Num Lock or Numeric Lock (⇭) is a key on the numeric keypad of most computer keyboards. It is a lock key, like Caps Lock and Scroll Lock. Its state affects the function of the numeric keypad commonly located to the right of the main keyboard and is commonly displayed by an LED built into the keyboard.

The Num Lock key exists because earlier 84-key IBM PC keyboards did not have cursor control or arrows separate from the numeric keypad. Most earlier computer keyboards had different number keys and cursor control keys; however, to reduce cost, IBM chose to combine the two in their early PC keyboards. Num Lock would be used to select between the two functions. On some laptop computers, the Num Lock key is used to convert part of the main keyboard to act as a (slightly skewed) numeric keypad rather than letters. On some laptop computers, the Num Lock key is absent and replaced by the use of a key combination.

Since Apple Keyboards never had a combination of arrow keys and numeric keypad (but some lacked arrow keys, function keys, and a numeric keypad altogether), Apple has keyboards with a separate numeric keypad but no functional Num Lock key. Keyboards manufactured by Apple will instead use a  Clear key but not all Apple manufactured keyboards will be provided with it.

References

Lock keys

Num Lock


A Checoslováquia enviou filmes ao Oscar de melhor filme internacional de 1964 a 1991, até se separar em República Checa e Eslováquia em 1993. A premiação é entregue anualmente pela Academia de Artes e Ciências Cinematográficas dos Estados Unidos a um longa-metragem produzido fora dos Estados Unidos que contenha diálogo majoritariamente em qualquer idioma, menos em inglês.

Filmes checoslovacos receberam seis indicações ao Oscar de melhor filme internacional, dois dos quais venceram o prêmio: Obchod na korze (em eslovaco) e Ostře sledované vlaky (em checo); ambos são comédias ácidas que se passam durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O diretor Miloš Forman teve dois filmes selecionados para representar a Checoslováquia nos anos 1960, e ambos foram indicados. Eventualmente, Forman venceu dois Óscares de Melhor Diretor depois de emigrar para os Estados Unidos.

Depois da separação da Chechoslováquia, a República Checa e a Eslováquia começaram a enviar seus filmes à competição regularmente. Desde então, a República Checa conseguiu mais três indicações ao Oscar, com uma vitória.

Filmes
A Academia de Artes e Ciências Cinematográficas convida as indústrias cinematográficas de vários países a enviar seus melhores filmes para o Oscar de Melhor Filme Internacional desde 1956. O Comitê de Filmes Internacionais dirige o processo e revê todos os filmes enviados. Depois disso, eles votam via voto secreto para determinar os cinco indicados para o prêmio. Antes da premiação ser criada, o Conselho de Governadores da Academia votava em um filme todo ano que era considerado o melhor filme de língua estrangeira lançado nos Estados Unidos e não havia enviados.

A lista abaixo contém os filmes enviados pela Checoslováquia para análise da Academia. Quase todas as inscrições são majoritariamente em checo, com as exceções das inscrições de 1982 e 1984, que são em eslovaco.

Ver também
 Lista dos indicados ao Oscar de melhor filme internacional
 Lista de países por número de Óscares de Melhor Filme Internacional
 Cinema da Checoslováquia

Notas

Referências

Checoslováquia
Filmes da Checoslováquia
Óscar de melhor filme internacional

Lista de representantes da Checoslováquia ao Oscar de melhor filme internacional


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1980 en Finlande  :

Sport
 Championnat de Finlande de football 1980
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 1979-1980
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 1980-1981
 - : Organisation du Championnat du monde junior de hockey sur glace à Helsinki.
 13- : Participation de la Finlande aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver à Lake Placid aux États-Unis.
 - : Participation de la Finlande aux Jeux olympiques d'été à Moscou.

Création
 Championnat de Finlande de football américain

  (club)
 Korson Palloseura (club)

Culture

Sortie de film
 Cœur de feu
 Korpinpolska
 Milka : Un film sur les tabous

Création
 Église Saint-Henri de Turku (inauguration)
 Gare de Koivukylä
 Iltalehti, journal.

 Visulahti (parc d'attraction)

Naissance
 , réalisateur.
 , personnalité politique.
 , sprinteuse.
 , heptathlète.
 , nageuse.
 , poétesse.
 , auteur de bandes dessinées finlandais.
 , chanteur.
 , actrice.
 , joueuse de hockey sur glace.

Décès
 , architecte.
 , physicien.
 , sprinteur.
 , écrivaine.
 , historien.
 , photographe.
 Kaarlo Mäkinen, lutteur.
 , écrivain.
 , journaliste.
 , architecte.
 Paavo Yrjölä, décathlète.

Notes et références

1980 en Finlande

1980 en Finlande


Zvjezdari, gdjegod zvezdari ili betlemaši, naziv je za tradicijski ophod i čestitare u sjeverozapadnoj i sjevernoj Hrvatskoj. Večer uoči blagdana Bogojavljenja (Sveta tri kralja) ophodili selom: skupina dječaka – trojica od njih maskiranih kao Gašpar, Melkior i Baltazar ‒ ophodili su selom noseći betlehemsku zvijezdu, obično napravljenu od oboda sita, ukrašenu i rasvijetljenu te pritom pjevali prigodne pjesme želeći ljudima duhovna i materijalna dobra u novoj godini. U Austriji i Njemačkoj čestitare zovu Sternsinger, u Engleskoj Star singers ili Epiphany singers.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Marko Dragić: "Hrvatski tradicijski čestitarski ophodi, pohodi i običaji od Božića do Sveta tri kralja"
Drava.info – Vesna Peršič Kovač: "IZA BOŽIĆA: Na Tri kralja zvjezdari obilaze selo"
Pastoral mladih.hr – Zvjezdari

Narodni običaji

Zvjezdari


Andagoya is a village in west-central Colombia. Andagoya is named for Pascual de Andagoya (1495–1548), a Spanish conquistador.

History
A cacique named Pocorosa lived in Andagoya in the 19th century. Pocorosa met the Spanish conquistadors.

Climate
Andagoya has one of the most monotonous climates in the world. Its annual range of mean monthly temperatures – that is to say, the difference between the warmest and coldest months – at Andagoya is mere  0.8C (1.5F) as March, the warmest month, has an average temperature of  while November, the "coldest" month, averages ; the average annual temperature is . This near complete uniformity of temperature is caused by the fact that Andagoya, at a latitude of 5°5' North, lies extremely close to the thermal equator, which is situated a few degrees north of the astronomical equator because the Earth reaches perihelion (its closest position to the Sun in its orbit) in early January and is at aphelion (furthest away) in early July, causing places located precisely at the equator to receive somewhat more insolation (i.e., light and heat energy from the sun) in January than in July even though the height of the sun and the length of days would be the same at both times. At a few degrees north latitude, however, the perihelion/aphelion factor and the slightly higher sun and longer days experienced at the time of the summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere cancel each other out, making the level of insolation experienced there virtually identical throughout the year.

Every month of the year has at least  of average precipitation, with the wettest month (May) averaging . Average annual precipitation is , and more rain falls at night than during the day, the reverse of what is true in most places that have tropical rainforest climate.

References

Populated places in the Chocó Department

Andagoya


Grimmia laevigata (deutsch Graues Kissenmoos) ist eine Laubmoos-Art aus der Familie Grimmiaceae. Synonyme sind Grimmia campestris Burchell ex Hook. oder Guembelia laevigata (Brid.) Ochyra & Zarnowiec.

Merkmale
Grimmia laevigata bildet niedrige graugrüne, leicht zerfallende Polster. Die aufrechten Pflanzen werden bis etwa 2 Zentimeter hoch. Der Stämmchenquerschnitt weist einen deutlichen Zentralstrang auf. Die trocken anliegenden, feucht aufrecht abstehenden Blätter sind breit eiförmig, 1,5 bis 3 Millimeter lang und 0,4 bis 0,6 Millimeter breit, konkav, im Querschnitt halbkreisförmig und haben flache Blattränder. Die Blattrippe ist am Blattgrund stark erweitert, sonst schwach entwickelt. Die oberen Blätter der Stämmchen besitzen eine lange, gezähnte Glasspitze, an den unteren Blättern ist sie kurz oder fehlt. Die Laminazellen sind dickwandig, glatt, rundlich-quadratisch, nur am Blattgrund neben der Rippe rechteckig. Die Lamina ist am Blattgrund und an den Rändern einzellschichtig, sonst durchgehend zweizellschichtig.

Das Moos ist diözisch. Die Seta ist bis 2 Millimeter lang und gerade, die die Blätter überragende aufrechte Sporenkapsel ist länglich-eiförmig, glatt und engmündig, der Deckel kurz geschnäbelt.

Verbreitung und Standortansprüche
Grimmia laevigata ist fast weltweit verbreitet und besiedelt kalkfreie oder kalkarme Silikatfelsen in sonnigen, trocken-warmen Lagen. In Mitteleuropa ist es eher seltener und weitgehend auf Mittelgebirgslagen beschränkt.

Quellen
 Jan-Peter Frahm, Wolfgang Frey: Moosflora (= UTB. 1250). 4., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8252-1250-5.
 Martin Nebel, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): Die Moose Baden-Württembergs. Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil, spezieller Teil (Bryophytina I, Andreaeales bis Funariales). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3527-2.

Weblinks

 Grimmia laevigata in Moosflora der Schweiz

Grimmia (Gattung)
laevigata

Grimmia laevigata


Elionurus, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice Poaceae, dio je podtribusa Rhytachninae. Jedina vrsta je trajnica O. gracillima, raširena po dijelovima tropske i južne Afrike

Naraste od 20 do 60 cm visine.

Sinonimi
 Oxyrhachis mildbraediana Pilg.
 Rottboellia gracillima Baker

Izvori

Rhytachninae
Flora KwaZulu-Natala
Flora provincije Eastern Cape
Flora Sijera Leonea
Flora Nigerije
Flora Kameruna
Flora Ekvatorijalne Gvineje
Flora Tanzanije
Flora Zambije
Flora Madagaskara

Oxyrhachis


Esta é uma lista de títulos, prêmios e recordes estabelecidos por Romário, ex-futebolista brasileiro. Ele é considerado como um dos maiores jogadores de todos os tempos.

Títulos

 Vasco da Gama

 Copa Mercosul: 2000
 Campeonato Brasileiro: 2000
 Campeonato Carioca: 1987, 1988
 Taça Guanabara: 1986, 1987, 2000
 Taça Rio: 1988, 2001
 Troféu Ramón de Carranza: 1987, 1988
 Copa Ouro (EUA): 1987
 Copa TAP (EUA): 1987
 Taça Juiz de Fora: 1986, 1987
 Taça Brigadeiro Jerônimo Bastos: 1988

 PSV Eindhoven

 Campeonato Neerlandês: 1988-89, 1990-91, 1991-92
 Copa dos Países Baixos: 1988-89, 1989-90
 Supercopa dos Países Baixos: 1992

 Barcelona

 Campeonato Espanhol: 1993-94
 Supercopa da Espanha: 1994
 Troféu Teresa Herrera: 1993
 Troféu FORTA em Marbella: 1993
 Troféu Olimpíco: 1993
 Troféu da Cidade de Salamanca: 1994

 Flamengo

 Copa Mercosul: 1999
 Copa dos Campeões Mundiais: 1997
 Campeonato Carioca: 1996, 1999
 Taça Guanabara: 1995, 1996, 1999
 Taça Rio: 1996
 Torneio Quadrangular de Brasília: 1997

 Valencia

 Troféu Naranja: 1996
 Troféu de la Generalitat Valenciana: 1996
 Copa Fuji: 1997
 Troféu Agrupación de Peñas Valencianistas: 1997

 Al-Sadd

 Campeonato Qatariano: 2003-04
 Copa da Coroa do Príncipe do Qatar: 2003
 Copa do Emir do Qatar: 2002-03

 America-RJ

 Campeonato Carioca - Série B: 2009

 Seleção Brasileira

 Copa do Mundo FIFA: 1994
 Copa das Confederações FIFA: 1997
 Copa América: 1989, 1997
 Taça Stanley Rous: 1987
 Torneio Bicentenário da Austrália: 1988

Campanhas de destaques
Vasco

 2ª colocação - Campeonato Carioca: 1986, 2000 e 2001
 2ª colocação - Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2000
 2ª colocação - Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA: 2000
Seleção Brasileira

 2ª colocação - Olimpíadas de Seul: 1988
 2ª colocação - Torneio da França: 1997
 3ª colocação - Copa Ouro da CONCACAF: 1998
PSV

 2ª colocação - Copa intercontinental: 1988
 2ª colocação - Supercopa da UEFA: 1988
 2ª colocação - Campeonato Holandês: 1989–90
 2ª colocação - Supercopa da Holanda: 1991
Barcelona

 2ª colocação - Supercopa da Espanha: 1993
 2ª colocação - Liga dos Campeões da UEFA: 1993–94
Flamengo

 2ª colocação - Campeonato Carioca: 1995 e 1998
 2ª colocação - Supercopa Libertadores: 1995
 2ª colocação - Copa Euro-América: 1996
 2ª colocação - Copa dos Campeões Mundiais: 1996
 2ª colocação - Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1997
 2ª colocação - Copa do Brasil: 1997

Fluminense

 4ª colocação - Campeonato Brasileiro: 2002
 2ª colocação - Campeonato Carioca: 2003

Prêmios individuais

 Melhor Jogador do Mundo FIFA: 1994
 FIFA 100: 2004
 Seleção de Futebol do Século XX pela Voetbal International: 1999 (Melhor centroavante do século)
 Maior Centroavante da história - Site UOL: 2007
 Seleção Brasileira de todos os tempos - Revista Placar
 Seleção Carioca do Século XXI: Globoesporte.com
 Onze de Bronze: 1993
 Onze d'Or: 1994
 Melhor Jogador da Europa - El País (Uruguai): 1994
 2º Melhor Jogador do Mundo FIFA: 1993
 Ballon d'Or: 1994 (Edição revisada em 2015)
 10º Melhor Jogador do Mundo - Revista World Soccer: 1988
 7º Melhor Jogador do Mundo - Revista World Soccer: 1989
 4º Melhor Jogador do Mundo - Revista World Soccer: 1993
 3º Melhor Jogador do Mundo - Revista World Soccer: 1994
 4º Melhor Jogador do Mundo FIFA: 1995
 10º Melhor Jogador do Mundo FIFA: 1996
 Bola de Ouro da Copa do Mundo FIFA: 1994
 Seleção da Copa do Mundo FIFA: 1994
 Melhor jogador do Campeonato Holandês: 1989, 1990 e 1991
 Melhor atacante do Campeonato Holandês: 1989, 1990 e 1991
 Melhor atacante da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA: 1990 e 1993
 L'Équipe Campeão dos campeões – Esportista do ano: 1994
 Troféu EFE: 1993-94
 Troféu Pichichi (Artilharia da Liga Espanhola): 1993-94
 Melhor Jogador Estrangeiro da Espanha (revista El País): 1994
 Melhor Jogador Estrangeiro do Campeonato Espanhol (Revista Don Balón): 1994
 Melhor Atacante Centro Avante do Campeonato Espanhol (Revista Don Balón): 1994
 Seleção do Campeonato Espanhol (Revista Don Balon): 1994
 Melhor Jogador do Campeonato Espanhol: 1994
 Bola de Prata da Copa das Confederações: 1997
 Bola de Bronze da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA: 2000
 Bola de Ouro Revista Placar: 2000
 Bola de Prata Revista Placar: 2000, 2001 e 2005
 Melhor Jogador estrangeiro de todos os tempos do futebol holandês: (Jornal Sportwereld)
 3º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos: (Associação de Estatísticos do Futebol (AFS))
 7º Maior Jogador brasileiro de todos os tempos: (Site americano Bleacher Report)
 21º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos: (Revista Four Four Two)
 23º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos entre os jogadores que atuaram no período de 1994 até 2019: (Revista Four Four Two)
 40º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos: (Revista Sport Illustrated)
 13º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos em Copas do Mundo: (Revista World Soccer)
 16º Maior Jogador de todos os tempos em Copas do Mundo: (Jornal The Guardian)
 12º Maior Jogador Sul-americano de todos os tempos (Revista Four Four Two)
 30º Maior Jogador Sul-americano do Século XX - IFFHS: 1999
 26º Maior Jogador do século XX - Revista World Soccer: 1999
 11º Maior Jogador Brasileiro do Século XX - IFFHS: 1999
 17º Maior Jogador do Século XX - Revista France Football: 1999
 5º Maior Jogador do Século XX FIFA - Votação Internet: 2000
 18º Maior Jogador do Século XX FIFA - Votação Grande Júri: 2000
 Prêmio Rei da América - El País : 2000 (1° lugar), 2001 (3° lugar)
 Chuteira de Prata da Copa do Mundo FIFA :1994
 Chuteira de Ouro da Revista Placar: 1999, 2000 e 2002
 Chuteira de Ouro da Copa das Confederações: 1997
 Chuteira de Ouro da CBF: 2001 e 2005
 Futebolista Neerlandês do Ano: 1989
 Troféu Rei do Gol: 2005
 Prêmio Golden Foot: 2007 (Como a lenda do futebol)
 Time dos Sonhos da Copa do Mundo FIFA
 Time dos Sonhos de todos os tempos do Vasco: (Jornal Extra)
 Time dos Sonhos de todos os tempos do PSV: (PSV Magazine)
 Time dos Sonhos de todos os tempos do Flamengo: (Revista Lance - Série grandes Clubes em 1999 e votação internet)
 Time dos Sonhos de todos os tempos do Barcelona: (Jornal El Mundo Deportivo)
 Equipe Ideal de América - El País: 1995, 2000 e 2001
 Seleção do Sul-Americano Sub-20: 1985
 Seleção da Copa Ouro: 1998
 Hall da fama – Pachuca, México: 2014
 Hall da Fama no Museu do Futebol Brasileiro: 2006
 Calçada da fama no Maracanã: 2000
 Estátua de Bronze no Estádio de São Januário: 2007
 Calçada da fama do PSV: 2022
 Melhor dupla de ataque de todos os tempos do futebol brasileiro com Euller entre os jogadores que atuaram no período de 2000 até 2020: (GloboEsporte.com)
 Globe Soccer Awards (Prêmio pela carreira de ter sido um dos melhores jogadores de todos os tempos): 2022
 Jogador do ano: Melhor jogador do Vasco da Gama nas temporadas 1987, 1988, 2000 e 2001

Artilharias

(Categorias de base)

 Campeonato Carioca Sub-15 de 1979 (7 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca Sub-17 de 1982 (13 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca Sub-20 de 1983 (17 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca Sub-20 de 1984 (22 gols)
 Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-20 de 1985 (5 gols)

(Competições amistosas)

 Torneio Bicentenário da Austrália (3 gols)
 Troféu FORTA - Antena 3 TV Marbella de 1993 (2 gols)
 Torneio Isla de Tenerife de 1993 (3 gols)
 Copa dos Campeões Mundiais de 1996 (2 gols)

(Competições oficiais)

 Campeonato Carioca de 1986 (20 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 1987 (16 gols)
 Jogos Olímpicos de 1988 (7 gols)
 Liga dos Campeões da UEFA de 1989–90 (6 gols)
 Eredivisie de 1988-89 (19 gols)
 Eredivisie de 1989–90 (23 gols)
 Eredivisie de 1990–91 (25 gols)
 Copa dos Países Baixos de 1990-1991 (5 gols)
 Liga dos Campeões da UEFA de 1992–93 (7 gols)
 La Liga de 1993–94 (30 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 1996 (26 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 1997 (18 gols)
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo de 1997 (7 gols)
 Copa das Confederações de 1997 (7 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 1998 (10 gols)
 Copa do Brasil de 1998 (7 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 1999 (16 gols)
 Copa do Brasil de 1999 (8 gols)
 Copa Mercosul de 1999 (8 gols)
 Campeonato Carioca de 2000 (19 gols)
 Campeonato Mundial de Clubes da FIFA de 2000 (3 gols)
 Campeonato Brasileiro de 2000 (módulo Azul e fase final) (20 gols)
 Copa Mercosul de 2000 (11 gols)
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo de 2000 (12 gols)
 Campeonato Brasileiro de 2001 (21 gols)
 Campeonato Brasileiro de 2005 (22 gols)
 USL Soccer de 2006 (20 gols)

Recordes individuais

 Maior artilheiro em jogos oficiais de todos os tempos do futebol (Revista El Gráfico) - (768 gols)
 Segundo maior artilheiro de clubes da história (IFFHS) - (689 gols) (Ficando em primeiro lugar até março de 2022 quando foi ultrapassado por Cristiano Ronaldo).
 Maior artilheiro da década de 90 - (340 gols)
 Jogador a ficar mais tempo com o prêmio de melhor da Copa e Campeão do Mundo de 1994 até 2022 quando o feito foi conquistado por Lionel Messi.
 Maior artilheiro de todos os tempos da Copa Mercosul - (23 gols)
 Maior artilheiro do Vasco no século XXI - (131 gols)
 Jogador que foi mais vezes artilheiro em competições oficiais - (27 artilharias)
 Segundo maior artilheiro de todos os tempos da Copa do Brasil - (36 gols) - (Ficando em primeiro lugar até abril de 2022 quando foi ultrapassado por Fred).
 Jogador com mais artilharias consecutivas da Copa do Brasil: 2 (1998 e 1999)
 Jogador que marcou mais de 100 gols por 3 equipes diferentes - (Vasco, PSV e Flamengo)
 Jogador com mais artilharias consecutivas da Copa Mercosul: 2 (1999 e 2000)
 Jogador que foi mais vezes artilheiro da Copa Mercosul: 2 (1999 e 2000)
 Jogador que foi mais vezes artilheiro do Campeonato Carioca: 7 edições - (1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 e 2000)
 Jogador que mais vezes venceu a chuteira de Ouro da Revista Placar - 3 edições (1999 pelo Flamengo, 2000 pelo Vasco e 2002 pelo Fluminense)
 Jogador mais vezes artilheiro do Brasileirão Série A: 2000, 2001 e 2005
 Jogador que mais vezes fez hat-tricks em uma edição do Campeonato Espanhol: 5 vezes em 1993–94 (Ficou até 2010–11 em 1º lugar, perdendo o recorde para Cristiano Ronaldo, que fez 6 vezes na temporada 2010-2011)
 Quarto maior artilheiro do Flamengo - (204 gols)
 Terceiro maior artilheiro do Flamengo em competições internacionais - (14 gols)
 Segundo maior artilheiro do Vasco - (326 gols)
 Maior artilheiro do Vasco em competições internacionais - (18 gols)
 Terceiro maior artilheiro do PSV em jogos oficiais - (128 gols)
 Maior artilheiro em uma edição de Copa das Confederações: 1997 - (7 gols)
 Maior artilheiro da seleção brasileira em uma edição de Jogos Olímpicos: 1988 - (7 gols)
 Segundo maior artilheiro da seleção brasileira em eliminatórias para a Copa do Mundo - (11 gols) (ficando em primeiro lugar até setembro de 2021 quando foi ultrapassado pelo Neymar).
 Jogador que mais fez gols em jogos oficiais em um ano pela Seleção Brasileira: 1997 - (20 gols)
 Quarto maior artilheiro de todos os tempos da Seleção Brasileira em jogos oficiais: 55 gols em 70 jogos
 Maior artilheiro do mundo no ano 2000 - (73 gols)
 Maior artilheiro de todos os tempos do Vasco em uma temporada - (66 gols em 2000)
 Está na lista das seis maiores atuações individuais cara a cara da história do futebol mundial eleito pelo jornal inglês The Guardian - (Jogo Brasil vs Uruguai 19 de setembro de 1993 das eliminatórias para a Copa do Mundo de 1994)
 Terceiro maior artilheiro de todos os tempos do Brasileirão Série A: 155 gols (Ficando em segundo lugar até 2021 quando foi ultrapassado pelo Fred)
 Artilheiro mais velho de uma edição de Campeonato Brasileiro: 2005, aos 39 anos

Referências

Lista de títulos e prêmios recebidos por Romário


Mihai Cioroianu () a fost un alpinist de mare altitudine român. A murit pe al doilea vârf al lumii, K2, în urma unei căderi de pietre.

Biografie
În anul 1997 a reușit ascensiunea în premieră românească a vârfului Nanga Parbat, de 8125 metri, victorie dedicată celor căzuți în 1996 pe acest munte – Răzvan Petcu și Gabi Stana -, iar în 1998 a urcat pe vârful Gasherbrum II, de 8.035 metri.

Note

Nașteri în 1967
Nașteri pe 28 septembrie
Decese în 1999
Decese pe 10 iulie
Alpiniști optmiari
Alpiniști români
Alpiniști români decedați în ascensiuni montane
Bucureșteni
Decese cauzate de avalanșe
Decese pe K2 în Himalaya
Exploratori din secolul al XX-lea
Exploratori români
Optmiari români
Sportivi extremi români

Mihai Cioroianu


Karl Gustav Alexander Brückner (* 5. Mai 1893 in Göteborg; † 19. Februar 1963 in Riga) war ein deutsch-schwedischer Violinist und Musikpädagoge.

Familie
Karl Brückner entstammte einer ursprünglich in Coburg ansässigen Familie. Von dort wanderte sein 1747 geborener Ururgroßvater nach St. Petersburg aus. Sein Großvater war der in Jena verstorbene Historiker Alexander Brückner, Professor für russische Geschichte an der Universität Dorpat. Seine Onkel waren der Tübinger Rechtsgelehrte Philipp Heck, der Wiener Geograph Eduard Brückner und der Baseler Ophthalmologe Arthur Brückner, der Hertha Teichmüller, die Tochter des Dorpater Philosophen Gustav Teichmüller geheiratet hatte.

Karls Vater, Gustav Julius Brückner (1865–1927), hatte sich in Dresden zum Geiger ausbilden lassen und wirkte ab 1891 in Göteborg als Musiklehrer. Im selben Jahr heiratete Gustav Brückner die aus Finnland stammende Aina Erika Edlund (1863–1931), mit der er als Musikdirektor nach Leipzig und ab 1916 nach München zog, wo er verstarb.

Karl Brückner heiratete in erster Ehe 1920 in München die Konzertpianistin Eleonore (Lore) Klara Therese Winter (* 8. Februar 1897 in München). Der Ehe entstammte der Sohn Ernst Helmut Brückner (1921–1942).

In zweiter Ehe war er seit 1922 mit der aus Berlin stammenden Nora Edith Friedberg (1890–1970) vermählt. Aus dieser Verbindung ging die Tochter Marianne Brückner (1922–2011) hervor, die sich 1945 in Riga mit dem Geiger Markus Kremer (1898–1981) verehelichte. Beider Sohn und somit Enkel von Karl Brückner ist der Violinist Gidon Kremer.

Werdegang
Karl Brückner erhielt klassischen Geigenunterricht zunächst bei seinem Vater, ab 1901 bei Hans Sitt. Seit 1903 war Brückner offiziell am Leipziger Konservatorium eingeschrieben, welches er 1909 verließ. Dort erhielt er neben dem Geigenunterricht bei Hans Sitt zusätzlich Klavierstunden von Alois Reckendorf. Der als Wunderkind auf der Geige geltende Brückner besuchte ab 1904 das Königin-Carola-Gymnasium, das er 1914 mit dem Reifezeugnis verließ.

Nach ausgedehnten Konzertreisen studierte er Musikwissenschaft an den Universitäten von Leipzig und München, .

Von 1921 bis 1928 war er Lehrer am Konservatorium in Karlsruhe. Anschließend wirkte er als 1. Konzertmeister und Musikpädagoge in Frankfurt am Main und in Hamburg.

Aufgrund der jüdischen Abstammung seiner Frau emigrierte er 1935 nach Estland. Dort erlebte er 1939 die Annektierung der Baltischen Staaten durch die Sowjetunion.

Während des Krieges befand er sich in Alma-Ata, wo sein Sohn aus erster Ehe verstarb. Ab 1941 erhielt er eine Anstellung als Violinist am Mossowjet-Theater in Moskau. 1945 wurde er an das Staatskonservatorium Riga berufen, wo er bis zu seiner Pensionierung 1960 lehrte.

Veröffentlichungen
Neben musikgeschichtlichen Aufsätzen veröffentlichte Karl Brückner Arbeiten zur Violinpädagogik, darunter die 28 Hefte umfassende Reihe Psychologie des Geigenspiels (Bonn 1932ff) und Tonleiterstudien (Riga 1948).

Literatur
 Brückner, Karl Gustav Alexander. In: Erich Hermann Müller von Asow (Hrsg.): Deutsches Musiker-Lexikon. W. Limpert, Dresden 1929
 Brückner, Karl Gustav Alexander. In: Willibald Gurlitt (Hrsg.): Riemann Musiklexikon. Personenteil A-K. 12. Auflage. B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz 1959.
 Erik Amburger: Deutsche in Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Russlands: die Familie Amburger in St. Petersburg 1770–1920. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1986.

Einzelnachweise

Musikpädagoge
Konzertmeister
Klassischer Geiger
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Schwede
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1963
Mann

Karl Brückner (Geiger)


Ann-Marie Knauf (* 20. November 1992 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Volleyballspielerin.

Karriere
Knauf begann schon als Neunjährige das Volleyballspiel beim Köpenicker SC. Nach dem Abgang der Zuspielerin Sandra Sydlik im Jahr 2009 zum SC Potsdam holte der damalige Erstligatrainer Jürgen Treppner die 16-jährige Knauf, die bis dahin nur in der Regionalliga gespielt hatte, aus der zweiten Mannschaft des Vereins in das Bundesligateam. Dort spielte sie zunächst bis 2012. Nach einem Jahr Auszeit stieß sie zur Saison 2013/14 wieder zum Köpenicker SC. 2016 wechselte Knauf zum Ligakonkurrenten SC Potsdam.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Profil beim SC Potsdam

Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Volleyballspieler (Köpenicker SC)
Volleyballspieler (SC Potsdam)
Deutscher
Geboren 1992
Frau

Ann-Marie Knauf


Orlando Innamorato  (; known in English as "Orlando in Love"; in Italian titled "Orlando innamorato" as the "I" is never capitalized) is an epic poem written by the Italian Renaissance author Matteo Maria Boiardo. The poem is a romance concerning the heroic knight Orlando (Roland). It was published between 1483 (first two books) and 1495 (third book published separately, first complete edition).

Composition and publication
To material largely quarried from the Carolingian and Arthurian cycles, Boiardo added a superstructure of his own making. As the plot is not woven around a single pivotal action, the inextricable maze of most cunningly contrived episodes are seen to be linked, first, with the quest of beautiful Angelica by love-smitten Orlando and the other enamored knights, then with the defense of Albracca by Angelica's father, the King of Cathay, against the beleaguering Tartars, and, finally, with the Moors' siege of Paris and their struggle with Charlemagne's army.

The poem, written in the ottava rima stanza rhythm, consists of 68 cantos and a half. Boiardo began the poem when he was about 38 years old, but interrupted it for a time because of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479). He is believed to have continued till 1486, but then left the poem unfinished. The last verses say:

meaning While I sing, Redemptor God,                                                                                I see Italy covered in flame and fire.The first two books were published sometime between 1482 and 1483, most likely by Pietro Giovanni di San Lorenzo in Reggio; but all copies were lost. It most likely bore the title L'innamoramento de Orlando. The third book first appeared in 1495 (Venice: Simone Bevilacqua) under the title El fin del inamoramento de' Orlando. The first complete edition was published later in 1495 (Scandiano: Camillo Boiardo). Like the editio princeps (first two books), the first complete edition of 1495 has been completely lost. The oldest copy which came down to us is the 1487 reedition of the first two books (Venice: Pietro de' Piasi); only one copy exists, kept at the Biblioteca Marciana. There is also only one extant copy of the 1495 Venetian edition of the third book, located in Monaco. The oldest complete edition we have is dated 1506 (Venice: Giorgio de' Rusconi); there also remains only one copy, kept at the Marciana.

Plot

The beautiful Angelica, daughter of the king of Cataio (Cathay), comes to Charlemagne's court for a tournament in which both Christians and Pagans can participate. She offers herself as a prize to whoever will defeat her brother, Argalia, who in the consequent fighting competition imprisons one of the Christians. But the second knight to fight, Ferraguto (a.k.a. Ferraù), kills Argalia and Angelica flees, chased by leading paladins, especially Orlando and Rinaldo. Stopping in the Ardenne forest, she drinks at the Stream of Love (making her fall in love with Rinaldo), while Rinaldo drinks at the fount of hate (making him conceive a passionate hatred of Angelica). She asks the magician Malagigi to kidnap Rinaldo, and the magician brings him to an enchanted island, while she returns to Cataio where she is besieged by King Agrican, another of her admirers, in the fortress of Albraccà. Orlando comes to kill Agrican and to free her, and he succeeds. Afterwards, Rinaldo, who has escaped from the enchanted island, tries to convince him to return to France to fight alongside Charlemagne: consequently, Orlando and Rinaldo duel furiously.

In the meantime the Saracen king Agramante has invaded France with a massive army (along with Rodomonte, Ferraù, Gradasso, and many others), to avenge his father Troiano, previously killed by Orlando. Rinaldo rushes back to France, chased by Angelica in love with him, in turn chased by Orlando. Back in the Ardenne forest, this time Rinaldo and Angelica drink at the opposite founts. Orlando and Rinaldo duel again for Angelica, and Charlemagne decides to entrust her to the old and wise duke Namo, offering her to the one who will fight most valorously against the infidels. In the meantime, the Saracen paladin Ruggiero and Rinaldo's sister, Bradamante, fall in love. The poem stops there abruptly, with Boiardo's narrator explaining that he can write no more because Italy has been invaded by French troops headed by king Charles VIII.

Influence
In spite of its unfinished state and some deficiencies in rhythm, Boiardo's Orlando is considered a notable work of art. The story of Angelica's struggles and Orlando's pursuit were continued in Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto in 1516. The immediate success of the new poem easily surpassed the fame of Orlando Innamorato. Furthermore, in 1531 a minor Tuscan poet, Francesco Berni, re-wrote the poem in an elegant and regular Italian, since in the sixteenth century the vernacular traces found in Boiardo's work were no longer accepted. The original text, no longer read or published, was newly discovered by Antonio Panizzi in the British Museum Library (1830).

Another Renaissance poet, Torquato Tasso, borrowed many of Boiardo's epic conventions, although his Jerusalem Delivered does not use the Orlando frame.

An unabridged English translation was performed by Charles Stanley Ross, published in 2004 by Parlor Press.

See also
Ruggiero
Rodomonte
Sacripante
Brunello
Marfisa
 1490s in poetry
Bradamante
Rinaldo
Orlando furioso, a continuation by Ludovico Ariosto published between 1516 and 1532.

References

External links
Francesco Berni's rifacimento of Boiardo's  Orlando Innamorato (English translation)

1483 books
1495 books
Epic poems in Italian
Italian poems
Works based on The Song of Roland
Matter of France
Romance (genre)
Cultural depictions of Charlemagne
Unfinished poems
Poems published posthumously

Orlando Innamorato


Breyner ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Manuel Mello-Breyner (* 1953), portugiesischer Autorennfahrer und Motorsportfunktionär
 Nicolau Breyner (1940–2016), portugiesischer Schauspieler
 Tomás de Melo Breyner Andresen (1922–1993), portugiesischer Diplomat

Breyner


El parque nacional Upemba es una extensa reserva natural situada en la República Democrática del Congo, en la provincia de Katanga, para una mayor precisión. El mismo se encuentra localizado en la depresión del Upemba, una zona pantanosa salpicada por exuberantes lagos, entre los que se destaca el lago Upemba (que da nombre a la región y al propio.

Historia
El parque nacional Upemba fue creado en el año 1939. Es el hogar de aproximadamente unas 1,800 especies diferentes, algunas de las cuales fueron clasificadas en fechas tan tardías como el año 2003. Existe un puñado de pueblos en el interior de la reservación.

En los últimos años, el parque nacional ha sido objeto de continuos ataques, tanto por parte de cazadores furtivos, cuanto por grupos de milicianos locales, partidarios u opositores al gobierno congoleño. Dentro de este contexto, citamos el hecho del ataque a las oficinas administrativas del parque por parte de la milicia Mai Mai, el 28 de mayo de 2004. Durante el mismo, muchos de los guardaparques fueron asesinados junto a sus familiares, se incendió al edificio de la administración y la familia del jefe de guardaparques fue tomada como rehén.

En tiempos recientes, el parque enfrenta, como otras reservas de flora y fauna africanas, inconvenientes generados a partir de las actividades de los cazadores furtivos, de la contaminación, del paso de refugiados políticos y de los grupos milicianos insurgentes.

El 1 de junio de 2005, el servicio de protección del parque nacional Upemba recibió el Premio Abraham a la Conservación, en virtud de sus esfuerzos en la preservación de la biodiversidad de la cuenca del río Congo.

Medio ambiente
El parque nacional Upemba se halla ubicado entre los 9°5' y los 8°45' de latitud sur y los 25°50' y 27°10' de longitud este. Al momento de su apertura, el 15 de mayo de 1939, el parque contaba con unos 17,730 kilómetros cuadrados, siendo, en ese entonces, el más extenso del continente africano. En julio de 1975, los límites del mismo han sido revisados y, en la actualidad, las dimensiones del parque cuentan con 10,000 kilómetros cuadrados, aproximadamente, con un área anexa de otros 3,000. El área comprendida exhibe una variedad de medio ambientes: pastizales (en las alturas de la meseta), bosques, bosquecillos y humedales.

El lago Upemba presenta una profundidad máxima de 3,20 metros y en algunas partes del mismo se observa un inmenso crecimiento de algas. Los cursos de agua de la región fluctúan a lo largo del año, habiendo un mayor nivel de aguas en la temporada que se extiende de marzo a junio, y uno bajo entre octubre y enero.

Fauna

El complejo sistema de lagos, ríos, arroyos, pantanos y humedales alberga una interesante variedad de fauna ictiológica. En esta se incluyen más de treinta variedades de cyprinidae, mormyridae (popularmente conocidos como peces elefante), barbos, alestidae, mochokidae y cíclidos.

Entre las especies de aves, encontramos muchas en peligro de extinción, como el picozapato, la grulla caranculada y el zorzal manchado. Es endémico del parque el astrild de cara negra.

Flora
La mayoría de los cuerpos de agua del parque nacional Upemba, se caracterizan por una profusión de vegetación de pantanos, entre la que se destacan especies como el papiro, la lechuga del Nilo y el abrojo de agua, como las más representativas.

Véase también
 Depresión del Upemba
 Lago Upemba
 Cultura Upemba

Upemba
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1939
República Democrática del Congo en 1939

Parque nacional Upemba


An Vriesea guttata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden ngan Éduard-François André. An Vriesea guttata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea guttata


La alfa 2-antiplasmina (α2-antiplasmina o inhibidor de la plasmina) es una glucoproteína de cadena simple que pertenece a la familia de las serinas. Funciona como serina proteasa inhibitora, una enzima que inactiva a la plasmina (proteína que interviene en el proceso de la coagulación), aunque esta no es su única función puesto que puede producir también la inhibición de la quimotripsina (situándose el lugar de unión entre los aminoácidos 404 y 405) y a la tripsina. Su acción enzimática es vital en el proceso de fibrinolisis y en la degradación de otras proteínas. El gen que codifica a la α2-antiplasmina es conocida como .

La inhibición de la plasmina se realiza mediante la creación de un complejo entre las dos proteínas (complejo PAP), unión que se realiza en dos pasos: en primer lugar se da la interacción entre la parte C-terminal de la alfa 2-antiplasmina y la plasmina (la interacción principal se da entre las lisinas de la antiplasmina y los distintos dominios de la plasmina); procediéndose después a la unión entre el aminoácido 376 de la alfa 2-antiplasmina, que forma parte de su centro activo, y el 741 de la plasmina (unión entre una arginina y una serina). En caso de que la concentración de la plasmina sea muy elevada, otra proteína, la alfa 2-macroglobulina, cumple la misma función uniéndose a la plasmina para inhibirla. Durante la formación de coágulos la alfa 2-antiplasmina puede unirse también de manera directa a la plasmina para inhibirla, este proceso se realiza con la mediación del factor XIII de coagulación y los enlaces se dan entre el aminoácido 14 de la alfa 2-antiplasmina y el 303 de la plasmina.

La alfa 2-antiplasmina es secretada principalmente por el hígado pero, en investigaciones recientes, se ha descubierto que su secreción puede darse en otros lugares como por ejemplo en el sistema nervioso central, en los riñones o en el intestino. Una vez generada es expulsada al plasma, ya que se trata de una proteína extracelular.

Debido a su papel en la coagulación, cualquier alteración de su estructura o un cambio en su presencia (exceso o deficiencia) puede producir graves problemas como desórdenes del sangrado o trombóticos, etc. En casos muy infrecuentes, aparece una deficiencia de α2-antiplasmina. La inhibición anormal de la α2-antiplasmina conlleva a una tendencia al sangrado.

La α2-antiplasmina interactúa con la plasmina y la proteína elastasa de neutrófilos.

Estructura

La alfa 2-antiplasmina está formada por la unión covalente de 491 aminoácidos. La estructura de esta proteína puede subdividirse en tres secciones: del aminoácido 1 al 27 se encuentra la secuencia señal, del 28 al 39 el propéptido; zona que es eliminada por la acción de la prolil-endopeptidasa FAP, enzima de la familia de las endopeptidasas, dando lugar a la conformación madura de la proteína; y finalmente el resto de la cadena, del aminoácido 40 al 491.

La alfa 2-antiplasmina es una glucoproteína, formada por la unión de glúcidos a la cadena proteica. En su estructura pueden encontrarse N-glucosilaciones en los aminoácidos 126, 295, 209 y 316 donde se da la unión de 4 N-acetilglucosamina a asparaginas. También posee una unión de dos cisteínas en posiciones 70 y 143 mediante un puente disulfuro.

La proteína, en una de sus conformaciones más habituales, tiene una masa de 54,566 Da (Dalton). Su concentración en el plasma sanguíneo es de aproximadamente 70 μg/mL y la cantidad diaria sintetizada unos 2.1 mg/kg. Además, la vida media de la alfa 2-antiplasmina es de unos 2.6 días.

Función

Función antifibrolítica
La α2-antiplasmina es un inhibidor de las peptidasas de serina, concretamente se la considera el principal inhibidor de la plasmina. Por tanto, interviene principalmente en el proceso de fibrinólisis, inhibiendo la degradación de las redes de fibrina de los coágulos, de la que es responsable la plasmina. Por tanto, es también un antifibrinolítico.

De esta función son responsables tres dominios funcionales de la α2AP: un primer lugar de anclaje a la plasmina o a su precursor inactivo, el plasminógeno; un centro activo que se une mediante una interacción de tipo covalente a la serina catalítica de la plasmina o de su precursor; y un lugar de unión mediante reticulación a la red de fibrina. De esta manera, la α2AP desarrolla su actividad en el plasma sanguíneo, donde compite para unirse al plasminógeno con la fibrina e inhibe directamente la actividad enzimática de la plasmina al unirse covalentemente a su centro activo. Esto ocurre mediante la formación de un complejo estable entre la enzima y su inhibidor, sea en suspensión en el plasma o en la red de fibrina.

Mecanismo de reacción
La formación del complejo plasmina-antiplasmina ocurre en dos pasos:
 Primeramente, seis lisinas del extremo C-terminal de la antiplasmina interaccionan de manera no-covalente con unos motivos de unión a lisina, LBS por sus siglas en inglés (lysine binding sites), los dominios Kringle (1 a 5) de la plasmina. No obstante, según ha revelado la reciente cristalización de las estructuras nativas del plasminógeno, esta unión tan solo ocurriría en su variante Lys, mientras que en su variante Glu la unión sería independiente de los motivos LBS.
 A continuación, se produce la unión covalente entre la arginina en posición 376 de la antiplasmina con el residuo de serina del centro activo de la plasmina. Esta unión implicaría la escisión del centro activo y provocaría un cambio conformacional en la serina.

Esto resulta en la formación de un complejo macromolecular entre ambas proteínas y en la inhibición de la actividad fibrolítica de la plasmina.

Otras funciones de la α2-antiplasmina
No obstane, la capacidad proteolítica de la plasmina no se limita exclusivamente a la fibrina, sino que tiene la capacidad para hidrolizar la mayoría de proteínas extracelulares y, por tanto, se cree que podría estar implicada en otros procesos biológicos más allá de la degradación de coágulos. Ergo la α2AP podría, como inhibidor de la plasmina, influenciar numerosos procesos en múltiples tejidos, no solamente la sangre.
Asimismo, se ha observado que en el sistema nervioso central la antiplasmina estimula el crecimiento y ramificación de las dendritas en las neuronas situadas en el hipocampo.

Lugares de síntesis y almacenamiento
Encontramos la mayor parte de la α2AP de nuestro organismo disuelta en el plasma sanguíneo. Dicha antiplasmina en circulación viene sintetizada por el hígado, aunque los riñones también han sido identificados más recientemente como lugares de producción de la proteína. Asimismo, ambos tejidos son, excluyendo a la sangre, los principales lugares de acumulación de α2-antiplasmina en humanos. Sin embargo, estudios con roedores de la subfamilia de los Murinae sugieren que también lo serían músculos, el intestino, el sistema nervioso central y la placenta, lo que reforzaría la idea de que la antiplasmina participa en otros procesos biológicos aparte de la inhibición de la fibrinólisis.

Regulación
La modificación de los extremos N-terminal y C-terminal de la antiplasmina supone un mecanismo de regulación principal de la actividad de la proteína.

Asimismo, estudios recientes sugieren la regulación hormonal de la explresión de la α2AP por la testosterona. Unos mayores niveles de testosterona comportarían una mayor acumulación de moléculas de ARNm de antiplasmina en los túbulos proximales del riñón; sin embargo, a diferencia del tejido renal, no se ha observado que la acumulación en hepatocitos guarde relación con la cantidad de hormona.

Anomalías y patologías
En cuanto nos fijamos en la alfa 2-antiplasmina (α2AP) a nivel médico podemos ver que es fácil encontrar diversas patologías relacionadas con esta proteína, ya sea por alguna anomalía congénita o adquirida que modifica el funcionamiento regular de la antiplasmina, la cual cosa nos llevará a ver casos de problemas hepáticos, de coagulación, afecciones cardíacas o incluso enfermedades con un pronóstico mayoritariamente negativo como lo es la amiloidosis. Por otro lado, el descubrimiento de cierta relación entre ciertas enfermedades y las alteraciones en la antiplasmina nos da también una oportunidad de abrir puertas a nuevos tratamientos mediante la regulación de dicha proteína.

Cardiopatía isquémica
Un caso de afección que se ha podido relacionar a la alfa-dos-antiplasmina es el caso de la cardiopatía isquémica. Así pues, en esta enfermedad cardíaca, se da un proceso de oclusión de las arterias que hacen llegar la sangre al corazón, a causa de acumulaciones de substancias como los lípidos, proceso que conocemos como arteriosclerosis. Partiendo de esta información general, cuando se buscan posibles causantes o agraviantes de dicha enfermedad encontramos factores ya bastante conocidos como el tabaquismo, los niveles altos de colesterol o simplemente el factor que supone tener una edad avanzada. Pero si vamos más allá es fácil de ver que con mucha facilidad, aquellos sistemas de regulación de la circulación estarán afectados cuando se da una cardiopatía isquémica. Dicho esto, encontramos que una proteína como la alfa-2-antiplasmina tiene una gran relación con el funcionamiento del torrente sanguíneo, y que ciertas anomalías en los niveles de esta proteína, pueden comportar desorden de sangrado o incluso derivar en una formación de trombos, cosa que en última instancia puede colaborar a desarrollar una cardiopatía grave.
Al llevar estas suposiciones a la práctica, en casos clínicos; se ha observado que en aquellos pacientes de cardiopatía isquémica, a los que se les trata con dosis de t-PA, una proteína que podemos encontrar en los vasos sanguíneos y que se encarga de disolver trombos; se ha podido observar que en los casos en los que la evolución del paciente era más precaria, se daba a la vez unos niveles de alfa-2-antiplasmina más altos que el resto. Así pues, la antiplasmina reacciona negativamente con el tratamiento con t-PA y contrarresta sus efectos. Conociendo esta información ha aparecido una gran oportunidad para conseguir mejoras clínicas, puesto que se puede regular el nivel de alfa-2-antiplasmina, o incluso inhibir su producción durante los tratamientos de t-PA, lo que le da mayor seguridad a los efectos de esta última para reducir los trombos. Además, al mismo tiempo que esta regulación de la antiplasmina permite redirigir el tratamiento con t-PA hacia los resultados esperados, también se ha observado que, al desactivar la α2AP, se puede observar en los pacientes una menor tasa de mortalidad, así como menos efectos cerebrales colaterales de la cardiopatía isquémica, como son la inflamación y las hemorragias cerebrales.

Apnea del sueño
Cuando hablamos de cardiopatías a nivel general, extremadamente frecuentes hoy en día, se puede destacar algunos factores de riesgo para estas enfermedades que se conoce perfectamente que provocan o empeoran los síntomas de todas las cardiopatías. Así pues, como ya se ha puntualizado en el apartado concreto de la cardiopatía isquémica, los típicos factores en los que uno se suele fijar, son los hábitos relacionados al tabaquismo o la presencia de un colesterol alto. Pero también resulta que podemos destacar que se ha establecido una relación entre la presencia de apnea del sueño como un factor de riesgo a tener en cuenta por sus efectos agraviantes de los síntomas de las cardiopatías. Así pues, se ha podido observar que en un estudio clínico con pacientes de cardiopatías, aquellos que presentaban el síntoma apnea del sueño, y por lo tanto más posibilidad de empeorar, se les podía medir unos valores de α2AP mucho superiores a los del grupo control, que no padecía de apnea del sueño.
Conocer esta relación nos permite explicar que si la apnea del sueño causa una mayor concentración de α2AP en el organismo lo que causará los efectos mencionados en apartados anteriores referidos a problemas de circulación y la formación de trombos, y por lo tanto queda como un claro factor a considerar en patologías del corazón. De este modo, conociendo todas estas relaciones, podemos establecer unas revisiones médicas para los pacientes de cardiopatías, donde se pueda vigilar más los factores que puedan hacer empeorar mucho la enfermedad.

Embolia pulmonar
Otro caso grave de cardiopatía que podemos encontrar como una de las principales causas de muerte dentro de este grupo de enfermedades es la embolia pulmonar. Este caso concreto se produce cuando se taponan las arterias pulmonares, generalmente a causa de un trombo. Es una patología peligrosa y cuando se detecta se aplican tratamientos con t-PA, de hecho con r-tPA, su forma recombinada. Así pues, este es otro caso donde el exceso de α2AP llevará al organismo a tener unos niveles de coagulación alterados y aumentará la probabilidad de aparición de trombos.
En este caso el control sobre los niveles de α2AP cobra más importancia que nunca, ya que en primer lugar la detección y el diagnóstico de la embolia pulmonar suele ser complicado de por sí de ver, y además interesa poder regular los niveles de α2AP en estos casos puesto que simplemente la inhibición o reducción de esta proteína sirve como tratamiento con lo cual se puede evitar la inoculación de r-tPA, que puede tener efectos secundarios en cuestiones de sangrado; y no solo eso sino que se ha podido observar mejores resultados clínicos con esta regulación de la α2AP que no con el otro tratamiento basado en la aplicación de r-tPA. Cabe decir que para posibles casos en los que fuese necesario, también se ha podido observar que la α2AP i la r-tPA presentan una considerable sinergia si se inoculan las dos a la vez, lo que permite trabajar con concentraciones pequeñas que no vayan a causar efectos secundarios pero conseguir igualmente un alto nivel de disolución de trombos.

Mal-plegamiento de proteínas
El plegamiento de proteínas es un proceso vital que se da durante la formación de las mismas, y que si sufre alguna anomalía puede causar inutilización de la función de la proteína afectada, cosa que puede causar la acumulación de fibras amiloides, dando lugar así a algunas enfermedades como el Alzheimer. Así pues, se ha observado que el sistema fibrinolítico es capaz de degradar estos restos amiloides perjudiciales. Así pues, otra vez el correcto control sobre la acción de la α2AP permite una gran ventaja clínica a la hora de enfrentarse a casos como el Alzheimer puesto que su regulación permitirá una mejor eliminación de tejidos amiloides y al mismo tiempo se conseguirá llegar a un mejor rendimiento de plegamiento de proteínas por parte de las chaperonas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Serpinas
Coagulación
Glucoproteínas

Alfa 2-antiplasmina


Hammarland, Finlandiya'ya bağlı Åland Adaları'nda bulunan bir belediyedir. Yüzölçümü 140.27 km² olan belediyenin nüfusu 31 Ağustos 2017 tarihi itibari ile 1,522'dir.

Halkın %96'sı kendi arasında İsveççe konuşur. Bu yüzde ile bölge, Finlandiya'da ve dünyada en yüksek yüzdeli İsveççe konuşulan yeridir. Finlandiya'nın en batı noktası olan Märket, Hammarland'ın bir eksklavıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Åland'ın belediyeleri

Hammarland


The Rogue River (, ) in southwestern Oregon in the United States flows about  in a generally westward direction from the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean. Known for its salmon runs, whitewater rafting, and rugged scenery, it was one of the original eight rivers named in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. Beginning near Crater Lake, which occupies the caldera left by the explosive volcanic eruption and collapse of Mount Mazama, the river flows through the geologically young High Cascades and the older Western Cascades, another volcanic province. Further west, the river passes through multiple exotic terranes of the more ancient Klamath Mountains. In the Kalmiopsis Wilderness section of the Rogue basin are some of the world's best examples of rocks that form the Earth's mantle. Near the mouth of the river, the only dinosaur fragments ever discovered in Oregon were found in the Otter Point Formation, along the coast of Curry County.

People have lived along the Rogue River and its tributaries for at least 8,500 years. European explorers made first contact with Native Americans (Indians) toward the end of the 18th century and began beaver trapping and other activities in the region. Clashes, sometimes deadly, occurred between the natives and the trappers and later between the natives and European-American miners and settlers. These struggles culminated with the Rogue River Wars of 1855–56 and removal of most of the natives to reservations outside the basin. After the war, settlers expanded into remote areas of the watershed and established small farms along the river between Grave Creek and the mouth of the Illinois River. They were relatively isolated from the outside world until 1895, when the Post Office Department added mail boat service along the lower Rogue. As of 2010, the Rogue has one of the two remaining rural mail-boat routes in the United States.

Dam building and removal along the Rogue has generated controversy for more than a century; an early fish-blocking dam (Ament) was dynamited by vigilantes, mostly disgruntled salmon fishermen. By 2010, all of the main-stem dams downstream of a huge flood-control structure  from the river mouth had been removed. Aside from dams, threats to salmon include high water temperatures. Although sometimes too warm for salmonids, the main stem Rogue is relatively clean, ranking between 85 and 97 (on a scale of 0 to 100) on the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI).

Although the Rogue Valley near Medford is partly urban, the average population density of the Rogue watershed is only about 32 people per square mile (12 per km2). Several historic bridges cross the river near the more populated areas. Many public parks, hiking trails, and campgrounds are near the river, which flows largely through forests, including national forests. Biodiversity in many parts of the basin is high; the Klamath-Siskiyou temperate coniferous forests, which extend into the southwestern Rogue basin, are among the four most diverse of this kind in the world.

Course

The Rogue River begins at Boundary Springs on the border between Klamath and Douglas counties near the northern edge of Crater Lake National Park. Although it changes direction many times, it flows generally west for  from the Cascade Range through the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest and the Klamath Mountains to the Pacific Ocean at Gold Beach. Communities along its course include Union Creek, Prospect, Trail, Shady Cove, Gold Hill and Rogue River, all in Jackson County; Grants Pass and Galice in Josephine County; and Agness, Wedderburn and Gold Beach in Curry County. Significant tributaries include the South Fork Rogue River, Elk Creek, Larson Creek, Bear Creek, the Applegate River, and the Illinois River. Arising at  above sea level, the river loses more than  in elevation by the time it reaches the Pacific.
It was one of the original eight rivers named in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, which included  of the Rogue, from  west of Grants Pass to  east of the mouth at Gold Beach. In 1988, an additional  of the Rogue between Crater Lake National Park and the unincorporated community of Prospect was named Wild and Scenic. Of the river's total length, , about 58 percent is Wild and Scenic. The Rogue is one of only three rivers that start in or east of the Cascade Range in Oregon and reach the Pacific Ocean. The others are the Umpqua River and Klamath River. These three Southern Oregon rivers drain mountains south of the Willamette Valley; the Willamette River and its tributaries drain north along the Willamette Valley into the Columbia River, which starts in British Columbia rather than Oregon.

Discharge

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) operates five stream gauges along the Rogue River. They are located, from uppermost to lowermost, near Prospect, Eagle Point, Central Point, Grants Pass, and Agness. Between 1960 and 2007, the average discharge recorded by the Agness gauge at river mile (RM) 29.7 or river kilometer (RK) 47.8 was . The maximum discharge during this period was  on December 23, 1964, and the minimum discharge was  on July 9 and 10, 1968. This was from a drainage basin of , or about 76 percent of the entire Rogue watershed. The maximum flow occurred between December 1964 and January 1965 during the Christmas flood of 1964, which was rated by the National Weather Service as one of Oregon's top 10 weather events of the 20th century.

Watershed

Draining , the Rogue River watershed covers parts of Jackson, Josephine, Curry, Douglas, and Klamath counties in southwestern Oregon and Siskiyou and Del Norte counties in northern California. The steep, rugged basin, stretching from the western flank of the Cascade Range to the northeastern flank of the Siskiyou Mountains, varies in elevation from  at the summit of Mount McLoughlin in the Cascades to , where the basin meets the ocean. The basin borders the watersheds of the Williamson River, Upper Klamath Lake, and the upper Klamath River on the east; the lower Klamath, Smith, and Chetco rivers on the south; the North Umpqua, South Umpqua, Coquille, and Sixes rivers on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

In 2000, Jackson County had a population of about 181,300, most of them living in the Rogue River Valley cities of Ashland (19,500), Talent (5,600), Phoenix (4,100), Medford (63,200), Central Point (12,500), and Jacksonville (2,200). Others in Jackson County lived in the cities of Shady Cove (2,300), Eagle Point (4,800), Butte Falls (400) and Rogue River (1,800). Josephine County had a population of 75,700, including the cities of Grants Pass (23,000) and Cave Junction (1,400). Gold Beach (1,900) is the only city in Curry County (21,100) in the Rogue River basin. Only small, sparsely inhabited parts of the watershed are in Klamath and Douglas counties in Oregon and Siskiyou and Del Norte counties in California. The watershed's average population density is about 32 people per square mile (12.4/km2).

Many overlapping entities including city, county, state, and federal governments share jurisdiction for parts of the watershed. About 60 percent of the basin is publicly owned and is managed by the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Under provisions of the federal Clean Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), assisted by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and other agencies in both states, is charged with controlling water pollution in the basin. United States National Forests and other forests cover about 83 percent of the basin; another 6 percent is grassland, 3 percent shrub, and only 0.2 percent wetland. Urban areas account for slightly less than 1 percent and farms for about 6 percent.

Precipitation in the Rogue basin varies greatly from place to place and season to season. At Gold Beach on the Pacific Coast it averages about  a year, whereas at Ashland, which is inland, it averages about . The average annual precipitation for the entire basin is about . Most of this falls in winter and spring, and summers are dry. At high elevations in the Cascades, much of the precipitation arrives as snow and infiltrates permeable volcanic soils; snowmelt contributes to stream flows in the upper basin during the dry months. Along the Illinois River in the lower basin, most of the precipitation falls as rain on shallow soils; rapid runoff leads to high flows during winter storms and low flows during the dry summer. Average monthly temperatures for the whole basin range from about  in July and August to about  in December. Within the basin, local temperatures vary with elevation.

Geology

High and Western Cascades
 Arising near Crater Lake, the Rogue River flows from the geologically young High Cascades through the somewhat older Western Cascades and then through the more ancient Klamath Mountains. The High Cascades are composed of volcanic rock produced at intervals from about 7.6 million years ago through geologically recent events such as the catastrophic eruption of Mount Mazama in about 5700 BCE. The volcano hurled  of ash into the air, covering much of the western U.S. and Canada with airfall deposits. The volcano's subsequent collapse formed the caldera of Crater Lake.

Older and more deeply eroded, the Western Cascades are a range of volcanoes lying west of and merging with the High Cascades. They consist of partly altered volcanic rock from vents in both volcanic provinces, including varied lavas and ash tuffs ranging in age from 0 to 40 million years. As the Cascades rose, the Rogue maintained its flow to the ocean by down-cutting, which created steep narrow gorges and rapids in many places. Bear Creek, a Rogue tributary that flows south to north, marks the boundary between the Western Cascades to the east and the Klamath Mountains to the west.

Klamath Mountains
Much more ancient than the upstream mountains are the exotic terranes of the Klamath Mountains to the west. Not until plate tectonics separated North America from Europe and North Africa and pushed it westward did the continent acquire, bit by bit, what became the Pacific Northwest, including Oregon. The Klamath Mountains consist of multiple terranes—former volcanic islands and coral reefs and bits of subduction zones, mantle, and seafloor—that merged offshore over vast stretches of time before colliding with North America as a single block about 150 to 130 million years ago. Much of the Rogue River watershed, including the Rogue River canyon, the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, the Illinois River basin, and Mount Ashland, are composed of exotic terranes.

Among the oldest rocks in Oregon, some of the formations in these terranes date to the Triassic, nearly 250 million years ago. Between 165 and 170 million years ago, in the Jurassic, faulting consolidated the Klamath terranes offshore during what geologists call the Siskiyou orogeny. This three- to five-million-year episode of intense tectonic activity pushed sedimentary rocks deep enough into the mantle to melt them and then forced them to the surface as granitic plutons. Belts of plutons, which contain gold and other precious metals, run through the Klamaths and include the Ashland pluton, the Grayback batholith east of Oregon Caves National Monument, the Grants Pass pluton, the Gold Hill pluton, the Jacksonville pluton, and others. Miners have worked rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals in several districts of the Klamaths. Placer mining in the mid-19th century soon led to lode mining for gold. Aside from a mine in eastern Oregon, the Greenback Mine along Grave Creek, a Rogue tributary, was the most productive gold mine in Oregon.

 In Curry County, the lower Rogue passes through the Galice Formation, metamorphosed shale, and other rocks formed when a small oceanic basin in the merging Klamath terranes was thrust over other Klamath rocks about 155 million years ago. The lowest part of the seafloor of the Josephine Basin, as this ancient sea came to be called, rests on top of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, where it is known as the Josephine ophiolite. Some of its rocks are peridotite, reddish-brown when exposed to oxygen but very dark green inside. According to geologist Ellen Morris Bishop, "These odd tawny peridotites in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness are among the world's best examples of rocks that form the mantle." Metamorphosed peridotite appears as serpentine along the west side of the Illinois River. Chemically unsuited for growing plants, widespread serpentinite in the Klamaths supports sparse vegetation in parts of the watershed. The Josephine peridotite was a source of valuable chromium ore, mined in the region between 1917 and 1960.

At the mouth of the Rogue River, along the coast of Curry County, is the Otter Point Formation, a mélange of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks such as shales, sandstones, and chert. Although the rocks formed in the Jurassic, evidence suggests that they faulted north as part of the Gold Beach Terrane after the Klamaths merged with North America. Oregon's only dinosaur fragments, those of a hadrosaur or duck-billed dinosaur, were found here. In the mid-1960s, a geologist also discovered the beak and teeth of an ichthyosaur in the Otter Point Formation. In 2018, a geologist from the University of Oregon found a toe bone of a plant-eating dinosaur near Mitchell in the east-central part of the state where the coast lay 100 million years ago. This discovery has also been billed as the first dinosaur fossil find in Oregon.

History

First peoples

Archaeologists believe that the first humans to inhabit the Rogue River region were nomadic hunters and gatherers. Radiocarbon dating suggests that they arrived in southwestern Oregon at least 8,500 years ago, and that at least 1,500 years before the first contact with whites, the natives established permanent villages along streams. The home villages of various groups shared many cultural elements, such as food, clothing, and shelter types. Intermarriage was common, and many people understood dialects of more than one of the three language groups spoken in the region. The Native Americans (Indians) included Tututni people near the coast and, further upstream, groups of Shasta Costa, Upper Rogue River Athabaskan tribes (Dakubetede and Tal-tvsh-dan-ni), Shasta, Takelma, and Latgawa. Houses in the villages varied somewhat, but were often about  wide and  long, framed with posts sunk into the ground, and covered with split sugar pine or red cedar planks. People left the villages during about half of the year to gather camas bulbs, sugar-pine bark, acorns, and berries, and hunted deer and elk to supplement their main food, salmon. The total early-1850s native population of southern Oregon, including the Umpqua, Coos, Coquille, and Chetco watersheds as well as the Rogue, is estimated to have been about 3,800. The population before the arrival of explorers and European diseases is thought to have been at least one-third larger, but "there is insufficient evidence to estimate aboriginal populations prior to the time of first white contact... ".

Culture clash
The first recorded encounter between whites and coastal southwestern Oregon Indians occurred in 1792 when British explorer George Vancouver anchored off Cape Blanco, about  north of the mouth of the Rogue River, and Indians visited the ship in canoes. In 1826, Alexander Roderick McLeod of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) led an overland expedition from HBC's regional headquarters in Fort Vancouver to as far south as the Rogue  (4 miles inland) along with botanist David Douglas.
 In 1827, an HBC expedition led by Peter Skene Ogden made the first direct contact between whites and the inland Rogue River natives when he crossed the Siskiyou Mountains to look for beaver. Friction between Indians and whites was relatively minor during these early encounters; however, in 1834, an HBC expedition led by Michel Laframboise was reported to have killed 11 Rogue River natives, and shortly thereafter a party led by an American trapper, Ewing Young, shot and killed at least two more. The name Rogue River apparently began with French fur trappers who called the river La Riviere aux Coquins because they regarded the natives as rogues (coquins). In 1835, Rogue River people killed four whites in a party of eight who were traveling from Oregon to California. Two years later, two of the survivors and others on a cattle drive organized by Young killed the first two Indians they met north of the Klamath River.

The number of whites entering the Rogue River watershed greatly increased after 1846, when a party of 15 men led by Jesse Applegate developed a southern alternative to the Oregon Trail; the new trail was used by emigrants headed for the Willamette Valley. Later called the Applegate Trail, it passed through the Rogue and Bear Creek valleys and crossed the Cascade Range between Ashland and south of Upper Klamath Lake. From 90 to 100 wagons and 450 to 500 emigrants used the new trail later in 1846, passing through Rogue Indian homelands between the headwaters of Bear Creek and the future site of Grants Pass and crossing the Rogue about  downstream of it. Despite fears on both sides, violence in the watershed in the 1830s and 1840s was limited; "Indians seemed interested in speeding whites on their way, and whites were happy to get through the region without being attacked."

In 1847, the Whitman massacre and the Cayuse War in what became southeastern Washington raised fears among white settlers throughout the region and led to the formation of large volunteer militias organized to fight Indians, though no whites were yet living in the Rogue River drainage. Along the Rogue, tensions intensified in 1848 at the start of the California Gold Rush, when hundreds of men from the Oregon Territory passed through the Rogue Valley on their way to the Sacramento River basin. After Indians attacked a group of returning miners along the Rogue in 1850, former territorial governor Joseph Lane negotiated a peace treaty with Apserkahar, a leader of the Takelma Indians. It promised protection of Indian rights and safe passage through the Rogue Valley for white miners and settlers.

The peace did not last. Miners began prospecting for gold in the watershed, including a Bear Creek tributary called Jackson Creek, where they established a mining camp in 1852 at the site of what later became Jacksonville. Indian attacks on miners that year led to U.S. Army intervention and fighting near Table Rock between Indians and the combined forces of professional soldiers and volunteer miner militias. John P. Gaines, the new territorial governor, negotiated a new treaty with some but not all of the Indian bands, removing them from Bear Creek and other tributaries on the south side of the main stem. At about the same time, more white emigrants, including women and children, were settling in the region. By 1852, about 28 donation land claims had been filed in the Rogue Valley. Further clashes in 1853 led to the Treaty with the Rogue River (1853) that established the Table Rock Indian Reservation across the river from the federal Fort Lane. As the white population increased and Indian losses of land, food sources, and personal safety mounted, bouts of violence upstream and down continued through 1854–55, culminating in the Rogue River War of 1855–56.

Suffering from cold, hunger, and disease on the Table Rock Reservation, a group of Takelma returned to their old village at the mouth of Little Butte Creek in October 1855. After a volunteer militia attacked them, killing 23 men, women, and children, they fled downriver, attacking whites from Gold Hill to Galice Creek. Confronted by volunteers and regular army troops, the Indians at first repulsed them; however, after nearly 200 volunteers launched an all-day assault on the remaining natives, the war ended at Big Bend (at RM 35 or RK 56) on the lower river. By then, fighting had also ended near the coast, where, before retreating upstream, a separate group of natives had killed about 30 whites and burned their cabins near what later became Gold Beach.

Most of the Rogue River Indians were removed in 1856 to reservations further north. About 1,400 were sent to the Coast Reservation, later renamed the Siletz Reservation. To protect 400 natives still in danger of attack at Table Rock, Joel Palmer, the Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, ordered their removal, involving a forced march of 33 days, to the newly established Grande Ronde Reservation in Yamhill County, Oregon.

Mail boats
 After the Rogue River War, a small number of newcomers began to settle along or near the Rogue River Canyon. These pioneers, some of whom were white gold miners married to native Karok women from the Klamath River basin, established gardens and orchards, kept horses, cows, and other livestock, and received occasional shipments of goods sent by pack mule over the mountains. Until the 1890s, these settlers remained relatively isolated from the outside world. In 1883, one of the settlers, Elijah H. Price, proposed a permanent mail route by boat up the Rogue River from Ellensburg (later renamed Gold Beach) to Big Bend, about  upstream. The route, Price told the government, would serve perhaps 11 families and no towns. Although the Post Office Department resisted the idea for many years, in early 1895 it agreed to a one-year trial of the water route, established a post office at Price's log cabin at Big Bend, and named Price postmaster. Price's job, for which he received no pay during the trial year, included running the post office and making sure that the mail boat made one round trip a week. He named the new post office Illahe. The name derives from the Chinook Jargon word ilahekh, meaning "land" or "earth".

Propelled by rowing, poling, pushing, pulling, and sometimes by sail, the mail boat delivered letters and small packages, including groceries from Wedderburn, where a post office was established later in 1895. In 1897, the department established a post office near the confluence of the Rogue and the Illinois rivers,  downriver from Illahe. The postmaster named the office Agnes after his daughter, but a transcription error added an extra "s" and the name became Agness. Upriver, a third post office, established in 1903, was named Marial after another postmaster's daughter. Marial, at (RM) 48 (RK 77), is about  upriver from Illahe and  from Agness. To avoid difficult rapids, carriers delivered the mail by mule between Illahe and Marial, and after 1908 most mail traveling beyond Agness went by mule. The Illahe post office closed in 1943, and when the Marial post office closed in 1954, "it was the last postal facility in the United States to still be served only by mule pack trains."

The first mail boat was an , double-ended craft made of cedar. By 1930, the mail-boat fleet consisted of three  boats, equipped with 60-horsepower Model A Ford engines and designed to carry 10 passengers. By the 1960s, rudderless jetboats powered by twin or triple 280-horsepower engines, began to replace propeller-driven boats. The jetboats could safely negotiate shallow riffles, and the largest could carry nearly 50 passengers. Rogue mail-boat excursions, which had been growing more popular for several decades, began in the 1970s to include trips to as far upriver as Blossom Bar,  above Agness. As of 2010, jet boats, functioning mainly as excursion craft, still deliver mail between Gold Beach and Agness. The Rogue River mail boat company is "one of only two mail carriers delivering the mail by boat in the United States"; the other is along the Snake River in eastern Oregon.

Commercial fishing
For thousands of years, salmon was a reliable food source for Native Americans living along the Rogue. Salmon migrations were so huge that early settlers claimed they could hear the fish moving upstream. These large runs continued into the 20th century despite damage to spawning beds caused by gold mining in the 1850s and large-scale commercial fishing that began shortly thereafter. The fishing industry fed demands for salmon in the growing cities of Portland and San Francisco and for canned salmon in England.

 By the 1880s, Robert Deniston Hume of Astoria had bought land on both sides of the lower Rogue River and established such a big fishing business that he became known as the Salmon King of Oregon. His fleet of gillnetting boats, controlling most of the anadromous fish population of the river, plied its lower . During his 32-year tenure, Hume's company caught, processed, and shipped hundreds of tons of salmon from the Rogue. Upriver commercial fishermen also captured large quantities of fish. On a single day in 1913, Grants Pass crews using five drift boats equipped with gill nets caught  of salmon.

In 1877, in connection with his commercial fishery, Hume built a hatchery at Ellensburg (Gold Beach), which released fish into the river. In its first year of operation, Hume collected 215,000 salmon eggs and released about 100,000 fry. After the first hatchery was destroyed by fire in 1893, Hume built a new hatchery in 1895, and in 1897 he co-operated with the United States Fish Commission in building and operating an egg-collecting station at the mouth of Elk Creek on the upper Rogue. In 1899, he built a hatchery near Wedderburn, across the river from Gold Beach, and until the time of his death in 1908 he had salmon eggs shipped to it from the Elk Creek station.

Based on variations in the size of the yearly catch, Hume and others believed his methods of fish-propagation to be successful. However, as salmon runs declined over time despite the hatcheries, recreational fishing interests began to oppose large-scale operations. In 1910, a state referendum banned commercial fishing on the Rogue, but this decision was reversed in 1913. As fish runs continued to dwindle, the state legislature finally closed the river to commercial fishing in 1935.

As of 2010, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) operates the Cole M. Rivers Hatchery near the base of the dam at Lost Creek Lake, slightly upstream of the former Rogue–Elk Hatchery built by Hume. It raises rainbow trout (steelhead), Coho salmon, spring and fall Chinook salmon, and summer and winter steelhead. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) built the hatchery in 1973 to offset the loss of fish habitat and spawning grounds in areas blocked by construction of the Lost Creek Dam on the main stem and the Applegate and Elk Creek dams on Rogue tributaries. It is the third-largest salmon and steelhead hatchery in the United States.

Celebrities
In 1926, author Zane Grey bought a miner's cabin at Winkle Bar, near the river. He wrote Western books at this location, including his 1929 novel  Rogue River Feud. Another of his books, Tales of Fresh Water Fishing (1928), included a chapter based on a drift-boat trip he took down the lower Rogue in 1925. The Trust for Public Land bought the property at Winkle Bar and transferred it in 2008 to the BLM, which made it accessible to the public.

In the 1930s and 1940s, many other celebrities, attracted by the scenery, fishing, rustic lodges, and boat trips, visited the lower Rogue. Famous visitors included actors Clark Gable, Tyrone Power and Myrna Loy, singer Bing Crosby, author William Faulkner, journalist Ernie Pyle, radio comedians Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, circus performer Emmett Kelly, and football star Norm van Brocklin. Bobby Doerr, a Hall of Fame baseball player, married a teacher from Illahe, and made his home along the Rogue. From 1940 to 1990, actress and dancer Ginger Rogers owned the  Rogue River Ranch, operated for many years as a dairy farm, near Eagle Point. The historic Craterian Ginger Rogers Theater in Medford was named after her. Actress Kim Novak and her veterinarian husband bought a home and  of land in 1997 near the Rogue River in Sams Valley, where they raise horses and llamas.

Dams

Current dams
Since the removal of the Gold Ray Dam in 2010, there remain two dams on the main stem of the Rogue River.

William L. Jess Dam

The William L. Jess Dam, a huge flood-control and hydroelectric structure, blocks the Rogue River  from its mouth. Built by the USACE between 1972 and 1976, it impounds Lost Creek Lake. The dam, which is  high and  long, prevents salmon migration above this point. When the lake is full, it covers  and has an average depth of . Ranked by storage capacity, its reservoir is the seventh-largest in Oregon.

Prospect Nos. 1, 2, and 4 Hydroelectric Project

The only artificial barrier on the main stem of the Rogue upstream of Lost Creek Lake is a diversion dam at Prospect at RM 172 (RK 277). The concrete dam,  high and  wide, impounds water from the Rogue and nearby streams and diverts it to power plants, which return the water to the river further downstream. PacifiCorp operates this system, called The Prospect Nos. 1, 2, and 4 Hydroelectric Project. Built in pieces between 1911 and 1944, it includes separate diversion dams on the Middle Fork Rogue River and Red Blanket Creek, and a  water-transport system of canals, flumes, pipes, and penstocks.

Removed dams

Several dams along the river's middle reaches were removed or destroyed during the first half of the 20th century.

After decades of controversy about water rights, costs, migratory fish, and environmental impacts, removal or modification of remaining middle-reach dams as well as a partly finished dam on Elk Creek, a major tributary of the Rogue, began in 2008. The de-construction projects were all meant to improve salmon runs by allowing more fish to reach suitable spawning grounds.

Gold Ray Dam

In 1904, brothers C.R. and Frank Ray built the Gold Ray Dam, a log structure, to generate electricity near Gold Hill. They installed a fish ladder. The California-Oregon Power Company, which later became Pacific Power, acquired the dam in 1921. Replacing the log dam in 1941 with a concrete structure  high, it added a new fish ladder and a fish-counting station. The company closed the hydroelectric plant in 1972, although the fish ladder remained, and biologists from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife used the station to count migrating salmon and steelhead. Jackson County, which owned the dam, had it removed with the help of a $5 million federal grant approved in June 2009. The dam was demolished in the summer of 2010.

Gold Hill Dam

In 2008, the city of Gold Hill removed the last of the Gold Hill Dam, a diversion dam slightly downstream of the Gold Ray Dam. Originally built to provide power for a cement company, it was  high and  long. The dam and a diversion canal later delivered municipal water to the city until Gold Hill installed a pumping station to supply its water.

Savage Rapids Dam
 Savage Rapids Dam was  upstream from Grants Pass. Built in 1921 to divert river flows for irrigation, the dam was  tall and created a reservoir that seasonally extended up to  upstream. Its removal began in April 2009, and was completed in October 2009. Twelve newly installed pumps provide river water to the irrigation canals serving  of the Grants Pass Irrigation District (GPID).

Ament Dam

The Ament Dam, built in 1902 by the Golden Drift Mining Company to provide water for mining equipment, was slightly upriver of Grants Pass. After the company failed to keep promises to provide irrigation and electric power to the vicinity and because the dam was a "massive fish killer", vigilantes destroyed part of the dam with dynamite in 1912. The damaged dam was completely removed before construction of the Savage Rapids Dam in 1921.

Dam at Grants Pass

In 1890, the Grants Pass Power Supply Company had built a log dam  high, across the river near the city. Salmon could pass the dam during high water, but most were blocked: "For half a mile below the dam, the river was crowded with fish throughout the summer." After a flood destroyed this dam in 1905, it was replaced by a  dam that, like its predecessor, lacked a fish ladder. By 1940, the dam had deteriorated to the point that it no longer blocked migratory fish.

Dams on tributaries

In addition to the dams on the Rogue main stem, at one time or another "several hundred dams were built on tributaries within the range of salmon migration", most of which supplied water for mining or irrigation. Before 1920, many of these dams made no provision for fish passage; public pressure as well as efforts by turn-of-the-century cannery owner R.D. Hume led to the installation of fish ladders on the most destructive dams. As of 2005, there were about 80 non-hydroelectric dams, mostly small irrigation structures, in the Rogue basin. In addition to Lost Creek Lake on the main stem, large reservoirs in the basin include Applegate Lake, Emigrant Lake, and Fish Lake.

In 2008, USACE removed part of the Elk Creek Dam and restored Elk Creek to its original channel. Construction on the dam had been halted by a court injunction in the 1980s after about  of the proposed height of  was reached. Further controversy delayed the notching for two decades. Elk Creek enters the Rogue River  downstream from Lost Creek Lake.

Bridges
Among the many bridges that cross the Rogue River is the Isaac Lee Patterson Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 101 over the river at Gold Beach. Designed by Conde B. McCullough and built in 1931, it is "one of the most notable bridges in the Pacific Northwest". Named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1982 by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the  structure was the first in the U.S. to use the Freyssinet method of stress control in concrete bridges. It features 7 open-spandrel  arch spans, 18 deck-girder approach spans, and many ornate decorative features such as Art Deco entrance pylons.
Several historic bridges cross the Rogue between Gold Hill and Grants Pass. The Gold Hill Bridge, designed by McCullough and built in 1927, is the only open-spandrel, barrel-arch bridge in Oregon. Its main arch is  long. Also designed by McCullough, the Rock Point Bridge carries U.S. Route 99 and Oregon Route 234 over the river near the unincorporated community of Rock Point. The  structure has a single arch. Built in 1920 for $48,400, it replaced a wooden bridge at the same site. The bridge was closed in September 2009 for repairs to its deck and railings. The project is expected to cost $3.9 million.

Caveman Bridge in Grants Pass is a , three-arch concrete structure. Designed by McCullough and built in 1931, it replaced the Robertson Bridge. The city calls the structure Caveman because the Redwood Highway (U.S. Route 199) that crosses the bridge passes near Oregon Caves National Monument, about  south of Grants Pass.

Slightly downstream of Grants Pass, the Robertson Bridge, built around 1909, is a  three-span, steel, through-truss structure moved downriver in 1929 to make way for the Caveman Bridge. It carries the Rogue River Loop Highway (Oregon Route 260) over the river west of the city. The bridge was named for pioneers who settled in the area in the 1870s.

Pollution
 To comply with section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act, the EPA or its state delegates must develop a list of the surface waters in each state that do not meet approved water-quality criteria. To meet the criteria, the DEQ and others have developed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) limits for pollutants entering streams and other surface waters. The Oregon 303(d) list of pollutants for 2004–06 indicated that some reaches of the surface waters in the Rogue River basin did not meet the standards for temperature, bacteria, dissolved oxygen, sedimentation, pH and nuisance weeds and algae. All of the listed stream reaches were in Oregon; none in the California part of the basin was listed as impaired on that state's 303(d) list in 2008.

The EPA approved temperature TMDLs for three Rogue River tributaries: Upper Sucker Creek in 1999, Lower Sucker Creek in 2002, and Lobster Creek in 2002. It approved temperature, sedimentation, and biological criteria TMDLs for the Applegate River basin in 2004, and temperature, sedimentation, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) TMDLs for the Bear Creek watershed in 2007. In 1992 it had approved pH, aquatic weeds and algae, and dissolved oxygen TMDLs for the Bear Creek watershed. In December 2008, DEQ developed two TMDLs for the Rogue River basin (except the tributaries with their own TMDLs); a temperature TMDL was meant to protect salmon and trout from elevated water temperatures, and a fecal contamination TMDL was intended to safeguard people using surface waters for recreation.

The DEQ has collected water-quality data in the Rogue basin since the mid-1980s and has used it to generate scores on the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI). The index is meant to provide an assessment of water quality for general recreational uses; OWQI scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). Of the eight Rogue basin sites tested during the water years 1997–2006, five were ranked good, one was excellent, and two—Little Butte Creek and Bear Creek, in the most populated part of the Rogue basin—were poor. On the Rogue River itself, scores varied from 92 at RM 138.4 (RK 222.7) declining to 85 at RM 117.2 (RK 188.6) but improving to 97 at RM 11.0 (RK 17.7). By comparison, the average OWQI score for the Willamette River in downtown Portland, the state's largest city, was 74 between 1986 and 1995.

Flora and fauna
Most of the Rogue River watershed is in the Klamath Mountains ecoregion designated by the EPA, although part of the upper basin is in the Cascades ecoregion, and part of the lower basin is in the Coast Range ecoregion. Temperate coniferous forests dominate much of the basin. The upper basin, in the High Cascades and Western Cascades, is in places "identified as containing extremely high species richness within many groups of plants and animals". Common tree species in the forests along the upper Rogue include incense cedar, white fir, and Shasta red fir.

 Further downstream a diverse mix of conifers, broadleaf evergreens, and deciduous trees and shrubs grow in parts of the basin. In more populated areas, orchards, cropland, and pastureland have largely replaced the original vegetation, although remnants of oak savanna, prairie vegetation, and seasonal ponds survive at Table Rocks north of Medford. Oak woodlands, grassland savanna, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir thrive in the relatively dry foothills east of Medford; areas in the foothills of the Illinois Valley support Douglas-fir, madrone, and incense cedar. Parts of the Illinois River watershed have sparse vegetation including Jeffrey pine and oak and ceanothus species that grow in serpentine soils. The Klamath-Siskiyou region of northern California and southwestern Oregon, including parts of the southwestern Rogue basin, is among the four most diverse temperate coniferous forests in the world. Considered one of the global centers of biodiversity, it contains about 3,500 different plant species. The Klamath-Siskiyou region is one of seven International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) areas of global botanical significance in North America and has been proposed as a World Heritage Site and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

The lower Rogue passes through the Southern Oregon Coast Range, where forests include Douglas-fir, western hemlock, tanoak, Port Orford cedar, and western redcedar, and at lower elevations Sitka spruce. Coastal forests extending from British Columbia in the north to Oregon (and the Rogue) in the south are "some of the most productive in the world". The coastal region, where it has not been altered by humans, abounds with ferns, lichens, mosses, and herbs, as well as conifers.

The Rogue River contains "extremely high-quality salmonid habitat and has one of the finest salmonid fisheries in the west. However, most stocks are less abundant than they were historically... ". Salmonids found in the Rogue River downstream of Lost Creek Lake include Coho salmon, spring and fall Chinook salmon, and summer and winter steelhead. Other native species of freshwater fish found in the watershed include coastal cutthroat trout, Pacific lamprey, green sturgeon, white sturgeon, Klamath smallscale sucker, speckled dace, prickly sculpin, and riffle sculpin. Nonnative species include redside shiner, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, black crappie, bluegill, catfish, brown bullhead, yellow perch, carp, goldfish, American shad, Umpqua pikeminnow, and species of trout. Coho salmon in the watershed belong to an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) that was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service as a threatened species in 1997 and reaffirmed as threatened in 2005. The state of Oregon in 2005 listed Rogue spring Chinook salmon as potentially at risk.

Trees and shrubs growing in the riparian zones along the Rogue River include willows, red alder, white alder, black cottonwood, and Oregon ash. A few of the common animal and bird species seen along the river are American black bear, North American river otter, black-tailed deer, bald eagle, osprey, great blue heron, water ouzel, and Canada goose.

Recreation

Boating

Soggy Sneakers: A Paddler's Guide to Oregon's Rivers lists several whitewater runs of varying difficulty along the upper, middle, and lower Rogue River and its tributaries. The longest run, on the main stem of the river downstream of Grants Pass, is "one of the best-known whitewater runs in the United States". Popular among kayakers and rafters, the  run consists of class 3+ rapids separated by more gentle stretches and deep pools. Its entire length is classified Wild and Scenic.

The Wild section of the lower Rogue River runs for  between Grave Creek and Watson Creek. To protect the river from overuse, a maximum of 120 commercial and noncommercial users a day are allowed to run this section. To enter it, boaters must obtain a special-use permit allocated through a random-selection process and pick it up at the Smullin Visitor Center, about  west of Interstate 5 on the Merlin–Galice Road, at the Rand Ranger Station downstream of Galice. Other sections of the river are open to jetboats. A Gold Beach company offers commercial jetboat trips of up to  round-trip on the lower Rogue River. Another company offers jetboat excursions on the Hellgate section of the river below Grants Pass.

Hiking

The Upper Rogue River Trail, a National Recreation Trail, closely follows the river for about  from its headwaters at the edge of Crater Lake National Park to the boundary of the Rogue River National Forest at the mountain community of Prospect. Highlights along the trail include a river canyon cut through pumice deposited by the explosion of Mount Mazama about 8,000 years ago; the Rogue Gorge, lined with black lava, and Natural Bridge, where the river flows through a  lava tube. Between Farewell Bend and Natural Bridge, the trail passes through the Union Creek Historic District, a site with early 20th-century resort buildings and a former ranger station that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Lower Rogue River Trail, a National Recreation Trail of , runs parallel to the river from Grave Creek to Illahe, in the Wild Rogue Wilderness,  northwest of Grants Pass. The roadless area through which the trail runs is managed by the Siskiyou National Forest and the Medford District of the federal Bureau of Land Management and covers  including  of designated federal wilderness. Backpackers use the trail for multiple-day trips, while day hikers take shorter trips. In addition to scenery and wildlife, features include views of rapids and "frantic boaters", lodges at Illahe, Clay Hill Rapids, Paradise Creek, and Marial, and the Rogue River Ranch and museum. Hikers can take jet boats from Gold Beach to some of the lodges between May and November. The trail connects to many shorter side trails as well as to the  Illinois River Trail south of Agness. Hikers can also take trips along the Rogue that combine backpacking and rafting.

Rogue River Trail 1168 continues west  along the north side of the river from Agness to the Morey Meadow Trailhead. Forest Road 3533 provides a hiking route between the trailhead and the Lobster Creek Bridge,  further west. The Rogue River Walk is about a  trail along the south side of the river continues west to a trailhead about  east of Gold Beach.

Fishing
Sport fishing on the Rogue River varies greatly depending on the location. In many places, fishing is good from stream banks and gravel bars, and much of the river is also fished from boats. Upstream of Lost Creek Lake, the main stem, sometimes called the North Fork, supports varieties of trout. Between Lost Creek Lake and Grants Pass there are major fisheries for spring and fall Chinook salmon, and Coho salmon from hatcheries, summer and winter steelhead, and large resident rainbow trout. The river between Grants Pass and Grave Creek has productive runs of summer and winter steelhead and Chinook, as well as good places to fish for trout. From Grave Creek to Foster Bar, all but the lower  of which is closed to jetboats, anglers fish for summer and winter steelhead, spring and fall Chinook, and Coho. Near Agness, the river produces large catches of immature steelhead known as "half-pounders" that return from the ocean to the river in August in large schools. The lower river has spring and fall Chinook, as well as perch, lingcod, and crab near the ocean.

Parks
 Parks along the Rogue River, which begins in the northwest corner of Crater Lake National Park, include Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint, a forested area  south of Prospect with a hiking trail leading to waterfalls and the Rogue River. The Joseph H. Stewart State Recreation Area has campsites overlooking Lost Creek Lake. Casey State Recreation Site offers boating, fishing, and picnic areas along the river  northeast of Medford. TouVelle State Recreation Site is a day-use park along the river at the base of Table Rocks and adjacent to the Denman Wildlife Area, about  north of Medford. Valley of the Rogue State Park,  east of Grants Pass, is built around  of river shoreline.

Between Grants Pass and the Hellgate Recreation Area, Josephine County manages two parks, Tom Pearce and Schroeder, along the river. Hellgate,  long, begins at the confluence of the Rogue and Applegate rivers about  west of Grants Pass. This stretch of the Rogue, featuring class I and II rapids, 11 access points for boats, 4 parks and campgrounds managed by Josephine County, ends at Grave Creek, where the Wild Rogue Wilderness begins. Indian Mary Park, part of the Josephine County park system, has tent sites, yurts, and spaces for camping vehicles on  along the Merlin–Galice road at Merlin. The other three Josephine County parks in the Hellgate Recreation Area are Whitehorse, across from the mouth of the Applegate River; Griffin, slightly downstream of Whitehorse, and Almeda, downstream of Indian Mary.

See also
 List of longest streams of Oregon
 List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
 List of rivers of Oregon
 Rogue Valley

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Bureau of Land Management:  "Guide to Floating the Rogue"
 Bureau of Land Management: Rogue National Wild and Scenic River
 Esri.com: Map of the Prospect Hydroelectric Project
 The Oregon Encyclopedia: Robert Deniston Hume bio
 River of the Rogues  — documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide.
 Rogue Basin Partnership
 Rogue National Wild and Scenic River - BLM page

Rivers of Oregon
Klamath Mountains
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
Rivers of Klamath County, Oregon
Rivers of Douglas County, Oregon
Rivers of Jackson County, Oregon
Rivers of Curry County, Oregon
Rivers of Josephine County, Oregon
Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest
Rivers with fish ladders

Rogue River (Oregon)


Urinrørsbetændelse er en sygdom i kategorien urinvejsinfektioner. Den kan blive forårsaget af mange faktorer. Den hyppigste årsag er dog bakterielle infektioner. Dette svarer til en almindelig halsbetændelse.

Sygdomme

Urinrørsbetændelse