Ollon is a municipality in the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, sited in the foothills of the mountains to the south-east of the Lake of Geneva.  The old German language name Olun is no longer used.

History
Ollon is first mentioned in 1018 as Aulonum though there is some debate about whether this refers to another settlement.  In 1025-32 it was mentioned as Olonum.

Saint-Triphon
The village of Saint-Triphon is situated on three hills overlooking the Rhone valley.  It was first mentioned in 1332 as Triphonis Sancti.  Archeological finds include items from the Middle Neolithic to the Roman era, including an Early Bronze Age necropolis and a Late Bronze Age smelter for copper processing.

On the hill Le Lessus stands a  high square tower, probably from the 13th century.  The tower was partially destroyed in 1476.  Foundations indicate that the tower was reached by a walkway.  Nearby, the remains of a romanesque chapel from the 12th century is still visible.  In 1232 the Counts of Savoy granted the castle to Guy de Saillon.  The fief was dismembered in the 14th century and reunited in the 16th century under the Rovéréa family.   Between 1476 and 1798 it was one of the twelve Zenden des Mandements Ollon in the government of Aigle.  The village was ruled by a Bernese mayor.  Since the middle ages, black marble has been mined in the village.

Geography

Ollon has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 40.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 45.5% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 10.6% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and  or 2.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.1%.  Out of the forested land, 38.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 11.1% is used for growing crops and 8.5% is pastures, while 2.9% is used for orchards or vine crops and 17.7% is used for alpine pastures.  Of the water in the municipality, 0.3% is in lakes and 0.6% is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the Aigle district.  The area covered by Ollon borders the Rhône on the southwest side, and rises up the mountainside as far as Chamossaire.   Ollon includes  of vineyards.  It is one of the largest municipalities in the canton.  It consists of the village of Ollon and 23 other villages and hamlets (including; Antagnes, Arveyes, Chesières, Huémoz, Panex, Saint-Triphon, Villars-sur-Ollon) as well as scattered summer grazing camps (Bretaye, Les Closalets, La Barboleusaz).

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Quartered Vert and Gules, overall a Cross couped Argent.

Demographics

Ollon has a population () of .  , 32.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 11.7%.  It has changed at a rate of 10.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (4,955 or 79.2%), with English being second most common (335 or 5.4%) and German being third (246 or 3.9%).  There are 96 people who speak Italian and 3 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 1,724 or about 27.6% were born in Ollon and lived there in 2000.  There were 1,374 or 22.0% who were born in the same canton, while 1,011 or 16.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,869 or 29.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 38 live births to Swiss citizens and 15 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 45 deaths of Swiss citizens and 5 non-Swiss citizen deaths.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 7 while the foreign population increased by 10.  There was 1 Swiss man and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 81 non-Swiss men and 107 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 91 and the non-Swiss population increased by 95 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 2.8%.

The age distribution, , in Ollon is; 690 children or 9.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,368 teenagers or 19.7% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 622 people or 9.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  772 people or 11.1% are between 30 and 39, 1,142 people or 16.4% are between 40 and 49, and 900 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 750 people or 10.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 437 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 246 people or 3.5% who are 80 and 89, and there are 22 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

, there were 2,723 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 2,915 married individuals, 318 widows or widowers and 301 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 2,399 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 839 households that consist of only one person and 151 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 2,519 households that answered this question, 33.3% were households made up of just one person and there were 15 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 627 married couples without children, 726 married couples with children.  There were 158 single parents with a child or children.  There were 34 households that were made up of unrelated people and 120 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 5,227 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,523.  There were 486 single room apartments and 1,154 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 2,130 apartments (40.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 2,880 apartments (55.1%) were seasonally occupied and 217 apartments (4.2%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.33%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Saint-Triphon Et Charpigny, a prehistoric to medieval hilltop settlement, is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The entire villages of Huémoz and Ollon are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 26.43% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.06%), the FDP (19.34%) and the Green Party (12.08%).  In the federal election, a total of 1,602 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.5%. The current mayor (2011–16) is Jean-Luc Chollet.

Economy
, Ollon had an unemployment rate of 3.7%.  , there were 221 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 75 businesses involved in this sector.  287 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 54 businesses in this sector.  1,588 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 227 businesses in this sector. There were 2,815 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,777.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 139, of which 124 were in agriculture and 15 were in forestry or lumber production.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 269 of which 78 or (29.0%) were in manufacturing and 168 (62.5%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,369.  In the tertiary sector; 224 or 16.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 110 or 8.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 355 or 25.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 0.4% were in the information industry, 28 or 2.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 66 or 4.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 387 or 28.3% were in education and 8 or 0.6% were in health care.

, there were 499 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,334 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  About 2.0% of the workforce coming into Ollon are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 10.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 59.5% used a private car.

Religion

From the , 1,922 or 30.7% were Roman Catholic, while 2,603 or 41.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 128 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.05% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 167 individuals (or about 2.67% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 14 individuals (or about 0.22% of the population) who were Jewish, and 175 (or about 2.80% of the population) who were Islamic.  There were 11 individuals who were Buddhist, 14 individuals who were Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church.  732 (or about 11.70% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 480 individuals (or about 7.67% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Ollon about 1,975 or (31.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 885 or (14.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 885 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.2% were Swiss men, 23.2% were Swiss women, 18.0% were non-Swiss men and 14.7% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 789 students in the Ollon school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 402 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 386 students in those schools.  There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 46 students in Ollon who came from another municipality, while 346 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Populated places on the Rhône

Ollon


(4085) Weir ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 13. Mai 1985 von Carolyn Shoemaker vom Palomar-Observatorium aus entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid wurde nach der Geologin Doris Blackman Weir benannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(4085) Weir


TPU or tpu may refer to:

Science and technology
 Tensor Processing Unit, a custom ASIC built by Google, tailored for their TensorFlow platform
 DEC Text Processing Utility, a language developed by Digital Equipment Corporation for developing text editors
 Thermoplastic polyurethane, a class of polyurethane plastics

Other uses
 TACA Peru (ICAO code), an airline
 Tampuan language (ISO 639-3 language code)
 Tikapur Airport (IATA code), Nepal
 Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan
 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
 Troop Program Unit, an organizational component of the United States Army Reserve

TPU


Biserica "Cuvioasa Paraschiva" din Ampoița, județul Alba, datează din secolul XVII.. Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI 2010: .

Istoric și trăsături
Începuturile monumentului sunt legate de secolele XV-XVI, în această fază biserica având o arhitectură simplă, de tip sală, cu spațiul necompartimentat între pronaos și naos, cu pereți realizați din piatră de carieră. De atunci datează portalul de acces de pe latura sudică și fereastra practicată în timpanul de vest, ambele cu ancadramente de piatră și forme ce aparțin tranziției de la gotic la Renaștere (secolul al XV-lea).

În secolul al XVIII-lea se ridică peretele, prevăzut cu o arcadă, ce marchează limita dintre pronaos și naos, iar tavanul vechi de lemn va fi înlocuit cu bolți de cărămidă. Cu ocazia acestor amplificări, se ridică și turnul clopotniță, pe latura de sud a pronaosului, cu partea inferioară de zidărie și foișor deschis de lemn la etaj. Remarcabil este decorul de factură muntenească al turnului, cu o cornișă alcătuită din cărămizi zimțate, așezate pe colț, ce formează arcuri deasupra ferestrelor, realizat de Toma zidarul de la Hurez și Radu.

Actuala deschidere folosită pentru accesul în încăperea de la baza turnului clopotniță, a fost prevăzută cu un portal dreptunghiular de piatră, care datează din a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea: "Acești stâlpi i-au dăruit Georg Nicola, august 15, anul 1868". În interior pereții erau doar văruiți, iar pictura este de factură recentă. Iconostasul de lemn, constituie de asemenea o realizare târzie, adosată catapetesmei de zid.

Vezi și
 Ampoița, Alba
 Cuvioasa Parascheva

Note

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici ortodoxe din județul Alba
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Parascheva

Biserica „Cuvioasa Paraschiva” din Ampoița


الزي المدرسي هو زي موحد يرتديه التلاميذ في المدارس، وتعتبر الأزياء المدرسية عموماً مفروضة في المدارس في عدد من الدول بداية من المرحلة الابتدائية وحتى الثانوية. وهناك اختلاف هام بين الزي المدرسي والزي الرسمي في العموم، فوفقًا للباحثين مثل نيثن جوزيف يمكن اعتبار نوع معين من الملابس زيًا موحدًا عندما:

(أ) يكون شعارًا لمجموعة

(ب) يشهد على شرعية مؤسسة ما من خلال عرضه لرتبة الفرد داخل المجموعة

(ج) يمنع الفردية

ولتقديم مثال على الزي الموحد، فيمكننا مثلاً أن نتصور قميصًا أبيض بأزرار حتى الرقبة وربطة عنق للأولاد، وتنورة بطيات للبنات، مع ارتداء كل منهما لسترة أو بليزر. ويمكن أن يكون الزي الموحد بسيطًا جدًا لينحصر في قميص بسيط بياقة مع ألوان محدودة وخيارات قليلة يُسمح للطلاب بارتدائها. بينما يتمتع الزي الرسمي على الجانب الأخر بحرية أكبر في الاختيارات، ويركز «على تشجيع البساطة والاحتشام وتجنب الأزياء التي لا يقبلها المجتمع» كما قالت ماريان وايلد. ولا يسمح الزي الرسمي على سبيل المثال بالملابس الممزقة أو الشعارات، بالإضافة إلى الحد من الملابس التي تكشف الكثير من الجسد.

يقول البعض أن الزي المدرسي الموحد هو من أفكار أدولف هتلر.

التاريخ

من الصعب تتبع أصول الزي لأنه لا يوجد تاريخ مكتوب شامل بل مجموعة متنوعة من التأثيرات المعروفة. ويُعتقد أن الزي المدرسي هو ممارسة تعود إلى القرن السادس عشر في المملكة المتحدة. كما يُعتقد أن   في إنجلترا عام 1552 كانت أول مدرسة تستخدم الزي المدرسي. وقد تم إعطاء الطلاب زيًا رسميًا يتكون بشكل خاص من معطف أزرق طويل وجوارب صفراء تصل إلى الركبة. ولا يزال الطلاب الملتحقون بالمدرسة يرتدون زيًا متطابقًا تقريبًا حتى اليوم. يعود أقدم دليل موثق على الاستخدام المؤسسي للزي الأكاديمي القياسي إلى عام 1222 عندما أمر رئيس أساقفة كانتربري آنذاك بارتداء كلوزا كابا . تطورت هذه الممارسة الرهبانية والأكاديمية إلى زي جامعي في إنجلترا، لا سيما في المدارس الخيرية حيث غالبًا ما يتم توفير الزي الرسمي للأطفال الفقراء. ثم استخدمت الجامعات والمدارس الابتدائية والثانوية الزي الرسمي كمؤشر على الطبقة والمكانة. وعلى الرغم من أنه يمكن غالبًا اعتبار الزي المدرسي محافظًا وقديم الطراز، إلا أن الزي المدرسي في السنوات الأخيرة قد تغير مع تغير قواعد اللباس الاجتماعي.

الزمن المعاصر

في الولايات المتحدة بدأت حركة نحو استخدام الزي المدرسي في المدارس الحكومية عندما ذكر بيل كلينتون ذلك في عام 1996 خلال خطاب حالة الاتحاد قائلاً: «إذا كان ذلك يعني أن المراهقين سيتوقفون عن قتل بعضهم البعض بسبب السترات المصممة، فيجب أن تكون مدارسنا العامة كذلك قادرين على مطالبة طلابهم بارتداء الزي الرسمي». ثم اعتبارًا من عام 1998 ما يقرب من 25 ٪ من جميع المدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة والإعدادية العامة في الولايات المتحدة قد تبنت سياسة موحدة أو كانت تفكر في سياسة، وتم تنفيذ ثلثيها بين عامي 1995 و1997.

هناك وفرة من النظريات والدراسات التجريبية التي تبحث في شأن الزي المدرسي، وتدلي ببيانات حول فعاليتها. وتتناول هذه النظريات والدراسات بالتفصيل الفوائد وأيضًا أوجه القصور في السياسات الموحدة. وتدخل قضية الطبيعة مقابل التنشئة، حيث يؤثر الزي الرسمي على تصورات الذكورة والأنوثة، وتبسيط قضايا التصنيف الجنساني، والعمل على توجيه أو إخضاع أو معاقبة النشاط الجنسي للإناث والذكور والمتحولين جنسياً وثنائيي الجنس. ويجلب الزي الرسمي مجموعة متنوعة من الإيجابيات والسلبيات والآثار والخلافات القانونية الرئيسية.

هناك نوعان من النتائج التجريبية الرئيسية التي يتم الاستشهاد بها في أغلب الأحيان في الخطاب السياسي المحيط بالنقاش الموحد. وواحدة من هذه كانت دراسة الحالة لمنطقة دائرة مدارس لونج بيتش الموحدة (Long Beach Unified School District)، ويتم الاستشهاد بها في أغلب الأحيان لدعم الزي المدرسي وفعاليته في حين أن تأثيرات الزي الرسمي للطلاب على الحضور ومشاكل السلوك واستخدام المواد والإنجاز الأكاديمي هي أكثر الأبحاث التي يتم الاستشهاد بها في مواجهة تنفيذ سياسات الزي المدرسي.

تأثير الزي الموحد على الطلاب
كانت دراسة الحالة الخاصة بمنطقة دائرة مدارس لونج بيتش الموحدة هي دراسة أول مدرسة حضرية كبيرة في الولايات المتحدة لتنفيذ سياسة موحدة. في عام 1994 تم تنفيذ الزي المدرسي الإلزامي للمدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة كإستراتيجية لمعالجة قضايا سلوك الطلاب. ونفذت المنطقة في وقت واحد دراسة طولية لبحث تأثير الزي الرسمي على سلوك الطلاب. وقد عزت الدراسة التغيرات الإيجابية في سلوك الطلاب والانخفاض الكبير في قضايا الانضباط المدرسي إلى سياسة الزي الإلزامي. وقد عزت دراسة الحالة هذه النتائج الملحوظة التالية إلى استخدام الزي الرسمي في جميع أنحاء المنطقة:

 عدد أقل من حالات الغياب والتغيب.
 عدد أقل من الإحالات إلى المكتب لمشاكل السلوك.
 تقليل حالات التعليق والطرد.
 أصبح منخفض بنسبة 28٪ (مدارس الابتدائي) و 36٪ (مدرسة متوسطة).
 تقليل الجريمة والتخريب.
 انخفضت بنسبة 74٪ (ابتدائي) و 18٪ (مدرسة متوسطة).

وجدت أبحاث أخرى أن الزي المدرسي لم يكن رادعًا فعالًا لتقليل التغيب عن المدرسة، ولم يقلل من مشاكل السلوك، ولاقلل من تعاطي المخدرات، وفي الواقع قد يكون مرتبطًا بإنجاز الطالب الضعيف مقارنة بالطلاب غير المطالبين بارتداء الزي المدرسي.

اقترحت دراسة أنه «بدلاً من التأثير بشكل مباشر على نتائج محددة، يعمل الزي الرسمي كمحفز للتغيير ويوفر فرصة واضحة للغاية لبرامج إضافية» داخل المدارس. وفي الواقع اعتبر برونسما وآخرون في عام 1998 أن هذا هو الحال مع دراسة حالة منطقة دائرة مدارس لونج بيتش الموحدة حيث تم تنفيذ العديد من جهود الإصلاح الإضافية بالتزامن مع سياسة الزي الموحد الإلزامية.

صرح برونسما أنه على الرغم من عدم شمولية تأثيرات الزي الرسمي، إلا أنها أصبحت أكثر شيوعًا لأن «هذه قضية تتعلق بحقوق الأطفال، والرقابة الاجتماعية، وأخرى تتعلق بزيادة عدم المساواة العرقية والطبقية والجنسانية في مدارسنا».

القوانين والأحكام

نظرًا لأن الزي الرسمي أصبح أكثر تطبيعًا، كان هناك أيضًا عدد متزايد من الدعاوى القضائية المرفوعة ضد المناطق التعليمية. فوفقًا لديفيد برونسما فإن واحدة من كل أربع مدارس ابتدائية عامة وواحدة من كل ثماني مدارس متوسطة وثانوية عامة في الولايات المتحدة لديها سياسات تملي ما يرتديه الطالب في المدرسة. ويؤكد قانون المدرسة في دساتير الولايات عادةً أنه يسمح لمجلس إدارة المدرسة بوضع قواعد ولوائح معقولة حسبما يرونه مناسبًا في إدارة شؤون المدرسة. واعتبارًا من عام 2008 هناك حاليًا 23 ولاية تسمح للمناطق التعليمية بفرض الزي المدرسي. تميل الاعتراضات الدستورية التي يتم تقديمها عادةً إلى المناطق التعليمية إلى واحدة من الفئتين التاليتين: (1) انتهاك حق التعديل الأول للطلاب في حرية التعبير (2) انتهاك حق الآباء في تربية أطفالهم دون تدخل الحكومة. على الرغم من أنه حتى هذه اللحظة لم تصدر المحكمة العليا حكمًا في قضية تتعلق بالزي المدرسي بشكل مباشر، في قرار عام 1968 تينكر ضد دي موين دائرة مدارس المجتمع المستقل (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District)، قضت المحكمة أنه عند دخول المدرسة لا يتخلى الطلاب عن حقوقهم الدستورية في حرية التعبير.

على الصعيد الدولي هناك آراء مختلفة حول الزي المدرسي. ففي ولاية كوينزلاند الأسترالية حكم أمين المظالم فريد ألبيتز في عام 1998 أن المدارس الحكومية قد لا تتطلب زيًا رسميًا. وفي الفلبين ألغت وزارة التعليم شرط الزي المدرسي في المدارس العامة. أما في إنجلترا وويلز فمن الناحية الفنية لا يجوز لمدرسة حكومية استبعاد الطلاب بشكل دائم بسبب «انتهاك سياسة الزي المدرسي»، بموجب سياسة أصدرتها وزارة الأطفال والمدارس والعائلات، ولكن يُطلب من الطلاب الذين لا يرتدون الزي الرسمي العودة إلى المنزل والتغيير. وفي اسكتلندا لا تصر بعض المجالس المحلية (المسؤولة عن تقديم التعليم الحكومي) على ارتداء الطلاب للزي الرسمي كشرط مسبق لحضور الأنشطة المنهجية والمشاركة فيها. كما وألغت تركيا الزي الرسمي الإلزامي في عام 2010.

فائدته
تقول د. منيرة الصلال أن:

بلدان تفرض الزي المدرسي
 السودان
 الكويت
 ليبيا
 الإمارات
 ألمانيا
 اليابان
 إيران
 إيطاليا
 مصر
 المملكة العربية السعودية
 فلسطين
 العراق
 سوريا
 الجزائر
 سلطنة عمان
 المغرب
 بريطانيا
 الأردن
 قطر

الخلافات

معلومات عامة

في بعض الثقافات أثار موضوع الزي المدرسي العديد من الجدل والنقاشات على مر السنين. كما أن المناقشات المتعلقة بدستورية والجدوى الاقتصادية للزي الرسمي تساهم أيضا في الجدل.

في الولايات المتحدة بدأ تطبيق الزي المدرسي بعد عشر سنوات من البحث الذي يشير إلى فعالية المدارس الخاصة. واستشهد بعض إصلاحي المدارس الحكومية بهذا البحث لدعم السياسات المرتبطة بنجاح المدارس الخاصة والكاثوليكية. ومن ثم بدأ بعض مديري المدارس العامة في تنفيذ سياسات موحدة لتحسين البيئة المدرسية الشاملة والإنجاز الأكاديمي للطلاب. ويعتمد هذا على افتراض أن الزي الرسمي هو السبب المباشر لتغييرات النتائج السلوكية والأكاديمية.

ومع ذلك في الأدب المدرسي الكاثوليكي، لم يتم الاعتراف بالزي المدرسي كعامل أساسي في إنتاج تأثير المدرسة الكاثوليكية.

يدور مجال آخر من الجدل حول سياسات الزي المدرسي وقواعد اللباس حول قضية الجنس. في الوقت الحاضر، يتزايد عدد المراهقين الذين «يرتدون ملابس للتعبير عن الهوية الجنسية والتوجه الجنسي أو الخلط بينهما»، مما يؤدي إلى «ردود فعل من مسؤولي المدرسة تراوحت بين اللامبالاة والتصفيق والمنع». في عام 2009 كانت هناك صراعات متعددة في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة ناشئة عن التفاوتات بين تصور الطلاب لجنسهم، وتصور مديري المدرسة للهوية الجنسية للطلاب. تشمل الأمثلة ما يلي:

 ربيع 2009: مقاطعة ماريون في فلوريدا - يجب على الطلاب ارتداء ملابس «تتناسب مع جنسهم».
 جاء الصبي إلى المدرسة مرتديًا حذاء بكعب عالٍ وحمالة صدر محشوة وقميص برقبة على شكل V، وتم إرساله إلى المنزل للتغيير لأنه كان «يرتدي ملابس للجنس الآخر»
 أغسطس 2009: مُنعت فتاة في سنتها الأخيرة في ولاية ميسيسيبي من دخول الكتاب السنوي لأنها كانت ترتدي بدلة توكسيدو.
 أكتوبر 2009: مقاطعة كوب في جورجيا أرسلت إلى المنزل صبيًا فضل الشعر المستعار والماكياج والجينز الضيق.
 تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) 2009: مُرتدي لملابس مغايرة لجنسه أُعيد إلى المنزل من هيوستن لأن شعره المستعار ينتهك قاعدة لباس المدرسة التي تنص على أن شعر الصبي «يجب أن لا يكون أطول من أسفل ياقة القميص العادية»

على الرغم من عدم مطالبة جميع المدارس في الولايات المتحدة بارتداء الزي المدرسي، إلا أن الولايات المتحدة تتبنى ببطء استخدام الزي المدرسي. «طلبت واحدة من كل خمس مدارس حكومية أمريكية تقريبًا من الطلاب ارتداء الزي الرسمي خلال العام الدراسي 2011-2012، مرتفعًا من مدرسة واحدة من كل ثماني مدارس في 2003-2004». تتمثل أيديولوجية الزي المدرسي في أنه سيخلق بيئة أكثر أمانًا للطلاب ويساعد في المساواة. ففي بعض المناطق أصبح الزي الرسمي ضروريًا بسبب مستوى الفقر الذي تعيش فيه المدارس. «توجد سياسات موحدة إلزامية في المدارس العامة بشكل أكثر شيوعًا في المناطق عالية الفقر.»

كتبت ستيفاني نورثين من صحيفة الغارديان أن الزي المدرسي أقل إثارة للجدل في المملكة المتحدة مقارنة بالولايات المتحدة وعادة لا يتم المعارضة على أساس حرية التعبير.

الإيجابيات

اقترح المدافعون عن الزي الرسمي أسبابًا متعددة تدعم تنفيذها وتزعم نجاحهم في المدارس. مجموعة متنوعة من هذه الادعاءات ليس لها أي بحث يدعمها. بعض هؤلاء المحترفين يشمل ما يلي: يعتقد المدافعون أن الزي الرسمي يؤثر على سلامة الطلاب من خلال:

 خفض إيذاء الطلاب
 تقليل نشاط العصابات والمعارك

أجرت كاثلين واد تجربة لمعرفة ما إذا كان التنمر ووجود العصابات نسبته أعلى في المدارس ذات الزي الرسمي أو غير الزي الرسمي. وقد تم إجراء البحث مع مدارس متعددة حيث قدمت استبيانًا لكل من الطلاب وأعضاء هيئة التدريس لمعرفة ما إذا كان هناك فرق كبير. وأظهرت النتائج التي توصلت إليها أن التنمر ووجود العصابات يتناقص بشكل ملحوظ مع ارتداء الطلاب للزي المدرسي.

 التفريق بين الغرباء والطلاب في المباني المدرسية.

على سبيل المثال في السنة الأولى من سياسة الزي الإلزامي في لونج بيتش من كاليفورنيا، أفاد المسؤولون أن القتال في المدارس انخفض بأكثر من 50٪، والاعتداء والضرب بنسبة 34٪، والجرائم الجنسية بنسبة 74٪، والسرقة بنسبة 66٪. يعتقد المدافعون أيضًا أن الزي الرسمي يزيد من تعلم الطلاب والمواقف الإيجابية تجاه المدرسة من خلال:

 بيئات التعلم المحسنة
 ازدياد فخر المدرسة
 زيادة تحصيل الطلاب
 مستويات عالية من التأهب
 التوافق مع الأهداف التنظيمية
 زيادة فرصة البقاء في المدرسة
 زيادة الالتزام بالتعلم
 زيادة استخدام البيئة المدرسية لصالح الطالب

يؤدي ارتداء الزي المدرسي إلى تقليل مشاكل السلوك عن طريق زيادة معدلات الحضور، وخفض معدلات التعليق، وتقليل استخدام المواد المخدرة بين مجموعة الطلاب. ويعزو المؤيدون أيضًا النتائج النفسية الإيجابية مثل زيادة احترام الذات، وزيادة الروح المعنوية العالية، وتعزيز مشاعر الوحدة بين الطلاب لارتداء الزي الرسمي. تشمل حجج المؤيدين الإضافية أن الزي المدرسي:

 شجع على الانضباط
 ساعد الطلاب على مقاومة ضغط الأقران لشراء الملابس العصرية والرائجة
 تقليل الحواجز الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بين الطلاب

تتمحور إيجابيات الزي المدرسي حاليًا حول تأثير الزي المدرسي على بيئات المدارس. وقد وجد المؤيدون تأثيرًا إيجابيًا كبيرًا على مناخ المدرسة وسلامتها وتصور الطلاب لأنفسهم من خلال ارتداء الزي المدرسي.

السلبيات

زعم الجانب الآخر من الزي المدرسي الرسمي عدم فعاليته باستخدام مجموعة متنوعة من المبررات، والتي تدعمها مجموعة متنوعة من الأبحاث. تتضمن بعض سلبيات الزي المدرسي مخاوف الفعالية القانونية والمالية والمشكوك فيها التالية: الشاغل الأساسي للزي المدرسي أو قواعد اللباس الصارمة هو أنه يحد من قدرة الطلاب على التعبير عن أنفسهم. يُنظر إلى الملابس على أنها وسيلة للتعبير - إن جعل جميع الطلاب يرتدون نفس الملابس أو تقييدهم بما يمكنهم ارتدائه يمكن أن يزعج شعورهم بالهوية. يمكن أن تكمن إحدى الخلافات الرئيسية في سياسات قواعد اللباس مقابل حرية التعبير. إذ يثبت هذا أنه لا يمكن للطلاب ارتداء أحدث الملابس الرائجة أو منتصف الانجراف أو الملابس التي تجدها المدرسة والتي تقاطع بيئة التعلم. ومع ذلك يمكن للطلاب ارتداء قطع الملابس التي تعبر عن دينهم. «يحمي كل من الدستور ومعظم قوانين الولاية حقوق الطلاب في ارتداء الزي الديني في المدرسة [كذا]، مثل ارتداء العمامة أو اليرملك أو الحجاب.»

جانب سلبي آخر للزي المدرسي هو أنه يمكن أن يكون متحيزًا جنسيًا. كما أن الأولاد والبنات ليسوا منضبطين بنفس الطريقة عندما يتعلق الأمر بقواعد اللباس. ويتم تأديب الفتيات بشكل أكثر شيوعًا على «بعض الملابس» المحظورة لأنها «تشتت» الأولاد. وقد «تم إرسال الطلاب المتحولين جنسيًا إلى المنزل لارتدائهم ملابس مختلفة عما هو متوقع من شرعيتهم، بينما تم استبعاد آخرين من الكتب السنوية.»

كما أن الزي الرسمي يحرم الطلاب بشكل عام وخاصة الفتيات من حرية الحركة والراحة. وقد تم إجراء البحث على مدرسة أسترالية خاصة مستقلة وعلى زيها الرسمي. ومن جهة أخرى بطريقة مشابهة بالنسبة للأولاد، كانت السترة ساخنة / باردة جدًا وغير مريحة. وبالنسبة للفتيات كان اللباس المدرسي القطني الفاتح مقيدًا وشفافًا وساخنًا وغير مريح وغير عملي. علاوة على ذلك كانت الجوارب غالبًا باردة، وكانت النقبة المصنوعة من الصوف الرمادي ثقيلة جدًا ومقيدة للحركة، وقد تتسبب الرياح في كشف أكثر مما تريد الفتيات. وعند اللعب والتحرك بالنسبة للأولاد كانت ربطة العنق تشكل خطر الاختناق، ولم يكن البنطال مرنًا. بالنسبة للفتيات تسبب الفستان / التنورة في مشاكل الاحتشام (على سبيل المثال من الصعب التأرجح على القضبان الأقفية / الركض مع الحفاظ على خصوصيتهن، وبالتالي توقفهن عن ممارسة النشاط)، وكانت التنانير كبيرة وثقيلة للغاية.

قد يكون البحث عن كيفية تأثير الزي المدرسي وقواعد اللباس المدرسي على الطالب غير حاسم. «في الولايات المتحدة أكثر من نصف المدارس العامة لديها قواعد لباس معينة تحدد بشكل متكرر السياسات الخاصة بنوع الجنس.»

انظر أيضًا
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المراجع

قضايا التعليم
مصطلحات مدرسية
ملابس أطفال
مدرسي

زي مدرسي


Alexandru Pop (n. 17 aprilie 1880, Coroiu jud Mureș – d. 24 octombrie 1938, Seneruș) a fost un preot greco-catolic – membru în Consiliul Național Român din Târnăveni membru al P.N.R.

Date biografice
Locul și data nașterii:Coroiu,jud Mureș,17 apr 1880
Studii:Institul Teologic greco-catolic Blaj
A fost preot greco-catolic,iar din 1927 preot ortodox în Șoimuș membru în Consiliul Național Român din Târnăveni.A fost membru al P.N.L fiind ales consilier județean între 1934-1937.A fost decorat cu medalia "Răsplata muncii pentru biserică" clasa a II-a.A decedat la Seneruș,în 24 octombrie 1938..

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și

Pop Alexandru


Alexander MacPherson Fletcher ( - ), parfois connu sous le nom d'Alex Fletcher, est un homme politique britannique du Parti conservateur.

Jeunesse
Il est né à Greenock dans l'ouest de l'Écosse. Il est marié à Christine Anne Buchanan (1926-2008). Il est administrateur d'entreprise et comptable agréé et est membre d'East Kilbride Development Corporation de 1971 à 1973. Il est aussi un ancien de l'Église d'Écosse.

Carrière politique
Fletcher se présente pour la première fois au Parlement lors des élections générales de 1970 dans le West Renfrewshire. Il est élu député pour Edinburgh Nord à une élection partielle en 1973. Il est noté dans un éditorial du Glasgow Herald du lendemain que la victoire de Fletcher est intervenue malgré une période d'« impopularité du gouvernement sur les prix », et le résultat de Fletcher contraste favorablement avec la défaite surprise du candidat travailliste le même jour à l'élection partielle à Glasgow Govan. Après l'annonce de sa victoire, Fletcher déclare qu'il considère le résultat comme "un formidable vote de confiance envers le gouvernement de la part des habitants d'Édimbourg". Avant les élections générales de février 1974, Édimbourg-Nord subit d'importants changements de limites, mais Fletcher conserve le siège avec une majorité de plus de 7 000 voix.

En fin de compte, il reste député d'Edimbourg-Nord jusqu'en 1983, date à laquelle, après des changements de limites, il devient député d'Edimbourg-Central. Cependant, aux élections générales de 1987, il perd son siège au profit du futur chancelier travailliste de l'Échiquier Alistair Darling. Plusieurs autres députés conservateurs écossais de premier plan, dont Peter Fraser et Michael Ancram perdent leurs sièges dans le même scrutin, le vote conservateur ayant chuté de manière significative en Écosse contre la tendance à l'échelle du Royaume-Uni.

Fletcher est sous-secrétaire d'État pour l'Écosse de 1979 à 1983, où il est responsable de l'éducation et de l'industrie écossaises ainsi que du sport et des arts. Il est ministre des Affaires des entreprises et de la consommation au ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie de 1983 à 1985, après quoi il revient sur les bancs arrières.

À la mort de Fletcher, le journaliste Harry Reid, qui a été un électeur de Fletcher à Édimbourg, le décrit comme « un conservateur écossais de l'école décente ; il était chaleureux, affable et sociable » et déclare également que Fletcher est « un Écossais d'abord, et en second un conservateur." .

Il meurt à Westminster mais est renvoyé à Édimbourg pour y être enterré. Lui et sa femme sont enterrés ensemble dans l'extension du  siècle (nord) au cimetière Dean à Édimbourg.

Références

Liens externes

Député européen délégué par le Royaume-Uni 1973-1979
Député du 49e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 48e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 47e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 46e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 45e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en septembre 1989
Naissance en août 1929
Décès à 60 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Dean

Alexander Fletcher (homme politique britannique)


Nova Granada es un municipio brasilero del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 20º32'02" sur y a una longitud 49º18'51" oeste, en el extremo Norte del estado, estando a una altitud de 542 metros. Su población es de 19.180 habitantes (IBGE/2010).

Nova Granada está a 475 km de la ciudad de São Paulo y cerca de 35 km del Río Grande, en el límite con Minas Gerais, y pertenece a la Microrregión de São José do Río Preto.

Historia

Nova Granada, antes Villa Bela y Pitangueiras, se originó de migraciones, en especial de españoles. El poblado de Villa Bela fue fundado el 4 de septiembre de 1911. En 1917, la Villa mudó su nombre a Pitangueiras, siendo elevada a distrito de Río Preto.

El 19 de diciembre de 1925, el distrito fue elevado a municipio, con el nombre actual, donde se preserva hasta hoy.

Geografía

Posee un área de 531,9 km².

Hidrografía
 Río Preto
 Río de la Cachoeirinha

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total:
 Urbana: 17.775
 Rural: 1.405
 Hombres: 9.659
 Mujeres: 9.521

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 36,06

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 10,06

Expectativa de vida (años): 74,67

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,45

Tasa de alfabetización: 89,20%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,790
 IDH-M Salario: 0,696
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,828
 IDH-M Educación: 0,847
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Economía

El Sector terciário es el más relevante de la economía de Olímpia, con 65,5% del PIB. La Industria corresponde a 26,1%. La Agropecuaria es 8,2% del PIB.

Carreteras

 SP-423 - Carretera Luiz Delbem
 BR-153 - Carretera Transbrasiliana

Administración
 Prefecto: Aparecido Donizete Martelli (2005/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Hélio Rezende Assumpção
 Presidente de la cámara: (2009/2010)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Nova Granada (São Paulo)


Diese Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom April 2022 wieder.

Ensemble

Ortskern Kleukheim
Das Dorfensemble () umfasst die Straßenräume entlang des Kellbaches und seines Seitenarmes, des Froschbachs mit der Tiefe der jeweils angrenzenden Hofparzellen. Der 1137 erstmals in einer Schenkungsurkunde des Bamberger Bischofs Otto an das Kloster Michelsberg zur Grundausstattung seiner Zelle Sankt Getreu erwähnte Name für Kleukheim, "Clucowa", wird als slawisch interpretiert. Die Silbe "-heim" kann nicht wie in anderen Fällen als eine der seit der zweiten Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts zahlreichen fränkischen Gründungen der Region gedeutet werden. Kleukheim wurde noch 1239 "Kliucave" genannt, die Nachsilbe fand erst spät, das heißt, wohl unabhängig von Gründungsakten, Eingang in den Ortsnamen. Die Qualität der gewonnenen landwirtschaftlichen Böden ermöglichte das Wachstum der Siedlung. 1625 wurde Kleukheim durch den Bamberger Fürstbischof Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim kirchlich von Ebensfeld getrennt und zur selbstständigen Pfarrei erhoben. Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg kamen Siedler aus dem Frankenwald in den Ort, der bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts als großes Bauerndorf die Funktion eines Zentrums in einer Kleinregion ausfüllte. Zum Ort gehörten zwei Mühlen, verschiedene Handwerker und mehrere Gastwirtschaften. Seit 1978 ist Kleukheim ein Ortsteil von Ebensfeld. Innerhalb des Ensembles bilden der geradlinig ausgerichtete mittlere Abschnitt der Kleukheimer Hauptstraße und die Oberküpser Straße einen markanten Teilbereich. Beiderseits des außermittig an der Südseite angeordneten, eingefassten und von einer Reihe kleinkroniger Bäume begleiteten Kellbachs sind meist zweigeschossige Wohnstallgebäude und einige Austragshäuser angeordnet, die in den Obergeschossen häufig über Fachwerk mit einfachen und geschwungenen Andreaskreuzen verfügen. Als Dominante beherrscht die katholische Pfarrkirche Sankt Wolfgang mit ihrer spitzen Turmhaube das gesamte Ensemble. Die platzartige Situation mit dem gegenüber der Kirche errichteten Denkmal, mehreren charakteristischen Höfen und dem angrenzenden Schulplatz bildet das Zentrum des Dorfes. Der westliche Teilbereich des Ortes entlang des Froschbaches weist einen differenzierten Raumeindruck auf. Die prägenden Gebäude, Wohnstallhäuser mit Fachwerk-Fassaden oder rückwärtige Nebengebäude verteilen sich im gesamten Bereich. Nur einige historisch bedeutende Bauwerke befinden sich in Seitenstraßen der genannten Teilbereiche, so in der Bergstraße und der Oberen Mühlstraße. Auch Spuren historisierender Bauweisen aus dem späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert sind in der Ortslage zu finden, so am Schulplatz, am Steinweg 14 oder in der Kleukheimer Hauptstraße 38. Die Umbauten rückwärtiger, oft höher liegender Gebäude, insbesondere von deren Dachflächen, beeinflussen zunehmend den Gesamteindruck des Ensembles. Aktennummer: E-4-78-120-1.

Baudenkmäler nach Gemeindeteilen

Ebensfeld

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Birkach

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Dittersbrunn

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Döringstadt

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Draisdorf

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Eggenbach

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Erlhof

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Freiberg

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Hahnhof

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Kleukheim

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Kümmel

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Kutzenberg

Bezirksklinikum Obermain
Ehemalige Oberfränkische Heil- und Pflegeanstalt (). Weitläufige Gesamtanlage im Pavillonsystem in parkartig gestaltetem Gelände in den Formen des barockisierenden Historismus und des historisierenden Heimatstils, oft mit Fachwerk, 1904–08 nach Plänen von Spieß und 1910–16 nach Plänen von G. Frey, erschlossen über eine Lindenallee, von der ursprünglichen Anlage erhalten. Aktennummer: D-4-78-120-212. Die einzelnen Teilobjekte sind folgende.
 Stationsgebäude: Diagnostik und Therapiezentrum, 1913, umgebaut 1995 (Haus Nr. 4)
 Pflegeheim, 1914, umgebaut 2001 (Haus Nr. 5)
 Akutpsychiatrie, 1914, umgebaut 1962 und 1987 (Haus Nr. 6)
 Pflegeheim, 1906, umgebaut 1974 und 1994 (Haus Nr. 7)
 Ordensschwesternhaus, 1906 (Haus Nr. 8)
 Tagesklinik, 1906, umgebaut 1976 und 2000 (Haus Nr. 10)
 Krankenpflegeschule, 1906, umgebaut 1980 und 1998 (Haus Nr. 11)
 Kiosk mit Kegelbahn und Waschhaus, 1908 (Haus Nr. 17)
 Wohnhäuser für Ärzte und Pfleger: Wohnhaus 18, 1912, saniert 1972 (Haus Nr. 18)
 Direktions- und Verwaltungsgebäude, zwei bzw. dreigeschossiger Mansardwalmdachbau mit Dachreiter, 1906, umgebaut 1913 und 1916 (Haus Nr. 19)
 Festsaalbau mit Kirche, zweigeschossiger Mansardwalmdachbau mit Dachreiter, 1912, umgebaut 1960 und 1988 (Haus Nr. 20)
 Nebengebäude: Koch- und Waschküche, 1906, zum Diagnostik- u. Therapiezentrum umgebaut 2001 (Haus Nr. 22)
 Metzger- und Bäckerei, 1912, zum Personalwohnheim umgebaut 2001 (Haus Nr. 24)
 Wohnhaus 25, 1907, saniert 1993 (Haus Nr. 25)
 Wohnhaus 26, 1910, saniert 1996 (HausNr. 26)
 Wohnhaus 27, 1913, saniert 1996 (Haus Nr. 27)
 Wohnhaus 29, 1930, saniert 1963/64 und 1989 (Haus Nr. 29)
 Wohnhaus 32, 1936 (Haus Nr. 32)
 Ehemaliger Pferdestall, 1914 (Haus Nr. 33)
 Wohnhaus 38, 1907/12, saniert 1992 (Haus Nr. 38)
 Gartenpavillon, 1916, saniert 1999 (ohne Haus Nr.)
 Wasserwerk an der Lindenallee, 1906 (ohne Haus Nr.)
 Ehemalige Gutshofanlage mit Wohnhaus, 1912 (Haus Nr. 131)
 von Ebensfeld zuführende, im Klinkiumsbereich weitergeführte Lindenallee

Messenfeld

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Mönchshof

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Neudorf bei Ebensfeld

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Niederau

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Oberbrunn

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Oberküps

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Peusenhof

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Pferdsfeld

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Prächting

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Sträublingshof

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Unterbrunn

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Unterküps

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Unterneuses

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Ebensfeld

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Birkach

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Döringstadt

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Draisdorf

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Eggenbach

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Kutzenberg

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Kümmel

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Kleukheim

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Messenfeld

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Oberküps

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Prächting

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Unterbrunn

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Unterküps

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Ebensfeld

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ebensfeld
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Ebensfeld


යමෙකු මුඛය, දිව,  දත් හෝ උගුර යොදාගෙන තවෙකෙකුගේ ලිංගෙන්ද්‍රිය උත්තේජනය කිරීම මුඛ සංසර්ගය ලෙස සැලකේ. කාන්තාවකගේ ලිංගෙන්ද්‍රිය උත්තේජනය කිරීම භගලේහය ලෙසත් පුරුෂ ලිංගෙන්ද්‍රිය උත්තේජනය කිරීම  ශිශ්න මුඛෝත්තේජනය ලෙසත් හැඳින්වේ. මුඛය යොදාගෙන සිරුරේ වෙනත් ස්ථාන උත්තේජනය කිරීම(සිප ගැනීම, ලෙවකෑම) මුඛ ලිංගික ක්‍රියා ලෙස නොසැලකේ. ලිංගික සංසර්ගයට පෙර උත්තේජනයක් ලෙස හෝ සංසර්ගය අතර හෝ මුඛ ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවල යෙදේ.

භගලේහය
දිව හා තොල් මගින් ස්ත්‍රියකගේ භගමණිය සහ යෝනිය උත්තේජනය කිරීම මෙලෙස හඳුන්වයි. භගමණිය කාන්තාවකගේ ඉතාමත් සංවේදී ස්ථානයක් බැවින් එය දිවෙන් උත්තේජනය කිරීමෙන් ඇයට පහසුවෙන් සුරාන්තයට පත්විය හැකිය. එසේම යෝනි තොල් දිවෙන් පිරිමැදීමෙන් මෙන්ම දිව යෝනිය තුලට ඇතුල් කිරීමෙන් ද භගලේහය සිදුකල හැකි අතර ඇඟිලි හෝ ලිංගික උත්තේජක උපකරණ ද උදව් කරගත් හැකිය.

ශිශ්න මුඛෝත්තේජනය
ශිශ්න මුඛෝත්තේජනය යනු මුඛය, දිව හෝ උගුර මගින් පුරුෂයෙකුගේ ශිශ්උනය ත්තේජනය කිරීමයි. ලිංගික සංසර්ගයට පෙර උත්තේජනයක් ලෙස හෝ ලිංගික ආශ්වාදයක් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා මෙය සිදු කරයි. අවිවාහක පෙම්වතුන් ද අනවශ්‍ය ගැබ් ගැනිම් වලින් තොරව ලිංගික තෘප්තිය ලබාගැනීම සඳහා මෙම මුඛ ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවේ යොදා ගනී.

භාවිතය
විවිධ හේතු මත යෝනි සංසර්ගයට විකල්පයක් ලෙස බහුලව මුඛ සංසර්ගය යොදාගැනේ. ලිංගික සහකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීමට ප්‍රථම පෙර සුදානමක් ලෙස මුඛ ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවල යෙදීම වැදගත්ය. විශේෂයෙන් කාන්තාව මුඛ ලිංගිකව උත්තේජනය කිරීමෙන් ඇගේ යෝනි මාර්ගයෙන් ලිහිසි ද්‍රව්‍ය ස්‍රාවය වී යෝනි සංසර්ගය පහසු කරයි. අවිවාහකයන් බොහෝවිට  මුඛ සංසර්ගයේ යෙදෙනුයේ අනවශ්‍ය ගැබ් ගැනීමකින් තොරවත් කන්‍යාභාවය හානිකර නොගෙනත් ලිංගිකව හැසිරීමට හැකි ආරක්‍ෂිත ක්‍රමයක් ලෙසය.

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මුඛ ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවල දීමෙන් ගැබ් ගැනීමක් සිදුවිය නොහැකිය. නමුත් ඇඟිලිවල හෝ ශරීරයේ වෙනත් ස්ථානයක තැවරුණු ශුක්‍ර තරලය යෝනිමර්ගයේ ස්පර්ශ වුවහොත් ගැබ්ගැනීමේ අවදානමක් පවතියි. ශුක්‍ර තරලය ගිලීමෙන් වුවද කිසිසේත්ම ගැබ්ගැනීමක් සිදුනොවන අතර උදරයේ අම්ල මගින් ශුක්‍රාණු ජීර්ණය වේ. ගර්භණී සමයේදි ද ආරක්ෂාකාරීව මුඛ සංසර්ගයේ යෙදිය හැකිය. තවද සහකරුගේ ශුක්‍රාණු ගිලීමෙන් කාන්තාවකට ගබ්සාවක් සිදුවීමේ අවධානම බොහෝ සෙයින් අඩුවන බව පරීක්ෂණවලින් සොයාගෙන ඇත.

සෞඛ්‍ය අවධානම
HIV, HPV, හර්පීස්,  ගොනෝරියා සහ වෙනත් ලිංගිකව සම්ප්‍රේෂණය වන රෝග මුඛ  සංසර්ගයෙන්ද සම්ප්‍රේෂණය විය හැකිය. නමුත් යෝනි හෝ ගුද සංසර්ගයට සාපේක්‍ෂව මුඛ  සංසර්ගයෙන් මෙම රෝග සම්ප්‍රේෂණය වීමේ අවදානම අඩු මට්ටමක පවතී. මුඛයේ තුවාල පැවතීම මෙන්ම මුඛ  සංසර්ගයට පෙර දත් මැදීම , රළු ආහාර සැපීම මගින්ද මෙම අවධානම ඉහල යාහැකිය.දුම්බීම හා බුලත්විටකෑම හා වෙනත් නිකොටින් අඩංගු මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිත කරන පුද්ගලයන් හා මුඛ සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීමද අවධානම් සහගතබව පර්යේෂකයන් පෙන්වා දෙයි.මානව පැපිලෝමා වෛරසය (HPV) හේතුවෙන් ඇතිවන මුඛ පිළිකා අවදානම ඉහළයාමට නිකොටින් හා වෙනත් පිළිකා කාරක අඩංගු මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය හේතුවේ.මෙම වෛරසය මුඛ සංසර්ගය මගින්ද පැතිරිය හැක.කෙසේ වෙතත් දුම්පානය හා බුලත්විට කෑම හා වෙනත් දුම්කොළ ආශ්‍රිත නිෂ්පාදන පරිභොජනය කරන පුද්ගලයන් අතර HPV වෛරසය  නිසා ඇතිවන පිළිකා බහුල වුවද කාලාතුරකින් දුම්පානය නොකරන අය අතරත් HPV නිසා ඇතිවන පිළිකා දැකිය හැකිය.මුඛ පිළිකා පුරුෂයන් අතර බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර කාන්තාවන් අතර ද කලාතුරකින් පිළිකා දක්නට ලැබේ.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් නිකොටින් අඩංගු මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය  වැඩි වශයෙන් භාවිත කරන්නේද පුරුෂයන්ය.මුඛ පිළිකා රෝගීන් වැඩි වශයෙන්ම වාර්ථාවන රටකි ශ්‍රී  ලංකාව.

ඉරියව්

 පුරුෂයා සිටගෙන හෝ පුටුවක වාඩිවී සිටින විට ස්ත්‍රිය දන ගසාගෙන තම මුවින් පුරුෂ ලිඟුව උරාබීම හා ලෙවකෑම.
 ස්ත්‍රිය  සිටගෙන හෝ පුටුවක වාඩිවී සිටින විට පුරුෂයා දන ගසාගෙන තම මුවින් යෝනිය හා භගමණිය උරාබීම හා ලෙවකෑම.
 පුරුෂයා උඩුබැලි අතට ඇඳක හාන්සි වී සිටඉින විට මුඛයට යෝනිය සිටින සේ ස්ත්‍රිය  ඔහුගේ මුහුණ මත වාඩිවීම.
 පුරුෂයාගේ ලිඟුව ස්ත්‍රියගේ හිස දෙසටත් ඇයගේ යෝනිය පුරුෂයාගේ හිස දෙසටත් සිටින සේ ඇඳක වැතිරී එකිනෙකාගේ  ලිඟු උරාබීම හා ලෙවකෑම. මෙය 69 ක්‍රමය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.ස

සතුන්
සත්ව රාජධානියට අයත් බොහෝ සත්ව විශේෂ අතර මුඛ ලිංගික සංසර්ගය දැකිය හැකිය.විශේෂයෙන් ක්ෂීරපායී සතුන් අතර සුලභය.ගැහැණු සතුන් විසින් පිරිමි සතුන්ගේ ශීශ්නය උරාබීම ලෙවකෑම වැනි ක්‍රියා සත්ව ලෝකයේ දක්නට ලැබෙන්නකි.උදාහරණ ලෙස වවුලන් අතර මුඛ ලිංගික සංසර්ගය දැක්විය හැක. සුනඛයන් අතරද මෙය දැකිය හැක.

ලිංගික ක්‍රියා

මුඛ සංසර්ගය


Valent (Valentin) Huzjak (Donja Poljana, Varaždinske Toplice, 12. veljače 1929. - Varaždin, 2009. ), bio je visoki partijski funkcionar i republički sekretar (ministar) unutrašnjih poslova SR Hrvatske u razdoblju od 1971. do 1978.

Biografija
Rođen je 12. veljače 1929. u naselju Donja Poljana, kraj Varaždinskih Toplica. Tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata, okupacije Jugoslavije i razdoblje NDH, godine 1943. kod Ludbrega se priključio narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, te nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata, 1945. bio primljen u Komunističku partiju Jugoslavije (KPJ ).

U narednom je razdovlju, u Zagrebu završio visoku upravnu školu. Tijekom razdoblja socijalističke Jugoslavije, obnašao je niz visokih partijskih dužnosti, pa je bio prvi organizacijski sekretar u KK KPH za Ludbreg i Varaždin, da bi kasnije bio imenovan za podsekretara, zatim i sekretara (ministra) u Republičkom sekretarijatu unutrašnjih poslova SR Hrvatske, koju dužnost je obnašao u razdoblju od 1971. do 1978.

Sudjelovanje u slamanju Hrvatskog proljeća
U razdoblju nakon sloma pokreta hrvatskog proljeća, na dužnosti sekretara za unutrašnje poslove SR Hrvatske, sudjelovao je u slamanju pokreta, za kojeg je u jednom informiranju zastupnika Organizacijsko političkog vijeća Sabora SR Hrvatske, utvrdio kako je njegova Služba drzavne sigurnosti, bivša Udba, utvrdila postojanje kontrarevolucionarnog pokreta na području tadašnje socijalističke Hrvatske.

Povezani članci

 Uroš Slijepčević
 Zlatko Uzelac
 Jovo Ugrčić
 Republički sekretarijat za unutrašnje poslove SR Hrvatske
 Hrvatsko proljeće

Izvori

Hrvatski komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji

Valent Huzjak


N. Crevedia (n. Nicolae Ion Cârstea; 24 noiembrie 1902, Crevedia Mare, județul Giurgiu –  d. 5 noiembrie 1978) a fost un poet și scriitor român, simpatizant al Mișcării legionare.

A fost redactor al publicațiilor Curentul, Epoca și Mișcarea; redactor principal la Calendarul și Porunca Vremii și director al ziarului antisemit Sfarmă-Piatră (1940). Tatăl său, Nicolae Crevedia, (n. 1872 - d. 1944) era un mic țăran care vindea făină. Mama sa, Elena Crevedia,(n. 1882 - d. 1977) era casnică. A mai avut doi frați și o soră.

Nicolae Crevedia a avut două fiice: Diana Cristev și Ioana Nechita. A fost tatăl scriitorului și politicianului Eugen Barbu.

Educație
A absolvit școala primară în satul natal.

A urmat cursurile Liceului "Sf. Sava" din București. A absolvit în 1924, apoi și-a continuat studiile la Facultatea de limbi moderne din București, Secția limbi slave. Nu și-a luat diploma de licență niciodată. A făcut parte din echipa de studii sociologice condusă de Dimitrie Gusti și a lucrat o perioadă ca profesor suplinitor.

Carieră
În 1923-1924 a lucrat ca funcționar la Ministerul de Război.

Nicolae Crevedia a debutat în 1924, în revista Cultul eroilor. A colaborat la: Azi, Gândirea, Rampa, Calendarul, Vremea, Adevărul literar și artistic, Viața literară, Bilete de papagal, Revista Fundațiilor Regale ș.a.

În 1933 a publicat mai multe poeme în revista Gândirea, care i-au adus recunoaștere în lumea literară. Pe lângă poezii, a scris epigrame, primul său volum purtând titlul Epigrame (1930).

După debutul editorial cu volumul de versuri Bulgări și stele (1933), Nicolae Crevedia era deja cunoscut ca poet tradiționalist.

S-a afirmat și în domeniul slavisticii, în particular în ce privește zona balcanică. Datorită poetului Iordan Stratiev (1898-1974), a descoperit lirica bulgară. Aceste preocupări au fost ilustrate de conferințe radiofonice pe teme privind cultura bulgară (1927) și prin traduceri din poezia bulgară publicate în revistele Viața literară și Gândirea.

În 1934, a fost ales membru al Societății Scriitorilor Români și a primit Premiul Societății Scriitorilor Români pentru volumul Bulgări și stele. În 1938, a fost decorat cu Meritul Cultural și Coroana României. A fost membru al Sindicatului Ziariștilor și al Uniunii Ziariștilor Profesioniști.

Ca stil literar, Nicolae Crevedia a cultivat limbajul din lumea satelor, nealterat de civilizația urbană. A fost un scriitor naționalist.

A întreprins numeroase călătorii în țările europene, care au inspirat o serie de articole și reportaje din țările balcanice.

N. Crevedia a întreținut o corespondență valoroasă din punct de vedere al cercetării literare, cu Perpessicius, George Călinescu, Pompiliu Constantinescu, Șerban Cioculescu, I. Valerian, Nichifor Crainic, Octav Șuluțiu, Mihai Ilovici și alții. Din epistolele trimise unor colaboratori mai tineri, precum Marin Bucur (192901994), istoric literar și Victoria Ana Tăușan (1937-2011), poetă, eseistă și traducătoare, rezultă colaborarea scriitorului cu revistele Luceafărul și Pogonici. O relație specială a existat între Nicolae Crevedia și poetul Nichifor Crainic, care i-a fost un autentic părinte spiritual, fiind susținut și promovat în paginile tuturor ziarelor și revistelor pe care le-a inițiat.

În iulie 2022, fiicele scriitorului, Diana Cristev și Ioana Nichita au lansat antologia Dunărea lin-argintie..., la Biblioteca Județeană "I. A. Bassarabescu" din Giurgiu. Acest volum cuprinde o selecție din poezia bulgară în traducerea lui Nicolae Crevedia și a fost publicat în cadrul Colecției Biblioteca Giurgiuveană.

Opere
 Epigrame (1930)
 Bulgări și stele (1933)
 Bacalaureatul lui Puiu (1933)
 Dragoste cu termen redus (1934)
 Buruieni de dragoste (1936)
 Maria (1938)
 Dă-mi înapoi grădinile (1939)
 Versuri (1968)
 Epigramiști români de ieri și de azi (1975)
 Vinul sălbatic (1977)
 Dunărea lin-argintie... Antologie de poezie bulgară (postum, 2022)

Note

Legături externe
 Despre Nicolae Crevedia]
 Articol despre Nicolae Crevedia]

Nașteri în 1902
Nașteri pe 24 noiembrie
Decese în 1978
Decese pe 5 noiembrie
Agrarieni români
Editori români
Jurnaliști români
Poeți români
Români cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite
Scriitori români
Traducători în română
Traducători români
Umoriști români

Nicolae Crevedia


An Danthonia cirrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel ngan José Arechavaleta. An Danthonia cirrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Danthonia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Danthonia

Danthonia cirrata


زفيكا (Звечка) هي مدينة في بيوغراد في مقاطعة وسط صربيا في صربيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6187 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في صربيا

زفيتشكا


Adrianna Sułek (née le  à Bydgoszcz) est une athlète polonaise, spécialiste des épreuves combinés.

Biographie
Septième de l'heptathlon lors des championnats d'Europe juniors 2017, elle décroche la médaille de bronze lors des championnats du monde juniors 2018.

En 2021, elle remporte la médaille d'or de l'heptathlon lors des championnats d'Europe espoirs à Tallinn. Elle participe aux Jeux olympiques de Tokyo et se classe  du concours de l'heptathlon.

Vice-championne du monde en salle et vice-championne d'Europe (2022)

Elle termine deuxième du concours du pentathlon lors des championnats du monde en salle 2022 à Belgrade, derrière la Belge Noor Vidts, établissant à cette occasion un nouveau record de Pologne avec . Aux championnats du monde en plein air se déroulant en  à Eugene, elle établit un nouveau record national de l'heptathlon avec  mais termine au pied du podium derrière Nafissatou Thiam, Anouk Vetter et Anna Hall. Quelques semaines plus tard, elle obtient la médaille d'argent de l'heptathlon aux championnats d'Europe de Munich avec , devancée sur le podium par Nafissatou Thiam ().

Médaillée d'argent aux championnats d'Europe en salle (2023)

Lors des championnats d'Europe en salle d'Istanbul en mars 2023, Adrianna Sułek obtient la médaille d'argent du pentathlon derrière la Belge Nafissatou Thiam, qui bat à cette occasion le record du monde de la discipline avec . La Polonaise fait elle aussi mieux que la précédente meilleure marque mondiale, détenue par l'Ukrainienne Nataliya Dobrynska depuis 2012 (), en totalisant . Elle améliore quatre records personnels sur cinq épreuves : sur 60 m haies, au lancer du poids, au saut en longueur et sur .

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Heptathlonienne polonaise
Naissance en avril 1999
Athlète (femme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Championne d'Europe espoir d'athlétisme
Naissance à Bydgoszcz

Adrianna Sułek


Bengt-Åke Lundvall (født 1941 i Sverige) er professor emeritus i økonomi ved Institut for Økonomi og Ledelse på Aalborg Universitet. Lundvall er uddannet som økonom ved Göteborgs Universitet i 1967. I 1973 flyttede han til Aalborg hvor han blev involveret i opstarten af universitetet. I 1977 startede han IKE gruppen. Fra 1992 til 1995 var han vicedirektør i DIST/OECD i Paris.

Lundvalls forskning omhandler bredt innovationssystemer. I samarbejde med Christopher Freeman fra SPRU, udviklede han ideen om innovation som en interaktiv process, og conceptet 'nationale innovationssystemer'. Han har været med til at starte og koordinere forskningsnetværkene DRUID og Globelics.

Eksterne links
 Globelics
 DRUID
 Aalborg Universitet profil

Ansatte ved Aalborg Universitet
Økonomer fra Danmark
Forskere fra Danmark

Bengt-Åke Lundvall


Die Jägerkaserne war eine Kaserne in Löbau, Sachsen. Sie wurde ab 1912 erbaut und erhielt nach der Einweihung den Namen "Jägerkaserne". Die denkmalgeschützte Kaserne befindet sich am heutigen Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.

Geschichte
Nach der Ankündigung, dass 1914 das 1. Kgl. Sächs. Jägerbataillon Nr. 12 der von Freiberg nach Löbau verlegt werden soll, wurde 1912 mit dem Bau der Jägerkaserne begonnen. Die Bauleitung übernahm Carl Hermann Uhlig aus Oberschöna. Das Jägerbataillon zog jedoch aufgrund seines Einsatzes im Ersten Weltkrieg nie in die neue Kaserne ein. Bis 1919 wurden die Kasernengebäude als Reservelazarett mit 500 Betten genutzt. Nach Auflösung des Lazaretts bezog ein Grenzjägerbataillon die Kaserne bis später das Ausbildungsbataillon des 10. Infanterieregiments dorthin verlegte.

Nach 1933 wurden die Kasernenanlagen umgebaut und erweitert und ab 1935 nutzte die Wehrmacht die Jägerkaserne für die Ausbildung von Rekruten für ein Ersatzheer, darüber hinaus waren zwei Ersatzbataillone in der Kaserne stationiert.

Nach 1945 diente die Jägerkaserne bis 1949 als Auffang- und Durchgangslager für Vertriebene aus Schlesien. Danach bezogen Einheiten der Kasernierten Volkspolizei die Kasernenanlagen. Aus diesen Einheiten wurde 1956 das Panzerregiment 16 der 7. Panzerdivision der Nationalen Volksarmee gebildet. Ab 1962 bezog die neugegründete Offiziershochschule der Landstreitkräfte "Ernst Thälmann" die Kaserne, die Ende 1963 den Lehrbetrieb aufnahm.

Am 31. Juli 1991 erfolgte auf Befehl Nr. 3/91 des Truppenkommandos Ost die Auflösung der Hochschule, eine militärische Nutzung der Kaserne fand ab diesem Zeitpunkt nicht mehr statt.

Die denkmalgeschützte Jägerkaserne wird heutzutage unter anderem von der Bundespolizei und der Polizei des Freistaates Sachsen, der Agentur für Arbeit sowie verschiedenen Gewerbebetrieben und Kultur- und Freizeiteinrichtungen genutzt.

Der Verein "Garnison Löbau e.V." führt regelmäßig Militärfahrzeugtreffen auf dem Gelände der ehemaligen Jägerkaserne durch und betreibt die Dauerausstellung "Garnison Löbau von 1821–1991".

Weblinks

 Geschichte der Jägerkaserne
 umfangreiche Bildersammlung der Jägerkaserne

Ehemalige Kaserne in Sachsen
Erbaut in den 1910er Jahren
Bauwerk in Löbau
Kulturdenkmal in Löbau

Jägerkaserne (Löbau)


චාල්ස් ඇම්බ්‍රෝස් ලොරෙන්ස් (1829-1871) නීතිවේදියෙක්, මාධ්‍යවේදියෙක් සහ ලංකාවේ යටත් විජිත යුගයේ නීති සම්පාදකයෙක් විය. ඔහු ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයෙකු විය. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය පුවත්පත් කලාව ආරම්භ කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර වූ අතර දිවයිනේ ප්‍රථම දේශීය ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍රය වන Ceylon Examiner හි නිර්මාතෘ සහ කර්තෘවරයා විය. ඔහු දිසා විනිසුරුවරයෙකු වූ අතර වැඩබලන රැජිනගේ අධිනීතිඥවරයෙකි.

බර්ගර් පවුලක උපත ලද ලොරෙන්ස් කොළඹ ඇකඩමියේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර 1846 දී ෆෙඩ්රික් නෙල් සමඟින් ටර්නර් ත්‍යාගය දිනා ගත්තේය. 1849 දී ඔහුගේ නීති පුහුණුව ආරම්භ කළ ඔහු 1855 දී ලින්කන්ස් ඉන් හි බැරිස්ටර්වරයෙකු බවට පත්විය. ඔහු රාජකීය ආසියාතික සංගමයේ ලංකා ශාඛාවේ සාමාජිකයෙක් විය.

1855 දී හලාවත දිසා විනිසුරුවරයා ලෙස සේවය කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔහු නැවතත් නීතිඥයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. ඔහු 1856 සිට 1864 දක්වා ලංකා ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක කවුන්සිලයේ බර්ගර් නිල නොවන සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. පුද්ගලික පනත් කෙටුම්පතක් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඉල්ලා සිටි සහ ලබාගත් පළමු නිල නොවන සාමාජිකයා ඔහු විය. පළාත් පාලන වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටි ඔහු 1860 සිට 1870 දක්වා තේරී පත් වූ පළමු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූ පළමු මහ නගර සභාව වන කොළඹ මහ නගර සභාව පිහිටුවීමේ දී ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. ඔහු 1864 දී ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය.

ලංකාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මුදලින් රුපියල්වලට මාරු විය යුතු බවට පනවා තිබූ මුදල් ආඥාපනතේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියා ලෙස ලොරෙන්ස් ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර විය. අධ්‍යාපනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීම සහ සංවර්ධනය කිරීම, නීති සංශෝධන සහ සංග්‍රහ කිරීම සහ ලංකා රජයේ දුම්රිය සේවය ආරම්භ කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු විශාල කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය.

1859 දී, ලොරෙන්ස් සහ සින්ඩිකේට් විසින් Examiner මිලදී ගත් අතර, එය Ceylon Examiner ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී, එමගින් ඔහු කළමනාකාර කර්තෘ වූ පළමු ලංකා පුවත්පත බවට පත් විය.

ඔහු ජේම්ස් ද අල්විස්, ෆෙඩ්රික් නෙල් සහ ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරු ලුවී, ජෝන් ප්‍රින්ස්, චාල්ස් ෆර්ඩිනැන්ඩ්ස් සහ ඩැන්ඩ්‍රිස් ද සිල්වා ගුණරත්න සමඟ තරුණ එංගලන්ත ව්‍යාපාරයේ ආභාෂය ලැබූ මැකෝලේ ඔෆ් සිලෝන් හි කොටසක් විය.

1876 සිට ඔහුගේ මතකය වෙනුවෙන් ලොරෙන්ස් ශිෂ්‍යත්වය කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් පිරිනමනු ලැබේ.

කටයුතු

 තාවකාලික ගෙවීම, 1856
 සංස්කාරක, නීති වාර්තා, 1856-1870
 කෝවිල් පිළිවෙත පිළිබඳ සටහන්, 1860

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ඔවුන්ගේ පොදු අරමුණ විය [

චාල්ස් ඇම්බ්‍රෝස් ලොරන්ස්


Upsilon-2 Eridani / Theemin(Upsilon2 Eri, υ2 Eridani, υ2 Eri) es una estrella gigante amarilla de tipo espectral G situada en la constelación del Río Erídano1. Tiene una magnitud aparente de aproximadamente +3.817 y está a una distancia de 209 años luz.Tradicionalmente, tiene el nombre de Theemim, Theemin o Beemin.

En chino,  (), significa "el huerto celeste'' en referencia al asterismo que contiene a υ2 Eridani, χ Eridani, φ Eridani, κ Eridani, HD 16754, HD 23319, θ Eridani, HD 24072, HD 24160, υ4 Eridani, 43 Eridani y υ1 Eridani. En consecuencia, υ2 Eridani por sí misma es conocida como  (, .)

Referencias
1 SIMBAD link|ups02+eri|* 52 Eri -- Star, Entrada a la base de datos SIMBAD.  (Toma de datos el 25 de septiembre de 2008.

Constelación de Erídano
Gigantes naranjas

Upsilon2 Eridani


Celastrina neglecta es una especie de mariposa ditrysia perteneciente a la familia Lycaenidae.

Tiene una envergadura de alas de 23 a 29 mm. Se alimenta de una variedad de plantas, principalmente de la familia Rosaceae (Spiraea), también de Cornus racemosa y Ceanothus americanus.

Se encuentra en la mayor parte del este y centro de Estados Unidos, así como el sur de Canadá desde Nueva Escocia hasta el sur de Saskatchewan. Los adultos vuelan desde mediados de junio hasta principios de octubre con dos o tres generaciones en el sur.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Summer Azure, Butterflies and Moths of North America

neglecta

Celastrina neglecta


Sans toi est un film français réalisé par Sophie Guillemin sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
Un homme quitte tout pour retrouver la femme qu'il a aimé et qui a disparu quatre ans plutôt...

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Sans toi
 Réalisation : Sophie Guillemin
 Scénario : Sophie Guillemin
 Musique : Hélène Blazy
 Décors :
 Costumes :
 Photographie : Sophie Guillemin
 Montage : Stéphane Elmadjian
 Producteur :
 Sociétés de production : Elkin Production et Multifruits Production
 Société de distribution : Elkin Production
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1
 Genre : drame romantique
 Durée : 76 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :

Distribution
 Thierry Godard : Antoine
 Sophie Guillemin : Solange
 Bruno Solo
 Julia Faure
 Catherine Wilkening
 Laura Presgurvic
 Mélanie Maudran

Production

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Film dramatique français
Film romantique français

Sans toi (film)


Walther Rathenau (Berlin, 29. rujna 1867. – Berlin, 24. lipnja 1922.), njemački industrijalac, pisac i političar, kratkoročni ministar vanjskih poslova u Weimarskoj Republici iz redova Njemačke demokratske stranke. Jedan od istaknutih njemačkih teoretičara liberalizma.

Nakon predlaganja i potpisivanja Rapalskog ugovora, kojom su ukinute sve diplomatske, zakonske i gospodarske prepreke trgovini sa Sovjetskim Savezom, krajnji desničari prozvali su ga revolucionarem, iako je bio liberal koji se suprotstavljao komunističkom režimu. Dva mjeseca nakon potpisivanja ugovora, pripadnici O. C.-a (Organisation Consul-a) izvršili su atentat na njega ispred zgrade Reichstaga u Berlinu. Dio javnosti smatrao ga je demokratskim mučenikom, dok dolaskom NSDAP-a na vlast nije zabranjeno njegovo spominjanje.

Bio je uspješan židovski poduzetnik, koji se obogatio na prijevozu namirnica i opskrbljivanju njemačkih vojnika na Zapadnom bojištu tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata.

Vanjske poveznice
 Popis djela na Projektu Gutenberg (www.gutenberg.org)

Životopisi, Berlin
Ministri vanjskih poslova Njemačke
Njemački političari između dva svjetska rata
Njemački poduzetnici
Njemački književnici
Židovi u Njemačkoj

Walther Rathenau


Giulio Foresti (* 21. August 1888 in Bergamo; † 5. April 1965 in Mailand) war ein italienischer Automobilrennfahrer.

Karriere
Giulio Foresti war in den 1920er- und frühen 1930er-Jahren als Rennfahrer aktiv. Über Monoposto-Aktivitäten des Italieners ist wenig bis nichts bekannt; belegt ist sein Antreten beim Großen Preis von Frankreich 1922. Besser bequellt sind hingegen Einsätze bei Sportwagenrennen. 1924 war er einer der ersten Italiener die beim damals noch jungen 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans am Start waren. Gemeinsam mit Arthur Duray fuhr er einen Ariés 3-Litre. In den offiziellen Ergebnislisten ist ein Ausfall durch Defekt vermerkt, ohne auf die genaue Ursache einzugehen. Seine beste Platzierung bei diesem Langstreckenrennen war der vierte Gesamtrang 1926. 1928 gewann er die Targa Abruzzi, ein Sportwagenrennen in der Nähe von Pescara. Erwähnenswert ist auch der neunte Gesamtrang bei der Mille Miglia 1931.

Statistik

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Literatur
 R. M. Clarke: Le Mans. The Bentley & Alfa Years 1923–1939. Brocklands Books, Cobham 1999, ISBN 1-85520-465-7.

Weblinks

  (italienisch)
 Rennergebnisse bei Racing Sports Cars

Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Rennfahrer (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1888
Gestorben 1965
Mann
Grand-Prix-Fahrer vor 1950

Giulio Foresti


The Whales of August is a 1987 American drama film directed by Lindsay Anderson and starring Bette Davis and Lillian Gish (in her final film appearance) as elderly sisters. Also in the cast were Ann Sothern as one of their friends, and  Vincent Price as a peripheral member of the former Russian aristocracy. The story is based on the play of the same title by David Berry.

The film was shot on location on Maine's Cliff Island. The house still stands and is a popular subject of artists on the island. Ann Sothern earned a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 60th Academy Awards.

Synopsis
Two elderly widowed sisters from Philadelphia, near the end of their lives, spend their annual summer in a seaside house in Maine. In a prologue, actresses Margaret Ladd, Mary Steenburgen and Tisha Sterling (Sothern's real-life daughter) play respectively Libby, Sarah, and Tisha as young women. In the present, their surroundings cause them to recall their relationship as young women, and the summers they had enjoyed there in the past. They reflect on the passage of time, and the bitterness, jealousies and misunderstandings that slowly festered over the years and kept them from establishing a true closeness in their relationship.

Libby, played by Davis, is the more infirm of the two sisters, and her nature has become bitter and cold as a result.  Sarah, played by Gish, is a softer and more tolerant character, intent on nursing her sister through her discomfort and trying to breach the gulf that has grown between them. The resentment that Libby so clearly displays to her stifles Sarah's every attempt at making a friendly overture towards her, and Sarah cautiously retreats.

Maranov (Price) is an expatriate from Russia who comes to visit the sisters, and who has recently lost the friend with whom he had been living. Tisha (Sothern) is a vivacious lifelong friend who provides common sense, fun and laughter, and is the catalyst for some of the sisters' conversations and revelations.

Cast

Production
The film's producer, Mike Kaplan, saw the play performed by the Trinity Repertory Company while he was visiting Rhode Island on family business. Kaplan, who had met Gish many years earlier when he was a publicist involved in The Comedians (1967), decided immediately that the role of Sarah Webber was a role that would introduce new generations of filmgoers to the great talent of the "First Lady of American Film", who had begun her film career in 1912. This was to be the final film role for the 93-year-old Gish; she died aged 99 in 1993. It was also to be Sothern's final acting role.

As opposed to the original stage production, the film made it possible to showcase stars who were the age peers of the characters. Actors and actresses of the appropriate age and stature were contacted to see whether they were both interested in and physically capable of playing the roles.  Many screen greats were approached to play a role but demurred because they suffered from various infirmities, including Shirley Booth, Barbara Stanwyck, Fred Astaire and Paul Henreid. Gish and Davis were both infirm: Davis had recently recovered from several strokes which inhibited movement on the left side of her body, and Gish was somewhat hard of hearing. Other greats turned down the producers' overtures for other reasons, including Joel McCrea, Frances Dee, Katharine Hepburn and John Gielgud. Even Davis and Gish turned down the parts more than once before being persuaded to star in the film.

This film marks a reunion between Davis and Vincent Price after 48 years, having last appeared on screen together in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex in 1939.

Gish and Davis did not get along during the filming. Davis demanded top billing on the picture, of which Gish said, "Oh dear, I just can't deal with that sort of thing. I don't care what they do with my name. If they leave it off, so much the better. It's the work I love, not the glory." Davis got leftmost billing, which was considered optimal, with Gish's name slightly higher. Gish recalled that Davis rarely spoke to her or looked at her except when the script required. Though Gish was hurt, she was sympathetic due to Davis's illness. "That face! Have you ever seen such a tragic face? Poor woman! How she must be suffering! I don't think it's right to judge a person like that. We must bear and forbear." For her part, Davis was frustrated with Gish's missing her cues: "Miss Gish was stone deaf. She couldn't have heard the cues if I'd shouted them through a bullhorn." However, Gish admitted she actually had little trouble hearing her cues, but invented a subtle version of the silent treatment due to Davis's mistreatment of her. When Davis spoke a line, Gish often would look puzzled and gently protest: "I just can't hear what she's saying." Whereupon, while Davis sat seething, Anderson would repeat Davis's line in a ringing voice, and Gish would instantly pick up her cue and continue the scene.

David Berry (the screenwriter), Lindsay Anderson (the director), the cinematographer, a location scout, and Kaplan traveled by water taxi to several islands in Casco Bay searching for a location that would provide the necessary ambiance and ocean vistas for the film. In the end, the film was shot on Cliff Island, a few miles from the site of Berry's family cottage on Peaks Island, where, in fact, the characters and story were drawn. The film's premiere in New York City on October 14, 1987, Gish's 94th birthday, was followed a few weeks later by a premiere in Portland, Maine, which was attended by both Berry and Kaplan.

Reception and legacy
Reviews for The Whales of August were mixed to positive. The plot and script were seen as underwhelming, with its major redeeming quality being the performances of Gish, Davis and Sothern. On Rotten Tomatoes out of 11 critics, 64% of them gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.63 out of 10. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars.

Although the film starred two preeminent actresses in what was close to their final film roles, it was not a substantial commercial success domestically. Upon its release, it was widely tipped that either Davis or Gish would be rewarded, if not for their performances in this film then for their longevity, with Academy Award nominations, but neither actress was nominated. Sothern received the only Academy Award nomination of her career (and the film's sole nomination), for Best Supporting Actress, and Gish received the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress. The film was screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival, which Gish attended, and she got a 10-minute standing ovation.

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited The Whales of August as one of his favorite films.

See also
Lillian Gish filmography
List of Vincent Price works
Bette Davis filmography

References

External links

Lillian Gish website article on the 1987 film

1987 films
1987 drama films
American drama films
1980s English-language films
Films about old age
Films about sisters
American films based on plays
Films directed by Lindsay Anderson
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in Maine
Films shot in Maine
1980s American films
Films about disability in the United States
1987 independent films
American independent films

The Whales of August


and  are 1999 role-playing video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. They are the first installments in the second generation of the Pokémon video game series. They were released in Japan in 1999, Australia and North America in 2000, and Europe in 2001. In 2009, on the 10th anniversary of Gold and Silver, remakes titled Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver were released for the Nintendo DS.

The games introduce 100 new species of Pokémon and follow the progress of the player character in their quest to master Pokémon battling. Both games are independent of each other but feature largely the same plot and, while both can be played separately, it is necessary to trade between these games and their predecessors in order to fully complete each games' Pokédex. The Johto Saga of the Pokémon anime is based on the new region introduced in the games.

Pokémon Gold and Silver were critically acclaimed upon release. They are considered by some to be the best games in the entire series, as well as some of the most significant games of the fifth generation of video game consoles. They continued the enormous success of Pokémon Red and Blue as Pokémon began to form into a multi-billion dollar franchise. The games almost matched the sales of Red and Blue, and by 2010 had gone on to sell over 23 million units making them the best-selling games for the Game Boy Color and the third-best-selling for the Game Boy family of systems.

Gameplay

Like previous installments, Pokémon Gold and Silver are played from a third-person, top-down perspective, with players directly navigating the protagonist around the fictional universe, interacting with objects and people. As the player explores this world, they will encounter different terrains, such as grassy fields, forests, caves, and seas in which different Pokémon species reside. As the player randomly encounters one of these creatures, the field switches to a turn-based "battle scene", where the Pokémon will fight.

There are two main goals within the games: following through the main storyline and defeating the Elite Four and Pokémon Master Lance to become the new Champion, and completing the Pokédex by capturing, evolving, and trading to obtain all 251 creatures. A major aspect of this is developing and raising the player's Pokémon by battling other Pokémon, which can be found in the wild or owned by other Trainers. This system of accumulating experience points (EXP) and leveling up, characteristic and integral to all Pokémon video games, controls the physical properties of the Pokémon, such as the battle statistics acquired, and the moves learned.

New features

While Pokémon Gold and Silver retain the basic mechanics of capturing, battling, and evolving introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, new features were added. A time system was introduced using a real-time internal clock that keeps track of the current time and day of the week. Certain events, including Pokémon appearances, are influenced by this feature. New items were added, with some designed to exploit a new mechanic: Pokémon being able to hold items. A new type of item able to be held was the berry, which comes in varieties and can restore health or cure status effects. Other held items can give boosts to the Pokémon during battle. More specialized Poké Balls were introduced, which make Pokémon catching easier in certain situations. A new item called the Pokégear was introduced, functioning as a watch, map, radio, and phone, allowing the player to call other characters who offer their phone number. Trainers will call for a rematch and others will call about rare Pokémon that can be caught in a certain area.

The games introduce Raikou, Entei, and Suicune, some new types of legendary Pokémon that wander around Johto, changing locations frequently. They can be tracked by the Pokédex once encountered, and will always attempt to flee, but will retain HP loss. In addition, there is the possibility of encountering a shiny Pokémon, which have a different coloration than normal Pokémon of their species, and appear very rarely. Two new Pokémon types were added, the Steel-type and the Dark-type. Steel-type Pokémon are immune to Poison-type moves, and they have very high defense and resistance to other types, while Dark-type Pokémon are immune to Psychic-type moves and are strong against Psychic-type Pokémon (which provides an offensive strategy, formerly absent against Psychic-types), as well as having few weaknesses. In Gold and Silver, new moves were added, but Pokémon knowing these moves are not allowed to be traded to the first generation games. To solve this, a move deleter was introduced, capable of erasing moves known by the Pokémon. Another major change was the splitting of the "Special" stat into "Special Attack" and "Special Defense", which increased aspects of strategy.

With the introduction of Pokémon breeding, Pokémon are assigned to one or two breeding groups. When a male and female Pokémon that share at least one breeding group are left at a Pokémon Daycare, they may produce an egg, which will hatch into a young Pokémon. The young Pokémon will inherit the species of its mother, and moves from its father. However, legendary and mythical Pokémon, among certain other species, cannot breed.

Plot

Setting

Pokémon Gold and Silver are set in the region of Johto, situated to the west of the Kanto region from the previous Red and Blue games, and three years after the conclusion of the previous games. The design of Johto was inspired by Japan's Kansai and Tōkai regions, with many of the region's temples and more traditional Japanese aesthetics finding their way into Johto.

Story

As with the previous games, the player character receives his first Pokémon, a choice between Chikorita, Cyndaquil, and Totodile, from the region's local Pokémon scientist, Professor Elm, and then begins his journey to win the eight Gym Badges of the Johto region and then challenge the Elite Four and Champion to become the region's new Pokémon Master. Opposing him is his mysterious rival, a boy who stole one of the other Pokémon from Professor Elm and regularly challenges the player to test his strengths. The player also encounters the villainous Team Rocket, having reunited to seek out their previous leader Giovanni to return the group to their former glory. Eventually, the player thwarts Team Rocket once and for all and defeats the Elite Four and Champion of the Pokémon League on Indigo Plateau. The player can then travel to the Kanto region from the previous games and challenge the Gym Leaders there, discovering how much has changed in the three years following the events of Red and Blue. For example, Cinnabar Island has been almost completely taken over by a volcano eruption; only a Pokémon Center remains.  After defeating the Kanto region's Gym Leaders, the player is allowed to enter the treacherous Mt. Silver area, home to very powerful Pokémon. Deep within Mt. Silver's caves is Red, the protagonist of Red and Blue, whom the player can challenge for the most difficult battle in the game.

Development
Gold and Silver were first publicly showcased at November 1997, Nintendo Space World Expo in Japan, becoming the most popular exhibit at the program. Unlike the previous game in the series, Pokémon Yellow, the new titles were announced to be more than a small upgrade to Pokémon Red and Blue. Instead, they would feature a new storyline, a new world, and new species of Pokémon. Gold and Silver were designed for the Game Boy Color, allowing them full color support and more detailed sprites. Other additions that were shown included Pokémon breeding, held items, an in-game gadget known as the PokéGear, a real-time internal clock, and backward compatibility with the previous games in the series.

During an ABC News interview, president of Creatures Inc. Tsunekazu Ishihara gave insight into the brainstorming process for developing new Pokémon species. He explained, "The ideas for each of these monsters came from the imagination of the software developers at Game Freak who get these ideas from their childhood experiences, including from reading manga, a style of Japanese comic books. Ideas come from scary experiences they had as kids, catching insects, and so forth. So from these experiences in childhood, these ideas for Pokémon came out". In the same vein as the Pokémon Mew of Red and Blue, the exclusive Pokémon Celebi was included in the Gold and Silver games but is only accessible after attending a Nintendo promotional event. The first official event offering Celebi was Nintendo Space World 2000 in Japan, in which 100,000 attendees would be awarded the rare Pokémon. In order to be selected, players had to send in a postcard to enter a lottery for one of 100,000 certificates of Celebi, allowing them to enter the event and obtain it.

Ishihara stated that Gold and Silver started development right after Pokémon Red and Green were released in Japan. The original intention was to release the game in 1998, even synchronizing with the supposed end of the anime's first season. Development issues, worsened by Game Freak being sidetracked with Pokémon Stadium and the localization of the first generation, led the game to be postponed, and the original release slate was taken over by Pokémon Yellow. Programmer Shigeki Morimoto stated that part of why development took three and a half years was due to being a small team of only four programmers. Satoru Iwata, then the president of HAL Laboratory who would later become Nintendo's CEO, helped the team by developing new tools for compressing the Pokémon graphic code.

Audio
Junichi Masuda composed his music on an Amiga computer, presumably in a music tracker format, converted to MIDI data and converted again to the Game Boy Color.

Unused Pokémon leak
In 2018, ROM images of the early-in-development Japanese-language demo shown during the 1997 Nintendo Space World presentation resurfaced: two debug versions of the games, and two versions that were modified to work on normal Game Boy hardware and most emulators. These ROM images were only rumored to exist until they were anonymously posted on the "Pokémon Reverse Engineering Tools" (PRET) Discord server in May 2018. The demo was quickly shared with members of the website The Cutting Room Floor. The ROMs were analyzed and translated, and The Cutting Room Floor went on to release a spreadsheet containing all the information they had discovered, which includes a list of Pokémon species, Pokémon "moves", items, non-playable characters, maps, and music. The ROMs were first released anonymously onto 4chan's /vp/ board in May, with a formal The Cutting Room Floor release coming later that day. The demo has a larger world map than the final game (which itself is based on the entire Japanese archipelago, unlike the final region, which is based on the Kansai region of Japan), and includes around 100 unused and changed Pokémon designs.

Earlier in May 2018, Pokémon artist Atsuko Nishida revealed that the popular creature Pikachu was originally supposed to have a third evolution, named "Gorochu". Additionally, Pokémon creator Satoshi Tajiri has revealed four unused designs that would have been included in the original Pokémon games.

While cut content is not uncommon in video games, the volume of cut content in the Gold and Silver demo has been described as "overwhelming". Matthew Byrd, writing for Den of Geek, stated that a lot of design work had gone into the Pokémon that were eventually cut, suggesting that Game Freak might have taken them out during the testing phase due to balance issues.

Release

In September 1999, the games were announced for release in Japan on November 21, 1999 and a North American release date was estimated for September 2000. Nintendo announced the release of the Pocket Pikachu Color, a full-color portable digital pet similar to the one released the year before. The unit is compatible with Gold and Silver, allowing the transfer of in-game currency known as "watt points". Pocket Pikachu Color was slated for release in Japan on November 21, 1999, the same day as the release of Gold and Silver. In addition, an officially licensed Pikachu-themed Game Link Cable developed by Kemco was set for release in Japan on November 18, 1999. The product functions like a normal Game Link Cable and consists of a yellow cable with a figure of Pikachu on one end, and a Poké Ball on the other.

Anticipating high sales, Nintendo set its first production shipment for the games in Japan at three million, predicting that eventually more than eight million copies would be sold in the country alone. However, they were soon forced to cut the first shipment number in half following an earthquake in Taiwan, which Nintendo claimed had damaged their cartridge manufacturing facilities. Regardless, speculation arose that Nintendo was instead using the event as an excuse to limit shipment and keep the demand high.

As a precursor to the North American release, Gold and Silver were displayed for audiences to interact with at the 2000 American International Toy Fair in New York City. To further promote the games, Nintendo modified five Chrysler PT Cruisers to resemble the new Pokémon Lugia and had them driven around the United States. The vehicles had fins and tails attached to them and were painted with logos and images of the Pokémon franchise. In addition, they were equipped with a television set hooked up to game consoles which allowed spectators to play Pokémon Puzzle League, Hey You, Pikachu!, and Pokémon Gold and Silver. The television series Pokémon GS, based on the games, was announced to be a part of the fall lineup on Kids' WB. The show features the same protagonist Ash Ketchum in a new region with different Pokémon species from the games. The localized English names of the 100 new Pokémon were kept confidential by Nintendo, with the company releasing names periodically. The domain names 'pokemongold.com' and 'pokemonsilver.com' were registered for this very purpose, and such names released included Chikorita, Lugia, Ho-Oh, Togepi, Hoothoot, and Marill.

In May 2000, Nintendo announced the official North American release date of Gold and Silver to be on 16 October of that year. Nintendo started accepting pre-orders for the games in August, and announced that consumers who pre-ordered one of the games would receive a free CD-ROM with a Pokémon-themed web browser developed by MediaBrowser which featured floating Pokémon species and links to Pokémon sites. The application was available for download on the official Pokémon website. The games had record sales as approximately 600,000 copies of them were pre-ordered in just two months, compared to Pokémon Yellows number of 150,000. As the release date neared, retailers such as Electronics Boutique reported receiving shipments of the games earlier than 16 October, and opted to sell them immediately; first giving them to pre-orderers and then selling the leftover copies. The games were reportedly obtainable as early as October 11.

The games were released in Australia on October 13, 2000 and in Europe on April 6, 2001.

Pokémon Crystal

 is a third version after Pokémon Gold and Silver, developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on December 14, 2000, North America on July 29, 2001, and in Europe on November 2, 2001. The plot and gameplay of Crystal is largely the same as in Gold and Silver, although it includes several new features.

Pokémon Crystal was received well by critics, although many commented that there were just not enough new additions and features to significantly set it apart from Pokémon Gold and Silver. Pokémon Crystal has sold nearly 6.4 million units worldwide.

Nintendo 3DS re-release
In June 2017, The Pokémon Company announced via a Pokémon Direct broadcast that the games would be re-released worldwide via the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on September 22, 2017.

Reception

Pokémon Gold and Silver were met with critical acclaim, with many saying that the extended length of gameplay and the new features were valued additions that kept the sequels as interesting as the original games. Craig Harris of IGN gave the games a "masterful" 10 out of 10 rating, stating that: "As awesome as the original Pokémon edition was, Pokémon Gold and Silver blow it away in gameplay elements, features, and goodies. There are so many little additions to the design it's impossible to list them all". There was particular praise given to the innovative internal clock feature, with Frank Povo of GameSpot, noting: "The first major addition to Pokémon GS is the presence of a time element... Although it may sound like a gimmick, the addition of a clock adds quite a bit of variety to the game". Povo went on to give the games an 8.8 rating of "great". Nintendo Power listed Gold and Silver combined as the sixth best Game Boy / Game Boy Color games, praising them for the new Pokémon, features, and full-color graphics.

Overall, Gold and Silver were stated to be solid gaming additions that would please a large audience. "After playing the game dozens of hours, I really can't think of a bad point to make about Pokémon Gold and Silver. Nintendo and Game Freak have tweaked the original and built a sequel that's long, challenging and tremendous fun to play. There's a reason why Pokémon is so popular, and Pokémon Gold and Silver is going to help the series move further into the 21st century", said Harris.

Sales
Pokémon Gold and Silver continued the enormous success of Pokémon Red and Blue, beginning the formation of Pokémon into a multi-billion dollar franchise. Upon its first day of release in Japan, the game sold 1,425,768 units. As of April 2000, roughly 6.5 million copies of the games had been sold in Japan. Silver proved to be the slightly more popular version, edging out Gold by approximately 100,000 copies.

In the U.S., the game generated  pre-sales about three weeks before release. Upon the first week of release in the U.S., the games had eclipsed Pokémon Yellows previous record sales of a little over 600,000 copies; selling a combined total of 1.4 million copies to become the fastest-selling games ever. The commercial success was expected, as Peter Main, the executive vice president of sales and marketing, stated "There's no question about it; kids love to play Pokémon. So far in 2000 the best-selling game in America for any home console is Pokémon Stadium for Nintendo 64, and the best-selling game for any handheld video game system is Pokémon Yellow for Game Boy Color, but Pokémon Gold and Silver will eclipse even those impressive sales totals. We project sales of 10 million units total of these two games in less than six months time". The game sold  copies in the U.S. within a few weeks.

In Germany, Gold and Silver received two Double Platinum awards from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) for sales above 800,000 copies by 2002. In the United Kingdom, Gold and Silver received two Platinum awards for sales above 600,000 copies. By 2010, Gold and Silver had sold  units worldwide.

Legacy

Remakes

 and  are enhanced remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver, developed by Game Freak and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. First released in Japan on September 12, 2009, the games were later released in North America, Australia, and Europe during March 2010.

Game director Shigeki Morimoto aimed to respect the feelings of those who played the previous games, while also ensuring that it felt like a new game to those that were introduced to the series in more recent years. Reception to the games was positive, the two being amongst the highest-rated DS games of all time on Metacritic. Commercially, they are among the best-selling Nintendo DS games of all time, with combined sales of 10 million units as of July 2010.

Notes

References

External links

  (US)

1999 video games
Game Boy Color games
Game Freak games
Games with Transfer Pak support
Japanese role-playing video games
Video game sequels
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Gold, Silver, and Crystal
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with alternative versions
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Video games scored by Junichi Masuda
Video games scored by Go Ichinose

Pokémon Gold and Silver


Sanja Premović (født 27. November 1992 i Berane) er en montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for IUVENTA Michalovce og det montenegrinske landshold.

Kilder

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro

Sanja Premović


Siobhan Roberts (Belleville, Ontário, ) é uma jornalista científica, biógrafa e historiadora da matemática canadense.

Education
Nasceu em Belleville, Ontário. Graduada em história na Queen's University, depois se formou em jornalismo na Universidade Ryerson em 1997.

Livros
Roberts é autora de:
King of Infinite Space: Donald Coxeter, the Man Who Saved Geometry, sobre Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter (Walker & Company, 2006), ganhador do Euler Book Prize da Mathematical Association of America
Wind Wizard: Alan G. Davenport and the Art of Wind Engineering, sobre Alan Garnett Davenport (Princeton University Press, 2012), ganhador do W. Gordon Plewes History Award da Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
Genius At Play: The Curious Mind of John Horton Conway, sobre John Horton Conway (Bloomsbury, 2015)

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Historiadores da matemática
Jornalistas do Canadá
Alunos da Universidade Ryerson
Naturais de Belleville (Canadá)
Pessoas vivas

Siobhan Roberts


Descendenții 3 este un film de televiziune muzical american. Este a treia versiune din seria Descendants, urmând Descendenții și Descendenții 2. Filmul este scris de Sara Parriott și Josann McGibbon și este regizat de Kenny Ortega. Filmul a avut premiera pe Disney Channel pe 2 august 2019 în SUA și pe 12 octombrie 2019 în România.

Distribuție

Dove Cameron - Mal, fiica Maleficei

Cameron Boyce - Carlos, fiul Cruellei de Vil

Sofia Carson - Evie, fiica Reginei cea Rea

Booboo Stewart - Jay, fiul lui Jafar

Mitchell Hope - Ben, fiul lui Belle și al regelui Bestie

China Anne McClain - Uma, fiica Ursulei

Brenna D'Amico - Jane, fiica zânei ursitoare

Melanie Paxson - zâna ursitoare, directoarea Auradon Prep și mama lui Jane

Jedidiah Goodacre - Chad Charming, fiul Cenușăresei și al Prințului Fermecător

Zachary Gibson - Doug, fiul lui Mutulică

Sarah Jeffery - prințesa Audrey, fiica prințesei Aurora și a prințului Phillip

Thomas Doherty - Harry Hook, fiul căpitanului Hook

Dylan Playfair - Gil, fiul lui Gaston

Anna Cathcart - Dizzy Tremaine, fiica Drizellei Tremaine și nepoata lui Lady Tremaine

Dan Payne - regele Bestie, soțul reginei Belle și tatăl lui Ben

Keegan Connor Tracy - Belle, soția regelui Bestie și mama lui Ben

Judith Maxie - regina Leah, bunica prințesei Audrey

Jadah Marie - Celia, fiica Dr. Facilier

Jamal Sims - Dr. Facilier din Prințesa și Broscoiul, tatăl Celiei

Cheyenne Jackson - Hades, conducătorul lumii interlope și tatăl lui Mal

Christian Convrey - Squeaky, unul dintre fiii gemeni ai domnului Smee din Peter Pan

Luke Roessler - Squirmy, celălalt fiu al domnului Smee

Producție
Descendenții 3 este scris și produs de Sara Parriott și Josann McGibbon, și este regizat și executat de Kenny Ortega. Wendy Japhet este un producător al filmului, cu Ortega, Sara Parriott, Josann McGibbon, și Japhet, de asemenea, ca producători executivi. Mark Hofeling și Kara Saun se întorc ca designer de producție și, respectiv, designer de costume. Pe lângă rolul Dr. Facilier, Jamal Sims servește și ca coregraf al filmului, alături de Ortega, care a ocupat rolul de coregraf pentru toate cele trei filme Descendents. Repetările și preînregistrarea filmului au început pe 23 aprilie 2018, la Vancouver, Columbia Britanică, Canada. Producția a început pe 25 mai 2018. Pe 18 iulie 2018, pe rețelele de socializare s-a raportat că producția din film a fost "înfășurată oficial".

S-a raportat că acesta va fi ultimul film din seria de filme Descendants deoarece Cameron Boyce a decedat.

Lansare
Câteva videoclipuri promoționale pentru film au fost lansate pe canalul de YouTube Disney Descendants în februarie 2018, ca teaser sau pentru prima oară în producție. La sfârșitul lunii mai 2019, a fost anunțat că filmul va avea premiera pe 2 august 2019. Un scurtmetraj aferent, Under the Sea: A Descendants Short Story, în care sunt prezentate Mal și Uma cu care se confruntă în "un spectacol subacvatic epic", a fost lansat pe 28 septembrie 2018. Pe 11 iulie 2019, Disney a anunțat că anulează o premieră pe covorul roșu planificată inițial pentru 22 iulie 2019, ca urmare a morții lui Cameron Boyce. Premiera de televiziune a filmului va continua așa cum este programată, dedicată memoriei lui Boyce.

Descendenții 3 a fost lansat pe DVD pe 6 august 2019.

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2019
Filme Disney Channel
Filme regizate de Kenny Ortega

Descendenții 3


yd steht für:

 Yard, ein Längenmaß
 .yd, der frühere geplante ISO 3166-1 Code für Südjemen

YD steht für:

 Yemen-Dinar
 Yarmouth–Dennis (Y-D) Red Sox, eine US-amerikanische Baseball-Mannschaft aus South Yarmouth (Massachusetts)
 eine Buchstabengruppe zur Kennzeichnung von Booten in den Niederlanden
 Younger Dryas, Jüngere Dryaszeit

YD ist Bestandteil von:

 YD-Schaltung, ein Anlassverfahren bei Drehstrommotoren

YD als Unterscheidungszeichen auf Kfz-Kennzeichen:

 Großbritannien: Leeds
 Niederlande: Oldtimer-Pkw ab 1973 (schwarze Schilder mit weißer Schrift)
 Norwegen: Mo i Rana in der Provinz Nordland
 Slowakei: Anhänger (zweite Buchstabengruppe)

Asteroiden:

 (6185) 1987 YD
 (9791) 1995 YD1
 (19277) 1995 YD
 (12450) 1996 YD
 (16784) 1996 YD2
 (15933) 1997 YD
 (18586) 1997 YD3
 (14650) 1998 YD3
 (18743) 1998 YD5
 (23109) 1999 YD13
 (23255) 2000 YD17
 (23268) 2000 YD55
 (23278) 2000 YD105
 2004 YD5

Siehe auch:

YD

YD


Hammer Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Hammer Township (Minnesota)
 Hammer Township (North Dakota)

Hammer Township


Le Danemark participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948, à Londres, pour la dixième fois de son histoire olympique. Il est représenté par une délégation de 162 athlètes comprenant 18 femmes. Les Danois récoltent, à l'occasion de ces jeux, 20 médailles dont 5 en or.  Ce qui leur permet de se classer en 10  place au rang des nations.

Tous les médaillés danois

Sources
  Danemark aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948 sur olympedia.org
  Tous les résultats officiels de 1948  sur le site du C.I.O

Voir aussi
   Site officiel de Comité national olympique danois

Articles connexes
 Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948
 Danemark aux Jeux olympiques

Danemark
1948
1948 au Danemark


Anjos da Noite foi uma banda de Hard Rock brasileira que cantava em português, notória por ter entre os seus integrantes o guitarrista virtuoso brasileiro Edu Ardanuy. Foi um dos grupos mais badalados de hard rock do Brasil na década de 1980.

Em 1984, eles oram uma das atrações do festival "Festin Rock Brasil do Circo Voador".

De seu primeiro álbum, Anjos da Noite (BMG, 1990), as músicas, "Eu Quero É Mais..." e "Liberdade" foram bastante executadas nas rádios.

Membros

 Formação de 1989
 Bavini - Vocais
 Eduardo Ardanuy - Guitarras
 Átila Ardanuy - Guitarras
 Paulo Mádio - Baixo
 Gerson Abbamonte - Bateria

 Formação de 1997
 Bavini - Vocais e guitarra
 Marcus Ardanuy - Baixo
 Arnaldo Roggano - Bateria
 Átila Ardanuy - Guitarras e vocais

Discografia
 1990 - Anjos da Noite (BMG-Ariola)
 1997 - Anjos da Noite (RGE)

Bandas de hard rock do Brasil
Edu Ardanuy

Anjos da Noite (banda)


Intensitet har flere specialiseringer:
 Intensitet (fysik)
 Intensitet (akustik) - lydintensitet
 Intensitet (overført)

Se også
 Træningsintensitet
 Amplitude
 Niveau
 Feltstyrke

Intensitet


بلدية ليثا (بالإسبانية: Leza) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية ليثا 213 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية ليثا

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

ليثا (ألافا)


Anastazije (grčki Αναστάσιος) (? – 754.) bio je patrijarh Konstantinopola. Naslijedio je Germana I. te je bio uključen u ikonoklazam, borbu protiv kulta ikona. Njegovo mišljenje o ikonama se dvaput promijenilo jer je isprva bio protiv kulta, potom je bio za uporabu ikona u crkvama, ali se ponovno vratio mišljenju da izrada ikona nije u skladu s kršćanstvom.

Godine 726., bizantski car Leon III. Izaurijski zabranio je uporabu ikona u crkvama te su njegovi vojnici uklonili ikone iz crkvi diljem Bizantskog Carstva. Patrijarh German je ustao protiv careve naredbe te je 729. poslao pismo papi Grguru II., moleći ga da zaustavi bizantski ikonoklazam. Leon je zatim maknuo Germana s mjesta patrijarha, dok je Grgur II. naredio caru da povuče naredbu, što Leon nije htio učiniti.

Kad je car Leon postavio Anastazija na mjesto patrijarha 730., glavni razlog tomu je bila Anastazijeva potpora ikonoklazmu. Papa Grgur II. je umro 731., ali je idući papa, Grgur III., nastavio politiku svog prethodnika. Nakon Leonove smrti, novim je carem postao njegov sin, Konstantin V. Kopronim, koji je ubrzo otišao iz Carigrada kako bi branio istočne granice Carstva. Njegov šogor Artabazd je iskoristio priliku i proglasio se carem, ukinuvši odredbu cara Leona o zabrani uporabe ikona u crkvama. Anastazije je iznenada promijenio mišljenje o kultu ikona te je počeo tvrditi da je kult ikona dozvoljen u kršćanstvu. On nije tu stao, već je Konstantina proglasio heretikom i izopćio ga iz Crkve, ali nakon što se Konstantin vratio u Carigrad, dao je pogubiti šogora i oslijepiti Anastazija, koji je umro 754. Naslijedio ga je patrijarh Konstantin II.

Izvori i bilješke

Carigradski patrijarsi

Anastazije (patrijarh)


بلدية غرانوليرس (بالكاتالانية: Granollers) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 58.854 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام

 أليش أسبرجارو
 أبراهام مينيرو
 لورا بوس تيو
 بيدرو الخامس ملك أراغون
 كارليس بيريز
 جيرارد لوبيز
 جوان كاريراس آي مارتي

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

جرانوليريس