ලක්දිව අගනුවර කුරුණෑගලව පැවති යුගයේදී රාජකීය ක්‍රීඩා පිටිය සහ විනෝද උයන ලෙස යොදාගත් ප්‍රදේශය මාලිගා පිටිය නම්වේ.

මායිම්
 උ: කුරුණෑගල වැව
 නැ: රජ මාලිගාව සහ දෙතිස්ඵල බෝධිය
 ද: මගුල් මඩුව
 බ: කුරුණෑගල වැව

වර්තමාන තත්‍වය
ඉංග්‍රීසි යුගයේදී පැරණි මාලිගා පිටියේ කොටස් විවිධ කටයුතු සඳහා වෙන්කිරීම ඇරඹිනි. තවමත් පැරණි පිටියේ විශාල කොටසක් ක්‍රීඩා කටයුතු සඳහා යොදාගනී.

 වෙලගෙදර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගණය
  මාලිගා පිටිය නමින් තවමත් නිල වශයෙන් හැඳින්වෙන මලල ක්‍රීඩාංගණය
 සර් ජෝන් කොතලාවල විදුහලේ ක්‍රීඩා පිටිය සහ නව ශාලාව
  නාගරික පිහිනුම් තටාකය
 ක්‍රීඩාගාරය
 Indoor cricket stadium
 එලිමහන් රඟහල
 රණවිරු ස්මාරකය ඉදිකරඇති පැවති ළමා උයන
 නගර ශාලාව
 ගිනිනිවීම් රථ ගාල

කුරුණෑගල
කුරුණෑගල යුගය

මාලිගා පිටිය, කුරුණෑගල


An Oncidium putumayense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark W. Chase och Norris Hagan Williams. An Oncidium putumayense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oncidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oncidium

Oncidium putumayense


Özyineleme ya da yinelge, en genel anlamıyla bir yapının (kendi kendine) yinelenmesidir. Özellikle matematik ve bilgisayar biliminde kullanılır. Bu yapılara yinelgen yapılar denir. Yinelgen bir yapı eğer kendine gönderme yapma (atfıta bulunma) özelliğiyle yinelgen ise bu tür yapılara özgöndergeli ya da kendine-göndergeli yapılar denir.

Matematik ve mantıkta yinelgen yapılar

Yinelgen göndermeler (fonksiyonlar)

Matematiksel göndermeler (fonksiyonlar) yinelgen olarak tanımlanabilir. Örneğin doğal sayılarda tanımlı faktöriyel (çarpansal) göndermesi:

Doğal sayılar
Aslında matematikte sadece göndermeler değil, kümeler dahil birçok kavram yinelgen olarak tanımlananır. Örneğin doğal sayılar kümesi aşağıdaki iki özelliği sağlayan en küçük kümedir:

 0 bir doğal sayıdır.
 n bir doğal sayı ise n+1 bir doğal sayıdır.

Tümevarım

Yaygın bir matematiksel kanıt çeşidi olan tümevarım çoğu zaman yinelgeye baş vurur. Örneğin Osman soyundan gelenlerin insan olduğu iki temel varsayım ile ispatlanabilir.
Varsayım 1: Osman insandır.
Varsayım 2: İnsanın çocuğu insandır.

İddia: x, Osman soyundan geliyor ise insandır.
İspat:
 Temel durum: x, Osman ise insandır (Varsayım 1).
 Tümevarım adımı: 'in ebeveyni Osman ise temel durum ve Varsayım 2'ye göre kendisi de insandır. x, Osman soyundan geliyor fakat 'in ebeveyni Osman değilse, 'in ebeveyni Osman soyundan geliyordur ve İddiaya göre ebeveyni insandır. Bu durumda Varsayım 2'ye göre x de insandır.

Kendi kendine atıfta bulunan bu ispat şekli, temel durum haricindeki her durum için bir önceki durumun doğru olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Örneğin 'ın torunu 'ın çocuğu insan olduğu için insandır. 'ın çocuğu ise Osman insan olduğu için insandır. Herhangi bir nesilden bu şekilde geriye gidilebilir.

Bilgisayar programlarında yinelgen yapılar

İşlev tanımlama
Matematiktekine benzer şekilde, işlevler yinelgen olarak tanımlanabilir. Örneğin işlevsel bir programlama dili olan Common Lisp'te faktöriyel işlevi aşağıdaki gibi tanımlanabilir:

 (defun fak(n)
   (if (<= n 1) 1
     (* n (fak (- n 1)))))

Ya da daha yaygın olarak kullanılan C dilinde;

 int fak(int n)
 {
  if (n<=1) return 1;
  return n*fak(n-1);
 }

Church tezine göre hesaplanabilir bütün işlevler, yinelgen işlevler ile ifade edilebilir.

Veri türleri
Bazı programlama dilleri, yinelgen veri türlerine izin verir. Aşağıdaki betik parçası, Ocaml'de doğal sayı veri tipini tanımlamaktadır:

 type dogal = SIFIR | SONRAKI of dogal

Ayrıca doğal ve yapay dillerin sözdizimleri ve dilbilgileri de yinelgen tanımlanabilir.

Hesaplanabilirlik teorisi

Özyineleme


La expresión «Días de cine» puede referirse a:

Cine y televisión
 Días de cine (1991-), programa de televisión emitido por la cadena La 2 de Televisión Española.
 Días de cine (2007), película española dirigida por David Serrano de la Peña.

Días de cine


The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is located within the northern Rocky Mountains, in areas of northwestern Wyoming, southwestern Montana, and eastern Idaho, and is about . Yellowstone National Park and the Yellowstone Caldera 'hotspot' are within it.

The area is a flagship site among conservation groups that promote ecosystem management. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) is one of the world's foremost natural laboratories in landscape ecology and Holocene geology, and is a world-renowned recreational destination. It is also home to the diverse native plants and animals of Yellowstone.

History

Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 with the intent to include all the known geothermal basins in the region. As landscape ecology considerations were not incorporated into original boundary, revisions were suggested to conform more closely to natural topographic features, such as the ridgeline of the Absaroka Range along the east boundary. In 1929, President Hoover signed the first bill changing the park's boundaries: The northwest corner now included a significant area of petrified trees; the northeast corner was defined by the watershed of Pebble Creek; the eastern boundary included the headwaters of the Lamar River and part of the watershed of the Yellowstone River. In 1932, President Hoover issued an executive order that added more than  between the north boundary and the Yellowstone River, west of Gardiner. These lands provided winter range for elk and other ungulates. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (Ursus arctos) range in and near the park became the first informal minimum boundary of a theoretical "Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" that included at least . Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as , while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to .

In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone, resulting in a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service outlining shortcomings in inter-agency coordination and concluding that the area's essential values were at risk.

Protected areas
Federally managed areas within the GYE include:
 United States National Park Service (NPS) — Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway.
 United States National Forest Service (USFS) — Gallatin, Custer, Beaverhead-Deerlodge, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton, and Shoshone National Forests
 United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) — National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuges

Ten distinct National Wilderness Areas have been established within the GYE's National Forests since 1966, mandating a higher level of habitat protection than the USFS otherwise uses.

The GYE also encompasses some privately held and state lands surrounding those managed by the U.S. Government.

The Trust for Public Land has protected  over about 40 projects in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Management by species
Ecological management has been most often advanced through concerns over individual species rather than over broader ecological principles. Though 20 or 30 or even 50 years of information on a population may be considered long-term by some, one of the important lessons of Greater Yellowstone management is that even half a century is not long enough to give a full idea of how a species may vary in its occupation of a wild ecosystem.

The Yellowstone hot springs are important for their diversity of thermophilic bacteria. These bacteria have been useful in studies of the evolution of photosynthesis and as sources of thermostable enzymes for molecular biology. Although the smell of sulfur is common and there are some sulfur fixing cyanobacteria, it has been found that hydrogen is being used as an energy source by extremophile microbes.

Flora

Among native plants of the GYE, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a species of special interest, in large part because of its seasonal importance to grizzly bears, but also because its distribution could be dramatically reduced by relatively minor global warming. In this case, researchers do not have a good long-term data set on the species, but they understand its ecology well enough to project declining future conservation status. A more immediate and serious threat to whitebark pines is an introduced fungal rust disease, White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola), which is causing heavy mortality in the species. Occasional resistant individuals occur, but in the short to medium term, a severe population decline is expected.

Estimates of the decline of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) on the park's northern range since 1872 range from 50% to 95%. Perhaps no conservation controversy underway in Greater Yellowstone more clearly reveals the need for comprehensive interdisciplinary research.
Several factors are suspected in the quaking aspen's changing status, including:
Native American influences on numerous mammal species and on fire ecology-return intervals before the creation of the park in 1872.
European influences on wildfire frequency since 1886; regional climate warming.
Human harvests of beaver and ungulates in the first 15 years of the park's history, and of wolves and other predators before 1930.
Human settlement on traditional ungulate migration routes north of the park since 1872; ungulate (especially elk) effects on all other parts of the ecosystem since 1900; and human influences on elk distribution in the park.

Fauna

Anecdotal information on grizzly bear abundance dates to the mid-19th century, and administrators have made informal population estimates for more than 70 years. From these sources, ecologists know the species was common in Greater Yellowstone when Europeans arrived and that the population was not isolated before the 1930s, but is now. Researchers do not know if bears were more or less common than now.

A 1959-1970 bear study suggested a grizzly bear population size of about 176, later revised to about 229. Later estimates have ranged as low as 136 and as high as 540; the most recent is a minimum estimate of 236, but biologists think there may be as many as 1,000 bears in the ecosystem. Although the Greater Yellowstone population is relatively close to recovery goals, the plan's definition of recovery is controversial. Thus, even though the population may be stable or possibly increasing in the short term, in the longer term, continued habitat loss, climate change, and increasing human activities may well reverse the trend.

Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have suffered considerable declines since European settlement, but recently began flourishing in some areas. Especially in Yellowstone Lake itself, long-term records indicate an almost remarkable restoration of robust populations from only three decades ago when the numbers of this fish were depleted because of excessive harvest. Its current recovery, though a significant management achievement, does not begin to restore the species' historical abundance. Also, they declined because of invasive lake trout. An aggressive lake trout removal program has caused the cutthroats to rebound.

Early accounts of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in Greater Yellowstone described herds of hundreds seen ranging through most major river valleys. These populations were decimated by 1900, and declines continued among remaining herds. On the park's northern range, pronghorn declined from 500 to 700 in the 1930s to about 122 in 1968. By 1992 the herd had increased to 536.

Gray Wolf reintroduction

The park is a commonly cited example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem through a trophic cascade. After the reintroduction of the gray wolf in 1995, researchers noticed drastic changes occurring. Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing. The respite allowed willows and aspens to grow, creating habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear population. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills to gain needed energy and fatten up after fasting for months. Dozens of other species have been documented scavenging from wolf kills.

See also
Ecology of the Rocky Mountains

References

Further reading

External links
 Greater Yellowstone Coalition: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem website
 USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
 Yellowstone-Teton Clean Energy Coalition
 The Trust for Public Land - Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Program

Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
Environment of Idaho
Environment of Montana
Environment of Wyoming
Northwestern United States
Yellowstone National Park
Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Systems ecology

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem


Un casco de béisbol es una protección llevada por los bateadores en béisbol y sóftbol cuya función es proteger la cabeza del bateador durante su turno al bate. Una pelota de béisbol desplazándose a la velocidad promedio con la que suelen ser arrojadas por los lanzadores profesionales -90 millas por hora, que son alrededor de 145 kilómetros por hora- se convierte en un proyectil que puede proferir lesiones graves, incluso fatales cuando el lanzamiento es producido con puntería errónea, bien sea accidental o intencionalmente.

El casco cubre completamente las partes posterior y superior de la cabeza, así como parcialmente las zonas laterales y debe cubrir por lo menos una oreja, que debe ser aquella que se encuentra expuesta en la dirección del lanzador; esto es, la oreja izquierda para bateadores derechos y la oreja derecha para bateadores zurdos. Existen también cascos de béisbol que cubren ambas orejas, sin embargo las reglas de la Major League Baseball solo exigen este último diseño para bateadores ambidiestros.

A pesar de lo conveniente y seguro de su empleo, el uso del casco no se hizo común en la MLB sino hasta mediados de la década de 1950, no obstante el fallecimiento de Ray Chapman en 1920 debido a un pelotazo y del severo accidente sufrido por Mickey Cochrane en 1937. Finalmente, en 1971, la MLB impuso el uso obligatorio del casco para todos los bateadores en juego. Dicha regla, como muchas otras en la MLB, no tenía carácter retroactivo y así, jugadores con varias temporadas de experiencia tenían la opción de escoger el uso del casco. El último jugador no obligado por el reglamento a utilizar el casco fue Bob Montgomery, quien se retiró en 1979. Desde entonces, su uso es obligatorio sin excepción.

beisbol
Equipamiento de béisbol

Casco de béisbol


The American Revolutionary War saw a series of battles involving naval forces of the British Royal Navy and the Continental Navy from 1775, and of the French Navy from 1778 onwards. Although the British enjoyed more numerical victories, these battles culminated in the surrender of the British Army force of Lieutenant-General Earl Charles Cornwallis, an event that led directly to the beginning of serious peace negotiations and the eventual end of the war. From the start of the hostilities, the British North American station under Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves blockaded the major colonial ports and carried raids against patriot communities. Colonial forces could do little to stop these developments due to British naval supremacy. In 1777, colonial privateers made raids into British waters capturing merchant ships, which they took into French and Spanish ports, although both were officially neutral. Seeking to challenge Britain, France signed two treaties with America in February 1778, but stopped short of declaring war on Britain. The risk of a French invasion forced the British to concentrate its forces in the English Channel, leaving its forces in North America vulnerable to attacks.

France officially entered the war on 17 June 1778, and the French ships sent to the Western Hemisphere spent most of the year in the West Indies, and only sailed to the Thirteen Colonies from July until November. In the first Franco-American campaign, a French fleet commanded by Vice-Admiral Comte Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing attempted landings in New York and Newport, but due to a combination of poor coordination and bad weather, d'Estaing and Vice-Admiral Lord Richard Howe naval forces did not engage during 1778. After the French fleet departed, the British turned their attention to the south. In 1779, the French fleet returned to assist American forces attempting to recapture Savannah from British forces, however failing leading the British victors to remain in control till late 1782.

In 1780, another fleet and 6,000 troops commanded by Lieutenant-General Comte Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau, landed at Newport, and shortly afterwards was blockaded by the British. In early 1781, General George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau planned an attack against the British in the Chesapeake Bay area coordinated with the arrival of a large fleet commanded by Vice-Admiral Comte François Joseph Paul de Grasse from the West Indies. British Vice-Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney, who had been tracking de Grasse around the West Indies, was alerted to the latter's departure, but was uncertain of the French admiral's destination. Believing that de Grasse would return a portion of his fleet to Europe, Rodney detached Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood and 15 ships of the line with orders to find de Grasse's destination in North America. Rodney, who was ill, sailed for Europe with the rest of his fleet in order to recover, refit his fleet, and to avoid the Atlantic hurricane season.

British naval forces in North America and the West Indies were weaker than the combined fleets of France and Spain, and, after much indecision by British naval commanders, the French fleet gained control over Chesapeake Bay, landing forces near Yorktown. The Royal Navy attempted to dispute this control in the key Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September but Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated. Protected from the sea by French ships, Franco-American forces surrounded, besieged and forced the surrender of British forces commanded by General Cornwallis, concluding major operations in North America. When the news reached London, the government of Lord Frederick North fell, and the following Rockingham ministry entered into peace negotiations. These culminated in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, in which King George III recognised the independence of the United States of America.

Early actions, 1775–1778

First skirmishes

The Battle of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 drew thousands of militia forces from throughout New England to the towns surrounding Boston. These men remained in the area and their numbers grew, placing the British forces in Boston under siege when they blocked all land access to the peninsula. The British were still able to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia, Providence, and other places because the harbour remained under British naval control.  Colonial forces could do nothing to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet and the complete absence of any sort of rebel armed vessels in the spring of 1775. Nevertheless, while the British were able to resupply the city by sea, the inhabitants and the British forces were on short rations, and prices rose quickly  Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves commanded the Royal Navy around occupied Boston under overall leadership of Governor General Thomas Gage. Graves had hired storage on Noddle's Island for a variety of important naval supplies, hay and livestock, which he felt were important to preserve, owing to the "almost impossibility of replacing them at this Juncture".

During the siege, with the supplies in the city running shorter by the day, British troops were sent to the Boston Harbour to raid farms for supplies. Graves, apparently acting on intelligence that the Colonials might make attempts on the islands, posted guard boats near Noddle's Island. These were longboats that included detachments of Marines. Sources disagree as to whether or not any regulars or marines were stationed on Noddle's Island to protect the naval supplies. In response, the Colonials began clearing Noddle's Island and Hog Island of anything useful to the British. Graves on his flagship , taking notice of this, signalled for the guard marines to land on Noddle's island and ordered the armed schooner , under the command of his nephew Lieutenant Thomas Graves, to sail up Chelsea Creek to cut off the colonists' route. This contested action resulted in the loss of two British soldiers and the capture and burning of Diana. This setback prompted Graves to move , which had been stationed in the shallow waters between Boston and Charlestown, into deeper waters to the east of Boston, where it would have improved manoeuvrability if fired upon from land. He also belatedly sent a detachment of regulars to secure Noddle's Island; the colonists had long before removed or destroyed anything of value on the island.

The need for building materials and other supplies led Admiral Graves to authorise a loyalist merchant to send his two ships Unity and Polly from Boston to Machias in the District of Maine, escorted by the armed schooner Margaretta under the command of James Moore, a midshipman from Graves' flagship Preston. Moore also carried orders to recover what he could from the wreck of , which had apparently been run aground in Machias Bay by a patriot pilot in February 1775. After a heated negotiation, the Machias townspeople seized the merchant vessels and the schooner after a short battle in which Moore was killed. Jeremiah O'Brien immediately outfitted one of the three captured vessels with breastwork, armed her with the guns and swivels taken from Margaretta and changed her name to Machias Liberty. In July 1775, Jeremiah O'Brien and Benjamin Foster captured two more British armed schooners, Diligent and Tatamagouche, whose officers had been captured when they came ashore near Bucks Harbour. In August 1775, the Provincial Congress formally recognised their efforts, commissioning both Machias Liberty and Diligent into the Massachusetts Navy, with Jeremiah O'Brien as their commander. The community would be a base for privateering until the war's end.

Their resistance, and that of other coastal communities, led Graves to authorise a reprisal expedition in October whose sole significant act was the Burning of Falmouth. On 30 August, Royal Naval Captain James Wallace, commanding  fired into the town of Stonington, after the townspeople there prevented Roses tender from capturing a vessel it had chased into the harbour. Wallace also fired on the town of Bristol, in October, after its townspeople refused to deliver livestock to him. The outrage in the colonies over these action contributed to the passing of legislation by the Second Continental Congress that established the Continental Navy. The US Navy recognises 13 October 1775, as the date of its official establishment — the Second Continental Congress had established the Continental Navy in late 1775. On this day, Congress authorised the purchase of two armed vessels for a cruise against British merchant ships; these ships became  and . The first ship in commission was  purchased on 4 November and commissioned on 3 December by Captain Dudley Saltonstall. John Adams drafted its first governing regulations, adopted by Congress on 28 November 1775, which remained in effect throughout the Revolution. The Rhode Island resolution, reconsidered by the Continental Congress, passed on 13 December 1775, authorising the building of thirteen frigates within the next three months, five ships of 32 guns, five with 28 guns and three with 24 guns.

Foundation of the Continental Navy

The desperate shortage of gunpowder available to the Continental Army had led the Congress to organise a naval expedition, one of whose goals was the seizure of the military supplies at Nassau. While the orders issued by the Congress to Esek Hopkins, the fleet captain selected to lead the expedition, included only instructions for patrolling and raiding British naval targets on the Virginia and Carolina coastline, additional instructions may have been given to Hopkins in secret meetings of the Congress' Naval Committee. The instructions that Hopkins issued to his fleet's captains before it sailed from Cape Henlopen, Delaware on February 17, 1776, included instructions to rendezvous at Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas. The fleet that Hopkins launched consisted of: Alfred, , , , Andrew Doria, Cabot, , and Columbus. In addition to ships' crews, it carried 200 marines under the command of Samuel Nicholas. In early March, the fleet (reduced by one due to tangled rigging en route) landed marines on the island of New Providence and captured the town of Nassau in the Bahamas. After loading the fleet's ships, (enlarged to include two captured prize ships), with military stores, the fleet sailed north on 17 March, with one ship dispatched to Philadelphia, while the rest of the fleet sailed for the Block Island channel, with Governor Browne and other officials as prisoners. Outbreaks of a variety of diseases, including fevers and smallpox, resulting in significant reductions in crew effectiveness, marked the fleet's cruise.

The return voyage was uneventful until the fleet reached the waters off Long Island. On 4 April, the fleet encountered and captured a prize, Hawk, which was laden with supplies. The next day brought a second prize Bolton, which was also laden with stores that included more armaments and powder. Hoping to catch more easy prizes, Hopkins continued to cruise off Block Island that night, forming the fleet into a scouting formation of two columns. The need to man the prizes further reduced the fighting effectiveness of the fleet's ships. The fleet finally met resistance on April 6, when it encountered the Glasgow, a heavily armed sixth-rate ship. In the ensuing action, the outnumbered Glasgow managed to escape capture, severely damaging the Cabot in the process, wounding her captain, Hopkins' son John Burroughs Hopkins, and killing or wounding eleven others. Andrew Doria'''s Captain Nicholas Biddle described the battle as "helter-skelter". They reached New London on 8 April.

Although Continental Congress President John Hancock praised Hopkins for the fleet's performance, its failure to capture Glasgow gave opponents of the Navy in and out of Congress opportunities for criticism. Nicholas Biddle wrote of the action, "A more imprudent, ill-conducted affair never happened". Abraham Whipple, captain of Columbus, endured rumours and accusations of cowardice for a time, but eventually asked for a court-martial to clear his name. Held on 6 May by a panel consisting of officers who had been on the cruise, he was cleared of cowardice, although he was criticised for errors of judgment. John Hazard, captain of Providence, was not so fortunate. Charged by his subordinate officers with a variety of offences, including neglect of duty during the Glasgow action, he was convicted by court-martial and forced to surrender his commission.

Commodore Hopkins came under scrutiny from Congress over matters unrelated to this action. He had violated his written orders by sailing to Nassau instead of Virginia and the Carolinas, and he had distributed the goods taken during the cruise to Connecticut and Rhode Island without consulting Congress. He was censured for these transgressions, and dismissed from the Navy in January 1778 after further controversies, including the fleet's failure to sail again (a number of its ships suffered from crew shortages, and also became trapped at Providence by the British occupation of Newport late in 1776). American forces were not strong enough to dislodge the British garrison there, which was also supported by British ships using Newport as a base.

On Lake Champlain, Benedict Arnold supervised the construction of 12 vessels to protect access into Hudson River's uppermost navigable reaches from advancing British forces. A British fleet destroyed Arnold's in the Battle of Valcour Island, but the fleet's presence on the lake managed to slow down the British progression enough until winter came before they were able capture Fort Ticonderoga. By mid-1776, a number of ships, ranging up to and including the thirteen frigates approved by Congress, were under construction, but their effectiveness was limited; they were completely outmatched by the mighty Royal Navy, and nearly all were captured or sunk by 1781.

Privateers had some success with 1,697 letters of marque being issued by Congress. Individual states and American agents in Europe and in the Caribbean also issued commissions. Taking duplications into account, various authorities issued more than 2,000 commissions. Lloyd's of London estimated that Yankee privateers captured 2,208 British ships, amounting to almost $66 million, a significant sum at the time.

France enters the war, 1778–1780

French movements

For its first major attempt at co-operation with the Americans, France sent Vice-Admiral Comte Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing, with a fleet of 12 ships of the line and some French Army troops to North America in April 1778, with orders to blockade the British North American fleet in the Delaware River. Although British leaders had early intelligence that d'Estaing was likely headed for North America, political and military differences within the government and navy delayed the British response, allowing him to sail unopposed through the Straits of Gibraltar. It was not until early June that a fleet of 13 ships of the line under the command of Vice-Admiral John Byron left European waters in pursuit. D'Estaing's Atlantic crossing took three months, but Byron (who was called "Foul-weather Jack" due to his repeated bad luck with the weather) was also delayed by bad weather and did not reach New York until mid-August.

The British evacuated Philadelphia to New York City before d'Estaing's arrival, and their North American fleet was no longer in the river when his fleet arrived at Delaware Bay in early July. D'Estaing decided to sail for New York, but its well-defended harbour presented a daunting challenge to the French fleet. Since the French and their American pilots believed his largest ships were unable to cross the sandbar into New York harbour, their leaders decided to deploy their forces against British-occupied Newport, Rhode Island. While d'Estaing was outside the harbour, British Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton and Vice-Admiral Lord Richard Howe dispatched a fleet of transports carrying 2,000 troops to reinforce Newport via Long Island Sound; these reached their destination on 15 July, raising the size of Major General Sir Robert Pigot's garrison to over 6,700 men.

French arrival at Newport

On 22 July, when the British judged the tide high enough for the French ships to cross the sandbar, d'Estaing sailed instead from his position outside New York harbour. He sailed south initially before turning northeast toward Newport. The British fleet in New York, eight ships of the line under the command of Lord Richard Howe, sailed out after him once they discovered his destination was Newport. D'Estaing arrived off Point Judith on 29 July, and immediately met with Major Generals Nathanael Greene and Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, to develop a plan of attack. Major General John Sullivan's proposal was that the Americans would cross over to Aquidneck Island's (Rhode Island) eastern shore from Tiverton, while French troops using Conanicut Island as a staging ground, would cross from the west, cutting off a detachment of British soldiers at Butts Hill on the northern part of the island. The next day, d'Estaing sent frigates into the Sakonnet River (the channel to the east of Aquidneck) and into the main channel leading to Newport.

As allied intentions became clear, General Pigot decided to redeploy his forces in a defensive posture, withdrawing troops from Conanicut Island and from Butts Hill. He also decided to move nearly all livestock into the city, ordered the levelling of orchards to provide a clear line of fire, and destroyed carriages and wagons. The arriving French ships drove several of his supporting ships aground, which were then burned to prevent their capture. As the French worked their way up the channel toward Newport, Pigot ordered the remaining ships scuttled to hamper French access to Newport's harbour. On 8 August d'Estaing moved the bulk of his fleet into Newport Harbour.

On 9 August d'Estaing began disembarking some of his 4,000 troops onto nearby Conanicut Island. The same day, General Sullivan learned that Pigot had abandoned Butts Hill. Contrary to the agreement with d'Estaing, Sullivan then crossed troops over to seize that high ground, concerned that the British might reoccupy it in strength. Although d'Estaing later approved of the action, his initial reaction, and that of some of his officers, was one of disapproval. John Laurens wrote that the action "gave much umbrage to the French officers". Sullivan was en route to a meeting with d'Estaing when the latter learned that Admiral Howe's fleet had arrived.

Storm damage

Lord Howe's fleet was delayed departing New York by contrary winds, and he arrived off Point Judith on 9 August. Since d'Estaing's fleet outnumbered Howe's, the French admiral, fearful that Howe would be further reinforced and eventually gain a numerical advantage, reboarded the French troops, and sailed out to do battle with Howe on 10 August. As the two fleets prepared to battle and manoeuvreered for position, the weather deteriorated, and a major storm broke out. Raging for two days, the storm scattered both fleets, severely damaging the French flagship. It also frustrated plans by Sullivan to attack Newport without French support on 11 August. While Sullivan awaited the return of the French fleet, he began siege operations, moving closer to the British lines on 15 August and opening trenches to the northeast of the fortified British line north of Newport the next day.

As the two fleets sought to regroup, individual ships encountered enemy ships, and there were several minor naval skirmishes; two French ships (including d'Estaing's flagship), already suffering storm damage, were badly mauled in these encounters. The French fleet regrouped off Delaware, and returned to Newport on 20 August, while the British fleet regrouped at New York.

Despite pressure from his captains to sail immediately for Boston to make repairs, Admiral d'Estaing instead sailed for Newport to inform the Americans he would be unable to assist them. Upon his arrival on 20 August he informed Sullivan, and rejected entreaties that the British could be compelled to surrender in just one or two days with their help. Of the decision, d'Estaing wrote: "It was [...] difficult to persuade oneself that about six thousand men well entrenched and with a fort before which they had dug trenches could be taken either in twenty-four hours or in two days". Any thought of the French fleet remaining at Newport was also opposed by d'Estaing's captains, with whom he had a difficult relationship because of his arrival in the navy at a high rank after service in the French army. D'Estaing sailed for Boston on 22 August.

D'Estaing reaches Boston

The French decision brought on a wave of anger in the American ranks and its commanders. Although General Greene penned a complaint that John Laurens termed "sensible and spirited", General Sullivan was less diplomatic. In a missive containing much inflammatory language, he called d'Estaing's decision "derogatory to the honor of France", and included further complaints in orders of the day that were later suppressed when cooler heads prevailed. American writers from the ranks called the French decision a "desertion", and noted that they "left us in a most Rascally manner".

The French departure prompted a mass exodus of the American militia, significantly shrinking the American force. On 24 August, Sullivan was alerted by General George Washington that Clinton was assembling a relief force in New York. That evening his council made the decision to withdraw to positions on the northern part of the island. Sullivan continued to seek French assistance, dispatching Lafayette to Boston to negotiate further with d'Estaing.

In the meantime, the British in New York had not been idle. Lord Howe, concerned about the French fleet and further reinforced by the arrival of ships from Byron's storm-tossed squadron, sailed out to catch d'Estaing before he reached Boston. General Clinton organised a force of 4,000 men under Major General Charles Grey, and sailed with it on 26 August, destined for Newport.

The inflammatory writings of General Sullivan arrived before the French fleet reached Boston; Admiral d'Estaing's initial reaction was reported to be a dignified silence. Under pressure from Washington and the Continental Congress, politicians worked to smooth over the incident while d'Estaing was in good spirits when Lafayette arrived in Boston. D'Estaing even offered to march troops overland to support the Americans: "I offered to become a colonel of infantry, under the command of one who three years ago was a lawyer, and who certainly must have been an uncomfortable man for his clients".

General Pigot was harshly criticise by Clinton for failing to await the relief force, which might have successfully entrapped the Americans on the island. He left Newport for England not long after. Newport was abandoned by the British in October 1779 with economy ruined by the war.

Other actions

The relief force of Clinton and Grey arrived at Newport on 1 September. Given that the threat was over, Clinton instead ordered Grey to raid several communities on the Massachusetts coast. Admiral Howe was unsuccessful in his bid to catch up with d'Estaing, who held a strong position at the Nantasket Roads when Howe arrived there on 30 August. Admiral Byron, who succeeded Howe as head of the New York station in September, was also unsuccessful in blockading d'Estaing: his fleet was scattered by a storm when it arrived off Boston, while d'Estaing sailed away, bound for the West Indies.

The British Navy in New York had not been inactive. Vice-Admiral Sir George Collier engaged in a number of amphibious raids against coastal communities from Chesapeake Bay to Connecticut, and probed at American defences in the Hudson River valley. Coming up the river in force, he supported the key outpost capture of Stony Point, but advanced no further. When Clinton weakened the garrison there to provide men for raiding expeditions, Washington organised a counterstrike. Brigadier General Anthony Wayne led a force that, solely using the bayonet, recaptured Stony Point. The Americans chose not to hold the post, but their morale was dealt a blow later in the year, when their failure to co-operate with the French led to an unsuccessful attempt to dislodge the British from Savannah. Control of Georgia was formally returned to its royal governor, James Wright, in July 1779, but the backcountry would not come under British control until after the 1780 Siege of Charleston. Patriot forces recovered Augusta by siege in 1781, but Savannah remained in British hands until 1782. The damage sustained at Savannah forced Marseillois, Zélé, Sagittaire, Protecteur and Experiment to return to Toulon for repairs.

John Paul Jones in April 1778 led a raid on the western English town of Whitehaven, representing the first engagement by American forces outside of North America.

Yorktown Campaign

French and American planning for 1781

French military planners had to balance competing demands for the 1781 campaign. After the unsuccessful American attempts of co-operation leading to failed assaults at Rhode Island and Savannah, they realised more active participation in North America was needed. However, they also needed to co-ordinate their actions with Spain, where there was potential interest in making an assault on the British stronghold of Jamaica. It turned out that the Spanish were not interested in operations against Jamaica until after they had dealt with an expected British attempt to reinforce besieged Gibraltar, and merely wanted to be informed of the movements of the West Indies fleet.

As the French fleet was preparing to depart Brest, France in March 1781, several important decisions were made. The West Indies fleet, led by the Rear-Admiral Comte François Joseph Paul de Grasse, after operations in the Windward Islands, was directed to go to Cap-Français (present-day Cap-Haïtien, Haiti) to determine what resources would be required to assist Spanish operations. Because of a lack of transports, France also promised six million livres to support the American war effort instead of providing additional troops. The French fleet at Newport was given a new commander, the Comte Jacques-Melchior de Barras Saint-Laurent. He was ordered to take the Newport fleet to harass British shipping off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and the French army at Newport was ordered to combine with Washington's army outside New York. In orders that were deliberately not fully shared with General Washington, De Grasse was instructed to assist in North American operations after his stop at Cap-Français. The French Lieutenant-General Comte Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau, was instructed to tell Washington that de Grasse might be able to assist, without making any commitment (Washington learned from John Laurens, stationed in Paris, that de Grasse had discretion to come north).

Opening moves

In December 1780, General Clinton sent Brigadier General Benedict Arnold (who had changed sides the previous September) with about 1,700 troops to Virginia to carry out raiding and to fortify Portsmouth. Washington responded by sending the Marquis de Lafayette south with a small army to oppose Arnold. Seeking to trap Arnold between Lafayette's army and a French naval detachment, Washington sought the Admiral Chevalier Destouches, the commander of the French fleet at Newport for help. Destouches was restrained by the larger British North American fleet anchored at Gardiner's Bay off the eastern end of Long Island, and was unable to help.

In early February, after receiving reports of British ships damaged by a storm, Destouches decided to send a naval expedition from his base in Newport. On 9 February, Captain Arnaud de Gardeur de Tilley sailed from Newport with three ships (ship of the line Eveille and frigates Surveillante and Gentile). When de Tilley arrived off Portsmouth four days later, Arnold retreated his ships, which had shallower drafts, up the Elizabeth River, where the larger French ships could not follow. Unable to attack Arnold's position, de Tilley could only return to Newport. On the way back, the French captured  HMS Romulus, a 44-gun frigate sent to investigate their movements. This success and the pleas of General Washington, permitted Destouches to launch a full-scale operation. On 8 March, Washington was in Newport when Destouches sailed with his entire fleet, carrying 1,200 troops for use in land operations when they arrived in the Chesapeake.

Vice-Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, the British fleet commander in North America, was aware that Destouches was planning something, but did not learn of Destouches' sailing until 10 March, and immediately led his fleet out of Gardiner Bay in pursuit. He had the advantage of favourable winds, and reached Cape Henry on 16 March, slightly ahead of Destouches. Although suffering a tactical defeat, Arbuthnot was able to pull into Chesapeake Bay, thus frustrating the original intent of Destouches' mission, forcing the French fleet to return to Newport. After transports delivered 2,000 men to reinforce Arnold, Arbuthnot returned to New York. He resigned his post as station chief in July and left for England, ending a stormy, difficult, and unproductive relationship with General Clinton.

Arrival of the fleets

The French fleet sailed from Brest on 22 March. The British fleet was busy with preparations to resupply Gibraltar, and did not attempt to oppose the departure. After the French fleet sailed, the packet ship Concorde sailed for Newport, carrying the comte de Barras, Rochambeau's orders, and credits for the six million livres. In a separate dispatch sent later, Admiral de Grasse also made two important requests.  The first was that he be notified at Cap-Français of the situation in North America so that he could decide how he might be able to assist in operations there, and the second was that he be supplied with 30 pilots familiar with North American waters.

On 21 May Generals George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau, respectively the commanders of the American and French armies in North America, met to discuss potential operations against the British. They considered either an assault or siege on the principal British base at New York City, or operations against the British forces in Virginia.  Since either of these options would require the assistance of the French fleet then in the West Indies, a ship was dispatched to meet with de Grasse who was expected at Cap-Français, outlining the possibilities and requesting his assistance. Rochambeau, in a private note to de Grasse, indicated that his preference was for an operation against Virginia.  The two generals then moved their forces to White Plains, New York to study New York's defences and await news from de Grasse.

De Grasse arrived at Cap-Français on 15 August. He immediately dispatched his response, which was that he would make for the Chesapeake. Taking on 3,200 troops, he sailed from Cap-Français with his entire fleet, 28 ships of the line. Sailing outside the normal shipping lanes to avoid notice, he arrived at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 30 August and disembarked the troops to assist in the land blockade of Cornwallis. Two British frigates that were supposed to be on patrol outside the bay were trapped inside the bay by de Grasse's arrival; this prevented the British in New York from learning the full strength of de Grasse's fleet until it was too late.

British Vice-Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney had been warned that de Grasse was planning to take at least part of his fleet north. Although he had some clues that he might take his whole fleet (he was aware of the number of pilots de Grasse had requested, for example), he assumed that de Grasse would not leave the French convoy at Cap-Français, and that part of his fleet would escort it to France. So Rodney accordingly divided his fleet, sending Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood north with 15 ships of the line and orders to find de Grasse's destination in North America and report to New York. Rodney, who was ill, took the rest of the fleet back to Britain in order to recover, refit his fleet, and to avoid the Atlantic hurricane season. Hood sailed from Antigua on 10 August, five days after de Grasse. During the voyage, one of his ships became separated and was captured by a privateer.

Sailing more directly than de Grasse, Hood's fleet arrived off the entrance to the Chesapeake on 25 August. Finding no French ships there, he then sailed on to New York to meet with Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Graves, in command of the North American station following Arbuthnot's departure, whom had spent several weeks trying to intercept a convoy organised by John Laurens to bring much-needed supplies and hard currency from France to Boston. When Hood arrived at New York, he found that Graves was in port (having failed to intercept the convoy), but had only five ships of the line that were ready for battle.

De Grasse had notified his counterpart in Newport, the comte de Barras Saint-Laurent, of his intentions and his planned arrival date. De Barras sailed from Newport on 27 August with 8 ships of the line, 4 frigates, and 18 transports carrying French armaments and siege equipment. He deliberately sailed via a circuitous route to minimise the possibility of an encounter with the British, should they sail from New York in pursuit. Washington and Rochambeau, in the meantime, had crossed the Hudson on 24 August, leaving some troops behind as a ruse to delay any potential move on the part of General Clinton to mobilise assistance for Cornwallis.

News of de Barras' departure led the British to realise that the Chesapeake was the probable target of the French fleets. By 31 August Graves had moved his ships over the bar at New York harbour. Taking command of the combined fleet, now 19 ships, Graves sailed south, and arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake on 5 September. His progress was slow; the poor condition of some of the West Indies ships (contrary to claims by Admiral Hood that his fleet was fit for a month of service) necessitated repairs en route. Graves was also concerned about some ships in his own fleet; Europe in particular had difficulty manoeuvring. The squadrons' clash started with Marseillois'' exchanging shots with the 64-gun HMS Intrepid, under Captain Anthony Molloy.

Aftermath

The British retreat in disarray set off a flurry of panic among the Loyalist population. The news of the defeat was also not received well in London. King George III wrote (well before learning of Cornwallis's surrender) that "after the knowledge of the defeat of our fleet [...] I nearly think the empire ruined".

The French success at completely encircling Cornwallis left them firmly in control of Chesapeake Bay. In addition to capturing a number of smaller British vessels, de Grasse and de Barras assigned their smaller vessels to assist in the transport of Washington's and Rochambeau's forces from Head of Elk, Maryland to Yorktown.

It was not until 23 September that Graves and Clinton learned that the French fleet in the Chesapeake numbered 36 ships. This news came from a dispatch sneaked out by Cornwallis on the 17th, accompanied by a plea for help: "If you cannot relieve me very soon, you must be prepared to hear the worst". After effecting repairs in New York, Admiral Graves sailed from New York on 19 October with 25 ships of the line and transports carrying 7,000 troops to relieve Cornwallis. It was two days after Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. General Washington acknowledge to de Grasse the importance of his role in the victory: "You will have observed that, whatever efforts are made by the land armies, the navy must have the casting vote in the present contest". The eventual surrender of Cornwallis led to peace two years later and British recognition of the independent United States of America.

Admiral de Grasse returned with his fleet to the West Indies. In a major engagement that suspended Franco-Spanish plans for the capture of Jamaica in 1782, he was defeated and taken prisoner by Rodney in the Battle of the Saintes. His flagship Ville de Paris was lost at sea in a storm while being conducted back to England as part of a fleet commanded by Admiral Graves. Despite the controversy over his conduct in this battle, Graves continued to serve, rising to full admiral and receiving an Irish peerage.

See also
 Quasi War
 War of 1812

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

American Revolutionary War
Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
Military history of the Atlantic Ocean
Naval battles involving the United States
Naval battles involving Great Britain
Naval battles involving France

Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War


O Club Universitario de Deportes em 2022, participou de duas competições: Campeonato Peruano e Copa Libertadores.

Elenco
Atualizado 4 de fevereiro de 2022.

Entradas

Saídas

Uniformes

Camisa do torcedor

70 anos do estádio Teodoro Fernández

Homenagem a Hector Chumpitaz

Competições

Campeonato Peruano

Torneo Apertura

Partidas
Em partida disputada no estádio Miguel Grau, o Universitario venceu o Cantolao por 3 a 0 pela primeira rodada da Liga 1. Cantolao jogou com nove jogadores desde o minuto 59 e isso, de alguma forma, facilitou as coisas para o Universitario abrir com uma vitória nesta temporada.No estádio Monumental, a 'U' venceu o Club San Martín por 3 a 0 com dois gols de Nelinho Quina. O uruguaio Álvaro Gutiérrez estreou com vitória como treinador. Álex Valera marcou seu primeiro gol da temporada. San Martín, que chegava a este duelo com poucos dias de preparação, surpreendeu no início incomodando o Universitario e até criando ocasiões perigosas. Universitario teve um início difícil e depois encontrou o gol da vantagem.

Aos 17 minutos, Valera deu um chute que acertou a trave, o rebote veio para os pés de Nelinho Quina, que finalizou sozinho. Valera fez o segundo gol e o último foi marcado por Quina. Desta forma, a 'U' somou a sua segunda vitória no ano.Após as duas vitórias consecutivas, o Universitario mordeu o pó da derrota no calor de Lambayeque ao perder por 2 a 1 para Carlos Stein. O Universitario começou melhor em campo, onde não só o calor batia forte, como o mato alto impossibilitava que desenvolvessem um jogo melhor, Universitario nunca desistiu, mas o 0 a 0 ficaria no primeiro tempo. Aos 59 minutos, Federico Alonso finalizou de cabeça e colocou o Universitario na frente, aos 67, o colombiano Mena aproveitou um rebote e fez o empate. Nos minutos finais os dois times estavam muito cansados mas Carlos Stein aproveitou um erro do zagueiro Quina e fez o segundo gol.Em casa, a equipe do Universitario de Deportes goleou o César Vallejo por um placar de 3 a 0. Aos 15 minutos, Ángel Cayetano fez o primeiro gol, Valera aproveitou um rebote deixado pelo goleiro e com um chute fez 2 a 0 aos 37 minutos, aos 72 minutos, Nelinho Quina de pênalti, colocaria a cereja no bolo e decretaria o placar de 3 a 0.Após uma eliminação precoce da Copa Libertadores, o Universitario enfrentou o Municipal. Em nova edição do clássico moderno, o Deportivo Municipal derrotou o Universitario por 2-1. Nelinho Quina e Roberto Ovelar foram expulsos.Pela sexta rodada, o Universitario empatou em 1 a 1 em casa contra o Cienciano. Piero Guzmán marcou para o Universitario, mas Fernando Guerrero empatou no segundo tempo para o time de Cusco. Este resultado permitiu ao Universitario somar 10 pontos e ficar na quarta posição da tabela.O Deportivo Binacional venceu o Universitario de Deportes por 1-0, após autogolo de Quina. Universitario ficou a seis pontos do primeiro colocado. Com a derrota, o clube somou 3 jogos sem vencer.Pisando no acelerador no segundo tempo, o Universitario venceu o ADT por 2 a 1 com dois gols de Alex Valera. O ADT jogou com 10 jogadores desde os 44 minutos do primeiro tempo, Universitario venceu, somou 13 pontos e ficou na sexta colocação.A equipa do Universitarios de Deportes conseguiu uma grande vitória na visita ao terreno do Ayacucho FC ao vencer por 2-1. O Ayacucho abriu o placar com gol de Quina, mas os merengues venceram após erro do goleiro Espinoza e gol de Andy Polo nos minutos finais. Universitario somou três pontos importantes e chegou com muita confiança no clássico do futebol peruano.Em um Clássico que com certeza será muito lembrado pela torcida azul e branca, o Alianza Lima goleou o Universitario por 4 a 1 no estádio Monumental. Dois gols de Jairo Concha, um de Arley Rodríguez e um de Hernán Barcos foram os gols do Alianza, que teve uma tarde de sonho. Num dos melhores 45 minutos que o Alianza Lima teve, não só soube fazer estragos com a bola, como soube defender quando as coisas, de alguma forma, se tornaram urgentes na área de Angelo Campos.

Com a parceria entre Lavandeira, Benítez e Concha, o Alianza Lima cansou de franjar uma defesa que se mostrou bastante insegura no primeiro tempo. Foi assim que, aos 25 minutos de jogo, Lavandeira cedeu a bola a Jairo Concha e com um excelente remate fez o primeiro gol.

O Alianza Lima venceu o Clássico porque foi melhor em campo e essa diferença também se refletiu no placar, já que, aos 30 minutos de jogo, Jairo Concha recebeu novamente passe de Lavandeira e fez o segundo gol. Com a derrota por 0 a 2, o Universitario, com Piero Quispe no comando, foi com tudo para o ataque, mas o fez de forma desordenada e com poucas ideias, e isso facilitou as coisas para a defesa rival, que estava muito ordenada. A 'U', com o empurrão da sua gente, encontrou o desconto numa desgraça de Pablo Míguez, que na ânsia de interceptar um cruzamento de Santillán, acabou por marcar na própria baliza. O Alianza Lima, depois de muito boas associações, marcou o terceiro por Arley Rodríguez, após bom cruzamento de Édgar Benítez. Mas, viria mais um gol, desta vez de Hernán Barcos, que, aos 79 minutos de jogo, encerrou uma excelente tarde do Alianza no estádio Monumental.

Torneo Clausura

Partidas

Classificação Geral

Copa Libertadores

Segunda fase
No Estádio Monumental de Guayaquil, o Universitario de Deportes perdeu por 2 a 0 para o Barcelona SC. O clube equatoriano derrotou o Universitario com gols de Erick Castillo aos 60' e Carlos Garcés aos 80' do confronto. O jogo começou com muito controle do Barcelona, porém, o Universitario conseguiu aguentar os ataques. No segundo tempo, o clube equatoriano encontrou a vantagem com gol de Erick Castillo, o Barcelona continuou pressionando e não desistiu de buscar ampliar a vantagem, algo que conseguiria aos 80 minutos de jogo, com gols de Carlos Garcés.Na segunda partida, o Barcelona venceu o Universitario por 1 a 0 e, somado à vitória por 2 a 0 no jogo de ida, avançou no torneio. Enquanto o Universitario se despedia das competições internacionais.

Temporadas do Club Universitario de Deportes
Temporadas 2022 de clubes de futebol

Temporada do Club Universitario de Deportes de 2022


ريتشارد غولدستون (بالإنجليزية: Richard J. Goldstone)؛ (26 أكتوبر 1938) في جنوب أفريقيا، قاضي والمدعي العام في محكمة العدل الدولية لجرائم الحرب. ترأس بعثة الأمم المتحدة لتقصي الحقائق في نزاع غزة.

حياته
بعد تخرجه من جامعة ويتواترسراند حاملا بكالوريوس الحقوق مع مرتبة الشرف في عام 1962، كان يمارس مهنة المحاماة في نقابة المحامين في جوهانسبرغ بجنوب أفريقيا. في عام 1976 تم تعيينه مستشارًا حتى عام 1980 حيث أصبح قاضي المحكمة العليا.

العدالة والقضاء

جنوب أفريقيا
ريتشارد غولدستون خدم لمدة تسع سنوات باعتباره قاض في المحكمة الدستورية لجنوب أفريقيا، وقد أنيطت به مهمة تفسير الدستور الجديد لجنوب أفريقيا، والإشراف على الانتقال السلس للبلاد نحو الديمقراطية.

الأرجنتين
كان عضوًا في الفريق الدولي الذي أنشئ في آب / أغسطس 1997 من قبل حكومة الأرجنتين لمراقبة التحقيق في النشاط النازي للجمهورية التي تأسست في عام 1938.

كوسوفو
غولدستون كان رئيسا للجنة التحقيق الدولية المستقلة في كوسوفو في عام 1999.

تكريم جنوب أفريقيا
شغل منصب رئيس الجمعية الوطنية والمعهد الوطني لمنع الجريمة وإعادة تأهيل المجرمين (NICRO) رئيسًا لمؤسسة برادلوو للتعليم الخيري وبناء الثقة، ورئيس مجلس إدارة معهد حقوق الإنسان لجنوب أفريقيا (HURISA).

عضو في لجنة فولكر
في نيسان / أبريل 2004، تم تعيينه من قبل كوفي عنان، الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة، رئيس اللجنة الدولية المستقلة التي يرأسها بول فولكر، والخاصة بالتحقيق في العراق حول الخروقات المحتملة لنظام النفط مقابل الغذاء المقرر من طرف الأمم المتحدة على العراق أثناء النظام السابق.

غزة
المقالة الرئيسية: بعثة الأمم المتحدة لتقصي الحقائق بشأن النزاع في غزة
في 3 أبريل، 2009، عين غولدستون رئيسًا لبعثة الأمم المتحدة لتقصي الحقائق بشأن النزاع في غزة، وكان هدف البعثة هو التحقيق في الممارسات الإسرائيلية فقط، وهو ما وصفه غولدستون بأنه لم يكن نزيهًا أو مهنيًا، فطالب في التحقيق في الحرب كلها، بما في ذلك إطلاق الصواريخ الفلسطينية على البلدات الإسرائيلية، وعندما وافق أمين عام الأمم المتحدة على هذا الطلب، قبل غولدستون رئاسة البعثة وفقًا لأقواله. ورفضت إسرائيل التعاون مع البعثة الأممية، فتقدم غولدستون شفهيًا وكتابيًا إلى رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي بنيامين نتنياهو مطالبًا إياه بتغيير موقفه من البعثة، إلأ أن الأخير لم يستجب. ورفض عبور البعثة عبر الأراضي التي تسيطر عليها إسرائيل.

دعي ريتشارد غولدستون لأن يكون المتحدث الرئيسي في ندوة وكان قد أعلن أنه صدم، باعتباره يهوديًا لأنه عين رئيسًا للبعثة الأممية. تقيمها جامعة نيويورك في 16 فبراير، 2010. طالب مركز سيمون واينزنتال مدير الجامعة بإلغاء دعوة غولدستون، لأنه كتب تقريرًا متحيزًا ضد إسرائيل.

أثار التقرير الذي أعده غولدستون انتقادات من قبل الجالية اليهودية في جنوب أفريقيا، فقرر قادة هذه الجالية منع غولدستون من حضور حفل بلوغ حفيده، وأخطروا ابن غولدستون بهذا الأمر وامتثل لهم. وقالت ابنة ريتشارد غولدستون أن تقرير بعثة الأمم المتحدة لتقصي الحقائق في حرب غزة كان ليكون أشد وأخطر على إسرائيل لولا ترأس والدها للجنة، كما قالت أن والدها خفف الاتهامات الموجهة إلى إسرائيل.

تكريم
في ديسمبر، 2009 منح غولدستون جائزة ستوكهولم لحقوق الإنسان، وهي السنة الأولى لهذه الجائزة. قال مانحوها أن غولدستون «تابع مسيرة استثنائية لتشجيع القانون وحقوق الإنسان أولا في بلده الأصلي جنوب أفريقيا، وخلال السنوات الخمس عشرة الأخيرة في إطار عدد من المهام الرفيعة الشأن». كرمته أيضًا مجلة تيكون اليهودية الأمريكية، حيث منحته جائزتها السنوية، وكن شرحها للتكريم «إن للمجتمع الداعي للسلام سواء في إسرائيل أو حول العالم يرى أن القاضي (الجنوب أفريقي) يتمتع بأفضل القيم الأخلاقية اليهودية».

انظر أيضًا
 بعثة الأمم المتحدة لتقصي الحقائق في حرب غزة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 العدالة في غزة، مقالة لغولدستون، منشورة في نيويورك تايمز.
 إعادة النظر في تقرير غولدستون عن إسرائيل وجرائم الحرب مقالة غولدستون التي نشرت في واشنطن بوست، مترجمة إلى العربية في جريدة الشرق الأوسط.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة فوردهام
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة نيويورك
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية هارفارد للحقوق
جنوب إفريقيون من أصل إنجليزي
جنوب إفريقيون من أصل يهودي ليتواني
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة جوهانسبرغ
خريجو جامعة ويتواترسراند
قضاة جنوب إفريقيون
قضاة جنوب إفريقيون في القرن 20
قضاة جنوب إفريقيون في القرن 21
محامون جنوب إفريقيون
مسؤولون جنوب إفريقيون في الأمم المتحدة
مواليد 1938
ناشطون جنوب إفريقيون بيض مناهضون للأبارتايد
يهود جنوب إفريقيون

ريتشارد غولدستون


Amt Wilstermarsch er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Amtets administration er beliggende i byen Wilster, der ikke selv er en del af amtet.

Kommuner i amtet

Historie
Amt Wilstermarsch blev dannet i 1970 af amterne Sankt Margarethen, Wewelsfleth og Wilster-Land. Siden 1. juli 2005 har man haft et forvaltningsfællesskab med byen Wilster.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Amt Wilstermarsch

Wilstermarsch

Amt Wilstermarsch


Seramik (Antik Yunanca: κεραμικός – keramikós, "çömleğe ilişkin, çömlekçilik", κέραμος – kéramos, "çömlekçi kili") iyonik veya kovalent bağlara sahip metal (veya metaloid) ve metal olmayan inorganik bileşik içeren katı bir malzemedir. Yaygın kullanım örnekleri earthenware (sırlı veya sırsız camsı olmayan çömlekler), porselen ve tuğladır.

İnsanlar tarafından yapılan en eski seramikler, kendiliğinden veya silika gibi diğer malzemelerle karıştırılmış, ateşte sertleştirilmiş ve sinterlenmiş seramik çömlekler (örneğin kap ve çanaklar) veya kilden yapılmış figürinlerdi. Daha sonra seramikler pürüzsüz olma, renkli yüzeyler oluşturma ve camsı kullanım ile gözenekliliği azaltma amacıyla sırlandı ve pişirildi. Seramikler artık yerli, endüstriyel ve inşaat ürünlerinin yanı sıra çok çeşitli seramik sanatlarını da içinde barındırıyor. 20.yüzyılda, yarı iletkenler gibi ileri seramik mühendisliğinde kullanılmak üzere yeni seramik malzemeler geliştirilmiştir.

Etimoloji
"Ceram-" kökünün bilinen en eski sözcüğü Miken Uygarlığı'nın Linear B hece yazısında "seramik işçileri" anlamındaki ke-ra-me-we'dir. "Seramik" kelimesi bir malzeme, ürün veya işlemi tarif etmek için bir sıfat olarak kullanılabilir. Aynı zamanda isim olarak tekil veya daha yaygın şekliyle çoğul olan "seramikler" şeklinde de kullanılabilir.

Malzemeler

Seramik malzemeler inorganik, metalik olmayan, genellikle kristal oksit, nitrür veya karbür malzemelerdir. Karbon veya silikon gibi bazı elementler seramik olarak kabul edilebilir. Seramik malzemeler kırılgandır, serttir, sıkıştırma bazında güçlüdür ve kesme ile gerginlik bazında zayıftır. Asidik veya kostik ortamlara maruz kalan diğer malzemelerde meydana gelen kimyasal erozyona dayanırlar. Seramikler genellikle 1,000 °C–1,600 °C (1,800 °F–3,000 °F) arasında değişen çok yüksek sıcaklıklara dayanabilir. Amorf (kristal olmayan) karakteri nedeniyle cam genellikle seramik olarak kabul edilmez. Bununla birlikte, cam yapımı seramik işleminin birkaç aşamasını içerir ve mekanik özellikleri seramik malzemelere benzer.

Geleneksel seramik hammaddeleri kaolinit gibi kil minerallerini içerirken, daha yeni malzemeler alümina olarak bilinen alüminyum oksit içerir. İleri seramik olarak sınıflandırılan modern seramik malzemeler arasında silisyum karbür ve tungsten karbür bulunmaktadır. Her ikisi de aşınma dirençleri sebebiyle değerlidir ve bu nedenle madencilik operasyonlarında yer alan kırma ekipmanlarında da kullanılır. Gelişmiş seramikler tıp, elektrik, elektronik endüstrileri ve vücut zırhlarında da kullanılmaktadır.

Kristal seramikler
Kristal seramik malzemeler çok çeşitli işlemlere uygun değildir. Bu durumda iki kategoriden birine girme durumundadırlar – yerinde reaksiyon ile seramiğe istenilen şekil verilir veya daha sonra katı bir gövde oluşturmak için sinterlenir. Seramik şekillendirme teknikleri, elle şekillendirme, kayma döküm (slip casting), bant dökümü (çok ince seramik kapasitörleri yapmak için kullanılır), enjeksiyon kalıplama, kuru presleme ve diğer varyasyonları içerir.

Kristal olmayan seramikler
Kristal olmayan seramikler, eriyikten oluşma eğiliminde olan cam malzemelerdir. Cam tamamen eridiğinde, döküm yoluyla veya belirli bir viskozite durumunda bir kalıba üfleme gibi yöntemlerle şekil alır. Daha sonraki ısıl işlemler bu camın kısmen kristalleşmesine neden olursa, elde edilen malzeme cam-seramik olarak adlandırılır.

Türleri
Seramik ürünleri bünye özelliklerine göre gözenekli (earthenware), pekişmiş bünye (stoneware) ve porselen olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Gözenekli bünye düşük sıcaklık ürünü, porselen de yüksek sıcaklık gerektiren ürün olarak düşünülse de eğer bünye yoğunluğunun nasıl sağlanacağı biliniyorsa, her tip bünyenin herhangi bir sıcaklık derecesinde üretilebilmesi mümkündür. Yani bünyenin içeriğindeki malzemeleri değiştirerek, düşük derecede porselen benzeri bir bünye, yine yüksek derecede de gözenekli bir bünye elde edilebilir.

Üretimi
Genellikle kayaların dış etkiler altında parçalanması ile oluşan kil, kaolen ve benzeri maddelerin yüksek sıcaklıkta pişirilmesi ile meydana gelirler. Bu açıdan halk arasında pişmiş toprak esaslı malzeme olarak bilinir. Örneğin, cam, tuğla, kiremit, taş, beton, çimento, aşındırıcı tozlar porselen ve refrakter malzemeler bu gruba girer.

Kil belirli bir üretim sürecini geçirdikten sonra, sert ve deforme olmayan, bazı özel etkenler dışında hiçbir dış etkiden kolayca etkilenmeyen bir malzeme haline gelir. Seramik malzeme üretiminde, kil çamuruna belirli maddeler katarak, değişik şekillendirme yöntemleriyle, kullanılan çamur bünyesine uygun bir pişirme ile, seramik malzemeye istenilen niteliği kazandırma imkânı vardır.

Bezeme Teknikleri

Akıtma tekniği
Bu teknikte seramik nesneler fırına verilmeden önce bir puar vasıtasıyla sıvı çamura maruz bırakılır.

Bileşikleri
Yapısal anlamda seramik malzemeleri, kristal, amorf, camsı gibi sınıflara ayrılır. Çoğunlukla, fırınlanmış seramikler earthenware, stoneware ve porselende olduğu gibi vitrifiye veya yarı vitrifiye edilir. İyonik ve kovalent bağlardaki değişken kristallik ve elektron bileşimi, çoğu seramik malzemenin iyi termal ve elektrik yalıtımı görevi görmesine neden olur. Bileşimi veya yapısının çeşitliliği açısından geniş bir yelpazeye sahip olması, süjenin genişliğinin uçsuz bucaksız olması ve tanımlanabilir özellikleri (örn. sertlik, dayanıklılık, elektrik iletkenliği, vb.) sebebiyle seramik gruplarını bir bütün olarak ele almak oldukça zordur. Yüksek erime sıcaklığı, yüksek sertlik, zayıf iletkenlik, yüksek elastisite modülü, kimyasal direnç ve düşük düktilite gibi genel özellikler, bu kuralların her birinin bilinen istisnaları dışında (örn. piezoelektrik seramikler, camsı geçiş sıcaklığı, süperiletken seramikler, vb.) norm olarak kabul edilir. Fiberglas ve karbon fiber gibi birçok kompozit, seramik malzeme içermesine rağmen, seramik ailesinin bir parçası sayılmaz.

Bileşiminde değişik türde silikatlar, alüminatlar ve bir miktar metal oksitler ile alkali ve toprak alkali bileşikler bulunan bir malzemedir. Seramik grubuna oksitler, nitritler, boridler, karbitler, silikatlar ve sülfidler girmektedir. Bazı seramiklerde iyonsal, kısmen kovalent bağ bulunabilir. Bazıları amorf, bazıları da kristal yapılıdırlar. Çok sert ve gevrektirler. Erime sıcaklıkları yüksek (silis 1750 °C'de alüminat 2050 °C'de erir), ısı ve elektriksel yönden yalıtkandırlar. Silise %6 alüminat katılırsa erime sıcaklığı 1550 °C'e düşer. Demir oksit ve alkali bileşikler erime sıcaklığını daha da azaltarak 900 °C'ye kadar düşürebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hausmalerei
Lüster
Campania seramikleri
Afrika usulü kırmızı sırlı seramik

Kaynakça

Malzeme bilimi

Seramik


البواز (P)عبارة عن وحدة غير نظامية لقياس اللزوجة الحركية، سميت نسبة للفيزيائي الفرنسي جان لويس ماري بوازوي.

يمكن تعريف البواز رياضياً بالعلاقة:

الوحدة النظامية للزوجة الحركية هي (باسكال.ثانية)، ويمكن التحويل بينهما كالتالي:

جزء واحد من مئة جزء من البواز يسمى سنتيبواز، وذلك بإضافة السابقة سنتي.

1 سنتيبواز يعادل 1 ميلي باسكال.ثانية (1cP = 10−2P = 10−3 Pa·s).

للماء لزوجة حركية مقدارها 0.0089 بواز أو تقريبا 1 سنتيبواز عند 20°س.

تستعمل في قياس اللزوجة الدينامكية أيضا

مراجع

نظام وحدات سنتيمتر غرام ثانية
وحدات قياس

بواز


කිතුනු ලෝකය සහ අන්තර් ඇදහිලි බහුත්වය

කිතුනු ලෝකය යනු කිතුනු දහමට අයත් විවිධ නිකාය හා ඇදහීම් වල එක් වීමක් සඳහා වූ ප‍්‍රයත්නයකි. ඇතැම් කතෝලිකයනට එය කිතුනු ඇදහීම එක් ප‍්‍රකට සංවිධානයක් තුලට රෝමානු කතෝලික සභාව හරහා රැස් කිරීමකි. ඇතැමුනට එය ආධ්‍යාත්මික එක්වීමකි.

එඞ්මන්ඞ් ෂ්ලින්ක් ට අනුව කිතුනු ලෝකය වැදගත් වනුයේ එමගින් මිනිසුන්ගේ විෂය විවිධ ආගමික කණ්ඩායම් වලින් මිදී ජේසුස් වහන්සේ වෙත යොමුවන හෙයිනි. විවිධ ඓතිහාසික හා අධ්‍යාත්මික දුර දෘෂ්ටිකත්වය හේතු කොටගෙන කිතුනු දේවස්ථාන බිඳි වෙන්වී ඇතැයි ඔහු සඳහන් කරයි.
අන්තර් ඇදහිලි බහුත්වය සංකල්පය ක‍්‍රිස්තියානි ලෝකය සංකල්පයෙන් වෙනස් වේ.  ඕතඩොක්ස් දේවස්ථාන විසින් මෙය ඇතිකරන ලදී .එම නිකායේ ජෝන් බොල්යන් පියතුමා 1980 දී ප‍්‍රති කිතුනු ලෝක මෙහෙයුමක් දියත් කරන ලදී. අන්තර් ඇදහිලි සංකල්පය ලෝක ආගම් අතර වඩාත් සුහදත්වයක් හා ගරුත්වයක් ඉල්ලා සිටියි.
කිතුනු ලෝක හා අන්තර්ඇදහීම් කතිකා වෙනස්  විශ්වාස වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටියි. ඒවා එකිනෙක හා සම්පූර්ණයෙන් සමපාත නොවන නමුත් දෙකම වඩාත් හොඳ සම්බන්ධතාවයන් වෙනුවෙන් කටයුතු කරයි. ඒවා කිතුනු සමාජය අතර හෝ කිතුනු සමාජය සහ වෙනත් ආගම් අතර ගරුත්වය හා අන්‍යමත ඉවසීම වෙනුවෙන් කැප වේ.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism#Christian_ecumenism_and_interfaith_pluralism

කිතුනු ලෝකය සහ අන්තර් ඇදහිලි බහුත්වය


En minister krydser sit spor er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2000 med instruktion og manuskript af Ulrik Holmstrup.

Handling
Birte Weiss overværede som flygtningeminister i 1996 åbningen af en massegrav i Bosnien. Det gjorde så stærkt indtryk på hende, at hun besluttede sig for at forsøge at afdække den massakre, som havde sendt så mange på flugt til Danmark. Hendes undersøgelser afslørede, at massakren var ledet af den lokale skoleinspektør. I sommeren 1999 starter ministeren en intens jagt igennem det tidligere Jugoslavien med det formål at finde manden, der er på krigsforbryderdomstolens hemmelige liste over krigsforbrydere. Et kamerahold var med hele vejen - også da hun efter 14 dages jagt pludselig står ansigt til ansigt med den mand, som har påført så mange mennesker så megen smerte.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2000

En minister krydser sit spor


Les menhirs de Mescléo sont deux menhirs situés sur la commune de Moëlan-sur-Mer, dans le département du Finistère en France.

Historique
Selon Le Men, à la fin du , trois menhirs étaient visibles mais au début du  Paul du Châtellier n'en mentionne plus que deux. Le menhir sud est classé au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 27 novembre 1973 mais à l'occasion de son déplacement en bord de route il aurait été « planté à l'envers ».

Description
Les deux menhirs sont en granite rose. Le menhir sud mesure  de hauteur. Il est de forme trapézoïdale à la base ( d'épaisseur)  et sa surface est plane côté sud, puis il devient triangulaire à environ  du sol. Le menhir nord est situé à environ . Il est de forme sensiblement rectangulaire. Il mesure  de hauteur.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Finistère
 Liste des monuments historiques du Finistère

Liens externes

Mescléo
mescléo
Monument historique dans le Finistère
Monument historique classé en 1973

Menhirs de Mescléo


البَرْبارِيس أو الزِّرِّشْكُ  هو  من النباتات يتبع ال البرباريسية من  الحوذانيات. وهو اسم لعدد من الشجيرات الشوكية الواطئة. وهذه الشجيرات لها أوراق حمراء وثمار زاهية في الخريف. والبرباريس العادي ينمو بشكل طبيعي في شمال أوروبا، وكذلك ينمو برياً في شرق الولايات المتحدة. يستعملها الناس لتزيين منظر الحدائق. ويصيب صدأ الساق السوداء البرباريس في الربيع. وهذا المرض الفطري أيضًا يسبب ضررًا كبيرًا للحنطة، ولهذا السبب يجب ألا يزرع البرباريس العادي في حقول زراعة الحنطة، حيث إن المرض ربما ينتشر من شجيرات البرباريس إلى حقول الحنطة. تنمو أشواك شجيرة البرباريس دائمًا في مجموعات ثلاثيَة، وتظهر الثمار اللحمية في العناقيد.

البرباريس في الطب
استخدم نبات البرباريس في الطب العربي كقابض عاقل للبطن مفيد في حالات الاسهالات وقروح الأمعاء ونزيفها، ونزف البواسير. واعتبر مفيداً لأصحاب المزاج الصفراوي، ويستعمل لقمع الصفراء في الجسم، وكسر حدتها. وكمطفئ لهيجان الدم في الفصول الحارة. كما اعتبر مفيداً للهضم ، مقوياً للكبد والمعدة. وحتى في حالات السموم كان البرباريس يعتبر مفيداً خصوصاً بمزجه مع ما يشابه بخواص العقاقير كالأترج والليمون.

ما في أوروبا فكان النبات يستخدم مع النبيذ الأبيض لعلاج اليرقان والبواسير والحميات ، وفي حالات سوء الهضم والنقرس. وفي الولايات المتحدة خلال القرن التاسع عشر كان البرباريس يقيم لخواصه الملينة والمقوية وكعقار مفيد في حالات الحمى. وخارجياً استخدم النبات معالج لبعض الأمراض الجلدية كالحكة والقشرة وبعض أنواع القروح، وكان يستخدم محلوله المائي كغرغرة قابضة مفيدة لقروح الفم.

في الطب الشعبي
ما يزال هذا النبات يوصف في خبرات الطب الشعبي لعلاج بعض الأمراض ، ويستخدم منه بشكل خاص الجذور ولحائها وقمار النبات . وتوصف لعلاج قروح الفم ، وداخلياً كعلاج مفيد في حالات الاضطرابات الكبدية والصفراوية، وسوء الهضم والاسهالات. كما يعتبر علاجاً مفيداً في حالات الروماتيزم والضعف العام، وكعلاج مساعد في حالات السل وارنفاع ضغط الدم.
ويحضر للاستعمال الشعبي مغلي من اللحاء والجذور ، بنسبة ملعقة صغيرة لكأس من الماء، ويفضل استعماله مرة واحدة يومياً.

التأثير الفسيولوجي
عند تناول جرعات زائدة من البرباريس ، تحدث بعض الأعراض الجانبية مثل الحمى والتهابات الأغشية المخاطية في الجهاز الهضمي بكامله( المعدة والأمعاء والمرئ والبلعوم). كما يسبب أيضاً التهاباً شديداً في الكلى مترافقاً مع بلية خضابية، ويسبب أيضاً بعض النزف في بعض أجهزة الجسم.

من أنواع البرباريس
 برباريس الهيمالايا
 برباريس دارويني
 برباريس ناعم
 برباريس إلياني
 برباريس إيبيري
 برباريس أحادي الزهرة
 برباريس دموي
 برباريس أخضر
 برباريس مزرق
 برباريس أخضر مغبر
 برباريس أرجنتيني
 برباريس أريستغياتي
 برباريس أزغب
 برباريس أفغاني
 برباريس ألبي
 برباريس أليف الألب
 برباريس آسيوي
 برباريس آموري
 برباريس باربياني
 برباريس برانديسياني
 برباريس بلوشي
 برباريس صدئ
 برباريس بهشي الأوراق
 برباريس بورمي
 برباريس بوشناني
 برباريس بوليفي
 برباريس بيروفي
 برباريس أبيض الثمار
 برباريس بيضاوي الأوراق
 برباريس تركماني
 برباريس ثلاثي الأوراق
 برباريس ثنائي التسنن
 برباريس جلدي
 برباريس جولقي
 برباريس جولياني
 برباريس جيجيانغي
 برباريس جيمسوني
 برباريس حاد
 برباريس حرجي
 برباريس فراشي
 برباريس خادع
 برباريس خراساني
 برباريس خيمي
 برباريس داكن الساق
 برباريس دافيدي
 برباريس دولافي
 برباريس راتينجي
 برباريس ربيعي
 برباريس رمحي مقلوب
 برباريس ريشنجيري
 برباريس زاوي
 برباريس سكيمي
 برباريس سيبولدي
 برباريس سيبيري
 برباريس سيموني
 برباريس شاطئي
 برباريس شتوي
 برباريس شريفي
 برباريس شويكي
 برباريس شيلي
 برباريس صقيعي
 برباريس فبريجي
 برباريس فوريستي
 برباريس كامل
 برباريس كثيف
 برباريس كرمي
 برباريس كروي
 برباريس كريتي
 برباريس كليل
 برباريس كليني
 برباريس كندي
 برباريس كواكامي
 برباريس كوري
 برباريس كولومبي
 برباريس لبناني
 برباريس لوخي
 برباريس مميز
 برباريس منتفخ
 برباريس منقبض
 برباريس مونتفيديوي
 برباريس ميدوغي
 برباريس ميكونغي
 برباريس نيبالي
 برباريس نيفادي
 برباريس هالي
 برباريس هدبي
 برباريس همبرتي
 برباريس هنري
 برباريس هوكري
 برباريس هولستي
 برباريس هوناني
 برباريس هينسي
 برباريس واردي
 برباريس واليشياني
 برباريس يوناني

البرباريس الياباني
نبات صالح للحدائق. وهو لايصاب بأمراض النبات ويمكن أن يميز بسهولة عن البرباريس العادي. ينمو الصنف الياباني متضامًا جنبا إلى جنب. ويحمل الثمرة اللحمية إما مفردة أو مزدوجة. وثمار البرباريس صالحة للأكل. وتحتوي سيقان النبتة على صبغة صفراء. والبرباريس الشتوي الأخضر له قدرة على تحمل التقلبات المناخيه وهو دائم الخضرة.

مراجع

أجناس البربريسية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
برباريس
برباريس
بربريسية
رموز إيران الوطنية
عليقيات
نباتات طبية
نباتات مستخدمة في البونساي
برباريس

برباريس


Beyköy, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarih
Geçmiş senelerde o yöreyi yöneten beyler  bu rada yaşadıgı için adını bu radan almıştır . Köy isimlerinin degişmesinde buranın ismi degişmemiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 100 km, Havza ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Beyköy, Havza


Toponomia é uma disciplina em biologia de sistemas, biologia celular molecular e histologia relativa ao estudo do toponomo de organismos. É o campo de estudo que se propõe a decodificar o toponomo completo na saúde e na doença (o projeto do toponomo humano) — que é o próximo grande desafio da biotecnologia humana depois de decodificar o genoma humano.

Um toponomo é o código de rede espacial de proteínas e outras biomoléculas em células e tecidos morfologicamente intactos.

A organização espacial das biomoléculas nas células é revelada diretamente pela microscopia cicladora de imagens com resolução funcional ilimitada de parâmetros e dimensões. As estruturas de toponomo resultantes são organizadas hierarquicamente e podem ser descritas por um código de três símbolos.

Etimologia
Os termos toponomo e toponomia foram introduzidos em 2003 por Walter Schubert com base em observações com microscópios cicladores de imagem (ICM).

Toponome derivado dos antigos substantivos gregos topos (τόπος, 'lugar, posição') e 'nomos' (νόμος, 'lei'). Portanto, toponomia é um termo descritivo que aborda o fato de que a rede espacial de biomoléculas nas células segue regras topológicas que permitem ações coordenadas.

Notas

Topologia
Ómica
Biologia de sistemas

Toponomia


الاتحاد العالمي للمدارس العربية الإسلامية الدولية هو منظمة عالمية تمثل المدارس التي تتولى نشر الثقافة العربية الإسلامية في داخل العالم الإسلامي وخارجه، والتي تنضم لهذا الاتحاد، لتنمية التعاون فيما بينها على أداء رسالتها السامية في نشر ثقافة الإسلام وعلومه، وتيسير أسباب تعلم اللغة العربية في جميع أنحاء العالم. وقد أنشئ هذا الاتحاد بقرار من المؤتمر التأسيسى بتاريخ 26 ربيع الأول لسنة 1396 الموافق 26 مارس (آذار) سنة 1976 م. وقد عرض المشروع على مؤتمر وزراء خارجية الدول الإسلامية السابع باستنطبول فأصدر قراره بتأييد الاتحاد وتدعيمه، ودعا جميع الدول الإسلامية لتقديم كافة التسهيلات والمساعدات لهذا الاتحاد، وبمقتضى هذا القرار أصبح للاتحاد طابع عالمي ومركز دولي.

التأسيس
أصدر مؤتمر وزراء خارجية الدول الإسلامية السابع المنعقد بمدينة إسطنبول بتركيا في الفترة من 13-16 جماد الأول سنة 1396 هـ الموافق 12-15 مايو سنة 1976 م القرار الآتى بشأن إنشاء الاتحاد العالمي للمدارس العربية الإسلامية الدولية ودعم الاتحاد العالمي لتلك المدارس.

الاهداف
تم إنشاء الاتحاد العالمي للمدارس العربية الإسلامية الدولية برعاية وتشجيع المملكة العربية السعودية. واتباعا لسياسته المقررة منذ الدورة السادسة له في جدة في تشجيع نشر اللغة العربية والدراسات الإسلامية في العالم الإسلامي، وبين الجاليات الإسلامية في العالم، مع التوصية بأن يتم اعانة الاتحاد واعطاءه كافة التسهيلات والخبرات والدعم الأدبي والتربوي، بما يعينه على تحقيق أهدافه، وعلى مد نشاطاته إلى أوسع نطاق ممكن داخل العالم الإسلامي

نشر الثقافة الإسلامية واللغة العربية
منذ فجر الإسلام بدأت الثقافة الإسلامية ذات طابع عالمي، بمعنى أنها ثقافة مشتركة لجميع المسلمين – مهما اختلفت أجناسهم وألوانهم ومهما تباعدت أقطارهم وأماكن إقامتهم ومهما تعددت دولهم وجنسياتهم وما زالت كذلك حتى اليوم، فهى ثقافة مشتركة لدول متعددة يتجاوز عددها أربعين دولة تتمتع بعضوية الأمم المتحدة.
ومن ناحية أخرى، فهى ثقافة عالمية لأنها تهم كثيرين من غير المسلمين من جنسيات مختلفة في جميع أنحاء العالم نتيجة لاهتمام العالم المتزايد بشئون العالم العربي والإسلامي وقضاياه، وللدور البارز الذي تقوم به دولنا وشعوبنا في الشئون العالمية، سواء في ميادين السياسة والشئون الدولية أو الشئون الاقتصادية والمالية والثقافية والعلمية وغيرها من مجالات التعاون العالمي والتقدم البشرى.
إن الطابع العالمي لثقافتنا يجعل كثيرين من أبناء الشعوب الأخرى في حاجة إلى مؤسسات تسهل لهم الاطلاع عليها والتزود منها، وتسهل لهم مهمة تعلم اللغة الإسلامية الأولى، وهي اللغة العربية.
إن ارتباط اللغة العربية بالثقافة الإسلامية قد جعل أهميتها تتجاوز حدود العالم العربي والدول العربية، فهى لغة أساسية لجميع المسلمين مهما اختلفت بلادهم وجنسياتهم ولغاتهم الوطنية. ومن واجب الدول والشعوب العربية أن تسهل على المسلمين من غير العرب تعلم هذه اللغة لتبقى كما كانت دائما لغة الإسلام الأولى واللغة المشتركة لجميع المسلمين.
بفضل ارتباط اللغة العربية بالثقافة الإسلامية والتاريخ الإسلامي وبفضل إقبال المسلمين جميعا من غير العرب على تعلمها أصبحت لغة عالمية، واكتبست هذه اللغة أهمية كبرى في المحافل الدولية ابتداء من هيئة الأمم إلى اليونسكو وغيرها من المنظمات الدولية.. كما أن ما حققته دول العالم العربي والإسلامي من تقدم في جميع الميادين، وما تتمتع به من مركز ممتاز في المجالات الدولية والعلاقات بين الشعوب على مستوى العالم كله، جعل الكثيرين من أبنء الشعوب الأخرى يحرصون على تعلم اللغة العربية واتخاذها نافذة تصلهم بالثقافة الإسلامية والعربية وتمكنهم من التعامل والتفاهم مع الشعوب الإسلامية ودولها وهيئاتها المختلفة.
ومن المسلم به أن كل دولة في العالم من واجبها أن تقيم المؤسسات التعليمية وتهيئها لاستقبال جميع من يرغبون في تعلم لغتها والاطلاع على ثقافتها كما أن واجبها أن تعمم هذه المؤسسات في داخل البلاد وفي خارجها.
وإذا كانت الدول العربية والإسلامية التي تجمع بينها العقيدة الإسلامية والثقافة الإسلامية هي دول عديدة فإن ثقافتنا المشتركة ولغتنا المشتركة التي تقرب بين شعوبنا لها طابع عالمي لأنها تجمع شعوبا عديدة ذات جنسيات متعددة.. ثم أن هذه اللغة والثقافة المشتركة هي من أهم دعامات التضامن بين المسلمين والتعاون بين دولهم وشعوبهم، كما أنها مرآة تقدمهم ونموهم وهي أهم مظهر للدور الإيجابى الذي يقومون به في الثقافة والحضارة العالمية.
كل ذلك جعل من الضرورى وجود مدارس دولية على مستوى راق تتولى نشر هذه الثقافة العالمية ولغتها العربية إلى جانب المدارس ذات الطابع الوطني أو المحلى في كل بلد من البلاد الإسلامية.

العضوية في الاتحاد
أهم الأسس التي بنى عليها الاتحاد هي توسيع قاعدة العضوية فلا تقتصر على المدراس ذاتها، بل يشارك فيه إلى جانبها نوعان من الهيئات:

 النوع الأول: هي الهيئات التي تنشئ المدارس أو تتولى إدارتها والاشراف عليها.
 النوع الثاني: هي الهيئات الثقافية التي تمثل الدول التي تتولى تقديم المساعدات الفنية أو المالية أو العينية للمدارس والهيئات التي أنشأتها.
بذلك يضم الاتحاد ثلاثة أنواع من المؤسسات والهيئات كما هو واضح في المادة السادسة من النظام.
والهدف من ذلك أن يصبح الاتحاد منظمة عالمية يتعاون في اطارها جميع من يهمهم أمر المدارس الإسلامية الدولية ونجاحها في تأدية رسالتها.
ولقد عرض المشروع على المدارس والهيئات التي رغبت في أن تكون عضوا مؤسسا، ودعى الأعضاء المؤسسون لمؤتمر تأسيسى وبقى الباب مفتوحا لانضمام أعضاء آخرين بقرار من المجلس الأعلى بقبولهم بعد اتباع الاجراءات التي نصت عليها المادة السابعة.

تعريف المدرسة العربية الإسلامية الدولية

عنيت المادة الرابعة من النظام الأساسي بوضع تعريف دقيق للمقصود بالمدرسة الإسلامية الدولية في تطبيق هذا النظام.
إن الصفة الدولية للمدرسة تعنى قبول التلاميذ المسلمين فيها دون تمييز بينهم بسبب الجنسية أو القومية أو الموطن كما تعنى أنها تزود التلاميذ باللغات ومواد الدراسة التي تمكنهم من مواصلة دراستهم في الجامعات والمعاهد العليا المعترف بها في داخل العالم الإسلامي أو خارجه. فلا يكتفى فيها بتعليم لغة واحدة مع اشتراكها جميعا في الاهتمام باللغة العربية حتى ولو لم يكن تدريس جميع المواد باللغة العربية – ويخرج من هذا التعريف المراكز الثقافية الإسلامية التي تقتصر مهمتها على التعريف بالإسلام ونشر الدعوة الإسلامية أو تحفيظ القرآن أو تعليم اللغة العربية.. ولكن يمكن أن تشترك مثل هذه المراكز في الاتحاد إذا أنشأت مدرسة أو مدارس تتوفر فيها الشروط التي ذكرناها لتدخل ضمن الهيئات المشار إليها في الفقرة (ب) من المادة السادسة.
وقد حرص النظام الأساسي على إعطاء الهيئات والمؤسسات فرصة اكتساب العضوية إذا أنشأت مدارس توفرت فيها الشروط المطلوبة، حتى ولو كانت هذه المدارس ذاتها مقرا لنشاطات اجتماعية أو ثقافية أخرى غير تعليم التلاميذ مثل تعليم الكبار أو تعليم اللغات الأجنبية أو المحاضرات العامة.
أما الصفة الإسلامية لتلك المدارس فتتضح من الشرط الرابع (د) الذي يستلزم أن تكون المبادئ الإسلامية أساس التربية والثقافة وأن تكون بيئة المدرسة إسلامية من حيث العقيدة والخلق والسلوك.. ولكن لا تعنى الصفة الإسلامية للمدرسة حرمان غير المسلمين من الالتحاق بها، فهذا أمر متروك للجهة التي أنشأت المدرسة أو تلك التي تتولى الإشراف عليها.. والأصل أذا لم يوجد في نظام المدرسة نص على اقتصارها على تعليم التلاميذ المسلمين دون غيرهم فإنه يجوز قبول أبناء غير المسلمين فيها طالما أنهم يرغبون في تعلم اللغة العربية والتزود من الثقافة الإسلامية والالتزام بنظام المدرسة ومناهجها وبرامجها.
بقيت الصفة المحلية لكل مدرسة إسلامية دولية.. فالاتحاد حريص على أن تكون تلك المدارس خاضعة للقوانين المحلية في البلاد الذي تنشأ فيه ولذلك يشترط في تلك المدارس أن تعد التلاميذ للحصول على شهادة دراسية من شهادات التعليم تعترف بها إحدى الدول.. والهدف من ذلك أن تكون شهادة تلك المدرسة معترفا بها من دولة أو أكثر دون حاجة لإجراءات خاصة للحصول على الاعتراف بشهاداتها.
على أنه يجب أن يتولى الاتحاد بذل المساعى لدى أكبر عدد من الدول للاعتراف بشهادة المدارس التي تشترك فيه وتتمتع بعضويته كما تفعل منظمات المدارس الدولية الأمريكية أو الإنجليزية أو غيرها. ويمكن أن يعد مشروع اتفاقية لهذا الغرض بواسطة المؤتمر الإسلامية
ولكن النظام الأساسي حرص على قصر عضوية الاتحاد على المدارس الخاصة أو الأهلية لأنها هي التي تحتاج للرعاية والتشجيع والمساعدة أما المدارس التي تنشئها حكومات معينة وتتولى إدارتها أجهزة رسمية بإحدى الحكومات فإنها لا تتمتع بعضوية هذا الاتحاد، لأنها ليست في حاجة إليه، وإن كان من الممكن في المستقبل قبول حضورها في جلسات المجلس الأعلى كمراقب أو مستمع، بقرار من المجلس ذاته.

الدورات التدريبية لمعلمى اللغة العربية والثقافة الإسلامية
نظم الاتحاد دورات عديدة في تدريب معلمى اللغة العربية والثقافة الإسلامية، بالتعاون مع صندوق التضامن الإسلامي والجامعات الإسلامية والعربية ورابطة الجامعات الإسلامية وبعض الهيئات الأخرى مثل جمعية اقرأ الخيرية، بلغ مجموعها قرابة ثلاث وخمسين دورة في الأقطـار الآسيـوية والإفريقية، ودول آسيا الوسطى منها: الفلبين - ونيجيريا - غينيا كوناكرى - وغانا - وسيراليون - وجزر القمر - وغامبيا - وجنوب السودان - وجيبوتى - وبيشاور بباكستان - وبنجلاديش - والنيجر - وتشاد - وقازاخستان - وألبانيا - وآسيا الوسطى (قيرقيزيا والشيشان).
كما قام الاتحاد بدعم من صندوق التضامن بإقامة دورتين في جيبوتى لتخدم دول القرن الإفريقى، الدورة الأولى في الفترة من 27 مايو إلى 16 يونيو 2000 م، والثانية 2003

الدورات
 دورة تدريب معلمي اللغة العربية والثقافة الإٍسلامية التي عقدها الاتحاد في انجامينا عاصمة تشاد في نهاية عام 1995 م والتي استفاد منها أكثر من مائتين وخمسين معلما ومعلمة من دولة تشاد ودولة الكاميرون ودولة نيجيريا، وقد كان لهذه الدورة أثر كبير في مجال إعداد المناهج المناسبة للمعلمين.
 دورة تدريب المعلمين في البلقان،
ودورتين لتدريب المعلمين والمعلمات في جيبوتي والتي ضمت عددا من المعلمين من الصومال وأريتريا.
في صيف عام 2007 م دورة لإعداد المعلم للطلبة الوافدين للدراسة بجامعة الأزهر في السنة النهائية وطلبة الدراسات العليا بدعم من البنك الإسلامي للتنمية.

مساهمات ومساعدات
كما ساعد الاتحاد بعض الطلبة المتفوقين الذين حضروا دورات تدريب معلمى اللغة العربية والثقافة الإسلامية في الحصول على منح دراسية في جامعات المملكة العربية السعودية، وقطر، والإمارات العربية المتحدة والأزهر الشريف بمصر.
كما ساهم الاتحاد مع الأزهر الشريف في إنشاء صندوق لمساعدة الطلبة الوافدين للدراسة بالأزهر الشريف في سفرهم وعودتهم إلى بلادهم بعد انتهاء دراستهم به.

اعداد المناهج لتعليم اللغة العربية
وقد قام الاتحاد بإعداد منهج متكامل في تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها لمرحلة الناشئين وقد لاقى نجاحا كبيرا وتم الانتهاء من طباعة الطبعة الثانية من السلسلة المكونة من ست مستويات وتم توزيع الأجزاء المطبوعة على العديد من المدارس الإسلامية في الفلبين وأفغانستان وآسيا الوسطى والشيشان، والأنجوش، وألبانيا، وجنوب السودان، ونيجيريا والنيجر وجيبوتى وفي بعض دول أوروبا وأمريكا.
وقد قام بدعم مهاجرى الشيشان بثلاث دفعات من هذا الكتاب وكذلك الدارسين الشيشانيين في الأزهر الشريف والمعاهد الأزهرية الخاصة بالقاهرة. علاوة على كمية كبيرة من كتاب الرياض القرآنية من الكتاب الأول حتى الكتاب الرابع عشر، بتمويل من البنك الإسلامي للتنمية الذي تابع عملية الإرسال والتوزيع مرحلة مرحلة.
كما قام صندوق التضامن الإسلامي بدعم دفعتين من كتاب تعليم اللغة العربية للناشئين على هامش دورات تدريب المعلمين في البلقان وجيبوتى. و

إنشاء المجلس الإسلامي العالمى للامتحانات
منذ عام 1986 م وحتى الآن يحاول الاتحاد جاهدا بالتعاون مع رابطة الجامعات الإسلامية لإنشاء مجلس عالمي مستقل لامتحانات المدارس الأهلية الإسلامية أو أن تتولى إحدى الدول أو الجامعات الإسلامية بالتعاون مع الاتحاد لإنشاء هذا المجلس العالمي لامتحانات المدارس الأهلية الإسلامية التي تدرس باللغة العربية في بلاد لغتها الرسمية غير العربية وأعتماد شهاداتها سواء كانت بلدا مسلما أو غير مسلم، وأن تسعى للحصول على اعترافات الجامعات العربية وغير العربية ووزارات التربية والتعليم في شتى أنحاء العالم بهذه الشهادات.
بدأت مشاورات بين الاتحاد ورابطة الجامعات الإسلامية وبين دولة تشاد لافتتاح مركز إقليمى للامتحانات هناك، وقطعنا شوطا كبيرا في هذا المجال ولكن لم يتم تنفيذ المشروع نظرا لقلة الإمكانيات وعدم توفر التمويل اللازم له.

أهداف مجلس الامتحانات
1-	تنظيم التعاون والتنسيق بين المدارس العربية والإسلامية والهيئات والمؤسسات التي تعنى بنشر الثقافة الإسلامية واللغة العربية، والجامعات التي تستقبل خريجى هذه المدارس من أجل مساعدتهم في الحصول على المؤهل الدراسى الذي يمكنهم من تحقيق طموحهم لمواصلة دراستهم الجامعية والعلمية ومن الحصول على الفرص الوظيفية المناسبة في بلادهم.
2-	السعى إلى إيجاد منهج تعليمى عام متكامل، يتيح لهذه المدارس قدرا مشتركا من المعلومات يؤدى إلى تقارب مستواها التعليمى وتنظيم الدراسة فيها، ويبقى على قدر من الخصوصية والمرونة في تطبيقه، ويوفر لها مزيدا من الثقة، ويمكن لخريجيها من خلال الحصول على الشهادات التي يصدرها أو يعتمدها المجلس.
3-	العمل على نشر الثقافة الإسلامية وتعليم اللغة العربية في مختلف أنحاء العالم والتعاون في ذلك مع جميع المؤسسات التعليمية المحلية والأجنبية.
4-	وضع نظام تعليمى نموذجى تستعين به المدارس العربية الإسلامية على تجاوز مشكلاتها وتحقيق أهدافها ويشمل النظام ما يلى:
أ) توصيف المقررات. ب) إعداد المعلمين وتأهيلهم.
ج) إصدار الكتب الدراسية. د) خدمة البيئة المحلية.
هـ) الخطط الدراسية والمناهج والتقويم والتوجيه الفنى.
5-	معادلة شهادات المدارس العربية الإسلامية.
6-	إجراءات الاختبارات وإصدار الشهادات الدراسية لمن تنطبق عليهم لوائح المجلس وشروطه.
7-	عقد المؤتمرات والندوات وإصدار النشرات.

المدارس والمؤسسات التعليمية التي ساهم الاتحاد في إنشائها في آسيا وأفريقيا
قام الاتحاد بنشاط كبير في فتح أقسام بالمدارس الإسلامية للتعليم باللغات الأجنبية وأحسن نموذج لذلك هي المدارس التي أنشأها الاتحاد مثل مدارس المنارات بالمملكة العربية السعودية بجدة والرياض والدمام والخبر، ومنارات القاهرة بالقاهرة، ومنارة العاشر من رمضان بمدينة العاشر من رمضان، ومنارة بدر بدمياط بجمهورية مصر العربية.
وكذلك قام الاتحاد بدعم التعليم من ناحية الإنشاءات في بعض دول آسيا وأفريقيا حيث قام بالإشراف والتنفيذ على تصميم مبانى المشروعات التالية:
1-	مشروع مركز الكومبيوتر ومركز الخياطة للمهاجرين الأفغان عام 2000 م.
2-	تصميم جامعة مقديشو الموقع العام، والأعمال الاستشارية كذلك لمبنى كلية التربية عام 2001 م.
3-	تصميم مبانى معهد نلشك للكومبيوتر واللغات في روسيا الإتحادية عام 2003 م.
4-	تصميم مبانى سكن الطالبات في مدينة تيومين في سيببريا بروسيا الاتحادية كذلك عام 2003 م.
5-	مشروع تصميم مدرسة ومسجد بأسيتا في روسيا الاتحادية عام 2003 م.

الإحصاء والتسجيل
بدأ الاتحاد منذ 25 عاما في عملية إحصاء وتسجيل وتصنيف المدارس العربية الإسلامية بمختلف قارات العالم وشرع في جمع معلومات كافية عن كل مدرسة وزيارة موقعها ومقابلة المسئولين بها بواسطة مندوبين عن الاتحاد، لجمع المعلومات عن كل مدرسة إسلامية في البلاد الأجنبية أو البلاد الإسلامية غير العربية في استمارات مفصلة تبين مبانيها المخصصة لها والأثاث والأدوات المتوفرة لديها، وعدد المعلمين والإداريين وعدد الفصول وعدد التلاميذ، وكل ما يتعلق بالمناهج والكتب والامتحانات والشهادات، حيث ستساعد تلك المعلومات لجميع الهيئات الإسلامية التي ترغب في مساعدة تلك المدارس أو تشجيعها، وتم إمداد بعض المؤسسات الإسلامية بهذه البيانات مثل رابطة الجامعات الإسلامية ورابطة العالم الإسلامي وغيرها.

المؤسسون
الهيئات
مؤسسة الإيمان للتربية والثقافة الإسلامية بالمملكة العربية السعودية (صاحب السمو الملكى الأمير محمد الفيصل آل سعود)
 اللجنة الثقافية لاتحاد الطلاب المسلمين بالولايات المتحدة وكندا (د. جمال برزنجى)
 الجمعية الإسلامية ببرمنجهام بالمملكة المتحدة (د/ محمد نسيم)
 المدارس
مدرسة منارة الرياض (محمود محمد الشاوى)
مدارس الإيمان بطرابلس (فيصل مولوى)
مدارس الأقصى بعمان (الأردن) (يوسف العظم)
مدارس النجاة بالكويت (مشارى محمد البداح)
مدارس منارة المدينة المنورة (إبراهيم إدريس أحمد)
مدارس منارة جدة (د. توفيق محمد الشاوى)
مدارس الإيمان ببيروت (زهير العبيدى)
مدارس الشبيبة الإسلامية بالمغرب (عبد الكريم المطيع)
مدارس التعليم الحديث بكولالمبور (عثمان بكر)
مدارس الفتح بالكويت (فيصل مولوى)
 المراقبون
وزارة التعليم العالى (معالي الشيخ حسن بن عبد الله آل الشيخ- المملكة العربية السعودية)
الندوة العالمية للشباب الإسلامي (د. عبد الحميد أبو سليمان)
الرياسة العامة لرعاية الشباب (إبراهيم على الشامى)
الهيئة العامة للدعوة الإسلامية (عبد الله بن عبد الكريم المفلح)
الأمانة العامة لمنظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي (حسن مجاج)

وصلات خارجية
موقع الاتحاد العالمى للمدارس العربية الإسلامية الدولية

مصادر

منظمة التعاون الإسلامي


Horacio Xaubet (* 24. Januar 1948 in Montevideo, Uruguay) ist ein uruguayischer literarischer Essayist und Dozent.

Xaubet, der seit 1967, als er mit seinen Eltern nach San Francisco auswanderte, in den USA lebt, ist als Associate Professor für Spanisch an der North Carolina Central University beschäftigt.

Er absolvierte ein Musik-, Literatur- und Spanisch-Studium an der San Francisco State University, das er 1976 mit dem Master of Arts abschloss. 1992 promovierte er an der University of California, Berkeley in Romanischen Sprachen und Literatur.
Später war er Dozent an mehreren nordamerikanischen Universitäten. Dazu zählten beispielsweise die Washington University, die University of Nebraska-Lincoln und die Binghamton University in New York. Xaubet hat als Essayist insbesondere in der Encyclopedia of World Literature - Vol.5, aber auch in anderen Literatur-Zeitschriften veröffentlicht. 1995 erschien sein Buch Desde el fondo de un espejo: autobiografía y metaficción en tres relatos de Felisberto Hernández beim Verlag Linardi y Risso. Für das Jahr 2002 ist die Mitarbeit bei der uruguayischen Zeitschrift Hermes Criollo verzeichnet. 2005 publizierte er seinen Gedichtband Hacia la noche va avanzando tristemente el día bei Artefato.

Veröffentlichungen (Auszug)
 1992: Desde el fondo de un espejo: autobiografía y metaficción en tres relatos de Felisberto Hernández
 2005: Hacia la noche va avanzando tristemente el día (Gedichtband)

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 358

Weblinks
 Biographie (englisch), abgerufen am 22. April 2012

Autor
Hochschullehrer (Durham, North Carolina)
Uruguayer
Geboren 1948
Mann

Horacio Xaubet


Biserica reformată din Păcureni este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Păcureni, comuna Glodeni. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 117159.03.

Localitatea
Păcureni (în ) este un sat în comuna Glodeni din județul Mureș, Transilvania, România. Prima mențiune documentară a satului este din anul 1336.

Biserica
Biserica, inițial catolică, era dedicată Sfintei Cruci. Era o biserică gotică mică, cu ferestre înguste și ziduri masive de piatră. În momentul renovării sale în 1901, ancadramentele vechi ale ferestrelor și ușilor au fost îndepărtate. Porticurile foarte frumoase de la intrările de vest și de sud au fost vândute la momentul renovării.

Note

Vezi și
 Păcureni, Mureș

Legături externe
 Monumente istorice din România-Fișă și localizare de monument
 Fișă de monument

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici reformate din România
Biserici din județul Mureș
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România

Biserica reformată din Păcureni


Excremis, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice čepljezovki. Jedina je vrsta lukovičasti geofit, E. coarctata, raširen po tropskoj Južnoj Americi

Rod je opisan 1829.

Sinonimi
 Eccremis Baker
 Anthericum coarctatum Ruiz & Pav.
 Caesia coarctata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng.
 Dianella boliviana Schlittler
 Dianella dubia Kunth
 Excremis coarctata f. alba Steyerm.
 Excremis ramosa Willd. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes
 Phalangium coarctatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Stypandra coarctata (Ruiz & Pav.) R.Br.

Izvori

Hemerocallidoideae
Flora Bolivije
Flora Ekvadora
Flora Perua
Flora Venezuele
Flora sjevernog Brazila

Excremis


Isabelle Spennato (nume de căsătorie Lamour, ) este o fostă scrimeră franceză specializată pe floretă. În prezent este conducătoare sportivă. Este căsătorită cu dublul campion olimpic la sabie Jean-François Lamour.

A câștigat campionatul Franței la juniori în anul 1985 și la seniori în 1990. Cu clubul "Masque de Fer" din Lyon, apoi cu Racing Club de France, a fost de șase ori campioană Franței pe echipe. La Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1988 de la Seul și la ediția din 1992 de la Barcelona, a fost selecționată în echipa olimpică a Franței care s-a clasat pe locul 7 și respectiv pe locul 5.

După ce s-a retras din activitatea competițională a devenit dentistă. În martie 2013 a fost aleasă președinta Federației Franceze de Scrimă, înlocuindu-l pe Frédéric Pietruszka. Astfel a devenit singura femeie care conduce o federație sportivă olimpică în Franța. În iulie 2015 a fost decorată de Legiunea de Onoare în grad de cavaler.

Note

Legături externe

Scrimeri olimpici francezi
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1988
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992
Floretiști
Oficialități sportive
Cavaleri ai Legiunii de onoare

Isabelle Spennato-Lamour


An Aloe simii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pole-evans. An Aloe simii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Mpumalanga. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe simii