The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane and the Long Island Express Hurricane) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike the United States. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on Wednesday, September 21. It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people, damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $306 million ($4.7 billion in 2017). Multiple other sources, however, mention that the 1938 hurricane might have really been a more powerful Category 4, having winds similar to Hurricanes Hugo, Harvey, Frederic and Gracie when it ran through Long Island and New England. Also, numerous others estimate the real damage between  $347 million and almost $410 million. Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.

At the time, roughly half of the 1938 New England hurricane's existence went unnoticed. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in 2012 concluded that the storm developed into a tropical depression on September 9 off the coast of West Africa, but the United States Weather Bureau was unaware that a tropical cyclone existed until September 16; by then, it was already a well-developed hurricane and had tracked westward toward the Sargasso Sea. It reached hurricane strength on September 15 and continued to strengthen to a peak intensity of  near The Bahamas four days later, making it a Category 5-equivalent hurricane. The storm was propelled northward, rapidly paralleling the East Coast before making landfalls on Long Island and Connecticut as a Category 3-equivalent hurricane on September 21. After moving inland, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and dissipated over Ontario on September 23.

Meteorological history

The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project analyzed the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season in 2012, and Weather Bureau forecaster Ivan Ray Tannehill noted that the knowledge of the storm's existence at the time remained tenuous until September 17 when the cyclone had already increased to a hurricane. Based on land and marine observations, the reanalysis project concluded that the 1938 hurricane began as a tropical depression just off the coast of West Africa at 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. Eastern Standard Time) on September 9, becoming the sixth tropical cyclone of the season. The depression gradually strengthened, becoming a tropical storm less than a day after tropical cyclogenesis. It was inferred to have reached hurricane intensity over the central Atlantic by September 15, though ship observations became increasingly sparse as the cyclone tracked farther away from land. The first definitive indication of a tropical cyclone at sea was a report from the Brazilian ship SS Alegrete which documented a barometric pressure of 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg) within hurricane-force winds on September 17. Based on this observation, the hurricane had maximum sustained winds of , making it the equivalent of a high-end Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.

The hurricane continued to slowly strengthen and track westward at around  about the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge centered over the Sargasso Sea. On September 18, a strong extratropical cyclone developed just west of Chicago, generating a strong influx of cooler air from Canada into the eastern United States and thus forming a sharp cold front over the region; this frontal boundary resulted in a channel of moist, tropical air being steered northwards into New England. At 18:00 UTC (2 p.m. EST) on September 19, the tropical cyclone strengthened further into a Category 5-equivalent hurricane with sustained winds of  while north of the Turks and Caicos; this figure remained unchanged in reanalysis and serves as the storm's peak strength, although the reanalysis project noted that "considerable uncertainty" remains regarding the magnitude of the storm's maximum intensity at sea. Concurrently, the hurricane began to interact with the cold front over the East Coast, causing the tropical cyclone to curve northward towards the northeastern United States; the presence of the subtropical ridge to the east and the stationary nature of the frontal boundary prevented the storm from continuing to curve out to sea.

As the hurricane accelerated northward, it gradually weakened. On the morning of September 21, it passed roughly  east of Cape Hatteras. At 12:00 UTC (8 a.m. EST) that day, the storm was estimated to have a barometric pressure of ; this is the hurricane's lowest documented pressure. At 19:45 UTC (3:45 p.m. EST), the hurricane made landfall on Long Island over Bellport, New York with maximum sustained winds of  and a pressure of , making it the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the New York City area. It was moving rapidly northward at , enhancing the intensity of the winds east of the center; in addition, its forward motion displaced its center of circulation  away from the point of minimum barometric pressure. Weather Bureau forecaster Charles Pierce argued that the hurricane became extratropical off of the Outer Banks, though Charles J. Neumann, Frances P. Ho, and the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project suggested that it was tropical but in the process of extratropical transition at landfall. Afterwards, it quickly tracked across Long Island and Long Island Sound before making a second and final landfall near New Haven, Connecticut as a slightly weaker hurricane with winds of , making it one of only three recorded tropical cyclones to hit Connecticut as major hurricanes since 1900. The storm steadily weakened, becoming fully extratropical over Vermont by 00:00 UTC on September 22 (September 21, 8 p.m. EST). Following this transition, the remnants continued to weaken before they dissipated over southeastern Ontario on September 23.

Forecasting the storm
In 1938, United States forecasting lagged behind forecasting in Europe, where new techniques were being used to analyze air masses, taking into account the influence of fronts. A confidential report was released by the United States Forest Service, the parent agency of the United States Weather Bureau. It described the weather bureau's forecasting as "a sorry state of affairs" where forecasters had poor training and systematic planning was not used, and where forecasters had to "scrape by" to get information wherever they could. The Jacksonville, Florida, office of the weather bureau issued a warning on September 19 that a hurricane might hit Florida. Residents and authorities made extensive preparations, as they had endured the Labor Day Hurricane three years earlier. When the storm turned north, the office issued warnings for the Carolina coast and transferred authority to the bureau's headquarters in Washington.

At 9:00 am EDT on September 21, the Washington office issued northeast storm warnings north of Atlantic City and south of Block Island, Rhode Island, and southeast storm warnings from Block Island to Eastport, Maine. The advisory, however, underestimated the storm's intensity and said that it was farther south than it actually was. The office had yet to forward any information about the hurricane to the New York City office. At 10:00 am EDT, the bureau downgraded the hurricane to a tropical storm. The 11:30 am advisory mentioned gale-force winds but nothing about a tropical storm or hurricane.

That day, 28 year-old rookie Charles Pierce was standing in for two veteran meteorologists. He concluded that the storm would be squeezed between a high-pressure area located to the west and a high-pressure area to the east, and that it would be forced to ride up a trough of low pressure into New England. A noon meeting was called and Pierce presented his conclusion, but he was overruled by "celebrated" chief forecaster Charles Mitchell and his senior staff. In Boston, meteorologist E.B. Rideout told his WEEI radio listeners – to the skepticism of his peers – that the hurricane would hit New England. At 2:00 pm, hurricane-force gusts were occurring on Long Island's South Shore and near hurricane-force gusts on the coast of Connecticut. The Washington office issued an advisory saying that the storm was  east-southeast of Atlantic City and would pass over Long Island and Connecticut. Re-analysis of the storm suggests that the hurricane was farther north and just  from Fire Island, and that it was stronger and larger than the advisory stated.

Impact

The majority of the storm damage was from storm surge and wind. Damage was estimated at $308 million, the equivalent of $5.1 billion adjusted for inflation in 2016 dollars, making it among the most costly hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland. It is estimated that, if an identical hurricane had struck in 2005, it would have caused $39.2 billion in damage due to changes in population and infrastructure.

Approximately 600 people died in the storm in New England, most in Rhode Island, and up to 100 people elsewhere in the path of the storm. An additional 708 people were reported injured.

In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed and 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated two billion trees in New York and New England.
Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over .

Over 35% of New England's total forest area was affected. In all, over 2.7 billion board feet of trees fell because of the storm, although 1.6 billion board feet of the trees were salvaged. The Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration (NETSA) was established to deal with the extreme fire hazard that the fallen timber had created.  In many locations, roads from the fallen tree removal were visible decades later, and some became trails still used today. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad from New Haven to Providence was particularly hard hit, as countless bridges along the Shore Line were destroyed or flooded, severing rail connections to badly affected towns such as Westerly, Rhode Island.

Due to the lack of technology in 1938, Long Island residents were not warned of the hurricane's arrival, leaving no time to prepare or evacuate. Long Island was struck first, before New England and Quebec, earning the storm the nickname the "Long Island Express." The winds reached up to , with waves surging to around  high.

Yale and Harvard both owned large forests managed by their forestry departments, but both forests were wiped out by the hurricane. However, Yale had a backup forest at Great Mountain in northwestern Connecticut which was spared from the totality of the damages, and they were able to keep their forestry program running, which maintains operation today. Harvard's program, however, was reduced as a result.

New Jersey
The western side of the hurricane caused sustained tropical storm-force winds, high waves, and storm surge along the Jersey Shore and destroyed much of the boardwalk in Atlantic City. The Brigantine Bridge was destroyed over Absecon Inlet between Atlantic City and Brigantine, New Jersey.  The surge inundated several coastal communities; Wildwood was under  of water at the height of the storm, and the boardwalk was destroyed in Bay Head and dozens of cottages washed into the ocean. Crops sustained wind damage.  The maximum recorded wind gust was  at Sandy Hook.

New York City and western Long Island
The metropolitan area escaped the worst of the wind and storm surge because it was hit by the storm's weaker western side. Winds were recorded at  at Central Park, Battery Park recorded sustained winds of  with gusts to , and a gust of  was recorded  above ground at the Daily News Building. Winds were estimated at  on top of the Empire State Building. The highest winds were from the north to northwest on the back side of the storm.  The storm surge was  at the Battery and the Mean Low Water storm tide was  at Willets Point. In New York Harbor, the waters rose  in a half-hour.

In New York City and Long Island, schools were dismissed early. Extensive street flooding occurred because debris blocked drains. The East River flowed three blocks and flooded a Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) plant at 133rd Street, causing power to fail in Manhattan north of 59th Street and in the Bronx for several minutes to a few hours. Railroad and ferry services were suspended for a time. The Staten Island Ferry boat Knickerbocker got stuck in the terminal with 200 passengers aboard.  Bridges and tunnels into Manhattan were closed until the following afternoon. 95% of Nassau County lost power, where floods brought traffic to a halt.

During the hurricane, starting before it hit and continuing after, a citywide trucker strike occurred across both NYC and New Jersey, this led to some complications to the relief effort. However, the unions made critical exceptions for relief supplies. Moving food supplies to relief depots, ballots for the New York primary before the hurricane hit while people were evacuating, and manning 1,000 relief sanitation trucks deployed by Mayor La Guardia with supplies after the hurricane had hit.

In Manhasset Bay, almost 400 boats were ripped from their moorings and smashed or sunk, with more than 100 washing up on the beach by the Port Washington Yacht Club. Similar scenes occurred in other locations on the north shore. The J. P. Morgan estate in Glen Cove was heavily damaged. The wife of New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia was forced to wait out the storm on the second floor of their Northport cottage.  Mitchel Field army airfield was buffeted by winds of nearly  and was under knee-deep water. In Williston Park, residents of 50 homes needed to be rescued by rowboat when heavy rain the previous few days combined with the rain from the hurricane to overflow a pond.

Eastern Long Island
Eastern Long Island experienced the worst of the storm. The Dune Road area of Westhampton Beach was obliterated, resulting in 29 deaths. There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned Montauk into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at Napeague and obliterated the tracks of the Long Island Rail Road.

Long Island was hit hard being exposed to the storm due to its shorelines. The estimated storm tide was  in this region. A mean low water storm tide of  was recorded at Port Jefferson. About 50 people perished in the storm's wake. All the shore lines were very vulnerable to the high winds and flooding, and anyone near the shores was directly in harm's way.

Ten new inlets were created on eastern Long Island. The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now Cedar Point County Park. The surging water created the Shinnecock Inlet by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the Old Whaler's Church, which was the tallest building in Sag Harbor. The steeple has not been rebuilt.

Wading River suffered substantial damage. The storm blew down the movie theater on Front Street in Greenport on the North Fork of Long Island. The fishing industry was destroyed, as was half of the apple crop.

Rhode Island

Block Island was comparatively unaffected by waves, with two fishermen killed, one by drowning, but it was greatly affected by wind, with most barns and farm outbuildings destroyed. The storm surge hit Westerly, Rhode Island at 3:50 pm, resulting in 100 deaths. The tide was higher than usual because of the autumnal equinox and full moon, and the hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to  along most of the Connecticut coast, with 18 to  tides from New London, Connecticut east to  Cape Cod—including the entire coastline of Rhode Island.

The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island shore, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through Narragansett Bay, it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to  above normal spring tides, resulting in more than  of water in some areas of downtown Providence. Several motorists were drowned in their automobiles. In Jamestown, seven children were killed when their school bus was blown into Mackerel Cove. Mobs looted stores in downtown Providence, often before the flood waters had fully subsided and due in part to the economic difficulties of the Great Depression.

Many homes and structures were destroyed along the coast, as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path, and entire beach communities were obliterated on the coast. Napatree Point was completely swept away, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the Atlantic Ocean and Little Narragansett Bay just off of Watch Hill. Napatree is now a wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. Concrete staircases and boardwalk bases destroyed by the hurricane can still be found when sand levels are low on some beaches. The boardwalk along Easton's Beach in Newport was completely destroyed by the storm.

A few miles from Conanicut Island, Whale Rock Light was swept off its base and into the waves, killing lighthouse keeper Walter Eberle. His body was never found. The Prudence Island Light suffered a direct blow from the storm surge, which measured  at Sandy Point. The masonry tower was slightly damaged, but the adjoining light keeper's home was utterly destroyed and washed out to sea. The light keeper's wife and son were both killed, as well as the former light keeper and a couple who left their summer cottages near the lighthouse and sought shelter in what they thought was the sturdier light keeper's home. Light keeper George T. Gustavus was thrown free from the wreckage of the house and was saved by an island resident who held a branch into the water from the cliffs farther down the coast. Gustavus and Milton Chase, the owner of the island's power plant, reactivated the light during the storm by running a cable from the plant to the light and installing a light bulb, marking the first time that it was illuminated with electricity.

The original parchment of the 1764 Charter of Brown University was washed clean of its text when its vault was flooded in a Providence bank. Newport recorded the highest water level of the storm at  above mean sea level, according to a NOAA study.  This storm level is  above the SLOSH model of a 100-year storm, and one estimate is that this water level "reflects a storm occurring roughly once every 400 years."  A study of sand deposits also gives evidence that this was the strongest hurricane to hit Rhode Island in over 300 years. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier was completed in 1966 because of the massive flooding from the 1938 storm, and from the even higher  storm surge that resulted from 1954's Hurricane Carol, in hopes of preventing extreme storm surges from ever again flooding downtown Providence.

Connecticut

Eastern Connecticut was on the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to great heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven experienced much destruction from the water and winds, and the 1938 hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history. The mean low-water storm tide was  at Stamford,  at Bridgeport, and  at New London, which remains a record high.

In the shoreline towns of Madison, Clinton, Westbrook, and Old Saybrook, buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress Katharine Hepburn waded to safety from her Old Saybrook beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her first Oscar for her appearance in Morning Glory (1933 film), which was later found intact. In Old Lyme, beach cottages were flattened or swept away. The NYNH&H passenger train Bostonian became stuck in debris at Stonington. Two passengers drowned while attempting to escape before the crew was able to clear the debris and get the train moving. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found  inland. Rescuers found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets while searching for survivors in the homes in Mystic.

New London was first swept by the winds and storm surge, after which the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along Ocean Beach were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton lightship at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar  away. Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The Connecticut River was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from Hartford to Middletown.

Ultimately the storm became the deadliest and costliest storm in Connecticut history.

Massachusetts

The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into Massachusetts, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose six to  above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to  of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over  that had fallen a few days earlier to produce widespread flooding. Flash flooding on the Chicopee River washed away the Chicopee Falls Bridge, while the Connecticut River flooded most of the Willimansett section. Residents of Ware were stranded for days and relied on air-dropped food and medicine. After the flood receded, the town's Main Street was a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen.

To the east, the surge left Falmouth and New Bedford under eight feet of water. Two-thirds of the boats sank in New Bedford harbor. Several homes were washed away on Atlantic Boulevard in Fall River, and their foundations can still be found on the beach today. The Blue Hill Observatory registered sustained winds of  and a peak gust of , which is the strongest hurricane-related surface wind gust ever recorded in the United States.  A  wave, the tallest of the storm, was recorded at Gloucester.

The storm filled in a former waterway between Winthrop's Point Shirley neighborhood and Boston's Deer Island with sand and other natural earth minerals, creating an additional common border between Winthrop and Boston transforming Deer Island at the peninsula's southern tip into an island by name only.

Vermont
The storm entered Vermont as a Category 1 hurricane at approximately 6:00 pm EDT, reaching northern Vermont, Burlington, and Lake Champlain around 8:00 pm. Hurricane-force winds caused extensive damage to trees, buildings, and power lines. Over  of public roads were blocked, and it took months for crews to reopen some of the roads. In Montpelier,  from the nearest coast, salt spray was seen on windows. A train was derailed in Castleton. The storm killed five people in Vermont. Sugar maple groves were damaged. It is the only system on record to have entered the state as a tropical cyclone.

New Hampshire

Even though the storm center tracked further west, through Vermont, New Hampshire received considerable damage. As in Vermont, very high winds brought down numerous trees and electric lines, but rainfall totals in New Hampshire were significantly less than those in other states. Only  of rain fell in Concord. Damage at Peterborough was worse, however; total damage there was stated to be $500,000 (1938 dollars, $6.5 million in 2005), which included the destruction of 10 bridges. Much of the lower downtown burned because floodwaters prevented firefighters from reaching and extinguishing the blaze. Other communities also suffered considerable damage to forest resources. In New Hampshire, 13 people perished. At Mt. Washington, winds gusted to  and knocked down part of a trestle on the Cog Railway.

Maine
In Maine, buildings and trees were damaged and power outages occurred. Storm surge was minimal, and winds remained below hurricane strength. The storm did not claim any lives in Maine.

Maryland and Delaware
The western periphery of the hurricane brought heavy rain and gusty winds to Delaware and southeastern Maryland.  Damage, if any, is believed to have been minimal.

Quebec
As the hurricane was transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, it tracked into southern Quebec. By the time the system initially crossed into Canada, it continued to produce heavy rain and very strong winds, but interaction with land had caused the system to weaken significantly. Still, many trees were blown down.  Otherwise, damage in this region was minimal.

See also

 Hurricane Irene – A major hurricane that passed through New England in 2011, following its landfall
 Hurricane Sandy – A powerful storm that caused significant damage in the Northeastern United States in 2012, mostly as an extratropical cyclone
 List of Atlantic hurricanes
 List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
 List of Delaware hurricanes
 List of New England hurricanes
 List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

New England Hurricane
New England Hurricane
New England Hurricane
New England Hurricane
Cape Verde hurricanes
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in Connecticut
Hurricanes in Delaware
Hurricanes in Maine
Hurricanes in Massachusetts
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in New Hampshire
Hurricanes in New York (state)
Hurricanes in Rhode Island
Hurricanes in Vermont
Long Island
Hurricane 1938
Hurricane 1938
Hurricane 1938
Hurricane 1938
New England Hurricane

1938 New England hurricane


Josip Jurić (Bosanski Dubočac, 26. ožujka, 1894. – Zagreb, 7. ožujka, 1964.), hrvatski katolički svećenik, isusovac, povjesničar.

Životopis
Josip Jurić, S.J. rodio se u Bosanskom Dubočcu 26. ožujka 1894. Gimnaziju polazi u Travniku od 1908. U Družbu Isusovu ulazi 30. srpnja 1911. Filozofiju studira u Innsbrucku (1916. – 1918.), teologiju u Isusovačkom Kolegiju sv. Beuno kod St. St. Asaph u Engleskoj (1924. – 1927.). Za svećenika je zaređen 31. srpnja 1926.,  a svečane zavjete u Družbi Isusovoj polaže 2. veljače 1930.

Na Papinskom orijentalnom institutu u Rimu studira istočno bogoslovlje (1931. – 1932.), gdje postiže doktorat disertacijom Collegium Illyricum Lauretanum (Ilirski kolegij u Loretu). Obavlja službu rektora bogoslovije u Sarajevu (1934. – 1937.), i 36 godina predaje na gimnaziji u Travniku, teologiju u Sarajevu, Đakovu i u Zagrebu. Posljednjih godina djeluje u Zagrebu kao duhovnik i propovjednik.

Umro je 7. ožujka, 1964. u Zagrebu.

Doprinos

Istraživanja
Za vrijeme studija na Papinskom orijentalnom institutu u Rimu i radu na doktoratu, prikupio je bogatu građu vezanu uz povijest Ilirskog kolegija u Loretu. Po završetku svojih studija u Rimu vraća se domovinu gdje je sve prikupljene dokumente uredio i pripremio za tisak. Od bogate prikupljene znanstvene građe, za života je uspio objaviti jedino studiju o pokušaju Kongregacije za širenje vjere da kod Južnih Slavena uvede zajedničko pismo.  Nažalost zbog ondašnjeg političkog režima ostatak građe trebao je pričekati bolja vremena i biti tiskan postumno.

Ilirski kolegij u Loretu
U svojoj studiji Jurić donosi opširnu građu o osnivanju i o prvim godinama Ilirskog kolegija (Collegium Illyircum) u Loretu. Autor iscrpno objašnjava kako je došlo do osnivanja i gradnje kolegija u kojem će se školovati i odgajati mladići iz balkanskih zemalja s ciljem misionarskog djelovanja kod kuće. God. 1580. došli su prvi učenici. Prati teškoće u radu i nastavi, selidbu Kolegija u Rim te ponovni povratak u Loreto, ukinuće isusovačkog reda 1773. god. kojima je Kolegij bio povjeren te ponovno uspostavljanje.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski isusovci
Hrvatski povjesničari
Hrvati u Italiji

Josip Jurić (isusovac)


CHOC may mean:

 CHOC (magazine), a Pan-Arabian women's magazine
 The Cambridge History of China
 Canadian House of Commons, a common name for the House of Commons of Canada
 Children's Hospital of Orange County, California, USA
 Chocolate agar
 CHOC-FM, a radio station in Saint-Raymond, Quebec, Canada
 CHOC-FM (Saint-Rémi, Quebec), a former community radio station in Saint-Rémi, Quebec, Canada

See also
Choc (disambiguation)

CHOC


Physicist je treći samostalni studijski album kanadskog glazbenika Devina Townsenda. Njegova diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records objavila ga je 26. lipnja 2000. godine.

Physicist je specifičan među Townsendovim samostalnim uradcima po tome što spaja glazbeni stil njegova sastava Strapping Young Lad s elementima prisutnim na prethodnim uradcima Ocean Machine: Biomech i Infinity. K tome, na Physicistu svira ista postava izvođača kao u Strapping Young Ladu.

Pozadina
Rad na Physicistu trajao je nekoliko godina. Townsend je prethodno svirao s tadašnjim Metallicinim basistom Jasonom Newstedom u kratkotrajnom thrash metal projektu IR8. Nakon što su snimili demo za taj projekt, Townsend i Newsted počeli su raditi na novom projektu pod imenom Fizzicist, za koji su tvrdili da će biti "žešći od Strapping Young Lada". Kad je IR8-ova demosnimka procurila u javnost, Newstedovi su kolege iz Metallice, James Hetfield i Lars Ulrich, saznali za projekt. Hetfield je bio "užasno bijesan" zbog toga što je Newsted svirao izvan grupe, što je dovelo do toga da je Metallica Newstedu zabranila sudjelovanje u sporednim projektima.

Budući da više nije mogao raditi s Newstedom, Townsend je odlučio samostalno skladati album i nazvati ga Physicist. Za rad na tom uratku okupio je svoje kolege iz ekstremnog metal sastava Strapping Young Lad. Bio je to jedini put da je takva postava svirala na nekom od Townsendovih samostalnih uradaka.

Glazbeni stil
Na albumu je Townsendov stil poprimio elemente thrash metala. David Ballard iz Revolvera opisao je glazbeni stil kao "spoj melodija koje podsjećaju na ljeto i zapanjujuće brutalnosti ... Skače iz elegantnosti tipične za Queen u pustošenje u stilu Dark Angela."

Objava
Townsendova nezavisna diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records objavila je Physicist u lipnju 2000. godine. U Kanadi ga je distribuirao HevyDevy, u Japanu Sony, a u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi InsideOut. Posebna inačica uratka bila je objavljena kao Enhanced CD, na kojem se pojavio i dodatni materijal kao što su Townsendovi komentari o albumu, njegova biografija, galerija fotografija i pozadine za računalo.

Skladba "Kingdom" ponovno je bila snimljena za album Epicloud Devin Townsend Projecta te na toj inačici pjeva i Anneke van Giersbergen. K tome, ponovna snimka pjesme "Victim" pojavila se na bonus CD-u Transcendencea.

Recenzije
Physicist je dobio pozitivne kritike, ali ga se općenito smatra jednim od lošijih albuma Townsendove karijere. Sam ga Townsend smatra svojim najgorim uratkom do danas. Trey Spencer iz Sputnikmusica komentirao je da je Physicist "prilično dobar" sam za sebe, ali da je "jedan od najlošijih" albuma u Townsendovoj diskografiji. Smatrao je da "zvuči kao uzdržana inačica Strapping Young Lada s elementima [Townsendovih] ostalih projekata" te da većina pjesama "zvuči izgubljeno". Godine 2005. uradak se pojavio na 439. mjestu Rock Hardove knjige 500 najboljih rock i metal albuma svih vremena.

Velik broj kritičara usredotočio se na lošu produkciju albuma. Spencer je izjavio da je produkcija "previše ograničena" i "mutna". Sličnog mišljenja bili su i članovi sastava; bubnjar Gene Hoglan i ostali nisu bili zadovoljni miksom.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Devin Townsend
Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, klavijature, produkcija, tonska obrada
Jed Simon – gitara
Byron Stroud – bas-gitara
Gene Hoglan – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Chris Valagao – prateći vokali
Marina Reid – prateći vokali
Sharon Parker – prateći vokali
Teresa Duke – prateći vokali

Ostalo osoblje
Gloria Frasier – fotografija
Tania Rudy – fotografija
Mike Plotnikoff – miksanje
Shaun Thingvold – tonska obrada, digitalno uređivanje
Paul Silviera – tonska obrada
Matteo Caratozzolo – tonska obrada
Craig Waddell – mastering
Clint Nielsen – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2000.
Albumi Devina Townsenda

Physicist


An Dactylorhiza venusta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Thomas Stephenson ngan Thomas Alan Stephenson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Károly Rezsö Soó von Bere. An Dactylorhiza venusta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza venusta


Shaolin Soccer (Chinese: ) is a 2001 Hong Kong sports comedy film directed by Stephen Chow, who also stars in the lead role. The film revolves around a former Shaolin monk who reunites his five brothers, years after their master's death, to apply their superhuman martial arts skills to play soccer and bring Shaolin kung fu to the masses.

Plot
Sing is a master of Shaolin kung fu, whose goal in life is to promote the spiritual and practical benefits of the martial art to modern society. He experiments with various methods, but none bear positive results. He then meets "Golden Leg" Fung; a legendary Hong Kong soccer star in his day, who is now walking with a limp, following the betrayal of a former teammate, Hung, now a rich businessman. Sing explains his desires to Fung, who in turn offers his services to coach Sing in soccer. Sing is compelled by the idea of promoting kung fu through soccer, and agrees to enlist his former Shaolin brothers to form a team under Fung's management. Sing and Fung attempt to put together an unbeatable soccer team. After some failed attempts, Sing's brothers all agree to participate in the team. Fung invites a vicious team to play against them for a scrimmage, and the thugs proceed to give the Shaolin Team a literal beating. When all seems lost, the Shaolin disciples reawaken and utilize their special powers, dismantling the other team's rough play easily. The thugs then give up and ask to join Sing's team.

Sing meets Mui, a baker with severe acne who uses Tai chi to bake mantou. He takes her to look at very expensive dresses at a high-end department store after hours. She soon forms an attachment to Sing and even gets a makeover in an attempt to impress him. However, this backfires and when Mui reveals her feelings to him: he tells her he only wants to be her friend. This revelation, coupled with the constant bullying from her overbearing boss, leads Mui to disappear.

Team Shaolin enters the open cup competition in Hong Kong, where they chalk up consecutive and often ridiculously one-sided victories due to their special Shaolin techniques. They end up meeting Team Evil in the final, owned by none other than Hung. Team Evil had been injected with an American drug, granting them superhuman strength and speed, making them practically invincible, and they bring Team Shaolin back to reality when Team Evil's amazing capabilities prove more than a match for them. After Team Evil takes out Team Shaolin's two goalkeepers, Mui, who has shaved her hair and improved her face, reappears to be a goalkeeper for Team Shaolin.

In their final attack, Team Evil's striker leaps into the sky and kicks the ball with enormous force towards Mui, who prevents him from scoring with her tai chi. Mui and Sing combine their martial arts skills and rocket the ball downfield. The ball plows through Team Evil's goal post, thereby scoring the winning goal. Sing is then thrown into the air in celebration as the trophy is presented to him and his team.

A newspaper article then shows Hung being stripped of his title of soccer chairman and sentenced to jail for five years, while the players of Team Evil are permanently banned from playing soccer professionally. Sing goes out for a morning jog and feels joy at seeing the people around him practicing Kung Fu and implementing it into their daily lives, his lifelong dream having become a reality. The camera pans to a large poster of Sing and Mui, who have since married and became famous for winning a world championship in bowling, among other things.

Cast
 Stephen Chow as Sing / Mighty Steel Leg (#10):A Shaolin kung fu practitioner and former monk who wants to promote the martial arts form to the world. He is the team's striker and uses his extremely powerful legs to produce unstoppable soccer shots.
 Ng Man-tat as Fung / Golden Leg:A homeless man and former soccer player from the 1980s who became crippled after being beaten by an angry mob after a match, which he deliberately lost after taking a bribe from Hung, the coach of Team Evil.
 Wong Yat-fei as Iron Head (#11):The eldest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working in a club. His style of kung fu utilizes his immensely hard head, and he specializes in headers during matches.
 Mok Mei-lam as Hooking Leg (#2):The second eldest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working as a dishwasher. As the team's full-back, Hooking Leg's Shaolin skills resemble ground tumbling boxing, which he uses to keep the ball away from the opponent and confuse them.
 Tin Kai-man as Iron Shirt (#3):The third of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working as a businessman. As the team's full-back, Iron Shirt can absorb blunt force attacks without injuries, as well as hold and propel the ball with his abdomen.
 Danny Chan Kwok-kwan as Empty Hand / Lightning Hand (#1):The fourth of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now unemployed and job-hunting. Empty Hand resembles Bruce Lee to the point of wearing his yellow and black jumpsuit from Game of Death. As the team's goalkeeper, his fast hands and powerful arms allow him to instantly and accurately catch objects thrown at him.
 Lam Chi-chung as Light Weight Vest (#6):The sixth and youngest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who has become obese and gluttonous after being diagnosed with a pituitary disease. He is the team's winger. Despite his illness, he is capable of utilizing his style of kung fu to leap incredible heights, giving the illusion of flight.
 Zhao Wei as Mui:A baker and Sing's love interest, who is skilled at manipulating objects with tai chi. She rarely speaks Cantonese, but everyone else still understands her and vice versa.
 Patrick Tse as Hung:The coach of Team Evil and Fung's former teammate, who has maintained a rivalry with Fung after forcing him to take a bribe during a match in the 1980s.
 Shik Zi-yun as Team Evil's striker (#9), who can back flip and soar into the sky to kick a fiery ball to its target.
 Cao Hua as Team Evil's goalkeeper (#21), who can guard his goalpost with one hand in his pocket. His incredibly strong hands can crush a thick metal crossbar.
 Cecilia Cheung and Karen Mok as Team Dragon players #7 & #11, who can run so fast that they appear to be inches above the ground.
 Fung Min-hun as the captain of Team Rebellion, a vicious mobster who wields a crescent wrench and steel mallet as weapons.
 Vincent Kok as the captain of Team Tofu, the team that Team Shaolin faces in the preliminary match.

Production

Inspiration
The inspiration for Shaolin Soccer came from Chow wanting a unique premise for a martial arts action film. According to an interview with Premiere Magazine, Chow stated,

Chow had intended for this film to appeal to a global audience, stating, "I can't rely on the local market, because it's too small, so since Shaolin Soccer it's always my ambition to go international".

Casting
Apart from several veteran actors, Chow stated in an interview with Premiere magazine that he cast several people in his entourage who had no prior acting experience before Shaolin Soccer. For example, Lam Chi Chung (Light Weight) had worked as Chow's screenwriter and Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) was the dance choreographer hired to design the "Michael Jackson dance number" that followed Sing and Mui's first meeting early in the film. Chow comments he made Chan wear Bruce Lee's yellow-and-black tracksuit because only the goalkeeper "can wear a special uniform." Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) had been Chow's production manager on several movies, but had acted in numerous minor roles in previous films. For instance, he played a young wanna-be Triad member in Chow's preceding movie, King of Comedy. Cecilia Cheung and Karen Mok, who briefly appear as Team Dragon Players 7 & 11 in Shaolin Soccer, had major roles in King of Comedy. Chow defends his decision to hire non-actors, saying, "In terms of finding talent, I try to bring out the funniest thing I notice about them during casting, if it made us laugh at the casting, it will also do on the big screen."

Zhao Wei, who played the Mandarin-speaking Mui, said it was a different step for her to star in a Hong Kong production. However, Zhao admitted that she was not impressed with her look with less makeup because she is easily recognisable for her beautiful appearance.

Three of the principal cast members appeared in Chow's Kung Fu Hustle: Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) portrayed Brother Sum, boss of the "Axe Gang"; Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) portrayed the loud-mouthed advisor of Brother Sum; and Lam Chi-chung (Light Weight) portrayed Bone, Chow's sidekick and partner in petty crime. Fung Min-hun (Team Rebellion Captain) briefly appeared as Cecilia Cheung's abusive boyfriend in King of Comedy and the Four Eyes Clerk who beats up both Sing and Bone when they make fun of him on the bus in Kung Fu Hustle.

Home media
In Hong Kong, the film was released on DVD and Video CD on 14 September 2001. The DVD release was shortened by 10 minutes, with the option for viewers to access the deleted scenes in the middle of the film. The scenes deleted from the DVD version are the dance sequence in front of Mui's bakery, much of the conversation over Mui's makeover and the blooper reel before the end credits. Viewers can also access the making of key special effects scenes as well.

The film was also released in UMD format for the Sony PSP on 23 December 2005.

The 2004 US DVD release by Miramax Films deleted 23 minutes of footage from the original cut; the omitted footage includes "Golden Leg" Fung's flashback opening sequence and Sing's interactions with Mui. This version features an English dub with Chow dubbing his own voice and Bai Ling as the voice of Mui. In addition, the DVD gives viewers the option to play the original Hong Kong version.

In the UK, the film was released on Blu-ray by Optimum Releasing on 26 January 2010.

The Japanese version of the film was released by Pioneer LDC on 22 November 2002. It was reissued by The Clockworks Group on 21 December 2003.

The Italian dub of the film features the voices of professional footballers Damiano Tommasi (as Mighty Steel Leg Sing), Vincent Candela (as Empty Hand), Marco Delvecchio (as Iron Head), Siniša Mihajlović (as Hooking Leg), Giuseppe Pancaro (as Iron Shirt) and Angelo Peruzzi (as Light Weight Vest).

Reception

Box office
At the Hong Kong box office, Shaolin Soccer grossed HK$60,739,847, making it the highest-grossing film in the region's history at the time. It held the record until 2004 when it was topped by Stephen Chow's next feature Kung Fu Hustle. Shaolin Soccer earned a worldwide gross of US$42,776,760.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 90% approval rating based on 93 reviews; the average rating is 7.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The plot is utterly ridiculous, and the soccer in the movie is unlike any ever played anywhere on Earth, but watching Shaolin Soccer, you will probably find it impossible to care." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

China ban

The film's director Stephen Chow disagreed with the CCP's National Radio and Television Administration, which was concerned that the film's title would insult Buddhists. Chow refused to change the title to Kungfu Soccer, and the film's producer was banned from shooting in mainland China for one year.

Accolades

Media adaptations

Comic books

Chinese
The first of a four volume Shaolin Soccer manhua was published in Hong Kong roughly nine months after the film originally premiered in 2001. The characters were drawn with large manga-like eyes and cartoonish bodies, but the artists were careful to retain the likenesses of each actor who portrayed them.

American
ComicsOne approached noted comic book artist Andy Seto with the idea of creating a two volume manhua-style graphic novel adaptation of the feature film. Seto attached himself to the project because the film was very popular and, therefore, had "a certain level of marketing value". The project was officially announced on 30 June 2003 and the release of vol. 1 was scheduled to coincide with the film's US premiere in August, but the film was pushed back. The Miramax film corporation bought the American film rights to Shaolin Soccer before its release in China, so they helped publish the comic book along with two Chinese film companies who originally produced the film. Volumes 1 () and 2 () were released in August and November 2003 and sold for US$13.95 each. Their suggested reading level was age 13 and above.

Seto worked to make the novel as faithful to the film as possible but he admits that Stephen Chow's brand of Mo lei tau comedy does not translate well into illustrations. He stated in an interview that "the Shaolin Soccer comic is 80% movie adaptation with 20% new content." This new content includes a backstory about Steel Leg's training in Shaolin before the death of his master, as well as completely rewriting entire sections of the movie. For example, in the film a group of bar thugs beat up Sing and Iron Head after listening to their lounge-style tribute to Shaolin kung fu. The following day, Sing seeks out the group and uses his Shaolin skills to beat the thugs using a soccer ball. Fung sees the brawl and comes up with the idea of fusing kung fu and soccer. However, in the comic book, Sing is meditating in the park when he gets hit in the head with a soccer ball. The cocky players mock him and destroy a stone statue of his deceased master. Sing proceeds to use the soccer ball as a weapon.

Another example is the fact the characters are visually different from the film. All of their comic book personas look to be in their twenties to thirties, with highly toned athletic physiques (with the exception of Light Weight); even Iron Head, who was the eldest of the six brothers, appears younger than he should.

Several online reviews have criticised the American adaptation for its apparent lack of story line coherence, mixture of realistic and cartoonish drawing styles, and bad Chinese-to-English translation, among other issues. In regards to the translation, one reviewer stated, "It's almost as if the book was translated with a first-year English student referencing a Chinese-to-English dictionary, with strangely assembled sentences and strange bursts of dialogue peppering the pages." Another common complaint was that the comics seemed to be geared towards those people who had previously seen the movie. Without this familiarity, a newcomer would lose track of the storyline because of the overcrowded pages and rapidly shifting plot.

Legacy
 Stephen Chow produced Shaolin Girl, a Japanese film inspired by Shaolin Soccer.
 Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, co-creators of the Avatar: The Last Airbender animated television series, stated in an interview that "Shaolin Soccer is one of our favorite movies. It has tons of fantastic action and lots of funny moments. Some of the effects provided inspiration for how bending (the art of controlling the elements) might look on the show."
 One episode of Keroro Gunso had a soccer theme which parodied this movie.
 The music video for the American R&B singer-songwriter and rapper Lumidee's song "Dance" launched and the 2006 FIFA World Cup album soundtrack has scenes of the movie.
 A clip of Shaolin Soccer was played on the big screen of the venue before the match Ivory Coast vs Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 FIFA World Cup.
 Stephen Chow took to social media to announce the completion of the script for his latest cinematic venture, titled "Shaolin Women's Soccer."

See also

 Four Oddballs of Saigon
 List of association football films

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

2001 films
2001 comedy films
2001 martial arts films
2000s action comedy films
2000s martial arts comedy films
2000s sports comedy films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts comedy films
2000s Cantonese-language films
Association football films
Best Film HKFA
Films adapted into comics
Films directed by Stephen Chow
Films set in Shanghai
Films shot in Shanghai
Martial arts fantasy films
2000s Hong Kong films

Shaolin Soccer


Shawan Rateb Abdallah Jabarin (né en 1960 à Sa'ir, en Cisjordanie) est le directeur général d'Al-Haq, une organisation palestinienne de défense des droits de l'homme en Cisjordanie. De 2005 à 2009, Jabarin a été membre du conseil d'administration de Défense des Enfants International - Palestine, la section nationale de Défense des Enfants International basée à Genève, une ONG créée en 1979.

Respecté en tant que militant des droits humains par HRW, Amnesty International et divers groupes palestiniens de défense des droits humains, et condamné par de nombreuses organisations israéliennes et autres, Jabarin a été décrit comme « un militant pour certains, un terroriste pour d'autres ». Bien qu'il ait remporté de nombreux prix pour les droits de l'homme et contribué à des revues telles que Foreign Policy . La Cour suprême d'Israël l'a qualifié de « militant principal » du FPLP, qui est considéré comme un groupe terroriste par 30 pays. Jabarin s'est vu interdire l'entrée en Jordanie pour des raisons de sécurité et a été interdit de voyage international par Israël entre 2006 et 2013.

Première vie et éducation
Jabarin est né en 1960 dans le village de Sa'ir (Sayer), dans le district d'Hébron. Sa famille était composée d'agriculteurs de Cisjordanie. Dans sa jeunesse, il a fait l'objet d'une détention administrative et d'interrogatoires par les autorités israéliennes.

Il a étudié la sociologie à l'Université de Birzeit dans les années 1980, où il appartenait à un groupe d'étudiants associé au FPLP. Jabarin a ensuite étudié le droit en Irlande. Il est diplômé du Centre irlandais des droits de l'homme, NUI Galway, où il a obtenu le LL. Programme M en 2004-2005 grâce à une subvention du programme Irish Aid du ministère irlandais des Affaires étrangères.

Carrière

Al-Haq
Jabarin a commencé à faire du bénévolat avec Al-Haq alors qu'il était étudiant à l'Université de Birzeit. Il a rejoint Al-Haq en tant que chercheur sur le terrain en 1987 avant d'en devenir directeur en 2006.

Sous sa direction, selon une source, , pratiquant ce qui est largement appelé «  » ou guerre juridique.

Poste à HRW
En février 2011, Jabarin a été nommé par Human Rights Watch (HRW) à son conseil consultatif qui supervise les rapports sur les affaires arabo-israéliennes. Cette nomination a reçu certaines critiques comme celle de Robert Bernstein, président fondateur et président émérite de HRW, a déclaré au Daily Beast : . Bernstein a déclaré que HRW avait fait  et qu'.

Autres activités professionnelles
En mai 2013, Jabarin a été élu vice-président de la Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme (FIDH), une ONG internationale indépendante basée en France. Jabarin avait également été élu commissaire de la Commission internationale des juristes. En août 2016, Jabarin a été élu secrétaire général de la FIDH.

Jabarin a participé à un événement intitulé « Palestine, Israël et le droit international : la CPI et au-delà » le 11 octobre 2013 au Trinity College de Dublin.

Arrestations et emprisonnements
Jabarin a été reconnu coupable en 1985 d'avoir recruté et organisé la formation de membres du FPLP en dehors d'Israël et a purgé neuf mois d'une peine de 24 mois de prison. Il a passé six ans dans une prison israélienne sans inculpation ni procès dans les années 1980 et 1990.

Fin octobre 1989, les fenêtres de la maison de Jabarin ont été brisées et la porte d'entrée enfoncée. Quelques jours plus tard, le 10 octobre 1989, des soldats israéliens ont frappé à la porte de la maison de Jabarin près d'Hébron et l'ont emmené. Ils lui auraient bandé les yeux et l'auraient menotté, lui auraient enfoncé un chiffon dans la bouche et l'auraient brûlé avec des cigarettes à l'oreille et aux mains. L'un d'eux l'aurait forcé à s'asseoir sur le sol de la salle de bain et aurait marché avec des bottes militaires sur la tête, la poitrine et les mains. Il a été emmené à l'hôpital Hadassah de Jérusalem pour un examen où un médecin aurait déclaré qu'il avait été frappé à la tête et qu'il respirait. des difficultés.

Une déclaration israélienne de 1994 à l'ONU note que Jabarin "n'avait pas cessé son implication terroriste et maintient sa position à la tête du FPLP". Une décision de juin 2007 de la Cour suprême israélienne a qualifié Jabarin de "Dr Jekyll et Mr Hyde", militant des droits de l'homme le jour et terroriste la nuit.

Jabarin a déclaré . En août 1990, Amnesty International a adopté Jabarin comme prisonnier d'opinion. En novembre 1994, le Groupe de travail des Nations unies sur la détention arbitraire a déclaré sa détention comme arbitraire.

Interdiction de voyager
Jabarin s'est vu refuser des visas de sortie par Israël et la Jordanie à plusieurs reprises en raison de liens présumés avec le groupe terroriste FPLP. Israël a imposé une interdiction de voyager à Jabarin en 2006, après qu'il a été nommé directeur d'Al-Haq. Israël a cité des "preuves secrètes" indiquant qu'il était toujours impliqué dans le FPLP. L'interdiction de voyager a été condamnée par Amnesty International, B'Tselem et Human Rights Watch, qui ont tous rejeté les affirmations d'Israël selon lesquelles elle était fondée sur des considérations de « sécurité ».

Lorsque Jabarin a demandé à la Cour suprême israélienne en 2008 de lever l'interdiction de voyager, la Cour a expliqué qu'elle ne pouvait pas montrer les preuves contre lui à ses avocats, mais a insisté sur le fait qu'« il s'agit d'informations fiables selon lesquelles le pétitionnaire fait partie des militants de haut rang de l'organisation terroriste du Front populaire » et que « la divulgation de ce matériel au requérant implique l'exposition d'importantes sources d'information, et donc un certain préjudice à la sécurité nationale ». Le groupe palestinien de défense des droits humains Adalah a qualifié de « troublant » le fait que l'interdiction de voyager « soit basée sur des informations secrètes ». Adalah a qualifié cela d'entrave à la procédure régulière.

Le gouvernement néerlandais a demandé à Israël en 2009 de lever l'interdiction de voyager imposée à Jabarin afin qu'il puisse recevoir le prix néerlandais Geuzenpenning pour les défenseurs des droits humains. Le 12 février 2009, la Cour suprême israélienne a rejeté la demande de Jabarin de quitter le pays pour participer à la cérémonie de remise des prix. Lorsque la Cour s'est saisie de l'affaire pour la troisième fois en mars 2009, tenant deux audiences les 5 et 9 mars et rendant un jugement contre Jabarin le 10 mars, elle a déclaré qu'elle avait recherché à deux reprises "une solution créative" qui permettrait à Jabarin de degré de liberté de mouvement, mais a conclu : « Nous avons constaté que les éléments faisant état de l'implication du pétitionnaire dans l'activité d'entités terroristes sont des éléments concrets et fiables. Nous avons également constaté que des éléments négatifs supplémentaires concernant le pétitionnaire avaient été ajoutés même après le rejet de sa précédente pétition. »

Tout en confirmant l'interdiction de voyager, la Cour a souligné qu'elle n'était pas conçue comme une « punition » pour une activité illégale mais comme une mesure de sécurité. La porte-parole de la Cour, Ayelet Filo, a déclaré qu'elle disposait de "preuves réelles" que Jabarin était "impliqué dans des groupes terroristes". Les deux audiences se sont déroulées en partie avec seulement les trois juges, le procureur de la République et des membres des Services généraux de sécurité israéliens (GSS). Front Line Defenders s'est dite préoccupée par l'interdiction de voyager, notant que Jabarin avait été autorisé à quitter la Cisjordanie huit fois entre 1999 et février 2006, avant de devenir directeur général d'Al-Haq.

En mars 2009, HRW a publié un communiqué de presse s'opposant à l'interdiction de voyager, en réponse auquel le vice-président de HRW, le producteur de films Sid Sheinberg, a protesté contre le fait que HRW n'avait pas mentionné dans le communiqué de presse les jugements de la Cour suprême israélienne contre Jabarin. Dans un e-mail du 17 mars 2009 aux responsables de HRW, Sheinberg a écrit que le communiqué de presse était « trompeur par une omission importante et donc radicalement inexact ».

Le 28 mars 2010, les forces israéliennes ont empêché Jabarin de se rendre au Caire pour une réunion au Centre des droits de l'homme du Caire. Il a été détenu au pont Allenby pendant deux heures avant d'être informé qu'il ne pouvait pas quitter les territoires. En novembre 2010, il n'a pas été autorisé à se rendre en Irlande pour recevoir son prix du Centre irlandais ou des droits de l'homme.

Le 28 novembre 2011, les autorités israéliennes ont empêché Jabarin de se rendre au Danemark pour recevoir un prix des droits de l'homme de la Fondation PL, à New York et assister à une réunion du conseil d'administration de HRW et à Bruxelles pour participer au Forum UE-ONG sur les droits de l'homme. Sarah Leah Whitson, directrice de HRW pour le Moyen-Orient, a critiqué le maintien de l'interdiction de voyager, louant Jabarin pour son "travail courageux".

L'Electronic Intifada a rapporté en février 2012 que Jabarin est autorisé à se rendre à Genève pour rencontrer Frank La Rue, le rapporteur spécial des Nations unies sur la liberté d'expression. L'interdiction de voyager, cependant, est resté en place.

En mars 2012, Jabarin a été autorisé à se rendre à Genève pour rencontrer Frank La Rue, le rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies sur la liberté d'expression. Dans une interview en mars 2012 à Genève avec Adri Nieuwhof de l'Electronic Intifada, Jabarin a déclaré qu'être dans cette ville « me réactive, renforce la croyance du peuple [palestinien] et le droit de le défendre fermement. Je suis dans la lutte pour les droits des personnes. C'est [cette visite] qui me pousse à en faire de plus en plus.

HRW et Amnesty International ont publié une déclaration le 2 mars 2012, appelant Israël, qui avait autorisé Jabarin à se rendre à Genève, à révoquer entièrement l'interdiction de voyager. Ils ont déclaré que "si les autorités estiment qu'il n'y a aucun risque pour la sécurité que Jabarin se rende aujourd'hui pour rencontrer le rapporteur spécial Frank La Rue, il est difficile de comprendre pourquoi l'interdiction de voyager devrait rester en place, surtout en l'absence de tout public preuve le justifiant.». Il a de nouveau été autorisé à voyager en 2013, lorsqu'il s'est rendu en Irlande.

Points de vue

Opinions générales sur Israël et sur l'occupation
Jabarin a déclaré que les Israéliens « n'ont pas de paix à leur ordre du jour. Si c'est à leur ordre du jour, ils ont leur propre interprétation. Israël tue des Palestiniens chaque jour, repoussant la paix plus loin. Israël a tué toute opportunité de paix réelle, ignorant complètement les droits fondamentaux des Palestiniens. Pour eux, les Palestiniens ne sont pas un peuple qui a des droits. Il a affirmé que les colons israéliens, même la jeune génération, ne montraient pas seulement de la haine, ils la montraient de manière très, très agressive. Il a dit qu'il prévoyait "une explosion à venir" dans laquelle les colons "seraient les principaux acteurs", et il a affirmé craindre qu'il n'y ait un massacre à grande échelle de Palestiniens.

Il a décrit que le traitement des Palestiniens par les Israéliens est enraciné dans une « mentalité de punition », se plaignant que « les prisonniers doivent se déshabiller pendant que les chambres sont fouillées. Les autorités pénitentiaires transfèrent les prisonniers, les isolant pendant des années. C'est de la torture psychologique. ».

Il a déclaré en août 2013 qu'il estimait que la situation des droits humains des Palestiniens « s'aggravait ». « Il y a plus de confiscation de terres ; la liberté de mouvement est plus restreinte. Il y a plus de destructions de biens, comme des démolitions de maisons. Plus que jamais, le peuple a perdu l'espoir de vivre en paix avec les Israéliens. La situation économique s'est détériorée. Tout s'est détérioré. Avant, c'était nous qui fermions les routes, pas les Israéliens. Nous avions l'habitude d'aller librement à Gaza. Avant, nous considérions les colonies israéliennes comme des zones isolées. Aujourd'hui, ils sont partout .

Il a dit que le système juridique israélien « ne fonctionne pas lorsqu'il s'agit des Palestiniens », et donc il ne l'utilise que dans des « cas sélectifs ».

Contrairement aux affirmations selon lesquelles Israël est pointé du doigt à l'ONU pour être condamné, Jabarin a soutenu que la communauté internationale traite Israël mieux que les autres pays. « Si Israël était l'Iran, je suis sûr qu'ils interviendraient » pour aider les Palestiniens. «Ils le feraient dès le premier jour. Si Israël était à la place de la Libye, de l'Égypte ou d'ailleurs, ils diraient : "Ce sont les droits de l'homme". C'est notre obligation. ».

Appropriation des terres par Israël
Jabarin a déclaré que le droit international "interdit clairement à Israël, en tant que puissance occupante, de s'approprier des terres situées en Cisjordanie" et qu'"il est également interdit à Israël de construire des infrastructures qui profitent principalement à sa propre économie".

Colonies de Cisjordanie
Jabarin a déclaré en 2013 que le soutien israélien aux colonies de Cisjordanie était une violation de la quatrième Convention de Genève et du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale. « L'occupation, c'est une présence temporaire. Et en transférant des civils, vous essayez de le rendre permanent. C'est le problème. La nature de cela, c'est comme une nature colonialiste », a-t-il dit. « Ici, dans [le] cas palestinien, les colonies ont affecté tous les aspects de la vie des Palestiniens. La destruction de leurs biens, la confiscation de leurs terres, l'extension de la juridiction israélienne sur les colonies... la qualification juridique est, c'est de l'apartheid illégal. Il a également déclaré que si l'Union européenne "a été assez franche pour condamner les colonies et leur expansion, elle continue d'importer des produits de ces mêmes colonies et, ce faisant, contribue à maintenir leur existence même.

Détention administrative
Jabarin a déclaré en mars 2013 que la politique israélienne de détention administrative des captifs palestiniens était « une violation des principes et des normes d'une procédure régulière et d'un procès équitable pratiqués dans toutes les démocraties ». Il a dit que même si "Israël les appelle des terroristes, les Palestiniens les considèrent comme des héros, comme des dirigeants".

Le traitement des médias par Israël
Jabarin a déclaré en décembre 2012 qu'« Israël a intentionnellement ciblé des journalistes à Gaza. Ils sentent ces jours-ci que les médias ont du pouvoir. Les médias peuvent vaincre n'importe quel parti en faisant des reportages à l'extérieur. Cela vient avec l'évolution des médias, des réseaux sociaux. Il est disponible partout. En tant que puissance occupante, Israël n'aime pas les reportages, c'est pourquoi les médias et les journalistes ont été intentionnellement ciblés. Ils [Israël] n'ont aucune morale [sic]. Le but n'est pas de faire éclater la réalité. Le but est de créer de la poussière et d'empêcher les gens de voir ce qui se passe.

Israël comme État d'apartheid
Jabarin a comparé la situation en Israël à celle de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud. Il a déclaré qu'il n'utilisait pas le mot "apartheid" à la légère lorsqu'il décrivait la situation israélo-palestinienne. « Il nous a fallu beaucoup de temps avant de commencer à utiliser ce terme. Nous l'avons étudié avec soin, professionnellement, académiquement, puis nous avons conclu que, oui, sur la base de la nature de cette occupation et de certaines parties de ses pratiques, nous pourrions dire qu'elle répond aux critères d'un système d'apartheid. Il a qualifié cet usage de "constructif... pour deux raisons". Premièrement, "au niveau de la conscience des gens, le terme d'apartheid est négatif et laisse une mauvaise impression". Deuxièmement, de nombreuses résolutions de l'ONU traitent de l'apartheid, obligeant la communauté internationale à agir contre lui.

État palestinien
Jabarin a déclaré en décembre 2012 que c'était "un signe positif que certains amis proches d'Israël", dont les Pays-Bas, l'Allemagne et l'Australie, se soient abstenus lors d'un récent vote pour un État palestinien. Notant que la Grande-Bretagne avait "demandé à l'Autorité palestinienne de signer un engagement de ne pas aller devant la Cour pénale internationale pendant vingt ans comme condition de son" oui "", Jabarin a déclaré qu'étant donné que la Grande-Bretagne était "responsable de l'affaire palestinienne", cette l'action leur a montré qu'ils avaient "la moralité la plus basse possible". Il a accusé à la fois la Grande-Bretagne et la France de « jouer avec la douleur et la souffrance des victimes au lieu d'offrir justice, protection et réparation; comme si les Palestiniens n'étaient pas égaux et êtres humains à part entière.

Jabarin a déclaré que « l'acceptation de la Palestine en tant qu'État observateur non membre » à l'ONU a « ouvert la porte aux Palestiniens pour qu'ils utilisent des mécanismes juridiques à l'avenir. La Palestine peut adhérer aux Conventions de Genève. Elle peut adhérer au Traité sur la mer, qui est important pour la Palestine pour protéger les ressources naturelles telles que le gaz et le pétrole, et pour protéger son droit à l'eau. Le traité sur la mer inclurait la mer Morte. Cela signifie que si une entreprise veut creuser, elle ne peut pas le faire avec Israël.».

Jabarin a déclaré dans une interview en 2013 qu'il n'avait "aucun espoir à court terme" en ce qui concerne les droits de l'homme et la souveraineté des Palestiniens. « Mais j'ai plus qu'un espoir pour le long terme... Il n'y a pas d'avenir pour l'occupation. Je n'en doute pas. Pour moi, c'est une question de temps. » Il a dit que son rôle était de se battre pour essayer d'apporter les droits de l'homme aux Palestiniens le plus tôt possible. « Peut-être que cela prendra des années. Je garde espoir que cela arrivera de mon vivant. Je ne sais pas, pour être honnête.

Réconciliation entre le Hamas et le Fatah
Il a déclaré en décembre 2012 que « ce dont nous avons besoin maintenant, c'est de la réconciliation entre le Fatah et le Hamas. Il est important que les Palestiniens changent le «jeu» des accords bilatéraux en accords unilatéraux avec l'ONU et le droit international comme base des négociations. Après Gaza, après vingt ans d'échec des négociations, nous, en tant que Palestiniens, devons repenser notre récit, nous devons prendre les devants.

Positions occidentales sur le conflit israélo-palestinien
Jabarin a déclaré qu'il prenait espoir dans le "véritable changement" de l'opinion européenne ces dernières années. Bien que "le soutien à Israël soit inconditionnel" aux États-Unis, a-t-il dit, "nous voyons chaque jour de nouvelles voix d'intellectuels, d'activistes et de politiciens qui parlent de ce tabou, ils critiquent Israël".

Apparaissant à la télévision française en langue arabe en 2013, « Jabarin s'est plaint que si tous les pays européens qui souhaitaient rejoindre l'Union européenne étaient également tenus de rejoindre la CPI, la Palestine n'était pas autorisée à le faire. Cela signifiait, a-t-il dit, que malgré le fait que les Palestiniens souffraient d'une « violation de leurs droits » et de « crimes », la CPI ne pouvait pas leur fournir une défense. Il a exigé que les Français soutiennent l'adhésion palestinienne à la CPI, ou du moins ne s'y opposent pas. Il a également « demandé à la France de passer des paroles aux actes et d'imposer des sanctions à Israël ».

Par ailleurs Jabarin a accusé les États-Unis d'"établir des amalgames entre la résistance légitime contre l'occupation et le terrorisme". Après le 11 septembre, a accusé Jabarin, les États-Unis « ont imposé leur propre définition du « terrorisme » et ont considéré la résistance palestinienne contre l'occupation israélienne comme une forme de terrorisme. Une telle position des États-Unis était dans l'intérêt d'Israël et lui a donné l'occasion de relier également la résistance légitime des Palestiniens au terrorisme. Bernstein a commenté qu'"il est difficile de lire cette déclaration comme autre chose qu'une affirmation selon laquelle ce terrorisme suicide était en fait une forme de 'résistance' légitime.".

Accords de paix d'Oslo
Dans un article de 2013 pour le Huffington Post, Jabarin a soutenu que le processus de paix d'Oslo "était, en fait, un écran de fumée, destiné à cacher la perpétuation de l'occupation israélienne, alors vieille de 26 ans... Reste à savoir si cette dernière phase du "processus de paix" permettra au peuple palestinien d'exercer ses droits souverains". La "faiblesse la plus fondamentale" de l'accord d'Oslo, a-t-il soutenu, était "l'absence de droit international dans son texte. . . . Les Palestiniens ont été empêchés d'exercer leurs droits souverains, tout en voyant leur développement économique, social et politique entravé ». Exprimant sa crainte que les négociations en cours ne reproduisent ce qu'il a appelé « les erreurs d'Oslo », il a insisté pour que l'OLP « garantisse que le droit international est la base des négociations ».

Échanges de terres
Dans un article de juin 2013, Jabarin s'est opposé à la proposition de la Ligue arabe d'inclure « les échanges de terres comme élément central de la reprise des négociations entre Israéliens et Palestiniens ». Le plan, qui a été bien accueilli par le secrétaire d'État américain John Kerry, impliquerait ce que Jabarin a appelé "un assouplissement du plan de paix arabe de 2002, qui proposait que 22 pays arabes normalisent leurs relations avec Israël en échange d'un retrait des terres qu'il occupait en 1967. » Jabarin a estimé que « les échanges mutuels de terres sont problématiques tant au niveau politique que juridique ; notamment parce qu'elles impliqueraient inévitablement la protection des colonies israéliennes illégales et de leurs infrastructures en Cisjordanie, y compris à Jérusalem-Est, qui ont été universellement reconnues comme étant en violation du droit international. Par conséquent, un accord de cette nature tolérerait implicitement l'entreprise de colonisation illégale d'Israël, qui dépossède régulièrement les Palestiniens de leurs terres et s'approprie les ressources naturelles dans les TPO. Une telle décision créerait également un dangereux précédent dans lequel des politiques coloniales prolongées perpétrées par un occupant agressif seraient finalement acceptées par la communauté internationale. Tout accord d'échange de terres saperait davantage les normes fondamentales du droit international, telles que l'interdiction d'acquérir des territoires par la force et le droit à l'autodétermination du peuple palestinien. Ainsi, les échanges de terres devraient « être retirés de la table des négociations ».

Boycott, désinvestissement et sanctions (BDS)
Il soutient la campagne Boycott, le Désinvestissement et les Sanctions (BDS) mais il dit que .

Honneurs et récompenses
Il « a remporté tellement de prix de diverses organisations européennes et américaines qu'il a du mal à se souvenir du nombre exact ». Parmi eux. sont le prix Geuzenpenning et un prix de la Fondation danoise PL.

En novembre 2010, le Centre irlandais des droits de l'homme lui a décerné son prix d'excellence pour les diplômés.

En 1989, Jabarin a reçu le Reebok Human Rights Award, qui est décerné aux jeunes qui ont contribué à la liberté d'expression et aux droits de l'homme.

Vie privée
Jabarin est père de quatre enfants et compte parmi ses amis l'ancien président américain Jimmy Carter

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Al-Haq
 Human Rights Watch
 Fédération internationale pour les droits humains
 Defence for Children International

Liens externes

 https://www.alhaq.org/

Naissance en 1960
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Shawan Jabarin


Aynasal aydınlatma veya specular aydınlatma, yüzeye parlak bir görünüm sağlamak için kullanılan bir aydınlatma modelidir. Yüzeylerde oluşan parlamalara 'highlight' denir. Highlightlar ışık kaynağının konumunun ve yüzeylerin eğriselliğinin anlaşılmasını sağlarlar.

Aynasal yansıma ifadesi aşağıdaki gibidir:
Ispec = ( r * v ) mshi = ( cos α ) mshi

İfadedeki v, yüzey üzerindeki p noktasından bakış noktasına doğru olan vektör, r ise yüzeyden ışık kaynağına doğru olan I vektörünün yüzey normalinden yansımasıdır. mshi değeri, aynasal bileşeni daha gerçekçi hale dönüştürmek için kullanılır. Zira mshi büyüdükçe aynasal etki kesişim noktasının etrafında yoğunlaşır.

Bu bileşene göre cismin herhangi bir noktasının parlaklığı ışığın geliş açısına, gelen ışığın dalga boyuna ve cismin fiziksel özelliklerine bağlıdır. Işığın aynasal yansımasının bir doğrultusu vardır. Mükemmel yansıtan bir yüzey için, yansıma açısı gelme açısına eşittir. Bu yüzden sadece tam bu doğrultuda bulunan bir gözlemci, aynasal yansımış ışığı görebilir.

Işık kaynağından gelen ışın L, yansıyan ışın R ve ışının cisme çarptığı noktadaki normal N olarak ele alınırsa, yansıma vektörü aşağıdaki gibi hesaplanabilir:

R = L – 2*(N*L)*N

Aynasal yansımış ışık, yansıma vektörü boyunca odaklanmış olduğundan, gözlemci hareket ettiği zaman highlightlar da hareket eder.

Bir cismin aydınlatılmasında daha gerçekçi görüntü elde etmek için değinilen tüm aydınlatma modellerinin toplamı kullanıldığında, tek bir ışık kaynağı için aydınlatma modeli aşağıdaki gibi ifade edilir:

I = IL * ka + IL * kd * cos( ) + IL * ks * cosn( )

Işık kaynağından gelen ışınla bu ışının cisme çarptığı noktadaki yüzey normali arasındaki açı, ise yansıyan ışın ile gözlemcinin konum vektörü arasındaki açıdır.

Aydınlatma

Aynasal aydınlatma


Lewis Thornton Powell (22 de abril de 1844 - 7 de julho de 1865), também conhecido como Lewis Payne e Lewis Paine, foi um soldado confederado americano que tentou assassinar William Henry Seward como parte do plano de assassinato de Lincoln. Ferido na Batalha de Gettysburg, mais tarde serviu no Mosby's Rangers. John Wilkes Booth o recrutou para um plano para sequestrar Lincoln e entregar o presidente à Confederação, mas depois decidiu assassinar Lincoln, Seward e o vice-presidente Andrew Johnson, e atribuiu a Powell a tarefa de matar Seward.

O também conspirador David Herold deveria guiar Powell até a casa de Seward, depois ajudá-lo a escapar, mas fugiu antes que Powell pudesse sair da casa de Seward. Ele chegou à pensão administrada por Mary Surratt, mãe do co-conspirador John Surratt, três dias depois, enquanto a polícia estava realizando uma busca, e foi preso. Powell, Mary Surratt, Herold e George Atzerodt foram condenados à morte por um tribunal militar e executados no Arsenal de Washington.

Bibliografia

links externos

Mortos em 1865
Nascidos em 1844
Assassinato de Abraham Lincoln

Lewis Powell


Min største gave er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2001 skrevet og instrueret af Anne Hjort.

Handling
En personlig beretning om at adoptere et barn fra en fremmed kultur. I det tidlige forår rejser instruktøren og hendes mand til Indien for at hente den 3-årige pige Atiya på et børnehjem i Delhi. Efter hjemkomsten til Danmark følges forløbet måned for måned. Atiya Marie Hjort skal vænne sig til sine nye omgivelser og lære at tale dansk. Og forældre og barn skal i fællesskab forsøge at blive en familie. Et intenst forløb, og med instruktørens egne ord hendes "mindst forsømte forår nogensinde." Filmens optagelser er nænsomt registrerende og viser i samspil med lydsidens refleksioner og kommentarer hvilke glæder og problemer, der kan være forbundet med international adoption.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Adoption
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Min største gave


Una Empresa de trabajo temporal (ETT) es una empresa que sirve de intermediario para procurar un empleo a un trabajador o, paralelamente, un trabajador a un empleador.
Su regulación legal surge a raíz de la normativa establecida en el convenio 96 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo aprobado en 1933 y modificado en 1949, a medida que los diferentes países lo han ido adoptando se han creado las legislaciones nacionales correspondientes. El concepto de empresa de trabajo temporal se denominó en principio en dicho convenio como «agencia retribuida de colocación», y definía a «toda persona, sociedad, institución, oficina u otra organización» que sirviera de intermediario.

Las empresas de trabajo temporal, necesitan para que sus actividades sean legales cumplir una serie de requisitos y una autorización administrativa concedida por las autoridades correspondientes  así como someterse a inspecciones y auditorías periódicas.

Empresas de trabajo temporal por país

Empresas de trabajo temporal en España
En España la legislación que regula las empresas de trabajo temporal está basada en la Ley 14 1994 por la que se regulan las empresas de trabajo temporal y Reales Decretos y Convenios que se han desarrollado posteriormente.

La Ley 14/1994 establece toda la normativa que existe en las relaciones de las empresa y de los trabajadores siendo las más significativas las que se refieren a los tipos de contratos que se realizan y las remuneraciones salariales correspondientes:
 Contrato de puesta a disposición: es el celebrado entre la empresa de trabajo temporal y la empresa usuaria teniendo por objeto la cesión del trabajador para prestar servicios en la empresa usuaria, a cuyo poder de dirección quedará sometido aquel. Existen diferentes causas por las cuales se pueden formalizar este tipo de contratos.
 El salario: cuando un trabajador es contratado por una ETT, percibe el salario y los complementos que le corresponden según lo establecido en el convenio colectivo aplicable en la empresa usuaria. Sobre esta retribución no se efectúa deducción alguna, salvo las establecidas por la Ley de cotización a la SS e IRPF. La ETT se encarga de la retribución al trabajador, así como de otros gastos: SS a cargo de la empresa, formación, sustitución por absentismo, etcétera.

A fecha de 2002, hay 323 ETT y generan cerca del 0,8% del empleo, la mitad de la media de la Unión Europea, y en su mayor parte relacionado con el sector servicios. De los contratos firmados a través de ellas el 43% corresponde a menores de 24 años.

Normativa reguladora de las empresas de trabajo temporal
LEY 14/1994, DE 1 DE JUNIO, POR LA QUE SE REGULAN LAS EMPRESAS DE TRABAJO TEMPORAL.
Real Decreto 216/1999, de 5 de febrero, sobre disposiciones mínimas de seguridad y salud en el trabajo de los trabajadores en el ámbito de las empresas de trabajo temporal.
Real Decreto 5/2001 CAPÍTULO III MODIFICACIONES QUE SE INTRODUCEN EN LA LEY 14/1994, DE 1 DE JUNIO, POR LA QUE SE REGULAN LAS EMPRESAS DE TRABAJO TEMPORAL
REAL DECRETO 4/1995, DE 13 DE ENERO, POR EL QUE SE DESARROLLA LA LEY 14/1994, DE 1 DE JUNIO, POR LA QUE SE REGULAN LAS EMPRESAS DE TRABAJO TEMPORAL.

Críticas
Las ETT son criticadas por las organizaciones sindicales de ser uno de los principales focos de precariedad laboral.

Véase también
Cesión de trabajadores
Condiciones de trabajo
Condiciones de trabajo en España

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Directorio por orden alfabético de Empresas de Trabajo Temporal
¿Qué son las empresas de Trabajo Temporal?

Empresa de trabajo temporal


Allyn S. King (1er février 1899 - 31 mars 1930) est une actrice de théâtre et de cinéma et chanteuse américaine qui a commencé sa carrière dans le vaudeville, puis l'a poursuivi dans les Ziegfeld Follies.

Jeunesse
Née à Wilmington en Caroline du Nord, Allyn King est la fille d'Allen S. King et de Phoebe Whitaker. L'année suivant sa naissance, la famille King vit à Winston où son père est étudiant en médecine. Allen King est originaire de Louisiane et, après avoir obtenu son diplôme au début des années 1900, est retourné dans son pays d'origine pour ouvrir un cabinet médical à Morgan City. La famille de Phoebe King est originaire de Goldsboro en Caroline du Nord, à environ 90 km au sud-est de Raleigh, où selon certaines sources Allyn King a vécu plus tard.

Le 19 mai 1909, Leroy Oliver, fils de 16 ans d'un médecin décédé, entre dans le bureau du Dr King à Morgan City et le tue par balle. Oliver dit plus tard à la police que le Dr King aurait profité de sa sœur. Au moment du meurtre de son mari, Phoebe King et ses filles, Phoebe et Allyn, rendaient visite à des parents en Caroline du Nord.

Carrière
La carrière d'Allyn King commence précocement. À l'âge de 15 ans, elle se produit dans le vaudeville en tant que comédienne et chanteuse au Proctor's Twenty-Third Street Theatre à New York, et l'année suivante en tant que comédienne et danseuse dans Top-O-The -Clock Review de Florenz Ziegfeld.

Elle commence sa carrière professionnelle dans Midnight Frolic de Ziegfeld en 1915 et devient en peu de temps la principale showgirl des Follies. Dans la production des Ziegfeld Follies de 1916, elle représente la « Follies Girl of 1916 » pour le gala d'ouverture, honneur particulièrement convoité par les showgirls d'une revue de Ziegfeld. En septembre 1916, elle remplace la tête d'affiche Justine Johnstone qui a démissionné à la suite du refus de Florenz Ziegfeld de laisser son petit ami visiter sa loge.

Dans les Follies de 1917, elle représente Miss Columbia, vêtue d'une robe en résille ornée de paillettes, et Walter Catlett, Woodrow Wilson qu'elle couvre d'un drapeau américain. Allyn King reste avec Ziegfeld pendant cinq saisons avant d'obtenir un minimum de succès à Broadway au début des années 1920.
Elle joue Alicia Bonner dans la comédie à succès Ladies 'Night d'Avery Hopwood en 1920, avec 360 représentations au Eltinge Theatre sur la 42e rue et Louise Endicott dans la comédie musicale de William LeBaron et Con Conrad, Moonlight en 1924 avec plus de 174 représentations au Longacre Theatre. Allyn King tourne dans Seduction en 1925, une production mettant en vedette des danseuses de harem. Ses autres spectacles à Broadway, Sun Showers (1923), Florida Girl (1925) et 90 Horsepower (1926), ont tous peu durer à l'affiche.

Allyn King apparait dans au moins un film muet, The Fighting Blade (1923), dans lequel elle joue Charlotte Musgrove, la sœur de , dont l'amant, le néerlandais Karl Van Kerstenbrook, est venu en Angleterre pour servir dans l'armée d'Oliver Cromwell.

Fin de carrière
En 1927, Ally King a failli mourir après s'être soumise à un régime de quasi-famine composé de pilules amaigrissantes dans le but de maintenir la silhouette enfantine en vogue à l'époque. Elle passe près de deux ans à se rétablir dans un sanatorium avant de partir vivre chez une tante à New York. Le désir de King de peser environ 10 à 15 kilo en dessous de son poids optimal est du la clause suivante de son contrat de travail:…si, à tout moment, pendant la durée dudit accord, vous deviez augmenter de poids de plus de seize livres ou diminuer de poids de plus de dix livres ou laisser es dimensions de n'importe quelle partie de votre silhouette varient de plus d'un demi-pouce par rapport aux suivantes, poids 115 livres, cou 12 ½ pouces, buste 34 pouces, haut du bras 11, avant-bras 7 ½, taille 26, hanches 34, cuisse 18, mollet 12, cheville 8 ½, alors et dans ce cas, nous aurons le droit d'annuler ce contrat en vous donnant un préavis d'une semaine.Après que Allyn King ait quitté le sanatorium pour vivre avec sa tante, elle étudie la musique avec des aspirations vers une éventuelle carrière à la radio.

Modèle
Elle pose pour le designer new-yorkais Thurn et pour des publicités pour les produits de beauté Pond's.

Vie privée
En 1924, Allyn King aurait été fiancé à Carl Wiedemann, un riche brasseur de Newport, Kentucky et propriétaire du cheval de course In Memoriam. Wiedemann a publié plus tard la déclaration: "Je ne suis ni marié, ni fiancé".

Décès
Le 29 mars 1930, Allyn King saute du cinquième étage de l'appartement de sa tante à New York. Elle a laissé une note déplorant le fait qu'elle ne reviendrait jamais à Broadway. King survit à la chute avec des membres cassés et une fracture du crâne dont ses médecins étaient convaincus qu'elle pourrait se remettre. Bien que King soit alerte et semble de bonne humeur, son état se détériore et elle meurt des suites de ses blessures, le 31 mars 1930. L'année précédente, la mort de l'actrice autrichienne  avait également été attribuée à un régime excessif pour respecter ses obligations contractuelles.

Près de 200 personnes assiste aux funérailles de King, le 2 avril à  à Broadway sur la 66e Rue, suivies d'une inhumation privée en présence de sa mère, de sa sœur, d'amis proches et de sa famille au cimetière Mount Hope à Hastings-on-Hudson (maintenant appelé le cimetière de Westchester Hills ).

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :
.
.
.

Liens externes

Chanteuse américaine du XXe siècle
Ziegfeld Girl
Danseuse de comédie musicale
Personnalité inhumée dans l'État de New York
Actrice américaine du muet
Actrice américaine de théâtre
Mannequin femme américain
Naissance en février 1899
Décès en mars 1930
Décès à 31 ans

Allyn King


An Bulbostylis pusilla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Bulbostylis pusilla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 B. p. congolensis
 B. p. pusilla

Mga kasarigan

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis pusilla


Velebit je novinska agencija osnovana 1941. godine, kao državna novinska agencija Nezavisne Države Hrvatske. Agencija je osnovana 1941. godine, isprva pod imenom "Velebit". 29. listopada 1941. godine ime agencije je promijenjeno u Hrvatski dojavni ured "Croatia".

Na čelu agencije bio je glavni urednik Matija Kovačić. Jedan od stalnih zaposlenika bio je i znameniti književnik (te novinar) Tin Ujević, zbog čega će on nakon dolaska komunista na vlast 1945. god. 5 godina preživljavati kao anonimni prevoditelj, uz zabranu javnog rada.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Agencija "Velebit" (fond), kod Nacionalni arhivski informacijski sustav

Novinske agencije
Mediji u NDH

Novinska agencija Velebit


En atgeir ("ringbrynje-spidder" eller "hugge-spyd") var en type stagevåben, der blev brugt i vikingetidens Skandinavien og nordboernes kolonier på De Britiske Øer og Island. Det bliver ofte oversat til hellebard, men våbnet mindede sandsynligvis mere om sværdtyperne bilas eller glavind. Det er også muligt, at ordet ikke blev brugt, før det blev brugt som en anakronisme i sagalitteraturen om specielle våben. Senere blev ordet brugt om typiske europæiske hellebarder, og senere igen blev spydhoved med flere funktioner kaldt atgeirsstafir.

Termen er først brugt i teutonske kilder før vikingetiden. Det ses ikke i vikingetidens kilder, og der er ingen arkæologiske fund, der er blevet identificeret som en atgeir. Referencerne i sagalitteraturen kan ikke bruges som primærkilde, da de først blev nedskrevet på Island i 1200-tallet. Oprindeligt betød det "meget spydlignende spyd", eller "bedste spyd" og kan referere til et let eller tungt våben.

Den nok mest berømte atgeir var Gunnar Hámundarsons beskrevet i Njáls saga. I den gav våbnet en ringende lyd (eller "sang"), når det blev taget ned i forventning om blodsudgydelser. Njáls saga er en af de seneste og mest tydeligt forfattede sagaer, og detaljer om beklædning og våben er højst sandsynligt baseret på middelalderlige modeller og ikke genstande fra vikingetiden.

Se også
 Vikingetidens rustning og våben

Referencer

Litteratur
 Cook, Robert (transl.) Njal's Saga. Penguin Classics, 2001.
 Oakeshott, R. Ewart. The Archaeology of Weapons: Arms and Armour from Prehistory to the Age of Chivalry. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960. pp. 119–120.
 Keller,M.C., The Anglo-Saxon Weapon Names Treated Etymologically and Archæologically, Heidelberg 1906.
 Sigurdsson,G., The Medieval Icelandic Saga and Oral Tradition, Harvard University 2004.

Vikingernes krigsførelse
Stagevåben

Atgeir


est un film américain réalisé par Robert Thornby et sorti en 1926.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Robert Thornby
 Scénario : Jack Cunningham d'après une histoire de Harold Shumate
 Producteur : John C. Flinn
 Photographie : Georges Benoît
 Production : Metropolitan Pictures Corporation of California
 Distributeur : Producers Distributing Corporation
 Durée : 58 minutes (6 bobines)
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
Priscilla Dean : « Freddie » Hayden
Arnold Gray : Bruce Elwood
Majel Coleman : Muriel Styles
Walter Long : Bad Willie
George M. Hall : Cherokee Charlie
William Austin : Mortimer Allison

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1926
Comédie romantique américaine
Comédie d'action américaine
Western américain
Moyen métrage américain
Film américain en noir et blanc

West of Broadway (film, 1926)


මුල් ගීතය ජෝන් ද සිල්වා ශූරීන් ගේ "සිරිසඟබෝ" නූර්තියේ එන්නකි. පසුව එය හර්මන් රාජපක්ෂ විසින් "ධර්ම බුදුන්ගේ" ලෙස තැටියකට ගායනා කෙරිණි.

දන්නෝ බුදුන්ගේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මස්කන්ධා
පේවී රකිති සොඳ
සීලේ නිබන්දා//
ක‍්ලේශ නස්නා භික්ෂූ
ඇත්තේය බෝ සේ//
රහතුන් නිවසනා
පායා ප්‍රකාශේ//

භූ ලෝ මතේ මේ
දෙව්ලෝ පෑවාසේ
පේනා මෙපුර මුණි
සාසන වාසේ
එර්දියෙන් යන්නාවූ
නෙක් රහතුන්ගේ//
සෙවනැල්ලෙන් හිරු
රශ්මිය භංගේ//

මානෙල් නෙළුම් හා
ඕලු පුෂ්පාදී
ඇත්තේ පොකුණුවල
බෝ ජල පෑදී
සේරූ පන්තී පන්තී
පීනති බෝසේ//
අනුරාධ නගරය
දැන් පෙනේ බෝ සේ//
෴

ඇල්බමය
සිරිසඟබෝ නාට්‍යයේ ගීතයකි.

ගායනය
 හර්මන් රාජපක්ෂ (1920  මුල් ගායනය සොප‍්‍රානෝ ඔපෙරා ශෛලියෙන් ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ds_CMOa3J8
 W.A. පෙරේරා
 W.A.අප්පුසිංඤො
 W.D.S. ජේමිස්
පසු කාලීනව විවිධ පුද්ගලයන් විසින් ගායනා කරණ ලදී.
 රුක්මනී දේවි
 අමරදේව
නන්දා මාලිනී

සංගීතය
 විශ්වනාත් ලව්ජී
 ඔපෙරා ශෛලියෙන් සැදි කතෝලික ගීතිකාවක තනුව අනුකරණය කරමින් මුල් ගීතය 'සිරි ස`ගබෝ' නාට්‍යය සදහා නිර්මාණය විය https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODM_TsQ8N9U&feature=youtu.be

පද රචනය

සිංහල ගීත
ජෝන් ද සිල්වා ශූරීන්

මෙම 'දන්නෝ බුදුන්ගේ' ගීතය ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක මහතා විසින්ද 1949 වසරේ නිදහස් දින උත්සවය වෙනුවෙන් පැවැති සංගීත සන්ධ්‍යාවක හර්මන් රාජපක්ෂ ලවා සොප‍්‍රානෝ ඔපෙරා ශෛලියෙන් ගායනා කරවන ල එදි. මෙම වසරේදීම ජාතික ගීයද දමිල බසින්ද ගායනා කළ බව සදහන් වේ. එදිනම ටොරින්ටන් චතුරශ‍්‍රයේ නිදහස් අනුස්මරණ ගොඩනැගිල්ල විවෘත කල බවද සදහන්ය.

ආන්දෝලනාත්මක සිදුවීම්
පසුව 2016 වසරේදීද නිදහස් දිනයේදී ලංකාවෙන් මෙතෙක් බිහිවූ සුවිශේෂම ජාත්‍යන්තර මට්ටමේ ඔපෙරා ගායිකාව වන කිශානි ජයසිංහ  විසින් සොප‍්‍රාණෝ ඔපෙරා ශෛලියට ගායනා කළ අතර එය ආන්දෝලනාත්මක හා විවේචනාත්මක විය. පසුය එයම නිමිත්ත කර ගනිමින් 'දන්නෝ බුදුන්ගේ' ගීතයේ සැබෑ ඉතිහාසය  සොයන්නටත්, හදාරන්නටත් බොහෝ පිරිස් උනන්දු වූ අතර එ් හරහා ලංකාවේ ගායන ශෙලීන් හා ගීත ඉතිහාසය සම්බන්ධවත් විද්වත් කතිකාවක් ඇතිවිය.

දන්නෝ බුදුන්ගේ


Um desastre ambiental ou desastre ecológico é definido como um evento catastrófico em relação ao ambiente natural que é devido à atividade humana. Este ponto distingue os desastres ambientais de outros distúrbios, como desastres naturais e atos de guerra intencionais, como bombardeios nucleares.

Desastres ambientais mostram como o impacto da alteração da terra pelo homem levou a consequências generalizadas e/ou duradouras. Esses desastres incluíram mortes de animais selvagens, humanos e plantas, ou graves perturbações da vida ou saúde humana, possivelmente exigindo migração.

Casos notórios

 Explosão em Seveso (1976)
 Vazamento em Bhopal (1984)
 Desastre de Chernobyl (1986)
 Liberação de óleo pelo Exxon Valdez (1989)
 Derramamento de óleo da Deepwater Horizon (2010)
 Rompimento de barragem em Mariana (2015)

Referências
Desastres ambientais

Desastre ecológico


Kineski šaš (lat. Miscanthus) rod trajnica iz porodice trava raširen po raširena po Ruskom dalekom istoku, tropskoj Aziji, pacifiku i dijelovima Afrike. Dio je a dio je podtribusa Saccharinae.

Postoji 15 priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Miscanthus depauperatus Merr.
 Miscanthus ecklonii (Nees) Mabb.
 Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 Miscanthus fuscus (Roxb.) Benth.
 Miscanthus junceus (Stapf) Pilg.
 Miscanthus × longiberbis (Hack.) Nakai
 Miscanthus lutarioriparius L.Liu ex S.L.Chen & Renvoize
 Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack.
 Miscanthus nudipes (Griseb.) Hack.
 Miscanthus oligostachyus Stapf
 Miscanthus paniculatus (B.S.Sun) S.L.Chen & Renvoize
 Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch.
 Miscanthus sinensis Andersson
 Miscanthus tinctorius (Steud.) Hack.
 Miscanthus villosus Y.C.Liu & H.Peng
 Miscanthus violaceus (K.Schum.) Pilg.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Saccharinae

Kineski šaš


Kocamanbaşı, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Kocamanbaşı, Cilavurt köyünün bir mahallesiyken 1950'lerin ikinci yarısında ayrı bir köy haline getirilmiştir. Nitekim Cilavurt köyünün nüfusu 1955 genel seçimlerinde 1.423 kişiden oluşuyorken, 1960 genel nüfus sayımında 955 kişiye düşmüştür. Kocamanbaşı'nın nüfusu ise 1960 yılında 788 kişi olarak kaydedilmiştir. Cilavurt köyünün adı 1959 yılında Kesikkaya olarak değiştirildiği sırada Kocamanbaşı ayrı bir köy haline getirilmiş olmalıdır. Kocamanbaşı'nın köy haline getirildiği sırada, yakınında ve Terme ilçesi sınırları için Kocaman adlı bir köy bulunuyordu. Buna bağlı olarak bu yerleşime Kocamanbaşı adı verilmiş olmalıdır. 1965 genel nüfus sayımında Kocamanbaşı köyünün nüfusu 941 kişiden oluşuyor ve bu nüfus içinde 233 kişi okuma yazma biliyordu.

Kocamanbaşı, günümüzde Terme ilçesinde Gürcülerin yaşadığı yedi köyden (diğerleri: Akçay,  Cılar, Keskinkaya, Köybucağı, Kuşça, Özyurt) biridir. Buradaki Gürcüler 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nın ardından Aşağı Acara bölgesinin Keda kazasından göç etmiştir. Köyde günümüzde 50 hane civarında Gürcü bulunmaktadır. Kocamanbaşı köyü Laz ve Türk nüfusunu da barındıran bir yerleşimdir. Nüfus açısından karışık olmasından dolayı Kocamanbaşı'nda Gürcü dili tamamen unutulmuştur.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 70 km, Terme ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Kocamanbaşı, Terme