Muhammad Kutty Panaparambil Ismail (; born 7 September 1951), known mononymously by the hypocorism Mammootty ), is an Indian actor and film producer who works predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil language films. He has also appeared in Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, and English-language productions. In a career spanning five decades, he has acted in more than 400 films. He is the recipient of several accolades, including three National Film Awards, eight Kerala State Film Awards, eleven  Kerala Film Critics Awards and thirteen Filmfare Awards South. For his contribution to film, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri in 1998. In 2022, he was honoured with Kerala Prabha Award, the second-highest honour given by the Government of Kerala.

Mammootty made his debut in acting through Malayalam film Anubhavangal Paalichakal in 1971. His first leading role was in I. V. Sasi's unreleased film Devalokam (1979). Mammootty's breakthrough came in 1981 when he received the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor for his performance in Ahimsa. Major commercial successes during this time included the 1983 films Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu and Aa Raathri. Following a series of box office failures, the 1987 crime thriller New Delhi improved his commercial prospects. The films that followed through the next decade established Mammootty as one of the leading stars of Malayalam cinema.

The 2000s were a period of critical and commercial success for Mammootty. His performance in the Hindi and English-language bilingual biopic Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000) won him the National Film Award for Best Actor, and he won Kerala State Film Awards for Kaazcha (2004) and Paleri Manikyam (2009). He garnered further critical praise for the satire Pranchiyettan & the Saint (2010), drama Varsham (2014), period drama Pathemari and black comedy Unda (2019), and received Filmfare Awards for Best Actor for the first three. His highest-grossing releases include the period action Mamangam and Madhura Raja in 2019, and the action thriller Bheeshma Parvam in 2022.

Mammootty is the chairman of Malayalam Communications, which runs the Malayalam television channels Kairali TV, Kairali News and Kairali We. He is the owner of multiple production ventures, including the distribution-production banner Playhouse and the Mammootty Kampany.

Early life and family

Mammootty was born on 7 September 1951 in Chandiroor. He was raised in the village of Chempu near Vaikom in Kottayam district in the present-day state of Kerala, India in a middle-class Muslim family. His father, Ismail, had a wholesale garment and rice business and was involved in rice cultivation. His mother, Fatima, was a housewife. He is their eldest son. He has two younger brothers, Ibrahimkutty and Zakariah, and three younger sisters, Ameena, Sauda and Shafina.

He went to Government High School, Kulasekharamangalam, Kottayam for his primary education. In the 1960s, his father moved the family to Ernakulam, where he attended Government School Ernakulam. He did his pre-university course (pre-degree) at Sacred Heart College, Thevara. He attended Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, for his degree. He graduated with an LL.B. from Government Law College, Ernakulam. He practised law for two years in Manjeri.

He married Sulfath Kuttyy in 1979 in an arranged marriage. The couple had a daughter Surumi (born 1982), and a son Dulquer Salmaan (born 1986)—also an actor. He resides in Kochi with his family. His younger brother, Ibrahimkutty has also acted in Malayalam films. His nephews Maqbool Salmaan and Ashkar Saudan are Malayalam film and television actors.

Film career

1971–1982: Early career
Mammootty made his onscreen debut as an extra in K. S. Sethumadhavan's Anubhavangal Paalichakal (1971) at the age of 20. He made his second appearance in an uncredited role in the 1973 film Kaalachakram, directed by K. Narayanan. He was cast in a small role as a boatman. It was in this film that he said his first dialogue. In 1975, he acted in the theatre drama Sabarmathi. After his graduation from Maharaja's college in 1976, Mammootty began his practice as a lawyer in Manjeri. During this time, he met his mentor M. T. Vasudevan Nair, who cast him in a pivotal role in Devalokam (1979). However, due to financial constraints and conflicts among cast and crew, the film stopped shooting halfway. As the film did not get a release Vasudevan Nair cast him in a minor role in Vilkkanundu Swapnangal (1980), directed by Azad and scripted by Nair, his first credited role.

During the filming of Vilkkanundu Swapnangal, Mammootty met and got closer to Sreenivasan. When K. G. George was looking for a newcomer with a "smart and handsome personality" as a daredevil motorcycle jumper for his film Mela (1980), Sreenivasan suggested Mammooty's name while they were shooting at the Raymon circus at Ernakulam.  Mela was the first Malayalam film to feature him in a prominent role. He was then cast in a supporting role in Vijayachithra Combines' big budget action film Sphodanam (1981), directed by P. G. Vishwambharan. He was credited as "Sajin" in the film as Vishwanbharan felt that the name "Mammootty" did not suit an actor. The same year, he made his first-ever appearance as a lead actor in the Malayalam film Thrishna (1981), which won the Filmfare Award for Best Film. Later that year, he appeared in a supporting role in I. V. Sasi's political film Ahimsa (1981), which earned him his first and only Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor.

The next year, he starred alongside Bharath Gopy in K. G. George's the epoch making Yavanika (1982), as a police inspector who is on the search for an unpopular tabla player of a travelling drama group who suddenly disappears. Jijo Punnoose experimented Mammootty in a negative role in the epic period drama Padayottam (1982). I. V. Sasi cast him in a pivotal role in John Jaffer Janardhanan (1982), the Malayalam remake of Manmohan Desai's Hindi film Amar Akbar Anthony (1977). He was then cast in a major supporting role in Sasi's political drama Ee Nadu (1982), which was a major commercial success, becoming the highest grossing South Indian film of the year. Mammootty played supporting roles in most of the films released during the year. He had 23 of his films released during the year.

1983–1986: Experimentation and breakthrough
In 1983, he started to transition into leading roles. Balu Kiriyath experimented with Mammootty by casting him as the lead in the comedy drama Visa, which was declared a hit at the box office. In his next film, Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu, directed by P. G. Vishwambaran, he played the role of a libertine lawyer who takes up the case of a female physician who is charged with medical negligence. The film became a major commercial success, running for 250 days in theatres. A critic of The Indian Express wrote, "Seema, as Dr. Bala gives a stand out performance, being particularly impressive in highly emotional sequences. She is matched in acting by Mammootty, who is advocate Jayamohan." In 2017, The Times of India described Mammootty's role as one of the "astounding advocate roles he has given life to". Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu is credited with solidifying Mammootty's status as a leading man. He then starred in Vishwambaran's Pinnilavu, a film about a fight of ethics between a father and son. A multi starrer, it was also a commercial success, running for 150 days in theatres. He then appeared in a supporting role in K. G. George's controversial classic Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback. In the film, Mammootty plays the role of a film superstar, a character modelled after Prem Nazir. On 15 May 1983, Sreedhar Pillai of India Today wrote, "Mammootty, the current rage of the Malayalam screen, successfully apes the mannerisms of fellow actor Prem Nazir in his Prem Sagar role."

He then starred as an antihero in P. Padmarajan's classic Koodevide. In the film, he plays the role of a jealous and possessive lover of a boarding school teacher. The film was a major commercial success. His pairing with Suhasini was very successful and was continued in films like Ente Upasana (1984). Koodevide was also selected for screening in that year's Indian Panorama. It also won the Kerala State Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value.  He then collaborated with director Joshiy for the first time for Aa Raathri. Despite mixed critical response, it was a commercial success. It had a very successful soundtrack, credited with launching Ilaiyaraaja's Malayalam film career. Critics consider Aa Rathri to be a trendsetter. It is regarded to be the first of the Kutty Petty films, tear-jerker family-drama tragedy of the 1980s. Films of this genre typically featured a happy family in the beginning, with a well placed husband-cum-father, a young mother and a girl child of the age of 3 or 4. In the end, the family gets into a whirlpool of relationship problems. Other notable releases of the year were supporting roles in Fazil's Eettillam and I. V. Sasi's political Iniyenkilum. Reviewing Iniyenkilum for India Today, Sreedhar Pillai wrote, "Mammootty easily outshines everyone else as the villainous politician."

In 1984, he starred as the smuggler Tharadas in I. V. Sasi's Athirathram. The film achieved considerable commercial success and the character of Tharadas gained a cult following among the youth. Mammootty, who was considered a bankable leading actor was propelled to superstardom with the success of the film. Owing to the popularity of the character, it was reprised by Mammootty in Balram vs Tharadas (2006). He then starred in I. V. Sasi's Kanamarayathu, an adaptation of the 1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs by Jean Webster. In the film he plays the role of the sole successor of a rich business empire who falls for an orphan girl younger than him. Kanamarayathu explores the concept of relationships between couples with a large disparity in their ages, which challenged Indian social mores. Upon release the film received critical acclaim and became a commercial success. For his performance as Roy Varghese, Mammootty won his first Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor. The film has over the years accumulated a cult following and is now considered a classic in Malayalam cinema. He then starred as a police officer in Bharathan's Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove. The film explores the relationship between a police officer and his younger brother, who becomes a Naxalite. It was a critical success and had a successful soundtrack.

He then appeared in a supporting role in the art house film, Akkare. In the film he portrays a non resident Malayali. The film is a satirical take on the obsession, especially of the middle class of other's lifestyle. He then starred as a vengeful fisherman back from prison in I. V. Sasi's Adiyozhukkukal. The film was a commercial and critical success. Mammootty won his first Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor and his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam for his performance as Karunan. Mammootty's performance in the film is often considered one of the best in his early career. The film was produced by Casino Productions, a production company owned by Century Kochumon, Mohanlal, I. V. Sasi, and Mammootty. He also starred in I. V. Sasi's Aalkkoottathil Thaniye, a box office hit. In 1988, film scholar Vasanthi Shankaranarayanan wrote, "Aalkkottathil Thaniye shows the changing image of woman in contemprorary Malayalam cinema. From weak and enslaved to strong and independent." Aalkkottathil Thaniye, the screenplay was released as a book by DC Books in 2009. That year he also starred in several Kutty Petty films that received negative critical reviews but were successful at the box office, notable of which were Sandarbham, Koottinilamkili and  Chakkarayumma. The former of which was a major box office hit, running for 150 days in theatres. It was one of the highest grossing films of the year. The genre had now become synonymous with Mammootty, being renamed the Mammootty-Kutty-Petty films (literally meaning Mammootty-child-briefcase).

The following year, he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in Yathra, as well as a Special Jury Award for his performances in both Yathra and Nirakkoottu. Nirakkoottu has won the Best Malayalam Movie award at the Filmfare Awards. In 1986 alone, he acted in about 35 films, including a brief appearance in Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu. In 1986, he teamed up with I. V. Sasi for the film Aavanazhi, which was written by T. Damodaran. Mammootty appears in the lead role as Balram, a police officer. Both Inspector Balram and Balram vs. Tharadas are sequels to this film. The film was a huge hit at the box office. The film ran for over 200 days. The film was remade in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi.

1987–1990
Following a series of flops, Mammootty found commercial success with the crime thriller New Delhi (1987), directed by Joshiy and written by Dennis Joseph. He played G. Krishnamoorthy, a victimised journalist who systematically arranges the killing of politicians who had implicated him under false charges. New Delhi was a commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film released at that point. After its release, Rajinikanth, wanting to remake the film in Tamil, offered to buy the rights from Joseph, but the rights for Kannada, Telugu and Hindi-language remakes were already sold by that time. In the same year, he played Balagopalan, a school teacher who is deemed mad by society owing to a superstitious belief, in the drama Thaniyavarthanam, directed by Sibi Malayil and written by A. K. Lohithadas. It won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam at the Filmfare Awards South. Mammootty's performance received acclaim from film critics.

In the first of his several releases in 1988, Mammootty appeared in the comedy film Manu Uncle, directed by Dennis Joseph. Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi made cameo appearances in the film. It received the National Film Award for Best Children's Film at the 36th National Film Awards. Mammootty played an investigator called Sethurama Iyer in another film, Oru CBI Diary Kurippu, which served as the first instalment in the CBI series. The film set box office records both in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The film's one-year theatrical run in Tamil Nadu continues to remain an all-time record. That year, he also appeared in the Sibi Malayil-directed action film August 1, which was based on the novel The Day of the Jackal, by Frederick Forsyth. The film's rights were sold in Tamil Nadu for a record-breaking price at the time. Additionally, Mammootty and I. V. Sasi worked together on three projects in the same year: the romantic film Abkari, the drama Mukthi and the war film 1921. In the latter, Mammootty played Khader, a World War I veteran who joins the Malabar rebellion. The film, which cost over 1.2 crore to produce, earned 2 crore during its theatrical run. In 1988, Mammootty collaborated with Joshiy for two films, Sangham and Thanthram.

The following year, Mammootty starred with Rahman and Shobana in the G. S. Vijayan thriller film Charithram. The story is adapted from the English movie Chase a Crooked Shadow. The story is about the relationship between two brothers. In the same year, he acted in a film which is considered as one of the best crime thriller in Malayalam cinema, Adikkurippu, written by S. N. Swamy and directed by K. Madhu. In 1989, Mammootty starred in the lead as Chandu Chekavar, in the epic historical drama film Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha, directed by Hariharan and written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair. The movie has won four National Film Awards, including Best Actor(Mammootty), Best Screenplay(M.T Vasudevan Nair), Best Production Design and Best Costume Design(P. Krishnamoorthy). The movie has selected as Best Malayalam Movie in Filmfare Awards, also the movie has won seven Kerala State Film Awards. The movie received both commercial and critical acclaim and ran for over 300 days. It is considered as one of the greatest films of all time. In an online poll conducted in 2013 by IBN Live, as a part of Indian Cinema completing 100 years, Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha listed as the third greatest Indian Film of all time. In the same year, Mammootty starred with Sukumaran in the Mystery-thriller film Utharam, written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair. The story was based on the short story No Motive by Daphne du Maurier. Utharam is considered as one of the best investigate thrillers in Malayalam cinema. Second movie in CBI (film series), Jagratha released in the same year. It is considered as one of the best investigate thrillers in Malayalam. In the same year Mammootty joined with Joshiy, in the movie Mahayanam, which was a critical and commercial success. In 1989, Mammootty appeared as hunter in Mrigayaa, Directed by I. V. Sasi and written by A. K. Lohithadas. The movie was a major success and I.V Sasi won the Kerala State Award for Best Director. In 1989, Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in Kerala State Film Awards for the movies Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha, Mrigayaa and Mahayanam.

In 1990, he starred in Kottayam Kunjachan, an action comedy film directed by T. S. Suresh Babu and written by Dennis Joseph. The movie has become one of the highest-grossing film in the year. Mammootty played the role Kunjachan which is a character from the novel Veli written by Muttathu Varkey. Mammootty made his Tamil debut the same year with Mounam Sammadham. N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "Mammootty plays the no-nonsense hero in the film with such dignity, poise and grace." Mammootty won Best Actor Award in National Film Award in 1990 for the movie Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha and Mathilukal. The film focuses on the prison life of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and the love between him and Narayani, a female inmate of the prison, who remains unseen throughout the film. The movie was critically acclaimed and considered as the best classics of Malayalam Cinema. The movie has won four National Film Awards. When Indian Cinemas Completes 100 Years, Forbes included the performance of Mammootty in the list "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Mammootty appeared as Alexander in the 1990 in a Gangster film Samrajyam, Directed by Jomon with music composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The movie has commercially a major success at Kerala and Andhra Pradesh box-office. The movie has run for more than 200 days in Kerala and 400 days in Andhra Pradesh. In 1990, Mammootty was part of No.20 Madras Mail directed by Joshiy. Mammootty done a cameo role as himself and Mohanlal was in the lead role.

1991-1994
In 1991, he starred in Amaram, directed by Bharathan and written by A. K. Lohithadas. Mammootty played the character Achootty, an uneducated fisherman who wants his daughter to be educated and wants her to become a doctor. The role helped Mammootty to grab another Filmfare award for Best actor. In the same year he has done two Tamil films Thalapathi and Azhagan. Both the films were commercially successful. Thalapathi is adaptation from the Hindu Epic, Mahabharata. In the same year, Mammootty joined with I.V Sasi for two movies, Inspector Balram and Neelagiri. Inspector Balram was a sequel to his 1986 film Aavanazhi. The movie was commercially successful. In 1992, he acted with Kannada actor Vishnuvardhan in the action thriller movie Kauravar. Mammootty played the character Putturumees in the movie Soorya Manasam, who is a mentally challenged man who lives with his mother in a small village. Mammootty was critically acclaimed for the role and the movie is based on 1937 American Novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. Sowcar Janaki played the mother character. In the same year he acted in movie Pappayude Swantham Appoos, directed and written by Fazil. The movie explores the relationship between a father and son. The film was both commercial and critical success and ran for more than 200 days. Mammootty done his entry to Telugu industry through Swathi Kiranam in the year 1992.

In 1993, Mammootty joined with Joshiy for an Action film Dhruvam. It was Vikram debut in Malayalam Cinema. The film was a super hit at the box-office. In the year Mammootty won the kerala State Film Award for Best Actor and  for the movie Vatsalyam, directed by Cochin Haneefa, Ponthan Mada directed by T. V. Chandran and Vidheyan directed and written by Adoor Gopalakrishnan. He also won National Film Award for Best Actor for the movie Ponthan Mada and Vidheyan at the same year. In the year Mammootty done a Tamil movie Kilipetchu Ketkava, directed by Fazil. Mammootty made his Bollywood debut with the 1993 release Dhartiputra

1995-1999
In 1995, the combination of the writer Sreenivasan and director Kamal created the character Nandakumar Varma, who is a college professor in the romantic drama Mazhayethum Munpe. He acted as an aggressive yet honorable District Collector Thevalliparambil Joseph Alex IAS in his following release, a Political thriller film The King. It became the highest-grossing Malayalam film at that time. In the same year, he starred in the Tamil political thriller Makkal Aatchi, directed by R. K. Selvamani and produced by Thirupur A. Selvaraj under Aarthi International. The film's music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The film was also dubbed in Malayalam as Ente Naadu. The movie was clashed with Rajinikanth starrer Muthu at the same time and Mammootty took the lead over Rajinikanth in Tamil Nadu.  Mammootty's first Malayalam release of 1996 was Azhakiya Ravanan, a Romantic Drama directed by Kamal and written by Sreenivasan. The next film he acted in was Hitler written and directed by Siddique. The film was remade in several languages. The film was a commercial success at the box office and was the highest grossing Malayalam movie, breaking his own movie record The King at that time. The movie has run over 300 days in theatres. He also did a direct Telugu movie in the same year Surya Putrulu, directed by C. Umamaheswara Rao. The film was a moderate success at the box office.

In 1997 Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in Filmfare Awards for the performance in the movie Bhoothakkannadi, directed by Lohithadas. It is considered as one of the finest performance in the actor career. In an interview, Mammootty revealed that he want to direct the movie with Rajinikanth in lead. In the same year Mammootty done two Tamil films Pudhayal, directed by Selva and Arasiyal, directed by R. K. Selvamani. In 1998, Mammootty played the role of an IPS officer in the investigation thriller film The Truth, written by S. N. Swamy and directed by Shaji Kailas. He played the lead role in Oru Maravathoor Kanavu, which was the directorial debut of Lal Jose in 1998. In the same year, he starred in Harikrishnans, co-starring Mohanlal and Juhi Chawla. The movie has two climaxes, and Shah Rukh Khan was supposed to do a pivotal role, but didn't happen due to unknown reasons. in the same year, Mammootty done a guest appearance in the Bollywood movie Swami Vivekananda, directed by G. V. Iyer.

In 1999, Mammootty won the Best Actor in National Film Awards for the movie Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, directed by Jabbar Patel. . The performance is considered as one of the finest one in his career. The movie is produced by National Film Development Corporation. Mammootty joined with Priyadarshan in the same year for the movie Megham, which is a commercial success.

2000-2009

In 2000, Mammootty done a cameo role in Narasimham, in which Mohanlal done the main role. The movie was huge success in boxoffice. With the huge success of Narasimham, director Shaji Kailas, joined with Mammootty in the same year for another action drama Valliettan. The movie was also a huge success in box office. 2000 was one of the best year for the actor in box office performance, after the huge success of Narasimham and Valliettan, Mammootty continued the success with the movies Dada Sahib and Tamil movie Kandukondain Kandukondain, co-starring Ajith Kumar and Aishwarya Rai. Both movies were blockbuster in box office. Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in Filmfare Awards in 2000 for his performance in Arayannangalude Veedu. He continued his box office reign in 2001 too. In the year, he began with Rakshasa Rajavu, directed by Vinayan. The movie was a huge success in box office. He has done the lead role in N. Lingusamy directorial debut Aanandham in the same year. The movie was a commercial and critical success.

In 2003, Mammootty played Sathyaprathapan, a bachelor in romantic comedy Drama Film Chronic Bachelor, directed by Siddique. The film received positive reviews and became a commercial success at the box office. Mammootty also acted in Pattalam, by director Lal Jose, in which he plays an Indian Army officer, Major Pattabhiraman. The movie made an average performance in the box office. In 2004, he acted in the third installment of CBI (film series), Sethurama Iyer CBI. The movie has become the second highest-grossing movie of the year. Mammootty won Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare awards for Best Actor for the performance in the movie Kaazhcha. The movie was the directorial debut of Blessy. The movie got many critical receptions from all over. In the same year he appeared as a police officer in Ranjith (director) movie Black. The movie was a box office hit. After this action film, he appeared as a family man in Vesham, who sacrifice his life for his younger brother.

2005 was one of the best year for the actor in both box office and in performance. He was seen in never seen characters in the movies like Thommanum Makkalum, Thaskaraveeran and Rajamanikyam. In this, Rajamanikyam was industry hit. The movie has created and broke many records in the box office. The actor was seen in a never seen character. Other releases were Rappakal, Nerariyan CBI which is the fourth installment of CBI (film series) and Bus Conductor. These movies all made money in box office. The characters in each film were different in each others. The actor was totally controlling the box office in the year. In 2006, the actor continues his performance in box office and was utmost care in choosing the character. Mammootty started the year with action comedy film Thuruppugulan, which was a super hit in box office. The next release was Balram vs. Tharadas, which was the sequel of Athirathram and Inspector Balram. Katrina Kaif played the female lead in the movie and the only Malayalam movie she acted. At the end of the year actor changed to do off-beat movies such as Karutha Pakshikal and Palunku. The actor was nominated in the National Awards for Best actor at the year. He won the Best Actor in Filmfare Awards for the movie Karutha Pakshikal.

He started 2007 with the off-beat film Kaiyoppu. Then he back with the comedy action film Mayavi, directed by Shafi. The movie became the highest grosser in the state in the year. The next was Big B, which was the directorial debut of Amal Neerad. The movie was an average grosser in box office but still manages to completes more than 100 days in Kerala box office. After the release of the DVD of the movie the movie got many appreciation for the cinematography and editing. The movie redefined how to make a mass action movie to be made in Mollywood. Mammootty won the appreciation for the slow-motion walking and the background music is still trending. In the year the actor shown his box office and performance power in the movie Katha Parayumpol. He done an extended cameo role in the movie. The movie was remade in three languages, Kuselan in Tamil, Billu Barber in Hindi and Kathanayakudu. All the remakes failed in the respective box office. Mammootty was appraised for his performance in the movie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to Mammootty's Katha Parayumpol' : Southern films that have been remade many times |website=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/movies/mohanlals-drishyam-to-mammoottys-katha-parayumpol-southern-films-that-have-been-remade-many-times-1022255.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205419/https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/movies/mohanlals-drishyam-to-mammoottys-katha-parayumpol-southern-films-that-have-been-remade-many-times-1022255.html |archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

He begin 2008 with action film Roudram, directed by Renji Panicker. Mammootty joined with Anwar Rasheed after the industrial hit RajaManikyam. This time for the comedy action movie Annan Thampi. The movie was a superhit in the boxoffice. The movie done a huge business all over. Telegu rights has sold for a record price until that time. His next releases were Parunthu, Mayabazar. He done a cameo role in One Way Ticket in which Prithviraj Sukumaran done the lead role. These movies didn't done any boxoffice wonders. After that he did the lead role in the biggest multistar movie in Malayalam Twenty:20, directed by Joshiy. In 2009, he done the all time blocbuster epic period drama film Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair and directed by Hariharan. the film has collected around 49cr in box office. He also done performance oriented movies like Kerala Cafe and Paleri Manikyam. He won Best Actor Award in both Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards for the movie Paleri Manikyam. In the same year he done the action comedy film Chattambinadu, another performance oriented movie Loudspeaker and the directorial debut of Aashiq Abu, Daddy Cool. These movie has done Hit status in boxoffice.

2010–present

In the year 2010, Mammootty acted in the films Drona 2010, directed by Shaji Kailas, Yugapurushan, directed by R. Sukumaran, Pramaani, directed by B. Unnikrishnan, Pokkiri Raja, the directorial debut of Vysakh Abraham, Kutty Srank, directed by Shaji N. Karun, Pranchiyettan & the Saint, directed by Ranjith, Best of Luck, directed by M. A. Nishad and Best Actor, Martin Prakkat's debut film.

His films August 15, directed by Shaji Kailas, Doubles, directed by Sohan Seenulal, The Train, directed by Jayaraj, Bombay March 12, directed by Babu Janardhanan and Venicile Vyaapari, directed by Shafi appeared in 2011.

In 2012, his films included: The King & the Commissioner, directed by Shaji Kailas, the Kannada-Malayalam bilingual film Shikari directed by Abhaya Simha, Cobra, directed by Lal, Thappana, directed by Johny Antony, Jawan of Vellimala, directed by Anoop Kannan, (Mammootty produced the film), Face to Face, directed by V. M. Vinu and Bavuttiyude Namathil, directed by G. S. Vijayan.

His first films released in 2013 were Kammath & Kammath, directed by Thomson and Immanuel, directed by Lal Jose. Later, he went on to appear in Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty, directed by Ranjith, which was released for Ramzan season,  Kunjananthante Kada, directed by Salim Ahamed and Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus, directed by G. Marthandan. His next release was Silence, directed by V. K. Prakash.

He acted in Balyakalasakhi, directed by Pramod Payyannur, Praise the Lord, directed by Shibu Gangadharan and Gangster, directed by Aashiq Abu in the first half of 2014. He also acted in: Manglish, directed by Salam Bappu, Munnariyippu, directed by Venu, RajadhiRaja, directed by debutant Ajai Vasudev and Varsham, directed by Ranjith Sankar. Mammootty received critical praise for his portrayal of C.K. Raghavan in Munnariyippu, while Sify called RajadhiRaja "a genuine hit for Mammootty after a long time". Nicy V.P. of International Business Times wrote: "Varsham is a movie worth investing your time and money."

His 2015 releases were Fireman, directed by Deepu Karunakaran, Bhaskar the Rascal, directed by Siddique, a commercial success, Acha Dhin, directed by Marthandan. Utopiayile Rajavu, directed by Kamal and Pathemari, directed by Salim Ahamed.

He acted in Puthiya Niyamam alongside Nayanthara directed by A. K. Sajan in the first half of 2016. He also acted in Kasaba directed by debutant director Nithin Renji Paniker. His next releases for the year was White directed by Uday Ananthan and Thoppil Joppan, directed by Johny Antony marking their fourth collaboration.

In 2017, his first release was The Great Father directed by debutant Haneef Adeni. He was then seen in Puthan Panam directed by Ranjith, Pullikkaran Staraa directed by Syamdhar and Masterpiece directed by Ajai Vasudev.

In 2018, he acted in Parole directed by debutant Sharrath Sandith. He has then seen in Uncle written by Joy Mathew and directed by debutant Girish Damodar. His next release was Abrahaminte Santhathikal, a crime thriller directed by debutant Shaji Padoor. His last release for the year was Oru Kuttanadan Blog directed and written by Sethu. In 2018, he acted in critically acclaimed Tamil movie Peranbu directed by Ram. It was selected for Rotterdam Film Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival and International Film Festival of India. His role of single parent Amudhavan who struggles with raising his spastic girl child, Paapa was well appreciated by critics.

His first release of 2019 was Madhura Raja, a spin-off to the 2010 film Pokkiri Raja directed by Vysakh. It becomes the best-grossing film in Mammootty's career. His next release was Unda directed by Khalid Rahman in which he played the role of a Sub-inspector of Police who led the team of a police unit for state election duty in a Maoist prone area in Chhattisgarh. He was then seen in an extended cameo in the film Pathinettam Padi directed by Shankar Ramakrishnan. Later in the year, Mammootty was in the historical drama Mamangam directed by M. Padmakumar, which is based on the historical Mamankam festival in the banks of the Bharathappuzha. He was also in Ramesh Pisharody's  Ganagandharvan in which he plays a 'ganamela' singer named Kalasadhan Ullas and Ajai Vasudev's Shylock. After two decades, Mammootty returned to Telugu cinema in 2019 with the biopic Yatra which is based on former Andhra Pradesh chief minister YS Rajasekhar Reddy directed by Mahi Raghav.

In 2021, He starred in The Priest, directed by Jofin T. Chacko featuring Manju Warrier marking her first collaboration with Mammootty. He then starred in the political thriller One, directed by Santhosh Vishwanath. He played Kadakkal Chandran, Chief Minister of Kerala in the film.

In 2022, He starred in  Bheeshma Parvam directed by Amal Neerad, which received positive responses and was a blockbuster.  He then starred in CBI 5: The Brain, which emerged as a box office success. He appeared in Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam received highly critical acclaim for his role which won him the Kerala State Award for the Best Actor. In 2023, he acted in the Telugu movie Agent starring Akhil Akkineni.

Films in other languages
He has acted in Tamil films for directors including K. Balachander's (Azhagan), Mani Ratnam's (Thalapathy), Fazil's (Kilippechu Kekkavaa), N. Linguswamy's (Aanandham), R. K. Selvamani's (Makkal Aatchi), Marumalarchi Bharathi's (Marumalarchi) and Ethirum Puthirum and Rajiv Menon (Kandukondain Kandukondain) (2000). He played Anantha Sharma in K. Viswanath's Telugu film Swathi Kiranam (1992).

 Other work

During the 1980s, Mammootty was the co-owner of a production company, Casino, along with Mohanlal, I.V. Sasi, Seema and Century Kochumon. The films it produced included Nadodikkattu (1987), Gandhinagar 2nd Street (1986), Adiyozhukkukal and Karimpin Poovinakkare. He formed a television production company, Megabytes, which produced television serials, the first being Jwalayay in the late 1990s, which was also his first project as a producer.

Mammootty also owns a distribution company named Mammootty Technotainment. He is the owner of Playhouse since 2009, a company which primarily distributes films he has starred in. It has since ventured into film production, with ventures including the Jawan of Vellimala and Street Lights. As of 2010, he is the chairman of Malayalam Communications, which runs some Malayalam TV channels such as Kairali TV, People TV and Channel We. In 2021, he founded another production company, the Mammootty Kampany, which produced the films Rorschach (2022) and Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam (2022).

He has stated he has no political ambitions. In 2007, Mammootty published his first book, Kazhchapadu (roughly translated as "Perspective"), a compilation of short essays he had written in various publications over the years. That year, he and Dubai-based businessman MA Yousuf Ali lobbied for the proposed Smart City project at Kochi with officials of the Dubai Internet City (DIC).

 Philanthropic and social causes
Mammootty is a patron of the Pain and Palliative Care Society, a charitable organisation in Kerala, that aims to improve the quality of people in advanced stages of cancer. He has been working with the Pain and Palliative Care Centre situated in Kozhikode, India. In 2018, he put forth a project to provide the pain and palliative care to those suffering from cancer throughout Kerala. He is also a patron of the Care and Share International Foundation, a charity organisation aimed at reducing societal inequality. Among its endeavours, the foundation mobilised financial help for the heart surgeries of children with the Hridaya Sparsham project. A fundraiser over social networking sites supported by Mammootty raised about 1 crore within a day.

Mammootty is the goodwill ambassador of the charity project Street India Movement, which lists the elimination of child begging and child labour among its goals. He has promoted the activities of the movement, which coordinates with orphanages and institutions looking after the children. He is also goodwill ambassador for Akshaya, the information technology dissemination project of the Government of Kerala.Mammootty as brand ambassador has helped Akshaya gain publicity . The Hindu. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007. He formally took over the role on 26 February 2006 at a video-telecasted programme that was linked to all district headquarters of the state. He also promotes the anti-drug campaign Addicted to Life, launched by the Government of Kerala and affiliated with the Kerala State Beverages Corporation, which aims to eradicate drugs and alcohol usage among people, especially the youth.

In August 2014, Mammootty launched the My Tree Challenge, modeled after the Ice Bucket Challenge, which purports to encourage others to plant saplings, as the rules dictate that they should if challenged. The challenge was created by Abdul Manaf, an entrepreneur, and Imthias Kadeer, a travel photographer. Mammootty challenged Mohanlal and Shah Rukh Khan to take up the challenge. Kazhcha, organised by Mammootty Fans Welfare Association and Mammootty Times, in association with Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre and the Eye Bank Association of Kerala, is a venture to extend free eye care and treatment. One of the major activities related to this is the distribution of free spectacles to children. A special fund received from the office of the President of India will be utilised for this purpose. Free eye camps will also be conducted at various places in connection with this project.

 Media image and artistry

Unlike other Indian film industries, which saw the emergence of superstars that commanded a great degree of fame and stardom post-Indian independence, Malayalam cinema historically focused on stories that dealt with the lives of ordinary people, and did not generally have superstars, with the possible exception of Prem Nazir. This changed in the 1980s with the growing popularity of Mammootty and Mohanlal. Sreedhar Pillai of India Today wrote in December 1988, "So impregnable is their hold over the industry today that new films are launched only if they have the time."

In 2005, films starring Mammootty, Mohanlal and Dileep accounted for 97 per cent of the box office revenue of Malayalam cinema. During the 2006 IIFA Awards ceremony held at Dubai, he openly criticised the organizers of the IIFA Awards for completely ignoring South Indian film by stating that the Bollywood film industry should stand up to competition from the South Indian film industry before calling itself international.

In 2013, his role in Mathilukal was listed among the "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema" by Forbes India on the occasion of celebrating 100 years of Indian Cinema.

Mammootty was appointed as the brand ambassador of the Thrissur-based South Indian Bank on 16 October 2006.South Indian Bank has appointed Padmasree Bharat Mammootty as Brand Ambassador. moneycontrol.com. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007. He was also featured as the brand ambassador for Kerala Volleyball League.

Filmography

 Discography

Accolades

Mammootty has won three National Film Awards, seven Kerala State Film Awards, thirteen Filmfare Awards, eleven Kerala Film Critics Awards and five Asianet Film Awards (from fourteen nominations). In 1998, the government of India honoured Mammootty with its fourth highest civilian award, Padma Shri for his contribution to the Indian film industry. He was conferred with the Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Calicut and the University of Kerala in 2010. In 2022, he was the honoured with Kerala Prabha, the second-highest award given by the Government of Kerala.

National Film Awards
 1999: National Film Award for Best Actor for Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar 1994: National Film Award for Best Actor for Vidheyan and Ponthan Mada 1989: National Film Award for Best Actor for Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha and Mathilukal''

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Male actors from Kerala
Film people from Kerala
Film producers from Kerala
Television personalities from Kerala
Male actors from Kottayam
Indian humanitarians
Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Male actors in Kannada cinema
Male actors in Malayalam cinema
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Indian male film actors
Malayalam film producers
Indian television producers
Indian television presenters
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Best Actor National Film Award winners
Kerala State Film Award winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
20th-century Indian businesspeople
21st-century Indian businesspeople
Kerala Prabha Award Winners
Indian Muslims

Mammootty


Der Weiße Stein ist ein bis zu sechs Meter hohes Felsgebilde im Hofebusch bei Spitzkunnersdorf in der Oberlausitz. Durch Erosion entstand in diesem Felsen auch die sogenannte Karasekhöhle.

Geologie
Der Weiße Stein besteht größtenteils aus Quarzit und Muskovitschüppchen. Er gehört zum selben Gang, der auch am Waldschlößchen bei Seifhennersdorf vorbei westlich weiter nach Šluknov zieht. Das Gestein mit einer Mächtigkeit von bis zu 50 Metern besitzt eine weiße bis gelbe, teilweise auch rötliche oder braune Farbe. Durch das steile Einfallen der Gesteinsschicht wirkt sie als Grundwassersperre, wodurch im Sommer die nördlich gelegenen Quellen versiegen.

Durch verschiedene Härtegrade des Gesteins entstanden bei der Erosion des Gesteins Blöcke, Felstrümmer und auch schachtartige Höhlungen.

Karasekhöhle
Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts hatte der Räuberhauptmann Johannes Karasek an diesem Felsenmassiv einen Treffpunkt für seine Bande eingerichtet, zu der auch eine Höhle im Weißen Stein gehörte. Im Volksmund wird auch davon gesprochen, dass Karasek hier einen Schatz vergraben haben soll.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Östliche Oberlausitz
Geographie (Leutersdorf, Oberlausitz)

Weißer Stein (Spitzkunnersdorf)


Demetrius Pinder (Demetrius Rashad Pinder; * 13. Februar 1989 in Grand Bahama) ist ein bahamaischer Sprinter, der sich auf den 400-Meter-Lauf spezialisiert hat.

2011 wurde er NCAA-Hallenmeister und erreichte bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften in Daegu das Halbfinale. Bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften 2012 in Istanbul gewann er Silber.

Seinen bedeutendsten Erfolg feierte Pinder bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London. Zusammen mit Chris Brown, Michael Mathieu und Ramon Miller stellte er mit der bahamaischen Staffel in 2:56,72 Minuten einen neuen Landesrekord auf. Damit sicherte sich das Quartett überraschend die Goldmedaille vor der favorisierten US-amerikanischen Mannschaft.

Demetrius Pinder wird von Pat Henry trainiert. Er studiert an der Texas A&M University, wird von Charisma Sports Management betreut und von Nike gesponsert.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 200 m: 20,54 s, 19. März 2011, San Diego
 Halle: 20,50 s, 3. Februar 2012, Albuquerque (bahamaischer Rekord)
 400 m: 44,78 s, 25. Juni 2011, Freeport
 Halle: 45,33 s, 12. März 2011, College Station (bahamaischer Rekord)

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt von Demetrius Pinder bei der IAAF (englisch)

Fußnoten

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
200-Meter-Läufer (Bahamas)
400-Meter-Läufer (Bahamas)
4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Bahamas)
Olympiasieger (4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel)
Olympiateilnehmer (Bahamas)
Bahamaer
Geboren 1989
Mann

Demetrius Pinder


Projekt Cetus je podmornica bez posade koju razvija Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.

Nazvan po Cetusu, mitološkom morskom čudovištu, projekt financira program Spearhead za protupodmorničko ratovanje, koji vodi "Razvojna uprava" Kraljevske mornarice iz njihovog sjedišta u Portsmouthu, a isporučuje ga Agencija za dostavu podmornica u Bristolu. Podmornice je dizajnirala i izradila tehnološka tvrtka MSubs sa sjedištem u Plymouthu.

Plovilo je dugačko 12,2 metara i teško 17 tona te može pokriti 1000 milja oceanskog dna u jednoj misiji. Nosi ime Cetus, po mitološkom morskom čudovištu, a trebalo bi biti isporučeno mornarici do 2024. i bit će prva podmornica bez posade u britanskoj floti.

Galerija

Izvori

Britanske vojne podmornice

Projekt Cetus


Krokau er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Probstei i den nordlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Krokau er beliggende ved Bundesstraße 502 mellem Kiel og Schönberg , omkring 1 km vest for denne og omkring 6 km syd for Østersøen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Krokau


Dubăsari este o rezervație naturală silvică în raionul Criuleni, Republica Moldova. Este amplasată în ocolul silvic Grigoriopol, Dubăsari, parcela 38, subparcelele 14, 20-22. Are o suprafață de 93 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Gospodăria Silvică de Stat Bender.

Referințe

Dubăsari
Raionul Criuleni

Rezervația naturală Dubăsari


پيكاردي  : هي واحدة من 26 منطقة في فرنسا. وهي مقسمة إلى 3 محافظات هي إيسن وإين والسوم.

أعلام
 فليب دو بومانوار
 إليجاه كاري
 جورج بروكس

مراجع

أوت دو فرانس
الوحدات الإقليمية الإحصائية من المستوى الثاني في الاتحاد الأوروبي
مقاطعات سابقة في فرنسا

بيكاردي


NGC 330 este un roi globular situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit în 1 august 1826 de către James Dunlop. De asemenea, a fost descoperit și în 11 aprilie 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 329
 NGC 331

Legături externe
 NGC 330 pe WikiSky
 NGC 330 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri globulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1826
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de James Dunlop

NGC 330


Doku bozukluğu, örsenti ya da lezyon organizmada genellikle hastalık veya travmadan dolayı tahrip olmuş anormal herhangi bir dokuya verilen genel isimdir. Avam dilinde "hasar" olarak da bilinir.

Anatomik patoloji
Belirtiler

Doku bozukluğu


Charlotte Lucie Marie Adèle Stéphanie Adrienne Faës (Vaujours; 20 de marzo de 1865 - Versalles; 14 de octubre de 1956), más conocida como Jehanne d'Alcy, fue una actriz francesa y una de las principales colaboradoras del director Georges Méliès.

Biografía

Carrera
D'Alcy había alcanzado el éxito en producciones teatrales en 1896, pero dejó el escenario para dedicarse al cine, convirtiéndose en una de las primeras intérpretes en hacerlo.

Vida personal
Estuvo casada con Georges Méliès desde 1926 hasta la muerte del director en 1938.

Fallecimiento
Jehanne d'Alcy falleció en Versalles el 14 de octubre de 1956, a los 91 años. Su tumba está en el cementerio del Père-Lachaise.

Legado
Fue interpretada por la actriz Helen McCrory en la película Hugo, de Martin Scorsese, en 2011. Fue interpretada por la actriz Lucie Boujenah en la película Edmond de Alexis Michalik.

Filmografía

Cine
 1896 - Le Manoir du diable
 1896 - Desaparición de una dama en el teatro Robert-Houdin, como una mujer
 1897 - Faust et Marguerite
 1897 - Después del baile, como femme
 1898 - Pygmalion et Galathée
 1899 - La Colonne de feu, como Ayesha
 1899 - Cendrillon, Fée marraine
 1899 - Cléopâtre, como Cleopatra
 1900 - Juana de Arco, como Juana de Arco
 1900 - Nouvelles luttes extravagantes
 1901 - Barbe-bleue, como la esposa de Barbe bleue
 1902 - Viaje a la Luna
 1903 - L'Enchanteur Alcofrisbas
 1952 - Le Grand Méliès, como ella misma

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine mudo de Francia
Actrices de teatro de Francia
Actrices de cine de Francia
Francesas del siglo XIX
Francesas del siglo XX

Jehanne d'Alcy


Termitul este un amestec stoechiometric sub formă de pulbere, format din oxid de fier (III) și aluminiu, însă pot exista și alți componenți, precum magneziu, titan, zinc, etc. Când ia foc, acest amestec suferă o reacție exotermă de oxido-reducere puternică. Majoritatea varietăților de termit nu sunt explozive și sunt folosite în aluminotermie:

 Fe2O3  +  2 Al   →   2 Fe  +  Al2O3

Reacții chimice

Vezi și
 Nano-termit

Referințe

Reacții chimice
Aluminiu
Arme incendiare
Pirotehnie

Termit


The 1925 Canadian federal election was held on October 29, 1925 to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 15th Parliament of Canada. The Conservative party took the most seats in the House of Commons, although not a majority. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal Party was invited to form a minority government. Unlike the Conservative party, King's Liberals had the conditional support of the many Farmer/Progressive MPs.

The government fell the following year. Governor General Baron Byng of Vimy offered the Conservatives under Meighen a chance to form government. This too fell in short order. Byng's action precipitated the "King–Byng Affair", which became the main issue of the 1926 election.

Background
The previous federal election in 1921 had seen Mackenzie King's Liberals fall narrowly short of winning a parliamentary majority, with Arthur Meighen's Conservatives falling to being the third-largest party, and the new Progressive Party, which had nominated candidates for the first time that year, held the balance of power. King was able to rule with the tacit support of the Progressives, and was not facing a statutory federal election until December 1926; however, a budget proposed in September 1925 by finance minister William Stevens Fielding was unexpectedly voted down in parliament, obligating Mackenzie King to resign as Prime Minister and recommend to the Governor General, Baron Byng of Vimy to hold a new election (theoretically King could have recommended that Byng allow either Meighen or Progressive leader Robert Forke to form a government, but the Conservatives were far short of the number of MPs required to form a stable government, and Forke had no interest in being Prime Minister).

Aftermath and the King-Byng Affair
The Liberals won fewer seats than the Conservatives, who were left eight seats short of a majority. The Progressives lost almost two thirds of their seats from the previous election, but they still held enough seats to control the balance of power. King decided to hold on to power with the help of the Progressives. The Progressives were closely aligned with the Liberals and enabled King to form a minority government.

That plan was complicated by the fact that his party won fewer seats than the Conservatives and that King himself had lost his seat in the House of Commons. Meighen was outraged by King's move and demanded for King to resign from the Prime Minister's office. Byng privately agreed that the Conservatives should be allowed to form the next government and felt that the Liberal-Progressive pact was a corrupt bargain, but he found that there were no valid legal grounds for refusing to allow King to continue in office. King asked a Liberal Member of Parliament from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to resign so that he could run in the resulting by-election. Prince Albert was one of the safest seats in Canada for the Liberals, and King won easily.

With King back in Parliament, a huge scandal rocked the King cabinet when one of his appointees was discovered to be accepting bribes from a male lover. Anticipating a vote of censure by the Commons, King asked Byng to call an election. The Governor General refused, and King resigned on June 28, 1926. Meighen was then invited to form a government.

King claimed that was interference in Canadian politics by an official appointed by a foreign power.  King showed rare fire and rallied the Progressives back into his camp. He defeated Meighen on a vote of confidence after only three days, which made the Meighen government of 1926 the shortest-lasting government in Canadian history. This time, Byng called an election.

National results

Notes:

* not applicable - the party was not recognized in the previous election

Vote and seat summaries

Results by province

See also

List of Canadian federal general elections
List of political parties in Canada
15th Canadian Parliament

References

Notes

External links
Principles vs Puffiness, by J.L. Granatstein

 Federal
1925
October 1925 events

1925 Canadian federal election


Acutosternus es un  trangénero de rompiendo corazones de la familia de Pablo Escobar .

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Acutosternus mandibularis Lecordier & Girard, 1988
 Acutosternus ovatulus (Fairmaire, 1899)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Acutosternus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Oodini

Acutosternus


8256 Shenzhou este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte.

Descriere
8256 Shenzhou este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,20 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 6,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi care intersectează orbita planetei Marte

8256 Shenzhou


Sundini (Sundene) er et 40 km langt sund mellem Streymoy og Eysturoy på Færøerne. Ved bygden Oyrarbakki er sundet kun 150 meter bredt, og her forbinder en bro de to øer. Sundini har givet navn til Sunda kommuna. Sundini har stærke tidevandsstrømme og har givet navn til Streymoy (Strømøy). Sundinis smalleste punkt hedder desuden Streymin (Strømmen). Regionen langs Sundini kaldes Sundalagið, men er ikke identisk med Sunda kommuna, som kun omfatter den nordlige del.

En 220 meter lang bro, Streyminbrua, har siden 1973 forbundet de to bredder med hinanden, og kaldes spøgefuldt "den eneste bro over Atlanterhavet". Mod syd bliver sundet bredere og kaldes Tangafjørður.

Ved folkeafstemningen om kommunesammenlægning i 2012 blev Sundini foreslået som en af de syv nye storkommuner, men forslaget blev forkastet af områdets vælgere.

Eksterne henvisninger

Farvande i Færøerne

Sundini


Donna Tartt () este o scriitoare americană.

Opere
Ea este recunoscută pentru minuțiozitatea cu care își scrie cărțile, acestea fiind publicate la un interval de zece ani. Primele sale două romane – Istoria secretă (The Secret History, 1992) și Micul prieten (2002) - i-au adus recunoașterea criticilor și a publicului american, iar cel de-al treilea, Sticletele (2013), a propulsat-o în elita internațională a prozatorilor contemporani, primind premiul Pulitzer pentru literatură.

Opere traduse în limba română
 2018: Sticletele, traducător Justina Bandol, Editura Litera, București, ISBN 978-6-063-33265-4
 2020: Istoria secretă, Editura Litera, București, ISBN 978-6-063-34519-7

Premii și distincții
 2003: WH Smith Literary Award, pentru The Little Friend
 2014: Premiul Pulitzer pentru ficțiune pentru The Goldfinch
 2014: Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction and Nonfiction pentru The Goldfinch

Note

Nașteri în 1963
Nașteri pe 23 decembrie
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XXI-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Laureați ai premiului Pulitzer
Oameni din Mississippi

Donna Tartt


ATR 72 este modelul de generație superioară care a urmat după ATR 42. Acesta este tot un avion cu elice acționate de două turbopropulsoare, cu rază de zbor ceva mai mare decât ATR 42 și cu o configurație mai mare de pasageri. Primul zbor a avut loc pe 27 octombrie 1988. Până în prezent, toate seriile ATR (Avions de transport régional) au fost finalizate la linia de asamblare finală a companiei din Toulouse, Franța. Numărul "72" pe numele său este derivat din configurația standard a scaunelor aeronavei într-o configurație care transportă pasageri.

În anii 1980, compania aerospațială franceză Aérospatiale și conglomeratul de aviație italian Aeritalia și-au îmbinat activitatea cu o nouă generație de aeronave regionale.  În acest scop, a fost înființată o nouă companie deținută în comun, ATR, în scopul dezvoltării, fabricării și comercializării primului lor avion, care a fost ulterior desemnat ATR 42. La 16 august 1984, primul model al seriei, ATR 42-300, a efectuat zborul. Pe la mijlocul anilor '80, ATR 72 a fost dezvoltat ca o variantă exntinsă a ATR 42.

Versiunea actuală de producție este seria ATR 72-600. La 2 octombrie 2007, CEO-ul ATR Stéphane Mayer a anunțat lansarea aeronavei din seria 600; ATR 42–600 și ATR 72–600 au prezentat diverse îmbunătățiri pentru creșterea eficienței, fiabilitatea expedierii, reducerea consumului de combustibil și costurile de exploatare. Deși în mare parte similar cu modelul anterior 500;  Diferențele includ adoptarea de motoare PW127M îmbunătățite, un nou cockpit și o serie de alte îmbunătățiri minore.

Legături externe

Avioane de pasageri

ATR 72


الكيس المقاوم للكهربائية الساكنة وهو كيس يستخدم لشحن العناصر أو الأجهزة (عادة الالكترونية)، التي هي عرضة للضرر الناجم عن التفريغ الكهربائي.

وعادة ما تكون هذه الأكياس من اللدائن بلاستيكية وذات لون مميز (فضي للأغشية المعدنية ولدائن أخرى مماثلة، وردية أو سوداء للبولي ايثيلين). فإن البديل البولي اثيلين ويمكن أيضا أن تتخذ شكل رغوة أو الفقاعة، ويشكل إما كصفائح أو أكياس. نظرا للحاجة الماسة للحماية من الأضرار الميكانيكية، فضلا عن الأضرار الكهربائية، وكثيرا ما تستخدم طبقات من الحماية ؛ بسبب ذلك، قد تجد أنواع :

 ألجهاز المحمي معبئ داخل كيس معدني لمتعدد الاثيلين.
 معبأة داخل الكيس الوردي المتعدد (البولي) اثيلين ذو الفقاعات.
 معبأة داخل علبة مصنوعة من مادة البولي ايثلين الأسود مصطف مع المتعدد الرغوة الوردي.

لتكوين ألتأثير المقاوم للكهربائية الساكنة على حاله، ألاكياس الفضية أو السوداء تكون قليلا موصلة، لتشكيل قفص فاراداي حول الجهاز المخزون المطلوب حمايتها ومنع أي شحنات محلية على أودعت من الأجهزة المحمية. إذا كانت حقيبة (قفص فاراداي) ليست مغلقة أو مغلقة تمام، فأنها لا تقدم أي حماية. إذا كانت الاكياس الوردية أو خضراء اللون فأنها أكياس مصنوعة من مواد الشحن المنخفض، أي أن الحقيبة نفسها لن تكون شحنات ضارة، لكنها لن تحمي الجهاز من المجالات الكهربائية. ومن المهم أن لا تفتح الاكياس الا في الأماكن الخالية من الشحنات.

الروابط الخارجية
 ما نوع الحقيبة التي ينبغي أن تستخدم؟

مراجع

أكياس وحقائب
إلكترونيات رقمية
كهرباء ساكنة

كيس مقاوم للكهربائية الساكنة


Međuopćinska nogometna liga Virovitica – Đurđevac je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1980./81.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio "Graničar" iz Đurđevca.

Ljestvica

 Obilićevo, skraćeno za Novo Obilićevo – tadašnji naziv za Zvonimirovo

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Zona ZO Bjelovar 1980./81.
 Međuopćinska liga Daruvar – Pakrac – Grubišno Polje 1980./81.
 Međuopćinska liga Koprivnica – Križevci 1980./81.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list"
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list" - glasilo Socijalističkog saveza, br. 1209 (24/1981), god. XXIX, izdano 19. lipnja 1981., str. 11 (Sport; završna ljestvica), preuzeto 3. kolovoza 2021.

1980-81 MOL Virovitica-Đurđevac
MOL Virovitica-Đurđevac
1980-81 MOL Virovitica-Đurđevac

Međuopćinska nogometna liga Virovitica – Đurđevac 1980./81.


آكل اللحوم أو اللاحِم أو آكلات اللحم  هو الكائن الحي الذي يستمد الطاقة والاحتياجات الغذائية من وجبة تحتوي بشكل غالب أو كلي من الأنسجة الحيوانية من خلال الافتراس أو أكل الجيف، وتدعى الحيوانات التي تعتمد على اللحم فقط للحصول على احتياجاتها الغذائية حيوانات آكلة للحوم إجبارياً، في حين تسمى الكائنات التي تستهلك اللحوم والنباتات بحيوانات قارتة . تتربع آكلات اللحوم على قمة المفترسات في السلسلة الغذائية.

النباتات التي تأسر وتهضم الحشرات تسمى النباتات آكلة اللحوم، وبالمثل الفطريات التي تأكل الحيوانات المجهرية تسمى الفطريات آكلة اللحوم غالباً.

التصنيف
تشير كلمة آكلات اللحوم إلى جماعة الثدييات أحيانا، ولكن هذا الأمر ليس صحيحا على الدوام. معظم اللواحم ينطبق عليها تعريف إنها أكلة اللحوم، لكن ليس الجميع، ويعتبر القليل منها آكلة اللحوم إجبارياً. على سبيل المثال، معظم أنواع الدببة هي في الواقع مختلطة التغذية، باستثناء الباندا، والذي هو على وجه الحصر من الحيوانات العاشبة بينما الدب القطبي هو من الحيوانات اللاحمة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، هناك الكثير من الأنواع اللاحمة ولكن لا تصنف من آكلات اللحوم.

خارج المملكة الحيوانية هناك عدة أجناس تحتوي على النباتات آكلة اللحوم والفروع التي تحتوي على العديد من الفطريات آكلة اللحوم. غالب النباتات تتغذى على الحشرات، في حين تتغذى الفطريات اكلة اللحوم في الغالب على المجهريات اللافقاريات، مثل الديدان الخيطية، الأميبا وقافزات الذيل.

انظر أيضا
 حاشرات
 لواحم
 حيوانات عاشبة
 قائمة بسلوكيات التغذية
 آكلات الأعشاب

مراجع

آكلات لحوم
حيوانات حسب السلوك الغذائي
علاقات حيوية
علم السلوك الحيواني
لحوم
لواحم

آكل اللحوم


ක්‍රි. පූ. 776 පැවති පළමු ඔලිම්‍පික් ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ එකම මළල ක්‍රීඩා අංශය වූයේ ධාවන පථයක දිවෙන ඇවිදීමේ තරඟයයි. නැතහොත් "ස්ටේඩ්" දිවීමේ තරඟයයි.

ශාස්ත්‍රීය යුගය තුළ යුරෝපයේ වෙනත් ක්‍රීඩා අංශයන් පැවතුණි.

පැන්හෙල්ලෙනික් ක්‍රීඩා

පයිතියාන් ක්‍රීඩා (ආරම්‍භය ක්‍රි. පූ. 527 ) අවුරුදු 04 කට වරක් "ඩෙල්පි" හිදී පැවැත්වුණි.
"නෙමීයන්" ක්‍රීඩා (ආරම්‍භය ක්‍රි. පූ.  516) අවුරුදු 02 කට වරක් ආර්ගෝලිඩ් හිදී පැවැත්වුණි.
ඉස්තමියන් ක්‍රීඩා ( ආරම්‍භය ක්‍රි.  පූ.  523) අවුරුදු 02 කට වරක් කෝයින්ත් හිදී පැවත්වුණි.

රෝමන් ක්‍රීඩා

රෝම එම්රුස්කන් ජාතිකයන්ගේ ක්‍රීඩා කෞශල්‍යය නැගී සිටීම ශ්‍රීක මුලාරම්‍භයට වඩා කැපී පෙනුණි.

ගොක් ටියුටන් හා සෙල්ට්‍ස් යන ජාතිකයෝ රෝම ජාතිකයින්ට වඩා ඉසව් සඳහා සතුටින් සහභාගි වූහ. කෙසේ වුවත් මෙම තරඟ ප්‍රතිවාදී පුහුණු තරඟ ලෙස සැලකුණි. මධ්‍යකාලීන යුගයේදී රදලයන්ගේ පුතුන් අශ්වයන් පැදීම අශ්වයන් හා පොර බැදීම ආයුධ පුහුණුවට අමතරව දිවීමේ තරඟ බර ඉසිලී‍ම පැනීම සහ මල්ලව පොර යන තරඟ ඉසව් පුහුණු කරවන ලදී. නිළ හා නිළ නොවන ක්‍රීඩාගාරයන්හි දී මෙම තරඟ මිතුරු හා ප්‍රතිවාදී තරඟ යන ලක්ෂණ දෙකෙන්ම පවත්වනු ලැබීය.

19 වන ශතවර්ෂය වන විට සංවිධානයේ විධිමත් බවක් ඇති විය. එය පාසල් පද්ධතියට විධිමත් ක්‍රීඩා හා ව්‍යායාම් එක්කිරීමෙන් සිදු කෙරුණි. මෙවැනි විධිමත් ක්‍රීඩා පද්ධතියක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ පාසල් අතර සැන්ඩ්‍හර්ස්හි  Royal Military College මුල් තැන ගනී. ඒ  1812 සිට 1825 දක්වා වර්තාගත ප්‍රථම ( රැස්වීම) සංවිධානය කරනු ලැබු‍ෙව් රෝයල් Shrewsbury School Hunt විසින් ෂ්‍රොප්ස්යර්හි පුෂ්බරි ( Shrews bury) හිදී ය. මෙම රැස්වීම පිළිබඳ විස්තර දැක්වෙන ලිපිපෙළක් ඉන් වසර 60 කට පසු  C.T. රොබින්සන් විසින් පල කෙරුණි. ඔහු 1838 සිට 1841 දක්වා ඔහු එම පාසලේ සිසුවෙකු විය. 1849 දී " The Royal Military Academy" විසින් තරඟයක් සංවිධානය කරනු ලැබූ අතර ඒ පිළිබඳ විධිමත් රැස්වීම් මාලාව පවත්වනු ලැබු‍ෙව්  1850 දී ඔක්ස්පර්ඩ් හි "Exeter College" විසිනි.
වර්තමාන මළල ක්‍රීඩා අංග වලදී සියලු ධාවන තරඟ සිදු කළ හැකි මීටර් 400 ධාවන පථයක් යොදා ගන්නා අතර පිටියේ තරඟ බොහෝ විට පවත්වනුයේ ඇතුළු පිටියේ නැතහොත් ඇතුළු ධාවන පථයේය.

1896 දී පැවති ප්‍රථම ඔලිම්‍පික් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා ද මළල ක්‍රීඩා ඇතුළත් කෙරුණි. කාන්තා ඉසව් සඳහා ප්‍රථමවරට අවසරය ලැබුණේ 1928 දීය.

1912 දී අන්තර් ජාතික පරිපාලන ආයතනක් පිහිටුවිණි. එය IAAF ලෙස හැඳින්වුණු අතර 1983 එම ආයතනය විසින් බාහිර ලෝක ශූරතා තරඟ ආරම්‍භ කෙරුණි. එසේම ප්‍රාදේශීය ක්‍රීඩා තරඟ ද පෑන් ඒෂියන් ක්‍රීඩා තරඟ පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය ක්‍රීඩා තරඟ සේම වෘත්තීමය ගෝල්ඩන් ලීග් තරඟාවලිය IAAF ලෝක ශූරතා අවසන් මළල ක්‍රීඩා තරඟ, ලෝක ගෘහස්ථ ශූරතා තරඟාවලිය යනාදීය මේ අතර වේ. ඹලිම්පික් ශූරතා තරඟාවලියේ දී  ක්‍රීඩාව ඉතා උණුසුම් වන අතර එය වෙනත් මට්‍ටමකදී අඩු උනන්දුවක් දක්වයි.

1970 දක්වා ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ක්‍රීඩාව වෘත්තීය මට්‍ටම දක්වා නැංවී‍ෙම් පරිපාලනමය කටයුතු සිදු කරනු ලැබු‍ෙව්  Amateur Athletic Union- (AAU) ආයතනය වන අතර The Athletic Congress ( TAC) සහ ආයතනය මෑතකදී පිහිටුවීය.USA Track and filed හෝ ( USA T&F) ලෙස නැවත නම් කෙරුණි.

එලෙසම මාර්ග ධාවන තරඟ සංවිධානය සඳහා Road Runners Club of America ( RRCA) පිහිටුවන ලදී.

නූතනයේ දී කලින් පැවතුනා වූ ආධුනිකත්වයට විරාමය තබමින් මළල ක්‍රීඩකයන්හට දිවීමේ තරඟවලින් මුදල් ලබා ගත හැකිව ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(track_and_field)#History

මළල ක්‍රීඩා ඉතිහාසය


Sir James Milne Wilson,   (29 February 1812 – 29 February 1880) served as Premier of Tasmania from 1869 to 1872.

Biography
Wilson was born in 1812 in Banff, Scotland; the third son of John Wilson, a shipowner, and his wife, Barbara Gray; maternal grandson of Alexander Gray and wife, Jean Bean (See Pedigree of Bean of Portsoy). Educated at Banff and Edinburgh, he emigrated to Tasmania in 1829, studied practical engineering and afterwards became a ship's officer. He was connected with the Cascade Brewery for 14 years and became its manager. He entered politics in October 1859 as member for Hobart in the legislative council, and in January 1863 joined the Whyte cabinet as minister without portfolio. In 1868, at the time of the visit of the Duke of Edinburgh, Wilson was Mayor of Hobart and on 4 August 1869 became Premier and colonial secretary in a ministry which lasted until November 1872.

Anthony Trollope, who came to Australia in 1871, formed a high opinion of Wilson: "I thought I had not met a sounder politician in Australia... Victoria is desirous of annexing Tasmania. Perhaps when she has done so, Mr Wilson will become premier for the joint colonies, and then great things may be expected." In 1872, Wilson was elected President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, and held this position until his death on 29 February 1880, on his "seventeenth" birthday aged 68.

In 1847, he married Deborah Hope, daughter of Peter Degraves. Lady Wilson survived him with children. He was knighted in 1873 and created K.C.M.G. in 1878. He was a man of unbounded popularity, well known for his charities. He was president of the Southern Tasmanian Agricultural Society and chairman of committees and president of the Tasmanian Jockey Club. As a politician Wilson showed wisdom in his advocacy of free-trade between the Australian colonies. Tasmania passed an intercolonial free trade act in 1870 during his premiership, but the question made no headway on the mainland.

In an extremely rare coincidence, he was born on 29 February (making him a leapling) and died on the same date at the age of 68.

References

1812 births
1880 deaths
Premiers of Tasmania
People from Banff, Aberdeenshire
Australian people of Scottish descent
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Presidents of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Hobart
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
19th-century Australian politicians

James Milne Wilson


La pile romaine de Labarthe-Rivière  (ou tourraque de Labarthe-Rivière) est un monument de type « pile romaine » situé sur le territoire de la commune de Labarthe-Rivière, en France.

Localisation
Le monument est situé sur le territoire de la commune de Labarthe-Rivière, dans le département de la Haute-Garonne, en région Occitanie, en France. Elle est située sur l'ancienne voie romaine qui allait de Toulouse à Dax. Elle se dresse sur la droite de la RD33, à l'entrée du village en venant de Valentine.

Historique
La pile daterait du . L'objet de ce monument n'est pas certain, seules des hypothèses peuvent être émises : peut-être était-ce une borne milliaire indiquant les distances, ou alors un cénotaphe ou mausolée d'un personnage important, ou alors encore un monument dédié à Mercure, en raison d'un fragment d'aile retrouvé au pied de la pile, rappelant le casque, orné d'ailes, porté par la divinité.

La pile est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Description
Le monument consiste en une tour carrée, pleine, surmontée d'une pyramide quadrangulaire fortement dégradée. La base forme un carré de  de côté pour une hauteur de  ; elle est surmontée d'un deuxième étage, un peu moins large que le premier, également d'une hauteur de  et qui abrite une niche cintrée coté sud qui devait vraisemblablement accueillir une statue par le passé (débris de statue trouvées lors de fouilles au pied du monument). L'ensemble s'élève à une hauteur de 9 à  environ.

Il existait une seconde pile à environ , qui fut détruite lors de la construction de la ligne de chemin de fer au  en 1856.

Le dessin de la pile est utilisé par la mairie sur son blason officiel.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Haute-Garonne
 Pile (monument)

Liens externes

Monument historique en Haute-Garonne
Monument historique classé en 1905
Labarthe-Rivière

Pile romaine de Labarthe-Rivière


An Vriesea fontellana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme ngan G.K.Br.. An Vriesea fontellana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea fontellana


Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1951 s-a desfășurat la Stockholm în Suedia.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

1951
1951 în sport
scrima

Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1951


Kyuk Too Ki, son zamanlarda Kore'de gelişen ve Kick boksu andıran dövüş sanatı.

Teknik

Kyuk too ki ringde olduğu kadar sokakta da kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş, tekvando stili tekmeler (buna Kickboks ve Muay Thai'nin düşük tekmeler de eklenmiştir) ve el vuruşlarıyla bokstaki dört tür vuruş (kanca, direk, aparkat ve kroşe) ve Thai stili dirsek ve diz vuruşlarının karması melez bir dövüş sanatıdır.

Kyuk too ki sisteminde aynı zamanda silahlı saldırganlara karşı da teknikler geliştirilmiştir. Genellikle bir blokla başlanıp daha sonra saldırgana vuruş yapılır ve en son saldırgan yere fırlatılır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kick Boks

Dış bağlantılar
 Kyuk Too Ki dövüşçüsü Muay Thai dövüşçüsü ile
 Martial Arts Planet

Savaş sanatları
Melez savaş sanatları

Kyuk Too Ki


(235621) Kratochvíle, denumire internațională (235621) Kratochvile, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
235621 Kratochvíle este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť, în cadrul proiectului KLENOT. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 6,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 235001-236000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

235621 Kratochvíle


Zagrebačka nogometna zona  je bila jedna od zona Prvenstva Hrvatske, te liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1968./69.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bilo "Jedinstvo" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Druga savezna liga 1968./69.
 Dalmatinska zona 1968./69.
 Riječko-pulska zona 1968./69.
 Slavonska zona 1968./69.
 Zagrebačka liga 1968./69.
 Međupodsavezna liga Bjelovar 1968./69.
 Područna liga Koprivnica 1968./69.
 Nogometna liga Centar Varaždin 1968./69.
 Područna liga NSP Karlovac – 1. razred 1968./69.
 Podsavezna liga Gospić 1968./69.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Miroslav Matovina: 80 godina NK Segesta : [1906-1986], Sisak, 1986., str. 229-230

1968-69 Zagreb
Zagreb
1968-69 HRV

Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1968./69.


Jacques sau supunerea (franceză: Jacques ou la soumission) este o piesă de teatru absurd scrisă în limba franceză de Eugen Ionescu.  Piesa a fost compusă în anul 1955.

Prezentare

Personaje

Adaptări

Traduceri în limba română

Vezi și
 Listă de piese de teatru românești
 Listă de piese de teatru franceze

Note

 Allen, Donald M., trans. 1958. The Bald Soprano and Other Plays: The Bald Soprano; The Lesson; Jack, or The Submission; The Chairs. By Eugène Ionesco. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1982. .

Legături externe

Piese de teatru franceze
Eugen Ionescu
Teatru absurd

Jacques sau supunerea


An Arum besserianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Arum besserianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arum

Arum besserianum


23887 Shinsukeabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23887 Shinsukeabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,82 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 5,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

23887 Shinsukeabe


Henckovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rožňava din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 439 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Henckovce este atestată documentar din 1470.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Henckovce


La flotte de bus électriques à Moscou en compte environ 1000 en service. Il s'agit de la plus grande flotte de bus électriques d'Europe devant celle de Londres.

En décembre 2021, les bus électriques desservent 65 lignes et depuis le début de leurs travaux, ils ont transporté plus de  de passagers dont  de passagers en 2021.

Galerie

Notes et références

Transport à Moscou

Bus électriques à Moscou


Republika Hrvatska i Republika Namibija održavaju diplomatske odnose od 22. lipnja 1998. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Pretoriji.

Veleposlanici
Hrvatska nema rezidentno veleposlanstvo u Namibiji. Veleposlanstvo RH u Republici Južnoj Africi pokriva Bocvanu, Burundi, Kenija, Komore, Lesoto, Madagaskar, Malavi, Mauricijus, Mozambik, Namibiju, Ruandu, Sejšele, Svazi, Ujedinjenu Republiku Tanzaniju, Ugandu, Zambiju i Zimbabve.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Namibija na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Namibija

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Namibiji


Plodova voda (amnionska tekućina, amnijska tekućina) je tekućina kojom je okružen plod u maternici i koja se nalazi unutar plodovih ovoja (amnionske vreće, amniona odnosno gestacijske vreće). Razvijajući se, fetus pluta u plodovoj vodi, koja ga štiti, ali i omogućava razmjenu hranjivih tvari, vode i biokemijskih proizvoda između njega i majke. Plodova voda često se (netočno) naziva plodna voda.

Razvoj
Plodova voda prisutna je čim se stvore plodovi ovoji. Stvara se iz majčine krvne plazme, a prolazi kroz fetalne membrane pomoću osmotskih i hidrostatskih sila. Kad bubrezi fetusa počnu funkcionirati oko 16. tjedna trudnoće, fetalni urin također doprinosi tekućini. Nekad se vjerovalo da je plodova voda u potpunosti sastavljena od fetalnog urina.

Plodova voda se apsorbira kroz fetalno tkivo i kožu. Nakon 22. odnosno 25. tjedna trudnoće dolazi do keratinizacije kože fetusa. Kod ljudi, ovaj proces završava oko 25. tjedna trudnoće nakon čega se plodova voda uglavnom apsorbira kroz crijeva fetusa, sve do kraja trudnoće.

Sadržaj
Na početku, plodova voda je uglavnom voda s elektrolitima, no oko 12. do 14. tjedna, tekućina uz elektrolite sadržava proteine, ugljikohidrate, lipide i fosfolipide te ureu. Sve ove tvari potpomažu razvoju fetusa.

Obujam
Obujam (volumen) plodove vode mijenja se s rastom fetusa. Od 10. do 20. tjedna povećava se s otprilike 25 ml na oko 400 ml. Između 10. i 11. tjedna trudnoće, disanjem i gutanjem fetusa količina tekućine se malo smanjuje. Ni fetusovo mokrenje ni gutanje ne doprinose značajno promjenama količine tekućine, sve do 25. tjedna kada proces keratinizacije kože završava. Količina plodove vode dostiže limit od otprilike 800 ml oko 28. tjedna trudnoće te se počinje smanjivati nakon 36. tjedna trudnoće pa sve do poroda. Neki izvori ukazuju da je u trenutku poroda fetus okružen s 500 ml do 1000 ml plodove vode.

Oticanje plodove vode
Do oticanja plodove vode (rupture plodovih ovoja ili pucanja vodenjaka) dođe kada amnion pukne, oslobađajući vodu koja se nalazi ispred prednjačeće česti (najčešće glava fetusa). Do pucanja plodovih ovoja može doći spontano (spontana ruptura membrana) ili namjerno, probijanjem (amniotomija, odnosno prokidanje vodenjaka). Vodenjak se namjerno prokida porodničarskom kukicom, najčešće kod aktivno vođenog poroda.

Ako je trudnoća u terminu, do spontanog puknuća plodovih ovoja dolazi tek u 20% slučajeva, odnosno u 2 od 10 rodilja, plodovi ovoji pucaju prije nego krenu trudovi. U takvim slučajevima, kod polovice rodilja trudovi krenu unutar 12 sati od pucanja ovoja, dok kod 77-95%, rodilja trudovi krenu unutar 24 sata od spontanog puknuća ovoja. NICE (Nacionalni institut za kliničku izvrsnost) iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva navodi u svojim preporukama da se rodilje moraju informirati o prednostima i rizicima indukcije (izazivanja trudova lijekovima) kod spontanog puknuća ovoja i preporučuju da se porod inducira 24 sata nakon spontanog puknuća ovoja.

U rodilištima u Hrvatskoj je praksa da se porod inducira (trudovi se izazivaju lijekovima poput sintocinona)  ako trudovi ne krenu u kraćem roku po puknuću plodovih ovoja.

Funkcija
U kasnijim mjesecima trudnoće, gutanjem plodove vode fetus stvara urin. Gutanje plodove vode također pridonosi stvaranju mekonija. Time također potpomaže stvaranje probavnog sustava.

Plodova voda štiti fetus tako da ublažava mehaničke trzaje i udarce, omogućava lakše kretanje fetusa i potiče razvoj mišićnog i koštanog sustava.

Klinička važnost

Skupljanje
Uzorak plodove vode vadi se iz maternice iglom kada se radi dijagnostički test amniocenteza. Tada se uz pratnju na ultrazvuku, kako se fetus ne bi ozlijedio, plodovi ovoji probiju tankom iglom i izvlači se uzorak tekućine. Količina plodove vode koja se uzima ovisi o indikacijama za postupak i ispitivanju koje će se provesti.

Analiza plodove vode
Analiza plodove vode može otkriti mnoge informacije o genetskom zdravlju, dobi i vitalnosti fetusa, jer plodova voda sadrži metabolički otpad i fetalne stanice koje se mogu ispitati.

Plodova voda najčešće ima pH vrijednost od 7,0 do 7,5.  Budući da je u normalnim uvjetima pH u gornjem dijelu vagine kisela (pH 3,8-4,5), vaginalni pH test koji pokazuje pH veći od 4,5 ukazuje na to da se radi o oticanu plodove vode, odnosno da se ne radi o uobičajenom vaginalnom iscjetku. Drugi testovi koji ukazuju na prisutnost plodove vode uključuju test nitrazinskog papira i test paprati.

Komplikacije vezane uz plodovu vodu
Za vrijeme trudnoće oko ploda može biti premalo ili previše plodne vode.

Premala količina plodove vode
Oligohidramnion je premala količina plodne vode, a najčešće nastaje kod plodova koji imaju kromosomske anomalije, infekcija, ali i nekih drugih stanja. Mala količina plodove vode može uzrokovati deformacije koštanog i mišićnog sustava djeteta, zastoj u rastu, deformacije lica i dr. Takva stanja nastaju jer se plod u maternici ne može dovoljno micati bez optimalne količine plodove vode te se izvana stvara pritisak na njegove udove i glavu. Uzroci oligohidramniona mogu biti infekcije, problemi s bubrezima, malformacija fetusa ili pak kod majke gestacijski (trudnički) dijabetes, nedostatan rad posteljice ili zbog prijevremene rupture ovoja. Također, što je fetus stariji, to više guta plodovu vodu i tako smanjuje količinu iste.

Do premale količine poldove vode može doći zbog dehidracije majke (i češće se pojavljuje ljeti), te ima dokaza da trudnice u terminu mogu povećati količinu plodove vode tako da piju do 2,5L vode dnevno.

Prevelika količina plodove vode
Polihidramnion (ili hidramnion) je prevelika količina plodove vode, a takvo je stanje povezano s povećanim rizikom od prijevremenog porođaja, abrupcije placente i prolapsa pupčane vrpce. Količina plodove vode može se izmjeriti ručno ili pomoću ultrazvuka. Na pregledu, primalja ili liječnik/ca izmjeri visinu fundusa u centimetrima. Rukama palpira trudnički trbuh i s te dvije mjere odredi količinu plodove vode. Druga metoda za mjerenje količine plodove vode je pomoću ultrazvuka kojim se mjere "džepići" vode oko fetusa i time se napravi procjena količine plodove vode.

Važno je napomenuti da se količina plodove vode prirodno smanjuje i povećava, te da ne postoji jednoznačan dogovor među istraživačima i kliničarima o tome koliko je premalo, odnosno previše plodove vode. Uz to, procjene količine plodove vode su dosta nepouzdane.

Medicinske primjene
Plodova voda koristi se u nekim operacijama vanjskog dijela oka. Trenutno se istražuju i primjene za neka ortopedska stanja.

Istraživanje matičnih stanica
Istraživanja pokazuju da plodova voda sadrži znatnu količinu matičnih stanica, te je predmet daljnjih istraživanja.

Izvori

Tjelesne tekućine
Embriologija
Ginekologija i porodništvo
Ljudska trudnoća
Porođaj

Plodova voda


Northfield Village ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Northfield Village (Indiana)
 Northfield Village (Vermont)

Northfield Village


La Ruta Estatal de California 23, y abreviada SR 23 (en inglés: California State Route 23) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 51,5 km (32.030 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 23 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 23 es atravesada principalmente por la .
{| class=wikitable
!Condado
!Localidad
!Miliario
!Salida
!Destinos
!Notas
|-
|Los ÁngelesLA 0.00-8.90
|Malibú
|0.00
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan=18|VenturaVEN 0.00-24.17
|rowspan=12|Thousand Oaks
|T1.49
|
|Portrero Road – Hidden Valley
|
|-
|R2.26
|
|Triunfo Canyon Road
|
|-
|R2.88
|
|Agoura Road, Hampshire Road
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|R3.320.70
|
|
|Interchange; extremo sur de la US 101
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|Extremo sur de la autopista en la US 101
|-
|1.62
|41
|Hampshire Road
|
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|3.11R3.34
|12B
|
|Extremo norte de la US 101; sin salida en sentido norte
|-bgcolor=#ffdddd
|R3.70
|13
|Hillcrest Drive, Thousand Oaks Boulevard – Thousand Oaks
|Salida Sur y entrada Norte
|-
|R5.06
|14
|Janss Road
|
|-
|R6.03
|15
|Avenida de los Árboles
|
|-
|R7.17
|16
|Sunset Hills Boulevard
|
|-
|R8.21
|17
|Olsen Road – Simi Valley
|
|-
|rowspan=4|Moorpark
|R10.16
|19
|Tierra Rejada Road
|
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|Extremo norte de la autopista
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|R11.43T18.21
|20B
|
|Interchange; extremo sur de la SR 118
|-bgcolor=#ddffdd
|R17.49R12.90
|
|
|Extremo norte de la SR 118
|-
|rowspan=2|Fillmore
|24.17
|
|
|
|-
|24.17
|
|A Street
| Continuación más allá de la SR 126

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras del condado de Los Ángeles
Carreteras del condado de Ventura
Malibú

Ruta Estatal de California 23


An Caesia calliantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Rodney John Francis Henderson. An Caesia calliantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Caesia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Caesia

Caesia calliantha


Marcel Nourrit, né le  à Bègles et mort le  à Soulac-sur-Mer, est un joueur de rugby à XV et de rugby à XIII international français évoluant au poste de deuxième ligne, troisième ligne ou pilier dans les années 1930.

Natif de Bègles, il évolue dans les années 1930 au club du CA Bègles en rugby à XV avec lequel il dispute le Championnat de France de rugby à XV. En novembre 1934, avec l'arrivée du néo-rugby, le rugby à XIII, il décide de rejoindre le club de Bordeaux XIII où il reste cinq saisons. Il y connaît le succès d'un titre de Championnat de France en 1937 après une finale disputée en 1936 aux côtés d'Henri Mounès, Raoul Bonamy, Albert Falwasser et Louie Brown.

Parallèlement, ses performances l'amènent à côtoyer l'équipe de France et Nourrit dispute trois rencontres internationales contre l'Australie, l'Angleterre et le Pays de Galles lors de l'année 1938. L'entrée de la France dans la guerre et l'interdiction du rugby à XIII en France l'amène à stopper sa carrière.

Biographie

En novembre 1934, il fait défection du CA Bègles et rejoint le club de rugby à XIII de Bordeaux.

Palmarès

Rugby à XV

En club

Rugby à XIII

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur du Championnat de France : 1937 (Bordeaux).
 Finaliste (ou vice-champion) du Championnat de France : 1935 et 1936 (Bordeaux).

Détails en sélection

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1911
International français de rugby à XIII
Joueur français de rugby à XV
Décès en mars 2001
Décès à 89 ans

Marcel Nourrit


Celâlî isyanları, 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda, Osmanlı yönetimindeki Anadolu'da Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde başlayan ve Sultan IV. Mehmet dönemine kadar devam eden zaman zarfında devlete karşı ekonomik, sosyal, askerî ve siyasi nedenlerle çıkarılan ayaklanmalara verilen addır.

"Celâl'e mensup" anlamına gelen Celâlî tabiri, 16. yüzyıl başlarında (1519) isyan eden Bozoklu Şeyh Celâl'le ilgilidir. Celâlî isyanları başlangıçta, Osmanlı idaresinden memnun olmayan zümrelerin ve Şiî eğilimli Türkmen gruplarının Safevîlerin de tahrikiyle devlete başkaldırmaları şeklinde ortaya çıkmış, 16. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren büyük bir mesele hâlini alarak değişik bir mahiyet kazanmıştır. Osmanlı devlet anlayışı, bu isyanları "hurûc ale's-sultân" olarak değerlendirmiş ve kaynaklarda bu ifade sık sık kullanılmıştır.

Bu ayaklanmaların adı, bu kapsamdaki ayaklanmaların ilkinin önderi olan Şeyh Celâl'den gelir. Bozoklu (Yozgat) olan Şeyh Celâl önderliğinde topraksız köylüler, ağır vergilerden ezilenler, toprakları elinden alınmış eski sipahiler, sekbanlar, yerel idarecilerin baskı ve adaletsiz yönetiminden şikâyetçi olan kitleler, 1519 yılında Osmanlı yönetimine başkaldırdı. Tokat yöresinde başlayan ayaklanma, aynı yıl içerisinde kanlı bir biçimde bastırıldı.

Celali isyanlarının nedenleri
16. yüzyıl ortalarında Osmanlı Devleti'nde ekonomik ve toplumsal bunalım baş gösterdi. Anadolu ve Akdeniz üzerinden geçen uluslararası ticaret yollarının coğrafi keşifler sonucunda yön değiştirmesi de bunda etkili oldu. Osmanlı Devleti, bu ticaret yollarının ve gelirlerinin kendi topraklarından geçtiği dönemlerde sağladığı kazancı yitirdi. Öte yandan Avrupa devletlerinin güçlenmesi karşısında fetihlerin durmasıyla ganimet gelirleri de ortadan kalktı. Devlet, gereksinim duyduğu geliri sağlayabilmek için vergileri artırdı. Osmanlı yönetiminin babadan-oğula geçmemesinde titizlikle durduğu tımar sistemi saltanat haline geldi. Oluşan bu yarı-feodal durum, vergileri ödeyemeyen köylülerin topraklarını terk etmesine, kasaba ve kentlere iş için göç etmesine yol açtı. Geçim yolu bulamayanlar ise eşkıyalığa başladılar ya da eşkıyalara katıldılar. Bütün bunların sonucunda Osmanlı'da toplumsal ve ekonomik düzeni altüst oldu. İşsizlik ve geçim sıkıntısı, medrese öğrencisinden askerine kadar toplumun bütün kesimlerine yansıdı. Ayrıca Anadolu'da yaşayan Alevi halk, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Sünnilik üzerine kurulu teokratik yapıda olmasına karşı çıkıyordu. Bu yüzden sık sık Osmanlı ile ters düşüyorlardı.

Anadolu'da ilk büyük Celali Hareketleri, medrese öğrencilerinin (suhte ya da softa) hareketi olarak ortaya çıktı. Medrese öğrencileri ve medrese bitirip iş bulamayanlar Yozgat, Amasya, Adıyaman, Sivas ve Malatya yörelerinde büyük ayaklanmalar başlattılar. Bu ayaklanmalar tarihe Suhte ayaklanmaları olarak geçti. Daha sonra, Osmanlı askeri sınıfından levent ve sekbanlar da ayaklandılar. Bu arada Osmanlı Devleti'nin yerel yöneticileri, güç kullanarak halktan vergi toplamaya başladılar. Yerel yöneticilerin zulmü merkezi hükûmet tarafından önü alınamaz duruma gelince, III. Murat (1574-1595), III. Mehmet (1595-1603) ve I. Ahmet (1603-1617) soygunlara, yöneticilere ve memurlara karşı köylülerin silahla mücadele etmesini isteyen fermanlar çıkardılar. Bu dönemin önemli ismi Şeyhülislam Mustafa Sunullah Efendi olmuş ve devşirme sadrazamlara karşı verdiği fetvalar ile Anadolu'daki Türk varlığının yaşamasını sağlamıştır.

Destekleyen gruplar
Anadolu'da meydana gelen Celali isyanlarına sadece çiftçiler ve işsizler destek vermemiştir, Osmanlı devletinin Sünni teokratik yapıda olmasına karşı çıkan Aleviler de Celali isyanına destek vermiştir.

Anadolu'daki önemli Celali ayaklanmaları ve önderleri
Şeyh Celâl isyanının bastırılmasından sonra 1525 yılında İçel Sancağındaki vergi memurunun Süklün Koca adlı ihtiyara kötü davranışları sonucu Süklün Koca, diğer adıyla Kadri Hoca Baba, köylüleri etrafına toplamış, oğlu Süklün Şah ya da Şah Veli de kendisine katılmıştır. Daha sonra o çevrede büyük saygı gören Baba Zünnun da köylülerin başına geçerek ayaklanma çıkardı. Çıkan ayaklanma 1526 yılında bastırıldı. Anadolu'da artan mali sıkıntılar yanında yeni düzenlemelerden memnun olmayan ve yoğun Safevi propagandasından etkilenen Türkmen gruplarının destek verdiği Kalender Çelebi İsyanı, 1526 Mohaç Seferi sırasında patlak verdi. İsyan Orta Anadolu'da süratle yayıldı. 1527 yılında sadrazam Pargalı İbrahim Paşa komutasındaki Osmanlı güçlerinin, 1527'de Elbistan dolaylarındaki galibiyeti sonucu Kalender'in öldürülmesiyle isyan bastırıldı.

16. yüzyılda Anadolu'da önemli bir nüfus artışı olmuş, fakat tarım alanlardaki artış buna cevap verememişti. Bu nüfus artışı Anadolu'da yersiz yurtsuz bir kalabalığın meydana gelmesine yol açtı. Toprakların yetmemesi sonucu çiftbozan olan bu gruplar için devlet ve beylerin kapısında "kapı halkı" olmak tek çıkar yoldu. Bunların bazıları sınır kalelerine azap, yeniçeri, donanmada levent ve gönüllü de olabiliyorlardı. İş bulamayıp boşta kalanlarsa "garip-yiğit" adları altında çoğunluğu teşkil ediyordu. Bunların bir kısmı medreselere giriyor, ancak çoğu istihdam edilemedikleri için imaretlerin etrafında başıboş gruplar oluşturuyorlardı. Bütün bunlar bazı sosyal karışıklıklara zemin teşkil ediyordu. II. Selim devrinde başıboş kalabalık grupların zararları yavaş yavaş görülmeye başlandı. Bunun üzerine henüz büyümemiş bu tehlikeye karşı mahallinde müdafaa tedbirleri düşünüldü. Hükûmet, köylüler arasından seçilen bir yiğitbaşı ile onun idaresinde köy delikanlılarından meydana gelen otuz kırk kişilik yerel koruma birliklerinin kurulmasını teşvik etti. Köy halkı bir yiğitbaşı ve onun emrinde il erleri seçmek suretiyle bu grupların saldırılarından korunmaya çalıştı. İl erleri teşkilatı Celâli mücadelesinde önem kazandı. Ancak daha sonraları halkın arzusu ile teşkil olunan il-erlerinin başında bulunan yiğitbaşılar bile bölükleriyle beraber Celâlî olmaya başladılar. Mesela suhtelere karşı uzun zamandan beri yiğitbaşı olarak kendisini tanıtan Neslioğlu, bu vaziyetinden faydalanarak köylülerin başına geçmiş, Afyonkarahisar ve Isparta taraflarında en bilinen bir Celâli olmuştu. Kastamonu ve Çankırı taraflarına şöhret salan Urgancıoğlu Mehmed Pehlivan da aynı şekilde idi.

16. yüzyılın sonlarına değin Celali ayaklanmaları, daha çok yöresel bir özellik taşıyordu. 1598'de Sivas ve Maraş bölgesinde çıkan Karayazıcı Ayaklanması, Celali hareketlerinin niteliğini değiştirdi. Sekban askerlerinin komutanıyken ayaklanan Karayazıcı'ya, dirlikleri ellerinden alınan sipahiler, topraklarını terk eden köylüler, işsiz kalan sekbanlar, yönetimden hoşnut olmayan beyler ve paşalar da katıldı. 20 bin kişilik bir ayaklanmacı ordusunu yöneten Karayazıcı, büyük kentlere bile baskınlar düzenleyip çekiliyordu. Karayazıcı üzerine gönderilen Osmanlı ordusu karşısında Tokat'a çekildi ve 1601'de öldü.

Karayazıcı'nın ölümünden sonra ayaklanmacıların başına kardeşi Deli Hasan geçti. Osmanlı Devleti, Orta Anadolu'ya egemen olan Deli Hasan kuvvetlerini bastıramayınca, onunla anlaşma yolunu seçti. Deli Hasan'ı paşa unvanıyla Bosna beylerbeyliğine atadı. Ancak devletin bu tavrı öbür Celali önderlerini cesaretlendirdi. 1603-1608 arasında Celali ayaklanmaları bütün Anadolu'ya yayıldı. Tavil Ahmed, Canboladoğlu ve Kalenderoğlu gibi Celali önderler devlet otoritesini ortadan kaldırdılar. Anadolu'daki köylüler canlarını kurtarmak için yerlerini terk ederek dağlara, korunaklı şehir ve kasabalara sığınmak zorunda kaldılar. Osmanlı tarihine bu dönem "Büyük Kaçgunluk Dönemi" olarak geçmiştir.

Sonunda Osmanlı Devleti, Celalileri kesin olarak ortadan kaldırmaya karar verdi. Sadrazam Kuyucu Murat Paşa büyük bir orduyla 1606'da Anadolu'ya geçti. 1610 yılına kadar isyancı Celalileri ve adamlarını acımasızca öldürerek cesetlerini açtırdığı kuyulara doldurttu. Bu dönemde öldürttüğü insan sayısının 65 bin civarında olduğu rivayet edilir.

Erzurum beylerbeyi Abaza Mehmed Paşa 1622'de yeni bir ayaklanma başlattı ve bu ayaklanma ancak 1627'de bastırılabildi. Sultan I. İbrahim döneminde (1640-1648) Sivas Valisi Varvar Ali Paşa ve Isparta yöresinde Kara Haydaroğlu ile Katırcıoğlu ayaklanmaları çıktı. Ama Osmanlı Devleti, ayaklanmacılara karşı siyasetini belli ölçülerde değiştirdi ve onları denetim altına alma yolunu kullandı. Katırcıoğlu, Karaman beylerbeyliğiyle ödüllendirilerek etkisiz hale getirildi. Bu devredeki diğer bir asi, Gürcü Abdünnebi adlı kapıkulu süvarisiydi. Kapıcılar kethüdâlığına kadar yükselip Niğde ve Bor taraflarında çiftlikler elde ederek nüfuzunu arttıran ve Safed voyvodalığını elde eden Abdünnebi, saltanat değişikliğinden dolayı İstanbul'a gönderdiği paranın hükûmet tarafından yeniden talep edilmesi üzerine mağdur duruma düşmüştü. Ayrıca İstanbul'da Sultanahmed Vakası'nda öldürülen sipahilerin kanlarını da dava ediyordu. İstanbul üzerine yürüyen Abdünnebi, Üsküdar'da Bulgurlu civarında yenilgiye uğratıldı; daha sonra, "Anadolu bizim, Kütahya'da otururuz, Rumeli sizin olsun" diyerek çekildiyse de Kırşehir mutasarrıfı İshak Paşa tarafından Karapınar'da yakalanıp idam edildi. 1658'de ayaklanan Abaza Hasan Paşa'ya da devlet görevi verildi. Anadolu'da 17. yüzyıl ortalarından sonra görülen yerel Celali toplulukları da II. Viyana Kuşatması'ndan sonra Avusturya ve müttefiklerine karşı yürütülen savaşlarda asker olarak orduya verildi. Bundan sonra Anadolu'da yer yer mahalli isyan hareketlerine rastlanmakla beraber büyük bir isyan çıkmadı. Bu döneme ait kaynaklarda Celâli kelimesine tesadüf edilmekle birlikte daha çok "eşkıya" veya "türedi eşkıyası" tabirleri kullanılmıştır.

Celali ayaklanmalarının sonuçları

Celali ayaklanmaları, Osmanlı toprak düzenini büyük ölçüde değiştirdi. Ağır vergiler yüzünden "Büyük Kaçgunluk" sırasında yerlerinden olan çiftçilerin toprakları mültezimlerin ya da yerel yöneticilerin eline geçti. Vergiler yüzünden borca giren  köylüler, işledikleri toprakları sonunda tefecilere kaptırdılar. Osmanlı toprak düzeninin bel kemiği olan Tımar Sistemi bozuldu. Büyük nüfus hareketleri ortaya çıktı ve kentlere büyük göçler oldu. Tarımsal üretim geriledi ve kıtlık tarım ürünleri fiyatlarının yükselmesine yol açtı. On binlerce insan yaşamını yitirdi ve pek çok yerleşim yeri yıkıma uğradı. İsyandan sonraki kıyımdan kaçabilenler İran'a kaçarlarken, saklananlar İç ve Doğu Anadolu Alevilerinin temelini oluşturmuşlardır ve atalarıdırlar, Saklanmayan ve kaçmayan kalabalık Türkmen aşiretleri ise bugünkü Bulgaristan ve Makedonya topraklarına sürgün edilmişlerdir, o vakte kadar yalnız Batı Anadolu'dan yapılan iskanlarla az bir Türk nüfusuna sahip olan Balkanlarda bu tarihten itibaren Türkler çoğalmıştır. Köylü çiftbozan olmuştur yani tarlasını bırakıp, işlemeyip göç etmek istemiştir, böyle köylülere çiftbozan adlı ceza vergisi uygulanırdı.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 Akdağ, Prof. Dr. Mustafa, Türk Halkının Dirlik ve Düzenlik Kavgası - Celâli İsyanları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009

Celâlî isyanları


Christiania er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1977 instrueret af Ove Nyholm og Flemming Colstrup.

Handling
Ude på Christianshavn lå Bådsmandsstrædes Kaserne, og lige overfor boede folk i Alladinkvarteret tæt stuvet sammen. En dag ville de ikke mere blot drømme om militærets 'legeplads', de brækkede hul i plankeværket og gik ind. Det blev starten til Christiania - da det danske militær i 1971 forlod stedet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1977
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

Christiania (dokumentarfilm)


Şahab bir isim olmakla beraber, gökyüzünde parlayan yıldız ya da göktaşı anlamına geliyor.

Şahab, bir İslam dini terimi.

Şahab, İslam dininin kutsal kitabı Kur'an'da, yeryüzünü dinlemek için göğe yaklaşan cinlere Allah tarafından gönderilen yakıcı bir ışık olarak tanımlanır. Cinler önceleri, yeryüzünden haber almak için göğün bazı mevkilerine yerleşir ve dinlerdi. Ancak bu sonradan men edilir. Cinler, yeryüzüne yaklaştıklarında kendilerini yakıcı bir ışık karşılamaktadır.

Kur'an'da İlgili Ayetler

Bu konuyla ilgili ayetler Cin suresi 8-9'dur. Ayetler şöyledir:

"8. 'Kuşkusuz biz göğe ulaşmak istedik, fakat onu çetin bekçilerle ve yakıcı ışıklarla dolu bulduk.'

9. 'Hâlbuki biz, (daha önce) göğün bazı yerlerinde gayb haberlerini dinlemek için otururduk. Fakat şimdi her kim dinlemeye kalkacak olursa, kendini gözetleyen yakıcı bir ışık bulur.' "

Kaynakça

İslam'da cinler

Şahab


Vesby (dansk) eller Weseby (tysk) er en landsby i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Kosel kommune (Rendsborg-Egernførde kreds) på halvøen Svans i det sydøstlige Sydslesvig. Landsbyen grænser i vest mod Sliens Store Bredning. Med den lille Vesby Sø (Wesebyer See) og Langsø (Langsee) er der to søer i Vesby. Nord for landsbyen ligger Mysunde Skov og landtungen Kilfod. Her lå i middelalderen den forhenværende fæstning Kil. I den danske tid hørte landsbyen under Kosel Sogn (Risby Herred).

Vesby blev første gang nævnt 1462 som Wesebu. Stednavnet henviser til et sumpområde (oldnordisk veisa, olddansk wesa). Lidt ud for Vesby ligger udflytterstedet Skylbæk (Schoolbek).

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hjemmeside om Vesby

Noter

Svans
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten

Vesby (Slien)