Venecijanski bijenale arhitekture poznat i kao Mostra di Architettura di Venezia - na svom izvornom jeziku, talijanskom, međunarodna je izložba koja se održava svake druge godine neparnim godinama u Veneciji, u Italiji, a na kojoj se predstavlja arhitektonsko stvaralaštvo država širom svijeta. Riječ je o izložbi arhitektonskih djela i instalacija u sklopu Venecijanskog bijenala. Bijenale arhitekture je službeno uspostavljeno 1980. godine, iako je arhitektura bila dio Venecijanskog bijenala umjetnosti od 1968. godine.

Glavni cilj Bijenala arhitekture je predlaganje i izlaganje arhitektonskih rješenja za suvremena društvena, humanistička i tehnološka pitanja. Iako naginje akademskoj strani arhitekture, Bijenale također pruža priliku lokalnim arhitektima širom svijeta za predstavljanje novih projekata. Bijenale je podijeljen u dva glavna dijela: Stalni, nacionalni paviljoni u Bijenalskim vrtovima, kao i Arsenale, koji pod jednim krovom ugošćuje projekte brojnih država.

Izložbe

2021.
Kustos Hashim Sarkis, 17. bijenale arhitekture u Veneciji nosit će naslov Kako ćemo živjeti zajedno? Zbog pandemije COVID-19, ona će se dogoditi 2021. umjesto 2020.

Nacionalni paviljoni i kustosi

 Sjedinjene Američke Države : Američko kadriranje  . Kustosi: Paul Andersen i Paul Preissner.
 Njemačka : 2038  . Kustos do 2038.
 Italija : Otporne zajednice  . Kustos: Alessandro Melis .
 Turska : Arhitektura kao mjera  . Kustos Neyran Turan.
 Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo : Vrt privatiziranih užitaka. Kustosi Madeleine Kessler i Manijeh Verghese.

2018.
16. međunarodna izložba arhitekture nazvana je Freespace, a kustosice su bile Yvonne Farrell i Shelley McNamara .

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Švicarska, sa Svizzera 240, House Tour. Povjerenice: Švicarsko vijeće za umjetnost Pro Helvetia: Marianne Burki, Sandi Paučić, Rachele Giudici Legittimo. Kustosi i izlagači: Alessandro Bosshard, Li Tavor, Matthew van der Ploeg, Ani Vihervaara
 Posebno priznanje za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Velika Britanija, s otokom. Povjerenica: Sarah Mann; Arhitektonski dizajn Moda British Council. Kustosi: Caruso St John Architects, Marcus Taylor
 Zlatni lav za najboljeg sudionika: Souto Moura - Arquitectos; Eduardo Souto de Moura (Porto, Portugal).
 Srebrni lav za perspektivnog mladog sudionika; Architecten de vylder vinck taillieu. Jan de Vylder, Inge Vinck, Jo Taillieu (Gent, Belgija).
 Posebna priznanja: Andramatin; Andra Matin (Jakarta, Indonezija) i RMA Architects; Rahul Mehrotra (Mumbai, Indija; Boston, SAD)
 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Kenneth Frampton (Velika Britanija)

Nacionalni paviljoni i kustosi

 Italija : Arcipelago Italia. Kustos: Mario_Cucinella

2016.
Petnaestu međunarodnu arhitektonsku izložbu pod nazivom Izvještavanje s fronte režirao je Alejandro Aravena 28. svibnja - 27. studenog.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Paulo Mendes da Rocha .
 Zlatni lav za najbolji nacionalni paviljon: Španjolska s nedovršenim, kustosi Iñaqui Carnicero i Carlos Quintáns .

Nacionalni paviljoni i kustosi

 Italija : Briga. Kustos: Studio Tamassociati
 Švicarska : Slučajni prostor. Kustosica Sandra Oehy. Izlagač Christian Kerez.
 Srbija : HEROIC: Besplatna poštarina. Izlagači: Stefan Vasic, Ana Šulkic i Igor Sjeverac.

2014.
14. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Osnove". Režirao Rem Koolhaas. od 7. lipnja do 23. studenog 2014.godine.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Phyllis Lambert .
 Zlatni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Koreja, s "Pogledom vrana", kustos Minsuk Cho, zajedno s Hyungmin Pai i Changmo Ahn.
 Srebrni lav za najbolji istraživački projekt odjeljka Monditalia : Andrés Jaque i njegov Ured za političke inovacije, s projektom "Čudnost prodaje. Milano 2 i politika od urbanizma od kuće do kuće ".
 Srebrni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Čile, s "Monolit kontroverzama", kustosi Pedro Alonso i Hugo Palmarola.
 Posebna priznanja nacionalnim sudjelovanjima: Kanada, Francuska, Rusija
 Posebna priznanja istraživačkim projektima odjeljka Monditalia: "Radikalna pedagogija: AKCIJA-REAKCIJA-INTERAKCIJA" Beatriz Colomina, Britt Eversole, Ignacio G. Galán, Evangelos Kotsioris, Anna-Maria Meister, Federica Vannucchi, Amunátegui Valdés Architects, Smog.tv ; "Intermundia" Ane Dana Beroš ; "Talijanski limeta" Folder

13. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Zajedničko tlo". Režirao David Chipperfield. 29. kolovoza - 25. studenog 2012.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Alvaro Siza .
 Zlatni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Japan, " Arhitektura, ovdje moguća? Dom za sve "kustos Toyo Ito, uz sudjelovanje Kumiko Inui, Sou Fujimoto, Akihisa Hirata i Naoya Hatakeyama .
 Zlatni lav za najbolji projekt izložbe Common Ground: Urban-Think Tank (Alfredo Brillembourg, Hubert Klumpner), Justin McGuirk i Iwan Baan
 Srebrni lav za obećavajuću praksu izložbe Common Ground: Grafton Architects ( Yvonne Farrell i Shelley McNamara )
 Posebna priznanja: Poljska, povjerenica Hanna Wróblewska; Sjedinjene Američke Države, povjerenica Cathy Lang Ho; Rusija, povjerenik Grigorij Revzin; Cino Zucchi.

2010.
12. međunarodna izložba arhitekture: "Ljudi se susreću u arhitekturi". Režirao Kazuyo Sejima. 29. kolovoza - 21. studenog 2010.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Rem Koolhaas
 Zlatni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Kraljevina Bahrein
 Izložba Zlatni lav za najbolji projekt u narodu koji se susreće na arhitekturi: junya.ishigami + suradnici
 Zlatni lav u sjećanju: Kazuo Shinohara
 Srebrni lav za perspektivnog mladog sudionika na izložbi Ljudi se susreću u arhitekturi: URED Kersten Geers David Van Severen + Bas Princen
 Posebna priznanja: Amaterski arhitektonski studio, Studio Mumbai, Piet Oudolf

2008.
Jedanaesta međunarodna izložba arhitekture : "Tamo vani: arhitektura izvan građevine". Režirao Aaron Betsky. 14. rujna - 23. studenog 2008.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Frank Gehry
 Zlatni lav za najboljeg nacionalnog sudionika: Poljska ("Hotel Polonia. Zagrobni život zgrada "). Projekt Nicolasa Grospierrea i Kobasa Lakse
 Zlatni lav za najbolji instalacijski projekt na međunarodnoj izložbi: Obrazac Greg Lynn ("Namještaj od recikliranih igračaka")
 Posebni Zlatni lav za životno djelo povjesničara arhitekture: James S. Ackerman
 Srebrni lav za perspektivnog mladog arhitekta na međunarodnoj izložbi: čileanska grupa Elemental

Nacionalni paviljoni i kustosi

 Njemačka : Ažuriranje Njemačke - 100 projekata za bolju budućnost. Kustosi: Friedrich von Borries i Matthias Böttger
 Sjedinjene Američke Države : U otvoreno: Praksa pozicioniranja : 16 arhitektonskih skupina usredotočuje se na sve veći interes za građanski angažman u američkoj arhitektonskoj praksi i ispituje na koji način nova generacija ponovno dobiva ulogu u oblikovanju zajednice i izgrađenog okoliša. Kustosi: William Menking, Aaron Levy i Andrew Sturm.

2006.
10. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba : "Gradovi, arhitektura i društvo". Režirao Ricky Burdett. 10. rujna - 19. studenog 2006. Sekcija osiguranja City-Port održavala se u Palermu do 14. siječnja 2007. Izložba je privukla preko 130 000 posjetitelja.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Richard Rogers
 Zlatni lav za najbolje nacionalno sudjelovanje: Danska za "CO-EVOLUTION, dansko-kineska suradnja na održivom urbanom razvoju u Kini". Kustosi: Henrik Valeur i UiD. Projekti danskih arhitektonskih ureda i kineskih sveučilišta CEBRA + Tsinghua, COBE + CQU, Effekt + Tongji i Transform + XAUAT
 Zlatni lav za grad: Bogota, Kolumbija
 Zlatni lav za najbolje urbane projekte: Javier Sanchez / Higuera + Sanchez za stambeni projekt "Brazil 44" u Mexico Cityju
 Posebna nagrada za najbolju arhitektonsku školu: Facoltà di Architettura Politecnico di Torino za projekt u Mumbaiju
 Spominje se za tri značajne nacionalne izložbe: Japan, Island i Makedonija
 Sedam kamenih lavova, Città di Pietra -Sensi Contemporanei odjeljak: Bari, vođa grupe arh. Adolfo Natalini; Crotone, arh. Carlo Moccia; Pantelleria, vođa grupe arh. Gabriella Giuntoli; Bari, vođa grupe arh. Guido Canella; Bari, vođa grupe arh. Antonio Riondino; Bari, vođa grupe arh. Vitangelo Ardito; Pantelleria, vođa grupe arh. Marino Narpozzi
 Nagrada za arhitekturu Portus, Città - Porto - Sensi Contemporanei odjeljak: "Il parco della Blanda" regije Basilicata. Područje: Maratea, Piana di Castrocucco (Potenza). Projekt: Gustavo Matassa, s Vincenzo De Biase, Silvia Marano, Rosa Nave
 Premio Manfredo Tafuri, imenovan od strane Padiglione Italia: Vittorio Gregotti
 Nagrada Giancarlo De Carlo, koju je imenovao Padiglione Italia: Andrea Stipa
 Nagrada Ernesto Nathan Rogers, koju je imenovao Padiglione Italia: Luca Molinari

Nacionalni paviljoni

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država :

After the Flood: Building on Higher Ground: Arhitektonski odgovori na devastaciju u kolovozu 2005. u New Orleansu i na zaljevskoj obali koju je proradio uragan Katrina . Kustos: Christian Ditlev Bruun . Među uključeni projekti bili su Anderson + Anderson Architects i Eight Inc. Fotografija za izložbu Michaela Goodmana . Grafički dizajn Paula Kelly Design NYC . Izložba je putovala u Bangkok (2007.), Panama City (2007.) i Los Angeles (2008.). Izložba je također označila početak međunarodne serije simpozija Održivi dijalozi, koja je povezala arhitekte, urbaniste i ekologa iz jugoistočne Azije, Srednje i Južne Amerike s američkim arhitektima u svakoj regiji radi razmjene ideja i znanja te predlaganja rješenja za pitanja ekoloških katastrofa, globalne klimatske promjene i održive arhitektonske strategije. Suradnici su bili Global Green and Make it Right (osnovao Brad Pitt ).

2004.
9. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba : "METAMORPH". Režirao Kurt W. Forster. 12. rujna - 7. studenog 2004. Izložba je privukla preko 115 000 posjetitelja.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Peter Eisenman
 Zlatni lav za najbolju instalaciju koju je predstavila država: belgijski paviljon ("Kinshasa, imaginarni grad")
 Zlatni lav za najznačajnije djelo izložbe Metamorph: Studio SANAA Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa za projekt Muzeja 21. stoljeća za suvremenu umjetnost (Kanazawa, Japan) i za proširenje Istituto Valenciano de Arte Moderna (Valencia, Španjolska)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje djelo u rubrici Koncertne dvorane: Studijski rad Juliena De Smedta i Bjarkea Ingelsa za projekt Koncertna kuća (Stavanger, Norveška)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje djelo u odjeljku Epizode: njemački fotograf Armin Linke i talijanski arhitekt Piero Zanini za instalaciju Alpi
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje djelo u odjeljku Transformacije: austrijski arhitekt Günther Domenig za Dokumentacijski centar na Party Rally Grounds iz Norimberga, Njemačka
 Posebna nagrada za najbolji rad u odjeljku Topografija: Studio Foreign Office Architects Ltd za parkiralište Novartis (Basilea, Švicarska)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje djelo u odjeljku Površine: japanski arhitekt Shuhei Endo za projekt Springtecture (Singu-cho, Hyogo, Japan)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolji rad u odjeljku Atmosfera: australski studio PTW Architects pty Ltd i kineski partnerski studio CSCEC + Dizajn za projekt Nacionalnog plivačkog centra (Pechino Olympic Green, Kina)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje djelo u odjeljku Hyper-Project: Martinez Lapeña- Torres Arquitectos za Esplanada Fòrum (Barcelona, Španjolska)
 Posebna nagrada za najbolji rad u Morphing Lights, plutajućim sjenama (fotografija): slike Marsa koje je NASA snimila u suradnji s JPL i Sveučilištem Cornell

Nacionalni paviljoni

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država : Transcending Type. Predstavlja šest američkih arhitektonskih tvrtki u prethodnici suvremenog dizajna. Svaka od njih istražuje nove oblike i koristi za kultne moderne tipove zgrada. Povjerenik: Arhitektonska evidencija. Kustos: Christian Ditlev Bruun. Izloženi projekti: George Yu Architects, Los Angeles: TRGOVAČKI CENTAR. * Kolatan / MacDonald Studio, New York: RESIDENTIAL HIGH RISE (Resi-Rise) * Studio / Gang / Architects, Chicago: URBAN SPORTS ARENA. * Lewis. Tsurumaki. Lewis, New York: PARKIRNA GARAŽA. * Predock_Frane, Los Angeles: DUHOVNI PROSTOR. * Reiser + Umemoto, New York: IZMJENA AUTOCESTE

2002.
8. međunarodna izložba arhitekture : "DALJE". Režija Deyan Suđić. 8. rujna - 3. studenog 2002. Izložba je privukla preko 100 000 posjetitelja.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Toyo Ito
 Zlatni lav za najbolji projekt međunarodne izložbe: Iberê Camargo Foundation di Porto Alegre (Brazil) koji je dizajnirao Alvaro Siza Vieira
 Posebna nagrada za najboljeg nacionalnog sudionika: Nizozemski paviljon
 Posebna nagrada za najbolja arhitektonska djela pokrovitelj: Zhang Xin
 Posebna nagrada za najbolje vladino sponzorstvo : Barcelona
 Posebno se spominje Next Mexico City: Projekt jezera

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država * Svjetski trgovinski centar. Dvije perspektive: posljedice i prije. Fotografije Joel Meyerowitz. * Novi prijedlozi za dizajn Svjetskog trgovinskog centra. Galerija Max Protetch.

Povjerenik: Robert Ivy, izvršni direktor Američkog instituta za arhitekte (AIA)

2000.
Sedma međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Manje estetike, više etike". Režirao Massimiliano Fuksas. 18. lipnja - 29. listopada 2000.

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za životno djelo: Renzo Piano, Paolo Soleri i Jørn Utzon .
 Zlatni lav za najbolju interpretaciju izložbe: Jean Nouvel
 Posebna nagrada za najboljeg nacionalnog sudionika: Španjolska
 Specijalna nagrada "Bruno Zevi" za najboljeg profesora arhitekture: Joseph Rykwert
 Posebna nagrada za najbolja arhitektonska djela pokrovitelj: Thomas Krens
 Posebna nagrada za najboljeg urednika arhitekture: Eduardo Luis Rodriguez, urednik Arquitectura Cuba
 Specijalna nagrada za najboljeg arhitektonskog fotografa: Ilya Utkin

Nacionalni paviljoni

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država: ARCHitecture LABoratories sa Sveučilištem Columbia i UCLA . Greg Lynn i Hani Rashid transformirali su američki paviljon u istraživački laboratorij osmišljen za istraživanje, proizvodnju i predstavljanje širokog spektra novih arhitektonskih shema. Središnja tema studijskog programa bila je nova tehnologija i njezina primjena na suvremene stambene i druge arhetipove zgrada. Organizator: Zaklada Solomon R. Guggenheim. Povjerenik: Max Hollein

1996.
Šesta međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Osjećati budućnost - arhitekt kao seizmograf ". Režirao Hans Hollein .

Nagrade:

 Zlatni lav za najboljeg nacionalnog sudionika: Japan
 Zlatni lav za najbolju interpretaciju izložbe: Odile Decq -Benoît Cornette, Juha Kaakko, Ilkka Laine, Kimmo Liimatainen, Jari Tirkkonen, Enric Miralles Moya
 Posebna Osella za izvanrednu inicijativu u suvremenoj arhitekturi: Pascal Maragall, gradonačelnik Barcelone
 Posebna Osella za medijsku izloženost na polju suvremene arhitekture: Wim Wenders
 Posebna Osella za najboljeg arhitektonskog fotografa: Gabriele Basilico

Nacionalni paviljoni

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država: Izgradnja sna: umjetnost Disneyeve arhitekture. Tvrtka Walt Disney nadahnula je i naručila radove mnogih vodećih arhitekata današnjice za svoje hotele, produkcije, objekte, poslovne zgrade, sportske objekte i stambene objekte. Organizatori: Disney Imagineering i The Solomon R Guggenheim Foundation, New York. Povjerenik: Thomas Krens

1991.
5. međunarodna izložba arhitekture. Režirao Francesco Dal Co. 8. rujna - 6. listopada 1991. godine.

Nagrade:

 Pobjednik međunarodnog natječaja za novi Palazzo del Cinema 1990: Rafael Moneo
 Pobjednik međunarodnog natječaja "Una Porta per Venezia" za obnovu Piazzale Roma: Jeremy Dixon i Edward Jones

Nacionalni paviljoni

 Paviljon Sjedinjenih Država: "Peter Eisenman i Frank Gehry". Sličnosti i razlike između djela arhitekata Petera Eisenmana i Franka Gehryja. Organizator: Zaklada Solomon R Guggenheim, New York. Povjerenik: Philip Johnson

1986.
4. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Hendrik Petrus Berlage - crteži". Režirao Aldo Rossi. 18. srpnja - 28. rujna 1986. godine. Villa Farsetti, Santa Maria di Sala.

1985.
3. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Progetto Venezia" (međunarodno natjecanje). Režirao Aldo Rossi. 20. srpnja - 29. rujna 1985. godine.

Nagrade:

 Kameni lav: Robert Venturi, Manuel Pascal Schupp, COPRAT, Franco Purini (most Accademia)
 Kameni lav: Raimund Abraham, Raimund Fein, Peter Nigst, Giangiacomo D'Ardia (Ca 'Venier dei Leoni)
 Kameni lav: Alberto Ferlenga (Piazza di Este)
 Kameni lav: Diplomirani studenti Daniel Libeskind i Cranbrook, tri lekcije iz arhitekture (Piazza di Palmanova)
 Kameni lav: Laura Foster Nicholson (Villa Farsetti u Santa Maria di Sala)
 Kameni lav: Maria Grazia Sironi i Peter Eisenman (Castelli di Romeo i Julija u Montecchio Maggiore)

1981-82.
Druga međunarodna izložba arhitekture: "Arhitektura u islamskim zemljama". Režirao Paolo Portoghesi. 20. studenoga 1981. – 6. siječnja 1982.

1980.
1. međunarodna arhitektonska izložba: "Prisutnost prošlosti". Režirao Paolo Portoghesi. 27. srpnja - 20. listopada 1980.

Uključio izložbu Strada Novissima u Corderie dell'Arsenale i izložbe o Antoniju Basileu, arhitektu; Banalni objekt. Izložba kritičara. Izložba mladih arhitekata. Omaž Gardelli, Ridolfiju i Johnsonu .

1979.
Kazalište svijeta. Dogana na kraju Zattere, koju je stvorio Aldo Rossi za arhitektonske i kazališne sekcije Bijenala povodom izložbe Venecija i pozornica (zima 1979–80).

1978.
Utopija i kriza protu-prirode. Arhitektonske namjere u Italiji. Magazzini del Sale, Zattere. Redatelj: Vittorio Gregotti .

1976.
Werkbund 1907. Podrijetlo dizajna; Racionalizam i arhitektura u Italiji tijekom fašističkog razdoblja; Europa-Amerika, staro središte grada, predgrađe; Ettore Sottsass, talijanski dizajner. Ca 'Pesaro, San Lorenzo, Magazzini del Sale, zaklada Cini. Direktor. Vittorio Gregotti .

1975.
Na temu Stucky Mill. Magazzini del Sale u Zattereu. Kustos odjela za vizualne umjetnosti i arhitekturu Bijenala, režirao Vittorio Gregotti .

Vidi također

 Popis nagrada za arhitekturu

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Web stranica Venecijanskog bijenala
 Satelitska karta nacionalnih paviljona
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Venecijanski bijenale arhitekture


الغوير إحدى قرى محافظة الكرك في الأردن يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 7,000 نسمة، تقع في شرق محافظة الكرك ويعمل سكانها في القطاع العام والقطاع الزراعي.

مراجع

قرى الأردن

الغوير (الكرك)


هيلموت ستشون
من مواليد 15 سبتمبر 1915 في دريسدن في ألمانيا، وتوفي في 23 فبراير 1996 في فيسبادن في ألمانيا، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم ألماني سابق.

درب منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم من سنة 1964 وحتى سنة 1978، وفاز معهم في كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 1972 وبطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1974.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من لوبين
تاريخ رياضة في ألمانيا الشرقية
رياضيون من دريسدن
لاعبو دريسدنر
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم من درسدن
لاعبو كرة قدم من ساكسونيا
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو هرتا برلين
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1976
مدربو كأس العالم 1966
مدربو كأس العالم 1970
مدربو كأس العالم 1974
مدربو كأس العالم 1978
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
مدربو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب سارلاند الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخبات فائزة بكأس العالم
مدربون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1915
مواليد في درسدن
وفيات 1996
وفيات في فيسبادن

هيلموت شون


La estación de Vítebsk (en ruso: Ви́тебский вокза́л, Vítebski vokzal) es una estación de ferrocarril de San Petersburgo, Rusia. Conocida anteriormente como Tsarskoselski y Detskoselski, fue la primera estación de ferrocarril de San Petersburgo y del Imperio Ruso. El edificio, de estilo modernista, fue construido en 1837. Vítbeski tiene conexión con la estación Púshkinskaya del Metro de San Petersburgo.

Historia
La estación de Vítebsk fue la primera estación ferroviaria del Imperio Ruso. El primer piso, un edificio de madera, fue erigido en 1837 con motivo de la línea Tsárskoye Seló, que conecta San Petersburgo y Pávlovsk vía Tsárskoye Seló, cuya inauguración tuvo lugar el 30 de octubre de 1837.

Entre 1849 y 1852 se construyó un edificio de piedra diseñado por el arquitecto Konstantín Ton, que permaneció hasta principios del .

El edificio de la estación moderna fue construido en 1904 y es de arquitectura modernista, diseñada por el académico Stanislav Brzhozovsky. En la construcción participó el ingeniero civil Sima Minash. El proyecto incorporaba la arquitectura singular de la época, incluyendo una gran cantidad de metal. Este edificio es uno de los primeros edificios públicos de estilo Art Nouveau en Rusia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Historia y situación de la estación (en ruso)

 Horario de trenes

Vítebsk
Vítebsk
Transporte de San Petersburgo
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XIX
Arquitectura del Modernismo
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1904
Obras de Konstantín Ton
Rusia en 1904

Estación de Vítebsk (San Petersburgo)


الدكتور علي كمال هو طبيب وعالم نفس فلسطيني الأصل عاش وعمل في العراق استاذاً ورئيساً لقسم الصحة النفسية في جامعة بغداد وطبيباً ذائع الشهرة في عيادته في شارع الرشيد ببغداد، يندر أن لم يسمع به أحد في العراق.

أغنى المكتبة العربية بمؤلفات في مجال تخصصه، منها:
 النفس، انفعالالتها وأمراضها وعلاجها
 النفس والجنس
 أبواب العقل الموصدة - باب النوم والأحلام
 فصام العقل (الشيزوفرينيا)
 العلاج النفسي قديماً وحديثاً

إضافة إلى عدة أبحاث منشورة في نشرات متخصصة أومجلات ثقافية، أهمها:
 المتنبي والنفس (تحليل لشخصية المتنبي من خلال شعره)
 مساهمة الحضارة الإسلامية في الطب النفسي - بالاشتراك مع د. وليد سرحان

توفيت زوجته ورفيقة حياته فتاثر كثيراً ولحق بها بعد فترة قصيرة مخلفاً إرثاً علمياً وثقافياً كبيراً وذكراً طيباً في نفوس من يعرفه

مصادر
الدكتور علي كمال

أطباء نفسيون فلسطينيون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الوفاة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مواليد القرن 20

علي كمال


جامعة صنعاء هي أول جامعة افتتحت في اليمن الشمالي (قبل الوحدة)، تضم حالياً أكثر من 124 تخصصاً وشعبة علمية يدرس فيها ما لا يقل عن ثمانين ألف طالب وطالبة.
أنيط بالجامعة مهمة إعداد الكوادر المؤهلة والمدربة التي تسهم في عملية التنمية بمختلف المجالات. وقد بدأت الجامعة بتخصصات محدودة، إلا أن التطور الذي شهدته قد عكس دورها في تلبية متطلبات المجتمع، من خلال التوسع في الكليات والتخصصات حتى شملت كثيرا من البرامج الدراسية النظرية منها التطبيقية، إلى ذلك تم إنشاء عدد من المراكز الأكاديمية والتخصصية. ولأهمية دور الجامعة فقد تم إنشاء العديد من الكليات الفرعية في عدة محافظات حيث أصبح البعض منها جامعات مستقلة. وأصبحت جامعة صنعاء - تتكون من اثنتين وعشرين كلية أثنى عشر منها في المركز الرئيسي بصنعاء وعشر كليات فرعية. كما أن الجامعة لم تتوقف عند مرحلة منح الشهادة الجامعية الأولى بل انطلقت في مطلع الثمانينيات بمنح الشهادات الجامعية العليا ابتداء من الدبلومات العليا ثم منحت درجة الماجستير والدكتوراه في العديد من التخصصات من معظم الكليات.

تاريخ الجامعة

أنشئت جامعة صنعاء تزامناً مع جامعة عدن خلال العام الجامعي 1971/70 أول جامعة في اليمن أنيط بها مهمة إعداد الكوادر المؤهلة والمدربة التي تسهم في عملية التنمية بمختلف المجالات.
وقد بدأت الجامعة بتخصصات محدودة، إلا أن التطور الذي شهدته قد عكس دورها في تلبية متطلبات المجتمع، من خلال التوسع في الكليات والتخصصات حتى شملت كثيراً من البرامج الدراسية النظرية منها التطبيقية، إلى ذلك تم إنشاء عدد من المراكز الأكاديمية والتخصصية.
ولأهمية دور الجامعة فقد تم إنشاء العديد من الكليات الفرعية في عدة محافظات حيث أصبح البعض منها جامعات مستقلة.
وأصبحت جامعة صنعاء – مع بداية العام الجامعي 2006/2005م – تتكون من عشرين كلية أثنى عشر منها في المركز الرئيسي بصنعاء وثماني كليات فرعية.
كما أن الجامعة لم تتوقف عند مرحلة منح الشهادة الجامعية الأولى بل انطلقت في مطلع الثمانينيات بمنح الشهادات الجامعية العليا ابتداء من الدبلومات العليا ثم منحت درجة الماجستير والدكتوراه في العديد من التخصصات من معظم الكليات.

الكليات

كلية الطب
كلية الطب والعلوم الصحية

أنشئت في العام الجامعي 1983/1984، مقرها صنعاء - الأمانة- مذبح، وتضم ثلاث شعب هي:
 الطب البشري: ومدة الدراسة فيها 6 سنوات بالإضافة لسنة امتياز. كانت الفترة 7 سنوات إلا أنه تم إلغاء المستوى التمهيدي وفقا للنظام الجديد والآن تم إضافة سنه تطبيق قبل الامتياز بحيث أصبحت مدة الدراسة فيها 7 سنوات. عادة يكون الحد الأدنى لنسبة الثانوية العامة - القسم العلمي 83%، وعدد مقاعدها 110 مقعد تقريباً.
 المختبرات الطبية: مدة الدراسة فيها 5 سنوات شاملة سنة الامتياز التدريبي في المختبر المركزي بصنعاء والمستشفيات الحكومية، عدد مقاعدها 100 مقعداً، نسبة القبول 80% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي بعد اجتياز امتحان القبول.
 التمريض العالي: مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات 55 مقعداً، 80% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي.

كلية الصيدلة
بدأت كفرع من الطب 1997م ثم أنشئت في العام الجامعي 2001/2002، مقرها صنعاء - الأمانة - مذبح. مدة الدراسة فيها 5 سنوات، 66 مقعداً، 85% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي.

كلية الهندسة
أنشئت هذه الكلية في العام الجامعي 1983/1984، مقرها صنعاء - الأمانة - في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 5 سنوات، بها قرابة 550 مقعداً، تشترط عادة 80% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي وأوائل الثانوية الفنية كما يتوجب على الطالب دخول اختبار قبول أو إجراء مفاضلة.
تتألف كلية الهندسة من ستة تخصصات رئيسية هي:
 الهندسة المعمارية.
 الهندسة المدنية.
 الهندسة الكهربائية: وتنقسم إلى ثلاث شعب فرعية هي القوى والآلات، والإلكترونيات والاتصالات، والحاسبات والتحكم.
 الهندسة الميكانيكية.
 هندسة الميكاترونكس.
 الهندسة الطبية الحيوية.

كلية الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات
تم إنشاء مركز الحاسب الآلي عام 2004/2005م كنواة لكلية الحاسب ثم تم تغييرها إلى كلية الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات عام 2007/2008م، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة-في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، به قرابة 150-200 مقعداً، حد القبول 80% ثانوية علمي كما يتوجب على الطالب دخول اختبار قبول أو إجراء مفاضلة في (الرياضيات والفيزياء والإنجليزي) سابقاً أما الآن فقد تم إلغاء مادة الفيزياء من اختبار المفاضلة وذلك لأنه تم إقفال قسم الشبكات لعدم توفر الإمكانات اللازمة لتجهيز معامل متكاملة للتطبيق العملي بالإضافة إلى وجود عدد قليل جداً من الدكاترة والمعيدين المتخصصين في هذا المجال.

تخصصات كلية الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات.
تضم هذه الكلية ثلاثة أقسام:
 نظم المعلومات
 تكنولوجيا الشبكات وأمنية الحاسوب
 علوم حاسوب

كلية العلوم

أنشئت هذه الكلية في العام الجامعي 1973/1974، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي القديم. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 770 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 80% لقسم الحاسوب وبقية التخصصات 75% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي. تتألف الكلية من تخصصين رئيسيين:
 العلوم الرياضية: ويشمل قسم الرياضيات (رياضيات بحتة، رياضيات حاسوب)، قسم الحاسوب، وقسم الفيزياء.
 العلوم الطبيعية: قسم الكيمياء قسم علوم الحياة، وقسم علوم الأرض والبيئة (شعبتين).

كلية الزراعة

أنشئت هذه الكلية في العام الجامعي 1985/1984، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 638 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 70% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي بالتخصصات الآتية:
 الإنتاج الحيواني
 الاقتصاد والإرشاد الزراعي: شعبة الاقتصاد والتعاون الزراعي- وشعبة الإرشاد والتنمية الريفية.
 علوم وتقنية الأغذية
 البساتين والغابات
 الأراضي والمياه
 وقاية النبات
 الهندسة الزراعية
 المحاصيل الحقلية

كلية اللغات
تأسست هذه الكلية في العام الجامعي 1997/1996، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 693 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 75-80% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي أو أدبي بالتخصصات الآتية:
 اللغة العربية والترجمة
 اللغة الإنكليزية
 اللغة الفرنسية
 اللغة الألمانية
 اللغة الإيطالية
 اللغة التركية
 اللغة الإسبانية

كلية التربية
أنشئت في العام الجامعي 1971/1970، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات (8 فصول دراسية)، بها قرابة 1210 مقعدا. تشترط الكلية عادة 70-75٪ حد أدنى ثانوية علمي أو أدبي وبها التخصصات الآتية.
 الرياضيات
 الفيزياء
 الكيمياء
 الدراسات الإنجليزية
 الفلسفة والاجتماع
 اللغة العربية
 علوم القرآن
 الدراسات الإسلامية
 التاريخ
 الجغرافيا ونظم المعلومات
 علوم الحياة
 الطفولة المبكرة
 معلم الصف (أثناء الخدمة)
 معلم الصف (إعداد معلمين)
 معلم مجال العلوم
 معلم مجال الرياضيات
 معلم مجال الحاسوب

كلية الآداب
أنشئت في العام الجامعي 1971/1970، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي القديم. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 1694 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 70-75% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي أو أدبي وبها التخصصات الآتية.
 لغة عربية وآدابها
 لغة إنجليزية وآدابها
 لغة فرنسية
 دراسات إسلامية
 تاريخ
 جغرافيا
 فلسفة
 علم النفس
 علم الاجتماع (اجتماع عام، خدمة اجتماعية)
 آثار (آثار قديم-آثار إسلامي)
 مكتبة وعلم معلومات
 علوم الحياة

كلية الإعلام
تأسست في العام الجامعي 1997/1996، بعد ما كانت قسما من كلية الآداب عام 1991. مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 220 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 75% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي أو80% أدبي وبها التخصصات الآتية.
 إذاعة وتلفزيون
 صحافة
 علاقات عامة وإعلان

كلية الشريعة والقانون
أنشئت هذه الكلية في العام الجامعي 1971/1970، مقرها صنعاء -الأمانة- في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيها 4 سنوات، بها قرابة 1650 مقعدا، تشترط عادة 75% حد أدنى ثانوية علمي أو أدبي.

الكليات في فروع المحافظات
تضم جامعة صنعاء كليات فرعية في فروع المحافظة والمحافظات الأخرى هي:
 كلية التربية والعلوم التطبيقية بحجة: تأسست عام 1990، بقدرة استيعابية 1535 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية - المحويت: تأسست عام 1993، بقدرة استيعابية 1100 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية والآداب والعلوم - صعدة: تأسست عام 1994، بقدرة استيعابية 1320 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية - أرحب: تأسست عام 1994، بقدرة استيعابية 1430 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية والألسن - عمران: تأسست عام 1996، بقدرة استيعابية 1211 مقعداً.
 كلية التجارة والاقتصاد - خمر: تأسست عام 1997، بقدرة استيعابية 1300 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية والآداب والعلوم - خولان: تأسست عام 1998، بقدرة استيعابية 1540 مقعداً.
 كلية التربية - عبس: تأسست عام 2003، بقدرة استيعابية 500 مقعداً.

مركز الحاسب الآلي
تم إنشاء مركز الحاسب الآلي عام 2004/2005م كنواة لكلية الحاسب ثم تم تغييره إلى كلية الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات عام 2007/2008م ثم صار حالياً تابع لكلية الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، مقره صنعاء - الأمانة - في الحرم الجامعي الجديد. مدة الدراسة فيه دبلوم سنتين، حد القبول من 60% ثانوية علمي، عدد المقاعد 100 مقعد.

كما يوفر للطلاب الجامعة دورات في قيادة الحاسوب وغيره من الدورات.

الإدارة العامة للمكتبات
تقع الإدارة العامة للمكتبات ضمن مباني ومنشآت الجامعة الجديدة ما بين كليتي التجارة والاقتصاد وكلية الشريعة والقانون، وتشمل المكتبة المركزية ومكتبات الكليات الرئيسية والفرعية ومكتبات المراكز العلمية التابعة للجامعة ويصل عددها إلى (26) مكتبة فرعية. وتعنى بتقديم الخدمات المباشرة للـطلاب والباحثين في المكتبة المركزية.

تضم المكتبة المركزية أنواع مختلفة من الكتب، الموسوعات، المجلات، الصور، الأفلام، ووسائل العرض الآلية للمعلومات وغيرها من متطلبات الحاسوب. كما يسمح بالإعارة لأنواع مختلفة من الشرائح في إطار وخارج الكليات وفقا لقوانين وضوابط يتم الالتزام بها.

التسجيل

كلية الطب والعلوم الصحية

كلية طب الأسنان

كلية الصيدلة

انظر أيضاً
 جامعة عدن
 جامعة سبأ

وصلات خارجية
 موقع جامعة صنعاء

المراجع

ص
تأسيسات سنة 1970 في اليمن
جامعات اليمن
جامعات وكليات أسست في 1970
صنعاء
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1970

جامعة صنعاء


La Estación de Coímbra-B es una plataforma ferroviaria de la línea del Norte y del Ramal da Lousã, que se localiza en el municipio de Coímbra, en Portugal.

Historia

Se proveyó, en enero de 2011, que fuesen realizadas obras de conservación en los aisladores de sección y diagonales de las catenarias, en el interior de esta plataforma, entre el primer y cuarto trimestres de 2012.

Características

Localización y accesos
Se encuentra junto a la Calle del Patrón, en la parroquia de São Bartolomeu.

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, contaba con cinco vías de circulación, con longitudes entre los 400 y 240 metros; las plataformas tenían 223 a 297 metros de extensión y 45 a 95 centímetros de altura.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional
 Comboios de Portugal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Página oficial de la Estación de Coímbra, en el portal de la Red Ferroviaria Nacional
Página oficial de la Estación de Coímbra, en el portal de la transportista Comboios de Portugal
Página con fotografías de las Estaciones de Coímbra, Coímbra-B y Coímbra Parque, en el servidor Railfaneurope

Coimbra-B
Coimbra-B
Coímbra

Estación de Coímbra-B


Lale (Tulipa),kızaldık(Çağatay Türkçesi),çığıldem(Türkmen türkçesi),çoğazın(Kırgız Türkçesi),zambakgiller (Liliaceae) familyasından Tulipa cinsini oluşturan güzel çiçekleri ile süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilen, soğanlı, çok yıllık otsu bitki türlerinin ortak adı.

Anavatanı Pamir, Hindukuş ve Tanrı dağlarıdır. Türkler göçleri esnasında bu bitkinin soğanlarını Anadolu'ya getirmiştir. 1500'lü yıllarda Avrupa'ya Anadolu'dan giden lale özellikle Hollanda'da çok yaygındır. Soğanlarının üzerinde zarımsı bir örtü bulunur. Etli ve yeşil 2-8 yaprağı vardır. Çiçekler, saplar ucunda çoğunlukla bir, bazen ikidir.Kırmızı, sarı ve ara tonlarda renklere sahiptir.

16. yüzyılda Kanuni Sultan Süleyman tarafından Hollanda Kralı'na gönderilen laleler, ilk başta Hollandalıları ve kısa zaman içerisinde tüm Avrupalıları hayranlık içinde bırakmışlardır. Böylece günümüze kadar dünyanın en fazla lale üreten ülkesi Hollanda olmuştur.

Etimolojisi
"Lale" adı, Türkçeye Farsçada "gelincik" ya da "Anemon" anlamına gelen لاله (lāle) kelimesinden geçmiştir ki bu kelimenin de kökeni Eski Farsçada "kırmızı şey" anlamına gelen "alālag" sözcüğüdür. Farsçada ve Osmanlıcada kırmızı anlamına gelen "lâl" kelimesi de aynı kökten gelmektedir.

"Lale" sözcüğü, esasen "gelincik veya Manisa lalesi" anlamına gelirken anlam kaymasına uğrayarak 17. yy'dan itibaren bugünkü anlamını almıştır. Günümüzde lale adı verilen Tulipa cinsi bitki, 17. yy'dan önce Türkiye'de görülmemiştir.

Kültürel açıdan lale
Lale, özellikle Doğu kültür ve mitolojilerinde özel bir yere sahiptir. Edebi eserlerde sıkça kullanılmasının yanı sıra mitolojilerde de lalenin ortaya çıkışına dair farklı ve çok çeşitli hikâyeler bulunmaktadır. Bunların en ünlüsü ve özellikle doğu edebiyatında en sık kullanılanı Pers mitolojisindeki lalenin kökeni söylencesidir. Bu söylenceye göre yaprağın üstündeki bir çiğ tanesine yıldırım düşmüş, böylece çiğ tanesi ve yaprak alev almıştır. Daha sonra donarlar ve lale meydana gelir. Bu hikâyeden yola çıkarak, lale çiçeğinin ortasındaki koyuluğun bu yanma işleminin sonucu olduğuna inanılırdı.

Bahçıvanlık alanında sınıflandırma
Bahçıvanlıkta laleler, çiçek morfolojilerine ve bitki boyutlarına göre 15 gruba ayrılır.
 Single Early - Fincan şeklinde 8 cm'den uzun olmayan tek çiçeğe sahiptir. Orta sezondan önce çiçeklenme gösterir. Toplam uzunluğu 15–45 cm arasındadır.
 Double Early - Kase şeklinde ve 8 cm uzunluğunda iki çiçeğe sahiptir. Genel olarak 30–40 cm arasında gelişir.
 Triumph : Fincan şeklinde ve 6 cm genişliğinde tek çiçeğe sahiptir. Geç sezonun ortalarında 35–60 cm'ye kadar gelişir.
 Darwin Hybrid - Oval bir şekilde 8 cm genişliğinde tek çiçeğe sahiptir. Geç sezonun ortalarında 50–70 cm'ye kadar gelişir. Bu grup aşağıda yazılan Single Late grubundaki büyük Darwin laleleriyle karıştırılmamalıdır.
 Single Late - Çiçekleri kadeh veya fincan şeklinde olup 8 cm genişliğindedir. Bazılarının sapında birden çok çiçek vardır. Geç sezonda 45–75 cm'ye kadar gelişir.
 Lily-Flowered (Zambak Çiçekli) - Çiçekler ayrık, dar ve benekli orta kısma sahiptir. Önceleri eski Darwin grubunda bulunan bu çiçekler 1958 yılında kendi gruplarına sahip olmuşlardır.
Fringed (Püsküllü)
Viridiflora
Rembrandt
Parrot - Genellikle Sarı kırmızı ve zambak türlerine benzemektedir. Alaca renklere sahiptir.
Double Late - Büyük ve ağır çiçeklere sahiptir.
Kaufmanniana - Nilüfer çiçeği şeklinde laledir.
Fosteriana
Greigii - Yeşil yaprakları kahverengi beneklidir.
Species
Çokçiçekliler - Resmi bir grup değildir. Bu gruptaki lale türleri yukarıdaki 15 gruptan herhangi birisine aittir ama tek bir lale soğanından birden fazla çiçeklenme gerçekleştiği için ayrı bir grupmuş gibi gösterilir.

Çiçeklenme zamanına göre sınıflandırılması da şöyledir:

Erken Sezon - Single Early, Double Early, Greigii, Kaufmanniana, Fosteriana, Species
Orta Sezon - Darwin Hybrid, Triumph, Parrot
Geç Sezon - Single Late, Double Late, Viridiflora, Lily-flowered, Fringed, Rembrandt

Türler

 Tulipa armena
 Tulipa agenensis
 Tulipa aucheriana
 Tulipa biflora
 Tulipa borszczowii
 Tulipa butkovii
 Tulipa carinata
 Tulipa celsiana
 Tulipa clusiana
 Tulipa cretica
 Kıbrıs lalesi (Tulipa cypria)
 Tulipa dasystemon
 Tulipa didieri
 Tulipa dubia
 Tulipa edulis
 Tulipa ferganica
 Tulipa gesneriana
 Tulipa goulimyi
 Tulipa greigii
 Tulipa grengiolensis
 Tulipa heterophylla
 Tulipa hoogiana
 Tulipa humilis
 Tulipa iliensis
 Tulipa ingens
 Tulipa julia
 Tulipa kaufmanniana
 Tulipa kolpakowskiana
 Tulipa kuschkensis
 Tulipa lanata
 Tulipa lehmanniana
 Tulipa linifolia
 Tulipa marjolettii
 Tulipa mauritania
 Tulipa micheliana
 Tulipa montana
 Tulipa orphanidea
 Tulipa ostrowskiana
 Tulipa platystigma
 Tulipa polychroma
 Tulipa praecox
 Tulipa praestans
 Tulipa primulina
 Tulipa pulchella
 Tulipa retroflexa
 Tulipa saxatilis
 Tulipa sharonensis
 Tulipa sprengeri
 Tulipa stapfii
 Tulipa subpraestans
 Tulipa sylvestris
 Tulipa systola
 Tulipa tarda
 Tulipa tetraphylla
 Tulipa tschimganica
 Tulipa tubergeniana
 Tulipa turkestanica
 Tulipa undulatifolia
 Tulipa urumiensis
 Tulipa urumoffii
 Tulipa violacea

Ayrıca bakınız
 Lale devri
 Lale çılgınlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Lale Çılgınlığı. Mike Dash, 2000. Three Rivers Press, New York. İnceleme

Çiçekler
Soğanlı bitkiler
Bahçe bitkileri

Lale


Faul & Wad Ad est un duo de deep house français, originaire de Paris.

Biographie
Les deux DJs sont devenus amis à l'école, ils commencent à produire de la musique ensemble et continuent à le faire pendant leurs études. En 2013, ils s'emparent d'un sample de chœur d'enfants de la chanson  du duo de dance australien Pnau et en font leur titre Changes, qu'ils mettent en ligne sur Internet en mai 2013. Lorsqu'à l'automne, le duo français Klingande se hisse jusqu'à la première place des hit-parades dans les pays germanophones avec leur morceau de deep house et de saxophone Jubel, Faul & Wad Ad attire également l'attention et le nombre de visites sur YouTube s'élève à sept chiffres.

Dès la sortie de Changes en téléchargement le 22 novembre, la vidéo est déjà visionnée près de 3,5 millions de fois. Elle fait immédiatement son entrée dans les charts allemands et se hisse à la première place du classement des singles en l'espace de quatre semaines. Après à peine deux mois, la chanson est récompensée par un disque d'or pour 150 000 exemplaires vendus. Entre-temps, la chanson a été visionnée plus de 90 millions de fois sur la chaîne de .

Discographie

Singles

Remixes

 2014 : Lykke Li - Gunshot (Faul Remix)
 2015 : Galantis - Runaway (U & I) (Faul & Wad Ad Remix)
 2015 : Macklemore & Ed Sheeran - Same Love (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2015 : Kelvin Jones - Call You Home (Faul & Wad Ad Remix)
 2015 : Luke Million feat. Jesse Davidson - Pray the Night (Faul & Wad Ad Remix)
 2016 : Moguai - Pray for Rain (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2018 : Sigrid - Focus (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2019 : Damien Lauretta - Calle Verdi (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2020 : Trevor Daniel - Falling (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2023 : Oliver Tree & Robin Schulz - Miss You (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2023 : Miley Cyrus - Flowers (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2023 : Iniko - Jericho (Faul & Wad Remix)
 2023 : Jain - Makeba (Faul & Wad Remix)

Notes et références

Deep house
Groupe musical formé en 2013

Faul & Wad Ad


Nicolai Philip Brøchner Nielsen (født 4. juli 1993) er en tidligere dansk cykelrytter.

Meritter

2014
Vinder af etape 2 Tour of the Gila
2015
Vinder af Scandinavian Race Uppsala
Vinder af etape 2 ZLM Tour (TTT)
3 Zuid Oost Drenthe Classic I
4 Himmerland Rundt
5 Velothon Stockholm
5 Profronde van Noord Holland
5 Dorpenomloop Rucphen
2016
Vinder af etaperne 4 & 8 An Post Rás
3 Ster van Zwolle
3 Arno Wallaard Memorial
10 Himmerland Rundt
2017
  ved PostNord Danmark Rundt
1 Himmerland Rundt
1 Ronde van Overijssel
1 Scandinavian Race Uppsala
1 i 1. etape An Post Rás
4 Skive-Løbet
6 samlet Tour de Normandie

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

Nicolai Brøchner


La U.S. Route 70 o Ruta Federal 70 (abreviada US 70) es una autopista federal ubicada en el estado de Arizona. La autopista inicia en el oeste desde la  hacia el este en la en la frontera con Nuevo México. La autopista tiene una longitud de 3,8 km (2.385 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras interestatales, y el resto de rutas federales, la U.S. Route 70 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Arizona por sus siglas en inglés ADOT.

Cruces
La U.S. Route 70 es atravesada principalmente por la .

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del ADOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas federales}
 Lista de Autopistas por estado en AARoads.com

Carreteras federales de Arizona

en:U.S. Route 70#Arizona

U.S. Route 70 (Arizona)


The Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 is a British single-engine tractor two-seat biplane, designed and developed at the Royal Aircraft Factory. Most of the roughly 3,500 built were constructed under contract by private companies, including established aircraft manufacturers and firms new to aircraft construction.

Early versions entered squadron service with the Royal Flying Corps in 1912 and the type served throughout the First World War. Initially used as a reconnaissance aircraft and light bomber, as a single-seat night fighter the type destroyed six German airships between September and December 1916.

By late 1915, the B.E.2 was proving to be vulnerable to the recently introduced German Fokker Eindecker fighters, leading to increased losses during the period known as the Fokker Scourge. Although by now obsolete, it had to remain in front line service while replacement types were brought into service. Following its belated withdrawal from combat, the B.E. continued to serve in training, communications, and coastal anti-submarine patrol roles.

The B.E.2 became the subject of controversy. From the B.E.2c variant onward, it had been developed to be inherently stable, which was helpful for artillery observation and aerial photography duties; it also had a relatively low accident rate. However this stability was achieved at the expense of manoeuvrability; moreover the observer, in the front seat ahead of the pilot, had a limited field of fire for his gun.

Development

Background
The B.E.2 was one of the first fixed-wing aircraft to be designed at what was then called the Royal Balloon Factory (the organisation was formally renamed as the Royal Aircraft Factory on 26 April 1911). The team responsible for its design came under the direction of British engineer Mervyn O'Gorman, the factory's superintendent. The B.E.2 designation was formulated in accordance with the system devised by O'Gorman, which classified aircraft by their layout: B.E. stood for "Blériot Experimental", and was used for aircraft of tractor configuration (although in practice, all B.E. types were biplanes rather than the monoplanes typical of the Blériot company).

At first, the activities of the Factory were limited to aeronautical research and the design and construction of actual aircraft was not officially sanctioned. O'Gorman got around this restriction by using the factory's responsibility for the repair and maintenance of aircraft belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, so that existing aircraft needing major repairs were nominally "reconstructed" but often appeared as new designs, retaining few original components aside from the engine.

The first pair of B.E. aircraft were flown within two months of each other and had the same basic design, the work of Geoffrey de Havilland, who was at the time both the chief designer and the test pilot at the Balloon Factory.  Its first public appearance was in early January 1912. With the contemporary Avro 500, the B.E.2 helped to establish the tractor biplane as the dominant aircraft layout for a considerable time.

B.E.1

This was ostensibly a rebuild of a Voisin pusher biplane, powered by a  water-cooled Wolseley engine; however, the B.E.1 used only the powerplant of the Voisin.

It was a two-bay tractor biplane with parallel-chord unstaggered wings with rounded ends and used wing warping for roll control. The wings were of unequal span with the upper wing's span being  and the lower .  The fuselage was a rectangular section fabric-covered wire-braced structure, with the pilot seated aft behind the wings, and the observer in front under the centre section. This arrangement allowed the aircraft to be flown "solo" without affecting the aircraft's centre of gravity. Behind the pilot's position, a curved top decking extended aft to the tail, although the forward decking and cowling of later variants was not fitted at this stage.  The  tail surfaces consisted of a half-oval horizontal stabiliser with a split elevator mounted on top of the upper longerons and an ovoid rudder hinged to the sternpost. There was no fixed vertical fin. The main undercarriage consisted of a pair of skids each carried on an inverted V-strut at their rear and a single raked strut at the front while an axle carrying the wheels was bound to the skids by bungee cords and restrained by radius rods. A similarly sprung tailskid was fitted, while the wings were protected by semicircular bows located beneath the lower wing tips. The radiator being mounted between the front pair of cabane struts

It was first flown by de Havilland on 4 December 1911. but was not flown again until 27 December, following the substitution of a Claudel carburettor for the original Wolseley, which had allowed no throttle control. Other minor modifications were made over the following weeks: the undercarriage wheels were moved back , the wings (which originally had no dihedral), were re-rigged to have 1° dihedral, and the propeller was cut down in an attempt to increase the engine speed. Later, the Wolseley engine was replaced by a  air-cooled Renault which eliminated the need for a radiator.

The B.E.1 had a long career as a research aircraft: trialling many of the modifications made to later B.E.2 variants. By the time it was finally struck off charge in 1916 it resembled a contemporary B.E.2b. Among other equipment tested for the first time in this airframe was early radio apparatus.

B.E.2
The B.E.2 was almost identical to the B.E.1, differing principally in being powered by a  air-cooled  V-8 Renault and in having equal-span wings. Its number was not allocated as a separate type, but numbers allocated to early Royal Aircraft Factory aircraft were the constructor's numbers rather than type designations. Sometimes described as a "rebuild" of either a Bristol Boxkite or a Breguet, it seems to have been the first aeroplane built at the factory without the subterfuge of being a "reconstruction". It first flew on 1 February 1912, again with de Havilland as the test pilot. The Renault proved a much more satisfactory powerplant than the Wolseley fitted to the B.E.1, and performance was further improved when a  model was fitted that May.

The B.E.2 flew extensively at the Military Aeroplane Competition on Salisbury Plain during August 1912. It was barred from competing officially as O'Gorman was one of the judges, but its performance was clearly superior to the other entrants and on 12 August 1912 it achieved a British altitude record of  while being flown by de Havilland with Major Sykes as a passenger.

Other prototypes of the production B.E.2 series were produced, including the B.E.5 and the B.E.6. These mainly differed in the powerplant, initially an ENV liquid cooled engine, and both were eventually fitted with  Renaults, becoming effectively standard B.E.2.s

B.E.2a

The designation B.E.2a was assigned to the first production aircraft having first appeared on a drawing showing an aircraft with unequal span wings with slight dihedral dated 20 February 1912. These differed from the B.E.1 and B.E.2 in possessing a revised fuel system, in which the streamlined gravity tank below the centre section of the wing was moved to behind the engine although the main fuel tank remained under the observer's seat.

Early production aircraft had unequal span wings, similar to those fitted on the B.E.1, and at first there was no decking  between the pilot and observer's seats, although this was added later. Sandbag loading tests revealed that the safety margin of the rear spar was somewhat less than that of the front; to remedy this, a revised wing was designed with a deeper rear spar, and consequently a different aerofoil section. Later production aircraft also had equal-span wings. These modifications were retrofitted to the majority of the remaining earlier production aircraft.

The first production order was placed with British manufacturing conglomerate Vickers; shortly afterwards a second order was issued to the Bristol Aeroplane Company. The first contractor-built B.E.2as appeared during the first weeks of 1913; during February of that year, at least two such aeroplanes were delivered to No.2 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. These were possibly the first examples of the type to enter service.

B.E.2b
The B.E.2b which followed the original production standard benefitted from various improvements. It had a revised cockpit coamings, which gave better protection from the elements, and revised controls to both the elevator and rudder. Some aircraft ordered as B.E.2bs were completed as B.E.2cs, and others were built with some of the B.E.2c modifications, such as sump cowlings and "V" undercarriages.

At the outbreak of war, these early B.E.2s formed part of the equipment of the first three squadrons of the RFC to be sent to France. A B.E.2a of No.2 Squadron was the first aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps to arrive in France after the start of the First World War, on 26 August 1914.

B.E.2c

The B.E.2c was a major redesign, and was the result of research by E.T. Busk which aimed to provide an inherently stable aeroplane. This allowed the crew's full attention to be devoted to reconnaissance duties and was also desirable for safety reasons. The first example, a converted B.E.2b, flew on 30 May 1914 and the type went into squadron service just before the outbreak of war. Relatively large orders were placed for the new version, with deliveries of production aircraft starting in December 1914. During 1915, this model replaced the early B.E.2s in the squadrons in France. The B.E.2c used the same fuselage as the B.E.2b, but was otherwise really a new type, being fitted with new staggered wings of different planform, while ailerons replaced the wing warping used on earlier models. The tailplane was also new, and a triangular fin was fitted to the rudder.

After the first few aircraft, production machines were powered by a development of the Renault engine, the RAF 1a, and the twin skid undercarriage was replaced by a plain "V" undercarriage. A streamlined cowling covering the sump was also fitted to later models, while a cut-out in the rear of the centre section was added. On later machines, the fin was enlarged to improve spin recovery.

B.E.2d

The B.E.2d was a dual control version of the "c" variant and was provided with full controls in the front cockpit as well as in the rear.
This meant that there was no room for the fuel tank under the observer's seat; instead a centre section gravity tank was fitted. To ensure adequate endurance this tank was large, adding drag that reduced performance, particularly in the climb. Most B.E.2ds were used as trainers, and the few used on operationally by the RFC seem to have been flown from the rear seat.

B.E.2ds supplied to Belgium were not only re-engined with Hispano engines, but at least some of them had the pilot and observer's seating positions reversed, giving the latter a much better field of fire. Some Belgian B.E.2cs were similarly modified, and at least one was fitted with a Scarff ring on the rear cockpit.

B.E.2e

During 1916, the B.E.2cs began to be superseded by the B.E.2e. This variant had new sesquiplane wings, similar to those used on the Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8, which were braced by a single pair of interplane struts per side as a "single-bay" biplane, and with the lower wing panels having a much reduced span. Ailerons were fitted to upper and lower wings and were joined by connecting rods. The horizontal tail was also new, replacing the semicircular unit of the B.E.2c and d with an angular unit with straight leading and trailing edges and angled tips, while the large curved fin and the rudder of the late B.E.2c was retained.

It was intended to fit the new, uprated RAF 1b but this engine did not achieve production status, and the B.E.2e used the same engine as its predecessor, considerably reducing the expected improvement in performance.

B.E.2c and B.E.2d aircraft still under construction when the new model entered production were completed with B.E.2e wings. To rationalise the supply of spare parts these aircraft were officially designated as the "B.E.2f" and "B.E.2g".

About 3,500 B.E.2s were built by over 20 different manufacturers. An exact breakdown between the different models has never been produced, if only because so many B.E.2s were completed as later models than originally ordered.

The B.E.9 and the B.E.12 were variants developed to provide the B.E.2 with an effective forward-firing armament. The B.E.12 (a single-seater) went into production and saw squadron service, mainly as a Zeppelin interceptor, however neither variant was ultimately a great success as both designs had been superseded by the time they were completed.

Operational history

Prewar service
During the pre-war period, those B.E.2s that had reached service were primarily flown by No 2, No 4 and No 6 Squadrons, who rapidly accumulated an unusually high number of flight hours on the type. Aviation author J.M. Bruce has commented that during this time, compared with their contemporaries, the early B.E.2s demonstrated a high standard of serviceability and reliability: as borne out by the squadrons' maintenance records.

During this time, multiple long-distance flights were conducted using individual B.E.2s, especially by personnel of No. 2. Squadron. On 22 May 1913, Captain Longcroft flew his aircraft from Farnborough Airport to Montrose Aerodrome, covering the 550 mile distance in ten hours, 55 minutes, with two intermediary stops. On 19 August 1913, Longcroft repeated this trip using a B.E.2 outfitted with an additional fuel tank, lowering the journey time to seven hours, 40 minutes with only one stop midway. A good deal of experimental flying was undertaken during this period, influencing later fuel system and undercarriage design as well as structural strengthening and aerodynamic changes.

Western Front

The early models of the B.E. 2 had already served in the RFC for two years prior to the outbreak of the Great War, and were among the aircraft that arrived with the British Expeditionary Force in France during 1914. Like all service aircraft of this period, they had been designed at a time when the qualities required by a warplane were largely a matter for conjecture and speculation, in the absence of any actual experience of the use of aircraft in warfare: at this stage all the combatants were still feeling their way and aerial combat, especially the need for reconnaissance aircraft to be able to defend themselves, was not widely anticipated. As a result, the B.E.2 was originally designed without any provision for armament.

In the absence of any official policy regarding armament, more aggressive crews improvised their own. While some flew entirely unarmed, or perhaps carried service revolvers or automatic pistols, others armed themselves with hand-wielded rifles or carbines as used by ground troops, or even fitted a Lewis gun. The performance of the early Renault powered models of the B.E. was degraded by any additional weight, and in any case the carriage of this weaponry proved of questionable effectiveness.

It was still necessary for the observer to be located over the centre of gravity, in front of the pilot, to ensure fore and aft balance when the aircraft was flown "solo". In this awkward position, his view was poor, and the degree to which he could handle a camera (or, later, a gun) was hampered by the struts and wires supporting the centre section of the top wing. In practice, the pilot of a B.E.2 almost always operated the camera, and the observer, when he was armed at all, had a rather poor field of fire to the rear, having, at best, to shoot back over his pilot's head. Whenever bombs were to be carried, or maximum endurance was required, the observer would normally have to be left behind.

Nonetheless, the B.E.2s were already in use as light bombers as well as for visual reconnaissance; an attack on Courtrai Railway station on 26 April 1915 earning a posthumous Victoria Cross for 2nd Lt. William Rhodes-Moorhouse, the first such award to be made for an aerial operation. By this time, prewar aircraft were already disappearing from RFC service.

The type that replaced the B.E.2a and B.E.2b (as well as the assortment of other types in use at the time) in the reconnaissance squadrons of the RFC in 1915 was the B.E.2c, which had also been designed before the war. The most important difference in the new model was an improvement in stability – a genuinely useful characteristic, especially in aerial photographic work, using the primitive plate cameras of the time, with their relatively long exposures. Unfortunately, in this case the stability was coupled with "heavy" controls and relatively poor manoeuvrability. A suitable engine was not available in sufficient quantities to replace the air-cooled Renault – the RAF 1a being essentially an uprated version of the French engine – so that the improvement in the B.E.2c's performance was less than startling.

The vulnerability of the B.E.2c to fighter attack became plain in late 1915, with the advent of the Fokker Eindecker. This led the British press to disparagingly refer to the aircraft as being "Fokker Fodder", while German pilots also gave it the nickname of kaltes Fleisch ("cold meat"). British ace Albert Ball described the B.E.2c as "a bloody awful aeroplane". Unable to cope with such a primitive fighter as the Fokker E.I, it was virtually helpless against the newer German fighters of 1916–17. The aircraft's poor performance against the Fokker and the failure to improve the aircraft or replace it caused great controversy in England, with Noel Pemberton Billing attacking the B.E.2c and the Royal Aircraft Factory in the House of Commons on 21 March 1916, claiming that RFC pilots in France were being "rather murdered than killed".

This agitation prompted the setting up of two enquiries; one into the management of the Royal Aircraft Factory, and another into the high command of the Royal Flying Corps, the latter of which being headed by a judge. These reports largely cleared both Factory management and the RFC commanders responsible for ordering the B.E.2, but Mervyn O'Gorman was effectively dismissed as supervisor of the Factory by a "sideways promotion", while many of the most talented individuals amongst the factory's designers and engineers followed de Havilland into private industry.

Once the threat from the Fokker monoplanes had been effectively contained by the introduction of a new generation of Allied fighters, such as the Airco D.H.2 and Nieuport 11, the rate of B.E.2c losses over the Western Front dropped to an acceptable level; official records indicate that during the second quarter of 1916, the B.E.2 actually had the lowest loss rates of all the major types then in use by the service. Encouraged by this, the RFC took delivery of large numbers of the BE.2e, which promised improved performance, and combined the stability of the B.E.2c with rather "lighter" controls (which held the promise of better manoeuvrability).

By the spring of 1917, however, conditions on the Western Front had changed again; the German fighter squadrons having been re-equipped with better fighters, especially the Albatros D.III. It had been planned that by this time B.E.2s in front-line service would have been replaced by newer aircraft, such as the Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 and Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8, but delivery of these types was initially slower than hoped. This situation culminated in what became known as "Bloody April", with the RFC losing 60 B.E.2s during that month.

An incident illustrating both the poor level of piloting skills with which new RFC pilots were sent to France in 1917 and the level of popularity of the B.E.2e on the Western Front at that time is recorded by Arthur Gould Lee, then a young RFC novice, in his book No Parachute. On 19 May 1917, six pilots, newly arrived in France and still to be allocated to a squadron, were each given a new B.E.2e to ferry between RFC depots at St Omer and Candas. One crashed in transit, three crashed on landing and one went missing (the pilot was killed). Lee, the pilot of the only aircraft to arrive safely, wrote in a letter to his wife:

I felt rather a cad not crashing too because everyone is glad to see death-traps like Quirks written off, especially new ones.

Fortunately, by this time, the B.E.2e was already being rapidly replaced on the Western Front by later types, but this was from several points of view more than a year too late.

Night fighter
As early as 1915, the B.E.2c entered service as a pioneer night fighter, being used in attempts to intercept and destroy the German airship raiders. The interceptor version of the B.E.2c was flown as a single-seater, outfitted with an auxiliary fuel tank on the centre of gravity in the position of the observer's seat.

Among other projected weapons intended to attack airships from above, including Ranken darts and small incendiary bombs, was the Fiery Grapnel. Developed at the Royal Aircraft Factory, the grapnel consisted of a two-inch long hollow steel shaft packed with an explosive charge and fitted with a sharp four-sided nose and metal plates that acted as fins; this would have been attached to a winch-mounted cable and carried by a single B.E.2. It was intended for the fighter to approach a Zeppelin from above, after which the grapnel would be dropped and appropriate manoeuvring employed to strike the surface of the Zeppelin with it: it then would bury itself and explode, causing ignition of the airship's hydrogen gas.

A simpler and much more practical solution proved to be to attack from below, using a Lewis gun firing a mixture of explosive and incendiary ammunition at an upwards angle of 45°.

The new tactic proved to be highly effective. On the night of 2–3 September 1916, a single B.E.2c was credited with the downing of SL 11, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain after over a year of night raids. This feat led to the pilot, Captain William Leefe Robinson, being awarded a Victoria Cross and various cash prizes, totalling up to £3,500, that had been put up by a number of individuals.

This was not an isolated victory; five more German airships were destroyed by Home Defence B.E.2c interceptors between October and December 1916. As a consequence of these losses, the German Army's airship fleet ceased raids over England: German naval airship raiders of 1917 flew at higher altitudes to avoid interception, reducing their effectiveness. Daylight raids by heavier-than-air bombers were also planned.

The performance of the B.E.2 was inadequate to intercept airships flying at 15,000 feet much less the Gotha bombers that emerged during 1917, and its career as an effective home defence fighter was over.

Other fronts
While the majority of operational B.E.2s served on the Western Front, the type also saw limited use in other overseas theatres. At least one pair of B.E.2s were among the aircraft dispatched with No 3 Squadron for use in the Gallipoli Campaign. They were used to spot in support of naval bombardments, as well as being occasionally used to directly bomb ships and other targets.

As early as 1914, some B.E.2as went to Australia, where they served as trainer aircraft for the nascent Australian Flying Corps at Point Cook, Victoria. In a similar fashion, the type also was adopted at the Indian Flying School at Sitapur. At least one B.E.2 was dispatched to Egypt to reinforce friendly forces fighting in the Eastern Mediterranean; on 16 April 1915, this aircraft participated in the bombing of El Murra.

A BE2e was lost in aerial combat over Salonika on 3 October 1917: the British pilot and observer were both killed and were buried by "The Bulgurs" with full military honours.  Both were reinterred in Struma military cemetery.

Airship gondola

A number of B.E.2 fuselages were employed as makeshift gondolas for the hastily designed SS class "blimps", which were introduced into service by the Royal Naval Air Service for anti-submarine duties during March 1915. Later classes featured purpose-built gondolas.

Non-combat use
From 1917 onwards, the B.E.2 was generally withdrawn from both the front line and night fighter use. The surviving examples continued in use for submarine spotting and as trainers throughout the rest of the conflict. In spite of the type's rather unresponsive controls, it was capable of executing comprehensive (if somewhat stately) aerobatics, and was by no means a bad trainer.

On 19 February 1917, a B.E.2c was used to conduct the British Army's first aeromedical evacuation when it flew out the sole casualty of the raid on Bir el Hassana in the Sinai Peninsula. The man had a shattered ankle, and the 45-minute flight in the observer's seat spared him an agonizing multi-day journey by camel.

Post-war use
A B.E.2e was used to conduct the first flight across Australia, flying from Melbourne to Port Darwin. It was piloted by Captain H. N. Wrigley, accompanied by Sergeant A. W. Murphy. The  journey, made between 16 November and 12 December 1919, involved a combined 46 hours of flying time.

Another B.E.2e was one of the first two aircraft (the other was an Avro 504K) owned by the new Australian airline Qantas when it was founded in Queensland in 1920–1921.

Survivors and reproductions
Surviving restored aircraft and reproductions are on display at several museums, including the Imperial War Museum, Duxford; the RAF Museum, Hendon; the Canada Aviation Museum, Ottawa; the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris; the Militaire Luchtvaartmuseum, Soesterberg, Netherlands; United States Army Aviation Museum and the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, Norway.

B.E.2f serial A1325 has been restored to airworthiness by The Vintage Aviator Ltd in New Zealand, with an original RAF1A V8 engine, and made its debut at the Classic Fighters Omaka airshow in April 2009. TVAL has also built several airworthy reproductions including c and f models, two of which are currently in the UK on loan to the WW1 Aviation Heritage Trust, and a BE.12.

A flying B.E.2c replica (registered G-AWYI) was built by pilot and engineer Charles Boddington at Sywell, UK in 1969 for use in the film Biggles Sweeps the Skies. The production was cancelled, and Boddington was killed the following year in an air crash during filming of the movie Von Richthofen & Brown. The B.E.2c itself was badly damaged in a crash in the United States in 1977 but Boddington's son Matthew returned it to flying condition in 2011. It flew with the Great War Display Team but was destroyed in an accident on 2 September 2020.

The UK's latest non-flying reproduction was built at Boscombe Down, Wilts, completed around 2008 and is now displayed with the Boscombe Down Aviation Collection at Old Sarum.

A B.E.2a (an early variant with unequal span wings) was built from original plans and completed in February 2014. It is on display at the RAAF Museum, Point Cook, Victoria, Australia.

Volunteers at Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre, Angus, Scotland have built a full-size replica B.E.2a (No.471) from original plans and it is now on display. It has a precision-made replica Renault 70 hp engine.

The WW1 Aviation Heritage Trust has been operating a TVAL-built BE2e in England since 2014. It resides currently at Stow Maries Great War Aerodrome in Essex.

Variants summary
 B.E.1: Prototype – important pioneer tractor biplane. The first B.E.2 was virtually identical, except for the engine originally installed.
B.E.5: Prototype, officially a rebuild of a Howard Wright biplane, powered by  ENV engine, otherwise similar to original B.E.2. First flight 27 June 1912. Rebuilt with Renault engine and effectively became a B.E.2.
B.E.6: Prototype, officially a rebuild of the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.1. First flown 5 September 1912, powered by a  ENV engine like the B.E.5, but refitted with Renault before delivery to RFC later that month, as a B.E.2.
 B.E.2a: Initial production version of B.E.2. Built in small numbers from late 1912 – still a standard type at the outbreak of war in late 1914
 B.E.2b: basically, the same as the "a" with higher sides to the cockpits; late examples (perhaps those completed after the B.E.2c went into production) used ailerons instead of wing warping and featured other "c" characteristics such as "V" undercarriages and engine sump cowlings.
 B.E.2c: extensively redesigned to enhance stability, with a new tailplane and wings.
 B.E.2d: essentially a "c" variant with dual controls, and a larger gravity fuel tank

 B.E.2e: the final version, with new single-bay wings. Expected to be a great improvement on the "c", it was a major disappointment.
 B.E.2f: B.E.2c with B.E.2e wings.
 B.E.2g: B.E.2d with B.E.2e wings.
 B.E.9: B.E.2c with a wooden box (called a "pulpit", somewhat like the French SPAD S.A) in front of the propeller for an observer/gunner's seat. It remained a prototype only.
 B.E.12: single-seat B.E.2c with a synchronised gun and more powerful engine. The B.E.12a had B.E.2e wings.

Operators

Australian Flying Corps
 No. 1 Squadron AFC in Egypt and Palestine
 No. 4 Squadron AFC operated a single B.E.2e for training
 No. 7 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom
 Mesopotamian Half Flight
Central Flying School at Point Cook, Victoria

Belgian Air Force

Estonian Air Force

Hellenic Navy

Royal Netherlands Air Force operated a single aircraft only.

 Norwegian Army Air Service

 Union Defence Force / South African Air Force
 Serial numbers A3109 and A3110 build by Wolseley Motors Limited and nicknamed Rio de Janeiro Britons Nos. 1 & 2 were two of the first aircraft used by the South African Air Force

 Royal Flying Corps / Royal Air Force

 No. 2 Squadron
 No. 3 Squadron
 No. 4 Squadron
 No. 5 Squadron
 No. 6 Squadron
 No. 7 Squadron
 No. 8 Squadron
 No. 9 Squadron
 No. 10 Squadron
 No. 12 Squadron
 No. 13 Squadron
 No. 14 Squadron
 No. 15 Squadron
 No. 16 Squadron
 No. 17 Squadron
 No. 19 Squadron
 No. 21 Squadron
 No. 22 Squadron
 No. 23 Squadron
 No. 24 Squadron
 No. 25 Squadron
 No. 26 Squadron
 No. 28 Squadron
 No. 29 Squadron
 No. 30 Squadron
 No. 31 Squadron
 No. 33 Squadron
 No. 34 Squadron
 No. 36 Squadron
 No. 37 Squadron
 No. 38 Squadron
 No. 39 Squadron
 No. 42 Squadron
 No. 43 Squadron
 No. 46 Squadron
 No. 47 Squadron
 No. 49 Squadron
 No. 50 Squadron
 No. 51 Squadron
 No. 52 Squadron
 No. 53 Squadron
 No. 54 Squadron
 No. 55 Squadron
 No. 57 Squadron
 No. 58 Squadron
 No. 62 Squadron
 No. 63 Squadron
 No. 66 Squadron
 No. 67 Squadron
 No. 75 Squadron
 No. 76 Squadron
 No. 77 Squadron
 No. 78 Squadron
 No. 82 Squadron
 No. 91 Squadron
 No. 96 Squadron
 No. 98 Squadron
 No. 99 Squadron
 No. 100 Squadron
 No. 105 Squadron
 No. 110 Squadron
 No. 113 Squadron
 No. 114 Squadron
 No. 141 Squadron
 No. 142 Squadron
 No. 144 Squadron
 No. 187 Squadron
 No. 189 Squadron
 No. 190 Squadron
 No. 191 Squadron
 No. 269 Squadron
 No. 273 Squadron

 Royal Naval Air Service
No. 1 Wing (Dunkirk)
No. 2 Wing (Imbros and Mudros)
No. 3 Wing (Imbros and Tenedos)
No. 7 (Naval) Squadron (East Africa)
Coastal Air Stations at Eastbourne, Hornsea, Great Yarmouth, Port Victoria, Redcar and Scarborough
Training schools at Chingford and Cranwell

American Expeditionary Force

Specifications (B.E.2c – RAF 1a engine)

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Military aircraft of World War I
BE02
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1911

Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2


Ribonükleik asid (RNA), bir nükleik asittir, nükleotitlerden oluşan bir polimerdir. Her nükleotit bir azotlu baz, bir riboz şeker ve bir fosfattan oluşur. RNA pek çok önemli biyolojik rol oynar, DNA'da taşınan genetik bilginin proteine çevirisi (translasyon) ile ilişkili çeşitli süreçlerde de yer alır. RNA tiplerinden olan mesajcı RNA, DNA'daki bilgiyi protein sentez yeri olan ribozomlara taşır, ribozomal RNA ribozomun en önemli kısımlarını oluşturur, taşıyıcı RNA ise protein sentezinde kullanılmak üzere kullanılacak aminoasitlerin taşınmasında gereklidir. Ayrıca çeşitli RNA tipleri genlerin ne derece aktif olduğunu düzenlemeye yarar.

RNA, DNA'ya çok benzer olmakla beraber bazı yapısal ayrıntılarında farklılık gösterir. Hücre içinde RNA genelde tek zincirli, DNA ise genelde çift zincirlidir. RNA nükleotitleri riboz içerirler, DNA ise deoksiriboz (bir oksijen atomu eksik olan bir riboz türü) vardır. DNA'da bulunan timin bazı yerine RNA'da urasil vardır ve genelde RNA'daki bazlar ayrıca kimyasal modifikasyona uğrar. RNA, RNA polimeraz enziminin DNA'yı okuması (transkripsiyonu) ile sentezlenir ve ardından başka enzimler tarafından işlenerek değişime uğrar. Bu RNA işleyici enzimlerin bazıları kendi RNA'larını içerirler.

Yapısı

RNA'daki her nükleotit bir riboz şekeri içerir, bunun karbonları 1' ila 5' olarak numaralandırılır. 1' konumuna bir baz bağlıdır, genelde adenin (A), sitozin (C), guanin (G) veya urasil (U). İki riboz arasında bir fosfat grubu vardır, bu fosfat bir ribozun 3' konumuna, öbür ribozun ise 5' konumuna bağlıdır. Fizyolojik pH'de fosfat grubu negatif bir yük taşıdığı için RNA yüklü bir moleküldür (polianyon). Bazı bazlar arasında hidrojen bağları oluşabilir: sitozin ve guanin, adenin ve urasil ve bazen guanin ve urasil arasında bu tür bağlar oluşur. Ancak, RNA zinciri çeşitli şekiller alabildiği için bunlardan başka baz-baz etkileşimleri de mümkündür, örneğin bir grup adenin birbiriyle bağlanarak RNA zincirinde bir tümsek oluşturabilir, veya GNRA dörtlüsü'nde bir guanin-adenin etkileşimi olur.

RNA'yı DNA'dan farklı kılan önemli bir fark, riboz şekerin 2' konumundaki hidroksil grubudur. Bu fonksiyonel grubun varlığı c3'-endo şeker konformasyonunu zorunlu kılar, buna karşın DNA'nın deoksiriboz şekerinin C2'-endo konformasyonu vardır. Bunun sonucu olarak RNA'nın çifte sarmallı kısımları, DNA'da yaygın olarak görülen B şekilli sarmaldan farklı olarak A-şekilli olur. A-şekilli sarmalın büyük oyuğu B şekilli sarmala kıyasla daha derin ve dardır, küçük oyuğu ise sığ ve geniştir. 2' hidroksil grubunun ikinci bir etkisi ise, RNA'nın esnek olan bölgelerinde (yani çift sarmal oluşturmamış kısımlarında) bu hidroksil grubunun yanındaki fosfodiester bağa saldırıp şeker-fosfat zincirin kesilmesine neden olabilmesidir.

RNA transkripsiyonu sırasında sadece dört baz kullanılır (adenin, sitozin, guanin ve urasil) ama ergin RNA'larda pek çok değişime uğramış şeker ve baz vardır. Psödouridin (Ψ) adlı nükleozitte urasil ile riboz arasındaki bağ, bir C-N bağından C-C bağına değişmiştir. Psödouridin ve ribotimidin (T) beraberce çeşitli RNA'larda görülür, özellikle tRNA'ların TΨC ilmiğinde. Değişime uğramış bazlardan bir diğeri olan hipoksantin, deamine olmuş bir guanin bazıdır, nükleozit hali inosin olarak adlandırılır. Genetik kodun değişkenliğinin açıklanmasında inosin anahtar bir rol oynar. Değişime uğramış 100'e yakın nükleozit bilinmektedir, bunların arasında psödouridin ve 2'-O-metilribozlu nükleozitler en yaygın olanlarıdır. Bu modifikasyonların çoğunun işlevi bilinmemektedir. Ancak ribozomal RNA'da çoğu transkripsiyon sonrası modifikasyon, ribozomun en işlevsel bölgelerinde, örneğin peptidil transferaz merkezinde ve altbirim arayüzlerinde yer alması kayda değerdir, bu nedenle bu modifikasyonların normal fonksiyon için gerekli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Tek iplikli bir RNA'nın işlevsel şekli, tıpkı proteinlerde olduğu gibi, çoğu zaman belli bir üçüncül yapı gerektirir. Bu yapının iskeleti, molekülün içindeki bazlar arasındaki hidrojen bağlarıyla ortaya çıkar. Bu şekilde firkete yapısı, tümsek ve ilmik gibi belli ikincil yapı elemanlarından oluşan bölgeler ortaya çıkar. Bir RNA dizisinin nasıl bir üç boyutlu şekil alacağının tahmini hâlen aktif bir araştırma konusudur.

DNA ile kıyaslama

RNA ve DNA, üç ana özellikleriyle birbirlerinden farklılık gösterirler. Birincisi, DNA çift iplikli olmasına karşın, çoğu biyolojik fonksiyonunda RNA tek ipliklidir, ve DNA'dan çok daha kısadır. İkincisi, DNA'yı oluşturan şeker molekülleri deoksiriboz, RNA'yı oluşturanlar ise ribozdur, yani DNA'da pentoz halkasının 2' konumunda bir hidroksil grubu yoktur, RNA'da ise pentoz halkasının iki hidroksil grubu vardır. RNA'da fazladan bulunan hidroksil grupları, hidroliz nedeniyle DNA'dan daha az dayanıklı olmasına neden olur. Üçüncüsü, adenin bazını tümleyen baz DNA'daki gibi timin değil, urasildir.

RNA genelde tek iplikli olmasına rağmen, çoğu RNA molekülü katlanarak baz eşleşmesi ile çift sarmallı bölgeler oluşturur. DNA'dan farklı olarak RNA'lar uzun çift iplikli sarmallar değil, birbirine sıkıca sokulmuş kısa sarmallardan oluşur. Bu baz eşleşmeleri RNA molekülüne belli bir şekil verir ve bazların fonksiyonel gruplarının bir araya gelmesi sonucu reaktif özelliğe sahip olan yapılar ortaya çıkar. Bu sayede RNA, bir enzim gibi, kimyasal katalizör olarak işlev görebilir. Örneğin, peptit bağını oluşturan bir enzim olan ribozimin aktif merkezi tamamen RNA'dan oluşmaktadır.

Sentez

RNA sentezi genelde DNA'yı bir şablon olarak kullanarak, RNA polimeraz enzimi tarafından katalizlenir. Sentezin başlaması DNA üzerinde, RNA'ya yazılacak bölgenin hemen "yukarı" tarafındaki bir diziye enzimin bağlanması ile olur. DNA çifte sarmalı, RNA polimerazın helikaz aktivitesi ile açılır. Sonra, enzim DNA'nın şablon ipliği üzerinde 3'- 5' doğrultusunda ilerler ve bunun dizisini tümleyici bir diziye sahip bir RNA zincirini 5'-3' doğrultusunda sentezler. DNA üzerinde bulunan belli bir dizi, RNA sentezinin nerede sona ereceğini belirler.

Yukarıda anlatılan DNA'ya bağımlı RNA polimerazdan farklı olarak bir de RNA'ya bağımlı RNA polimerazlar vardır, bunlar yeni bir RNA zincirini sentezlemek için şablon olarak bir RNA zinciri kullanırlar. Örneğin, bir grup RNA virüsleri (çiçek virüsü gibi) bu enzimi kullanarak genetik malzemelerini çoğaltırlar. Ayrıca, RNA'ya bağımlı RNA polimeraz çoğu canlıda RNA enterferans yolunda görev alır.

RNA Tipleri

Genel bakış

Mesajcı RNA (mRNA) DNA'daki bilgiyi protein sentezi (translasyon) için ribozomlara taşıyan RNA'dır. mRNA'daki kodlayıcı nükleotit dizisi ondan üretilen proteinin amino asit dizisini belirler.

RNA genleri proteine çevrilmeyen, RNA kodlayan genlerdir, bunlar kodlamayan RNA veya küçük RNA olarak adlandırılır. Kodlamayan RNA'lar intronlardan da ortaya çıkabilir. Kodlamayan RNA'ların en belirgin örnekleri taşıyıcı RNA (tRNA) ve ribozomal RNA (rRNA)'dır, bunların ikisi de translasyon sürecinde rol oynarlar. Gen düzenlemesi, RNA işlenmesi ve başka işleveleri olan RNA'lar da vardır. Bazı RNA'lar, başka RNA'ların kesilmesi ve birleştirilmesi (ligasyon) ve ribozomda peptit bağı oluşumu gibi kimyasal tepkimeleri katalizleme yeteneğine sahiptir; bu tip RNA'lar ribozim olarak adlandırılırlar.

Çift iplikli RNA (İng. double stranded RNA'''nın kısaltması olan dsRNA olarak değinilir), birbirini tümleyici iki iplikten oluşmuş RNA'dır, bu bakımdan şekli DNA'ya benzer. Çift iplikli RNA, bazı virüslerin (çift iplikli virüslerin) genetik malzemesini oluşturur. Ökaryotlarda, virüs RNA'sına benzeyen uzun çift iplikli RNA'lar RNA enterferansını harekete geçirir. RNA enterferansında, siRNA (İng. small interfering RNA, kısa enterferansçı RNA) olarak adlandırılan kısa çift iplikli RNA'lar gen ifadesini susturur.

 Translasyonda

Mesajcı RNA (mRNA) bir proteinin amino asit dizisi hakkında bilgiyi protein sentez yeri olan ribozomlara taşır. Bu bilgi, her üç nükleotit (bir kodon) bir amino asite karşılık gelecek şekilde şifrelenmiştir. Ökaryotlarda bir öncül (prekürsör) mRNA (pre-mRNA) DNA'dan yazıldıktan sonra ergin mRNA'ya dönüştürülür. Bu işlem sırasında pre-mRNA'nın protein kodlamayan kısımları (intronlar) çıkartılır, ayrıca mRNA'nın iki ucuna, onu nükleazlardan koruyucu eklemeler yapılır. Bunun ardından mRNA çekirdekten sitoplazmaya taşınır, orada ribozomlara bağlanır ve tRNA'nın yardımıyla çevirisi (translasyonu) yapılır. Prokaryotlarda, çekirdek olmadığından, RNA'nın transkripsiyonu sürerken ribozomlar tarafından çevirisi başlar. Bir süre sonra mesajcı RNA ribonükleazlar tarafından parçalanır.

Taşıyıcı RNA (tRNA) yaklaşık 80 nükleotit uzunluğunda bir RNA zinciri olup, ribozomun protein sentez konumunda büyümekte olan polipeptide spesifik aminoasitler taşır. Yapısında, mRNA'daki kodonları tanımak için onlarla hidrojen bağı kuran bir antikodon bölgesi ve amino asidin ona bağlanması için gerekli bölgeler vardır.

Ribozomal RNA (rRNA) ribozomların katalitik kısmıdır. Ökaryotik ribozomlar dört RNA içerirler: 18S, 5.8S, 28S ve 5S rRNA. Bu rRNA'lardan üçü çekirdekçikte sentezlenir. Sitoplazmada ribozomal RNA ve proteinler bir araya gelip ribozomu oluştururlar. Ribozom mRNA'ya bağlanır ve protein sentezini gerçekleştirir. Bir mRNA'ya aynı andan birkaç yüz ribozom bağlanabilir. Tipik bir ökaryotik hücre sitoplazmasındaki RNA konsantrasyonu 10 mg/ml'dir, bunun %80 rRNA'dan oluşur.

 Gen düzenlemesinde

Bazı RNA tipleri genin belli bir kısmının dizisine tümleyici olarak gen ifadesinin aşağı ayarlayabilirler. Ökaryotlarda bulunan mikro RNA'lar (miRNA; 21-22 nt) RNA enterferans yoluyla etki eder. RNA enterferansında miRNA ve enzimlerden oluşan bir kompleks, miRNA'nın tümleyici olduğu bir mRNA'yı parçalayabilir, veya mRNA'nın translasyonunu bloke edebilirler, veya promotörün metilasyonuna neden olarak genelde geni aşağı ayarlarlar. Bazı miRNA'lar ise genleri yukarı ayarlarlar (RNA aktivasyonu). Küçük enterferansçı RNA (İng. small ınterfering RNA, siRNA)'lar 20-25 nt uzunlukta olurlar, genelde viral RNA'nın parçalanmasından meydana gelmelerine karşın, bu RNA tiplerinin endojen kaynakları da mevcuttur. siRNA'lar, miRNA'ya benzer şekilde)RNA aktivasyonu da dahil olmak üzere) RNA enterferansı aracılığyla etki ederler. Hayvanlarda bulunan Piwi etkileşimli RNA'lar (İngilizce Piwi-interacting RNAs, piRNA; 29-30 nt) eşey hücrelerinde etkindirler, transpozonlara karşı savunmaya yaradıkları ve gametogenezde rol oynadıkları düşünülmektedir. Dişi hayvanlarda görülen X kromozom inaktivasyonu, X kromozomlarından birini kaplayarak onu inaktive eden Xist adlı bir RNA tarafından meydana gelir. Ters anlamlı RNA bakterilerde yaygındır; çoğu genleri aşağı ayarlar ama bazıları da transkripsiyon aktivatörüdür. Bir mRNA'nın kendisi de 5 üssü çevrilmeyen bölgesinde veya 3 üssü çevrilmeyen bölgesinde riboanahtar gibi düzenleyici elemanlar içerebilir. Bu beri-düzenleyici unsurlar (İng. cis-regulatory element) mRNA'nın etkinliğini düzenlerler.

 RNA işlenmesinde

Çoğu RNA başka RNA'ların modifikasyonunda rol oynar. Örneğin uçbirleştirmede, pre-mRNA'daki intronların çıkartılmasını sağlayan splisozom, küçük nükleer RNA (snRNA)'lar içerir.

RNA'yı oluşturan nükleotitlerler A, C, G ve U'dan farklı bazlara değişime uğrayabilir. Ökaryotlarda RNA nükleotitlerinin modifikasyonu genelde çekirdekçik ve Cajal cisimlerinde bulunan küçük nükleolar RNA (small nucleolar RNA, snoRNA; 60-300 nt) tarafından yönlendirilir. SnoRNA'lar enzimlerle birleşip onları RNA üzerindeki belli bir noktaya yönlendiriler, bunu sağlamak için RNA ile baz eşleşmesi yaparlar. Bu enzimler sonra o noktadaki nükleotit modifikasyonunu gerçekleştirler. rRNA ve tRNA bu şekilde büyük oranda değişime uğrarlar, ama snRNA ve mRNA'ların da bu yolla modifiye oldukları görülmüştür,

 RNA tipleri

Yukarıda belirtilenlere ilaveten, pek çok virüs genomu RNA'dan oluşur. Bunlar çift iplikli RNA virüsleri, pozitif anlamlı tek zincirli RNA virüsler, negatif anlamlı tek zincirli RNA virüsleri ve çoğu satelit virüslerdir.

 Keşif
Nükleik asitler 1868'de Friedrich Miescher tarafından keşfedilmiş, hücre çekirdeğinde (nucleusta) yer aldığı için Miescher bu maddeye 'nüklein' adını vermişti. Daha sonradan nükleik asitlerin çekirdeksiz olan prokaryotlarda da olduğu bulunmuştu. RNA'nın protein sentezinde rol oynadığı 1939'ten itibaren, Torbjörn Caspersson, Jean Brachet ve Jack Schultz'un deney sonuçlarından dolayı, tahmin edilmekteydi. Gerard Marbaix ilk mesajcı RNA'yı (tavşan hemoglobinine ait olan) saflaştırmış, ve onu yumurta hücrelerine enjekte edince bunun hemoglobin sentezini sağladığını göstermişti. Severo Ochoa RNA'nın nasıl sentezlendiğini keşfettikten sonra 1950 Nobel Tıp Ödülünü kazandı. Robert W. Holley bir maya RNA'sının ilk 77 nükleotidinin dizisini 1965'te çözmüş, bundan dolayı 1968 Nobel Tıp ödülünü kazanmıştır. Carl Woese ve diğerleri 1967'de RNA'nın katalitik olduğunu buldular en eski canlı tiplerinin bir "RNA Dünyası" içinde yaşadıklarını, RNA'yı hem genetik bilgi taşımak hem de biyokimyasal tepkimeleri katalizlemek için kullanmış olabileceğini öne sürdüler. 1976'da Walter Fiers ve arkadaşları ilk defa bir RNA virüs genomunun (bakteriyofaj MS2'nin) tüm nükleotit dizisini belirlediler.

1990 başlarında bitki hücrelerinin içine sokulan genlerin bunlara benzer endojen genleri susturduğu bulundu. Yaklaşık aynı dönemde, 22 nt uzunlukta (günümüzde mikroRNA olarak adlandırılan) RNA'ların C. elegans'' solucanının gelişimine etki ettiği keşfedildi.

Gen düzenleyici RNA'ların keşfi üzerine, onkogenleri ve viral genleri susturabilecek RNA'dan oluşmuş ilaçlar geliştirmeye yönelik çabalar başladı.. 2006 itibarıyla piyasada bu özellikli tek bir ilaç bulunmaktadır, bir sitomegalovirüs genini inhibe etmeye yarayan Vitravene (bir ters anlamlı RNA), ama RNA enterferans yoluyla genleri aşağı ayarlamak için siRNA kullanmaya yönelik ümit verici araştırmalar sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 RNA World RNA Dünyası sitesi
 Nucleic Acid Database (Nükleik asit veritabanı) DNA, RNA ve komplekslerinin resimleri.
 RNAJunction Database  RNA eklemleri ve "öpüşen halka" yapılarının modelleri.

RNA


An Aloe archeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Jacob Lavranos. An Aloe archeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Kenya.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. a. archeri
 A. a. tugenensis

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe archeri


Pedro Mendes de Vasconcelos  foi  um fidalgo português oriundo de Lisboa que viveu em Freixo de Numão, e que participou na Batalha de Toro.

Filho de Gonçalo Mendes de Vasconcelos.

A 1 de Março de 1476, deu-se a Batalha de Toro, onde esteve Pedro Mendes de Vasconcelos, "que o viram sair muito ferido com 30 feridas". Por um documento feito na vila de Freixo de Numão, a 13 de Agosto de 1526 "consta q foi hum Fidalgo muito authorizado, e de limpo sangue e q tinha sempre hum, e dous cavallos, e as testemunhas juram o viram nas guerras q Portugal tinha com Castella em cima de hum cavallo q lhe mataram, e logo cavalgara em outro, e sahira ferido de trinta feridas, e q fora muy prezado do Conde de Marialva, e alem do referido no documento he fama constante, e tradição inmemorial q. Pedro Mendes de Vasconcelos fora das pessoas illustres de Portugal, e q veyo militar á Provincia da Beyra por D. Affonso 5º Rey de Portugal". Pedro Mendes de Vasconcelos viveu em Freixo de Numão e dele descendem inúmeras famílias desta vila e da região. Um ramo da sua descendência fundou a Casa Grande (hoje Museu de Freixo de Numão), a Casa das Mós, a Casa dos Vasconcelos, em Torre de Moncorvo e outras casas nobres da região.  A 13/9/1484 foi nomeado escrivão das sisas de Numão (Chancelaria de D. João II, liv. 22).

Bibliografia

Portugueses na Batalha de Toro

Pedro Mendes de Vasconcelos


Svibanjska jabuka (podofilum, nožni list. lat. Podophyllum), rod od desetak vrsta ljekovitih trajnica iz porodice žutikovki (Berberidaceae). Vrste ovog roda rastu po dijelovima Azije i Sjeverne Amerike.

Vrste ovog roda ljekovite su i otrovne (podofilotoksin ili podofilin). Kod američkih Indijanaca koristila se kao lijek.

Vrste
 Podophyllum aurantiocaule Hand.-Mazz.
 Podophyllum cymosum (Michx.) Christenh. & Byng
 Podophyllum delavayi Franch.
 Podophyllum difforme Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson
 Podophyllum emeiense (J.L.Wu & P.Zhuang) J.M.H.Shaw
 Podophyllum glaucescens J.M.H.Shaw
 Podophyllum grayi (F.Schmidt) Christenh. & Byng
 Podophyllum guangxiense (Y.S.Wang) J.M.H.Shaw
 Podophyllum hemsleyi J.M.H.Shaw & Stearn
 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
 Podophyllum majoense Gagnep.
 Podophyllum peltatum L.
 Podophyllum pleianthum Hance
 Podophyllum sinense (H.L.Li) Christenh. & Byng
 Podophyllum trilobulum J.M.H.Shaw
 Podophyllum tsayuense (T.S.Ying) Christenh. & Byng
 Podophyllum versipelle Hance

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Žutikovke

Svibanjska jabuka


Tre Valli Varesine 2018 var den 98. udgave af cykelløbet Tre Valli Varesine. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 9. oktober 2018. Løbet blev vundet af lettiske Toms Skujiņš fra .

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

Tre Valli Varesine
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Tre Valli Varesine 2018


Eva im Frack ist eine romantische Verwechslungskomödie unter der Regie von Paul Verhoeven. In den Hauptrollen agieren Inge Egger und Emil Surmann, in tragenden Rollen Kurt Seifert, Ida Wüst, Rudolf Platte und Aribert Wäscher.

Auf der Seite filmportal war zu lesen: "Ein junger Pianist hat am Tag seines ersten Engagements in einem bekannten Orchester einen Unfall. Um die Stelle nicht zu verlieren, bittet er seine Schwester, die ebenso eine begabte Musikerin ist, für ihn einzuspringen. In Männerkleidern tritt sie die Stelle an. Doch als sie einen Fehler macht, wirft der Kapellmeister sie hinaus. Später trifft er sie in Frauenkleidern wieder und verliebt sich in sie. Nach einigen Verwicklungen gelingt es, die Dinge richtig zu stellen: Der Bruder bekommt seine Stelle im Orchester, und die Schwester den Kapellmeister."

Handlung
Die Geschwister Sylvia und Anselm Peters haben am Konservatorium erfolgreich Musik studiert und versuchen nun, als Musiker Geld zu verdienen. Sylvia erteilt vorerst Klavierunterricht und Anselm bewirbt sich als Pianist bei verschiedenen Tanzorchestern. Musikagent Emmermann entdeckt das junge Talent und empfiehlt Anselm der Jazzband des berühmten Dirigenten Frank Witte als Pianist. Anselm wird engagiert. Begeistert telefoniert er mit seiner Schwester und rutscht beim Verlassen der Telefonzelle aus. Er verstaucht sich den Arm und wird für mindestens acht Tage nicht spielen können. Der Verlust des Engagements droht, und so fassen beide den Plan, dass die gute Pianistin Sylvia sich als Anselm ausgeben soll. Sylvia kommt als ihr Bruder verkleidet zur Gruppe und niemand schöpft Verdacht. Als die Band ein Konzert in Salzburg gibt, patzt Sylvia allerdings vor Aufregung. Perfektionist Frank Witte will sie daraufhin entlassen.

Enttäuscht legt Sylvia im Hotel ihre männliche Maskerade ab. Witte hat in der Zwischenzeit seine Entscheidung noch einmal überdacht und trifft nun im Hotelzimmer nicht den ihm bekannten Anselm Peters, sondern eine Frau an, die sich als seine Schwester Sylvia vorstellt. Witte ist von Sylvia angetan und verabredet sich mit ihr. Beide verbringen einen Tag in Salzburg und Sylvia gelingt es, Witte von Anselm zu überzeugen. Allerdings wird die ohnehin schon schwierige Situation durch die Beziehung der beiden noch komplizierter, so gibt sich Sylvia als Telefonistin beim Fernsprechamt Salzburg aus. Sie weiß nicht, dass in dem Amt tatsächlich eine Frau Peters arbeitet, die nun von Witte regelmäßig kleine Liebesbeweise zugestellt bekommt. Eines Tages stellt der Verlobte der echten Telefonistin Witte zur Rede, der perplex ist. Der gekränkte Dirigent lässt seinen Zorn am Abend an "Anselm" Peters aus, als Sylvia mal wieder beim Spiel einen Fehler macht: Sylvia wird entlassen.

Nun wird dringend ein neuer Pianist für die Gruppe gesucht. Der inzwischen genesene Anselm darf Witte vorspielen und kann überzeugen. Witte engagiert ihn und erfährt nun auch alles über Sylvias Doppelspiel. Er verzeiht ihr, und Witte und Sylvia werden am Ende ein Paar.

Produktionsnoitzen
Der Film entstand im Atelier Berlin-Tempelhof mit Außenaufnahmen aus Salzburg. Für die Bauten waren Emil Hasler und Walter Kutz zuständig. Die Produktionsleitung lag in den Händen von Frank Clifford und Peter Wehrand. Uraufgeführt wurde Eva im Frack am 12. Januar 1951 im Corso in West-Berlin. In Österreich hatte der Film am 10. August 1951 Premiere. Die Luxor-Film Genossenschaft hatte den Verleih für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland inne.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films bewertete den Film mit durchschnittlich und schrieb: Liebes- und Verwechslungskomödie um die Schwester eines Jazzpianisten. Flotte, solide inszenierte Durchschnittsunterhaltung.

Bei Kino.de hingegen sah man bei diesem Film einen überdurchschnittlichen Unterhaltungswert: "Dank Paul Verhoevens flottem Inszenierungsstil besitzt diese romantische Verwechslungskomödie durchaus gewissen Charme. Die Gags zünden zwar nicht immer, dafür sorgen flotte Tanzmusik, sympathische Charaktere und eine junge, hübsche und talentierte Wiener Schauspielerin namens Inge Egger für viel Kurzweil. Weil auch die anderen Figuren bis in die Nebenrollen hinein gut besetzt sind, besitzt dieses Lustspiel mit Herz sogar überdurchschnittlichen Unterhaltungswert. Gut gespielte Verwechslungskomödie voller Charme, Herz und Musik."

Weblinks

 Eva im Frack Abb. Titelblatt Illustrierte Film-Bühne Nr. 1037
 Eva im Frack Abb. Filmplakat + weiteres Filmplakat

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1951
Deutscher Film
Filmkomödie
Liebesfilm
Schwarzweißfilm
Curth Flatow

Eva im Frack


La Isla Ngor (o N'gor o N'Gor; en francés: Île Ngor) es una pequeña isla en el país africano de Senegal, que se encuentra fuera de la península de Cabo Verde, a 400 m de distancia del pueblo de Ngor en la punta de Almadies, cerca de Dakar.

La población étnicamente es Lebou. Al igual que el pueblo, la isla es parte del distrito de Almadies (arrondissement des Almadies) en el departamento de Dakar (región de Dakar).

Véase también
 Geografía de Senegal
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Senegal

Isla Ngor


An Stenospermation robustum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Stenospermation robustum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stenospermation, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stenospermation

Stenospermation robustum


An Lemurella in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Lemurella in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lemurella

Lemurella


Etxaleku (Etxaleku en euskera y de forma oficial) es una localidad española y un concejo de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra perteneciente al municipio de Imoz.

Está situado en la Merindad de Pamplona, en la comarca de Ultzamaldea, en el valle de Imoz y a 29 km de la capital de la comunidad, Pamplona. Tiene una población de  habitantes (INE ), una superficie de  km² y una densidad de población de  hab/km².

Geografía física

Situación
La localidad de Etxaleku está situada en la parte Norte del municipio de Imoz a una altitud de 590  Su término concejil tiene una superficie de  km² y limita al norte con Ihaben, Garzaron y Erbiti; al este con Beunza; al sur con Eraso y al oeste con Udabe-Beramendi.

Demografía

Evolución de la población

Véase también
 Imoz
 Lista de concejos de Navarra

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Datos del Concejo de Echalecu - Gobierno de Navarra - Información y datos de entidades locales de Navarra.

Concejos del Valle de Imoz
Localidades del Valle de Imoz

Echalecu


Rivales por accidente fue una telenovela mexicana producida por Juan David Burns y Elisa Salinas para TV Azteca en 1997.
Fue protagonizada por Javier Díaz Dueñas, Mayra Rojas y Karen Sentíes, con las participaciones antagónicas de José Alonso y Regina Torné. Fue escrita por Álvaro Cueva.

Sinopsis
Rosario (Mayra Rojas) es una mujer trabajadora y un tanto inocente que vive con su tía Altagracia, desde que sus padres murieron en un accidente automovilístico cuando era una niña. Tiene su propio salón de belleza y su gran ilusión es casarse algún día con su novio, Edgardo, a quien ama profundamente. Pero Edgardo es un hombre egoísta y de lo peor que sólo explota a Rosario. No conforme con que ella lo mantenga, la engaña con su mejor amiga, Sara.

Cristela (Karen Sentíes), es una muchacha emprendedora que en pocos años ha conseguido triunfar como Directora de Mercadotecnia de CIMA Cosmetics, una importante empresa mexicana de ventas directas. A pesar de sus logros, Cristela se siente sola, ya que los negocios la han alejado del amor y de su familia que vive en Yucatán.

El único que se fija en ella es Vladimiro (José Alonso), el Director General de CIMA, quien está obsesionado en poseerla, así sea utilizando su autoridad dentro de la empresa. Incluso llega a proponerle a Cristela que se convierta en su amante y como ella lo rechaza, Valdimiro le declara la guerra, contratando a la atractiva Pamela en un puesto similar al de Cristela.

Pamela es una oportunista que accede a los deseos de Valdimiro para sacar provecho de la situación. Por otro lado, Jorge (Javier Díaz Dueñas) acaba de llegar a la Ciudad de México, procedente de Monterrey, para trabajar como ejecutivo de cuenta en una importante agencia publicitaria.

Viene escapando del acoso y dominio de su madre, Carolina (Regina Torné), una mujer chantajista y manipuladora que en realidad odia a su hijo, porque ve en él la figura de Reynaldo, el marido que la abandonó trece años atrás.

Por lo mismo, Carolina sobreprotege a Martita (María Renée Prudencio), su hija menor, pues tiene la esperanza de que ella sí pueda ser feliz al lado de un hombre que la ame.

Madre e hija se quedan en Monterrey, esperando la oportunidad de vengarse de Jorge por haberlas abandonado. Por azares del destino, Cristela y Rosario se conocen y se hacen grandes amigas.

También por azares del destino, se enamoran del mismo hombre, Jorge, quien sufre porque ama a las dos y, finalmente, lo único que hace es jugar con los sentimientos de las dos amigas que, al darse cuenta del juego de Jorge, se convierten más bien en enemigas y, por supuesto, en Rivales por Accidente, dando pie a una 'divertida' comedia de situaciones y enredos en la que el romance y el humor van tomados de la mano.

Elenco
 Javier Díaz Dueñas - Jorge
 Mayra Rojas - Rosario Real
 Karen Sentíes - Cristela Vargas
 José Alonso - Vladimiro
 Regina Torné - Carolina de Mauleón
 Wendy de los Cobos - Lia
 Javier Gómez - Rafael
 Lorena Meritano - Luz Elena
 María Renée Prudencio - Martita
 Omar Germenos - Horacio
 Begoña Palacios - Luisa
 Adriana Parra - Doña Male
 Fidel Garriga - Dr. Segura
 Claudia Fernández - Gaby
 Octavio Burgueño - Orlando
 Claudine Sosa - Isabel
 Elisa Aragonés - Fina
 Gabriel Pingarrón - Sergio
 Edmundo Arizpe - Gabriel
 Nerina Ferrer - Valeria
 Rafael de Quevedo - Waldo
 Martha Baumann - Jimena
 Armando Pascual - Roberto
 Guillermo Larrea - Pablo

Enlaces externos

 Rivales Por Accidente en Alma-latina.net

Telenovelas de México
Telenovelas de 1997
Telenovelas de TV Azteca

Rivales por accidente


Kosta Rika millî futbol takımı, Kosta Rika'yı uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır.

Güncel kadro
Aşağıdaki 26 oyuncu 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na çağrıldı.

İspanya ile oynanan maçın ardından 23 Kasım 2022 itibarıyla güncel kadro:

Turnuva tarihi
 Şampiyon   İkincilik   Üçüncülük   Dördüncülük

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

CONCACAF Şampiyonası ve Gold Kupası Tarihi
 1963 - Şampiyon
 1965 - Üçüncü
 1967 - Çekildi
 1969 - Şampiyon
 1971 - Üçüncü
 1973 - 1981 arası - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1985 - Üçüncü
 1989 - Şampiyon
 1991 - Dördüncü
 1993 - Üçüncü
 1996 - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1998 - 1. Tur
 2000 - Çeyrek final
 2002 - İkinci
 2003 - Dördüncü
 2005 - Çeyrek final
 2007 - Çeyrek final
 2009 - Yarı final
 2011 - Çeyrek final

Kaynakça

Orta Amerika'daki millî futbol takımları
Kosta Rika'da futbol

Kosta Rika millî futbol takımı