USS Waddell (DDG-24) was a  guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Captain James Iredell Waddell CSN (1824-1886) who famously captured several American whaling ships just below the Arctic circle and sailed the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans to disrupt American trade. He was the last Confederate officer to surrender which he did in Liverpool, England.  The ship was commissioned in 1964 and saw service in the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1992, the destroyer was sold to Greece and renamed Nearchos. From 1992-2003, Nearchos served in the Hellenic Navy. In 2006, the ship was used as a target and sunk.

Construction and career
Waddell was laid down by Todd-Pacific Shipbuilding at Seattle, Washington on 6 February 1962. The ship was launched on 26 February 1963 by Mrs. Howard W. Cannon and commissioned on 28 August 1964.

Following trials from October 1964 to May 1965, the new guided missile destroyer conducted shakedown off the west coast into July, before she participated in anti-aircraft and electronic warfare Exercise "Hot Stove" from 26 August to 3 September. During this time, while serving as plane guard for the aircraft carrier , Waddell rescued Comdr. C. H. Peters, whose plane had ditched off the coast of southern California.

On 28 September 1965, Waddell—in company with Ticonderoga and three destroyers, and acting as flagship for Commander, Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 132—departed her home port, Long Beach, California, bound for her first tour of duty in the Western Pacific (WestPac). After stopping at Pearl Harbor, she proceeded on toward the Philippines.

While en route on 31 October, the American task group received a radio message reporting that Japanese merchantman Tokei Maru had suffered an explosion on board. Detached to render assistance, Waddell sped to the scene and lowered her motor whaleboat containing the squadron doctor. The ship's rescue party arrived on board to find three men of Tokei Marus complement already dead and another seriously burned. After providing medical assistance which saved the man's life and having left Tokei Maru a supply of medicine to suffice until the Japanese ship could make port, Waddell rejoined her consorts.

Vietnam War
Only one day after reaching Subic Bay, Waddell got underway on 2 November for the coast of Vietnam and her first deployment to "Yankee Station" W-5, in the Tonkin Gulf. On station with Task Unit (TU) 77.0.2 until the 14th, the ship returned to Subic Bay for brief local operations before sailing back to the combat zone to take her post on the northern search and rescue station (SAR) from 29 November to 29 December.

On 7 December, Waddell steamed alongside   conducting an underway replenishment on the oiler's port side; while the destroyer  replenished to starboard of the oiler. During the operation, Brinkley Bass reported a man overboard; and Waddell executed an emergency break-away and doubled back to pick up the man.

Upon completion of this SAR tour, the destroyer sailed via Sasebo to Buckner Bay, Okinawa. She conducted a missile shoot in Ryūkyū waters and then visited Hong Kong. On 31 January 1966, she sailed for Da Nang, en route to a second deployment to the northern SAR area.

At 1410 on 3 February 1966, Waddell was notified that a pilot was possibly downed in their vicinity. While proceeding to investigate, the ship noted "surface action" to port and commenced shore bombardment at 1501. Communist guns replied 14 minutes later. Waddell then trained her guns on the communist batteries. At 1545, while still shelling the communist gun positions, Waddell was straddled by the enemy guns which had found the range. Radical maneuvers enabled the destroyer to retire without damage, and she emerged from the action unscathed.

The following day, after receiving fuel from Sacramento in an underway replenishment while on station, Waddell collided with Brinkley Bass. The damage which Waddell sustained forced her to return to the Philippines for repairs.

Back in Vietnamese waters in late February, Waddell provided gunfire support in the III Corps operating area from 27 February to 11 March, as part of Task Unit 70.8.9. She then returned—via Subic Bay, Guam, Midway, and Pearl Harbor—to her home port, Long Beach, where she arrived on 8 April.

Following a yard period—during which the ship underwent structural repairs—Waddell participated in various fleet and independent exercises off the California coast. Two days after Christmas of 1966, the ship got underway for another WestPac deployment.

Early in 1967, Waddell was again engaged off the Vietnamese coastline. From 2 March to 21 May 1967, the ship displayed "exceptional readiness and effectiveness in all tasks assigned," including gunfire support off South Vietnam; interdiction of North Vietnamese supply traffic along the coast; and gunfire against selected targets in North Vietnam. Coming under hostile fire from shore on one occasion, Waddell returned the fire and inflicted maximum damage on enemy shore batteries while emerging without harm. During her second WestPac deployment in Vietnamese waters, the destroyer fired some 2,000 rounds of ammunition while winning the reputation of being "the busiest ship in the Tonkin Gulf" before heading home.

Waddell made port at Long Beach on 29 May 1967 and operated briefly off the southern California coast. She entered the Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 4 August and commenced an extensive overhaul which lasted through the end of the year 1967 and into February 1968.

She returned to WestPac that summer—with logistics stops at Pearl Harbor and Midway en route—and arrived at her new home port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 1 August 1968. She conducted three tours on the "gun line" off North and South Vietnam into the fall, as well as one tour as plane guard for the attack carrier strike group based around the carriers  and .

On 22 September while operating off the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in company with the cruiser , Waddell participated in a SAR operation. At 0145, an attack bomber splashed near the ship. Both crew members had previously ejected from their stricken jet and parachuted to the sea. Waddell closed to within  of the mouth of the Cua Vet River and rescued the navigator/bombardier, while St. Paul picked up the pilot.

After completing an overhaul at Yokosuka toward the end of December 1968, Waddell got underway on 7 January 1969, bound for the "gun line." Between 17 and 30 January, she fired two gunfire support missions in the I Corps area for the Army's 101st Airborne Division and one for the 7th and 9th Divisions of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units. After a quick trip via Buckner Bay to Yokosuka, Waddell sped back to the "gun line" in late February and resumed her gunfire support duties on 1 March. There, in the II Corps area, she fired 12 support missions with Task Force "South." She subsequently conducted 79 more gunfire support missions including 12 for Australian units, 11 for ARVN units, and 15 in support of Operation "Sheridan"—in which the United States Army 101st Airborne and an ARVN regiment participated.

During the first week of April, the downing by North Koreans of a Navy EC-121 Connie early-warning intelligence aircraft in the Sea of Japan greatly increased tension in the Far East. Waddell departed the "gun line" at 22 knots, refueled at Buckner Bay, and arrived in the Strait of Tsushima to screen aircraft carriers Ticonderoga and Ranger. She operated in the Sea of Japan until the crisis abated enabling her to head for Yokosuka on the afternoon of 28 April.

Returning to the "gun line," Waddell then lobbed shells at Viet Cong (VC) camps and infiltration points from waters off Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Siam in support of Operation "Javelin," before she was assigned to the Mekong Delta region. There, supporting two ARVN divisions, she conducted 19 bombardments against VC structures, bunkers, rest sites, and supply routes.

Subsequently returning to "Yankee Station," she screened the carrier  in June, as the big carrier conducted strike operations, and returned to waters near the DMZ in mid-July for gunnery support duties.

Greek service

Waddell was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 October 1992, sold to Greece and renamed Nearchos after the ancient Cretan admiral Nearchus.

Nearchos was decommissioned from the Greek Navy on 3 June 2003 and sunk as target on 29 May 2006.

Honors
Waddell received 11 engagement stars for her service in waters off Vietnam and two Navy Unit Commendations.

References

Charles F. Adams-class destroyers
Ships built in Seattle
1963 ships
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Kimon-class destroyers
Ships sunk as targets

USS Waddell


An Poa lipskyi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz. An Poa lipskyi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa lipskyi


En polynja (, ) er et stort hul is havisen omkring polerne. Nogen polynjaer fryser til relativt hurtigt, mens andre kan eksistere i flere måneder. Tidligere har enkelte polynjaer, som polynjaen i Weddellhavet (1974–1976) varet i flere år.  Netop denne polynja dukkede desuden op igen i 2016 og 2017.

Ordet polynja er et låneord fra russisk полынья (polynja) og betyder "naturligt ishul". Ordet blev taget i brug af polarrejsende i 1800-tallet.

Dannelse
Polynjaer kan dannes gennem to hovedprocesser: gennem konvektion af varmt vand til overfladen, eller ved at katabatiske vinde eller havstrømme tvinger drivisen væk.

Økologi

I området mellem Grønland og Canada dannes der en polynja i Baffinbugten på samme sted og samme tidspunkt hvert år. Siden livet kan tilpasse sig denne regelmæssighed, gør denne typen polynjaer det muligt at overvintre for flere maritime pattedyr såsom hvalrossen, narhvalen og hvidhvalen. Om foråret kan plankton blomstre tidligt, hvilket giver næring til istorsk, som spiller en vigtig rolle i økosystemet. Det samme habitat er et vigtigt næringsområde for millioner af havfugle, blandt andet anslagsvis to tredjedele af verdens bestand af søkonger og polarlomvier.

Polynjaer i McMurdo-sundet i Antarktis giver pingviner isfrie områder, hvor de kan finde føde. Det er fx tilfældet for pingvinkolonien i Cape Royds.

Kildehenvisninger

Polarområderne
Russiske ord og vendinger
Vandis

Polynja


Banca Națională a Slovaciei (în , NBS), este banca centrală a Slovaciei, care este un membru al Uniunii Europene și al Sistemului European al Băncilor Centrale. Începând cu 1 ianuarie 2009, aceasta este membru al Eurosistemului.

Are 9 filiale regionale și este superioară tuturor băncilor din Slovacia.

Istoria
Este o instituție independentă, al cărei obiectiv de bază este să mențină stabilitatea prețurilor. Banca a fost creat la data de 1 ianuarie 1993, împreună cu Banca Națională a Cehiei, ca o divizare a Băncii de Stat din Cehoslovacia.

Autorizată de către guvernul slovac, banca reprezintă Slovacia în cadrul instituțiilor financiare internaționale și în tranzacțiile de pe piețele monetare internaționale legate de performanța politicii monetare.

Organul suprem de conducere al Băncii Naționale a Slovaciei este Consiliul Băncii, care formulează politica monetară, aplică instrumente adecvate, precum și normele privind măsurile monetare. Acesta este compus din guvernatorul băncii, doi vice-guvernatori, care sunt numiți și eliberați din funcție de către Președintele Slovaciei și de alți opt membri, care sunt numiți și eliberați din funcție de către guvernul slovac ca urmare a propunerii guvernatorului. Trei dintre membrii Consiliului de administrație al Băncii nu trebuie s[ aibă relații de muncă cu pentru a fi într-o relație de lucru cu NBS.

Începând cu 1 ianuarie 2010, șeful Băncii Naționale a Slovaciei este Jozef Makuch . El a fost numit Guvernator de președintele Slovaciei la 1 ianuarie 2010.

Sediul
Sediul Băncii Naționale a Slovaciei a fost deschis pe 23 mai 2002 în Bratislava, capitala Slovaciei. Cu o înălțime de 111,6 de metri și cu 33 de etaje, el este una dintre cele mai înalte clădiri din Bratislava.

Lista guvernatorilor NBS

 Vladimír Masár (29 iul. 1993 – 28 iul. 1999)
 Marián Jusko (29 iul. 1999 – 31 dec. 2004)
 Ivan Šramko (1 ian. 2005 – 11 ian. 2010)
 Jozef Makúch (11 ian. 2010 – )

Legături externe
 Banca națională a Slovaciei site-ul oficial

Bănci centrale
Slovacia
Fondări în 1993

Banca Națională a Slovaciei


The red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris) is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae. It breeds in the Pribilof Islands, Bogoslof Island, and Buldir Island in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska, and the Commander Islands, Russia, and spends the winter at sea.

Description

The red-legged kittiwake is a very localised subarctic Pacific species. Apart from the distinguishing feature implicit in its name, it is very similar to its better-known relative, the black-legged kittiwake; other differences include the shorter bill, larger eyes, a larger, rounder head, and darker grey wings, and in the juveniles, which barely differ from the adults, lacking the black tail band and "W" across the wings of juvenile black-legged kittiwakes. Juveniles take three years to reach maturity. Adults are  long, with an  wingspan and a body mass of .

Like the Pacific race of black-legged kittiwakes, the red-legged kittiwake has a well-developed hind toe. As occasional individual black-legged kittiwakes have reddish legs, any reports of red-legged away from the subarctic Pacific must record all of the other differences, not just the leg colour, for acceptance by bird recording authorities.

Behavior
The red-legged kittiwake feeds on fish such as lanternfish (Myctophidae), squid, and invertebrates. It spends the summer at the cliff breeding colonies, nesting on ledges, and migrates out to sea in September to overwinter in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Alaska.

Status
This species is listed as "vulnerable" by the IUCN, as its population appears to be in decline. It has a global population in the region of 337,000 to 377,000 mature individuals and its breeding range is . Its numbers are thought to have decreased by about 35% between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s though numbers may have stabilized since. Why they have declined is unclear, but may be related to a change in the availability of prey, possibly associated excessive commercial fishing or climate change.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Harrison, Peter (1988). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. London: Christopher Helm.
 Malling Olsen, Klaus and Hans Larsson, Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America

Birds of the Arctic
Native birds of Alaska
Birds of the Aleutian Islands
Birds of the United States
Birds of Russia
red-legged kittiwake
red-legged kittiwake
Kittiwakes

Red-legged kittiwake


An Jumellea peyrotii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Marie Bosser. An Jumellea peyrotii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Jumellea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Jumellea

Jumellea peyrotii


Mon Dyh war eine Bluesrock-Band aus West-Berlin.

Geschichte

Im Umfeld der Rock-gegen-Rechts-Bewegung 1978 entstanden, spielte Mon Dyh entgegen der vorherrschenden Musik der Neuen Deutschen Welle geradlinigen Bluesrock in englischer Sprache. Die Band gab ihre Konzerte vorwiegend in Clubs, Jugendheimen, auf nichtkommerziellen oder selbst organisierten Festivals. 1980 erschien das in Eigeninitiative produzierte und publizierte Album Murderer. Die LP verkaufte sich trotz fehlender Bindung an ein etabliertes Label erfolgreich, sodass Mon Dyh schon ein Jahr später – wieder in Eigenregie – ihr zweites Album mit dem Titel Confused Mind auf den Markt brachte.
Die dritte und letzte Langspielplatte Am Galgen erschien 1983 bei dem kleinen Label Woolfe Records. Das Album wurde diesmal komplett in deutscher Sprache eingesungen. Finanziell sollte diese Platte aber zu einem Flop werden. Kurze Zeit nach Erscheinen löste sich Mon Dyh auf, jedoch nicht nur wegen des geringen Erfolgs von Am Galgen, sondern auch aufgrund von Unsicherheiten bezüglich der zukünftigen musikalischen Ausrichtung und der Angst vor Stagnation. Anfang der 1990er Jahre sowie im Jahr 2002 erneut, wurden alle drei Alben der Gruppe von Green Tree Records neu auf CD herausgebracht.

Mon Dyh war auch in der DDR bekannt, insbesondere in der Blueserszene. So coverte die Underground-Band Freygang etwa einige Titel von Mon Dyh, wie Murderer, Confused Mind oder Salvador.

Diskografie

Alben

 1980: Murderer
 1981: Confused Mind
 1983: Am Galgen

Singles

 1982: Confused Mind / Heartbeat

Weblinks

 Die Liner-Notes zum Album "Murderer" von Till Schumann auf Englisch und einige Band-Bilder

Deutsche Band
Band (Berlin)
Bluesrock-Band

Mon Dyh


Emilio E. Sánchez (ciudad de Córdoba, el 8 de agosto de 1875-1962) fue un escritor, abogado y político argentino. Sus padres fueron Nazario Sánchez y Adelaida Balmaceda.

A los 17 años, fue profesor de historia y geografía en el colegio San Juan Beckmann. Obtuvo su título de abogado en la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, donde estudió entre 1896 y 1906, siendo su tesis referida al "gobierno municipal".

Fue diputado provincial durante tres períodos entre los años 1912 y 1921, presidiendo la Cámara de Diputados de Córdoba desde el 21 de enero de 1919.

En 1930 el Partido Demócrata lo postuló como candidato a intendente municipal de la capital. En los comicios realizados el 9 de marzo de aquel año, obtuvo 12653 votos, siendo derrotado por Américo Aguilera, de la Unión Cívica Radical, quien venció con 13302 sufragios.

Se desempeñó como fiscal del Poder Judicial de la provincia en la década de 1920, y de gobierno y tierras públicas (1932-1935).

Integró el directorio de la Caja de Jubilaciones de Córdoba entre 1936 y 1948, y presidió el Consejo Provincial de Educación.

Realizó diversas investigaciones relacionadas con la historia y publicó en el diario Los Principios. Se destaca también su labor como escritor; en 1942 publicó Sirviendo en la democracia y, posteriormente, su obra titulada Del pasado cordobés en la vida argentina, editada después de su muerte, acaecida en 1962.

Referencias
Quién es quién en la Argentina, 1959
Historia de Córdoba, E. Bischoff, 1985
 , E. Bischoff

Abogados de Argentina
Políticos de Argentina
Escritores de género masculino de Argentina
Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Emilio E. Sánchez


سفينة البضائع أو سفينة الشحن هي نوع من السفن مخصص لنقل البضائع من ميناء إلى آخر عبر البحار والمحيطات تتواجد عدة أنواع من سفن نقل البضائع كما تتراوح في أحجامها من ناقلات النفط الضخمة إلى السفن صغيرة ومتوسطة الحجم.

أنواع سفن الحمولة

هناك نوعان من سفن الحمولة، ناقلة السوائل وناقلات المواد الصلبة.

ناقلات السوائل
ناقلات السوائل هي سفن حمولة تتميز بامتلاكها لصهاريج تسمح لها بنقل السوائل.

ناقلات المواد الصلبة

ناقلات الصب الجاف
 ناقلة البضائع الصب الجافة

انظر أيضاً

 سفينة ركاب
 ميناء داخلي

مراجع

أنواع السفن
حاويات النقل البحري
سفن الشحن
شحن بحري
نقل بحري

سفينة بضائع


Myndstef (Myndhöfundasjóður Íslands / e. The Icelandic Visual Art Copyright Association) eru höfundaréttarsamtök sem standa vörð um höfundarétt höfunda og höfundarétthafa sjónlista, þar með talið myndlistarfólks, ljósmyndara, arkitekta og hvers kyns hönnuða.

Myndstef var stofnað árið 1991 og er stjórnað af stjórn sem samanstendur af fulltrúum aðildarfélaga Myndstefs. Tilgangur samtakanna er að fara með höfundarétt félagsmanna vegna opinberra endurbirtinga og sýninga á verkum þeirra og stuðla að almennri höfundaréttargæslu á sviði höfundaréttar. Samtökin eru ekki rekin í hagnarskyni.

Myndstef starfar innan marka íslenskra höfundalaga nr. 73/1972 og laga um sameiginlega umsýslu höfundaréttar nr.  88/2019.Myndstef starfar sem sameiginleg umsýsluslustofnun á grundvelli laga um sameiginlega umsýslu höfundaréttar nr. 88/2019 og höfundalaga nr. 73/1972, og hefur hlotið viðurkenningu stjórnvalda sem slík.

Myndstef innheimtir fylgiréttargjöld vegna endursölu listaverka í atvinnuskyni og kemur þeim til skila til rétthafa.

Myndstef veitir leyfi til endurbirtingar verka félagsmanna samtakanna gegn þóknun og úthlutar þeim fjármunum til höfunda í beinum úthlutunum og í formi styrkja.

Myndstef veitir félagsmönnum sínum  lögfræðilega ráðgjöf varðandi höfundarétt og gerð samninga.

Myndstef er aðili að íslensku samtökunum IHM og Fjölís, ásamt Evrópsku höfundaréttarsamtökunum EVA. Einnig á Myndstef sæti í höfundaréttarnefnd og höfundaréttarráði og er aðili að Höfundaréttarfélagi Íslands.

Aðilar að samtökunum eru félög myndlistarmanna, ljósmyndara, teiknara, leikmynda- og búningahöfunda, arkitekta, hönnuða og ýmissa annarra stofnana og einstaklinga sem fara með höfundarétt myndverka.

Meðlimir aðildarfélaga Myndstefs eru sjálfkrafa félagsmenn Myndstefs. Þá er stór hluti félagsmanna Myndstefs með einstaklingsaðild utan aðildarfélaga. Skráðir félagsmenn Myndstefs eru u.þ.b. 2700.

Myndstef


NGC 5717 est une vaste et lointaine galaxie spirale (lenticulaire ?) située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5717 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en 1830.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5717 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5717
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Objet céleste découvert en 1830
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel

NGC 5717


Mali Školj (Klek) ili Mali Školjić, uz zapadnu (vanjsku) obalu poluotoka Kleka, oko njega se spore BiH i Hrvatska
 Mali Školj (Malostonski zaljev), u dnu Malostonskog zaljeva, 190 m2
 Mali Školj (Šolta), u uvali Tatinja na južnoj strani Šolte
 Mali Školj (Šipan), hrid kod mjesta Suđurađ na Šipanu
 Mali Školj (Mljet), kod mjesta Saplunara na Mljetu
 Mali Školj (Molunat)

Mali Školj


مقاطعة سانتا كروث دي تِنِرِيفِه (بالإسبانية: Santa Cruz de Tenerife) هي مقاطعة إسبانية تقع في جنوب غرب الدولة على بعد 1307 كلم من بر إسبانيا الرئيسي، تقع ضمن حدود منطقة جزر الكناري.

عاصمتها هي مدينة سانتا كروث دي تنريفه، تنقسم المقاطعة إلى 54 بلدية.

الجغرافيا
تقع مقاطعة سانتا كروث دي تنريفه في جنوب غرب إسبانيا محاطة بالمحيط الأطلسي من جميع الجهات.

تبلغ مساحة مقاطعة سانتا كروث دي تنريفه 3.381 كم².

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان مقاطعة سانتا كروث دي تينيريفه 1.029.789 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

فيما يلي قائمة أكبر البلديات من حيث عدد السكان (بتاريخ 1 يناير 2011):
 سانتا كروث دي تنريفه 222.271 نسمة
 سان كريستوبال دي لا لاغونا 153.187 نسمة
 أرونا 75.339 نسمة
 أديخي 45.134 نسمة
 لا أوروتافا 41.706 نسمة
 غرانديا دي أبونا 41.555 نسمة
 لوس رياليخوس 38.015 نسمة
 بويرتو دي لا كروث 32.817 نسمة
 كانديلاريا 25.957 نسمة
 إكود دي لوس فينوس 24.147 نسمة

أعلام
 ماريا دي ليون

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لمنطقة جزر الكناري
  موسوعة جزر الكناري

تصنيف:سانتا كروث دي تنريفه (مقاطعة)
تأسيسات سنة 1927 في إسبانيا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1927
مقاطعات إسبانيا

سانتا كروث دي تنريفه (مقاطعة)


El Red Bull RB8 es un coche de Fórmula 1 diseñado por Adrian Newey para el equipo Red Bull Racing para competir en la temporada 2012. Es pilotado por Sebastian Vettel y Mark Webber.

Presentación

El Red Bull RB8 fue presentado el 6 de febrero de 2012 en el Circuito de Jerez. Para el Gran Premio de Gran Bretaña de 2012, fue especialmente decorado con caras humanas formando los colores del equipo.

Resultados
(Clave) (negrita indica pole position) (cursiva indica vuelta rápida)

Véase también

 Red Bull Racing
 Adrian Newey
 Sebastian Vettel
 Mark Webber
 Temporada 2012 de Fórmula 1

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Monoplazas de la temporada 2012 de Fórmula 1
RB8
Controversias en Fórmula 1

Red Bull RB8


An Elymandra archaelymandra in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jacq.-fél., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Elymandra archaelymandra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymandra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymandra

Elymandra archaelymandra


Earl of Dundonald is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1669 for the Scottish soldier and politician William Cochrane, 1st Lord Cochrane of Dundonald, along with the subsidiary title of Lord Cochrane of Paisley and Ochiltree, with remainder to his heirs male, failing which to his heirs female without division who should bear or assume the name of Cochrane, and in failure thereof to his heirs general. In 1647, he had already been created Lord Cochrane of Dundonald in the Peerage of Scotland, with remainder to the heirs male of his body.

History
The first Earl was succeeded by his grandson John Cochrane, the second Earl (died 1690). He was the son of William Cochrane, Lord Cochrane (died 1679), eldest son of the 1st Earl. The 2nd Earl was a member of the Scottish Privy Council. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son William Cochrane, the third Earl (died 1705). He died unmarried at an early age and was succeeded by his younger brother John Cochrane, the fourth Earl (died 1720). He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1713 to 1715. When he died the titles passed to his son William Cochrane, the fifth Earl (died 1725). He died unmarried at the age of sixteen.

On his death the line of the 2nd Earl failed and the titles passed to his first cousin once removed, Thomas Cochrane, the sixth Earl (died 1737). He was the son of William Cochrane (died 1717), second son of the aforementioned William Cochrane, Lord Cochrane (died 1679), eldest son of the 1st Earl. He was succeeded by his son William Cochrane, the seventh Earl (died 1758). He fought in the Seven Years' War and was killed at the Battle of Louisbourg on 9 July 1758.

On the death of the 7th Earl this line of the family also failed and the titles were inherited by his second cousin once removed, Thomas Cochrane, the eighth Earl (died 1778). He was the grandson of Colonel Sir John Cochrane (died 1707), second son of the 1st Earl. Before he became the 8th Earl, he sat as Member of Parliament (Whig) for Renfrewshire between 1722 and 1727. After his death, the titles passed to his son Archibald Cochrane, the ninth Earl (died 1831).

The 9th Earl was a scientist and inventor; among his inventions was the first industrial technique for extracting coal tar. Besides the direct applications of coal tar, the gaseous byproducts of Earl Dundonald's tar works were later used by engineer William Murdoch to invent gas lighting in the 1790s. However, none of the Earl's inventions brought him much money—for instance, the Navy, the most likely customer for the coal tar, had put off buying it in quantity until after the patent on it had expired—and having lost the family estates (he had used them as collateral for the tar works), he died deep in debt in a slum in Paris in 1831. The titles then passed to his son Thomas Cochrane, the tenth Earl (died 1860).

The 10th Earl was a noted naval commander and fought in the Napoleonic Wars. Before inheriting the peerage titles, he also sat as a Member of Parliament. However, he was later imprisoned on a false charge of fraud and expelled from the Navy and Parliament. After release he went abroad and commanded the Chilean, Peruvian, Brazilian and Greek navies with distinction. In 1824, the 10th Earl was created Marquess of Maranhão (Marquês do Maranhão) in the Peerage of Brazil, by Emperor Pedro I. He was also awarded the accompanying coat of arms. The titles of nobility in Brazil were not hereditary.<ref>Heráldica</ref> In 1832 he was reinstated in the Royal Navy and received a royal pardon.He was succeeded by his son Thomas Cochrane, the eleventh Earl (died 1885).

The 11th Earl sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1879 to 1885. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son Douglas Cochrane, the twelfth Earl (died 1935). He was commissioned in the Life Guards, a Lieutenant-General in the British Army, a Scottish Representative Peer from 1886 to 1922, and a General Officer Commanding the Canadian Forces, whence he left us with the admonition:

He married Winifred Bamford-Hesketh. When he died the titles passed to his son Thomas Hesketh Cochrane, the thirteenth Earl (died 1958).

He was a Scottish Representative Peer in the House of Lords from 1941 to 1955. He never married and was succeeded by his nephew Iain Douglas Cochrane, the fourteenth Earl (died 1986). He was the son of Douglas Robert Hesketh Roger Cochrane, second son of the twelfth Earl. The 14th Earl was a major in the Black Watch.  the titles are held by his only son Ian Alexander Cochrane, the fifteenth Earl, who succeeded in 1986.

Several other members of the Cochrane family have also gained distinction: Sir Alexander Cochrane, sixth son of the 8th Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. His son Sir Thomas John Cochrane was also a naval commander and served as Governor of Newfoundland. His son Alexander Cochrane-Baillie was a Conservative politician and was created Baron Lamington in 1880 (see this title for more information). William Francis Dundonald Cochrane (1847–1927), a brigadier-general  in the Army, was the son of William Marshall Cochrane, a colonel in the Army, son of Major the William Erskine Cochrane, third son of the ninth Earl. Archibald Cochrane, fourth son of the 9th Earl, was a captain in the Royal Navy. His grandson Basil Edward Cochrane was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy. He was the father of Archibald Cochrane (1847–1952) and Sir Edward Owen Cochrane (1881–1972), both rear-admirals in the Royal Navy. John Dundas Cochrane, another younger son of the ninth Earl, was a traveller and explorer. Thomas Cochrane, second son of the 11th Earl, was a politician and was created Baron Cochrane of Cults in 1919 (see this title for more information).

The earldom is named after Dundonald, South Ayrshire (see Dundonald Castle).

The Earl of Dundonald is the Scottish clan chief of Clan Cochrane.

The family seats are Lochnell Castle, near Oban, Argyll and Bute, and Beacon Hall, near Cranbrook, Kent.

Earls of Dundonald (1669)
William Cochrane, 1st Earl of Dundonald (d. 1685)
John Cochrane, 2nd Earl of Dundonald (c. 1660–1690)
William Cochrane, 3rd Earl of Dundonald (1686–1705)
John Cochrane, 4th Earl of Dundonald (1687–1720)
William Cochrane, 5th Earl of Dundonald (1708–1725)
Thomas Cochrane, 6th Earl of Dundonald (1702–1737)
William Cochrane, 7th Earl of Dundonald (1729–1758)
Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald  (1691–1778)
Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald (1749–1831)
Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquess of Maranhão (1775–1860)
Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Earl of Dundonald (1814–1885)
Douglas Mackinnon Baillie Hamilton Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald (1852–1935)
Thomas Hesketh Douglas Blair Cochrane, 13th Earl of Dundonald (1886–1958)
Iain Douglas Leonard Cochrane, 14th Earl of Dundonald (1918–1986)
Iain Alexander Douglas Blair Cochrane, 15th Earl of Dundonald (b. 1961)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son Archibald Iain Thomas Blair Cochrane, Lord Cochrane (b. 1991).

Arms

See also
Auchans Castle, Ayrshire
Baron Cochrane of Cults
Baron Lamington
Clan Cochrane
Cochrane (surname)
Dundonald, South Ayrshire

 Notes

 References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

External links

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Lists of Scottish people
1669 establishments in Scotland

Noble titles created in 1669
Dundonald

Earl of Dundonald


Jean Audran (Lyon , 1667  - París , 1756 ) fue un grabador francés, hermano de Benoît Audran el Viejo y Claude Audran III, y tercer hijo de Germain Audran. Nació en Lyon en 1667. Aprendió la técnica pictórica con su padre y fue puesto bajo el cuidado de su tío, el famoso Gérard Audran, en París. Antes de los 20 años ya se había convertido en un importante y reconocido grabador debido a una habilidad poco común. En 1706 fue nombrado grabador del rey, con una pensión y apartamentos a los Gobelinos. Fue uno de los grabadores más perfeccionistas de la época, imitando el estilo de su tío. Murió en 1756.

Presencia en Museos Catalanes
En el Museo Romántico Can Papiol de Villanueva y Geltrú se puede ver su obra Le coronación de la Reine, realizada conjuntamente con Jean-Marc Nattier.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Lorsque les juifs menoient Jesus au supplice, Paris, 1704-1718, en la Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
Jacques II, Roy d'Angleterre, 1690-1740, en la Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal

Grabadores de Francia del siglo XVII
Grabadores de Francia del siglo XVIII
Pintores de Francia del siglo XVII
Pintores de Francia del siglo XVIII
Miembros de la Academia real de pintura y de escultura
Nacidos en Lyon
Fallecidos en París

Jean Audran


The County class was a class of British guided missile destroyers, the first such warships built by the Royal Navy. Designed specifically around the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile system, the primary role of these ships was area air defence around the aircraft carrier task force in the nuclear-war environment.

Eight ships were built and entered service. Two served in the British naval task force in the Falklands War in 1982. After leaving British service, four ships were sold to the Chilean Navy and one to the Pakistan Navy.

Development
A class of ten ships was envisaged in 1958 for about £6–7.5 million each, equivalent to a costed Programme for four large, Seaslug-armed, 15,000-ton cruisers, estimated at £14 million each, based on an upgraded Minotaur-class cruiser (1951), approved for full design in early 1955. The final four County-class ships, with hull numbers 07 to 10, were delayed in 1960 while an anti-submarine escort carrier was considered. Hulls 07 and 08 were approved in 1963 as a temporary stopgap, and the ninth and tenth hulls were cancelled.

The class was designed as a hybrid cruiser-destroyer with dimensions similar to the broad-beam 1951 Dido class. Much larger than predecessors such as the 2,800 ton . the new County class would be destroyer-leaders for aircraft carrier task forces and when operating "East of Suez" also play a traditional cruiser flagship role with shore bombardment, and attacking enemy shipping. In 1955 the new First Sea Lord Louis Mountbatten specified the development of 4,800 ton Fast fleet escort design (DNC 7/959) with a Seaslug missile replacing a stern twin 3-inch anti-aircraft mounting,. This replacing a 15,000 ton cruiser design which would have combined Seaslug with the Type 984 3D radar and a conventional Tiger-class gun armament.

During 1956–1958 a full "alternative" gun armament was an option for the new Fast Escort for the fleet  based on a modern combined gas turbine and steam turbine (COSAG) propulsion unit and armed with two twin 4.5-inch guns, two twin 40 mm Bofors and a single twin 3-inch gun. A detailed March 1957 study following the Suez Crisis and the 1957 Defence White Paper decided to increase the size of the new missile destroyers to that of light cruisers and include some cruiser features The study opted for a  long hull with a fit of 18 Seaslug and four nuclear warhead fitted Seaslug for extended range anti-aircraft, anti-missile and anti-ship. Twin 40 mm Bofors were kept due to doubt over the future and effectiveness of the "Green Light" missile then under development. The Limbo mortar was the only anti-submarine weapon.

A revised design in March 1958 added Seaslug and Seacat missiles and a telescoping aircraft hangar. Mountbatten staged an impressive demonstration shoot for flag officers and politicians: the Seaslug test ship HMS Girdle Ness launched ten Seaslugs, including a salvo of two Seaslugs together. The success included hits in the lethal zone of two piston-engine Fairey Firefly radio-controlled drones at  flying at a speed of 315-375 mph. This enabled the Minister of Defence Duncan Sandys to gain the approval of the Cabinet Defence Committee for Seaslug production to be approved in 1958.

While the missile worked against level flying targets, the beam guidance system was dubious at range and in rough water and eight fixed stabilisers were added to the design of the County-class. Advocacy for the guided missiles fit was led by Mountbatten and the Cabinet agreed with using the system, despite staff reports over missile unreliability and inaccuracy,. This was confirmed by the dismal performance in the following Seaslug target launches at Woomera range, South Australia in 1959 Many Royal Australian Navy officers felt Seaslug was unsuitable for the RAN.

Final revisions to the design in 1958 were to adopt a high flush deck from B turret, increasing internal space, the cancellation of the nuclear-tipped Seaslug, and provision for folding fins for the Seaslug; this allowed storage of 20 extra missile bodies which could be rapidly assembled. Against staff advice, a tight fitting, fixed side-hangar for the anti-submarine Westland Wessex helicopter was added on the insistence of the First Sea Lord. While a flawed layout, it proved usable when tested in the Falklands War in 1982.

Lord Mountbatten classified the County-class as guided missile destroyers to gain Treasury and political support with cruisers discredited in the media as colonial relics, obsolete gunships like battleships. The Royal Navy staff and officers regarded the County class as cruisers and to signify they were major surface units they were given names previously carried by cruisers including the preceding County-class heavy cruisers and First World War armoured cruisers. They were however less than real cruisers,  unarmoured and fitted to destroyer standards, except for staff accommodation and a dated, short ranged, semi automatic, 4.5 destroyer armament given additional spotting radar. They did provide space and weight for light Bofors and Oerlikons to be fitted if required as happened post Falklands War. The apparently impressive performance of Seaslug against jet Gloster Meteor UC15 drones, giving the Royal Navy a good number of impressive County-class 'destroyers' and a greater number of ship commands and posts for ambitious officers.

While short on the support and logistic spares stocks of a traditional cruiser, they were  envisaged by the Director of Naval Construction as being 'probably' used in the cruiser role with space for Flag staff offices, and admiral's barge accommodation in the 1960s: the last decade when the UK oversaw significant colonial territory East of Suez. Its missile capability had been overtaken by aircraft development by 1962–63, when HMS Devonshire and Hampshire entered service, but in the early and mid-1960s the modern lines of these guided-missile destroyers, with their traditional RN cruiser style and their impressive-looking missiles, enabled the overstretched Royal Navy to project sufficient power to close down the threat of a militant, left-leaning Indonesia to Malaysia and Borneo during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.

Design

The County class was designed around the GWS1 Seaslug beam riding anti-aircraft missile system. Seaslug was a first-generation surface-to-air missile intended to hit high-flying nuclear-armed bombers and surveillance aircraft like the Tupolev Tu-16 "Badger" and Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear", which could direct strikes against the British fleet from missile destroyers and cruise missile-armed submarines. The Tu 95 and the improved Tupolev Tu-142 were demanding targets for a missile like Seaslug; the long-range Soviet turboprop aircraft flew at an altitude of , at  and were barely within the engagement capability of Seaslug. In 1956 during the first integrated trials of Sea Slug on HMS Girdle Ness cancellation of Seaslug was considered. The RAF found Seaslug could not cover low and high level targets and was only marginally capable on subsonic targets at 3–10 miles and height of 1–7 miles, and not effective against modern V Bomber, English Electric Canberra and Soviet Il-28 type aircraft which were likely to be used in a 1956 Suez confrontation. The missile was obsolete in many Admirals and MPs views compared the USN Terrier missilem the RAF Bristol Bloodhound and the British Army's Thunderbird semi-active homing missiles in service by 1958. CNS, Mountbatten and Vice Admiral Reid, saw it as 'deplorable' that Sea Slug was so far behind due to the lack of engineers and higher priority for Korea but it was essential to Royal Navy and UK credibility and independence to  continue with Sea Slug. A new British missile or adoption of the Terrier Mk11 or Thunderbird would take too long. The improved Mark 2 version of Seaslug had 10,000 ft (3000 m) greater altitude and speed.

The Seaslug system was a large weapon. Each missile was  long and weighed two tons; its handling arrangements and electronics systems were also large; so even fitting a single system aboard a ship the size of the Counties was a challenge. The missiles were stowed horizontally in a long unarmoured magazine which was sited above the waterline and took up a great deal of internal space. The risk of fire near the magazine was checked by an automatic sprinkler system. In order to increase the number of missiles that could be carried, on the last four ships, some of the missiles were stored partly disassembled in the forward end of the magazine. Their wings and fins would be reattached before being moved into the aft sections of the handling spaces and eventually loaded onto the large twin launcher for firing.

The limitations of the beam riding guidance method and lack of a homing head, meant the Mk 1 and 2 Seaslug were intended to have nuclear variants - the much larger blast compensating for lack of accuracy. However nuclear warhead for Mk 1 Seaslug (for the first group of ships) was dropped as it needed extra crew, space and security which were not available on the smaller hull; development of the nuclear warhead for Seaslug on the second group of ships was cancelled in June 1962, to reduce the naval budget, and the RNs requirement below 334 tactical nuclear warheads.

The County-class and the Seaslug missile were interim solutions and the new Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile would have speed and accuracy to ensure a hit without requiring a nuclear warhead. Mountbatten doubted the usefulness of tactical nuclear weapons by 1962, due to escalation theories, scientific advice and greater evidence of fallout consequences, leading to the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963. There were also staff and space difficulties with carrying nuclear warheads on confined destroyers. As early as 1952, Air Chief Marshal John Slessor (Chief of the Air Staff) the most influential defence Advisor to Winston Churchill considered the Navy irrelevant in a nuclear war, he first defined, the role of RN was "uncertain"  as a pretext to maintain a large fleet and required only for political reasons. The collapse of the 1956 Suez operation and the huge impact of the British hydrogen bomb tests in 1954-57 led to the 1957 review of Britain's defences, reliance on nuclear deterrence by strategic aircraft, missiles and missile submarines and doubt that a nuclear war would last long enough to require trans-Atlantic convoys. Corresponding doubt whether major conventional war was still possible on the basis of the last 1954-5 HC speeches of Churchill and Eisenhower, justified large cutbacks of British and American large ship, destroyer and carrier programmes and the future role and relevance of the Royal Navy was "unclear" moving the RN to more limited East of Suez task forces with gun and Seaslug- and Seacat-armed destroyers escorting medium British aircraft carriers with only a limited nuclear strike capacity against ships and cities equipped with Blackburn Buccaneer S.1 (and then the improved S.2) strike aircraft mainly aimed to deter regional powers such as Indonesia. Early versions of the equivalent US missile system RIM-2 Terrier, like Seaslug, relied on beam riding and needed a nuclear warhead variant to compensate for inaccuracy at low level and range. However, by 1962, the US was concentrating on the medium range radar guided RIM-24 Tartar and long range RIM-8 Talos, which had success against long range North Vietnamese aircraft from 1968. The Royal Air Force's semi-active land-based Bristol Bloodhound was unrelated to Seaslug development, but drew top scientists away from RN work.

The County-class design attempted to give maximum protection from nuclear fallout. The operation rooms, where the ship was fought from, was located deep in the ship five decks below the bridge with a lift connecting it to the latter, which maintained some duplicated command systems. The operations room had the main radar, sonar and electronic warfare screens, and communication data and computer links. The electronics required for the Seaslug were the large Type 901 fire-control radar and the Type 965 air-search radar. These required a great deal of weight to be carried high up on the ship which affected the ship layout. Although superior the Type 984 radar  was rejected as it was even heavier and would excluded fitting a twin turret 4.5-inch armament forward which was needed for gunfire support or action against surface vessels. It was hoped that RN carriers with Type 984 would provide primary air targeting for the destroyers through a datalink. According to a RN naval architect, "Sea Slug did not live up to expectations" and was obsolete by 1957. The compromises required by the heavy and dated Seaslug system detracted from the success and popularity of an otherwise advanced ship design. Its ineffectiveness and vulnerable magazine and missile fuel reduced confidence in the class, which had potential as command ships, having good seaworthiness, speed and in the group two ships a spacious operations room with ADAWS.

In 1960, because US-designed missiles were seen at the time to be superior to the Seaslug, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) proposed a variation of the County-class armed with the US Tartar missile and two additional modifications: hangar space for three Westland Wessex helicopters and a steam propulsion system, rather than the combined steam and gas system used in the County class. However, the RAN instead decided to proceed with the  (a modified version of the US ). Two different reasons have been put forward for the Australian decision: according to an Australian history, British authorities would not allow a steam-propelled variant of the county, whereas, according to a British account, the re-design required to accommodate the Tartar missile would have taken longer than the RAN was prepared to accept.

The US Terrier missile had some support amongst the RN staff but consideration was not given to acquiring it for the second batch of four ships, as the County class were "shop windows" for advanced UK technology, and it was vital for the British missile and aerospace industry to continue the Sea Slug project, to allow the development of the much improved Sea Dart missile.  Following problems with the original version, a reworked Action Data Automation Weapon System (ADAWS) was successfully trialled on HMS Norfolk in 1970. In the mid-1960s the County-class destroyers were assets; their impressive appearance and data links, feeding off the carriers' Type 984 radar, projected effective capability during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The Mark 1 Seaslug was operationally reliable and proved useful as a missile target for the new Sea Dart missiles in the late 1970s and early 1980s; the supersonic Mark 2 version proved less effective for this. There are questions as to whether it was ever fully operational and there were problems with missiles breaking up when the boosters separated. Inaccuracy, primitive beam-riding guidance and lack of infrared homing or a proximity fuze in the Mk 1 made it of limited value. Short-range air defence was provided by the GWS-22 Seacat anti-aircraft missile system, which made the Counties the first Royal Navy warships to be armed with two different types of guided missile.

Batch 2 improvements

The second four Counties had improved air warning and target indicator radar ("double bedstead" 965M and a revised 992 for closer range tracking rather than only surface warning). The revised Seaslug Mk2 was supposedly effective against supersonic and surface targets at up to 30 km. ADWAS command and control system could process and prioritise air targets detected by the 965 and 992 radar and other so fitted RN warships. This was important as the Type 984 3D processing system on the carriers Victorious, Hermes and Eagle were removed from 1967 to 1972, affecting the first four County class ships which depended on datalinks to the carrier systems for primary radar and targeting processing of Seaslug.

As constructed, the County-class ships were armed with a pair of twin QF 4.5-inch gun mountings. These had magazines for 225 shells for each gun, two-thirds of the magazine capacity for the same guns in the single-turreted Leander-class frigates. The second batch of four ships (Antrim, Fife, Glamorgan and Norfolk) were refitted in the mid-1970s – their 'B' turrets were removed and replaced by four single MM38 Exocet surface-to-surface anti-ship-missile launcher boxes in order to increase the fleets anti-ship capability following retirement of its aircraft carriers. This made the County-class ships the only Royal Navy ships to be fitted with three separate types of guided missile: Seaslug, Seacat and Exocet.

Possible development
It was suggested by Vosper Thornycroft that the Counties could have been developed for the anti-submarine role by replacing the Seaslug system with a larger hangar and flight deck and the possibility of removing Seaslug and rebuilding the missile tunnel as storage for extra Westland Lynx helicopters. Certainly, these arrangements as originally installed to operate a single Westland Wessex anti-submarine helicopter were problematic, with a hangar so cramped it took an hour to get the aircraft either in or out again, during which the port Seacat launcher was unusable. However it was determined that beam-restrictions would still limit the Counties' helicopter operation in RN service to the obsolescent Wessex, as they were too narrow to handle the far more capable British-built Sea King HAS. The Chilean navy, however, did convert two of the four ships they purchased along these lines.

Ships of the class
Eight vessels were built in two batches between 1959 and 1970, the later four vessels carrying the improved Seaslug GWS2 and updated electronics requiring rearranged mastheads. The major identifying feature was the Batch 2 vessels' prominent "double-bedstead" AKE-2 antennas of the Type 965 air-search radar, and their taller foremast carrying the Type 992Q low-angle search radar.

Ships' names

Four of the "Counties" had names which had been used by the famous interwar s: London, Norfolk, Devonshire and Kent. (The last of that class, , had survived until 1959 as a trials ship). Devonshire, Hampshire and Antrim had been the names of   armoured cruisers of the First World War.

Four of the new ships were named after counties containing a Royal Navy Dockyard: Devonshire (Devonport Dockyard), Hampshire (Portsmouth Dockyard), Kent (Chatham Dockyard), and Fife (Rosyth dockyard). Glamorgan and Antrim are the counties in Wales and Northern Ireland which contain the port cities and regional capitals of Cardiff and Belfast (by analogy to London, England). Norfolk is the county of Nelson's birth, and the important 19th-century ports of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn.

Three of the ships' names have been subsequently re-used:  was a Type 22 frigate.  HMS Kent and HMS Norfolk were used for RN Type 23 frigates though in their case after British dukedoms.

Service

1982 Falklands War

Antrim and Glamorgan both served in the Falklands War; Antrim was the flagship of Operation Paraquet, the recovery of South Georgia in April 1982. Her helicopter, a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 (nicknamed "Humphrey") was responsible for the rescue of 16 Special Air Service operators from Fortuna Glacier and the subsequent detection and disabling of the Argentinian submarine Santa Fe. In San Carlos Water, Antrim was hit by a 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb which failed to explode. Glamorgan, after many days on the "gun line" bombarding Port Stanley airfield, was hit by an Exocet launched from land at the end of the conflict. It destroyed her aircraft hangar and the port Seacat mounting. Her Navigating Officer's prompt reaction to visual detection of the Exocet narrowly averted a hit on the fatally vulnerable Seaslug magazine, by turning the ship so as to give as small a target as possible (the stern) to the incoming weapon. The ship suffered fourteen deaths, injuries, and was lucky to survive with extensive damage and flooding. Had the missile hit a few inches lower, the above waterline magazine would have blown in an explosive fireball and many more of the crew might have been lost.

Disposal
All eight of the class had short Royal Navy careers, serving on average less than 16 years. Only London of the first batch would serve further (transferred to Pakistan) while the other three Batch 1 ships were decommissioned by 1980 with Hampshire being immediately scrapped in 1977 after cannibalization for spares, and Devonshire sunk in weapons testing in 1984. Kent would serve as a floating (though immobile) accommodation and training ship in Portsmouth harbour until 1996.  The four ships of Batch 2 however would be operated for 16 to 23 more years after sale to the Chilean Navy, in which they all received extensive upgrades and modernisation.

Construction programme
The ships were built at the major UK yards, with some of the machinery coming from Associated Electrical Industries of Manchester, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company of Wallsend-on-Tyne, John I. Thornycroft & Company of Southampton, Yarrows of Glasgow, and the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Company, Wallsend-on-Tyne.

Costs

Running costs

Cost of major refits
In 1974, the costs of the major refits for County-class ships was given as £5½ million – £8 million.

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Purvis, M.K.,  'Post War RN Frigate and Guided Missile Destroyer Design 1944-1969', Transactions, Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA), 1974

Further reading

 Marriott, Leo: Royal Navy Destroyers since 1945, , Ian Allan Ltd, 1989

External links

http://www.countyclassdestroyers.co.uk

Destroyer classes
County-class destroyers
County-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ship classes of the Royal Navy

County-class destroyer


8291 Bingham este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8291 Bingham este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,59 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 3,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

8291 Bingham


الانتخابات الرئاسية الإيرانية أُجريت الانتخابات الرئاسية الإيرانية لعام 2009 في 12 يونيو 2009 ،  حيث تنافس الرئيس الإيراني آنذاك محمود أحمدي نجاد ضد ثلاثة مرشحين. في صباح اليوم التالي وبعد فرز ثلثي الأصوات، أعلنت وكالة أنباء الجمهورية الإسلامية الإيرانية فوز محمود أحمدي نجاد في الانتخابات بنسبة 62٪ من الأصوات  بينما حصل مير حسين موسوي على 34٪ من الأصوات المدلى بها. كانت هناك مخالفات كبيرة في النتائج وتفاجأ الناس بها ، مما أدى إلى احتجاجات لملايين الإيرانيين في كل مدينة إيرانية وحول العالم.

دعم العديد من الشخصيات الإيرانية الاحتجاجات بشكل مباشر وأعلنوا أن الأصوات كانت مزورة ، من بينهم بعض من المخرجين السينمائيين مثل جعفر بناهي  (الذي مُنع من صناعة الأفلام لمدة 20 عامًا وحُكم عليه بالسجن لمدة ستة أعوام) ،  ومحمد رسول آف (الذي حكم عليه أيضًا بالسجن 6 سنوات) ،  بالإضافة إلى ممثلين وممثلات مثل بكاه آهنكراني (التي تم سجنها لاحقًا) ،  ورامين بارشامي (الذي حُكم عليه بالسجن لمدة عام واحد) ، والرياضيين في فريق كرة القدم الوطني الإيراني بأكمله الذين ارتدوا الأساور الخضراء في مباراتهم ضد كوريا الجنوبية دعما للحركة الإحتجاجية ،  بالإضافة إلى العلماء مثل مصطفى تاج زاده ، محسن أمين زاده ، أكبر غانجي ، محسن سازغارا ، والعديد من الشخصيات الدينية مثل محسن كديور ، وآية الله العظمى يوسف الصاني ، وآية الله العظمى علي محمد دستغيب شيرازي ، ومطربون تقليديون مثل محمد رضا شجريان ، والمنشق عن الباسيج والحرس الثوري الإيراني أمير فرشاد إبراهيمي

أعرب الاتحاد الأوروبي والعديد من الدول الغربية عن قلقهم بشأن المخالفات المزعومة أثناء التصويت ،  كما أعرب العديد من المحللين والصحفيين في وسائل الإعلام الأمريكية والبريطانية عن شكوكهم حول صحة النتائج.

أصدر مير حسن موسوي بيانا اتهم فيه وزارة الداخلية (المسؤولة عن إجراء الانتخابات) بتزوير الانتخابات على نطاق واسع وحث أنصاره على الانخراط في احتجاجات سلمية. كما قدم استئنافًا رسميًا إلى مجلس صيانة الدستور لإجراء انتخابات جديدة وأكثر شفافية. حث المرشد الأعلى آية الله علي خامنئي الشعب الإيراني على التوحد خلف محمود أحمدي نجاد ، واصفًا فوزه بأنه «أختبار إلهي». أعلن خامنئي أنه سيُجرى تحقيق في مزاعم التلاعب بالأصوات.

في 16 يونيو ، أعلن مجلس صيانة الدستور أنه قام بإعادة فرز 10٪ من الأصوات وخلص إلى عدم وجود مخالفات على الإطلاق ، ورفض جميع الشكاوى الانتخابية. ومع ذلك ، ذكر موسوي أن عملية إعادة فرز الاصوات ليست كافية لإثبات تزوير الانتخابات حيث زعم أن هناك 14 مليون بطاقة اقتراع غير مستخدمة مفقودة ، مما يمنح وزارة الداخلية فرصة للتلاعب بالنتائج. في 19 يونيو ، ندد المرشد الأعلى آية الله علي خامنئي بالمظاهرات المؤيدة لموسوي ووصفها بأنها غير قانونية . قوبلت الاحتجاجات في اليوم التالي بمقاومة شديدة من القوات الحكومية وأُبلغ عن وقوع العديد من القتلى.

استمرت الحركة الخضراء في إيران في احتجاجاتها السلمية حتى 14 فبراير 2011 مطالبة بتغيير كامل للنظام ورحيل خامنئي عن السلطة.

المترشحون
تم تسجيل المترشحين من 5 إلى 9 مايو 2009 بمقر وزارة الداخلية. وأٌعلنت اللائحة النهائية من قبل مجلس صيانة الدستور بعد أيام قليلة بعد مراجعة ملف كل متقدم منهم.

ترشح في هذه الانتخابات مهدي كروبي الذي حصل على المركز الثالث في انتخابات عام 2005 ب % 17.2 من الاصوات وهو المعروف بانه إصلاحي براغماتي كما ترشح اللواء محسن رضا ذي التوجه المحافظ والقائد السابق لحرس الثورة وترشح الوزير الأول السابق مير حسين موسوي والمدعوم من قبل الإصلاحيين.

أعلن موسوي عن ترشيحه بتاريخ 9 مارس 2009، بعد عشرين عاما من الغياب عن الساحة السياسية. كان يدعمه محمد خاتمي، سلف أحمدي نجاد رئيس إيران، الدي تخلى عن ترشيح نفسه.
في حملته النتخابية يعد بمنح حرية أكثر وينتقد الاداعات الخاصة. يعد أيضا بتعديل القوانين الغير العادلة ضد المراة (حسب قوله) والعمل من اجل حقوقها. لكنه دعم البرنامج النووي الإيراني ووصفه بالسلمي.

استطلاعات الراي
لم يكن هناك أي استطلاع راي رسمي لكن محمود أحمدي نجاد انتقد من قبل منافسيه حول السياسة الخارجية والاقتصاد مما جعل الجميع يظن انه سيكون أول رئيس إيراني لن يعاد انتخابه لولاية ثانية وقد اكدت BBC دلك بسبب ارتفاع نسبة البطالة مقابل انخفاض أسعار البترول
لكن استطلاعا في 3 و 4 مايو اشار أن 58.6% من الإيرانيين سينتخبون نجاد مقابل 21.9% من الاصوات لموسوي.

النتائج
النتائج الرسمية التي نشرتها وزارة الداخلية على النحو التالي. وكان معدل المشاركة 85 ٪.

احتجاجات

أندلعت في المدن الإيرانية موجة احتجاجات ضد نتيجة الانتخابات بعدما أعلن مير حسين موسوي نفسه الفائز بالانتخابات قبل إعلان نتيجتها من قبل الجهات الحكومية وانه تم تزوير كثيف للنتائج.

و قد اعلنت عدة دول كفرنسا والولايات المتحدة عن نيتها كتابة تقارير حول هدا الشان.

وقد عمت بعض مدن إيران الكبري الالاف من مناصري مير حسين موسوي شاركوا في مظاهرات بطهران. العديد من المسؤولين الإصلاحيين قد تم اعتقالهم يوم 13 يونيو 2009. لقد تم قطع الاتصال والتشويش عليه عن العاصمة والضواحي ومنع بعض المواقع الحوارية في الإنترنت. اعلنت إذاعة إيرانية رسمية انه قتل على الاقل 7 مدنيين في طهران في ظل المظاهرات يوم 16 يونيو 2009.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 احتجاجات الانتخابات الإيرانية 2009-2010
 مظاهرة 30 ديسمبر 2009 المؤيدة للحكومة في إيران
 حركة الإصلاح الإيرانية
 أين صوتي؟
 درب الأمل الأخضر
 احتجاجات عاشوراء
 نشاط الإنترنت خلال احتجاجات الانتخابات الإيرانية لعام 2009

مصادر

 فيكيبديا فارسي

أحداث يونيو 2009
أحداث يونيو 2009 في آسيا
الانتخابات الرئاسية في إيران
انتخابات آسيا في 2009
انتخابات إيران في 2009
انتخابات رئاسية
تاريخ جمهورية إيران الإسلامية
محمد خاتمي
محمود أحمدي نجاد
مير حسين موسوي

انتخابات الرئاسة الإيرانية 2009


La geología del Brasil, junto con la región de las Guayanas, se distingue nítidamente del resto de América del Sur por la simple observación del mapa geológico con el territorio del continente. En la región occidental se sitúan los Andes, que sobresalen como si fuesen su columna vertebral, formando las cadenas montañosas más elevadas de América del Sur.

La larga franja adyacente a los Andes, en el lado oriental, se comporta, en general, como un área del Cenozoico, cubierta en la actualidad por depósitos cuaternarios, extendiéndose en planicies bajas y continuas a las que se les han dado diversos nombres geográficos (Pampas, Chaco, Beni, Llanos).

Existen pequeñas áreas de rocas precámbricas distribuidas a lo largo del geosinclinal Andino (restos del subsuelo traídos a la superficie por los plegamientos y fallas) y otras dispuestas transversalmente al eje de la gran cadena. Por lo general solo afloran rocas paleozoicas, mesozoicas y cenozoicas, en la región andina y en la franja oriental adyacente.

Estructura geológica

Escudos antiguos o macizos cristalinos
Son bloques inmensos de rocas muy antiguas, las primeras que aparecieron en la corteza terrestre. Constituidos de rocas cristalinas, del tipo magmático-plutónicas, formadas en eras precámbricas, o de rocas metamórficas, originadas de material sedimentario del Paleozoico, son extensiones resistentes, estables, bastante desgastadas y generalmente asociadas a la presencia de minerales metálicos.

En el Brasil, corresponden cerca del 36% del área total de su territorio y son divididos en dos grandes sectores: el escudo de las Guayanas, al norte de la planicie Amazónica y el escudo Brasileño, en la parte centro-oriental del país, cuya gran extensión permite dividirlo en seis escudos y núcleos: Sur amazónico, Atlántico, Araguaia-Tocantins, Sur rio Grandense, Gurupi y Bolívio-Mato Grossense.

Cuencas sedimentáreas
Son depresiones relativas, o planos más bajos encontrados en los escudos, rellenados por restos o sedimentos de las áreas próximas. Ese proceso de sedimentación se dio en las eras Paleozoica, Mesozoica y Cenozoica, funcionando hasta la actualidad.

La abundancia de combustibles fósiles como el petróleo, el carbón y el gas natural están asoaciadas a las áreas de cuencas sedimentáreas.

En el Brasil, corresponden al 64% del territorio nacional, constituyendo grandes cuencas, como la Amazónica, la del Medio-Norte, la de Paraná, la São-Franciscana y la del Pantanal Mato Grossense, o pequeñas cuencas generalmente alojadas en compartimentos de mesetas, como las de Curitiba, del Recôncavo Bahiano, de Taubaté, de Resende y de São Paulo.

Precámbrico
Las mayores áreas de afloramiento de rocas precámbricas de América del Sur se encuentran en Brasil y en las Guayanas. Son los escudos cristalinos. Los terrenos brasileños más antiguos, constituidos de rocas de intenso metamorfismo, fueron denominados en 1915 como complejo Brasileiro, por J.C. Branner. Son también designados como subsuelo cristalino, o simplemente cristalino. La cuenca sedimentaria del Amazonas, cuya superficie está cubierta en gran parte por depósitos cenozoicos, en continuación a los de la franja adyacente de los Andes, separa el escudo de las Guayanas del escudo Brasileño.

El escudo de las Guayanas abarca, además de las Guayanas, parte de Venezuela y de Brasil, al norte del río Amazonas. Las rocas más antiguas de ese escudo datan desde los 2.500 millones de años hasta los 400 millones de años de antigüedad. Buena parte de la superficie está cubierta por sedimentos horizontales no metamorfoseados, de la formación Roraima, que sufrieron intrusiones doleríticas hace 1.700 millones de años. Esa es, por lo tanto, un área estable desde hace millones de años.

La pequeña zona de rocas precámbricas aparece en la franja de los estados nordestinos del Maranhão y Pará, constituyendo el núcleo precámbrico de São Luís, con rocas muy antiguas, aproximadamente de hace 2.000 millones de años. Últimamente, se han ampliado mucho los conocimientos sobre el escudo Brasileño, gracias al incremento de las dataciones radiométricas.

Casi nada se conoce sobre la región precámbrica de Guaporé, cubierta por la Vegetación Amazónica, donde son escasos los afloramientos. Las pocas dataciones radiométricas parecen indicar que las rocas sufrieron un ciclo orogenético fechado, aproximadamente hace 2.000 millones de años.

La región precámbrica del río São Francisco se extiende por partes en los estados de Bahía, Minas Gerais y Goiás, alcanzando la costa de Bahía. Una unidad tectónica muy antigua de esa región, el geosinclinal del Espinhaço, que va desde Oro Negro hasta la cuenca sedimentaria de Parnaíba ha sido muy estudiada, principalmente en la región del Cuadrilátero ferrífero (leer hierro). Las rocas más antiguas de esa área constituyen el río de las Velhas, con edades que llegan a los 2.500 millones de años.

Sobre ellas asientan, en discordancia, las rocas del grupo Minas, constituidas de metasedimentos que exhiben, en general, metamorfismo de facies con esquistos verdes. La edad parece situarse en un intervalo de entre 1.500 y 1.350 millones de años. Dentro de ese grupo se sitúa la formación Itabira, de gran importancia económica por los depósitos de hierro y manganeso que contienen.

Las rocas del grupo Lavras, colocadas, en discordancia, sobre las del grupo Minas, están formadas por sedimentos que exhiben metamorfismo bajo, siendo comunes metaconglomerados, que ha sido interpretados como debidos la glaciación precámbrica.

Gran parte del área precámbrica del río São Francisco es cubierta por rocas sedimentáreas casi sin metamorfismo y solo ligeramente plegadas, de las cuales las calizas constituyen buena porción. Esa secuencia conocida como grupo Bambuí, posee edad que se sitúa en torno de los 600 millones de años. Las circunstancias indican que la región del río São Francisco ya había alcanzado relativa estabilidad en esa época.

Se sospecha que un gran ciclo orogenético de cerca de 2.000 millones de años de edad, nombrado como Transamazónico, perturbó las rocas más antiguas de la franja precámbrica encima referida: la región del río São Francisco.

Las regiones del río São Francisco y del río Guaporé eran separadas, en el fin del Precámbrico, por dos geosinclinales, el Paraguai-Araguaia, marginando las tierras antiguas del río Guaporé por el lado oriental.

Las estructuras de las rocas parametamórficas del geosinclinal Paraguai-Araguaia son orientadas en la dirección norte-sur del Paraguay y sur de Mato Grosso, curvándose después para nordeste y nuevamente para norte-sur en el norte de Mato Grosso y Goiás, y alcanzando, para el norte, el estado del Pará, a través del bajo valle del río Tocantins. Constituyen una extensión de más de 2.500km². Se inician por extensa secuencia de metasedimentos, constituyendo, en el sur, el grupo Cuiabá y, en el norte, el grupo Tocantins. Esa secuencia es recobierta por las rocas del grupo Jangada, entre las cuales existen conglomerados tomados como representantes de episodio glacial. La intensidad del metamorfismo que afectó las rocas del geosinclinal Paraguai-Araguaia decresce en dirección a la región del río Guaporé.

El geosinclinal Brasilia se desarrolló en parte de los estados de Goiás y Minas Gerais. Sus estructuras, en el sur, se dirigen hacia el noroeste, curvándose después para el norte. La intensidad del metamorfismo de oeste para este, variando de facies anfibolito para facies de esquisto verde.

La región central de Goiás, que separa el geosinclinal Paraguai-Araguaia del geosinclinal Brasilia, está constituida de rocas que exhiben facies de metamorfismo de anfibolita. Una franja constituida de piroxenitas, dunitas, anortositas, etc. se encuentra en gran parte serpentinizada.

La larga franja metamórfica se extiende a lo largo de la costa oriental del Brasil, del sur de Bahía hasta Rio Grande do Sul y Uruguay. Esa franja, llamada de geosinclinal Paraíba por Ebert, exhibe rocas con metamorfismo más intenso en la Sierra del Mar, de ahí decreciendo en dirección al nordeste. Cordani diferenció la región sur del Uruguay hasta São Paulo denominándola geosinclíneo Ribeira.

Las rocas de bajo metamorfismo (esquistos verdes) son agrupadas bajo diferentes nombres geográficos: grupo Porongos en Rio Grande do Sul, grupo Brusque en Santa Catarina, grupo Açungui, Paraná y sur del estado de São Paulo y grupo São Roque en el área de São Roque-Jundiaí-Mairiporã, en el estado de São Paulo.

Los gneiss y migmatitas del área precámbrica del norte, en el estado de São Paulo y partes adyacentes de Minas Gerais, constituyen la Sierra de la Mantiqueira, son también insuficientemente conocidos. Su conocimiento será muy importante para elucidar entre las rocas parametamórficas de los geosinclinales de Brasilia y Paraíba.

La franja orogenética del Karirí, en el Nordeste, posee direcciones estructurales muy perturbadas por fallas. Un gran accidente tectónico, la alineación de Pernambuco, separa la franja del Karirí de una otra pequeña franja azul, conocida como el geosinclinal de Propriá. La unidad de la franja tectónica del Karirí es el grupo del Ceará. Sus metasedimentos exhiben metamorfismos que varían de facies de esquisto verde a la de anfibolita. Son recubiertos, en discordancia, por las rocas del grupo Jaibara.

La antigüedad de las rocas de todos esos geosinclinales permitió establecer que la fase de sedimentación intensa ocurrió en el Precámbrico superior. El ciclo orogenético marcó el fin de esos geosinclinales, hace 600 millones de años. Ese ciclo recibió el nombre de "Brasileño".

Las fases tardías del ciclo Brasileño alcanzaron el Cambriano y el Ordoviciano. Producían depósitos que sufrieron perturbaciones tectónicas, adquiriendo un gran número de fallas; pero sin metamorfismo. En el Mato Grosso extensos depósitos calcáreos de esa época constituyen los grupos Corumbá, al sur, y Araras, al norte. En discordancia sobre el geosinclinal Corumbá, asientan las rocas del grupo Jacadigo, constituidas de arcósicos, conglomerados arcosianos, siltitos, areniscas y camadas y láminas de hematita, jaspe y óxidos de manganeso.

En la franja atlántica existen indícios de manifestaciones volcánicas riolíticas y andesíticas asociadas a los metasedimentos cambro-ordovicianos. Existen también granitos intrusivos, tardíos y tectónicos. Los sedimentos cambro-ordovícicos que marcan los estratos de la fase geosinclinal en el Brasil no poseen fósiles, por haberse formado en un ambiente no marino. Ocupan áreas limitadas, cubiertas por los sedimentos devónicos y carboníferos de la cuenca del Paraná. La mayor área se encuentra en el estado del Rio Grande do Sul.

La secuencia de la base es llamada "grupo Maricá" a la cual sucede el grupo Bom Jardim. Este consiste en secuencias sedimentarias semejantes a las del grupo Maricá, pero caracterizadas por un vulcanismo andesítico muy intenso. Sigue el grupo Camaquã, cuyas rocas exhiben perturbaciones más suaves que las de los grupos anteriores. El intenso vulcanismo riolítico ocurrió en las fases iniciales de deposición del grupo Camaquã. Existen, no obstante, evidencias de fases volcánicas riolíticas anteriores: los conglomerados del grupo Bom Jardím contienen guijarros de riolitos. El vulcanismo andesítico intermitente también ocurrió durante las fases de sedimentación de las rocas del grupo Camaquã.

Otra gran área de rocas formadas en el ambiente tectónico semejante es la del grupo Itajaí, en Santa Catarina. El grupo Castro, en el estado de Paraná, constituido de arcósios, siltitas y conglomerados, parece haberse formado en la época de los grupos arriba citados. Las riolitas, tufos y aglomerados existen en diversos niveles de esa secuencia. Rocas volcánicas andesíticas marcan las fases finales. Sobre las rocas del grupo Castro descansa una secuencia de conglomerados, conocida con la "formación Iapó".

Otras pequeñas áreas de sedimentos equivalentes aparecen también en el estado de Paraná. Depósitos aparentemente de la misma edad aparecen en el estado de São Paulo, entre Guapiara y Arroyo Blanco, en la cuenca del río Ribeira del Iguape. Ebert descubrió en 1971, entre Itapira, en el estado de São Paulo, y Jacutinga, en Minas Gerais, una secuencia sedimentaria no metamórfica, pero inclinada, a la que se denominó "grupo Eleutério".

Cuenca Sergipe-Alagoas
La Cuenca de Sergipe-Alagoas se encuentra en la región nordeste del Brasil y cubre los estados de mismo nombre, Sergipe y Alagoas, separados por el río São Francisco. En su porción terrestre presenta un área de 13.000 km². La parte sumergida se extiende por un área de 32.760 km², hasta la cota batimétrica de 3.000 metros. La cuenca limita, al norte, con la Cuenca de Pernambuco/Paraíba, por el Alto de Maragogi; al sur limita con la porción constituida por la Plataforma de Estancia, por el mar y por la Cuenca de Jacuípe, a través del sistema de fallas del Vaza-Barris.

La historia geológica pospaleozoica de la cuenca puede ser dividida en dos grandes etapas. La primera, del Jurásico Superior al Cretácico Inferior, está constituidas por terrenos no marinos equivalentes al del Recóncavo; la segunda, del Cretácico Inferior al Terciario Inferior, está constituida por formaciones marinas.

Presencia del mar en el Terciario
Causado por la transgresión marina en el período Terciario, que tomó parte del nordeste, incluyendo el valle del río São Francisco, Bahía y sur de Paraíba. Con la regresión marina, el nordeste volvió a su porción continental actual.

Triásico
La mayor área del triásico está en Rio Grande do Sul en el geoparque de la Paleorrota. Esta región fue la cuna de la paleontología del Brasil, y es formadora de grandes paleontólogos.

Referencias

Véase también
 Cuenca sedimentaria del Paraná
 Geografía de Brasil

Enlaces externos

Geología de Brasil


فَجرَيانة أو (نقحرة: فاجرايانا) هي إحدى مذاهب البوذية، كما تعرف باسم المانترا السرية. تم تصنيف فترة فجريانة البوذية على أنها الفترة الخامسة أو النهائية في فترات البوذية الهندية. الفجريانة هي نظام معقد ومتعدد الأوجه والتي تطورت على مدى قرون عدة، وتكشف عن تناقض كبير ومجموعة متنوعة من الآراء. ظهرت فجريانة على الأرجح إلى حيز الوجود في القرن السادس أو السابع الميلادي. تدعى الكتب المقدسة لفجريانة تانترا. والسمة المميزة لفجريانة البوذية هي الطقوس، والتي تستخدم كبديل عن التأملات المجردة في المذاهب البوذية التي ظهرت في وقت سابق لها.

المراجع

تاريخ البوذية
تنترا
مصطلحات بوذية
مفاهيم فلسفية بوذية
حركات بوذية

فاجرايانا


Bruselloz, Malta humması veya Akdeniz humması, da denilen Brucella spp. bakterileri yüzünden ortaya çıkan bulaşıcı bir hastalıktır.

İlk kez 1897'de Danimarkalı veteriner hekim Berhnhard Bang Brucella abortusu ayrıştırmıştır. Bu nedenle hastalığın Bang hastalığı olarak da anıldığı olmuştur.

Bulaşma Yolları
Aslen bir hayvan hastalığı olan bruselloz insanlarda da görülen bir zoonoz hastalıktır. Duyarlı hayvanlara genellikle, enfekte hayvanlarla doğrudan temas yoluyla veya enfekte hayvanların akıntıları/atıkları ile çevresel yolla bulaşır. Atık yavrular, yavru zarları ve sıvıları, yavru atmış veya doğum yapmış enfekte bir hayvanın vaginal akıntılarının hepsi son derece fazla sayıda enfeksiyöz Brucella mikroorganizmalarını barındırır. Hayvanlar bu materyalleri ve Brucella etkeni ile bulaşık su ve gıdayı tüketerek enfekte olurlar. Süt, idrar, dışkı ve eklem sıvıları da bakterilerin yayılma kaynağıdır.

Enfekte boğa ve koçların spermlerinde de etken bulunur ve çiftleşme yoluyla bulaşır. Ayrıca enfekte annelerden yavrularına anne karnında veya doğum sonrası enfekte ağız sütü ya da enfekte diğer hayvanların sütü ile beslenme sonucu bulaşma görülebilir.

Keçi ve koyunlarda 'Brucella melitensis'; sığır, köpek ve insanda da hastalık oluşturur. Sığırlarda 'Brucella abortus'; Manda, deve, geyik, at, koyun, köpek, domuz ve insanda da hastalık oluşturur. Domuzlarda ise 'Brucella suis' tiplerindeki bakteri serotipleri mevcuttur.

Solunum yoluyla da bulaşabilen hastalık genelde deri ve/veya mukoza yoluyla bulaşır. İnsanlara, mikrop içeren veya pastorize veya sterilize edilmemiş süt ve süt ürünlerinden veya doğrudan hasta hayvanlara temas ile bulaşır. Özellikle Brucella abortus'''tan ileri gelen atık materyalleri bulaşmada önemli rol oynar.

Hasta hayvan leşiyle temas yüzünden de bulaşabilir. Bu sebeple hastalığa yakalanan insanlar çoğunlukla veteriner hekimler, hayvan yetiştiricisi, çoban, sütçü, peynirci veya mezbaha çalışanı gibi hayvanlar ve hayvan ürünleriyle yakın temasta bulunan insanlardır. Veteriner hekimliğindeki meslek hastalıklarından birisidir.

 Belirtiler

Brucella bakterileri karaciğer, lenf bezleri, salgı bezleri, dalak ve sinirlere yerleşir. Brusellozun enkübasyon (kuluçka) süresi genellikle 1-3 haftadır. Fakat nadir olarak birkaç ay aldığı da olmuştur. Diğer ateşli hastalıklara benzer belirtilere sahiptir. Ama özellikle kas ağrıları ve terleme çok daha yoğundur. Bazen titreme şeklinde gelen, çok yüksek olmayan ateşe neden olur. Halsizlik, iştahsızlık ve buna bağlı olarak da kilo kaybı görülür. Hastalığın süresi birkaç haftadan birkaç aya kadar değişiklik gösterir. Hastalığın ardından görülen patolojik değişimler (sekeller) fazlasıyla değişiklik gösterir ve hastalığın ardından  granulomatöz, hepatit, artrit, spondilit, Anemi, lökopeni, trombositopeni, menenjit, üveit, optik nörit ve endokardit gibi durumlar görülebilir.

 Patogenezis
Brucella etkenleri obligat intrasellüler mikroorganizmlardır. Vücudun savunma hücrelerinden "Makrofajlar" içerisinde yerleşirler. Fakat sahip oldukları Katalaz ve Süperoksit Dismutaz enzimleri sayesinde makrofajlar içerisinde yaşamayı sürdürürler.

 Teşhis (Diagnoz)

Brucella Wright Testi, bruselloz şüphesinde ALTIN STANDART'tır.Hastalık septisemik dönemdeyken (ateşli devrede) kandan doğrudan ekim yapılarak bakterinin aranmasına gidilebilir.Bakteri ekiminden ancak 3 gün sonra mikroaerofilik ortamda üreyebilir. Ama enfeksiyon kronik hal kazandıysa, serolojik yönteme başvurulur.Bu amaçla Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) ile hızlı aglütinasyon tekniği kullanılarak % 98 güvenilirlikte teşhis yapılabilir.Teşhis için kantitatif serolojik değerler istenirse,yani hasta enfeksiyonun derecesini titre düzeyinde belirlemek istenirse bunda da Serum Aglütinasyon Test'i (SAT),Komplement Fiksasyon Testi (KFT) veya Coomb's testi kullanılabilir. En çok kullanılan SAT metodunda serum titresi 1/40 ve 1/40'tan yukarı ise enfeksiyon pozitif kabul edilir. Ancak güvenilirlik düzeyi açısından da, hızlı sonuç vermesi açısından da RBPT en iyi testtir. RBPT testi dışındaki diğer üç metot, ayrıca 18-24 saatten önce de sonuç veremez, çünkü prensip olarak yavaş aglütinasyon tekniği ile antikorları ararlar. Çok fazla kullanılmasa da ELISA (Enzymes Linked Immun Sorbent Assay) ve PCR (Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu) yine teşhis metotları arasında vardır. Bu arada Brucella bakterileri hücre içi yaşadıklarından antibiyotik tedavisinden sonraki 6-12 aylık dönemde serum titresinde düşüklük gösterebilirler. Ne zaman ki tekrar titrede artış görülür, o zaman enfeksiyonun yeniden alevlendiğinden söz edilir. Brucella bakterisinin yaşam şekli hücre içi yaşam itibarıyla bakıldığında tüberküloz bakterisiyle aynıdır
Bruselloz'un teşhisinde günümüzde faj tiplendirme de kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar; Tibilisi Faj'ı, Berkeley Faj'ı ve Weybridge Fajı'ı olarak bilinir.

 Tedavi

Çeşitli antibiyotikler tedavide kullanılır. Tetrasiklinler, kloramfenikol (bu antibiyotik olumsuz yan etkileri yüzünden bugün beşeri olarak kullanılmamaktadır), rifampin ve streptomisin Brucella bakterilerine karşı etkilidirler. Fakat, birden fazla antibiyotiğin birkaç hafta boyunca kullanılması gerekir. Zira, bakteriler kuluçka evresini hücrelerin içinde geçirir.

 Korunma (Profilaksi)
Enfeksiyonun belli bölgelerde sıklıkla görülmesinin sebebi, genç hayvanlarda yapılmasına riayet gösterilmesi gereken koruyucu aşılamalardır. Ancak bu aşılamalara riayet gösterilmemekte ve hayvanlar korunamadığı enfeksiyonla ilk gebelik döneminde tanışmakta, yavrularında abort şekillenmektedir. Bu büyük maddi külfet getirmektedir. Ayrıca lezzet kültürüne aşırı riayet gösterilerek yapılan,kaynatılmamış sütlerle gerçekleştirilen yöresel peynir mayalamaları da yine insanlara bulaşmada köprü durumundadır.İnsanlar için henüz aşı geliştirilememiştir. Hayvanlara koruma için uygulanan aşıların canlı bakteri olması, yani inaktive aşı olmaması da uygulaması sırasındaki tehlikeyi ortaya koymaktadır. Bu hareketle hayvanlarda mevcut olan canlı aşı üzerinden geliştirilmiş bir beşeri aşı yoktur. Ancak genetikteki hızlı gelişmeler, söz konusu bakterinin hücre içi haberleşmelerini kesecek bir mekanizma üzerinden etkisini gösteren bir aşı yolunda çalışmaktadır. Brusellozdan korunmanın en iyi yolu insan tüketiminde kullanılan tüm sütlerin düzgün şekilde pastörize edilmesidir.

 Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar
 Center for Disease Control'dan (İngilizce) Brucellosis information from KIT Biomedical research
 Brucella and Brucellosis | Medchrome
    Brucella genomes and related information at    PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by    NIAID
 Brucellosis , factsheet from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Brucellosis in Dogs from The Pet Health Library
Brucella Bioinformatics Portal
Mikrobiyolojik ve klinik presentasyon açısından Brusella  (S.Ü Tıp Fakültesi Klinik Mikrobiyoloji)''

Bakteriyel hastalıklar
Zoonoz hastalıklar

Bruselloz


إِسْدُود  هي مدينة ساحلية تقع على البحر الأبيض المتوسط، بناها الكنعانيون الذين سكنوا فلسطين التاريخية حوالي عام 3000 قبل الميلاد. تعتبر مدينة أسدود السادسة كبرًا من حيث عدد السكان حيث يبلغ عدد سكانها 224,628 نسمة حسب إحصائيات ديسمبر 2018. وتقع ضمن لواء الجنوب حسب التقسيم الإداري الإسرائيلي. يعدّ ميناؤها الأهم في إسرائيل وهو ما يمثل 60% من السلع المستوردة في البلاد. تقع المدينة بين تل أبيب إلى الشمال على بعد 32 كم (20 ميل)، وعسقلان إلى الجنوب على بعد 20 كم (12 ميل)، والقدس 53 كم (33 ميل) إلى الشرق. المدينة هي أيضاً مركز صناعي إقليمي مهم. جراء حرب 1948 هاجر معظم سكانها العرب إلى غزة وغيرها.

تُغطي أسدود الحديثة أراضي مدينتين مزدوجتين قديمتين، واحدة داخلية وواحدة على الساحل، والتي كان لمعظم تاريخهما كيانان منفصلان، مرتبطان بروابط وثيقة مع بعضهما البعض. يتناول هذا المقال هذه المدن التاريخية، بما في ذلك المواقع القديمة الأخرى القريبة، وأسدود الحديثة.

يرجع تاريخ أول مستوطنة حضرية موثقة في أسدود إلى الثقافة الكنعانية في القرن السابع عشر قبل الميلاد. ذُكرت أسدود 13 مرة في الكتاب المقدس. خلال تاريخها قبل عام 1956، استوطن المدينة الفلستيون وبنو إسرائيل والمستعمرون اليونانيون الذين جاءوا في أعقاب فتوحات الإسكندر والرومان والبيزنطيين والعرب والصليبيين والأتراك العثمانيين.

تأسست أسدود الحديثة في عام 1956 على التلال الرمليَّة بالقرب من موقع المدينة القديمة، وتم دمجها كمدينة في عام 1968، مع مساحة أرض تبلغ حوالي 60 كيلومتر مربع (23 ميل مربع). كونها مدينة مخططة، اتبع التوسع خطة تطوير رئيسيَّة، والتي سهلت حركة المرور ومنع تلوث الهواء في المناطق السكنية، على الرغم من النمو السكاني. وفقا لمكتب الإحصاء المركزي الإسرائيلي، كان عدد سكان أسدود 224,628 في عام 2018، بمساحة 47,242 دونم (47.242 كم 2؛ 18.240 ميل مربع).

أسدود اليوم هي موطن لأكبر جالية يهودية مغربية في إسرائيل، وأكبر جالية يهودية قرائية في إسرائيل، وأكبر جالية يهوديَّة جورجيَّة في العالم.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لأسدود:

توأمة
لأسدود اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 بوردو
 باهيا بلانكا
 لوس أنجلوس
 ووهان
 تامبا
 برست
 باطوم (7 مايو 2012 - )
 زاباروجيا (13 سبتمبر 2011 - )
 أتيراو
 أرخانغلسك
 كيشيناو
 تيراسبول
 بحر دار
 شبانداو

أعلام

 بينكاس أبوحصيرة
 ألون داي
 آشر بن لولو
 أوفير مارسيانو
 دايفد بايتون
 سيتين طوبق أوغلو
 فرقان دوجان

انظر أيضًا

 قائمة المدن والقرى الفلسطينية التي طرد منها سكانها خلال حرب 1948
 ميناء أشدود
 عسقلان

مراجع

مدن فلسطية
تلال (علم آثار)
المنطقة الجنوبية (إسرائيل)
بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في إسرائيل
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
مدن الكتاب المقدس
مدن في المنطقة الجنوبية (إسرائيل)
مدن كنعانية
مواقع أثرية في إسرائيل

أسدود


Dimítrios Talagánis (en  ; né en 1945 et mort le ) est un artiste, architecte, poète et urbaniste grec.

Biographie
Il est né à Tripoli, en Grèce, en 1945, et vit en Arcadie pendant son enfance ; il déménage ensuite à Athènes, où il vit jusqu'en 1964. Il étudie grâce à une bourse à l' et en 1971 obtient un diplôme et une maîtrise en architecture. Il reçoit également le premier prix pour la conception du Nouveau Musée Lénine. Cette conception est exposée pendant un an à l'Exposition des réalisations de l'économie nationale, où elle remporte la médaille d'or. En 1970, il est également récompensé à l'exposition universelle d'Osaka pour la conception d'une ville de 40 000 habitants. En 1971, il réalise une étude sur l'exploitation de la baie de Phalère, où il propose la construction du Nouveau Théâtre Athénien.

En 1971, il commence également à peindre. Sa première exposition de peinture a lieu au salon d'automne du Grand Palais des Champs Élysées à Paris en 1973. Ce travail est inspiré par Georges Séféris. Il collabore avec l'écrivain et metteur en scène français Jacques Lacarrière pour mettre en scène la pièce Romiosyne de Yánnis Rítsos. Il y a aussi une exposition de ses œuvres en 1974 au Foyer Royal de l'Odéon. En août 1974, il retourne en Grèce, où il continue à travailler comme architecte. Il a également commencé à exposer ses œuvres dans diverses expositions en Grèce. En 1987, il expose ses œuvres au Musée d'Art métropolitain Teien de Tokyo.

En 1998, il brigue la mairie de Tripoli, où il est élu adjoint au maire de la culture.

Décès
Dimítrios Talagánis est décédé de la COVID-19 le 15 avril 2021, dans un hôpital d'Athènes, où il a été hospitalisé pendant un mois durant la pandémie de Covid-19 en Grèce à l'âge de 76 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Poète grec du XXe siècle
Poète grec du XXIe siècle
Architecte grec du XXe siècle
Architecte grec du XXIe siècle
Naissance en 1945
Décès en avril 2021
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Grèce

Dimítrios Talagánis


Irará es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía.

Geografía

Su población estimada en 2011 es de 28.000 habitantes. Según el IGBE está inserta en la Región Económica 7 del Paraguaçu y en la Región Administrativa de Feria de Santana.
El municipio posee un área de 271 km² conforme el Censo del 2000, de clima variado húmedo y suelos podzólico rojo / amarillo, equivalente a Eutrófico y suelos Litólicos Eutróficos.

Hidrografía
El municipio es bordeado por los ríos Seco y Parmirim y es limitado al norte con Agua
Fria; al sur, Corazón de Maria; al este, Ouriçangas,; al oeste Santanópolis; al sudeste, Pedrão.

Iraraenses notable

Aristeu Nogueira, Dida, Diógenes de Almeida Campos, Edson Barbosa Filho, Emídio Brasileiro, Tom Zé, Gigi,  Vera Felicidade, João dos Reis Sant'anna Filho

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Irará (Bahía)


An Malaxis streptopetala in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Benjamin Lincoln Robinson ngan Jesse More Greenman, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Oakes Ames. An Malaxis streptopetala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malaxis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malaxis

Malaxis streptopetala


Wahlström & Widstrand este o editură suedeză cu o tradiție lungă în publicarea de cărți.

Wahlström & Widstrand a fost înființată în 1884 de către doi vânzători de cărți din Stockholm, Per Karl Wahlström și Wilhelm Widstrand. Compania a început să publice cărți de ficțiune în 1890. Prima carte pe care au publicat-o a fost un volum de poezii al lui Claes Lagergren. În anii 1890 a început să publice romane. Editura a publicat în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea operele unor scriitori străini renumiți precum Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, Joseph Conrad, Maxim Gorki și Henri Bergson, iar mai târziu scriitori ca Franz Kafka în anii 1940, William Styron în anii 1950 și Joseph Heller în anii 1960.

Numeroși scriitori suedezi valoroși au fost descoperiți de către editura Wahlström & Widstrand, iar aici au publicat autori prestigioși precum Per Wästberg, Tage Danielsson, Ulf Lundell, Lukas Moodysson, Jens Lapidus și Johan Theorin. Editura a publicat, de asemenea, operele mai multor câștigători ai Premiului Nobel precum Aleksandr Soljenițîn, Gabriel García Márquez, Derek Walcott, Wole Soyinka, Joseph Brodsky, José Saramago, V. S. Naipaul și Herta Müller. Wahlström & Widstrand face parte în prezent din divizia Bonnier Books a grupului editorial scandinav Bonnier.

Wahlström & Widstrand are o gamă largă și variată, cu un accent clar pe ficțiune, dar publică, de asemenea, manuale în multe domenii. Directoarea editurii este din 2008 Åsa Selling.

Note

Legături externe
 Official Bonnier website

Edituri din Suedia

Wahlström & Widstrand


Richard Wilhelm Heinrich Abegg () a fost un chimist german și pionier al teoriei valenței. El a propus faptul că diferența dintre valența maximă pozitivă și negativă pentru un element chimic are tendința de a avea valoarea opt (regula Abegg, 1904).

Note

Nașteri în 1869
Nașteri pe 9 ianuarie
Decese în 1910
Decese pe 3 aprilie
Chimiști germani
Fizicieni germani
Profesori ai Universității din Göttingen
Absolvenți ai Universității din Tübingen
Aeronauți
Absolvenți ai Universității Humboldt din Berlin

Richard Abegg


An Festuca vierhapperi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hand.-mazz.. An Festuca vierhapperi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca vierhapperi


Mudžmel (sažet), prema tefsirskoj podjeli ajeta ajeti, koji u sebi sadrži neku riječ sažetog ili teškog značenja. Pojašnjavaju ih mubejjin ajeti.

Izvori

Islam

Mudžmel


بطولة سود أميريكانو كوبا أمريكا 2007،أو كما يطلق عليها أيضا كوبا أمريكا 2007 أو كوبا أمريكا فنزويلا 2007، كانت البطولة 42 من كوبا أمريكا، البطولة الجنوب أمريكية لفرق كرة القدم الدولية. البطولة نظمت من قبل كونميبول، هيئة كرة القدم المشرفة على بطولات أمريكا الجنوبية، وكان قد استضافتها فنزويلا، والتي استضافت البطولة للمرة الأولى، من 26 يونيو و 15 يوليو 2007.

البطولة توجت بها البرازيل الذين تغلبوا على الأرجنتين 3-0 في النهائي. المكسيك أخذت المركز الثالث بعد أن هزمت أوروغواي 3-1 في مباراة المركز الثالث. فازت البرازيل أيضا في حق تمثيل كونميبول في بطولة كأس القارات 2009.

الفرق المشاركة

  (حامل اللقب)

  (ضيف)

  (ضيف)

  (المضيف)

الأماكن

مسؤولو المباريات

قوائم الفرق

دور المجموعات

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الثالثة

مرحلة خروج المغلوب

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

مسجلي الأهداف

6 أهداف
  روبينيو

5 أهداف
  خوان رومان ريكيلمي

4 أهداف
  نيري كاستيلو

3 أهداف
  هرنان كرسبو
  جوليو بابتيستا
  هومبيرتو سوازو
  عمر برافو
  سالفادور كاباناس
  روكي سانتا كروز
  دييغو فورلان

هدفين
  خافيير ماسكيرانو
  ليونيل ميسي
  خايمي مورينو
  خايمي كاستريون
  كواوتيموك بلانكو
  كلاوديو بيتزارو
  سيباستيان أبريو

هدف
  بابلو أيمار
  غابرييل هاينزه
  دييغو ميليتو
  كارلوس تيفيز
  خوان كارلوس أركي
  خاسماني كامبوس
  داني ألفيس
  جوسوي
  جوان سيلفيرا دوس سانتوس
  فاغنر لوف
  مايكون
  كارلوس فيلانويفا
  إديكسون بيريا فالينسيا
  كريستيان بينيتيز
  إيدسون مينديز
  أنتونيو فالنسيا
  فرناندو أرسي
  أندريس غواردادو
  رامون موراليس
  خيراردو تورادو
  إدغار باريتو
  أوسكار كاردوزو

هدف
  خوان كارلوس مارينيو
  باولو غيريرو
  ميغيل فيلالتا
  ريكاردو كلارك
  إيدي جونسون
  Pablo García
  كريستيان رودريغيز
  فيسنتي سانشيز
  خوان أرانغو
  دانييل أريزميندي
  أليخاندرو سيتشيرو
  جيانكارلو مالدونادو
  ريكاردو بايز

هدف عكسي
  روبيرتو أيالا (لصالح البرازيل)

المصادر

أحداث يوليو 2007 الرياضية في أمريكا الجنوبية
أحداث يونيو 2007 الرياضية في أمريكا الجنوبية
الرياضة في باركيسيميتو
الرياضة في بويرتو لا كروز
كاراكاس في القرن 20
ماراكايبو في القرن 20
بطولات كوبا أمريكا
سان كريستوبال
كرة القدم الأمريكية الجنوبية في 2007
كرة القدم الفنزويلية في 2007-08
ماتورين
منافسات رياضية في كاراكاس
منافسات رياضية في ماراكايبو
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها فنزويلا

كوبا أمريكا 2007


Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard (2.469 m.o.h.) er et højt bjergpas i Schweiz og Italien. Det forbinder byen Martigny i Schweiz med byen Aosta i Aosta-dalen i Italien. Fra Martigny til toppen af passet stiger vejen 2.063 højdemeter - fra 506 til 2.469 m.o.h. Passets højeste punkt ligger i Schweiz. Tunnelen blev åbnet 19. marts 1964 efter seks års konstruktionsarbejde.

Indkørslen til tunnelen på den Italienske side er i 1.875 m.o.h. og i 1.918 m.o.h. på den Schweiziske side.

Betydningsfuld rute
Den gamle vej (fra 1905) er delvist erstattet af en 5,8 km lang tunnel (åbnet i foråret 1964) under passet, hvilket giver mulighed for biltrafik året rundt og forkorter rejsetiden mellem Martigny og Aosta med en time. Tunnellen var den første helårsvej til biltrafik gennem de høje alper.

Sammen med Skt. Gothardtunnellen, Mont Blanc-tunnellen og Frejustunnelen udgør Store Sankt Bernard vigtige vejforbindelser fra Italien mod nord.

Historie
Col du Grand Saint Bernard har siden bronzealderen været en vigtig forbindelse mellem Nord- og Sydeuropa. De romerske legioner, de barbariske stammer, saracenerne, kejsere af det romerske rige, paver, korsfarere og Napoleon Bonaparte og hans hær, har benyttet passagen over alperne.

Benævnelser for passet
Den danske benævnelse for passet er Store Sankt Bernhard. Den engelske benævnelse er Great Saint Bernard Pass. Der findes et andet pas mellem Aosta-dalen og Frankrig, der benævnes Col du Petit-Saint-Bernard. Passene er opkaldt efter Bernhard fra Menton, bjergbestigernes skytshelgen.

Navnemæssigt må man ikke forveksle med San Bernardinopasset beliggende i den fjerne østlige del af de vestlige alper. Tillige findes der Berninapasset længere mod øst.

Galleri

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Bjergpas i Schweiz
Bjergpas i Alperne
Bjergpas i Italien

Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard


دانييل أوويفن أموكاتشي ، من مواليد 30 ديسمبر 1972 في كادونا في نيجيريا، لاعب كرة قدم نيجيري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب نيجيريا لكرة القدم منذ عام 1990 وحتى عام 1999 وشارك معهم في 42 مباراة وسجل 14 هدف.
أول لاعب يسجل في تاريخ دوري أبطال أوروبا بتسميته الحالية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيجيريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
رياضيون من كادونا
رياضيون نيجيريون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
رياضيون نيجيريون مغتربون في تركيا
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية أولمبية من نيجيريا
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو إيفرتون
لاعبو بشكتاش
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1990
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1994
لاعبو كأس العالم 1994
لاعبو كأس العالم 1998
لاعبو كأس الملك فهد 1995
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون نيجيريون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم نيجيريون
لاعبو كرة قدم نيجيريون مغتربون
لاعبو كلوب بروج
لاعبو منتخب نيجيريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو ناساراوا يونايتد
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
لاعبون فازوا بكأس الأمم الإفريقية
مدربو إنييمبا إنترناشونال
مدربو كرة قدم نيجيريون
مواليد 1972
مواليد في كادونا
نيجيريون
الاتحاد النيجيري لكرة القدم
لاعبو كرة قدم من كادونا

دانييل أموكاتشي


Türk Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayii A.Ş., 1967 yılında İzmir-Pınarbaşı'nda kurulan şirkettir.

1969 yılında üretime geçen Türk Tuborg, Türkiye'de özel sektörün ilk birasını Tuborg markasıyla piyasaya sundu. Dünyanın en büyük 5 bira şirketi arasında yer alan 140'ı aşkın ülkede faaliyet gösteren, 40'tan fazla ülkede üretim yapan bir biracılık kuruluşu olan Carlsberg Breweries ve Türk Tuborg'un güçlü iş birliği bulunmaktadır.

Yılda 36 bin ton malt ve yaklaşık 579 milyon litre bira üretim kapasitesi ile entegre bir tesis olan Türk Tuborg fabrikası, Avrupa'nın en büyük bira fabrikalarından biridir. İzmir'de bulunan bu fabrika Carlsberg, Tuborg Gold, Tuborg Amber, Tuborg Filtresiz, Tuborg Special, Frederik, Vole, Skol, Troy ve Venüs markalarıyla bira üretmektedir.

Ayrıca SOL, Kronenbourg K1664 Blanc, Guinness,  Kilkeny, Weihenstephen, Grimbergen ve Desperados biralarını da ithal etmektedir.

İhracat
Türk Tuborg 6 kıtaya ve 84 ülkeye ihracat yapmaktadır. Almanya, İngiltere, Kanada, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti ve Irak; Türk Tuborg'un öne çıkan ihracat pazarlarıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tuborg Pilsener

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye merkezli içecek şirketleri
İzmir merkezli şirketler
1967'de kurulan şirketler
Türk birası

Türk Tuborg


Montanaro steht für:

 Montanaro, eine italienische Gemeinde in der Metropolitanstadt Turin, Region Piemont

Montanaro ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anna Montanaro (* 1973), deutsche Musicaldarstellerin
 Arthur Forbes Montanaro (1862–1914), britischer Offizier
 Carlo Montanaro, Operndirigent
 Giovanni Antonio Montanaro, italienischer Bildhauer, Architekt und Ingenieur der Renaissance
 Lucio Montanaro (* 1951), italienischer Schauspieler
 Sabino Augusto Montanaro (1922–2011), paraguayischer Politiker

Montanaro (Begriffsklärung)


La cotorra pulcra (Pyrrhura lepida) es una especie de loro endémico de los bosques del este del Amazonas en Brasil.

Taxonomía

Su historia taxonómica es potencialmente confusa. Fue conocido antes como Pyrrhura perlata, pero tras una revisión se descubrió que este tipo de espécimen en realidad era un indivuduo joven del estrechamente relacionado perico perla. En consecuencia, P. perlata fue trasladado a esa especie, mientras que el nombre que recibió la cotorra pulcra es P. lepida, un nombre científicamente válido.

Hábitat

Aunque la cotorra pulcra sigue siendo bastante común a nivel local, se ha visto en peligro debido a la extensa destrucción de su hábitat, especialmente en la parte oriental de su área de distribución donde la subespecie coerulescens puede estar acercándose a la extinción.

Referencias
 Collar, N. J. (1997). Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida). Pp. 440 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (1997). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
 BirdLife International 2004. Pyrrhura lepida. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Consultado el 24 de febrero de 2012.

Enlaces externos

Animales descritos en 1832
lepida
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Johann Georg Wagler

Pyrrhura lepida


أيامنا الجاية (بالعربية: أيامنا القادمة) هو فيلم مصري إنتاج عام 2008.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول مجموعة من شباب الجامعات لديهم مشاكل عائلية فتجمعهم رحلة وأثناء هذه الرحلة يقررون بعض القرارات الخاطئة كالزواج عرفياً بزميلاتهم وتتوالى الأحداث ويتزوجوا عرفياً في فيلا أحدهم بالساحل الشمالي وهناك تقع جريمة قتل تاجر مخدرات في الفيلا فتتأزم الأمور بشكل كوميدي اجتماعي وتطرح قضية اتجاهات الشباب وعدم مسئولويتهم في تحمل المسئولية .

الشخصيات
 عزت أبو عوف
 سوسن بدر
 انتصار
 محمد شومان
 يوسف داود
 جلال رجب

الشباب
 أحمد عثمان
 سيد الرومي
 صفا تاج الدين
 حنين
 تيسير عبد العزيز
 أحمد مصطفي
 دعاء عادل
 أشرف

فريق العمل
التصوير السينمائي:
إيهاب حامد (مدير التصوير)

قسم المونتاج:
علاء عبد العزيز (مونتاج)

قسم الموسيقى:
ياسر البذر (موسيقى تصويرية)

قسم الإنتاج:
شركة لورد فيلم للإنتاج الفني (شركة الإنتاج)
محمد كمال الشناوى (منتج)
منال الزير (منتجة)
عادل عمار (منتج وممثل)

قسم الصوت:
إبراهيم الدسوقى (مهندس صوت)

قسم التوزيع:
الشركة العربية للإنتاج والتوزيع السينمائي (شركة التوزيع)

وصلات
 صفحة الفيلم علي فيلفان

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام محمد شومان
أفلام عزت أبو عوف
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2008
أفلام سوسن بدر
أفلام عن الزواج

أيامنا الجاية (فيلم)