Pariz (, also Romanized as Pārīz; also known as Rīz and Bariz) is a city in, and the capital of, Pariz District of Sirjan County, Kerman province, Iran, and also serves as the administrative center for Pariz Rural District.

At the 2006 census, its population was 4,527 in 1,231 households. The following census in 2011 counted 4,902 people in 1,417 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 8,005 people in 2,596 households.

References

Sirjan County

Cities in Kerman Province

Populated places in Kerman Province

Populated places in Sirjan County

Pariz


Bostanbükü, Karabük ilinin Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında Bostan adıyla geçmekte olup, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 6 km, Safranbolu ilçe merkezine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus
Bostanbükü, 2019 yılında elde ettiği "Türkiye'nin en kalabalık nüfuslu köyü" unvanını 2021 yılında Şırnak'ın Cizre ilçesine bağlı Dirsekli köyüne kaptırdıktan bir yıl sonra yeniden kazandı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Safranbolu belde ve köyleri

Bostanbükü


Hint-Aryanlar, Hint-Aryan dilleri konuşan bir Hint-Avrupalı etnik ve dilsel gruptur. Hint-Aryan halklarının varsayımsal olarak kökenlerinin Orta Asya sınırlarının kuzeyinde yer almış Sintaşta ve Andronovo kültürlerine (ve Proto Hint-İranlılara) dayandığı, buradan Hint-Avrupalı olmayan Baktria-Margiyana Arkeoloji Bölgesi kültüründen dinî, dilsel ve kültürel açıdan etkilenerek Hint altkıtasının kuzeyine göç ettikleri düşünülmektedir. Göçlerin MÖ 1800 civarında, savaş at arabasının icadından sonra başlamış olduğu varsayılır. Bu dönemde Hint-Aryanlar ile İranî halkların birbirlerinden farklılaştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Göçlerin Levant bölgesine ve  Hint altkıtasına doğru gerçekleştiği kabul edilmektedir. Christopher I. Beckwith'e göre Usunlar Hint-Aryan asıllı olup, bu halk Çin'e doğru başka bir göçün sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır.

Pakistan, Hindistan, Bangladeş, Nepal, Sri Lanka ve Maldivler modern Hint-Aryan halklarının yaşadığı bölgeleri oluşturmaktadır. Hint altkıtası dışında halklar geçmişte muhtemelen Batı Çin, Levant ve Anadolu'ya (Mitanniler) da yayılmış olmakla birlikte, çağdaş bir Hint-Aryan halkı günümüzde bu bölgelerde yerli olarak bulunmamaktadır.

Hint-Aryan dillerin, Hint-Aryan halklarının bölgeye toplu göçü yerine, bu halklara ait dini veya siyasi elit bir grup altında yerel halkların kültürel ve dilsel değişime uğrayarak bu dilleri benimsemesi vasıtasıyla yayıldığı öne sürülmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Aryan

Kaynakça

Aryan

Hint-Aryanlar


"Adieu" é um single da banda alemã de Neue Deutsche Härte, Rammstein sendo lançado no dia 25 de novembro de 2022, sendo o quinto e último single do oitavo álbum "Zeit".

Antecedentes e videoclipe
No início de novembro de 2022, informações de que um novo vídeo seria lançado foram divulgadas em diversas páginas da internet, inclusive de que o novo vídeo seria dirigido por Eric Remberg (Specter Berlin), o diretor do vídeo de "Deutschland". Em 8 de novembro, a Amazon da França listou o single em pré-venda, já anunciando a capa e data de seu lançamento.

Em 21 de novembro de 2022, a banda anunciou oficialmente a data do lançamento do single e do videoclipe por meio de um teaser, onde mostram luzes vermelhas, semelhantes com as que podem ser vistas no video de Deutschland, saindo de dentro de uma sala que tem suas portas fechadas, como um cofre. Na porta está escrito "Mutter-22", e então o vídeo termina mostrando o título da música e sua data de lançamento.

O vídeo foi filmado em Paris no início de maio de 2022, pouco antes de iniciar sua turnê pela Europa. As filmagens foram feitas ao longo de 3 dias – incluindo uma noite na Ópera Garnier. Foi a primeira vez que a ópera permitiu o uso de explosivos em seu mármore, abrindo também uma exceção única para a banda usar fumaça no local.

Lista de faixas

Histórico de lançamento

Desempenho nas paradas

Canções em alemão
Canções gravadas por Rammstein
Singles de 2022

Adieu (single)


يقع شارع هشام بن عبد الملك في مدينة الرياض بطول 2 كم.
يسير الشارع بالاتجاهين الشرقي والغربي، ويتقاطع مع طريق الملك عبد العزيز
ويصل هذا الشارع بين حي المرسلات (الرياض) وحي الملك فهد (الرياض)

معالم
يقع على هذا الشارع العديد من المحلات التجارية والمباني ، ومن أهمها:
 مجمع الاتصالات بالمرسلات ، وهو أكبر مصدر للهواتف المتنقلة بشمال الرياض.
 المركز الرئيسي لشركة الاتصالات السعودية
 مقر هيئة الاتصالات وتقنية المعلومات
 وزارة العمل
 مجمع حياة مول التجاري

شوارع في الرياض

شارع هشام بن عبد الملك


Nominal faiz, piyasada uygulanan cari faiz oranıdır. Finans hareketlerinden arındırılmadığından reel faiz oranını göstermez.

Faiz

Nominal faiz


An Bromus confinis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ngan Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Bromus confinis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromus

Bromus confinis


Mulić je nenaseljeni hrvatski jadranski otočić. Nalazi se uz sjevernu obalu otoka Korčule, ispred Žrnovska Banje. Administrativno pripada gradu Korčuli.

Površina otoka je 1452 m2, a visina 3 metra.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Južnodalmatinski otoci

Mulić


La Interestatal 172 (abreviada I-172) es una autopista interestatal ubicada en el estado de Illinois. La autopista inicia en el sur desde la  hacia el norte en la . La autopista tiene una longitud de 31,7 km (19.69 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras federales, la Interestatal 172 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Illinois por sus siglas en inglés IDOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial  de IDOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas interestatales
 Lista de Autopistas por estado

Carreteras interestatales de Illinois

Interestatal 172 (Illinois)


General  was the founder of a collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family and a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Japanese invasion of China and the Second World War. He was the son-in-law of Emperor Meiji and uncle by marriage of Emperor Hirohito. As the commander of Japanese forces outside Nanjing in December 1937, Asaka presided over the mass murder of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as the Nanjing Massacre.

After Japan's defeat in World War II, General Douglas MacArthur granted immunity to the country's Imperial Family. As a result, Asaka was never tried for his involvement in the Nanjing Massacre by SCAP authorities. Nonetheless, by 1947, he and his children were stripped of their imperial status. He later converted to Catholicism and died of natural causes at the age of 93.

Biography

Early years
Prince Yasuhiko came from Kyoto, the eighth son of Prince Kuni Asahiko and the court lady Tsunoda Sugako. Prince Kuni Asahiko was the youngest prince descended from the Fushimi-no-miya, one of the four branch houses of the imperial dynasty (shinnōke) entitled to provide a successor to the throne. In 1872, the Emperor Meiji granted him the title Kuni-no-miya and authorization to begin a new collateral branch of the imperial family. Prince Yasuhiko was a half-brother of Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, Prince Nashimoto Morimasa, Prince Kaya Kuninori, and Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi, the father of the future Empress Kōjun, the consort of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito).

Marriage and family
On 10 March 1906, the Emperor Meiji granted Prince Yasuhiko the title Asaka-no-miya and authorization to begin a new branch of the imperial family. On 6 May 1909, Prince Asaka married Nobuko, Princess Fumi (7 August 1891 – 3 November 1933), the eighth daughter of Emperor Meiji. Prince and Princess Asaka had four children:

 ; married in 1931 Marquis Nabeshima Naoyasu.
 ; married Todo Chikako, the fifth daughter of Count Todo Takatsugu. They had two daughters, Fukuko and Minoko and a son Tomohiko.
 , renounced membership in the imperial family and created Marquis Otowa, 1936. Killed in action during the Battle of Kwajalein.
 ; married Count Ogyu Yoshiatsu.

Military career

Like the other imperial princes of the Meiji period, it was expected that Prince Yasuhiko would pursue a career in the military. He received his early education at the Gakushūin Peers' School and the Central Military Preparatory School, before graduating from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy on 27 May 1908. Commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry on 25 December, Prince Asaka was promoted to lieutenant in December 1910, captain in August 1913, major in July 1918, and lieutenant-colonel in August 1922.

Between 1920 and 1923, Prince Asaka studied military tactics at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France, along with his half-brother Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni and his cousin Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa (1887–1923). However, on 1 April 1923, he was seriously injured in an automobile accident in Perriers-la-Campagne (Normandy) that killed Prince Kitashirakawa; the accident left Prince Asaka with a limp for the rest of his life.

Princess Asaka traveled to France to nurse her husband. Prince and Princess Asaka also visited the United States in 1925. During that period, Prince and Princess Asaka became enthralled with the Art Deco movement. Upon returning to Japan that same year, The Prince and Princess began arranging for a new mansion to be built in the Art Deco style in Tokyo's Shirokanedai neighborhood. The house, currently the Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum, was completed in May 1933, but Princess Asaka died a few months later.

While these events were occurring, Prince Asaka had risen through the ranks of the military. After being promoted to the rank of colonel in August 1925, in December 1929, he rose to the rank of major general and was subsequently appointed an instructor at the Army Staff College in 1930. On 1 August 1933, he was promoted to lieutenant general and assumed command of the First Imperial Guards Division. In December 1935, he was appointed a member of the Supreme War Council, which gave him a very influential position with Emperor Hirohito.

However, during the abortive February 26 Incident in 1936, Prince Asaka pressed the Emperor to appoint a new government that would be acceptable to the rebels, especially by replacing Prime Minister Keisuke Okada with Kōki Hirota. The Prince's pro-Imperial Way Faction political sentiments, as well as his connections to other right-wing army cliques, caused a rift between himself and the Emperor. It was perhaps due to this rift that Prince Asaka was transferred to the Japanese Central China Area Army (under the aging General Iwane Matsui) in China in 1937.

Role in the Nanjing Massacre

In November 1937, Prince Asaka became temporary commander of the Japanese forces outside Nanjing, then capital of China, because General Matsui was ill. As temporary commander of the final assault on Nanjing between 2 and 6 December 1937, he issued the order to "kill all captives", thus providing official sanction for what became known as the "Nanjing Massacre" or the "Rape of Nanjing" (12 December 1937 – 10 February 1938).

While Prince Asaka's responsibility for the Nanjing Massacre remains a matter of debate, the sanction for the massacre and the crimes committed during the invasion of China might ultimately be found in the ratification, made on 5 August 1937 by Emperor Hirohito, of the proposition of the Japanese army to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners.

In February 1938, both Prince Asaka and General Matsui were recalled to Japan. Matsui went into virtual retirement, but Prince Asaka remained on the Supreme War Council until the end of the war in August 1945. He was promoted to the rank of general in August 1939 but held no further military commands. In 1944, he colluded with Prince Higashikuni, his nephew Prince Takamatsu, and former Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe (1895–1945) to oust the Hideki Tojo cabinet.

Immunity from prosecution
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) officials interrogated Prince Asaka about his involvement in the Nanjing Massacre on 1 May 1946, but did not bring him before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for prosecution. Indeed, for politico-strategic and geopolitical reasons, General Douglas MacArthur decided to support the Imperial family and to grant immunity to all its members. Matsui, on the other hand, was tried, convicted, and executed for failing to prevent the massacre.

Postwar life as a commoner
On 14 October 1947, Asaka Yasuhiko and his children lost their imperial status and privileges and became ordinary citizens, as part of the American Occupation's abolition of the collateral branches of the Japanese Imperial family. He and his son were purged from holding any political or public office because they had been officers in the Imperial Japanese Army. His Art Deco mansion in Shirokanedai was seized by the government and now houses the Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum.

The former prince, Asaka Yasuhiko, moved to Atami, on the Izu Peninsula south of Tokyo. Asaka converted to Catholicism on 18 December 1951, and he was the first Imperial clansman to do so. He spent most of his time playing golf. He also took an active interest in golf course development and in the 1950s was the architect of the Plateau Golf Course at the Dai-Hakone Country Club. Asaka Yasuhiko died of natural causes on 12 April 1981 at his home in Atami, Shizuoka prefecture. He was 93 years old.

Honours
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (31 October 1917)
 Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class (4 April 1942)

Foreign honours
 : Grand Cordon Order of Leopold (29 April 1925)

References

Books

External links
 Profile of Asaka
 About this museum – Tokyo Metropolitan Teien Art Museum

1887 births
1981 deaths
Asaka-no-miya
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Shinto
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese generals
Japanese princes
Japanese Roman Catholics
Nanjing Massacre perpetrators
Nobility from Kyoto
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite

Prince Yasuhiko Asaka


Littlefield may refer to:

Jurisdictions in the United States
 Littlefield, Arizona
 Littlefield, Texas
 Littlefield Township, Michigan

Other
Littlefield (surname)
 Institutions:
 In Arizona (in or near town of Littlefield): Littlefield Unified School District
 In Texas:
 In or near city of Austin:
Littlefield Fountain
 Littlefield House
 In or near town of Littlefield in Lamb County:
 Littlefield Municipal Airport
 Littlefield Independent School District

See also
 Littleton (disambiguation)

Littlefield


Nikki Tyler, (d. 4 Aralık 1972; Berkeley, Kaliforniya) 1990'ların en meşhur porno yıldızlarından biridir.

Tyler lisede birçok müzikal sahne gösterisinde yer aldı ve sonra Los Angeles'ta koleje başladı. Psikolog olabilmek için çok çaba harcadı. Okul taksitlerini ödeyebilmek için çıplak fotoğraf çektirme kararı verdi.Penthouse dergisinin Ayın Kızı (Aralık 1995) olana dek 100'den fazla erkek dergisini şereflendirdi. Tyler koleji bitirdikten sonra, makyaj kursuna katıldı, bir kozmetikçi olarak Vivid Video için çalıştı.

Pornografik film kariyeri

Orada porno yıldızları Celeste ve Ashlyn Gere tarafından porno endüstrisine girmeye ikna edilmeden önce 1,5 yıl orada çalıştı.

Başlarda sadece lezbiyen sahnelerde oynuyordu. İlk kız kıza sahnesi 1995 yapımı American Pie filmidir. Daha sonra en iyi lezbiyen ilişkisini kuracağı Jenna Jameson takip etti, VR69 1995. Jameson`la olan ilişkisi Jameson`ın otobiyografisinde anlatılır. Uzun yıllar boyunca onunla bir ilişikisi oldumuştur, şimdi ise halen yakın arkadaşlardır.

Vivid`le imzaladığı kontrattan bir iki ay sonra başarıya ulaşması zor olmadı. Daha sonra göğüslerini büyüttü. Rocco Siffredi ile Nikki Loves Rocco (1996) filminde oynadı. 1999 yılında sektörden emekli oldu.

Çeşitli şeyler

 İki belirgin dövmesi vardır: Sağ kalçasında bir gül, sol ayak bileğinde ufak bir dövme.
 Jenna Jameson'ın otobiyografisine göre, Nikki Kaliforniya'da kocası ve oğluyla yaşamaktadır.
 Howard Stern Show'da porno oyuncusu Janine'yi öpmüştür.

1972 doğumlular
Berkeley, Kaliforniya doğumlular
Amerikalı kadın pornografik film oyuncuları
Amerikalı çıplak modeller
Vivid Kızları
Yaşayan insanlar
Biseksüel kadınlar

Nikki Tyler


An Pescatoria dayana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Pescatoria dayana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pescatoria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Pescatoria

Pescatoria dayana


Nogometni klub "Aluminij" (NK "Aluminij" Kudričevo, "Aluminij Kidričevo"; "Aluminij") je nogometni klub iz Kidričeva, Podravska regija, Republika Slovenija.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub je član "Prve Lige Telekom Slovenije".

O klubu
NK "Aluminij" je osnovan 1946. godine u tadašnjem Strinišču pri sindikatu tamošnje tvornice glinice i aluminija. 1951. godine je "Aluminij" službeno registriran pri Mariborskom nogometnom podsavezu. Za vrijeme socijalističke Jugoslavije "Aluminij" se više sezona natjecao u "Slovenskoj republičkoj ligi" ("Slovenskoj zoni"), koju osvaja u sezoni 1965./66., te je klub u sezonama 1966./67., 1967./68.i 1968./69. član 2. savezne lige – Zapad. Do raspada SFRJ, "Aluminij" se također natjecao i u Ligi Varaždin – Maribor – Celje, Međuopćinskoj ligi Maribor-Ptuj-Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenskoj regionalnoj ligi – Istok i ostalim ligama na području Slovenije.
Osamostaljenjem Slovenije, 1991. godine, klub igra u 1. ligi MNZ Ptuj. Od sezone 1992./93. do 1996./97. klub je član 3. slovenske lige – Istok, a od sezone 1997./98. je član 2. slovenke lige. U sezoni 2012./13. je prvi put član 1. slovenske lige, iz koje odmah ispadaju, ali se vraćaju u sezoni 2016./17. "Aluminij" je dva puta bio finalist Kupa Slovenije – u sezonama 2001./02. (kao drugoligaš) i 2017./18.

Stadion

Uspjesi

nakon 1991.
 2. slovenska liga
 prvak: 2010./11., 2011./12.
 doprvak: 2008./09., 2014./15., 2015./16.

 3. slovenska liga – Istok
 prvak: 1996./97.
 doprvak: 1993./94.

 1. razred MNZ Ptuj
 doprvak: 2001./02.

 Kup Slovenije
 finalist: 2001./02., 2017./18.

 Kup MNZ Ptuj
 pobjednik: 1991./92., 1993., 1994./95., 1999./2000., 2000./01., 2001./02., 2002./03., 2004./05., 2008./09., 2009./10., 2013./14.

Od 1945. do 1991.

 Slovenska republička liga
 prvak: 1965./66.
 doprvak: 1964./65.

 Slovenska regionalna liga – Istok
 prvak: 1984./85.

 Slovenski republički kup
 pobjednik: 1965.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Poznati treneri

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Kidričevo

Vanjske poveznice
  nkaluminij.net, službene stranice
 NK Aluminij, facebook stranica
  prvaliga.si, Aluminij (1. SNL)
  nsz.si, Aluminij (2. SNL)
  nsz.si, Aluminij (Kup)
  int.soccerway.com, NK Aluminij
  uefa.com, NK Aluminij
  worldfootball.net, NK Aluminij
  globalsportsarchive.com, NK Aluminij Kidričevo
  transfermarkt.com, NK Aluminij Kidricevo
  nogomania.com, Aluminij

Izvori

  nkaluminij.net, O nas, pristupljeno 25. lipnja 2020.
  nkaluminij.net, ŠPORTNI PARK NOGOMENTEGA KLUBA ALUMINIJ KIDRIČEVO, pristupljeno 25. lipnja 2020.
  siol.net, NK Aluminij, objavljeno 1. srpnja 2018., pristupljeno 25. lipnja 2020.
  futbolas.lietuvai.lt, NK Aluminij , pristupljeno 25. lipnja 2020.
  foot.dk, Aluminij Kidricevo , pristupljeno 25. lipnja 2020.
 Bratislav Stojanović, Dragiša Kovačević: Jugoslovenski fudbalski klubovi, Beograd, 1977., UDK: 061.237(497.1):796.332, str. 38

Slovenski nogometni klubovi

NK Aluminij Kidričevo


Hedera, commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes the commonly grown English ivy (Hedera helix), which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

Description

On level ground they remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on suitable surfaces for climbing, including trees, natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar. The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.

The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.

Ecology
Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America. Ivy seeds are spread by birds.

Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available. The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering. The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty.

A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy. Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy. It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.

Taxonomy

The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:
Trichomes scale-like
Hedera algeriensis Hibberd – Algerian ivy. Algeria, Tunisia (Mediterranean coast).
Hedera canariensis Willd. – Canaries ivy. Canary Islands.
Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch – Persian ivy. Alborz, Caucasus, Turkey.
Hedera cypria McAllister – Cyprus ivy (syn. H. pastuchovii subsp. cypria (McAll.) Hand). Cyprus (Troodos Mts.)
Hedera iberica (McAllister) Ackerfield & J.Wen – Iberian ivy. SW Iberian coasts.
Hedera maderensis – Madeiran ivy. Madeira.
Hedera maroccana McAllister – Moroccan ivy. Morocco.
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch – Himalayan ivy (syn. H. sinensis (Tobl.) Hand.-Mazz.). Himalaya, SW China.
Hedera pastuchovii G.Woronow – Pastuchov's ivy. Caucasus, Alborz.
Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Siebold ex Bean – Japanese ivy. Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
Trichomes stellate
Hedera azorica Carrière – Azores ivy. Azores.
Hedera helix L. – Common ivy (syn. H. caucasigena Pojark., H. taurica (Hibberd) Carrière). Europe, widespread.
Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Bean – Atlantic ivy (syn. H. helix subsp. hibernica (G.Kirchn.) D.C.McClint.). Atlantic western Europe.

The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H. helix, the first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.

The only verified hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei, a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica. This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and never successfully repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation. Despite the close relationship between Hedera helix and H. hibernica (until relatively recently considered conspecific), no hybrids between them have yet been found. Hybridisation may however have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus.

Uses and cultivation

Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.

The American Ivy Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera, and recognises over 400 registered cultivars.

Problems and dangers

On trees

Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage. The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn't harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife." Harm and problems are more significant in North America, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.

Invasive exotic

Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions. Similar problems exist in Australia. For example, in both countries the North African drought-tolerant H. canariensis and H. algeriensis and European H. helix were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.

Toxicity
The berries are moderately toxic. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol.
Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.

Stinging insects
The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp.

Etymology and other names
The name ivy derives from Old English ifig, cognate with German Efeu, of unknown original meaning. The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant. Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for H. canariensis include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy"; for H. helix, regional common names include the generic "English ivy".

The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese Creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata, in the family Vitaceae), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata, in the family Asteraceae), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans in the family Anacardiaceae), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus, in the family Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy (Cymbalaria muralis in the family Plantaginaceae).

Cultural symbolism
Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.

In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus, the god of intoxication.

Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.

The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds, and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism.

The traditional British Christmas carol, "The Holly and the Ivy", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary.

Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), Tintern Abbey, West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature.

The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities.

Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie Arrietty and the poster for the film.

Gallery

See also
 Anjo Festival
 Bığbığ Ivy
 List of poisonous plants
 NASA Clean Air Study

References

External links
Kew plant profiles: Hedera helix (common ivy)

Apiales genera
Christmas plants
Flora of Africa
Flora of Europe
Garden plants of Africa
Garden plants of Europe
Groundcovers
Rhizomatous plants
Stoloniferous plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Vines
Flora invasive in North America

Hedera


Medford R. "Med" Park (nacido el  en Britton, Dakota del Sur y fallecido el  en Nixa, Misuri) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cinco temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,88 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Tigers de la Universidad de Misuri, en las que promedió 9,3 puntos por partido. En su última temporada fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Big Seven Conference tras promediar 15,4 puntos.

Profesional
Tras no ser elegido en el Draft de la NBA de 1955, fichó por los St. Louis Hawks, donde jugó 3 temporadas y media como suplente. En la temporada 1977-58 se proclamó junto a su equipo campeón de la NBA tras derrotar a Boston Celtics en las Finales. Park colaboró con 5,4 puntos y 2,6 rebotes por partido como suplente de Cliff Hagan.

Mediada la temporada 1958-59 fue traspasado, junto con Jack Stephens a Cincinnati Royals a cambio de Si Green. Allí jugó el resto de esa temporada y la siguiente, en la que promedió 8,7 puntos y 4,1 rebotes por partido.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Dakota del Sur
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Missouri Tigers
Baloncestistas de los St. Louis Hawks
Baloncestistas de los Cincinnati Royals

Med Park


Long Point State Park – Thousand Islands is a  state park located at the northeast tip of Point Peninsula on Lake Ontario's Chaumont Bay. The park is located in the Town of Lyme in Jefferson County, New York.

The park was established by New York State in 1913 as part of the St. Lawrence Reservation.

Park description
Long Point State Park is open from early May to Columbus Day, and offers a playground, picnic tables and pavilions, showers, a boat launch, a campground with 86 sites for tents and trailers, and sheltered fishing in Chaumont Bay.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links
 New York State Parks: Long Point State Park - Thousand Islands

State parks of New York (state)
Parks in Jefferson County, New York


Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (em ; 1565–1608) liderou uma revolta popular na Rússia em 1606–1607 conhecida como Revolta de Bolotnikov (Восстание Ивана Болотникова). A revolta fez parte do Tempo de Dificuldades na Rússia.

Vida pregressa
Descrevendo Bolotnikov, o historiador Paul Avrich afirma: "Os contemporâneos o descrevem como alto e de constituição poderosa e como um líder inteligente e enérgico." Bolotnikov era escravo do príncipe Andrei Teliatevsky, antes de fugir para se juntar aos cossacos ao longo da fronteira da estepe entre Moscóvia e o canato da Criméia. Capturado pelos tártaros da Criméia, ele foi vendido como escravo a uma galé turca como timoneiro. Libertado em uma batalha naval por navios alemães, foi levado para Veneza. Viajando de volta para a Moscóvia, ele passou pela Polônia, onde ouviu histórias sobre o Falso Demétrio I. Isso levou Bolotnikov a Sambir, onde conheceu Mikhail Molchanov. Molochanov fazia parte do grupo que assassinou Teodoro II e, posteriormente, um cúmplice de Grigori Shakhovskoi, planejando uma revolta contra Moscou por meio de um novo pseudo-Demétrio. Em junho ou julho de 1606, Molchanov enviou Bolotnikov a Putyvl com uma carta afirmando que ele era um servo do czar Demétrio.

Rebelião
Molchanov enviou Ivan Bolotnikov à cidade de Putyvl para encontrar um voivoda chamado Grigory Shakhovskoy, que o recebeu como enviado do novo czar e o colocou no comando de uma unidade cossaca. Ivan Bolotnikov aproveitou a oportunidade para reunir um pequeno exército de kholops fugitivos, camponeses, bandidos e vagabundos, descontentes com a situação social e econômica da Rússia. Bolotnikov prometeu a eles exterminar a classe dominante e estabelecer um novo sistema social. Por ordem de Grigory Shakhovskoy, Bolotnikov e seu exército avançaram para Kromy (hoje Oblast de Oriol) em agosto de 1606, derrotando o exército moscovita sob o comando do príncipe Yury Trubetskoy. De lá, ele avançou para Serpukhov e devastou a cidade.

Cerco
Shakhovskoi fez Bolotnikov Bolshoi Woywoden da guarnição de Putyvl e, de acordo com Avrich, aumentou essa força com "camponeses fugitivos, cidadãos empobrecidos, cossacos, escravos, bandidos e vagabundos de todos os tipos que se reuniram em Putyvl para se juntar à rebelião". Muitos eram veteranos da campanha da Rebelião Khlopko e do Falso Dmitry I. Bolotnikov liderou esta ala esquerda de rebeldes de Kromy para Kaluga, para Serpukhov, e daí para Moscou. Uma ala direita de rebeldes, composta por um grupo liderado por Prokopy Lyapunov, comandante da milícia riazã, e Istoma Pashkov, escudeiro de Tula, avançou sobre Moscou a partir de Tula. Durante o Cerco de Moscou (1606), o czar Basílio IV defendeu a parte sul de Moscou atrás de muros de madeira construídos, enquanto Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky atacou as bases rebeldes localizadas em Kolomenskoye e Záborie. O Patriarca Hermógenes de Moscou denunciou a rebelião como obra de "Satanás e seus demônios".

Mudança decisiva
Em 15 de novembro, Liapunov, depois de receber uma oferta de posto mais alto, um assento no conselho boiardo e muita prata, foi para o czar com sua milícia riazã. O czar recebeu reforços adicionais de Smolensk e da Duína do Norte. Em 26 de novembro, Istoma Pashkov passou para o lado do czar. Em 2 de dezembro, Skopin-Shuisky atacou Kolomenskoe e Zaborie, forçando Bolotnikov a recuar para o sul para Serpkhov, depois para Kaluga, onde sofreu um cerco pelos seis meses seguintes.

Ajuda do príncipe Andrei Telyatevsky
Na primavera de 1607, outro impostor chamado Falso Pedro (também conhecido como Ileyka Muromets; alegou ser filho de Feodor I da Rússia) veio a Tula com toda uma multidão de ladrões para se encontrar com o príncipe Grigory Shakhovskoy. Imediatamente depois disso, este último despachou o príncipe Andrei Telyatevsky e seus homens para ajudar Ivan Bolotnikov, forçando o príncipe Mstislavsky a levantar o cerco de Kaluga. Bolotnikov moveu-se para Tula. Assim, todos os rebeldes se reuniram em um só lugar, suas forças conjuntas totalizando cerca de 30.000 pessoas. Foi então que Basílio IV decidiu atacar todos de uma vez e deixou Moscou em 21 de maio de 1607. Ele sitiou Tula, mas os insurgentes conseguiram resistir até outubro, apesar das privações e da fome. Bolotnikov enviou cartas ao Falso Dmitry II em Starodub pedindo ajuda, mas sem sucesso.

Rendição e morte
Finalmente, Bolotnikov decidiu negociar sua rendição. O czar prometeu perdoar os insurgentes em troca de Tula. Em 10 de outubro, os rebeldes se renderam às autoridades. Basílio, no entanto, não cumpriu sua promessa. Em vez disso, ele transportou todos os líderes rebeldes para Moscou em 30 de outubro e executou cada um deles de uma maneira diferente. Ivan Bolotnikov foi transportado para Kargopol, foi cegado e depois afogado.

Fontes
Dicionário Biográfico Russo, 1896–1918.

Referências

Escravos rebeldes
Revoltas camponesas
Rebeliões na Rússia
Líderes de revoltas

Ivan Bolotnikov


A Pobra do Caramiñal (spanisch Puebla del Caramiñal) ist eine Gemeinde (Municipio) in der Autonomen Gemeinschaft Galicien in der Provinz A Coruña, im Norden von Spanien. Die  Einwohner (Stand ) leben auf einer Fläche von 32,51 km2, 130 Kilometer von der Regierungshauptstadt A Coruña entfernt.

Geschichte
Reste von Dolmen, nahe der Ortschaft Colo de Arca belegen die Besiedelung bereits in prähistorischer  Zeit. Aus der Zeit der römischen Besiedelung stammen Reste der Verbindungsstraße Per Loca Marítima, die unter anderem die Städte Boiro und Porto verband.

Politik

Quelle:

Wirtschaft

Demografie

Quelle:  – grafische Aufarbeitung für Wikipedia

Parroquias

Quelle:

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Die Pfarrkirchen der Parroquias bieten einen Einblick in die religiöse Architektur der Region.
 Eine Vielzahl von Stränden am Atlantik
 Die Blumenteppiche zur Fronleichnamsprozession

Veranstaltungen
Eine Vielzahl von Veranstaltungen gibt es im Veranstaltungskalender der Gemeinde.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Jota (* 1991), Fußballspieler
 Lidia Parada (* 1993), Speerwerferin

Weblinks

 Seite der Stadt auf Pueblos Espana.org spanisch
 Wetter- und Klimainformation vom Spanischen Meteorologischen Institut
 Veranstaltungskalender der Gemeinde

Einzelnachweise

A Pobra do Caraminal

A Pobra do Caramiñal


Sýslur í New Mexico eru 33 talsins.

Listi

New Mexico

New Mexico

Sýslur í New Mexico


Irland deltog første gang som selvstændig nation i olympiske lege under Sommer-OL 1924 i Paris, og har siden deltaget i alle efterfølgende sommerlege undtaget Sommer-OL 1936 i Berlin. De deltog første gang i olympiske vinterlege under Vinter-OL 1992 i Albertville. Udøvere fra Irland deltog i perioden 1896–1920 som en del af Storbritannien.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Irlands OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Irland ved sommer-OL
Irland ved vinter-OL
OL

Irland ved OL


Der Glentehøj ist ein Ganggrab ( – ) auf der dänischen Insel Lolland. Das Vorzeitdenkmal ist eine Megalithanlage der Trichterbecherkultur (TBK), die zwischen 3500 und 2800 v. Chr. entstand. Es liegt im Nordwesten der Insel östlich von Kragenæs. Das Ganggrab ist eine Bauform jungsteinzeitlicher Megalithanlagen, die aus einer Kammer und einem baulich abgesetzten, lateralen Gang besteht. Diese Form ist primär in Dänemark, Deutschland und Skandinavien sowie vereinzelt in Frankreich und den Niederlanden zu finden. Neolithische Monumente sind Ausdruck der Kultur und Ideologie neolithischer Gesellschaften. Ihre Entstehung und Funktion gelten als Kennzeichen der sozialen Entwicklung.

1826 untersuchten Graf Reventlow und der deutsche Hauslehrer auf Gut Pederstrup, Erasmus Carl Kamla (1800?–1865), den Glentehøj. Es war nicht seine erste Grabung und der in Deutsch verfasste Ausgrabungsbericht von E. C. Kamla zeugt davon, dass er sich gründlich mit den Anlagen auseinandergesetzt hatte. Vor der Ausgrabung fanden Einheimische einige Feuersteindolche und zerscherbte Keramik.

Beschreibung
Die vom Zugang her Nordwest-Südost orientierte Kammer ist 8,95 m lang und etwa trapezoid. Während die lange, gerade Nordwest- und die durch den Zugang unterteilte Südostseite sieben Tragsteine haben, hat die gerade nordöstliche 1,5 m breite Stirnseite einen und die leicht gebauchte, etwa 2,5 m breite südwestliche zwei Endsteine. Die Kammer wird von fünf Decksteinen gedeckt, die der Größe nach von Südwesten nach Nordosten abnehmen. Der für lolländische Anlagen typische hohe und breite Zugang besteht noch aus acht Tragsteinen und vier Decksteinen. Lediglich das äußere Trilithen-Element scheint zu fehlen. Die Zwickel zwischen den Orthostaten waren mit Zwischenmauerwerk gefüllt.

Funde
In der Kammer wurden eine hölzerne Truhe und eine Reihe von Objekten (Bernsteinperlen, Äxte, Meißel und Abschläge von Feuerstein sowie Keramik) gefunden. Die Gefäße wurden auch an der Hügeleinfassung aus Trockenmauerwerk gefunden. Durch die Aufzeichnungen von Kamla über den Inhalt des Großsteingrabes ist zu ersehen, dass sich die Anlage nicht von anderen unterschied. Das Besondere ist jedoch, dass ein Deckstein der Kammer etwa 25 Tonnen wiegt. Er ist damit einer der schwersten Decksteine in einer Megalithanlage der TBK. Die hölzerne Truhe im Grab zeigt an, dass diese große Anlage in der Bronzezeit nachgenutzt wurde.

Nach Abschluss der Ausgrabung beschloss Graf Reventlow, den Hügel wiederherzustellen und die Anlage zu verschließen. In der Kammer wurde eine Bank aufgestellt, während in die Decke ein Loch eingebracht wurde, so dass Tageslicht eindringen konnte. Gustav Adolf Rosenberg (1872–1940) führte im Jahre 1925 eine Restaurierung des Glentehøj durch, der zu diesem Zeitpunkt fast 100 Jahre unberührt geblieben war. In den 1980er Jahren gab es Probleme mit Vandalismus am Glentehøj, die durch eine Restaurierung im Jahre 1988 beseitigt wurden.

In der Nähe
Südlich der Straße 289 liegt östlich von Horslunde Kong Svends Høj, das größte Ganggrab der Insel und eines der besterhaltenen in Dänemark.

Siehe auch
 Nordische Megalitharchitektur
 Großsteingräber in Dänemark

Literatur
 Torben Dehn, Svend I. Hansen, Flemming Kaul: Klekkendehøj og Jordehøj. Restaureringer og undersøgelser 1985–90 (= Stenaldergrave i Danmark. Bd. 2). Nationalmuseet, Kopenhagen 2000, ISBN 87-7279-146-2.
 Klaus Ebbesen: Danmarks megalitgrave. Band 2: Katalog. Attika, Kopenhagen 2008, ISBN 978-87-7528-731-4 Nr. 2143
 Karsten Kjer Michaelsen: Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid (= Politikens håndbøger.) Politiken, Kopenhagen 2002, ISBN 87-567-6458-8, S. 214

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Beschreibung dän. und Bilder

Großsteingrab in der Region Sjælland
Nordgruppe der Trichterbecherkultur
Lolland
Ganggrab
Kultstätte
Dolmen
Bauwerk in Lolland Kommune
Geographie (Lolland Kommune)
Grabbau in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

Glentehøj


هل تقصد:
 كلمة فشار في اللهجة العراقية تعني كلمات نابية.
 الفشار أي البوشار أو الشامية (طعام).

فشار (توضيح)


Pleven Province ( or Плевенска Област) is a province located in central northern Bulgaria, bordering the Danube river, Romania and the Bulgarian provinces of Vratsa, Veliko Tarnovo and Lovech. It is divided into 11 subdivisions, called municipalities, that embrace a territory of  with a population, as of February 2011, of 269 752 inhabitants. The province's capital is the city of Pleven.

Naming
The following Bulgarian terms may be used:
 Плевенска област (Plevenska oblast)
 Област Плевен (Oblast Pleven)
 Плевенски окръг (Plevenski okrag), obsolete
 Окръг Плевен (Okrag Pleven), obsolete

Geography
The province is part of the central Danubian Plain. It is crossed from south to north by the rivers Iskar, Vit and Osam (in west-east order); the river valleys are separated by limestone plateaus.

Municipalities

The Pleven province (област, oblast) contains 11 municipalities ( - plural: ). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each as of December 2009.

Demographics
As of February 2011, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 266 144  of which  are inhabitants aged over 60 years.

The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:

Ethnic groups

Total population (2011 census): 269,752

Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves 240,265 persons:
Bulgarians: 219,612 (91,40%)
Romani:  9,961 (4,15%)
Turks: 8,666 (3,61%)
Others and indefinable: 2,026 (0,84%)
A further 30,000 persons in Pleven Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.

According to the 2001 census, the population of the province was 312,018, of which Bulgarians constitute an overwhelming majority of 280,475. 16,931 signed as Turks (though this number very likely also includes Muslim Roma) and 9,777 as Roma.

Languages
According to the 2001 census 283,626 people specified Bulgarian as their mother tongue, 14,947 declared to speak Turkish at home, while the native speakers of Romani were 8,861.

Religion

Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:

See also
Provinces of Bulgaria
List of villages in Pleven Province

References

External links
 Pleven Province

Provinces of Bulgaria

Pleven Province


بوسطن ليغال  مسلسل قانوني درامي-كوميدي أمريكي، أنتجه دايفيد إي. كيلي، عرض المسلسل في الأساس على قناة ABC من 3 أكتوبر 2004 حتى 8 ديسمبر 2008 اشتقاقا من المسلسل The Practice. ورث بوسطن ليغال نفس الشخصيات القانونية من المحامين العاملين في الشركة القانونية كرين، بوول، وشميدت Crane, Poole & Schimidt.

نبذة عن الإنتاج
قبل عرض المسلسل، كان عنوانه المستخدم وقت الإنتاج فليت ستريت Fleet Street، في دلالة على الشارع الموجود في أرض الواقع في بوسطن حيث مكاتب شركة كرين، بوول، وشميدت، تغير العنوان إلى The Practice: Fleet Street ليتغير أيضا إلى العنوان الحالي Boston Legal عند عرضه. يقع المبنى الحقيقي حيث مكاتب الشركة في 500 بويلستون ستريت الذي يبعد 12 دقيقة من فليت ستريت.

المنتجون استعانوا بالكاتب البريطاني السير جون مورتيمر، منتج المسلسل القانوني البيرطاني رامبول أوف ذا بايلي Rumpole of the Bailey كمستشار.

المسلسل
معظم حلقات The Practice الأخيرة ركزت على تقديم الشخصيات الجديدة من شركة كرين، بوول، وشميدت كتحضير لإطلاق بوسطن ليغال، افتتح عرض المسلسل على قناة ABC في 3 أكتوبر 2004، ليلي افتتاح عرض المسلسل Desperate Housewives.
في 30 نوفيمبر 2004، أعلن عن انضمام كانديس بيرغن، في دور شخصية شيرلي شميدت، الشريك الرئيس في الشركة، كما وأعلن عن رينيه أوبيرجونوا عضوا رئيسا في البطولة.

نهاية الموسم الخامس كان في الاثنين 8 ديسمبر 2008 على قناة ABC، كانت حلقة من ساعتين، أظهر العرض بيع الشركة إلى شركة صينية بسبب وضع كرين، بوول، وشميدت المالي المتردي، لم يكن المالكين الجدد مقبولون عند شيرلي شميدت، كارل ساك، أو جيري إسبنسن الذين صوتوا ضد قرار استحواذ الشركة الصينية مع الشركاء الثلاثة الآخرين، ديني كرين قام بإهانة المالكين الجدد بالتصويب عليهم ببندقية تلوين، كانت المضايقات سببا في وضع خطة لتقليل مستوى الشركة الفرعية من قبل المالكين الجدد، كما وأعلن عن طرد كل الشخصيات الرئيسية ابتداء من 1 يناير 2009، أما تصرف ديني كرين نتج عنه إزالة اسمه من الشركة، لتصبح تشانج، بوول، وشميدت.

في مقابلة مع بطرسبرغ بوست-غازيت في 7 ديسمبر، أعلن ديفيد إي. كيلي أن ABC من أرادت إنهاء بوسطن ليغال، وأن المديرين التنفيذيين لم يرغبوا بموسم خامس، لهذا حاول إعادة المسلسل في موسم قصير من 13 حلقة.

البطولة

هناك العديد من الممثلين البارزين شاركوا كضيوف شرف، مثل مايكل جاي. فوكس، جليل وايت. معظم الممثلين شاركوا في ستار تريك مثل ويليام شانتر، وبعضهم شارك في ساينفلد مثل جيمس سبيدر.

التقييم ونبذة عن المشاهدين
بالرغم من عدم إنتاج المسلسل كمسلسل رئيسي، إلا أنه استقطب غالبية المشاهدين طيلة السنوات الخمس، رغم تبديل ليالي العرض بين أيام الأحد إلى الأربعاء.

كان المسلسل الأشد تأثيرا نظرا لجذبه مشاهدي ABC لمتابعته، في استطلاع لمركز أبحاث Nielsen Media Research، بوسطن ليغال حقق أغلى مدخول من بين المشاهدين البالغين (الأعمار 18 إلى 49 مع 100000 دولار كمدخول سنوي).

التوزيع على DVD
في 9 فبراير 2006، أعلن موقع tvshowsondvd.com أن شركة Fox Home Entertainment ستقوم بنشر المسلسل على أقراص DVD في 23 مايو 2006. المسلسل هو أول إنتاجات ديفيد إي. كيلي على DVD للبيع في الولايات المتحدة، على الرغم من أن مسلسل آلي مكبيل نشر في دول أخرى.

الجوائز
الجوائز التي حصل عليها:

جائزة إيمي:
 جائزة أفضل بطولة رئيسية في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى جيمس سبيدر (2007)
 جائزة أفضل ممثل ضيف في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى كريستيان كليمنسن (بدور جيري «هاندز» إسبنسن 2006)
 جائزة أفضل خلط الأصوات في فئة تصوير الكاميرا الوحيدة إلى كريغ هنتر، بيتر كلسي، كلارك كنغ، ويليام بتر (2006)
 جائزة أفضل بطولة رئيسية في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى جيمس سبيدر (2005)
 جائزة أفضل بطولة مساندة في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى ويليام شانتر (2007)

حاز الأشخاص التالية أسماؤهم جوائز إيمي، لكن في مسلسل The Practice وبنفس الشخصيات:
 جائزة أفضل بطولة رئيسية في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى جيمس سبيدر (2004)
 جائزة أفضل بطولة مساندة في فئة مسلسلات الدراما إلى ويليام شانتر (2004)

غولدن غلوب:
 جائزة أفضل أداء لممثل في فئة البطولة المساندة في مسلسل، مسلسل قصير، أو فيلم تلفزيوني إلى ويليام شانتر (2005)

إلى جانب ذلك ترشح لعدد من الجوائز المختلفة من جوائز إيمي وغولدن غلوب ونقابة الممثلين Screen Actors Guild.

العرض على القنوات العربية
 دبي-ون: عرض في فترة سابقة
 فوكس سيريز.

المصادر

الترجمة من المقالة الإنجليزية بتاريخ 6 مارس 2009.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي ضمن موقع ABC
 موقع DVD

 موقع المسلسل في فوكس سيريز

برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج تلفزيونية حائزة على جائزة بيبودي
برامج هيئة الإذاعة الأمريكية الأصلية
ذا براكتيس
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في بوسطن
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2008
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2004
مسلسلات تلفزيونية دراما قانونية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية عن محامون
مسلسلات تلفزيونية قانونية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون تونتيث سينتشوري فوكس

بوسطن ليغال


Johann "Hans" Friedrich von Katte (* 9. März 1698; † 29. März 1764 in Berlin) war ein preußischer Generalleutnant und Chef des Leibkürassierregiments Nr. 3.

Leben

Herkunft
Johann Friedrich war der Sohn von Heinrich Christoph von Katte (* 26. April 1675; † 21. November 1743) und dessen Ehefrau Ursula Dorothea von Möllendorff (* 8. Dezember 1678; † 28. Juli 1747). Sein Vater war Herr auf Kamern und Scharlibbe, erzbischöflich magdeburgischer Kammerpräsident, Geheimer Rat, Amtshauptmann von Calbe sowie Ritter des Ordens de la Générosité. Die Mutter war Tochter von Johann Friedrich von Möllendorf und Berta Katharina von Bismark aus dem Hause Schönhausen. Sein Onkel war der Feldmarschall Hans Heinrich von Katte. Der preußische Kriegsminister Heinrich Christoph von Katte (1699–1760), die preußischen Generale Bernhard Christian von Katte (1700–1778), Karl Aemilius von Katte (1706–1757) sowie der Major und Regimentschef August von Katte (1711–1779) waren seine Brüder.

Militärkarriere
Katte wurde von seinem Onkel für dessen Kürassierregiment Nr. 9 geworben. Dort wurde er am 25. September 1717 Leutnant, 1730 Rittmeister und bereits am 3. Oktober 1730 Major. Es dauerte bis zum 31. Juli 1739, als er zum Oberstleutnant ernannt wurde, am 14. Mai 1743 wurde er Oberst befördert. Im Ersten Schlesischen Krieg konnte er sich in den Schlachten von Hohenfriedberg, Soor und Kesselsdorf auszeichnen.

Im April 1747 erhielt er den Rang eines Generalmajors mit Patent vom 2. Dezember 1743. Im September 1747 wurde er zum Chef des Leibkürassierregiments Nr. 3 ernannt. Am 22. Mai 1756 erfolgte die Beförderung zum Generalleutnant. Im gleichen Jahr kämpfte er in der Schlacht bei Lobositz. Im Jahr darauf war er in der Schlacht bei Prag und der Schlacht bei Kolin eingesetzt. Danach zog das Regiment in die Lausitz. In der Schlacht bei Breslau konnte er sich wieder auszeichnen und wurde nach der Schlacht Interimskommandant der Stadt. Danach sollte General Lestwitz die Stadt übernehmen. Inzwischen hatten aber die Österreicher die Stadt eingeschlossen und Katte verhandelte die Übergabe, Lestwitz blieb nichts weiter übrig, als den ausgehandelten Bedingungen zuzustimmen. Dafür wurden beide vor das Kriegsgericht gestellt. Katte wurde zu einem Jahr und Lestwitz zu zwei Jahren Haft verurteilt, zudem wurden beide vom König aus der Armee entlassen. Katte starb 1764 in Berlin und wurde in der Familiengruft in Wust beigesetzt.

Familie
Er war seit dem 7. April 1738 mit Henriette Katharina Truchsess von Waldburg (* 13. September 1714; † 3. Dezember 1791) – Oberhofmeisterin in Stuttgart – verheiratet. Das Paar hatte einen Sohn und eine Tochter. Sein Sohn Friedrich Heinrich (1740–1813) wurde preußischer Generalleutnant.

Literatur
 Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der adeligen Häuser: zugleich Adelsmatrikel der deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft. Teil A, 1. Jg., Justus Perthes, Gotha 1900, S. 376; .
 Julius Mebes: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Brandenburgisch-Preussischen Staates. Band 1, 1861, S. 409; .

 Todesanzeige. In: Fortgesetzte neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten. Band 68, 1765, S. 376;
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 1, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1937], S. 337–338, Nr. 356; .

Einzelnachweise

Regimentsinhaber der Frühen Neuzeit
Person in den Schlesischen Kriegen (Preußen)
Person im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Preußen)
General der Frühen Neuzeit (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Johann Friedrich
Geboren 1698
Gestorben 1764
Mann

Johann Friedrich von Katte


Parim Päev es el EP debut de la cantante Getter Jaani (Estonia) publicado el 9 de junio 2010 por la discográfica Moonwalk.

El álbum fue lanzado como resultado de la participación de la cantante en la tercera edición del concurso de talentos Eesti otsib superstaari (versión estoniana de Operación Triunfo) en la que terminó en cuarto lugar.

El álbum producido por Sven Lõhmus, fue distribuido físicamente sólo en Estonia, pero se puede comprar digitalmente en todo el mundo, en tiendas digitales como iTunes o Spotify.

A partir de este EP fueron dos sencillos: Parim Päev y Grammofon. Estas dos pistas, junto con Saladus se reinsertaron en el primer álbum de la cantante Rockefeller Street, publicado al año siguiente.

Lista de canciones

EP de 2010

Parim Päev EP


Cilt (Organ), Ten ya da deri.
 Formaları, yaprakları birbirine dikerek veya yapıştırarak kitap, defter, dergiye geçirilen deri, bez veya kâğıtla kaplı kapak.
 Bir eserin ayrı ayrı basılan bölümlerinden her biri.

Cilt


Gimnastika na OI 2016. u Rio de Janeiru održavana je od 6. do 21. kolovoza u HSBC Areni. Gimnastika je bila podjeljena u tri kategorije sportsku, ritmičku i trampolin. Hrvatska je imala dvoje predstavnika u sportskoj gimnastici Anu Đerek i Filipa Udea. Ana Đerek nije imala plasman u višeboju, dok je Filip Ude osvojio 30. mjesto u konju s hvataljkama.

Osvajači odličja

Sportska gimnastika

Muškarci

Žene

Ritmička gimnastika

Trampolin

Vanjske poveznice
Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

Izvor

Gimnastika
2016

Gimnastika na OI 2016.


Pierre Laurent (født 7. april 1730, død 25. november 1807) var kongelig Hofdansemester.

Pierre Laurent blev hentet fra Frankrig af kong Frederik V, hvor han først optrådte i den franske Hoftrup og varetog dansen ved hoffet. Da Kronprins Christian dimitterede, udnævnes Laurent til virkelig kancelliraad. Udover at han passede hoftjenesten var han teatrets første udenlandske danselærer, og han oprettede Balletskolen . Ved hans afsked i 1784, skrev han til kongen; "Jeg har uddannet alle Elever ved Teatret af begge Køn, der endnu er til Pryd for Hoffet og Byen. Før mig var den gode Dans slet ikke eller lidet kendt her; det er mig, som har bibragt Danskerne Smagen derfor". Laurent afgik med sin gage på 1000 Rdl., i pension og bosatte sig senere i Paris.

Flere af Pierre Laurents efterkommere i Danmark var tilknyttet Balletskolen, blandt andet Carla Laurent (1898-1980), der dog måtte stoppe da hun brækkede en storetå i Elverhøj. I 2018 udgør Laurent-familien i Danmark en snes personer, blandt andet Marianne Laurent, Leon Laurent, Zeki Laurent Sadic og Morten Unger Laurent. Ingen dog tilknyttet Det Kongelige Teater.

Referencer

Dansere

Pierre Laurent


الفصل الشمسي هو أحد 24 فترة أو فصل في التقويم الشرق آسيوي أو التقويم القمري-الشمسي والذي يوافق بعض الأحداث الجوية أو ظواهر الطقس.

يحدد كل فصل ب 15 درجة على طول المدار الشمسي الذي يستخدم في التقويم القمري-الشمسي. نشأت الفصول الشمسية في الصين وثم انتشرت إلى كوريا، فيتنام، واليابان.

انظر أيضاً
 تقويم صيني
 تقويم كوري

مراجع

تراث البشرية الثقافي غير المادي

فصل شمسي


Dendrobieae, tribus orhideja, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Sastoji se od dva roda koji čine podtribus Dendrobiinae.

Pripadajuće vrste uglavnom su tropski epifiti

Rodovi
 Dendrobium Sw.
 Bulbophyllum Thouars
 Genyorchis Schltr. nom. cons. = Bulbophyllum Thouars, nom. cons.

Izvori

Dendrobieae


مسلسل عنتره هو مسلسل تاريخي سوري أنتج عام 2007، يروي قصة عنترة بن شداد، تمثيل فيصل العميري، سلوم حداد ، سلاف فواخرجي، قاسم ملحو، رضوان عقيلي، ووائل شرف، كفاح الخوص، كندة حنا، وبشراكة العديد من نجوم الوطن العربى كالنجم المصري أحمد راتب والمغربي محمد مفتاح وعدد من الممثلين السوريين والعرب، ومن إخراج رامي حنا.

البطولة

 فيصل عميري في دور عنترة بن شداد.
 قاسم ملحو في دور زهير بن جذيمة العبسي.
 محمد حداقي في دور شيبوب.
 ناديا عودة في دور زبيبة.
 لورا أبو أسعد في دور تماضر بنت الزبير.
 سهيل حداد في دور شداد العبسي.
 كندة حنا في دور عبلة.

بقية الممثلين
 كفاح الخوص في دور قيس.
 يوسف المقبل في دور مالك بن قراد.
 رضوان عقيلي في دور الربيع بن زياد.
 عامر علي في دور ابن عامر.
 سعد لوستان في دور شاس.
 ميسون أبو أسعد في دور لبابة.
 مروان أبو شاهين في دور مالك بن زهير.
 سهيل جباعي في دور الشنفرى.

ولأول مرة
 مهيار خضور في دور عروة بن الورد.
 نجوى علوان في دور زينب.
 وائل شرف في دور حذيفة بن بدر.
 فادي صبيح في دور عمارة بن زياد.
 منذر أبو راس في دور خالد بن سنان.
 عتاب نعيم في دور سمية.

ضيوف الشرف

 سلاف فواخرجي في دور الرباب.
 أحمد راتب في دور الزبير.
 محمد مفتاح في دور جذيمة.
 زيناتي قدسية في دور المنذر ابن ماء السماء.
 جواد الشكرجي في دور أبو جبير.
 خضر بيضون في دور أبو ريان.
 وفاء موصللي في دور الشيماء.
 سلوم حداد في دور الليث الرهيص.
حسام الشاه - أسامة حلال - سامر الجندي - زهير درويش - خالد القيش - سليمان أسعد - محمد العمر - أحمد منصور - رائد مشرف - نضير لكود - ياسين عدس - جهاد عبيد - هنود خربطلي - وسيم قزق - فادي حموي - مجدي المقبل - نعمان حاج بكري - فؤاد الوكيل - شهناز سليم - فؤاد سرور - خلدون قاروط - فواز الجدوع - محمود عبد العزيز - أميرة حذيفة - جهينة نعيم - رانيا الخطيب - حسنة أبو الزير - فلك منصور - عبد المجيد الشاهر - جمال منير - طارق زعيتر.

والأطفال

رعد العاصي - شيماء العمير - جمعة النجر - نواف العنسي.

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية تاريخية سورية
مسلسلات أحمد راتب
مسلسلات مهيار خضور
مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية بدأ عرضها في 2007

عنترة بن شداد (مسلسل)


Novi Sad (Sırpça: Нови Сад; Macarca: Ujvidek; Almanca: Neusatz) Sırbistan'ın kuzeyinde, Voyvodina'nın merkezi olan şehirdir. Novi Sad, ayrıca Voyvodina Hükûmeti'ne ve İl Genel Meclisi'ne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. 2011 sayımına göre, Novi Sad belediye alanında nüfus, 231.798 Ortodoks Hristiyan, 24.843 Katolik, 9.428 Protestan, 2.542 Müslüman, 129 Yahudi ve diğerleri şeklindedir. 1526 ila 1687 yılları arasında Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı olan Novi Sad, sonraki dönem Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu'na bağlı bir şehirdi. Bu yüzden Novi Sad'ın ana meydanındaki binalar ve sokakları neoklasik mimariye aittir.

Yönetim Biçimi
Kent meclisi ve belediye üyeleri doğrudan seçimlerde seçilir. Kent meclisi 78 sandalyeye sahiptir. Şehir hükûmetinin 11 üyesi vardır. Belediye başkanı ve şehir meclisi üyeleri dört yıl görev yapmak üzere seçilirler ve şehir yönetimi oy çokluğu ile şehir meclisi tarafından belediye başkanının teklifi üzerine seçilir. 2008 seçim yılı itibarıyla, Novi Sad Belediye Başkanı Igor Pavličić (Demokrat Partili)'dir; kent meclisinde çoğunluk olarak Voyvodina ve Macar Koalisyonu için birlikte Demokrat Parti ve G17 + partisi vardır. Novi Sad, yeni tüzüğün yürürlüğe girdiği 2002 yılından bu yana Novi Sad Şehri, iki kent belediye içerisinde 46 yerel topluluklara bölünür. Novi Sad ve Petrovaradin'in coğrafi sınırları Tuna nehri tarafından tanımlanmıştır.

Kültür
19. yüzyılda şehir, Sırp kültür başkenti oldu. Takma adı Sırp Atinası dir. 19. yüzyılın sonunda ve 20. yüzyılın başında hemen hemen her Sırp romancı, şair, hukukçu ve gazeteci Novi Sad'da yaşamış veya çalışmıştır. Günümüzde Novi Sad Sırbistan'ın ikinci kültür merkezidir (Belgrad hariç) ve kentin yetkilileri, sayısız kültürel etkinlikler ve müzik konserleri ile şehri daha cazip hale getirmek için çalışmaktadır.

Ekonomi
Novi Sad, Voyvodina'nın ekonomik merkezidir ve Sırbistan'ın en verimli tarım bölgesidir. Şehir aynı zamanda Sırbistan ve eski Yugoslavya'nın en büyük ekonomik ve kültürel merkezlerinden biridir. Novi Sad her zaman Yugoslavya içinde görece gelişmiş bir kent olmuştur. 1981 yılında kişi başına düşen GSYİH oranı Yugoslav ortalamasının % 172'si idi. 2001 yılından bu yana Novi Sad güçlü bir şekilde büyüdü. Devletin ve toplumun iktisadi teşebbüslerinin yanı sıra, güçlü bir özel teşvik, özelleştirme süreçleri ve özel sermayeli şirketlerin payı artmış ve küçük - orta ölçekli işletmeler kentin ekonomik kalkınmasına hakim olmuştur.

Bir finans merkezi olarak Novi Sad'ta Vojvođanska Bank, Erste Bank, Kulska Bankası, Meridian Bank, Metaller Bankası, NLB Continental Bank ve Panonska Bankası gibi çok sayıda bankalar bulunmakta ve Sırbistan'ın ikinci büyük sigorta şirketi DDOR Novi Sad'ta bulunmaktadır. Şehir aynı zamanda büyük petrol firmasına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

Novi Sad, 2005 yılı sonunda, Sırbistan İstatistik Dairesi Sırbistan'ın ortalamasının üzerinde %201,1 oranında Becej ve bazı Belgrad belediyeleri arkasında, millî gelir olarak Sırbistan'ın en gelişmiş belediyeleri listesinde yer aldı.

Toplu Taşıma
Novi Sad'ın ana toplu ulaşım sistemini otobüs hatları oluşturur. Yirmi bir şehir hattı ve yirmi dokuz banliyö hatları vardır. Ayrıca şehirde hizmet veren çok sayıda taksi şirketleri bulunmaktadır. Şehrin tramvay sistemi ancak 1958 yılında monte edilmiştir.

Turizm
Her yıl Novi Sad'a gelen turist sayısı 2000 yılından itibaren giderek artmıştır. Her yıl Temmuz ayının başında, yıllık EXIT müzik festivali sırasında şehir Avrupa'nın her yerinden genç insanlarla dolmaktadır. 2005 yılında, 150.000'den fazla kişi Avrupa'daki yaz festivalleri sırasında Novi Sad festivalini ziyaret etmiştir. Tuna Nehri üzerinde Avrupa'da çeşitli nehir cruise gemileri ve şehir merkezinde bulunan Varadin Köprüsü yakınında turistik bir liman vardır.

Novi Sad'ın en tanınmış yapısı, kent ve kentin doğal manzarasına hakim olan Petrovaradin Kalesidir. Kalenin yanı sıra, Stari Grad tarihi semtinde birçok anıtlar, müzeler, kafeler, restoranlar ve dükkânlar bulunmaktadır.

Eğitim
Novi Sad, bir hukuk fakültesi olmak üzere dört üniversite ve çok sayıda profesyonel, teknik ve özel kolejler, araştırma enstitüleri ile birlikte, Sırbistan'nın yüksek öğretim ve araştırma konusunda en önemli merkezlerinden biridir. Novi Sad iki üniversite ve yedi özel fakültelere ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Kentin en büyük eğitim kurumu yaklaşık 38.000 öğrenci ve 2.700 personeli ile Novi Sad Üniversitesidir. Bu Üniversite 1960 yılında kurulmuştur. Novi Sad'da 26.000 öğrenci ile 36 ilköğretim okulu (33 düzenli ve 3 özel) vardır. Ortaöğretim sisteminin yaklaşık 18.000 öğrencisi ile 11 meslek yüksekokulu ve 4 liseden oluşur.

Nüfus

Etnik Gruplar
2002 nüfus sayımına göre belediye alanı ve uygun şehirde etnik gruplar aşağıdaki tablodadır:

Kisač köyünde etnik Slovak çoğunluğu varken belediyelerde yerleşim yerlerininde etnik Sırp çoğunluğu vardır.

Uluslararası İş Birliği
Novi Sad birkaç kardeş şehirler ile ilişkileri vardır. Kendi şehir merkezinde ana caddelerinden birine İtalya'daki Modena kentinin ismini almıştır; ve aynı şekilde Modena kent merkezi Parco di Piazza d'Armi'de Novi Sad isimli bir park vardır. İngiltere'de, Norwich bölgesindeki Novi Sad Dostluk Köprüsü, Buro Happold tarafından ayrıca Novi Sad onuruna seçilmiştir.

Ayrıca Novi Sad Eurocities'in bir üyesidir.

Novi Sad birçok Avrupa şehri ile ortak işbirliği konusunda birçok imzalanan anlaşmaları vardır. 2006 yılı itibarıyla, Novi Sad ikiz kentler şunlardır:

  Banja Luka, Bosna-Hersek
  Budva, Karadağ
  Dortmund, Almanya
  Ilioupolis, Yunanistan
  Modena, İtalya
  İrkutsk, Rusya

  Nijni Novgorod, Rusya
  Norwich, Birleşik Krallık
  Changchun, Çin
 Pécs, Macaristan
 Temeşvar, Romanya

Fotoğraf Galerisi

Kaynakça

Sırbistan'daki şehirler
Tuna kıyısındaki yerleşim birimleri
Voyvodina

Novi Sad


Der Blaue Malawibuntbarsch (Maylandia zebra, Synonyme: Pseudotropheus zebra, Metriaclima zebra) ist eine Art der afrikanischen Buntbarsche, die endemisch im Malawisee verbreitet ist. Er lebt an den Felsküsten des Sees und wird wie alle Arten der Buntbarsche, die dasselbe Biotop bevorzugen, zu den Mbuna gezählt.

Beschreibung
Die Fische werden 10 bis 13,5 cm lang. Die Weibchen sind bräunlich gefärbt und haben dunkle Querstreifen. Es gibt aber auch orange gefleckte bis völlig orange Farbmorphen. Die Männchen sind blau bis hellblau, ebenfalls mit Querstreifenmuster. Die Männchen haben deutlich mehr Eiflecken auf der Analflosse als die Weibchen (Eiflecken fungieren als Ei-Attrappen und locken das Weibchen beim Ablaichvorgang an die Genitalöffnung des Männchens).

Verbreitung
Der Blaue Malawibuntbarsch ist vor allem an der Nordwestküste des Malawisees, der auch Nyasasee genannt wird, verbreitet. Hier kommt er zwischen Cape Manulo und der Kande-Insel vor. Es gibt jedoch auch Populationen an der Ostküste des Sees, die sich in der Färbung ein wenig von denen der Westküste unterscheiden. Die Populationen ganz im Norden des Sees werden von vielen Forschern bereits als eine eigene Art, Maylandia emmiltos, angesehen.

Lebensweise

Ernährung
Wie andere Mbuna ernährt sich der Blaue Malawibuntbarsch hauptsächlich von an den Felsen wachsenden Algen.
Er schwimmt dabei im rechten Winkel zur Felsoberfläche und weidet mit seinem endständigen Maul das Pflanzenmaterial ab. Die Fische durchschwimmen auch das offene Wasser auf der Suche nach Plankton. Die Weibchen treten dort oft in Gruppen auf. Geschlechtsreife Männchen verteidigen ein Revier in der Nähe von Höhlen. Dort findet auch die Paarung statt.

Fortpflanzung
Bei der Paarung wählen die Weibchen das für sie passende Männchen nach optischen Gesichtspunkten aus. Wenn im Laborexperiment mehrere nahe verwandte Populationen durchmischt werden, kommt es dennoch hauptsächlich zu Verpaarungen innerhalb derselben Population.

Die Blauen Buntbarsche sind Maulbrüter. Die Weibchen brüten die Jungen im Maul aus und das Muttertier bewacht die Jungen bis ein paar Wochen nachdem sie geschlüpft sind.

Haltung
Bei der Aquarienhaltung sollten ähnlich wie in ihrer Heimat Felsen, Steine und Pflanzen eingebracht werden. Wenn das Becken nicht größer als 1,20 m ist, sollten nur ein Männchen mit mehreren Weibchen gehalten werden.

Nomenklatur und Taxonomie
Die Gattung Maylandia war früher eine Untergattung der Gattung Pseudotropheus, zu der auch der Blaue Malawibuntbarsch, damals Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) zebra genannt, gehörte. 1997 wurden 10 Arten aus dem Pseudotropheus-zebra-Artenkomplex neu beschrieben und unter dem neuen Gattungsnamen Metriaclima zusammengefasst. Nach Meinung der Autoren der neuen Gattung wäre der Name Maylandia für die Erhebung zur Gattung nicht verfügbar gewesen, sondern hätte ein nomen nudum dargestellt. Seither sind in der Literatur beide Gattungsnamen in Verwendung, manche wissenschaftliche Autoren verwenden weiterhin den alten Gattungsnamen Pseudotropheus, um dem Namenskonflikt aus dem Weg zu gehen (vgl. Knight 2004).

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 John A. Dawes: Aquarienfische. Die beliebtesten tropischen Süßwasserfische. Parragon, 2006, ISBN 140541345X
 J. R. Stauffer, N. J. Bowers, K. A. Kellogg, K. R. McKaye: A revision of the blue–black Pseudotropheus zebra (Telesotei: Cichlidae) complex from Lake Malawi, Africa, with a description of a new genus and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 148, S. 189–230, 1997

Weblinks

 Blauer Malawibuntbarsch bei zierfischverzeichnis.de
 Maylandia-zebra bei afrika-barsche.de

Aquarienfisch (Süßwasser)
Haplochromine Buntbarsche

Blauer Malawibuntbarsch


Olderup, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 9.95 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2003 itibarıyla yaklaşık 458 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Gerd Martens tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-hattstedt.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Olderup


This is about the defunct television system owned by Baton Broadcasting. For the history of Baton Broadcasting itself, see Bell Media.

The Baton Broadcast System ( ), also known as BBS, was a Canadian system of television stations located in Ontario and Saskatchewan, owned by Baton Broadcasting. BBS was the successor to two provincial systems also owned by Baton, the Saskatchewan Television Network (STN) and Ontario Network Television (ONT).

During the 1990s, BBS and its predecessors served as a complementary programming service to the CTV Television Network, to which most (but not all) of the system's stations were already affiliated. Shortly after Baton's acquisition of CTV in 1997 and the contemporaneous sale of Baton's independent stations (later re-acquired by Bell and currently part of the parallel CTV 2 system), the BBS brand was eliminated, and the system's operations were merged into the CTV network.

History

Background
During its years as a cooperative, CTV did not broadcast a complete primetime schedule. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it broadcast 60 hours of common programming each week, with a few gaps in primetime for affiliates to schedule locally; in some cases stations could even pick when to air network programs.

During this same period, CTV's profits began to decline, and by the early 1990s the network was posting losses, largely due to increased competition from the CanWest Global System and other independent stations. Many affiliate groups, such as Baton and WIC – the latter already owning several independent stations – decided they would prefer to buy and air more of their own programming. Accordingly, as part of CTV's 1993 restructuring, network programming was reduced to 42.5 hours (and soon after to 40), including 12 hours in primetime. From this point on (until 1998), CTV network programming only took up about half of affiliates' primetime schedules.

Ontario Network Television: 1991-1994

ONT was initiated in 1991, consisting of eight CTV affiliates – seven owned by Baton (CFTO, CJOH, CHRO, and the MCTV stations) and Electrohome's CKCO. Initially providing 10.5 hours of common programming each week, this was soon expanded to 35 hours.

While ONT was a secondary affiliation and not a separate network from CTV, some claimed it was a first step towards the Baton stations becoming a separate network. Indeed, Baton began to bid against CTV for the rights to new U.S. series. However, Baton's president at the time, Douglas Bassett, contended it was merely a "marketing vehicle" to compete with CanWest Global's CIII-TV, a single station which served almost all of Ontario.

In 1993, Baton acquired two independent stations, CFPL and CKNX, and launched a third, CHWI. These stations replaced CKCO within ONT. In response, CKCO and WIC's CHCH-TV Hamilton announced a joint initiative of their own, known as "Market One Television"; however, this partnership was short-lived.

In addition to the CTV affiliates and independent stations, some ONT (and later BBS) programming may have aired on Baton's CBC affiliates, part of twinstick operations in northern Ontario. In the rest of Canada, Baton sublicensed its programming to individual stations, usually CTV affiliates. Even the ONT brand was seen from time to time in the rest of Canada, mainly through Baton-produced Toronto Blue Jays games.

The BBS years: 1994-1997

In October 1994, Baton hired the management consulting firm McKinsey & Company to help evaluate how to proceed with its national expansion plans. McKinsey's report recommended, first and foremost, that Baton attempt to take control of the CTV trademark, which it saw as one of the most valuable brands in Canada, through the acquisition of as many other CTV affiliates (and their corresponding shares in the network) as possible. However, the report also recommended that Baton create a new national brand as a backup, to help reduce the damage should Baton's gambit fail and CTV pass into a competitor's hands.

This new brand turned out to be BBS, with a logo adapted from CFTO's multicoloured-iris logo. Baton's local stations dropped their individual logos and adopted the new BBS symbol, with the station call letters positioned beneath. In contrast, ONT was simply a secondary brand and had not replaced local station logos. Despite the value Baton placed in the CTV brand, BBS became more a more prominent part of these stations' branding than CTV itself.

BBS replaced ONT in fall 1994, with the addition of Baton's six stations in Saskatchewan – CTV affiliates CKCK-TV in Regina, CFQC-TV in Saskatoon, CICC-TV in Yorkton, and CIPA-TV in Prince Albert, and CBC affiliates CKOS-TV in Yorkton and CKBI-TV in Prince Albert. They had been jointly branded as the "Saskatchewan Television Network" since 1987.

Programming included U.S. series such as Law & Order, Home Improvement, Melrose Place, and Ellen, the soap opera Family Passions, a Saturday morning block of mainly Disney cartoons branded as BBS Master Control (including Timon & Pumbaa and programming from Disney's One Saturday Morning), news and talk programming such as Sunday Edition and The Dini Petty Show, and sports programming such as Blue Jays games, which were again syndicated to other Canadian stations.

As a result of the Baton-Electrohome alliance, CKCO (now jointly owned by both companies) joined the system in 1996. Baton and Electrohome also jointly acquired CFCN-TV in Calgary around the same time; both CFCN and Electrohome-owned CFRN-TV in Edmonton aired much of the BBS lineup, but did not actively use the BBS brand.

Acquisition of CTV
In 1997, Baton bought controlling interest in CTV, and became the sole corporate owner of the network later that year after the remaining station owners sold their shares.  Baton continued to consider the long-standing CTV brand much preferable to its lesser-known BBS moniker, and had not bothered to introduce the latter brand to its new acquisitions.

Almost immediately after its purchase of CTV was complete, Baton introduced new station logos on all of its CTV-affiliated stations that incorporated the network brand, and began using the CTV logo in all programming and promotions where the BBS logo was previously used, even though these programs remained separate from the CTV network service proper.  The BBS name was completely dropped no later than the end of January 1998, and Baton itself changed its corporate name to CTV Inc. later that year.

Nevertheless, BBS lived on in a very limited sense until 2001, since CTV maintained a separate stream of programming not part of the CTV network service – though as noted above, from this point on such shows were branded as CTV programs on the network's O&Os. This structure was necessary because the "old" CTV's affiliation agreements, which generally limited network service to 40 hours a week, remained in force. For instance, CHAN-TV (then known as BCTV) was Vancouver's CTV affiliate but carried no more than 40 hours of CTV programming (for instance, in its final seasons as a CTV affiliate, it did not broadcast Canada AM at all, airing local news instead, although sister station CHEK-TV did air CanAM) while CTV-owned independent station CIVT-TV carried the remainder. As its establishment came shortly before Baton adopted the CTV name for its stations, CIVT did not use the BBS name, instead branding as Vancouver Television (VTV).

Other affiliates such as CKY in Winnipeg, NTV in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and to a lesser extent CFCF in Montreal, usually acquired additional programming, as they had from BBS. However, these programs were not added to the base 40-hour network schedule (which was part of a traditional network arrangement whereby the network retained most of the ad inventory and affiliates were compensated with airtime payments) – instead, stations had to pay the network for these additional programs, although they would sell all ads locally (which made the practice more akin to all-cash syndication rather than the more contemporary U.S. practice of reverse compensation). Series would sometimes switch back and forth between network and non-network status, and in limited cases alternate programming was supplied to affiliates in the event that specific episodes of a non-network program (e.g., Who Wants to Be a Millionaire) were scheduled for a timeslot that had been previously allocated as network time.

On September 1, 2001, CIVT became the Vancouver CTV owned-and-operated station, displacing BCTV and CHEK; around the same time, CTV acquired CKY and CFCF, giving the network's O&O stations group coverage of virtually all major Canadian markets. As a result, CTV elected not to renew its national network licence with the CRTC, and the largely artificial distinction between network and non-network programming was eliminated at this point. CTV would later re-apply for a separate regional licence used specifically to provide programming to affiliates owned by third parties. In this sense, CTV as it presently operates could be seen as an enlarged BBS by another name, rather than the direct successor to the "original" CTV; however, for most viewers, this is a technicality of little practical significance.

Baton's independents and newly disaffiliated CHRO were sold to CHUM Limited, becoming NewNet stations; however CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media), Baton's successor as a corporate entity, reacquired them as part of its purchase of CHUM Limited in 2007. These stations are now operated by Bell Media under the CTV 2 banner.

Baton's CBC affiliates were later sold to the public broadcaster, and became repeaters of other CBC owned-and-operated stations. CTVgm would later acquire another CBC affiliate, CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba, as part of the CHUM purchase, which closed down in late 2009 after a variety of efforts to sell the station failed. Bell Media then acquired two additional two CBC affiliates in interior British Columbia (CJDC-TV Dawson Creek and CFTK-TV Terrace) as part of its 2013 purchase of Astral Media, eventually converting both to CTV 2 stations in 2016.

List of BBS stations
Affiliations listed are those in effect during their participation in BBS.

Ontario
 Kitchener - CKCO (CTV)
 London - CFPL (Independent)
 North Bay - CKNY (CTV), CHNB (CBC)
 Ottawa - CJOH (CTV)
 Pembroke - CHRO (CTV)
 Sault Ste. Marie - CHBX (CTV), CJIC (CBC)
 Sudbury - CICI (CTV), CKNC (CBC)
 Timmins - CITO (CTV), CFCL (CBC)
 Toronto - CFTO (CTV)
 Wheatley - CHWI (Independent)
 Wingham - CKNX (Independent)

Saskatchewan
 Prince Albert - CIPA (CTV), CKBI (CBC)
 Regina - CKCK (CTV)
 Saskatoon - CFQC (CTV)
 Yorkton - CICC (CTV), CKOS (CBC)

Footnotes

Canadian television systems
CTV Television Network
Defunct broadcasting companies of Canada

Baton Broadcast System


Tu, cea mai sfântă dintre toate… este un film românesc din 2002 regizat de Mihai Mihăescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2002 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2002

Tu, cea mai sfântă dintre toate...


Klemens August Herrmann Freiherr von Wolff genannt Metternich (* 25. April 1803 in Wehrden; † 27. April 1872 in Wehrden) war ein deutscher Verwaltungsjurist.

Leben
Klemens v. Wolff-Metternich entstammte dem alten rheinischen Adelsgeschlecht Wolff-Metternich. Er war katholisch und verheiratet mit Augusta geb. von Hartmann. Sein Vater  Philipp war Gutsbesitzer auf Schloss Wehrden an der Weser, welches er von ihm erbte und Landrat, seine Mutter Dorothea von Haxthausen (Adelsgeschlecht) war eine Stief- und Patentante der Dichterin Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. Sein jüngerer Bruder  Friedrich war Landrat des Kreises Höxter von 1845 bis 1892.

Wolff studierte Rechtswissenschaft und schlug eine Karriere im Staatsdienst ein. 1824 wurde er Auskultator am Oberlandesgericht Paderborn, 1827 Referendar in Münster und Minden und 1832 Regierungsassessor bei der Regierung Marienwerder. Etwa um diese Zeit diente er als Einjährig-Freiwilliger. 1834 wurde er Regierungsassessor in Köln und noch im selben Jahr Landrat im Kreis Paderborn. 1842 stieg er zum Vize-Regierungspräsidenten in Potsdam auf. Er übernahm 1849/50 – zur Zeit der Deutschen Revolution – das Amt des Oberpräsidenten in der Provinz Brandenburg.

1837–1841 und 1851–1858 war er Mitglied im Westfälischen Provinziallandtag für den Wahlbezirk Paderborn. 1842 bis 1848 war v. Wolff Mitglied im Vereinigten Ständischen Ausschuss in Berlin und 1847 Mitglied des Vereinigten Landtags.

Literatur
 Clemens Freiherr von Wolff-Metternich, 1803–1872. Eine Lebens- und Familienchronik. (= Westfälische Quellen und Archivverzeichnisse; 11). Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Münster 1985,
 Alfred Bruns (Hrsg.): Die Abgeordneten des Westfalenparlaments 1826–1978. 1978
 Klaus Schwabe (Hrsg.): Die preußischen Oberpräsidenten 1815–1945 (= Deutsche Führungsschichten in der Neuzeit. Bd. 15 = Büdinger Forschungen zur Sozialgeschichte. 1981). Boldt, Boppard am Rhein 1985, ISBN 3-7646-1857-4.

Weblinks
 Biographie im Portal Westfälische Geschichte

Mitglied des Ersten Vereinigten Landtages für die Provinz Westfalen
Mitglied des Provinziallandtages von Westfalen (Königreich Preußen)
Beamter (Preußen)
Klemens
Klemens
Deutscher
Geboren 1803
Gestorben 1872
Mann

Klemens von Wolff-Metternich


Friedrich August Döbig (* 5. März 1887 in Nördlingen; † 3. Juni 1970 in Nürnberg) war Senatspräsident am Reichsgericht und nach 1945 Senatspräsident am Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg. Er war Teilnehmer der Berliner Konferenz, auf der 1941 hochrangige Juristen über die laufende Aktion T4 unterrichtet wurden.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Schuhmachermeisters legte 1906 am Gymnasium bei St. Anna in Augsburg das Abitur ab. Nach dem Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten München und Erlangen legte er 1911 die erste juristische Staatsprüfung mit "bestanden" ab. Bis 1914 war er Referendar. Von 1915 bis 1918 nahm er am Ersten Weltkrieg teil, zuletzt im Rang eines Leutnants der Reserve. Die zweite juristische Prüfung bestand er 1920 mit "gut". Im selben Jahr wurde er Gerichtsassessor und Mitte des Jahres III. Staatsanwalt in Augsburg. 1922 wurde er in das Staatsministerium der Justiz abgeordnet. 1923 erfolgte die Beförderung zum Amtsgerichtsrat, 1925 zum I. Staatsanwalt unter Weiterverwendung im Justizministerium. 1927 wurde er zum Oberamtsrichter in Sonthofen ernannt. 1929 wurde er Landgerichtsrat und wieder im Justizministerium tätig und wurde sieben Monate später Oberregierungsrat.

Am Neujahrstag 1933 wurde Döbig Ministerialrat. Er war seit 1. Dezember 1933 Förderndes Mitglied der SS und 1933/34 im Ministerium Strafrechtsreferent. In den Tagen der Junimorde 1934 versuchte er die Exekutionsorder gegen Ernst Röhm und die Führungsriege der SA, die im Gefängnis in München-Stadelheim einsaßen, durch Standgerichte zu legalisieren. Im Zuge der "Gleichschaltung" musste Personal der Ministerialebene abgebaut werden, und so kam er am 1. April 1935 als Oberlandesgerichtsrat nach Nürnberg. Im Monat Juli wurde er Generalstaatsanwalt am Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg. Da er für die strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung nationalsozialistischer Krawalle in Franken (bspw. der Pogrom in Gunzenhausen) zuständig war, sagte er später, dass die Gauleitung in Franken sich gegen seine Ernennung gesträubt habe. Zum 1. Mai 1937 trat er der NSDAP bei (Mitgliedsnummer 4.103.962), er war zudem Mitglied im NS-Rechtswahrerbund und der NSV. Am 1. Oktober 1937 wurde Döbig zum Oberlandesgerichtspräsident in Nürnberg ernannt. Anlässlich der Ernennung beurteilte ihn die NSDAP, Gau München-Oberbayern, Amt für Beamte, als "ein[en] äußerst angenehme[n] Vorgesetzte[n], gegenüber Untergebenen taktvoll und zuvorkommend. Gegen seine politische Zuverlässigkeit bestehen keine Bedenken".

In seiner Eigenschaft als Oberlandesgerichtspräsident nahm Döbig an der Tagung der höchsten Juristen des Deutschen Reiches am 23. und 24. April 1941 in Berlin teil, bei der Viktor Brack und Werner Heyde über die "Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens" in den Gaskammern der Aktion T4 informierten.

In die Amtszeit fällt Oswald Rothaugs Todesurteil gegen den 68-jährigen Juden Leo Katzenberger am 14. März 1942 wegen angeblicher "Rassenschande nach dem Blutschutzgesetz in Verbindung mit der Verordnung gegen Volksschädlinge". Das Urteil spielte nach 1945 eine Rolle im Nürnberger Juristenprozess. Döbig sagte nach Kriegsende als Zeuge im Prozess gegen Rothaug und Rudolf Oeschey aus. In dem Prozess kam eine Mitteilung Oescheys vom Dezember 1942 an den stellvertretenden Gauleiter Holz über Döbig zur Sprache, in der gegen Döbig viele Beschuldigungen erhoben wurden, weil er gegen ihm unterstellte Beamte, die die Maßnahmen gegen Juden und Polen nicht ausführten, nichts unternahm. Oeschey erwiderte, diese Beschuldigungen seien aus einem Brief abgeschrieben worden, den ihm der Angeklagte Rothaug vorgelegt hatte. Holz betrieb mit der Übermittlung des Berichts an Reichsjustizminister Thierack im Januar 1943 die Abberufung Döbigs. Einige Zeit später wurde er offiziell für politisch unzuverlässig erklärt. Daraufhin wurde Döbig am 1. Juli 1943 zum Senatspräsidenten des IV. Strafsenats des Reichsgerichts ernannt. Döbig sah in seiner Versetzung eine Intrige Rothaugs, der sich für Döbigs Versuche gerächt habe, Rothaug in den Osten zu befördern. Er blieb am Reichsgericht bis 1945. Im April 1945 befand er sich in Erlangen.

Von November 1945 bis Ende 1947 war er Bauhilfsarbeiter in Nürnberg. 1948 wurde Döbig im Spruchkammerverfahren in Gruppe V als Entlasteter eingestuft. Am 1. August 1948 kam er als Oberlandesgerichtsrat wieder nach Nürnberg und 13 Monate später wurde er Senatspräsident am Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg. Er trat 1955 in den Ruhestand. 1965 beantragte Fritz Bauer die Eröffnung der Voruntersuchung gegen die Teilnehmer der Tagung vom April 1941. Daher musste sich Döbig einer Vernehmung wegen mutmaßlicher Beihilfe zum Massenmord durch Unterlassung stellen. Wegen angeblicher dauernder Verhandlungsunfähigkeit wurde er am 12. Februar 1969 außer Verfolgung gesetzt.

Ehrungen
 Treudienst-Ehrenzeichen I. Stufe
 Kriegsverdienstkreuz II. Klasse

Schriften
 Dr. Friedrich von Ringelmann, S. 579; Karl Christoph Freiherr von Mulzer, S. 649, in: Die Königlich Bayerischen Staatsminister der Justiz, Bd. 1, München 1931.

Literatur
 Joachim Lilla: Döbig, Friedrich, in: ders.: Staatsminister, leitende Verwaltungsbeamte und (NS-)Funktionsträger in Bayern 1918 bis 1945, URL: <http://verwaltungshandbuch.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/doebig-friedrich> (24. Oktober 2011).
 Friedrich Karl Kaul: Geschichte des Reichsgerichts, Band IV (1933–1945), Ost-Berlin 1971, S. 265f.

Einzelnachweise

Zeuge in den Nürnberger Prozessen
Richter (Reichsgericht)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg)
Richter (Amtsgericht)
Generalstaatsanwalt (Deutschland)
NSDAP-Mitglied
Förderndes Mitglied der SS
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Deutscher
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1970
Mann
Präsident (Oberlandesgericht)

Friedrich Döbig


An Saccharum beccarii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Thomas Arthur Cope. An Saccharum beccarii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saccharum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Saccharum

Saccharum beccarii


Jednadžba difuzije ili difuzijska jednadžba je parabolična parcijalna diferencijalna jednadžba drugoga reda. U matematici se koristi u područjima vezanim za Markovljev lanac, dok je iznimnu važnost ima u statističkoj fizici prilikom svakoga procesa koji je rezultat nasumičnog kretanja čestica. Zbog svoje općenitosti, koristi se i u raznim drugim područjima, kao informatici, biološkim znanostima, društvenim znanostima, ekonomiji, itd.

Jednadžba

Difuzijska jednadžba je definirana kao

gdje je  ϕ(r, t) koncentracija ili gustoća promatranoga sustava u točki r i u vremenu t, a D(ϕ, r) je difuzijski koeficijent za koncentraciju ϕ i točku r. Operator ∇ vektorski diferencijalni operator nablu.

Ako koeficijent difuzije ovisi o koncentraciji (ili gustoći), tada je jednadžba nelinearna. U suprotnom je linearna.

Ako je koeficijent difuzije simetrična, pozitivno definirana, matrica, tada jednadžba predstavlja anizotropnu difuziju, i ima oblik:

Ako je D konstanta, tada se jednadžba reducira na linearni diferencijalnu jednadžbu:

Rješenje za takav slučaj za jednu dimenziju se nalazi u obliku Gaussijana:

Gdje su   i  početne vrijednosti pozicije i vremena.

Izvod

Difuzijska jednadžba se trivijalno može izvesti kombinacijom jednadžbe kontinuiteta

S Fickovim prvim zakonom

koji kaže da je tok materijala koji vrši difuziju proporcionalan lokalnom gradijentu koncentracije.

Izvori

Vidi još
Difuzija
Statistička mehanika
Markovljev lanac

Statistička fizika
Matematika

Jednadžba difuzije


El Alim ve l Müteallim, El-Âlim ve'l-Müteallim, El-´Âlim ve'l-Müte´allim, Al-´Aalim wa'l-Muta´allim, العالم و ال متعلم Ebu Hanife'nin [[Ebu Hanife|Beş Eseri]] diye anılan kitaplardan biridir. Eserde Ebu Mukatil isimli öğrencinin sorduğu sorulara Ebu Hanife cevap verir, yani eser soru-cevap tarzında yazılmıştır. Eserde iman ve ilgili kavramlar ele alınır. Kahire Kütüphanesi'nde eser VII/553'de kayıtlıdır.

Akaid kitapları

El-Âlim ve'l-Müteallim