Mark John Douglas Messier  (; born January 18, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. His playing career in the National Hockey League (NHL) lasted 25 years (1979–2004) with the Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers and Vancouver Canucks. He also played professionally with the World Hockey Association (WHA)'s Indianapolis Racers and Cincinnati Stingers. He also played a short four-game stint in the original Central Hockey League (CHL) with the Houston Apollos in 1979. He was the last WHA player to be active in professional ice hockey, and the last active player in any of the major North American professional sports leagues to have played in the 1970s. After his playing career, he served as special assistant to the president and general manager of the Rangers.

Messier is considered one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time. He is second on the all-time list for playoff points (295) and third for regular-season games played (1756) and regular-season points (1887). He is a six-time Stanley Cup champion—five with the Oilers and one with the Rangers—and is the only player to captain two teams to Stanley Cup championships. His playoff leadership while in New York, which ended a 54-year Stanley Cup drought in 1994, earned him the nickname "The Messiah", a play on his name. He was also known, over the course of his career, as "The Moose" for his aggression and strength. He twice won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player, in 1990 and 1992, and in 1984 he won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs. He was selected for the NHL All-Star Game sixteen times. In 2007, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility. In 2017, Messier was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history.

On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "contributions to hockey as an outstanding player and captain, and for his leadership in encouraging children to take up the sport."

Early life
Messier was born in St. Albert, Alberta, the son of Mary-Jean (Dea) and Doug Messier. He was the second son, and third child of four; his siblings are Paul, Mary-Kay, and Jennifer. The Messier family moved to Portland, Oregon when Mark was young, where Doug played for the Portland Buckaroos of the minor pro Western Hockey League. The family returned to St. Albert in 1969 after Doug retired from hockey. Messier attended St. Francis Xavier High School in Edmonton as he played junior hockey where Doug was his coach and mentor for his early years.

Messier's brother Paul was drafted by the Colorado Rockies 41st overall in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft, but he only played nine games with the club in 1978–79 before embarking on a long career in the German Eishockey-Bundesliga. Paul helps manage a hotel that Messier owns in Harbour Island, Bahamas. Messier's cousins Mitch and Joby also skated for NHL clubs. Joby was briefly Mark's teammate on the Rangers.

Playing career

Early years and WHA
In 1976 Messier tried out for the junior Spruce Grove Mets of the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL), where his father, Doug Messier, was coaching. As Messier was only 15 (the age limit for the league was 20), Doug did not expect him to make the team, though he surprised and was added to the roster. Messier recorded 66 points in 57 games with the Mets in the 1976–77 season. The team, which relocated to St. Albert the following season and was renamed the St. Albert Saints, named Messier captain for 1977–78, and he scored 74 points in 54 games. At the conclusion of the season he joined the Portland Winterhawks of the major junior Western Hockey League (WHL) (not the same league Doug played in) for the playoffs, appearing in 7 games and scoring 5 points.

Prior to the start of the 1978–79 season Messier was looking for alternatives to another season with the Saints, as he felt he was too good for the AJHL. He was not interested in playing in the WHL, so initially tried out for the Canadian Olympic team, which was preparing for the 1980 Winter Olympics. At the same time Doug contacted his former junior teammate Pat Stapleton, who was then coaching of the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), who needed someone to replace another young player they had just traded, Wayne Gretzky. Doug called him and got Messier a contract to play hockey in Indianapolis for $30,000. However Messier only took a 5-game amateur tryout, as it would allow him to return to junior hockey if need be.

Messier played 13 games with the Saints to start the season, then joined the Racers on November 5 for his professional debut against the Winnipeg Jets. He played four games with the Racers, followed by a further two more with the Saints, before his final game with Indianapolis on November 28. Offered a longer contract, Messier held off on signing it, which proved fortuitous as the team folded on December 15; his only cheque from them bounced. Returning to the Saints, Messier played his final two games of junior hockey for them before he was signed by the Cincinnati Stingers, also of the WHA. Messier signed a contract for $35,000 to play the rest of the season with the Stingers. He scored his first professional goal on March 20, 1979 against Pat Riggin of the Birmingham Bulls. Messier played 47 games for the Stingers, tallying one goal and 10 assists.

Edmonton Oilers (1979–1991)
The WHA folded after the conclusion of the 1978–79 season, and four of the six remaining teams were admitted into the NHL; both the Stingers and the Bulls were not included in the merger and instead joined the minor Central Hockey League. The players were dispersed to teams that had already owned their NHL rights, or allowed to enter the 1979 NHL Entry Draft; being under 20-years-old Messier was eligible for the draft, and was selected in the third round, 48th overall, by the Edmonton Oilers. He refused the Oilers' initial contract offers, a four-year two-way contract or one-year at $20,000 plus an option for a second year, instead wanting four-years at $50,000 per year, but ultimately signed what the Oilers offered.

During his first year in the NHL, Messier had several discipline issues, and at the end of October he missed a team flight and was subsequently re-assigned to their CHL affiliate, the Houston Apollos, for four games. On returning to Edmonton, Messier moved back in with his parents, living at their St. Albert home.

Messier was a fierce, tough competitor whose intense leadership in the dressing room was as important as the goals he scored on the ice. He was not initially known as a scorer, but his offensive numbers increased steadily over his first few years with the Oilers. In 1981–82, he registered his only 50-goal season. For most of his tenure with the Oilers, he played on a line with Glenn Anderson.

Initially a left-winger (he was named to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1982–83 on left wing), Messier switched to centre in the 1984 playoffs, and the results were spectacular. In Game 3 of the 1984 Finals, for example, with his Oilers trailing the four-time defending champion New York Islanders by a goal, it was Messier's goal on a brilliant end-to-end rush that sparked a comeback by the Oilers. By the end of the series the Oilers had won their first Stanley Cup and Messier had earned the Conn Smythe Trophy, awarded to the most valuable player of the playoffs.

In 1984, Messier was suspended for ten games for cracking Jamie Macoun's cheekbone with a sucker punch from behind during a game against the Calgary Flames on December 26. Messier was retaliating for having been boarded by Macoun earlier in the game, but the NHL ruled that he had instigated the fight.

On September 6, 1985, Messier lost control of his Porsche and totaled it by hitting three parked cars. He was later charged with hit and run and careless driving, for which he paid a fine.

He won four more Cups with the Oilers, 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1990, for the last of which he captained the Oilers to a five-game victory over the Boston Bruins. Though the Oilers had been a 1980s powerhouse, the 1990 victory, which came two years after Wayne Gretzky was traded away, surprised many.  Messier also won the Hart Memorial Trophy as league MVP that season, edging out the Bruins' Ray Bourque by just two votes, the narrowest margin in the award's history.

Though Messier was actually under contract to the Oilers until 1993, his agent and father Doug Messier unsuccessfully pressed Oilers President and GM Glen Sather for a new deal in the summer of 1990. After the 1990–91 season, Messier was upset that the Oilers were willing to let Adam Graves leave the team. Messier issued a public trade demand during the Canada Cup tournament saying that he wanted out if the Oilers were not willing to do what was necessary to keep important players. On October 4, 1991, in one of many cost-cutting moves by Edmonton management, Messier was traded to the New York Rangers for Louie DeBrusk, Bernie Nicholls, and Steven Rice.

New York Rangers (1991–1997)
In his first season with the Rangers, Messier won his second Hart Trophy and guided the Rangers to the best record in the NHL.  However, they were ousted in six games in the second round of the playoffs by the eventual champions Pittsburgh Penguins.

In 1992–93, the Rangers missed the playoffs and was the first time in Messier's career that he did not play in the postseason. After the season, Mike Keenan was hired as head coach.

In the 1993–94 NHL season, the Rangers rebounded to once again finish first overall, and this time were expected to win the Cup. After easily ousting the Islanders and Capitals in the first two rounds, the Rangers' road to the Cup would get a lot harder.

Down 3–2 in the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals against the rival New Jersey Devils, Messier confronted the New York media and publicly guaranteed a Game 6 victory. With fans and players on both sides reading the news headline, it then became a feat comparable to Babe Ruth's called shot and Joe Namath's Super Bowl III guarantee, and he backed it up by scoring a natural hat trick in the third period on an empty net goal with ESPN commentator Gary Thorne boasting, "Do you believe it? Do you believe it? He said we will win game six and he has just picked up the hat trick!" It helped the Rangers erase a two-goal deficit. The Rangers went on to win the series in a thrilling seventh game double overtime nailbiter.

In the Stanley Cup Finals, Messier scored the Stanley Cup-winning goal in Game 7 at Madison Square Garden, giving the Rangers their first Stanley Cup in 54 years. He became the first (and to this date, the only) player to captain two teams to the Stanley Cup, something his former teammate Wayne Gretzky could not do the year before, and provided two of the most memorable images of that Stanley Cup Finals. First, when the buzzer sounded he was jumping up and down with overwhelming emotion as ticker tape fell; fireworks burst and fans and teammates celebrated. The other, which would become an iconic image to the Rangers and their fans, taken by George Kalinsky, photographer at Madison Square Garden, showing incredible emotion as he accepted the Stanley Cup from NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman. Finally, during the ticker-tape parade celebrating the Rangers' win, Rudy Giuliani, witnessing his first New York sports team championship victory just five months after becoming mayor, dubbed Messier "Mr. June," conjuring Reggie Jackson's "Mr. October" nickname.

In 1995–96, Messier came as close as he had since 1991–92 to breaking the 100-point plateau when, at the age of 35, he recorded a 99-point season. In 1996–97, former Oilers teammate Wayne Gretzky joined the Rangers, while Messier retained the captaincy and had a respectable 84-point regular season. The two led the team to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they were eliminated by the Philadelphia Flyers in five games, as the Rangers could not match the size and strength of Eric Lindros and his "Legion of Doom" linemates. Messier left the club at the conclusion of the season (see below), ending the brief reunion of Messier and Gretzky being together again on the same team after just one season. It would also turn out to be both players' final playoff appearances.

Messier had wanted to finish his career with the Rangers but Dave Checketts, the president of Madison Square Garden, said the team did not think Messier was worth $20 million USD for the next three years, though Messier maintained that he would have signed a one-year contract extension for under $6 million per season. Although public sentiment sided with Messier, as he led the team to two first-place regular season finishes and the Stanley Cup, General Manager Neil Smith was content having Gretzky and Pat LaFontaine as top centremen, and he came close to landing Joe Sakic from the Colorado Avalanche when he signed him to an offer sheet in the summer of 1997. (The Avalanche matched the offer and Sakic remained in Colorado for the remainder of his career.)

At 36 years old, Messier signed with the Vancouver Canucks to a high-priced free agent contract. Smith's decision to keep Gretzky and LaFontaine backfired, as LaFontaine would suffer a career-ending concussion during the 1997-98 season and Gretzky would retire after the following season.

Vancouver Canucks (1997–2000)
Messier's return to Canada after six years with the Rangers was an emotional and high-profile event, but the bliss was brief. Before the season started, captain Trevor Linden relinquished the captaincy to Messier, a move that did not go over well with Canucks supporters. Amidst a turbulent season, in which president and general manager Pat Quinn and head coach Tom Renney were fired, Linden was eventually traded by new coach and acting general manager Mike Keenan to the New York Islanders, where he became their captain, replacing Bryan McCabe, for whom Linden was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi. Messier's demand to receive the number No. 11, which he had worn throughout his career with the Oilers and Rangers, but which the Canucks had unofficially retired after Wayne Maki's unexpected death in 1974, hurt his image as well. Messier has been said to be "undoubtedly the most hated player in the history of the Canucks".

In Messier's first game back on Broadway, MSG provided a video for him which was displayed on the big screen at the Garden. It was very emotional as some fans as well as Messier himself shed tears. He went on to score a goal in that game against his former team where he received applause after doing so even though he wore a different uniform. One fan displayed a sign which read, "You will always be our captain Mess."

Sixty points in 1997–98 was his worst mark in a full year since his first NHL season; his next two seasons were shortened by injury and finished with 158 points over three years, considered below expectations compared to other star centremen earning around $6 million US a season, like Steve Yzerman and Joe Sakic. Messier was still expected to be named to the Canadian men's hockey team for the 1998 Olympics, in which the NHL allowed its best players to participate for the first time; however, he was surprisingly omitted by General Manager Bobby Clarke.

Keenan was fired from his post as Canucks' coach midway in the 1998–99 season, as the club missed the playoffs during Messier's three years. The team made no attempt to re-sign Messier and he became a free agent after the 1999–2000 season.

Return to New York (2000–2004)
Meanwhile, back in New York, the Rangers had fired Neil Smith as general manager following three consecutive non-playoff seasons. His successor was Messier's former coach in Edmonton, Glen Sather, began negotiating with the veteran former team captain and Messier agreed to terms to return to Madison Square Garden for the 2000-01 season. To mark Messier's return to the Rangers, a press conference was called to announce the signing; during the course of the gathering, Messier's successor as captain, Brian Leetch, ceded his position to his returning teammate and, in a conciliatory gesture, a hatchet was buried in dirt. Messier also went one step further and guaranteed that the Rangers would return to the playoffs.

Messier's 67-point season as a 40-year-old in 2000–01 was a mark better than any he established in his Vancouver years, showing that he could still be a valuable presence, but the Rangers missed the playoffs for the fourth year running. After missing half of 2001–02 due to an arm injury, Messier recorded only 23 points, and finished up next year with a 40-point season.

On June 30, 2003, Mark Messier's rights were traded to the San Jose Sharks for a fourth-round draft pick. This draft pick ended up being used to select Rochester, New York native and future Rangers captain Ryan Callahan. The Sharks held his rights for just a few hours as he would eventually go on to re-sign with the Rangers as a free agent.

On November 4, 2003, against the Dallas Stars, Messier scored a pair of goals to vault past Gordie Howe into second on the all-time point scoring list with 1,851 points, second-most in League history trailing only Wayne Gretzky. Eleven days later, Messier was the only active player to play in the Legends Game at Edmonton's Heritage Classic, suiting up with the Oiler alumni. During his last game at Madison Square Garden (a 4-3 loss to the Buffalo Sabres on March 31, 2004), Messier received applause every time he touched the puck and, after the game, received a standing ovation while he skated around the Garden and bowed to every section of the stands. At the age of 43, most media outlets believed Messier had decided to quit. The NHL lockout eliminated the next season. All speculation ended on September 12, 2005, when he announced his retirement on ESPN radio.

Messier retired eleven games behind Howe's then NHL record 1,767 regular-season games played. Messier holds the record for most NHL regular season and playoff season games played at 1,992. Messier is one of a handful of players to have played 25 NHL seasons, doing so over four decades.

International career
Messier only played with Canada once outside North America, winning the silver medal at the 1989 World Ice Hockey Championships in Sweden. He also won three consecutive Canada Cups and won silver at the  1996 World Cup of Hockey, four tournaments which he described as "my real opportunity to play international hockey."

Post-playing career
On January 12, 2006, during a very emotional ceremony that featured most of the 1994 Stanley Cup team and the Stanley Cup itself, the New York Rangers retired his number 11 in a game against the Edmonton Oilers. During the game, the Rangers defeated the Oilers. His is the 4th number retired by the Rangers. His number was retired by the Edmonton Oilers on February 27, 2007, against the Phoenix Coyotes, then coached by former teammate Wayne Gretzky.

In February 2007, Messier publicly expressed interest in returning to the NHL as general manager for the Rangers; however, the then-current GM Glen Sather responded by saying he had no plans of stepping down from his position. With the departure of Assistant GM Don Maloney from the Rangers organization in May 2007, Messier's name had been attached to possible replacements; however, in July 2007, Jim Schoenfeld was announced as Maloney's replacement. On November 12, 2007, Messier was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the players category.

In late 2010, Messier coached Canada during two European tournaments—the Deutschland Cup and the Spengler Cup.

Messier also awards the NHL's Mark Messier Leadership Award, given to a player that exemplified on-ice leadership, and leadership within their communities.

Messier also remains active in the City of New York, with Messier playing for the New York Rangers at the 2012 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game in Philadelphia between the New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers on December 31, 2011. Messier had 1 assist during the game, which was won 3-1 by Philadelphia. Messier also ran in the New York City Marathon on November 6, 2011, finishing with a time of 4:14:21. Messier, alongside Sarah Hughes, is also involved in the construction of the Kingsbridge National Ice Center, a $250 million USD, 795,000 square foot redevelopment of the Kingsbridge Armory in the Bronx into a world's-largest indoor ice facility, containing nine ice rinks.

After his retirement, Messier appeared in a Versus television special in the United States highlighting his "Mark Messier Leadership Camp," which allowed New Yorkers to mix seminars in leadership and working with others with hockey games against former Rangers, including a scrimmage at Madison Square Garden. Messier occasionally worked as a studio analyst on NHL on Versus, and served an in-game analyst for The NHL All-Star Game on Versus, and has been a guest commentator on NHL on NBC. In 2014, Messier joined Rogers Communications as a spokesperson and occasional analyst for the company's national NHL coverage. He appeared on various Rogers NHL GameCentre Live advertisements including the Vancouver Canucks-themed ad which drew backlash towards their fanbase. In 2021, Messier signed a deal with ESPN/ABC to lead their new look studio coverage, as ESPN and ABC will air NHL games for the first time in 17 years.

Messier was featured in a Lay's chips campaign that aired in Canada in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The commercials originally featured Messier being challenged to a bet by a local hockey fan, who bets that Messier cannot eat just one potato chip, in reference to the Lay's slogan "bet you can't eat just one."  Messier loses the bet, and ends up playing in a local "beer league" hockey game (for a team called "The Pylons"), which he easily dominates. Later variations would have Messier himself making the same bet. He was also featured in Lay's ads in the U.S. where he asked neighbors to borrow ice, sugar or a hairdryer (playing on his bald head) to get chips.

Personal life

Messier's son Lyon was born on August 16, 1987, and is a former defenceman who spent part of two seasons with the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL, and both the Charlotte Checkers and New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League. Messier's wife Kim gave birth to Mark's second son, Douglas Paul, on July 15, 2003, and daughter Jacqueline Jean in August 2005.

Messier owns the Runaway Hill Club on the pink sand beach on Harbour Island in the Bahamas.

Messier is an advocate for preventative healthcare and was a spokesperson for Cold-fX. He is also involved in philanthropy, including the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund, for which he serves on the Board. Messier is also known for his off-ice charity work, especially in his native Alberta. In Edmonton, a section of St. Albert Trail between St. Albert and the City of Edmonton, was renamed to Mark Messier Trail on February 26, 2007.

Awards

Career achievements
 The only player to have captained two Stanley Cup championship teams, the Edmonton Oilers and New York Rangers.
 In 1998, he was ranked number 12 on The Hockey News''' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 On November 13, 2006, the National Hockey League created the Mark Messier Leadership Award, given to an individual in the sport who leads by example on the ice, motivates his teammates and is dedicated to community activities and charitable causes.
 His 1,887 points in the regular season are third all-time to Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky's 2857  (alongside whom he played for 11 seasons). Despite this feat, Messier never won a scoring title, as his best finish was runner-up in 1989–90. His career-high for regular-season goals was 50 which he accomplished just once in 1981–82.
 His 1,756 regular-season NHL games played are third most  all-time to Gordie Howe and Patrick Marleau who played in 1,767 and 1,779 regular-season NHL games, respectively.
 He was the last active player to have played in the 1970s.
 He was the last active player to have played in the World Hockey Association.
 He was selected as an inductee to the Hockey Hall of Fame in June 2007, in his first year of eligibility, with the ceremony taking place in November 2007.
 In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats'', was ranked No. 4 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons
 In 2010, he was elected as an inaugural inductee into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the "Legends of the Game" category.
Named to the Order of Hockey in Canada by Hockey Canada in 2013.

Transactions
August 9, 1979– Edmonton Oilers' third-round choice, 48th overall in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft
October 4, 1991– Traded by the Edmonton Oilers, along with future considerations, to the New York Rangers in exchange for Bernie Nicholls, Steven Rice and Louie DeBrusk.
July 28, 1997– Signed as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks.
July 13, 2000– Signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers.
June 30, 2003– Negotiating rights traded by the New York Rangers to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for future considerations.
September 5, 2003– Signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers.
September 12, 2005– Officially announced retirement.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of NHL statistical leaders
 List of NHL players with 1,000 points
 List of NHL players with 1,000 assists
 List of NHL players with 500 goals
 List of NHL players with 1,000 games played

Citations

Further reading

External links

1961 births
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of French descent
Canadian philanthropists
Cincinnati Stingers players
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Edmonton Oilers players
Franco-Albertan people
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Houston Apollos players
Indianapolis Racers players
Lester B. Pearson Award winners
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Living people
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
Officers of the Order of Canada
Order of Hockey in Canada recipients
Portland Winterhawks players
Rogers Communications
Sportsnet
Ice hockey people from Edmonton
Ice hockey people from St. Albert, Alberta
St. Albert Saints players
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks captains
Vancouver Canucks players
Spruce Grove Mets players
Canada men's national ice hockey team coaches

Mark Messier


Barun Dezső Gromon (Vajska, 2. veljače 1838. – Budimpešta, 25. srpnja 1912.), političar, poslanik, državni sekretar za obranu.

Njegov pradjed, Sigmund dobio je posjed u Vajskoj i postao preteča obitelji Gromon u Vojvodini. Djetinjstvo je proživio s obitelji u selu. Godine 1847. umro je njegov otac, a 1849. njegova se majka preselila u Beč. Diplomirao je na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Mošonmajarovaru (Mađarska). Živio je na svom imanju u Vajskoj. Godine 1876 imenovan je za načelnika gradova Sombora i Subotice.G odine 1878. dobio je Red Sv. Stjepana za zasluge u mobilizaciji za okupaciju Bosne. Umire u 74 godini života.

Povijest

Dezső Gromon


Zlatko Čajkovski (Zagreb, Reino de Yugoslavia, 24 de noviembre de 1923 - Múnich, Alemania, 27 de julio de 1998), también conocido como "Čik", fue un futbolista croata que jugó para las selecciones de Croacia, cuando este era un estado títere de la Alemania nazi y para la selección de fútbol de Yugoslavia. Posteriormente ejerció de entrenador, llegando a entrenar a 11 clubes distintos.

Clubes

Jugador

Entrenador

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 1948
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Helsinki 1952
Futbolistas del Partizán de Belgrado
Futbolistas del 1. FC Colonia en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Hapoel Haifa
Entrenadores de fútbol de Croacia
Entrenadores del Bayern de Múnich
Entrenadores del AEK (fútbol)
Entrenadores del Dinamo Zagreb
Entrenadores del FC Zürich
Entrenadores del 1. FC Colonia
Nacidos en Zagreb
Fallecidos en Múnich
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en la Copa Mundial de 1950
Medallistas olímpicos de plata de Yugoslavia
Medallistas olímpicos de Londres 1948
Medallistas olímpicos de Helsinki 1952

Zlatko Čajkovski


اللاعب المحترف جيلس مولر (ولد في 9 مايو، 1983) هو لاعب كرة مضرب من أصل لوكسمبورغي. وقد حاز على بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة لفردي الأولاد في عام 2001. وأمّا أبرز إنجازاته على صعيد مباريات الجراند سلام لفردي الرجال فقد جاءت عند وصوله في عام 2008 إلى الدور الربع النهائي من بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة. يعتبر مولر واحد من أكثر اللاعبين اللوكسمبورغيين نجاحًا في كرة المضرب.

سيرته كلاعب

كرة المضرب للأولاد

في عام 2001 وصل مولر إلى نهائي بطولتي ويمبلدون وأمريكا المفتوحة لفردي الأولاد، ولكن في حين خسر الأولى، استطاع أن يفوز بالثانية ويحصل على اللقب، كما وأنّه أنهى عام 2001 بتراّس قائمة تصنيف اللاعبين الصغار.

2005

مع أنّ مولر لم يحرز أية إنجازات مثيرة في بطولات الجراند سلام قبل وصوله إلى الدور الربع النهائي في بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة لفردي الرجال لعام 2008، فإنّه استطاع أن يتغلب على بعد الخصوم الأقوياء في الأدوار الأولى. فمثلاً، لقد استطاع في عام 2005 أن يطيح باللاعب رافائيل نادال في بدولة ويمبلدون لعام 2005. أمّا في الدور الأوّل في بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة لعام 2005، فقد استطاع أن يتغلّب على اللاعب أندي روديك. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فقط تغلّب على اللاعب أندريه أغاسي في بطولة واشنطن لعام 2004 في الدور النصف نهائي، ولكنّه أعقب ذلك بخسارة أمام اللاعب ليتون هيويت.

مع ذلك، لم يستطع مولر، خلال فترة طويلة، أن يكرّر نجاحاته من عام 2008، ممّا أدّى إلى رجوعه للعب كرة المضرب على مستويات أقل احترافًا.

2008

التغيير المفاجئ جاء في النصف الثاني من عام 2008، حيث استطاع مولر أن يصل إلى الدور الربع نهائي في ألعاب بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة لفردي الرجال، حيث خسر بالنهاية للاعب الذي ربح البطولة في النهاية، روجر فيدرير. في ذلك الوقت، كان مولر مصنّفًا في المكان الـ 130، وكان عليه أن يتأهّل للبطولة. بعد تأهّله، استطاع التغلب على سلسلة من الخصوم ذوي تصنيفات أعلى، كاللاعب تومي هاس، نيكولاس ألماغرو والمصنف الـ 5 نيكولاي دافيدينكو.

2009

افتتح مولر عام 2009 بتغلّبه على اللاعب الإسباني فيليشيانو لوبيز في الدور الأوّل لبطولة أستراليا المفتوحة، في مباراة مثيرة استغرقت ما يقارب الأربع ساعات ونصف الساعة، وصل خلالها اللاعبين إلى نتيجة 16 - 14 لصالح مولر في المجموعة الخامسة الحاسمة. مع ذلك، خسر مولر في الدور الثالث للاعب خوان مارتن ديل بوترو.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع اللاعب الرسمي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من لوكسمبورغ
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو كرة مضرب لوكسمبورغيون
لاعبو ولاعبات كرة مضرب
مواليد 1983
مواليد في لوكسمبورغ (مدينة)

جيلس مولر


Victoria de Rohan, princesa de Guéméné (en francés, Victoire Armande Josèphe; París, 28 de diciembre de 1743-ib., 20 de septiembre de 1807), fue una aristócrata francesa, Gobernanta de los Infantes Reales. Fue conocida como Madame de Guéméné. Fue señora de Clisson por propio derecho.

Primeros años
Victoria Josefa de Rohan, fue la segunda hija de Carlos de Rohan, príncipe de Soubise. Los príncipes de Soubise pertenecían a una rama menor de la Casa de Rohan. Su madre era la princesa Ana Teresa de Saboya-Carignano, hija de Víctor Amadeo, príncipe de Carignano. Su madre era prima del rey Luis XV de Francia a través de una línea ilegítima. Tuvo una media hermana, Carlota de Rohan, quien se casó con Luis José de Borbón, príncipe de Condé en 1753. Como princesa de Condé, Carlota era princesa de sangre, superando socialmente a su media hermana.

Como la Casa de Rohan pretendía descender de los duques de Bretaña, sus miembros eran titulados como príncipes extranjeros (princes étrangers) con el estilo de Su Alteza.

Matrimonio e hijos
A los diecisiete años, Victoria se casó con su primo, Enrique Luis de Rohan, duque de Montbazon, de quince años en ese momento. Él era miembro de la rama principal de la Casa de Rohan, los príncipes de Guéméné. Era sobrino del Cardenal de Rohan, caído en desgracia por el famoso "Asunto del collar" que involucró a la reina María Antonieta.

Enrique Luis llegó a ser Gran Chambelán de Francia. A la muerte de su padre en 1788, el duque heredó el título de príncipe de Guéméné. Desde ese momento, Victoria fue conocida en la corte como Madame de Guéméné. Ella y su familia vivían lujosamente en el Hôtel de Rohan-Guéméné, situado en la famosa Plaza de los Vosgos. Vivían en el n.º 6. La pareja tuvo que vender la propiedad en 1797 para poder pagar una enorme deuda de 33 millones de libras.

La pareja tuvo cinco hijos:

 Carlota Victoria Josefa Enriqueta (17 de noviembre de 1761 - 15 de diciembre de 1771).
 Carlos Alain, duque de Montbazon, Rohan y Guéméné; príncipe de Guéméné (Versalles, 18 de enero de 1764-París, 24 de abril de 1836); casado en 1781 con Luisa Aglaé de Conflans d'Armentieres (1763-1819).
 María Luisa Josefina (13 de abril de 1765-París, 21 de septiembre de 1839); casada en 1780 con su primo, Carlos Luis Gaspar de Rohan, duque de Montbazon (1765-1843).
 Luis Víctor Meriadeco, duque de Rohan y Bouillon (París, 20 de julio de 1766-Imperio austríaco, 10 de diciembre de 1846); casado en 1800 con su sobrina, Berta de Rohan (1782-1841).
 Julio Armando Luis (Versalles, 20 de octubre de 1768-Imperio austríaco, 13 de enero de 1836); casado en 1800 con la rica heredera Guillermina de Curlandia, duquesa de Sagan (1781-1839).

Gobernanta de los Hijos del Rey
En 1775, María Luisa de Lorena, condesa de Marsan (1720-1803) renunció al puesto de Gobernanta de los Hijos del Rey en favor de Victoria, que era su sobrina. Desde 1778 hasta 1782, Victoria estuvo a cargo de la Casa de la hija mayor de Luis XVI, María Teresa de Francia, conocida en la corte como Madame Royale. En esta función, ella estuvo a cargo de más de cien cortesanos y sirvientes.

En 1782, Victoria se vio obligada a renunciar a su cargo por un escándalo creado por la creciente deuda de su marido, una deuda que finalmente conduciría a la venta del Hôtel de Rohan-Guémené, después de la revolución francesa. Victoria y su marido llegaron a tener amoríos con otras personas.

Victoria se convirtió en la amante de Augustin Gabriel de Franquetot de Coigny, conde de Coigny (1740-1817), padre de Aimée de Franquetot de Coigny, duquesa de Fleury (1769-1820). Madame de Fleury inspiró al famoso poeta André Chénier. El príncipe de Guémené por su parte tuvo un romance con una amiga de Victoria, Thérèse-Lucy de Dillon, condesa de Dillon, (1751-1782), primera esposa de Arthur Dillon.

A la muerte del padre de Victoria, su esposo se convirtió en heredero legal del título de príncipe de Soubise.

Victoria y su esposo vivieron para ver el comienzo de la revolución francesa, pero después huyeron a Austria. Finalmente se establecieron en Bohemia. Vivieron en el Castillo Sychrov, donde la familia de Rohan había vivido durante 125 años.

Muerte
Victoria murió en París en septiembre de 1807, a la edad de 63 años, habiendo sobrevivido a su media hermana mayor, Carlota, que había muerto en 1760. Su esposo, el príncipe, le sobrevivió por dos años.

Títulos y estilos
 28 de diciembre de 1743 - 15 de enero de 1761: Su Alteza Victoire Armande Josèphe, princesa de la Casa de Rohan.
 15 de enero de 1761 - 10 de diciembre de 1788: Su Alteza la duquesa de Montbazon.
 10 de diciembre de 1788 - 20 de septiembre de 1807: Su Alteza la princesa de Guéméné.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Casa de Rohan
Nobles francesas del siglo XVIII
Nobles francesas del siglo XIX
Fallecidos en París
Corte de Luis XVI de Francia

Victoria de Rohan


Hiei or Hiyei may refer to:

 Mount Hiei, northeast of Kyoto, Japan
 , several warships of the Japanese Navy
 Hiei (YuYu Hakusho), a fictional character in the anime and manga series YuYu Hakusho

See also
 Hei (disambiguation)

Hiei


1949 10 13 ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදා යුධෝපකරන බලකාය පිහිටුවන ලදී තේමා පාධය අප්ප මත්තානමීයන්තී(ප්‍රමාද නොවී සපුරාලමු)

ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදා යුධොපකරණ බළකාය


O  (; lit: "Palácio Fortificado"), também chamado , , Forte Velho e Forte Branco, é um antigo forte e palácio da segunda metade do  que é o edifício de pedra mais antigo da cidade de Abu Dabi, a capital dos Emirados Árabes Unidos. Foi originalmente construído em 1761 pelo xeique , líder das tribos , a que pertencem os atuais emires e é considerado o principal marco histórico do Emirado de Abu Dabi.

O forte foi a residência dos emires de Abu Dabi até 1966. Em 2018 foi transformado num centro cultural, que inclui um museu onde estão expostos artefatos e materiais de arquivo relacionados com a história de Abu Dabi, alguns datados do  e um centro de artesanato tradicional. Situa-se na Avenida Rashid bin Saeed al Maktoum e integra o complexo da sede da Fundação Cultural de Abu Dabi.

História
O edifício original, construído em 1761 pelo xeique Dhiab bin Isa, era apenas uma torre cónica de vigia, destinada a defender o único poço de água doce da ilha de Abud Dabi. Em 1793, o sucessor de Dhiab ibn Isa,   construiu junto à torre um castelo, do qual fez a sua residência permanente quando transferiu a sua capital do oásis de Liwa para a costa do golfo Pérsico.

O forte-palácio foi o símbolo do poder da dinastia al Abu Falah dos al Nahyans, que também servia de refúgio para a população durante os períodos de turbulência e de majlis para resolver disputas civis. Ao longo dos século foi objeto de várias obras de ampliação e renovação.

O edifício tomou a sua forma atual no final da década de 1930, quando foram feitas obras de ampliação financiadas pelas primeiras licenças de exploração de petróleo concedidas pelo emir . Foi a residêncial oficial e sede do governo do emirado até 1966, quando Shakbut foi deposto por Zayed bin Sultan al Nahayan.

Em 2018, depois de ter passado por obras que duraram mais de 11 anos, foi transformado num centro cultural que inclui um museu que mostra a história de Abud Dabi, principalmente desde o , quando era uma aldeia de pesca e de extração de pérolas, até se tornar uma metrópole no , também de épocas anteriores.

Festival Qasr al-Hosn
Desde 2013 que todos os anos o monumento é palco do Festival do Qasr al-Hosn, durante o qual são abertas ao público algumas áreas normalmente não acessíveis e são realizados eventos culturais de tipos muito variados, como conferências e exposições sobre história e cultura, atividades para crianças, e espetáculos de música e dança que apresentam o património cultural dos Emirados Árabes Unidos.

Notas

Bibliografia complementar

Construções de Abu Dhabi
Atrações turísticas de Abu Dhabi
Fortificações dos Emirados Árabes Unidos

Qasr al-Hosn


عقد 1410 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1410 و31 ديسمبر 1419 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1400 ولحقه عقد 1420.

أحداث

 معركة أجينكور (1415)
 قائمة حلقات ماجيك كايتو 1412 (1412)
 سقوط سبتة (1415)

مواليد

 عبد الوهاب بن عربشاه (1411)
 منجونغ ملك جوسون (1414)
 أبو عبد الله محمد العاشر (1415)
 عبد الرحمن الجامي (1414)
 بييرو ديلا فرانشيسكا (1415)
 جوان مارتورل (1415)
 خوان دي مينا (1411)
 ريتشارد يورك (1411)
 ديريك باوتس (1415)
 ألبرشت آخيل (1414)
 جون أرجيروبولوس (1415)

وفيات

 مارتن الأول ملك أراغون (1410)
 بياتريكس من نورنبيرغ (1414)
 كاترين من فندوم (1412)
 جوانا صوفيا البافارية (1410)
 لويس الثاني، دوق بوربون (1410)
 روبرشت ملك ألمانيا (1410)
 ابن النحاس الدمشقي الدمياطي (1411)
 جون بوفورت (1410)
 إسكندر شاه (1414)
 ميلخيور برودرلام (1411)
 دولت شاه خاتون (1411)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1410 ابتداءً من

عقد 1410


"Get Out of My House" (inglés: Fuera de mi casa) es la décima y última canción del álbum The Dreaming de la cantante Kate Bush.

De acuerdo con Bush, la canción es una versión de la historia de terror El resplandor de Stephen King.

La canción
Las letras se refieren a una situación paranoica vivida por un personaje en una antigua casa, emulando la situación del relato El resplandor. Al inicio, Bush canta algunas frases con un tono de voz más grave que la habitual, repitiendo constantemente la palabra "slamming!". A medida que avanza, su canto se vuelve más eufórico y temperamental, hasta el punto de reemplazarlos por gritos guturales y rebuznos. Para promover el ánimo desgarrador de la canción, se agregaron algunos efectos como el uso de portazos.

Crítica
MacKenzie Wilson de Allmusic la indicó como una pista destacada del álbum y escribió: "La vivaz y temperamental 'Get Out of My House' realmente aporta muchos talentos de Bush para el arte y la música de vanguardia". Amy Hanson, también de Allmusic, escribió: "'Get Out of My House' es absolutamente brutal, frágil, una placa para golpearse el pecho de la emoción tan cruda como su resonancia, y muchas veces casi imposible de soportar. Fue un final apropiado, y un ajuste perfecto para las repetidas imágenes del dolor de la gente mostrado en The Dreaming, de diferentes formas, siendo capaces de infligir".

Producción
 Kate Bush - compositora, productora, arreglista.
 Paul Hardiman, David Taylor - mezcla.
 Ian Cooper - masterización

Personal
 Kate Bush - voz principal, piano, sintetizador CS-80, sintetizador Fairlight.
 Alan Murphy - guitarra eléctrica
 Paul Hardiman, Paddy Bush, Esmail Sheikh - voces adicionales.
 Jimmy Bain - bajo
 Preston Heyman - batería

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "Get Out of My House" en YouTube

Canciones de 1982
Canciones de Kate Bush
Canciones compuestas por Kate Bush

Get Out of My House


16951 Carolus Quartus este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16951 Carolus Quartus este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,99 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 11,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

16951 Carolus Quartus


Space Jam (enska: Space Jam) er bandarísk kvikmyndasería, fyrsta kvikmyndin kom út árið 1996 og sú síðasta árið 2021.

Kvikmynd
 Space Jam (1996)
 Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021)

Kvikmyndagerð í Bandaríkjunum
Kvikmyndir

Warner Bros.-kvikmyndir

Space Jam (kvikmyndasería)


Das Adapterprotein BLNK (B cell linker Protein, auch SLP-65 oder BASH) ist ein Protein, das in B-Zellen von Wirbeltieren exprimiert wird und dort an der Signalleitung des B-Zell-Rezeptors beteiligt ist. Mutationen im menschlichen BLNK-Gen sind für eine seltene Form der Agammaglobulinämie verantwortlich.

BLNK ist mit dem B-Zell-Rezeptor assoziiert und gewährleistet, nach Stimulierung dieses Rezeptors, die Generierung eines Komplexes aus verschiedenen Signalproteinen. Darunter befinden sich etwa Bruton-Tyrosinkinase und die Phospholipase C-gamma. BLNK besitzt eine atomare Masse von 65 kDa und besteht aus einer N-terminalen Region mit fünf Tyrosinen, einer Zentralregion mit mehreren Bindemotifen für SH3-Domänen und einer SH2-Domäne am C-Terminus.

In Zelllinien konnte gezeigt werden, dass BLNK für die Aktivierung der Phospholipase-C-gamma, und damit für die Generierung eines Calciumsignals (Anstieg der Calcium-Ionen-Konzentration in der Zelle) nach Stimulierung des B-Zell-Rezeptors verantwortlich ist. BLNK selbst wird dabei von der Kinase Syk phosphoryliert und damit aktiviert. Syk selbst bindet an den durch Antigenbindung aktivierten B-Zell Rezeptor und integriert so BLNK im B-Zell Rezeptor Signalweg.

Knockout-Mäuse, denen BLNK fehlt, zeigen eine fehlerhafte B-Zell-Entwicklung. Die Zahl reifer B-Zellen ist in diesen Mäusen deutlich vermindert. Die meisten B-Zell-Vorläufer kommen nicht über das Prä-B-Zell-Stadium hinaus. In diesem Stadium wird erstmals eine Vorform des B-Zell-Rezeptors exprimiert. Ein weiterer Block der B-Zell-Entwicklung tritt bei den unreifen B-Zellen auf. Die BLNK-defizienten B-Zellen weisen, analog zu Experimenten mit Zell-Linien, ein vermindertes Calcium-Ionen-Signal auf.

T-Zellen exprimieren mit SLP-76 ein ähnliches Protein, das allerdings funktionell nicht völlig analog ist. SLP-76-Knockout-Mäuse zeigen etwa einen vollständigen Block in der T-Zell-Entwicklung.

Einzelnachweise

Protein
Codiert auf Chromosom 10 (Mensch)

Adapterprotein BLNK


كرشاو هي إحدى القرى الحدودية بالجنوب التونسي وتتبع إداريا معتمدية الصمار من ولاية تطاوين . وهي مقر عمادة.

مراجع

قرى ولاية تطاوين

كرشاو


Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin, também conhecida como Lola Shoneyin (26 de fevereiro de 1974, Ibadan, Nigéria) é uma poetisa e autora nigeriana que lançou seu romance de estreia, The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, no Reino Unido em maio de 2010. Shoneyin construiu uma reputação de poeta aventureiro, bem-humorado e franco (muitas vezes classificado no molde feminista), tendo publicado três volumes de poesia. A sua escrita aprofunda-se em temas relacionados com a sexualidade feminina e as dificuldades da vida doméstica em África. Em abril de 2014, ela foi nomeada na lista Africa39 do Hay Festival de 39 escritores da África Subsaariana com menos de 40 anos com potencial e talento para definir tendências na literatura africana. Lola ganhou o Prêmio PEN na América, bem como o Prêmio Ken Saro-Wiwa de prosa na Nigéria. Ela também estava na lista do Orange Prize no Reino Unido por seu romance de estreia, The Secret of Baba Segi's Wives, em 2010. Ela mora em Lagos, na Nigéria, onde dirige o Aké Arts and Book Festival anual . Em 2017, ela foi nomeada Pessoa Literária Africana do Ano pela Brittle Paper.

Biografia

Infância
Titilola Atinuke Alexandrah Shoneyin nasceu em Ibadan, capital do estado de Oyo, sudoeste da Nigéria, em 1974. Ela é a caçula de seis filhos e a única menina. Seus pais, Chefe Tinuoye Shoneyin e Sra. Yetunde Shoneyin (nascida Okupe), são indígenas Remo do Estado de Ogun.

O trabalho de Shoneyin é significativamente influenciado por sua vida, notadamente fornecendo material sobre poligamia para seu romance de estreia; seu avô materno, Abraham Olayinka Okupe (1896-1976) era o governante tradicional de Iperu Remo e tinha cinco esposas. Ele ascendeu ao trono em 1938 e morreu em 1976.

Educação e carreira
Aos seis anos, ela foi para um internato no Reino Unido, frequentando a Cargilfield School, em Edimburgo; The Collegiate School, Winterbourne, Bristol e Fettes Junior School em Edimburgo. Retornando à Nigéria depois que seu pai foi preso pelo então governo militar, ela concluiu o ensino médio no Abadina College. Mais tarde, ela obteve seu diploma de BA (Hons) da Ogun State University em 1994/95.

Os primeiros escritos de Shoneyin consistem principalmente em poesia e contos. Os primeiros exemplos de seu trabalho apareceram no Post Express em 1995, que apresenta um conto sobre uma mulher nigeriana que deixa o marido por uma mulher austríaca. Esta história iniciou o diálogo sobre a homossexualidade dentro de um contexto nigeriano.

Seu primeiro volume de poesia, So All the Time I was Sitting on an Egg, foi publicado pela Ovalonion House, Nigéria, em 1998. Shoneyin participou do renomado International Writing Program em Iowa, EUA, em agosto de 1999 e também foi Distinguished Scholar naquele ano na University of St. Thomas (Minnesota).

Seu segundo volume de poesia, Song of a Riverbird, foi publicado na Nigéria (Ovalonion House) em 2002. Enquanto morava na Inglaterra, ela obteve um diploma de professora da London Metropolitan University em 2005.

Shoneyin completou seu primeiro romance em 2000. Seu segundo romance, Harlot, recebeu algum interesse, mas a história de uma jovem que cresceu na Nigéria colonial para fazer fortuna como "Madame" permanece inédita.  Shoneyin passou para seu terceiro romance, The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, que foi publicado em 2010. Foi adaptado como peça teatral por Rotimi Babatunde e exibido no Arcola Theatre, em Londres.

A Cassava Republic Press, da Nigéria, publicou a terceira coleção de poesia de Shoneyin, For the Love of Flight, em fevereiro de 2010. Mayowa and the Masquerades, um livro infantil, também foi publicado pela Cassava Republic, em julho de 2010.

Shoneyin também escreveu para jornais, incluindo The Scotsman, The Guardian, e The Times sobre questões como racismo, tradição nigeriana de casamento polígamo, o grupo terrorista nigeriano Boko Haram e as eleições do atual presidente Muhammadu Buhari.

Ela é a fundadora e diretora da Book Buzz Foundation, uma organização não governamental criada em 2012 para a promoção de artes e cultura em espaços locais e globais. Ela cofundou o Infusion, um popular encontro mensal de música, arte e cultura em Abuja, Nigéria. Shoneyin atuou como jurado do Prêmio Caine de Escrita Africana de 2018. Ela também dirige o selo editorial e a livraria Ouida Books na Nigéria.

Vida privada
Seu primeiro casamento durou curtos 40 dias e agora está casada novamente com o médico Olaokun Soyinka, filho do Prêmio Nobel Wole Soyinka por 22 anos. Actualmente vive em Lagos com o marido e quatro filhos (2 rapazes e 2 garotas).

Obras

Romances

 Mayowa e as Máscaras - janeiro de 2021
 A nostalgia é um esporte radical: ensaio da coleção Of This Our Country - setembro de 2010
 Baba Segi, Ses Épouses, Leurs Secrets Outubro 2016
 The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives, Londres: Serpent's Tail, maio de 2010.
 Listado para o Prêmio Orange de 2011, ganhou o Prêmio Literário PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles de 2011 e ganhou dois Prêmios da Associação de Autores Nigerianos.
 Traduzido para sete idiomas, publicado em italiano como Prudenti Come Serpenti .

Contos

 "Woman in Her Season", Post Express Newspapers, 1996

Poesia

 Então, o tempo todo eu estava sentado em um ovo (1998)
 Song of a River Bird, Ovalonion House (Nigéria, 2002)
 Pelo Amor de Voar (2010)

Livros infantis

 Mayowa and the Masquerade, julho de 2010, publicado nos EUA em 2020

Estudo acadêmico da obra de Lola Shoneyin

 ABÍOLA, Emmanuel. Negociando estruturas patriarcais: poligamia e agência feminina em The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives de Lola Shoneyin. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 497–504.
 Bámgbózé, Gabriel. "Além da alegoria de gênero: uma leitura pós-colonial da poesia de Lola Shoneyin. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 155-170.
 Jegede, OB (re)escrita subversiva e poética do corpo em Lola Shoneyin "Então, o tempo todo eu estava sentado em um ovo". Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 207–224.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Local na rede Internet
 BBC Woman's Hour entrevista, 6 de abril de 2010.
 "PublisHer #Unmasked, África: Lola Shoneyin", 17 de setembro de 2020. Entrevista com Maimouna Jallow.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1974
Romancistas da Nigéria
Poetisas da Nigéria
Alunos da Universidade Metropolitana de Londres
Escritoras da Nigéria
Pessoas Iorubás
Naturais de Ibadã
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Lola Shoneyin


Kreis Meseritz (Landkreis Meseritz from 1939; ) was a district in Prussia, first in the southern administrative Region of Posen within the Grand Duchy of Posen (till 1848), then the Province of Posen (till 1920), then within the Province of Posen-West Prussia (till 1938) and at last as part of the administrative Region of Frankfurt within the Province of Brandenburg (till 1945). Its former territory presently lies in the eastern part of the Lubusz Voivodeship, a region of Poland, roughly resembling the extent of the present Międzyrzecz County.

History
When the area later forming the territory of the Kreis Meseritz was first annexed to Prussia from 1793 to 1807 it formed the Meseritzer Kreis (Meseritz district) within the Province of South Prussia, then governed by the Departement der Kriegs- und Domänen-Kammer zu Posen (Department of the chamber of war and domains at Posen).

After being part of the Duchy of Warsaw, the area returned to Prussia as a result of the Congress of Vienna. The Kreis Meseritz came into existence on 1 January 1818 after separation from Kreis Birnbaum. In 1837 it measured 21.78 Prussian square miles (). It consisted mostly of the rural territories around the town of Meseritz. It became part of the North German Confederation in 1867 and of the German Empire when it was founded in 1871.

After World War I, the administration had to be reorganized because the Region of Posen was split. Thus the eastern part of the district was handed over to Poland in 1920, according to the Versailles treaty. In 1920, the remaining district, measuring , joined the newly founded Regierungsbezirk Schneidemühl, which became part of the Province of the Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia, established in 1922. Together with Kreis Bomst and Kreis Schwerin the Kreis Meseritz formed a western territorial exclave of Posen-West Prussia. When that province was dissolved in 1938, the bulk of its territory, anyway neighboring Pomerania, was merged into that province, whereas its western exclave including Meseritz became part of Brandenburg. In 1945, the Landkreis Meseritz was occupied by the Red Army and was integrated into Poland.

Demographics
The district had a German majority population, with a significant Polish minority. After 1920, with the loss of the eastern part of the district to Poland, the remainder of the district in Germany had a Polish minority of 5.8% (including bilinguals), according to the 1925 census.

Civil registry offices
In 1905, these civil registry offices () served the following towns in Kreis Meseritz:

 Altvorwerk
 Bauchwitz
 Bentschen
 Betsche
 Brätz
 Friedenhorst
 Kurzig
 Kranz
 Lowin
 Meseritz
 Rogsen
 Tirschtiegel
 Paradies
 Weißensee

References

Districts of Prussia
Former subdivisions of Brandenburg
Districts of the Province of Posen
1818 establishments in Prussia
1945 disestablishments in Germany

Kreis Meseritz


Jakobitski ustanak 1715. (škot.-gaelski: Bliadhna Sheumais) (također poznat i kao Petnaesta ili Pobuna lorda Mara) bio je pokušaj Jakova Franje Edvarda Stuarta (poznatog kao Stari Pretendent) da povrati prijestolja Engleske, Irske i Škotske za dinastiju Stuart, koja je bila u egzilu.

Pozadina
Slavna revolucija iz 1688. – 1689. rezultirala je time da je Jakov II. Engleski i Škotski, katolik iz dinastije Stuart bio prisiljen na odlazak u egzil u Francusku, pod zaštitu kralja Luja XIV.

Jakovljeva kći i njezin muž, koji je također bio Jakovljev nećak, stupili su na britansko prijestolje kao suvladari Vilim III. i Marija II. Godine 1690. prezbiterijanizam je uspostavljen kao državna vjera u Škotskoj. Zakon o naslijeđu iz 1701. utvrdio je da englesko prijestolje nasljeđuje protestantska dinastija Hannover. Zakon o Uniji 1707. primijenio je Zakon o naslijeđu i na Škotsku. Smrću kraljice Ane, 1714. godine, hanoverski izbornik Georg naslijedio je britansko prijestolje. Njegovo stupanje na prijestolje označilo je početak prevlasti vigovaca, dočim su torijevci bili lišeni sve političke moći. Novi režim vigovaca pokušavao je progoniti članove torijevske vlade u razdoblju od 1710. do 1714. zbog financijskih nepravilnosti, te je Robert Harley bio utamničen u londonskom Toweru, a Lord Bolingbroke je pobjegao u Francusku prije uhićenja. Bolingbroke je postao Pretendentovim državnim tajnikom i prihvatio je grofovsku titulu od njega.

Pretendent se 14. ožujka 1715. obratio papi Klementu XI. za pomoć oko jakobitskoga ustanka: "Ne radi se toliko o predanu sinu, potlačenom nepravdama njegovih neprijatelja, koliko o progonjenoj Crkvi, kojoj prijeti uništenje, koja moli zaštitu i pomoć svoga dostojnoga prvosvećenika". Bolingbroke je 19. kolovoza pisao Pretendentu: "Stvari se ubrzavaju sve do toga da ili Vi, Gospodine, na čelu torijevaca, morate spasiti Crkvu i engleski Ustav, ili će oboje biti nepovratno uništeno zauvijek. Pretendent je vjerovao da će mu se vojvoda od Marlborougha pridružiti kad se iskrca u Škotskoj, pišući vojvodi od Berwicka, 23. kolovoza: "Vjerujem da je sada više nego ikada 'Sada ili nikada'".

Podizanje zastave
Iako ga Jakov nije zadužio za početak ustanka, grof od Mara je isplovio iz Londona za Škotsku, i kod Braemara održao prvo ratno vijeće, 27. kolovoza. U pratnji 600 pristalica, Mar je 6. rujna podigao zastavu "Jakova VIII. i III."

Kao odgovor, Parlament je suspendirao habeas corpus Zakonom o suspenziji Habeas Corpusa iz 1715., te usvojio zakon kojim je dao pravo zakupcima, koji odbiju podržati jakobite, pravo na imanje njihovih zemljoposjednika, ako su oni bili jakobiti. Neki od Marovih zakupaca putovali su u Edinburgh kako bi dokazali svoju odanost i stekli pravo na njegovu zemlju.

Borba za Škotsku
U sjevernoj Škotskoj, jakobiti su bili uspješni. Zauzeli su Inverness, Gordon Castle, Aberdeen i južnije Dundee, iako nisu mogli zauzeti Fort William. U edinburškom dvorcu bilo je oružja za 10.000 ljudi i 100.000 funti plaćenih Škotskoj kada je ušla u uniju s Engleskom. Lord Drummond, s 80 jakobita, pokušao je pod okriljem noći zauzeti dvorac, ali je upravitelj dvorca saznao za njihove planove, i uspješno ga obranio.

Do listopada, Marove su snage (oko 20.000) kontrolirane cijelu Škotsku iznad estuarija Firth of Forth, osim dvorca Stirling. Međutim, Mar je bio neodlučan, te su osvajanje Pertha i pokretanje oko 2.000 ljudi prema jugu vjerojatno odlučili njegovi podređeni. Marova neodlučnost dala je vremena hanoverskim snagama, pod zapovjedništvom vojvode od Argylla, da se ojačaju. Pojačanja Argyllovih snaga dovedena su i iz Irskog garnizona.

Mar je 22. listopada dobio zapovijed od Jakova, kojom ga imenuje zapovjednikom jakobitske vojske. Jakobitska je vojska bila trostruko brojnija od Argyllovih snaga, te je Mar odlučio poći na dvorac Stirling. Dvije su se vojske susrele 13. studenoga u boju kod Sheriffmuira. Bitka je bila neodlučna, ali pred kraj jakobiti su broili 4.000 ljudi, u usporedbi s Argyllovih 1.000. Marova je vojska započela s okruženje Argyllovih snaga, koji su bili slabo zaštićeni, ali Mar im nije naredio da idu dalje, možda vjerujući da je već dobio bitku (Argyll je izgubio 600 ljudi, tri puta više od Mara). Mar se potom povukao u Perth. Istoga dana, Inverness se predao hanoverskim snagama, a manja skupina jakobita koje je predvodio Mackintosh od Borluma, pobijeđena je kod Prestona.

Engleska
Među predvodnicima jakobitske urote za ustakan u zapadnoj Engleskoj bila su tri plemića i šest zastupnika. Vlasti su uhitile predvodnike u noći 2. listopada, te sljedećega dana lako zadobile dozvolu Parlamenta za ta uhićenja. Među njima je bio i vođa engleskih jakobita, Sir William Wyndha. Vlada je poslala pojačanja u Bristol, Southampton i Plymouth, kako bi se osigurali da ne padnu u ruke jakobitima. Oxford je bio poznat po svojoj sklonosti monarhiji, te ga je vlada smatrala naklonim Pretendentu. Stoga je 17. listopada general Pepper uveo dragune u grad i uhitio neke od vodećih jakobita, bez otpora.

Diverzijski ustanak bio je planiran u Northumberlandu kako bi pratio glavni ustanak na zapadu. Napredak ustanka na zapadu preduhitrile su brze akcije vladinih snaga, ali je ustanak u Northumberlandu ipak započeo 6. listopada 1715. U ovom engleskom ustanku sudjelovale su i neke istaknute osobe, među kojima dvojica plemića, James Radclyffe, 3. grof od Derwentwatera i William Widdrington, 4. barun Widdrington, te budući plemić, Charles Radclyffe, kasnije de jure grof od Derwentwatera. Još jedan budući engleski plemić, Edward Howard, kasnije 9. vojvoda od Norfolka, pridružio se kasnije ustanku u Lancashireu, kao i druge istaknute osobe, uključujući Roberta Cottona, jednoga od gospode iz Huntingdonshirea.

Engleski su jakobiti združili snage s pograničnim Škotima, koje je vodio William Gordon, 6. vikont Kenmure, te se toj maloj postrojbi pridružio i Mackintoshov kontingent. Zajedno su pošli na Englesku, te stigli do Prestona, gdje su se susreli s vladinim snagama. To je dovelo do bitke kod Prestona, od 12. do 14. studenoga. Jakobiti su osvojili prvi dan bitke, ubivši brojne pripadnike vladinih snaga, ali je sutradan stiglo pojačanje, te su se jakobiti naposljetku predali.

Ishod

Pretendent je 22. prosinca pristao u Škotsku, u Peterheadu, ali dok je stigao u Perth, 9. siječnja 1716., jakobitska je vojska brojila manje od 5.000 ljudi. S druge strane, Argyllove su se snage naoružale teškim topništvom, te brzo napredovale. Mar je odlučio spaliti niz sela između Pertha i Stirlinga, kako bi lišio Argyllovu vojsku opskrbe. Mar je 30. siječnja izveo jakobite iz Pertha; 4. veljače Pretendent je napisao oproštajno pismo Škotskoj, isplovivši sutradan iz Montrosea.

Mnogim zarobljenim jakobitima bilo je suđeno za izdaju, te su osuđeni na smrt. Odštetni zakon iz srpnja 1717. podijelio je amnestiju svim sudionicima ustanka, ali čitav klan Gregor, među kojima i Rob Roy MacGregor, bili su posebno isključeni iz povlastica toga zakona.

Još jedan pokušaj, uz španjolsku potporu, poduzet je 1719., te je ponovno završio neuspjehom, u porazu nakon bitke kod Glenshiela. Jakovljev sin, Karlo Eduard Stuart pokušao je osvojiti prijestolje za svoga oca u još jednoj pobuni, 1745., ali je pobijeđen kod Cullodena. Jakov je umro 1766.

Izvori

Literatura
John Baynes, The Jacobite Rising of 1715 (London: Cassell, 1970.).
H. T. Dickinson, Bolingbroke (London: Constable, 1970.).
Christoph v. Ehrenstein, 'Erskine,  John, styled twenty-second or sixth earl of Mar and Jacobite duke of Mar  (kršten. 1675, umro. 1732)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.; online izdanje siječanj 2008., pristupljeno 28. svibnja 2018.
George Hilton Jones, The Main Stream of Jacobitism (sic) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1954.).
Wolfgang Michael, England Under George I. The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty (Westpoint, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1981.).
 Stuart Reid. Sheriffmuir 1715. Frontline Books, 2014.
Daniel Szechi, 1715: The Great Jacobite Rebellion (Yale University Press, 2006.).

Povijest Engleske
Povijest Škotske
Jakobitizam

Jakobitski ustanak 1715.


أقلية وطن أو أصلانيون هم مجموعة من سكان أرض ما بقوا في أرضهم رغم احتلالها من قبل قوة أو شعب آخر. أصبح السكان الأصليون أقلية بسبب ممارسة المحتل، سواء قام المحتل بتهجير أغلب السكان الأصليين وجلب شعب جديد ليستوطن أرضهم، كما هي الحالة في فلسطين، أو لم يطرد أصحاب الأرض خارج الوطن وإنما كان عدد المستوطنين الجدد أكبر من عدد السكان الأصلانيين الذين يدفع أغلبهم للعيش في مناطق نائية ومنزوية، كحالة الأبوريجين في أستراليا والهنود الحمر في أمريكا الشمالية.
يفقد الأصلانيون في هذه الحالة السلطة والسيادة على وطنهم وعلى أمورهم ويعيشون تحت سيادة المحتل وقوانينه الجديدة، يعانون من سياسة إقصاء وتمييز عنصري، وتكون حقوقهم منقوصة مقارنة بحقوق المحتلين.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 أقلية
 احتلال

أقليات

أقلية وطن


Charles Owen Waterhouse (19 de junho de 1843 – 4 de fevereiro de 1917) foi um entomologista inglês especializado em coleópteros. Ele era o filho mais velho de George Robert Waterhouse.

Waterhouse foi assistente de guarda no Museu Britânico (História Natural), Londres. Ele escreveu a parte Buprestidae de Frederick DuCane Godman e Biologia Centrali-Americana de Osbert Salvin (1889) e muitos artigos sobre as coleções mundiais de besouros do museu, descrevendo centenas de novas espécies.

Ele foi presidente da Royal Entomological Society de 1907 a 1908, e foi nomeado ISO nas Honras de Aniversário de 1910. Waterhouse morreu em fevereiro de 1917 aos 73 anos.

Referências

 Distant, WL 1917. [Waterhouse, CO] The Entomologist 50: 71-72. BHL
 Evenhuis, NL 1997. Litteratura taxonomica dipterorum (1758-1930). Volume 1 (AK); Volume 2 (LZ). Leiden, Backhuys Publishers.
 Gahan, CJ 1917. [Waterhouse, CO] Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1917: cx–cxii. BHL
 Musgrave, A. 1932. Bibliografia da Entomologia Australiana 1775–1930. Sidney

Entomólogos da Inglaterra

Charles Owen Waterhouse


Brutalität in Stein ist ein deutscher Kurzdokumentarfilm von Alexander Kluge und Peter Schamoni aus dem Jahr 1961.

Handlung
Der Film zeigt architektonische Details des Reichsparteitagsgeländes in Nürnberg. In oftmals statischen Einstellungen werden die "Uniformität", die Schmucklosigkeit und gleichzeitig die Dominanz von Ecken und Kanten betont. Parallel werden verschiedene Tondokumente eingespielt, darunter Heil-Rufe, das Geräusch von marschierenden Massen, Hitler-Reden sowie Auszüge aus den Erinnerungen von Rudolf Höß, der von Mai 1940 bis November 1943 Kommandant des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz war. Neben den Bildern des Reichsparteitagsgeländes werden Skizzen Hitlers vom fertigen Gelände gezeigt sowie NS-Modelle deutscher zukünftiger Städte, darunter der Hauptstadt Berlin als zukünftige "Welthauptstadt Germania". Der Film endet mit Einstellungen von Trümmern des Geländes in Nürnberg.

Intention
Der Film will den Zusammenhang zwischen Architektur – insbesondere der Partei- und Prestigebauten – und Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus verdeutlichen. Die Hinterlassenschaften der NS-Architektur (Bauwerke, Ruinen, Modelle, Baupläne, Skizzen), so die These des Films, kann die Ideologie der Nationalsozialisten und die Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit überhaupt lebendig werden lassen und dem Betrachter  zeugen.

Produktion
Brutalität in Stein wurde 1960 in Nürnberg gedreht und erlebte am 8. Februar 1961 auf dem IFF in Oberhausen seine Premiere. Erzähler des Films sind Hans Clarin und Christian Marschall.

Der Kurzfilm erschien im Rahmen der Gesamtschau von Werken Alexander Kluges 2007 auf DVD. Michael Kloft übernahm den Kurzfilmtitel 2002 für seine Spiegel-TV-Dokumentation Brutalität in Stein – Die Bauten der Nazis gestern und heute.

Kritik
"Selten ist ein politisches Thema so unmittelbar in Bildsymbolik übersetzt worden wie in diesem außerordentlichen Werk Schamonis", schrieb Die Welt 1961.

Auszeichnungen
Auf dem IFF Oberhausen erhielt Brutalität in Stein 1961 den Preis der Stadt Oberhausen. Zudem wurde er Anfang der 1960er-Jahre in Prag prämiert.

Literatur
 Brutalität in Stein. In: Hilmar Hoffmann (Hrsg.): Peter Schamoni. Filmstücke/Film Pieces. Arnoldsche Art Publishers, Stuttgart 2003, S. 102–103.

Weblinks

 Florian Müller-Klug: »Brutalität in Stein« - Der Zusammenhang zwischen Architektur und Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus in einem Film von Alexander Kluge und Peter Schamoni. In: Clio Berlin Blog, 25. November 2015, abgerufen am 25. November 2015.

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1961
Deutscher Film
Kurzfilm
Dokumentarfilm
Schwarzweißfilm

Brutalität in Stein


El jazz afrocubano (en inglés, afro-cuban jazz) es un subgénero del jazz, surgido en la década de 1940 e integrado en el llamado jazz latino, del que fue su primer ejemplo consolidado. Se trata de un ejemplo de género de fusión, procedente de la interrelación entre el be bop y la música cubana (en especial, el son montuno). Los principales artistas que encontramos en la génesis y desarrollo del estilo, fueron Mario Bauzá, Machito, Chano Pozo, Dizzy Gillespie y Tito Puente. A finales de los años 1940, se conoció como Cu bop, nombre derivado de las palabras "Cuba" y "Be bop".

Origen y desarrollo

Desde los primeros años del , ya se había producido una temprana incorporación de elementos latinos (especialmene cubanos) a la música hot. De hecho, los ritmos de habanera, calinda, contradanza o fandango eran usuales en la música de Nueva Orleans. En los últimos años 1920 y comienzo de los años 1930, la música de origen latino alcanza un gran impacto en Estados Unidos, que se traduce en la adaptación al jazz de un importante número de temas latinos, y en la incorporación de músicos latinos a las big bands de swing, como era el caso de Nilo Menéndez, Alberto Socarrás, el portorriqueño Juan Tizol, o el trompetista Mario Bauzá. Algunos autores señalan también que, en esa misma época, y en la propia Habana, un cierto número de músicos y bandas confrontaron el jazz y la música cubana, especialmente a través de las llamadas descargas, reuniones similares a las jam sessions en las que los músicos improvisaban, contrastando ideas musicales. Sin embargo, no se produjo una verdadera interacción que llevara a la aparición de un estilo nuevo y original.

En diciembre de 1940, Mario Bauzá se incorporó como director y arreglista, a la banda de Machito, "The Afro-Cubans". Bauzá y Machito serían quienes "hicieran comprender al mundo del jazz que es un error añadir simplemente un percusionista latino a una sección tradicional de ritmo de jazz, como con frecuencia era el caso entonces". Ello les llevó a formar "secciones completas de ritmos cubanos, donde los percusionistas latinos entran en relación con el jazz, y los bateristas del jazz con la música latinoamericana". En estas secciones se integraban diversos instrumentos de percusión, tocados por diversos músicos de origen normalmente cubano, y un contrabajista que debía dominar tanto los ritmos de jazz como los cubanos.

Los arreglos que Mario Bauzá elaboró para el disco de los Machito's Afro-Cubans, Tanga, publicado en 1943, se consideran como el primer paso del nuevo estilo. Debido al apartheid que asolaba por entonces Estados Unidos, los dueños de los clubes insistían fuertemente en que se omitiera la palabra «afro» del nombre de la banda. Pero Bauzá permaneció firme: «La música afro cubana es lo que nosotros representamos, cada hombre negro viene de África. Yo no tengo nada de qué avergonzarme: o tú mantienes el nombre o nosotros no tocamos aquí». La orquesta de Machito defendió la unión racial al contratar en su orquesta a negros, judíos, italianos e hispanos. Hacia 1945, cada uno de los mejores solistas de jazz querían grabar o tocar para la banda de Machito.

Cu bop
Para algunos autores, existía una importante dificultad para que los devaneos entre jazz y música cubana lograran una conjunción plena: la base rítmica regular en la que se apoyaba el swing contrastaba con la multiplicidad de ritmos propios del son, la rumba y demás estilos cubanos. Sería precisamente el trabajo de Mario Bauzá al organizar los arreglos de los "Afro-Cubans", el que comenzara a llenar el hueco existente, lo que le convierte en el pionero del estilo. Pero el estilo consigue su definitiva consolidación gracias a la relación que se establece entre Machito y dos músicos esenciales del bop: Dizzy Gillespie y Charlie Parker.

En 1946, Dizzy Gillespie habló con Bauzá para introducir un conguero en su orquesta, y Bauzá le presentó al cubano Chano Pozo. Sería precisamente la aplicación de los conceptos del bop lo que salvaría definitivamente el hueco entre el jazz y la música cubana, lo que permite contextualizar la aparición del jazz afrocubano como "parte de la revolución bop". Los autores establecen como fecha de alumbramiento del cubop el 29 de septiembre de 1947, con el histórico concierto de la orquesta de Gillespie y Pozo en el Carnegie Hall de Nueva York. Ese mismo año se grabaron algunas de las más importantes composiciones de Pozo dentro del género: "Manteca", "Cubana Be-cubana Bop", "Algo Bueno", etc

Por su parte, la relación entre Machito y Charlie Parker se plasmó en diversas grabaciones entre 1948 y 1950, para el sello Verve, producidas por Norman Granz, como respuesta a la popularidad que adquirió rápidamente el Cubop. El más importante de estos discos es Afro-Cuban suite, grabado el 21 de diciembre de 1950, y en el que participaron, además de Parker y la banda de Machito, músicos como Harry Edison, Buddy Rich o Flip Phillips.

Junto a Dizzy Gillespie, numerosos músicos de jazz y música cubana, como James Moody, Tito Puente, Chico O'Farrill o Stan Kenton ("Chorale for Brass, Piano & bongo", 1947, con el bongocero Jack Constanzo; "Machito" y "Mambo en Fa", con el percusionista Carlos Vidal; etc.) siguieron trabajando el ritmo y la estructura de la música afrocubana ejemplificada por Machito, con instrumentaciones más cercanas al jazz.

Álbumes importantes de jazz afrocubano

 1943: Tanga, de Machito's Afro Cubans, con arreglos de Mario Bauzá.
 1948: Manteca, de la Dizzy Gillespie Big Band, con Chano Pozo.
 1958: Kenya, de Machito.
 1958: Dance manía, de Tito Puente.

Véase también
 Jazz latino
 Música de Cuba

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Mario Bauzá: El padre del afro-cuban jazz

 Raúl A. Fernández: From afro-cuban rhythms to latin jazz (fragmentos)

 Jazz cubano: emisiones de nov. de 1986 del programa de La 2 (TVE) Jazz entre amigos:
 1ª, del día 7.
 Otra copia.
 2ª, del día 14.
 Otra copia.

Jazz afrocubano


Katherine Elizabeth Upton (født 10. juni 1992) er en amerikansk model og skuespiller, bedst kendt for sine optrædener i Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Upton blev kåret som Rookie of the Year efter sin første optræden i 2011 og var forsidemodel for magasinet i både 2012, 2013 og 2017. Hun prydede også forsiden på Vanity Fairs 100-års-jubilæumsnummer. Upton har dertil medvirket i filmene Tower Heist (2011) og Den Anden Kvinde (2014).

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Florida
Modeller fra USA

Kate Upton


الليالي هو الألبوم الرابع للفنانة اللبنانية نوال الزغبي، تم إصدار الألبوم في عام 2000 من قبل شركة روتانا

ألبومات 2000
ألبومات باللغة العربية
ألبومات نوال الزغبي

الليالي (ألبوم)


A 7-a ediție a Campionatului Mondial de Atletism s-a desfășurat între 20 și 29 august 1999 pe Stadionul Olimpic din Sevilla, Spania. Au participat 1750 de sportivi, veniți din 200 de țări.

Rezultate
RM - record mondial; RC - record al competiției; AM - record nord-american; AS - record asiatic; RE - record european; OC - record oceanic; SA - record sud-american; RA - record african; RN - record național; PB - cea mai bună performanță a carierei

Masculin

* Atletul a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Feminin

* Atleta a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Clasament pe medalii

Participarea României la campionat
24 de atleți au reprezentat România.

 Gabriela Szabo – 5000 m - locul 1
 Mihaela Melinte – ciocan - locul 1
 Lidia Șimon – maraton - locul 3
 Nicoleta Grasu – disc - locul 3
 Violeta Szekely – 1500 m - locul 4
 Elena Buhăianu – 1500 m - locul 6
 Florin Ionescu – 3000 m obstacole - locul 8
 Cristina Nicolau – triplusalt - locul 8
 Monica Iagăr – înălțime - locul 10
 Claudia Iovan – 20 km marș - locul 11
 Adelina Gavrilă – triplusalt - locul 11
 Felicia Țilea-Moldovan – suliță - locul 11
 Elena Hilă – greutate - locul 12
 Florina Pană – maraton - locul 13
 Ana Mirela Țermure – suliță - locul 15
 Ionuț Pungă – triplusalt- locul 15
 Gheorghe Gușet – greutate - locul 18
 Constantina Diță – maraton - locul 19
 Otilia Ruicu – 400 m- locul 20
 Alina Gherasim – maraton - locul 25
 Bogdan Țăruș – lungime - locul 26
 Costel Grasu – disc -
 Anuța Cătună – maraton -
 Norica Câmpean – 20 km marș -

Participarea Republicii Moldova la campionat
Patru atleți au reprezentat Republica Moldova.

 Olga Bolșova – înălțime - locul 19
 Fedosei Ciumacenco – 20 km marș - locul 22
 Vadim Zadoinov – 400 m garduri - locul 32
 Valeriu Vlas – maraton - locul 35

Note

Legături externe

  7TH IAAF WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS

Atletism
1999
Sevilla
Atletism

Campionatul Mondial de Atletism din 1999


Aderus barrerai é uma espécie de besouro da família Aderidae. A espécie foi descrita cientificamente por Manuel Martínez de la Escalera em 1922.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Bioko (Fernando Póo) (Guiné Equatorial).

Referências

barrerai
Coleópteros descritos em 1922

Aderus barrerai


Moscheea Imam Hasan este o moschee din orașul mashhad, Iran. Este cea mai veche moschee din oraș și una dintre primele moschei construite în Iran.

Galerie de imagini
 http://gm-masjed.ir/
 http://mqemamhasanmojtaba.com

Moschei din Iran

Moscheea Imam Hasan


Vjesnik Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije : časopis za pastoralnu orijentaciju hrvatski je katolički časopis.

Povijest
Časopis je pokrenut 1873. kao Glasnik Biskupije đakovačko sriemske. Uređivali su ga  Julije Liebbald-Ljubojević, Ivan Koharić, Mijat Kučera i Josip Paus. Od 1879. izlazi pod naslovom Glasnik Biskupija bosanske i srijemske. Urednici su bili Josip Kuhner, Matija Pavić, Alojzije Vincetić, Marinko Lacković, Andrija Živković, Andrija Spiletak, Zvonimir Marković i Pero Ivanišić.

Od 1948. do 1954. godine naziv časopisa je je Vjesnik Biskupije đakovačke, a urednici su Zvonimir Marković i Marinko Prepunić. Kao Vjesnik Đakovačke biskupije : revija za pastoralnu orijentaciju svećenika izlazi od 1955. do 1987. godine. Uređuju ga  Marinko Prepunić, Vilim Hiršnhauzer i Nikola Dogan.

Od 1988. do 2008. izlazi kao Vjesnik Đakovačke i Srijemske biskupije : časopis za pastoralnu orijentaciju, a urednici su Nikola Dogan, Marko Tomić, Đuro Hranić i Vladimir Dugalić. Od 2008. do 2018. izlazi kao Vjesnik Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije i Srijemske biskupije : časopis za pastoralnu orijentaciju, uređuju ga Vladimir Dugalić i Boris Vulić.

Od 2019. godine časopis izlazi pod sadašnjim naslovom. Glavni urednik je Boris Vulić.

Sadržaj
Časopis donosi teološke i pastoralne priloge, crkvene dokumente i vijesti iz crkvenog i vjerskog života.

Bibliografija
 Diacovensia 1/1998., tematski broj posvećen Vjesniku Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije (elektronička inačica)

Izvori

 O nama, www.vjesnik.djos.hr, arhivirano 24. prosinca 2020., pristupljeno 12. siječnja 2022.
 Andrija Šuljak, Glasnik/Vjesnik Đakovačke i Srijemske biskupije utemeljen da usmjerava, potiče i bilježi život i djelovanje mjesne Crkve, Diacovensia 1/1998.
 Marin Srakić, Urednici i suradnici Glasnika / Vjesnika Đakovačke i Srijemske biskupije od 1873. do 1997. godine, Diacovensia 1/1998.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Vjesnik Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije, službeno mrežno mjesto

Hrvatski katolički tisak
Đakovačko-osječka nadbiskupija

Vjesnik Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije


Das Schwedische Forschungsinstitut der Verteidigung, auch Schwedische Behörde für Verteidigungsforschung (schwedisch: Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut, wörtlich: Forschungsinstitut der vollumfänglichen Abwehrbereitschaft) ist eine schwedische Forschungseinrichtung mit Hauptsitz in Kista. Ihre Aufgaben sind Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Verteidigungspolitik und des Zivilschutzes. Sie ist dem schwedischen Verteidigungsministerium, dem Försvarsdepartementet, unterstellt. Im Jahre 2007 beschäftigte sie etwa 1000 Personen.

Geschichte
Das FOI ging 2001 aus der Fusion der Vorgängereinrichtungen dem Schwedischen Luftfahrtforschungsinstitut (Flygtekniska försöksanstalten, kurz: FFA) und dem Schwedischen Forschungsinstitut für nationale Verteidigung (Försvarets forskningsanstalt, kurz: FOA)  hervor.

Die FFA wurden 1940 in Bromma als staatliches Forschungsinstitut für die schwedische Luftfahrtindustrie, hauptsächlich für militärische Zwecke, gegründet.

Die FOA entstand 1945 ihrerseits aus der Fusion dreier Institutionen. Im Einzelnen waren dies:
 das Chemische Institut der schwedischen Streitkräfte (Försvarsväsendets kemiska anstalt, FKA), das 1937 gegründet wurde und aus Forschungsvorhaben bezüglich chemischer Waffen an den Universitäten Lund und Uppsala hervorging,
 das Institut für Militärphysik (Militärfysiska institutet, MFI), das während des Zweiten Weltkriegs entstanden war und
 das Statens uppfinnarnämnd, SUN, das 1942 zur Erforschung der Radartechnik gegründet worden war.
Die FOA war maßgeblich an der Erforschung von Atomwaffen beteiligt, bis Schweden 1968 dem Atomwaffensperrvertrag beitrat.

Siehe auch
 Verwaltungsbehörde (Schweden)

Weblinks
 https://www.foi.se/

Einzelnachweise

Forschungsinstitut in Schweden
Bildung und Forschung in Stockholm

Schwedisches Forschungsinstitut der Verteidigung


Peter Thal Philipsen Prahm (født 27. juli 1908 i Probolinggo, Hollandsk Ostindien, død 23. maj 2003 på Frederiksberg) var en dansk hockeyspiller, der deltog på det danske landshold ved OL 1928 i Amsterdam. Peter Prahm spillede for Orient.

Ved OL i 1928 blev Danmark delt nummer fem blandt de ni deltagende hold efter nederlag i indledende runde til Indien og Belgien samt sejre over Schweiz og Østrig, hvilket ikke var nok til at gå videre til finalerunden. Prahm spillede alle fire kampe uden at score.

Peter Prahm var storebror til Louis Prahm, der ligeledes spillede hockey og deltog for Danmark ved OL 1936. De to brødre stammede fra en dansk-hollandsk familie i Hollandsk Ostindien, men kom som unge til Danmark.

Referencer

Hockeyspillere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1928

Peter Prahm


Alain Ransay, né le 11 novembre 1961 à La Trinité, en Martinique, est un prélat catholique français, actuel évêque de Cayenne depuis le 10 décembre 2021.

Biographie

Alain Ransay est né le 11 novembre 1961 à La Trinité en Martinique. Après des études de mathématiques à l'université Toulouse-III-Paul-Sabatier, il enseigne pendant 2 ans les mathématiques dans sa ville natale.

En 1986, il rejoint le séminaire d'Avignon. De 1988 à 1992, il est étudiant au Séminaire Universitaire et à l'université catholique de Lyon, où il obtient une licence canonique en théologie.

Il est ordonné prêtre pour l'archidiocèse de Saint-Pierre et Fort-de-France le 27 décembre 1992.

Alain Ransay parle couramment français, créole, anglais, espagnol. Il est auteur de la publication S'épanouir malgré les blessures : La vie humaine en dix étapes, Saint Paul, 2018.

Principaux ministères

Prêtre
Après son ordination, il est envoyé comme vicaire au Lamentin. Il deviendra ensuite curé de différentes paroisses en Martinique (Lamentin, Sainte-Marie, De Briant, Saint-Christophe, Notre-Dame de Bellevue). En outre, il prêche des missions d'évangélisation et des retraites spirituelles.

En 2014, il devient professeur de théologie morale à l'institut diocésain d'études religieuses Gaston Jean-Michel puis au séminaire Saint-Jean-Paul II.

De 2016 à 2018, il occupe également le poste de directeur diocésain de l'Éducation catholique.

Évêque
Le , le pape François nomme Alain Ransay évêque du diocèse de Cayenne, en Guyane. Il est ordonné le  au Palais Régional Omnisports Georges Théolade à Matoury par Fortunatus Nwachukwu, délégué apostolique pour la Guyane et les Antilles françaises assisté de David Macaire, archevêque de Saint-Pierre et Fort-de-France et de Michel Dubost, administrateur apostolique du diocèse de Cayenne. Son installation a lieu trois jours plus tard, le 9 février, en la Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne.

Sa nomination se fait dans une période de troubles pour l'Eglise de Cayenne, notamment avec la démission du précédent évêque de Cayenne, Emmanuel Lafont, officiellement pour raisons d'âges mais mis en cause dans des affaires d'abus de faiblesse et de harcèlement moral.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des évêques français

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1961
Naissance à La Trinité (Martinique)
Évêque de Cayenne
Évêque catholique français du XXIe siècle

Alain Ransay


الباطرش هو عبارة عن باذنجان مشوي وطحينة ولبن (النسب حسب الرغبة) مع قليل من الليمون والملح والفلفل الأحمر مخلوط حتى التجانس ثم يضاف عليه صلصة البندورة واللحمة ويؤكل كوجبة رئيسية.

المعلومات الغذائية
تحتوي وجبة الباطرش (300غ تقريباً) على المعلومات الغذائية التالية:
 السعرات الحرارية: 89
 الدهون: 8
 الدهون المشبعة: 1
 الكوليسترول: 2
 الكاربوهيدرات: 4
 البروتينات: 2

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 معلومات غذائية عن وصفة الباطرش

مطبخ سوري

باطرش


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Bojná enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Bojná im Okres Topoľčany.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Bojna


Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (på dansk: "Smadret-hoved bison-styrt") er et område ved foden af Rocky Mountains i det sydlige Alberta i Canada, hvor de oprindelige folk på prærien dræbte bisoner ved at drive dem ud over en cirka 10 m høj klippe. Området er et kulturelt mindesmærke og blev i 1981 optaget på UNESCOs verdensarvsliste. Området blev udpeget som bevaringsværdigt i 1955 på initiativ af piikani-indianeren Joe Crowshoe Sr. (1903-1999), der som agtet person i sin stamme med navnet Aapohsoy'yiis (Væselhale) brugte det meste af sit liv på at bevare oprindelige folks kultur.

Etymologi
Blackfoot-navnet for stedet er "Estipah-skikikini-kots", som har samme betydning som det engelske navn. Ifølge en legende stammer navnet fra en situation under en bisonjagt, hvor en ung mand ville prøve at opleve faldet nedefra. Han stillede sig helt ind til klippen som bag et vandfald. Det viste sig, at jagten var usædvanlig god den dag, så dyrene hobede sig op, så den unge mand til sidst blev fanget, og da hans stammefrænder fik kroppene væk, fandt de den unge mand med hovedet smadret ("head smashed in").

Historie

Bisonstyrtet
Stedet, hvor bisoner blev drevet ud over klippen, blev af flere forskellige oprindelige folk anvendt til dette formål i 5.500 år.

Blackfoot-folket fik kontrol over bisonstyrtet hen mod midten af 1700-tallet efter at have enten fordrevet eller erstattet shoshoner og kootenaier fra denne del af prærien. Inden den relativt sene indførelse af hesten drev blackfoot-indianerne bisonerne fra et græsningsområde i Porcupine Hills omkring 3 km vest for klippen til "banerne" markeret med varder ved at klæde sig ud som ulve og prærieulve. Rollen som "bisonløbere" gik til unge mænd, der var oplært i at forstå dyrenes opførsel, så de kunne tvinge dem ind i banerne. Når de først var der, ville bisonerne i fuld galop nå klippen og styrte ned på grund af den bagfra kommende flok, og herved ville de typisk brække benene og blive ude af stand til at komme videre. Nu kom en anden gruppe blackfoot-indianere, der dræbte de kvæstede dyr med spyd og køller, og de døde dyr blev slæbt til en nærtliggende lejr. Lejrens placering var ideel i forhold til bearbejdning af de døde kroppe med blandt andet tilstrækkeligt med vand. De første par tusinde år parterede jægerne muligvis bisonerne, hvor de landede for foden af klippen.

Lejren
Området mest konstant brugt af indianerne til både lejrplads og forarbejdning af byttet ligger nedenfor klippen og omkring 300 meter sydøst for faldstedet. Pladsen dækker et areal på ca. 500.000 m2. Indianerne begyndte først for alvor at tage dette område i brug, efter at bisonstyrtet havde været anvendt i nogle tusinde år.

Tonsvis af medbragte sten
På pladsen findes tonsvis af mindre, varme-sprængte sten, som indianerne havde indsamlet to til fire kilometer borte i hel tilstand og bragt med til lejren. De lokale sandsten er porøse og uegnet til det formål, indianerne skulle bruge sten til. Ved at opvarme de medbragte og bastante sten i et bål og flytte dem over i skindforede, gravede huller fyldt med vand, fik folkene vandet i kog. Kødet båret ind i lejren blev kogt i disse kogehuller sammen med bisonens marvholdige knogler. Fedtet og marven samlede sig øverst på vandet, hvor lejrfolket skrabte det op til brug i fremstillingen af pemmikan.

Anvendelsen af byttet
Bisonerne blev anvendt til flere formål som føde, redskaber lavet af knogler samt klæder og beklædning af hytterne lavet af huderne. Efter en sådan succesfuld jagt havde stammens medlemmer mulighed for at slappe af i en periode og foretage sig åndelige og kunstneriske forehavender, hvilket var med til at forøge den kulturelle kompleksitet i samfundet.

For omkring 2000 år siden begyndte indianerne som noget nyt at udnytte kødet og knoglerne på de hundredvis af bisoner dræbt i et styrt næsten maksimalt (hel partering). En antagelse er, at byttet ikke mere kun var til lejrens eget brug. Denne indgik i et spirende handelsnetværk, hvor lejrens overskud af pemmikan samt andre produkter af jagten blev byttet til måske tobak samt eksotiske bær/frugter/rødder indsamlet af indfødte i varmere egne af Nordamerika.

Nyere tid
Brugen af Head-Smashed-In blev opgivet i 1800-tallet, efter at europæerne for alvor bredte sig. Stedet blev første gang beskrevet af europæere så sent som i 1880'erne, og udgravninger på stedet blev indledt i 1938. Stedet blev udnævnt til nationalt historisk minde i 1968, historisk minde for provinsen i 1979, inden det to år senere blev udpeget som verdensarv for sit vidnesbyrd om det forhistoriske liv og de oprindelige folks skikke.

Turistattraktion
I 1987 åbnede et oplevelsescenter ved Heads-Smashed-In opført ind i sandstensklippen, så det falder naturligt ind i omgivelserne. Arkitektfirmaet bag modtog Governor General's Awards inden for arkitektur i form af en guldmedalje for centeret. Det består af fem niveauer, der har fokus på økologi, mytologi, livsstil og teknologi blandt blackfoot-indianerne ud fra den de arkæologiske fund og præsenteret både ud fra de oprindelige folks liv og den europæiske videnskab.

Man kan gå rundt i området og blandt andet se selve klippen, hvorfra faldet fandt sted, og banen, som bisonerne blev tvunget ind gennem. Der findes også en hytte opført til minde om Joe Crowshoe Sr. samt andre oplevelser relateret til de oprindelige folk.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Officiel webside

Verdensarvsområder i Canada
Alberta

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump


Leynilíf gæludýra (enska: The Secret Life of Pets) er bandarísk teiknimynd frumsýnd 2016.

Tenglar

Bandarískar teiknimyndir
Kvikmyndir frumsýndar 2016
Illumination-kvikmyndir
Universal Pictures-kvikmyndir

Leynilíf gæludýra


المقدار الأسي أو القيمة الأسية هو مقياس أو مقدار لكمية ما، حيث يتضمن كل فئة من القياس على كميات ثابتة النسبة للقياس الذي يسبقها. أكثر النسب استعمالا هو ال10. وفي هذه المنظومة يقال أن العددين (30) و(70) لهم ذات القيمة الأسية، أو أن 30 في ذات القيمة الأسية التي للعدد 70، إلخ.

يستخدم المقدار الأسي بشكل عام لعمل مقارنات تقريبية دقيقة جدا. فإذا كان هناك اختلاف بين رقمين بمقدار واحد من القيمة الأسية فذلك معناه أنه أكثر أو أكبر منه بعشر مرات. فإن كان المقدار الأسي هو 2 فسيكون الاختلاف ب 100 مرة. رقمين من نفس المقدار الأسي قد يكونا متساويين بالقياس: فالقيمة الأعلى يكون أقل من عشر مرات قيمة الأدنى. هذا البرهان وراء الأرقام الضخمة: فالقيم المتقاربة تكون بمقادير أسية أقل من الإجمالي، فلذلك تكون قليلة الأهمية.

المقدار الأسي لرقم ما معبر بشكل حدسي، هو عدد مضاعفات ال10 الموجودة بالرقم. وللدقة المقدار الأسي للعدد يمكن أن يعرف بمصطلح اللوغاريثمية العشرية، وعادة جزء العدد الصحيح من اللوغاريثمية التي استخلصت بواسطة الاقتطاع. فمثلا: 4,000,000 لها لوغاريثمية ال 6.602، فالمقدار الأسي سيكون (6)، وعندما تختصر سيكون المقدار الأسي ما بين 106 و 107.
ولمثال مشابه، نقول لديه مدخول من سبعة أرقام، فالقيمة الأسية هي كمية المقدار ناقص واحد ولذلك فهي من السهولة تحديدها بدون إجراء معادلات حسابية لكي تكون (6). القيمة الأسية هي نقطة تقريبية على النطاق اللوغاريثمي.

تقدير القيمة الأسية لكمية متغيرة غير معروفة يكون حول أقرب أس عشري لها. فمثلا: تقدير القيمة الأسية لكمية متغيرة ما بين 3 مليارات و30 مليار (كعدد البشرية بالأرض) يكون 10 مليار، بمعنى آخر عندما يدور حول لوغاريثم الرقم، فرقم القيمة الأسية ل 10 يتراوح ما بين 109.5 و 1010.4.

اختلاف القيمة الأسية ما بين كميتين هو عامل ال10. مثال: كتلة كوكب زحل أكبر من كتلة الأرض ب 95 مرة. إذا زحل يكون أكبر من الأرض بقيمتين أسية.

انظر أيضا
 أس
 سوابق SI
 قيمة أسية (كتلة)
 قيمة أسية (السرعة)
 قيم أسية (طول)

مراجع

رياضيات ابتدائية
قيم أسية
مقاييس لوغاريتمي للقياس

قيمة أسية