Cemali, 1995'te İsmail Cem Tosun ve Ali Tosun isimli uzun yıllar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yaşamış iki müzisyen kardeşin kendi isimlerini vererek kurduğu gruptur.

Müzik sektöründe çok genç yaşta isim yapmayı başaran İsmail Cem Tosun ve Ali Tosun kardeşler eğitimleri sırasında ve sonrasında uzun süreler San Francisco'nun çeşitli radyolarında çalışmalar yaptılar. Remix ve Film müzikleri dallarında başarı sağlayan ikili daha sonra aranjör ve prodüktörlük yaptılar.

Müzikte yenilik getiren alternatif tarzlarıyla dikkatleri üzerlerine toplayan Cemali hem ABD hem de Türkiye'de başarılı prodüksiyonlara imza atmaya devam ediyorlar. Ayrıca doğa ve insan hakları ile ilgili önemli faaliyetler sürdüren ikili bu konulardaki duyarlılıklarında müziklerine sık sık yansıtmaktadırlar.

Cem, San Francisco Bayside Middle School 'a gitti. Daha sonra Antalya Kolejinde lise egitimini tamamladı. San Francisco'da S.F. State Üniversitesinde Psikoloji eğitimi gördü.

Ali, San Francisco'da Bayside Middle School 'a gitti. Liseye Burlingame High School 'da başladı ve Antalya Kolejinde bitirdi. Daha sonra San Francisco S.F. State Üniversitesinde Sinema eğitimi aldı ve sinema yönetmenliği üzerine mastır yaptı. Birçok festivalde ödül kazanan üç kısa metrajlı film çekti.

1995 yılında çıkardıkları ilk albümlerinde yer alan ilk çalışmaları Duymak İstiyorum adlı albümle Cemali grubu müzik dünyasına giriş yapmış ve başarı kazanmıştır. 1996 yılında Whirl isimli albümlerini Amerika'da piyasaya sürdüler. 1997'de Youh Youh albümün piyasaya sürdüler.
2001 yılında Hayat? adlı albümlerini yayınladılar.

Ailelerinin doğa ve insan hakları konusunda duyarlı olmaları Cem ve Ali'nin küçük yaşta bu konulara ilgi göstermelerine önayak oldu. Ayrıca ona okul ve lise dönemlerinde katıldıkları tartışma grubu ikilinin konuya ilgisini daha da artırdı. Gündemdeki global konulara önem veren bu tartışma grubu insan ve doğa problemlerine de aktif bir şekilde değinirdi.

Cem ve Ali üniversite dönemlerinde bu konulara daha da ilgi gösterip aktif olmaya başladılar. Greenpeace ve Amnesty International'la daha yakından ilgilendiler. Özellike dünyadaki açlık problemleri ve kültürel dejenarasyon konulan ilgi odakları oldu. Bu konularda insanlar daha duyarlı olmaya yönelik birtakım aktivitelerde yer aldılar ve yardım konserlerine katıldılar. Tüm bu aktivite ve gelişmeler Cemali 'ye insan ve doğa arasındaki etkileşimi daha iyi anlama olanağı sağladı.

1995 yılından bu yana Türkiye'de yaptıkları albümlerde doğa ve insan temalarına sık sık değindiler. "Hayat?" isimli son albümlerinde ise ana tema insan, doğa ve aşkın hayat üzerïndeki gücü oldu.

Cemali'nin Duymak İstiyorum isimli unutulmaz şarkısı 2010 yılında Emre Aydın tarafından yeniden yorumlanmıştır. Şimdi Hayallerdesin, Dönence, Biliyorum Sonunu grubun yaptığı diğer bazı başarılı parçalardır.

Albümleri
 Duymak İstiyorum (Haziran 1995)
 Whirl  (1996)
 Youh Youh  (Mart 1997)
 Duymak İstiyorum Remixes (2000)
 Youh Youh Remixes (2000)
 Hayat?  (Ocak 2001)
 Hayat? Remixes (2002)

Dış bağlantılar

Türk pop müzik grupları
1995'te kurulan müzik grupları

Cemali


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 Stijepo Đurđević, hrvatski pjesnik (* 1579.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1632.


Ti plazmit Agrobacterium tumefaciens bakterisinin genetik materyalini bitki hücrelerini enfekte edip bir tümör (taç uru) oluşturmasını ve genetik materyalini bitki hücrelerine aktarmasını sağlayan dairesel bir plazmittir.

Plazmit, 195 protein kodlayan 196 gene sahiptir. Ti plazmid yapısal RNA bulundurmaz ve 206,479 nükleotid uzunluktadır. GC içeriği %56'dır genetik ve materyalin %81'i gen kodlar, pseudogen bulundurmaz.

Bu plazmidin değiştirilmesi transgenik bitki üretilmesinde çok önemlidir fakat bu sadece dikotiledon bitkilerde gerçekleştirilebilir.

Ti Plazmid Yapısı
Ti plazmit genel olarak bitki genomuna entegre olan bir ya da daha fazla T-DNA bölgesi, bir vir bölgesi, bir replikasyon merkezi, konjugatif transferin gerçekleşmesini sağlayan bir bölge ve opin katabolizması için gerekli olan genleri içerirler (Şekil 1).

Herhangi bir Ti plazmitinin T-DNA bölgesi sağ ve sol sınır dizilerinin varlığıyla tanımlanır. Bu sınır dizileri 24 bazlık rastgele tekrarlardır. Sınır dizileri arasında kalan herhangi bir DNA, konak bitki genomuna transfer edilecektir. Ti plazmitlerinin nopalin ırkları yaklaşık 20kb büyüklüğünde bir T-DNA bölgesine sahipken, oktopin ırkları 2 T-DNA bölgesi, TL (14kb) ve TR (7kb) içerirler. Sadece TL bölgesi tümör oluşturur, TR bölgesi opin biyosentezi için gerekli genleri taşır (Şekil 2).

Nopalin Ti plazmitlerinin T-DNA'sı 13 açık okuma bölgesine (ORF) sahipken, oktopin plazmitlerinin TL T-DNA'sı 8 açık okuma bölgesi içerir. Nopalin T-DNAsı ve oktopin TL T-DNA'sı merkez bölge olarak bilinen bölgede çok yoğun benzerlik gösterirler. Bu bölge hormon biyosentezinde görevli proteinleri, opin sentezinde görevli proteinleri ve tümör büyüklüğünü belirleyen proteinleri kodlar.

T-DNA Yapısı

T-DNA bölgesi yaklaşık 12–24 kb büyüklüğündedir. Oksin ve sitokinin sentezinde görevli enzimleri kodlayan genleri, ayrıca opin ve agropin olarak bilinen bitki metabolitlerinin sentezinden sorumlu enzimleri kodlayan genleri içerir. Oksin ve sitokinin hormonları, bitki hücresinde büyüme ve gelişmeyi düzenledikleri gibi fazla salgılandıklarında da bitkide tümöre benzeyen oluşumlara sebep olurlar. Opin ve agropinler taç uru içinde sentezlenir ve hücre dışına salgılanır. Bakteri bunları bazen karbon bazen azot kaynağı olarak kullanır (Şekil 1).

Ti plazmit üzerinde bulunan opin katabolizması genleri, bakteriye opin alınımı ve parçalanmasında görev alırlar. Bu genler T-DNA bölgesinde bulunmaz, dolayısıyla bitki genomuna aktarılmaz. Ti plazmit üzerinde bulunan vir (virulans) genlerinin ürünleri T-DNA bölgesinin bitki genomuna transferi ve entegrasyonu için mutlaka gereklidir. En az 9 vir-gen operonu bulunmaktadır. Ori bölgesi ise, plazmitin Agrobacterium içinde çoğalması (replikasyonu) için gereklidir.

Moleküler biyoloji

Ti plazmit


Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is a 2004 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the fifth main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series, following 2002's Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, and the seventh installment overall. It was released in October 2004 for the PlayStation 2, in June 2005 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, and in November 2010 for Mac OS X. The game is set within an open world environment that players can explore and interact with at their leisure. The story follows Carl "CJ" Johnson, who returns home following his mother's murder and is drawn back into his former gang and a life of crime while clashing with corrupt authorities and powerful criminals. Carl's journey takes him across the fictional U.S. state of San Andreas, which is based on California and Nevada and encompasses three major cities: Los Santos (inspired by Los Angeles), San Fierro (San Francisco) and Las Venturas (Las Vegas).

The game features references to many real-life elements of the world, such as its cities, regions, and landmarks, with its plot heavily based on several real-life events in Los Angeles in the early 1990s, including the rivalry between street gangs, the crack epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s, the LAPD Rampart scandal, and the 1992 Los Angeles riots. San Andreas introduced gameplay elements that were incorporated in later games, including role-playing-style mechanics, customisation options with both clothing and vehicle appearances, a vast array of activities and mini-games, and the inclusion of gambling games.

Considered by many reviewers to be one of the greatest video games ever made, San Andreas received critical acclaim upon release, with praise directed at its music, story and gameplay, and criticism for its graphics and some aspects of its controls. It was the best-selling video game of 2004, and with over 27.5 million copies sold worldwide , it is the best-selling PlayStation 2 game and one of the best-selling video games of all time. Like its predecessors, San Andreas is cited as a landmark in video games for its far-reaching influence within the industry. The game's violence and sexual content was the source of much public concern and controversy. In particular, a player-made software patch, dubbed the "Hot Coffee mod", unlocked a previously hidden sexual scene, resulting in the game being re-rated AO by the North American Entertainment Software Rating Board (although its previous M rating was reinstated after the game was edited to remove the content). A remastered version of the game was released for Android and iOS in 2013, for Windows Phone, Fire OS and Xbox 360 in 2014, and for PlayStation 3 in 2015. In June 2018, the game was made available for the Xbox One via backward compatibility. An enhanced version with the subtitle The Definitive Edition was released in 2021, and a virtual reality version for Oculus Quest 2 is in development. The next main entry in the series, Grand Theft Auto IV, was released in April 2008.

Gameplay

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is an action-adventure game with role-playing and stealth elements. Structured similarly to the previous two games in the series, the core gameplay consists of elements of third-person shooter and driving games, affording the player a large, open world environment in which to move around. On foot, the player's character is capable of walking, running, sprinting, swimming, climbing, and jumping as well as using weapons and various forms of hand-to-hand combat. The player can operate a variety of vehicles, including automobiles, buses, semis, boats, fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, trains, tanks, motorcycles, and bicycles. The player may import vehicles in addition to stealing them.

The open, non-linear environment allows the player to explore and choose how they wish to play the game. Although storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game and unlock certain cities and content, the player can complete them at their leisure. When not taking on a storyline mission, the player can freely roam the cities and rural areas of San Andreas, eat in restaurants, or cause havoc by attacking people and causing destruction. Creating havoc can attract unwanted and potentially fatal attention from the authorities. The more chaos caused, the stronger the response: police will handle "minor" infractions (attacking pedestrians, pointing firearms at people, stealing vehicles, manslaughter, etc.), whereas SWAT teams, the FBI, and the military respond to higher wanted levels.

The player can partake in a variety of optional side missions that can boost their character's attributes or provide other sources of income. The traditional side missions of past Grand Theft Auto games are included, such as dropping off taxi cab passengers, firefighting, paramedic work, and fighting crime as a vigilante. New additions include burglary missions, pimping missions, truck and train driving missions requiring the player to make deliveries on time, and driving/flying/boating/biking schools, which help the player learn skills and techniques to use in their corresponding vehicles.

Not all locations are open to the player at the start of the game. Some locales, such as mod garages, restaurants, gyms, and shops, become available only after completing specific missions. Likewise, for the first portion of the game, only Los Santos and its immediate suburbs are available for exploration; unlocking the other cities and rural areas again requires the completion of specific missions. If the player travels to locked locations early in the game, they will attract the attention of SWAT teams, police, and police-controlled Hydras if in an aircraft.

Unlike its immediate predecessors Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City, which needed loading screens when the player moved between different districts of the city, San Andreas has no load times when the player is in transit. The only loading screens in the game are for cut-scenes and interiors. Other differences between San Andreas and its predecessors include the switch from single-player to multiplayer Rampage missions (albeit not in the PC and mobile versions), and the replacement of the "hidden packages" with spray paint tags, hidden camera shots, horseshoes, and oysters to discover.

The camera, fighting, and targeting controls were reworked to incorporate concepts from another Rockstar game, Manhunt, including various stealth elements, as well as improved target crosshairs and a target health indicator which changes from green to red to black as the target's health decreases. The PC version of the game implements mouse chording: the player has to hold the right mouse button to activate the crosshairs and then click or hold the left mouse button to shoot or use an item, such as a camera.

For the first time in the series, players can swim and climb walls. The ability to swim and dive underwater has a great effect on the player as well since water is no longer an impassable barrier that kills the player outright (although it is possible to drown). For greater firepower, the player can dual-wield firearms or perform a drive-by shooting with multiple gang members who can be recruited to follow the player. Due to the size of San Andreas, a waypoint reticule on the HUD map can be set, aiding the player in reaching a destination.

Role-playing game features in character development
Rockstar emphasised the personalisation of the main protagonist by adding role-playing elements. Clothing, accessories, haircuts, jewellery, and tattoos are available for purchase by the player, and have more of an effect on non-player characters' reactions than the clothing in Vice City. CJ's level of respect among his fellow recruits and street friends varies according to his appearance and actions, as do his relationships with his girlfriends. The player must ensure that CJ eats to stay healthy and exercises adequately. The balance of food and physical activity affects his appearance and physical attributes.

San Andreas tracks acquired skills in areas such as driving, firearms handling, stamina, and lung capacity, which improve through use in the game. CJ may learn three different styles of hand-to-hand combat (boxing, kickboxing, and kung fu) at the gyms in each of the game's three cities if he is fit enough. CJ can either positively or negatively respond to most pedestrians' comments in the game. According to Rockstar, there are about 4,200 lines of spoken dialogue for CJ when the cutscenes are excluded.

Vehicles
In total, there are 212 different vehicles in the game compared to approximately 60 in Grand Theft Auto III. New additions include bicycles, a combine harvester, a street sweeper, a jetpack, and trailers, amongst others. Car physics and features are similar to the Midnight Club series of street racing games, allowing for much more mid-air vehicle control as well as nitrous upgrades and aesthetic modifications.

There are several different classes of vehicles that serve different purposes. Off-road vehicles perform better in rough environments while racing cars perform better on tracks or the street. Jets are fast, but usually need a runway to land. Helicopters can land almost anywhere and are much easier to control in the air, but are slower. While previous Grand Theft Auto games had only a few aircraft that were difficult to access and fly, San Andreas has eleven different types of fixed-wing aircraft and nine helicopters and makes them more integral in the game's missions. There is also the ability to skydive from aircraft or from the tops of certain skyscrapers using a parachute. Several types of boats were added to the game, while some were highly modified.

Other additions and changes
Other new features and changes from previous Grand Theft Auto games include:
 Gang wars: Battles with enemy gangs are prompted whenever the player ventures into enemy territory and kills at least three gang members. If the player then survives three waves of enemies, the territory will be won, and fellow gang members will begin wandering the streets of these areas. The more territory owned by the player, the more money that will be generated. Occasionally, the player's territory will come under attack from enemy gangs and defeating them will be necessary to retain these areas. Once all marked territories are claimed for the protagonist's gang from one of the two hostile gangs, the opposing gang can no longer attack. Once the player takes control of all territories from both rival gangs, none can come under attack.
 Car modification: Most automobiles in the game can be modified and upgraded at various garages. All car mods are strictly visual apart from the stereo system and nitrous oxide upgrade, which increases bass and gives the car a speed boost when activated, respectively; and hydraulics, which lowers the car's height by default and allows the player to control various aspects of the car's suspension. Other common modifications include paint jobs, rims, body kits, side skirts, bumpers, and spoilers.
 Burglary: Home invasion is included as a potential money-making activity. By stealing a burglary van, CJ can sneak into a residence at night and cart off valuables or shake down the occupants.
 Minigames: Numerous minigames are available for play in San Andreas, including basketball, pool, rhythm-based challenges (dancing and "bouncing" lowriders with hydraulics), poker, and video game machines that pay homage to classic arcade games. Also, there are the aforementioned casino games and methods of gambling, such as betting on virtual horse races.
 Money: The money system has been expanded upon, compared to previous games. Players can spend their cash on gambling, clothes, tattoos, meals, etc. Excessive gambling loss can force the player to sink into debt, which is shown in negative red numbers. When the player leaves a safehouse, CJ gets an unexpected call, and a mysterious person tells him about his debts. Four gang members suddenly appear and shoot Carl on sight if he does not erase the debt when the mysterious person calls him a second time.
 Multiplayer: Rampages have been modified to allow two players to complete them. The players are both shown simultaneously on the screen, meaning they must stay within proximity of each other. The multiplayer rampages provide such functionality.

Synopsis

Setting
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas takes place in 1992 within the fictional US state of San Andreas – based upon sections of California and Nevada as seen in the early 1990s – which consists of three main cities: Los Santos (based on Los Angeles), San Fierro (based on San Francisco), and Las Venturas (based on Las Vegas). Various regions of forest, desert, and small rural towns are scattered in between the major cities. Liberty City, the city featured in Grand Theft Auto III which is based on New York City, makes several minor appearances in the game, most notably during a mission which sees the player travelling there to assassinate a mob boss. The city itself is not explorable and only appears in cutscenes, with the entire mission taking place inside a bistro.

The game's setting forms part of the Grand Theft Auto series' "3D universe" canon, though unlike previous entries set in this continuity, San Andreas incorporates fictionalised versions of real-life landmarks and environments from the cities and US states it is based upon. It was the largest setting in the series until Grand Theft Auto Vs own depiction of San Andreas.

Characters
Like the previous two Grand Theft Auto games, San Andreas features several Hollywood actors, musicians, and other celebrities as voice actors, in both main and minor roles. Many of them are West coast rappers, some of which, at the time of the game's release, were famous only in underground music communities and later turned more successful.

The player assumes the role of Carl "CJ" Johnson (voiced by Young Maylay), a veteran member of the Los Santos-based Grove Street Families street gang, who left for Liberty City five years prior in pursuit of a better life, but returns home following his mother's death. The gang is led by CJ's estranged older brother Sean/"Sweet" (Faizon Love), and includes his childhood friends Melvin "Big Smoke" Harris (Clifton Powell), Lance "Ryder" Wilson (MC Eiht), and aspiring rapper Jeffrey "OG Loc" Cross (Jas Anderson). Throughout the game, CJ befriends various characters that become important allies, including Cesar Vialpando (Clifton Collins Jr.), the leader of the Hispanic street gang Varrios Los Aztecas and the boyfriend of Carl's sister Kendl (Yo-Yo); hippie weed grower "The Truth" (Peter Fonda); tech genius and RC shop owner Zero (David Cross); blind Triad crime boss Wu Zi Mu/"Woozie" (James Yaegashi); government agent Mike Toreno (James Woods); crooked lawyer Ken Rosenberg (William Fichtner); criminally connected music producer Kent Paul (Danny Dyer); washed-up singer Maccer (Shaun Ryder); and renowned rapper Madd Dogg (Ice-T).

At the same time, Carl comes into conflict with a number of enemies, including the Ballas and Vagos street gangs; the highly corrupt C.R.A.S.H. police unit, consisting of Officers Frank Tenpenny (Samuel L. Jackson), Eddie Pulaski (Chris Penn), and Jimmy Hernandez (Armando Riesco); the Loco Syndicate drug cartel, headed by Toreno, pimp Jizzy B. (Charlie Murphy) and San Fierro Rifa street gang leader T-Bone Mendez (Kid Frost); and the Leone, Sindacco, and Forelli Mafia crime families. At various points in the storyline, CJ works with Cesar's deranged criminal cousin Catalina (Cynthia Farrell), and mob boss Salvatore Leone (Frank Vincent), both previously featured in Grand Theft Auto III. Claude, the silent protagonist of Grand Theft Auto III, also makes a cameo appearance in the game, while Grand Theft Auto: Vice Citys protagonist Tommy Vercetti is mentioned.

Plot
In 1992, following his mother's murder in a drive-by shooting, CJ returns home to Los Santos to attend her funeral. Upon arrival, he is intercepted by C.R.A.S.H. leaders Frank Tenpenny and Eddie Pulaski, who threaten to frame him for the recent murder of Officer Pendelbury (actually killed by the duo for trying to expose their corruption) unless he co-operates with them. After leaving them, CJ reunites with Sweet, Kendl, Big Smoke, and Ryder at the funeral, and learns that the Grove Street Families have lost most of their influence and territories to their main rivals, the Ballas. CJ agrees to stay in Los Santos and rebuild the gang and works closely with his brother and friends to restore the Families' strength. During this time, he also befriends Varrios Los Aztecas gangster Cesar Vialpando after realizing he genuinely cares for Kendl and helps to jumpstart OG Loc's rap career by stealing rapper Madd Dogg's rhyme book. Shortly after the Families' resurgence, Sweet plans to ambush a large group of Ballas. Before he can join the attack, CJ is contacted by Cesar with information on the drive-by shooting, revealing Big Smoke and Ryder's betrayal and their association with C.R.A.S.H. and the Ballas.

Realizing Sweet is headed into a trap, CJ attempts to save him, but both are arrested by the police. While Sweet is incarcerated, CJ is released on bail by C.R.A.S.H. and driven out of Los Santos, where he is forced to assist with several jobs to prevent C.R.A.S.H.'s corruption from going public. With the Families disbanded and the Ballas flooding Los Santos with drugs, CJ focuses on earning money to support himself, Kendl, and Cesar. He meets and works for The Truth and Catalina. After winning a garage in San Fierro from Claude, CJ travels there with his associates and transforms it into a profitable business. While in San Fierro, CJ works for the local Triads after befriending Woozie, and infiltrates the Loco Syndicate, the Ballas' main cocaine supplier, to destroy them from the inside. After earning their trust, he kills the organization's leaders, as well as Ryder, and destroys their drug laboratory.

Later Loco Syndicate leader Mike Toreno, who faked his death, contacts CJ for assistance, revealing himself to be a government agent. After carrying out several operations for Toreno in return for Sweet's release from prison, CJ travels to Las Venturas to help Woozie open a casino. Facing competition from the Mafia, CJ and the Triads organize a robbery of the rival mob-run casino at which they succeed and its stakeholder Salvatore Leone vows revenge on CJ. Tenpenny orders Pulaski to kill CJ and another C.R.A.S.H. member, Jimmy Hernandez, who was secretly exposing their corruption. After killing Hernandez, Pulaski is killed by CJ. After saving rapper Madd Dogg from a suicide attempt, he approaches CJ to ask him to become his manager and help him rebuild his career. CJ returns to Los Santos and with the help from his associates, he retakes Madd Dogg's mansion.

Toreno eventually honours his promise and helps release Sweet. Although happy to have him back, Sweet berates CJ for forgetting about their gang again, and talks him into helping to rebuild the Families. Meanwhile, Tenpenny is arrested for corruption, but is acquitted in his trial, provoking violent riots across Los Santos. CJ helps Madd Dogg exact revenge on OG Loc and assists with retaking the Families' and the Varrios Los Aztecas' territories from the Ballas and Vagos. After tracking down Big Smoke at his fortress, CJ confronts and kills him over his betrayal. Tenpenny arrives to claim his share of Smoke's money and kill CJ, but CJ survives and pursues Tenpenny with Sweet's help. The brothers' pursuit eventually causes Tenpenny to crash his getaway vehicle in Grove Street, where he dies from his injuries. With the riots eventually over and the Families restored, CJ and his allies celebrate their success in his home. In the midst of the celebrations, CJ leaves to check how things are going around the neighbourhood.

Development

Rockstar North started the development of San Andreas right after the release of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, at the end of 2002. Unlike its predecessor, which took nine months to produce, San Andreas had an extra year, therefore having an estimated development time of one year and nine months. The art director Aaron Garbut declared that the process of creation of Vice City was "very intense" and "short" and continued by stating: "We didn't have the luxury of a lot of time to take stock. It was very much a case of knowing what we had to do and doing it to the best of our abilities. This time around the extra year gave us that opportunity." Executive producer Sam Houser said that the members of the team "put an enormous amount of pressure" on themselves to ensure that they would "do everything possible to exceed people's expectations" with San Andreas. Some developers were worried about the working conditions imposed by Rockstar during the development of San Andreas since they could not take an adequate break after the completion of Vice City. Rockstar's long-time programmer, Gary Foreman, feared that the company had entered an "eternal crunch", as some developers had working hours reaching 17 hours per day. In addition, some developers had disagreements with Sam Houser, which caused them to step away from the game's production.

According to a report by The Wall Street Journal, San Andreas was Rockstar North's most expensive game at the time of its release, with an estimated budget of 10 million dollars, surpassing Vice Citys budget of 5 million. Rockstar Games was developing the game The Warriors; initially planned to release in 2004, The Warriors was delayed for 2005 to contribute further to the development of San Andreas and use additional resources for the game. During development, Rockstar North's president, Leslie Benzies, hoped that San Andreas would redefine the Grand Theft Auto series and "revolutionize open-ended gameplay and video game production values."

Ambience and searches

The game's events happen at the start of the 1990s in the fictional state San Andreas, inspired by the states of California and Nevada in the United States. Unlike its two predecessors, which were inspired by just one city, this game has three metropolises: Los Santos, San Fierro and Las Venturas, based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas, respectively, and the map is three times bigger than the one seen in Vice City. San Andreas had already appeared on the first Grand Theft Auto (1997). However, it was displayed only as a two-dimensional version of San Francisco. Garbut said that he did not want the game to be "big for the sake of it" and that he and his team at Rockstar "could have made Grand Theft Auto 3 or Vice City much bigger and simply repeated the same stuff for miles on end, padding out what we had, but no one wants to drive through miles of identical buildings." The goal of the team and Garbut with the game world was to create "depth" in the game's exploration, making each city seem different with each other, even though they belong in the same scenario. He commented: "I want to feel like I can stop at any point and discover new things, I want to feel I can climb onto any roof, I want to get to know the map and recognise where I am". Co-writer Dan Houser noted the development team's effort not to make each metropole seem "toy-towny" or something "square" and opined that the game had "really good gameplay built naturally into the environment."

Rockstar's team did long searches to replicate the different cities in the game. All development members were equipped with a camera in each city where the game is based on, taking photos of various locations. Garbut described the experience: "We had a huge road trip, driving across the States in a convoy of Lincoln Town Cars... stopping off in each city and staying there till we had pretty much photographed every inch. It really was epic. The bravest of us were taken in smaller groups into the scarier areas, right into the heart of LA's gang territory." Dan Houser commented that a group of searchers and artists took photos of every neighbourhood of Beverly Hills, California, and "the nicest casinos" of Las Vegas, besides other more peripheral regions in Los Angeles, as reported by Eurogamer: "[they visited] every trainers-over-the-telegraph-wire ghetto cesspit with couches in the streets and gangbangers cruising past in low-riders, and everywhere in between". Various neighbourhoods, bridges and explorable interiors of the game were based on actual locations of each city. For example, urban extensions in Los Santos had inspirations from Compton, California; a red bridge in the map's northwest of San Fierro was inspired by the famous Golden Gate Bridge; the casinos of Las Venturas were influenced by casinos in Las Vegas and have a role in the game's plot. As Dan Houser states, Rockstar planned to build an atmosphere with many perspectives to ensure that the game's missions would "show off all the best assets of the map."

Some players found the maps in Vice City too flat. Dan Houser agreed: "For good driving, one of the things that we missed was hills. It just adds that third dimension; it's not as fun with out." Regarding the game's mountain, the Mount Chiliad, Dan Houser stated: "One of the things that the countryside gives you is a mountain, you've never had a mountain in a GTA game before. The idea of being able to drive from LA, through the countryside, up a mountain and into San Francisco and on to Vegas is just freakish, and it feels amazing!" Garbut expressed satisfaction with the presence of hills, forests and a desert, which weren't in the previous installments: "I love the countryside [of the game]. It feels so refreshing to drive out of the city into rolling fields, past farms and rivers, into the forests, deserts and hills. The mountain is fantastic – it's nearly half a mile [800 meters] tall and it takes just under a minute to fly from its base to the top in a helicopter... and a good deal longer to cycle down." Garbut said that he and the developers used many procedural techniques in grass and plants to give life to the mountain and the field: "There's so much to see. I really don't think any game has achieved this level of scale before while keeping anything like this level of detail. There's a sense of scale in this game that dwarfs the previous two while actually adding to the variety and detail." According to developer John Whyte, the map of San Andreas has an area of .

Inspirations for the narrative

While writing the plot, Rockstar was inspired by events that occurred in the early '90s. The rivalry between the street gangs Bloods and Crips were used as the inspiration for the rivalry between the Grove Street Families and the Ballas—the main gangs of the game—respectively. Sam Houser recounted his fascination with the appearance and the gang members' clothing and his wish to represent it in San Andreas: "Well, what's after Miami in the '80s? Well, of course, the Bloods and the Crips and the LA early-'90s gang-banger culture. I remember being in the UK at the time it was going off and being completely fascinated and terrified by it. Fascinated by how they looked – they dress amazingly – but these guys are all like soldiers, and are treated like armies, and this is very serious, scary stuff." According to Dan Houser, the team was focused on not making San Andreas a game simply about gangs and wanted to connect all the narrative elements while still making sense. DJ Pooh, known at the time for being the co-writer of Friday (1995), was hired to co-write the game to detach the British perspective on Los Angeles gang culture from the script, since Rockstar North was mostly composed of United Kingdom nationals. DJ Pooh commented on the script's perspective: "One thing that makes me slightly nervous is the notion that it's a game about gang-banging, which it is not really". In the game's advertising, the Grove Street Families were referred to as Orange Grove Families. The game portrays the crack epidemic, which was the rise of drug use in the major cities in the U.S. between the start of the '80s and the start of the '90s, having an impactful role in the narrative.

Real-life events that involved police officers also inspired the events in San Andreas. The Rampart scandal of the Los Angeles Police Department, which concerned various cases of police corruption in the Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums anti-gang unit at the end of the '90s, was one inspiration. Another one involved a tumultuous manifestation, the 1992 Los Angeles riots, when a jury absolved Los Angeles police officers, three white and a Hispanic, accused of aggression against Black driver Rodney King after a high-speed chase.

For the writing of the game's narrative, Rockstar got influences from Hollywood films with varied aspects of the story and characters. Dan Houser describes that the team watched "hundreds of movies to get the California vibe into the game", while Garbut says he and the team had always been interested in "any relevant films". One of these inspirations came from the film Boyz n the Hood (1991), with references to the gangster style from the '90s. The presentation of gang rivalries in Menace II Society (1993) and Colors (1988) influenced the portrayal of gangs of Los Santos. Sean Penn, brother of Eddie Pulaski's voice actor Chris Penn, is one of the main characters of Colors. The action movies Con Air (1997) and Terminator 2 (1991) are referenced in the "Reuniting the Families" mission, when CJ tries to save his older brother Sweet in a motel while being chased by the police. Other influences and similarities come from movies such as New Jack City (1991) and Juice (1992).

Marketing and release

The Introduction short film
As part of the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Special Edition re-release for the PlayStation 2 and the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Official Soundtrack, a DVD was provided containing a short 26-minute-long film made through San Andreas game engine. The film, titled The Introduction, incorporates locations from both the game and Grand Theft Auto III, and focuses on events that take place before the start of the main story, providing insight into various characters from San Andreas prior to CJ meeting or reuniting with them. Most key plot details from the game are explained in this film, such as the downfall of the Grove Street Families; Big Smoke and Ryder's betrayal of the gang and alliances with C.R.A.S.H., the Ballas, and the Loco Syndicate; CJ's life in Liberty City; C.R.A.S.H.'s murder of Officer Ralph Pendelbury; Kent Paul and Maccer's arrival in San Andreas for a concert tour; the circumstances surrounding the construction of the Mafia's casino in Las Venturas; and the fateful drive-by shooting that kills CJ's mother Beverly and determines him to return to Los Santos.

Alongside the short film, the DVD also included a live-action documentary on the custom car culture (featured prominently in the game) called Sunday Drive.

Soundtrack

As with the previous two entries in the Grand Theft Auto series, San Andreas has music taken from the time in which the game is based.

San Andreas is serviced by eleven radio stations; WCTR (talk radio), Master Sounds 98.3 (rare groove, playing many of the old funk and soul tracks sampled by 1980s and '90s hip-hop artists), K-Jah West (dub and reggae; modelled after K-Jah from Grand Theft Auto III), CSR (new jack swing, modern soul), Radio X (alternative rock, metal and grunge), Radio Los Santos (gangsta rap), SF-UR (house music), Bounce FM (funk), K-DST (classic rock), K-Rose (country) and Playback FM (classic hip hop).

The music system in San Andreas is enhanced from previous games. In earlier games in the series, each radio station was mainly a single looped sound file, playing the same songs, announcements and advertisements in the same order each time. In San Andreas, each section is held separately, and "mixed" randomly, allowing songs to be played in different orders, announcements to songs to be different each time, and plot events to be mentioned on the stations. This system would be used in Grand Theft Auto IV. WCTR, rather than featuring licensed music and DJs, features spoken word performances by actors such as Andy Dick performing as talk show hosts and listener callers in a parody of talk radio programming.

Lazlow again plays as himself on the show "Entertaining America" on WCTR in the same persona as in III and Vice City. He takes over after the former presenter, Billy Dexter, is shot on air by in-game film star Jack Howitzer. Lazlow interviews guests such as O.G. Loc, who is one of the four characters Carl encounters during the game that is on the radio, along with Big Smoke, Madd Dogg, and The Truth.

The Xbox, iOS, and Windows versions of the game include an additional radio station that supports custom soundtracks by playing user imported MP3s, allowing players to listen to their music while playing the game. This feature is not available on the PlayStation 2 version of the game or when played on the Xbox 360.

Reception

Upon its release, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was met with critical acclaim. It received an average review score of 95/100, according to review aggregator Metacritic, tying for the fifth-highest ranked game in PlayStation 2 history. IGN rated the game a 9.9/10 (the highest score it has ever awarded to a PlayStation 2 game), calling it "the defining piece of software" for the PlayStation 2. GameSpot rated the game 9.6/10, giving it an Editor's Choice award. Jeff Gerstmann said "San Andreas definitely lives up to the Grand Theft Auto name. In fact, it's arguably the best game in the series." San Andreas also received an A rating from the 1UP.com network and a 10/10 score from Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Common praises were made about the game's open-endedness, the size of the state of San Andreas, and the engaging storyline and voice acting. Most criticisms of the game stemmed from graphical mishaps, poor character models, and low-resolution textures, as well as various control issues, particularly with auto-aiming at enemies. Some critics commented that while much new content had been added to San Andreas, little of it had been refined or implemented well.

Since its release, San Andreas has been regarded as one of the greatest games of all time, placing at number 27 in Edge Top 100 Games to Play Today. Edge declared that the game remains "the ultimate expression of freedom, before next-gen reined it all back in". In 2015, the game placed 8th on USgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.

Sales and commercial success
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas sold  units within six days of release in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it sold an estimated 677,000 copies and grossed about  within two days, and sold over  copies in nine days. It was the top-selling game of 2004, with  copies sold in the United States, and over  in the United Kingdom. The game generated $235 million in revenue in its first week.

By March 2005, the game had sold over 12 million units for the PlayStation 2 alone, making it the highest-selling game for PlayStation 2. The game received a "Diamond" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 1 million copies in the United Kingdom. As of 26 March 2008, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas had sold 21.5 million units, according to Take-Two Interactive. The Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition lists it as the most successful PlayStation 2 game, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone from the total of 21.5 million in all formats. In 2011, Kotaku reported that, according to Rockstar Games, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas had sold 27.5 million copies worldwide.

Controversies
San Andreas was criticised by some for its perceived racial stereotyping. Some saw the alleged stereotyping as ironic, while others defended the game, noting that the storyline could speak to people of different backgrounds. A study of how different groups of youths engaged with the game found that "they do not passively receive the games' images and content".

Hot Coffee mod

In mid-June 2005, a software patch for the game dubbed "Hot Coffee" was released by Patrick Wildenborg (under the Internet alias "PatrickW"), a 38-year-old modder from the Netherlands. The name "Hot Coffee" refers to the way the unmodified game alludes to unseen sex scenes. In the original version of the game, the player takes CJ's girlfriend to her front door, and she asks him if he would like to come in for "some coffee". He agrees, and the camera stays outside, swaying back and forth a bit, while moaning sounds are heard. After installing the patch, users can enter the main character's girlfriends' houses and engage in a crudely rendered, fully clothed sexual intercourse mini-game. The fallout from the controversy resulted in a public response from high-ranking politicians in the United States and elsewhere and resulted in the game's recall and re-release.

On 20 July 2005, the ESRB, which establishes content ratings for games sold in North America, changed the rating of the game from Mature (M) to Adults Only (AO), making San Andreas the only mass-released AO console game in the United States. Rockstar subsequently announced that it would cease production of the version of the game that included the controversial content. Rockstar gave distributors the option of applying an Adults Only ESRB rating sticker to copies of the game or returning them to be replaced by versions without the Hot Coffee content. Many retailers pulled the game off their shelves in compliance with their store regulations that kept them from selling AO-rated games. That same month in Australia, the Office of Film and Literature Classification revoked its initial rating of MA15+, meaning that the game could no longer be sold in the country.

In August 2005, Rockstar North released an official "Cold Coffee" patch for the PC version of the game and re-released San Andreas with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Version 2.0), allowing the game's earlier M rating to be reinstated. The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions have also been re-released with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed in the Greatest Hits Edition, the Platinum Edition, and the "Grand Theft Auto Trilogy Pack".

On 8 November 2007, Take-Two announced a proposed settlement to the class-action litigation that had been brought against them following the Hot Coffee controversy. If the court approved the proposed settlement, neither Take-Two nor Rockstar would admit liability or wrongdoing. Consumers would be able to swap their AO-rated copies of the game for M-rated versions and may also qualify for a $35 cash payment upon signing a sworn statement. A report in The New York Times on 25 June 2008 revealed that a total of 2,676 claims for the compensation package had been filed.

Sequels
Following the success of San Andreas, Rockstar followed it up with two handheld games by Rockstar Leeds — Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, set in the late 1990s, and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories in the mid 1980s. Both were developed for the PlayStation Portable handheld, and designed as prequels to Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City respectively, though eliminating some elements introduced in San Andreas, such as the need to eat and exercise, and swimming (although Vice City Stories re-introduced it, but in a limited capacity). The series would continue with 2008's Grand Theft Auto IV, and 2013's Grand Theft Auto V.

Legacy

San Andreas marked the technological pinnacle of the 3D era of Grand Theft Auto, although the development team believed that the design of its setting, incorporating three cities based on their real-life counterparts, had been too ambitious and did not allow the real-life locations to be emulated properly. Although the continuity of the setting would be retained in the handheld-focused spin-offs, Rockstar began establishing a new continuity for the series with the advent of the seventh-generation consoles, focused more on realism and details, including a full emulation of real-life cities used in settings, though with a scaled-back list of celebrity voice actors that had been prominent in the previous continuity. The launch of Grand Theft Auto IV led to Rockstar redesigning the setting of Liberty City, with the third incarnation being more heavily based upon the real-life New York City – amongst the improvements made included more depth in the number of buildings used and the detail with each, and removing any dead spots or irrelevant spaces. When Ars Technica reviewed Grand Theft Auto IV, he noted that the "slight regression of the series from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas" in terms of its setting was "surprising".

The focus on realism and depth was continued with Grand Theft Auto V, though aimed at providing a more expansive setting than Grand Theft Auto IV, with the development team re-designing Los Santos, a city in San Andreas, to fully emulate the real-life city of Los Angeles, thus creating a setting with a higher quality, and at a grander scale with the incorporation of countryside and desert areas. Houser elaborated that "to do a proper version of L.A., [...] the game has to give you a sense of that sprawl — if not completely replicate it", and thus deemed that dividing both the budget and workforce to create multiple cities would have detracted from the goal of emulating the real-life setting. Garbut felt that, in the PlayStation 2 era, the team did not have the technical capabilities to capture Los Angeles properly, resulting in the San Andreas rendition of Los Santos feeling like a "backdrop or a game level with pedestrians randomly milling about", effectively deeming San Andreas as a jumping-off point for Grand Theft Auto V with the newer generation of consoles. As Garbut explained, with the move to the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 hardware, "our processes and the fidelity of the world [had] evolved so much from San Andreas" that using it as a model would have been redundant.

Ports
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was made available on the digital distribution platform Steam in January 2008, and received a notable number of updates after its launch. On 7 November 2014, an update caused controversy after 17 tracks from the soundtrack were removed due to expired licences. Other drawbacks of the update included removal of widescreen support (which was later fixed via another minor update), and certain regions being incompatible with older saves. Both old and new owners were affected by the update, unlike with Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, where only new owners were affected due to a similar update. Additionally, the game received native support for XInput-enabled gamepads and the removal of digital rights management software.

A port of San Andreas for select iOS devices was released on 12 December 2013. It was followed closely by ports to Android devices on 19 December 2013, Windows Phone devices on 27 January 2014, and Fire OS devices on 15 May 2014. The upgrades and enhancements from the original game include newly remastered graphics, consisting of dynamic and detailed shadows, greater draw distance, an enriched colour palette, plus enhanced character and car models.

In 2008, the original Xbox version was released on Xbox 360 as an emulated port, and part of the Xbox Originals line-up. However, in late 2014 it was removed from the Xbox Live Marketplace and replaced with a port of the mobile version on 26 October 2014, the game's tenth anniversary. It featured HD 720p resolution, enhanced draw distance, a checkpoint system, a new menu interface, and achievements. While it introduced many new features, around ten songs were removed from the HD version that were present in the original due to licensing issues, and numerous new bugs were introduced. A physical release followed on 30 June 2015 in North America and 17 July 2015 elsewhere, under the "Platinum Hits" banner ("Classics" in PAL regions).

San Andreas was first released on PlayStation 3 in December 2012 as an emulated PS2 Classic. This version was also removed in late 2014, leading to rumours of a PS3 HD release. However, this was not the case at the time, and the PS2 Classic later returned. In early November 2015, the game was re-rated by the ESRB for an upcoming PS3-native release. The HD version was released on 1 December 2015, replacing the PS2 Classic on the PlayStation Store, and on physical media, gaining instant "Greatest Hits" status in North America. There has also been a PlayStation 4 version released, though unlike the port for the PlayStation 3, it is the PlayStation 2 game running via emulation, although it still has trophies and some songs edited out due to licensing restrictions.

An enhanced version of San Andreas, subtitled The Definitive Edition was released alongside Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in 2021; versions for Android and iOS devices are also in development. The Definitive Edition replaced existing versions of the game on digital retailers, but later restored as a bundle on the Rockstar Store. A virtual reality version of the game is in development for Oculus Quest 2.

Notes

References

External links

2004 video games
Action-adventure games
Android (operating system) games
Cultural depictions of the Mafia
Golden Joystick Award for Game of the Year winners
Grove Street Games games
IOS games
MacOS games
Meta Quest games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Obscenity controversies in video games
Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
RenderWare games
Rockstar Games games
Spike Video Game Awards Game of the Year winners
Take-Two Interactive games
Video games about the illegal drug trade
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games featuring black protagonists
Video games produced by Dan Houser
Video games produced by Leslie Benzies
Video games set in 1992
Video games set in 1993
Video games set in the United States
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Video games written by Dan Houser
Windows games
Windows Phone games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox games
Xbox Originals games

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas


Eclipsa de Lună din 27 iulie 2018 a fost a doua eclipsă de Lună din anul 2018. A fost a doua eclipsă totală, dintr-o serie de trei, care se produc la un interval de circa șase luni. A fost și o eclipsă totală centrală, Luna trecând prin centrul umbrei Pământului. A fost prima eclipsă centrală de Lună, după cea din 15 iunie 2011.

Întrucât s-a produs când Luna era aproape de apogeu, această eclipsă a fost cea mai lungă eclipsă totală de Lună din secolul al XXI-lea, cu o fază de totalitate de aproape 103 minute.

De la eclipsă au trecut .

Vizibilitate
Eclipsa a fost vizibilă de pe întregul Ocean Indian, care este întors spre Lună în timpul acestei eclipse. Africa centrală și orientală, precum și Asia centrală asistă la integralitatea eclipsei.
America de Sud, Nord-Vestul Africii și Europa au văzut diferitele faze ale acestei eclipse, după apusul Soarelui.
Primele faze ale eclipse au fost vizibile din Asia de Sud-Est și din Australia, în primele ore ale dimineții (locale), înainte de răsăritul Soarelui.

Observații

Note

Legături externe

  Observatorul Astronomic "Amiral Vasile Urseanu", din București, Eclipsă totală de Lună - 27 iulie 2018
 Harta eclipsei generale și informații despre eclipsă Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
 Hermit eclipse: 2018-07-27

Vezi și
 Eclipsă de Lună

2018 în astronomie
Eclipse de Lună

Eclipsa de Lună din 27 iulie 2018


Ensembles

Ensemble Ortskern Pfaffenhausen
Das Ensemble umfasst den Ortskern mit Kirche, Kirchplatz, ehemaliges Priesterseminar und die Hauptstraße bis zur Straßenkreuzung im Südwesten. Der Ort zeigt in seinen wesentlichen Teilen die Entwicklung von einem mittelalterlichen Haufendorf zu einer planmäßigen Marktanlage des 13./14. Jahrhundert. Bei der Kirche St. Stephan liegt, in der unregelmäßigen Grundrissgestalt jenes Gebäudekomplexes, der von Kirchplatz, Hauptstraße und Markgrafstraße umgriffen wird, der Kern des ältesten Haufendorfes. Die Pfarre, im 12. Jahrhundert erstmals erwähnt, erlangte besondere wirtschaftliche Bedeutung innerhalb des Hochstifts Augsburg, womit wohl die Verleihung des Marktrechts – vermutlich schon im 13. Jahrhundert – einherging. In diese Zeit ist auch die regelmäßige Anlage des Straßenmarktes zu datieren, der sich zwischen dem Haufendorf und der ehemaligen Burganlage im Südwesten erstreckt. Handwerker und Gewerbetreibende ließen sich hier nieder. Eine weitere Blüte, die im Bau des Priesterseminars und des Rathauses ihren Ausdruck fand, erlebte Pfaffenhausen im 18. Jahrhundert Gegen Ende des Jahrhunderts wurde die Pfarrkirche völlig neu gestaltet. Das Erscheinungsbild des Marktes wird geprägt von einer Bebauung des 18./19. Jahrhundert: stattlichen Walm- und Satteldachbauten am Kirchplatz und der Markgrafstraße und meist zweigeschossigen Bürger- und Geschäftshäusern in Traufseitstellung und offener Bauweise an der Hauptstraße. Kirche, Priesterseminar und Rathaus bilden die städtebaulichen Hauptakzente. Aktennummer: E-7-78-187-1

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Pfaffenhausen

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Egelhofen

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Heinzenhof

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Schöneberg

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Weilbach

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Pfaffenhausen

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Pfaffenhausen
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Pfaffenhausen


حسن إبراهيم محمد سعيد رسام ونحات مصري من جيل الوسط، ولد بمحافظة الدقهلية، اشتغل بالرسم الصحفي منذ الخمسينيات.

مراجع

نحاتون مصريون
أشخاص من محافظة الدقهلية
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة

حسن سعيد


Dette er en liste over danske erhvervsdrivende fonde efter formue. Formuen er opgjort efter egenkapital-tallene fra de enkelte fondes årsregnskaber. Listen er baseret på Kraft & Partners årlige Den Danske Fondsanalyse samt løbende opdateret ud fra de forskellige fondes årsrapporter.

Kilde: Den Danske Fondsanalyse 2016 samt løbende opdateret ud fra fondenes årsrapporter.

Noter

 Liste over danske fonde efter formue
 Liste over danske fonde efter formue

Liste over danske fonde efter formue


The human race er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Nikolai Østergaard efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Filmen bringer os på 10 min. gennem en mands liv fra fødsel til død. Den verden, der møder ham, er ensrettende, formanende og en anelse grotesk.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1987

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

The human race


Exodus (Izgubljeni), epizoda američke televizijske serije Izgubljeni
Exodus (sastav), američki thrash metal sastav
Exodus (album), glazbeni album iz 2015. južnokorejske grupe Exo

Exodus


was a district located in Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 21,964 and a density of 306.20 persons per km2. The total area is 71.73 km2.

History
1868 (Boshin War/Meiji Restoration) – The shogunate territories in the district become part of Ōtsu Prefecture (Ōtsu-ken)
1871 (Abolition of the han system) –  All feudal domains (-han), including those containing territories in the district, become prefectures (-ken).
1871/72 – In the first wave of prefectural mergers, the entire district becomes part of Ōtsu Prefecture which is then renamed to Shiga after the district
1878/79 – The ancient districts of provinces are reactivated as modern administrative units as districts of prefectures: the district government of Shiga is established in Ōtsu-Hashimoto-chō (?, 大津橋本町)

1/4/1889 (establishment of municipalities & Great Meiji mergers) - The "Town and Village Code" (町村制, chō-son-sei), the new law establishing towns and villages as modern political units, was implemented. As a result, the town of Ōtsu and the villages of Shiga (滋賀村, Shiga-mura, "Shiga Village"), Zeze, Ishiyama, Sakamoto, Shimosakamoto, Ogoto, Katata, Ōgi, Mano, Ikadachi, Katsuragawa, Wani, Kido and Komatsu were formed.
1/4/1898 - The "District Code" (郡制, gun-sei), the revised law governing districts, was implemented, establishing indirectly elected district assemblies (gun-kai) and collective executive councils (gun-sanjikai).
1/10/1898 - Ōtsu Town (大津町, Ōtsu-chō) became [by definition of city: district-independent] Ōtsu City (大津市, Ōtsu-shi).
20/7/1901 -
The village of Zeze became the town of Zeze.
The village of Katata became the town of Katata.
1/4/1923 - The district assembly was abolished. The district office remains.
1/7/1926 - The district government was abolished, reducing the district (again) to a geographical division.
1/1/1930 - The village of Ishiyama became the town of Ishiyama.
10/5/1932 - The village of Shiga merged into the city of Ōtsu.
1/4/1951 - The towns of Zeze and Ishiyama merged with the city of Ōtsu into the new city of Ōtsu.
1950s (Great Shōwa mergers)
1/4/1955 - The town of Katata and the villages of Ōgi, Mano, Ikadachi and Katsuragawa merged into the town of Katata.
1/10/1955 - The villages of Wani, Kido and Komatsu merged into Shiga Town (志賀町, Shigachō).
30/9/1956 - Part of the town of Shiga (Kamogawa) merged into the town of Takashima from Takashima District.
1/4/1967 - The village of Katata merged into the city of Ōtsu.
20/3/2006 - The town of Shiga merged into the city of Ōtsu. Shiga District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Transition
Light blue autonomies are Shiga District's town, deep blue autonomies are Shiga District's village, and gray autonomies are others.

Former districts of Shiga Prefecture

Shiga District, Shiga


Athies se poate referi la:
Athies, localitate în departamentul Pas-de-Calais, Franța
Athies, localitate în departamentul Somme, Franța
Athies-sous-Laon, localitate în departamentul Aisne, Franța

Athies


Elizabeta a Danemarcei, Norvegiei și Suediei (24 iunie 1485 – 10 iunie 1555) a fost o prințesă scandinavă care a devenit Electoare de Brandenburg ca soție a lui Joachim I Nestor, Elector de Brandenburg. A fost fiica regelui Ioan al Danemarcei, Norvegiei și Suediei și a reginei Cristina de Saxonia.

Biografie
În copilărie, Elisabeta a avut o relație apropiată cu fratele ei, viitorul rege Christian al II-lea al Danemarcei. A învățat să scrie și să citească în daneză și germană. La 10 aprilie 1502 s-a căsătorit cu Joachim I Nestor, Elector de Brandenburg, într-o ceremonie de nuntă dublă, alături de unchiul ei, viitorul rege Frederic I al Danemarcei și cumnata sa Anna de Brandenburg. Elisabeta și Joachim au avut un mariaj armonios în timpul primilor douăzeci de ani de căsătorie.

Soțul ei a fost un adept al ortodoxiei romano-catolice în timpul Reformei. În 1523, ea a asistat la o predică a lui Martin Luther împreună cu fratele și cumnata ei și a devenit o protestantă convinsă. În 1527, ea a primit comuniunea protestantă în public: aceasta a însemnat o ruptură publică de Biserica Catolică, lucru care a provocat un conflict cu soțul ei. În 1528, soțul ei a întrebat în scris Consiliu cleric al Bisericii Catolice dacă ar trebui să divorțeze, să o execute sau s-o izoleze dacă ea refuză să renunțe la noua ei convingere. Consiliul bisericii a răspuns că el ar  trebui să o închidă.

Elisabeta a scăpat de la curtea unchiului ei, Johann, Elector al Saxoniei și a izbucnit o dezbatere publică: monarhii protestanți și fratele ei au sprijinit-o, Luther i-a sprijinit libertatea de a-și părăsi soțul pentru religia ei, iar ea a declarat că se va întoarce numai în cazul în care va fi lăsată șă-și pătreze convingerea religioasă și daca soțul ei va renunța la adulter și la interesul pentru astrologie. În caz contrar, ea a sugerat că ar trebui să se separe. Elisabet a primit o reședință în apropiere de Wittenberg. Soțul ei a refuzat să-i acorde vreun venit și a interzis fiilor lor să o viziteze. În 1532, unchiul ei a murit și fratele ei a fost închis, iar ea a pierdut, astfel, sprijinul lor.

În 1535, soțul ei a murit și fiii ei au rugat-o să se întoarcă la Brandenburg, dar s-au răzgândit atunci când ea le-a cerut ca parohiile din ținuturile ei de zestre să devină protestante. În cele din urmă, ea a revenit în 1545 și a rămas în Spandau.

Nașteri în 1485
Decese în 1555
Prințese daneze
Prințese norvegiene
Prințese suedeze
Electoare de Brandenburg
Casa de Oldenburg
Protestanți

Elisabeta a Danemarcei (1485-1555)


Clopotul este un film românesc din 2009 regizat de Sabin Dorohoi. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Orlando Petriceanu, Lavinia Munteanu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2009 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2009
Filme de comedie românești

Clopotul


O ATP de Tel Aviv – ou Tel Aviv Watergen Open, atualmente – é um torneio de tênis profissional masculino, de nível ATP 250.

Realizado em Tel Aviv, oeste de Israel, estreou em 1979, teve dois hiatos, sendo o segundo de 26 anos, e voltou em 2022. Os jogos são disputados em quadras duras cobertas durante o mês de setembro.

Finais

Simples

Duplas

Ligações externas
 Página oficial

Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv

ATP de Tel Aviv


Slovenski nogometni superkup (slv. Slovenski superpokal, SuperPokal Telekom Slovenije) je bilo nogometno klupsko natjecanje u Sloveniji, igran od 1995. do 2015. godine.

O natjecanju
Za pobjednika "SuperPokala" su se natjecale dvije momčadi u jednoj utakmici - prvak "1. slovenske nogometne lige" i pobjednik "Nogometnog kupa Slovenije". U slučaju da je isti klub bio i prvak i pobjednik kupa, druga momčad u "SuperPokalu" bi bio doprvak 1. slovenske lige. Prva dva izdanja "SuperPokala" su bila 1995. i 1996. godine, te je potom uslijedila pauza do 2007. godine, a posljednje izdanje je bilo 2015. godine.

Završnice

 - prvak "1. slovenske lige"
 - pobjednik "Kupa Slovenije"
 - doprvak "1. slovenske lige"

Klubovi po uspješnosti

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Prva slovenska nogometna liga
 Nogometni kup Slovenije
 Slovenski nogometni savez

Vanjske poveznice
  nsz.si, Superpokal

Izvori
  nsz.si, Zgodovina, pristupljeno 14. srpnja 2020.
  nsz.si, Lovorike, pristupljeno 14. srpnja 2020.
  rsssf.com, Slovenia - List of Super Cup Finals
 int.soccerway.com, Slovenia - Super Cup

 superkup

Slovenski nogometni superkup


فيليب ديغن  (ولد في 15 فبراير 1983)، هو لاعب كرة قدم سويسري معتزل. كان يلعب غالبًا في مركز الظهير الأيمن، ولكنه كان يمكنه اللعب في مركز الظهير الأيسر والجناح الأيمن كذلك. بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي بازل السويسري قبل الانتقال لنادي بوروسيا دورتموند الألماني الذي قضى معه 3 سنوات شابت السنة الأخيرة إصابته. انتقل في يوليو 2008 لنادي ليفربول الإنجليزي في صفقة انتقال حر، ولكنه عانى من الإصابة هناك أيضا. عاد لنادي بازل السويسري مجددًا في 2011 بعد أن انهى عقده مع ليفربول بالتراضي. ومع بازل، أعلن اعتزاله ممارسة كرة قدم في نهاية موسم 2015-2016.

اخُتير لقائمة منتخب سويسرا المشاركة في كأس العالم 2006 وكذلك في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008 ولكنه لم يلعب أي من مباريات البطولتين.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب فيليب ديغن خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 4 أندية في خمسة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 12 هدفًا ضمن 238 مباراة. حيث فاز في ثلاثة مواسم بالكأس وفي ثمانية مواسم بالدوري.

خاض فيليب ديغن مسيرته مع نادي بازل في موسم 2001–02 في المرة الأولى ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم ثم في موسم 2011–12 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا طوالها في 158 مباراة سجل خلالها 11 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي بوروسيا دورتموند للفورميلا في موسم 2005–06 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، حيث شارك في 68 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي ليفربول في موسم 2008–09 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 7 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي شتوتغارت في موسم 2010–11 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 5 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويسريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويسريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ليستل (سويسرا)
توأم رياضي
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو نادي بازل
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بوروسيا دورتموند
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو شتوتغارت
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم سويسريون
لاعبو كرة قدم سويسريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو ليفربول
لاعبو منتخب سويسرا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سويسرا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سويسرا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي آراو
مواليد 1983
مواليد في ليستل (سويسرا)
لاعبو دوري السوبر السويسري
لاعبو نادي شتوتغارت
توائم من سويسرا
رياضيون من ريف بازل

فيليب ديغن


පල්ලේපොල යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ  මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි  නගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

පල්ලේපොල


Pelvis, yanlarda ve önde iki kalça kemiği, arkada sakral kemik ve koksigeal kemiğin birleşmesiyle meydana gelir.

Pelvisin anatomisi

 Pubik Ark
 Subpubik Açı/Köşe
 Terminal Hat
 Üst Pelvik Açıklık
 Büyük Pelvis
 Küçük Pelvis
 Alt Pelvik Açıklık

Pelvis tipleri

 Android Tip Pelvis
 Jinekoid Tip Pelvis
 Platipelloid Tip Pelvis
 Antropoid Tip Pelvis

Pelvis çapları

 Anatomik Çap, Ön-Arka Çap
 Obstetrik çap
 Diyagonal çap
 Transvers çap
 Oblik çap

Cinsel farklılıklar
Kadın doğası gebe kalmaya, rahim içinde gelişmekte olan bebeği büyütmeye ve nihayet olgunlaşmış bebeği dünyaya getirmeye göre evrimleşmiştir. Bu görevleri yerine getirmek amacına yönelik olarak kadının kemik çatısı erkeğin kemik çatısına göre belirgin farklılıklar gösterir:

1) Erkeğin leğen kemiklerinin yapısı daha çok ağır yük taşımaya yönelikken, kadının leğen kemiklerinin yapısı bebeğin başının doğum esnasında leğen kemikleri tarafından oluşturulan doğum kanalına girmesine yöneliktir.

2) Erkeğin leğen kemikleri alt açısı dar, kadının leğen kemikleri alt açısı bebeğin doğum kanalından dışarıya rahatça çıkabilmesine olanak tanımak için geniş açılı olarak yapılandırılmıştır.

3) Kadının kemik yapısının üzerinde yer alan kaslar ve bağlar bebeğin doğum kanalından geçerek dış dünyaya çıkma sürecinde ona mümkün olan en geniş alanı sağlamak amacına yönelik olarak gevşemeye elverişli olarak yapılandırılmışlardır. Erkeklerin leğen kemikleri daha çok yük taşımaya elverişli olacak şekilde biçimlendirildiğinden kaslar ve bağlar çok fazla gevşeme göstermezler.

Klinik önemi
Hamilelik sırasında gerek pelvisin içinde yer alan fetüsün büyümesi gerekse fetüsün içinde bulunduğu rahmin içini dolduran amnion sıvısının artışı sonucu ilerleyen aylarla birlikte karın da büyümeye başlar. Hamileliğin 5 ayından itibaren büyüme hızı da artar. Bu büyümeyle birlikte bölgedeki gerginleşir, gerginleştikçe incelir. Hamileliğin son ayında en yüksek noktaya ulaşan derideki incelme, derinin gerilime karşı zayıf olan bölgelerinde çatlaklara neden olabilir. Karın duvarında olduğu gibi, pelvis boşluğunun dış duvarı da en dışta deri, derinin altında yağ tabakası, yağ tabakasının altında karın boşluğu içinde iç organları barındıran kas tabakasından oluşur. Hamilelikle birlikte buradaki rahim doğal olarak büyümeye başlar. Rahim büyüdükçe duvarı oluşturan kaslar da esneyerek genişler. Hamileliğin son aylarında karın içinin büyümesine bağlı olarak karın kaslarının esneklik kapasitesini zorlamaya başladığında ise karın ortasındaki kasları birbirine bağlayan kas kılıfı gerginliğe bağlı olarak genişler. Bunun sonucunda kaslar birbirinden uzaklaşır ve daha ayrık hale gelir. Doğumun ardından esnek olan kaslar eski haline tekrar döner, ancak genişleyerek gevşemiş olan kas kılıfı kaslar gibi esnek bir yapıda olmadığı için eski haline dönemez, gevşek olarak kaldığı için de karın orta kasları birbirinden ayrık bir şekilde durur. Bu durum dış görünüme, karın bölgesinin dışa doğru bombe yapmış, şişkin bir görünümü şeklinde yansır.

Kaynakça

Pelvis


සුපර්නෝවා නියුක්ලියෝ සින්තසිස් () යනු සුපර්නෝවා පිපිරුම් වලදී සිදුවන, න්‍යෂ්ටි සංස්ලේෂණය මගින් රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය නිපදවෙන ක්‍රියාවලියයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

මූලාශ්‍ර

වැඩිදුර කියවීම සඳහා

භාහිර සබැඳි

Astrophysics
Nuclear physics
Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis

Supernova nucleosynthesis


Les élections législatives de 1898 ont eu lieu les 8 et 22 mai 1898.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par circonscription

Arrondissement de Gannat

Arrondissement de La Palisse

Arrondissement de Montluçon

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Arrondissement  de Moulins

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Sources

Législatives, 1898
Allier

Élections législatives de 1898 dans l'Allier


Wolfgang Neugebauer (né le  à Vienne ) est un historien autrichien et est pendant de nombreuses années le directeur scientifique des Archives de documentation de la Résistance autrichienne (DÖW). Il est professeur honoraire d'histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Vienne.

Biographie
Diplômé du Bundesrealgymnasium Wien 18 (1962), Wolfgang Neugebauer étudie l'histoire et la géographie à l'Université de Vienne. En 1969, il obtient son doctorat avec la thèse Histoire du mouvement de jeunesse social-démocrate en Autriche sous la direction de .

En 1970, il commence à travailler dans les archives de documentation de la résistance autrichienne, dont il est le directeur scientifique de 1983 à  en tant que successeur d'.

Il est également président du Forum international Mauthausen (au ministère fédéral de l'Intérieur) de sa fondation en  à . Il est vice-président de l'Action contre l'antisémitisme en Autriche et membre du conseil d'administration de l' et de la Société austro-israélienne.

Neugebauer enseigne dans les universités de Vienne, Linz, Graz, Klagenfurt et Salzbourg. En 1995, il est nommé professeur honoraire d'histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Vienne.

Il est marié et a deux enfants.

Travaux (sélection)
 Bauvolk der kommenden Welt. Geschichte der sozialistischen Jugendbewegung in Österreich (= Veröffentlichungen des Ludwig-Boltzmann-Instituts für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung). Europaverlag, Wien 1975 .
 (Hrsg.): Von der Utopie zum Terror. Stalinismus-Analysen (= Österreichische Texte zur Gesellschaftskritik. Bd. 59). Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, Wien 1994 .
 mit Brigitte Bailer-Galanda und Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Die Auschwitzleugner. "Revisionistische" Geschichtslüge und historische Wahrheit (= Antifa-Edition). Elefanten-Press, Berlin 1996 .
 mit Brigitte Bailer-Galanda: Haider und die "Freiheitlichen" in Österreich (= Antifa-Edition). 2. Auflage, Elefanten-Press, Berlin 1997 .
 mit Eberhard Gabriel (Hrsg.): Zur Geschichte der NS-Euthanasie in Wien. Böhlau, Wien u. a. 1999 ff.
 mit ,  (Hrsg.): NS-Herrschaft in Österreich. Ein Handbuch. ÖBV und hpt, Wien 2000 .
 mit Emmerich Tálos (Hrsg.): Austrofaschismus. Politik, Ökonomie, Kultur. 1933–1938. 5. Auflage. Lit, Münster u. a. 2005 .
 mit Peter Schwarz: Der Wille zum aufrechten Gang. Offenlegung der Rolle des BSA bei der gesellschaftlichen Reintegration ehemaliger Nationalsozialisten. Der Wille zum aufrechten Gang. Hrsg. vom Bund Sozialdemokratischer AkademikerInnen, Intellektueller und KünstlerInnen, Czernin, Wien 2005 .
 mit , Peter Schwarz (Hrsg.): Julius Wagner-Jauregg im Spannungsfeld politischer Ideen und Interessen. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Beiträge des Workshops vom 6./7. November 2006 im Wiener Rathaus (= Wiener Vorlesungen: Forschungen. Bd. 3). Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2008 .
 Der österreichische Widerstand 1938–1945. Überarbeitete und erweiterte Fassung, Edition Steinbauer, Wien 2015 .
 (Hrsg.): Aufrechter Gang in neuen Zeiten. Ernst Nedwed – Sozialdemokrat, Volksbildner, Antifaschist.  Carl Gerold's Sohn Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wien 2015 .

Bibliographie
 : Ein Glücksfall. Zum 70. Geburtstag von Wolfgang Neugebauer. In: DÖW-Jahrbuch (2015), S. 317–322.

Liens externes

 Wolfgang Neugebauer à l' Institut d'histoire contemporaine de l'Université de Vienne
 Wolfgang Neugebauer aux archives de documentation de la résistance autrichienne

Références

Historien autrichien
Historien du nazisme
Professeur à l'université de Vienne
Étudiant de l'université de Vienne
Lauréat du prix Elfriede-Grünberg
Récipiendaire de la croix d'honneur autrichienne pour la science et l'art
Naissance en octobre 1944
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)

Wolfgang Neugebauer (historien, 1944)


සාර්වත්‍ර අනුක්‍රම නියමග (යූ.එස්.බී) යනු උපකරණ සහ ධාරක පාලකය අතර  (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පෞද්ගලික පරිගණකය) හුවමාරුව ඇති කර ගැනීම සදහා නිපදවන ලද නියමාවලියකි. මෙමගින් වේලාසන ආ ශ්‍රේණිගත සහ සමාන්තර කවුළුව වැනි අන්තරානීක ප්‍රභේද සඑල ලෙස ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.

යූ.එස්.බී මගින් මවුස, යතුරු පුවරු, සංඛ්‍යාංක කැමරා, මුද්‍රණ යන්ත්‍රය, පුද්ගලික මාධ්‍ය වාදක, ෆ්ලෑෂ් ධාවක, ජාල උපයුක්තක, සහ බාහිර දෘඪ තැටි වැනි පරිගණක පර්යන්ත සම්බන්ධ කල හැක. මෙවැනි බොහෝ උපාංගද සමග, සම්මත සම්බන්ධක ක්‍රමයක් ලෙස යූ.එස්.බී පත් වෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය
පර්යන්ත උපාංග සදහා යූ.එස්.බී සම්මත වේ. 1994 දී සමාගම් හතක කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් මෙහි ප්‍රවර්ධන කටයුතු ආරම්භ කර ඇත. එනම්, ඉන්ටෙල්, කොම්පැක්, මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට්, NEC, සංඛ්‍යාංක උපකරණ සංස්ථාව, IBM, නෝටෙල් යන සමාගම් විසිනි.

ක්‍රියා පිළිවෙළ

උපාංග වර්ග

භෞතීය මුහුණුවර

පරිගණක විද්‍යාව
පරිගණක දෘඩාංග

යූ.එස්.බී.


The "Wentworth letter" was a letter written in 1842 by Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, to "Long" John Wentworth, editor and proprietor of the Chicago Democrat. It outlined the history of the Latter Day Saint movement up to that time, and included Mormonism's Articles of Faith.

The letter was written in response to Wentworth's inquiry on behalf of one of his friends, George Barstow, who was writing a history of New Hampshire. The letter was first published on March 1, 1842, in the Times and Seasons in Nauvoo, Illinois.

A similar letter (with some slight revisions) was published by Daniel Rupp in 1844 in a book called An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States. wikisource:The Rupp Letter

Significance

The Wentworth Letter is significant for several reasons.

First, it connects the message of what Mormons believe to be the Restoration with the history of said Restoration: "By these things we know..." (Doctrine and Covenants 20:1-17)

Second, it emphasizes the First Vision as an essential part of Latter-day Saint message.

Third, it contains the Standard of Truth, which has become a mission statement for missionaries:

"Our missionaries are going forth to different nations . . .  the Standard of Truth has been erected; no unhallowed hand can stop the work from progressing; persecutions may rage, mobs may combine, armies may assemble, calumny may defame, but the truth of God will go forth boldly, nobly, and independent, till it has penetrated every continent, visited every clime, swept every country, and sounded in every ear, till the purposes of God shall be accomplished, and the Great Jehovah shall say the work is done." (History of the Church 4:540)

Fourth, it ends with the statements which later became the Articles of Faith.  B. H. Roberts said of these,

"These Articles of Faith were not produced by the labored efforts and harmonized contentions of scholastics, but were struck off by one inspired mind at a single effort to make a declaration of that which is most assuredly believed by the church, for one making earnest inquiry about the truth."

"The combined directness, perspicuity, simplicity and comprehensiveness of this statement of the principles of our religion may be relied upon as strong evidence of a divine inspiration resting upon the Prophet,   Joseph Smith." (B. H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church, Vol.2, Ch.47, p.131)

And finally, the Wentworth letter re-establishes Joseph Smith's teachings that the Lamanites are the principal ancestors of the American Indians. In the Wentworth letter we read,
"They were principally Israelites, of the descendants of Joseph. The Jaredites were destroyed about the time that the Israelites came from Jerusalem, who succeeded them in the inheritance of the country. The     principal nation of the second race fell in battle towards the close of the fourth century. The remnant are the Indians that now inhabit this country." (Wentworth Letter)

Changes in published versions

The wording of some of the articles was modified by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, in 1851 and 1902:

1. The fourth article of faith originally read, "We believe that these ordinances are: 1st. Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ; 2d. Repentance; 3d. Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; 4th. Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost."
It now reads: "We believe that the first principles and ordinances of the Gospel are: 1st. Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ; 2d. Repentance; 3d. Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; 4th. Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost." (emphasis added) (Answers to Gospel Questions 2:92)

2. The tenth article originally read, "that Zion will be built upon this continent . . ." It was later changed to "that Zion will be built upon this [the American] continent . . ."

3. The eleventh article originally read, "We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our conscience,..."
It now reads: "We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience,..."

Joseph Fielding Smith wrote:

"The reason for the adding of the word "principles," and that is the only change, was because the brethren considered when they were preparing the 1921 edition for publication of the D&C, that the term ordinances did not fully cover the article completely. For instance, "faith" is not an ordinance, neither is "repentance," but they are principles. Therefore we felt fully justified in making the article so that it would convey clearly just what the Prophet intended. So now it reads: "We believe that the first principles and ordinances are," and in doing this we were perfectly within the bounds of propriety. Were the Prophet here, he would fully justify our action."

"We have no apology to make for this addition. We have in no sense destroyed the original meaning." (Answers to Gospel Questions 2:92)

References

.

External links

 Digitized Wentworth letter, Joseph Smith Papers
 Listen to a recording of The Wentworth Letter online.  Public domain recording provided by Librivox.org

1842 in Christianity
1842 documents
Latter Day Saint statements of faith
Latter Day Saint movement in Illinois
Letters (message)
Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)
Works by Joseph Smith
Works originally published in Times and Seasons

Wentworth letter


Antonio García González (1956), más conocido como Antonio Alemania (Chiclana de la Frontera, Cádiz, España)  es un cantante y compositor español. Comenzó su carrera musical en las comparsas chiclaneras que salían en el Concurso de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas del Teatro Falla en la ciudad española de Cádiz. Le encanta la Romería del Rocío, celebración popular en la que Antonio se ha inspirado para componer algunas de sus sevillanas rocieras. En 2011 se convierte en pregonero de la Hermandad del Rocío de El Puerto de Santa María. También en el mismo año presentó en el Concurso de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas del Carnaval de Cádiz el coro  5 de marzo, después de 24 años sin participar.

Cantantes de Andalucía
Cantantes de Chiclana de la Frontera
Nacidos en Chiclana de la Frontera

Antonio Alemania


Andrei Jastrzębiec (Andrzej Jastrzębiec, Andrei de Cracovia, Andrei Polak sau Andrei Wasiło; ) a fost un cleric franciscan polonezo-lituanian, primul episcop de Siret, primul episcop de Vilnius, diplomat, confesorul .

Note

Bibliografie

  Nicolae Iorga; Istoria Bisericii Românești și a Vieții religioase a românilor, vol. 2 , Lista Mitropoliților și episcopilor români , p. 324

Anul nașterii lipsă
Nașteri în secolul al XIV-lea
Decese în 1398
Episcopi romano-catolici polonezi
Episcopi romano-catolici din Episcopia de Siret
Diplomați polonezi
Diplomați lituanieni
Nobili polonezi
Franciscani

Andrei Jastrzębiec


Issawane (auch: Essahane, Issaouane, Issawan) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Mayahi in Niger.

Geographie
Issawane liegt in der Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind El Allassane Maïreyrey im Norden, Ourafane im Nordosten, Maïjirgui im Südosten, Kanan-Bakaché im Süden und Mayahi im Westen. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 26 Dörfer, 13 Weiler und 11 Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Issawane. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Geschichte
Vor der Ankunft der Franzosen an der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert gehörte Issawane zum unabhängigen Staat Katsina. Die Landgemeinde Issawane ging 2002 bei einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus einem Teil des Kantons Kanan-Bakaché hervor.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 40.155 Einwohner, die in 4634 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 29.987 in 3631 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 3331 Einwohner in 924 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 2263 in 274 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 969 in 115 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Azna, Katsinawa und Tuareg.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 14 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 5 PNDS-Tarayya, 2 CPR-Inganci, 2 MNSD-Nassara, 2 MPN-Kiishin Kassa, 2 RDR-Tchanji und 1 MDEN-Falala.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze der 26 Dörfer in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
In Issawane wird Agropastoralismus betrieben. Der Ackerbau ist durch fehlende Brachezeiten, Bodenverarmung und unsichere Niederschläge beeinträchtigt. Die Viehzucht leidet unter unzureichenden Weideflächen und fehlenden Ergänzungsfuttermitteln. Im Hauptort gibt es eine Niederschlagsmessstation. In den 1980er Jahren wurde im Hauptort eine Getreidebank etabliert.

Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort und in der Siedlung N'Wala vorhanden. Der CEG Issawane ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers d'Issawane (CFM Issawane) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Maradi (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Issawane


Cetatea ascunsă este un film românesc din 1987 regizat de Adrian Petringenaru. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de copiii Răzvan Baciu, Alina Dumitrescu și Horațiu Medveșan și de actorii Ilarion Ciobanu, Ovidiu Moldovan și Ștefan Velniciuc.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Răzvan Baciu — pionierul Tic, fratele mai mic al Mariei, membru al echipei cireșarilor
 Alina Dumitrescu — pioniera Maria Florescu, membră a echipei cireșarilor, campioană la schi în finala Daciadei
 Horațiu Medveșan — pionierul Victor Medveșan, membru al echipei cireșarilor, campion la schi în finala Daciadei
 Andrei Guran — pionierul Teodor Teodoru poreclit "Ursu", membru al echipei cireșarilor
 Robert Enescu — pionierul Ionel Enescu, membru al echipei cireșarilor
 Alina Croitoru — pioniera Lucia Istrate, membră a echipei cireșarilor
 Runa Petringenaru — pioniera Oana, fiica unui arheolog cazat la cabana Izvorul Cerbului, prietena cireșarilor
 Alexandru Rotaru — pionierul Dan Rotaru, membru al echipei cireșarilor
 Angela Ioan — profesoara Cornelia, instructoarea de schi a echipei cireșarilor
 Ilarion Ciobanu — șeful șantierului arheologic, tatăl Oanei
 Ovidiu Moldovan — arheologul brunet
 Ștefan Velniciuc — arheologul blond
 Victoria Cociaș-Șerban — dna Popescu, cabaniera (menționată Victoria Șerban)
 Ion Răcășan
 Gelu Pătrăuceanu
 Constantin Boncu
 Blaziu Orban
 Nicolae Pestrea
 Nicolae Stinghe
 Petru Barbier
 Gabor Nicolae Fazakaș
 Gabi Socaciu
 Horia Oros
 Gheorghe Vasilescu

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.031.341 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1987 în film

Filme din 1987
Filme regizate de Adrian Petringenaru
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme Româniafilm
Ecranizări de romane românești
Constantin Chiriță
Filme de aventuri
Filme pentru copii

Cetatea ascunsă (film)


كاليميرو مسلسل رسوم متحركة أو أنمي مقتبس من قصة إيطالية ومن إنتاج شركة توي أنيميشن اليابانية والشركة أنتجت نسختين من المسلسل: الأولى عام 1974 مكونة من 47 حلقة، ونسخة ثانية أحدث بشخصيات جديدة عام 1992 مكونة من 52 حلقة.

القصة
كاليميرو هو فرخ دجاج صغير لونه أسود، ويرتدي نصف قشرة بيضته على رأسه. كل حلقة من المسلسل هي عن حدث أو مغامرة لكاليميرو مع أصدقائه.

الشخصيات
 كاليميرو
 فاليريانو
 بسيلا
 سوزي
 كرميلا
 دنكي

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مسلسلات كرتون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 كاليميرو (1992) في شبكة أخبار الأنمي

البيض في الثقافة
أنمي 1974
إيطاليون خياليون
برامج تلفزيون أساهي
برامج تلفزيون توئيه أنميشن
برامج رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية بريطانية للأطفال
برامج واي تي في
ذا دان
عروض تلفزيون طوكيو
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1963
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1972
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1992
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2013
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية عن الدواجن
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية إيطالية للأطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية بريطانية للأطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية فرنسية للأطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية هولندية للأطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية يابانية للأطفال
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة هولندية

كاليميرو


Bu liste tüm ülkelerde kullanılan IRC in geleneksel komutların listesidir.

 Temel olarak "/", komut göstergesidir. Birçok durumda bunu değiştirebilirsiniz, mesela "$" olarak, bu durumda "/me", "$me" olarak değişecektir. Ama varsayılan değer her zaman "/" dır.
 <> Bunlar birçok durumda komutun gerektiği gibi çalışması içindir, ve etrafında [] olanların genellikle orada olmaması gerekmektedir. Komutlar ve ne yapmanız gerektiği hakkında bilgi almak için her zaman istemcinizin yardım dosya(ları)na başvurun.
 Hostmask lar nick!kimlik@sunucu formunda bulunurlar. Herhangi bir karakter veya tek bir karakter için kullanılan * ve ? gibi karakterleri kullanabilirler. Örneğin,
 !firstname.lastname@example.com bu kimlik ve sunucudaki herhangi bir nick ile eşleşecektir. Şunu da belirtmek gerekir ki sadece "nick" şeklinde de kullanabilirsiniz, ve bu hostmask ile sunucu tarafından otomatik olarak eşleştirilecektir.

Kullanıcı komutları

admin
Kullanımı:
 /admin [sunucu]
Bağlanılan sunucudaki veya belirtilen sunucudaki yönetimsel detayları verir.

help
Kullanımı:
 /help (veya /raw help)
Mevcut IRC komutlarının listesini gösterir.

ignore
Kullanımı:
 /ignore <nick!kimlik@sunucu>
İstemciniz bahsi geçen kullanıcıdan gelen mesajları göstermeyecektir. Bu komut istemciden istemciye değişiklik göstermektedir, daha fazla bilgi için irc istemcinizin yardım dosyalarını inceleyin.
 /ignore -r <nick!ident@host>
engellemeyi kaldırmak için kullanılır.

join
Kullanımı:
 /join <#kanal>[,#kanal2,#kanal3] [anahtar]
Belirtilen <#kanal> a girersiniz. Gerektiği durumlarda kanalın şifresi ([anahtar]) de girilir

list
Kullanımı:Sunucu içerisinde aktif en az 1 kullanıcıya sahip kanalları ve kanal başlıklarını listeler.
 /list
Sunucudaki kanalları listeler. Listede ayrıca kanal başlıkları da görünür ve listeden istediğiniz kanala tıklayarak giriş yapabilirsiniz.

Dış bağlantılar
Kullanımı:
 /links
Bağlanılmış olan sunucunun bağıntılı olduğu bütün sunucuların listesini, ve hangi biçimde/sırada olduğunu gösterir. Büyük IRC ağlarında DDOS ataklarını engellemek için, /links komutu kullanımdan kaldırılmıştır.

lusers
Kullanımı:
 /lusers
Yerel kullanıcıları biçimlenmiş halleri ile ve ayrıca çevrimiçi operator/admin leri, kanal sayılarını ve kaç tane sunucu olduğunu listeler.

Bunun mIRC da görüntüsü şu şekilde olacaktır:
1 sunucuda 3 görünmez ve 1014 kullanıcı var
6 operator çevrimiçi
32 kanal oluşturuldu
1017 kullanıcı ve 0 sunucum var

me
Kullanımı:
 /me <yazı>
Önce nick, daha sonra <yazı> gelecek şekilde ekrana mesaj gönderir.

Örneğin, kullanıcı "HERO", "/me televizyon izleyecek" şeklinde bir komut kullandığı zaman ekranda "HERO televizyon izleyecek" şeklinde gözükür. Komutun girişi ve gösterdiği mesaj istemciden istemciye değişmektedir.

motd
Kullanımı:
 /motd [sunucu]
Kullanıcının bağlı olduğu veya istenilen bir sunucu için günün mesajını (ing. motd=Message Of The Day'den gelmiştir)

names
Kullanımı:
 /names <#kanal>
Kanaldaki nick lerin listesini @ veya + (operator ve voice) ön ekiyle birlikte gösterir,

nick
Kullanımı:
 /nick <yeninick>
Nickinizi <yeninick> olarak değiştirir.

notice
Kullanımı:
 /notice <#kanal|nick!kimlik@sunucu> <yazı>
Belirtilen kanal veya kullanıcıya bir uyarı mesajı gönderir. Genel olarak, bu servis botları ve IRCop lar haricinde kullanılmaz.Gereksiz kullanımlar serverdan Gline yemenize (engellenmenize) sebep olabilir.

Kanalda operator konumunda iseniz, /mode #kanal +T yaparak, kanal uzerinde notice kullanmayi yasaklayabilirsiniz.

part
Kullanımı:
 /part <#kanal>
Belirtilen, eğer belirtilen yoksa aktif haldeki kanaldan ayrılmada kullanılır. Eğer sebep belirtilmemişse, varsayılan ifade(genellikle kullanıcı tanımlı) kullanılır.

query
Kullanımı:
 /query <nick>
Seçilen kullanıcı ile özel sohbet başlatır.

quit
Kullanımı:
 /quit [sebep]
Bu komut sunucu ile bağlantıyı keser. Bazı zamanlar sunucu ile bağlantı yavaş ise sunucudan ayrılmak bir süre alabilir. Bu sebeple bazı istemcilerde /disconnect komutu istemciyi sunucudan çıkmaya "zorlar". Eğer sebep belirtilmemişse, varsayılan ifade(genellikle kullanıcı tanımlı) kullanılır.

Mozilla'nın IRC istemcisi Chatzilla'da bu komut programı kapatır.

quote
Kullanımı:
 /quote <komut> (ya da /raw <komut>)
Belirtilen komutu istemci programı aşıp direkt sunucuya göndermede kullanılır. Örneğin /connect komutu /quote connect komutundan değişik fonksiyon gösterir.

stats
Kullanımı:
 /stats <harf>
Verilen <harf>e bağlı olarak sunucunun istatistik bilgilerini listeler. (Sözgelimi: "/stats o" komutu sunucu konfigürasyonundan operatörleri listeleyecektir.)

Sık kullanılan sunucu istatistikleri:

Not: /stats k ve g komutları için genellikle IRC-Operator yetkisi gerekir.

whois
Syntax:
 /whois <nick>
Kullanıcı adı hakkında bilgi getirir bkz. Whois

Kanal operator komutları
Bu komutlar yalnızca operator veya half-op yetkisindeki kullanıcılar tarafından verilebilir.

invite
Kullanımı:
 /invite <nick> <#kanal>
Belirtilen <nick> i <#kanal> a bağlanmak üzere davet eder.

kick
Kullanımı:
 /kick <#kanal> <nick> [gerekçe]
Belirtilen <nick> i <#kanal> dan atar. Doğal olarak kanaldan atılan kullanıcı yeniden bağlanabilir, bu nedenle bir kullanıcıyı kanaldan sürekli uzaklaştırmaktan çok uyarı amacı ile kullanılır. Son kısma istenirse kullanıcının kanaldan atılma gerekçesi belirtilebilir.

topic
Kullanımı:
 /topic [#kanal] <yazı>
Mevcut başlığı <yazı> olarak değiştirir. Kanal mode'u +t ise yalnızca operatörler ya da half-op'lar kullanabilir; aksi halde bu komutu herkes kullanabilir.
Herhangi bir <yazı> girilmezse, kanalın mevcut başlığını gösterir.

mode
Kullanımı:
 /mode <#kanal|nick> <+/-değişken> <nick>
Belirtilen [#kanal], veya [nick] e değişkenle verilen mode'u atar. Gereken yetki düzeyi mode'a bağlıdır. Herhangi bir kanal mode'u atanmaksızın kendi üzerinizde bu komutu kullanabilirsiniz (mIRC kullanıcıları mode atamak için //mode $me <+/-değişken> komutunu verebilirler).

En sık mode'lar:

Bu mode'lar farklı ağlarda değişiklik gösterebilir.

İnternet protokolleri

IRC komutları listesi


20. etape af Vuelta a España 2018 gik fra Escaldes-Engordany til Coll de la Gallina 15. september 2018.

Enric Mas vandt etapen.

Etaperesultater

Samlet efter etapen

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Kombinationskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

20

20. etape af Vuelta a España 2018


صادق خرازي  يعد من السياسيين الذين أثبتوا كفائتهم في المفاوضات، وهو إيراني ومستشار سابق لرئيس إيران محمد خاتمي، عمل على تنسيق الملفات والنقاط الأساسية لتحسين العلاقات الأمريكية الإيرانية.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إيرانيون
خريجو جامعة درهام
دبلوماسيون إيرانيون
سفراء إيران لدى فرنسا
مندوبو إيران الدائمون لدى الأمم المتحدة
مواليد 1382 هـ
مواليد 1963
مواليد في طهران

صادق خرازي


في الهندسة الرياضية، البؤرة  أو المحرق  هو نقطة تستخدم لوصف القطوع المخروطية. أنواع القطوع المخروطية الأربعة هي، الدائرة، القطع المكافئ، القطع الناقص، القطع الزائد.
تقع البؤرة دائماً على محور تناظر القطع المخروطي.

أنواع البؤر
 في القطع الناقص، مجموعة المسافات بين أي نقطة من محيط القطع الناقص عن بؤرتين تكون متساوية.
 في الدائرة، توجد بؤرة واحدة فقط وهي مركز الدائرة.
 في القطع الزائد، يكون فرق المسافة عن البؤرتين متساوي.
 في القطع المكافئ، أيضاً توجد بؤرة واحدة فقط، ولكن يوجد مستقيم اسمه الدليل بحيث أن أي نقطة من القطع تكون متساوية البعد عن البؤرة وعن الدليل.

مصادر

مراكز هندسية
قطوع مخروطية
منحنيات
هندسة ابتدائية

بؤرة (هندسة رياضية)


Diclorodifluorometanul (R-12) este un compus chimic cu formula chimică CCl2F2 și gaz incolor vândut de obicei sub marca Freon-12 și un clorofluorocarbon halometan (CFC) utilizat ca agent frigorific și ca agent de propulsie prin pulverizare cu aerosoli. În conformitate cu Protocolul de la Montreal, producția sa a fost interzisă în țările dezvoltate (țările care nu fac parte din articolul 5) în 1996 și în țările în curs de dezvoltare (țările din articolul 5) în 2010 din cauza preocupărilor legate de impactul său negativ asupra stratului de ozon.

Referințe

Legături externe

 NOAA/ESRL CFC-12 global measurements
 Overview of Freon-12 and some of its environmental problems
 MSDS at Oxford University
 Thermochemistry data at chemnet.ru
 IR absorption spectra
 CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Agenți frigorifici

Diclorodifluorometan


Consejo Regulador hace referencia a:
 Consejo Regulador de una Denominación de Origen;
 Consejo Regulador de la Denominación Específica Brandy de Jerez;
 Consejo Regulador de la Indicación Geográfica Protegida Botillo del Bierzo;
 Consejo Regulador de Economía Socializada;
 Consejo Regulador de la Energía Atómica.

Consejo Regulador