ශ්‍රී ලංකාව උභයජීවී විශේෂ 110කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සඳහා වාසභවන වන අතර, ඉන් විශේෂ 90කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් මෙරටට ආවේණික වේ. මෙලෙසින් 85%ක පමණ ආවේණිකතා ප්‍රතිශතය හේතුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ආසියාවේ ඉහළම උභයජීවී ආවේණිකතාව සහිත රට බවට පත්ව ඇත. පසුගිය දශකය තුළ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් සොයාගැනුණු නව උභයජීවී විශේෂ සංඛ්‍යාව සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත. 1957 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු උභයජීවී විමර්ශනය මගින් විශේෂ 35ක් හඳුනාගන්නා ලදී. 1996දී උභයජීවී විශේෂ සංඛ්‍යාව 53දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේ, කෞතුකාගාර එකතු පර්යේෂණ සහ ක්ෂේත්‍ර සමීක්ෂණ පාදක කරගනිමිනි. 1998දී පෙතියාගොඩ සහ මනමේන්ද්‍ර-ආරච්චි විසින් මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍ර සමීක්ෂණය මත පදනම්ව විශේෂ 250කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් යෝජනා කෙරිණි. කෙසේනමුත් මීගස්කුඹුර සහ පිරිස විසින් එම සංඛ්‍යාව විශේෂ 140ක් අවට සංඛ්‍යාවක් දක්වා ප්‍රතිශෝධනය කරන ලදී. මෙහි දී "නව" විශේෂ 100කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සොයාගැනුණු බවට වූ වාර්තාව විවේචනයට ලක් විය. 2016 වන විට, උභයජීවී විශේෂ 120ක් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු පකාශයට පත්කෙරිණි. මෙයට ආවේණිකයින් 110ක් ඇතුළත් විය. හිරිදණ්ඩන් විශේෂ තුනක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇති අතර, තවත් එක් විශේෂයක් විස්තර කළ යුතුව ඇත.

Adenomus, Nannophrys සහ Lankanectes යන උභයජීවී ගණ තුනම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේණික වේ. නව විශේෂවලින් බහුතරයක් Philautus ගණයට අයත් අතර, මෑතක දී එම ගණයට අයත් විශේෂ Pseudophilautus ගණය යටතට ඇතුළත් කෙරිණි. මේ නිසා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් Philautus ගණයට අයත් කිසිදු උභයජීවී වශේෂයක් හමු නො‍වේ. Pseudophilautus pardus සහ P. maia යන විශේෂ හමුවන්නේ 1876ට පෙර සිදුකළ එකතුවලින් පමණක් වන අතර, 2007දී එම විශේෂ නව විශේෂ ලෙස විස්තර කෙරිණි. නමුත් මෙම විශේෂ දෙකම වර්තමානය වන විට නෂ්ට වූ විශේෂ යැයි සැලකේ. මීට අමතරව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ආසියාවේ ඉහළම උභයජීවී නෂ්ට වීම් සහ තර්ජිත ප්‍රතිශතය සහිත රට වශයෙන් නම්කොට ඇත. 20වන සියවසේ දී, මෙරට උභයජීවී විශේෂ අතුරින් 20%ක් පමණම නෂ්ට වී ගිය අතර, සෙසු උභයජීවී විශේෂවලින් අඩක් පමණම නෂ්ට වීමේ තර්ජනය අභිමුව සිටියි. පසුගිය වසර 500 තුළ ලෝකයෙන් නෂ්ට වී ගිය උභයජීවී විශේෂ 34 අතුරින් 19ක්ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට අයත් වූ විශේෂ වේ. වාසස්ථාන අහිමි වීම මෙම තර්ජනවලට ප්‍රධාන හේතුව ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇති අතර, වාසස්ථාන කැබලි වීම, පලිබෝධනාශක භාවිතය සහ වායු දූෂණය ද උභයජීවීන්ට තර්ජන එල්ල කරයි. 2015 අප්‍රේල් මස මෙන්ඩිස් වික්‍රමසිංහ සහ පිරිස විසින් Pseudophilautus ගණයට අයත් තවත් ආවේණික විශේෂයක් හඳුනාගන්නා ලදී. මෙම විශේෂය P.dilmah නම් විය.

උභයජීවීන්

Anura ගෝත්‍රය: මැඩියන්

Gymnophiona ගෝත්‍රය: හිරිදණ්ඩන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැඩියෝ

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උභයජීවී නාමාවලිය


فيرو كاريل ، هو نادي كرة قدم أرجنتيني وهو نادي أساسي في الأرجنتين.

مراجع

أندية كرة سلة أسست سنة 1904
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1904
أندية كرة قدم في الأرجنتين
أندية كرة قدم في بوينس آيرس
أندية هوكي حقل أرجنتينية
أندية هوكي حقل في بوينس آيرس
تأسيسات سنة 1904 في الأرجنتين
منتخبات كرة طائرة وطنية أرجنتينية

فيرو كاريل أويستي


Ánidros (en griego: Άνυδρος) es una isla griega en el municipio de Santorini, el cual es un grupo de islas en las Cícladas. Está al norte de la isla de Anafi, y al suroeste de Amorgos. Administrativamente depende de la Periferia de Egeo Meridional.
Posee una superficie de 1,20 kilómetros cuadrados.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Grecia
 Geografía de Europa

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Islas del archipiélago de las Cícladas

Ánidros


Earl of Portmore was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1703 for the Scottish military commander David Colyear, 1st Lord Portmore. He had already been created Lord Portmore in 1699 and was made Lord Colyear and Viscount of Milsington at the same time as he was granted the earldom, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He was the son of Alexander Colyear, who had been created a Baronet, of Holland, in the Baronetage of England on 20 February 1677. Lord Portmore married Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, a former mistress of James II. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, the second Earl. He represented Wycombe and Andover in Parliament. His grandson, the fourth Earl (who succeeded his father), sat as Member of Parliament for Boston. The fourth Earl died without surviving male issue in 1835 when the titles became extinct.

Colyear Baronets, of Holland (1677)
Sir Alexander Colyear, 1st Baronet (d. c. 1685)
Sir David Colyear, 2nd Baronet (c. 1656–1730) (created Lord Portmore in 1699 and Earl of Portmore in 1703)

Earls of Portmore (1703)
David Colyear, 1st Earl of Portmore (c. 1656–1730)
David Colyear, Viscount Milsington (1698–1729)
Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore (1700–1785)
William Colyear, 3rd Earl of Portmore (1745–1823)
Thomas Charles Colyear, 4th Earl of Portmore (1772–1835)
Hon. Brownlow Charles Colyear (d. 1819)

Arms

References

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
1703 establishments in Scotland
Noble titles created in 1703
1677 establishments in Scotland

Earl of Portmore


Innovationsmiljøordningen er skabt og finansieret af Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet med henblik på at skabe og udvikle flere videnstunge iværksættervirksomheder.

Innovationsmiljøerne investerer på statens vegne risikovillig kapital i den tidlige fase af en virksomheds udvikling. En fase, hvor der endnu er stor usikkerhed om, hvorvidt forretningsideen kan realiseres. I alt kan innovationsmiljøerne indskyde op til 6 millioner kroner per virksomhed . Indskuddet sker i form af lån eller ejerkapital. Hensigten med innovationsmiljøerne er, at de fungerer som bindeled mellem danske vidensmiljøer og det private kapitalmarked (business angels, venture kapital og lignende).
I Danmark findes der fire innovationsmiljøer fordelt over hele landet.

Disse er:
PreSeed Ventures A/S
Borean Innovation A/S
CAPNOVA A/S
Syddansk Innovation A/S

Krav til ansøgere
For at komme i betragtning som virksomhed skal der være tale om en ny service- eller produktidé med et højt videnindhold. Det kan for eksempel være et højteknologisk produkt eller en forskningsbaseret opfindelse. Samtidig er det et krav, at ansøgeren er iværksætter eller en nyetableret virksomhed.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://www.borean.dk/en/
 http://capnova.dk/
 https://www.sdti.dk/
 http://www.preseedinnovation.dk/

Iværksætteri
Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet

Innovationsmiljøordningen


Christine Anne Kayßler (* 13. Oktober 1923 in München; † 17. November 2010 in Innsbruck; oft als Christine Kayssler geführt) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin.

Familie
Christine Kayßler war die Tochter des Schauspielers Christian Kayßler und der Kinderbuchautorin Anne Kayßler-Beblo. Ihre Großväter waren der Architekt Fritz Beblo und der Schauspieler Friedrich Kayssler. Auch die Halb-Geschwister Maria und Martin Kayßler haben den Schauspielberuf ergriffen.

Leben und Werk
Christine Kayßler besuchte von 1941 bis 1943 die Schauspielschule der Staatstheater in ihrer Heimatstadt. 1943 trat sie am deutschsprachigen Theater der Stadt Straßburg ihr erstes Engagement mit einer Aufführung von Emilia Galotti an. Ihre Nachkriegslaufbahn begann Christine Kayßler 1946 am Staatstheater Stuttgart, dem sie bis 1950 die Treue halten sollte. Ihr Rollenfach war zu Beginn ihrer Karriere das der 'schweren Sentimentalen' und der 'jugendlichen Heldin'. In Stuttgart verkörperte sie beispielsweise die Antigone in dem gleichnamigen Anouilh-Stück, die Prinzessin in Torquato Tasso, die Maria Stuart und die Lavinia in Eugene O'Neills Trauer muss Elektra tragen.

Von 1950 bis 1953 spielte sie unter Heinz Hilpert am Deutschen Theater Göttingen. Anschließend stand sie in Wuppertal auf der Bühne und arbeitete zudem als Schauspiellehrerin in Bochum. 1972 erfolgte schließlich die Rückkehr an das DT in Göttingen. Hier spielte sie fast dreißig Jahre lang unter den Intendanten Günther Fleckenstein und Heinz Engels und verkörperte Bühnenrollen wie die "Kurfürstin" in Kleists Prinz von Homburg, die "Daja" in Lessings Nathan der Weise und die "Dr. Zahn" in Dürrenmatts Physikern. 2001 zog sich Christine Kayßler von der Bühne zurück.

Während die Bühne zeitlebens den Schwerpunkt ihrer künstlerischen Tätigkeit bildete, übernahm Christine Kayßler gelegentlich auch Rollen in Film- und Fernsehproduktionen. Hier war sie beispielsweise in Peter Palitzschs Dramas Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431, in Klaus Gietingers Fernsehspiel Schwestern sowie in der Sat.1-Serie Der Bergdoktor zu sehen.

Am 17. November 2010 starb Christine Kayßler in Innsbruck an den Folgen eines Schlaganfalls.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
1967: Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431
1983: Schwestern
1995: Der Bergdoktor: Fluch aus dem Jenseits

Literatur
 Herbert A. Frenzel, Hans Joachim Moser (Hrsg.): Kürschners biographisches Theater-Handbuch. Schauspiel, Oper, Film, Rundfunk. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. De Gruyter, Berlin 1956, , S. 344.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2010
Frau

Christine Kayßler


Thil, Aube
 Thil, Marne
 Thil, Ain
 Thil, Haute-Garonne
 Thil, Meurthe-et-Moselle
 Le Thil

Thil


Scrisul de mână este scrisul realizat cu un instrument de scris, cum ar fi un stilou sau creion, cu mâna. Scrierea de mână include atât stiluri de litere de tipar, cât și cursive și este separată de caligrafia formală. Deoarece scrisul de mână al fiecărei persoane este unic și diferit, poate fi folosit pentru a verifica identitatea autorului unui document. Deteriorarea scrierii de mână a unei persoane este, de asemenea, un simptom sau rezultat al anumitor boli. Incapacitatea de a produce scriere clară și coerentă este de asemenea cunoscută sub denumirea de disgrafie.

Unicitate
Fiecare persoană are propriul stil unic de scriere de mână, indiferent dacă ne referim la scrisul de mână de zi cu zi sau semnătura personală. Chiar și gemenii identici care au același aspect și gene nu au aceeași scriere de mână. Locul în care o persoană crește și prima limbă pe care aceasta o învață, împreună cu distribuția diferită a forței și modalitățile de modelare a cuvintelor crea un stil unic de scriere de mână pentru fiecare persoană.

Caracteristicile scrierii de mână includ:

 forma specifică a literelor, de exemplu, rotunjimea sau claritatea acestora
 distanțe regulate sau neregulate între litere
 înclinarea literelor
 repetarea ritmică sau aritmică a elementelor
 presiunea asupra hârtiei
 dimensiunea medie a literelor
 grosimea literelor

Probleme medicale
Copiii cu ADHD s-au dovedit a fi mai predispuși la scrierile de mână mai puțin lizibile, să facă mai multe erori de ortografie, mai multe inserții și/sau omiteri de litere și mai multe corecții. La copiii cu aceste dificultăți, literele tind să fie mai mari, cu variabilitate, spațiere a literelor, spațiere a cuvintelor și alinierea literelor la linia de bază largi. Variabilitatea scrierii de mână crește odată cu textele mai lungi. Fluența mișcării este normală, dar copiii cu ADHD fac mișcări mai lente în timpul scrierii de mână și țin pixul mai mult timp în aer între mișcări, mai ales atunci când trebuiau să scrie litere complexe, ceea ce înseamnă că planificarea mișcării poate dura mai mult. Copiii care au ADHD pot avea dificultăți de parametrizare a mișcărilor într-un mod coerent. Acest lucru este explicat prin afectarea capacității motorii fie din cauza lipsei atenției, fie a lipsei de inhibare. Pentru a anticipa o schimbare de direcție între liniile scrise, atenția vizuală constantă este esențială. Cu neatenție, modificările vor avea loc prea târziu, rezultând în litere mai mari și nealinierea literelor la linia de bază. Influența medicamentelor asupra calității scrierii de mână nu este clară.

Utilizează eșantioanelor de scriere de mână
Deoarece scrisul de mână este relativ stabil, o schimbare a scrierii de mână poate fi o indicație a nervozității sau a intoxicării persoanei în cauză.

Un eșantion al scrisului de mână al unei persoane poate fi comparat cu cel al unui document scris pentru a determina și autentifica autorul documentului scris; dacă stilurile de scriere se potrivesc, probabil că acea persoană a scris ambele documente.

Grafologie
Grafologia este studiul și analiza pseudoștiințifică a scrierii de mână în legătură cu psihologia umană. Grafologia este folosită în primul rând ca un instrument de recrutare în procesul de angajare pentru a prezice trăsăturile de personalitate și performanța la locul de muncă, în ciuda cercetărilor care prezintă rezultate consecvente negative pentru aceste utilizări.

Vezi și

 Scris asemic
 Majusculă
 Litere de tipar
 Caligrafie
 Scriere cursivă
 Analiza mișcării scrierii de mână
 Semnătură
 Istoria scrisului
 Dactiloscopie
 Recunoașterea optică a caracterelor

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Gaze, T. & Jacobson, M. (editori), (2013). O antologie de scriere asemică. Uitgeverij.  ISBN   978-9081709170

Grafologie
Istoria scrisului

Scris de mână


Ana Luisa Llovera Álvarez (Guárico, Venezuela, 2 de febrero de 1908 - Maracay, Venezuela, 24 de febrero de 1999) fue una periodista y política venezolana. Fue la primera mujer en juramentarse como diputado Constituyente, así como la primera mujer presidenta de la Asociación Venezolana de Periodistas.

Biografía
Ana Luisa Llovera nació en La Horca, estado de Guárico, Venezuela, en la carretera rumbo a Calabozo, el 2 de febrero de 1908, hija del ganadero Liborio Llovera Corrales y de Ana María Álvarez. Su padre era militante contra el gobierno de Juan Vicente Gómez, lo que le valió ir a prisión en 13 oportunidades, y se dirigía con su familia a reunirse con el general Roberto Vargas Díaz cuando se adelantó el trabajo de parto de Ana María Álvarez de Llovera.

Su madre murió antes que Ana Luisa Llovera cumpliera los 4 años y su padre contrajo nuevo matrimonio con Camila González Landaeta. Efectuó sus estudios iniciales en la Escuela de Carlota Huerta de El Rastro hasta que su familia pasó a Calabozo, donde continuó sus estudios. Entre 1927 y 1930 permaneció en Villa de Cura con sus tíos. En diciembre de 1930 contrajo matrimonio con Bonaparte Padra de quien se divorciaría en 1938. En esos años empezó a«copiar y repartir versos que ridiculizaban a Gómez como noticias de las presos, las torturas, las nuevas detenciones»Y a publicar con seudónimos en un diario y tres semanarios de Calabozo, entonces capital del estado de Guárico, temas relacionados con la mujer. A la muerte de Juan Vicente Gómez en diciembre de 1935 en Caracas, Ana Luisa Llovera marchó a esa capital. Allí comenzó a escribir en los periódicos nacionales con el seudónimo de Teresa Jiménez e ingresó al Movimiento de Organización Venezolana (ORVE), creado en 1936, pasando luego al Partido Democrático Nacional (PDN) integrando el Comité Directivo Nacional en la clandestinidad a cargo de la secretaría nacional de propaganda. Al desatarse la represión del régimen del general Eleazar López Contreras en 1937 con el sobrenombre "Garúa" actuó como contacto de Rómulo Betancourt naciendo una amistad«que solo se vio turbada por la apasionada defensa que asume Analuisa en los periodistas, en los difíciles años de la década del 60, cuando presidía la Asociación Venezolana de Periodistas (AVP). Periodistas de izquierda eran perseguidos por el gobierno y la dirigente gremial, figura importante del partido oficial, del cual había sido diputada, concejal y miembro de la dirección nacional, no vaciló en reclamarle con su característica valentía, al caudillo guariteño, por la persecución de sus colegas».Participó en 1941 de la fundación de Acción Democrática, en donde llega a tener gran figuración. Al fundarse en 1941 el periódico Últimas Noticias, su subdirector "Kotepa" Delgado la convocó y la convirtió en«la primera mujer reportera, la primera en salir a la calle con un fotógrafo a cubrir toda clase de sucesos.».Al poco tiempo su partido la puso al frente de la redacción de El País, convirtiéndose en«la primera en ejercer la Jefatura de Información de un diario» y «en cubrir la fuente parlamentaria».Ingresó luego a la Escuela de Periodismo "Rafael Arévalo González" de la Universidad Libre "Augusteo", primer instituto de enseñanza de periodismo de su país, creado por monseñor Rafael Lovera Castro en febrero de 1940. Se exilió en México y en España trabajando como periodista hasta que terminado el gobierno de Eleazar López Contreras pudo regresar a su país. Al crearse el 24 de octubre de 1946 la Escuela de Periodismo por la Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno presidida por Rómulo Betancourt, Ana Luisa Llovera se inscribió graduándose dos años después, siendo convocada por Óscar Yanes a trabajar como cronista parlamentaria en Últimas Noticias.

Al caer el gobierno presidido por Rómulo Gallegos el 24 de noviembre de 1948, Ana Luisa Llovera se encontraba en la Casa Nacional de Acción Democrática. Logró durante unos días escapar a la persecución pero fue finalmente detenida saliendo de la universidad y alojada sucesivamente en la cárcel del Obispo, la Cárcel Modelo de Caracas, Guanare y Calabozo. Finalmente fue remitida nuevamente a la cárcel Modelo y enviada al exilio en Cuba, reuniéndose en La Habana con el gabinete de Gallegos y numerosos parlamentarios y dirigentes de su partido en el exilio.

Pasó a México y cuatro años después marchó a Europa. Tras recorrer varios países se estableció en España hasta que regresó a México donde trabajó como secretaria de Gallegos. En su casa recibió en 1958 la noticia del alzamiento de la aviación contra Marcos Pérez Jiménez, pudiendo entonces regresar a su patria tras el Golpe de Estado en Venezuela de 1958.

Pese a su militancia, no fue designada por su partido para desempeñar cargos en el ejecutivo de su país y sería un miembro del Copei, Lorenzo Fernández, quien la convocó para que ejerciera el cargo de jefa de prensa del ministerio de Fomento durante el segundo gobierno de Rómulo Betancourt. Falleció el 24 de febrero de 1999 en su residencia en Maracay, estado Aragua, siendo acreedora del homenaje póstumo de la Junta Directiva Nacional del Colegio Nacional de Periodistas«a una valiosa mujer que luchó por la incorporación de la mujer venezolana a la actividad social y profesional, desde su posición como constituyentista, congresista y periodista».La biblioteca pública de Calabozo lleva su nombre.

Véase también
Historia de Venezuela

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía utilizada

Enlaces externos
The Virtual Coemeterium from Venezuelan press.
Ana Luisa Llovera, en calabozodigital.com

Mujeres periodistas de Venezuela
Dirigentes de Acción Democrática
Mujeres miembros de la Cámara de Diputados de Venezuela
Políticos de la Venezuela contemporánea
Guariqueños
Políticas de Venezuela
Constituyentes de Venezuela de 1999

Ana Luisa Llovera


البيت الرباعي (siheyuan) هو نتيجة التطور الطبولوجي الذي بدأ في القرن الثاني عشر وكون حتى الثمانميات هيكل العديد من مدن شمال ووسط الصين، بما فيها العاصمة بكين وشيآن. هو ترجمة للعمارة التقليدية الصينية التي تعتمد على التنظيم الاجتماعي للأسرة الموسعة، التي تصل أحياناً إلى 100 شخص.

الجدران الرباعية الخارجية المغلقة يتم ترتيبها وفقا لتسلسل صارم من القاعات ذات الهيكل الخشبي حول ساحة مركزية تحيط بهاممرات معمدة، استخدام هذا الفراغ يستند على ترتيب ألفناءات التي تواجه جميع البيئات.
مفهوم الفناء مرتبط بفكرة المركز كمكان للعلاقات الاجتماعية، ولا يتغير بتغير احتياجات أفراد الأسرة وهو مخطط يقدم نموذج معماري جاهد.

مصادر

 Città tradizionale e casa a corte cinese

وصلات خارجية
 few examples of Chinese homes

أنماط المنازل
أنواع المنازل
العمارة في الصين
عمارة صينية
منازل في الصين
وحدات سكنية

منزل الفناء الصيني


An Paspalum pulchellum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Paspalum pulchellum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum pulchellum


The term tarpan (Equus ferus ferus) refers to free-ranging horses of the Eurasian steppe from the 18th to the 20th century. It is generally unknown whether those horses represented genuine wild horses, feral domestic horses or hybrids. The last individual believed to be a tarpan died in captivity in the Russian Empire in 1909.

Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding, called "breeding back" by advocates. The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse, the , and a derivation of the Konik breed, all of which have a primitive appearance, particularly in having the grullo coat colour. Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as "tarpans", although such animals are only domestic breeds and not the wild animal themselves.

Name and etymology
The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" derives from a Turkic language (Kazakh or Kyrgyz) name meaning "wild horse". The Tatars and the Cossacks distinguished the wild horse from the feral horse; the latter was called Takja or Muzin.

Taxonomy
The tarpan was first described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1771; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the district of Bobrov, near Voronezh. In 1784, Pieter Boddaert named the species Equus ferus, referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name Equus gmelini in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym. It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named Equus caballus by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the tarpan ought to be named E. caballus, or if considered a subspecies, E. caballus ferus. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used E. ferus for the tarpan to avoid confusion with the domesticated subspecies.

It is debated if the small, free-roaming horses seen in the Russian steppes during 18th and 19th centuries and called "tarpan" were indeed wild, never-domesticated horses, hybrids of the Przewalski's horse and local domestic animals, or simply feral horses. Most studies have been based on only two preserved specimens and research to date has not positively linked the tarpan to Pleistocene or Holocene-era animals.

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming E. ferus for the undomesticated wild horse. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild horse should use Equus ferus caballus; the name Equus caballus remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species.

Appearance

Traditionally, two tarpan subtypes have been proposed, the forest tarpan and steppe tarpan, although there seem to be only minor differences in type. The general view is that there was only one subspecies, the tarpan, Equus ferus ferus. The last individual, which died in captivity in 1909, was between  tall at the shoulders, and had a thick, falling mane, a grullo coat colour, dark legs, and primitive markings, including a dorsal stripe and shoulder stripes.

A number of coat color genotypes have been identified within European wild horses from the Pleistocene and Holocene: those creating bay, black and leopard complex are known from the wild horse population in Europe and were depicted in cave paintings of wild horses  during the Pleistocene. The dun gene, a dilution gene seen in Przewalski's horse that also creates the grullo or "blue dun" coat seen in the Konik, has not yet been studied in European wild horses. It is likely that at least some wild horses had a dun coat.

Whether or not the horses called tarpan had a standing mane like wild equines, or a falling mane like domestic horses cannot be ascertained anymore as historic reports have not been unambiguous on this subject.

The appearance of European wild horses may be reconstructed with genetic, osteologic and historic data. One genetic study suggests that bay was the predominant color in European wild horses. During the Mesolithic, a gene coding a black coat color appeared on the Iberian peninsula. This color spread east but was less common than bay in the investigated sample and never reached Siberia.  Bay in combination with dun results in the "bay dun" color seen in Przewalski's horses; black with dun creates the grullo coat. A loss of the dun dilution may have been advantageous in more forested western European landscapes, as dark colors were a better camouflage in forests. Pangaré or "mealy" coloration, a characteristic of other wild equines, might have been present in at least some European wild horses, as historic accounts report a light belly.

Historic references describing the tarpan report that most of them were of a black dun (grullo, "blue dun") colour, while also black individuals and domestic colours like white legs or greys were reported. Because of that, some contemporaneous authors, such as Peter Pallas, believed tarpans to be escaped farm horses.

History

Wild horses have been present in Europe since the Pleistocene and ranged from southern France and Spain east to central Russia. There are cave drawings of primitive predomestication horses at Lascaux, France and in Cave of Altamira, Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in southern Russia, where a horse of this type was domesticated around 3000 BC.  Equus ferus had a continuous range from western Europe to Alaska; historic material suggests wild horses lived in most parts of Holocene continental Europe and the Eurasian steppe, except for parts of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.

Ancient equine DNA
Tarpan DNA shows its ancestry to be a mixture between horses native to Europe and found with the Corded Ware Culture, and horses closely related to the DOM2 population, the ancestors of modern domestic horses. (DOM2 horses originated from the Western Eurasia steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don, but not in Anatolia, during the late fourth and early third millennia BCE. Their genes may show selection for easier domestication and stronger backs). This is not consistent with tarpans as the wild ancestor of, or a feral version of, DOM2. Nor is the tarpan a hybrid with Przewalski's horses.

Forest tarpan
The "forest horse" or "forest tarpan" was a hypothesis of various 20th-century natural scientists, including Tadeusz Vetulani, who suggested that the continuous forestation of Europe after the last ice age created forest-adapted subtype of the wild horse, which he named Equus sylvestris.  However, historic references do not describe any major difference between the populations, and therefore most authors assume there was only one subspecies of western Eurasian wild horse, Equus ferus ferus.

Nevertheless, a stocky type of  horse living in forests and highlands was described during the 19th century in Spain, the Pyrenees, the Camargue, the Ardennes, Great Britain, and the southern Swedish upland.
They had a robust head and strong body, and a long frizzy mane. The color was described as faint brown or yellowish brown with eel stripe and leg stripes, or wholly black legs. The flanks and shoulders were spotted, some of them tended to an ashy colour. They dwelled in rocky habitats and showed intelligent and fierce behaviour. Yet, those horses were never colloquially called "tarpans".

Black wild horses were found in Dutch swamps, with a large skull, small eyes, and a bristly muzzle. Their mane was full, with broad hooves, and curly hair. However, it is possible that these were feral and not wild horses.

Herodotus described light-coloured wild horses in an area now part of Ukraine in the 5th century BCE. In the 12th century, Albertus Magnus stated that mouse-coloured wild horses with a dark eel stripe lived in the German territory, and in Denmark, large herds were hunted.

16th century free-ranging horses in Europe

Wild horses still were common in the east of Prussia during the 15th and early 16th centuries. During the 16th century, wild horses disappeared from most of the mainland of western Europe and became less common in eastern Europe as well. Belsazar Hacquet saw wild horses in the Polish zoo in Zamość during the Seven Years' War. According to him, those wild horses were of small body size, had a blackish brown colour, a large and thick head, short dark manes and tail hair, and a "beard". They were absolutely untameable and defended themselves harshly against predators.

Kajetan Kozmian visited the population at Zamość as well and reported that they were small and strong, had robust limbs and a consistently dark mouse colour. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin witnessed herds in Voronezh in 1768. Those horses were described as very fast and shy, fleeing at any noise, and as small, with small, pinned ears and a short frizzly mane. The tail was shorter than in domestic horses. They were typically mouse-colored with a light belly and legs becoming black, although gray and white horses were mentioned as well. The coat was long and dense. The horses at Zamosc were never called "tarpan" back in their lifetime.

Peter Simon Pallas witnessed possible tarpans in the same year in southern Russia. He thought they were feral animals that escaped during the confusions of wars. These herds were important game of the Tatars and numbered between 5 and 20 animals. The horses he described had a small body, large and thick heads, short frizzly manes and short tail hair, as well as pinned ears. The colour was described as faint brownish, sometimes brown or black. He also reported of obvious domestic hybrids with light-colored legs or gray coats.

The tarpans of 18th century Europe
The Natural History of Horses by 19th-century author Charles Hamilton Smith also described tarpans. According to Smith, the herds of free-ranging horses numbered from a few to hundred individuals. They often were mixed with domestic horses, and alongside pure herds there were herds of feral horses or hybrids. The color of alleged pure tarpans was described as consistently brown, cream-colored or mouse-colored. The short frizzy mane was reported to be black, as were the tail and legs. The ears were of varying size, but set high on the skull. The eyes were small.

According to Smith, tarpans made stronger sounds than domestic horses and the overall appearance of these horses was mule-like.

Extinction

The human-caused extinction of wild horses in Europe began in Southern Europe, possibly in antiquity.  While humans had been hunting wild horses since the Paleolithic, during historic times horse meat was an important source of protein for many cultures. As large herbivores, the range of the tarpan was continuously decreased by the increasing human population of the Eurasian landmass. Wild horses were further targeted because they caused damage to hay stores and often took domestic mares from pastures. Furthermore, interbreeding with wild horses was an economic loss for farmers since the foals of such matings were intractable.

Tarpans lived in the southern parts of the Russian steppe. In 1879 the last scientifically confirmed individual was killed. After that, only dubious sightings were documented. As the tarpan horse died out in the wild between 1875 and 1890, the last free-ranging mare considered a tarpan was accidentally killed during an attempt at capture. The last captive tarpan died in 1909 in a Russian zoo.

The horses at Zamosc survived until 1806, when they were allegedly donated to local farmers of Poland and bred to their horses. The Konik is claimed to descend from these hybrid horses, as recent research has highlighted a significant degree of anatomic difference between free-roaming Konik in the Netherlands and other modern domesticated horses.

Tarpans interbreeding with domestic horses

The oldest archaeological evidence for domesticated horses is from Kazakhstan and Ukraine between 6,000 and 5,500 YBP (years before present). The diverse mitochondrial DNA of domestic horses contrasts sharply with the very low diversity of the Y chromosome; that suggests that many mares but only a few stallions were used, and local use of wild mares or even secondary sites of domestication are likely. Therefore, the European wild horse may well have contributed to the domestic horse.

Wild horses vs. feral horses
Some researchers consider the tarpans to be mixed wild and feral population or completely feral horses. Few consider the more recent animals historically called "tarpans" to be genuine wild horses without domestic influence. Historic references to "wild horses" may actually refer to feral domestic horses or hybrids.

Some 19th century authors wrote that local "wild" horses had hoof problems that led to crippled legs; therefore, they assumed these were feral horses. Other contemporary authors claimed all "wild" horses between the Volga River and the Ural were actually feral. However, others thought that this was too speculative and assumed that wild, undomesticated horses still lived into the 19th century. Domestic horses used in warfare often were turned loose when they were no longer needed. Also, remaining wild stallions could steal domestic mares. There are some accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries of wild herds with typical wild horse features such as large heads, pinned ears, short frizzy mane and tail, but mentioned animals with domestic influence as well.

The only known individual to be photographed was the so-called Cherson tarpan, which was caught as a foal near Novovorontsovka in 1866. It died in 1887 in the Moscow Zoo. The nature of this horse was dubious in its lifetime, because it showed almost none of the wild horse features described in the historic sources. In 2021, a study found that the so-called 'Shatilov' tarpan, a museum specimen from the Kherson region of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that died in 1868, was a hybrid between two horse lineages, with two thirds of its genetics representing the same ancestral lineage as modern horses, and the remaining third related to a distinct lineage of European horses found at an archaeological site associated with the late-Neolithic Corded Ware culture.

Breeding back the tarpan
Three attempts have been made to use selective breeding to create a type of horse that resembles the tarpan phenotype, though recreating an extinct subspecies is not genetically possible with current technology. In 1936, Polish university professor Tadeusz Vetulani selected Polish farm horses that were formerly known as Panje horses (now called Konik) and that he believed resembled the historic tarpan and started a selective breeding program. Although his breeding attempt is well known, it made only a minor contribution to the modern Konik stock, which clusters genetically with other domestic horse breeds, including those as diverse as the Mongolian horse and the Thoroughbred.

In the early 1930s, Berlin Zoo Director Lutz Heck and Heinz Heck of the Munich Zoo began a program crossbreeding Koniks with Przewalski horses, Gotland ponies, and Icelandic horses. By the 1960s they produced the Heck horse. In the mid-1960s, Harry Hegard started a similar program in the United States using mustangs and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse.

Assessment
While all three breeds have a primitive look that resembles the tarpan in some respects, they are not genetically tarpans and the wild, predomestic European horse remains extinct. However, this does not prevent some modern breeders from marketing horses with these features as a "tarpan".

In spite of sharing primitive external features, the Konik and Hucul horses have markedly different conformation with differently proportioned body measurements, thought in part to be linked to living in different habitats.

Other breeds sometimes alleged to be surviving wild horses include the Exmoor pony and the Dülmen pony. However, genetic studies do not set any of these breeds apart from other domestic horses. On the other hand, there has not yet been a study comparing domestic breeds directly with the European wild horse.

See also
Domestication of the horse
List of extinct animals of Europe
Przewalski's horse

References

External links

The Spanish Tarpan
The Spanish Tarpan in North America
American "Tarpan"
North American Tarpan Association

Controversial mammal taxa
Equus (genus)
Extinct mammals of Europe
Species made extinct by human activities
Mammal extinctions since 1500
Pleistocene horses
Horse subspecies
Mammals described in 1785

Tarpan


An Dimeria borii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sreek., V.J.Nair ngan N.Chandrasekharan Nair. An Dimeria borii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dimeria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dimeria

Dimeria borii


Fatima-Zahra Hafdi, dite La Zarra, est une auteure-compositrice-interprète maroco-canadienne, née le  à Montréal (Canada).

Elle se fait connaître en 2021 avec son titre Tu t'en iras, certifié disque de platine. Elle représente la France au concours Eurovision de la chanson 2023 avec le titre Évidemment.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Elle passe son enfance dans la ville de Longueuil (au Québec). Elle a aussi des origines marocaines.

Débuts artistiques et notoriété
En 2016, elle se fait connaître par une collaboration artistique avec Niro sur le titre Printemps blanc.

La chanteuse accroit sa notoriété avec le titre Tu t'en iras qui est l'un des plus diffusés à la  radio et à la télévision en 2021. La chanson est certifiée single de platine. La même année, La Zarra est nommée comme révélation francophone au NRJ Music Awards 2021.

Le 17 octobre 2022, elle est récompensée du Prix de la découverte de l'année (francophone) décerné par la Société canadienne des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique (SOCAN).

Eurovision 2023
Le , France Télévisions annonce que La Zarra représentera la France au Concours Eurovision de la chanson, le 13 mai 2023 à Liverpool au Royaume-Uni. Sa chanson sera interprétée en français. Le 19 février 2023, elle dévoile la chanson Évidemment.

Avec 104 points obtenus, La Zarra prend la 16 place du concours sur les 26 pays en compétition (54 points attribués par les jurys et 50 au télévote).

En découvrant, lors du vote final, le peu de points lui ayant été octroyés par le public, la chanteuse effectue devant les caméras un geste interprété comme un doigt d'honneur, provoquant une certaine indignation, puis une réunion de crise chez France 2. La Zarra réfute cette interprétation, indiquant qu'il s'agissait d'un mouvement signifiant sa déception et affirme n'avoir eu « aucune volonté de choquer ou de provoquer ». Elle précise en conférence de presse qu'il ne s'agit « absolument pas » d'un doigt d'honneur.

Le geste qu'elle a effectué est en fait un toz (onomatopée traduisant un bruit de pet en arabe). Pour Le Figaro-TV Magazine, celui-ci peut signifier un  mais . Le JDD ajoute que .

À la suite de ce geste et de la polémique, la tournée prévue en été 2023 est reportée à l'hiver. Certaines radios dont France Bleu, partenaire de l'Eurovision, déprogramment sa chanson et les festivals d'été ayant à l'affiche la chanteuse annulent sa venue. Les places pour son unique date, maintenue à Paris le 15 juin, peinent à se vendre et l'organisateur décide de solder le billet à -30%.

Discographie

Albums

Singles

Collaborations
 2016 : Niro feat. La Zarra - Printemps blanc (sur Les Autres)
 2022 : Slimane feat. La Zarra - Les amants de la colline (sur l'album Chroniques d'un cupidon)

Récompenses et nominations

NRJ Music Awards 2021

Gala de l'ADISQ

Prix SOCAN

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Chanteuse canadienne du XXIe siècle
Chanteuse des années 2010
Chanteuse des années 2020
Chanteuse québécoise francophone
Auteure-compositrice-interprète québécoise
Nom de scène
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour la France
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2023
Personnalité canadienne née d'un parent marocain
Naissance en août 1987
Naissance à Montréal

La Zarra


La Coupe du Kazakhstan 1992 est la  édition de la Coupe du Kazakhstan depuis l'indépendance du pays. Elle prend place du  au .

Cette édition concerne vingt-quatre clubs, dont vingt-deux équipes de la première division 1992, à l'exception de l' et de l'Ouralets Oural, auxquels s'ajoutent le Gorniak-Atlant Satpaïev et le .

La compétition est remportée par le Kaïrat Almaty qui s'impose en finale contre le Fosfor Djamboul pour remporter sa première coupe nationale.

Premier tour
Cette phase concerne seulement seize équipes, les huit autres participants passant directement au tour suivant.

Huitièmes de finale

Quarts de finale

Demi-finales

Finale
La finale de cette première édition oppose le Kaïrat Almaty au Fosfor Djamboul. Disputée le 8 août 1992 au stade central d'Almaty, la rencontre tourne rapidement en faveur du Kaïrat, qui ouvre le score dès la neuvième minute par l'intermédiaire d', qui inscrit ensuite un nouveau but à la  pour porter le score à 2-0 à la pause. Au cours de la deuxième période, Sergueï Klimov accroît l'avance des Almatois à l'heure de jeu avant que  puis  portent l'écart à cinq buts à dix minutes de la fin. Le Fosfor finit par réagir en réduisant l'écart dans les dernières minutes par l'intermédiaire d' qui porte le score final à 5-1, ce qui n'empêche pas le Kaïrat de remporter sa première coupe nationale.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site officiel
  Coupe du Kazakhstan 1992 sur le site de la RSSSF

1992
Sport au Kazakhstan en 1992
Kazakhstan

Coupe du Kazakhstan de football 1992


Kazanjska katedrala ili Kazanjski katedralski sabor (rus. Казанский собор), također poznata i kao Katedrala Bogorodice od Kazanja, katedrala je Ruske pravoslavne Crkve na Nevskom prospektu u Sankt-Peterburgu. Ona je posvećena Bogorodici Kazanjskoj, jednoj od najcjenjenijih ikona u Rusiji.

Izgradnja katedrale započeta je 1801. godine i nastavljena deset godina pod nadzorom Aleksandra Sergejeviča Stroganova. Po završetku 1811. godine, novi hram zamijenio je crkvu ođenja Bogorodice, koja je demolirana nakon posvećenja Kazanjske katedrale.

Arhitekt Andrej Voronikin za uzor je uzeo Baziliku sv. Petra u Vatikanu. Neki povjesničari umjetnosti tvrde da je car Pavao (vladao 1796. – 1801.) namjeravao izgraditi sličnu crkvu na drugoj strani Nevskog prospekta koja bi odražavala Kazanjsku katedralu, ali takvi planovi nisu uspjeli. Iako je Ruska pravoslavna Crkva snažno odbila planove za stvaranje replike katoličke bazilike sv. Petra u tadašnjoj ruskoj prijestolnici, nekoliko dvorjana podržalo je Voronikinov dizajn ampirskoga stila.

Nakon što je Napoleon Bonaparte napao Rusiju (1812.) i vrhovni komandni general Mihail Kutuzov zamolio Gospu od Kazanja za pomoć, svrha crkve se promijenila. Nakon Napoleonove invazije na Rusiju, Rusi su katedralu doživljavali prije svega kao spomen na pobjedu nad Napoleonom. Sam Kutuzov je pokopan u katedrali 1813.; a Aleksandar Puškin napisao je slavne stihove meditirajući nad njegovim grobom. Godine 1815., pobjednička ruska vojska je iz Europe donijela ključeve za sedamnaest gradova i osam tvrđava i postavila ih u sakristiju katedrale. Boris Orlovski je 1837. godine dizajnirao dvije brončane statue Kutuzova i Barclaya de Tollyja koje stoje ispred katedrale.

Godine 1876., Kazanske demonstracije, prve političke demonstracije u Rusiji, održane su ispred crkve. Poslije Ruske revolucije 1917. vlasti su zatvorile katedralu (siječanj 1932). U studenom 1932. ponovo je otvorena kao promarksistički "Muzej povijesti religije i ateizma", ili kako se jedan suvremeni pisac otvorenije izrazio, "najveći Lenjingradski antireligiozni muzej", u kompletu s voštanim djelima španjolske inkvizicije. Liturgijske službe su nastavljene 1992. godine, a četiri godine kasnije katedrala je vraćena Ruskoj pravoslavnoj Crkvi. Prema podacima iz 2017., služi kao matična katedrala mitropolije Sankt-Peterburga.

Unutrašnjost katedrale, sa svojim brojnim stupovima podsjeća na dvoranu palače, dugačku 69 metara i visoku 62 metra. U unutrašnjosti se nalaze brojne skulpture i ikone koje su kreirali najbolji ruski umjetnici tog doba. Rešetka od kovanoga željeza, koja odvaja katedralu od malog trga iza nje ponekad se navodi kao jedna od najljepših ikad izgrađenih.

Ogromna brončana vrata katedrale jedna su od četiri kopije originalnih vrata krstionice u Firenci u Italiji (ostala tri su u Katedrali Slave Božje u San Francisku, Nelson-Atkinsovom muzeju umjetnosti u Kansas Cityiju i u samoj Firentinskoj krstionici.

Kazanjska katedrala smatra se modelom neoklasičnog stila Helsinške katedrale, jedne od najvećih znamenitosti Helsinkija, u Finskoj.

Galerija

Izvori

Katedrale Ruske pravoslavne Crkve u Rusiji
Vjerski objekti u Sankt-Peterburgu

Kazanjska katedrala u Sankt-Peterburgu


NGC 5680 est une vaste galaxie lenticulaire relativement éloignée et située dans la constellation de la Vierge. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5680 a été découverte par l'astronome allemand Albert Marth en 1864.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5680 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5680
Constellation de la Vierge
Galaxie lenticulaire
Objet céleste découvert en 1864
Objet céleste découvert par Albert Marth

NGC 5680


An Paspalum subsesquiglume in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann es Christoph Christian Döll. An Paspalum subsesquiglume in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum subsesquiglume


Íranska Úrvalsdeildin (Persneska: لیگ برتر خلیج فارس) er efsta deildin í írönskum fótbolta . Deildin hefur 16 bestu lið Írans.

Sigurvegarar í gegnum tíðina

Heimasíða
https://www.iranleague.ir//

Heimildir

Úrvalsdeildir knattspyrnu í Asíu
Íranskar knattspyrnudeildir

Íranska úrvalsdeildin


Horace Worth Vaughan (* 2. Dezember 1867 bei Jefferson, Texas; † 10. November 1922 in Honolulu, Hawaii) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1913 und 1915 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus; später wurde er Bundesrichter.

Werdegang
Horace Vaughan besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen in Linden. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1885 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Texarkana in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Zwischen 1890 und 1898 war er juristischer Vertreter dieser Stadt; von 1898 bis 1910 war er in verschiedenen Bezirken von Texas als Staatsanwalt tätig. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1910 wurde er in den Staatssenat gewählt. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1912 wurde Vaughn im ersten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1913 die Nachfolge von Morris Sheppard antrat. Da er im Jahr 1914 nicht bestätigt wurde, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1915 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus wurde Horace Vaughan von Präsident Woodrow Wilson zum Bundesstaatsanwalt für Honolulu im Hawaii-Territorium ernannt. Dieses Amt bekleidete er zwischen Dezember 1915 und März 1916. Danach war er seit dem 15. Mai 1916 bis zum 4. April 1922 Richter am Bundesbezirksgericht für Hawaii. Am 10. November 1922 wurde Vaughan in seinem Haus in Honolulu mit einer tödlichen Schusswunde und einer Waffe neben sich aufgefunden. Die Behörden gingen von Selbstmord aus. Er war mit Pearl Lockett verheiratet, mit der er drei Kinder hatte.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Senats von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (United States District Court)
United States Attorney
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1867
Gestorben 1922
Mann

Horace Worth Vaughan


ඇත් සේනාව
 අස් සේනාව
 රිය සේනාව
 පාබල සේනාව

යුද්ධ හමුදා ඉතිහාසය..

සිවු රඟ සේනා


Sir Thomas Button (død april 1634) var en walisisk officer i Royal Navy og opdager, som i 1612–1613 ledede en ekspedition, som uden held forsøgte at finde spor efter Henry Hudson og sejle gennem Nordvestpassagen.

Liv og virke
Thomas Button sejlede fra England i begyndelsen af maj 1612 med de to skibe "Resolution" og "Discovery", og nåede mundingen af en flod. Han kaldte floden Nelson River efter en af mandskabet, som var omkommet undervejs. Ekspeditionen overvintrede på det stedet, som i dag er kendt som Port Nelson, og året efter satte de kursen mod nord for at søge efter Nordvestpassagen. De mistede skibet "Resolution" i isen og fortsatte mod 65° nord. Han opdagede og navngav øen Mansel ogvendte tilbage til England i september 1613. Han blev krediteret for opdagelsen, og for at have sikret vestkysten britisk herredømme over Hudsonbugten, som han kaldte New Wales. Regionen fik igen besøg 12 år senere, i 1631 af kaptajnerne Thomas James og Luke Foxe.  Da kaptajn Foxe opdagede et kors, som var rejst af Button i Port Nelson, gav han stedet og kysten på nordsiden af Nelson River navnet New North Wales og alt land på sydsiden for New South Wales.

Button blev slået til ridder af Jakob I og kunne der efter bruge titlen Sir foran navnet. Han fortsatte sin succesrige karriere på havet og blev udnævnt til Admiral of the King's Ships on the coast of Ireland, som han var resten af karrieren.  Trods sin position i Royal Navy, var han længe i konflikt med det engelske adimiralitet, hvilket var nær ved at føre til en resolution, til hans fordel, lige før han døde.

Button og hans mænd var det første kendte europæere, som har været i det område, som i dag er kendt som Manitoba. Hans opdagelse fik andre til at følge efter ved at bruge landmærker, hans historier og hans detaljerede nedtegnelser. De første kort over områder nær Hudsonbugten er lavet etter hans, og forgængeren Henry Hudsons opdagelser. De var de første europæere i dette område af Nordamerika. Han var en af de allerførste europæere til at udforske Nordamerika i mange af de områder, som i dag er en del af Canada. Nelson River fik navn efter ham.

Historien om Thomas Button er ikke så kendt, og han har fået liden anerkendelse for sitt arbejde. Det meste af Hudson's Bay Companys historie er heller ikke så godt kendt til trods for, at righoldigt arkivmateriale er tilgængelig i Manitoba i Canada. Det største landekøb i den canadiske histories skyldes Hudson's Bay Companys virksomhed. Selskabet kan i stor grad have haft ansvaret for de første opdagere og korttegnere i området.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Biografi hos Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Manitoba Historical Societys biografi om Button

Canadas historie
Opdagelsesrejsende fra Storbritannien
Adelsmænd fra Storbritannien
Admiraler fra Storbritannien

Thomas Button


Ramón Mestre ist der Name folgender Personen:

*Ramón Bautista Mestre (1937–2003), argentinischer Politiker (UCR), Bürgermeister von Córdoba und Provinzgouverneur
Ramón Javier Mestre (* 1972), argentinischer Politiker (UCR), Bürgermeister von Córdoba

Ramón Mestre


غاوي مشاكل فيلم دراما اجتماعي مصري، من تأليف أحمد عبد الوهاب، وإخراج محمد عبد العزيز، وبطولة عادل إمام، ونورا، تم إنتاجه من قبل شركة مصر العربية للسينما، وعُرض الفيلم في 19 يوليو 1980.

قصة الفيلم
قصة الفيلم مأخوذة عن الرواية البريطانية «تزوجت رجلًا» للكاتب روبرت بارشي، وتدور قصته حول فتاة تدعى «عزة» التي تترك منزلها بسبب المشاكل بسبب زوج أمها، وتتعرف على «مدحت» وتنشأ بينهما علاقة ويعرض عليها الزواج فترفض لفقره وبعد ذلك وبالصدفة تجد نفسها متقمصه لشخصية «ماجدة» والتي توفيت وهي أرملة لابن أسرة ثرية إلا أنها تعترف لأسرة ذلك الرجل بشخصيتها لتعود وتتزوج من مدحت.

الممثلون

 عادل إمام، بدور مدحت.
 نورا، بدور عزة.
 محمد رضا، بدور محمود.
 فاروق الفيشاوي، بدور مراد.
 إسعاد يونس، بدور سميرة.
 عزيزة حلمي، بدور أم مصطفى.
 نعيمة الصغير، بدور أم عزة.
 سلامة إلياس، بدور طبيب أطفال.
 عبد الغني النجدي.
 رشوان مصطفى.
 قدرية كامل.
 عدوي غيث.
 شكري عبد الغفور.
 حسين عبد الوهاب.
 حسين الشريف.
 راوية صالح.
 سوزان صالح.
 طوسون معتمد.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أفلام إسعاد يونس
أفلام عادل إمام
أفلام فاروق الفيشاوي
أفلام أخرجها محمد عبد العزيز
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1980

غاوي مشاكل (فيلم)


Fray Juan de Herrera fue un religioso español del siglo XVI natural de Herrera del Duque, Badajoz. Se desconoce el año exacto de su nacimiento.

Biografía
Conocido como el monje escritor, tiene dedicados un colegio y una calle en esta su villa natal. Existen muy pocos datos biográficos sobre este fraile. No aparece en los archivos del Monasterio de Guadalupe, ni en los archivos y biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial.

Este fraile escribió el llamado Códice de El Escorial: Historia de la Fundación de la Casa de Guadalupe y Milagros de la Santísima Virgen o fundación de la Casa de Santa María de Guadalupe. Contiene 20 capítulos, sobre la vida de monjes, los primeros padres del monasterio y fundación de Monte Marta. Pocas cosas más se sabe de Fray Juan de Herrera, no aparece en Guadalupe después de 1535.

Véase también
 Real Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe
 Herrera del Duque

Referencias

Jerónimos de España del siglo XVI
Nacidos en Herrera del Duque

Juan de Herrera (fraile)


(décédé en 1949) est un paléobotaniste japonais.

Publications
  S. Ôishi, The Rhaetie Plants from the Nariwa District, Okayama Pref., Japan, Journ. Fac, Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Série IV, vol. II, , 1932.
  S. Ôishi et Yamasita, On the Fossil Dipteridaceae, Journ. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Série IV, Vol. III, , 1936.
  S. Ôishi, The Mesozoic floras of Japan, J. Fac. Sci, Hokkaido Imp. Univ., 4 (5), 1940,  (pdf).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Paléontologue japonais
Botaniste japonais du XXe siècle
Botaniste japonais du XXIe siècle
Paléobotaniste
Décès en 1949

Saburô Ôishi


Kabul University (KU; ; ) is one of the major and oldest institutions of higher education in Afghanistan. It is in the 3rd District of the capital Kabul, near the Ministry of Higher Education. It was founded in 1931 by King Mohammed Nadir Shah, whose prime minister at the time was his younger brother, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan.

Approximately 22,000 students attend Kabul University. In August 2021, before the Taliban takeover, nearly half were female. The university reopened in February 2022, with classes separated by sex but relatively few changes to the curriculum.

History

Early history
Kabul University was established in 1932 during the reign of  King Mohammed Nadir Shah and during the government of  Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Khan, opening its doors one year later to students from across the country. It benefitted from partnerships with the governments of Turkey, France, Germany and the United States.

The first Faculty of Medicine in Kabul was established by a group of Turkish professors of Medicine and Surgery led by Prof. Dr. Kamil Rıfkı Urga in 1932 in the region of Aliabad. The first teaching-university hospital, called the Aliabad Hospital, was also built here on the campus under the guidance and close supervision of Turkish architects and teaching physicians. In 1936 the Faculty of Law & Political Sciences in the same campus was established by Turkish Prof. Dr. Mehmed Ali Dağpınar. The Faculty of Law started to enroll students of law. Therefore, by then, these two faculties (Medicine and School of Law) put the foundation of the present-day Kabul University.

The first attending Turkish professors of medicine and surgery who had gone to Afghanistan under an official agreement between the governments of Afghanistan and the Turkish Republic served in Kabul University between 1932 and 1952. The first president (rector) of Kabul University and dean of the Faculty of Medicine was a well-known Turkish surgeon and anatomist, Prof. Dr. Urga, who together with 15 other Turkish physicians taught medicine and surgery for a period of 17 years. Later on, some additional teaching staff including a French professor called Dr. Pierre Bolange attended as the dean of the Faculty of Medicine after the previous Turkish dean, Prof. Zuhtu Bey, who left Kabul for Ankara in 1952. The first nine graduates of the Faculty of Medicine played significant roles in this country's administrative and university community reforms; two of them were Dr. Muhammad Yusuf (the prime minister) and Prof. Dr. Fattah Najeem.

Initially, the university accepted only male students, but from 1950 on it was open to women as well.

In the 1960s, foreign-educated scholars populated the campus, exposing the new generation to new topics such as communism, feminism and capitalism. Notable students influenced during this era included Ahmad Shah Massoud, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Dr. Faiz Ahmad, and Saydal Sokhandan. Many different political groups were influenced in the university such as Khalqists, Parchamites, Sholayees, and Ikhwanists. In a clash between Ikhwanis and Sholayees, a poet named Saydal Sokhandan was killed by Hekmatyar in the 1970s. Saydal was fired upon and shot by Gulbuddin during an argument.

During the governance of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Kabul University lost several lecturers and staff. The majority of the university's faculty left during the ten-year period of unrest or civil war that followed after the fall of the PDPA government in 1992. The area around the university and Karte Char was a major battleground in the Afghan Civil War (1992–96).

2001 - 2021

After the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001, the international community focused on rebuilding the educational institutions in Afghanistan. By January 2004 the campus had only 24 computers. As part of its recovery program, the university has established partnerships with four foreign universities, including Purdue University and the University of Arizona. Furthermore, the Information Technology Center was founded in 2002 with the cooperation of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and Technical University of Berlin. The number of students in higher education had increased across the country from 22,717 in 2002 to 56,451 in 2008. By 2008, Kabul University was attended by 9,660 students, 2,336 (24%) of them being women.

It was reported in 2007 that Iran donated funds to the university's dentistry faculty and donated 25,000 books. The main library of Kabul University, which is the best-equipped library in Afghanistan, was built by the United States. It is equipped with computers, books and magazines. Nancy Dupree, wife of Louis Dupree, was the Director of the Afghanistan Center at the university.

In 2008, the campus of Kabul University was provided with local network facilities by the Information Technology center of Kabul University (ITCK). Each building is connected to the campus network and is provided with the internet connection from a fiber optic backbone. The Voice over IP (VoIP) technology was also part of the networking project, which improved the quality of telephone communication at the university level.

At the beginning of 2020, Chancellor Babury has introduced a new program for the change and development of Kabul University. Significant progress has been made in implementing this plan. This plan was vigorously implemented until the advent of the Taliban.

On 19 July 2019, a car bomb exploded outside the university. It killed 8 people and injured another 33.

ISIL gunmen attacked the university on 2 November 2020, killing 35 and wounding 56. The attack occurred at around 11:00. Afghan security officials claimed they have arrested the person who instigated the attack. The three gunmen were killed by Afghan and American forces who came to the scene.

Since 2021
Following the 2021 Taliban offensive, the university fell under Taliban control.

The Taliban replaced Chancellor Mohammad Osman Babury, a longtime KU professor and expert on medicinal plants, with Mohammad Ashraf Ghairat, a Taliban fighter and former journalism student. Critics noted that Ghairat had no qualifications beyond running a small madrassah, and believe he was installed for his loyalty to the Taliban. At least 70 faculty members at the university resigned following Ghairat's installation, with the remainder demanding the Taliban rescind the installation. Ghairat had pledged to "rid Kabul University of Western and infidel thoughts", and to impose a policy of segregation, stating "As long as real Islamic environment is not provided for all, women will not be allowed to come to universities or work. Islam first."

In October 2021, Ghairat was replaced by Osama Aziz, who holds a doctorate in Islamic Jurisprudence (Sharia law).  classes are still suspended and research at the university has come to a standstill. Faizullah Jalal, a university worker and a critic of the Taliban, was arrested in 2022.

Kabul University reopened on 26 February 2022, with female students attending in the morning and males in the afternoon. Other than the closure of the music department, few changes to the curriculum were reported. Additionally, the new administration has not formally prohibited male teachers from instructing female students. Female students are required to wear an abaya and a hijab to attend, although the strictness with which this regulation will be enforced remains to be seen, as some wore a shawl instead. Attendance was reportedly low on the first day, possibly due to lingering fears of the Taliban or the economic hardship affecting Afghans following foreign aid cuts and U.S. financial sanctions.

Structure

The Faculty of Environment Science has three departments: Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Natural Resources and Management and Department of Natural Disaster Management.

The Faculty of Law and Political Sciences has four departments: Department of Public Law, Department of Criminal Law, Department of Private Law and Department of International Relations.
The Faculty of Computer Science has four departments: Software Engineering Department, Computer Science Department, Information Technology Department and Information System Department.
The Faculty of Economics has two shifts students (day and night), five active departments, three future planned departments. The day shifts' departments are: Finance Department, Enterprise Management Department, Econometric and Statistic Department, National Economies Department, Management Information Systems Department, Counting Department (Future Plan), Money and Banking Department (Future Plan) and Economic Development Department (Future Plan). The night shifts' departments are: Finance Department, Enterprise Management Department and National Economics Department.
The Faculty of Science has four departments: Department of Biology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics.
The Faculty of Engineering has six departments: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Urban Planning and Design. The Faculty offers a master program in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

The Faculty of Pharmacy has five departments: Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacognosy, Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry-Nutrition. It has eight laboratories. An estimated 400 students are taking classes there.
The Faculty of Agriculture has eight departments: Agronomy Department, Economics and Agricultural Extension Department, Forestry & Natural Resources Department, Department of Biotechnology and Seed Production, Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Irrigation, Horticulture Department, and Plant Protection Department.
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has five departments: Department of Animal Production, Department of Para Clinic, Department of Clinic, Department of Preclinical, and Department of Food Hygiene and Technology.
The Faculty of Journalism has two departments: Radio &TV Department and Press Department.
The Allama Iqbal Faculty of Arts built at a cost of around $10 million by neighboring country Pakistan, was established in 2010. The building contains 28 classrooms, two seminar-halls, a library, two computer labs, 20 faculty offices. It covers an area of . Afghan and Pakistani officials inaugurated the building in July 2010.
The Faculty of Language and Literature have ten departments: Pashto Language and Literature Department, Dari Language and Literature Department, The English Department, Russian Language Department, German Language Department, Turkish Language Department, Department of French Language, Arabic Language Department, Spanish Language Department and Chinese Language Department.
The Faculty of Fine Arts have six departments: Sculpture Department, Painting Department, Graphic Department, Theatre Department, Music Department, Playwright and Screenwriting Department.
The Faculty of Islamic Studies have eight departments: Religious Jurisprudence, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Belief and Philosophy, Narrations of Prophet, Interpretation of Quran, Manner and Eloquence, Preaching of Islam and Islamic Culture.
The Faculty of Social Science have three departments: Archaeology and Anthropology Department, Philosophy Department and History Department.
Psychology and Educational Science Faculty has six departments: Education, Psychology, Administration, Management, Advisor and Instruction.

National Centre for Policy Research
The National Centre for Policy Research was established at Kabul University by the Ministry of Higher Education and Konrad Adenauer Foundation in 2003, and includes faculty in the departments of Law and Politics, Economics, and Social Science.

Library

In 1992, the library held 200,000 books, 5,000 manuscripts, 3,000 rare books, periodicals, photographs and calligraphic specimens. Following a civil war, most materials were sold in book markets, burnt, destroyed, or lost. It served as the National Library of Afghanistan.

Notable alumni
Notable graduates and former faculty of Kabul University include:
 Former Dean of Islamic law at Kabul University  Gholam Mohammad Niazi
 Former Afghan Prime Minister Mohammad Yusuf
 Former Afghan Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal
 Former Afghan Prime Minister Mohammad Musa Shafiq
 Former Afghan Marxist head of state Hafizullah Amin
 Former head of KAM Assadullah Amin
 Editor-in-Chief of national newspaper (1970s) Hafiz Sahar
 Afghan politician Tahir Badakhshi
 Afghan ambassador to Austria and former Afghan ambassador to Nordic countries Manizha Bakhtari
 Afghan poet Wasef Bakhtari
 Afghan activist Hamida Barmaki
 American archaeologist Nancy Dupree
 Former President of Afghanistan Babrak Karmal
 Former President of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah
 Afghan Marxist politician Anahita Ratebzad
 Former President of Afghanistan Nur Muhammad Taraki
 Former President of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani
 Former Afghan guerilla and military leader Ahmad Shah Massoud
 Afghan poet Khalida Furugh
 Nasrin Husseini

See also
 List of Islamic educational institutions
 Education in Afghanistan
 List of universities in Afghanistan

References

External links

Official website of Kabul University
 , 22 November 2018, Voice of America.
 , 8 January 2014, USAIDAfghanistan.
 , 6 March 2011, Voice of America.

Universities in Afghanistan
Universities and colleges in Kabul
Universities and colleges established in 1932
1932 establishments in Afghanistan
Libraries established in 1932

Kabul University


, né le  à Tokyo au Japon, est un footballeur japonais évoluant au poste de défenseur central au Kashima Antlers.

Biographie

Kashima Antlers
Né à Tokyo au Japon, Ikuma Sekigawa étudie au RKU Kashiwa HS avant de rejoindre le Kashima Antlers en 2019. Le transfert est annoncé dès le mois de mai 2018.

Sekigawa fait ses débuts en professionnel le , lors d'un match de Ligue des champions de l'AFC contre le Gyeongnam FC. Il est titularisé lors de cette rencontre perdue par les siens sur le score de un but à zéro.

Sekigawa joue sa première rencontre de J1 League le  contre le Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Il est titularisé mais son équipe s'incline sur le score de trois buts à zéro.

Le , Sekigawa inscrit son premier but en professionnel lors d'une rencontre de championnat contre Urawa Red Diamonds. Titulaire, il égalise de la tête mais son équipe s'incline finalement par deux buts à un.

Devenu un titulaire égulier, Sekigawa atteint les 100 matchs pour Kashima Antlers au cours de la saison 2023.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur japonais
Joueur des Kashima Antlers
Naissance en septembre 2000
Naissance à Tokyo

Ikuma Sekigawa


Luftkissenbahn steht für
 ein Fahrzeug, siehe Luftkissenbahn (Verkehr)
 ein Laborgerät zur Demonstration weitgehend reibungsfreier Bewegung, siehe Luftkissenbahn (Didaktik)

Luftkissenbahn


أن يان ليم كي تشونغ ، من مواليد 15 مايو 1960، حكم كرة قدم دولي من موريشيوس.

حكم في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1994 وحكم في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1998.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حكام كأس العالم
حكام كأس العالم 1994
حكام كأس العالم 1998
حكام كأس القارات 1992
حكام كأس القارات 1995
حكام كرة قدم أولمبيون
حكام كرة قدم موريشيوسيون
مواليد 1960

موريشيوسيون من أصل صيني

ليم كي تشونغ


Cartoon Network (formerly Teletoon) is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment. The channel primarily broadcasts animated series aimed at children and teenagers.

It was launched on October 17, 1997, by Teletoon Canada, Inc., a consortium of Western International Communications and Astral Media (via their specialty channel Family Channel), Shaw Communications (via its specialty channel YTV), and the animation studios Cinar and Nelvana. With subsequent acquisitions and divestments, Corus became the sole owner of the channel in 2014.

The channel has historically aired a mix of domestic productions and imported series, with many of the latter coming from U.S. channel Cartoon Network. In 2012, Teletoon launched a Canadian version of Cartoon Network as a sister network under license from Turner Broadcasting. In February 2023, Corus announced that Teletoon itself would rebrand as Cartoon Network on March 27, 2023, with the previous Cartoon Network channel concurrently relaunching under Cartoon Network's own sister brand Boomerang.

Cartoon Network operates two timeshift feeds running on Eastern and Pacific schedules. Along with its French-language counterpart Télétoon, it is available in over 7.3 million households in Canada as of November 2013.

History

As Teletoon

In 1997, Teletoon was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) after a related application for a channel to be called "Fun TV" had been denied. The channel launched on October 17, 1997. The channel was originally owned by a consortium of other Canadian specialty services, including Family Channel acting as managing partner at 53.3% (Superchannel/WIC and The Movie Network/Astral Media), YTV at 26.7%, (Shaw Communications), along with the Canadian animation studios Cinar and Nelvana with 10% each. Shaw spun off its entertainment assets as Corus Entertainment in 1999, which subsequently acquired WIC's stake in Family Channel among other assets as part of its breakup later that year, Corus acquired Nelvana in 2000.

Teletoon was licensed as a bilingual service in both English and French, being one of only two Canadian speciality services with such a license; the channel maintains two feeds under the license, with the French feed operating under the branding Télétoon. At the original licensing hearing before the CRTC, the network's operators had stated that the two channels "would be similar in nature and programmed with a similar attitude towards them", but that there may be differences in their programming due to market differences (including Quebec's prohibition on advertising to children) and program rights. To this end, Teletoon often commissioned programming to air in both English and French whenever possible.

As a condition of the license, Teletoon committed to devoting 40% of its programming to Canadian content in its first year of operation, gradually increasing by five per cent yearly to 60% by 2002. Over a similar timeframe, it also committed to similarly have at least half of its programming financed by, and commissioned from third parties unaffiliated with its owners.

In 1998, network management decided to focus on renewals instead of new shows—adopting a more cautious strategy than launching a significant number of new series, as it had in the prior year. By 2001, the channel had invested over $96 million into 98 original productions since its launch; Teletoon's director of original programming Madeleine Levesque stated that "I don't think any other broadcaster has contributed so much, so well, so fast."

On March 4, 2013, Corus Entertainment announced that it would acquire Astral's stake in Teletoon, giving it full ownership. The sale was part of divestitures tied to Astral Media's proposed sale to Bell Media, which had earlier been rejected by the CRTC in October 2012 for competition reasons. Corus's purchase was cleared by the Competition Bureau two weeks later on March 18; the transaction was approved by the CRTC on December 20, 2013, and completed on January 1, 2014. The channel was subsequently brought under the new Corus Kids division as part of a reorganization in February 2014, alongside YTV and Nelvana. Teletoon and its sister networks would maintain separate management from YTV.

As Cartoon Network
On February 21, 2023, Corus announced that Teletoon would be rebranded as Cartoon Network on March 27, 2023; the existing Cartoon Network channel concurrently relaunched under Cartoon Network's sibling brand Boomerang (which will be devoted to library programming and classic franchises); the Teletoon brand would continue to be used for its companion streaming service Teletoon+, and its French-language feed.

Programming

The channel's license originally required that 90% of all programs on the channel be animated. Teletoon previously aired preschool-oriented programming, which was day-parted from 4:00 a.m.- 3:00 p.m. At its inception in 1996, Teletoon had a stated goal of producing 78 half-hours of original content every year, and it has been active in commissioning programming since then.

Since its inception, the channel has acquired numerous television series from the U.S.-based Cartoon Network and its late night block, Adult Swim. From September 1, 2015, to Fall 2016, original programming from the American channel was moved over to its Canadian counterpart. Around the same time, several "retro" programs airing on Teletoon Retro, which closed down on the same date, began airing on Teletoon. Teletoon would also premiere new original programming from Cartoon Network's sister channel, Boomerang.

On April 1, 2019, the channel discontinued its adult programming following the relaunch of Action as a full-time Adult Swim channel.

Notable programming blocks
Teletoon Unleashed! – launched in 2000, Teletoon Unleashed! was an adult-oriented block of the channel; it co-existed with The Detour on Teletoon until the block merged with it in 2004. It was known for airing every show with an 18+ rating to attract an adult audience, regardless of whether the program actually contained adults-only material or not.
 Teletoon Retro – Teletoon Retro was the branding and block for classic animated programming. It was later spun into a digital channel, which also featured several live-action series. The channel launched on October 1, 2007, and closed on September 1, 2015.
 Can't Miss Thursdays – A block for first-run programming premieres that aired on Thursday nights. The block later featured live-action, hosted segments.
 Superfan Fridays – A block showcasing comic book-related and action-oriented animated series.

Branding history
Initially, Teletoon's programming was divided into dayparted blocks, each featuring a different style of animation. Each blocks were represented as planets: Morning Planet for Preschoolers (claymation animation; 5:00 a.m. -3:00 p.m. EST), Afternoon Planet for Kids (2D cel animation; 3:00 p.m.- 6:00 p.m.), Evening Planet for Family (collage animation; 6:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. EST) and Night Planet for Adult (papier-mâché animation; 9:00 p.m. - 5:00 a.m. EST). The bumpers were made by Cuppa Coffee Studios. This branding would be discontinued in August 1998.

From August 1998 to 1999, Teletoon was airing bumpers with its first mascot, "Teletina". These bumpers were made by Spin Productions in Toronto.

Several more bumpers using CGI animation made by Guru Studio subsequently premiered on the channel in 2001. An updated look for the channel was unveiled, along with a new logo, for a partial rebranding in 2005.

Related services
On November 24, 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved multiple applications from Teletoon Canada Inc. to launch six Category 2 television channels named Teletoon Action, Teletoon Adult, Teletoon Art, Teletoon Multi, Teletoon Pop and Teletoon Retro. None of the channels launched and their broadcast licenses expired on November 24, 2004. The Teletoon Retro concept would later be revived under a different license.

Current

Télétoon

Télétoon is the French counterpart to Teletoon which broadcasts most of the shows from its English counterpart in French.

Boomerang

On November 4, 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved an application from Teletoon to launch Teletoon Kapow!, a Category B digital cable and satellite channel devoted "programming from international markets, featuring the latest trends in non-violent action, adventure, superheroes, comedy and interactivity." On February 2, 2012, Teletoon announced that it would launch a local Cartoon Network channel in Canada. It debuted using the Teletoon Kapow! license on July 4, 2012.

As of September 1, 2015, Cartoon Network operates under the broadcast license originally granted for Teletoon Retro. Corus then had the Teletoon Kapow! license revoked on October 2, 2015.

Concurrent with the rebranding of Teletoon itself as Cartoon Network, the original Cartoon Network channel was relaunched as a Canadian version of Boomerang.

Teletoon+
Teletoon+ is a subscription video on demand service which launched September 1, 2022 on Amazon Prime Video Channels, replacing Corus's previous Nick+ service (which was a streaming counterpart to its Nickelodeon channel). The service features exclusive content acquired from Cartoon Network and Warner Bros. Animation.

Former

Teletoon Retro

Teletoon Retro was a Category B digital cable and satellite channel that debuted in fall 2007, and was named after a program block that featured classic animated series. Shows seen on the channel included The Tom and Jerry Show, The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show, Scooby-Doo, The Flintstones, The Raccoons, The Jetsons, The Pink Panther, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, Inspector Gadget, and Gumby.

The channel was discontinued on September 1, 2015, with Disney Channel (on Bell Aliant, Bell Satellite TV, EastLink, Telus Optik TV, VMedia, Vidéotron, MTS, Bell Fibe TV, NorthernTel, Novus, and Zazeen), or Cartoon Network (on Shaw Direct/Shaw Cable, Rogers Cable, SaskTel, and Westman Communications) taking over its slot on several aforementioned providers. In the years since, Teletoon has aired classic programming during non-peak viewing hours.

Teletoon at Night

Launched in September 2002 as "The Detour on Teletoon", the block is an amalgamation of it and "Teletoon Unleashed", an adult programming block. Its French counterpart, Télétoon la nuit, airs on the Francophone Télétoon channel. In September 2009, the block was relaunched under its current name with an overhaul of its appearance.

In March 2019, with the pending launch of the Adult Swim channel on April 1, 2019, it was announced that the block would be discontinued.

References

External links

1997 establishments in Canada
Analog cable television networks in Canada
Anime and Cartoon television
Anime television
Cartoon Network
Children's television networks in Canada
Corus Entertainment networks
English-language television stations in Canada
Teletoon
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Warner Bros. Discovery Americas

Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)


The A49 is an A road in western England, which traverses the Welsh Marches region.  It runs north from Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire via Hereford, Leominster, Ludlow, Shrewsbury and Whitchurch, then continues through central Cheshire to Warrington and Wigan before terminating at its junction with the A6 road just south of Bamber Bridge, near the junction of the M6, M65 and M61 motorways.

The stretch between Ross-on-Wye and the A5 at Shrewsbury is a trunk road, maintained by National Highways.

Route

Lancashire

From the A6 at Bamber Bridge, south of Preston, the road runs parallel to the M6 motorway, through Leyland towards Wigan. Through Ashton-in-Makerfield and Newton-le-Willows, reaching Warrington via Winwick. In June 2020, a new section of the A49 opened forming part of a link between Wigan town centre and junction 25 on the M6, the section it replaced being renumbered B5386.

Cheshire

From junction 9 of the M62, there is a dual-carriageway through Warrington, as far as Loushers Lane (With the exception of a brief stretch northbound after meeting the A57 and another northbound before meeting the A5060 which has one lane reserved for buses during peak hours.). During this section, it passes under the Liverpool to Manchester Line railway (southern route), then has the Cockhedge Green roundabout with the A57 and passes to the east and south of the town centre of Warrington. (Its original north–south route through the town centre is now partly pedestrianised.)

It passes over a roundabout with the A5061 situated on the River Mersey, then goes past Priestley College. It passes over the Manchester Ship Canal, Cheshire Ring Canal Walk and Bridgewater Canal. At Pewterspear there is the Owens Corner roundabout. The road has crossroads with the B5356 at Stretton and meets the A559 at junction 10 of the M56. The road enters Cheshire West And Chester. There is crossroads with the A533 and the road crosses the Cheshire Ring Canal Walk and Trent & Mersey Canal before crossing the Acton swing bridge over the Weaver Navigation.

The  £6 million Weaverham Diversion (near Northwich) opened in September 1992. The old route is now the B5144, passing near Weaverham High School. The road passes over the West Coast Main Line railway after the Weaverham Roundabout. The section from Weaverham to Cuddington is a new much-straightened section. At Bryn, north of Cuddington, it passes the former site of Lactalis-Nestlé that made Ski and Munch Bunch yoghurts, closing in 2007 with production moving to central Europe, having made yoghurt since 1968. In Cuddington it crosses the Mid-Cheshire Line near Cuddington railway station. There is the Oakmere Crossroads with the A556 (a Roman road) south of Cuddington, before the road crosses the Whitegate Way.  It then crosses the A54 near Abbots Moss Hall, and the road passes through Cotebrook, near Little Budworth Country Park.

The  £3.8 million Tarporley Bypass opened in September 1986. The A51 overlaps the A49. Tarporley Community High School is near here. The road leaves the A51 to the west at Four Lane Ends near the Red Fox. The road travels over the Shropshire Union Canal and under the Welsh Marches Line railway (to Hereford) south of Tiverton. It crosses over the River Gowy north of Bunbury next to the Beeston Castle (named after the real Beeston Castle to the west).

The road briefly overlaps the A534 Wrexham Road from the junction at Ridley and crosses over the River Weaver. At Cholmondeley there is Cholmondeley Castle. At the crossroads of Bickerton Road (for the castle) and Wrenbury Road, there is the Cholmondeley Arms. Moving from the parishes of Cholmondeley to Bickley east of Moss Wood, it also moves back into Cheshire West and Chester. It crosses the Shropshire Union Canal (Llangollen Canal) again at Tushingham cum Grindley, where it crosses into Marbury cum Quoisley and back into Cheshire East. The road enters into Shropshire and is crossed by the South Cheshire Way near Hinton.

Shropshire
The Whitchurch bypass begins with a roundabout with the B5476, the old route through the town. The  £13.7m Whitchurch Bypass (also part of the A41) opened in July 1992. It passes near Sir John Talbot's Technology College (on the A525), then crosses over the railway and also overlaps the A525 (Newcastle-under-Lyme to Rhyl). At the end of the bypass, the road overlaps as a dual-carriageway for  with the A41, then leaves the A41 at a roundabout near Prees Heath, near the former RAF Tilstock airfield. It follows a Roman road southwards.

The  £1.3m Prees Bypass opened in August 1988. There is a staggered crossroads with the B5065, then the road passes over the River Roden. RAF Shawbury is  to the east, then the road passes over the Shropshire Way and through Hadnall, passing the New Inn. The Welsh Marches Line follows to the west. The Shrewsbury bypass starts at the Battlefield Roundabout (near scene of Battle of Shrewsbury) with the A53 and A5124, near a Travelodge. There is a roundabout with the B5062. The bypass travels over the River Severn and under the railway and overlaps the A5 from the Preston Island roundabout. Shrewsbury was bypassed when the £64m east-west A5 bypass was built in August 1992.

The route leaves the A5 at the Bayston Hill Roundabout on the south of the bypass, with the A5112 heading into Shrewsbury. It goes through Bayston Hill, passing the Compasses Inn. It passes near Lyth Hill Country Park, following the Welsh Marches Line (until Woofferton). It crosses the Cound Brook near the Bridge Innbefore passing through Dorrington, with The Horseshoes and over the railway. Through Leebotwood it passes The Pound.

The road passes through the Stretton Gap on an alignment that was constructed in the late 1930s. Several stretches of the road follow the route of the Roman Road: Watling Street. The upgraded route bypasses All Stretton, Church Stretton and Little Stretton. The original route is the B5477 (former B4370) to the west. At a crossroads near Church Stretton railway station, the road meets the B4371. Further south it meets the B4370  (west) at Marshbrook. At Upper Affcot it passes the White House. The road meets the A489 at Wistanstow. At Craven Arms, there is the Shropshire Hills Discovery Centre, and it meets the east-west B4368. At Onibury, there is a level crossing, one of only a few on trunk roads in England. The section from Shrewsbury to Ludlow is prone to crashes.

At Bromfield, the road meets the A4113, and crosses the River Onny. Near the B4365 junction the road is crossed by the Shropshire Way. The  £4m Ludlow Bypass opened in the summer of 1979. The bypass passes over then under the railway, then over the River Teme. The former route of the A49 is the B4361. After the bypass, the road passes over the railway. At Woofferton, there is a T-junction with the A456, and a staggered junction with the B4362. Woofferton has a large radio transmitting station (the Woofferton transmitting station) with a Mediumwave transmitter for BBC Hereford and Worcester.

Herefordshire

The road enters Herefordshire. The  £1.4 million Brimfield Bypass opened in March 1983. South of Ashton the road passes through the Capability Brown parkland of Berrington Hall. The  £9m Leominster Bypass opened in November 1988. At the southern end of the Leominster Bypass the A49 passes the Cadbury's Marlbrook chocolate factory. Shortly after, the A417 route to Gloucester begins at a junction shortly before the A49 makes its way up Dinmore Hill past Queen's Wood Country Park. The south bound carriageway is 2-lane up the hill and the north bound carriageway is 2-lane heading up the other side of the hill. This can be a common section for accidents and skid-offs.

The road then swings towards Wellington with a short section of dual-carriageway. The A49 then reaches Hereford, the only major destination on the road without a bypass. The road passes right through the city centre, causing serious congestion on both the north and south sides of the River Wye. The dual-carriageway Greyfrairs bridge over the Wye opened in 1967. The A49 meets the A438 at the Edgar Street Roundabout. The road then swings south-eastwards out of Hereford, meeting the A465 at the Belmont Roundabout. At Ross-on-Wye the road ends, joining the A40 and B4260 at the Wilton Roundabout.

History of the road number

The original (1923) route of the A49 was Ross-on-Wye to Bamber Bridge (near Preston), but there have been some changes in its course.  The A49 used to start on the A40 at Old Pike, west of Ross, as the original route of the A40 was through Skenfrith.  When the A40 was rerouted via Monmouth in 1935, the A49 was extended to Ross.

At a later date, the A49 was rerouted between Shrewsbury and Whitchurch.  The 1923 route was via Wem, but the road now passes close to Prees.  Much of the current route was originally the B5064.

References

External links

 BBC News Enquiry into A49 safety.
 Sabre Roads

Roads in England
Roads in Cheshire
Roads in Greater Manchester
Roads in Herefordshire
Roads in Lancashire
Roads in Merseyside
Roads in Shropshire

A49 road


Sir Robert Knolles ( — 15 de agosto de 1407) foi um famoso cavaleiro inglês da Guerra dos Cem Anos. Operando com o apoio tático da Coroa, conquistou duas grandes cidades francesas, Calais e Poitiers, por ordem de Eduardo III. Seus métodos, no entanto, lhe valeram a reputação de bandido e de saqueador; as empenas em ruínas dos prédios queimados durante a guerra passaram a ser conhecidas como "mitras de Knolly".

Seu brasão de armas preside a torre de poterna do Castelo de Bodiam, Sussex. Foi uma declaração de lealdade de seu construtor, Edward Dalyngrigge, que serviu o próprio em uma companhia livre durante a Guerra dos Cem Anos.

Guerra da Sucessão Bretã
Knolles nasceu em Cheshire, mas os registros o mencionam pela primeira vez como um castelão de várias fortalezas na Bretanha em meados do século XIV, incluindo Fougeray, Gravelle e Chateaublanc. Foi um dos campeões ingleses do "Combate dos Trinta" em 1351, onde foi capturado. Então liderou oitocentos homens na cavalgada de Henrique, duque de Lencastre em 1356 pela Normandia, uma diversão para atrair o rei francês João, o Bom, ao norte do reino e permitir que o Príncipe Negro realizasse a famosa campanha de Poitiers. Durante a crise francesa desencadeada pela grave derrota na Batalha de Poitiers em que Carlos II de Navarra liderou a rebelião que eclodiu em Paris, Knolles juntou-se às forças comandadas pelo irmão do rei, Filipe, que defendia a cidade das hostes do delfim em 1358.

O grande momento de sua carreira militar aconteceu no outono daquele ano, quando comandou uma grande companhia de dois a três mil ingleses e gascões no Vale do Loire, onde estacionou tropas em várias cidades fronteiriças importantes, como Châteauneuf-Val-de-Bargis. Então ele marchou por Nivernés; o arcipreste Arnaud de Cervole, encarregado da defesa de Margarida III de Flandres e fundador no ano anterior da primeira grande companhia, não pôde detê-lo.

Em 1359 alcançou Auxerre, que conquistou após um cerco de dois meses em 10 de março. Depois de tomar a cidade, dois tenentes o nomearam cavaleiro; até então ele tinha o título de escudeiro. O saque de Auxerre foi realizado com pouca violência e destruição, já que Knolles e seus homens eram profissionais que buscavam o máximo benefício de suas ações. A cidade foi cuidadosamente saqueada em busca de objetos de valor e os cidadãos avaliados em busca de resgate. No final, um enorme resgate foi extorquido por não destruírem a cidade, embora isso tenha sido pago apenas parcialmente. No mês seguinte, Knolles retornou a Chateauneuf para se preparar para a invasão do Vale do Ródano com Hugh Calveley. Partiu para o sul e montou acampamento em Pont-du-Château, no vale do Allier, de onde em seguida lançou a invasão de Velay. Então se reuniu com Calveley para sitiar a proeminente cidade de Le Puy, que ambos conquistaram em julho de 1359. A caminho da sede papal de Avinhão, encontraram o exército de Thomas de la Marche, tenente de Luís II, duque de Bourbon, o que fez os líderes ingleses decidirem se retirar e dissolverem suas companhias.

No auge da Guerra da Sucessão Bretã, participou do cerco de Auray de João V de Bretanha em julho de 1364, o prelúdio da vitória decisiva dele na Batalha de Auray em setembro daquele ano. Também participou ao lado do Príncipe Negro na Batalha de Nájera em 1367.

Campanha na França
Em 1370, recebeu terras abundantes e fundos copiosos para levantar um exército para invadir o norte da França. Desembarcaram em Calais em agosto; seus seis mil cavaleiros fizeram uma longa cavalgada que cortou o território até os arredores de Paris, a qual queimaram. A manobra, porém, não fez com que Carlos V aceitasse enfrentar os ingleses em campo aberto. Assim, dirigiu seus homens para a Gasconha; na região entre os rios Loire e Loir conquistou castelos e igrejas, as quais fortificou. Seus jovens tenentes — entre os quais Sir John Minsterworth — ansiosos para enfrentar os franceses na batalha, criticaram duramente as táticas de Knolles. Assim, quando chegaram notícias do avanço das hostes francesas comandadas por Bertrand du Guesclin, aconselhou uma retirada para a Bretanha, mas a maior parte do exército se recusou a fazê-lo. Então Knolles e sua comitiva os abandonaram; os franceses derrotaram as forças inglesas que se recusaram a se retirar na sangrenta batalha de Pontvallain em 4 de dezembro.

Knolles passou o inverno em seu castelo em Derval, na Marca Bretã, e então tentou evacuar seus homens e os de Minsterworth — este último se juntou a ele com alguns sobreviventes do desastre de Pontvallain — do porto de Saint-Mathieu. A falta de navios, no entanto, obrigou a maioria dos soldados ingleses a serem abandonados na costa, que caíram nas mãos dos franceses comandados por Olivier de Clisson. Em 1372, o Conselho Real Inglês o condenou como o principal responsável pela operação fracassada. As terras que lhe haviam sido concedidas como pagamento por liderar o exército foram confiscadas e ele foi multado em dez mil marcos.

Morte
Fundou o Trinity Hospital em Pontefract e participou do esmagamento da rebelião de Wat Tyler em 1381. Morreu em sua residência em Sculthorpe, Norfolk, em 15 de agosto de 1407.

Seu brasão de armas preside a torre de poterna do Castelo de Bodiam, Sussex, um sinal da lealdade de seu construtor, Edward Dalyngrigge, a Knolles, com quem serviu em uma companhia livre na França durante a Guerra dos Cem Anos.

Bibliografia

Anonônimo (1911) "Knolles", Encyclopaedia Britannica

Leitura adicional

Ingleses do século XIV
Personalidades da Guerra dos Cem Anos

Robert Knolles


Hiroaki Kamijo (født 22. april 1989) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Fagiano Okayama.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroaki Kamijo


Tražet je naziv za 2 bliske hridi uz sjevernu obalu otoka Kluda, u Drveničkom kanalu, južno od Marinskog poluotoka. Nalaze se oko 7 km jugoistočno od Trogira, od kopna su udaljene oko 650 metara, a od Klude oko 35 metara.

Ukupna površina hridi je 2291 m2, (1684 m2, 607 m2) a visina 5 metara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Srednjodalmatinski otoci

Tražet


A prova dos 100 metros livre masculino da natação no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 ocorreu nos dias 21 e 22 de junho, em Budapeste, na Hungria.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Eliminatórias
Esses foram os resultados das eliminatórias. A prova foi realizada no dia 21 de junho com início às 09:09.

Semifinal
Esses foram os resultados das semifinais. A prova foi realizada no dia 21 de junho com início às 18:26.

 Desempate
Uma prova extra foi realizada dia 21 de junho às 20:20 para a definição dl último finalista.

Final
A final foi realizada em 22 de junho às 18:22.

Ligações externas

 Site da Federação Internacional de Natação

Eventos do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022

Natação no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 - 100 m livre masculino


Pleurodira es el segundo subórden de tortugas (el otro es Cryptodira). Si bien en la nomenclatura de los animales, muchas veces este suborden puede no ser considerado importante, no es el caso de los subórdenes de las tortugas. Esta división representa una división evolutiva muy profunda entre dos tipos muy diferentes de tortugas. Las diferencias físicas entre ellos son importantes, y sus implicaciones zoogeográficas son sustanciales. Pleurodira es conocida más comúnmente como tortugas de cuello de serpiente, mientras que Cryptodira son las tortugas de cuello oculto. Las tortugas Pleurodira se limitan al hemisferio sur, en gran parte de Australia, Sudamérica y África. Dentro de Pleurodira, hay tres familias representadas actualmente: Chelidae, también conocidas como las tortugas continentales de Sudamérica austral, y Pelomedusidae y Podocnemididae, de la parte afro-sudamericana.

Definición y descripción
Las tortugas del suborden Pleurodira se identifican por el método mediante el cual repliegan su cabeza dentro de sus caparazones. En estas tortugas el cuello se dobla en un plano horizontal, introduciendo la cabeza en el espacio existente delante de una de sus dos extremidades anteriores. Una protrusión en la zona frontal del caparazón ayuda a proteger el cuello, que permanece parcialmente expuesto tras la retracción. Este método difiere del empleado por la tortugas del suborden Cryptodira, que esconden su cabeza y cuello entre sus extremidades anteriores, en el interior del propio caparazón.

Los diferentes métodos de doblar el cuello requieren anatomías completamente diferentes de las vértebras cervicales.Todas las tortugas existentes tienen ocho vértebras en su cuello. En las Pleurodira estas vértebras son estrechas y con forma de bobina, permitiendo con esta disposición un alto grado de movimiento lateral, posibilitando al cuello plegarse sobre sí mismo en el plano lateral. Por el contrario, en las Cryptodira, los huesos del cuello son anchos y planos, permitiendo al cuello plegarse en el plano vertical.

Las pleurodiras también difieren con las cryptodiras en sus calaveras, así como en la disposición de los huesos del caparazón y de los escudos que lo cubren. Las tortugas pleurodiras tienen 13 escudos en el plastron de su caparazón, mientras que las cryptodiras solo tienen 12. El escudo de más es llamado el intergular y se encuentra en la parde frontal de plastron, entre los escudos gulares.

Taxonomía
Se conocen las siguientes familias:
 Araripemydidae (extinta)
 Bothremydidae (extinta)
 Chelidae
 Dortokidae (extinta)
 Euraxemydidae (extinta)
 Pelomedusidae
 Podocnemididae
 Propleuridae (extinta)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Testudines

Pleurodira