The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 English astronomer Richard A. Proctor describes the Zone of Avoidance, the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, for the first time.

Biology
 Death of last confirmed Cape Lion.

Chemistry
 The rare earth element holmium is identified in erbium by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in Geneva and by Per Teodor Cleve in Sweden.

Conservation
 An Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom places Epping Forest in the care of the City of London Corporation to remain unenclosed.

Exploration
 June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld sets out on the year-long first navigation of the Northern Sea Route, the shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast.

Geology
 Clarence King publishes Systematic Geology.
 Charles Lapworth publishes his analysis of the change in graptolite fossils through sequences of exposed shales in southern Scotland, establishing the importance of using graptolites to understand stratigraphic sequences.

Mathematics
 Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt describes the D'Hondt method of voting.
 English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth is the first to publish Bertrand's ballot theorem.

Medicine
 Cesare Lombroso publishes L'uomo delinquente, setting out his theory of criminal atavism.
 Ádám Politzer publishes Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, a major otology textbook.
 Dentists Act in the United Kingdom limits the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.

Meteorology
 February 11 – The first weekly weather report is published in the United Kingdom.

Paleontology
 31 Iguanodon skeletons are discovered in a coal mine at Bernissart, Belgium.
 The sauropod genus Diplodocus is first named by Othniel Charles Marsh as well as the Theropod genus Allosaurus. These are both from the Jurassic aged Morrison formation.

Physics
 January 18 – Romanian mathematician Spiru Haret defends his doctoral thesis, which proves a result fundamental to the n-body problem in celestial mechanics.

Technology
 February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. The oldest known audio recording is recovered from this device in 2012.
 March – The 'basic' process, enabling the use of phosphoric iron ore in steelmaking, developed at Blaenavon Ironworks by Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, is first made public.
 May 22 – John Philip Holland's experimental powered submarine Holland I is launched in Paterson, New Jersey.
 June 15 – Eadweard Muybridge produces the sequence of stop-motion still photographs Sallie Gardner at a Gallop in California, a predecessor of silent film (capable of being viewed as an animation on a zoopraxiscope) demonstrating that all four feet of a galloping horse are off the ground at the same time.
 August – Cleopatra's Needle is raised onto its base in London.
 October 14 – The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield.
 December 18 – Joseph Swan of Newcastle upon Tyne in England announces his invention of an incandescent light bulb.
 December 31 – Karl Benz produces a two-stroke gas engine.
 William Crookes invents the Crookes tube which produces cathode rays.
 Osbourn Dorsey obtains a patent in the United States for a "door-holding device".
 Gustav Kessel obtains a patent in Germany for an espresso machine.
 Czech painter Karel Klíč perfects the photogravure process.
 Lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel.
 Remington, in the United States, introduce their No. 2 typewriter, the first with a shift key enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters.

Institutions
 October 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the United States.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Jean Baptiste Boussingault
 Wollaston Medal for Geology: Thomas Wright

Births
 January 1 – A. K. Erlang, Danish mathematician (died 1929)
 January 7 – Samuel James Cameron, Scottish obstetrician (died 1959)
 January 25 – Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (died 1975)
 February 5 – André Citroën, French automobile manufacturer (died 1935)
 February 8 – Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (died 1965)
 February 10 – Jennie Smillie, Canadian gynecological surgeon (died 1981)
 February 28 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (died 1929)
 March 4 – Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (died 1947)
 April 16 – Owen Thomas Jones, Welsh geologist (died 1967)
 June 3 – Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer and pioneer (died 1946)
 June 12 – James Oliver Curwood, American novelist and conservationist (died 1927)
 July 12 – Peeter Põld, Estonian politician and pedagogical scientist (died 1930)
 August 28 – George Whipple, American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1976)
 September 5 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (died 1913)
 September 13 – Matilde Moisant, American pilot (died 1964)
 October 1 – Helen Mayo, Australian pediatrician (died 1967)
 November 7 – Lise Meitner, Austrian-Swedish physicist (died 1968)
 November 8 – Dorothea Bate, Welsh-born paleozoologist (died 1951)
 November 26 – Major Taylor, American cyclist (died 1932)
 December 25 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race driver and automobile builder (died 1941)
 December 25 – Joseph Schenck, Russian-born film executive (died 1962)

Deaths
 January 18 – William Stokes, Irish physician (born 1804)
 January 18 – Antoine César Becquerel, French scientist (born 1788)
 January 19 – Henri Victor Regnault, French physical chemist (born 1810)
 February 8 – Elias Magnus Fries, Swedish botanist (born 1794)
 February 10 – Claude Bernard, French physiologist (born 1813)
 February 26 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (born 1818)
 March 16 – William Banting, English undertaker and dietician (b. c.1796)
 May 13 – Joseph Henry, American physicist (born 1797)
 June 6 – Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (born 1790)
 July 23 – Baron Carl von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist (born 1804)
 September 25 – August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer (born 1822)
 Friedrich Freese, German botanist (born 1794)

References

19th century in science
1870s in science

1878 in science


Jákup Nolsøe Mikkelsen (født 14. august 1970 i Klaksvík) er en færøsk forhenværende fodboldspiller, målmand, der senest spillede for ÍF Fuglafjørður. Han spillede 522 ligakampe, hvor han repræsenterede seks klubber i sin 25-år lange fodboldkarriere. En af klubberne var Herfølge BK. Derudover spillede han også 73 landskampe for , det gjorde han fra 1995 til 2012. Den 16. august 2012 slog han rekorden som den ældste målmand, der spillede en landskamp, den rekord der senere blevet slået af colombianeren Faryd Mondragon. Mikkelsen arbejder som skolelærer og målmandstræner for Færøernes fodboldlandshold. Han har også været indvalgt til Klaksvík byråd. I sin ungdom arbejdede han som postmand i Klaksvík.

Individuel hæder
Effodeildin Bedste målmand: 2012
Effodeildin Sæsonens hold: 2012

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Herfølge Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Færøerne
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Færøerne
Personer fra Klaksvik

Jákup Mikkelsen (fodboldspiller)


Oxalis rosea er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá Síle.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis rosea


Üç Paşalar veya Üç Paşalar İktidarı olarak bilinen yapı, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun son dönemlerinde etkili olmuş üç önemli Osmanlı yöneticisinden oluşur. Bunlar, Dahiliye Nazırı ve sonradan Sadrazam Talat Paşa (1874–1921), Harbiye Nazırı Enver Paşa (1881–1922) ve Bahriye Nazırı (Osmanlı Donanmasından sorumlu bakan) Ahmed Cemal Paşa'dır, (1872–1922). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Almanların yanında I. Dünya Savaşı'na girmesinde İttihat ve Terakki Partisi'nin önde gelen yöneticileri olan bu üç paşa temel bir rol oynamıştır.

1913 yılındaki Bâb-ı Âli Baskını ile iktidara gelen bu üç paşa Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda bundan sonraki dönemde gerçekte tek söz sahibi kişiler oldular. Bu dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun I. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki 30 Ekim 1918'deki teslimiyetine kadar sürdü.

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Allen, W.E.D. and R. Muratoff. Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. 614 pp.
 Bedrossyan, Mark D. The First Genocide of the 20th Century: The Perpetrators and the Victims. Flushing, NY: Voskedar Publishing, 1983. 479 pp.
 Derogy, Jacques. Resistance and Revenge: "Fun Times" The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers and Zoryan Institute, April 1990. 332 pp.
 Düzel, Neşe (2005-05-23). "Ermeni mallarını kimler aldı?". Radikal. "Enver Paşa, Talat Paşa, Bahaittin Şakir gibi bir dizi insanın ailelerine maaş bağlanıyor... Bu maaşlar, Ermenilerden kalan mülkler, paralar ve fonlardan bağlanıyor."

İttihat ve Terakki
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dağılma dönemi
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda siyaset

Üç Paşalar


José Domingo Martín de la Purificación Martínez Echartea (Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1 de febrero de 1844 - ibídem, 1894) fue un médico y político mexicano que fue alcalde de Monterrey en 1876 y 1877.

Nació en Monterrey, Nuevo León, el 1 de febrero de 1844 siendo hijo del Lic. Domingo Martínez, quien fue varias veces gobernador del Estado de Nuevo León, y de doña María Teresa Echartea. Hizo la carrera de medicina en la Escuela de Medicina de Nuevo León, y fue catedrático de las materias de química y farmacia del Colegio Civil desde 1877, habiendo pertenecido a la primera generación de médicos graduados de dicho plantel. Ese mismo año fue alcalde de Monterrey; durante su administración se fundó la Bótica del Refugio, situada en lo que hoy en día es la calle Mariano Escobedo, frente a la Plaza Hidalgo. También se llevó a cabo el fusilamiento del general Julián Quiroga, hallado culpable por el delito de rebelión. Contrajo matrimonio en 1873 con Rosa Sofía Guzmán Guzmán.

Murió en Monterrey el 28 de junio de 1894. Fue sepultado en el Panteón del Carmen.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Monterrey
Médicos de Nuevo León
Políticos de Nuevo León
Presidentes municipales de Monterrey
Fallecidos en Monterrey

Domingo Martínez Echartea


Ulises y las sirenas es un cuadro del pintor victoriano Herbert James Draper pintado en 1909. Como gran parte de la obra de Draper, el cuadro es de tema mitológico. En concreto, se basa en el mito de Ulises, tal como lo describe el canto XII de la Odisea. El tema de los seres mitológicos como las ninfas y las tentaciones se convertiría en una obsesión en la obra de Draper.

Advertido por la diosa Circe de lo peligroso que era el canto de las Sirenas, Ulises ordenó tapar con cera los oídos de sus remeros y se hizo atar al mástil del navío. Si por el hechizo musical pedía que lo liberasen, debían apretar todavía más fuerte sus ataduras. Gracias a esta estratagema Ulises fue el único ser humano que oyó el canto y sobrevivió a las sirenas, que devoraban a los infaustos que se dejaban seducir. Estas criaturas monstruosas se precipitaron al abismo al verse vencidas.

El mito de Ulises fue fuente de inspiración para múltiples obras de arte, como el cuadro Ulises burlando a Polifemo de Joseph Mallord William Turner o Ulises y las sirenas, obra de John William Waterhouse.

Véase también
 Academicismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Odisea: Canto XII; texto español en Wikisource. Véanse los vv. 31 - 54 (en el texto griego, 32 - 55); 148 - 200 (en el texto griego, 149 - 201).
 Texto griego.

La Odisea en la pintura
Marinas
Desnudo (género artístico)
Mitología griega en la pintura
Cuadros de 1909

Ulises y las sirenas (cuadro de Herbert James Draper)


1981 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması, 26. Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'dır. Yarışma 1980 yarışması'nı kazanmasından dolayı 4 Nisan 1981 tarihinde İrlanda'nın başkenti Dublin'de bulunan RDS Simmonscourt Pavilion'da yapılmıştır. Yarışmanın sunuculuğunu Doireann Ní Bhriain yapmıştır. İrlanda ikinci defa yarışmaya ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

Yarışmanın kazananı 'ı temsil eden "Making Your Mind Up" adlı şarkısıyla Bucks Fizz olmuştur. Birleşik Krallık yarışmayı dördüncü kez kazanmıştır.

Yer

Bu yarışmanın ev sahipliğini İrlanda'nın başkenti Dublin yapmıştır.

Yarışma, normalde tarım ve at gösterileri için kullanılan RDS'nin 15.000 kişilik Simmonscourt Pavyonu'ndaki yüksek güvenlik önlemi altında gerçekleşti. 250'den fazla silahlı asker ve polis olası siyasi gösterilere karşı koruma sağlamak için hazır bulundular.

Format
Bir yıl önce yarışmayı kazanan İrlanda, 1981 yarışmasına ev sahipliği yaptı; 1971'de olduğu gibi, 1981'deki Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması, ülkenin yayıncısı RTÉ tarafından yapıldı. Dolayısıyla sunuculuk görevini, İrlanda'da bir TV sunucusu olarak ve şu anki günlerde yayınlanan Women Today radyo programında tanınan Doireann Ni Bhriain yapmıştır. İrlandaca ve İngilizce'ye akıcı bir şekilde konuştuğu için seçildi, ayrıca biraz Fransızca dili öğrenmiştir. Yönetmen Ian McGarry, Noel Kelehan ise şovun şef şefiydi.

EBU'dan gelen açıklamada maliyetin 110.000 sterlin olmasına rağmen, RTÉ'nin 300.000 sterlinin üzerinde bir maliyeti vardı. Bundan sonra İrlanda Hükûmeti, gösterinin sahnelenmesi sonucunda turizmden yaklaşık 2.000.000 £ kazanmayı bekliyordu. RDS 1988'de bir sonraki İrlanda Eurovision üretimine ev sahipliği yapacak.

Katılımcı ülkeler

Yarışmaya 20 ülke katılmıştır.  ilk kez katılmış,  ve  yeniden katılmış ve  ve  yarışmadan çekilmiştir.

Orkestra Şefleri
Her performansın orkestrasını yöneten bir orkestra şefi vardı.

  - Richard Österreicher
  - Onno Tunç
  - Wolfgang Rödelberger
  - Joël Rocher
  - Eldad Shrim
  - Allan Botschinsky
  - Ranko Rihtman
  - Henrik Otto Donner
  - David Sprinfield
  İspanya - Juan Barcons
  - Rogier van Otterloo
  - Noel Kelehan
  - Sigurd Jansen
  - John Coleman
  - Shegundo Galarza
  - Giuseppe Marchese
  - Yiorgos Niarchos
  - Michalis Rozakis
  - Rolf Zuckowski
  - Anders Berglund

Geri dönen katılımcılar

Sonuçlar

Skor tablosu

12 puanlar
Aşağıda finaldeki tüm 12 puanların bir özeti verilmiştir:

Uluslararası yayın ve oylama
Aşağıdaki tablo, 1981 yarışmasında oyların, kendi ülkelerinin oylarını duyurmaktan sorumlu olan sözcü ile birlikte verildiği sıralamayı göstermektedir. Her ulusal yayıncı, yarışmanın kendi ana dillerinde yer almasını sağlamak için yarışmaya bir yorumcu gönderdi. Temsilcilerin ve temsil ettikleri yayın organlarının detayları da aşağıdaki tabloda yer almaktadır.

Oylama ve oyları okuyanlar

  - Jenny Pippal
  - Başak Doğru
  - TBC
  - Jacques Harvey
  - Dan Kaner
  - Bent Henius
  - Helga Vlahović
  – Annemi Genetz
  - Fabienne Égal
  - Isabel Tenaille
  - Flip van der Schalie
  - John Skehan
  - Sverre Christophersen
  - Colin Berry
  - Margarida Andrade
  - Walter De Meyere
  - Tatiana Darra
  - TBC
  - Michel Stocker
  - Bengteric Nordell

Yorumcular

Televizyon
  - Ernst Grissemann (FS2)
  - Bülend Özveren (TRT)
  - Ado Schlier (ARD Deutsches Fernsehen)
  - Marylène Bergmann and Jacques Navadic (RTL Télé Luxembourg)
  - No commentator
  - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV)
  - Mladen Popović (TVB2), Oliver Mlakar (TVZ 1), Tomaž Terček (TVL1)
  – Ossi Runne (YLE TV1)
  - Patrick Sabatier (TF1)
  - Miguel de los Santos (TVE1)
  - Pim Jacobs (Nederland 1)
  - Larry Gogan (RTÉ1)
  - Knut Aunbu (NRK)
  - Terry Wogan (BBC1)
  - Eládio Clímaco (RTP1)
  - Luc Appermont (BRT TV1), Jacques Mercier (RTBF1)
  - Mako Georgiadou (ERT)
  - Fryni Papadopoulou (RIK)
  - Theodor Haller (TV DRS), Georges Hardy (TSR), Giovanni Bertini (TSI)
  - Ulf Elfving (SVT, TV1)

Radio
  - Walter Richard Langer (Hitradio Ö3)
  - Şebnem Savaşçı (TRT Radyo 3)
  - Roger Horné (Deutschlandfunk/hr3)
  - André Torrent (RTL Radio)
  - Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
  - Erik Wiedemann (DR P3)
  - N/A
  - Matti Paalosmaa and Jaakko Salonoja (YLE Rinnakkaisohjelma)
  - N/A
  - N/A
  - N/A
  - Pat Kenny (RTÉ Radio 1)
  - Erik Heyerdahl (NRK P1)
  - Ray Moore (BBC Radio 2)
  - N/A
  - Herwig Haes (BRT Radio 1), Marc Danval (RTBF La Première)
  - Dimitris Konstantaras (Proto Programma)
  - Neophytos Taliotis (CyBC Radio 2)
  - TBC
  - N/A

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî site

Kaynakça

Yıla göre Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması
1981'de müzik
1981'de İrlanda

1981 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması


Lina Abu Akleh é uma defensora dos direitos humanos palestina-armênia, que foi nomeada uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo pela BBC, em 2022. Ela também foi indicada na lista TIME100 Next, no mesmo ano.

Vida pregressa e educação
Lina Abu Akleh cresceu em Jerusalém, cidade na Ásia Ocidental, reivindicada por Israel e pela Autoridade Palestina como sua capital. Seu pai é palestino e sua mãe é armênia. Lina é bacharel em Estudos Políticos pela Universidade Americana de Beirute, universidade privada no Líbano. Seu mestrado é em Estudos Internacionais e foi concedido pela Universidade de São Francisco, uma universidade jesuíta, seletiva e privada, localizada em San Francisco, na Califórnia, nos Estados Unidos.

Ativismo
Como sobrinha de Shireen Abu Akleh, um jornalista morto a tiros pelas forças israelenses em 2022, Lina Abu Akleh fez campanha por justiça para sua tia e por questões que afetam os palestinos em geral. Isso incluiu uma petição ao governo dos Estados Unidos para abrir sua própria investigação sobre a morte de sua tia, bem como uma reunião com o secretário de Estado, Antony Blinken.

Em outubro de 2022, ela se encontrou com o Papa Francisco em uma missa em memória de sua tia.

Reconhecimentos
2022 - 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo pela BBC.

2022 - TIME100 Next por sua "exigência pública de escrutínio do tratamento de Israel aos palestinos".

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Naturais de Jerusalém
Pessoas vivas
Ativistas dos direitos humanos
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022

Lina Abu Akleh


1830 Yezidi İsyanı, Hakkâri, Revanduz ve bugün Irak'ta bulunan Sincar Dağı bölgesinde, Yezidilerin yapılmak istenen bazı idari düzenlemeleri kabul etmemeleri üzerine çıkardıkları isyandır. 3 yıl kadar sürmüştür.

Osmanlı tarihinde isyanlar
Kürt ayaklanmaları

Yezîdî İsyanı


George Lazăr a fost o revistă culturală publicată în Bârlad. Revista a fost înființată la 15 aprilie 1887 de Solomon Haliță. Comitetul editorial i-a inclus pe G. Constantinescu Râmniceanu, Gheorghe Ghibănescu, Gavril Onișor, V. G. Diaconescu și L. Apostolescu.

Obiectivul principal al revistei a fost de a acoperi subiecte de interes pentru cadrele didactice. Cu toate acestea, pe lângă pedagogie, revista a prezentat și articole legate de literatură, știință și cultură. Numele revistei îl evocă pe Gheorghe Lazăr, fondatorul primei școli în limba română din București. Revista a promovat naționalismul lui Simion Bărnuțiu în timp ce a fost profesor la Universitatea din Iași.

Activitatea didactică și pedagogică a fost continuată la Bârlad de către revista Tribuna pedagogică (din 1922 până în 1923) și de către revista "Îndrumări pedagogice" (din 1931 până în 1939).

Referințe

Reviste de cultură din România
Fondări în 1887

George Lazăr (revistă)


The Shakespeare apocrypha is a group of plays and poems that have sometimes been attributed to William Shakespeare, but whose attribution is questionable for various reasons. The issue is separate from the debate on Shakespearean authorship, which addresses the authorship of the works traditionally attributed to Shakespeare.

Background

In his own lifetime, Shakespeare saw only about half of his plays enter print. Some individual plays were published in quarto, a small, cheap format. Then, in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare's death, his fellow actors John Heminges and Henry Condell compiled a folio collection of his complete plays, now known as the First Folio. Heminges and Condell were in a position to do this because they, like Shakespeare, worked for the King's Men, the London playing company that produced all of Shakespeare's plays.

In addition to plays, poems were published under Shakespeare's name. The collection published as The Passionate Pilgrim contains genuine poems by Shakespeare along with poems known to have been written by other authors, along with some of unknown authorship. Unattributed poems have also been assigned by some scholars to Shakespeare at various times. See below.

The apocrypha can be categorized under the following headings.

Plays attributed to Shakespeare during the 17th century, but not included in the First Folio

Several plays published in quarto during the seventeenth century bear Shakespeare's name on the title page or in other documents, but do not appear in the First Folio. Some of these plays (such as Pericles) are believed by most scholars of Shakespeare to have been written by him (at least in part). Others, such as Thomas Lord Cromwell are so atypically written that it is difficult to believe they really are by Shakespeare.

Scholars have suggested various reasons for the existence of these plays. In some cases, the title page attributions may be lies told by fraudulent printers trading on Shakespeare's reputation. In other cases, Shakespeare may have had an editorial role in the plays' creation, rather than actually writing them, or they may simply be based on a plot outline by Shakespeare. Some may be collaborations between Shakespeare and other dramatists (although the First Folio includes plays such as Henry VIII, Henry VI, Part 1 and Timon of Athens that are believed to be collaborative, according to modern stylistic analysis). Another explanation for the origins of any or all of the plays is that they were not written for the King's Men, were perhaps from early in Shakespeare's career, and thus were inaccessible to Heminges and Condell when they compiled the First Folio.

C. F. Tucker Brooke lists forty-two plays conceivably attributable to Shakespeare, many in his own lifetime, but dismisses the majority, leaving only most of those listed below, with some additions.
 The Birth of Merlin was published in 1662 as the work of Shakespeare and William Rowley. This attribution is demonstrably fraudulent, or mistaken, as there is unambiguous evidence that the play was written in 1622, six years after Shakespeare's death. It is unlikely that Shakespeare and Rowley would have written together, as they were both chief dramatists for rival playing companies. The play has been called "funny, colorful, and fast-paced", but critical consensus follows Henry Tyrrell's conclusion that the play "does not contain in it one single trace of the genius of the bard of Avon", supplemented by C. F. Tucker Brooke's suggestion that Rowley was consciously imitating Shakespeare's style.
 Sir John Oldcastle was originally published anonymously in 1600 (STC 18796). In 1619, a second edition was attributed to Shakespeare as part of William Jaggard's False Folio. In fact, the diary of Philip Henslowe records that it was written by Anthony Munday, Michael Drayton, Richard Hathwaye, and Robert Wilson.
 A Yorkshire Tragedy was published in 1608 as the work of Shakespeare. Although a minority of readers support this claim, the weight of stylistic evidence supports Thomas Middleton.
 Pericles, Prince of Tyre was published under Shakespeare's name. Its uneven writing suggests that the first two acts are by another playwright. In 1868, Nicolaus Delius proposed George Wilkins as this unknown collaborator; a century later, F. D. Hoeneger proposed John Day. In general, critics have accepted that the last three-fifths are mostly Shakespeare's, following Gary Taylor's claim that by the middle of the Jacobean decade, "Shakespeare's poetic style had become so remarkably idiosyncratic that it stands out—even in a corrupt text—from that of his contemporaries."
 The Two Noble Kinsmen was published in quarto in 1634 as a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher, the young playwright who took over Shakespeare's job as chief playwright of the King's Men. Mainstream scholarship agrees with this attribution, and the play is widely accepted as a worthy member of the Shakespeare canon, despite its collaborative origins. It is included in its entirety in the Oxford Shakespeare (1986), and in the Riverside Shakespeare (1996).
 Edward III was published anonymously in 1596. It was first attributed to Shakespeare in a bookseller's catalogue published in 1656. Various scholars have suggested Shakespeare's possible authorship, since a number of passages appear to bear his stamp, among other sections that are remarkably uninspired. In 1996, Yale University Press became the first major publisher to produce an edition of the play under Shakespeare's name, and shortly afterward, the Royal Shakespeare Company performed the play (to mixed reviews). In 2001, the American professional premiere was staged by Pacific Repertory Theatre, which received positive reviews for the endeavor. A consensus is emerging that the play was written by a team of dramatists including Shakespeare early in his career—but exactly who wrote what is still open to debate. William Montgomery edited the play for the Second Edition of the Complete Oxford Shakespeare (2005), where it is attributed to "William Shakespeare and Others"'.
 The London Prodigal was printed in 1605 under Shakespeare's name. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation, but according to Tucker Brooke, "Shakespeare's catholicity and psychological insight are conspicuously absent". Fleay hypothesized that Shakespeare wrote a rough outline or plot and left another playwright to the actual writing.
 The Second Maiden's Tragedy survives only in manuscript. Three crossed-out attributions in seventeenth century hands attribute it to Thomas Goffe, Shakespeare, and George Chapman. Professional handwriting expert Charles Hamilton attempted to argue that the play was Shakespeare's manuscript of the lost Cardenio. However, stylistic analysis very strongly indicates Thomas Middleton as the true author of The Second Maiden's Tragedy.
 The "Charles II Library" plays: in Charles II's library, an unknown seventeenth-century person had bound together three quartos of anonymous plays and labelled them "Shakespeare, vol. 1". As a seventeenth-century attribution, this decision warrants some consideration. The three plays are:
 Fair Em, the Miller's Daughter of Manchester, written c. 1590. Another candidate for its authorship is Robert Wilson.
 Mucedorus, an extremely popular play; it was first printed in 1598 and went through several editions despite the text's manifestly corrupt nature. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation or revision, but its true author remains a mystery; Robert Greene is sometimes suggested.
 The Merry Devil of Edmonton, first published in 1608. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation, but the play's style bears no resemblance to Shakespeare.

Plays attributed to "W.S." during the 17th century, and not included in the First Folio

Some plays were attributed to "W.S." in the seventeenth century. These initials could refer to Shakespeare, but could also refer to Wentworth Smith, an obscure dramatist.
 Locrine was published in 1595 as "Newly set forth, overseen and corrected by W.S."
 Thomas Lord Cromwell was published in 1602 and attributed to "W.S." Except for a few scholars, such as Ludwig Tieck and August Wilhelm Schlegel, "hardly anyone has thought that Shakespeare was even in the slightest way involved in the production of these plays."
 The Puritan was published in 1607 and attributed to "W.S." This play is now generally believed to be by Middleton or Smith.

Plays attributed to Shakespeare after the 17th century
A number of anonymous plays have been attributed to Shakespeare by more recent readers and scholars. Many of these claims are supported only by debatable ideas about what constitutes "Shakespeare's style". Nonetheless, some of them have been cautiously accepted by mainstream scholarship.
 Arden of Faversham is an anonymous play printed in 1592 that has occasionally been claimed for Shakespeare. Its writing style and subject matter, however, are very different from those of Shakespeare's other plays. Full attribution is not supported by mainstream scholarship, though stylistic analysis has revealed that Shakespeare likely had a hand in at least scene VIII (the play is not divided into acts). Thomas Kyd is often considered to be the author of much of Faversham, but still other writers have been proposed.
 Edmund Ironside is an anonymous manuscript play. Eric Sams has argued that it was written by Shakespeare, arguing that it is his earliest extant work, but has convinced few, if any, Shakespearean scholars.
 Sir Thomas More survives only in manuscript. It is a play that was written in the 1590s and then revised, possibly as many as ten years later. The play is included in the Second Edition of the Complete Oxford Shakespeare (2005), which attributes the original play to Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle, with later revisions and additions by Thomas Dekker, Shakespeare and Thomas Heywood. A few pages are written by an author ("Hand D") whom many believe to be Shakespeare, as the handwriting and spellings, as well as the style, seem a good match. The attribution is not accepted by everyone, however, especially since six signatures on legal documents are the only verified authentic examples of Shakespeare's handwriting.
 Thomas of Woodstock, sometimes also called Richard II, Part I, is an anonymous late-sixteenth or early-seventeenth century play depicting the events leading up to the murder of Thomas of Woodstock and which occur immediately prior to the opening scenes of Shakespeare's history play Richard II. Thomas of Woodstock survives only as an anonymous and untitled manuscript lacking its final page (or pages), part of the Egerton Collection deposited in the British Library. Because the play describes the events immediately prior to those set forth in Richard II, some scholars have attributed the play to Shakespeare or suggested that it influenced Shakespeare's own play. Few of its editors, however, have supported the attribution to Shakespeare. Stylistic analysis led MacDonald P. Jackson to propose Samuel Rowley as a possible author in 2001. Later scholars, most notably Michael Egan, have tried to revive the attribution to Shakespeare.
 The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd, is a play with elements reminiscent of Hamlet. Recent handwriting analysis suggests that portions may have been revised by Shakespeare. In 2013 the Royal Shakespeare Company published an edition attributing the play, in part, to William Shakespeare.
 A Knack to Know a Knave. Hanspeter Born has argued that Shakespeare rewrote some scenes in the romantic subplot of A Knack to Know a Knave, tentatively attributed by some scholars to Robert Greene.

Lost plays
 Love's Labour's Won. A late sixteenth-century writer, Francis Meres, and a scrap of paper (apparently from a bookseller), both list this title among Shakespeare's then-recently published works, but no copy of a play with this title has survived. It may have become lost, or it may represent an alternative title of an existing play, such as Much Ado About Nothing, All's Well That Ends Well, or The Taming of the Shrew.
 The History of Cardenio. This late play by Shakespeare and Fletcher, referred to in several documents, has not survived. It was probably an adaptation of a tale in Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote. In 1727, Lewis Theobald produced a play he called Double Falshood , which he claimed to have adapted from three manuscripts of a lost play by Shakespeare that he did not name. Counter to that, a professional handwriting expert, Charles Hamilton, claimed that The Second Maiden's Tragedy (generally considered the work of Thomas Middleton) play is actually Shakespeare's manuscript of the lost play Cardenio. On the rare occasions when The Second Maiden's Tragedy has been revived on the stage, it is sometimes performed under the title Cardenio, as in the 2002 production directed by James Kerwin at the 2100 Square Foot Theater in Los Angeles, as well as a production at the Burton Taylor Theatre in 2004. In March 2010, the Arden Shakespeare imprint published an edition of Double Falsehood calling it a play by Shakespeare and Fletcher, adapted by Theobold, thus including it officially in Shakespeare's canon for the first time. In 2013 the Royal Shakespeare Company published an edition also attributing Double Falsehood, in part, to William Shakespeare.
 The lost play called the Ur-Hamlet is believed by a few scholars to be an early work by Shakespeare himself. The theory was first postulated by the academic Peter Alexander and is supported by Harold Bloom and Peter Ackroyd, although mainstream Shakespearean scholarship believes it to have been by Thomas Kyd. Bloom's hypothesis is that this early version of Hamlet was one of Shakespeare's first plays, that the theme of the Prince of Denmark was one to which he returned constantly throughout his career and that he continued to revise it even after the canonical Hamlet of 1601.

Hoaxes

The dream of discovering a new Shakespeare play has also resulted in the creation of at least one hoax. In 1796 William Henry Ireland claimed to have found a lost play of Shakespeare entitled Vortigern and Rowena. Ireland had previously released other documents he claimed were by Shakespeare, but Vortigern was the first play he attempted. (He later produced another pseudo-Shakespearean play, Henry II.) The play was initially accepted by the literary community—albeit not on sight—as genuine. The play was eventually presented at Drury Lane on 2 April 1796, to immediate ridicule, and Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax.

Apocryphal poems
Several poems published anonymously have been attributed by scholars to Shakespeare. Others were attributed to him in 17th century manuscripts. None have received universal acceptance. The authorship of some poems published under Shakespeare's name in his lifetime has also been questioned.

The Passionate Pilgrim

The Passionate Pilgrim is a collection of poems first published in 1599 by William Jaggard, later the publisher of Shakespeare's First Folio. Though the title page attributes the content to Shakespeare, many of the poems were written by others. Some are of unknown authorship and could be by Shakespeare. Jaggard issued an expanded edition of The Passionate Pilgrim in 1612, containing additional poems on the theme of Helen of Troy, announced on the title page ("Whereunto is newly added two Love Epistles, the first from Paris to Hellen, and Hellen's answere back again to Paris"). These were in fact by Thomas Heywood, from his Troia Britannica, which Jaggard had published in 1609. Heywood protested the unauthorized copying in his Apology for Actors (1612), writing that Shakespeare was "much offended" with Jaggard for making "so bold with his name." Jaggard withdrew the attribution to Shakespeare from unsold copies of the 1612 edition.

"A Lover's Complaint"

This poem was published as an appendix to Shakespeare's sonnets in 1609. Its authorship has been disputed by several scholars. In 2007 Brian Vickers, in his monograph, Shakespeare, "A Lover's Complaint", and John Davies of Hereford, attributes the "Complaint" to John Davies. Other scholars continue to attribute it to Shakespeare.

"To the Queen"

"To the Queen" is a short poem praising Queen Elizabeth, probably recited as an epilogue to a royal performance of a play. It was first attributed to Shakespeare by American scholars William Ringler and Steven May, who discovered the poem in 1972 in the notebook of Henry Stanford, who is known to have worked in the household of the Lord Chamberlain. The attribution was supported by James S. Shapiro and Juliet Dusinberre. It was included in 2007 by Jonathan Bate in his complete Shakespeare edition for the Royal Shakespeare Company. The attribution has since been challenged by Michael Hattaway, who argued that the poem is more likely to be by Ben Jonson, and by Helen Hackett, who attributes it to Thomas Dekker.

A Funeral Elegy
In 1989, using a form of stylometric computer analysis, scholar and forensic linguist Donald Foster attributed A Funeral Elegy for Master William Peter, previously ascribed only to "W.S.", to William Shakespeare, based on an analysis of its grammatical patterns and idiosyncratic word usage. The attribution received extensive press attention from The New York Times and other newspapers.

Later analyses by scholars Gilles Monsarrat and Brian Vickers demonstrated Foster's attribution to be in error, and that the true author was probably John Ford. Foster conceded to Monsarrat in an e-mail message to the SHAKSPER e-mail list in 2002.

Shall I Die
This nine-verse love lyric was ascribed to Shakespeare in a manuscript collection of verses probably written in the late 1630s. In 1985 Gary Taylor drew attention to the attribution, leading to widespread scholarly discussion of it. The attribution is not widely accepted. Michael Dobson and Stanley Wells state that Shakespeare's authorship "cannot be regarded as certain".

Epitaphs

Shakespeare has been identified as the author of two epitaphs to John Combe, a Stratford businessman, and one to Elias James, a brewer who lived in the Blackfriars area of London. Shakespeare certainly knew Combe and is likely to have known James. A joking epitaph is also supposed to have been created for Ben Jonson.

The epitaph for James was on a memorial in the church of St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. The memorial no longer exists but was recorded in the 1633 edition of John Stow's Survey of London. The text is also present in the same manuscript which preserves Shall I Die, where it is ascribed to Shakespeare. The epitaph is a conventional statement of James' godly life.

The epitaphs for Combe are different. One is a satirical comment on Combe's money-lending at 10 per cent interest. The verse says that he lent money at one-in-ten, and it's ten-to-one he'll end up in hell. This is recorded in several variant forms in the 17th and 18th centuries, usually with the story that Shakespeare composed it extempore at a party with Combe present. Shakespeare is said to have written another, more flattering, epitaph after Combe died in 1614. It praises Combe for giving money in his will to the poor. This was said to be affixed to his tomb, which is close to Shakespeare's. However, there is no sign of it in the surviving tomb. The first epitaph, in variations, has also been attributed to other writers, addressed to other alleged usurers.

An anecdote recorded in the mid-17th century has Jonson beginning an epitaph to himself with the conventional "Here lies Ben Jonson ...", and Shakespeare completing it with the words "... who while he lived was a slow thing / And now being dead is no thing."

A counter-orthodox Shakespeare canon and chronology

Building on the work of W. J. Courthope, Hardin Craig, E. B. Everitt, Seymour Pitcher and others, the scholar Eric Sams (1926–2004), who wrote two books on Shakespeare, edited two early plays, and published over a hundred papers, argued that "Shakespeare was an early starter who rewrote nobody's plays but his own", and that he "may have been a master of structure before he was a master of language". Shakespeare found accusations of plagiarism (e.g. Greene's "beautified with our feathers") offensive (Sonnets 30, 112).

Trusting the early 'biographical' sources John Aubrey and Nicholas Rowe, Sams re-assessed Shakespeare's early and 'missing' years, and argued through detailed textual analysis that Shakespeare began writing plays from the mid-1580s, in a style not now recognisably Shakespearean. The so-called 'Source Plays' and 'Derivative Plays' (The Famous Victories of Henry V, The Taming of a Shrew, The Troublesome Reign of King John, etc.), and the so-called 'Bad Quartos', are (printers' errors aside) his own first versions of famous later plays. As many of the Quarto title-pages proclaim, Shakespeare was an assiduous reviser of his own work, rewriting, enlarging and emending to the end of his life. He "struck the second heat / upon the Muses' anvil," as Ben Jonson put it in the Folio verse tribute.

Sams dissented from 20th-century orthodoxy, rejecting the theory of memorial reconstruction by forgetful actors as "wrong-headed". "Authorial revision of early plays is the only rational alternative." The few unofficial copies referred to in the preamble to the Folio were the 1619 quartos, mostly already superseded plays, for "Shakespeare was disposed to release his own popular early version[s] for acting and printing because his own masterly revision[s] would soon be forthcoming". Sams believed that Shakespeare in his retirement was revising his oeuvre "for definitive publication". The "apprentice plays" which had been reworked were naturally omitted from the Folio.

Sams also rejected 20th century orthodoxy on Shakespeare's collaboration: with the exception of Sir Thomas More, Two Noble Kinsmen and Henry VIII, the plays were solely his, though many were only partly revised. By Sams' authorship- and dating-arguments, Shakespeare wrote not only the earliest "modern" chronicle play, The Troublesome Reign, c. 1588, but also "the earliest known modern comedy and tragedy", A Shrew and the Ur-Hamlet ( = the 1603 Quarto).

Sams also argued, more briefly, that "there is some evidence of Shakespearean authorship of A Pleasant Commodie of Fair Em the Millers Daughter, with the loue of William the Conqueror, written before 1586, and of The Lamentable Tragedie of Locrine written mid-1580s and "newly set foorth, ouerseene and corrected, by W.S." in 1595.

Volume two was unfinished at the time of Sams' death.

References

Sources

  Chapter 1 available online.

External links

Shakespeare apocrypha


The Cetomimiformes or whalefishes are an order of small, deep-sea ray-finned fish. Some authorities include the whalefishes as part of the order Stephanoberyciformes, within the superfamily Cetomimoidea. Their sister order, the Beryciformes, includes the flashlight fish and squirrelfish.

Within this group are five families and approximately 18 genera and 32 species (but see below). Thought to have a circumglobal distribution throughout the tropical and temperate latitudes, whalefishes have been recorded at depths in excess of 3,500 metres.

Description
Named after their whale-shaped body (from the Greek ketos meaning "whale" or "sea monster", mimos meaning "imitative" and the Latin forma meaning "form"), the Cetomimiformes have extremely large mouths and highly distensible stomachs. Their eyes are very small or vestigial; the lateral line (composed of huge, hollow tubes) is consequently very well developed to compensate for life in the pitch black depths.

The dorsal and anal fins are set far back; all fins lack spines. The swim bladder is also absent, except in the larvae and juveniles which occur in the surface waters. Whalefish coloration is typically red to orange, sometimes with a black body. Some species possess light-producing organs called photophores; these are widespread among deep-sea fishes.

The largest known species reach a length of just 40 centimetres; most species are half this size. Sexual dimorphism is (apparently) exceptionally strong: males may only grow to 3.5 centimetres while females may be ten times as large. This is not uncommon among deep-sea fishes, with the males serving little use other than as suppliers of sperm: an even more extreme case are the parasitic males in deep-sea anglerfish.

Families
Cetomimidae — flabby whalefishes
Rondeletiidae — redmouth whalefishes
Barbourisiidae — velvet whalefish (monotypic)

The gibberfishes (Gibberichthyidae) on the other hand, usually placed in the Stephanoberyciformes sensu stricto, appear to be close relatives of the Rondeletiidae and Barbourisiidae, as has been occasionally proposed.

Footnotes

References
  (2006): Fishes of the World (4th ed.).
  (2001): Larvae and juveniles of the deepsea "whalefishes" Barbourisia and Rondeletia (Stephanoberyciformes: Barbourisiidae, Rondeletiidae), with comments on family relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 53(3): 407-425. PDF fulltext

External links
 Whalefish - Smithsonian Ocean Portal

 Aquatic community website

Ray-finned fish orders

Cetomimiformes


L' ambassadeur des États-Unis au Tchad est le représentant officiel du gouvernement des États-Unis auprès du gouvernement du Tchad . Ceci est une liste des ambassadeurs des États-Unis au Tchad.

Ambassadeurs
 9 janvier 1961 - 28 mai 1961  (résident en République du Congo )
 janvier 1961 mai – 1961  (par intérim)
 28 mai 1961-1 avril 1963
 12 août 1963-20 janvier 1967
 23 septembre 1967 - 9 mai 1969
 21 août 1969 - 29 juin 1972
 6 décembre 1972 - 23 juin 1974
 7 décembre 1974 - 23 février 1976
 15 octobre 1976 - 19 juin 1979
 17 novembre 1979 - 24 mars 1980  (ambassade fermée le 24 mars 1980)
 Janvier 1982 - mai 1983 John Blane (ambassade rouverte le 15 janvier 1982, en tant qu'officier principal et chargé d'affaires par intérim)
 27 mai 1983 - 23 juillet 1985
 2 septembre 1985 - 4 octobre 1988
 15 octobre 1988 - 15 novembre 1989
 4 août 1990 - 21 juillet 1993
 3 septembre 1993 26 - juin 1996
 12 septembre 1996 - 6 août 1999
 10 octobre 1999 - 16 janvier 2004
 16 juin 2004 - 7 juillet 2007 Marc M. Wall
 16 novembre 2007 - 2010
 8 septembre 2010 – 2013 Mark M. Boulware
 23 mai 2013 – 11 août 2016
 9 sept. 2016 – 20 sept. 2018

Articles connexes
 Politique étrangère du Tchad

Références

 United States Department of State: Background notes on Chad

Liens externes
 Département d'État des États-Unis : chefs de mission pour le Tchad
 Département d'État des États-Unis : Tchad
 Ambassade des États-Unis à N'Djaména

Liste en rapport avec le Tchad
Tchad

Liste des ambassadeurs des États-Unis au Tchad


NGC 138 este o galaxie spirală, posibil lenticulară situată în constelația Peștii. A fost descoperită în 29 august 1864 de către Albert Marth.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 137
 NGC 139

Legături externe
 NGC 138 pe WikiSky
 NGC 138 pe spider.seds.org

Galaxii
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Peștii
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1864
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Albert Marth

NGC 138


Faraday ist ein Einschlagkrater im Süden der Mondvorderseite, südöstlich des Mare Nubium, westlich des Kraters Maurolycus und südöstlich von Stöfler, dessen Inneres er teilweise überdeckt. Der Krater ist stark erodiert und der Kraterrand ist überlagert von den Nebenkratern Faraday A und Faraday C.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem britischen Physiker und Chemiker Michael Faraday offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Faraday auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Michael Faraday als Namensgeber

Faraday (Mondkrater)


ZÈRTZ is the third game in the GIPF Project of seven abstract strategy games.  The game features a shrinking board and an object that promotes sacrifice combinations. It is impartial: since neither player owns on-board pieces, maintaining the initiative is of fundamental importance.

Rules

Equipment
The playing pieces are six white, eight gray, and ten black marbles, and (for the standard game) 37 rings, each of which can hold a marble. Initially, the game was supplied with 37 rings, but newer versions include 49 rings. The GIPF Set 2 expansion includes 12 additional rings, which can be used for larger game boards. Advanced and tournament players use up to 61 rings, which requires acquisition of a GIPF Set 2 expansion.

Setup
Players place the rings on a flat surface and arrange them as a packed hexagon, as regularly as possible. This composes the "board".  With 37 rings, this forms a perfect hexagon with four rings on a side. Starting configurations with additional rings are shown in the gallery below. The marbles go into a shared pool.

Object
The object is to capture a majority of one color (+1: four white, or five gray, or six black marbles), or three marbles of each color.

Gameplay
The two players determine who will go first. For each turn, the player may either jump or drop.
 If a jump is available, the player is required to jump instead of drop.
 Jumping means the player will capture one or more marbles through a mechanic similar to Checkers, in which one marble may jump over an adjacent marble when there is a free space on the other side.
 Dropping means the player will place a new marble on the board and take away one free ring.

Jumping

If any two marbles are adjacent on the board, and there is room for one to jump the other, landing on an unoccupied ring immediately opposite the other, a player must jump instead of dropping.  The jumping player captures any jumped marbles.  The player must continue to jump with the same marble as long as additional jumps by the same marble are possible. If at any stage of jumping more than one jump is possible, the player may choose any direction; however, the player must continue jumping with the same marble for as long as at least one other marble is jumpable by the moving marble. (This is similar to the compulsory jumping rule in Checkers.)

No rings are removed on a jumping turn.

In the example illustrated here, the following jumps (or jump sequences) are possible:
 White marble at E5: , captures grey marble at D5 and black marbles at B4 and A2
 White marble at E5: , captures grey marble at D5 and white marble at D6
 White marble at D6: , captures grey marble at D5 and white marble at E5
 Grey marble at D5: , captures white marble at E5

Notice the jump  offers a choice of two directions after being taken, either  or .

Dropping

If no jumps are available, the player whose turn it is must drop a marble of any color onto an empty ring of the board, then remove a free ring from the board. A ring is free if it is unoccupied and can be detached by sliding it away on the table surface without displacing other rings. In the example illustrated here, the free rings are [A1], [A2], [B1], [D7], [E4], [F4], [G4], and [G5].

There are two special cases:
 If removing a ring produces a cluster of one or more rings, called an island, with a marble on each ring in the cluster, all of these rings are also removed, and the player whose move created the island captures all the marbles on it.
 If no ring is free, the player's turn ends when he drops a marble. If no marbles are available in the shared pool, the player must drop one of his captured marbles instead.

Strategy
The basic strategy in ZÈRTZ is sacrifice. Because a player is forced to capture when possible, a common strategy is for one player to play so that the other must capture a piece of low importance. This moves other pieces into a position where the first player can then capture one or more pieces of higher importance. In addition, sacrifices are used to arrange pieces and gain time in preparation for capture by isolation. Frequently a game will end with one player forcing the other to repeatedly jump, gaining time to win with a capture by isolation.

Variants

Blitz
A short Blitz version of the game can be played using a reduced set of 5 white marbles, 7 gray, and 9 black marbles.  In this case, the goal is to capture only a majority of one set (three whites, four grays, or five blacks), or two of each color.  This variant is described in the original edition as the basic rules.

ZÈRTZ+11
This is the game of ZÈRTZ played with 11 extra rings, forming an irregular hexagon with sides alternating between 4 and 5 rings.  This is the current standard for serious tournament play.

ZÈRTZ+24
This is ZÈRTZ played with 24 extra rings, forming a regular hexagon with 5 rings along each side.  It has been suggested that this will eventually become the tournament standard.

References

External links

The official ZÈRTZ site

Play ZÈRTZ at BoiteAJeux ,  or
Stephen Tavener's ZÈRTZ Strategy Guide

Board games introduced in 1999
Abstract strategy games
Mensa Select winners
Kris Burm games

ZÈRTZ


François de la Chaise (August 25, 1624 – January 20, 1709) was a French Jesuit priest, the father confessor of King Louis XIV of France.

Biography
François de la Chaise was born at the Château of Aix in Aix-la-Fayette, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, being the son of Georges d'Aix, seigneur de La Chaise, and of Renée de Rochefort.

On his mother's side he was a grandnephew of Pierre Coton, the confessor of Henry IV. He became a novice of the Society of Jesus before completing his studies at Lyon, where, after taking final vows, he lectured on philosophy to students attracted by his fame from all parts of France.

Through the influence of Camille de Villeroy, Archbishop of Lyon, Père de la Chaise was in 1674 nominated confessor of Louis XIV, who entrusted him during the lifetime of Harlay de Champvallon, archbishop of Paris, with the administration of the ecclesiastical patronage of the crown. The confessor united his influence with that of Madame de Maintenon to induce the king to abandon his liaison with Madame de Montespan. More than once at Easter he is said to have had a convenient illness which dispensed him from granting absolution to Louis XIV.

With the fall of Madame de Montespan and the ascendancy of Madame de Maintenon his influence vastly increased. The marriage between Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon was celebrated in his presence at Versailles, but there is no reason for supposing that the subsequent coolness between him and Madame de Maintenon arose from his insistence on secrecy in this matter. During the long strife over the temporalities of the Gallican Church between Louis XIV and Innocent XI, Père de la Chaise supported the royal prerogative, though he used his influence at Rome to conciliate the papal authorities. He was largely responsible for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

He exercised a moderating influence on Louis XIV's zeal against the Jansenists, and Saint-Simon, who was opposed to him in most matters, does full justice to his humane and honorable character. Père de la Chaise had a lasting and unalterable affection for Archbishop Fénelon, which remained unchanged by the papal condemnation of the Maximes.

In spite of failing faculties he continued his duties as confessor to Louis XIV to the end of his long life.

Legacy
The name of Father de la Chaise became attached to the Jesuit house where he lived – at the time outside the boundaries of Paris – and to the plot of land near that house. In 1804, Napoleon established a cemetery there – the well-known Père Lachaise Cemetery (literally "The Father la Chaise Cemetery"). Thus, his name lives on in the Paris landscape.

The lexicographer Philibert-Joseph Le Roux had to flee to Brussels after he published Histoire du père La Chaize, jésuite et confesseur du roi Louis XIV où l'on verra les intrigues secrettes qu'il a eues à la cour de France et dans toutes les cours de l'Europe, a pamphlet against de la Chaise.

William Hurt portrayed Father de la Chaise in the fantasy-adventure film The King's Daughter.

Notes

References

 Régis Chantelauze, Le Père de la Chaize. Etudes d'histoire religieuse (Paris and Lyon, 1859).

La Chaise, Francois de
La Chaise, Francois de
La Chaise, Francois de
La Chaise, Francois de
La Chaise, Francois de
La Chaise, Francois de
18th-century French Jesuits

François de la Chaise


Les Jeux des îles sont généralement l'occasion d'une compétition de basketball qui a lieu tous les deux ans. Les équipes participantes sont membres de l'Association internationale des jeux des îles (IIGA). Rhodes et Bermudes ont remporté à 3 reprises le tournoi masculin. Minorque à remporté à 5 reprises le tournoi féminin.

Historique
C'est dans le cadre de l'Association internationale des jeux des îles, en 1997 à Jersey, que le congrès décide d'organiser un championnat de basket-ball dès 1999 qui se déroulerait tous les deux ans. Les sélections des Bermudes et des Îles Caïmans sont membres de la FIBA Amériques, Gibraltar de la FIBA Europe et de la Fédération internationale de basket-ball.

Tournoi masculin

Palmarès

Bilan par sélection masculine
Le tableau suivant présente le bilan par sélection ayant atteint au moins une fois le dernier carré.

Tournoi féminin

Palmarès

Bilan par sélection féminine
Le tableau suivant présente le bilan par sélection ayant atteint au moins une fois le dernier carré.

Voir aussi
Fédération internationale de basket-ball
Fédération internationale de basket-ball en fauteuil roulant
Football aux Jeux des Îles

Annexes

Notes et références

Compétition de basket-ball
Événement sportif international
Basketball
Compétition fondée en 1999

Basket-ball aux Jeux des îles


Thomas Struth (born 11 October 1954) is a German photographer who is best known for his Museum Photographs series, family portraits and black and white photographs of the streets of Düsseldorf and New York taken in the 1970s. Struth currently lives and works between Berlin and New York.

Early life and education
Born to ceramic potter Gisela Struth and bank director Heinrich Struth in Geldern, Germany, Struth trained at the Düsseldorf Academy from 1973 until 1980 where he initially studied painting under Peter Kleemann and, from 1974, Gerhard Richter. Increasingly drawn to photography and with Richter's support, Struth, along with Candida Höfer, Axel Hütte, and Tata Ronkholz, joined the first year of the new photography class run by Bernd and Hilla Becher, in 1976.

Work
In 1976, as part of a student exhibition at the Academy, Struth first showed a grid composed of 49 photographs taken from a centralized perspective on Düsseldorf's deserted streets, each of them obeying a strict logic of central symmetry. The compositions are simple and the photographs are neither staged nor digitally manipulated in post-production. Strong contrasts of light and shade are also avoided, Struth preferring the greyish, uninflected light of early morning. This serves to enhance the neutral treatment of the scenes.

In 1977, Struth and Hütte travelled to England for two months, and teamed up to photograph different aspects of housing in the urban context of East London. In 1978 Struth was the first artist in residence at P.S. 1 Studios, Long Island City. In 1979 Struth travelled to Paris to visit Thomas Schütte, a fellow student at the Kunstakademie, and continued his photographs of cityscapes. He went on to produce similar series in Rome (1984), Edinburgh (1985), Tokyo (1986), and elsewhere. These early works largely consisted of black-and-white shots of streets. Skyscrapers were another feature of his work, with many of his photographs attempting to show the relationship people have with their modern-day environment.

In the mid-1980s, Struth added a new dimension to his work when he started to produce family portraits, some of which are in colour and others in black and white. This was after a meeting with psychoanalyst Ingo Hartmann. As a result, these works attempt to show the underlying social dynamics within a seemingly still photograph.

In 1989, Struth began work on his best-known cycle, Museum Photographs, devoted to the visitors to some of the world's great museums and buildings, including The Art Institute of Chicago, the Musée du Louvre in Paris, the Accademia in Venice, and the Pantheon in Rome. Expanding the practice after living in Naples and Rome at the end of the 1980s, he also photographed visitors of churches. From 1998 on, Struth expanded the series with images shot on sites of powerful secular significance (including Times Square and the Yosemite National Park). His pictures of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, taken between 1996 and 2001, comprise the first series of Museum Photographs dedicated entirely to a single museum with architectural and sculptural works from classical antiquity, including the famous Pergamon Altar and the market gate of Milet. After several unsuccessful attempts to make works based on candid shots of visitors at the Pergamon Museum, in 2001 he decided to orchestrate the positioning of participants in a series of photos. Struth's "Museo del Prado" series from 2005, composed of five photographs taken over the course of one week, all shot from slightly different angles, of visitors flocking around Velázquez's Las Meninas. Also in 2005, he began producing a second series consisting of close-ups of spectators of a single work at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. Here the spectators are the central object of the photograph, while the artwork itself remains outside the frame. By including in his photographs people who are looking at art, "Struth makes viewers ... aware of their own active participation in the completion of the work's meaning, not as passive consumers but as re-interpreters of the past."

Basing himself in Düsseldorf, Struth's profile continued to expand in the 1990s. Between 1998 and 2006, Struth began scouring the earth for jungle settings in Japan, Australia, China, America and Europe; his first eight large-format Pictures from Paradise were created in 1998 in the Daintree Rainforest in Australia. Between 1995 and 2003, he produced a series of photographs featuring groups of people gathered at emblematic locations, whether as tourists or as pilgrims.

Again created throughout Asia, Europe and the Americas, mural-sized colour photographs of 2010 that are up to 4 metres long record the structural intricacy of remote techno-industrial and scientific research spaces, such as physics institutes, pharmaceutical plants, space stations, dockyards, nuclear facilities and other edifices of technological production. In 2014, Struth presented a series of pictures in which he again penetrates key places of human imagination to scrutinize the landscape of enterprise, invention and digital engineering. Taking an archetypal site for the creation of cultural dreams and imagination, one group of pictures depicts panoramic views of Disneyland and Disney California Adventure (devoid of crowds), partly inspired by Katja Eichinger's 2008 article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung about the altered perspective and reading of the theme parks since their beginnings in the 1950s. For his most recent work, Animals (2017–2018), Struth worked at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in Berlin, following researchers in biology and veterinary medicine in their study of wildlife diversity and conservation.

Meanwhile, Struth continues to add to his collection of family portraits. In 2002, Gerhard Richter asked Struth to make a family portrait for an article on Richter's work in the New York Times Magazine. In 2011, he was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery to make a double portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh.

From 1993 to 1996, Struth was the first Professor of Photography at the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung in Karlsruhe, Germany. In 2007, he was an artist in residence at the Atlantic Center for the Arts. Between 2010 and 2011, he served as Humanitas Visiting Professor in Contemporary Art at Oxford University.

Exhibitions
Struth's work has been widely shown in solo and group exhibitions, among them the 44th Venice Biennale (1990) and Documenta IX (1992) at Kassel. His first solo show outside of Germany took place at Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh in 1987. In 1988, Struth exhibited in the group show "Another Objectivity", organized by the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, which sought to define a current of research born in Germany in the wake of the Bechers' work. Struth later had his first solo exhibition in the U.S. at The Renaissance Society in Chicago in 1990. Following the anthological exhibitions held in 2002 at the Dallas Museum of Art and the MOCA in Los Angeles, in 2003 his work was presented at the Great Hall of the Metropolitan Museum, with the screening of the video One Hour Video Portraits of portraits on which Struth had been working since 1996. The centre of the exhibition was the Museum series, which featured seemingly ordinary shots of people entering churches, museums and other public places. In 2007, he became the first contemporary artist ever to be exhibited at the Museo del Prado, Madrid, among the permanent collection of old masters.

In 2010, a European retrospective of his work, "Thomas Struth: Photographs 1978–2010" was held at Kunsthaus Zürich, later traveling to Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen K20, Düsseldorf; Whitechapel Gallery, London; and Museu Serralves, Porto.

Exhibitions

1987 Kunsthalle Bern
1987 Westfälisches Landesmuseum Münster, Participation in Skulptur Projekte Münster
1991 Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, USA
1992 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf / Participation in Documenta IX, Kassel
1992 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden at The Smithsonian Institution Washington DC, USA
1993 Kunsthalle Hamburg
1994 Institute of Contemporary Arts, Boston, USA
1995 Kunstmuseum Bonn
1997 Sprengel Museum, Hannover
1998 Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
2000 Spazio Oberdan, Milan
2000 National Museum of Art, Tokyo & Kyoto
2001 Haifa Museum, Israel
2001 Kunstsammlung, Basel
2002 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
2002 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
2003 Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
2004 Hamburger Bahnhof (Museum für Gegenwart), Berlin
2005 Museo de Arte, Lima
2007 Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
2008 Die Photographische Sammlung/, Cologne
2008 Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina, Naples
2008 Museum De Pont, Tilburg (the Netherlands)
2010 Fotografien 1978 – 2010, Kunsthaus Zürich
2011 Fotografien 1978–2010, K20 – Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
2011 Whitechapel Gallery, London
2011 Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts
2011 Serralves Foundation, Porto
2014 Thomas Struth: Photographs, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
2016 Nature & Politics, Museum Folkwang, Essen
2017 Haus der Kunst, Munich
2017 Thomas Struth: Nature & Politics, Saint Louis Art Museum

Recognition
1992: Werner Mantz Prize for Photography, the Netherlands
1997: Spectrum International Photography Prize of Lower Saxony
2013–2014: Honorary residency at the Villa Aurora in Los Angeles, CA
2014: Honorary fellowship awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA).
2016: Centenary Medal and with it an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.

Art market
Struth usually works in editions of ten prints. On 12 November 2007, his work Pantheon, Rome (1990) was sold to David Zwirner at Christie's New York for $1.049.000. On 26 June 2013, a version of Pantheon, Rome, executed in 1992, sold for $1.253.208 at Sotheby's London. Another version of the same photograph sold by $1.810.000 at Sotheby's New York, on 12 May 2015, currently the highest price reached by one of his works.

Personal life
In a 2004 interview with Die Zeit, Struth publicly criticized art collector Friedrich Christian Flick for not contributing to the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future, a government fund for slave laborers and their families; Flick later made a payment of 5 million euros.

In 2007, Struth married author Tara Bray Smith in New York.

Publications
Unbewusste Orte / Unconscious Places, Bern 1987
Museum Photographs, Munich 1993
Strangers and Friends, 1994
Stefen Gronert und Christoph Schreier: Thomas Struth. Straßen. Fotografie 1976 bis 1995, Kunstmuseum Bonn, Cologne, 1995.
Portraits, Munich 1997
Still, Munich 1998
Struth, Munich 2000
Thomas Struth – My Portrait, 2000
Löwenzahnzimmer, Munich 2001
New Pictures from Paradise, Munich 2002
Photographien 1977–2002, Munich 2002
Pergamon Museum, Munich 2004
Museum Photographs, Munich 2005
Les Museum Photographs de Thomas Struth. Une mise en abyme, Paris/Munich 2005
 Thomas Struth – Photographs 1978–2010, Schirmer/Mosel, 2010,
 Thomas Struth: Unconscious Places (with an essay by Richard Sennett), Schirmer/Mosel 2012

Public collections
Struth's work is held, among others, in the following public collections:

References

External links
 Thomas Struth Official Website

1954 births
Living people
People from Geldern
Photographers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
German contemporary artists
20th-century German photographers
21st-century German photographers

Thomas Struth


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Tomzanonia filicina


දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ භෞමික ආරවුල් වලට ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් කිහිපයක, එනම් බෲනායි, මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව (PRC), තායිවානය (චීන ජනරජය/ROC), ඉන්දුනීසියාව, මැලේසියාව, පිලිපීනය සහ වියට්නාමය වැනි ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් විසින් කලාපය තුළ ගැටුම්කාරී දූපත් සහ සමුද්‍ර හිමිකම් ඇතුළත් වේ.

ආරවුල්වලට ස්ප්‍රැට්ලි දූපත්, පැරසෙල් දූපත්, ස්කාර්බරෝ ෂෝල් සහ ටොන්කින් බොක්කෙහි විවිධ මායිම් ඇතුළුව දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ දූපත්, ගල්පර, ඉවුරු සහ අනෙකුත් අංග ඇතුළත් වේ . භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ කොටසක් ලෙස ඇතැමුන් සලකන ඉන්දුනීසියානු නැටුනා දූපත් ආසන්නයේ ඇති ජලය ද මතභේදාත්මක ය. නැඟෙනහිර චීන මුහුදේ පිහිටා ඇති සෙන්කාකු දූපත් සහ සොකොත්‍රා පර්වතය වැනි මුහුදු ආරවුල් දකුණු චීන මුහුදෙන් ඔබ්බට ද විහිදේ.

ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 3.37ක් වටිනා ගෝලීය වෙළඳාමක් වාර්ෂිකව දකුණු චීන මුහුද හරහා ගමන් කරයි. එය ගෝලීය සමුද්‍ර වෙළඳාමෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් වේ. චීනයේ බලශක්ති ආනයනයෙන් සියයට 80 ක් සහ චීනයේ සමස්ත වෙළඳාමෙන් සියයට 39.5 ක් දකුණු චීන මුහුද හරහා ගමන් කරයි. දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ විවිධ ප්‍රදේශවල මුහුදු පත්ලේ බොරතෙල් සහ ස්වාභාවික වායු ගවේෂණය සහ විභව සූරාකෑම, ධීවර තොග සඳහා හිමිකම් රඳවා තබා ගැනීමට හෝ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමට හිමිකම් කියන රාජ්‍යයන් උනන්දු වෙති . පවතින ආරවුල් නාවික ගමනාගමනය සඳහා අභියෝග ඉදිරිපත් කරන බැවින් සමුද්‍රීය ආරක්ෂාව ද ප්‍රශ්නයකි.

1932 දී ප්‍රංශය පැරසෙල් සහ ස්ප්‍රැට්ලි දූපත් දෙකටම විධිමත් ලෙස හිමිකම් කීවේය. චීනය සහ ජපානය යන දෙකම විරෝධය පළ කළේය. 1933 අප්‍රේල් 6 වන දින, ප්‍රංශය ස්ප්‍රැට්ලිස් අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ඈඳා ගැනීම නිවේදනය කර, ඒවා විධිමත් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දුචීනයට ඇතුළත් කළේය.

2013 දී, චීනය විසින් ස්ප්‍රැට්ලි දූපත් සහ පැරසෙල් දූපත් කලාපයේ දූපත් ගොඩනැගීම ආරම්භ කළේය. රොයිටර් පුවත් සේවයට අනුව, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වියට්නාමය සහ පිලිපීනය විසින් දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ කෘතිම දූපත් ගොඩනැගීම කුඩා පරිමාණයෙන් දශක ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ සිදු කරමින් පවතී. චීනය දූපත් ගොඩනැගීමේ ක්‍රීඩාවට ප්‍රමාද වී පැමිණ ඇති අතර, එහි ප්‍රයත්නයන් පෙර අනෙකුත් හිමිකම් කරුවන් මෙන් නොවූ විරූ මහා පරිමාණයකින් සිදු වී ඇත්තේ 2014 සිට 2016 දක්වාය. ඉතිහාසය පුරා අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජාතීන් විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද ප්‍රමාණයට වඩා නව දූපත් මතුපිටක් ඉදිකර ඇති අතර 2016 වන විට එහි එකකට හමුදා උපකරණ ස්ථානගත කර ඇත. වොයිස් ඔෆ් ඇමරිකා හි 2019 ලිපියක් අනුව චීනය හා වියට්නාමයේ දකුනු චීන මුහුදේ දූපත් ගොඩනැගීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය සසඳන කල, වියට්නාමය චීනයට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධව, ජාත්‍යන්තර විවේචනවලට ලක් නොවීමටත්, සහයෝගය පවා ලබා ගැනීමටත් හේතුව එහි දුපත් ගොඩනැගීමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියේ මන්දගාමී වේගය සහ පුළුල් ලෙස සැලකෙන ආරක්‍ෂක ස්වභාවය නිසා ය.

දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ චීනයේ ක්‍රියාවන් විස්තර කර ඇත්තේ එහි සලාමි පෙති කැපීමේ / ගෝවා එතීමේ උපායමාර්ගවල කොටසක් ලෙසය. 2015 සිට එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ ප්‍රංශය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය වැනි අනෙකුත් රාජ්‍යයන් තම කලාපයේ නාවික මෙහෙයුම් (FONOP) නිදහස පවත්වා ඇත. 2016 ජුලි මාසයේදී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදේ නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතියේ (UNCLOS) ඇමුණුම VII යටතේ පිහිටුවන ලද බේරුම්කරණ විනිශ්චය සභාවක් පිලිපීනයට එරෙහිව චීනයේ හි සමුද්‍ර හිමිකම්වලට එරෙහිව තීන්දු කළේය. විනිශ්චය සභාව දූපත්වල අයිතිය හෝ සමුද්‍ර මායිම් සීමා කළේ නැත. මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව සහ තායිවානය යන රටවල් දෙකම ප්‍රකාශ කළේ තමන් විනිශ්චය සභාව පිළි නොගන්නා බවත්, අනෙකුත් හිමිකම්කරුවන් සමඟ ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා මාර්ගයෙන් ප්‍රශ්නය විසඳිය යුතු බවත් අවධාරනය කළ බවත්ය. 2022 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, එක්සත් ජනපද රාජ්‍ය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ චීනයේ හිමිකම් "නීති විරෝධී" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය.

දකුණු චීන මුහුදු කලාපයේ ආරවුල්

ආරවුල් සදහා සමුද්‍ර මායිම් සහ දූපත් යන දෙකම සම්බන්ධ වේ.  ආරවුල් කිහිපයක් ඇත, ඒ සෑම එකකටම විවිධ රටවල් එකතුවක් ඇතුළත් වේ.

 චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව (1912–1949), පසුව මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව (PRC) විසින් හිමිකම් කියන ලද දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ වැඩි කොටසක් ආවරණය කරන බෲනායි, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, මැලේසියාව, පිලිපීනය, තායිවානය සහ වියට්නාමය යන රටවල සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාප හිමිකම් සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වූ  ඉර නවයේ රේඛා ප්‍රදේශය.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, තායිවානය සහ වියට්නාමය අතර වියට්නාම වෙරළ තීරයේ මුහුදු සීමාව.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, මැලේසියාව, බෲනායි, පිලිපීනය සහ තායිවානය අතර බෝර්නියෝට උතුරින් සමුද්‍ර සීමාව.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, තායිවානය සහ වියට්නාමය අතර පැරසෙල් දූපත්, ප්‍රාටාස් දූපත සහ වෙරේකර්, මැක්ල්ස්ෆීල්ඩ්, ස්කාර්බරෝ ෂෝල් සහ ස්ප්‍රැට්ලි දූපත් ඇතුළු දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ දූපත්, ගල්පර, ඉවුරු සහ ෂෝල් සහ ප්‍රදේශයේ සමහර කොටස් වලට මැලේසියාව සහ පිලිපීනය විසින් තරඟ කරන ලදී.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, තායිවානය  සහ වියට්නාමය අතර නැටුනා දූපත් වලට උතුරින් ඇති මුහුදු සීමාව.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, පිලිපීනය සහ තායිවානය අතර පලවන් සහ ලුසන් වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් වූ මුහුදු සීමාව.
 ඉන්දුනීසියාව, මැලේසියාව සහ පිලිපීනය අතර අම්බලට් ඇතුළු සමුද්‍ර සීමාව, භූමි ප්‍රදේශය සහ සබා දූපත්.
 මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව, පිලිපීනය සහ තායිවානය අතර ලුසොන් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියේ සමුද්‍ර මායිම සහ දූපත්.

යොමු කිරීම්

දකුණු චීන මුහුදේ භෞමික ආරවුල්


Smolinské este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Senica din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 912 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Smolinské este atestată documentar din 1392.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Smolinské


රයිබොසෝම යනු සෛල තුළ ඇති පටලයකින් වටනොවූ ඉන්ද්‍රිකාවකි. ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන අන්වීක්‍ෂයෙන් කුඩා කණිකා සේ දිස්වේ. සෛල ප්ලාස්ම පූරකයේ බහුල ය. ඇතැම් ඒවා අන්ත:ප්ලාස්මීය ජාලිකා පෘෂ්ඨයට සබැඳිව, හරිතලව තූළ හා මයිටොකොන්ඩ්‍රියා තුළ පවතී. කාණ්ඩ වශයෙන් පිහිටි විට පොලිසෝම හෙවත් පොලිරයිබොසෝම නම් වේ. 70s හා 80s ලෙස රයිබොසෝම ආකාර දෙකකි.

ව්‍යුහය
උප ඒකක ද්‍විත්‍වයකින් සෑදී ඇත. එක් උප ඒකකයක් අනිකට වඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් විශාල වේ. rRNA සහ විශේෂ ප්‍රෝටීන මගින් සෑදේ. න්‍යෂ්ටිකාව තුළ මීට අවැසි rRNA නිපැයේ.

කෘත්‍ය
සෛලයේ ප්‍රෝටීන සංස්ලේෂණය සිදුවන මධ්‍යස්ථානය වේ. ප්‍රෝටීන සෑදීමට අවැසි ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල එකිනෙක සමූහනය වන්නේ රයිබොසෝම ආශ්‍රිතව ය. නිදහස් රයිබොසෝම වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රෝටීන නිපදවයි.

ජීව විද්‍යාව
ඉන්ද්‍රිකා

රයිබොසෝම


Mandabi es una película del año 1968.

Sinopsis
Ibrahim Dieng vive en Dakar con sus dos esposas y sus siete hijos. La vida sigue su curso hasta el día en que Abdu, un sobrino que ha emigrado a Francia, le manda un giro. La inesperada fortuna despierta envidias, celos y excesos antes de que Ibrahim haya conseguido cobrar el giro. Las esposas, la familia y los vecinos quieren su parte del botín, e Ibrahim debe deshacerse de todos los aprovechados y conseguir cobrar el giro a pesar de no tener carné de identidad. El duro recorrido de un hombre por la sociedad senegalesa.

Premios
 Festival de Venecia 1968

Referencias

Películas de Senegal
Películas ambientadas en Senegal

Mandabi


La Liga Europea de baloncesto 1994-95 fue la 38.ª edición de la máxima competición de clubes europeos de baloncesto —la Copa de Europa— y la 4.ª bajo su denominación de Liga Europea tras la reestructuración de las competiciones en 1991.

La competición fue disputada por los campeones de Liga de Europa.

Fue conquistada por el Real Madrid de Baloncesto sumando así su octavo título de la competición, después de 15 años sin ganar la máxima competición continental. Supuso el tercer entorchado en cuatro años, con tres equipos distintos, para Željko Obradović.

Primera ronda

|}

*Levski Sofia se retiró antes del partido de ida y el Pezoporikos Larnaca recibió un parcador a su favor (20-0) en ambos partidos.

Second round

|}

Clasificados automáticamente para la fase de grupos
 Olympiacos
 Real Madrid

Fase de grupos

Cuartos de final
Los equipos mejor clasificados jugaron los partidos 2 y 3 en casa.

|}

Final Four Zaragoza 1995

La Final Four Zaragoza 1995 corresponde al Final Four o etapas semifinales y finales del campeonato de baloncesto de Europa, que en su edición del año 1995 se realizó en Zaragoza, España.

Cuadro

Semifinales

Limoges vs Real Madrid Teka

Panathinaikos vs Olympiacos

Tercer y cuarto puesto

Final

 Pabellón Príncipe Felipe, Zaragoza  - 11 y 13 de abril de 1995

Referencias

Enlaces externos
1994–95 FIBA European League
1994–95 FIBA European League

1995
Deporte en Zaragoza
Baloncesto en España
Baloncesto en 1995
España en 1994
Competiciones deportivas europeas celebradas en España

Liga Europea de la FIBA 1994-95


Histereza (grč. ὑστέρησıς: manjak, zaostajanje) je pojava da učinci nekoga djelovanja kasne u odnosu na to djelovanje. Može se prikazati s pomoću krivulje histereze u pravokutnom Kartezijevu koordinatnom sustavu ako se na jednu koordinatu nanese veličina koja opisuje djelovanje, a na drugu veličina koja opisuje učinke djelovanja.

Magnetska histereza

Magnetska histereza pojava je kašnjenja magnetske indukcije u odnosu na promjenu jakosti magnetskoga polja. Ovisi o feromagnetskim materijalima u kojima se magnetsko polje inducira; manja je za meko željezo (na primjer slitine FeNi), a veća za tvrdo željezo (na primjer ugljične čelike). Gubitke magnetske histereze čini dio energije vanjskoga magnetskog polja koji se u feromagnetskim materijalima nepovratno pretvara u druge oblike energije, većinom u toplinu.

Na grafikonu je prikazana petlja histereze, zatvorena simetrična krivulja koja nastaje pri izmjeničnom magnetiziranju. Površina petlje razmjerna je utrošku energije potrebne za jedan ciklus premagnetiziranja. Ako se uzbudno magnetsko polje mijenja od minimalne vrijednosti – Hmin do maksimalne vrijednosti + Hmax i obratno, magnetska se indukcija povećava od – Bmin do + Bmax po grani krivulje, a smanjuje od + Bmax do – Bmin. Jakost magnetskoga polja na primjer Hx1 odgovara jedan put magnetska indukcija By1, a drugi put By2, odnosno, vrijednost je magnetske indukcije prilikom magnetiziranja materijala manja, a prilikom demagnetiziranja veća.

Remanencija
Ako se nakon magnetiziranja smanji jakost magnetskog polja H na nulu, ostat će u željezu magnetska indukcija Br, koja se naziva remanencijom. Remanencija (oznaka Br) je magnetska indukcija zaostala u materijalu nakon što je prestalo djelovati vanjsko magnetsko polje. Ovisno o vrsti materijala, može iznositi od 0,2 T pa do približno 2 T.

Koercitivna sila
Koercitivna sila (oznaka Hk) je jakost magnetskoga polja potrebna za poništenje remanencije, suprotnog je smjera jakosti magnetskoga polja magnetiziranja. Meki magnetski materijali imaju koercitivne sile veće od 0,3 A/m, a tvrdi manje od 800 kA/m. Primjerice, dobar stalni magnet ima veliku remanenciju i koercitivnu silu, a to daje široku petlju histereze. Za magnetske krugove električnih motora, generatora i transformatora potrebna je što veća maksimalna magnetska indukcija sa što užom petljom, kako bi gubitci energije zbog histereze bili manji. Za specijalne jezgre magnetskih pojačala i slične primjene potrebna je što uža i strmija petlja, to jest visoka remanencija i mala koercitivna sila.

Dielektrična histereza

Dielektrična histereza pojava je usporenoga porasta dielektrične polarizacije pri jakim električnim poljima te zaostajanja dijela polarizacije nakon prestanka djelovanja polja.

Elastična histereza
Elastična histereza pojava je sporijega širenja elastičnoga tijela pod djelovanjem vanjske sile i njegova sporijega skupljanja prilikom smanjivanja sile koja je izazvala rastezanje, to jest pojava zaostajanja deformacije u odnosu na naprezanje.

Izvori

Znanost o materijalima
Elektromagnetizam

Histereza


The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) is an eingetragener Verein (registered voluntary association) incorporated under German law. It was founded in 2001 to support all aspects of the free software movement in Europe, with registered chapters in several European countries. It is the European sister organization of the USbased Free Software Foundation (FSF), although each foundation exists as a separate organization. Following the return of Richard Stallman to the FSF in 2021, the FSFE declared themselves "unable to collaborate" with the FSF.

Goals
FSFE believes that access to (and control of) software determines who may participate in a digital society. Consequently, FSFE believes, the freedoms to use, copy, modify and redistribute software, as described in The Free Software Definition, are necessary for equal participation in the Information Age. The focus of FSFE's work is political, legal, and social, with the aim of promoting free software and the ethical, philosophical, social, political and commercial values that it implements. In particular, it:
 is actively promoting free software politically as a Europe-based global competence center in dialog with politicians and press.
 follows and seeks to influence legal and political activities that are contrary to the goals and values of Free Software.
 provides a contact point and orientational help on all issues regarding Free Software.
 works closely together with lawyers active in the Free Software area in universities and practices in order to follow and influence the legal discourse. Also it cooperates with lawyers throughout Europe to maximize the legal security of Free Software.
 supports, coordinates and develops projects in the Free Software area, especially the GNU Project. It also provides computer resources to Free Software developers to enable them to continue their developments.
 helps companies to develop business models based on Free Software or fit existing models to it; it encourages companies in their evolution to Free Software. To make it easier for companies based on Free Software to be commercially successful, the FSF Europe also seeks to broaden the market for Free Software.
 helps coordinating and networking other initiatives in the Free Software area.

Example projects

"Public Money? Public Code!" campaign. In September 2017, FSFE launched the "Public Money? Public Code!" campaign by publishing an open letter signed by other organizations and calling for European and national Members of Parliament to "Implement legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software license".  Among the 150 signing organizations (as of July 2018), the campaign is supported by digital rights NGOs like Creative Commons, Open Source Initiative, Electronic Frontier Foundation, EDRi, April, Chaos Computer Club, and national chapters of Wikimedia (Germany, Czech Republic, France and Italy) as well as organizations responsible for the development and maintenance of Free and Open Source Software like OpenSUSE, Fedora, Tor, Debian and Videolan. The campaign was publicly endorsed by more than 18 000 individuals (as of July 2018) including public figures such as Edward Snowden, Francesca Bria (CTO of the city of Barcelona) as well as public administrations like the City of Barcelona.
 Software patents in Europe: According to the FSFE, software patents for Europe are currently being pushed forward actively by a lobby gathering around the European patent office and the Business Software Alliance (BSA), which represents the interests of the largest US companies. Software patents are considered by the FSFE to be a menace to society and economy and FSF Europe is actively involved in the resistance to such plans.
European Union v. Microsoft: In 2001 the European Union, through the DG Competition of the European Commission (led by Prof. Mario Monti), started investigating Microsoft's dominant position in the desktop operating systems. The Free Software Foundation Europe was invited by the EC to represent the stance of the Free Software movement. In 2004 FSFE was admitted as an intervening third party in the appeal against the decision of the Commission and, also representing the Samba Team, was one of the only two interveners to remain active in the proceedings from start to end. It provided strong evidence in court thanks to the effort volunteers like Andrew Tridgell, Jeremy Allison, Volker Lendeke and their lawyer, Carlo Piana. The case is now considered one of the leading cases in European antitrust.
 World Intellectual Property Organization: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. Its role is to administer 24 international treaties dealing with different aspects of limited monopolies on knowledge. As an observer to WIPO and together with a global coalition of other players with similar goals, FSFE is working towards reshaping it as a "World Intellectual Wealth Organisation."
FSFE Legal Team (previously known as the Freedom Task Force): The legal branch of FSFE that helps individuals, projects, businesses and government agencies find Free Software legal information, experts and support. FSFE Legal provides compliance, best practice, procurement and governance resources in-house, in partnership with FSFE's associate organisations and through its extensive network of contacts (including the Legal Network). Its mission is to spread knowledge, solve problems and encourage the long-term growth of Free Software. The FSFE Legal Team is also responsible for maintaining the Fiduciary License Agreement, a balanced Contributor License Agreement that makes sure the project remains Free Software.
The REUSE Software: This project provides a consistent way to add licensing and copyright information to the source code of a project. It is based on the SPDX license identifier and allows automating many processes involved in licensing compliance. REUSE is currently being adopted by many big open source projects, for example KDE.

Each month, FSFE publishes a newsletter, in multiple languages (including English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish), of their activities that can be mentioned in public.

Structure
From FSFE's published "Self-Conception":
"The people of the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE), see ourselves as Europeans
      from different cultures with the shared goal of co-operation  across cultures and of
      developing a common culture of co-operation from a regional to a global level.

      We form a non-profit non-governmental organisation and network that itself is part of
      a global network of people with common goals and visions. We are not representative for
      anyone but ourselves and our work. Our common work and dedication to freedom in all
      aspects of digital society is what defines us."

Internally, the FSFE has a consensus-oriented, team structure in which participation is determined by each person's willingness to participate and do work. A democratic and representative-democratic model functions as a fallback for when the consensus-based approach either reaps no results or a quick decision is needed.

Legal structure
The FSFE has a modular legal structure with a central "Hub" organisation and the possibility of local legal bodies, called "chapters". The Hub is a charitable association ("e.V.") which is registered in Germany.

As well as being in regular contact with the other FSFs — FSF, Free Software Foundation India (FSFI), Free Software Foundation Latin America (FSFLA) — FSFE has a structure of organizations which are official associates. These are mostly national-level free software groups.

Awards
In 2010, FSFE received the Theodor Heuss Medal in recognition of its work for freedom in the information society. The medal is awarded once a year in Stuttgart by a non-partisan foundation named after West Germany's first president.

See also

 European Committee for Interoperable Systems
 OpenForum Europe

References

External links

Free Software Foundation
Digital rights organizations
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Non-profit organisations based in Hamburg
Organizations established in 2001

Free Software Foundation Europe


Smøla er eyjasveitarfélag í Mæri og Raumsdalur í Noregi. Sveitarfélagið er nyrst í sýslunni og er eyjaklasi sem samanstendur af þúsundum stórra og smárra eyja auk megineyjunnar Smøla. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu er 2.120 (2022).

Engin þéttbýli eru í Smølu, en miðbærinn er samþjappaður í kringum þorpið Hopen, sem er lengst norður á eyjunni Smøla. Þar er ráðhús, verslanir, skóli og fjölnotahús.

Smøla er norðvestur af Aure sveitarfélaginu og suður af Hitra í Þrændalög.
Sveitarfélög í Mæri og Raumsdal

Smøla (sveitarfélag)


Garden Plain Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Garden Plain Township (Illinois)
 Garden Plain Township (Kansas)

Garden Plain Township


Životno partnerstvo je vrsta istospolne zajednice u Hrvatskoj. To je zakonski priznata obiteljska zajednica dviju osoba istog spola. Uz životno partnerstvo, u Hrvatskoj su zakonski priznate obiteljske zajednice i brak, izvanbračna zajednica i neformalno životno partnerstvo.

Da bi dvije osobe istog spola stupile u životno partnerstvo moraju zadovoljiti određene uvjete, kao što je punoljetnost, sposobnost rasuđivanja i dobrovoljni pristanak. U životno partnerstvo ne mogu ući osobe koje su u već postojećem životnom partnerstvu ili braku. Kako bi životno partnerstvo bilo valjano, mora se sklopiti pred matičarem i uz prisutnost dva svjedoka.

Povijest

Istospolne zajednice prvi puta su priznate u Hrvatskoj 2003. godine kada je stupio na snagu Zakon o istospolnim zajednicama. Kako je taj zakon regulirao samo pitanja uzdržavanja i imovine, donesena je odluka o izradi novog zakona koji bi izjednačio istospolne zajednice sa zajednicama osoba različitog spola u svim segmentima, osim u pravu na posvajanje. Tadašnji ministar uprave Arsen Bauk predstavio je konačni prijedlog zakona u Hrvatskom saboru. Dana 15. srpnja 2014. godine, Hrvatski sabor je, uz 89 glasova za i 16 protiv donio Zakon o životnom partnerstvu.

Vidi još
 Istospolna zajednica
 Istospolni brak
 Prava LGBT osoba u Hrvatskoj

Vanjske poveznice
 Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola (NN 92/2014) na internetskim stranicama Narodnih novina

Izvori

Obiteljsko pravo
LGBTIQ+ u Hrvatskoj

Životno partnerstvo u Hrvatskoj


Sümüklüböcek aslında eklembacaklı türü olan böcek değil, gastropoda (karındanbacaklılar) sınıfından, kabukları körelmiş ya da hiç bulunmayan yumuşakçaların (mollusca) ortak adıdır.

Sümüklüböcek adı genel olarak karada yaşayan ve Pulmonata (akciğerli salyangozlar) altsınıfında yer alan kabuksuz ya da kabuğu körelmiş yumuşakçalar için kullanılır. Yumuşak ve yapışkan gövdeli bu hayvanların tatlı sularda yaşadığı bilinen tek türü dışında kalanlar, karalardaki nemli ortamlarda sınırlı bir dağılım gösterir. İçlerinde ılıman bölgelerde yaşayan Arionidae, Limacidae, ve Philomycidae familyaları ile tropik bölgelerde rastlanan Veronicellidae familyasının üyeleri bitkiyle beslenir. Avrasya'da yaşayan Testacellidae familyasının üyeleri başka salyangozları ve yer solucanlarını yiyen etçil sümüklüböceklerdir.

Sümüklüböcekler bitkilerle beslenir, bu nedenle zararlı sayılmaları söz konusudur. Nemli ortamlarda yaşarlar. Salgıladıkları bir maddenin sümük görüntüsünde olduğundan bu isim verilmiştir.

Yaşayabilmeleri için bitki yaprakları ve meyveler olmalı ve nem oranı biraz yüksek olmalıdır. Bu hayvanlarda yaz ve kış uykusu vardır. Metabolizmalarını yavaşlatırlar. Ama ortam koşulları iyi olursa buna gerek duymazlar. Sümüklüböceklerin dört tane burnu vardır. Yumurta ile çoğalırlar. Sürünerek hareket eder ve ayakları yoktur. Hareketlerini vücutlarında salgıladıkları ve kendilerine özel olan salgılarının üzerinde ilerleyerek sağlarlar. Hatta yaz aylarında sümüklüböceğin geçtiği yerlerde sümüksü parlak bir iz şeklinde görülür.

Çoğalmaları
Yaz aylarında çiftleşen sümüklüböcekler çift eşeylidir. Bu sebeple üremeleri için karşı cinse ihtiyaçları yoktur. Sümüklüböcek her yumurtlama döneminde 100-200 arası yumurta bırakır.

Yaşadıkları yerler
Sümüklüböcekler, bol yağış olan bölgeleri daha çok severler. Bu nedenle Türkiye'de en çok Marmara ve Karadeniz bölgelerinde görülürler.

Stylommatophora
Karından bacaklılar anatomisi

Sümüklüböcek


Aldan may refer to:

People
Gille Aldan, the first bishop of Galloway, Scotland
Andrey Aldan-Semenov (1908–1985), Russian writer
Duke Aldan, a fictional character in Langrisser IV video game

Places
Aldan, Russia, a town in the Sakha Republic, Russia
Aldan Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which incorporates the town of Aldan and two rural localities in Aldansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia
Aldan, Pennsylvania, a borough in Pennsylvania, United States
Aldan Highlands in the Sakha Republic, Russia
Aldan (river), a river in the Sakha Republic, Russia
Aldan Shield, a geological region in Siberia, Russia
Aldan Airport, an airport in the Sakha Republic, Russia
Aldan mine, an iron mine in the Sakha Republic, Russia

Other
Aldan, computer in the science fiction fantasy novel "Monday Begins on Saturday" by Strugatsky brothers

See also
Alden (disambiguation)
Clifton–Aldan (SEPTA station), a SEPTA station in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, United States
Aldansky District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia

Aldan


La place Carnot est une voie publique de la commune de Rouen.

Description

Situation et accès
La place Carnot est située à Rouen, en rive gauche de la Seine, dans le quartier Saint-Sever.

Elle est parcourue par la RD 840 et traversée par la ligne de bus Fast  sur l'avenue Champlain depuis 2012.

Elle est transférée du pont Boieldieu, après les destructions de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vers le pont Pierre-Corneille, succédant au « rond-point Lafayette ».

Dénomination
La place a été nommée en hommage au président de la République Sadi Carnot en 1894, année de son assassinat. Elle est antérieurement nommée « place Saint-Sever », et reçoit des aménagements consécutifs à l'ouverture de la gare de Rouen-Orléans en 1893.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Le monument de la Victoire (édifié place Verdrel en 1924-1925) a été transféré en son centre en 1995.
 La gare de Rouen-Orléans était desservie par la place Carnot (selon le cadastre d'avant 1944)
 extension de l'hôtel du département.
 mémorial départemental Algérie Maroc Tunisie 1952-1962
 monument aux morts d'Indochine

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Articles connexes

 Rouen
 Canton de Rouen-1

Liens externes

Carnot
Lieu nommé en hommage à Sadi Carnot

Place Carnot (Rouen)


Mehne (Mihni, Mehneo'o, Mih'ni, Mehn, Mihn), Kod Indijanaca Cheyenne Mehne je podvodna rogata zmija, zajednička legendama većine plemena Algonquian. Mehne vrebaju u jezerima i izvorima i jedu ljude, iako se kaže da im ostavljanje poklona s poštovanjem poboljšava raspoloženje.

Izvori

Cheyenne mitologija

Mehne


Çeşmekolu, Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928'den beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 30 km, Lüleburgaz ilçe merkezine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Lüleburgaz belde ve köyleri

Çeşmekolu, Lüleburgaz


Viktorija Viktorovna Kalinina (; født 8. December 1988 i Krasnodar, Rusland) er en russisk håndboldspiller som spiller for Rostov-Don og Ruslands kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun var med til at vinde guld for Rusland ved Sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro. Hun var ligeledes, med til at vinde OL-sølv i håndbold for , ved Sommer-OL 2020 i Tokyo, efter finalenederlag mod , med cifrene 25–30.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske medaljevindere i håndbold
Personer fra Krasnodar

Viktorija Kalinina


Sosnowka (, , ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad (Gebiet Königsberg (Preußen)) und gehört zur Pogranitschnoje selskoje posselenije (Landgemeinde Pogranitschny (Hermsdorf)) im Rajon Bagrationowsk (Kreis Preußisch Eylau).

Geographische Lage
Sosnowka liegt 19 Kilometer nordöstlich der ehemaligen Kreisstadt Mamonowo unweit der Grenze zum Stadtkreis Laduschkin an einer Nebenstraße, die Laduschkin mit der russischen Fernstraße R 516 verbindet und weiter bis nach Kornewo führt. Die nächste Bahnstation ist Laduschkin an der Strecke von Kaliningrad  nach Mamonowo und weiter nach Polen (ehemalige Preußische Ostbahn).

Geschichte
Das einst Schwanis genannte Dorf fand bereits 1352 seine erste Erwähnung.

Am 11. Juni 1874 wurde es in den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Ludwigsort eingegliedert und gehörte so bis 1945 zum Landkreis Heiligenbeil im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen. Damals wurden auch die drei Nachbargemeinden Patersort, Charlottenthal und Ludwigsort diesem Amtsbezirk zugeordnet, die heute alle in das Stadtgebiet Laduschkin eingemeindet worden sind.

Im Jahre 1910 lebten in Schwanis 328 Einwohner. Ihre Zahl betrug 1933 323 und stieg bis 1939 auf 362.

Infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges kam das nördliche Ostpreußen und mit ihm Schwanis 1945 zur Sowjetunion und erhielt 1947 die russische Bezeichnung Sosnowka. Bis zum Jahre 2009 war der Ort in den Pogranitschni selski sowjet (Dorfsowjet Pogranitschny) eingegliedert. Seither ist Sosnowka aufgrund einer Struktur- und Verwaltungsreform eine als "Siedlung" (russisch: possjolok) deklarierte Ortschaft innerhalb der Pogranitschnoje selskoje posselenije (Landgemeinde Pogranitschny) im Rajon Bagrationowsk.

Kirche
Die Bevölkerung von Schwanis war vor 1945 überwiegend evangelischer Konfession. Sie war in das Kirchspiel Pörschken im Kirchenkreis Heiligenbeil innerhalb der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union eingepfarrt. Letzter deutscher Geistlicher war Pfarrer Bruno Link.

Heute liegt Sosnowka im Einzugsbereich der in den 1990er Jahren neu entstandenen evangelisch-lutherischen Gemeinde in Nowo-Moskowskoje. Sie ist eine Filialgemeinde der Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad in der Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Weblinks
 Sosnowka bei bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Sosnowka

Sosnowka (Kaliningrad, Bagrationowsk)


Mads Beierholm (født 15. november 1984) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller, hvis seneste kendte klub er Middelfart.

Karriere
Beierholm har spillet i den danske Superliga for Vejle Boldklub og SønderjyskE samt islandske Fylkir.

International karriere
Beierholm har repræsenteret Danmark på ungdomsniveau fra U/16 til U/20.

Bibliografi
 Når Fodbold Gør Ondt (biografi om Mads Beierholm), Flemming Linnebjerg, Turbine Forlaget, 2016

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra SønderjyskE
Fodboldspillere fra Fylkir
Fodboldspillere fra Odder IGF
Fodboldspillere fra Middelfart Boldklub

Mads Beierholm


Abel Montagut i Masip () est un espérantiste catalan.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Abel Montagut nait le  à Llardecans, en Catalogne.

Œuvres

 Poemo de Utnoa
 La enigmo de l'ar@neo

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Espérantiste espagnol
Espérantisation en 1967
Naissance en avril 1953
Naissance dans la province de Lérida

Abel Montagut