Throughout its history, women have served in various onscreen roles in the American professional wrestling promotion WWE. In the 1990s, WWE (then known as the World Wrestling Federation) introduced the term Diva to refer to its female performers, including wrestlers, managers or valets, backstage interviewers, or ring announcers.

At WrestleMania 32 in 2016, WWE announced their discontinuation of the "Diva" branding for its female performers, as part of a move to present them in an athletic manner more in line with their male counterparts, rather than in a means based around sex appeal. The promotion began to refer to them using the "Superstar" title it uses for male performers, and established a new WWE Women's Championship to replace the WWE Divas Championship. Subsequently, women's matches were featured more prominently across their programming, which included more frequent main event positions. WrestleMania 35 featured a women's match as its main event for the first time in WrestleMania history.

History

Beginnings (1980s–1990s)

In 1983, The Fabulous Moolah, who was the NWA World Women's Champion and legal owner of the title, joined the WWF and sold them the rights to the title after they disaffiliated from the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and recognized her as the first WWF Women's Champion. Additionally, the WWF also recognized Moolah as having been champion ever since first winning the title from Judy Grable in 1956 and disregarded other reigns or title losses that occurred during the title's existence in the NWA. Thus, The Fabulous Moolah's reign was considered to have lasted 27 years by the promotion. WWF also introduced the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship with Velvet McIntyre and Princess Victoria recognized as the first champions after also defecting from the NWA.

The following year, music artist Cyndi Lauper began a verbal feud with her manager "Captain" Lou Albano; this brought professional wrestling into mainstream culture in a storyline that became known as the "Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection". When it was finally time for Lauper and Albano to settle their differences in the ring, a match-up was scheduled with Albano's represented wrestler Moolah against the challenge of Lauper's protégé, Wendi Richter. Moolah lost the title at The Brawl to End It All, broadcast live on MTV. Richter then lost the title to Leilani Kai the following year, but won it back at WrestleMania I on March 31, 1985.

In the summer of 1985, the WWF did a storyline where all established managers in the promotion competed to offer their services to Randy Savage. Savage revealed his new manager to be Miss Elizabeth on the August 24, 1985, edition of WWF Prime Time Wrestling. In real life, Savage and Miss Elizabeth were married, but this was not mentioned on television. Miss Elizabeth's first major angle was during Savage's feud with George "The Animal" Steele in 1986. In the angle, Steele fell in love with Miss Elizabeth, angering Savage and leading to a series of grudge matches between him and Steele. She also figured prominently in Savage's 1986 feuds with Hulk Hogan and Ricky "the Dragon" Steamboat and his 1987–1989 feuds with wrestlers such as The Honky Tonk Man, Andre the Giant, Bad News Brown, Big Boss Man and Akeem. In 1988, Miss Elizabeth was given the title "First Lady of the World Wrestling Federation" due to her being the first woman in World Wrestling Federation history to manage the World Wrestling Federation champion. When Savage—who had formed an alliance with Hogan—turned on Hogan in early 1989, Miss Elizabeth was a major factor, and she eventually sided with Hogan. Meanwhile, Savage became allied with "Sensational" Sherri, who had success as a wrestler from 1987 to 1989 and was phased into a role as an ill-tempered, venomous manager.

Sherri initially debuted on July 24, 1987, by defeating The Fabulous Moolah for the WWF Women's Championship. Renaming herself 'Sensational' Sherri, she reigned as champion for fifteen months before losing it to Rockin' Robin; after losing several rematches, Martel took a short leave of absence in early 1989 before being repackaged as Savage's manager. Also in 1987 Mike McGuirk was introduced as the first female ring announcer of the promotion, arriving after Jesse Ventura referred her to the WWF. In the fall of 1987, McGuirk provided color commentary for several arena show tapings in the Houston, Texas area, which aired on Prime Time Wrestling.

The first Survivor Series pay-per-view saw the first female elimination match. In February 1989, the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship was deactivated and The Glamour Girls (Leilani Kai and Judy Martin) were the final title holders. Sapphire debuted in November 1989 on Saturday Night's Main Event XXV as a 'fan' cheering on Dusty Rhodes at ringside in his match against Big Boss Man. Sapphire began to manage Rhodes, who adapted Rhodes' gimmick as she adorned black outfits with yellow polka dots. Sapphire and Rhodes later feuded with Randy Savage and Sensational Sherri and wrestled in a tag team match at WrestleMania VI. Rockin' Robin was the last WWF Women's Champion in the late 1980s.

In 1990, Sensational Sherri remained with Randy Savage, while Sapphire worked with Dusty Rhodes. Sapphire later departed from the company in mid-1990. Miss Elizabeth worked primarily with Dusty Rhodes and Sapphire between WrestleMania VI and SummerSlam (1990). Miss Elizabeth returned in 1991 and was a key player in Randy Savage's retirement match with The Ultimate Warrior at WrestleMania VII; Miss Elizabeth left the company for good in April 1992; shortly after her departure, Savage and Miss Elizabeth divorced in real life. At WrestleMania IX, Luna Vachon debuted and initially aligned herself with Shawn Michaels. Later, she aligned herself with Bam Bam Bigelow to feud with Sherri and Tatanka. Martel left the company in 1993.

Japanese involvement and Diva beginnings (1993–1997)

In 1993, the WWF reinstated its Women's Championship, a title that had been vacant since 1990, and Madusa Miceli was brought in by the company to revive the women's division. She debuted under the ring name Alundra Blayze, because WWF owner Vince McMahon did not want to pay Miceli to use the name Madusa, which she had trademarked. She wrestled in a six-woman tournament to crown a new Women's Champion, and in the finals, she pinned Heidi Lee Morgan on the December 13, 1993, episode of All American Wrestling to win the title.

After the tournament, Miceli asked WWF management to bring in new women for her to wrestle and WWF brought Leilani Kai, Bull Nakano and Bertha Faye. Later on as part of a short talent exchange with All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling, various Japanese female wrestlers including Aja Kong debuted leading to the second elimination match at the Survivor Series 1995 event. In December, due to financial troubles the WWF was having at the time, Blayze was released from her contract and was stripped of the title following her jump back to rival company World Championship Wrestling, and the WWF Women's Championship remained vacant until 1998.

Between 1995 and 1998, several valets debuted in WWF: Sunny, Marlena, Sable and Debra. Following Blayze's controversial exit from the company, the women's division became inactive during this time. At first, the characters were a continuation of the WWE female manager, but became more sexualized as time progressed. Although the term diva was not used on WWF television until April 1999, these women are considered to be the first Divas. In 1996, Sunny's immense popularity expanded beyond professional wrestling when she was regarded as AOL's most downloaded woman, solidifying herself as one of the preeminent figures within WWF. In February 1997, Chyna joined WWF as an antithesis to the rest of the women, a masculine bodybuilder whose sexual identity was the subject of early storylines. Sunny, Marlena, Sable, and Debra were further marketed as sex symbols through WWF's Raw Magazine, which featured monthly spreads of the women in suggestive poses either semi-nude or wearing provocative clothing.

Attitude Era (1997–2002)

Sable's eclipsed popularity and her feud with Marc Mero and his new manager, Jacqueline led to the reinstatement of the Women's Championship as well as the promotion's hiring of more female wrestlers. Jacqueline won the title and became the first African-American Women's Champion. Meanwhile, Sable's popularity led her to be a Playboy cover girl, although unlike other women, it was written in her contract that she was not allowed to take bumps.

Sable became the first WWF female talent to refer to herself as a "Diva" during the April 19 episode of Raw Is War in 1999; the term shortly thereafter became the official title for WWF's female performers. During the August 9, 1999, episode of Raw Is War, Chyna became the first woman to main event a pro-wrestling prime time show when she defeated Triple H and The Undertaker in a triple threat match to become the number one contender for the WWF Championship, the only woman to ever do so. Veteran wrestlers The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young returned to WWF, mostly used as comedic roles. At No Mercy on October 17, 1999, 76-year-old Moolah defeated Ivory to win the Women's Championship, becoming the oldest WWF Women's Champion ever.
The late 1990s also brought in new women, such as B.B and The Kat, who won the women's championship

In 1999, Chyna became the first women to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship when she defeated Jeff Jarrett. She would win the title one more time in 2000, when she defeated Val Venis and Trish Stratus in a mixed tag team match. She also became the first women to participate in a Royal Rumble match, entering in the 1999 and 2000 editions, as well as participating in the 1999 edition of the King of the Ring tournament. She also was on the cover for Playboy. According to her manager, Vince McMahon offered Chyna to win the WWF Championship if she rejected the offer.

The year of 2000 saw the debuts of Lita, Trish Stratus, and Molly Holly since the start of the month of February. Lita performed higher-risk moves than the divas before her, such as moonsaults and diving hurricanranas. Shortly thereafter, Trish Stratus debuted as an overtly sexualized valet. Also, later that year, Molly Holly was added to the roster. She was a contrast to most of the other Divas as she was given a more wholesome gimmick and more modest ring attire. On the August 21 episode of Raw Is War defending champion Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley wrestled Lita in the main event.

Finally in the spring of 2001 saw the WWF's purchase of its chief competitors, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and the consequent entry of former WCW and ECW female talent, such as Stacy Keibler, Torrie Wilson, Jazz, and Sharmell. WWF Women's Champion Chyna left the WWF towards the end of November due to real-life issues between herself, Triple H, and Stephanie McMahon. In the autumn of 2001, Trish Stratus was trained by Fit Finlay, who was the road agent responsible for the women's matches, and drastically improved her in-ring ability. She worked her way up to the top of the division and eventually won the Women's Championship at Survivor Series. Stratus then entered in a prominent feud with Jazz who debuted at Survivor Series.

Ruthless Aggression Era (2002–2008)

Much of the year of 2002 centered around Trish Stratus and her feuds with Jazz, Molly Holly, and a re-debuting Victoria including over the Women's Championship. In April, while filming a small acting role for Dark Angel, Lita suffered a neck injury and was the first female talent to have neck fusion surgery. She was out of action for almost a year and a half. As she rehabilitated, she kept herself visible by co-hosting Sunday Night Heat on MTV.

Since May 5, 2002, the women's division saw an expansion including a departure and a return of a former talent when the WWF officially changed its name to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as the company first began to hire more female talents than ever before, including female winners of the reality television show Tough Enough, which featured contestants aspiring to be professional wrestlers (Nidia in 2001, Linda Miles and Jackie Gayda in 2002). Debra departed the company in the month of June along with her then-husband Stone Cold Steve Austin. Sable returned to WWE on the April 3, 2003, episode of SmackDown! for the first time since controversially departing from the company in late 1999; her first storyline returning to company for several months was with new Playboy covergirl Torrie Wilson. The WWE women's division competed in more match-ups previously contested only by men (including for the Women's Championship), such as street fights and hardcore matches. The debuting Gail Kim would go on to become the first woman of Asian descent to have held the WWE Women's Championship after winning a battle royal. Numerous Divas competed in contests ranging from "Pillow Fights" and "Bra and Panties" match-ups to "Bikini Contests", which were based more on the sexual appeal of the women involved. Women's trainer Fit Finlay said he was embarrassed to explain the women how to strip during bra and panties match. According to him, "It was degrading to them" and tried to teach them how to wrestle, but WWE told him they do not want women to wrestle like men.

Victoria and Lita competed in the first Women's steel cage match towards the end of the year on November 24.

WWE eventually re-introduced the Diva Search, in which Christy Hemme became the inaugural winner. In December 2004, Lita and Trish Stratus main-evented Raw for the Women's Championship, making it the 2nd time in history for female talents to main event one of WWE's main shows. Moreover, Lita became the only female talent to main event Raw on three occasions including winning the Women's Championship.

Since mid-2004 and through various periods over the years until the year of 2011, most of the original female roster departed from the company, most notably in 2006, when Trish Stratus retired at Unforgiven and Lita retired at Survivor Series.

During this period, several women made their debut, like Melina, Mickie James, Beth Phoenix, and Layla.

On the March 5, 2007, episode of Raw, Mickie James and Melina competed in the first Falls Count Anywhere match to be contested between Divas. It was also the first time that the Women's Championship was contested in this type of match. At Vengeance: Night of Champions in 2007, Candice Michelle became the first woman from the WWE Diva Search contest to become the WWE Women's Champion. In December 2007, Trish Stratus, Lita, Molly Holly, and Sunny returned to WWE for a one night special appearance on an episode of Raw due to the show's 15-year anniversary. At One Night Stand 2008, Beth Phoenix and Melina competed in the first "I Quit" match to be contested between Divas.

PG Era and Divas Championship (2008–2012)

In 2008, WWE entered its PG Era and adapted a family-friendly format. WWE distanced itself from the sexual content that was pervasive throughout previous eras. However, the role of women within WWE during this time was criticized because their matches were not as integral to the show as male wrestler's matches were.

At The Great American Bash 2008, Michelle McCool defeated Natalya to become the inaugural holder of the WWE Divas Championship, a championship exclusive to the SmackDown brand. During the 2009 WWE draft, the championships switched brands after Women's Champion Melina was drafted to the SmackDown brand and Divas Champion Maryse was drafted to Raw. Beth Phoenix made history by becoming the second woman to compete at the Royal Rumble event that year and managed to eliminate The Great Khali. The Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship at Night of Champions 2010, as then Divas Champion Melina faced then-self professed co-Women's Champion Michelle McCool (as part of LayCool with Layla) in a lumberjill match, which McCool won. This also made the Women's Championship defunct after 54 years, making Layla the final holder and only woman of Arab descent to have held the championship. During that year, Alicia Fox became the first and only African-American WWE Divas Champion.

NXT replaced ECW programming in 2010. Originally existing as a seasonal show which was presented as a hybrid between reality television and WWE's scripted live event shows, selected wrestlers from WWE's then-developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) participated in a competition to become WWE's next "breakout star". The third season, which aired in late 2010, featured only female contestants and was won by Kaitlyn.

Kharma made her debut at Extreme Rules 2011 by attacking Michelle McCool, and attacked other divas over the next couple weeks on Raw and SmackDown, however this was cut short as she was granted a maternity leave due to her real life pregnancy. 2011 saw the departures of Maryse and Michelle McCool, the latter of whom retired from WWE on May 1, after losing to Layla in a Loser Leaves WWE match; Melina, who was released in early August; and Gail Kim resigned from the company due to frustration with their lack of focus on the women's division.

On the April 23, 2012, episode of Raw, Nikki Bella defeated Beth Phoenix in a lumberjill match for the Divas Championship, ending Phoenix's reign as champion at 204 days. Layla returned from her injury on April 29, 2012, at Extreme Rules and defeated Nikki Bella to become the fifth woman to have held both titles. The Bella Twins' contracts expired the following night, where they were fired by Eve Torres in the storyline.

On July 9, 2012, Eve Torres and AJ Lee became the first Divas to main event Raw since Trish Stratus and Lita in 2004, in a tag team match alongside CM Punk and Daniel Bryan. During mid-2012, AJ became involved in various relationship storylines with several male wrestlers such as CM Punk, Daniel Bryan, Kane, John Cena and Dolph Ziggler, including a stint as the General Manager of Raw. The later part of 2012 saw the departures of Kharma, Kelly Kelly and Beth Phoenix. A month after Phoenix's October departure, WWE published an article on their website claiming that there was a new era for the Divas division.

In the summer of 2012, the WWE hired veteran independent wrestler Sara Amato as a trainer for the women. Under Amato's guidance, catfights and hair-pulling were eliminated and were replaced by strikes, forearms, punches and kicking just like the male wrestlers were taught to do.

Beginning of Total Divas (2013–2015)

The 20th anniversary of Raw on January 14, 2013, saw Kaitlyn defeat Eve Torres for the Divas Championship. Eve departed the company later that night after her contract expired. The Bella Twins returned to WWE on the March 11, 2013, episode of Raw. Kaitlyn lost her Divas Championship to her former tag team partner AJ Lee on Payback, ending her reign at 153 days. The first in-ring Divas contract signing took place on the July 12, 2013, episode of SmackDown between AJ Lee and Kaitlyn, as part of buildup for a rematch of the Divas Championship at Money In the Bank. AJ defeated Kaitlyn to retain the title at the event.

In August 2012, WWE ceased operating FCW, its developmental promotion in Tampa, Florida, deactivating FCW titles, and began running all of its developmental events and operations at Full Sail University under the "WWE NXT" banner. In October 2012, WWE hired Renee Young, and in September 2013, Young made her commentary debut on NXT, making her the first female on-air commentator in the company in over a decade.

In July 2013, the first season of the Total Divas reality television show starring WWE Divas premiered. On the August 26 episode of Raw, AJ Lee cut a worked shoot promo on the cast of Total Divas, stemming again, but partially from the controversial issue of what makes a "true" WWE Diva and the theme of the show leading towards a feud between Lee and the cast. At the 2013 Slammy Awards show, the Diva of the Year award was won by Brie and Nikki Bella. On January 8, 2014, Kaitlyn decided to depart from WWE to pursue other endeavors, losing her last match against her former friend and rival Divas Champion AJ Lee. Later on towards the end of the month, AJ Lee became the longest reigning Divas Champion in history, surpassing Maryse's reign of 216 days. On the March 12 episode of Main Event, Lee successfully defended the Divas Championship against Natalya, in a match that lasted fourteen minutes—the longest women's championship match since 1987. On the March 24 episode of Raw, it was announced by Vickie Guerrero that Lee would defend her Divas Championship against the entire Divas roster at WrestleMania XXX, making it the first time the title was defended at WrestleMania. At the event, AJ Lee retained her championship by forcing Naomi to submit.

On the post-WrestleMania episode of Raw on April 7, 2014, Paige made her debut on the main roster and defeated AJ Lee for the Divas Championship ending her record reign at 295 days. At the time, Paige was also the reigning (and first) NXT Women's Champion, having won the belt on June 20, 2013, after defeating Emma in the tournament finals to crown the inaugural champion. With her Divas Championship win, Paige became the first wrestler to simultaneously hold both titles, as well as becoming the youngest Divas Champion in WWE history at the age of 21.

Brie Bella entered a storyline with Stephanie McMahon at Payback — as part of her husband Daniel Bryan's storyline with McMahon — McMahon threatened to fire Bella if, an injured, Bryan did not relinquish the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, which forced Brie to "quit" before slapping McMahon in the face. In mid-June, Vickie Guerrero departed mutually from WWE, after losing to Stephanie McMahon in a pudding match. AJ Lee returned after a two-month hiatus, defeating Paige in an impromptu match to regain the Divas Championship as both then traded the championship until at SummerSlam, then Night of Champions. At SummerSlam, Stephanie McMahon defeated Brie Bella in her first match in ten years, after Nikki Bella attacked her sister. This led to a match between the twins at Hell in a Cell, where the loser was forced to become the winner's personal assistant for 30 days, where Nikki defeated Brie. AJ Lee won the Divas Championship for a record-tying third time at Night of Champions against Paige and Nikki Bella. With this win, AJ Lee tied with Eve Torres for the most reigns ever at three.

Nikki Bella received her title match against AJ Lee on November 23 at Survivor Series, which she won, with Brie's help, to become a two-time Divas Champion. The duo had reconciled at this point.

Divas Revolution (2015–2016)

On the February 23, 2015, episode of Raw, The Bella Twins faced Paige and Emma in a widely criticized match that lasted around 30 seconds. After the match, a hashtag on Twitter trended worldwide for around a day and a half, called #GiveDivasAChance. This hashtag brought attention to various multi-media outlets over the long-tenured controversy over the company's treatment of their women's division, including AJ Lee who publicly criticized Stephanie McMahon over the issue. On April 3, five days after Lee and Paige defeated the Bella Twins at WrestleMania 31, WWE announced that Lee decided to retire from in-ring competition and departed from the company. In June, Paige started serving as a judge on the sixth season of Tough Enough, while Renee Young appeared as co-host of the show and Lita served as a coach.

On the July 13 episode of Raw, Nikki Bella claimed that there were no challengers for her championship. As a result, Stephanie McMahon proclaimed a revolution in the women's division and introduced Charlotte, Becky Lynch, and the NXT Women's Champion Sasha Banks as the newest additions to the main roster. In the following weeks, a three-way feud began between Team B.A.D. (Naomi, Tamina and Sasha Banks), Team Bella (Alicia Fox and The Bella Twins) and Team PCB (Paige, Charlotte, and Becky Lynch), with the latter team being renamed from Submission Sorority due to links to adult content. The three teams faced off at SummerSlam in a three team elimination match, where Becky pinned Brie to win the match for Team PCB.

On July 29, WWE announced that Layla would depart from the company and retire. On the August 31 episode of Raw, Nikki introduced the Bellatron timer which counted down the remaining time until she surpassed the record for the longest-reigning Divas champion of all time. Charlotte won the first Beat the Clock Challenge for a title shot. Her title match with Nikki was initially advertised for Night of Champions, but instead took place the Raw preceding the pay-per-view, after Charlotte issued a petition, granted later by The Authority, to face Nikki before she surpassed the record to become the longest-reigning Divas Champion. Charlotte won the match by disqualification when Brie and Nikki switched places and Charlotte pinned Brie. However, since the title could not change hands by disqualification, Nikki retained the championship, and in the process, became the longest-reigning Divas Champion in history, surpassing AJ Lee's previous record of 295 days. Several days later, on September 20 at Night of Champions, Nikki lost the championship to Charlotte, ending her reign at 301 days. Shortly after, Nikki went on a hiatus from television due to a neck injury which would require surgery, but returned for one night on December 21, to accept the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year.

Women's Evolution (2016–present)

At WrestleMania 32 in April 2016, WWE announced a major re-launch of its women's division: the "Divas" moniker was dropped, with the company now promoting its female talent as "Superstars" as with their male counterparts. Lita made an appearance to unveil a new WWE Women's Championship belt; the title, which replaced the WWE Divas Championship, shares its name with the original Women's Championship, but does not share the same title history as the original. WWE acknowledges the original championship as its predecessor. Later in the show, Divas champion Charlotte won the new championship by defeating Lynch and Banks.

WWE had faced criticism from critics and performers for having portrayed female wrestlers as a source of sex appeal, rather than showcasing their athletic prowess. Stephanie McMahon explained that the changes were part of a move towards gender equality within the company by dropping the "derogatory" Divas title, and thereby placing its entire roster on a "level playing field" as "Superstars". In the years that followed the relaunch, the increased prominence of the women's division in WWE programming, events, and reality series had helped to, in turn, attract more female viewers to WWE programming; McMahon stated that "Women love action, but I think they also really love the stories. They love the characters, they love the drama. Women need a reason to watch, more so than men I think, so the more you can get your female audience engaged in the character and in the story, then they care. They care about who's going to win, they care about who's going to lose."
It was also at the same time that WWE's hiring policy regarding female talents changed as independent wrestlers (particularly from the likes of Shimmer, Shine and WSU), mixed-martial artists and athletes have gradually been replacing fitness and swimsuit models due to Triple H replacing John Laurinaitis as WWE's Head of Talent.

In April 2016 at a show in Dubai, Alicia Fox became the first female performer in WWE history to appear in front of a live crowd in the Middle East. After the second brand split and the 2016 WWE draft on July 19, 2016, the WWE Women's Championship became exclusive to Raw. The SmackDown Women's Championship was subsequently unveiled during the August 23, 2016, episode of SmackDown, and won by Becky Lynch in a six-way elimination match at Backlash the following month. Throughout 2016, Charlotte Flair (who added her father's ring surname to her own ring name) and Sasha Banks feuded over the Raw Women's Championship. They main-evented Raw on two occasions that year, they competed in the first women's Hell in a Cell match in WWE history that same year, marking the first time that a women's match had headlined a WWE pay-per-view event.

In 2017 and 2018, WWE also began to promote women's Royal Rumble, Money in the Bank, Tables, Ladders, and Chairs, and Elimination Chamber matches for the first time. The inaugural winners of these events were Asuka, Carmella, Asuka once again and Alexa Bliss. On January 28, 2017, WWE announced that Nikki Bella would serve as an executive producer for Total Divas starting in the second half of the sixth season in April. Nikki would become the first female talent within the company to become a producer of a WWE-related show. That year, WWE also held an inaugural women's tournament, the Mae Young Classic, and signed Jessika Carr as the first woman to be a full-time WWE referee.
 Since then, there are generally at least two or more women's matches on RAW, SmackDown and NXT while it is increasingly rare for some episodes not to have a women's match on the show. In addition, promos and fights involving women have gotten more intense and violent compared to the Divas Era.
On August 26, 2018, Rhea Ripley defeated Toni Storm in the United Kingdom Championship Tournament to win the inaugural NXT UK Women's Championship, which became the top women's championship of the NXT UK brand. In October 2018, WWE hosted Evolution, its first-ever pay-per-view to consist only of women's matches. Executive vice president of talent, live events and creative Triple H stated that it "was simply the right time for this to happen", countering allegations that the event was a counterbalance for the subsequent Crown Jewel in Saudi Arabia (where WWE had not held women's matches due to the country's women's rights policies). In December 2018, a new WWE Women's Tag Team Championship was unveiled; it was contested for the first time at Elimination Chamber in February 2019, and won in a tag team Elimination Chamber match by Sasha Banks and Bayley.

Amid a feud with Charlotte Flair after SummerSlam in 2018, Lynch began to refer to herself as "The Man"—adopting a persona of a poorly-treated underdog. The storyline coincided with a major increase in Lynch's popularity, and culminated with Lynch defeating the Raw and SmackDown's women's champions Ronda Rousey and Charlotte Flair in a winner takes all triple threat match at WrestleMania 35 in 2019—marking the first women's main event in WrestleMania history. After 14 years with WWE, veteran wrestler Alicia Fox retired, returning to participate only at Royal Rumble events in the future. At Crown Jewel in 2019, Natalya and Lacey Evans competed in WWE's first women's match in Saudi Arabia. Later that year, Survivor Series held its first ever women's main event featuring RAW Women's Champion Becky Lynch, Smackdown Women's Champion Bayley and NXT Women's Champion Shayna Baszler, with the latter winning the match. In 2021, Sasha Banks and Bianca Belair became the first black women to jointly headline WrestleMania.

While the name "Diva" is largely fell into disuse, the term was then reused in 2022 for NXT wrestler Quincy Eliott's moniker, "Super Diva".

On July 17, 2023, Chelsea Green and Sonya Deville became the first WWE Tough Enough women contestants to win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championships in WWE history.

Reception
While Stephanie McMahon credited Triple H and Vince McMahon as the creators of the Women's Revolution, wrestler Gail Kim countered that Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (now Impact Wrestling) was the promotion where the Women's Revolution began. Former WWE wrestler Maria Kanellis was critical of how WWE portrays women, stating that feels more like a "promotional tactic". After being released in 2021, Mickie James said that one WWE executive told her: "Women's wrestling doesn't make money" in response to her push for a second all-female pay-per-view or an all-female branded show.

Promotional pushes
The popularity of the women of WWE has resulted in various cross-promotions. Various female talent in WWE have posed in Playboy, others have appeared in commercials for WWE and non-WWE products as well as men's interest magazines.

Women in WWE would participate in annual photoshoots every year, travelling to a foreign destination. The photoshoot would be followed by a magazine, featuring photos from the shoot as well as a television special or video release of highlights from the shoot. The first initial annual photoshoot was in 1999 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which was promoted through video release by WWE entitled Come Get Some: The Women of the WWF. Debra, Chyna, Sable, Tori, Jacqueline, Terri Runnels, Ivory, Luna Vachon, and Ryan Shamrock were part of the photoshoot and promotional material.

Videography
Annual photoshoots:
 1999: Come Get Some: The Women of the WWF
 2000: Postcard From The Caribbean
 2001: Divas in Hedonism
 2002: Tropical Pleasure and Undressed
 2003: Desert Heat
 2004: South of the Border
 2005: Viva Las Divas
 2006: Divas Do New York
 2007: Los Angeles
 2008: Summer Skin

Other:
 1998: Sable Unleashed
 1999: Chyna & Triple H: It's Our Time
 2000: Chyna Fitness: More Than Meets the Eye
 2001: Lita: It Just Feels Right
 2003: Trish Stratus: 100% Stratusfaction Guaranteed
 2005: $250,000 Raw Diva Search
 2014: Stephanie McMahon: Fit Series
 2018: Then, Now, Forever: The Evolution of WWE's Women's Division
 2019: Trish & Lita: Best Friends, Better Rivals

Playboy

Since 1999, seven women in WWE have appeared on the cover of Playboy:
 1999: Sable (2) - April & September
 2000: Chyna - November
 2002: Chyna (2) - January
 2003: Torrie Wilson - March
 2004: Torrie Wilson (2) and Sable (3) - March
 2005: Christy Hemme - April
 2006: Candice Michelle - April
 2007: Ashley Massaro - April
 2008: Maria Kanellis - April

Playboy playmates, such as Carmella DeCesare and Karen McDougal have also appeared in the 2004 Diva Search contest. Former WWE female talent Taryn Terrell and current female talent Maryse have also posed nude for the magazine. Female talents such as Trish Stratus, Lita, Debra, Sharmell, Stacy Keibler, Michelle McCool, and Melina Perez have said that posing for Playboy magazine is out of the question for them. Trish Stratus appeared on Canadian sports talk show Off The Record and said that she did not pose because she wanted to be known as "multiple time Women's Champion Trish Stratus" rather than "the girl who posed in Playboy". Stratus also claims that she refused the shoot because she says she can still be sexy without taking her clothes off. Lita has said that she did not pose because she felt it was wrong for her as a role model for young girls to pose for the magazine.

Shortly following Maria's pictorial, WWE transitioned to a TV-PG rating and ended its connection to Playboy as part of the move.

Reality shows

Diva Search (2003–2007, 2013) and Tough Enough (2001–2002, 2011, 2015)

The Diva Search was an annual competition that occurred every summer. The purpose of the Diva Search was to find new women to be wrestlers, interviewers, and/or valets for WWE.

Tough Enough is a professional wrestling reality television series produced by WWE, wherein participants undergo professional wrestling training and compete for a contract with WWE. Female winners include Nidia, Jackie Gayda, Linda Miles, and Sara Lee. The series also featured women that would go on to appear across WWE television, including Mandy Rose, Sonya Deville, Kharma and Chelsea Green among others.

Total Divas and spinoffs (2013–present)

On April 22, 2013, it was announced several Divas would be featured on a new E! Network reality series titled Total Divas, following their lives outside of the ring. Natalya, Naomi, Cameron, The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki), and also Eva Marie and JoJo Offerman from the developmental territory WWE NXT were announced as the inaugural cast for the show. The show premiered on July 28, proving to be an instant hit, and was renewed for a second season. Additionally, the E! Network announced on April 18, 2016, that The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki) would be getting their own spinoff show titled Total Bellas following the lives of the twins.

On June 13, 2021, Essentially Sports reported that Total Divas and Total Bellas had been cancelled by the E! Network, citing a decline in ratings and lack of interest from those involved.

On January 8, 2018, it was announced that Maryse and her husband The Miz would be getting their own reality television series titled Miz & Mrs. The show premiered on July 24, 2018, on the USA Network.

On February 26, 2022, it was announced that Carmella and Corey Graves will be part of a spin-off series Corey & Carmella which will premiere on WWE's YouTube channel.

Other shows
Animated versions of the Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter were included on a CBS Saturday morning cartoon Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling.

WWE Sunday Dhamaal, an Indian show produced by WWE, aired a special WWE Evolution episode hosted by Shenaz Treasury focusing on Women in WWE.

In 2019, WWE announced a reality series for Quibi, Fight Like a Girl, in which Stephanie McMahon paired WWE superstars with a young girl in each episode. The series was later moved to The Roku Channel following the closure of Quibi.

In November 2022, WWE co-CEO Nick Khan announced during an investors call that Bianca Belair and her husband Montez Ford would be the subject of a new reality series that will debut on Hulu in 2023.

WWE Network shows
Behind the scenes look of various WWE female superstars and Events were featured in WWE Network's documentary series WWE 24. The episodes entitled "Women's Evolution" and "Empowered" focused on the history of women in WWE, while episodes "Becky Lynch: The Man", "The Years of Ronda Rousey", and "Trish Stratus" focused on individual careers of Lynch, Rousey and Stratus respectively. Another documentary series, WWE 365, aired a special on Alexa Bliss on June 23, 2019. Paige, Charlotte Flair and Sasha Banks specials were part of another WWE Network's documentary series WWE Chronicle.

Several episodes of Table for 3 like "Diva Legends", "Millennium Divas", "Divas Champions Club", "Future Empowered", "Women's Championship Evolution", "Restaurant Riott" and "Ladies' Luncheon" featured current and former WWE female superstars discussing various aspects of their personal and professional life.

Animated version of various female WWE superstars like Sasha Banks, Becky Lynch, Bella Twins, Charlotte Flair, Paige and Stephanie McMahon were included in Camp WWE.

Other media
Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter appeared in two of Cyndi Lauper's music videos, "The Goonies 'R' Good Enough" and "She Bop".

From 1999 to 2000, Sable appeared as a guest star on an episode of Pacific Blue in 1999, and the following year, Chyna appeared as a guest star on Mad TV and 3rd Rock from the Sun as Janice, a police officer, as well as several Stacker 2 commercials and was a presenter at the MTV Video Music Awards. In November 2001, Trish Stratus, Lita, and Stephanie McMahon appeared as contestants on The Weakest Link's "WWF Superstars Edition". Lita, Molly Holly, and Jacqueline appeared as contestants on Fear Factor in February 2002. On April 6, 2002, Lita appeared in a small role on Dark Angel. In March 2004, she appeared on an episode of Headbangers Ball.

In 2007, Ashley Massaro, Torrie Wilson, Maryse, Brooke, Layla, and Kelly Kelly appeared a music video for music producer and rapper Timbaland for the track "Throw It on Me". In the same year, Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle, Michelle McCool, Maria, Layla, and Kristal appeared in an episode of the U.S. reality show Project Runway, in which designers were asked to design in-ring attire for their designated Diva. In 2008, Layla, Mickie James, Kelly Kelly, and Melina appeared in the U.S. reality show Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp to get the celebrities in shape.

Fighting with My Family, a 2019 film co-produced by WWE Studios depicts the WWE career of Paige portrayed by Florence Pugh.

The Fabulous Moolah was the subject of the sixth and season finale episode of the professional wrestling documentary series Dark Side of the Ring. It covered various events of Moolah's life like Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection, The Brawl to End It All, The Original Screwjob, the WrestleMania 34 name controversy, and various other WWE related incidents.

In 2019, video game WWE 2K20 featured a 2K Showcase named "Four Horsewomen", which chronicled the careers of Bayley, Charlotte Flair, Sasha Banks and Becky Lynch.

Championships and accomplishments

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

PWI Female 50 / Women's 100 / Women's 150

PWI Year–End Awards

Sports Illustrated

Women's Wrestler of the Year

Wrestler of the Year

Hall of Famers
The following list shows the female WWE Hall of Famers (excluding Warrior Award recipients) and the years that they were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official WWE website
 Official WWE Roster website
 Official WWE Total Divas website

History of WWE

Women in WWE


Teremky () est une station de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située dans le raïon de Holossiïv de la ville de Kiev en Ukraine.

Mise en service en 2010, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne M2. Le service est arrêté ou perturbé depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Teremky, est une station, terminus sud, de la Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située avant la station Ipodrom, en direction du terminus nord Heroïv Dnipra.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.
,

Histoire
La station Teremky est mise en service le , lors de l'ouverture à l'exploitation du prolongement, long de , de Ipodrom  au nouveau terminus de Teremky. Elle est réalisée par les architectes A. T. Gneverev, T. Tselikovskaïa, A. Nachivotchniki et E. Plachtchenko.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station dispose de six accès équipés d'escaliers ordinaires, un accès dispose d'ascenseurs.

Desserte
Teremky, terminus de la ligne, est desservie par les rames de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2).

Intermodalité
La station est desservie par système de transport en commun utilisant des minibus urbains et péri-urbains.

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Kiev
 Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2)

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de la ligne M2 du métro de Kiev
Station de métro mise en service en 2013
Terminus d'une ligne du métro de Kiev

Teremky (métro de Kiev)


La línea B1 de AUVASA es una línea nocturna de autobús de la ciudad de Valladolid. Une los barrios de Covaresa y San Pedro Regalado con el centro de la ciudad, pasando por las estaciones de autobuses y ferrocarriles. Además, da servicio al barrio de La Overuela con una expedición en cada sentido (ida y vuelta). Circula en viernes, sábados y vísperas de festivos y la realizan autobuses articulados debido a su gran demanda.

Frecuencias

 El servicio de las 02:30 de Covaresa, que sale a las 3:00 de Pza. Fuente Dorada, finaliza en La Overuela.

Paradas

 Las paradas marcadas con asterisco (*) pertenecen a la prolongación de La Overuela.

Véase también
 Auvasa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de Auvasa

 Foro de AUVASA en Skyscrapercity
 Foro de AUVASA en Camiones Clásicos
 Foro de AUVASA en ForoBus

Líneas de AUVASA

Línea B1 (AUVASA)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 I. Svyatoslav, savaşçı Kiev knezi (ö. 972)

Ölümler
 VIII. Stephen, papa
 Saadia Gaon, döneminin ünlü hahamı, Yahudi filozofu ve Tanah yorumcusu (d. 882 / 892)

942


විද්‍යාලෝක විද්‍යාලය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රිකයේ ඇති පිරිමි පාසලකි. පාසල ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 1941 ජනවාරි මස 14 වැනිදාය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්
දකුණු පලාතේ පාසල්
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ පාසල්
බෞද්ධ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
ආණ්ඩුවේ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

විද්‍යාලෝක විද්‍යාලය


Die Co-op City () ist der größte wohnungsbaugenossenschaftliche Gebäudekomplex der Welt. Er befindet sich in Baychester an der Kreuzung der Interstate 95 und des Hutchinson River Parkway im New Yorker Stadtteil Bronx im Nordosten von New York City.

Co-op City gehört zum Bronx Community Board 10 und wäre die zehntgrößte Stadt im Staat New York, wenn es eine eigenständige Stadt wäre. In der näheren Umgebung befinden sich Pelham, der Pelham Bay Park, Orchard Beach und City Island. Die Postleitzahl ist 10475.

Die Co-op City

Wenn man über die Interstate 95 von Norden nach New York City fährt, taucht die Co-op City als erstes Beispiel für New Yorks Urbanität auf. Sie erstreckt sich auf knapp 130 Hektar Fläche, wovon nur etwa 20 % bebaut wurden, wodurch viele Grünflächen entstanden. Die Wohnhochhäuser wurden in den Gebäudetypen "Triple Core", "Chevron" und "Tower" erbaut. Sie ragen zwischen 24 und 33 Stockwerke in die Höhe. Darüber hinaus gibt es 236 dreistöckige Stadthäuser mit je einer Gartenwohnung und einer darüberliegenden Maisonette-Wohnung mit drei Schlafzimmern.

Die Co-op City ist in fünf Bereiche unterteilt: Eins bis vier sind miteinander verbunden, der fünfte ist durch den Hutchinson River Parkway von den anderen vieren abgeteilt. Jede Straße in einem Bereich trägt einen Buchstaben als Namen. Alle Straßen im ersten Bereich beginnen mit dem Buchstaben "D", im zweiten mit "C", im dritten mit "A", im vierten mit "B" und im fünften mit "E".

Diese "Stadt in der Stadt" hat acht Parkhäuser, drei Einkaufscenter, eine eigene Polizeibehörde, einen über zehn Hektar großen "Bildungspark" mit einer High School (Harry S. Truman High School), die über ein Planetarium, ein Kraftwerk, einen vierstöckigen Generator für die Klimaanlage und ein Feuerwehrhaus verfügt. Darüber hinaus hat die Co-op City zwei Middle Schools, drei Grundschulen, sechs Kinderkrippen, über 40 Büros u. a. mit Ärzten und Anwälten, mindestens 15 Sakralbauten sowie vier Basketballplätze und fünf Baseballfelder. Im angrenzenden Bay Plaza Shopping Center befinden sich ein Multiplex Kinotheater mit 13 Leinwänden, Läden und ein Supermarkt.

Die Wohngebäude wurden auf einer ehemaligen Deponie erbaut. Das Gelände ist immer noch vom ursprünglichen Marschland umgeben. Die Fundamente der Gebäude befinden sich auf 50.000 Pfählen, die auf anstehendem Gestein fußen. Das Land um die Gebäude der Co-op City setzt sich jedoch und sinkt jährlich um ca. 2,5 cm, was zu Rissen in Bürgersteigen und Gebäudeneingängen führt.

Verwaltung von Co-op City
Die RiverBay Corporation ist für die Gebäude zuständig. Sie beschäftigt über 1.000 Menschen in 32 Abteilungen für den Betrieb und die Verwaltung der Co-op City. Der Komplex hat seine eigene Sicherheitsabteilung (Co-op City Department of Public Safety) mit mehr als 100 vereidigten Mitarbeitern. Diese Abteilung überwacht im Public Safety Command Center zugleich das Gelände mit Sicherheitskameras.

Die RiverBay Corporation hat einen 15-köpfigen ehrenamtlichen Vorstand, der von den Bewohnern gewählt wird, da der Komplex eine Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft ist.

Es gibt zwei wöchentliche Zeitungen für die Bewohner: Co-op City Times (die Zeitung von RiverBay) und City News.

Geschichte

Erholungsgebiet
Ursprünglich war das Gelände der Co-op City überwiegend Sumpfland. Noch in den 1950er Jahren wurde der überwiegende Teil dieses flachen Geländes zur Erholung genutzt – z. B. fanden hier Treffen von Modellflugzeugbauern statt. Damals konnte man zum Hutchinson River fahren und dort auf Wegen durch Schilfgras spazieren und im Fluss schwimmen. Das Gelände südlich des Hutchinson River Parkways (Bereich 5 der Co-op City) war noch unberührtes Sumpfland, bis dort Co-op City errichtet wurde. Hier konnten in den 1950er Jahren an der Mündung des Hutchinson River Boote und Kanus geliehen werden. Darüber hinaus befand sich hier Gus's Barge – ein bekanntes Restaurant und Nachtclub mit Bootsverleih, in dem Jazzcombos und andere Musiker auftraten. Die Betreiber verkauften Gus's Barge Anfang der 1960er Jahre.

Mülldeponie und Freizeitpark
Da schließlich das Gebiet auch als Mülldeponie genutzt wurde, nannten die Anwohner der Gegend das Land nördlich des Hutchinson River Parkway "The Dump" (Die Deponie). Von 1960 bis 1964 wurde auf einem 83 Hektar großen Teilgebiet der späteren Co-op City der Freizeitpark Freedomland U.S.A. betrieben, bis dieser schließen musste.

Baubeginn 1966
Der Bau der Co-op City begann im Mai 1966. Die ersten Bewohner zogen im Dezember 1968 ein. Der Bau wurde 1973 abgeschlossen. Die 15.372 Wohneinheiten in 35 Hochhäusern und sieben Stadthäuser-Gruppen machen die Co-op City zum größten Wohnbauprojekt der Vereinigten Staaten.

Das Projekt wurde von der United Housing Foundation gefördert und erbaut – eine Organisation, die 1951 von Abraham Kazan und den Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America gegründet wurde. Der Entwurf stammt vom Architekten Herman Jessor.

Der Bau der Co-op City wurde mit einem Kredit der New York State's Housing Finance Agency (HFA) finanziert.

Miet-Streik

Misswirtschaft, eine schlechte Bauqualität und Korruption führten in der Geschichte von Co-op City immer wieder zu Skandalen. So konnte z. B. der Kredit 1975 nicht mehr bedient werden. Daher übernahm der Staat New York die Verwaltung des Komplexes und konfrontierte die Bewohner mit einer 25-prozentigen Erhöhung der monatlichen Instandhaltungskosten. Dies führte zu einem Miet-Streik. Der Staat New York drohte mit der Schließung von Co-op City und der Räumung der Wohnungen, was für die Betroffenen zugleich den Verlust der Genossenschaftsanteile bedeutet hätte. Doch die Bewohner des Komplexes streikten 13 Monate lang weiter, bis der Präsident des Bezirks Bronx (Robert Abrams) und der Secretary of State of New York (Mario Cuomo) als Schlichter angerufen wurden, um zwischen den beiden Parteien zu vermitteln. Schließlich wurden der Genossenschaft 20 Millionen US-$ Schulden erlassen. Zugleich sollte die Genossenschaft auch die Verwaltung und Bewirtschaftung des Komplexes übernehmen und selbst die Gebühren festlegen. Damit ging der längste und größte Mieter-Streik in der Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten zu Ende.

Bis heute hat der Komplex noch Schulden bei der HFA. 2004 konnten aufgrund von hohen Kosten für Notreparaturen die Raten nicht mehr bedient werden. Unter bestimmten Auflagen half hier die New York Community Bank der RiverBay Corporation mit einem Überbrückungsdarlehen.

Renovierungen in den 2000er Jahren

Im ersten Jahrzehnt des neuen Jahrtausends wurde der gesamte Komplex für 240 Millionen US-$ renoviert. Dieser Prozess wird als "Renaissance" von Co-op City bezeichnet. Viele dieser Maßnahmen machten den Komplex ökologischer. So produziert das Kraftwerk weniger Abgase, die Gebäude benötigen weniger Energie und die Recyclinganstrengungen wurden gesteigert. Dafür erhielt Co-op City einen Zuschuss von der New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) in Höhe von 5,2 Millionen US-$ im Rahmen des NY Energy $mart Assisted Multifamily Program.

Dabei wurden Rohrleitungen und Müllpressen ausgetauscht, Garagen und Dächer saniert, das Kraftwerk verbessert, Fassaden- und Terrassenreparaturen durchgeführt, auf energieeffiziente Beleuchtung und wassersparende Technologien umgestellt sowie 130.000 Fenster, 4.000 Terrassentüren und alle 179 Aufzüge ausgetauscht.

2007 wurde das Kraftwerk erneuert und erweitert. Es konnte nunmehr nicht nur die eingehende Elektrizität an die Haushalte verteilen, sondern wurde durch einen 40-Megawatt starke Kraft-Wärme-Kälte-Kopplung erweitert, bei der Turbinen mit Öl, Gas oder Dampf betrieben werden können, um selbst Energie zu erzeugen. Dafür wurden 90 Millionen US-$ investiert. Diese Kosten werden sich voraussichtlich amortisieren, da konservative Schätzungen davon ausgehen, dass mit dem neuen Kraftwerk jährlich 18 Millionen US-$ an Energiekosten eingespart werden können. Wird überschüssige Energie produziert, kann dieser Strom in das allgemeine Stromnetz eingespeist und verkauft werden.

2003 stürzte eine Parkgarage teilweise ein. Danach wurde festgestellt, dass fünf der acht Parkgaragen nicht mehr sicher sind, worauf diese für umfangreiche Reparaturen geschlossen werden mussten. Die übrigen drei Parkgaragen konnten während der Sanierungsarbeiten teilweise geöffnet bleiben. Um mit der Parkplatznot zurechtzukommen, erlaubte New York City, dass im Komplex geparkt werden durfte. Hierfür wurden Grünzüge befestigt, um zusätzliche Parkplätze zu schaffen. Darüber hinaus wurde mit dem nahe gelegenen Einkaufszentrum eine Vereinbarung getroffen, dass dort Parkplätze mitgenutzt werden konnten. Im Januar 2008 waren erstmals nach 4,5 Jahren Renovierungsarbeiten wieder alle Parkgaragen geöffnet. Die Grünzüge wurde anschließend wiederhergestellt.

Wer für diese Renovierungsarbeiten aufkommen sollte, wurde zum Streitgegenstand zwischen RiverBay und dem Staate New York. Co-op City wurde im Rahmen des Mitchell-Lama Housing Program des Staates New York entwickelt, das günstigen Wohnraum subventioniert. RiverBay verlangte nun, dass der Staat bei diesen Kosten helfen sollte, da die schwerwiegenden Schäden an der Infrastruktur von der ursprünglich schlechten Bauqualität der Co-op City herrühren, die unter der Aufsicht des Staates entstanden. Der Staat hingegen machte RiverBay für die Kosten verantwortlich, da sie die Gebäude nicht ausreichend instand gehalten hätten. Schließlich endete der Streit mit einem Vergleich. Der Staat stellte die Gelder für die Renovierungen bereit und RiverBay bekam im Jahre 2004 480 Millionen US-$ von der New York Community Bank, um die Kredite und restlichen Unkosten bedienen zu können.

Bewohner

In der Co-op City wohnen etwa 55.000 Menschen. Davon sind 55 % Afroamerikaner, 25 % Hispanics und 20 % Weiße. Mehr als 8.300 Bewohner sind über 60 Jahre alt, für die ein "Senior Services Program" entwickelt wurde, um Bewohnern mit altersbedingten Einschränkungen zu helfen. Viele dieser Senioren zogen während ihres Berufslebens in den Komplex und blieben hier nach ihrer Verrentung wohnen.

In den Anfangsjahren wohnten in der Co-op City auch viele Juden, Italiener und Iren, die aus anderen Teilen der Bronx (z. B. der Grand Concourse) hierher zogen. Darüber hinaus zogen hier auch Afroamerikaner ein. Als die ersten Einwohner mit zunehmendem Alter wieder auszogen, zogen Menschen ein, die der ethnischen Zusammensetzung der Bronx entsprachen, so dass schließlich Afroamerikaner und Hispanics die Mehrheit der Bewohner stellten.

Nach dem Fall der Sowjetunion zogen in den 1990er Jahren viele Zuwanderer aus Osteuropa hierher – vor allem aus Russland und Albanien.

Erreichbarkeit
Co-op City wird nur von Buslinien bedient. Die lokalen Buslinien der New York City Transit Authority Bx5, Bx12, Bx26, Bx28, Bx29 und Bx30 sowie die Linien der New York City Transit Buses (beide Metropolitan Transportation Authority) Bx23, Q50 und BxM7 verbinden Co-op City mit den umliegenden Subway Linien und mit den Außenbezirken (z. B.: City Island). Bei der Linie BxM7 handelt es sich um eine Express-Route von/nach Manhattan die entlang der Madison Avenue führt. Der Bau einer Subway Linie direkt in die Co-op City war bereits in Planung, wurde aber wegen Finanzierungsproblemen wieder eingestellt.

Popkultur
 Auf dem Album Factory Showroom der Band They Might Be Giants findet sich ein Coversong mit dem Titel New York City (ursprünglich von der kanadischen Band Cub). Dabei änderten They Might Be Giants den Liedtext und tauschten Alphabet City gegen Co-op City.
 Robert Klein besingt die Bronx als schönen Ort und erwähnt dabei ausdrücklich Co-op City im Lied The Traveling Song.
 Der Hip-Hop-Song Sometimes I Rhyme Slow von Nice & Smooth auf dem Album Ain't a Damn Thing Changed (1991) enthält folgende Liedzeile: "I go to Bay Plaza and catch a flick" (Deutsch: "Ich geh' ins Bay Plaza und schau mir 'nen Film an") – Bay Plaza ist ein großes Einkaufszentrum in der Nähe von Co-op City mit einem großen Kinokomplex.
 In der düsteren Fantasy-Saga Der Dunkle Turm von Stephen King, stammt die fiktive Figur Eddie Dean aus Co-op City. Bei seinem ersten Auftritt im zweiten Band mit dem Titel Drei wird gesagt, dass Co-op City in der Bronx liegt, wogegen in späteren Bänden "fälschlicherweise" Brooklyn als der Stadtteil angegeben wird, in dem die Co-op City läge. Ein wesentliches Element dieser Romanserie ist das Konzept von sich abwechselnden Realitäten, so dass in einigen dieser Realitäten Co-op City in Brooklyn liegt.
 In der Episode Gone der siebten Staffel von Law & Order: Special Victims Unit führt die Ermittler die Suche nach der Leiche eines ermordeten Zeugen zum Fluss in Co-op City.
 Der Roman Bloodbrothers von Richard Price handelt in einer fiktiven Adresse in Co-op City. Der Titel von Price Roman Freedomland bezieht sich auf den Freizeitpark, der sich einst auf dem Gelände der Co-op City befand, bevor der Komplex gebaut wurde.
 Der Vorspann des Films Finding Forrester zeigt Szenen in und um Co-op City.
 Am Ende des Films The Seven-Ups sieht man die Umgebung des Bereichs fünf der Co-op City.
 Eine Folge von Queer Eye hat einen kurzen Abschnitt in der Co-op City. Dabei sieht man die spezielle Beschilderung des Komplexes.
 Die Zukunft der Co-op City und ihr Untergang nach einem fiktiven Verschwinden der Menschheit wird in Folge 5 der 2. Staffel der Dokufiktion-Serie Zukunft ohne Menschen ("Einsturzgefahr", USA 2010) gezeigt.

Namhafte Bewohner
 Brad Agovino – Autor und Kolumnist
 Brian Ash – Drehbuchautor und Filmproduzent (lebte von 1974 bis 1993 in der Co-op City)
 David Berkowitz (* 1953) – der berühmte Serienmörder "Son of Sam" wohnte von 1968 bis 1971 in der Co-op City
 Kurtis Blow (* 1959) – der Old School Hip-Hop Pionier wohnte Mitte der 1980er Jahre in einem der Broun Place Townhouses.
 Christopher Scott Cherot – Filmemacher (wohnte von 1970 bis 1981 in der Co-op City)
 Eliot Engel (* 1947) – US-amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei und seit 1989 Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für den Bundesstaat New York.
 Stan Jefferson – Baseballprofi von 1986 bis 1991 (wuchs in der Co-op City auf)
 Queen Latifah (* 1970) – Schauspielerin, Rapperin (wohnte in der Co-op City von 1980 bis 1984)
 Miles Marshall Lewis— afroamerikanischer Autor (wohnte in der Co-op City von 1974 bis 1996)
 Richard Price – Roman- und Drehbuchautor
 Sally Regenhard – Mutter des Feuerwehrmanns Christian Regenhard und Aktivistin für die Familien der Opfer der Terroranschläge vom 11. September 2001
 Larry Seabrook – Mitglied des New York City Council
 Sonia Sotomayor (* 1954) – US-amerikanische Juristin und seit 2009 Richterin am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten
 Rod Strickland (* 1966) – ehemaliger NBA-Basketballspieler

Voraussetzungen für die Antragstellung als Bewohner

Menschen, die in Co-op City wohnen wollen, müssen im Bewerbungsprozess verschiedene Voraussetzungen erfüllen. Für eine Bewerbung im September 2019 mussten potenzielle Mieter

 frei von Vorstrafen aufgrund von Methamphetaminherstellung sein,
 frei von Verurteilungen sein, die dazu führen, lebenslänglich in einem Sexualstraftäter-Register eingetragen zu sein,
 einen FICO-Credit-Score von mindestens 650 oder einen Nachweis regelmäßig bezahlter Rechnungen vorweisen,
 einen Besuch in der derzeitigen Wohnung während des Bewerbungsprozesses zulassen,
 nachweisen, dass im Haushalt lebende Kinder, die fünf Jahre oder älter sind, eine Schule besuchen.

Abhängig von der Anzahl an Zimmern und Bewohnern belaufen sich die Genossenschaftsanteile auf (Stand: November 2007):

 Wohnungen mit einem Schlafzimmer: 13.500 US-$ – 18.000 US-$
 Wohnungen mit zwei Schlafzimmern: 20.250 US-$ – 22.500 US-$
 Wohnungen mit drei Schlafzimmern: 27.000 US-$ – 29.250 US-$

Einkommensgrenzen:

 Wohnungen mit einem Schlafzimmer: 23.160 US-$ (min.) – 75.768 US-$ (max.)
 Wohnungen mit zwei Schlafzimmern: 34.760 US-$ (min.) – 108.240 US-$ (max.)
 Wohnungen mit drei Schlafzimmern: 46.320 US-$ (min.) – 140.760 US-$ (max.)

Die Untergrenzen beim Einkommen sind bei Rentnern geringer angesetzt: zwischen 20.844 US-$ und 45.180 US-$.

Monatliche Kosten:

 Wohnungen mit einem Schlafzimmer: 579 – 772 US-$
 Wohnungen mit zwei Schlafzimmern: 869 – 965 US-$
 Wohnungen mit drei Schlafzimmern: 1158 – 1255 US-$

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Co-op City auf RiverBay Corporation (englisch)
 Fotografieprojekt über die Co-op City des Fotografen Martin Fuchs (englisch)
 Das Co-op City Department of Public Safety (englisch)

Bauwerk in der Bronx

Co-op City


Mauro Machado da Silva (Porto Alegre, 22 de enero de 1975) es un exfutbolista brasileño que se desempeñaba como portero. Actualmente es entrenador de porteros en el Kas Eupen de la Primera División de Bélgica. Es casado con Deise Helena Machado y papa de Keise Ellen Machado.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador de porteros

Palmarés

Como jugador
 Títulos nacionales

Como entrenador de porteros
 Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Mauro Machado
 Ficha de Mauro Machado en BDFA
 Ficha de Mauro Machado en Transfermarkt

Nacidos en Porto Alegre
Futbolistas de Brasil
Futbolistas del Club Mariscal Braun
Futbolistas del Club Bolívar
Futbolistas del La Paz Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Real Potosí
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Jorge Wilstermann
Futbolistas del Club Aurora

Mauro Machado


Baldy Mountain er det højeste bjerg i Philmont Scout Ranch, New Mexico. Toppen er 3.792 meter over havet.

Bjerge i USA
Philmont Scout Ranch

Baldy Mountain (Philmont Scout Ranch)


Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar (17 Ağustos 1864, İstanbul – 8 Mart 1944, İstanbul), Türk romancı ve gazeteci.

Yaşamı
17 Ağustos 1864 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğdu. Hünkâr yaveri Mehmet Sait Paşa'nın oğlu olan Hüseyin Rahmi, üç yaşında iken annesinin ölümü üzerine, Girit'te bulunan babasının yanına gönderildi. İlkokula başladı ancak babasının evlenmesi üzerine altı yaşında tekrar İstanbul'a anneannesinin yanına gönderildi ve eğitimine burada devam etti. Yakubağa Mektebi, Mahmudiye Rüşdiyesi ve idadide okuyan Hüseyin Rahmi, tarihçi Abdurrahman Şeref Bey'in himayesiyle Mekteb-i Mülkiye'ye girdi (1878). Okulun ikinci sınıfında iken ciddi bir hastalık geçiren Hüseyin Rahmi buradaki öğrenimini yarıda bıraktı (1880). Kısa bir süre, Adliye Nezareti Ceza Kalemi'nde memur, Ticaret Mahkemesi'nde Azâ Mülazımı olarak çalışan Hüseyin Rahmi hayatını kalemiyle kazanmaya çalıştı.

1887'de Tercüman-ı Hakikat gazetesinde yazmaya başlayan Hüseyin Rahmi, ardından İkdam ve Sabah gazetelerinde mütercim ve muharrir olarak çalıştı. II. Meşrutiyet döneminde 37 sayı süren Boşboğaz ve Güllâbi adlı bir gazete çıkardı. İbrahim Hilmi Bey ile birlikte çıkardığı Millet gazetesi de uzun ömürlü olmadı. 1925-1927 yılları arasında yayımlanan Türk Kadın Yolu adlı derginin yazarları arasındaydı. Sonraki çalışmalarını İkdam, Söz, Zaman, Vakit, Son Posta, Milliyet ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerine neşretti. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde 5. ve 6. dönemlerde Kütahya milletvekili olan Hüseyin Rahmi, ömrünün son otuz bir yılını geçirdiği Heybeliada'daki köşkünde 8 Mart 1944 tarihinde öldü ve oradaki Abbas Paşa Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Edebiyat hayatı

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar; İstanbul halkının toplumsal, töresel yaşantılarını, aile geçimsizliklerini, batıl inançlarını, yaşadığı çağdaki Türk toplumunun geçirmekte olduğu krizleri hümuristik bir mizah dehasıyla anlatır. Servet-i Fünûncuların yaşıtı olduğu halde, ayrı bir sanat görüşünü sürdürür. Romanlarındaki kahramanların çoğu 19. yy sonu İstanbul'un canlı, renkli insan, hayat manzaralarıdır. Eserlerinde Anadolu yoktur. Mizahı, güldürücü olduğu kadar, gülünç yönlerimizin yansıtılması, hicvedilmesi için gerekli bir araçtır. Hüseyin Rahmi, seçtiği tipleri seviyelerine uygun, ustaca konuşturur ve olayları gülünçlü, acıklı yönleriyle belirtir. Kuvvetli bir gözlem gücü vardır. Realist, natüralist bir görüşle "toplum için sanat" yapar. Ertem Eğilmez tarafından 1976 yılında çekilen Süt Kardeşler sinema filminin konusu Hüseyin Rahmi'nin Gulyabani (1913) isimli romanından uyarlanmıştır. Bağımsız sanatçılardan biri olarak da anılır.

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar'ın romanları ve öyküleri yeni nesiller tarafından da kolayca anlaşılabilmesi için 1960 sonrasında içinde Mustafa Nihat Özön'ün de yer aldığı bir edebî kurulca sadeleştirilmişti. Bu sadeleştirme kimilerince yerinde bulunurken kimileri de özgün dilin dokunulmadan bırakılması gerektiğini savunmuşlardı.

Eserleri
Hikâye, oyun ve roman türündeki eserlerinin sayısı 54'tür.

Eserlerinden bazıları:

 Şık (1889)
Mürebbiye (1889)
 İffet (1896)
Mutallaka (boşanmış kadın) (1898)
Bir Muadele-i Sevda (1899)
Metres (1899)
Tesadüf (1900)
Şıpsevdi (1911)
Nimetşinas (1911)
Gönül Ticareti (1911)
Kaderin Cilvesi (1912)
Cadı (1912)
Kuyruklu Yıldız Altında Bir İzdivaç (1912)
Gulyabani (1913)
Hazan Bülbülü (Oyun, 1916)
Hakka Sığındık (1919)
 Son Arzu (1922)
Efsuncu Baba (1924)
Meyhanede Hanımlar (1924)
Ben Deli Miyim? (1925)
Evlere Şenlik, Kaynanam Nasıl Kudurdu (1927)
 Muhabbet Tılsımı (1928)
 Namusla Açlık Meselesi (Öykü, 1933)
İki Hödüğün Seyahati (1933)
Katil Buse (Öykü, 1933)
Kadın Erkekleşince (Oyun, 1933)
Şeytan İşi (1933)
Tünelden İlk Çıkış (Öykü, 1934)
Utanmaz Adam (1934)
 Eşkiya İninde (1935)Gönül Ticareti (1939)Kesik Baş (1942)
 Gönül Bir Yeldeğirmenidir Sevda Öğütür (1943)Melek Sanmıştım Şeytanı (1943)
 Dirilen İskelet (1946)Dünyanın Mihveri Kadın Mı? (1949)Deli Filozof (1964)
 Kaderin Cilvesi (1964)
 Namuslu Kokotlar (1973)Ölüler Yaşıyor Mu? (1973)
 Shikure Babezu (1974)Ölümüne Sevgi Namussuz Necdet Fiyasko™
Hayattan Sayfalar
 Kadınlar Vaizi
İstanbul'da Bir Frank
Can Pazarı
İnsan Önce Maymun Muydu?
Cadı Çarpıyor

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Edebi Kişiliği
 Yine Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar
 www.kultur.gov.tr

19. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
1864 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu gazeteciler
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
1944 yılında ölenler
Türk roman yazarları
Türk oyun yazarları
Türk hikâye yazarları
TBMM 5. dönem Kütahya milletvekilleri
TBMM 6. dönem Kütahya milletvekilleri
Heybeliada Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
19. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
İstanbul'da ölenler
Kütahya milletvekilleri
TBMM 7. dönem milletvekilleri
Osmanlı roman yazarları
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Türk dergi kurucuları
Türk siyasetçi taslakları
Türk yazar taslakları

Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar


La Selección femenina de fútbol de Nicaragua es el equipo representativo del país en las competiciones oficiales de fútbol femenino. Su organización está a cargo de la Federación Nicaragüense de Fútbol, la cual es miembro de la Concacaf, Movistar Deportes y Canal N.

Estadísticas

Entrenadores
 Elna Dixon Rocha (2006-2007)
 Alexis Zepeda (2013-2014) Medalla de plata Juegos Centroamericanos San José 2013
 Henry Alvarado (2007-febrero de 2011)
  Óscar Blanco (marzo de 2011-junio de 2011)
 Ederlei Pereira Pedroso (junio de 2011-junio de 2013)
 Jeniffer Fernández (junio de 2013-octubre de 2014)
 Antonio Macías (octubre de 2014-marzo de 2015)
 Elna Dixon Rocha (segunda vez) (marzo de 2015-septiembre de 2023)
 Dorival Bueno (septiembre de 2023-actualidad)

Véase también
 Selección masculina de fútbol de Nicaragua
 Federación Nicaragüense de Fútbol

Enlaces externos
 FeniFut Nicaragua


Max Pruss (* 13. September 1891 in Sgonn, Landkreis Sensburg (heute Zgon, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren); † 28. November 1960 in Frankfurt am Main) war ein deutscher Luftschiffer. Er war der Kapitän der LZ 129 "Hindenburg" auf ihrer letzten Fahrt und ein überlebendes Besatzungsmitglied der Zeppelinkatastrophe von Lakehurst.

Frühe Jahre
Pruss wurde als jüngstes von zwölf Kindern geboren. Der Vater arbeitete in einer Fabrik, die Mutter kümmerte sich um die Kinder und den Haushalt. Im Jahr 1898 übersiedelte Pruss mit den Eltern und fünf Geschwistern nach Bielefeld und besuchte dort die IV. Bürgerschule. Nach dem Schulabschluss wurde er im Jahr 1907 Teil der Kaiserlichen Marine als Mitglied der "Schiffsjungen-Division". Während des Ersten Weltkrieges erhielt er eine Ausbildung auf verschiedenen Luftschiffen, so z. B. LZ 11, LZ 30 und LZ 54. Dabei diente er auch unter dem Kommando von Hugo Eckener auf LZ 126 während der Überführung in die USA im Jahre 1924. Im Jahr 1936 war er Mitglied der NSDAP.

Die Hindenburg
Nachdem er bereits als Wachoffizier auf der Hindenburg unter Kapitän Ernst A. Lehmann gedient hatte, erhielt er 1936 das Kommando über LZ 129 "Hindenburg". Auf der Fahrt 1936 von Lakehurst nach Frankfurt am Main sowie den Fahrten nach Brasilien war er der verantwortliche Kapitän.

Ebenso war Pruss Kapitän des Luftschiffes Hindenburg während der Katastrophe vom 6. Mai 1937. Es war das erste Mal, dass er eine Fahrt in Richtung Lakehurst kommandierte. Pruss und mehrere Besatzungsmitglieder waren in der Kommandogondel, als das Schiff vom Heck her zu brennen anfing. Die Hindenburg schlug nach einer Weile mit dem Bug auf den Boden auf und brannte völlig aus. Erst zu diesem Zeitpunkt befahl Pruss allen, aus der Kommandogondel herauszuspringen. Er half dem bewusstlosen und lebensgefährlich verletzten Funker Willy Speck († 8. Mai 1937) aus dem Wrack und suchte nach Überlebenden, bis Rettungskräfte gezwungen waren ihn zurückzuhalten.

Pruss war sich dabei anscheinend nicht der eigenen schweren Verletzungen bewusst. Er kam ins Krankenhaus in Lakehurst, wo sein Zustand als so ernst angesehen wurde, dass er die Letzte Ölung erhielt. Überraschenderweise erholte er sich in den folgenden Monaten, jedoch blieb das Gesicht für immer entstellt. Trotzdem konnte er vor den Untersuchungsausschüssen, die das Unglück aufklären sollten, noch nicht aussagen. Er wurde nicht angeklagt, obwohl er von Hugo Eckener kritisiert wurde, vor der Landung mehrere scharfe, möglicherweise ein Gasleck verursachende Wendemanöver befohlen zu haben. Pruss war der Meinung, solche Manöver seien gefahrlos durchführbar, und machte Sabotage für den Absturz verantwortlich. Auch wies er auf die Möglichkeit eines Blitzschlages als Ursache hin, da kurz vor der Landung ein Gewitter niedergegangen war.

Zweiter Weltkrieg und späte Jahre
Pruss kehrte im Oktober 1937 nach Deutschland zurück, wo er Kommandant des Flughafens Frankfurt wurde. Diese Funktion behielt er (dann als Angehöriger der Luftwaffe) auch im Zweiten Weltkrieg bei. Bei einem Besuch Hermann Görings 1940 am Frankfurter Flughafen drängte Pruss auf eine Modernisierung der deutschen Luftschiffflotte; er fand aber kein Gehör.

In den 1950er Jahren war Pruss die treibende Kraft innerhalb des sogenannten Frankfurter Kreises, der unter Berufung auf den Komfort und Luxus dieser Transportart Geld für den Bau neuer Luftschiffe aufzutreiben versuchte. Am weitesten gediehen waren hierbei die Planungen zu dem Luftschiff LZ 132, das aber durch mangelndes Interesse potenzieller Investoren niemals über die Konzeptionsphase hinauskam. Noch kurz vor seinem Tod 1960 schwärmte er in einem Interview über die Vorzüge der Luftschiffe. Nach einer Magenoperation starb er 1960 an einer Lungenentzündung. Erst etwa 30 Jahre nach seinem Tod wurden in Friedrichshafen mit dem Typ Zeppelin NT wieder neue Luftschiffe gebaut.

Darstellung im Film
In dem amerikanischen Spielfilm Die Hindenburg von 1975 wird er von Charles Durning dargestellt. Der Film wurde jedoch dafür kritisiert, tatsächliche Gegebenheiten nicht genau wiederzugeben und zu viele Spekulationen zu enthalten. Im deutschen Fernsehzweiteiler Hindenburg (2011) wird Pruss von Jürgen Schornagel dargestellt.

Sonstiges
Im Bereich des Rebstockgeländes in Frankfurt, wo von 1912 bis 1936 der erste Frankfurter Flughafen lag, ist heute eine Straße nach ihm benannt. Er wurde auch in das vom Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe und Reichsminister der Luftfahrt, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, 1938 eingeführte Goldene Buch der Flieger eingetragen ("…in Anerkennung und dem Gedenken jener Männer der Luftfahrt […], die sich in Ausübung des Flugdienstes durch kühne, unerschrockene Taten ausgezeichnet hatten"). Sein Grab befindet sich auf dem Südfriedhof in Frankfurt am Main-Sachsenhausen (Grablage: A–54/56).

Weblinks
 Max Pruss bei airships.net (englisch)
 Faces of the Hindenburg: Captain Max Pruss (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Luftschiffer
Pilot (Deutsches Reich)
LZ 129
NSDAP-Mitglied
Militärperson (Kaiserliche Marine)
Militärperson (Luftwaffe der Wehrmacht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1960
Mann

Max Pruss


الخنيزر قبيلة بدوية تقع مضاربها إلى الجنوب من مدينة بيسان، وتبعد عنها 10 كم. وتنخفض 200 م عن سطح البحر، تبلغ مساحة أراضيها 3,107 دونمات، وتحيط بها أراضي الفاطور والصفا والحمراء.

التاريخ

الانتداب البريطاني

كانت القرية تقع في رقعة مستوية من الأرض، في الجانب الغربي من قرية الزراعة التي تقلص حجمها بعد أقامة مستعمرة طيرت تسفي اليهودية في سنة 1937. وكانت طريق أخرى تربطها بطريق بيسان- أريحا العام، كما كانت طرق فرعية أخرى تربطها بالقرى المجاورة. وكانت الخنيزير في البدء مضربا موسميا للبدو الرحل، الذين استوطنوا المكان فيما بعد على مدار السنة. وكانت منازلهم سواء المبنية بالطوب أو الخيام، مبعثرة على مساحة واسعة. وكان سكانها جميعهم من المسلمين، ويتزودون المياه من ينابيع تقع إلى الشمال والجنوب الشرقي من الموقع، للاستخدام المنزلي ولري المزروعات. وكانوا يزرعون الفاكهة والخضروات والحبوب. في 1944\1945 كان ما مجموعه 18 دونما مخصصا للحمضيات والموز و 256 دونما للحبوب و 1658 دونما مرويا أو مستخدما للبساتين.

تم استخدام أراضى أهالي بلدة الخنيزر المزروعة بالبساتين المروية الذي بلغ عدد مستخدميها 1.658 فلسطيني و701 يهودي، والاراضى المزروعة بالحمضيات بلغ عدد مستخدميها 18 نسمة، أما الاراضى المزروعة بالحبوب بلغ عدد مستخدميها 256 فلسطيني و299 يهودي، والاراضى التي صالحة للزراعة بلغ عدد مستخدميها 1.932 فلسطينى و1.000 يهودي، والاراضى الفقيرة بلغ عدد مستخدميها 175 فلسطيني.

النكبة
احتلت بلدة الخنيزر من قبل الاحتلال الصهيوني بتاريخ 20 ايار، 1948وكانت تبعد من مركز المحافظة 10 كم جنوب بيسان، حيث قامت عملية عسكرية ضد أهالي تلك القرية بزعامة جديون، وكانت الكتيبة المنفذة للعملية العسكرية جولاني، ووصل التدمير إلى أن دمرت بالكامل. ويرجع سبب نزوح أهالي تلك البلدة إلى نتيجة لإحتلال أو نزوح سكان بلدة مجاورة، وتم تطهيرها عرقيا بالكامل.

القرية اليوم
لم يبق من معالمها سوى مقبرة على تل أبو الفرج إلى الشمال من الموقع. وثمة شمالي الموقع وغربيه ينابيع عيون أم الفرج ونبع الخنازير. وتغطي أشجار النخيل معظم موقع القرية والأراضي المحيطة به.

أنشئت مستعمرة طيرت تسفي على أراضي قريتي الخنيزير والزراعة في سنة 1937 على يد مهاجرين أوروبيين.

السكان
قدر عدد سكانها عام 1922 (83) نسمة، وفي عام 1945 بلغ (260) نسمة. قامت العصابات الصهيونية بهدم القرية وتشريد أهلها البالغ عددهم في عام 1948 (302) نسمة. وكان ذلك في 20 مايو 1948. وبلغ مجموع اللاجئين من هذه القرية في عام 1998 حوالي (1582) نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
صفحة القرية في موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

المراجع

قرى بيسان
خنيزر
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

الخنيزر


Revani (asıl adı İlyas Şüca) (d. 1457, Edirne - ö. 1524, İstanbul), Türk şairi.

Yapıtlarından iyi bir öğrenim gördüğü anlaşılan Revani, II. Bayezid döneminde İstanbul'a gelip, ilk surre eminliğine getirilerek, Mekke ve Medine yoksullarına dağıtılmak için hazırlanan parayı götürmekle görevlendirildi; ama görevini kötüye kullanmakla ve yolsuzlukla suçlanınca gözden düştü. Trabzon'a giderek şehzade Selim'in (Yavuz) hizmetine girip Yavuz Sultan Selim'in tahta çıkmasından sonra, çeşitli ve kazançlı görevlerde bulundu.

Tezkirelerde zevk ve sefaya, içkiye, güzele bir insan olarak nitelendirilen Revani, şiirlerinde de bu eğilimini yansıtmış, sürdüğü yaşamı, özlemini çektiği tutkuları, canlı, içten, akıcı bir söyleyişle, divan şiirinin mazmunlarını kullanarak, ama kendi dünyasından kopmadan dile getirmiştir.

Divan'''ı ile İşretname'' mesnevisi (içki içme kurallarını konu alır; bazı edebiyat tarihçileri tarafından, daha sonra yaygınlaşan sakinamelerin ilk örneği sayılmıştır) günümüze kalmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Edebiyatı İsimler Sözlüğü'nde Revânî

1457 doğumlular
1524 yılında ölenler
Türk şairler

Revani


Aderus albolineatus es una especie de coleóptero de la familia Aderidae. Fue descrita científicamente por George Charles Champion en 1920.

Distribución geográfica
Habita en la India.

Referencias

albolineatus
Coleópteros de India
Insectos descritos en 1920
Taxones descritos por George Charles Champion

Aderus albolineatus


VM i fodbold for kvinder 2019, gruppe E er en af seks indledende grupper ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2019. Kampene spilles fra 10. til 20. juni 2018. Gruppen består af Cameroun, New Zealand, Canada og Holland. De øverst placerede hold vil gå videre til ottendedelsfinalerne.

Gruppe E

Referencer

Gruppe E

VM i fodbold for kvinder 2019, gruppe E


Nuwara Eliya (en tamil: நுவரேலியா ) es una ciudad de Sri Lanka, capital del distrito homónimo en la provincia Central.

Con un pintoresco paisaje y clima moderado, está considerada la zona productora de té más importante de Sri Lanka. La ciudad se encuentra dominada por el monte Pidurutalagala, la mayor elevación del país (2534 ).

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 1869  a 160 km de la capital nacional, Colombo, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación de 2011, contaba con una población de 27 713 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Sri Lanka

Nuwara Eliya


Mijakovići su naseljeno mjesto u općini Vareš, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 308

 Muslimani - 298
 Jugoslaveni - 8
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 161

 Bošnjaci - 160
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 1

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Vareš

Mijakovići (Vareš, BiH)


Onthophagus malabarensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1919 por Boucomont.

Referências

Ligações externas

malabarensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1919

Onthophagus malabarensis


Ilse-Sabine Beck (* 1949 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Juristin und ehemalige Richterin am Bundesverwaltungsgericht.

Leben

Sie studierte Rechtswissenschaft an der Freien Universität Berlin und an der Universität Tübingen. Nach dem Referendariat und der Ablegung des Zweiten Staatsexamens wurde sie im Sommer 1975 Richterin am Verwaltungsgericht Berlin. Während sie für mehrere Jahre in die Berliner Senatsverwaltung für Justiz abgeordnet war, wurde sie im Frühjahr 1991 zur Richterin am Oberverwaltungsgericht Berlin ernannt.

Im Oktober 1997 wurde sie Richterin am Bundesverwaltungsgericht und blieb dies, bis sie zum 1. Mai 2012 in den Ruhestand trat. Bis 2000 war sie dem mit Asylrecht befassten 9. Revisionssenat zugewiesen und gehörte dann dem 1. Revisionssenat und seit Juni 2007 zusätzlich dem 10. Revisionssenat an. Sowohl der 1. wie auch der 10. Senat befassen sich mit Ausländer- und Asylrecht. Außerdem engagierte sie sich über mehrere Jahre als stellvertretende Vorsitzende des Richterrates und im Expertenforum beim Informationszentrum Asyl und Migration.

Weblinks

 Pressemitteilung des Bundesverwaltungsgerichtes Nr. 40/2012 vom 2. Mai 2012: Richterin am Bundesverwaltungsgericht Ilse-Sabine Beck im Ruhestand

Richter (Bundesverwaltungsgericht)
Deutscher
Frau
Geboren 1949

Ilse-Sabine Beck


El colibrí pochotero, colibrí estrella encapotada, colibrí picudo occidental, colibrí picudo, colibrí picudo de gargantilla roja, colibrí picolargo o  picolargo coronioscuro (Heliomaster constantii) es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familia Trochilidae. Es nativo de Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Estados Unidos. Se ha reportado para Panamaº. Vive en bosque tropical y subtropical, matorrales y plantaciones.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Heliomaster constantii constantii (Delattre, 1843)
 Heliomaster constantii leocadiae (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1852)
 Heliomaster constantii pinicola (Gould, 1853)

Referencias

º http://www.prensa.com/salud_y_ciencia/Audubon-Panama-publica-Lista-oficial_0_4449305195.html

Enlaces externos

constantii
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Norte
Aves del Neártico
Taxones descritos por Adolphe Delattre
Animales descritos en 1843

Heliomaster constantii


La saison 2021-2022 du Championnat de Belgique féminin de handball est la  de la plus haute division belge de handball. La compétition se joue en une phase principale de 18 journées.

Participants

Localisation

Saison régulière

Classement

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Légende

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Matchs

Play-offs

Classement
Les playoffs sont un mini-championnat opposant en matches aller-retour les six premières équipes de la saison régulière du championnat. Avant le début des playoffs les équipes reçoivent un bonus de points en fonction de leur classement en saison régulière : le premier reçoit 6 points, le deuxième reçoit 5 points, le troisième reçoit 4 points, le quatrième reçoit 3 points, le cinquième reçoit 2 points et le sixième reçoit 1 point.

Matchs

Champion

Play-downs

Classement
Les playdowns sont un mini-championnat opposant en matches aller-retour les quatre dernières équipes de la saison régulière du championnat. Avant le début des playdowns les équipes reçoivent un bonus de points en fonction de leur classement en saison régulière : le septième  reçoit quatre points, le huitième reçoit trois points, le neuvième deux points et le dixième reçoit un point.

Matchs

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Sources et liens externes

2021-2022
Handball féminin
Belgique féminin

Championnat de Belgique féminin de handball 2021-2022


ජුලියා මාග්‍රට් කැමරන් යනු (1815-1879) විශිෂ්ඨ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික ඡායාරූප ශිල්පිනියකි. ඇය ප්‍රසිද්ධියට හා කීර්තියට පත්ව තිබුනේ ඇය ලබාගන්නා ලද අති විශිෂ්ඨ ගනයේ ආලේඛ  ඡායාරූප ( පුද්ගල දේහ ලක්ෂණ) සදහාය. ඒ බොහොමයක් ඡායාරූප අතීත පුරාවෘතයන් තේමා කරගනිමින් ලබාගන්නා ලද ඒවා වෙයි.

ජුලියා මාග්‍රට් පාට්ලේ නම් වූ ඇය උපත ලද්දේ ඉන්දියාවේ කල්කටා නගරයේදීය. ඒ ජේම්ස් පාට්ලේ හා එඩ්ලයින් ඩී ඊටෑන් හටයි. කල්යත්ම ජුලියා මාග්‍රට් අධ්‍යපනය ලැබීම සදහා ප්‍රංශය බලා පිටත් විය. නමුත් 1838 දී ඇය නැවත ඉන්දියාවට පැමිණි අතර එහිදී චාර්ල්ස් හේ කැමරන් නම් වූ කල්කටා නීති කොමිෂන් සභාවේ සාමාජිකයකු හා විවාහ විය. ඔහු වෘතියෙන් නීති වේදියකු වූ අතර ජුලියාට වඩා අවුරුදු 20ක් වැඩිමහලු අයෙක් විය.1848 දී චාර්ල්ස් විශ්‍රාම ගන්නා අතර ඔවුන් ලන්ඩන් නුවරට පදිංචිය සදහා පැමිණියේය. 1860දී කැමරන් ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ලෝඩ් ටෙනිසන් නම් වූ කිවිදුන්ගේ වතුයායෙහි සංචාරය කළ අතර ඉතා ඉක්මනින් ඔවුන් එය මිලට ගන්නා ලදී. ඔවුන් විසින් එයට නම් තබන ලද්දේ දිඹුල බංගලාව Dimbola Lodge ලෙසයි.

කැමරන් මහත්මියගේ ඡායාරූප වෘතිමය ජීවිතය අවුරුදු 11ක් පමණ වූ ඉතා කෙටි කාල පරාසයක (1864-1875) විහිදුනු එකකි. ඇය ඡායාරූප ගැනීම ආරම්භ කරනු ලබන්නේ ඇයගේ වයස අවුරුදු 48ත් ඉක්මවූ පසුවය. ඒ 1863 දී ඇයගේ දියණිය විසින් ලබාදෙන ලද ත්‍යාගය වූ කැමරාව නිසාවෙනි. එය ඇගේ ජීවිතය වෙනස් මගකට යොමු කරවන්නට ඇත. එයින් වසරක් යාමටත් පෙර ඇය ලන්ඩනයේ හා ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ඡායාරූප සංසදයේ සමාජිකත්වය ලබාගන්නා ලදී.

ජුලියා මාගරට් කැමරන්