The Furness Railway (Furness) was a railway company operating in the Furness area of Lancashire in North West England.

History

Formation
In the early 1840s, the owners of iron ore mines in the Furness district of Lancashire became interested in a waggonway from their mines to Barrow; the project was adopted and expanded by the Duke of Buccleuch and the Earl of Burlington. Advertisements in 1843 announced a scheme, supported by their Lordships, for a Furness Railway to link Ulverston 'the capital of the district', iron ore mines (at Dalton-in-Furness) and slate mines (at Kirkby-in-Furness) with the coast at Barrow harbour and at Piel pier.  Traffic on the line would be horse-drawn, but the line was to be laid out to allow easy conversion to the use of steam power.
A survey had already been carried out by James Walker. "The primary object of this undertaking" explained a subsequent advertisement "is to improve the present very dilatory provision for the transport of the valuable Mineral products of Furness and adjoining Districts to the Coast" but it was noted from the start that much of the line would form part of any coastal route north from Lancaster.

The subscription to the company was largely taken up by the Duke and the Earl, and their associates; although there were some local subscribers - Henry Schneider was on the company's provisional committee - failure to attract local capital meant that the original intention to serve Ulverston was dropped. The company's Bill was not opposed in Parliament and the Act was given Royal Assent on 23 May 1844. A further Act in 1846 authorised extensions from Kirkby to Broughton-in-Furness, and from Dalton to Ulverston. Goods traffic began running between Dalton and Barrow in June 1846, operated by a single locomotive. The line was passed for passenger use early in August 1846; by the end of the month, passenger trains were running from Dalton to Piel pier, connecting with a steamer to Fleetwood.

At a celebratory excursion and dinner for the directors and friends held at the end of October 1846, it was remarked that the mineral traffic was limited by a shortage of wagons (which prevented the Dalton branch handling more than 2,000 tons of iron ore a day) and of locomotives (which meant that the Kirkby branch was not yet being worked), and that 10,000 of the 12,000 passengers carried so far were excursionists from Fleetwood or Blackpool. Passenger services ceased after about two months, and the line between Dalton and Rampside Junction was doubled to remove the difficulties experienced in working both mineral and passenger traffic on a single track line. In 1847, differences between the railway company and the owner of Piel pier saw the Fleetwood steamer running to Barrow; it returned to Piel pier in 1848; subsequently, steamers also ran between Piel pier and Poulton-le-Sands, connecting with the "Little" North Western Railway. Periodic disagreements and reconciliations saw the steamer service terminal switch between Piel and Barrow on a number of occasions until (1853) the Furness Railway bought the pier.

Extensions
The Kirkby branch was extended to Broughton, passing inspection for passenger traffic at the end of February 1848; when a Broughton to Barrow train was derailed by mis-set points in July 1849, it was noted that "nearly all the gates and points on the Furness line are attended by women" and that a woman had the management of the points which had been mis-set. The Dalton branch was extended to Lindal (goods traffic running from mines there from early May 1851) and then on to Ulverston, eight waggons of coal being delivered there from Whitehaven in April 1854, even before the station was complete; passenger services began in June 1854, In 1854, 330,000 tons of iron ore travelled over the railway (as against 225,000 tons the previous year), other goods traffic was up from 22,000 tons in 1853 to 40,000 tons, and there were 145,000 passenger movements (95,000 in 1853); the company declared a dividend at a rate of 6% a year.

Copper mining interests at Coniston promoted the Coniston Railway, running from the Furness Railway at Broughton to Coniston and on to the copper mines. The line was nominally independent of the FR, but the Duke of Devonshire (as the Earl of Burlington had become in 1858) was its chairman; the FR took shares in it, and worked it. It opened for passenger traffic 19 July 1859, although its opening for goods and mineral traffic was deferred for some months as the provision was still incomplete.   The Furness Railway obtained powers to amalgamate the Coniston Railway with it in 1862.

A branch was built from (just west of) the Leven viaduct to Greenodd (allowing suppression of a swing bridge in the viaduct) then through Newby Bridge to a terminus  beside Windermere at Finsthwaite; the locality had been known as The Landing, but the station was named Lake-side. The line opened June 1869; a company part-owned (after 1873 fully owned) by the FR ran Windermere steamer services in conjunction with the trains, a Bowness resident promptly writing to the Times to query the absence of lifeboats on the steamers.

Connections and acquisitions

Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway
The Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway was completed in November 1851, connecting the Furness Railway to Whitehaven and (on completion of the Bransty tunnel at Whitehaven in 1852) to the West Coast Main Line at Carlisle. In 1865, the W&FJR was leased by the Furness Railway, a full amalgamation taking effect 1 July 1866 being authorised by an Act of 1866 The secretary-manager of the W&FJR became secretary of the Furness Railway, whose general manager was promoted to the board of the company, retaining his salary but now being styled 'resident director' The Furness Railway now extended to Whitehaven, with running powers to Workington, and to the iron works on the North side of the Derwent there; the FR also inherited the W&FJR's involvement in the Cleator and Furness Railway, a joint line with the Whitehaven Cleator and Egremont Railway linking the WC&ER at Egremont with the W&FJR at Sellafield to simplify the movement of ore southwards; the line opened 1 August 1869.

In 1865, before the lease and amalgamation, the W&FJR and the FR had put forward rival Bills for crossing the Duddon estuary much lower down it than the existing crossing at Foxfield, thus usefully shortening the rail distance between Whitehaven (and points north) and Barrow (and Carnforth). The parliamentary committee had decided in favour of the W&FJR, and the scheme was inherited by the FR. However, in 1868 the FR decided to abandon the project: there was a trade recession (the FR's dividend being consequently reduced to 8% from its accustomed 10%) and the FR had recently made major capital outlays on the Furness and Midland line (£100,000) and the construction of wet docks at Barrow (£200,000): an Act sanctioning the abandonment was obtained in 1869  but the FR had henceforth to charge on the basis of the mileages if the crossing had been built. After the discovery of a large hematite deposit in the Holborn Hill area, the line between Millom and Barrow was doubled throughout; the line between Seascale and Bootle was also doubled.

Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway
The Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway was built by a separate company to link Ulverston with , on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway thus giving a rail link southwards from Furness and West Cumbria to the West Coast Main Line so that - as the Earl of Burlington noted at a celebratory banquet marking the opening of the line on 26 August 1857 - they "were now joined in the great network of the rest of England", allowing a lucrative goods traffic: " A few days ago some 67 tons of pig iron, the produce of the new blast furnace at Harrington passed over the Whitehaven Junction and Whitehaven and Furness Railways en route direct to South Staffordshire by the newly-opened railway across the Ulverston Sands"  In 1858, after completion of the U&LR, modifications were made to the junctions at Foxfield (with the W&FJR) and at Millwood (where the Broughton and Ulverston branches met) to allow through running of Whitehaven-Carnforth traffic without reversing.

From its opening, the U&LR was worked by the Furness Railway, which purchased it (with effect from July 1861) in 1862, taking over the Ulverston Canal Company in the same year. The line from Barrow to Ulverston was already double-track, and the line between Ulverston and Carnforth was doubled in 1863.

Furness and Midland Joint Railway
In 1863, in conjunction with the Midland Railway, the FR promoted a Bill for the Furness and Midland Joint Railway between Wennington and Carnforth; the intention was said to be to give a more direct connection between the iron ore of Furness and Yorkshire ironworks and coal-mines. The London and North Western Railway cast doubt on this, pointing out that Furness got its metallurgical coke from South Durham over the Stainmore line and exported most of its ore to districts better served by the LNWR, but withdrew its objection on being offered the same powers as the Midland over the FR. The F&MJR opened for passenger traffic 6 June 1867; it was worked by the Midland. In 1867, the FR secured an Act for the construction of the Hincaster Branch from  to the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway at Hincaster.  This single-track line was intended to shorten the distance to Barrow for the coke traffic over Stainmore. In 1870, the FR brought forward, and then abandoned, a Bill  authorising abandonment of the project; construction was pursued with no great urgency, the line not opening until June 1876.

Lines in the West Cumberland ore-field
The FR objected when in 1877 the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway agreed terms for its amalgamation with the LNWR; instead as of July 1879 the WC&ER became a joint line of the Furness and the LNWR. The FR also bought shares in the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway, and worked the main line of the C&WJR.

Development of Barrow
The Furness Railway's prosperity came originally from the export of haematite ore, but the growth of heavy industry at Barrow became a significant contributor. In 1867, The Engineer explained why the demand for Furness haematite had formerly been limited:

"The ironstone mines there had been worked for some considerable time, and the ore was carried by rail and by sea to the coal districts of Lancashire, to the Staffordshire blast furnaces, and to Wales. The mining operations were, of course, very limited, and the price of the ore subject to extensive fluctuations, owing to the circumstance that the red haematite ore was only used as an admixture to other ores to improve the quality of iron, and the ironmasters used a small proportion of this more expensive ore, or tried to do entirely without it, whenever they could not obtain a sufficiently remunerative price for their pig iron in the market. Pure hematite iron, as such, was generally disliked in the trade on account of a certain amount of red shortness which it was known to give to all kinds of puddled iron produced from it;  besides the red hematite was thought difficult to smelt by itself"

It had been reported that in 1856, 464,823 tons of iron ore were raised in Furness "of which 445,013 tons were carried over the Furness Railway and shipped at Barrow, 16,290 on the Ulverston canal, and 3,550 consumed at the Charcoal Iron Furnaces and at the Low Furness Iron and Steel Works. Of the ore carried over the Furness line 200,000 tons are sent to Wales , and the remainder to the Staffordshire, Cleveland and West Riding Iron districts."

A very small village at Barrow grew into one of about 2,000 serving the ore-export facility there, with the Furness Railway effectively responsible for the settlement. The FR took over Barrow Harbour from its Commissioners in 1863 to allow the construction of wet docks at Barrow; in 1864 it obtained powers to supply Barrow and the surrounding district with gas and water.

Barrow grew rapidly in the 1860s, as The Engineer ("A town of about 20,000 inhabitants, grown up from a village of scarcely one-tenth the population in the short space of seven years is a unicum in European geography")noted. It gave two reasons:
"The stimulus to which in the first instance the rapid rise of Barrow-in-Furness has been due, is the erection of blast furnaces on that spot for the production of pig iron from the red hematite ore, belonging to the district near Barrow and Ulverston, and further north of both towns" The first blast furnaces had been brought into operation at Barrow in 1859. Proximity to mines, and to Barrow harbour, and "the advantage of obtaining coke and coal as return freights from the places to which hematite ore was carried" had allowed "extraordinary economy and consequent commercial success.":
"But there was another fact still more decisive and important for the prosperity of the Barrow blast furnaces and for the prosperity of the whole mining district surrounding them, and that was the adoption of the Bessemer process. No sooner had Mr. Bessemer's great invention got into practical use than there arose an almost unlimited demand for pure hematite iron."

Witnesses for the Furness and Midland Joint bill reported that in 1862 over 535,000 tons of iron ore had been raised in Furness (in 1873 the market price of haematite ore was 24-30 shillings per ton) and over 90,000 tons of pig iron produced in local blast furnaces.

In 1860, there were four blast furnaces in operation at Barrow, in 1862 seven, in 1866 ten, in 1867 eleven; the Barrow Hematite Steel Company operating what was then "the largest Bessemer steel works in the country" and "one of the largest in the world". The Dukes of Devonshire and Buccleuch were both major shareholders in the steel company as was the managing director of the Furness Railway, who was also the managing director of the Hematite Steel company and (following the incorporation in 1867 of Barrow) its first mayor. (Similarly, after the Phoenix Park Murders, Lord Frederick Cavendish was said to have been a director of the Furness Railway, the Barrow Hematite Steel Company, the Barrow Jute and Flax Company, and the Barrow Shipbuilding Company.)

The docks at Barrow opened in September 1867; there were two wet docks; the Devonshire (30 acres) and the Buccleuch (33 acres). The Midland Railway's Morecambe-Belfast steamer service was replaced by a Barrow-Belfast service jointly owned by the Midland and the FR; a service to Douglas was also run in the summer months, but both services ran from Piel pier transferring to Barrow docks in 1881. In 1872, the FR obtained powers to build a third dock (the Ramsden); the spoil from the excavation of this was used to enclose an area of water intended for the construction of a fourth  (the Cavendish).

The original main line did not run through Barrow, though its headquarters and engineering works were adjacent to St. George's Square. Through  trains had to run into the terminal station and then out again to continue their journey. The new Barrow Central railway station was not opened until 1882, when through working became possible. In 1882, a new station Barrow Central was opened on a new loop line, which the Whitehaven- Carnforth passenger traffic now ran over. The old station at the dockside was retained as the goods station.

Issues with development outside Barrow
Heavy expenditure on the docks at Barrow coincided with a down-turn in the iron trade in the mid-1870s; capital expenditure on other projects was minimised, and the dividend was cut from 10% to 6.5%. This triggered complaints from shareholders that the directors were pursuing the development of Barrow at the expense of the profitability of the FR, and from passengers at the service provided - with the possible exception of fast trains serving Barrow (which did not stop at most stations) FR passenger trains were infrequent, inconvenient, unpunctual, uncomfortable, and slow. The Directors rely too much on the mineral traffic and ignore the cultivation of the passenger traffic. A glance at the timetables shows that it is almost impossible to reach some of the most beautiful places on Morecambe Bay in anything like reasonable time, and the accommodation at Carnforth, when the delay takes place, is most miserable. On the Furness side of the line there are two seats for about 200 passengers, one waiting room, and one refreshment room, which is frequently so crammed that many people cannot get to the counter. Added to this inconvenience, travellers who have to wait here are oppressed with a sense of the general dirtiness of the station. The trains also run at inconvenient times, and the waiting for them at Carnforth involves great loss of valuable time. There is no train that takes passengers from Lancaster to Silverdale under forty-five minutes, a distance of ten miles! The slowest train being an hour and thirty-five minutes. These are the advertised times, but the trains are not infrequently late, consequently a good walker might almost accomplish the journey on foot in the time.
The company chairman (the Duke of Devonshire) subsequently conceded that several of the stations " until lately, were in a condition of which the public had a right to complain ... On the Whitehaven section especially some of the stations were of the most inferior description, and such as the Board of Trade would not have allowed them to continue; they were mere temporary structure, scarcely more than wooden hovels."

Hard times
In 1881, revenue for the second half of the year was about £300,000 and the dividend 7% a year; second-half revenue declined to £216,000 in 1885 (with the dividend being cut to 2%), but recovered to £275,000 in 1889, allowing a dividend of 5% a year. In 1892, there was no dividend for the first year-half (because of a prolonged strike in the Durham coalfield) this triggered a renewal of previous complaints from shareholders that the company had sunk between two and three million pounds into docks at Barrow, but refused to give any indication of the profitability (or otherwise) of the docks. The additional complaint was now made that most of the directors were ornamental and deferred to Sir James Ramsden who had held managerial posts with the company since 1846, and had been the managing director since 1866. For the second half of 1892, despite the disruption to traffic and loss of an engine caused by subsidence at Lindal, a dividend at the rate of 3% a year was declared; amendments seeking to force the resignation of Sir James were moved, but defeated.

The secretary of the FR denied that its low dividends were caused by injudicious expenditure on Barrow docks; without them there would be no dividend at all: "The docks have led to the development of many industries in Barrow and the establishment of many feeders to our line".  The problem was foreign competition: "..the introduction of Spanish ore into England has led to a serious diminution of the receipts of the Furness Railway company owing to the reduction in price it has affected all over the country in pig iron and steel; and whereas we used to send away nearly half a million tons of ore to Middlesbrough and other places at rates which gave us an average of 3s. a ton, we are now carrying that ore - in less quantities, I am sorry to say - to the furnaces at short distances, and we get an average of only 1s. a ton, Therefore it is not the docks which have reduced our dividends, but the introduction of Spanish ore and the altered circumstances of the trade." In 1894, it was reported that only 33 of the 75 blast furnaces in Furness and West Cumberland were working.

Management changes
In May 1895, Sir James Ramsden, by now 73, resigned due to ill health. He was not replaced as managing director. A new general manager (Alfred Aslett) was recruited from the Cambrian Railways, where he had 'worked wonders ... from being one of the most sluggish it has become one of the most enterprising lines in the kingdom' The incumbent 'secretary and general manager' became 'secretary' only  (his assistant, Ramsden's son, became 'superintendent of the line') before retiring in 1897 after thirty-three years in the post; the locomotive superintendent retired at the same time after forty-six years with the company.

The new regime benefited from a recovery in the Furness iron and steel trade, and from a wholesale replacement of passenger rolling stock occasioned by the need to provide a continuous automatic brake, but also made strenuous efforts to develop passenger traffic, with day and weekend excursion tickets being introduced and advertised. Second class was abolished (1897) and new corridor bogie carriages introduced  on Barrow-Yorkshire services were as good as anything to be found on major railways. To promote tourist traffic, the FR published guides to tours in the Lake District not only in English, but also in French and German.  By 1903, passenger revenue was 40% higher than that for 1895, and passenger revenue per train-mile was 10d higher. The Railway Magazine of August 1898 described the Furness Railway as one "which, though a comparatively small line, is noted for its enterprise and go-ahead management."; by the second half of 1899 the dividend had recovered to 4% per annum, "entirely due to the ability an exertions of their excellent general manager" according to the company chairman. The dividend, however, fell back to 0.5% in 1904 because of a renewed depression in iron and steel; Mr Aslett having previously reported that pig iron could only be produced in Furness at a loss of 3s 6d per ton: England was the 'dumping ground' for German iron being sold at below its production cost. Vickers had taken over the Barrow Shipbuilding Company in 1897, and its construction of naval warships at Barrow (both as part of the Anglo-German naval arms race and for foreign navies) became an important prop of the prosperity of Barrow. Even with this prop, and the development of tourist traffic, the FR dividend for the last twenty-five years of its existence (up to Grouping in 1923) averaged only marginally above 2% a year.

Relationship with Midland Railway
The FR had been closely associated with the Midland Railway for many years; it was strategically important to the Midland as giving it access to an Irish Sea port and hence to Irish traffic. The Midland had repeatedly attempted to purchase the company, but these offers had come during periods of prosperity for the Furness, whose directors had rebuffed the Midland's terms as insufficiently generous. The Midland's announcement of a planned extension of its Morecambe line to a new deep-water port at Heysham gave rise to concern about the future of steamer services from Barrow and the reliability of the Midland as a partner. Negotiations with the Midland led to a further offer to purchase the FR (with a guaranteed 3% dividend to FR shareholders) which was again rejected, and ended in an agreement that the joint Furness/Midland steamers from Barrow would continue to run, and the same company which managed (and owned a third of the shares in) the Barrow steamers for the railways would also manage the services from Heysham. When services began running from Heysham in 1905, the Barrow services became unprofitable: it became evident that the Midland was preferentially routing traffic via Heysham and the Furness went to law, the matter being resolved by the Midland buying out the FR's interest for £45,000, entering a traffic-sharing agreement for Belfast traffic and undertaking to continue the services from Barrow for seven years.

Locomotive superintendents
 James Ramsden, 1846–1850
 Richard Mason, 1850–1896
 W. F. Pettigrew, 1896–1918
 David Rutherford, 1918–1923

Locomotives

The first locomotive superintendent, recruited from Bury, Curtis and Kennedy in 1846, was later to be knighted as Sir James Ramsden, a leading civic figure and first Mayor of Barrow. No locomotives were actually built in the local works itself: they were generally standard designs, purchased from other manufacturers.  By 1921, fifteen different works were represented. However, W. F. Pettigrew, who had taken over operations in 1896, was to introduce some measure of standardisation.

There were also carriage and wagon-building shops, and repairs and maintenance was carried out on the equipment of Barrow Docks.

Line details
 Viaducts: The line crosses several major estuaries - the rivers Kent and Leven being among them - over substantial viaducts.
 Tunnel: the Bransty Tunnel in Whitehaven is  in length
 Total mileage (lines owned or worked) (1912): .

Barrow Docks

Details given are those shown for 1912:
 Total area of water:
 Four docks: Devonshire; Buccleuch; Ramsden; and Cavendish. There was also a Timber Dock.
 Length of quays
 Messrs Vickers built major ships for the Royal Navy here
 There was also a deep water berth in Walney Channel

Ships
Barrow-Fleetwood service - four paddle steamers; lake steamers - two on Coniston Water; six on Windermere; three Barrow steam tugs

Barrow-Fleetwood

Coniston Water

Windermere

Other Furness Railway ships

Other statistics
 As at 31 December 1911 the Railway owned rolling stock as follows:
 130 locomotives; 348 coaching vehicles; 7766 goods vehicles; 2 steam rail motor cars
 Locomotives painted Indian red; passenger vehicles ultramarine blue with white upper panels
 Passengers carried (year ending 31 December 1911) 3,297,622

The Furness Railway operated as an independent company until December 1922, when it was merged as one of the constituent companies of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway following the Railways Act 1921.

See also
 Cleator and Furness Railway
 Cumbrian Coast Line (history)
 Furness and Midland Joint Railway
 Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway
 Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway
 The Furness Railway Pub and Hotel

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

 CRA Photo Archives
 Cumbrian Railways Association
 Furness Railway Trust

Railway companies established in 1844
Railway lines opened in 1846
Companies based in Barrow-in-Furness
Railway companies disestablished in 1922
London, Midland and Scottish Railway constituents
Pre-grouping British railway companies
History of Barrow-in-Furness
Furness
Barrow-in-Furness
1844 establishments in England
British companies established in 1844

Furness Railway


An Cyclopogon longibracteatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Cyclopogon longibracteatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyclopogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Cyclopogon

Cyclopogon longibracteatus


Charles Fritts (1850-1903), fue un inventor de origen estadounidense al cual se le atribuye la creación de la primera célula fotoeléctrica del mundo en 1883.

Fritts desarrolló el selenio recubierto como material semiconductor con una capa muy delgada de oro. Las células resultantes tenían una eficiencia de conversión de sólo un 1% debido a las propiedades del selenio, que en combinación con el alto costo del material impedía la utilización de estas células para el suministro de energía.Se le reconoce como el inventor del panel solar.

Obras

Referencias

Inventores de Estados Unidos
Personas asociadas con la energía solar

Charles Fritts


1935 දී ස්කෝස් හි උපත ලද ඇලයින් ඩෙලොන් ප්‍රංශ නළුවෙකි. ප්‍රංශ බොක්ස් ඔෆිස් ශූරයකු වන ඔහු සිය චිත්‍රපට හා මිලියන 135 කට අධික රසිකයින් ආකර්ෂණය කරගන්නේ ලෝකයේ එක් ප්‍රංශ නළුවෙකු අතර ය.

Alain Delon


Thomas William Hiddleston (Westminster, Londres, 9 de febrero de 1981) es un actor y productor de cine británico. Fue galardonado con el premio Globo de oro por su interpretación en The Night Manager. Es conocido por haber interpretado a Loki en las adaptaciones cinematográficas de la Trilogía de Thor de Marvel Studios: Thor (2011), Thor: The Dark World (2013) y Thor: Ragnarok (2017), así como también en The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) y en la serie Loki (2021) de Disney+.

El papel de Loki le aseguró la permanencia en el mundo del cine; recibió críticas favorables y en el 2011 fue nominado al premio BAFTA en la categoría "Mejor Estrella Emergente".

Las películas más destacables de Hiddleston son: War Horse (2011), de Steven Spielberg; el drama inglés The Deep Blue Sea (2011); la comedia romántica de Woody Allen Midnight in Paris (2011), y en los telefilmes de la BBC Henry IV y Henry V (2012). Además, apareció en un papel principal en el largometraje Crimson Peak (2015) interpretando a Sir Thomas Sharpe. Por último, en el mundo del teatro, obtuvo el premio Evening Standard Theatre Awards al mejor actor de teatro en 2014 por su papel en la obra Coriolanus.

Biografía

Thomas William Hiddleston nació el 9 de febrero de 1981 en Westminster, Londres. Es hijo de Diana Patricia Servaes, actriz de teatro y de James Norman Hiddleston, fisicoquímico y director de una empresa farmacéutica. Su padre es de Greenock, Escocia, y su madre de Suffolk, Inglaterra. Es el segundo hijo de tres: su hermana Sarah (la mayor) es periodista y Emma (la menor) también es actriz. Su tatarabuelo fue el productor de alimentos sir Edmund Hoyle, I barón de Vestey. Tom fue criado en Wimbledon a temprana edad y luego en Oxford. Comenzó la educación primaria en The Dragon School en Oxford, y a la edad de 13 años empezó en el Eton College por su talento para las letras, la ciencia y las matemáticas, al tiempo que sus padres se divorciaban. Posteriormente continuó en el Pembroke College de la Universidad de Cambridge, de donde se graduó con honores en Estudios Clásicos. Se graduó posteriormente de la Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) en el 2005.

Además del inglés, que ha interpretado con varios acentos y dialectos en el cine, habla francés, italiano y español con bastante fluidez, así como latín y griego antiguo. Es un gran lector y en ocasiones ha participado como adaptador o guionista para el teatro y el cine por su extraordinario talento como escritor. Su admiración por Stevenson, Quevedo, Poe, Borges, Thoreau, y las grandes literatas de Gran Bretaña lo han llevado a promover la obra de estos autores y a enriquecer sus actuaciones con piezas de poetas franceses, ingleses e hispanoparlantes. Es un viajero incansable, siempre interesado en la filantropía, la protección de las especies y el apoyo a las causas de UNICEF. También es un gran promotor de campañas contra la depresión y el suicidio. Otras de sus grandes pasiones son la cocina, el arte, los libros antiguos y el cine clásico de todo el mundo.

Vida personal

En marzo de 2020 se anunció su compromiso con la también actriz británica Zawe Ashton, con quién protagonizó la obra de teatro de Broadway, Betrayal, en 2019 y de la que es pareja desde entonces. En junio de 2022 se hizo público que iban a ser padres. En octubre de 2022 se confirmó el nacimiento de su primer hijo, un niño.

Trayectoria profesional

Inicios

Aún en la Universidad de Cambridge, fue descubierto por la agencia Hamilton Hodell en la obra Un tranvía llamado Deseo. Después de esto, fue elegido para su primer papel en televisión en The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby donde interpretó a un Lord. Obtuvo también un pequeño papel en la película Conspiracy, donde interpretó al operador de teléfonos.

En 2002 apareció en la película británica The Gathering Storm donde interpretó al mayor Randolph Churchill, hijo de sir Winston Churchill (Albert Finney) y Clementine "Clemmie" Churchill (Vanessa Redgrave).
En 2005 apareció en la película A Waste of Shame: The Mystery of Shakespeare and His Sonnets donde interpretó a John Hall. Tom ganó su primer papel como Oakley en Unrelated (2007), el hijo de George (David Rintoul). Apareció en la miniserie Return to Cranford (2009), la secuela de Cranford, donde interpretó a William Buxton junto a Francesca Annis, Jim Carter, Judi Dench, Tim Curry, Imelda Staunton y Jonathan Pryce.

En 2010 apareció en la película Archipiélago donde interpretó a Edward, un joven que decide irse a África para hacer trabajo voluntario y cuya madre decide reunir a la familia en una isla para despedirse de él, sin embargo la reunión solo trae a superficie los problemas de la familia. En 2011 interpretó al escritor F. Scott Fitzgerald en la película Midnight in Paris.

En 2016, inició como protagonista la miniserie de la BBC El infiltrado.

Marvelː Estrella emergente

Apareció en la película Thor (2011) donde interpretó al principal antagonista "Loki", hijo de Laufey, hijo adoptivo de Odín y Frigga y hermano adoptivo de Thor. En 2012 interpretó de nuevo al villano Loki en la película The Avengers. La película se volvió un gran éxito en todo el mundo tanto en crítica como en taquilla. Recaudando $1.519.557.910 y logrando que Loki se convirtiera en un favorito de los fanes. En 2013 apareció en Thor: The Dark World donde volvió a interpretar al personaje. El papel de Loki, le aseguró la permanencia en el mundo del cine, recibiendo críticas favorables, siendo así que en 2011 fue nominado al premio BAFTA en la categoría de "Mejor Estrella Emergente".

En 2017, apareció de nuevo como Loki en la película Thor: Ragnarok. En 2018, volvió a interpretar nuevamente al mítico dios del engaño, Loki, en Avengers: Infinity War. En 2019, volvió a darle vida a Loki en Avengers: Endgame.

En 2021 se estrenó Loki (serie de televisión)  en la que interpreta al personaje del mismo nombre.

Otros proyectos

En 2012 dio vida al rey de Inglaterra Henry V en la película Henry V y aparecerá en las películas Henry IV, Parte 1 y 2 donde interpretará al príncipe Henry "Hal", el hijo del rey de Inglaterra Henry IV (Jeremy Irons).

También apareció en la película War Horse, donde interpretó al Capitán Nicholls, y en The Deep Blue Sea donde interpretó a Freddie Page, un joven piloto de la Fuerza Aérea Real, que comienza una aventura autodestructiva con Hester Collyer (Rachel Weisz), la esposa del mucho mayor juez William Collyer.

En 2013 interpretó a Adam en la película Only Lovers Left Alive. Un filme dramático y romántico acerca de vampiros, cuyas vidas se desarrollan en una atmósfera sombría. Se ven obligados a soportar la ruina moral de la sociedad, sin embargo, planean maneras pacíficas de obtener sangre para alimentarse. En ese mismo año, prestó su voz para un joven llamado James, líder de una banda de piratas, quien sería el futuro Capitán Garfio, en la película de fantasía animada The Pirate Fairy.

En 2014 tuvo una pequeña participación en Muppets Most Wanted, donde le dio vida al personaje Great Escapo.

En 2017 obtuvo un papel protagónico, interpretando al Capitán James Conrad en Kong: La Isla Calavera.

En 2018 le dio voz al personaje Lord Nooth en la película animada Early Man.

Teatro

En el mundo del teatro, obtuvo el premio Evening Standard Theatre Awards al mejor actor de teatro en 2014, por su papel en la obra Coriolanus. En 2015 ha interpretado el papel de Sir Thomas Sharpe en La cumbre escarlata.

Su obra más reciente, la cual fue presentada en Broadway, es Betrayal. Donde interpreta a Robert, un hombre al cual su esposa lo engaña con su mejor amigo. Actúa en dicha obra junto a Charlie Cox y Zawe Ashton.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Videojuegos

Documentales

Radio

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Tom Hiddleston
 MailOnline News | Tom Hiddleston
 Tom Hiddleston on TV.com

Actores del siglo XXI
Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de teatro de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Alumnado del Pembroke College (Cambridge)
Embajadores de buena voluntad de Unicef
Hombres feministas

Tom Hiddleston


The Mormon Battalion was the only religious unit in United States military history in federal service, recruited solely from one religious body and having a religious title as the unit designation. The volunteers served from July 1846 to July 1847 during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. The battalion was a volunteer unit of between 534 and 559 Latter-day Saint men, led by Mormon company officers commanded by regular U.S. Army officers. During its service, the battalion made a grueling march of nearly 2,100 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Diego, California.

The Battalion's march and service supported the eventual cession of much of the American Southwest from Mexico to the United States, especially the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 of southern Arizona and New Mexico. The march also opened a southern wagon route to California. Veterans of the Battalion played significant roles in America's westward expansion in California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and other parts of the West.

Enlistment
At the time they enlisted, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were seeking U.S. government aid for their migration west to the Rocky Mountains and Salt Lake Valley, despite having their previous petitions for redress of grievances denied. Under continued religious persecution, they had fled Nauvoo, Illinois, starting on February 4, 1846, across the Mississippi River. They camped among the Potawatomi Indians near present-day Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, sent Elder Jesse C. Little to Washington, D.C., to seek assistance from the federal government for the Mormon Pioneers fleeing from the Illinois mobs. Little arrived in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 1846, only eight days after Congress had declared war on Mexico. Pennsylvania Army officer and attorney Thomas L. Kane offered the Mormons his advice and assistance. Politically well connected through his jurist father, Kane provided letters of recommendation and joined Little in Washington, D.C. The two called on the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and President James K. Polk. After several interviews in early June 1846, President Polk agreed to Little's offer if "a few hundred" men enlisted. On June 2, 1846, President Polk wrote in his diary: "Col. [Stephen W.] Kearny was ... authorized to receive into service as volunteers a few hundred of the Mormons who are now on their way to California, with a view to conciliate them, attach them to our country, and prevent them from taking part against us."

On July 1, 1846, Captain James Allen, dispatched by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Stephen W. Kearny, arrived at the Mormons' Mosquito Creek camp. He carried President Polk's request for a battalion of 500 volunteers to fight in the Mexican War. Most members of the Church were suspicious of the request, as the federal government had ignored the persecutions that they suffered. They were concerned about facing discrimination by the government, as they had from both the state and federal government in the past.

Kane obtained federal government permission for the refugee Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie and Omaha Indian lands along the Missouri River. After carrying dispatches relating to the land agreements and battalion criteria to Fort Leavenworth, Kane sought out Little in the Mormon encampments on the Missouri. On July 17, 1846, he held a meeting with church leaders and Captain Allen.

Young had planned on moving the Mormons west that summer, but circumstances were against his plan. He saw several possible advantages to the Saints in the proposed federal service. Their enlistment would be a public relations victory for the church bydemonstrating additional evidence of its loyalty to the United States. As the men were given a uniform allowance at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., of US$42 each, paid in advance, for their one-year enlistment and as they were allowed to wear their civilian clothing for the march, the bulk of those funds were immediately donated to a general Church fund. These funds were used to purchase wagons, teams, and other necessities for the American exodus (Actual wages paid over the next year to the Mormon Battalion totaled nearly $30,000). Having been forced to leave farms and homes in Nauvoo, the Latter-day Saints were going to spend the winter on the banks of the Missouri River. Raising a group of able-bodied men would be difficult. Many men had already scattered to outlying areas where they sought jobs with wages to help support the group. Young wrote a letter to the Saints living in Garden Grove in which he justified the call-up and asked for help:

The public approval of Young and other members of the Twelve were critical to gain men's enlistment. While some men quickly volunteered, Young had to persuade reluctant enlistees. It took three weeks to raise the five companies of men.

Allen's instructions were to recruit "four or five companies" of men who were to receive the "pay, rations, and other allowances given to other infantry volunteers." Each company was authorized four women as laundresses, "receiving rations and other allowances given to the laundresses of our army." Approximately thirty-three women, twenty of whom served as laundresses, and fifty-one children accompanied the men. Five women would eventually complete the cross-continental trek. The Mormon Battalion was mustered into volunteer service on July 16, 1846, as part of the Army of the West under General Kearny, a seasoned veteran. His units included two regiments of Missouri volunteers, a regiment of New York volunteers who had traveled by ships to California to meet him there, artillery and infantry battalions, Kearny's own 1st US Dragoons, and the battalion of Mormons. For years afterward, some Mormons viewed the Mormon Battalion as an unjust imposition and as an act of persecution by the United States.

Journey begins

The battalion arrived at Fort Leavenworth on August 1. For the next two weeks, they drew their clothing allowance of $42 per man, received their equipment (Model 1816 smoothbore flintlock muskets and a few Harper's Ferry Model 1803 Rifles), and were more formally organized into a combat battalion. The volunteers took the approved clothing allowance in cash per regulations. To assure the main body of the group benefited from the men's wages, Young sent Parley Pratt to see that the men handed over the pay they had committed to contribute. Young used this and the wages they earned later to buy supplies for the main group at wholesale prices in St. Louis, Missouri. He wrote to the enlistees that the money was a "peculiar manifestation of the kind providence of our Heavenly Father at this time." There was little time for training and instilling discipline. Newly promoted Lieutenant Colonel James Allen became ill but ordered the battalion forward along the Santa Fe Trail to overtake Kearny's Army of the West. On August 23, Allen died and was the first officer buried there in the old officer's burial grounds.  Later his remains were moved to what became Fort Leavenworth National Military Cemetery.

Captain Jefferson Hunt, commanding A Company, was the acting commander until word reached Council Grove, Kansas, that Allen had died.  While there, Lieutenant Andrew Jackson Smith, West Point Class of 1838, arrived and was given temporary command of the Battalion with the Mormons' consent. For the next several weeks, the Mormon soldiers came to hate "AJ" Smith and the assistant surgeon, Dr. George B. Sanderson, for their treatment of the men, and the long marches suffered across the dry plains of Kansas and New Mexico. The Mormon men were not accustomed to the austere military standards of the day nor to the medical treatments imposed by Dr. Sanderson, including the use of feeding mercury compounds to the sick, which were standard for the time. Because the church leaders had counseled the battalion members to avoid military medical treatment, they challenged the doctor's authority and unrest arose among the men. Smith and Sanderson continued to hold the Mormon Battalion to ordinary standards of discipline, and tensions continued.

Cooke assumes command

Arriving in Santa Fe in October, General Kearny had dispatched Captain (brevet promotion to Lieutenant Colonel) Philip St. George Cooke, West Point class of 1827, to assume command of the Battalion. His assignment was to march them to California and to build a wagon road along the way (today known as Cooke's Wagon Road). In Santa Fe, 91 sick men and all but five of the women and one child were sent to Pueblo, in present-day Colorado. Three separate detachments left the Battalion and went to Pueblo to winter. For the next three months and 1,100 miles, Cooke led the Battalion across some of the most arduous terrain in North America. Most of the Mormon soldiers soon learned to respect and follow him. The group acquired another guide in New Mexico – adventurer and mountain man Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, who as an infant had traveled with his mother Sacagawea across the continent with the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Lieutenant Smith and Dr. Sanderson continued with the battalion, along with Lt. George Stoneman, newly graduated from West Point that Spring. During the Civil War, Cooke, Smith and Stoneman were promoted to high-level commands for the Union Army, and Stoneman would later be elected Governor of California.

Battle of the Bulls

The only "battle" they fought was near the San Pedro River in present-day Arizona against a sizable number of wild cattle. The Battalion reached this area in December 1846, and their presence aroused curiosity among these animals. After the bulls of these herds caused destruction to some of the mules and wagons and resulted in two men being wounded, the men loaded their guns and attacked the charging bulls, killing 10–15 of the wild cattle, causing the event to be termed the "Battle of the Bulls".

Capture of Tucson

Approaching Tucson, in present-day Arizona, the Battalion nearly had a battle with a small detachment of provisional Mexican soldiers on December 16, 1846. The Mexicans retreated as the US battalion approached. Interestingly, Cooke never seems to have considered the encounter as capturing the town. He never made that claim. The local O'odham and other Piman tribes along the march route were helpful and charitable to the American soldiers. Mormon soldiers learned irrigation methods from these native inhabitants and employed the techniques later as pioneers in Utah and other areas.

Temecula Massacre
Nearing the end of their journey, the battalion passed through Temecula, California, during the aftermath of the Temecula Massacre, a conflict between Mexican government forces and the Luiseño tribe. The Mormons stood guard to prevent further bloodshed while the Luiseño people gathered their numerous dead into a common grave.

Journey complete
The Mormon Battalion arrived in San Diego on January 29, 1847, after a march of some 2,080 miles from Iowa. For the next five months until their discharge on July 16, 1847, in Los Angeles, the Battalion trained and performed occupation duties in several locations in southern California. The most significant service the Battalion provided in California was as a reliable unit under Cooke to reinforce General Kearny's one company of army dragoons. The construction of Fort Moore in Los Angeles was one measure Cooke employed to protect military control under Kearny. Some 22 Mormon men died from disease or other natural causes during their service. About 80 of the men re-enlisted for another six months of service.

Fifteen men were selected to accompany General Kearny and escort John C. Fremont back east to his court-martial. During their journey over the Sierra Nevada, these men encountered one of the campsites of the Donner Party, and were ordered to bury the human remains and clean up the area.

After being mustered out, Jesse D. Hunter, captain of Company B, was appointed Indian Agent for southern California by the military governor, Colonel Richard Mason. Hunter was California's third indian agent, the first two being Johann Sutter and Mariano Vallejo, both appointed by Mason's predecessor, Stephen Kearny.  Hunter's mission was to protect ranchos and missions from depredations, and to generally control the Indian labor force, to the point of requiring Indians to carry passports.

Nearly 100 discharged veterans worked in the Sacramento, area for James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill. Henry Bigler recorded in his diary the actual date when gold was discovered, January 24, 1848. This gold find started the California Gold Rush the next year.  $17,000 in gold was contributed to the economy of the Latter-day Saints' new home by members of the Mormon Battalion returning from California.

One group of discharged battalion members established the Carson Trail wagon road (also called the Mormon Emigrant Trail) on their return east. This road started near Placerville, California, and went across the crest of the Sierra Nevada at Carson Pass before dropping down and eventually meeting the already-established California Trail. The newly established route was afterwards used by many emigrants traveling to California's gold fields. Three members of this group were killed at a location which became known as Tragedy Spring.

Historic sites and monuments

Historic sites associated with the battalion include:
 Iowa
 The Mormon Battalion Mustering Grounds on the campus of the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs includes a short trail with interpretative signage. This site is located within half a mile of the actual site of the mustering.
 Kansas
 A stone monument with a bronze plaque that describes the details of the Mormon Battalion is located on the grounds of the Kaw Mission State Historic Site in Council Grove, Kansas. This is the site at which the Battalion camped while traveling along the Santa Fe Trail. Council Grove had a Government Blacksmith shop stationed along the Santa Fe Trail. Camp followers John and Jane Boscow (Burschough) died while at Council Grove and were buried not far from the later Kaw Mission Site.
 New Mexico
 The Mormon Battalion Monument in Sandoval County, New Mexico, outside of Santa Fe. It is a tower of stone with a wagon wheel on top. A bronze plaque marks the contributions of the battalion and lays out the map of their travels across the Southwest.
 Arizona
 A large bronze sculpture of a meeting between the Mormon Battalion and Mexican El Presidio leadership sits in the Northwest portion of El Presidio Park, adjacent to the Pima County Courthouse in downtown Tucson, Arizona. Although their nations were at war, the military contingents from both nations were able to avert armed confrontation in part via this peaceful meeting of representatives of both armies.
 A large bronze statue and monument is located in West Wetlands Park in Yuma, Arizona. It commemorates the crossing of the Colorado River.
 California

 Mormon Battalion Historic Site, a visitor center in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego.
 Box Canyon historical site, in Anza Borrego Desert State Park, San Diego County, on Highway S-2, approximately 8.7 miles south of Highway 78 (Scissors Crossing). (GPS location: N33.0152, W116.4429) Here the Battalion cut a road into the rocky side of a canyon which was otherwise impassable to wagons. Remnants of the road cut into the rock wall are still visible.
 Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial, the largest bas-relief military monument in the United States, on Hill Street in downtown Los Angeles, dedicated in 1958 at the site of historic Fort Moore built by the Mormon Battalion in 1847, decommissioned in 1853.
 The Mormon Battalion Memorial in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, Point Loma, San Diego, erected in 1998.
 A sculpture of an infantryman of the battalion by Edward J. Fraughton erected in 1969 at Presidio Park, San Diego.
 Monument on the grounds of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in Oceanside.
 Mormon Battalion Mountain, a low-lying mountain within San Bernardino County's Glen Helen Regional Park at the mouth of Cajon Canyon, where in April 1847 a detachment of the Mormon Battalion arrived from Los Angeles with the assignment to set up camp, build a fort or redoubt and guard the pass from Indian raids. A historic marker within the park commemorates this event.
 Mormon Rocks, northwest of San Bernardino, California, in the Cajon Pass, just west of Interstate 15 on State Route 138. Near Mormon Rocks, the first wagon road was blazed through the Cajon Pass in 1848 by 25 veteran Battalion soldiers, with the wagon of Captain Daniel C. Davis, wife Susan and son Danny in their journey to the Salt Lake Valley.
 Utah
 The Mormon Battalion Monument at the Utah State Capitol, Salt Lake City.
 The Mormon Battalion Monument Plaza at This Is the Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City, dedicated in 2010.
 The Mormon Battalion Museum in the lower level of the Visitor Center at This Is the Place Heritage Park.
 Colorado
 Mormon Battalion Monument at Runyon Field Sports Complex in Pueblo, Colorado. The battalion's sick detachments wintered in this area.
 Mormon Battalion Trail
 Trail markers have been placed on segments of the battalion route between Mount Pisgah (Iowa) and San Diego.

Notable members of the battalion
 Daniel C. Davis, namesake of Davis County, Utah
 Stephen Clark Foster, first American mayor of Los Angeles, California
 Jefferson Hunt, father of San Bernardino County, Brigadier-General of California Militia
 Elam Luddington, his wife (Mary) and mother (Lena) and two children, Elam served as an officer in the battalion and Mary as a laundress. He later served as the first missionary in Thailand (Siam) and chief of police in Salt Lake City.
 William Prows, first man to wash gold on the Comstock Lode
 James C. Sly, name sake of Sly Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
 Lot Smith, a teenage private in the battalion, became the first sheriff of Davis County, Utah, Mormon hero of the Utah War, General in the Nauvoo Legion and the first LDS stake president in Arizona.
 George Stoneman, Civil War general and Governor of California
 William S. S. Willes, a founder of Lehi, Utah
 James Allen, Recruited the battalion and served as the first commander; died at Ft. Leavenworth shortly after leading the battalion there. West Point Class of 1829. Allen was a brevet Lt. Col. and is buried in the Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery.
 Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau, scout and son of Sacagawea and the French trader Toussaint Charbonneau, who were members of Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery
 Andrew Jackson Smith, second commander of the battalion, West Point Class of 1838, and major general during the American Civil War
 Philip St. George Cooke, third commander of the battalion, West Point graduate, veteran of the Black Hawk War, cavalry commander during the Army's expedition to Utah in 1857, and major general during the American Civil War
 Christopher Layton, patriarch, coloniser and businessman, namesake of Layton, Utah.
 Ebenezer Brown, one of the founders of Draper, Utah

Current research
A resurgence of interest in the Battalion is linked to the 175th anniversary of the Battalion's service.
Original documents held at the National Archives have been located, including original muster and pay rolls. These are being prepared for public access online along with transcriptions. A more accurate count and list of participants is being prepared.
A series of events are being planned along the routes during 2021–2022.

See also

 California Battalion
 California Gold Rush
 Southern Emigrant Trail
 Trapper's Trail

Notes

Citations

References

 Black, Susan Easton. "The Mormon Battalion: Conflict between Religious and Military Authority." Southern California Quarterly (1992) 74#4: 313–28.

 Coffman, Natalie Brooke, "The Mormon Battalion's Manifest Destiny: Expansion and Identity during the Mexican-American War" (2015). (U of Vermont Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. Paper 509) online

 Fleek, Sherman L. "The Kearny/Stockton/Frémont Feud: The Mormon Battalion's Most Significant Contribution in California." Journal of Mormon History 37.3 (2011): 229–257. online
 Fleek, Sherman L. "Dr. George B. Sanderson: Nemesis of the Mormon Battalion." Journal of Mormon History (2007) 33#2: 199–223.

 Larsen, Carl V., Carl V. Larsen Research on the Mormon Battalion(MSS 5885), L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

 Perkins, Eugene H., and Waldo C. Perkins. "The Mormon Battalion Experience: Four Soldiers, Four Stories." Utah Historical Quarterly (2005) 73#3: 225–48.

 Yurtinus, John F. "The Mormon Volunteers: The Recruitment and Service of a Unique Military Company." Journal of San Diego History (1979) 25#3:242–61.

External links

 San Diego Mormon Battalion Historic Site, history.churchofjesuschrist.org
 Mormon Battalion Association, MormonBattalion.com
 Women of The Mormon Battalion, Carl V. Larson, Shirley N. Maynes, Watkins Printing (1995)
 Mormon Battalion Trek 2008 Reenactment, BattalionTrek.com
 The Mormon Battalion in the Desert Southwest by Kent Duryee, DesertUSA.com
 House Resolution No. 5 – Relative to commending the Mormon Battalion, January 15, 1997 – California Legislature commendation
 Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 40--Relative to the Mormon Battalion, June 13, 1995 – California Legislature Historical Plaque

Mormon Battalion

Mormon Battalion


Françoise Grossetête (* 17. Mai 1946 in Lyon) ist eine französische Politikerin (UDF, DL, UMP, Les Républicains). Sie war von 1994 bis 2019 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments.

Leben
Grossetête studierte Rechts- und Politikwissenschaften in Lyon. Von 1969 bis 1975 war sie als Hochschuldozentin für Rechtswissenschaft tätig.

Sie begann ihre politische Karriere in der Parti républicain (PR), deren Verband im Département Loire sie von 1984 bis 1994 leitete. Von 1983 bis 1995 war Grossetête Mitglied im Stadtrat von Saint-Étienne. Von 1986 bis 1998 gehörte sie dem Regionalrat von Rhône-Alpes an. Von 1989 bis 2008 war sie Präsidentin des Regionalen Naturparks Pilat sowie Vizepräsidentin des nationalen Verbands regionaler Naturparks in Frankreich.

Grossetête war ab 1994 Abgeordnete im Europäischen Parlament. Aus der PR ging 1997 die Démocratie Libérale (DL) hervor. Grossetête gehörte dem Parteivorstand an und war bis 1998 nationale Sekretärin für Chancengleichheit. Anschließend war sie stellvertretende Parteivorsitzende, bis die DL 2002 in der Mitte-rechts-Sammelpartei Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP) aufging. Anschließend gehörte sie dem nationalen Parteisekretariat an und war stellvertretende Vorsitzende der UMP im Département Loire.

Grossetête war von 1995 bis 2001 außerordentliche Beigeordnete des Bürgermeisters von Saint-Étienne mit Zuständigkeit für den Ortsteil Saint-Victor-sur-Loire, von 2001 bis 2008 zweite Beigeordnete des Bürgermeisters von Saint-Étienne. Von 2010 bis 2015 war sie erneut Mitglied des Regionalrats von Rhône-Alpes. Zur Europawahl 2019 trat sie nicht mehr an, erklärte aber ihre Unterstützung für die Partei des Staatspräsidenten Emmanuel Macron, La République en Marche. Mit ihrer eigenen Partei (die sich inzwischen in Les Républicains umbenannt hatte) stimme sie in Europafragen nicht mehr überein.

Tätigkeiten als EU-Parlamentarierin
Grossetête gehörte dem Europäischen Parlament während fünf Legislaturperioden an. Sie war Mitglied der Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei und gehörte von 1997 bis 1999 dem Fraktionsvorstand an, von 1999 bis 2007 und erneut von 2014 bis 2019 war sie stellvertretende Fraktionsvorsitzende der EVP.

Sie war von 1994 bis 2019 Mitglied im Ausschuss für Umweltfragen, öffentliche Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (ehemals Ausschuss für Umweltfragen, Volksgesundheit und Verbraucherschutz), von 1994 bis 2004 Delegierte im gemischten parlamentarischen Ausschuss EU-Zypern, 2004 bis 2009 Delegierte in der Parlamentarischen Versammlung Europa-Mittelmeer, 2009 bis 2014 Delegierte für die Beziehungen zu den Ländern Mittelamerikas sowie in der Parlamentarischen Versammlung Europa-Lateinamerika, 2014 bis 2019 Delegierte im Ausschuss für parlamentarische Kooperation EU-Russland sowie 2016/17 Mitglied im Untersuchungsausschuss zu Emissionsmessungen in der Automobilindustrie.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite von Françoise Grossetête

Quellen

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Frankreich
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Stellvertretender Bürgermeister (Frankreich)
UDF-Mitglied
Mitglied der Démocratie Libérale
UMP-Mitglied
Person (Saint-Étienne)
Franzose
Geboren 1946
Frau

Françoise Grossetête


محافظة باك ننه  ( بالفيتنامية : Bắc Ninh ) هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في دلتا النهر الأحمر في الجزء الشمالي من البلاد.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لمحافظة باك ننه:

المصدر

مصادر خارجية
 Bắc Ninh Province official website (بالفيتنامية)
 Bắc Ninh Industrial Zones Authority website

محافظات فيتنام
مقاطعة باك ننه

محافظة باك ننه


Mexíkóhásléttan (spænska: Altiplanicie Mexicana) er stórt hálendi í norður og mið-Mexíkó sem spannar frá landamærum Bandaríkjanna í norðri og að mexíkóska eldfjallabeltinu í suðri. Fjallgarðarnir Sierra Madre Occidental og Sierra Madre Oriental marka hásléttuna í vestri og austri. Flatarmál er rúmlega 600.000 ferkílómetrar.

Meðalhæð hásléttunnar er 1.825. Í fylkinu Zacatecas er henni skipt í norður (Mesa del Norte) og suður (Mesa Central). Sú syðri er hærri og eru þar einar stærstu borgir landsins, þar á meðal Mexíkóborg. Eyðimerkur og runnagróður einkenna sléttuna en furu og eikarskógar eru í fjalllendi.

Landafræði Mexíkó

Mexíkóhásléttan


Fatale may refer to:
 Fatale (Broadway Comics), a 1996 comic book series
 Fatale (film), an American thriller film
 Fatale (Image Comics), a supernatural noir comic book
 Fatale (Marvel Comics), a fictional antagonist of the X-Men
 Damage (1992 film) (), a British romance
 Natasha Fatale, a character in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show animations
 Fatale, a 2009 vignette developed by Tale of Tales

See also

 Fatal (disambiguation)
 Fatalis (disambiguation)
 Fatalism, a philosophical doctrine
 Fate (disambiguation)
 Femme fatale (disambiguation)
 Lethal (disambiguation)

Fatale


Biblioteket er åbent er en dansk propagandafilm fra 1949 instrueret af Søren Melson efter manuskript af Ida Bachmann og S. Hjort Eriksen.

Handling
En redegørelse for de danske folkebibliotekers mange arbejdsområder og den udstrakte service, bibliotekerne yder overfor særlige ønsker fra lånerne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Propagandafilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1949

Biblioteket er åbent


Kazka (stilizat KAZKA, din ucraineană казка (kazka) - poveste) este o formație ucraineană care interpretează muzica pop cu elemente de electro-folk. De la crearea sa în 2017, vocalista este Oleksandra Zaritska, la soplika canta Dmytro Mazuriak și alaturi de multi-instrumentalistul Mykyta Budash au devenit o senzație ucraineană, "descoperire a anului"; prima trupa de mzuica ucraineană din clasamentul SHAZAM; și un titular de înregistrare în rândul artiștilor ucraineni pe YouTube. Trupa a depășit topurile în câteva țări, printre care Ucraina, Letonia, Bulgaria, Armenia, Kazahstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Rusia, Columbia și așa mai departe.

Producatorul si managerul grupului este Yuriy Nikitin si compania mamamusica .

Istoria bandei muzicale
KAZKA a apărut la 1 martie 2017, cu lansarea sa de debut "Sviata", care a devenit imediat un hit și posturile de radio sunt cucerite în Ucraina.. Inițial, formația a fost compusă din vocalistul Oleksandra Zaritska și multi-instrumentalistul Nikita Budash (chitara, claviatură), care lucrează de asemenea la aranjamentele și ingineria sunetului. Sviata a fost, de asemenea, debutul video al trupei. Serhii Tkachenko a regizat videoclipul, care este o lucrare minimalistă în nuanțe roșii, cu membrii trupei și un număr de simboluri slavice antice (Dazhbog, Steaua Ladei, Zervan, Koliada, Steaua lui Herest, Bilobog și altele).

Membrii trupei

 Oleksandra Zaritska
 Mykyta Budash
 Dmytro Mazuriak

Discografie

Albume de studio

Single

Colaborări

 2019 - Tua feat. KAZKA «Bedingungslos»
 2019 - KAZKA - Plakala [R3HAB Remix]
 2019 - KAZKA - CRY [cu R3HAB]

Referințe

Legături externe

  Biografie la site-ul oficial Kazka
 Oleksandra Zaritska la IMDb

Formații ucrainene
Formații muzicale fondate în 2017

KAZKA


Charles Edward Haden (August 6, 1937 – July 11, 2014) was an American jazz double bass player, bandleader, composer and educator whose career spanned more than 50 years. Building on the work of predecessors such as Jimmy Blanton and Charles Mingus, Haden helped to revolutionize the harmonic concept of bass playing in jazz, evolving a style that sometimes complemented the soloist, and other times moved independently, liberating bassists from a strictly accompanying role, to allow more direct participation in group improvisation.

In the late 1950s, he was an original member of the ground-breaking Ornette Coleman Quartet. In 1969, he formed his first band, the Liberation Music Orchestra, featuring arrangements by pianist Carla Bley. In the late 1960s, he became a member of pianist Keith Jarrett's trio, quartet and quintet. In the 1980s, he formed his own band, Quartet West. Haden also often recorded and performed in a duo setting, with musicians including guitarist Pat Metheny and pianists Hank Jones and Kenny Barron.

German musicologist Joachim-Ernst Berendt wrote that Haden's "ability to create serendipitous harmonies by improvising melodic responses to Coleman's free-form solos (rather than sticking to predetermined harmonies) was both radical and mesmerizing. His virtuosity lies (…) in an incredible ability to make the double bass 'sound out'. Haden cultivated the instrument's gravity as no one else in jazz. He is a master of simplicity which is one of the most difficult things to achieve."

Biography

Early life
Haden was born in Shenandoah, Iowa. His family was exceptionally musical and performed on KMA radio as the Haden Family, playing country music and American folk songs. Haden made his professional debut as a singer on the Haden Family's radio show when he was just two years old. He continued singing with his family until he was 15 when he contracted a bulbar (brainstem) form of polio affecting his throat and facial muscles. At the age of 14, Haden had become interested in jazz after hearing Charlie Parker and Stan Kenton in concert. Once he recovered from his bout with polio, Haden began in earnest to concentrate on playing the bass. Haden's interest in the instrument was not sparked by jazz bass alone, but also by the harmonies and chords he heard in compositions by Bach. Haden soon set his sights on moving to Los Angeles to pursue his dream of becoming a jazz musician, and to save money for the trip, took a job as house bassist for ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee in Springfield, Missouri.

Early career
Haden often said that he moved to Los Angeles in 1957 in search of pianist Hampton Hawes. He turned down a full scholarship at Oberlin College, which did not have an established jazz program at the time, to attend Westlake College of Music in Los Angeles. His first recordings were made that year with Paul Bley, with whom he worked until 1959. He also played with Art Pepper for four weeks in 1957, and from 1958 to 1959, with Hampton Hawes whom he met through his friendship with bassist Red Mitchell, For a time, he shared an apartment with the bassist Scott LaFaro.

In May 1959, he recorded his first album with the Ornette Coleman Quartet, the seminal The Shape of Jazz to Come. Haden's folk-influenced style complemented Coleman's microtonal, Texas blues elements. Later that year, the Quartet moved to New York City and secured an extended booking at the avant-garde Five Spot Café. This residency lasted six weeks and represented the beginnings of their unique, free and avant-garde jazz. Ornette's quartet played everything by ear, as Haden explained: "At first when we were playing and improvising, we kind of followed the pattern of the song, sometimes. Then, when we got to New York, Ornette wasn't playing on the song patterns, like the bridge and the interlude and stuff like that. He would just play. And that's when I started just following him and playing the chord changes that he was playing: on-the-spot new chord structures made up according to how he felt at any given moment."

In 1960, drug problems caused him to leave Coleman's band. He went to self-help rehabilitation in September 1963 at Synanon houses in Santa Monica, California and San Francisco, California. It was during the time he was at Synanon House that he met his first wife, Ellen David. They moved to New York City's Upper West Side where their four children were born: their son, Josh, in 1968, and in 1971, their triplet daughters Petra, Rachel and Tanya. They separated in 1975 and subsequently divorced.

1964 to 1984
Haden resumed his career in 1964, working with saxophonist John Handy and pianist Denny Zeitlin's trio, and performing with Archie Shepp in California and Europe. He also did freelance work from 1966 to 1967, playing with Henry "Red" Allen, Pee Wee Russell, Attila Zoller, Bobby Timmons, Tony Scott, and the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra. He recorded with Roswell Rudd in 1966, and returned to Coleman's group in 1967. This group remained active until the early 1970s. Haden was known for being able to skillfully follow the shifting directions and modulations of Ornette's improvised lines.

Haden became a member of Keith Jarrett's trio and his 'American Quartet' from 1967 to 1976 with drummer Paul Motian and saxophonist Dewey Redman. The group also included percussionist Guilherme Franco. He also organized the collective Old and New Dreams, which consisted of Don Cherry, Redman, and Ed Blackwell, who had been members of Coleman's band. These musicians understood, and could independently express and honor Coleman's improvisational concepts, applying it to their performances with this band. They continued to play Coleman's music in addition to their own original compositions.
In 1970 Haden received a Guggenheim Fellowship for Music Composition upon the recommendation of the eminent conductor Leonard Bernstein. Over the years, Haden received several NEA grants for composition. Haden founded his first band, the Liberation Music Orchestra ("LMO") in 1969, working with arranger Carla Bley. Their music was very experimental, exploring both the realms of free jazz and political music. The first album focused specifically on music from the Spanish Civil War, which had markedly inspired Haden. Also inspired by the turbulent 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, he superimposed songs such as "You're a Grand Old Flag" and "Happy Days are Here Again", contrasted with "We Shall Overcome".

The original lineup consisted of Haden and Carla Bley, Gato Barbieri, Redman, Motian, Don Cherry, Andrew Cyrille, Mike Mantler, Roswell Rudd, Bob Northern, Howard Johnson (tuba and bass saxophone), Perry Robinson, and Sam Brown.

Over the years, the LMO had a shifting membership comprising a "who's who" of jazz instrumentalists, and consisted of twelve members from multicultural backgrounds.
Its members also included Ahnee Sharon Freeman and Vincent Chancey (French horn), Tony Malaby (tenor saxophonist) Joseph Daley (tuba), Seneca Black (trumpet), Michael Rodriguez (trumpet), Miguel Zenón (alto saxophone), Chris Cheek (tenor saxophone), Curtis Fowlkes (trombone), Steve Cardenas (guitar), and Matt Wilson (drums). Through Bley's arranging, they employed not only more common trombone, trumpet and reeds but included the tuba and French horn. The group won multiple awards in 1970, including France's Grand Prix du Disque from the Académie Charles Cros, and Japan's Gold Disc Award from .

While on tour with the Ornette Coleman Quartet in Portugal in 1971, Haden dedicated a performance of his "Song for Ché" to the anticolonialist revolutionaries in the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea. The song was written in memory of revolutionary Ché Guevara. In 1971, Portugal was ruled by the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. The following day, he was detained at Lisbon Airport, jailed, and interrogated by the DGS, the Portuguese secret police. He was released only after Ornette Coleman and others complained to the American cultural attaché, and he was later interviewed in the United States by the FBI about his choice of dedication. A mono recording of Haden's dedication, and the audience's applause, is included at the beginning of "For A Free Portugal" on his 1976 album Closeness.

Haden decided to form the LMO at the height of the Vietnam War, out of his frustration that so much of the government's energy was spent on the war (in which there were many fatalities), while so many internal problems in the United States (such as poverty, civil rights, mental illness, drug addiction, and unemployment), were neglected. Haden's goal was to use the LMO to amplify unheard voices of oppressed people. He wanted to express his solidarity with progressive political movements from around the world by performing music that made a statement about how to initiate and celebrate liberating change. The LMO's 1982 album The Ballad of the Fallen on ECM commented again on the Spanish Civil War as well as the United States involvement in Latin America. The LMO toured extensively throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1990, the orchestra returned with Dream Keeper, inspired by a poem of Langston Hughes,  and which also drew on American gospel music and South African music to comment on racism in the US and apartheid in South Africa. The album featured choral contributions from the Oakland Youth Chorus.
In 2005, Haden released the fourth Liberation Music Orchestra album Not in Our Name, a protest against the US invasion and occupation of Iraq.

In 1982, Haden established the Jazz Studies Program at California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, Santa Clarita. His program emphasized smaller group performance and the spiritual connection to the creative process. He encouraged students to discover their individual sounds, melodies, and harmonies. Haden was honored by the Los Angeles Jazz Society as "Jazz Educator of the Year" for his educational work in this program. Haden's students included John Coltrane's son, tenor saxophonist Ravi Coltrane, trumpeter Ralph Alessi, pianist and composer James Carney and bassist Scott Colley.

1984–2000

In 1984, Haden met the singer and former actress Ruth Cameron. They married in New York City, and throughout their marriage, Ruth managed Haden's career as well as co-producing many albums and projects with him.

In 1986, Haden formed his band Quartet West at Ruth's suggestion. The original quartet consisted of Ernie Watts on sax, Alan Broadbent on piano, and long-time collaborator Billy Higgins on drums. Higgins was later replaced by Larance Marable. When Marable became too ill to perform, drummer Rodney Green was added to the band. In addition to original compositions by Haden and Broadbent, their repertoire also included 1940s pop ballads which they played in a noir-infused, bop-oriented style.
A brief collaboration with tenor saxophonist Joe Henderson and drummer Al Foster showcased Haden's playing in a more hard-driving jazz context.

In 1989, Haden inaugurated the "Invitation" series at the Montreal Jazz Festival. With different musicians he selected, they performed in concert for eight consecutive nights of the festival. Each of these events was recorded, and most have been released in the series, The Montreal Tapes.

In 1994, Ginger Baker, legendary drummer from the band Cream, formed another trio called The Ginger Baker Trio with Haden and guitarist Bill Frisell.

Duets: Haden performing in duets as he loved the intimacy the format provided. In 1995, Haden released Steal Away: Spirituals, Hymns and Folk Songs with pianist Hank Jones, an album based on traditional spirituals and folk songs. Haden both played on and produced the album. In late 1996, he collaborated with guitarist Pat Metheny on the album Beyond the Missouri Sky (Short Stories), exploring the music that influenced them in their childhood experiences in, respectively southwest Iowa and northwest Missouri, with what Haden called "contemporary impressionistic Americana". Haden was awarded his first Grammy award for the album, for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance.

In 1997, classical composer Gavin Bryars wrote By the Vaar, an extended adagio for Haden. Instrumentation included strings, bass clarinet and percussion. The piece was recorded with the English Chamber Orchestra, on the album Farewell to Philosophy. It is a synthesis of jazz and classical chamber music, featuring resonant pizzicato notes and gut strings in imitation of Haden's bass sound.

2000–2014

In 2001, Haden won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz CD for his album Nocturne which contains boleros from Cuba and Mexico. In 2003, he won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Performance for his album Land of the Sun. Haden reconvened the Liberation Music Orchestra in 2005, with largely new members, for the album Not In Our Name, released on Verve Records. The album dealt primarily with the contemporary political situation in the United States.

In 2008, Haden co-produced, with his wife Ruth Cameron Haden, the album Charlie Haden Family and Friends: Rambling Boy. It features several members of his immediate family, including Ruth Cameron, his musician triplets, son Josh, and Tanya's husband, singer and multi-instrumentalist Jack Black. They were joined by banjoist Béla Fleck, and guitarist/singers Vince Gill, Pat Metheny, Elvis Costello, Rosanne Cash, Bruce Hornsby (piano and keyboards), among other top Nashville musicians. The album harkens back to Haden's days of playing Americana and bluegrass music with his parents on their radio show. The idea came to Haden when his wife Ruth gathered the Haden family together for his mother's 80th birthday and suggested they all sing "You Are My Sunshine" in the living room, as that was a song everyone knew. Rambling Boy was intended to connect music from his early childhood in the Haden Family band to the new generation of the Haden family as well. The album includes songs made famous by the Stanley Brothers, the Carter Family, and Hank Williams, in addition to traditional songs and original compositions.

In 2009, Swiss film director Reto Caduff released a film about Haden's life, titled Rambling Boy. It screened at the Telluride Film Festival and at the Vancouver International Film Festival in 2009. In the summer of 2009, Haden performed again with Coleman at the Meltdown Festival in Southbank, London. He also performed and produced duet recordings with pianist Kenny Barron, with whom he recorded the album Night and the City. In February 2010, Haden and pianist Hank Jones recorded a companion to Steal Away: Spirituals, Hymns and Folk Songs called Come Sunday. Jones died three months after the recording of the album.

Awards:
In 2012, Haden was a recipient of the NEA Jazz Masters Award.
In 2013, Haden received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
In 2014, Haden was bestowed the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.
A posthumous ceremony in his honor took place at the French Cultural Services in January 2015, in NYC where his wife Ruth was presented with the medal.

Posthumous releases:
In September 2014, three months after his death, the newly reactivated Impulse! label released Charlie Haden-Jim Hall, a recording of a duo performance at the 1990 Montreal International Jazz Festival. "This album documents a rarified journey", wrote pianist Ethan Iverson in the album's liner notes. Although terminally ill, Haden produced and worked on the album. In June 2015, Impulse released Tokyo Adagio, a 2005 collaboration with Gonzalo Rubalcaba, similarly produced by Haden when he was near death.

Legacy

Spirituality and teaching method
While he did not identify himself with a specific religious orientation, Haden was interested in spirituality, especially in association with music. He felt it was his duty, and the duty of the artist, to bring beauty to the world, to make this world a better place. He encouraged his students to find their own unique musical voice and bring it to their instrument. He also encouraged his students to be in the present moment: "there's no yesterday or tomorrow, there's only right now", he explained. In order to find this state, and ultimately to find one's spiritual self, Haden urged one to aspire to have humility, and respect for beauty; to be thankful for the ability to make music, and to give back to the world with the music they create. He claimed that music taught him this process of exchange, so he taught it to his students in return. Music, Haden believed, also teaches incredibly valuable lessons about life: "I learned at a very young age that music teaches you about life. When you're in the midst of improvisation, there is no yesterday and no tomorrow—there is just the moment that you are in. In that beautiful moment, you experience your true insignificance to the rest of the universe. It is then, and only then, that you can experience your true significance."

Musical philosophy
Haden also viewed jazz as the "music of rebellion" and felt it was his responsibility and mission to challenge the world through music, and through artistic risks that expressed his own individual artistic vision. He believed that all music originates from the same place, and because of this, he resisted the tendency to divide music into categories. He was democratic in his tastes and musical partners, and was interested in musical collaboration with individuals who shared his sensibilities in music and life. His music (specifically the music he created with the LMO), was based on the music of peoples struggling for freedom from oppression. Haden spoke to this in reference to his 2002 album American Dreams, stating: "I always dreamed of a world without cruelty and greed, of a humanity with the same creative brilliance of our solar system, of an America worthy of the dreams of Martin Luther King, and the majesty of the Statue of Liberty...This music is dedicated to those who still dream of a society with compassion, deep creative intelligence, and a respect for the preciousness of life—for our children, and for our future."

Musical style
In addition to his lyrical playing, Haden was known for his warm tone and subtle vibrato on the double bass. His approach to the bass stemmed from his belief that the bassist should move from an accompanying role to a more direct role in group improvisation. This is particularly clear in his work with the Ornette Coleman Quartet where he frequently improvised melodic responses to Coleman's free-form solos instead of playing previously written lines. He frequently closed his eyes while performing, and assumed a posture in which he bent himself around the bass until his head was almost at the bottom of the bridge of the bass.

In an interview with Haden, pianist Ethan Iverson noted that Haden's "combination of folk song, avant-garde sensibility, and Bach-like classical harmony is a stream in this music just as distinctive as Thelonious Monk or Elvin Jones."

Haden owned one three-quarters-sized bass, and one seven-eighths-sized bass. The larger bass is one of a small number of basses made by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, a French luthier, in the mid-nineteenth century. He greatly valued this bass, playing it only at recording sessions and jobs in close proximity to his home so as not to risk damaging it in transit. He attributed the bass's special and valuable nature to the varnish used by Vuillaume, which is similar to Italian varnish.

Haden suffered from tinnitus, a ringing in both ears that he believed he acquired from constant exposure to playing in proximity to drums, and possibly from an extremely loud concert in which he played during the late 1960s. He also suffered from hyperacusis. As a result, when he played with a drummer, he had to play behind a Plexiglass divider.

"American Quartet" pianist Keith Jarrett said of Charlie's way of playing, "He wanted to relate to the material in a very personal style all the time. He wasn't somebody to get into a groove and just enjoy it simply because it was a groove".

Personal life

Haden's son Josh Haden is a bass guitarist and singer of the group Spain. His daughters, Petra, Tanya and Rachel, are all singers and instrumentalists. Petra plays the violin, Rachel plays the piano and bass guitar, and Tanya, a visual artist, plays the cello. They have a band called The Haden Triplets and recorded their self-titled album in 2012. Comedian/actor/musician Jack Black is his son-in-law via Tanya.

Haden died in Los Angeles on July 11, 2014, at the age of 76. He had been suffering from effects of post-polio syndrome and complications from liver disease. A memorial concert was held in New York City's Town Hall on January 13, 2015, produced and organized by his wife Ruth, where his fellow musicians, family members, friends and fans remembered and celebrated his life.

Discography

 1976: Closeness (1976)
 1976: The Golden Number (1977)
 1976: As Long as There's Music (1978)
 1978: Gitane (1979)
 1979: Mágico (1980)
 1979: Folk Songs (1981)
 1987: Etudes (1989)
 1987: Silence (1987)
 1990: Dialogues (1990)
 1991: Haunted Heart (1992)
 1990: First Song (1992)
 1994: Steal Away (1995)
 1996: Beyond the Missouri Sky (Short Stories) (1997)
 1997: None But the Lonely Heart (1997)
 2000: Nocturne (2001)
 2002: American Dreams (2002)
 2003: Land of the Sun (2004)
 2005: Tokyo Adagio (2015)
 2006: Heartplay (2006)
 2008: Charlie Haden Family & Friends: Rambling Boy (2008)
 2010: Come Sunday (2012)

References

External links

Heffley. "Haden, Charlie". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press
 Charlie Haden Official Web site
 Charlie Haden interview on Democracy Now!, September 1, 2006
 Official documentary website

 DTM Interview
 Charlie Haden Discography, All About Jazz
 NPR interview

1937 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American musicians
American jazz double-bassists
American male jazz musicians
American session musicians
Deaths from liver disease
ECM Records artists
Free jazz double-bassists
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Hard bop double-bassists
Jazz musicians from California
Latin jazz double-bassists
Mainstream jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Mingus Dynasty (band) members
Musicians from Iowa
Musicians from Los Angeles
Old and New Dreams members
People from Shenandoah, Iowa
Post-bop double-bassists
Progressive big band bandleaders
Spiritual jazz musicians
Sunnyside Records artists
Verve Records artists

Charlie Haden


Fostul schit Fedeleșoiu este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Fedeleșoiu, comuna Dăești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 169388.02.

Ansamblul este format din cinci monumente:
 Biserica "Schimbarea la Față" și "Sf. Apostoli" ()
 Casa stăreției ()
 Ruine chilii ()
 Turn clopotniță ()
 Ruine zid de incintă ()

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Vâlcea
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România

Fostul schit Fedeleșoiu


Frozen Ground & Perma frost
පොළොව මත අයිස් සහ නීත්‍ය තුහීන

උත්රාද්‍රගෝලයේ මිලියන 54 km2 ඉඩ ප්‍රමාණයක අයිස් වලින් වැසී ඇත. එ නිසා මෙය ලෝකයේ විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් අයිස් වලින් වැසුනු ප්‍රදේශ වේ. නිත්‍ය භූහින ඇතිවන්නේ -10C  හෝ- 2 0C අතර එය - 70 0C  දක්වා තිබිය හැක. නමුත් ලෝකයේ කොපමණ ප්‍රමාණයක් නිතය වශයෙන් හිමෙන් වැසි ඇති බව කිය නොහැක. හිසෙහි ඝනකම ආක්ටික් වෙරළ හා සයිබීරියා වෙරළදී 600 m පමණ වන අතර එය ව්‍යාප්තිය සමග තමන් සහ  වේ. මේ අතර ග්ලැෂියකාරණය නිසාද නීත්‍යා තුහින ඇතිවය හැක.

	උෂ්ණත්වයේ වැඩි වන විට නිත්‍ය තුහීන දියවීම හා ගලායාම 'මැකෙන්සි නිම්නයෙන් ' වර්ථඛා වේ. නමුත් මෙය පොදුවේ වෙන කරැණක් නොවේ. නිත්‍යා තුහිත ඇති සියළුම කලාප වල පොළාව මත අයිස් තට්ටු නැත. බොහෝ දුරට එය බස් හෝ පාෂාණ සහ ඝන වීමකි. අයිස් ඝන බව ඉහල ස්ථර වලදී දැකිය හැකි අතර එහි වැඩි වශයෙන් බාරය දැකිය හැක. පොළව යට ඇති ජලගහ උණුසුම මත නිත්‍ය තුහීන කලාපද වෙන් කර ගත හැක.

	අලේස්කාවේ නීත්‍ය තුහින කලාපද වෙන් කර ගත හැකි සියවස් 2 ක් තුළ 25m ඝන තට්ටුවක් දියවී ඇත. එහි උෂණත්වය - 0.4 0C  සිට 0 0C  වු අතර එය - 2.6 0C  දක්වා ඉහල යයි. නිත්‍ය තුහින වෙනස් වීම ඉතා අඩු වුවත් උෂණ්තවය වෙනස සමග තුහින පිහිටීමද වෙනස් වේ. මේ නිසා මෙයිද ගෝලීය උණුසම කෙරෙහි පවතිව ප්‍රභල සාධකයක් වේ.

පොළොව මත අයිස් සහ නීත්‍ය තුහීන


La Mer !, op. 58, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1903.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose sa mélodie La Mer ! dans deux versions. Le texte est de la compositrice elle-même, qu'elle publie sous le nom de L. de Soul ar Feuntun. La première version est pour ténor ou soprano, en ré bémol majeur. La deuxième version est pour mezzo-soprano ou baryton en si bémol majeur. L'œuvre est publiée en 1903 par la compositrice elle-même. Elle est rééditée en 2001 puis en 2014 par les éditions Armiane.

Analyse
Selon Jardin, Le texte est d'un genre léger et humoristique, d'inspiration populaire.

Mel Bonis décrit le rivage de manière poétique "le baiser de la vague au sable de la plage", le texte musical est d'un grand romantisme. Pour conclure, elle affirme la supériorité de l'âme chrétienne sur les beautés de la nature.

Réception

Discographie
Mel Bonis, l'œuvre vocale: Doron musique, 2006

Analyse

Références

Sources

Liens externes

 Mel Bonis, site officiel: Les mélodies

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française
Œuvre réalisée en 1903

La Mer !


Matthieu Pepper, né le 7 septembre 1990 à Saint-Eustache, est un humoriste, acteur, auteur et scénariste québécois depuis 2012. Il est le cadet d'une famille de 5 enfants.

Biographie
Après deux ans à jouer dans les bars du Québec, il participe en 2014 à l'émission de télévision "En route vers mon premier Gala Juste pour rire" et fait partie des créateurs du spectacle « Le Show 2000 » au festival Zoofest.

En 2016, Matthieu Pepper devient animateur régulier du Bordel comédie club. Il est invité à faire la première partie de plusieurs humoristes dont Simon Gouache, Rachid Badouri et Patrick Groulx.

À partir de 2016, il participe à l'émission ALT sur les ondes de VRAK animée par Phil Roy et Pierre Yves Roy Desmarais. En 2017, Matthieu devient l'un des animateurs radio à l'émission du matin à CKOI et devient membre de l'équipe régulière du show du retour animé par Patrick Marsolais. En 2018, il est aussi chroniqueur à l'émission "Avec Pas D'Match" sur les ondes de RDS.

En 2020, il joue dans ComediHa! sur le gala de Pierre Hébert et dans Juste pour rire au théâtre St-Denis.

Lors de la même année, il écrit et tourne la première saison d' « Entre deux draps », série dans laquelle il tient l'un des rôles principaux.

En 2021, la série « Entre deux draps »  reçoit 5 nominations au Gala des prix Gémeaux  et se voit décerner deux trophées:  Meilleure série humoristique et Meilleure interprétation humour. La série remporte ensuite en 2022 l'Olivier de la meilleures série humoristique de l'année.

Toujours en 2021 Matthieu devient l'une des têtes d'affiche de l'émission de radio « Le fun est dans le retour » sur les ondes de CKOI.

Filmographie

Télévision
 2014 : En route vers mon premier gala Juste pour rire : Participant
 2016 : ALT : Collaborateur
 2018 : Avec pas de match : Co-animateur
 2018 : On parle de sexe : Comédien
 2018 : L'Open mic de... : Humoriste
 2020 :coup de cochon avec Patrick Groulx
 Gala ComediHa! : Humoriste
 2020 : Gala Juste pour rire : Humoriste
 2020 : On parle de santé mentale : Comédien
 2020-2022 : Entre deux draps : Comédien

Radio
 2017 : Le show du retour animé par Patrick Marsolais (Ckoi) : Co-animateur
 2021 - 2022 : Le fun est dans le retour (Ckoi) : Co-animateur

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Saint-Eustache (Québec)
Naissance en septembre 1990
Humoriste québécois

Matthieu Pepper