen Referats der Botschaft in Spanien. Von 2011 bis 2014 war er Generalkonsul in Dschidda, von wo er nach Seoul und anschließend nach Berlin versetzt wurde.

Schriften
 Hysterese auf Arbeitsmärkten: eine Untersuchung zur empirischen Relevanz der stochastischen Katastrophentheorie, Bergisch Gladbach 1991, ISBN 3-89012-265-5 (Dissertation)

Deutscher Diplomat
Deutscher
Geboren 1960
Mann

Rolf Theodor Schuster


Anandpur Sahib (en punyabí: ਅਨੰਦਪੁਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Rupnagar, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 308  a 82 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 17 019 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Anandpur Sahib


Olaylar
 Selahaddin Eyyubi, Fatımi halifeliğine ve Fatımiler Devleti'ne son verdi.

Doğumlar
 Agnes, Bizans imparatoriçesi (ö. 1204'ten sonra)
 Ahî Evran, Ahiliğin kurucusu sayılan debbağların (dericilerin) piri, 32 çeşit esnaf ve sanatkârın lideri (ö.1261)
 Aziz Osman bin Selahaddin, Eyyubiler Mısır Sultanı (ö. 1198)
 Muhammed Ufî, Fars tarihçi, bilim insanı ve yazar (ö. 1242)

Ölümler
 Kasım - Âdıd, son Fâtımî Hâlifesi (ö. 1171)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Yesügey, Moğol kabile şefi ve daha sonraları Cengiz Han olarak bilinecek Temuçin'in babası (d. 1134)

1171


Gerardo Quiroz Acosta (N. Ciudad de México el 14 de septiembre de 1966) es un actor, locutor y productor de teatro mexicano, hijo de Francisco Quiroz Acosta y de Teresita Acosta de Quiroz. Es hermano del actor Luis Mario Quiroz. Es Licenciado en Comunicación y Relaciones Públicas, recibido en la Universidad Latinoamericana en 1991, con mención honorífica con la tesis "el actor como comunicador social en la cinematografía".

En 1978 inició su carrera de actor participando en más de 120 spots comerciales de televisión para marcas importantes, en cine ha participado como actor en 18 películas destacando su intervención en cintas como: "Amigo" (dirigida por Oliver Stone), "One Man's War" (al lado de Anthony Hopkins), entre otras.

También es recordado por su papel de Miguel "el guayabas" Costa en la serie de televisión Papá soltero, en donde compartió créditos con el cantante César Costa, la actriz y cantante Edith Márquez, y su hermano Luis Mario Quiroz.

Trayectoria

Teatro (como actor)
 Agarra la onda 1990
 Simplemente Susana 1991-1992
 Un regalo de París 1993
 El lago de los cisnes 1994
 La sustituta 1994
 Luna de miel para diez 1995
 Celos dije 1995-1996
 El tenorio cómico (Paco Stanley) 1994
 4 vagos y una sinvergüenza 1999
 El precio de la fama 2000

Teatro (como productor)
Como productor ha realizado las siguientes obras teatrales:
 El retorno de las animas 1990
 Agarra la onda, es Navidad 1991
 Simplemente Susana 1991-1992
 La sustituta 1994
 4 vagos y una sinvergüenza 1994
 Celos dije 1998
 Ivonne e Ivette en el país de la Fantasía 1998
 Una pareja con ángel 1999
 El precio de la fama 2000
 A oscuras me da risa 2000-2001-2003
 Power rangers 2000-2001
 Vaselina (grease) 2001
 Las aventuras de carita de ángel 2001
 El tenorio cómico de las estrellas 2001
 Raul Di Blasio y el consorcio (gira) 2002
 La jitomata y la perejila 2002
 A mi mujer la aguantas tu 2002
 Aladino el musical 2002
 Cómplices al rescate (D.F. y Sonora) 2002
 Spiderman "el espectáculo en vivo" 2002
 Los mascabrothers show 2003
 La fiaca 2003
 Vivan los niños la aventura Musical 2003
 Pinocho el musical 2003-2004
 Amor sin barreras 2004
 Anita la huerfanita 2004
 Las noches del salón México 2004
 En quien piensas cuando haces el amor 2005
 Gloria Gaynor (concierto) 2006
 La vuelta al macho en noventa minutos 2006
 Vaselina 2006 2006-2007
 Pareja abierta 2007
 Papito querido 2008
 El tiempo vuela con Ernesto La Guardia 2009
 Puros cuentos del... Abuelo con Manuel "Loco" Valdes 2010
 Después de las 12
 Cats 2013 y 2019

Locución
Como locutor desde 1983 ha grabado para campañas importantes de radio y televisión:
Sabritas, Pepsi, cuadernos Scribe, Lili Ledy, Danone, Universidad del Valle de México, Bubbaloo, Fanta, McDonald's, Inglés sin barreras, pantalones Lee y Wrangler, El mundo de inglés de Disney, Chrysler, CNDH, entre otros.

Películas (como actor)
 Me tengo que casar/Papá soltero (1995 de Manuel García Muñoz) … Miguel Costa.
 Mariana, Mariana (1987 de Alberto Isaac) … Héctor, hermano de Carlitos.
 Las inocentes (1986) … Leproso
 Los Náufragos de Liguria II - "Los Piratas"  (1986)
 Los Náufragos de Liguria - (1985 de Piccolo Tonino)
Amigo (1980) Niño quemado...Con Pedrito Fernández y Andrés García.

Televisión (como actor)
 Teleseries: la semilla de la vida, la muela del juicio, historias de niños y niñas, los intrépidos.

Con Televisa:
 Papá soltero 1987-1995 …. Miguel Costa
 Confidente de secundaria 1996 …. Polo
 Tres mujeres (telenovela) 1999-2000 …. Antonio Fernández
 Así son ellas 2002 …. Raymundo Villaseñor
 Mujer, casos de la vida real 1997-1999-2002
 Simuladores 2009

Televisión (como productor)
 Bajo el mismo techo (también como escritor) 2005
 Spots de TV y radio (83 comerciales) 1993-2007

Eventos Musicales (como empresario)
 Chayanne concierto (Aguascalientes 2003)
 Mocedades (El Consorcio) 15 conciertos 2003
 Uff y kabah (10 conciertos) 2004
 Raúl di Blasio (23 conciertos) 2005
 Cómplices al rescate 2004
 Gloria Gaynor (3 conciertos) 2006
 Timbiriche (2 conciertos) 2007
 Forever tango 2010

Otros Proyectos
En el 2003 fundó el Centro de Capacitación Artística Pedregal (CECAAP), el cual dirige impartiendo el curso de Actor en Comedia Musical, en el 2007, más de 1,200 alumnos han sido preparados en dicha academia.

Del 2003 al 2007, fue el director general del Teatro Pedregal de la Ciudad de México.

En el 2005 fundó el Centro de Capacitación Artística Infantil (CECAI) escuela de preparación en canto, baile y actuación para infantes de 6 a 14 años.

A partir de 2004, y celebrando un contrato de 5 años, se convierte en el director general del Teatro Polyforum de la Ciudad de México.

En 2007/2009 es director creativo, productor y director de escena de las campanas de televisión y radio de la Comisión Nacional de Televisión.

Premios

Premios Bravo

La Agrupación de Críticos y Periodistas de Teatro (ACPT)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 La Biografía.com "Gerardo Quiroz"

 Películas del Cine Mexicano "Mariana Mariana" (1987)
 YouTube "Papá Soltero - Verano Peligroso" (4/5)

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Actores de México
Actores de televisión de México
Actores de cine de México
Actores de teatro de México
Actores infantiles de México
Productores de teatro de México

Gerardo Quiroz


Friedrich Wilhelm Adami (Suhl, 18 de octubre de 1816-Berlín, 5 de agosto  de 1893) dramaturgo y crítico de teatro alemán del siglo XIX, gran patriota prusiano.

Estudió medicina, filosofía e historia en Berlín, y tras sus estudios, comenzó a colaborar regularmente con la Neue Preußiche Kreuzzeitung. A partir de 1838, se consagró exclusivamente a la literatura, usando el pseudónimo de Paul Fronberg. Adami escribió además el prólogo de varias obras literarias y traducciones

Bibliografía parcial
 Ein ehrlicher Mann (1850)
 Der Doppelgänger (1870)
 Fürsten- und Volksbilder aus der vaterländischen Geschichte (1863)
 Aus den Tagen zweier Könige (dos volúmenes, 1866).

Escritores de Prusia
Escritores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Cuentistas de Alemania
Escritores en alemán
Críticos de teatro de Alemania
Nacidos en Suhl
Personas de la Provincia de Sajonia

Friedrich Wilhelm Adami


An Zomicarpa pythonium in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Zomicarpa pythonium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zomicarpa, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zomicarpa

Zomicarpa pythonium


شهادات الآباء الاثني عشر كتاب أبوكريفي مزور يحوي وصايا أبناء يعقوب الاثني عشر عند موتهم، وهو جزء من الكتاب المقدس الأرمني أوسكان (1666). توجد مقاطع منه في مخطوطات البحر الميت ويعتبر من .

مراجع

أبوكريفا العهد القديم
أدب أبوكاليبسي
كتب القرن 2
نصوص مسيحية في القرن 2

شهادات الآباء الاثني عشر


O Vale do Jamari é uma região do Estado de Rondônia que se constitui dos municípios de Ariquemes, Monte Negro, Buritis, Alto Paraíso, Campo Novo de Rondônia, Cacaulândia, Rio Crespo, Cujubim e Machadinho D'Oeste.

Apresenta como fio comum o fato dos igarapés e rios da região serem afluentes do Rio Jamari, a influência do grupo indígena Arikêmes e de ter sido colonizado recentemente, após o ano de 1974 pelo Projeto Burareiro, o qual distribuiu lotes rurais de tamanho médio entre 125 e 250 hectares, sendo assentadas inicialmente 5585 famílias, tendo o núcleo central como sendo o no município de Ariquemes, cujo território foi desmembrado gradativamente para dar origem aos demais municípios do Vale do Jamari.

Vales do Brasil
Geografia de Rondônia
!Artigos com ligações precisando de desambiguação

Vale do Jamari


Mette Bluhme Rieck (født 1. november 1982 i Alslev) er en dansk journalist og tv-vært.

Historie
Mette Bluhme Rieck er student fra Varde Gymnasium. Fra 2003 til 2006 læste hun HA i organisation og ledelse fra Roskilde Universitet. Derefter forsatte hun på Danmarks Medie- og Journalisthøjskole, hvor hun i 2010 blev uddannet journalist.

Under sin praktikperiode som journalist, blev Mette Bluhme Rieck i 2008 ansat hos DR. Her har hun siden været ansat, blandt andet som vært hos DR Sporten, Guld i Købstederne, Danmarks næste klassiker og Aftenshowet.

Privat
Mette Bluhme er bosat på Islands Brygge sammen med kæresten Kasper Nielsen. De mødtes under optagelserne til Guld i Købstederne, hvor hun var vært og han var vurderingsekspert. De fik deres første barn, Viggo, i juni 2018, da hun fødte en dreng ved kejsersnit.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Mette Bluhme Rieck på altinget.dk

Personer fra Varde Kommune
Journalister fra Danmark
Tv-værter fra Danmark
Ansatte i DR

Mette Bluhme Rieck


Sipakapense es un etnia maya ubicada en el país de Guatemala. La lengua oficial de esta etnia es también llamada idioma sipakapense.

Historia
El nombre Sipakapa proviene del  idioma nahuatl de los término Sipaktli, que significa "Lagarto", y apan que significa "lugar" o "localización", por lo que puede interpretarse como "Lugar o Tierra del lagarto".

Según las historias contadas por ancianos de esta etnia, la comunidad inicialmente estuvo habitada por unos hombres con poderes sobrenaturales llamados Nawualones, quienes se habían separado del dominio K'iche' y guiados por el Sol, emprendieron el viaje que los condujo al territorio que actualmente ocupa la comunidad lingüística sipakapense, en el departamento de San Marcos.

Ubicación
Actualmente todas las personas que pertenecen a la comunidad sipakapense viven en el departamento de San Marcos en el municipio de Sipacapa.

Población
Según el Censo de Población indígena realizado en el año 2002, existe un total de 10,652 habitantes de la comunidad sipakapense. Cubre casi toda la población del municipio de Sipacapa, San Marcos.

Referencias

Etnias de Guatemala
Pueblos mayenses
Pueblos indígenas de Guatemala

Sipakapense (etnia)


Rhopaloblaste, rod palmi, dio tribusa Areceae, potporodica Arecoideae. Postoji 6 priznatih vrsta koje rastu po kišnim šumama od Nikobara na zapadu do Papuazije na istoke, uključujući otoke Nikobare, Bismarckove otoke, Moluke, Novu Gvineju, Solomonske otoke i Malajski poluotok.

Vrste
 Rhopaloblaste augusta (Kurz) H.E.Moore
 Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret
 Rhopaloblaste elegans H.E.Moore
 Rhopaloblaste gideonii Banka
 Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana Becc.
 Rhopaloblaste singaporensis (Becc.) Benth. & Hook.f.

Sinonimi
 Ptychoraphis Becc.

Izvori

Areceae

Rhopaloblaste


أن تقتل عصفوراً محاكياً أو أن تقتل طائرًا بريئًا وترجمت أيضًا إلى لا تقتل عصفورًا ساخرًا (بالإنجليزية : To Kill a Mockingbird) رواية للكاتبة الأمريكية هاربر لي، نشرت عام 1960 وفازت بالبوليتزر. حققت نجاحاً سريعاً وأصبحت علامة في الأدب الأمريكي الحديث. الرواية مبنية على حياة الكاتبة ومشاهداتها وعلاقاتها بالعائلة والجيران. وأيضاً على حادثة وقعت بالقرب من بلدتها عام 1936 حينما كانت في العاشرة.

يُحسب للرواية فكاهتها ودفئها، رغم تعاملها مع مواضيع جادة مثل المحاكمات الجنائية والتفرقة العنصرية. والد الراوية آتيكوس فينتش صار بطلاً أخلاقياً للعديد من القرّاء ونموذجاً لنزاهة المحامين. يقول أحد النقاد : "في القرن العشرين، ((أن تقتل عصفوراً محاكياً)) هو الكتاب الأكثر قراءة في  والذي يتناول قضية العنصر، وبطله آتيكوس فينتش، أكثر الشخصيات الخيالية شعبية وبطولة في هذه القضية."

كرواية عن القوطية الجنوبية، تتناول مواضيع مثل التفرقة العنصرية وضياع البراءة، والأكاديميون يشيرون كذلك إلى أن لي تناولتْ قضايا الطبقية، الشجاعة والتسامح. الكتاب يُدرّس بشكل واسع في البلاد الناطقة بالإنجليزية في دروس تشجع على التسامح وتبغض التشدد. وبالرغم من مواضيعه، كان الكتاب عرضة لحملات كثيرة ليتم إبعاده عن التدريس في الصفوف. ورغم شعبيته، فإن بعض القراء غير راضين عن الصورة التي يُظهر بها السود.

حولت الرواية إلى فيلم فاز بثلاثة جوائز أوسكار عام 1962.

الحبكة
تروي الرواية على لسان بطلة القصة جان لويز فيتنش (سكاوت)، أحداثاٌ وقعت خلال ثلاث سنين من العام 1933 إلى 1935، في البلدة الخيالية مياكومب في ولاية ألاباما في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. تعيش بطلة القصة سكاوت مع أخيها الأكبر جيمس ووالدها المحامي الأرمل أتيكوس. تصادق هي وأخاها ولداٌ يدعى ديل هاريس وهو ولد يأتي إلى بلدتهما كل صيفٍ للبقاء مع عمته رايتشل. يزداد فضول الأطفال تجاه جارهم الغامض آرثر رادلي الذي لم يشاهده أحد لسنواتٍ عديدةٍ وتنتشر الكثير من اللإشاعات عنه وعن حياته الغامضة، بينما الأطفال يغذون مخيلتهم بحكايا وإشاعاتٍ ذات مصدرٍ غير موثوق عنه. يبدأ الأطفال محاولاتهم بالبحث عن طرق لجعل بو يخرج من منزله وبعد فترة يتواجهون مع مجموعة هدايا صغيرة تظهر لهم داخل شجرة عند منزل عائلة رادلي ويظنون أنها من بو لكن مع خيبتهم الكبيرة لا يظهر بو أبداً لهم.

أما في المحكمة، يواجه توم روبينسون الأمريكي من أصولٍ أفريقية تهمة إغتصاب موجهة له من فتاة بيضاء اسمها مايلا وتكون ابنة سكير البلدة بوب. بسبب العنصرية تجاه سود البشرة يرفض المحاموون الدفاع عن توم للون بشرته مما يضطر القاضي تايلور إلى تعيين أتيكوس والد سكاوت وجيمس كمحامي لتوم.

قرار القاضي يعرض أتيكوس إلى الكثير من المشاكل مع رفض مجتمعه دفاعه عن ردل ذو بشرة سمراء ولكن مبادئ أتيكوس تمنعه من رفض القضية فيقوم بالدفاع عن توم، خلال المحكمة يعرض أتيكوس دلائل تثبت أن مايلا لم تتعرض للإغتصاب من قبل توم ويعرض أتيكوس احتمال كون مايلا من وحدتها قد حاولت إغراء توم لكنها فشلت ويتزامن مع فشلها رؤية والدها لها من النافذة فيقوم بلكمها بيجه اليسرى على عكس إدعاء مايلا بأن توم من لكمها. تزداد صحة كلام أتيكوس مع كشف أن يد توم اليسرى مشلولة مما يجعل لكمه لمايلا مستحيل.

على الرغم من كثرة توافر الأدلة إلا أن المحكمة تحكم على توم بكونه مذنب، لكن الأدلة التي قدمها أتيكوس تجعل البلدة تقوم بالتوقف عن التعامل مع بوب وعائلته وتقوم سحق سمعتهم مما يجعل قلب بوب مليء بالأحقاد على آل فينتش.

يستغل بوب فرصة العرض المدرسي الذي يقام في إحتفال الهالويين ويقوم بمحاولة قتل جيمس وسكاوت أثناء عودتهما إلى المنزل لكن زي سكاوت الثقيل يقوم بحمايتها بينما جيمس يكسر ذراعه أثناء المواجهة، يقوم شخص غريب بنجدتهما ويقع بوب على الأرض غريقاً بجراحه أثناء المواجهة.

عندما يقوم الرجل الغريب بحمل جيمس إلى المنزل تكتشف سكاوت أنه بو رادلي ويقوم الشرطي بالكتابة في تقرير التحقيق أن بوب تسبب بوفاته حيث أنه سقط على سكينه الخاص مما أدى إلى فقده للدماء وموته، بينما تقوم سكاوت بمرافقة بو إلى الباب تودعه وتفكر بالحياة من خلال وجهة نظره.

شخصيات الرواية

أتيكوس فينتش

والد سكاوت وجيم. ولا يزعجه أن ينادياه باسمه الأول، أتيكوس. خلاف العادة، رغم أن سكاوت وجيم ينادوه بـ سيدي أحياناً, وهو مهذب مع كل من يعامله بغض النظر عن مستواه الاجتماعي أو لونه. في شبابه كان معروفاً بكونه رام ماهر من الطلقة الأولى.

توم روبينسون

المتهم الذي يدافع عنه آتيكوس فينتش في الرواية.

جيم فينتش

أخ سكاوت وصديق ديل، وهو أكثر هدوءاً وتحفظاً من أخته، لديه مبادئ وتوقعات تجاه البشر. وهو ما لم يجده في الواقع لذا يصاب بالإحباط.

جان لويز فينتش

أو سكاوت، وهي الشخصية الرئيسية والراوية. ذكية جداً وتمر بوقت صعب في المدرسة نظراً لأنها أجادت القراءة والكتابة بالفعل قبل الالتحاق. والرواية تدور بشكل ما حول النضج التدريجي الذي تصل إليه سكاوت.

ديل
صديق الأخوين. وجارهما في الفترة الصيفية حين يأتي إلى البلدة من ميريديان. ميسيسيبي. للإقامة بمنزل عمته المجاور لمنزلهما.

كالبورنيا
طاهية لأسرة فينتش.

آرثر رادلي

وأحياناً يدعى (بو رادلي)، شخص منعزل. شخصية غامضة بالنسبة لأطفال البلدة وتدور حوله خرافات مخيفة. في صغره كاد يُرسل إلى مدرسة صناعية بعيدة بسبب تورطه مع شبّان مشاكسين. لكن والده يفضّل ابقاءه حبيس المنزل. ويبدو أنه معرض لنوع من العقاب. فيما بعد يطعن آرثر أباه في ساقه. ويُرسل للسجن مجدداً. ثم يخرج، وهذه المرة يبقى في المنزل للأبد وبإرادته. عدا خروجه أحياناً ليلاً. سكاوت، جيم وديل مهووسون بفكرة إخراجه من المنزل. تنشأ صداقة خفية بينه وبين الصبية دون أن يروه أو يعرفون. وقبيل نهاية الرواية يشارك في إنقاذهم. سكاوت الوحيدة من الثلاثة التي ترى بو أخيراً وتتحدث معه. وهذا المشهد يُشار إليه عادة كـلحظة نضج حقيقية وتنوير تصل إليه سكاوت، بطلة الرواية. وكذلك تنوير معنوي للقارئ.

المزيد

فيلم أن تقتل عصفوراً محاكياً

انظر أيضًا

أن تقتل عصفورا محاكيا (فيلم)

مراجع

أن تقتل طائرا بريئا
القانون في الأعمال الخيالية
روايات أمريكية 1960
روايات أمريكية اقتبست سينمائيا
روايات أمريكية حولت إلى مسرحيات
روايات أولى
روايات تجري أحداثها في ألاباما
روايات تربياتية أمريكية
روايات تقع أحداثها في عقد 1930
روايات عن العنصرية
روايات هاربر لي
كتب عن حقوق الإنسان
أمريكيون أفارقة في الأدب

أن تقتل طائرا بريئا


Dvorak is a customizable card game that begins with a deck of blank index cards. These index cards (or pieces of paper or cardboard) are written and drawn upon by players before or during the game. Alternatively, games of Dvorak can be played online via a MUSH or the Thoth card game engine.

Rules
The game revolves around two types of cards: Actions, which are discarded when played, and Things, which remain in play on the table in front of whoever played them.

The winner is determined by the rules of the deck being used. Winning often requires a player to achieve a certain goal or play a certain card, but every deck is different. Some decks allow players to be eliminated; in these, the winner is usually the last player remaining.

Creating cards

Decks are made either before or during a game. When a card is created it is immediately shown to all players for their approval, halting play if necessary. A card is shuffled into the draw pile if it's accepted unanimously; if not, it is rejected and is set aside without affecting the game. If opposing sides refuse to approve individual cards, multiple cards may be lumped together into a single approve-or-reject vote.

Playing
To start a game, shuffle the cards into a face-down draw pile and clear a space for the face-up discard pile to come. Deal five cards to each player, then decide who goes first, via rock paper scissors, flipping a coin, rolling a die, etc. Play proceeds clockwise (unless the deck or a card states otherwise) until someone wins.

A player draws one card to begin their turn. They may then play an Action and/or a Thing. Their turn is then over and they must discard down to five cards if they have more than five.

If the draw pile is ever empty when someone needs to draw from it, the discard pile is shuffled to form a new one. If the discard pile is also empty, however, players must simply continue without drawing anything. When all the cards are played and there are none left, anyone without cards is out of the game, occasionally resulting in a draw.

Special rules
Some decks contain "special rules" which alter the basic ones. These may decrease hand sizes to three cards, for example, or may even create a card type other than Actions and Things. While infinitely versatile, these are most often used to tell players how to win.

When created, special rules are proposed and accepted as normal cards are. However, they are set aside, not shuffled into the draw pile, if they are accepted.  They do not count as "cards" for the purposes of interpreting rules.

Rule and card conflicts
Some cards can bend the rules. For example, if someone plays a card that says "draw three cards to start your turn", the basic "draw one" rule no longer applies to them.

Beyond that, if one card denies something and another permits it, the denial takes precedence (e.g., "nobody can draw cards" trumps "draw a card"). If cards contradict each other on the same issue, the more specific one takes precedence (e.g., "this player's hand size is seven" trumps "everyone's hand size is four"). Finally, if contradictory cards are equally specific, the last-played one takes precedence.

Special rules count as cards for conflict resolution purposes. As such, they always take precedence over the basic rules, but they may be overruled by other cards.

See also
1000 Blank White Cards
Fluxx

External links
Official Dvorak site — Contains the full set of rules and numerous popular decks that can be printed out and played.
 Dvorak decks for the Thoth engine

Card games introduced in 2000
Dedicated deck card games

Dvorak (game)


Jean Henrique Gerolomo De Mendonça, (Nova Londrina, 22 de março de 1978), é deputado estadual eleito pelo estado de Rondônia, é filiado ao Partido Liberal (PL).

Deputados estaduais de Rondônia
Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)

Jean Mendonça