Der Kalksteinbruch und Halbtrockenrasen am Eich-Berg bei Hemkenrode ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in den niedersächsischen Gemeinden Erkerode und Cremlingen im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 050 ist 10 Hektar groß. Es ist vom Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Elm" umgeben. Das Gebiet steht seit dem 2. Dezember 1982 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Wolfenbüttel.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt südöstlich von Braunschweig im Naturpark Elm-Lappwald und stellt einen aufgelassenen, stark zerklüfteten Kalksteinbruch im Nordwesten des Elms unter Schutz. Im Steinbruch hat sich ein artenreicher Halbtrockenrasen gebildet. Daneben sind Gebüsche trockenwarmer Standorte und einige Obstbäume zu finden. Im Südwesten des Schutzgebietes wachsen Schwarzkiefern, während der Osten von Buchenwald geprägt wird.

Der blütenreiche Halbtrockenrasen, in dem auch mehrere Orchideenarten vorkommen. ist insbesondere Lebensraum für zahlreiche Insekten wie Tagfalter und Heuschrecken. Ferner sind an vielen Stellen Ameisenhügel zu finden. Auch für Reptilien ist das Naturschutzgebiet ein wichtiger Lebensraum.

Siehe auch
 Elmkalkstein

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Kalksteingrube
Ehemaliger Tagebau
Elm
Erkerode
Geographie (Cremlingen)
Steinbruch in Niedersachsen


Leroi-Gourhan ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

* André Leroi-Gourhan (1911–1986), französischer Archäologe
 Arlette Leroi-Gourhan (1913–2005), französische Paläobotanikerin

Leroi-Gourhan


Sosyal bulaşma ya da duygusal bulaşma, topluluk içerisinde hakim olan fikrin bireylere aktarılması ve bunun neticesinde kolektif eylemin ortaya çıkmasını açıklayan sosyolojik kavramdır. Gustave Le Bon'un kavramsallaştırdığı bir olgudur. Le Bon, sosyal bulaşmanın özellikle linç gibi toplumsal olayların altında yatan etkenlerden biri olduğunu söylemektedir. Sosyal bulaşma ile, bireyler tek başlarına yapmayacakları ya da yapamayacakları katliam benzeri eylemleri gerçekleştirebilmektedirler. Sorumluluğun gruba dağılarak kişiye düşen payın azalması bunda oldukça etkilidir.

Bulaşma
Kalabalık psikolojisi
Toplu histeri

Sosyal bulaşma


Helen Maxine Reddy (25 October 194129 September 2020) was an Australian-American singer, actress, television host, and activist. Born in Melbourne to a showbusiness family, Reddy started her career as an entertainer at age four. She sang on radio and television and won a talent contest on the television program Bandstand in 1966; her prize was a ticket to New York City and a record audition, which was unsuccessful. After a short and unsuccessful singing career in New York, she eventually moved to Chicago, and subsequently, Los Angeles, where she made her debut singles "One Way Ticket" and "I Believe in Music" in 1968 and 1970, respectively. The B-side of the latter single, "I Don't Know How to Love Him", reached number eight on the pop chart of the Canadian magazine RPM. She was signed to Capitol Records a year later.

During the 1970s, Reddy enjoyed international success, especially in the United States, where she placed 15 singles on the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. Six made the top 10 and three reached number one, including her signature hit "I Am Woman".
She placed 25 songs on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart; 15 made the top 10 and eight reached number one, six consecutively. In 1974, at the inaugural American Music Awards, she won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist. On television, she was the first Australian to host a one-hour weekly primetime variety show on an American network, along with specials that were seen in more than 40 countries.

Between the 1980s and 1990s, as her single "I Can't Say Goodbye to You" became her last to chart in the US, Reddy acted in musicals and recorded albums such as Center Stage before retiring from live performance in 2002. She returned to university in Australia, earned a degree, and practised as a clinical hypnotherapist and motivational speaker. In 2011, after singing "Breezin' Along with the Breeze" with her half-sister, Toni Lamond, for Lamond's birthday, Reddy decided to return to live performing.

Reddy's song "I Am Woman" played a significant role in popular culture, becoming an anthem for second-wave feminism. She came to be known as a "feminist poster girl" or a "feminist icon".
In 2011, Billboard named her the number-28 adult contemporary artist of all time (the number-9 woman). In 2013, the Chicago Tribune dubbed her  the "Queen of '70s Pop".

Early years
Helen Maxine Reddy was born into a well-known Australian showbusiness family in Melbourne.  Her mother was Stella Campbell (née Lamond), an actress, singer, and dancer; her father was Maxwell David "Max" Reddy (born 1914 in Melbourne, Victoria), a writer, producer, and actor. Her mother performed at the Majestic Theatre in Sydney and was best known as a regular cast member on the television programs Homicide (1964), Bellbird (1967), and Country Town (1971). During Reddy's childhood, she was educated at Tintern Grammar. and later Stratherne Girls' School in Hawthorn for a short time (mostly to study drama). Her half-sister Toni Lamond and her nephew Tony Sheldon are actor-singers.

Reddy had Irish, Scottish, and English ancestry. Her great-great-grandfather, Edward Reddy, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1855. Her Scottish great-grandfather, Thomas Lamond, was a one-time mayor of Waterloo, New South Wales, whose patron was Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead. Patsy Reddy, New Zealand's former governor-general, is a distant cousin.

Reddy was born during World War II. Her father was a sergeant in the Australian Army with a unit of entertainers, serving in New Guinea with one of his actor friends, Peter Finch, at the time of Reddy's birth. Her father returned to service during the Korean War.

At age four, Reddy joined her parents on the Australian vaudeville circuit, singing and dancing; she recalled: "It was instilled in me: 'You will be a star'. So between the ages of 12 and 17, I got rebellious and decided this was not for me. I was going to be a housewife and mother." At age 12, owing to her parents' constant touring nationwide and their arguing, Reddy went to live with her paternal aunt, Helen "Nell" Reddy, "... who was her role model"; as her aunt, "she gave her niece stability, a sense of morality, and strength" for her future career as a singer who motivated women. The younger Helen's teenaged rebellion in favour of domesticity manifested as marriage to Kenneth Claude Weate, a considerably older musician and family friend; divorce ensued, and to support herself as a single mother to daughter Traci, she resumed her performing career, concentrating on singing, since health problems precluded dancing (she had a kidney removed at 17). She sang on radio and television, eventually winning a talent contest on the Australian pop music TV show Bandstand, the prize ostensibly being a trip to New York City to cut a single for Mercury Records. After arriving in New York in 1966, she was informed by Mercury that her prize was only the chance to "audition" for the label and that Mercury considered the Bandstand footage to constitute her audition, which was deemed unsuccessful. Despite having only  and a return ticket to Australia, she decided to remain in the United States with three-year-old Traci and pursue a singing career.

Music career

1966–1968: Early career
Reddy recalled her 1966 appearance at the Three Rivers Inn in Syracuse, New York—"[T]here were like twelve people in the audience"—as being typical of her early U.S. performing career. Her lack of a work permit made it difficult to obtain singing jobs, and she was forced to make trips to Canada, which did not require work permits for citizens of Commonwealth countries. In 1968, Martin St James, an Australian stage hypnotist she had met in New York City, threw Reddy a party with an admission price of  to enable Reddy—then down to her last —to pay her rent. On this occasion, Reddy met her future manager and husband, Jeff Wald, a 22-year-old secretary at the William Morris Agency who crashed the party. Reddy told People in 1975, "[Wald] didn't pay the five dollars, but it was love at first sight."

Wald recalled that  Reddy and he  married three days after meeting, and along with daughter Traci, the couple took up residence at the Hotel Albert in Greenwich Village. Reddy later stated that she married Wald "out of desperation over her right to work and live in the United States." According to New York Magazine, Wald was fired from William Morris soon after having met Reddy, and "Helen supported them for six months doing $35-a-night hospital and charity benefits. They were so broke that they snuck out of a hotel room carrying their clothes in paper bags." Reddy recalled: "When we did eat, it was spaghetti, and we spent what little money we had on cockroach spray." They left New York City for Chicago, where Wald landed a job as talent coordinator at Mister Kelly's. While in Chicago, Reddy gained a reputation singing in local lounges, including Mister Kelly's, and in 1968 she landed a deal with Fontana Records, a division of major-label Chicago-based Mercury Records. Her first single, "One Way Ticket", on Fontana was not an American hit, but it did give Reddy her first appearance on any chart, as it peaked at number 83 in her native Australia.

1969–1975: "I Am Woman" era and stardom
Within a year, Wald moved Reddy and Traci to Los Angeles, where he was hired at Capitol Records, the label under which Reddy was to attain stardom; however, Wald was hired and fired the same day. At the same time, in 1969, Reddy enrolled at the University of California Los Angeles to study psychology and philosophy part-time.

Reddy became frustrated as Wald found success managing acts such as Deep Purple and Tiny Tim without making any evident effort to promote her; after 18 months of career inactivity, Reddy gave Wald an ultimatum: "he [must] either revitalise her career or get out... Jeff threw himself into his new career as Mr. Helen Reddy. Five months of phone calls to Capitol Records executive Artie Mogull finally paid off; Mogull agreed to let Helen cut one single if Jeff promised not to call for a month. She did "I Believe in Music" penned by Mac Davis backed with "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Jesus Christ Superstar. The A-side fell flat, but then some Canadian DJs flipped the record over and it became a hit – number 13 in June 1971 – and Helen Reddy was on her way."

Reddy's stardom was solidified when her single "I Am Woman" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1972. The song was co-written by Reddy with Ray Burton; Reddy attributed the impetus for writing "I Am Woman" and her early awareness of the women's movement to expatriate Australian rock critic and pioneer feminist Lillian Roxon. Reddy is quoted in Fred Bronson's The Billboard Book of Number One Hits as having said that she was looking for songs to record which reflected the positive self-image she had gained from joining the women's movement but could not find any, so "I realised that the song I was looking for didn't exist, and I was going to have to write it myself."
"I Am Woman" first appeared on her debut album I Don't Know How to Love Him, released in May 1971. A new recording of the song was released as a single in May 1972 but barely dented the charts. Female listeners soon adopted the song as an anthem and began requesting it from their local radio stations in droves, resulting in its September chart re-entry and eventual number-one peak. "I Am Woman" earned Reddy a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. At the awards ceremony, Reddy concluded her acceptance speech by famously thanking God "because She makes everything possible". The success of "I Am Woman" made Reddy the first Australian singer to top the U.S. charts.

Three decades after her Grammy, Reddy discussed the song's iconic status: "I think it came along at the right time. I'd gotten involved in the women's movement, and there were a lot of songs on the radio about being weak and being dainty and all those sort of things. All the women in my family, they were strong women. They worked. They lived through the Depression and a world war, and they were just strong women. I certainly didn't see myself as being dainty," she said.

Over the next five years following her first success, Reddy had more than a dozen U.S. top-40 hits, including two more number-one hits. These tracks included Kenny Rankin's "Peaceful" (number 12), the Alex Harvey country ballad "Delta Dawn" (number one), Linda Laurie's "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" (number three), Austin Roberts' "Keep on Singing" (number 15), Paul Williams' "You and Me Against the World" (featuring daughter Traci reciting the spoken bookends) (number 9), Alan O'Day's "Angie Baby" (number one), Véronique Sanson and Patti Dahlstrom's "Emotion" (number 22), Harriet Schock's "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" (number eight), and the Richard Kerr/Will Jennings-penned "Somewhere in the Night" (number 19). She also had two Australian number-one singles, while "Angie Baby" was her only U.K. top-40 hit.

On 23 July 1974, Reddy received a star, located at 1750 Vine Street, on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her work in the music industry.

In late 1975, Reddy toured East Asia, Australia and New Zealand and collected 16 gold records, including 6 gold records in Australia and 6 gold records in New Zealand.

At the height of her fame in the mid 1970s, Reddy was a headliner, with a full chorus of backup singers and dancers to standing-room-only crowds on the Las Vegas Strip. Among Reddy's opening acts were Joan Rivers, David Letterman, Bill Cosby, and Barry Manilow. In 1976, Reddy recorded the Beatles' song "The Fool on the Hill" for the musical documentary All This and World War II.

Reddy was also instrumental in supporting the career of friend Olivia Newton-John, encouraging her to emigrate from England to the United States in the early 1970s, giving her professional opportunities that did not exist in the United Kingdom. At a dinner party at Reddy's house,  Newton-John met producer Allan Carr, who offered her the starring role in the hit film version of the musical Grease.

1976–1990: Career decline
Reddy was most successful on the Easy Listening chart, scoring eight number-one hits there over a three-year span, from "Delta Dawn" in 1973 to "I Can't Hear You No More" in 1976. However, the latter track evidenced a sharp drop in popularity for Reddy, with a number-29 peak on the Billboard Hot 100. Reddy's 1977 remake of Cilla Black's 1964 hit "You're My World" indicated comeback potential, with a number-18 peak, but this track – co-produced by Kim Fowley – would prove to be Reddy's last top-40 hit. Its source album, Ear Candy, Reddy's 10th album, became her first album to not attain at least gold status since her second full-length release, 1972's Helen Reddy.

In 1978, Reddy sang as a backup singer on Gene Simmons's solo album on the song "True Confessions". That year also saw the release of Reddy's only live album, Live in London, recorded at the London Palladium.

Of Reddy's eight subsequent single releases on Capitol, five reached the Easy Listening top 50 – including "Candle on the Water", from the 1977 Disney film Pete's Dragon (which starred Reddy). Only three ranked on the Billboard Hot 100: "The Happy Girls" (number 57) – the follow-up to "You're My World", and besides "I Am Woman", Reddy's only chart item that she co-wrote – and the disco tracks "Ready or Not" (number 73) and "Make Love to Me" (number 60), the latter a cover of an Australian hit by Kelly Marie, which gave Reddy a lone R&B chart ranking at number 59. Reddy also made it to number 98 on the Country chart with "Laissez les bon Temps Rouler", the B-side to "The Happy Girls".

Without the impetus of any major hits, Reddy's four Capitol album releases subsequent to Ear Candy failed to chart. In 1981, Reddy said: "I signed [with Capitol] ten years ago...And when you are with a company so long you tend to be taken for granted. For the last three years, I didn't feel I was getting the support from them."

May 1981 had the release of Play Me Out, Reddy's debut album for MCA Records, which Reddy said had "made me a deal we [Reddy and Wald] couldn't refuse"; "we shopped around and felt the most enthusiasm at MCA."  Reddy's new label affiliation, though, would result in only one minor success; her remake of Becky Hobbs's 1979 country hit "I Can't Say Goodbye to You" returned her for the last time to the Billboard Hot 100 at number 88; it also returned Reddy to the charts in the UK and Ireland (her sole previous hit in both was "Angie Baby"). Reddy's 14 November 1981 Top of the Pops performance brought "I Can't Say Goodbye to You" into the UK top 50; the track would rise there no higher than number 43, but in Ireland reached number 16, giving Reddy her final high placing on a major national chart. MCA released one further Reddy album: Imagination, in 1983; it would prove to be Reddy's final release as a career recording artist.

The unsuccessful Imagination was released just after the finalisation of Reddy's divorce from Wald, whose alleged subsequent interference in her career Reddy blamed for the decline of her career profile in the mid-1980s: "Several of my performing contracts were cancelled, and one promoter told me he couldn't book me in case a certain someone 'came after him with a shotgun'." Reddy states that she was effectively being blacklisted from her established performance areas, which led to her pursuing a career in theatre, where Wald had no significant influence.

1990s–2000: Later recordings
In 1990, Reddy issued Feel So Young on her own labelan album that includes remakes of Reddy's repertoire favourites. Meanwhile, her one recording in the interim had been the 1987 dance maxisingle "Mysterious Kind", on which Reddy had vocally supported Jessica Williams. The 1997 release of Center Stage was an album of show tunes that Reddy recorded for Varèse Sarabande; the track "Surrender"originating in Sunset Boulevardwas remixed for release as a dance maxisingle. Reddy's final album was the 2000 seasonal release The Best Christmas Ever. In April 2015, Reddy released a cover of The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love" for the album Keep Calm and Salute The Beatles on the Purple Pyramid label.

2002–2010: Retirement

Reddy announced her retirement from performing in 2002, giving her farewell performance with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra. The same year, she moved from her longtime residence in Santa Monica, California, back to her native Australia to spend time with her family, living first on Norfolk Island before taking up residence in Sydney.

She also earned a degree in clinical hypnotherapy and neurolinguistic programming. She was a practicing clinical hypnotherapist and patron of the Australian Society of Clinical Hypnotherapists.

At a ceremony in August 2006, Reddy was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame by actress singer, Toni Collette, who described her song, "I Am Woman", as "timeless". The song was performed by fellow Australian, Vanessa Amorosi.

In April 2008, Reddy was reported to be living "simply and frugally off song royalties, pension funds, and social security...[renting] a 13th-floor apartment with a 180° view of Sydney Harbour." Her apartment had been recently appraised, causing Reddy concern over its future affordability; however, the New York-based landlord learned his tenant's identity and wrote her: "I had no idea it was the Helen Reddy who was living in my unit. Because of what you have done for millions of women all over the world, I will not sell or raise your rent. I hope you'll be very happy living there for years to come."

For several years, Reddy maintained that she would not return to the stage. In 2008, she stated, "It's not going to happen. I've moved on," and explained that her voice had deepened to a lower key and she wasn't sure if she would be able to sing some of her hits. She also said she had simply lost interest in performing. "I have very wide-ranging interests," she said. In 2011 she was interviewed by Australian television, and said she was very happy to be retired from show business.

2011–2020: Brief comeback to concerts
In 2011, Reddy decided to return to performing after being buoyed by the warm reception she received when she sang at her sister's 80th birthday party. "I hadn't heard my voice in 10 years, and when I heard it coming over the speaker, it was like: 'Oh, that's not bad. Maybe I should do that again,'" Reddy explained in 2013.

Being more in control of her performances also appealed to Reddy, who said, "I have more leeway in the songs that I choose to sing. I'm not locked into what the record company wants." She explained, "One of the reasons that I'm coming back to singing is because I'm not doing the greatest hits. I'm doing the songs that I always loved. So many are album cuts that never got any airplay, and they're gorgeous songs." She also performed many of her best-known songs, including, "Angie Baby", "You and Me Against the World", a medley of "Delta Dawn"/"Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady", and "I Am Woman", reasoning on the latter that the audience "comes to hear" it.

She said she refused to sing "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" because she disliked the monotony of the repeated chorus. "They used to have a contest on the radio that you could get two free tickets to Helen Reddy's show if you could tell us how many times she sang "leave me alone". I think it was like 42 times," she said.

Reddy appeared in downtown Los Angeles at the 2017 Women's March on 21 January. The march for women's rights and unity following the inauguration of Donald Trump brought out 750,000 people. Reddy was introduced by actress Jamie Lee Curtis and sang an a cappella version of "I Am Woman".

In August 2015, unnamed sources revealed that Reddy was diagnosed with dementia and had moved into the Motion Picture and Television Fund's Samuel Goldwyn Center, where she was cared for by family and friends.

Film, theatre and television

A frequent guest on talk shows and variety programs of the 1970s and early 1980s – with credits including The Bobby Darin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, and The Muppet Show – Reddy helmed the 1973 summer replacement series for The Flip Wilson Show (Reddy had become friends with Flip Wilson when she worked the Chicago club circuit early in her career); the series, The Helen Reddy Show, provided early national exposure for Albert Brooks and the Pointer Sisters. Reddy also served as the semiregular host of the late-night variety show The Midnight Special in 1975 and 1976.

Reddy's film career included a starring role in Walt Disney's Pete's Dragon, introducing the Oscar-nominated song "Candle on the Water" and the role of a nun in Airport 1975, singing her own composition "Best Friend". For her part in Airport 1975, Reddy was nominated for a Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer – Female. Reddy was one of many musical stars featured in the all-star chorale in the film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), and she later played cameo roles in the films Disorderlies (1987) and The Perfect Host (2010).

Despite her late 1970s decline on the music charts, Reddy still had sufficient star power in 1979 to host The Helen Reddy Special, broadcast that May on ABC-TV, of which Jeff Wald was the producer. In September 1981, Reddy announced she would be shooting the pilot for her own TV sitcom, in which she would play a single mother working as a lounge singer in Lake Tahoe, but this project was abandoned. Reddy was an occasional television guest star as an actress, appearing on the television programs The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, The Jeffersons (as herself), Diagnosis: Murder, and BeastMaster.

In the mid-1980s, Reddy embarked on a new career in the theatre. She mostly worked in musicals, including Anything Goes, Call Me Madam, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, and – both on Broadway and the West End – Blood Brothers. She also appeared in four productions of the one-woman show Shirley Valentine.

Reddy's notable stage roles included:

 Shirley Valentine – as Shirley, which she performed in numerous venues across the US in 1997.
 Blood Brothers – as Mrs Johnstone – Broadway (1995), West End and Liverpool.
 Love, Julie – as Gail Sinclair.
 The Mystery of Edwin Drood – as Edwin Drood/Miss Alice Nutting – Sacramento Music Circus.
 Call Me Madam – as Mrs Sally Adams – Sacramento Music Circus (August 1986).
 Anything Goes – as Reno Sweeney
 Long Beach Civic Light Opera (July 1987).
 Sacramento Music Circus (July 1985).
 Senior Entourage – as Helen – (May 2021).

In 2007, Reddy had a voice cameo as herself in the Family Guy television show's Star Wars parody, "Blue Harvest". In 2011, she guest-starred on Family Guy again singing the opening theme song for the show's fictional Channel 5 News telecast.

Personal life

Political service, citizenship
Reddy became a naturalised American citizen in 1974, saying after the ceremony, "I feel like I'd like to have a cup of tea and a good cry." She resumed her Australian citizenship subsequently, when the opportunity to maintain dual American–Australian citizenship became available.

Reddy was active in community affairs:
 In the 1970s, she helped raise millions of dollars for Democratic political candidates.
 In July 1977, California Governor Jerry Brown appointed Reddy to the nine-member commission overseeing the California Department of Parks and Recreation. Her nomination was unanimously approved. She served on the commission until 1980.

Family

Three of Reddy's forebears left Ireland and went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. A distant cousin, New Zealand Governor-General Patsy Reddy, is descended from their mutual New Zealand forebear.

Reddy was an enthusiastic genealogist; she researched her family's history extensively and founded the Tasmanian Genealogical Society. "Genealogy is addictive; it begins as an interest, becomes a hobby, then a passion, and finally an obsession. Not only with each generation uncovered does the number of people to investigate double, but so too does the desire to understand the forces that shaped them," she wrote in her autobiography. Reddy was once asked in an interview whether her name had any connection to the Reddy caste from India. Her response was: "I have done some research on my father's side; most of my research has been done on my mother's side. His father was born in Ireland, but his great-grandfather served with an Irish regiment stationed in India, so it is possible that I have Indian ancestry. But it has not yet been established."

At age 20, Helen married Kenneth Claude Weate, an older musician and family friend whom she says she wed to defy her parents, who wished her to follow them into show business. The couple separated not long after the birth of their daughter, Traci.

In 1968, she married Jeff Wald, a native of the Bronx. She converted to Judaism before marrying Wald, with whom she had a son, Jordan, born in 1972.

In a 1975 People interview, Reddy admitted that her relationship with then-husband and manager Wald was volatile, with the couple having "huge, healthy fights", but that she owed her success (she was then the world's biggest-selling female vocalist for two consecutive years) to Wald: "He runs it all. Naturally, when the moment of performance comes I have to deliver – but everything else is him. It's not my career; it's our career."

By 2 January 1981, Reddy and Wald had separated and he had moved into a Beverly Hills treatment facility to overcome an eight-year cocaine addiction, a US$100,000-per-year habit (US$ in ). Reddy subsequently filed for divorce, yet withdrew her petition the day after filing it, stating: "After 13 years of marriage, a separation of one month is too short to make a decision." In 1982, after finding evidence of Wald's continued substance abuse, Reddy again separated from him and initiated divorce proceedings, which this time went through in January 1983. They agreed to shared custody of their son Jordan, but later became embroiled in a court battle after both filed for sole custody. Her son later changed his surname to Sommers and became her assistant.

In June 1983, she married Milton Ruth, a drummer in her band; the couple divorced in 1995.

Death
Reddy died at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Los Angeles on 29 September 2020, at the age of 78. She suffered from Addison's disease and dementia in her later years. No cause of death was given.

Reddy's second husband and former manager, Jeff Wald, died on November 13, 2021, at the age of 77.

Portrayals
A biographical film about Reddy titled I Am Woman was released in 2019, in which Reddy is played by Tilda Cobham-Hervey.

Awards

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards (AMAs) is an annual American music awards show. They commenced in 1974. Reddy won one award from four nominations.

|-
| 1974
| Helen Reddy
| Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
|
|-
| 1975
| Helen Reddy
| Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
|
|-
| 1976
| Helen Reddy
| Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
|
|-
| 1977
| Helen Reddy
| Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
|

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".

|-
| 2021 || Helen Reddy || Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music ||

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

|-
| 2006
| Helen Reddy
| ARIA Hall of Fame
|

Australian Women in Music Awards
The Australian Women in Music Awards is an annual event that celebrates outstanding women in the Australian Music Industry who have made significant and lasting contributions in their chosen field. They commenced in 2018.

|-
| 2018
| Helen Reddy
| AWMA Honour Roll
|

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards is an award presented by the Recording Academy to recognise achievements in the music industry. They commenced in 1959. Reddy has won one award from two nominations.

|-
| 1973
| "I Am Woman"
| Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
| 1976
| "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady"
| Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|

People's Choice Awards
The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show, recognising people in entertainment, voted online by the general public and fans. The show has been held annually since 1975.

|-
| 1975
| Helen Reddy
| Favorite Female Performer
|
|-

Recognition
In December 2020, Helen Reddy was listed at  number 35 in Rolling Stone Australia's 50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time issue.

Filmography

Film

Television
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Performance
! Type
|-
| 1962
| In Melbourne Tonight
| Herself / Singer
| TV series, Australia
|-
| 1962
| Sunnyside Up
| Herself / Singer
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 1965-1966
| Bandstand
| Herself / Singer
| TV series Australia, 4 episodes
|-
| 1968-1979
| The Mike Douglas Show
| Herself - Co-host / Herself - Singer
| TV series US, 13 episodes
|-
| 1970-1981
| The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson
| Herself / Herself - Musical Guest / Herself - Host / Herself - Guest Hostess / Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 31 episodes
|-
| 1971
| The Virginia Graham Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1971-1980
| Dick Clark's American Bandstand
| Herself / Guest / Musical Guest
| TV series US, 5 episodes
|-
| 1971
| Make Your Own Kind Of Music!
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1971
| The David Frost Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 2 episodes
|-
| 1972-1977
| The Carol Burnett Show
| Herself - Guest / Various characters / Herself
| TV series US, 6 episodes
|-
| 1972-1973
| The Merv Griffin Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 5 episodes
|-
| 1972
| Love! Love! Love!
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1972
| The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1972
| The Talk of the Town
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1972
| The John Byner Comedy Hour
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1972
| Rollin' On The River
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1973
| The Bobby Darin Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1973-1977
| The Midnight Special
| Herself - Host / Herself - Hostess / Herself - Singer
| TV series US, 17 episodes
|-
| 1973
| Morecombe and Wise
| Herself - Guest
| TV series UK, 1 episode
|-
| 1973
| The New Bill Cosby Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1973
| The 15th Annual Grammy Awards
| Herself - Winner song of the year "I Am Woman"
| TV special, US
|-
| 1973
| The Helen Reddy Show
| Herself - Hostess
| TV series US, 8 episodes
|-
| 1973
| Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1973
| Flip
| Herself
| TV series US, 2 episodes
|-
| 1974
| American Music Awards
| Herself - Host
| TV special, US
|-
| 1974
| GTK
| Herself
| ABC TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 1974
| The 16th Annual Grammy Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1974-1975
| The Mac Davis Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 2 episodes
|-
| 1975
| American Guild Of Variety Artists 5th Annual Entertainer Of The Year Awards
| Herself - Honoree Female Vocalist
| TV special, US
|-
| 1975
| The Don Rickles Show - Mr. Warmth
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1975
| The Flip Wilson Special
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1975
| The 47th Annual Academy Awards
| Herself - Audience member
| TV special, US
|-
| 1975
| The Glen Campbell Music Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1975
| Sammy And Company
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1975
| Sunday Special
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1975-1976
| Dinah!
| Herself
| TV series US, 3 episodes
|-
| 1975
| Tattletales
| Herself & Jeff Wald
| TV series US, 5 episodes
|-
| 1975-1985
| Top of the Pops
| Herself - Singer
| TV series UK, 5 episodes
|-
| 1975
| Adesso musica
| Herself
| TV series Italy/Germany, 1 episode
|-
| 1975
| Helen Reddy In Concert
| Herself - Singer
| TV special, UK
|-
| 1975
| Some Of My Best Friends Are Men
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1976
| Friars Club Tribute To Gene Kelly
| Herself - Performer
| TV special, US
|-
| 1976
| Celebration: The American Spirit
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1976
| The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson
| Herself - Host / Singer with Olivia Newton-John "Never Fall In Love Again"
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1976
| The 18th Annual Grammy Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1977
| The American Music Awards
| Herself - Host
| TV special, US
|-
| 1977
| Neil Diamond: Love At The Greek
| Herself (uncredited)
| TV special, US
|-
| 1977
| All You Need Is Love: The Story Of Popular Music
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1977
| Good Morning America
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 2 episodes
|-
| 1977
| The National Tribute To Hubert H. Humphrey
| Herself
| TV special
|-
| 1977
| Willesee At Seven
| Herself
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 1978
| All-Star Salute To Women's Sports
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1978
| Thank You, Rock 'N' Roll: A Tribute To Alan Freed
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1978
| The Muppet Show
| Herself - Special Guest Star sings "Blue" / "You And Me Against The World"
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1978
| Live Wednesday
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1978
| Sesame Street
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1978
| Australian Music To The World
| Herself
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1979
| The 6th Annual American Music Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1979
| George Burns' 100th Birthday Party
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1979
| The Helen Reddy Special
| Herself - Hostess
| TV special, US
|-
| 1980
| The American Sportsman
| Herself - Narrator
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1980
| The 52nd Annual Academy Awards
| Herself - Performer
| TV special, US
|-
| 1980
| The Tim Conway Show
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1980
| The Love Boat
| Elinor Green
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1980
| The Royal Charity Gala Concert
| Herself - Performer
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1980
| The Val Doonican Show
| Herself
| TV series UK, 1 episode
|-
| 1980
| Horas doradas
| Herself
| TV series Spain, 1 episode
|-
| 1980
| John Newcombe's Australian Stars In The States
| Herself at Her home
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1981
| The American Music Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1981
| The John Davidson Show
| Herself
| TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1981
| Solid Gold
| Herself - Co-host
| TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1981
| Television: Inside And Out
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1982
| Grace Kennedy
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1982
| Fantasy Island
| Suzi Swann
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1982
| Australian Music Stars Of The 60s
| Herself - Archive clips
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1982
| I Love Liberty
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1983
| The American Music Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1983
| Ladies Night Out
| Herself
| TV series UK, 1 episode
|-
| 1983
| Wogan
| Herself - Guest
| TV series UK, 1 episode
|-
| 1983
| Paul Squire Esq
| Herself - Guest
| TV series UK, 1 episode
|-
| 1983
| The 25th Annual Grammy Awards
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1983
| Salute!
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1984
| Match Game/Hollywood Squares Hour
| Herself - Panelist
| TV series US, 5 episodes
|-
| 1984
| Celebrity Chefs
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US
|-
| 1985
| Puttin' On The Hits
| Herself - Judge
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1985
| American Bandstand's 33 1/3 Celebration
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1985
| The Jeffersons
| Helen Reddy
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1986
| Television: The First 30 Years
| Herself
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1987-1988
| Hour Magazine
| Herself
| TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1988
| Lou Rawls Parade Of Stars
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1990
| Home For Easter
| Herself - Hostess
| TV movie
|-
| 1990
| The Martha Warfield Show
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1991
| Voices That Care
| Herself - Choir member
| TV special, US
|-
| 1992
| Hollywood Fantasy Christmas
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1993
| Vicki!
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1993
| Maury Povich
| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1995
| The First 100 Years Of Cinema
| Herself
| TV special, US
|-
| 1997
| The Rosie O'Donnell Show
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1997;2003
| This Is Your Life? Judith Durham
| Herself
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 1997
| When Rock Was Young: The 70s
| Herself - Archive clip "I Am Woman"
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 1998
| Intimate Portrait
| Herself
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 1998
| Denise
| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 1998;1999
| Good Morning Australia
| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 2 episodes
|-
| 1999
| M.U.G.E.N''
| Herself - Voice
| Video Game
|-
| 1999
| Good Morning Australia| Herself & sister Toni Lamond
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2000
| BeastMaster| The Seer
| TV series US/Australia/Canada, 1 episode
|-
| 2000
| Diagnosis: Murder| Danielle Marsh
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 2001
| Burke's Backyard| Herself - Celebrity Gardener
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2003
| This Is Your Life? Helen Reddy| Herself
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2003
| Love Is In The Air| Herself
| ABC TV series Australia, 1 episode "She's Leaving Home"
|-
| 2005;2011
| Today Tonight| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2005
| Today| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2005
| Sunrise| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2005
| Mornings With Kerri-Anne| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2006
| The Aria Hall Of Fame| Herself - Inductee
| TV special, Australia
|-
| 2007;2011
| Family Guy| Channel 5 Jingle Singer / Helen Reddy
| TV series US, 2 episodes
|-
| 2010
| Mother Of Rock Lillian Roxon| Herself
| Film documentary, Australia
|-
| 2010
| Talking Heads| Herself - Guest
| ABC TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2011
| Today Tonight| Herself
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2012
| A Carol Burnett Christmas| Herself
| Video
|-
| 2013
| Marie| Herself - Guest
| TV series US, 1 episode
|-
| 2013
| Studio 10| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2014
| The Morning Show| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2014
| The Daily Edition| Herself - Guest
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2015
| Studio 10| Herself - Health Report
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2016
| The Beatles And World War II| Herself
| Film documentary, UK
|-
| 2018
| Studio 10| Herself - Archive clips
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019
| Sunrise| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019
| Today| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019
| The Morning Show| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019
| Studio 10| Herself & Melinda Schneider (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019;2020
| 10 News First| Herself & Melinda Schneider (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019;2020
| Nine News| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019;2020
| Seven News| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019;2020
| Sky News| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|-
| 2019;2020
| ABC News| Herself (G'Day USA Gala)
| TV series Australia, 1 episode
|}

DiscographyI Don't Know How to Love Him (1971)Helen Reddy (1971)I Am Woman (1972)Long Hard Climb (1973)Love Song for Jeffrey (1974)Free and Easy (1974)No Way to Treat a Lady (1975)Music, Music (1976)Ear Candy (1977)We'll Sing in the Sunshine (1978)Reddy (1979)Take What You Find (1980)Play Me Out (1981)Imagination (1983)Feel So Young (1990)Center Stage (1998)The Best Christmas Ever'' (2000)

Books

Notes

References

External links

 Official website (archived)

 Helen Reddy: Life Timeline and History
 Reddy at classicbands
 "I Am Woman" – the 2009 addition to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry

1941 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century Australian actresses
20th-century Australian women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
American feminists
American film actresses
American women pop singers
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
ARIA Hall of Fame inductees
Australian emigrants to the United States
Australian feminists
Australian film actresses
Australian people of English descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian women pop singers
California Democrats
Capitol Records artists
Converts to Judaism
Feminist musicians
Fontana Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American musicians
Jewish feminists
Jewish women singers
MCA Records artists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People with Addison's disease
People with dementia
Singers from Melbourne
Varèse Sarabande artists

Helen Reddy


La Dark romance (« romance sombre ») est un sous-genre littéraire apparu dans les années 2010 et devenu très populaire dans les années 2020.

Sous-genre de la littérature sentimentale, elle entre dans la catégorie des romances « interdites », mettant en scène des relations parfois condamnées par la morale ou par la loi. Dans ce genre littéraire à la frontière entre amour, désir, sexualité et violence, l'auteur joue avec les limites de la morale et le franchissement de l'interdit. Ce genre devenu très populaire auprès d'un public féminin souvent très jeune, notamment via la saga Captives de Sarah Rivens soulève de nombreuses questions et polémiques, notamment à partir de 2023. Il est en effet parfois accusé de banaliser les violences faites aux femmes, les relations toxiques, la culture du viol et d'érotiser la violence.

Histoire du sous-genre

Origines
Issu de la romance, le succès de la romance érotique et SM de 50 nuances de Grey semble un élément déclencheur pour la naissance du sous-genre. Encore plus tôt, Histoire d'O est cité comme une des influences du genre.

Aux États-Unis
Née en 2013 aux États-Unis d'abord par le biais de l'auto-édition avec les séries Monsters in the Dark de  ou The Artists Trilogy de Karina Halle, le succès de ce sous-genre lui a permis d'être rapidement repris par plusieurs maisons d'éditions américaines importantes, telles que Random House et Grand Central.

En France
Si quelques titres sont parus en France, tels que Captive in the Dark, le dyptique de C.J. Roberts, publié en 2015 chez Pygmalion, il faut attendre 2017 pour que les premiers titres se revendiquant ouvertement de ce genre paraissent, sous l'impulsion de la collection &H qui publie Dark Romance, de Penelope Douglas. Il n'est à l'époque qu'un sous genre parmi de nombreux sous-genres émergents. Laurence Houot l'évoque ainsi sur France Info, le 6 avril 2017 :

Explosion via les réseaux sociaux, l'autoédition puis dans l'édition

Les différentes plateformes
A partir de la fin des années 2010, le genre devient très populaire grâce au vecteur des réseaux sociaux, et notamment sur wattpad, la communauté Booktok sur TikTok et Bookstagram sur Instagram .

L'auto-édition et l'édition
De nombreux auteurs et autrices, lorsque leur publication numérique rencontre du succès, passent par l'auto-édition. Puis, revendent parfois leurs droits à des maisons d'éditions.

Le succès commercial de ce sous-genre engendre indirectement une hausse des lectures en anglais dans le texte.

Le phénomène Captive de Sarah Rivens

L'écrivaine algérienne Sarah Rivens, connue sous le pseudonyme de  sur les réseaux sociaux, et en particulier sur Wattpad connaît un énorme succès avec sa trilogie saga Captive, issue du genre de la dark romance. Elle devient l'Algérienne la plus lue de l'histoire et demeure plusieurs mois en tête des ventes de livres en France.

Entre fin 2020 et début 2021, en pleine pandémie de Covid-19, un buzz important se crée sur les réseaux sociaux, en particulier sur TikTok avec le hashtag #captivewattpad. La saga attire rapidement plus de 9 millions de lecteurs sur Wattpad. La maison d'édition HLAB (Hachette Livre) remarque ce succès et signe un contrat d'édition avec Sarah Rivens pour produire les tomes suivants.

Traduite en dix langues, la série connaît un grand succès commercial, avec une forte croissance des ventes. La sortie en version papier du premier tome est prévue pour fin août 2022, avec un tirage important de  exemplaires. Dès la première journée de vente, le roman est en rupture de stock. En avril 2023, la trilogie Captive s'est déjà vendue à plus de  exemplaires en version papier et à  exemplaires en version numérique. Les ventes continuent à un rythme de plus de  exemplaires par semaine. Fin mai 2023, elle est en tête des ventes de livres depuis trente-sept semaines, devant Louis-Ferdinand Céline et Stephen King. Plus d'un demi-million d'exemplaires ont été imprimés et sont disponibles en magasin. En revanche, en Algérie, le grossiste chargé d'importer la trilogie n'a toujours pas été homologué par les autorités.

Cette histoire d'amour violente passionne en particulier de jeunes lectrices utilisatrices des réseaux sociaux.

Classification et thématiques

Sous-genre de la littérature sentimentale, la dark romance entre dans la catégorie des romances « interdites » mettant en scène des relations parfois condamnées par la morale ou par la loi. Le genre n'est pas à confondre avec le romantisme noir. Ce genre connaît de nombreux détracteurs au sein du monde de la romance (des autrices aux lectrices) et beaucoup considèrent qu'il usurpe le terme romance. En effet, plusieurs romans de dark romance sont dénués notamment de fin heureuse, qui est pourtant un élément fondamental du genre.

Dans le prolongement de la romance , la dark romance met en scène des adultes de tous âges, mais principalement des jeunes adultes, effectuant leurs études ou débutant dans la vie active.

Les thématiques traitées sont toutefois différentes, portant sur des aspects plus sombres, notamment la vengeance, le pardon, et les traumatismes psychologiques issus d'enfances difficiles, ce qui rapproche ce genre du drame psychologique. Dans ce genre littéraire à la frontière entre amour, désir et violence, l'auteur joue avec les limites de la morale et le franchissement de l'interdit. Le récit se déroule bien souvent sous forme de huis clos où se déroulent l'intrigue et la naissance de sentiments entre les deux protagonistes.

Réactions et controverses
Le genre est questionné et génère des polémiques, et interroge de nombreux médias à partir de 2023, face au succès commercial qu'il rencontre, auprès d'un public féminin et jeune.

Critiques
De nombreux articles voient dans le succès de ce sous-genre un recul de l'égalité hommes femmes, et lui reprochent de banaliser les relations toxiques, à l'instar de Elsa Mittelette. D'autre l'accusent de . Zoé Grandjacques dans madame Figaro estime que . Julie Rambal argumente de la même manière dans le Temps. Marianne Meunier, dans La Croix, . Dans l'humanité, Mathieu te Morsche décrit le succès énorme de ce genre auprès de femmes et filles très jeunes et évoque un   Camille Emmanuelle, dans Marianne, questionne :  La même autrice, dans Ouest-France, parle de culture du viol.

Positions plus nuancées
Lucie Ronfaut relativise et tempère ces critiques. Elle estime notamment que le débat est plus ancien, et caricature souvent la représentation du désir féminin. Elle écrit ainsi :

Dans son blog, Roni Loren émet la position suivante : « Les frontières de la morale sont floues. Ce sont des personnages avec lesquels vous ne voudriez pas avoir d'ennuis dans la vraie vie, mais c'est ce qui rend la lecture de leurs aventures si intéressante. »

Serge Hefez estime quant à lui que « La dark romance propose un exutoire à la complexité de la sexualité. ».

Magali Bigey, chercheuse et maître de conférences en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication déclare : « Le discours ambiant, fait d'injonctions paradoxales sur ce que doit et peut être une femme et un homme, pourrait amener à chercher l'évasion dans la dark romance. »

Bibliographie
 Lettre à celle qui lit mes romances érotiques, et qui devrait arrêter tout de suite Camille Emmanuelle, Les Échappées, 2017

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Dark fantasy
 Sous-genres de la romance

Liens externes

Genre et forme littéraire

Dark romance


Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2012 fóru fram þriðjudaginn 6. nóvember 2012. Barack Obama sitjandi forseti og Joe Biden sitjandi varaforseti unnu sigur á Mitt Romney, fyrrum fylkisstjóra Massachusetts, og Paul Ryan, fulltrúadeildarþingmanni fyrir Wisconsin.

Prófkjör

Demókrataflokkurinn
 Forseti: Barack Obama, forseti Bandaríkjanna (2009–2017); öldungadeildarþingmaður fyrir Illinois (2005–2008)
 Varaforseti: Joe Biden, varaforseti Bandaríkjanna (2009–2017); öldungadeildarþingmaður fyrir Delaware (1973–2009)

Repúblikanaflokkurinn

Frambjóðendur
 Sigurvegari: Mitt Romney, fylkisstjóri Massachusetts (2003–2007)
 Varaforsetaefni: Paul Ryan, fulltrúadeildarþingmaður fyrir Wisconsin (1999–2019)
 Ron Paul, fulltrúadeildarþingmaður fyrir Texas (1997–2013); dró framboð til baka ekki
 Fred Karger, stjórnmálaráðunautur; dró framboð til baka þann 29. júní 2012
 Newt Gingrich, forseti fulltrúadeildar (1995–1999); dró framboð til baka þann 2. maí 2012
 Rick Santorum, öldungadeildarþingmaður fyrir Pennsylvaníu (1995–2007); dró framboð til baka þann 10. apríl 2012
 Buddy Roemer, fylkisstjóri Louisiana (1988–1992); dró framboð til baka þann 22. febrúar 2012
 Rick Perry, fylkisstjóri Texas (2000–2015); dró framboð til baka þann 19. janúar 2012
 Jon Huntsman Jr., sendiherra Bandaríkjanna í Kína (2009–2011); dró framboð til baka þann 16. janúar 2012
 Michele Bachmann, fulltrúadeildarþingmaður fyrir Minnesota (2007–2013); dró framboð til baka þann 4. janúar 2012
 Gary Johnson, fylkisstjóri New Mexico (1995–2003); dró framboð til baka þann 28. desember 2011
 Herman Cain, stjórnarformaður Seðlabanka Bandaríkjanna í Kansas City (1995–1996); dró framboð til baka þann 3. desember 2011
 Thaddeus McCotter, fulltrúadeildarþingmaður fyrir Michigan (2003–2012); dró framboð til baka þann 22. september 2011
 Tim Pawlenty, fylkisstjóri Minnesota (2003–2011); dró framboð til baka þann 14. ágúst 2011

Frjálshyggjuflokkurinn
 Forseti: Gary Johnson, fylkisstjóri New Mexico (1995–2003); forsetaframbjóðandi 2012 úr Repúblikanaflokknum
 Varaforseti: Jim Gray, fyrrverandi dómari Hæstiréttarins Orange-sýslu, Kaliforníu

Græni flokkurinn
 Forseti: Jill Stein, læknir
 Varaforseti: Cheri Honkala, samfélagsskipuleggjandi

Stofnaskráarflokkurinn
 Forseti: Virgil Goode, fulltrúadeildarþingmaður fyrir Virginíu (1997–2009)
 Varaforseti: Jim Clymer, lögmaður

Réttlætisflokkurinn
 Forseti: Rocky Anderson, borgarstjóri Salt Lake City (2000–2008)
 Varaforseti: Luis J. Rodriguez, skáld, rithöfundur, og blaðamaður

Niðurstöður

Sjá einnig
 Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2012

Tilvísanir

Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2012
2012

Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 2012


Kızıl geyik (Cervus elaphus), dünya üstündeki en büyük geyik türlerinden biridir.

Kızıl geyik Avrupa'nın çoğu kısmında, Kafkas Dağları bölgesinde ve Hazar Denizi'nin batısında Anadolu'da yaşar. Ayrıca Afrika'da da bulunan tek geyik türüdür ve kuzeybatı Afrika'da Cezayir ile Tunus arasında Atlas Dağları'nda bulunur. Kızıl geyik aynı zamanda Yeni Zelanda ve Arjantin gibi diğer bölgelere de sokulmuştur. Türkiye'de ise aşırı avlanma sonucu sayıları düşmüş olup, bugünlerde kalan popülasyon korunmaya çalışılmaktadır. Dünyanın birçok bölgesinde kızıl geyikten elde edilen et besin olarak tüketilmektedir.

Alt türleri

 C. e. elaphus grubu
 Cervus elaphus atlanticus
 Cervus elaphus barbarus
 Cervus elaphus brauneri
 Cervus elaphus corsicanus
 Cervus elaphus elaphus
 Cervus elaphus hispanicus
 Cervus elaphus maral
 Cervus elaphus pannoniensis
 C. e. wallichii grubu
 Cervus elaphus alashanicus
 Cervus elaphus hanglu
 Cervus elaphus kansuensis
 Cervus elaphus macneilli
 Cervus elaphus wallichii
 Cervus elaphus yarkandensis
 C. e. canadensis grubu
 Cervus elaphus canadensis
 Cervus elaphus nannodes
 Cervus elaphus songaricus
 Cervus elaphus xanthopygus

Dış bağlantılar

Notlar

Asgari endişe altındaki hayvanlar
Cervus
Avrasya megafaunası
Azerbaycan'daki memeliler
Birleşik Krallık'taki memeliler
İrlanda'daki memeliler
İtalya'daki memeliler
İsveç'teki memeliler
Türkiye'deki memeliler
İstilacı memeli türleri
1758'de tanımlanan omurgalılar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kızıl geyik


Nicolás Delgado, OFM (falecido a 25 de novembro de 1698) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo da Nicarágua (1687–1698).

Biografia
Nicolás Delgado foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Frades Menores. No dia 2 de maio de 1687, foi nomeado Bispo da Nicarágua durante o papado do Papa Inocêncio XI e empossado a 22 de dezembro de 1688. Serviu como Bispo da Nicarágua até à sua morte a 25 de novembro de 1698.

Mortos em 1698
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Inocêncio XI

Nicolás Delgado


Athabascasøen (engelsk: Lake Athabasca, fransk: Lac Athabasca, fra skov-cree aðapaskāw)  er en sø i Canada. Den ligger i den nordvestlige dele af provinsen Saskatchewan og det nordøstlige hjørne af provinsen Alberta, mellem 58° og 60° N.

Geografi
Søen har et areal på 7.850 km², og er 283 kilometer lang, med en største bredde på 50 km og en største dybde på 124 m. Den har et vandvolumen på 204 km³. Søen har udløb mod nord via Slave River til Store Slavesø og floden Mackenzie River som munder ud i Nordishavet. Fort Chipewyan, en af de ældste europæiske bosættelser i Alberta, ligger ved vestbredden af søen, hvor Riviere Des Rochers afvander den og løber mod Slave River.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Søer i Canada
Saskatchewan
Alberta

Athabascasøen


Roxana Stroe  (n. septembrie 1991, Constanța) este o regizoare și scenaristă română. A scris și regizat filmele Plante perene (2013), O noapte în Tokoriki (2016) și Black Friday (2015). A primit Premiile TIFF: Premiul Zilelor Filmului Românesc pentru secțiunea scurtmetraj și a fost nominalizată în 2016 la Premiul Gopo pentru tânără speranță și Gopo pentru cel mai bun film de scurt metraj.

În 2016, O noapte la Tokoriki a primit premiul special pentru cel mai bun scurtmetraj din partea juriului international al secțiunii Generation 14plus de la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Berlin.

Biografie
A absolvit în 2013 secția Regie de film și TV a Universității Naționale de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale", București.

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Roxana Stroe la imdb
 Roxana Stroe la cinemagia
 Roxana Stroe la aarc.ro
  Roxana Stroe  la cinemarx

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori de film români

Nașteri în 1991
Regizori de film români
Scenariști români

Roxana Stroe (regizoare)


في الجبر الخطي والتحليل الدالي، الإسقاط  هو كل تحويل خطي  من الفضاء المتجهي نحو نفسه حيث . بتعبير آخر، P هو حيث إذا طُبق مرتين على قيمة معينة، فكأنما طُبق مرة واحدة (تسمى هذه الخاصية بتساوي القوى).

العناصر الأساسية في جميع أنواع الاسقاط هي مركز ومستوى الاسقاط. وفقا لطبيعة مركز الاسقاط: نقطة نهائية أو لانهائية، الاسقاط ينقسم إلى نوعين الإسقاط المتوازي والإسقاط المركزي (أو المنظور).

انظر إلى إسقاط تمثيلي ثلاثي الأبعاد.

تعريفات
الإسقاط على فضاء متجهي  هو تحويل خطي  حيث .

أمثلة

إسقاط عمودي
على سبيل المثال، الدالة التي تصل النقطة  في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد ، بالنقطة  هي إسقاط عمودي على المستوى xy. هذه الدالة تُمثل بالمصفوفة

.

الخصائص والتصنيف

إسقاط عمودي

 هذا الإسقاط يشتمل على أساليب تمثيل هندسي مثل طريقة مونج والأكسونومتري العمودية: ايزوميترك (عندما تشكل المحاور xyz، زاوايا متساوية بالنسبة لمستوى الاسقاط)، ديمتريك (عندما اثنين من المحاور يشكلان زاوايتين متساويتين بالنسبة لمستوى الاسقاط. تريمترك ((عندما تشكل المحاور xyz، زاوايا مختلفة بالنسبة لمستوى الاسقاط)

إسقاط مائل (هندسة وصفية)
حسب التوازي أو عدمة بين أحد المستويات الاحداثية (xy, yz, xz) ومستوى الإسقاط π, يمكن تصنيف الإسقاط المائل إلى نوعين من الأكسونومتري:
 اكسونومتري كافاليرا، عندما يكون هناك توازي أو تطابق بين أحد المستويات الإحداثية ومستوى الاسقاط π .
 اكسونومتري عامة، عندما لا يوجد هناك توازي بين أحد المستويات الاحداثية مع π.

وبالتالي العناصر الأساسية في الإسقاطات المتوازية هي اتجاه الإسقاط D ومستوى الإسقاط p. ووفقا للزاوية F المتشكلة بين D وp، الإسقاط المتوازي ينقسم إلى فئتين:
 الإسقاط العمودي، عندما تكون الزاوية F قائمة بالنسبة للمستوى p.
 الإسقاط المائل، عندما الزاوية F لا تساوي 90 درجة.

مراجع

تحليل دالي
جبر خطي
طرق الاظهار الهندسي

إسقاط (هندسة)


سمر الزاكي (26 أكتوبر 1991 -)، ممثلة بحرينية. بدأت العمل الفني بعام 2007.

أعمالها
 مسلسل الفجر المستحيل.
 مسلسل بعدك طيب
 مسلسل كف ودفوف
 مسلسل مارغريت
 مسلسل كذبة ابريل
 مسرحية فلة المسحورة
 مسرحية اطفال×اطفال
 مسرحية احلام الطفولة
 مسرحية خمس مسرحيات في جامعة البحرين.
 مسرحية السحر الأسود.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات
ممثلات مسرح بحرينيات
مواليد 1412 هـ
مواليد 1991
ممثلات بحرينيات في القرن 21

سمر الزاكي


Ord. Prof. Dr. Sedat Alp (1 Ocak 1913, Karaferye - 10 Ekim 2006, Ankara), Türkiye'nin ilk hititoloğu olan tarihçi ve arkeolog Türk akademisyen ve akademik idareci. 1982-1983 yılları arasında Türk Tarih Kurumu başkanı olarak görev yaptı.

Hayatı

Sedat Alp, 1 Ocak 1913 yılında, o zaman Osmanlı İmparatorluğu sinırları içinde bulunan (günümüzde Yunanistan'da "Veroia" adı ile bulunan) Karaferye kentinde doğdu. Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı takiben 1923 yılında Lozan Barış Antlaşması'na ek olarak yapılan sözleşme uyarınca Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesi'ne uyarak ailesi ile 1923'te Turkiye'ye göç etti.

1932 yılında Atatürk'ün açılmasını sağladığı Avrupa'da yüksek eğitim için burs sağlamak için açılan bir yarışmayı kazanarak Leipzig ve Berlin Üniversitelerinde eski çağ tarihi, hititoloji, eski Anadolu dilleri ve kültürleri, sümeroloji ve akadistik ve arkeoloji eğitimi aldı. 1940 yılında doktora sınavını vererek yurda döndü.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nde hititoloji alanında çalışmalar yaptı ve bu kurumda doçent ve profesör oldu.  1956-1958 yılları arasında Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi dekanlığına seçilerek bu idarecilik görevini yürüttü. 1959 yılında ordinaryüs profesör unvanını aldı.

1953 yılında Federal Almanya'da Münster Üniversitesinde misafir Profesör olarak ders verdi. 1959 yılında Londra'da Victoria and Albert Museum'da konferans verdi, 1967 yılında Roma'da toplanan Uluslararası Mikenoloji kongresine şeref konuğu olarak katıldı, 1969 yılında Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsünün davetlisi olarak Berlin Üniversitesinde, 1975, 1977-78 yıllarında yine Berlin, Hamburg, Bochum, Giessen, Würzburg, Bonn ve Tübingen Üniversitelerinde, 1977 yılında da Japan Foundation ve Waseda Üniversitesinin davetlisi olarak Tokyo'da bildiriler sundu.

Münih Üniversitesinde 1979 yılında misafir Profesör olarak ders verdi. Aynı yıl içinde Çekoslovakya'da Prag Üniversitesi'ne, İsviçre'de Bern ve Zürih Üniversitelerine, 1980 yılında Paris'te Collège de France'a ve İtalya'da Pavia Üniversitesine davet edilerek, tarafından verilen konferanslar yanında, İstanbul Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsünde davetli olarak birkaç kez bildiri sundu. 1958/1959'da bir yıl süre ile Londra'da, yine 1959'da üç ay süre ile Paris'te, 1969'da bir yıl süre ile Berlin'de, 1978'de iki ay süre ile Federal Almanya'da Marburg'da davetli olarak, 1981/82'de dört ay süre ile Mainz'ta Bilimler Akademisinin davetlisi olarak araştırma yaptı.

Türk Tarih Kurumu üyeliğine 1946 yılında seçildi. Türk Tarih Kurumu'nda Genel Sekreter olarak uzun yıllar görev yaptı. Genel sekreter olarak 7., 8. ve 9. Türk Tarih Kongrelerini organize etti. Sunduğu bildirilerle Kongrelerin bilimsel çalışmalarına katıldı. 1982 yılında Türk Tarih Kurumu Başkanlığı'na seçildi.

Yurt içinde ve yurt dışında birçok bilim kuruluşunun üyelik yaptı.

1953 yılında Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsünün muhabir üyeliğine, 1956 yılında aynı Enstitünün aslî üyeliğine ve 1979 yılında Mainz Bilimler Akademisi üyeliğine seçilen Sedat Alp Mainz Bilimler Akademisine seçilen iki Türk bilim adamından biridir.

Uluslararası Akademiler Birliği toplantılarında Türk Tarih Kurumu'nu iki kez temsil etti. 1957 yılında İtalyan Cumhurbaşkanının nişanı ile, 1972 yılında Federal Almanya Cumhurbaşkanının en yüksek liyakat nişanı ile onurlandırıldı.

En önemli keşifleri arasında Boğazköy'den sonra en çok çivi yazılı tablet bulunan Maşat Höyük'ün metinlerdeki adının Tapigga olduğunun saptanması bulunmaktadır.

10 Ekim 2006 günü, Ankara'daki evinde vefat etti.

Ödülleri
 1957 - İtalya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın Commendatore Nişanı
 1972 - Almanya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın Liyakat Nişanı
 1980 - Paris College de France Madalyası
 1991 - Almanya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın Yıldızlı Liyakat Nişanı
 1991 - İtalya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın Grande Ufficiale Nişanı
 1992 - Türkiye Tanıtma Vakfı Ödülü
 2001 - Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Onur Ödülü
 2001 - Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Topluluğu Onur Ödülü
 2002 - Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Onur Ödülü
 2003 - Aydın Doğan Vakfı Arkeoloji Ödülü

Uluslararası Akademiler ve Meslek Kuruluşlarına Üyelikleri
 1990 - Çorum'da toplanan I. ve III. (1996) Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongrelerinin Başkanı, Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongrelerinin Kurucusu
 1993 - Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Onur Üyesi
 1994 - İstanbul Üniversitesi, Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Şeref Üyesi,
 1996 - Kentin tanıtımı nedeniyle,BM tarafından verilen Çorum Fahri Hemşehrisi unvanı
 1997 - Würzburg Üniversitesi'nden Fahri Doktora
 1998 - British Academy Üyesi

Yayımlanmış eser ve makaleleri

 Untersuchungen zu den Beamtennamen im Hethitischen Festzeremoniell, Leipzig 1940.
 Kumarbi Efsanesi (Almanca'dan Tercüme), TTK Yayınları: Dizi-VII/11. Ankara 1945.
 Hitit Kanunları Hakkında, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCFD V 5,1947,465-482.
 Şırzı'da bulunan Hitit Hiyeroglif kitabesi, DTCFD V 2, 1947,147-151.
 The Hittite Hieroglyphic Inscription of Şırzı, DTCFD V 2,1947,153-158.
 Hitit Kıralı IV. Tuthaliya'nın Askerî Fermanı, Belleten XI/43, 1947, s.383-414.
 Military Instructions of the Hittite King Tuthaliya IV. Belleten XI,sayı:43,1947 s.403-414.
 La désignation du Lituus eiı Hittite, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, I, 1947, s.164-175.
 Hitit Metinlerinde GIŠ kalmuš "Lituus" ve HUB.BI "küpe", Belleten XII/46, 1948, s. 301-319.
 GIS kalmuš"Lituus" and HUB.BI "Earring in the Hittite Textes, Belleten XII/46,s.320-324.
 Sosyal sınıf NAM.RA'lar ve Ideogram'ın Hititçe Karşılığı. Belleten XIII/50, 1949, s.245-270.
 Die Soziale Klasse der NAM.RA-Leute und ihre hethitische Bezeichnung, Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische Forschung I, 1950-51, s.113-135.
 Bemerkungen zu den Hieroglypen des Hethitischen Monuments von Imamkulu, Symbolae Hrozny I, Archiv Orientalni XVIII, 1950, s. 1-8.
 Hitit hiyeroglif mühür ve kitabelerindeki bazı şahıs adlarının okunuşları hakkında, Ankara 1950.
 Zur Lesung von manchen Personnennamen auf den hieroglyphenhethitischen Siegeln und Inschriften. Ankara 1950.
 Hitit Devletinin İç bünyesi, IV. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara 1952, s.38-45.
 Hititler Hakkında yeni bir kitap münasebetiyle, DTCFD X, 1952, s. 241-248.
 On the Occasion of a new book concerning the Hittites. DTCFD X, 1952, s.249-256.
 The N (N)-formations in the Hittite Language, Belleten XVIII/72, 1954, s.449-467.
 Die Lage von Šamuha, Anatolia (Anadolu) I, 1956, s. 77-80.
 Zu den Körperteilnamen im Hethitischen, Anatolia (Anadolu) II, 1957 s.1-48
 Amasya civarında Zara Bucağında bulunan Hitit heykeli ile diğer Hitit eserleri, Anatolia (Anadolu) VI, 1961/1962, s. 191-216.
 Eine hethitische Bronzestatuette und andere Funde aus Zara bei Amasya, Anatolia (Anadolu) VI, 1961/1962, s. 217-243.
 Kaniš=Aniša=Niša, Erken Hitit Çağının bir Başkenti,Belleten XXVII/107, 1963, s. 366-376.
 Kaniš=Aniša=Niša Eine Hauptstadt der frühhethitischen Periode,Belleten XXVII/107,s.376-386.
 Eski Anadolu yazısının Menşeleri, Atatürk Konferansları. Ankara 1964, s. 57-70.
 Güney-Batı Anadolu'da Bulunan Erken Bronz Çağına Ait Mermer İdol'lar, Belleten XXIX/113, 1965, s. 3-8.
 Frühbronzezeitliche Marmoridole aus Südwestanatolien, Belleten XXIX/113, 1965, s.9-14.
 "Anadolu'da" bulunan M.Ö.İkinci Bin Yılına ait altından bir yüz maskesi,Belleten XXIX/113, 1965, s. 15-18.
 Eine goldene Gesichtmaske vom zweiten Vorchristlichen Jahrtausend aus "Anatolien", Belleten XXIX/113, 1965, s. 19-23.
 Libasyon Kapları "Gaga Ağızlı Desti" ile "Kol Biçimli Alet ve Hitit Metinlerindeki Karşılıkları, Belleten XXXI/124, 1967, s. 5I3-530.
 Die Libationsgefässe "Schnabelkanne" und "Armförmiges Gerât" und Ihre Hethitischen Bezeichnungen, Belleten XXXI/124,1967,s.531-549.
 Zylinder-und Stempelsiegel aus Karahöyük bei Konya,Ankara 1968. T.T.K.Yay.: Dizi-V/26 s.276 Abbildungen im Texte,254 Tafeln.
 Ein hethitisches Stempelsiegel aus der Umgebung von Afyonkarahisar und ein Knopfsiegel aus Yazırhöyük bei Nevşehir,Festschrift P.Meriggi, 1970, s.1-6.
 Konya Civarında Karahöyük'te bulunan Silindir ve Damga Mühürleri 1972, T.T.K. Yayınları: Dizi, V/31, metin içinde 276 desen, dışında 254 levha.
 Hitit Hiyeroglif yazısında şimdiye kadar anlamı bilinmeyen bir unvan, VII. Türk Tarih Kongresi I. Cilt, 1972, s.98-102.
 Eine weitere Hieroglypheninschrift aus Emirgazi und ein Rollsiegel mit Hieroglyphenlegenden aus dem Gebiet von Adıyaman, südöstlich von Malatya, Festschrift H.Otten,1973 s.11-15,1975.
 Ištar auf dem Karahöyük, Mansel'e Armağan, 1974, s.703-707.
 Eine neue hieroglyphenhethitische Inschrift der Gruppe Kızıldağ-Karadağ aus der Nähe von Aksaray und die früher publizierten Inschriften derselben Gruppe, Anatolian Studies Presented to Hans Gustav Güterbock on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, 1974, s. 17-27.
 Eski Önasya'da Siyasal İlişkilerden Bölümler, Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıldönümü Anma Kitabı. s. 425-436, AÜ DTCF Yayın No. 239, 1974.
 Die Hethiter in Anatolien, Das Parlament 1976, Türkiye Özel Sayısı.
 Maşat Höyük'te keşfedilen Hitit Tabletlerinin Işığı altında Yukarı Yeşil Irmak bölgesinin Coğrafyası Hakkında, Belleten XLI/164,s. 637-647.
 Hitit Kenti Hanhana'nın Yeri, Belleten XLI/I64, 1977, s. 649-652.
 Remarques sur la géographie de la région du Haut-Yeşilırmak d'après les tablettes hittites de Maşat-Höyük, Florilegium Anatolicum, Mélanges offerts à Emmanuel Laroche, Paris, 1979 s.29-35.
 Die Lage der Kultstadt Hanhana, Festschrift Elmar Edel, Bamberg 1979, s. 13-16.
 Hitit Dilinde "Saray" sözünün karşılığı, Belleten XLIII/170, 1979, s. 273-280.
 Das hethitische Wort für "Palast",Studia Mediterranea I,Piero Meriggi dicata I,1979,s.17-25.
 Maşat Höyük'te keşfedilen çivi yazılı Hitit Tabletleri, VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi I. cilt, 1979, 165-196.
 Die hethitischen Tontafelentdeckungen auf dem Maşat-Höyük, Belleten XLIV/173,1980,s. 254-59.
 Eski Anadolu'da yazı, Harf Devriminin 50. Yılı Sempozyumu s. 19-22, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları XVI. Dizi, sayı 4I, 1981.
 Hititlerin dinsel törenlerinde kullanılan temizlik maddesi tuhhueššar üzerinde bir inceleme, Belleten XLVI/182, s. 247-254.
 Beiträge zur Erforschung des hethitischen Tempels, Kultanlagen im Lichte der Keilschrifttexte, Ankara 1983. T.T.K. Yayınları: Dizi - VI, No. 23 XXXIV + 382 metin dışı 1-13 fotoğraf ve desen.
 Zum Wesen der kultischen Reinigungssubstanz tuhhueššar, Festschrift A. Kammenhuber.
 Die Lage der hethitischen Kultstadt Karahna, Festschrift Kurt Bittel.

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

Dış bağlantılar
 Abebooks.co.uk Sedat Alp'ın seçilmiş eserleri listesi.  Online:
 Worldcat.org websitesinde "Seadat Alp" eserleri bibliyografisi.

1913 doğumlular
2006 yılında ölenler
Türk arkeologlar
Hititologlar
20. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
21. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
Türk ordinaryüs profesörler
Commendatore Ödülü sahipleri
Türk şövalyeler
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi dekanları
Türk bilim insanları
Leipzig Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Makedonya Türkleri
20. yüzyıl arkeologları
Berlin Humboldt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Ankara Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri

Sedat Alp


Idiops nilopolensis est une espèce d'araignées mygalomorphes de la famille des Idiopidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de l'État de Rio de Janeiro au Brésil

Description
Le mâle décrit par Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci, Yamamoto et Brescovit en 2021 mesure  et la femelle .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de nilopol[is] et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Nilópolis.

Publication originale
 Mello-Leitão, 1923 : « Theraphosideas do Brasil. » Revista do Museu Paulista, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Idiopidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de l'État de Rio de Janeiro

Idiops nilopolensis


Raroia eller   Raro-nuku er atol i Fransk Polynesien 740 km nordøst for Tahiti og 6 km sydvest for Takume. Administrativt er det en del af den franske kommune Makemo.

Øer i Frankrig
Øer i Stillehavet
Atoller

Raroia


Valni broj (oznaka k) je fizikalna veličina razmjerna recipročnoj vrijednosti valne duljine λ:

jednaka je omjeru kružne frekvencije ω i brzine širenja vala v:

Što je valna duljina kraća, valni broj je veći. Mjerna jedinica valnoga broja je recipročni metar (1/m).

Elektromagnetski spektar

Elektromagnetski spektar prikaz je jakosti elektromagnetskoga zračenja kao funkcije njegove frekvencije, odnosno valne duljine. Obuhvaća sve vrste elektromagnetskih valova, od niskofrekventnih radiovalova (valne duljine od nekoliko kilometara) preko mikrovalova (30 cm do 1 mm) i područja optičkih spektara (infracrvenoga zračenja, vidljive svjetlosti, ultraljubičastoga zračenja; od 1 mm do 1 nm) do visokofrekvencijskoga rendgenskog zračenja (valne duljine do približno 1 pm) i gama-zračenja. Promjene u energijskim razinama elektrona odražavaju se uglavnom na ultraljubičastim i vidljivim spektrima, a od vibracijske i rotacijske energije molekula potječu infracrveni spektri.

Izvori

Fizikalne veličine

Valni broj


Danny Sapsford (* 3. April 1969 in Walton-on-Thames, England) ist ein ehemaliger britischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Sapsford begann im Alter von zehn Jahren mit dem Tennisspiel. Er besuchte die Tennisschule der Lawn Tennis Association und gewann als Heranwachsender die nationalen britischen U12 und U18 Titel. Am erfolgreichsten war er auf der ATP Challenger Tour, wo er zwischen 1994 und 1997 acht Doppeltitel gewinnen konnte. Hiervon jeweils drei an der Seite von Chris Wilkinson und Andrew Foster sowie zwei zusammen mit Mark Petchey. Mit letzterem gelang ihm auch sein größter Erfolg, der Gewinn des Doppeltitel beim ATP Turnier von Nottingham 1996. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennisweltrangliste erreichte er 1996 mit Position 170 im Einzel sowie 1998 mit Position 83 im Doppel.

Sein bestes Einzelergebnis bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier war das Erreichen der dritten Runde in Wimbledon. Als Qualifikant mit Weltranglistenposition 595 siegte er gegen Julián Alonso und Galo Blanco, bevor er glatt in drei Sätzen gegen Pete Sampras ausschied. Im Anschluss an dieses Spiel gab Sapsford seinen Rücktritt vom Profisport bekannt. In der Doppelkonkurrenz erreichte er 1998 das Achtelfinale bei den US Open. Im Mixed stand er zwei Mal im Achtelfinale von Wimbledon.

Sapsford spielte zwischen 1990 und 1991 drei Einzelpartien für die britische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft, von denen er zwei gewinnen konnte.

Erfolge

Doppel

Turniersiege

ATP Tour

Challenger Tour

Finalteilnahmen

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Spieler (Großbritannien)
Tennisspieler (England)
Engländer
Geboren 1969
Mann

Danny Sapsford


David Fernández Flores (San Felipe, 5 de junio de 1986) es un futbolista chileno que juega como defensor o mediocampista en Unión San Felipe de la Primera B de Chile.

Trayectoria

Se inició como jugador de fútbol en los cadetes del club Unión San Felipe donde militó hasta que fue fichado el 2012 por Deportes Concepción

En la temporada 2009 con el destacado entrenador Roberto Mariani contribuyó enormemente en el ascenso del club a la Primera División y fue figura en la Copa Chile.

En la temporada 2010 ahora con el entrenador Ivo Basay Davicho se ganó un lugar en el corazón del hincha del Uní-Uní jugando con dedicación y dejando todo en la cancha. Fue el mejor momento de su carrera cuando jugó el la Copa Nissan Sudamericana 2010 uno de los máximos torneos internacionales de Sudamérica.

En el Torneo de Apertura 2011 fue la figura del club donde este llegó a Play Off de dicho torneo pero siendo eliminado por quién sería el campeón Universidad de Chile.

El Torneo de Clausura 2011 el club estuvo a punto de caer en la Segunda División al jugar la Liguilla de Promoción ante  Everton. En el primer partido el cuadro aconcagüino cayó 1-0, pero gracias a los goles de Ezequiel Carballo y Omar Merlo en el partido de vuelta jugado en San Felipe (Triunfo por 2-0)(Marcador Global 2-1); siguieron en Primera División por una temporada más.

En el torneo del 2012 no tuvo mucha continuidad en el primer equipo y fue enviado al filial Unión San Felipe "B" con el cual obtuvo el campeonato de Segunda División de Chile 2012.

Después del campeonato el jugador fue fichado por Deportes Concepción para defender sus filas en el campeonato de Primera B 2013. Para el torneo siguiente retorna a Unión San Felipe.

Sin embargo, para lograr un rápido ascenso a la máxima categoría del balompié chileno, Everton de Viña del Mar lo ficha en la temporada 2014 para afirmar la defensa.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Nacidos en San Felipe (Chile)
Futbolistas de Chile
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Unión San Felipe en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Unión San Felipe en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Deportes Concepción en los años 2010
Futbolistas de Everton de Viña del Mar en los años 2010

David Fernández Flores


O Brit Award para Melhor Artista Revelação (no original em inglês: Brit Award for Best New Artist) (anteriormente Brit Award para Melhor Revelação Britânica, no original em inglês: Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act) é um prêmio concedido pela British Phonographic Industry (BPI), uma organização que representa gravadoras e artistas no Reino Unido. O prêmio é apresentado no Brit Awards, uma celebração anual da música britânica e internacional. Os vencedores e indicados são determinados pela academia de votação do Brit Awards com mais de mil membros, que incluem gravadoras, editoras, gerentes, agentes, mídia e vencedores e indicados anteriores.

O prêmio foi apresentado pela primeira vez em 1977 como dois prêmios como "British Male Newcomer" and "British Female Newcomer", que foram ganhos por Graham Parker e Julie Covington, respectivamente. Quando o Brit Awards foi realizado pela segunda vez em 1982, os prêmios "British Male Newcomer" and "British Female Newcomer" tornaram-se conjuntos como um prêmio para atos masculinos e femininos, além de apresentar grupos de artistas a serem premiados. O primeiro prêmio conjunto "British Newcomer" foi ganho pela The Human League. Em 2003, o prêmio foi renomeado para "Melhor Revelação Britânica".

Este prêmio tem várias mudanças de nome ao longo dos anos:
 Brit Award para British Female Newcomer, Brit Award para British Male Newcomer (1977)
 Brit Award para British Newcomer (1982–2002)
 Brit Award para Melhor Revelação Britânica (2003–2019)
 Brit Award para Melhor Artista Revelação (2020–presente)

Vencedores e indicados

Artista Revelação
Prémios estabelecidos em 1977
Prêmios estabelecidos em 1982
Prêmios para revelação musical


An Festuca hystrix in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier. An Festuca hystrix in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Festuca

Festuca hystrix


Kínaeinir (fræðiheiti: Juniperus chinensis) er tegund barrtrés af einisætt. Hann er ættaður frá Kína, Myanmar, Japan, Kóreu og austast í Rússlandi.

Kínaeinir myndar blending með Juniperus sabina: Juniperus × pfitzeriana (samheiti J. × media). Hann finnst þar sem útbreiðsla þessara tegunda skarast í norðvestur Kína. Hann er einnig algengur sem garðplanta.

Reynsla á Íslandi
Kínaeinir hefur verið í Lystigarði Akureyrar síðan um 2000 og hefur þrifist misjafnlega eftir yrkjum.

Myndir

Tilvísanir

Einisætt

Kínaeinir


Çay ile şu maddeler kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Çay (bitki), çaygillerden, nemli iklimlerde yetişen ağaç
 Çay (içecek), genellikle sıcak içilen bitkisel içeceklerin çoğuna genel olarak verilen ad
 Siyah çay, Türkçedeki sade kullanımı çay olan bir çay türü
 Çay (öğün)
 Çay (akarsu), dereden büyük, ırmaktan küçük akarsu
 Çay, Afyonkarahisar, Afyonkarahisar'ın ilçesi

Çay


Porsuk aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Porsuk (bitki), ibreli bir ağaç türü
 Porsuk (hayvan), sansargiller familyasından memeli bir hayvan
 Porsuk Çayı, İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nde bir ırmak
 Porsuk Barajı, Porsuk Çayı üzerinde bir baraj

Yerleşim yerleri
 Porsuk, Çarşamba, Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Porsuk, Pasinler, Erzurum ili Pasinler ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Porsuk, Sivas, Sivas ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Porsuk, Ulukışla, Niğde ili Ulukışla ilçesine bağlı köy

Kişiler
 Porsuk (Tuğrul'un generali)
 Porsuk (Muhammed Tapar'ın generali)

Porsuk


Protected areas cover around 5% of the territory of Serbia. The Law on the Protection of the Nature defines these categories of protected areas:
 Strict nature reserve — Area of unmodified natural features with representative ecosystems set aside for the preservation of its biodiversity and for scientific research and monitoring.
 Special nature reserve — Area of unmodified or slightly modified natural features of great importance due to uniqueness and rarity which includes the habitats of endangered species set aside for the preservation of its unique features, education, limited tourism and for scientific research and monitoring.
 National park — Area with large number of diverse ecosystems of national value, with outstanding natural features and/or cultural heritage set aside for the preservation of its natural resources and for educational, scientific and tourist use.
 Natural monument — Small unmodified or slightly modified natural feature, object or phenomenon, easily detectable and unique, with unique natural attributes.
 Protected habitat — Area which includes habitats of one or more wildlife species.
 Landscape of outstanding features — Area of remarkable appearance with important natural and cultural value.
 Nature park — Area of well-preserved natural values with preserved natural ecosystems and picturesque landscape set aside for the preservation of biodiversity and for educational, tourist, recreational and scientific use.

National parks

There are 5 national parks in Serbia (IUCN Category II) as of 2007, and one more which is proposed and is in the procedure of receiving the status of the National Park: One of those National parks (Šar Mountain) is located on the territory of Kosovo. Although Kosovo declared independence in 2008, Serbian government does not recognize this, so Šar Mountain is still listed as a Serbian National park by Serbian authorities.

Nature reserves
There are 22 nature reserves (IUCN category Ia) in Serbia and 6 more which are in the procedure of receiving the status of a Nature reserve. They are grouped into two groups: Strict Nature Reserves and Special Nature Reserves:

Nature Parks and Landscapes of Outstanding Features
There are 23 Nature parks and Landscapes of Outstanding Features (IUCN Category Ib) and 8 more which are in the procedure of receiving the status of a Nature park or a Landscape of outstanding features:

Natural monuments
There are currently 64 natural monuments of geological heritage and 225 monuments of botanical heritage (mostly rare trees) in Serbia. Some of the best known monuments of geological heritage are: Resavska cave, Đavolja Varoš, Marble cave and Rugova Canyon.

See also
Cultural Heritage of Serbia
List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia
List of mountains of Serbia
List of rivers of Serbia
List of lakes of Serbia
List of waterfalls of Serbia
Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia)
List of natural monuments in Belgrade

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links
Ministry of Environmental Protection of Serbia
Institute for Nature Protection of Serbia
 Birdwatching in Serbia

Serbia
Protected areas
Protected natural resources

List of protected natural resources in Serbia


Maahes (Mihos, Miysis ve Mahes olarak da yazılır) Mısır mitolojisindeki bir aslan-tanrı. Bubastis (Bast'ın kült merkezi), Leontopolis (Tefnut ve Shu'nun kült merkezi) ve Yukarı Mısır'da tapılırdı. İlk kez Yeni Krallık döneminde varlığına inanılmaya başlandı. Kökeninin Nubiya'da tapılan aslan-tanrı Apedemak olduğuna dair bazı deliller vardır.

İleriki dönemlerde Maahes'in Bast ile Path'in çocuğu olduğu düşünülmüştür. Ra'nın çocuğu olduğu yönünde de söylentiler olmuştur.

Aslan başına sahip bir insan olarak resmedilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Mısır tanrıları
Savaş tanrıları

Mihos


Mataquescuintla (del náhuatl, significa «red para atrapar perros») es un municipio del departamento de Jalapa de la región sur-oriente de la República de Guatemala. Este municipio tiene una extensión territorial de 287 km² y equivale al 14.3% de la extensión territorial del departamento de Jalapa.

Históricamente tuvo un papel relevante durante la primera mitad del siglo  cuando fue el centro de operaciones del capitán general conservador Rafael Carrera, quien dirigió una revolución campesina católica contra el gobierno liberal laico de Mariano Gálvez en 1838 y luego gobernó Guatemala desde 1840 hasta su muerte en 1865.

Los oriundos del lugar le llaman "Colís" como se dice en latín colina; se autollaman "coliseños".

Toponimia

Muchos de los nombres de los municipios y poblados de Guatemala constan de dos partes: el nombre del santo católico que se venera el día en que fueron fundados y una descripción con raíz náhuatl; esto se debe a que las tropas que invadieron la región en la década de 1520 al mando de Pedro de Alvarado estaban compuestas por soldados españoles y por indígenas tlaxcaltecas y cholultecas.

El topónimo «Mataquescuintla», proviene de la náhuatl el cual se compone de las palabras: «matatl» (español: «bolsa de red»), «Itzcuintli» (español: «perro») y «tlan» (español: «abundancia») y significa «red para atrapar perros».

Geografía física

Clima

La cabecera municipal de Mataquescuintla posee un clima templado; (Clasificación de Köppen: Cwb).

Ubicación geográfica

Se encuentra ubicado entre el norte de los municipios de San Rafael Las Flores, Casillas, Santa Rosa de Lima y Nueva Santa Rosa municipios del departamento de Santa Rosa, al este de San José Pinula municipios del departamento de Guatemala, al oeste de San Carlos Alzatate y el municipio de Jalapa y al sur de Sansare, Sanarate municipios del departamento de El Progreso y Palencia municipio del departamento de Guatemala.
Muy cerca está la laguna de Ayarza y existe una mina abandonada de bismuto.

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos.  Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, se encuentran sujetos a la legislación nacional y las principales leyes que los rigen desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —ley ordinaria que contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal»; el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios y tradiciones, y se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes, mientras que los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Comité Municipal de Desarrollo organizan y facilitan la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Los alcaldes que ha habido en el municipio son:

 2012-2016: Hugo Manfredo Loy

Historia

Los primeros pobladores que habitaron en el municipio de Mataquescuintla fueron de la raza pipil que provenían de la provincia de El Salvador.

Tras la independencia de Centroamérica

En la constitución del Estado de Guatemala que se promulgó en 1825, se menciona a Mataquescuintla, como parte del Circuito de Cuajiniquilapa para la impartición de justicia, en el Distrito 3.º (Mita); junto a Mataquescuintla pertenecían a ese circuito Cuajiniquilapa, los Esclavos, Oratorio, Concepción, la Vega, el Pino, los Verdes, los Arcos, Corral de Piedra, San Juan de Arana, el Zapote, Santa Rosa, Jumay, las Casillas y Epaminondas.

Papel de Mataquescuintla en el derrocamiento de Mariano Gálvez

En 1837 inició la lucha armada contra el régimen de Francisco Morazán, presidente de las República Federal de Centroamérica, entidad política que incluía a Guatemala, Comayagua (posteriormente nombrada Honduras), El Salvador, Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Luchó contra quien gobernaba el Estado de Guatemala, liberal al igual que Francisco Morazán, el doctor José Mariano Gálvez. El máximo dirigente de las fuerzas insurgentes fue Rafael Carrera; entre sus fuerzas había numerosos indígenas ya que el 9 de junio de 1837, el Estado de Guatemala, había vuelto a implantar el tributo indígena que había sido suprimido desde tiempo colonial por la Cortes de Cádiz. Los insurgentes empezaron las hostilidades por medio de una guerra de guerrillas: atacando poblaciones sin dar oportunidad de tener encuentros con las tropas del gobierno. Al mismo tiempo, se propagaba la idea de los enemigos clericales de Gálvez, que lo acusaba del envenenamiento de las aguas fluviales para propagar el cólera morbus a la población, cosa que no ocurría sino por el crecimiento poblacional y la poca capacidad de la estructura sanitaria del país.  Esta acusación favoreció a los objetivos de Carrera, poniendo a una gran parte de la población en contra de Mariano Gálvez y de los liberales en general.

Entre las batallas de Carrera destacan: la del cuartel de Mataquescuintla; la de Ambelis en Santa Rosa, derrotando al ejército comandado por Teodoro Mejía; la del 7 de diciembre de 1837 en la plaza de Jalapa donde fue derrotado; y el 13 de enero de 1838 donde fue atacada la Guarnición de Guatemala. Algunos de estos hechos militares estuvieron acompañados por lamentables hechos cometidos por ambos bandos, como robos, asaltos, allanamientos y asesinatos a gente indefensa.  En particular, el gobierno de Gálvez, al enterarse de que Carrera era el líder de la revuelta, invadió Mataquescuintla y capturó a su esposa, Petrona Álvarez, a quien los soldados tomaron por la fuerza; al enterarse Carrera, juró vengar el ultraje hecho a su mujer, y acompañado de ésta reinició la lucha con nuevos bríos.  Petrona Álvarez, inflamada por el deseo de venganza, cometió numerosas atrocidades en contra de las tropas liberales, al punto que muchos correligionarios de Carrera le temían más a ella que al propio caudillo, a pesar de que Carrera para entonces mostraba ya los rasgos de liderazco y pericia militar que lo caracterizarían.

La lucha había tomado tintes de guerra santa, pues eran los párrocos del clero secular quienes arengaban a los campesinos a defender los derechos de la santa religión y a combatir a los ateos liberales; el propio Carrera había sido educado por el párroco de Mataquescuintla quien lo había instruido en la religión católica en los vejámenes que ésta sufría bajo el poder de los liberales.  Otro factor que influyó en la revuelta fueron las concesiones que dio el gobierno liberal de Francisco Morazán a los ingleses -a quienes llamaban "herejes" por su condición de protestantes; en Guatemala se les había dado Belice y la Haciendo San Jerónimo en Salamá -la cual era la propiedad más cara y rentable que los liberales habían decomisado a los dominicos en 1829; el contrabando de artículos ingleses provenientes de Belice había empobrecido a los artesanos guatemaltecos, quienes se unieron a la revuelta de Carrera. Los sacerdotes anunciaron a los nativos que Carrera era su ángel protector, que había descendido de los cielos para tomar venganza sobre los herejes, los liberales y los extranjeros y para restaurar su dominio antiguo. Idearon varios trucos para hacerles creer a los indios esta ilusión, los cuales fueron anunciados como milagros. Entre ellos, una carta fue lanzada desde el techo de una de las iglesias, en medio de una vasta congregación de indígenas. Esta carta supuestamente venía de la Virgen María, la cual comisionaba a Carrera a liderar una revuelta en contra el gobierno.

Para contrarrestar los violentos ataques de la guerrilla campesina, el gobernador del Estado de Guatemala Mariano Gálvez aprobó y luego alabó el uso de la política de tierra arrasada en contra de los pueblos alzados; esto motivó que varios de sus partidarios le aconsejaran que desistiera de esa táctica pues solamente contribuiría a incrementar la revuelta.  A principios de 1838, José Francisco Barrundia y Cepeda, jefe liberal de Guatemala y decepcionado de la gestión de Gálvez por sus atrocidades, gestionó para llevar a la Ciudad de Guatemala a Carrera,  para combatir al Jefe de Estado; Para ese año, la situación en Guatemala era insostenible: la economía se encontraba paralizada por la poca seguridad de los caminos y se llegó al punto en que los liberales negociaban con Carrera para poner fin a este enfrentamiento aunque era inevitable. Gálvez sale del ejercicio del poder el 31 de enero de 1838 ante el "Ejército de los Pueblos" al mando de Rafael Carrera que inició la penetración en la ciudad de Guatemala con un ejército de entre diez mil a doce mil hombres, luego del acuerdo a que llegó Carrera con el también liberal Barrundia y Cepeda.

Las tropas victoriosas de Carrera, al grito de «¡Viva la religión!» y «¡Fuera los herejes extranjeros!» y constituidas principalmente por campesinos pobremente armados, tomaron la Ciudad de Guatemala y se dedicaron al pillaje y a destruir los edificios del gobierno liberal, incluyendo el Palacio Arzobispal, que era en donde residía Gálvez y la casa del presentante inglés William Hall. El 2 de marzo de 1838 fue aceptada por unanimidad en la Asamblea la ausencia del poder del doctor Gálvez, y se iniciaría un período de incertidumbre en el Estado de Guatemala, del que el gran beneficiado sería Rafael Carrera, aunque primero sufriría algunas derrotas.

Fundación del departamento de Santa Rosa

La República de Guatemala fue fundada por el gobierno del presidente capitán general Rafael Carrera el 21 de marzo de 1847 para que el hasta entonces Estado de Guatemala pudiera realizar intercambios comerciales libremente con naciones extranjeras. El 25 de febrero de 1848 la región de Mita fue segregada del departamento de Chiquimula, convertida en departamento y dividida en tres distritos: Jutiapa, Santa Rosa y Jalapa.  Específicamente, el distrito de Santa Rosa incluyó a Santa Rosa como cabecera, Cuajiniquilapa, Chiquimulilla, Guazacapán, Taxisco, Pasaco,  Nancinta, Tecuaco, Sinacantán, Isguatán, Sacualpa, La Leona, Jumay y Mataquescuintla

Tras la Reforma Liberal

Tras la Reforma Liberal de 1871, los ideólogos e historiadores oficiales del partido liberal se dedicaron a vilipendiar al régimen de Carrera, a quien acusaron de tirano salvaje y anafabeto y opuesto a cualquier desarrollo para Guatemala, sin mencionar en absoluto el apoyo que tuvo para con los indígenas y campesinos mestizos..  El papel de Mataquescuintla en la formación de la República de Guatemala fue hecho a un lado, relegado por las versiones oficiales de historiadores liberales como José María Bonilla, Ramón Rosa, Lorenzo Montufar y Rivera y Ramón A. Salazar.

En 1889, Mataquescuintla fue escenario del alzamiento del coronel Hipólito Ruano contra el gobierno del general Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián; opuesto a las políticas de Barillas, Ruano y algunos otros militares retirados se alzaron en armas, pero fueron rápidamente neutralizados por el gobierno.  Ruano fue capturado y fusilado en la plaza de Mataquescuintla.

El 3 de septiembre de 1935 Mataquescuintla se deslindó del departamento de Santa Rosa y se incorporó en el departamento de Jalapa. El 29 de octubre de 1850 fue elevado a la categoría de villa.

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2023
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Municipios de Jalapa
Patronazgo de Santiago Apóstol
Rafael Carrera y Turcios
Toponimia náhuatl de Guatemala

Mataquescuintla


Cet article recense les pratiques inscrites au patrimoine culturel immatériel en république démocratique du Congo.

Statistiques
La république démocratique du Congo ratifie la convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel le . La première pratique protégée est inscrite en 2021.

En 2021, la république démocratique du Congo compte 1 élément inscrit au patrimoine culturel immatériel, sur la liste représentative.

Listes

Liste représentative
L'élément suivant est inscrit sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité.

Patrimoine immatériel nécessitant une sauvegarde urgente
La république démocratique du Congo ne compte aucun élément sur la liste du patrimoine immatériel nécessitant une sauvegarde urgente.

Registre des meilleures pratiques de sauvegarde
La république démocratique du Congo ne compte aucune pratique listée au registre des meilleures pratiques de sauvegarde.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité en Afrique
 Culture de la république démocratique du Congo

Patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité en république démocratique du Congo
Congo democratique
Patrimoine culturel immateriel

Liste du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité en république démocratique du Congo