Idol is a television show on the Polish television network Polsat, based on the popular British show Pop Idol. The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in Poland. It is hosted by Maciej Rock.

In the show, people first audition but eventually the performers are narrowed down to 10 finalists, with each contestant performing live. There are four judges (or five) who provide critiques of each competitor's performance.

Viewers have two hours following the broadcast of the show to vote via telephone and SMS for their favorite contestant. On the night's results episode, the contestant with the fewest votes is sent home.

The winners of Idol were Alicja Janosz in season one, Krzysztof Zalewski in season two, Monika Brodka in season three & Maciek Silski in season four.

After a hiatus of 12 years, the show returned for its 5th season in 2017. The winner is Mariusz Dyba.

Judges

Series overview

References

External links
 Official website

Music competitions in Poland
Television series by Fremantle (company)
2002 Polish television series debuts
2000s Polish television series
Polsat original programming
Polish television series based on British television series

Idol (Polish TV series)


is a fictional character and the protagonist of Tecmo's Ninja Gaiden action-adventure video game series, in addition to featuring as a player character in the Dead or Alive fighting game franchise by Koei Tecmo and Team Ninja where he serves as the protagonist in Dead or Alive 2. He is a human-dragon hybrid who wields an ancestral weapon called the Dragon Sword, and is the leader of the Hayabusa Ninja Clan. One of Tecmo's most enduring characters, Ryu has appeared on official series merchandise as well as in the feature film DOA: Dead or Alive, and has made many crossover appearances in other games. He has received favorable reception from critics and audiences, and is considered to be one of the most iconic examples of a ninja character in video games as handful of critics have ranked him as gaming's number 1 ninja.

Attributes
As the son of renowned ninja Joe Hayabusa, Ryu Hayabusa (whose first and last names, respectively, translate literally to "dragon" and "peregrine falcon") is the wielder of the legendary Dragon Sword. Although he appears as a normal human, he is actually a demon-human hybrid whose ancestors drew their blood from the same evil deities such as the Holy Vigoor Emperor, the first game's main antagonist. In the Dead or Alive series, Ryu has befriended fellow ninja Hayate, and joins forces with him along with Kasumi and Ayane, with whom he works to take down the corrupt tournament organizer Victor Donovan.

Appearances

Ninja Gaiden series (1988-1992)

Ryu Hayabusa makes his official debut in the original Ninja Gaiden arcade game released in 1988. In the Nintendo Entertainment System home edition released the same year, taking place in the retro-futuristic version of 1988, he is given a backstory of searching for his missing father who had disappeared to partake in a life-or-death fight. Ken had instructed Ryu in a letter beforehand to travel to the United States to find his friend Dr. Walter Smith, but Ryu encounters Bloody Malth, who had defeated Ken in battle and then subjected him to a brainwashing that causes him to attack his own son, a spell that Ryu manages to break. However, Ken is slain by Malth's superior, an evil sorcerer known as the Jaquio, whom Ryu then kills. Ryu later enters into a relationship with CIA agent Irene Lew, who had refused beforehand to carry out an order to terminate him.

In Ninja Gaiden II: The Dark Sword of Chaos (1990), Ryu foils the Jaquio's demonic master Ashtar's attempt at world domination. In retaliation, Ashtar kidnaps Irene in order to lure Ryu to his home dimension. Ryu defeats Ashtar a second time, but before he can rescue Irene, she is then captured by the Jaquio, who now bears the Dark Sword, the antithesis to Ryu's signature "Dragon Sword" weapon. Having then been killed by Ryu once again, the Jaquio is revived by his blood flowing into his sword, with which he stabs Irene. Her own blood further empowers his sword and conjures a creature known as the Demon; Ryu kills it and Jaquio's Dark Sword is destroyed in the process, but Irene dies from her wounds. She is then brought back to life by ancestral powers flowing through Ryu's Dragon Sword.

1991's Ninja Gaiden III: The Ancient Ship of Doom sees Ryu accused of murdering Irene, but she actually survives the attack, while the culprit is revealed to be a superhuman clone of Ryu called a "Bio-Noid", created by Irene's superior and corrupt CIA director, Foster. After Ryu defeats the double, Foster is killed by H.P. Clancy, who had instructed Ryu to locate a ruin called the "Castle Rock Fortress", which was the base of Foster's Bio-Noid experimentation and has also secretly housed an interdimensional warship that Clancy intends to use for global dominance. Ryu kills Clancy in battle and the ship is destroyed as Ryu escapes with Irene, bringing the first-generation Ninja Gaiden storyline to a close.

The 1991 Sega Game Gear version of Ninja Gaiden scraps the entire narrative of the original series timeline, where someone is trying to steal his dragon sword. He travels to four parts of the world to defeat the demon Shiragane and prevent World War III from starting.

The 1992 Sega Master System version of Ninja Gaiden also eludes the original series timeline, featuring Ryu as a high-ranking member of his ninja clan whose village is massacred while an artifact called the "Sacred Scroll of Bushido" has been stolen. His mission is to regain the scroll from the hands of the evil Shogun of Darkness and his minions.

Ninja Gaiden series (2004-2012)
In Ninja Gaiden (2004), the first release in the second generation of the Ninja Gaiden series, the plot precedes Ryu's acquisition of the Dragon Sword, though it contains story elements similar to the Master System port of the original game in that while Ryu is visiting his uncle Murai, Hayabusa Village is annihilated in his absence and a sword known as the "Dark Dragon Blade" is stolen by the evil Doku, whom Ryu vainly tries to stop before he is slain in his attempt. He is brought back to life by his clan's animal spirit, the falcon, and he searches for the stolen sword while hoping to avenge his clan. He defeats Doku and then his overlord, the Holy Emperor Vigoor, and recovers the blade. In the end, Ryu and his newest accomplice, a fiend-hunter named Rachel, encounter the mysterious "Dark Disciple", who is actually Ryu's traitorous uncle. After Murai's death, Ryu destroys the sword.

The plot of 2008's Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword begins with kunoichi Momiji abducted by the rival Black Spider ninja clan. Ryu's objective therein is to find seven Dark Dragonstones, defeating several bosses along the way. At the climax, Doku's former servant Ishtaros steals the stones and defeats Ryu in battle. However, when Kureha—Momiji's sister and a childhood friend of Ryu from the previous game who had died in the village attack—fuses with an object called the Dragon Eye, the stones transform into the Dragon Sword. Ryu defeats Ishtaros and her sister (who takes the shape of a dragon during battle), then frees Momiji and returns her home where they begin training together.

In Ninja Gaiden II (2008), set six months after the events of Dragon Sword, a CIA agent named Sonia warns Ryu of a plot of the Greater Fiends, whose queen, Elizébet, attempts to steal an artifact called the Demon Statue, which is hidden in the Hayabusa ninja village and what she desires in order to resurrect the Archfiend Vazdah, the game's final boss. After his village is razed once again and the statue is stolen, Ryu infiltrates a castle where the object is held. Joe is critically wounded in his battle against Black Spider clan leader Genshin, who then attempts multiple times to kill Ryu thereafter but fails and is slain in his final attempt despite Elizébet having transformed him into one of the game's sub-bosses, the Four Greater Fiends. Before he dies, Genshin gives Ryu a sword called the "Blade of the Archfiend", which Ryu needs to complete his mission. Following the demise of the three other Greater Fiends, Ryu kills Elizébet and Vazdah with both the blade and his own Dragon Sword. At the conclusion, he uses the Archfiend's sword to mark Genshin's gravesite in a cemetery located at the summit of Mount Fuji.

Ryu is summoned by the JSDF in Ninja Gaiden 3 (2012) to assist with the suppression of a terrorist group called the Lords of Alchemy. He pursues the terrorists and their mysterious leader around the world, but realizes he cannot complete his mission without the Dragon Sword. While stalking the group, he also must save a young girl whom he had promised to protect, named Canna. After he succeeds in terminating the group, he destroys another final boss character bent on global destruction and returns the child safely to her mother before disappearing into the shadows. Ryu's story continues in the 2013 release Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z, in which he is not playable; instead, he is pursued by the game's "foul-mouthed" protagonist, Yaiba Kamikaze, in his quest for revenge after having been wounded by Ryu's Dragon Sword.

Dead or Alive series
Ryu is additionally a player character in the Dead or Alive games, which take place chronologically years after the Ninja Gaiden series. He is written into the events of each of the Dead or Alive fighting tournaments, starting with the 1996 original game, in which he receives an invitation to the inaugural Dead or Alive tournament which he participates in while searching for fellow ninja, Kasumi, after she broke shinobi code and ran away from her village to get revenge on Raidou who crippled her brother, Hayate. After Raidou's defeat at Kasumi's hands with little aid from Ryu, Kasumi was kidnapped, leaving Ryu and Ayane to search for her. Ryu is the primary protagonist in the 1999 sequel Dead or Alive 2 where he canonically wins the second championship upon learning beforehand that an interdimensional creature named Gohyakumine Bankotsubo, escaped the Tengu world and joined the tournament to wreak chaos on the human world. Ryu with the help from Irene, rescues Kasumi from the Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee's (DOATEC) Germany facility, where she was being used as a test subject for the organization's Super Human Development project. Ryu later comes across his lost friend Hayate, now an amnesiac calling himself "Ein", who was also previously kidnapped and unwillingly use as a test subject in DOATEC's Epsilon project. His defeat at Ryu's hands restores parts of his memory. Ryu then destroys Tengu to save the world from his would-be plot, winning the second tournament. He later helps Hayate to fully recover his memories by fighting his own sister Kasumi, then found out together that Genra, Ayane's foster father became a traitor like Raidou was, such as joining Victor Donovan's DOATEC anti-Douglas faction, explaining the company's faction involvement on kidnapping and cloning Kasumi for their Alpha clone project and implanting Hayate with "Epsilon".

His role in Dead or Alive 3 (2001) is more minor, as he faces off against Hayate, who has become the newest leader of the Mugen Tenshin ninja clan, as well as aiding both Hayate and Ayane against the Omega empowered Genra. In Dead or Alive 4 (2005), Ryu joins fellow clansmen Hayate, Ayane, Kasumi, and other members of the Mugen Tenshin clan to stop the corruption within DOATEC by assaulting and detonating their "Tritower" headquarters. Victor Donovan's hired assassin Christie attempts to stop them, until she is distracted by Helena Douglas, allowing the ninjas to succeed in destroying the building. Ryu returns in 2012's Dead or Alive 5 which chronologically takes place two years after Dead or Alive 4 and Ninja Gaiden 3. Ryu aids Hayate and Ayane in their battle against Donovan's new organization, MIST, who plans to sell modified soldiers to various militia around the world. When Hayate is captured, Ryu sends his falcon to send a message to Kasumi in order to summon her to battle. When she frees Hayate, the four of them destroy the MIST laboratory. As Ryu sense the resurrection of Raidou set up by MIST is approaching in Dead or Alive 6, Ryu warns Kasumi about this referred threat, with MIST's new target to resurrect Raidou as an undead cyber ninja by kidnapping both of his illegitimate daughters, Ayane, and Honoka. He was approached by the princess of the Tengu world Nyotengu, proving his might as a man who ended Bankotsubo's crime, sparring her and tells her to leave human world, satisfying her as well. Whereas Hayate, Kasumi and Ayane goes after resurrected Raidou, and Helena goes after Raidou's resurrector NiCO, Ryu, alongside Bayman and Marie Rose watching over Honoka recovering.

A demo version of DOA5 featuring a playable Ryu and Hitomi was included as a downloadable bonus with pre-orders of both the standard and collector's PlayStation 3 editions of Ninja Gaiden 3, as well as the Xbox 360 version.

Design and gameplay

When asked in 2008 if he would ever explore a "stealth aspect" of Ryu in a future series title, Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword designer Tomonobu Itagaki replied, "The kind [of ninja] I like are the ones that go out and kill a bunch of enemies all at once." The Nintendo DS-exclusive game was played by holding the console vertically; Itagaki explained, "We have implemented an immensely intuitive control system. If you use the stylus to slice side-to-side over an enemy, Hayabusa will slash him with his sword, and you can change the type of slash by varying the angle of your slice."

Starting with Ninja Gaiden II, the series' graphic violence greatly increases as Ryu is able to defeat opponents by decapitation or dismemberment. In a 2011 interview with PlayStation.blog, Team Ninja head Yosuke Hayashi described the character's development in Ninja Gaiden 3: "The human side of Ryu Hayabusa comes through ... you see him suffering as a consequence of the murders he has committed and that is when [his] humanity comes through. I believe that, these days, people are looking for more realistic games and that's not easy to do with Ninja Gaiden, which is heavily based in fantasy." He commented on the gameplay itself, "Within the course of the story, you will ... have a harder time progressing through stages, [but] we have to have the players feel like Ryu is a superhero, the Ryu Hayabusa they know, to make them emphasize with the consequences ... as the game progresses."

Team Ninja wrote that his signature move in Dead or Alive 5 was the "Izuna Drop—a powerful throw that he can perform even from strikes or holds." According to Prima Games' official guide for Dead or Alive Ultimate, Ryu is "fairly fast and has decent power, though he doesn't necessarily excel at either, making him a fairly well-balanced character," adding that he can be useful to a moderate-level player in certain situations. The publisher said for Dead or Alive 4 that he "continues to be one of the top characters in the Dead or Alive series" and can still be played at top levels; he was rated seven out of ten overall. According to GameSpot, Ryu's attacks in DOA4 "are difficult, [but] the bulk of them are actually fairly easy to pull off, and he's quite fast to boot, making him an excellent choice of character for new players."

Other appearances

Other video games
The 2007 Xbox 360 game Halo 3 features an unlockable "Hayabusa" armor set, while players are awarded an in-game unusable replica of Ryu's Dragon Sword upon reaching a specific gamerscore objective. "Hayabusa Ninja" is an alternative costume for the character Max in 2007's Super Swing Golf: Season 2. An 8-bit version of Ryu was included in the first version of the 2010 fan-made Flash game Super Mario Bros. Crossover.

In commemoration of the 2009 merger of Koei and Tecmo, Ryu, Ayane and Momiji were unplayable guest characters in Koei's Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce released that year. In the company's 2011 hack and slash title Warriors Orochi 3, Ryu, Ayane, Rachel, Momiji and Kasumi appear in another dimension and assist the game's playable characters. Ryu's Ninja Gaiden costume parts were available as exclusive downloads as part of the first-anniversary promotion campaign for Dynasty Warriors Online. Ryu additionally appeared with Ayane in the April 2012 Japan-only release Dynasty Warriors 3DS . Ryu also appeared in Warriors All-Stars. Two side boss characters known as Jin and Ren Hayabusa, based on Ryu's classic looks appears in Nioh and its followup respectively.

Film

In the 1991 Japan-exclusive OVA film Ninja Ryūkenden, an original adventure loosely based on the early games, Ryu was voiced by Keiichi Nanba, and he was given a red and purple palette as opposed to his solid blue in the NES series, while he is unmasked. Set in New York City, the plot involves a doctor who has supposedly discovered a cure for cancer. He in turn is investigated by a reporter named Sarah, who soon discovers that he is conducting biotechnological experiments on live humans, which possibly involves the power of the Evil Gods, whom Ryu had defeated in the past. This is compounded by the abduction of Irene—the only other returning character from the games, but identified therein only as Sarah's friend—in turn forcing Ryu to become the Dragon Ninja once again and defeat this new enemy and save her. The conclusion has Ryu remaining in America, where he marries Irene and they open an antique shop together.

Ryu is briefly seen in the 2002 film Run Ronnie Run, where the character, Jerry Trellis (portrayed by E.J. De la Pena), is playing on a Dead or Alive 2 arcade cabinet.

Ryu was played by Japanese-American actor Kane Kosugi in the 2006 live-action Dead or Alive film adaptation DOA: Dead or Alive. He serves as the love interest of Kasumi after he informs her of Hayate's supposed death, and his fight scenes consist of him defeating a fighter during the tournament, and later stopping Victor Donovan's hired assassin Bayman from stealing the prize money.

Merchandise
Ninja Gaiden II statues of Ryu were released in 2008 by First 4 Figures and NECA. Other action figures based on his Ninja Gaiden incarnations were made available by Kotobukiya in 2005 and One 2 One Collectibles in 2009. A limited-edition figurine of Ryu battling enemy character Regent of the Mask was included along with an art book and soundtrack in the 2012 collector's-edition release of Ninja Gaiden 3. In 2015, a 13" resin statue of Ryu was released by Multiverse Studios, available in variations of either his Ninja Gaiden III or classic series costumes and the base adorned with LED lights.

Ryu has featured on decisively less Dead or Alive merchandise than his female counterparts. Epoch Co. distributed a Japan-exclusive action figure, while Koei Tecmo released a keychain and a three-dimensional poster in 2013 featuring Ryu and the Dead or Alive 5 Plus cast.

Reception

Since his 1988 debut, Ryu Hayabusa has been both critically and publicly received as a popular character in general video gaming. He was nominated in the "Best Character (Best Hero)" category of the 1989 and 1991 Nintendo Power Awards. In 2010, the magazine listed Ryu as one of the best ninja characters to appear on Nintendo consoles. GamesTM called him "easily one of the most athletic characters we've ever seen." The Age ranked him the tenth-best character ever to appear on the Xbox series of consoles. GameSpot featured Ryu as one of the 64 choices in their 2009 "Greatest Game Hero" poll. UGO Networks included him in a selection of eleven game characters who needed their own live-action movie. In 2012, GamesRadar ranked the "particularly brutal good guy" 26th in their hundred "most memorable, influential, and badass" gaming protagonists. IGN held an online poll in 2008 asking readers whether Ryu or fellow ninja Joe Musashi (from Sega's Shinobi series) would win in a "Hero Showdown"; Ryu received a decisive 82% of the votes. Readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu voted Ryu 43rd in a 2010 poll deciding the best video game character of all time.

Ryu is additionally esteemed as an iconic video-game ninja character by gaming media such as TechCrunch, PC World (who added that Ryu "has the most fearsome arsenal of weapons we've ever seen in a video game"), Machinima.com, IGN included Ryu among a selection of characters who warranted inclusion in a hypothetical ultimate-fighting game, as "few videogame heroes make killing look easier or more stylish", while "all other ninja seem lame by comparison." He topped Virgin Media's 2015 selection of the top ten gaming ninjas, but the site countered that the "only problem ... is that he doesn't actually get up to much ninja-like activity." 1UP.com ranked Ryu the second-best gaming ninja behind Joe Musashi in 2004, as that he "was once in the position of struggling to live up to his father's legacy, [but] the new [Ninja Gaiden] game casts him as a ninja master in his own right." In 2008, GamesRadar included him among the top video game assassins in the "ninja" category, despite "never know[ing] Ryu to specifically take on assassination jobs, but we have seen him kick a whole lot of ass in fantastically gruesome ways over the span of his 20-year career." PLAY featured Ryu from Ninja Gaiden Sigma in their 2011 selection of the top ten PlayStation ninjas, for his ability, they wrote, to "decapitate fourteen enemies in the space of twelve seconds." Complex ranked Ryu as the second-"swiftest" ninja in 2012. In 2009, GameDaily listed the "badass ninja" in their top 25 video game archetypes, using Ryu as an example, and featured him among the "gaming's greatest patriots" of Japan. In 2012, after Soulcalibur V was released, Elton Jones of Complex included Ryu among fifteen guest characters he wanted in a future series entry. "We've had our fun going ninjitsu crazy with Taki and Natsu, but now it's time for Tecmo's ninja to enter the fray."

See also
Ninja in popular culture

Notes

References

External links
 Official websites DOA5, DOA6

Dead or Alive (franchise) characters
Fictional antiquarians and curators
Fictional blade and dart throwers
Fictional bojutsuka
Fictional businesspeople in video games
Fictional chain fighters
Fictional clubfighters
Fictional demon hunters
Fictional fist-load fighters
Fictional half-demons
Fictional hammer fighters
Fictional human hybrids
Fictional Japanese people in video games
Fictional kenjutsuka
Fictional kyūjutsuka
Fictional martial artists in video games
Fictional martial arts trainers
Fictional ninja
Fictional Ninjutsu practitioners
Fictional nunchakuka
Fictional polearm and spearfighters
Fictional shopkeepers
Fictional swordfighters in video games
Fictional tonfajutsuka
Koei Tecmo protagonists
Male characters in video games
Ninja characters in video games
Ninja Gaiden characters
Video game bosses
Video game characters introduced in 1988
Video game characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Video game characters who use magic
Video game characters with accelerated healing
Video game characters with superhuman senses
Video game characters with superhuman strength
Video game mascots

Ryu Hayabusa


මෙම මෙයිජි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම (明治 維新 මෙයිජි වන ඉෂිනි?), ද මෙයිජි වන ඉෂිනි ලෙස හඳුන්වනු, ප්රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීම, විප්ලවය, ප්රතිසංස්කරණ, හෝ බලපත්රය අළුත් කිරීම, අධිරාජයා මෙයිජි යටතේ 1868 දී ජපානයේ ප්රායෝගික අධිරාජ්ය පාලනය යථා තත්ත්වයට සිද්ධි මාලාවක් විය. අධිරාජ්යයන් වන මෙයිජි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම පෙර තිබුණත්, යළි ප්රායෝගික හැකියාවන් ස්ථාපිත සහ මීට පෙර Tokugawa shogunate විසින් පවත්වන ලද ජපන් අධිරාජයා යටතේ දේශපාලන පද්ධතිය තහවුරු. ප්රතිසංස්කරණය කළ ආණ්ඩුවේ අරමුණු ප්රඥප්තිය දිවුරුමි නව අධිරාජ්යයා විසින් ප්රකාශ කරන ලදී. මෙම යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම ජපානයේ දේශපාලන හා සමාජ ව්යුහය තුල දැවැන්ත වෙනස්කම් කිරීමට හේතු, සහ (බොහෝ විට දිවංගත Tokugawa shogunate හැඳින්වේ) අග ඉඩෝ හා කාල අයිනුවරුන් ආරම්භයේ දෙකම සමගාමීය. කාලය 1868 සිට 1912 දක්වා පුරා පැතුරුණු හා විසි වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයෙහි දී නවීකරණය ජාතියක් ලෙස, ජපාන ඉස්මතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු විය.

සන්ධාන හා allegiances [සංස්කරණය]
මෙම මෙයිජි ප්රතිසංස්කරණය පදනම Saigō Takamori හා Kido Takayoshi අතර 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū සන්ධානය, Satsuma වසම් සහ Chōshū වසම් දී ප්රතිසංස්කරනවාදී මූලද්රව්ය නායකයන් විය. මේ නායකයන් දෙදෙනා අධිරාජයා Kōmei (අධිරාජයා මෙයිජි පියා) සහාය හා පාලක Tokugawa Shogunate (bakufu) අභියෝග හා බලයට අධිරාජයා ලබා දීමේ කාර්යය සඳහා Sakamoto Ryōma එකට ගෙන එන ලදී. ජනවාරි 30, 1867 දින අධිරාජයා Kōmei මරණයෙන් පසුව අධිරාජයා මෙයිජි ඒ කාල පරිච්ඡේදය ද වෙළඳපොළ ආර්ථිකය ඇති වීම සඳහා වැඩවසම් සමාජය වීම සිට ජපානයේ වෙනස් දුටු හා කල් බටහිර බලපෑම සමග ජපන් ඉතිරි පෙබරවාරි 3. මත සිංහාසනාරූඩ.

මෙම Shogunate අවසානය [සංස්කරණය]
ප්රධාන ලිපිය: Bakumatsu
මෙම Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15 වැනි Tokugawa ෂෝගන්ගේ, "අධිරාජයා ගේ බැහැර දී ඔහුගේ බලය වැනි ය" සහ 10 දින ගණනකට පසු ඉල්ලා අස් වූ විට නොවැම්බර් 9, 1867, මත තම නිල අවසන් විය. මෙම ඵලදායී අධිරාජ්ය පාලනය "පුනස්ථාපනය" (Taisei Hōkan) විය - Yoshinobu තවමත් සැලකිය යුතු බලපෑමක් ඇති අතර එය ජනවාරි 3 වන තෙක් නොහැකි වූ නමුත්, ඊළඟ වසරේ, යළි සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම සිදුවූ තරුණ අධිරාජ්යයා ගේ අනු දැනුම සමග [1].

ඉන් ටික කලකට පසුව ජනවාරි 1868 දී, Boshin යුද්ධය (ඔෆ් ද ඩ්රැගන් වසරේ යුද්ධය) Chōshū හා Satsuma හමුදාවන් හිටපු ෂෝගන්ගේ හමුදාව පරාජය කරන ටෝබා-Fushimi සටනින් කටයුතු ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. මෙම නිල නැවත පිහිටුවීම සඳහා වේදිකාව සකසා, සියලු බලය Yoshinobu ඉවත් කිරීමට අධිරාජයා බල (හෝ අවසර). ජනවාරි 3, 1868 දින අධිරාජයා සිය බලය පුනස්ථාපනය විධිමත් ප්රකාශයට පත් කිරීම සිදු:

ජපන් අධිරාජයා අවසර ඔහුගේ ම ඉල්ලීම අනුව ආණ්ඩු බලය නැවත යාමට ෂෝගන්ගේ Tokugawa Yoshinobu සඳහා ලබා දී ඇති බව සියලු විදේශ රටවල් පවුම් හා ඔවුන්ගේ විෂයයන්ට නිවේදනය කරයි. අපි henceforward රටේ සියලු අභ්යන්තර හා බාහිර කටයුතු උත්තරීතර බලය පෙන්විය යුතුයි. එහි ප්රතිඵලයක් අධිරාජයා යන ශීර්ෂය ගිවිසුම් කර ඇති, Taikun බව ආදේශ කර ගත යුතු ය. නිලධාරීන් විදේශ කටයුතු හැසිරීම අපට විසින් පත් කර ඇත. එය මෙම ගිවිසුම බලතල නියෝජිතයන් මේ බව පිළිගන්නා බව හොඳය.

- Mutsuhito, ජනවාරි 3, 1868 [2]
සමහර shogunate හමුදා ඔවුන් කැඩී ගිය Ezo ජනරජය පිහිටුවීම සඳහා උත්සාහ එහිදී හොකයිඩෝ, පලා, කෙසේ වෙතත්, අධිරාජයා පක්ෂපාත හමුදා හොකයිඩෝ දී Hakodate සටනින් මැයි 1869 දී මෙම උත්සාහය අවසන් විය. අධිරාජයා බලය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම යථා සමග (Enomoto Takeaki හා Hijikata Toshizō නායකත්වය) හිටපු ෂෝගන්ගේ හමුදාව පරාජය වන Tokugawa Shogunate අවසන් අවසන් වන බව පෙනිණ.

මෙම මෙයිජි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා බොහෝ හේතු තිබුණා. ජපන් ඇමරිකානු කොමදෝරු මතෙව් සී පෙරී වෘත්තීය ජපාන වරාය විවෘත කරන බව ගිවිසුමක් නිකුත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කිරීමට ජපානය පැමිණි විට. ඔවුන් යුරෝපා ලෝක පිටුපස සිටි බව දැන පෙරී දුර ජපානයේ එම ළකුණු බව යුධෝපකරණ හා තාක්ෂණය විශාල යුද නැව් ජපන් විය. මෙම විප්ලවය ප්රසිද්ධියට පත් විය ලෙස මෙයිජි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම නායකයින්, අවසන් Sakoku ලෙස හඳුන්වන යුගය ගෙන ඒම, දවසේ යටත් විජිත බලවතුන් විසින් නියෝජනය තර්ජනයට එරෙහි ජපානය ශක්තිමත් කිරීම සඳහා අධිරාජ්ය පාලනය යළි ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට නාමයෙන් ක්රියා කළා. යන වචනය "මෙයිජි" "ප්රබුද්ධ පාලනය" යන්නයි සහ ඉලක්කය සාම්ප්රදායික, "නැගෙනහිර" වටිනාකම් සමග "නූතන අත්තිකාරම්" ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීමට විය. [3]

මෙම ප්රධාන නායකයන් ඉටෝ Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, යමාගතා Aritomo, මෝරි Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, සහ යමාගුචි Naoyoshi වූහ. මෝරි Arinori නායකත්වය යටතේ, ප්රමුඛ ජපන් විද්වතුන් පිරිසක් නවීන ධර්ම සහ අදහස් හරහා "ශිෂ්ටාචාරය හා බුද්ධත්වයට ප්රවර්ධනය" දිගටම 1873 දී මෙයිජි සය සංගමය පිහිටුවීම සඳහා ගියේ ය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, යළි තුළ, දේශපාලන බලය හුදෙක් බොහෝ දුරට Satsuma පළාත (Ōkubo Toshimichi හා Saigō Takamori), සහ Chōshū පළාත (ඉටෝ Hirobumi, යමාගතා Aritomo, සහ Kido Takayoshi) සිට, මේ නායකයන් සමන්විත කතිපයාධිකාරයේ කිරීමට Tokugawa Shogunate පැමිණියා. මෙම ජපන් අධිරාජයා පමණක් ජාතියේ ආධ්යාත්මික අධිකාරිත්වය ලෙස සේවය හා ඔහුගේ ඇමතියන් ඔහුගේ නමින් ජාතිය පාලනය සේවක් අධිරාජ්ය පාලනය, වඩාත් සම්ප්රදායික භාවිතාවෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ විශ්වාසය පිළිබිඹු.

බලපෑම් [සංස්කරණය]
මූලික ලිපියන්: මෙයිජි කාලය, හැන් පද්ධතිය මෙයිජි ජපානය, මෙයිජි ආණ්ඩුක්රම ව්යවස්ථාව සහ අහෝසි කිරීම රජයේ

මුල් මෙයිජි ජපානය, දි 1870 දී පැරණි සටන් වදින නිව් යෙදිණ.
මෙම මෙයිජි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම (富国強兵 fukoku kyōhei?) "හමුදා ශක්තිමත්, රටේ සාරවත් 'යන සටන් පාඨය යටතේ වසර 1905 වන විට මිලිටරි බලය ලෙස එහි නැගීම, හේතු වූ ජපානයේ කාර්මිකරණය වේගවත් විය.

අධිරාජයා පාලනය යටතේ රජයක් පිහිටුවන බව මෙයිජි කතිපයාධිකාරයේ මුලින්ම ඉඩෝ කාලය රජය ඉතිරිව එම shogunate, daimyo, සහ සමුරායි පන්තියට එරෙහිව තම බලය තහවුරු කිරීමට පියවර හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී.

1868 දී, සියලු Tokugawa ඉඩම් මෙසේ නව මෙයිජි රජය සතු පරමාධිකාරී යටතේ ඔවුන් ඇතිකරන, "අධිරාජ්ය පාලනය" යටතේ අල්ලා තබා ගියේය. Fuhanken Sanchisei සමග, ප්රදේශ වර්ග තුනක් කට බෙදා තිබිණි: (? 府 ෆු) නාගරික ප්රාන්ත, ග්රාමීය ප්රාන්ත (? 県 කෙන්) සහ දැනට පවතින වසම්. 1869 දී, shogunate එරෙහිව වඩාත් දැඩි තල්ලු වූ Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma හා Chōshū වසම්, එම daimyo, "අධිරාජයා සිය වසම් නැවත" කිරීම අරඹා ඇත. වෙනත් daimyo පසුව, විවාදාත්මකව පළමු වරට මෙසේ නිර්මාණය, එසේ කිරීමට සමස්ත "විෂය" හරහා සෘජු බලය ක්රියාත්මක වන ජපානයේ මධ්යම රජය එකඟකරවා

මෙයිජි ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය


1992 EP11 (asteroide n.º 20026) es un asteroide del cinturón principal. Posee una excentricidad de 0,03500560 y un inclinación de 2,72994º.

Este asteroide fue descubierto el 6 de marzo de 1992 por UESAC en La Silla.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides
 Asteroide del cinturón principal

Enlaces externos
 Datos del (20026) 1992 EP11 (en inglés).
 La órbita del asteroide (20026) 1992 EP11 (en inglés).
 Datos del (20026) 1992 EP11 .

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por el Uesac
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio de La Silla
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1992
Objetos astronómicos por denominación provisional
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(20026) 1992 EP11


Heksejagt er en dansk udviklingsbistandsfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Nikolai Tuborg Pedersen og Jonas Otto Mattsson.

Handling
I det nordlige Ghana, tæt på grænsen til Burkina Faso, findes der en hekselandsby. Når en kvinde bliver anklaget for hekseri, har hun valget imellem at flygte til en hekselandsby eller blive slået ihjel af byens øvrige medlemmer. Filmen tager udgangspunkt i et interview med en heks, der fortæller hendes historie og rejse til den hekselandsby, hun nu er bosat i.

I filmen møder seerne en heks der lever fredeligt i en hekselandsby, en ghanesisk lærer der er født og opvokset i byen Navrongo i det nordlige Ghana og en økonomistuderende fra hovedstaden Accra i det sydvestlige Ghana.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2010

Heksejagt (dokumentarfilm)


Nicolas Mathieu () este un scriitor francez și câștigătorul Premiului Goncourt 2018.

Biografie
Nicolas Mathieu provine din Golbey, un sat la nord de Epinal, în departamentul Vosges. A studiat sociologia la Universitatea din Metz. Acolo a absolvit o teză despre Terrence Malick cu Jean-Marc Leveratto. A publicat primul său roman, în 2014, Aux Animaux la guerre. Romanul a fost adaptat, în 2018, pentru un serial de televiziune, din șase părți, pe France 3. A urmat, în 2018, romanul, Leurs enfants après eux, care a primit Prix Goncourt.

Premii
 2014: Prix Erckmann-Chatrian pentru Aux animaux la guerre
 2015: Prix Mystère de la critique pentru Aux animaux la guerre
 2018: Prix Goncourt pentru Leurs enfants après eux

Opere
 Aux animaux la guerre, Actes Sud, col. "Actes noirs", Arles 2014, ISBN 978-2-330-03037-7
 Leurs enfants après eux, Actes Sud, Arles 2018, ISBN 978-2-330-10871-7

Note

Legături externe

 Nicolas Mathieu in der Internet Movie Database (engleză)

Nașteri în 1978
Scriitori francezi din secolul al XXI-lea
Laureații Premiului Goncourt
Oameni în viață

Nicolas Mathieu


La Slovaquie  participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 4 au . Il s'agit de sa huitième participation à des Jeux d'hiver.

Participation
Aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, les athlètes de l'équipe de Slovaquie participent aux épreuves suivantes :

Médaillés

Résultats

Biathlon

Bobsleigh

Le 17 janvier, l'ISBF publie la liste des quotas des pilotes avec la confirmation que la Slovaquie pourra envoyer une pilote en monobob.

Hockey sur glace

Luge

La Slovaquie s'est vu attribuer au moins un quota dans chaque discipline de luge aux Jeux Olympiques et pourra s'aligner en relais mixte.

Ski alpin

Ski de fond

Snowboard

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
 Slovaquie aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2022
 Slovaquie aux Jeux olympiques

Liens externes
 Slovaquie aux Jeux de Pékin 2022 sur le site du CIO

Slovaquie
2022
Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Slovaquie aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


جاناتاس (Жанатас) هي مدينة في مقاطعة سارسيو في أوبليس جامبيل في كازاخستان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 35558 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن كازاخستان
أماكن مأهولة في أوبليس جامبيل

جاناتاس


Didier François (Bruselas, el 2 de abril de 1969) es un músico, compositor y escultor residente en París

Pedagogía
Didier François enseña nyckelharpa en la escuela de Música Popular de Forlimpopoli (Italia) y en la Academia de BURG FÜRSTENECK (Alemania), como miembro del programa 'European Nyckelharpa Training'. Imparte seminarios y talleres sobre técnicas de relajación basadas en la escuela belga de violín de Arthur Grumiaux): adquisición de movimientos relajados y fluidos que influyen en la belleza y expresividad del sonido, así como para evitar la tendinitis. Didier François también es miembro del programa CADENCE, apoyado por la Comisión Europea.

Discografía
 "Baroque update" 2015 home records.be
 "Nyckelharpa solo" home records.be
 "Sjansons Patinées" home records.be
 "Double CD: Didier Francois, Gilles Chabenat - Gabriel Yacoub" home records.be
 "Falling Tree" long distance records
 "locuras de vanelo" Artrisjok records
 "44 duetti Béla Bartòk " wild boar records
 "Alicantes" Map records
 "Duo Philip Masure Didier Francois" map records

Músico
 Invitado de Stefane Grappelli, en el Audi Jazz Festival (Bélgica).

 Invitado de Gabriel Yacoub, Ámsterdam, St. Chartier Festival (Francia).

 Grabación de música de cine con Armand Amar para Costa-Gavras (Amen, Le Couperet), Yann Arthus Bertrand (le monde vu du ciel).

 Actuación solista en The Lord of the rings de Howard Shore con la orquesta filarmónica de Bélgica en el palacio de deportes de Antwerpen.

 Trabajó durante 10 años para el Ensemble belga Leporello.

 Miembro del ensemble belga de música barroca Zefiro Torna.

 Miembro del ensemble Kapsberger .

Técnica personal

Didier Francois es conocido por usar una técnica de interpretación y postura propia que ha desarrollado de forma única. Su idea de basa en que sosteniendo la nyckelharpa frente al pecho, es posible mover los brazos de forma más natural y relajada. Utiliza una almohadilla de violín para mantener la nyckelharpa separada del cuerpo y de esta forma esta puede moverse más libremente, lo que influye en un sonido más abierto.

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial.
 CADENCE
 Didáctica europea de la nyckelharpa.
 Jornadas Internacionales de la Nyckelharpa (Alemania.
 Scuola di Musica Popolare di Forlimpopoli.

Violinistas de Bélgica
Compositores de Bélgica
Músicos de Bélgica
Músicos de Bélgica del siglo XX
Músicos de Bélgica del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Bruselas

Didier François


رايكو ميتيتش، من مواليد 19 نوفمبر 1922 في بيلا بالانكا في صربيا، وتوفي في 30 مارس 2008 في بلغراد في صربيا، لاعب كرة قدم يوغسلافي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم يوغسلافي سابق.

درب منتخب يوغسلافيا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب رايكو ميتيتش خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع نادِ واحدٍ في ثلاثة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 72 هدفًا ضمن 220 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسمين بالكأس وفي خمسة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض رايكو ميتيتش مسيرته مع نادي النجم الأحمر بلغراد في موسم 1946–47 ليلعب معه ثلاثة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 220 مباراة سجل خلالها 72 هدفًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من بيلا بالانكا
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1948
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1952
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
صحفيون صرب
صحفيون في القرن 20
طاقم النجم الأحمر بلغراد غير اللاعبين
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من يوغوسلافيا
لاعبو أو إف كيه بيوغراد
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو بارتيزان بلغراد
لاعبو كأس العالم 1954
لاعبو كأس العالم 1950
ميتيتش
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1948
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1952
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف أولمبيون
ميتيتش
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
مدربو كرة قدم صرب
مدربو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف
مسيرون رياضيون صرب
مواليد 1922
مواليد في بيلا بالانكا
وفيات 2008
وفيات في بلغراد

رايكو ميتيتش


Yukarısusuz, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 92 km, Havza ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Yukarısusuz, Havza


175450 Phillipklu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
175450 Phillipklu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Lulin de Hong Qin Lin și Ye Quan-Zhi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,48 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 6,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 175001-176000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2006
Centura de asteroizi

175450 Phillipklu


Međunarodni filmski festival Worldfest, treći najstariji međunarodni filmski festival u Sjevernoj Americi i najstariji neovisni filmski festival na svijetu. Održava se svake godine u Houstonu krajem travnja. Godišnje se za festivalski program prijavi više od 4500 filmova, od čega trećinu čine dokumentarci.

Posebna nagrada žirija najviša je nagrada na festivalu jer zahtijeva od međunarodnog žirija ocjenu filma s barem 96 od 100 mogućih bodova.

Izvori

Filmski festivali
Teksas

Međunarodni filmski festival Worldfest


Die Bajrakli-Moschee (, Bajrakli džamija, deutsch etwa Fahnenmoschee; ursprünglich Čohadži-Moschee) ist die letzte erhaltene Moschee von den ursprünglich 80 Moscheen in der serbischen Hauptstadt Belgrad. Sie liegt im Stadtteil Stari Grad in der Gospodar Jevremova 11. Die Moschee erhielt ihren Namen am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, weil auf ihr eine Fahne gehisst wurde, die das Zeichen für den gleichzeitigen Gebetsbeginn in den anderen Moscheen der Stadt gab.

Von den einst über 60 Moscheen und zahlreichen kleineren islamischen Gebetshäusern (mesdschid), ist die Bajrakli-Moschee in der Straße Gospodar Jevremova 11 das einzige erhaltene und aktive Objekt islamischen Sakralbaus in Belgrad. Sie befindet sich am Hang Richtung Donau, in der Nähe der Kreuzung mit der Straße Kralj Petar. Einst dominierte sie im Ambiente der überwiegend niedrigen Erdgeschosshäuser des betriebsamen Handels- und Handwerksviertels des Belgrader Städtchens Zerek.

Geschichte
Die wohl ursprünglich 1575 errichtete Moschee wurde von 1660 bis 1688 neu erbaut (die Angaben in den verschiedenen Quellen sind nicht einheitlich). Zwischen 1717 und 1739 wurde die Moschee als römisch-katholische Kirche genutzt, kam anschließend aber wieder an den muslimischen Kultus, der noch heute nach einer Unterbrechung von 1878 bis 1893 gepflegt wird.

Vom osmanischen Reisebeschreiber Evliya Çelebi sind Beschreibungen von Belgrad aus dem 17. Jahrhundert erhalten, in denen er das Aussehen der Stadt zur Zeit der türkischen Herrschaft mit vielfältigen Objekten der islamischen Architektur bildhaft ausgemalt hat. Die Historiker und Reisebeschreiber Konstantin Jireček, Giuseppe Barbanti Brodano, sowie der Archäologe und Ethnologe Felix Kanitz haben die Bajrakli-Moschee in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts beschrieben. Man nimmt an, dass die heutige Bajrakli-Moschee an der Stelle errichtet wurde, an der früher die alte Mesdschid stand, wahrscheinlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts als Stiftung des türkischen Herrschers Sultan Süleyman II. (1687–1691). Laut damaliger Restauratoren hieß sie zunächst Čohadži-Moschee – Haddsch Alijas Moschee – und später Hussein-ćehajas Moschee, während sie ihren heutigen Namen Ende des 18. oder Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts bekommen hat. In ihr als Hauptmoschee verweilte auch der muvakkit, jene Person, die die genaue Hidschra-Zeit nach islamischem Kalender (das im Jahr 622 beginnt, d. h. dem Jahr der Hidschra oder der Auswanderung des Propheten Mohammed aus der Stadt Mekka nach Medina) zur Bestimmung der heiligen Tage berechnete, den Mechanismus der Uhr regelte und die Fahne auf dem Minarett als Zeichen des gleichzeitigen Beginns des Gebets in allen anderen Gebetshäusern in der Belgrader Stadt hisste. Zur Zeit der österreichischen Herrschaft 1717–1739 diente sie als katholische Kathedralkirche und mit der Rückkehr der Türken 1741 wurde ihr ursprünglicher Zweck wiederaufgenommen. Im 19. Jahrhundert haben sie Herrscher aus der Dynastie Obrenović, Fürst Mihailo und König Aleksandar Obrenović, erneuert.

Fürst Mihailo Obrenović wies 1868 den Minister für Bildung und kirchliche Angelegenheiten an, sich eine der bestehenden Moscheen auszusuchen und sie für die Verrichtung muslimischer Glaubensriten Instand zu setzen. Gleichzeitig wurde neben der Moschee auch das Hinterhaus repariert. Der Minister für Bildung und kirchliche Angelegenheiten hat dem Staatsrat des Fürstentums Serbien den Akt vom 10. Mai 1868 mit folgendem Inhalt zugestellt: "Damit die Mohammedaner, die ihre Geschäfte in Belgrad tätigen, nicht ohne religiösen Trost bleiben, geruht Seine Durchlaucht zu befehlen, dass eine der hiesigen Moscheen als ihr Gebetshaus Instand gesetzt wird. Infolge dieser hohen Anweisung ist die "Bayrak" Moschee als am meisten geeignet ausgewählt worden, und der Bauminister hat auf meine Bitte Fachleute ausgesandt, daher haben sie diese Moschee, sowie ein Gebäude neben ihr, das der Hoddscha bewohnen wird, in Augenschein genommen..."

Auf Erlass des Fürsten Mihailo Obrenović vom Mai 1868 wurde der Minister für Bildung und kirchliche Angelegenheiten dazu bevollmächtigt, "dem Hoddscha 240 und dem Muezzin 120 Taler jährlich zu geben", Angestellte der Moschee konnten sich auch Mithilfe von Einnahmen aus Liegenschaften – Güter des Waqfs – den Lebensunterhalt finanzieren. Der erste Imam und Muezzin in der Bajrakli-Moschee wurden im selben Jahr 1868 ernannt.

Zwischen den zwei Weltkriegen erneuerte auch die Gemeinde der Stadt Belgrad die Moschee, als sie 1935 zum ersten Mal durch die Verordnung zum Erhalt Belgrader Altertümer geschützt wurde. Schäden aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden bis 1961 behoben; gleichzeitig fand eine statische Sicherung des Minaretts statt. Die Restauration wurde seitens des Volkskomitees der Stadt Belgrad und dem Institut für Schutz und wissenschaftliche Erforschung von Kulturdenkmälern mehrere Male durchgeführt, sowie ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre auch seitens des Instituts für Denkmalschutz der Stadt Belgrad. Seit 1981 ist die Moschee als Kulturdenkmal von großer Bedeutung (Spomenici kulture od velikog značaja) geschützt. Nach der Brandsetzung und Beschädigung als Reaktion auf pogromartigen Ausschreitungen und Anschläge gegen Kirchen und Klöster im Kosovo im Jahr 2004 wurden Arbeiten an der Sanierung und Restaurierung der Steinfassade mit Erneuerung der Fensteröffnungen durchgeführt.

Anlage

Bei der Architektur der Moschee handelt es sich um den Typ des kubischen Einraum-Baus mit Kuppel und Minarett. Sie wurde aus Stein mit massiven Wänden und wenigen Öffnungen gebaut und einige Segmente wurden aus Ziegeln und Stein ausgeführt. Das Gebäude hat eine quadratische Basis, während die achteckige Kuppel getragen wird von östlichen Unterkuppel-Bögen und Nischen – dem Tambour, mit bescheidener Verzierung der Konsolen. Die Zahl der Fensteröffnungen an den Fassaden ist ungleich, während sich je eine an jeder Seite des Tambours der Kuppel befindet. Die Unterkuppel-Träger und alle Öffnungen am Gebäude schließen mit den charakteristischen orientalischen Spitzbögen ab. Auf der äußeren nordwestlichen Seite wurde das Minarett errichtet – ein schmaler Turm mit kegelförmigem Dach und einem Balkon außenherum nahe der Spitze, von welchem aus der Muezzin die Gläubigen zum Gebet ruft. Gegenüber dem Eingang, im Inneren der Moschee, befindet sich der heiligste Raum – der Mihrāb, eine flache Nische mit prunkvoller Verzierung des Gewölbes, errichtet in Richtung der heiligen Stadt Mekka nach Südosten, während die erhöhte Holzkanzel (Minbar) rechts vom Mihrab errichtet wurde, in der südwestlichen Ecke. Über dem Eingang befindet sich eine hölzerne Empore (mehfil) von der aus man auch zur şerefe, dem Balkon des Minaretts, gelangt.

Die Dekoration im Inneren der Moschee ist sehr bescheiden. Die Wände sind nicht verputzt und mit flachen Profilen, seltenen stilisierten floralen und geometrischen Motiven und kalligrafischen Aufschriften von Versen aus dem muslimischen heiligen Buch Koran versehen. Außerdem Namen der ersten rechtmäßigen religiösen Oberhäupter des Kalifen, sowie die göttlichen, d. h. die erhabenen Eigenschaften und Namen Allahs, in arabischer Schrift auf besonders verzierten, geschnitzten Tafeln (levha). Vor dem Eingang in die Moschee befand sich auch eine gewölbte Arkadengalerie mit drei kleineren Kuppeln. Im Hof befindet sich ein Brunnen für die Gebetswaschung sowie eine Religionsschule (Medrese) mit Bibliothek. Die Bajrakli-Moschee stellt das islamische kulturelle Hauptzentrum in Belgrad dar. Heute liegt sie ein wenig versteckt im Ambiente der höheren Wohnobjekte in der Straße Gospodar Jevremova.

Wegen des Alters, der Seltenheit, der Erhaltung des ursprünglichen Zwecks sowie der Repräsentativität des Sakralbaus und der islamischen Kultur wurde sie 1946 als Kulturdenkmal unter staatlichen Schutz gestellt und 1979 wurde sie zum Kulturgut von großer Bedeutung ernannt (Beschluss, Amtsblatt "Službeni glasnik SRS" Nr. 14/79).

Literatur
 Е. Čelebija, Putopis: odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama I, Sarajewo 1979 (17. Jahrhundert; Istanbul 1896).
 F. Kanitz, zemlja i stanovništvo, Buch 1, Belgrad 1986. (Leipzig 1909).
 А. I. Hadžić, Bajrakli džamija u Beogradu, Godišnjak Muzeja grada Beograda Nr. 4, Belgrad 1957.
 Ž. P. Jovanović, Iz starog Beograda, Belgrad 1964.
 Р. Samardžić, Novi vek: doba turske vlasti 1521-1804, in: Istorija Beograda 1, Belgrad 1974.
 D. Đurić Zamolo, Beograd kao orijentalna varoš pod Turcima 1521-1867, Belgrad 1977.
 А. Talundžić, Bajrakli džamija u Beogradu, Most – časopis za obrazovanje, nauku i kulturu Nr.183, 94 - neue Serie, Мостар 2005.
 S. Bogunović, Arhitektonska enciklopedija Beograda XIX i XX veka, Belgrad 2005.
 М. Đ. Milićević, Topografske beleške, in: Stari Beograd – putopisi iz XIX veka, Belgrad 2005.
 S. und D. Vicić, Pozdrav iz Beograda 1895 – 1941, Buch 1, Belgrad 2008.
 Bajrakli džamija, dosije spomenika kulture, Dokumentacija Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture grada Beograda.

Weblinks

 kleine Website (englisch)
 Website (serbisch und englisch)
 Website der Stadt Belgrad (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Moschee in Serbien
Osmanische Moschee
Moscheebau in Serbien
Moscheebau in Europa
Erbaut in den 1570er Jahren
Sakralbau in Belgrad
Umgewidmete Moschee
Kirchengebäude (römisch-katholisch)
Belgrad
Umgenutztes Bauwerk in Serbien

Bajrakli-Moschee (Belgrad)


الوطن الأم ينادي (بالروسية:Родина-мать зовёт) يطلق عليه كذلك اسم «الوطن الأم» أو «نصب ماماييف». هو تمثال في هضبة مرتفعة هي هضبة ماماييف كورغان التي تطل على مدينة فولجوجراد (ستالينجراد سابقا) في روسيا، تكريما لمعركة ستالينجراد التي جرت بين الاتحاد السوفييتي وألمانيا النازية بين عامي 1942، 43.

عندما تم تدشين النصب في العام 1967، كان أعلى منحوتة في العالم، بارتفاع 85 مترا من أقصى السيف إلى أدنى القاعدة. جسم المنحوتة ذاته يبلغ ارتفاعه 52 مترا، والسيف 33 مترا. 200 درجة من السلالم تمثل المائتي يوم للمعركة تم بناؤها من القاع إلى قمة التمثال. نحات التمثال الرئيسي كان يفغيني فوتشيتيتش (النحات الروسي الشهير من أصول صربية). ومثلت الإنشاءات الهندسية للمنحوتة التي تبلع 7900 طن تحديا كبيرا لمهندس الإنشاءات نيكولاي نيكيتين. يظهر شكل التمثال في العلم الحالي وشعار إقليم فولغوغراد أوبلاست أحد كيانات روسيا الاتحادية.

التصميم
الموديل التي تم نحت التمثال على ملامحها هي «فالنتينا ازوتوفا» لايزال بالإمكان التعرف على وجه الشبه بينها وبين ملامح التمثال. تم توظيفها من قبل «ليف مايسترنكو» الذي كان يقوم بالعمل على مجمع النصب في أوائل الستينيات. وفقا لبعض المصار فقد تم استيحاء التمثال من تمثال نصر ساموثراس المجنح الاغريقي. تم دفن المارشال في الاتحاد السوفيتي فاسيلي تشيكوف في منطقة مجمع التمثال.

مقارنة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Google Maps Satellite view of statue in Volgograd

أبراج مائلة
تأسيسات سنة 1967 في روسيا
تماثيل ضخمة في روسيا
تماثيل في روسيا
فنون روسية
فنون سوفيتية
معالم أثرية ونصب تذكارية بنيت في الاتحاد السوفيتي
منحوتات 1967
منحوتات خارجية في روسيا
منحوتات في الاتحاد السوفيتي
منحوتات نساء في روسيا
نصب تذكارية للحرب العالمية الثانية في روسيا
نصب عسكرية ومقابر سوفيتية
معالم أثرية ونصب تذكارية في فولغوغراد

الوطن الأم ينادي


Caloboletus calopus (Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1801 ex Alfredo Vizzini, 2014) sin. Boletus calopus (Jacob Christian Schäffer, 1774 ex Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1801), din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Caloboletus, cunoscut în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord sub numele hrib frumos sau hrib cu picior frumos, este o specie de ciuperci necomestibile, regional destul de fecventă. Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formând micorize pe rădăcinile de arbori). El poate fi găsit în primul rând în păduri de conifere sub molizi, mai rar în cele de foioase sub fagi, crescând solitar sau în grupuri mici, de la câmpie la munte, dar preferat în zonele montane mai călduroase de exemplu ale Munții Carpaților, din (iunie) iulie până octombrie.

Taxonomie

Acest burete a fost descris deseori. Prima menționare a fost acea a lui Jacob Christian Schäffer în volumul 4 al operei sale Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones din 1774, sub denumirea Boletus olivaceus.

În anul 1801, Christian Hendrik Persoon a redenumit ciuperca drept Boletus calopus în volumul 2 al lucrării sale Synopsis methodica Fungorum, fiind numele binomial hotărât.

Pentru câtva timp denumirea Suillus olicaceus a micologului german Otto Kuntze din 1898 a fost folosită de mulți micologi.

În anul 2014, micologul italian Alfredo Vizzini a mutat specia la genul nou Caloboletus sub păstrarea epitetului. După ce ambele mari comitete de nomenclatură, anume Index Fungorum și Mycobank au acceptat această denumire, noul nume este în prezent obligatoriu precu tip de specie (2023), deși vechiul Boletus calopus este folosit mai departe în cele mai multe cărți micologice. Acceptanța taxonului nou Caloboletus precum a speciilor asociate a urmat datorită unor studii moleculare recente care au conturat un nou cadru filogenetic pentru familia Boletaceae.

Mai trebuie menționat, că denumirea Boletus pachypus creată de renumitul micolog suedez Elias Magnus Fries în 1815, este văzută pe scară largă doar sinonim al buretelui aici descris.

Epitetul specific este compus din cuvintele de limba greacă veche (=frumos) (trăgându-se de la numele nimfei Callisto care a fi fost de o foarte mare frumusețe), și (=picior), referindu-se la piciorul ciupercii viu colorat.

 Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 8-20 cm, este largă, compactă și cărnoasă. La început semisferică cu marginea răsfrântă în jos, este la maturitate boltită, întinzându-se la bătrânețe în formă de pernă deseori îndoită neregulat. Cuticula este mătăsoasă și catifelată, niciodată lipicioasă, care se poate decoji numai foarte greu. Coloritul ei este în tinerețe alb-cenușiu, la maturitate tinde mai mult spre un măsliniu palid respectiv maroniu de piele, câteodată cu tonuri gălbuie.
 Tuburile: sunt lungi, aderate la picior, în stadiu avansat bombate, fiind colorate galben de lămâie, la bătrânețe verzui.
 Porii: mici și rotunjori sunt inițial de aceiași culoare cu tuburile, la maturitate galben-verzui, în sfârșit și ei verzui. La atingere se decolorează albastru-verzui.
 Piciorul: cu o lungime de 7 până la 15 cm  și o grosime de 4 până la 6 cm este compact, tare, bulbos, uneori ușor alungit și plin pe dinăuntru. Suprafața este purpurie până roșu înfocată, spre tuburi galbenă, acoperită cu o grilă strânsă și evident alb-gălbuie până roșiatică. La atingere, tija se colorează verde murdar, chiar și negricios.
 Carnea: este compactă, tare și palidă, de colorit albicios-crem, rar cu tonuri gălbuie, decolorându-se la tăiere sau după o leziune în pălărie doar moderat gri-albăstrui iar la bază albastru. Mirosul este amărui dar nu neplăcut, gustul fiind în primele clipe după ingerare savuros, devenind apoi foarte amar.
 Caracteristici microscopice: sporii în hidroxid de potasiu aproape hialini, iar în reactivul Melzer brun-gălbui, sunt netezi, cu pereți ușor groși, fusiform-alungiți cu picături, având o dimensiune de 12-16 x 4,5-5,5 microni. Pulberea lor este galben-măslinie. Basidiile (celulele purtătoare de spori) au forma de măciucă, cu 4 sterigme fiecare, măsurănd 30-38 x 9-12 microni. Pileocistide (elemente sterile de pe suprafața pălăriei)  sunt formate din hife filamentoase întrețesute. Himenoforul este deviant bilateral și corespunde subtipului genului Boletus. Pleurocistide (elemente sterile situate în himenul de pe fețele lamelor) și cheilocistide (elemente sterile situate pe muchia lamelor) de 25-40 x 10-15 microni, în formă de sticlă și cu pereți subțiri, sunt de asemenea clavate până fusiforme și hialine (translucide). Conexiunile cu cleme de pe pereții intermediari (septuri) ai firelor fungice lipsesc.C. L. Alessio: "Boletus Dill. ex L. (sensu lato)", în: "Fungi Europaei", vol. 2, Editura Biella Giovanna, Saronno1985, p. 153-156
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se decolorează cu acid lactic galben, cu anilină roz-violet apoi maro, cu fenol maro, cu Hidroxid de potasiu ușor ocru în pălărie și brun-galbui în picior, cu metol aproape negru și cu tinctură de Guaiacum după câteva minute albastru.

 Confuzii
Hribul frumos poate fi confundat nu numai cu variația sa Boletus pachypus, ci, de asemenea, cu mai multe alte specii din familia Boletaceae (în special dacă nu se dă seama de pori roșii), cum ar fi: Boletus aestivalis, Boletus appendiculatus, Boletus edulis, Boletus erythropus sin. Boletus luridiformis (foarte gustos, pori roșiori), Boletus junquilleus (gustos, mai deschis gălbui, spori gălbui), Boletus impolitus sin. Hemileccinum impolitum (comestibil), Boletus luridus (crud neprielnic, preparat foarte gustos, pori roșiatici), Boletus pinicola, Boletus pulverulentus (de calitate mediocră, porii tind spre roșu), Boletus purpureus (necomestibil, pori roșii, gust tare neplăcut). Boletus radicans (necomestibil, amar, picior fără roșu, crește numai în păduri foioase),Boletus regius (comestibil), Boletus speciosus (comestibil), Boletus splendidus ssp. moseri, Imperator torosus sin. Boletus torosus ( probabil otrăvitor), Leccinellum crocipodium sin. Leccinum crocipodium (comestibil), Rubroboletus dupainii (comestibil, pori roșii), Rubroboletus legaliae sin. Boletus legaliae, Boletus satanoides (suspect, crud mereu foarte toxic), Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus (crud foarte toxic, bine fiert probabil comestibil, de calitate mediocră, ușor de confundat cu buretele dracului, comestibilitatea fiind discutată, de aceea indicat aici necomestibil), Rubroboletus satanas (otrăvitor, pori roșiatici), sau Tylopilus felleus'' (necomestibil, amar).

Specii asemănătoare

Valorificare
Se înțelege de singur, că hribul frumos nu este comestibil. Este neapărat de menționat, că amărăciunea ciupercii nu se constată imediat după degustare. Din păcate se găsesc deseori exemplare călcate în picioare sau rupte. În diverse regiuni buretele a devenit deja foarte rar. Nu distrugeți această ciupercă frumoasă, mult mai mult acceptați valoarea ei ecologică pentru arbori și pădure!

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012,  ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, volumul 1, vezi note
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci: ciuperci comestibile și otrăvitoare", Editura Casa, Oradea 2013
 Elena Cristina Mincu, Răzvan Țuculescu: "Ciupercile din România", Editura Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș 2010
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Marcel Pârvu: "Ghid practic de micologie", Editura Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca 2007
 Rolf Singer: "Die Pilze Mitteleuropas", vol. 5 și 6: "Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2", Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967

Legături externe

 Boletus calopus 1, film
 Boletus calopus 2, film

Boletaceae
Micoriză
Ciuperci necomestibile
1774 în știință

Caloboletus calopus


Candolleova slabunjavka (lat. Psathyrella candolleana) je jestiva gljiva iz porodice (Psathyrellaceae). Često se nalazi na travnjacima ili pašnjacima u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi. Jestiva je, ali se ne preporučuje zbog slabe kulinarske vrijednosti i konzistencije, kao i poteškoća u otkrivanju.

Opis
 Klobuk candolleove slabunjavke je širok od 3 do 6 centimetara, u mladosti zvonolik ili polukružan, zatim otvoren, lomljiv, vlažan, najprije injast, zatim gladak; ako je kišovito vrijeme ističe se smeđasta boja, dok po suhom vremenu prevladava bjelkasta boja, a ispupčenje je oker; kod mladih primjeraka na rubu su uvijek prisutni ostaci ovoja u vidu nježnih krpica ili zubaca.
 Listići su gusti, najprije bijeli, zatim purpurnoljubičasti i potom tamnosmeđi s bjelkastim rubom, tanki, slobodni i nejednako dugi.
 Stručak je visok od 3 do 6 centimetara, vrlo lomljiv, vlaknast, u gornjem dijelu slabo brazdast, šupalj, na osnovi često zadebljan, bijel.
 Meso je tanko, vrlo krhko, bijelo, miris ugodan, okus tečan.
 Spore su eliptične, glatke, 7 - 8 x 4 – 4,5 μm, otrusina je purpurnosmeđe boje.

Kemijske reakcije
Meso s fenolanilinom lagano postaje crveno.

Stanište
Raste skupno ili busenasto od proljeća do sredine jeseni u vlažnim šumama, u blizini panjeva, po parkovima i uz šumske putove.

Upotrebljivost
Candolleova slabunjavka je jestiva; međutim, nije česta tako da ne možemo računati s obilatim obrocima.

Sličnosti
Moguća je zamjena s nekim sličnim vrstama iz roda Psathyrella, koje su također jestive. Međutim, ako pazite na vrlo lomljivo meso, maljavo krpasti rub klobuka i u gornjem dijelu naboran stručak, teško da se može pogriješiti.

Slike

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Agaricales
Jestive gljive

Candolleova slabunjavka


Kimyager (Kimya bilimci), Üniversitelerin Fen Fakülteleri'nin Kimya Lisans Bölümlerinden mezun olan; organik kimya, anorganik kimya, analitik kimya, biyokimya, fizikokimya gibi kimya bilimi konularında ileri düzeyde eğitim alan kimya bilimcilerdir. Araştırma geliştirme, kalite kontrol, kalite güvence, üretim, teknik yönetim, sorumlu müdürlük başlıca çalışma sahalarıdır.

Almanya Başbakanı Angela Merkel, eski İngiltere Başbakanı Margaret Thatcher, Eczacıbaşı'nın kurucusu Nejat Eczacıbaşı, Alfred Nobel, Robert Boyle, Louis Pasteur, Linus Pauling, Kimya dalında Nobel ödülü alan Aziz Sancar, Türkiye'den ve dünyadan bazı ünlü kimyagerlerdir.

Çoğu ilaç ve kimyasalı, bulan, sentezleyen ve üreten diğer ünlü kimyagerlerden bazıları şunlardır;

A
 Ahmed H. Zewail (1946 - ...) Mısır-Amerikalı Kimyager.
 Aziz Sancar (1946 - ...)Türk-Amerikan Türk Biyofizik-Biyokimya uzmanı
 Emil Abderhalden, (1877–1950), İsviçreli kimyager
 Richard Abegg, (1869–1910), Alman kimyager
 Peter Agre, (1949-), Amerikalı kimyager ve doktor, 2003 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Arthur Aikin, (1773–1855), İngiliz kimyager ve minerolojist
 David Anthony Alberola, (1859–1927), Amerikalı kimyager ve fizikçi
 Johan August Arfwedson, (1792–1841), İsveçli kimyager
 Amedeo Avogadro, (1776–1856), İtalyan fizikçi ve kimyager
 Heather C. Allen (d. 1960), Amerikalı kimyager
 Angelo Angeli (1864-1931), İtalyan kimyager
 Natalie Ahn, Amerikalı kimyager
 John Albery (1936-2013), İngiliz fiziksel kimyager
 Adrien Albert (1907-1989), Avustralyalı tıbbi kimyager
 Frederick Abel (1827-1902), İngiliz kimyager
 Karin Aurivillius (1920-1982), İsveçli kimyager ve kristalograf
 Allene Jeanes (1906-1995), Amerikan kimyager

B

 Leo Baekeland (1863–1944),

 Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917),

 Karl Bayer (1847–1904),

 Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682),

 Paul Berg (d. 1926),
 Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949),
 Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907),
 Claude Louis Berthollet (1748–1822),

 Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848),

 Alexander Borodin (1833–1887),

 Paul D. Boyer (d. 1918), 1997

 Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004),
 Eduard Buchner (1860–1917), 1907 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Stephen L. Buchwald, (d. 1955),
 Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811–1899), Alman mucit ve kimyager

 Adolf Butenandt (1903–1995), 1939
 Katherine Bitting (1869–1937),Kanadalı ve Amerikalı gıda kimyacısı
 Stephanie Burns (d. 1955), Amerikalı organosilikon kimyager ve Kimya Endüstrisi Derneği'nin eski onursal başkanı
 Rachel Fuller Brown (1898-1980) Amerikalı kimyager
 EJ Bowen (1898–1980), İngiliz fiziksel kimyacı

C

 Melvin Calvin, (1911–1997), Amerikalı kimyager, 1961 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Georg Ludwig Carius, (1829–1875), Alman kimyager
 Heinrich Caro, (1834–1910), Alman kimyager
 Wallace Carothers, (1896–1937), Amerikalı kimyager
 Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), İngiliz kimyager
 Yves Chauvin (d. 1930), 2005 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Elias James Corey (d. 1928), Amerikalı organik kimyacı 1990 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Marie Curie (1867–1934), Polonya asıllı Fransız fizikçi ve kimyager 1903 Nobel Fizik Ödülü
 Pierre Curie (1859–1906), 1903 Nobel Fizik Ödülü
 Robert Curl (d. 1933), 1996 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Theodor Curtius, (1857–1928), Alman kimyager
 Michelle Chang (d. 1977), Amerikalı kimyager, Kimya Profesörü

D

 John Dalton (1766–1844), Fizikçi ve Kimyacı
 Carl Peter Henrik Dam (1895–1976), Danimarkalı Biyokimyacı 1943 Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü
 Humphry Davy (1778–1829)
 Peter Debye (1884–1966)
 Sir James Dewar, (1842–1923)
 Otto Diels, (1876–1954), Alman Kimyager, 1950 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Edward Doisy, (born 1893), Amerikalı biyokimyacı,1943 Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü
 Davorin Dolar, (1921-2005), Kimyager
 Emmanuel Dongala, Kimyager
 Jean Baptiste Dumas, (1800–1884), Fransız Kimyager
 Serena DeBeer (1973 doğumlu) Amerikalı kimyager ve Max Planck Kimyasal Enerji Dönüşümü Enstitüsü müdürü

E
 Esther Batchelder
 Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964), İsveçli Kimyager, 1929 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Ebu Musa Câbir bin Hayyan (721-815) Fars Kimyager
 Arthur Eichengrün (1867-1949), Alman kimyager

F
 Francesco Bellini
 Fred Basolo
 Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
 Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)
 Franz Josephyager

G
 Johan Gadolin, (1760–1852), Fin Kimyager
 Victor Goldschmidt, (1888–1947) Modern Jeokimyanın Babası
 Ljubo Golic, (born 1932), Kimyager.
 Thomas Graham, (1805–1869)
 William Hardin Graham ???
 Francois Auguste Victor Grignard, (1871–1935), 1912 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Robert H. Grubbs, (born 1942), 2005 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Bettye Washington Greene (1935-1995), lateks ve polimerler üzerine Amerikalı araştırmacı

H
 Hüseyin Hilmi Işık (1911-2001) Türkiye, Kimyager
 Fritz Haber, (1868–1934)
 Otto Hahn, (1879–1968)
 John Haldane, (1860–1936), İngiliz Biyokimyager
 Odd Hassel, (1897–1981), Norwegian Kimyager 1969 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Charles Hatchett, (1765–1847), İngiliz Kimyager Niobiumun mucidi
 Clayton Heathcock, Amerikalı Kimyager
 Dudley R. Herschbach, (1932-), Amerikalı Kimyager, 1986 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Robert Havemann, (1910–1982), Kimyager.
 George de Hevesy, (1885–1966), Kimyager, recipient of the Nobel Kimya Ödülü 1943
 J. H. van 't Hoff, (1852–1911), Dutch physical Kimyager, 1901 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Friedrich Hoffmann, (1660–1742), physician and Kimyager
 Roald Hoffmann, (born 1937), Polish-born Amerikalı Kimyager, 1981 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 August Wilhelm von Hofmann, (1818–1892) Alman Organik Kimyacı
 Jaroslav Heyrovsky, (1890–1967), Czech Kimyager, 1959 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Gerhard Herzberg, (1904–1999), Alman-Canadian Kimyager, 1971 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Amir H. Hoveyda, asimetrik katalizde çalışan kimyager

I

 Sir Christopher Kelk Ingold (1893–1970), İngiliz Kimyager
 İbn-i Sina (980 - 1037) İran'lı Kimyager

J
 Jeannette Brown
 Frederic Joliot-Curie (1900–1958), Fransız kimyager ve fizikçi
 Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), Fransız kimyager ve fizikçi
 Faiza Al-Kharafi (d. 1946), Kuveytli kimyager, akademik ve Orta Doğu'da büyük bir üniversiteye başkanlık eden ilk kadın

K

 Paul Karrer, (1889–1971), 1937 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (1783–1857)
 Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, (1829–1896), Alman Kimyager
 Emil Knoevenagel, (1865–1921)
 Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, (1818–1884)
 Izaak Kolthoff, (1894–1993) Analitikl Kimyanın Babası
 Aleksandra Kornhauser, (born 1926), Kimyager.
 Harold Kroto, (born 1939), İngiliz Kimyager, 1996 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Richard Kuhn (1900–1967), 1938 Nobel Ödülü

L

 Irving Langmuir, (1881–1957), Kimyager, Fizikçi
 Antoine Lavoisier, (1743–1794), Fransız Öncü Kimyager
 Eun Lee, (born 1946), Koreli Organik Kimyacı
 Yuan T. Lee, (born 1936), 1986 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Janez Levec, (born 1943), Kimyager.
 Primo Levi, (1919–1987), resistance fighter, Kimyager ve Romancı
 Gilbert N. Lewis, (1875–1946), Amerikalı Kimyager
 Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, (1827–1912), İngiliz Cerrah
 Henri Louis le Chatelier, (1850–1936)
 Willard Libby (1908–1980), Amerikalı Kimyager,1960 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Justus von Liebig, (1803–1873), Alman Mucit
 Christopher Longuet-Higgens, İngiliz Kimyager
 Martin Lowry, (1874–1936), İngiliz Kimyager
 Auguste Laurent (14 Kasım 1807 - 15 Nisan 1853), Fransız kimyager .

M
 Martha Doan
 Marta Catellani, İtalyan kimyager, Catellani reaksiyonunu keşfetti
 Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov, (1838–1904)
 Lise Meitner, (1878–1968), Fizikçi
 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, (1834–1907), Kimyager, Periyodik Tablo ve Elemetlerin Mucidi
 John Mercer, (1791–1866), Kimyager ve sanayici
 Robert Bruce Merrifield, (1921–2006), Katı Faz Kimyageri
 Lothar Meyer, (1830–1895)
 Viktor Meyer, (1848–1897),
 Kurt Heinrich Meyer
 Stanley Miller (born 1930), Amerikalı Kimyager
 Luis E. Miramontes (1925–2004),
 William A. Mitchell, (1911–2004),
 Alexander Mitscherlic, (1836–1918), Kimyager
 Jacques Monod, (1910–1976), Biyokimyacı, Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü 1965
 Peter Moore (born 1939), Amerikalı biokimyacı,
 Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887-1915), İngiliz Fizikçi
 Robert S. Mulliken, (1896–1986), Amerikalı Fizikçi, Kimyager

N

 Robert Nalbandyan, (1937–2002), Ermeni protein kimyacısı
 Isaac Newton, (1642–1727), Bilimci ve Kimyager
 Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou, Amerikalı Kimyager
 Alfred Nobel, İsveçli Kimyager

O

 George Andrew Olah, (born 1927), 1994 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Lars Onsager, (1903–1976), physical Kimyager, 1968 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Wilhelm Ostwald, (1853–1932), 1909 Nobel Kimya Ödülü

P

 Paracelsus, (1493–1541), simyager
 Rudolph Pariser, (d. 1923), theorik ve organik kimyacı
 Robert G. Parr, (d. 1921), theorik kimyacı
 Louis Pasteur, (1822–1895), Fransız biyokimyager
 Linus Pauling, (1901–1994), Nobel Barış ve Kimya Ödülü
 William Perkin, (1838–1907) İngiliz organik kimyacı ve boyanın mucidi
 John A. Pople, (1925–2004), teorik kimyacı, 1998 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Roy J. Plunkett, (1910–1994), teflonun mucidi
 Fritz Pregl, (1869–1930), Kimyager, Nobel Kimya Ödülü 1923.
 Vladimir Prelog, (1906–1998), 1975 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Joseph Priestley, (1733–1804)
 Ilya Prigogine, (1917–2003), 1977 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 John Charles Polanyi, (d. 1929), Kanadalı kimyager, Nobel Kimya Ödülü 1986.
 Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826),

Q

 Ğilem Qamay (1901–1970), Sovyet Kimyager

R
 Ralph Nuzzo
 William Ramsay, (born 1852), İrlandalı Kimyager
 Henry Rapoport, Amerikalı Kimyager, UC Berkeley
 Rhazes (Razi), (865–925)
 Marij Rebek, Kimyager.
 Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878), Fransız Kimyager ve Fizikçi
 Tadeus Reichstein, (1897–1996), Kimyager, 1950 Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü
 Stuart A. Rice, (born 1932), Fizikokimyacı
 Ellen Swallow Richards, (1842–1911), Endüstriyel ve Çevre Kimyageri
 Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762–1807), Alman Kimyager.
 H. M. Rouell, (1718–1779)
 Leopold Ruzicka, (1887–1976), 1939 Nobel Kimya Ödülü

S

 Paul Sabatier, (1854–1941), 1912 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Maks Samec, (1844–1889), Sloven Kimyager.
 Carl Wilhelm Scheele, (1742–1786), İsveçli 18.yy Kimyager, temel elementlerin mucidi
 Stuart L. Schreiber, (d. 1956), Amerikalı Kimyager, kimyasal biyoplojinin öncüsü
 Richard R. Schrock, (d. 1945), 2005 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Glenn T. Seaborg, (1912–1999), 1951 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Nils Gabriel Sefström, (1787–1845), Kimyager.
 Francesco Selmi, (1817–1881), İtalyan Kimyager.
 Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, (1896–1986), Fizikçi ve Kimyager, 1956 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Israel Shahak, (1933–2001)
 Karl Barry Sharpless, (d. 1941), 2001 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Peter Schultz, Amerikalı Kimyager
 Oktay Sinanoglu, (d. 1935), Türk Kimyager ve Kimya Mühendisi Teorik Kimyanın Öncüsü
 S.P.L. Sørensen, (1868–1939), Danimarkalı Kimyager
 Frederick Soddy, (1877–1956), İngiliz Kimyager, 1921 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Wendell Meredith Stanley, (1904–1971), 1946 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Branko Stanovnik, (d. 1938), Kimyager.
 Hermann Staudinger, (1881–1965), Polimer Kimyacısı, 1953 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Alfred Stock, (1876–1946)
 Daston Stocholm, (1884–1971), 1926 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Fraser Stoddart, (1945), Kimyager,
 Gilbert Stork
 Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1897-1994), Pakistanlı kimyager, doğal ürünler kimyasında öncü
 Mostafa El-Sayed (d. 1933), Mısırlı-Amerikalı fiziksel kimyager

T

 Richard Taylor, (1965-), Organik kimya, University of York.
 Henry Taube (1915-2005), 1983 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Julius Thomsen (1826-1909)
 Miha Tisler (d. 1926)

U

 Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981), 1934 Nobel Kimya Ödülü.

V
 Vincenzo Barone
 Lauri Vaska, (born 1925), Estonyalı/Amerikalı Kimyager.
 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, (1895–1973), Kimyager, Nobel Ödüllü (1945)
 Alessandro Volta, (1745–1827), İtalyan fizikci ve elektro kimyager, Volta hücresini icat etti
 Aristid von Grosse (1905-1985)

W

 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923)
 John Ernest Walker
 Alfred Werner (1866–1919), 1913 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 George Whitesides, Amerikalı kimyager
 Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957) Alman kimyager 1927 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Harvey W. Wiley (1844–1930), Amerikalı kimyager
 Geoffrey Wilkinson, (1921–1996), 1973 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Friedrich Woehler (1800–1882)(Friedrich Wöhler), Alman kimyager
 William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828), İngiliz kimyager
 Robert B. Woodward (1917–1979), 1965 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Kurt Wüthrich (d. 1938), 2002 Nobel Kimya Ödülü
 Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817–1884)
 Thomas Willson (1860–1915), Kanadalı kimyager, kalsiyum karbür oluşturmak için ekonomik olarak verimli bir süreç keşfetti
 Charles de Worms (1903–1979)

X

 Xiaoliang Sunney Xie (d. 1962), Çinli Kimyager

Y
 Sabir Yunusov (1909–1995), Sovyet Kimyager (alkaloidler)

Z

Kaynakça

Bilim insanı listeleri
Kimya listeleri

Kimyagerler listesi


Anna (or Onna; killed 653 or 654) was king of East Anglia from the early 640s until his death. He was a member of the Wuffingas family, the ruling dynasty of the East Angles, and one of the three sons of Eni who ruled the kingdom of East Anglia, succeeding some time after Ecgric was killed in battle by Penda of Mercia. Anna was praised by Bede for his devotion to Christianity and was renowned for the saintliness of his family: his son Jurmin and all his daughters – Seaxburh, Æthelthryth, Æthelburh and possibly a fourth, Wihtburh – were canonised.

Little is known of Anna's life or his reign, as few records have survived from this period. In 631 he may have been at Exning, close to the Devil's Dyke. In 645 Cenwalh of Wessex was driven from his kingdom by Penda and, due to Anna's influence, he was converted to Christianity while living as an exile at the East Anglian court. Upon his return from exile, Cenwalh re-established Christianity in his own kingdom and the people of Wessex then remained firmly Christian.

Around 651 the land around Ely was absorbed into East Anglia, following the marriage of Anna's daughter Æthelthryth.  Anna richly endowed the coastal monastery at Cnobheresburg. In 651, in the aftermath of an attack by Penda on Cnobheresburg, Anna was forced to flee into exile, perhaps to the western kingdom of the Magonsæte. He returned to East Anglia in about 653, but soon afterwards the kingdom was attacked again by Penda and at the Battle of Bulcamp the East Anglian army, led by Anna, was defeated by the Mercians, and both Anna and his son Jurmin were killed. Anna was succeeded by his brother, Æthelhere. Botolph's monastery at Iken may have been built in commemoration of the king. After Anna's reign, East Anglia seems to have been eclipsed by its more powerful neighbour, Mercia.

Sources
The kingdom of East Anglia () was a small independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Cambridgeshire Fens.

In contrast to the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex, little reliable evidence about the kingdom of the East Angles has survived, because of the destruction of its monasteries and the disappearance of the two East Anglian sees that occurred as the result of Viking raids and settlement. The main primary sources for information about Anna's life and reign are the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), completed in Northumbria by Bede in 731, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, initially written in the ninth century, which mentions Anna's death. The mediaeval work known as the Liber Eliensis, written in Ely in the twelfth century, is a source of information about Anna's daughters, and also describes his death and burial.

Early life and marriage

Anna was the son of Eni, a member of the ruling Wuffingas family, and nephew of Rædwald, king of the East Angles from 600 to 625. East Anglia was an early and long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom in which a duality of a northern and a southern part existed, corresponding with the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.

Anna was married; Bede refers to the saint Sæthryth as "daughter of the wife of Anna, king of the East Angles". In Abbott Folcard's Life of St Botolph, written in the 11th century, Botolph is described as having been at one time the chaplain to the sisters of a king, Æthelmund, whose mother was named Sæwara. Folcard names two of Sæwara's kinsmen as Æthelhere and Æthelwold. Since these are the names of two of Anna's brothers, Steven Plunkett suggests that it is "tempting" to consider that Sæwara was married to Anna, and that Æthelmund might either be Anna's full name, or the name of an otherwise unknown East Anglian sub-king.

The Liber Eliensis, on the other hand, names Hereswith, the sister of Hild, abbess of Whitby, as Anna's wife and the mother of Sæthryth, Seaxburh of Ely and Æthelthryth.  However, the Liber Eliensis is regarded with caution by historians: Rosalind Love says that the mediaeval writers who interpreted Bede's information about Hereswith made an "erroneous assumption" regarding her connection with Anna and his family. Bede is clear that Hereswith had left East Anglia as a widow before Hild visited the kingdom, at which time Anna was very much alive. Historians now believe that Hereswith was Anna's sister-in-law, and some have thought that around the time that she married into the East Anglian royal family, Anna had already been king for a decade.

In 631 Anna was probably at the Suffolk village of Exning, an important settlement with royal connections, and, according to the Liber Eliensis, the birthplace of his daughter Æthelthryth. By tradition, Æthelthryth is said to have been baptised at Exning in a pool known as St Mindred's Well. Exning was an important place strategically, as it stood just on the East Anglian side of the Devil's Dyke, a major earthwork stretching between the Fen edge and the headwaters of the River Stour, built at an earlier date to defend the East Anglian region from attack. An early Anglo-Saxon cemetery discovered there suggests the existence of an important site nearby, possibly a royal estate or regio.

King of the East Angles

Accession and rule

During 632 or 633 Edwin of Northumbria, with his centre of Christian power north of the River Humber, was overthrown. Edwin was slain and Northumbria was ravaged by Cadwallon ap Cadfan, supported by the Mercian king, Penda. The Mercians then turned on the kingdom of the East Angles and their king, Ecgric. At an unknown date (possibly in the early 640s), they routed the East Anglian army and Ecgric and his predecessor Sigeberht were both slain. D. P. Kirby has suggested that as Sigeberht was alive when the Irish monk Fursey left for Gaul and found Erchinoald, (which happened after Erchinoald became Mayor of the Neustrian palace in 641), Sigeberht was probably killed around 640 or 641. Penda's victory marked the end of the line of kings of the East Angles who were directly descended from Rædwald. Some time after Penda's victory, Anna became king of the East Angles, though the date of his accession is quite uncertain.  The Liber Eliensis says that Anna died in the nineteenth year of his reign, and since he died in the mid-650s this would indicate a date around 635. However, the Liber Eliensis is regarded by some historians as unreliable on this point, and Barbara Yorke suggests a possible date in the early 640s for Anna's accession, noting that it could not have been after 645 as Anna is recorded as giving refuge to Cenwalh of Wessex in that year. It is probable that Anna became king with the assistance of the northern Angles. Throughout his reign he was the victim of Mercian aggression under Penda, but he also seems to have challenged the rise of Penda's power. Due to their rivalry for control over the Middle Anglian people, Mercia and East Anglia probably became hereditary enemies and Penda repeatedly attacked the East Angles from the mid-630s to 654.

Anna arranged an important diplomatic marriage between his daughter Seaxburh and Eorcenberht of Kent, cementing an alliance between the two kingdoms. It was by means of marriages such as this that the kings of Kent became well-connected to other royal dynasties. Not all of Anna's daughters were married into other royal families. During the 640s Anna's daughter Æthelburg and his stepdaughter Sæthryth entered Faremoutiers Abbey in Gaul to live religious lives under abbess Fara. They were the first royal Anglo-Saxons to become nuns, making religious seclusion "an acceptable and desirable vocation for ex-queens and royal princesses", according to Barbara Yorke.

D. P. Kirby uses the presence of East Anglian princesses living under the veil in Gaul as evidence of the Frankish orientation of Anna's kingdom at this time, continued since the reign of his predecessor Rædwald. The Wuffingas dynasty may have been connected with monastic foundations in the area around Faramoutiers through Anna's predecessor Sigeberht, who had spent several years as an exile in Gaul and had become a devout and learned Christian due to his experiences of monastic life.

In 641 Oswald of Northumbria was slain in battle by Penda (probably at Oswestry in Shropshire). Due to his death, Northumbria was split into two. The northern part, Bernicia, accepted Oswald's brother Oswiu as their new king, but the southern Deirans refused to accept him and were ruled instead by a king of the original Deiran house, Oswine. Soon afterwards Cenwalh of Wessex, the brother of Oswald's widow and himself married to Penda's sister, renounced his wife. In 645, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Penda drove Cenwalh from his kingdom and into exile. During the following year, while a refugee at Anna's court, he was converted to Christianity, returning in 648 to rule Wessex as a Christian king. Anna probably provided military support for Cenwalh's return to his throne.

Anna's hold on the western limits of his kingdom, which bordered on the Fen lands that surrounded the Isle of Ely, was strengthened by the marriage in 651 (or slightly later) of his daughter Æthelthryth to Tondberht, a prince of the South Gyrwe, a people living in the fens who may have been settled in the area around Ely. Æthelthryth, accompanied by her minister Owine, travelled from Ely to Northumbria when she married for the second time, to Ecgfrith.

Exile

During his reign Anna endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg with rich buildings and objects. The monastery was built in about 633 by Fursey after he arrived in East Anglia. In time, weary of attacks on the kingdom, Fursey left East Anglia for good, leaving the monastery to his brother Foillan. When in 651 Penda attacked the monastery, Anna and his men arrived and held the Mercians back.  This gave Foillan and his monks enough time to escape with their books and valuables, but Penda defeated Anna and drove him into exile, possibly to the kingdom of Merewalh of the Magonsætan, in western Shropshire. He returned to East Anglia in about 654.

Death, burial place and successors
Soon after 653, when Penda made his son Peada the ruler of the Middle Angles (but still continued to rule his own country), the Mercian assault on East Anglia was repeated. The opposing armies of Penda and Anna met at Bulcamp, near Blythburgh in Suffolk. The East Anglians were defeated and many were slain, including King Anna and his son Jurmin. Anna's death is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the entry for 653 or 654,  "Her Anna cining werð ofslagen ..."  – 'Here Anna was killed' – but no other details of the battle in which he died are given.

Blythburgh, a mile from Bulcamp and situated near the fordable headwaters of the Blyth estuary, was afterwards believed to be the location of the tombs of Anna and Jurmin. It is a candidate for a monastic site or a royal regio (estate). According to Peter Warner, the Latin derivation of part of the nearby place-name 'Bulcamp' indicates its ancient origins, and mediaeval sources which claim continuous Christian worship at Blythburgh throughout the Anglo-Saxon period provide circumstantial evidence of its connections with East Anglian royalty and Christianity. Part of an 8th-century whalebone diptych or writing-tablet, used for liturgical purposes, has been found near the site.

Saint Botolph began to build his monastery at Icanho, now conclusively identified as Iken, Suffolk, in the year that Anna was killed, possibly to commemorate the king. Anna was succeeded in turn by his two brothers Æthelhere and Æthelwold, who may have ruled jointly. It is possible that Æthelhere was set up as a puppet ruler by Penda or was his ally, as he was one of the 30 duces that accompanied Penda when he attacked Oswiu of Northumbria at an unidentified location called the Winwæd in 655 or 656. Penda himself was killed at the Winwæd, after having steadily increased his power over a period of 13 years. Æthelhere (who was also slain at the Battle of the Winwæd) and Æthelwold were succeeded by the descendants of Anna's youngest brother, Æthelric.

Bede praised Anna's piety in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and modern historians have since regarded Anna as a devout king, but his reputation as a devoted Christian is mainly because he produced a son and four daughters who were all made into Anglo-Saxon saints. Five hundred years after his death, his tomb at Blythburgh was (according to the Liber Eliensis) still "venerated by the pious devotion of faithful people".

Family
Anna's children were all canonised.  The eldest, Seaxburh, was the wife of Eorcenberht of Kent. She ruled Kent from 664 until her son Ecgberht came of age. Æthelthryth, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, founded the monastery at Ely in 673. Another daughter, Æthelburh, spent her life at the nunnery of Faremoutiers. Anna's son, Jurmin, was of warrior age in 653 when he was killed in battle.

By tradition, Anna is said to have had a fourth daughter, Wihtburh, an abbess at Dereham (or possibly West Dereham), where there was a royal double monastery. She may never have existed: Bede fails to mention her and she first appears in a calendar in the late 10th century Bosworth Psalter. She may have been a character specifically created by the religious community at Ely, where her remains were supposed to have been taken after being stolen from Dereham and subsequently used as visual proof of the incorruptibility of a saint's body, a substitute for her sister Æthelthryth, whose body had to remain unexamined in her tomb. Manuscript F of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which dates from about 1100, mentions Wihtburh's death when it records that her body was found uncorrupted in 798, 55 years after she died. The resulting date for her death of 743 is far too late for her to have been a sister of Æthelthryth, who was born in 636.

Notes

Footnotes

References
Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

 An episode of Time Team (Series 16, Episode 13 – Skeletons in the Shed: Blythburgh, Suffolk, first broadcast on 29 March 2009), at http://www.channel4.com, in which the historical association of the village of Blythburgh with Anna is explored.

Information about the Blythburgh writing-tablet, now at the British Museum (in London), can be found at the museum's website.

650s deaths
7th-century English monarchs
Anglo-Saxons killed in battle
East Anglian monarchs
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Year of birth unknown
Monarchs killed in action
House of Wuffingas
Burials at Blythburgh Priory

Anna of East Anglia


Narodna banka Gruzije (gruz. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი, sakartvelos erovnuli bank'i) je središnja banka Gruzije. Njen status je definiran Ustavom Gruzije.

Narodna banka prvi je put osnovana 1919. godine, kao središnja banka prve kratkotrajne gruzijske republike. Raspuštena je 25. veljače 1921. godine nakon dolaska komunista na vlast. Nakon stjecanja neovisnosti 1991. godine, banka je ponovno osnovana i dobila je prvog guvernera u listopadu iste godine.
Osnivanje Narodne banke, imalo je nekoliko slabosti, jer neovisnost Narodne banke nije bila izrijekom spomenuta u zakonu, pa su predsjednik i Parlament snažno utjecali na poslovanje Narodne banke. Uz to, aktivnosti Narodne banke nisu izričito navedene. S jedne strane, Narodna banka je imala zadatak stabilizirati razinu cijena, a s druge strane stimulirati domaće gospodarstvo. Prema Narodnoj banci, ovo proturječje onemogućilo je provođenje učinkovite novčane strategije.

Gruzija je tek u travnju 1993. prešla s rublje na vlastitu valutu, lari, kada je Rusija prestala opskrbljivati Gruziju rubljama. Od 25. svibnja 1994. godine, banke u Gruziji primile su nove zahtjeve za statutarni kapital, što je dovelo do postupno rastuće kapitalizacije gruzijskog bankarskog sektora.

Prema ustavu Gruzije, neovisna je od državnog nadzora i ima zadataću osigurati stabilnost cijena.

Vijeće
Vrhovno tijelo Narodne banke je njezino Vijeće sastavljeno od sedam članova. Predsjednik Vijeća je predsjednik Narodne banke. Vijeće se, uz predsjednika, sastoji od dva potpredsjednika i ostalih članova. Članove Vijeća NBG-a bira Parlament Gruzije na sedmogodišnji mandat, većinom od ukupnog broja svojih članova, na prijedlog predsjednika Gruzije.

Dosadašnji predsjednici NBG-a
Džason Lordkipanidze – Guverner državne banke Gruzije, srpanj 1920. – veljača 1921.
Gia Topuria, listopad 1991. – siječanj 1992.
Važa Džindžihadze, siječanj 1992. – ožujak 1992.
Nodar Kakulia, travanj 1992. – studeni 1992.
Demur Dvališvili, studeni 199.2 – listopad 1993.
Nodar Džavahišvili, listopad 1993. – ožujak 1998.
Irakli Managadze, ožujak 1998. – ožujak 2005.
Roman Gotsiridze, ožujak 2005 – listopad 2007.
Davit Amaghlobeli, listopad 2007. – veljača 2009.
Giorgi Kadagidze, veljača 2009. – veljača 2016.
Koba Gvenetadze, ožujak 2016. – danas

Izvori

Gospodarstvo Gruzije
Banke

Narodna banka Gruzije


Uma Abelha na Chuva (deutsch "Eine Biene im Regen") ist ein Schwarzweißfilm des Regisseurs Fernando Lopes aus dem Jahr 1972. Er ist die Verfilmung des gleichnamigen neorealistischen Romans von Carlos de Oliveira aus dem Jahr 1953 und zählt zu den Hauptwerken des neuen portugiesischen Films, zum Novo Cinema.

Handlung
Die von Eifersucht, Einsamkeit und Demütigungen geprägte Ehe eines Paars der Landbourgeoisie in ihrem Herrenhaus steht im Mittelpunkt des Films. Es werden die teils mühsam unterdrückten und teils dramatisch ausbrechenden Verstrickungen von Gefühlen, Abhängigkeiten und einer untergehenden, alten Hierarchie gezeigt, anhand des Paars, aber auch deren Untergebenen. Weniger eine erzählte Geschichte mit Spannungsbogen, ist der Film eher eine stetig tiefer gehende, immer mehr Details preisgebende Situationsbeschreibung.

Rezeption
Der Film entstand in Zusammenarbeit des Regisseurs mit dem Autor und bedient sich der neorealistischen Vorlage nur inhaltlich und nicht wortgetreu und umfassend. Der Film selbst ist auch kein neorealistisches Werk. Seine Filmsprache ist im Gegenteil geprägt von Abstraktion. So werden Szenen gezeigt, die stumm bleiben oder von einem fremden Ton begleitet werden, es werden Szenen mit unterschiedlichen Tönen wiederholt oder sie enden in Standbildern. Der Zuschauer erkennt aus dem Zusammenspiel der Bilder mit den Tönen, die mal die innere Gefühlswelt und mal die äußeren Geschehnisse vermitteln, nach und nach die Gründe und das Wesen der Konflikte. Die langen, beobachtenden Einstellungen lassen Raum zur Reflexion. Sie lassen die Bilder zur vollen Geltung kommen und erlauben dem Beobachter, die Personen und ihre Handlungen besser zu verstehen. Die Ästhetik der eindringlichen Bilder und Einstellungen orientiert sich an Poesie und Malerei.

Die Stimmung des Films ist gedrückt, bei aller Ruhe und gefassten Schicksalsergebenheit der Personen kommt es dabei immer wieder zu Ausbrüchen von verbaler und körperlicher Gewalt, teils dramatisch. Der Film zeigt zum einen den vergangenen Lebensstil des Herrenhauses und die sie umgebende Armut der Arbeitenden, zum anderen die dekadente Aristokratie und ihr Unvermögen, sich aus ihren überkommenen Hierarchien zu lösen und zu einem menschlichen Miteinander zu finden. Die Filmkritik erkannte hier eine Kritik am Portugal des repressiven Estado Novo-Regimes, das sich einer neuen, menschlicheren Gesellschaft verschließt und an überkommenen Verhältnissen festhält. Die hereinbrechende Moderne nur mühsam im Zaum haltend und in Kolonialkrieg und eigener Geschichtspropaganda gefangen, kann das repressiv regierte Portugal seine althergebrachten äußeren Regeln und die inneren Gefühlswelten und aktuellen Bedürfnisse nicht in Einklang bringen. Der Schnitt, die genau gezeichneten Konturen der Schwarzweiß-Bilder und der pointierte Ton wurden von der Kritik als die Mittel dieses Films genannt, diese Zusammenhänge trotz der Zensur eindringlich zu vermitteln. Hervorgehoben wurden dabei auch die schauspielerischen Leistungen der beiden Hauptdarsteller, Laura Soveral und João Guedes, die auch die Problematik der unzulänglichen zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation und ihre Folgen anschaulich darstellen.

Der Film gilt bis heute als ein außergewöhnlich gelungenes Beispiel der Filmkunst in Portugal.

Literatur
 Jorge Leitão Ramos: Dicionário do Cinema Português 1962–1988. Editorial Caminho, Lissabon 1989, ISBN 972-21-0446-2.
  Alcides Murtinheira, Igor Metzeltin: Geschichte des portugiesischen Kinos. Praesens Verlag, Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3-7069-0590-9.

Weblinks

 Anfangssequenz des Films

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1972
Portugiesischer Film
Filmdrama
Carlos-de-Oliveira-Verfilmung

Uma Abelha na Chuva


Dreams & dreams er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1993 med instruktion og manuskript af Irene Werner Stage.

Handling
Ni korte filmforløb udgør samtidig en hel film, hvor grundtemaet er forgængelighed. I drømmesprogets dobbelttydighed afdækkes det på èn gang nære og fjerne, det sære og det grandiose, indsigten og tvivlen. Filmen er også et statement på en del af instruktørens produktion, idet der blandt andet er anvendt fraklip fra tidligere film.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Dreams & dreams


Christofi ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Dimitris Christofi (* 1988),  zyprischer Fußballspieler
 Eleni Christofi (* 1998), griechische Tennisspielerin
 Luna Christofi (* 1967), dänische Journalistin
 Natalia Christofi (* 1997), zyprische Hürdenläuferin

Christofi


تماغوتشي (たまごっち تماغوتشي) يعتبر حيوان أليف رقمي، تم تصميمه من قبل آكي ميتا سنة 1996، ويباع من قبل شركة بانداي. وبحلول عام 2008 تم بيع ما لا يقل عن 70 مليون لعبة منه يتم تخزين تماغوتشي في حاسوب صغير بيضاوي الشكل يحتوي على ثلاث مفاتيح (a وb وc) لخصائص مختلفة منها:
 إطعام تماغوتشي
 اللعب مع تماغوتشي
 تنظيف فضلات تماغوتشي
 مراقبة العمر التهذيب والجوع والفرح وغيرها
 التواصل مع أصدقاء آخرين

التسمية

اسم اللعبة هو خليط بين الكلمة اليابانية تاماغو tamago والتي تعني بيضة، والكلمة الإنجليزية watch.

الاصدارات

حتى عام 2009، هناك 44 نسخة من تاريخ صدرو الأول في عام 1996، يتضمن هذا العدد 3 نسخ لها طابع الكريسميس، وبعدها صدرت نسخة جديدة لتاماغوتشي، رفت باسم تاماغوتشي كونيكشن، أو كونيكشن بلس، والتي تميزت بإمكانية توصيلها مع جهاز تاماغوتشي آخر، وهناك نسخة تاماغوتشي بلس كلر، وتتميز بشاشة ملونة بالكامل، وبحجم 128×128، وأيضا تعمل على بطاريات بحجم AAA.

تاماغوتشي في عالم العاب الفيديو

صدرت نسختين لتاماغوتشي على جهاز الجيم بوي والجيم بوي كلر، وهما Tamagotchi Connection: Corner Shop, Tamagotchi Connection: Corner Shop 2، وأخيرا صدر لجهاز الدي إس Tamagotchi Connection: Corner Shop 3، ولجهاز نينتيندو 64 نسخة باسم Tamagotchi 64: Minna de Tamagotchi World.

نسخ جهاز الآركيد

ظهرت شصخية ماميتشي، إحدى شخصيات لعبة تاماغوتشي، للعبة الاركيد Mario Kart Arcade GP 2، كشخصية فرعية.
أيضا صدر جهاز آركيد باسم TamaStation وقد صدرت في الأسواق اليابانية.

صدور نسخ متعددة الوسائط

الفيلم

في يونيو 2007، تم الإعلان عن فيلم أنمي لتاماغوتشي، وصدر لاحقا في ديسمبر 2007 باسم Eiga De Tojo-Tamagotchi: Dokidoki! Uchuu no Maigotchi!?، يتحدث عن شخصية ميميتشي، مع اصدقائه.
صدر الفيلم في اليابان في ديسمبر 2007، وحاز على المربتة الثالثة في صندوق الأفلام، وصدر في أمريكا بتاريخ 31 مايو 2008، وقدر صدر للمرة اللآولى على أقراص ديفيدي، وصدر في أستراليا بيونيو ثلاثة 2009، وبعدها في بيرطانيا في تاريخ 14 سبتمبر 2009.

سلسة الأنمي

صدر في اليابان بفقط باسم TV de Hakken!! Tamagotchi، وقد عرض ابتداء من 7 يونيو 1997، حتى 21 مارس 1998 على قناة فوجي اليابانية.
وفي ديسمبر 2007، أصدرت شركة بانداي اليابانية سلسلة جديدة باسم سا إيكو! تاماغوتشي، (さぁイコー!たまごっち)، وكان ذلك قبل بإسبوع من صدور الفلم. وفب ديسمبر 2008 قامت بانداي الأمريكية بدبلجة العمل، وكان باسم ليتز غو! تاماغوتشي، (Let's Go! Tamagotchi)، وهو موجود على يوتيوبباللغتين اليابانية والإنجليزية، ومترجم على 7 لغات.
وقد تم الإعلان عن سلسلة جديدة في أكتوبر 2009، ولكن حتى الآن لم يتم تحديد موعد صدور، وبأي قناة سيعرض.

مشاهد أنمي

صدر مشهد أنمي بعنوان Now Museum, Now You Don't، وكان ذلك في عام 1997 من شركة بانداي.

الموسيقى

صدر أغنية باسم تاماغوتشي في عام 1997.

مصادر

طالع أيضا
 هاكرغوتشي

وصلات خارجية
 موقع أروبي للتماغوتشي
 موقع أمريكي للتماغوتشي
 نت دسكوفيري! تماغوتشي - موقع ياباني رسمي حالي

ألعاب عقد 2020
أجناس خيالية
ألعاب عقد 1990
ألعاب عقد 2000
ألعاب عقد 2010
اتجاهات وبدع عقد 1990
بدع وترندات العقد 2000
بدع وترندات العقد 2010
بدع وترندات العقد 2020
تأسيسات سنة 1996 في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 1997 في الولايات المتحدة
سلاسل بانداي نامكو إنترتينمنت
لعب
منتجات عرضت في 1996

تماغوتشي


تعتبر كلية طب وايل كورنيل ,التابعة لجامعة كورنيل في نيويورك صاحبة الترتيب 18 كأفضل الجامعات في العالم, أول جامعة أميركية تقدم برنامجها الطبي خارج الولايات المتحدة الأميركية. ويندرج الفرع الجامعي في قطر من كلية طب وايل كورنيل، يتولى التدريس أساتذة من جامعة كورنيل ووايل كورنيل. وتطبق الجامعة إجراءات قبول مختلفة للبرنامج التحضيري وبرنامج دراسة الطب.
تتعاون كلية طب وايل كورنيل في قطر مع الهيئة القطرية للصحة ومؤسسة حمد الطبية ومؤسسة قطر لرفع مستوى الرعاية الصحية في المجتمع كما أنها تتعاون في وضع مخططات مركز السدرة للطب والبحوث المنبثق عن مؤسسة قطر والذي يرتقب أن يصبح المستشفى التعليمي الأبرز لكلية الطب بحيث يشكلان معاً مركزا طبيا أكاديميا.
وقد صمِّم برنامج البحوث في مجال الطب الحيوي الذي ستجريه كلية الطب مع شركاء لها في قطر لتعزيز القدرات البحثية والتدريبية في البلاد وتنفيذ بعض المشاريع الخاصة مع تركيز خاص على الطب الوراثي والجزيئي، وطب النساء والأطفال.

إنجازات
ووفقا لإحصائية صادرة عن وايل كورنيل للطب-قطر، فقد بلغ عدد الأبحاث المنشورة منذ عام 2010 أكثر من 380 بحثا، كما يبلغ عدد المختبرات البحثية 34 مختبرا.

وفي أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2012، احتفلت وايل كورنيل للطب-قطر بالذكرى العاشرة لتأسيسها، وقد خرّجت في تلك السنوات العشر 112 طبيبا وطبيبة.

الانتقادات
لقد طالت الجامعة العديد من الاتهامات بمجاملة بعض الطلبة أصحاب الوسائط عند قبولهم بالكلية منذ تأسيسها. معظم طلبة كلية وايل كورنيل هم إما قطريون أو أبناء وبنات الأطباء والجراحين بمؤسسة حمد الطبية, المستشفى التي يتدرب بها خريجو الكلية. وهو أمر يتنافى مع ما تعبر عنه الكلية أنها تقبل الطلبة الدوليين

انظر أيضاٌ

 موقع الكلية في قطر
 موقع الكلية في أمريكا

المصادر

 وزارة الخارجية القطرية

العلاقات الأمريكية القطرية
المدينة التعليمية (قطر)
تأسيسات سنة 2001 في قطر
جامعات وكليات في قطر
مدارس دولية في قطر
مدارس طبية في قطر
مؤسسة قطر
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 2001

كلية طب وايل كورنيل (قطر)