Ven acá, regalo mío / En los altos de Colombia es un sencillo de la cantautora chilena Violeta Parra y su hija Isabel Parra, lanzado en 1964 por el sello Demon, y grabado durante la breve estancia de Violeta en Santiago de Chile entre los meses de agosto y octubre del mismo año.

El Lado A es una composición de Violeta Parra, mientras que el Lado B pertenece a la tradición popular chilena. En la interpretación musical colaboran, entre otros músicos, el hijo mayor de Violeta, Ángel Parra.

El tema «Ven acá, regalo mío» aparecería más tarde en el álbum en directo de Violeta titulado Violeta Parra en Ginebra, grabado al año siguiente en 1965, pero lanzado póstumamente en 1999. Además es la canción que cierra el álbum en vivo Violeta Parra, texto y música de Ángel Parra y 4 Voces Chilenas.

Lista de canciones

Créditos
 Intérpretes
 Violeta Parra: voz y guitarra
 Isabel Parra: voz
 Ángel Parra: guitarra
 Rafael Traslaviña: piano
 Iván Cazabón: bajo
 José Giolito: batería
 Más un músico anónimo en el pandero.

Referencias

Sencillos de 1964
Sencillos de Violeta Parra
Sencillos de Isabel Parra


يعرف الجيوتكنيك أو ميكانيك التربة، بأنه هو العلم الذي يختص بدراسة علم التأسيس والأثر المتبادل بين التربة والأساسات. يشمل هذا العلم كل ما يتعلق بالتعرف على التربة وتصنيفها والطرائق المباشرة لاستكشاف التربة، وطرائق إجراء التجارب المخبرية عليها ومن ثم طرائق الحساب الإنشائية المختلفة وكذلك طرائق وتقنيات بناء العناصر الانشائية أو المنشآت ذات التماس المباشر مع التربة. كما يشمل كل تقنيات معالجة وحفر التربة.
أن تسمية جيوتكنيك هي التسمية الحديثة الشاملة للأقسام، في العديد الكليات والمعاهد العالية المختصة حيث كانت هذه الأقسام تسمى بأسماء اختصاصات محددة مثل: قسم الأساسات، قسم ميكانيك التربة، قسم ميكانيك الصخور، قسم الأنفاق، قسم بناء القطار المترو...الخ.
يدًّرس هذا الاختصاص في الجامعات والكليات المختصة عادةً بهندسة البناء.

طور هذا العلم ضمن علوم الهندسة المدنية أو هندسة البناء ويستند في المعارف التي يشملها إلى كل من علم الجيولوجيا وعلمالمناجم. حيث أصبح علم الجيوتكنيك علماً مستقلاً ضمن العلوم الهندسية,

المواضيع التي يعالجها العلم

 .	تأسيس المنشآت مثل: الجسور، الأنفاق, الطرقات، السكك(علم التأسيس وعلم بناء الأنفاق، علم المناجم).
 .	بناء المنشآت المائية مثل(هويس، سد...الخ)
 .	دراسات مواقع الأرض ذات الفروق الحادة والسريعة في المناسيب، مثل: حفريات التأسيس، أو الجدران الاستنادية، أو أرصفة الموانئ البحرية أو النهرية.
 .	دراسات أمان المنحدرات مثل: منحدرات الطرق، منحدرات السكك، منحدرات السدود، جدران الموانئ.
 .	بناء منشآت من التربة مثل السدود الترابية، ردميات الطرق، ردميات الطرق...الخ.
 .	فحص وتصنيف التربة لأعمال التأسيس وكذلك الماء الجوفي.
 .	فحص ودراسة الأجسام الترابية التي تخترقها المياه مثل: أكتاف قنوات جر الماء
 .	قياس ومعاينة آثار الأحمال الديناميكية على التربة، مثل أثار الدق أو التفجير أو الاهتزازات الناتجة عن وسائل النقل
 .	حماية التربة والمياه الجوفية من الملوثات

يتم من خلال علمي ميكانيك التربة والجيولوجيا الهندسية التعرف على التربة من خلال عوامل معينة. parameters ذلك بهدف تحويل العلاقة المتبادل بين التربة والمنشأ إلى علاقات رياضية. يستطيع المهندس) مهندس الأنفاق أو مهندس السكك...الخ) باستخدامها أن يصمم العناصر الإنشائية ذات التماس مع التربة، على تلقي الحمولات المطبقة بحيث يتحقق فيها الشرطين التاليين:
1-	الأمان الكافي
2-	الاقتصادية في التصميم
يقصد بالأمان بقاء مجموع القوى المقاومة للانهيار في أي مقطع من المنشأ (قوى قص، قوى ناظمية، عزوم, قوى ناظمية...الخ) أكبر من القوى المهاجمة التي تدفع المنشأ نحو الانهيار. أم الاقتصادية في التصميم فتعني تصميم عناصر إنشائية ذات أبعاد وخواص بحيث تحقق درجات الأمان المطلوبة في المراجع ذات الصلةً.
تطور علم الجيوتكنيك مع تطور طرائق الحساب وكذلك مع تطور تقنيات قياس الاجهادات والتشوهات في العناصر الإنشائية على العناصر الإنشائية ذات التماس المباشر مع التربة. كما تطورت كذلك تقنيات تنفيذ الأعمال الجيوتكنيكية الخاصة بتحسين مواصفاتها الميكانيكية بما يلي:
1.	رج التربة العميق مع حشوها بتربة خشنة أو بالبيتون الردمي.
2.	طرائق استبدال التربة ورصها.
3.	حقن التربة بالمواد الكيمياوية والأسمنت العادي أو الناعم باستخدام ضغوط خفيفة تصل إلى 5 بار.
4.	حت التربة باستخدام الضغوط العالية تصل إلى 1000 بار وحقنها بنفس الوقت بالأسمنت البورتلاندي.
5.	شق وخلط وحقن التربة بالاسمنت العادي.

كما أمكن نقل القوى إلى التربة بتسليحها بعناصر عن طريق
1.	مواد صناعية مثل الجيوتكستيل.
2.	شدادات دائمة ومؤقتة وكذلك مسبقة الإجهاد وغير مسبقة الإجهاد.

المراجع

علم طبقات الأرض

هندسة جيوتقنية


Elias Nardi, né en 1979 à Pescia en Italie, est un oudiste et compositeur italien actif dans le domaine du world jazz.

Biographie
Né à Pescia près de Pistoia en Toscane en 1979, Elias Nardi développe dès son plus jeune âge un intérêt pour le monde arabe et pour l'oud, le luth arabe traditionnel, faisant de nombreux voyages dans les pays arabes.

Élève du virtuose palestinien Adel Salameh, Elias Nardi collabore ensuite avec de nombreux musiciens comme Ares Tavolazzi, Riccardo Tesi, Paolo Vinaccia, Daniele di Bonaventura, Gianluca Petrella, Edmondo Romano, Max Manfredi, Max De Aloe, Didier François et Fakhraddin Gafarov.

Après avoir travaillé en solo pendant plusieurs années, il fonde en 2010 l'Elias Nardi Quartet, un ensemble qui change de nom en 2015 pour devenir l'Elias Nardi Group.

Avec ses groupes, Elias Nardi fait des tournées dans toute l'Europe, en particulier en Italie, en Allemagne, aux Pays-Bas, en Belgique et en Suisse.

Dans sa musique, Elias Nardi fait dialoguer jazz et musique traditionnelle.

Discographie

Elias Nardi Quartet
 2010 : Orange Tree, avec Didier François (nyckelharpa) (label Zone Di Musica) , troisième place aux Italian Awards for Independent Popular Music 2011
 2012 : The Tarot album (label Zone Di Musica), sélectionné comme l'un des meilleurs albums sortis en 2012 par « Il Manifesto / Alias »

Elias Nardi Group
 2015 : Flowers of Fragility, avec Daniele di Bonaventura (bandonéon), Didier François (nyckelharpa), Nazanin Piri-Niri (flûte) et Carlo La Manna (guitare basse), paru sur label Visage Music

Elias Nardi, Daniele di Bonaventura et Ares Tavollazi
 2020 : Ghimel par  Elias Nardi (oud), Daniele di Bonaventura (bandonéon) et Ares Tavollazi (guitare basse) paru sur label Visage Music

Références

Compositeur italien
Musicien de world music
Oudiste de jazz
Musicien traditionnel
Naissance en 1979
Naissance dans la province de Pistoia

Elias Nardi


Benjanun Sriduangkaew est une écrivaine thaïlandaise de science-fiction et de fantasy, également connue pour ses critiques de livres controversées rédigées en ligne. Elle est finaliste du prix John W. Campbell 2014 et du prix British Science Fiction 2014 de la meilleure fiction courte, pour Scale-Bright.

Biographie
Benjanun Sriduangkaew est née dans la province de Pattani, dans le sud de la Thaïlande. Après avoir fréquenté l'université de Bangkok, elle travaille à Manille, Jakarta et Hong Kong. En 2013, Sriduangkaew déclare avoir obtenu son baccalauréat « il y a environ douze ans » alors qu'à l'époque elle ne parle pas couramment anglais.

Carrière
Sriduangkaew commence à publier des nouvelles en 2012 avec Courtship in the Country of the Machine Gods et se fait un nom avec une série d'histoires courtes très médiatisées dans . Cela conduit à sa nomination pour le prix John-Wood-Campbell Memorial.

Sa première publication longue est le roman court de fantasy urbaine Scale-Bright, publié en 2014. Faisant suite à ses trois histoires sur le cycle Soleil-Lune, le livre narre l'histoire d'amour d'une jeune femme de Hong Kong qui doit sauver sa sœur du Paradis. Passant en revue la nouvelle pour , Niall Alexander décrit le roman comme « une réalisation sans pareil », appréciant ses « personnages délicatement dessinés », « la narration touchante » et les compétences en prose de l'autrice.

Son deuxième roman, Winterglass, est publié en 2017. Il s'agit d'un récit de science fantasy reprenant l'histoire de La Reine des neiges. Un critique de Publishers Weekly estime que la nouvelle est prometteuse, en fournissant « des variations sur le thème des personnages féminins forts » tout en étant entachée par une « intrigue inégale et quelques opportunités manquées pour la construction d'un monde complexe ».

Son troisième roman, And Shall Machines Surrender, est publié en 2019. L'histoire de science-fiction est centrée sur les intelligences artificielles et leurs relations avec l'humanité. Passant en revue la nouvelle dans The Future Fire, J. Moufawad-Paul écrit : « And Shall Machines Surrender est un exemple parfait de tout ce qui peut éventuellement être inclus dans une nouvelle. La profondeur du style, de l'histoire, de la caractérisation et de la construction du monde est assez frappante ». Il ajoute : « En raison de la force de And Shall Machines Surrender - sa clarté et sa complexité, sa capacité à compresser la complexité dans une structure minimaliste - il est presque criminel que Sriduangkaew ne soit pas un nom familier ».

La plupart des travaux de Sriduangkaew sont queer et trans-inclusifs. Ils mettent en avant des relations lesbiennes et des thèmes ou des influences de l'Asie du Sud-Est.

Activité de blogueuse : Requires Hate
En 2014 est révélé que Sriduangkaew est la personne bloguant et critiquant des livres de science-fiction sous le pseudo de Requires Hate (également connu sous le nom de Requires Only That You Hate, ainsi que Winterfox). En utilisant ces identités sur Internet, elle publie des critiques de ce qu'elle considère comme racistes, sexistes, hétéronormatifs ou colonial dans des œuvres de science-fiction et de fantasy ; ces critiques sont souvent exprimées dans un langage insultant, violents ou menaçant par le lectorat. Les médias et les médias sociaux ont qualifié Sriduangkaew de « troll notoire ». Certains médias ont émis l'hypothèse que Sriduangkaew avait fabriqué son identité sino-thaïlandaise.

En octobre 2014, Sriduangkaew publie des excuses sur son blog, admettant être « un horrible trou du cul » et avoir causé de la souffrance aux autres, tout en niant certaines allégations selon lesquelles elle aurait proféré des menaces de viol, déclarant que d'autres comptes s'étaient fait passer pour elle. Le blog reste ensuite inactif.

Un article de blog de l'écrivaine Laura J. Mixon critiquant le comportement de Sriduangkaew a valu à Mixon le . Kameron Hurley aborde également Requires Hate dans son essai The Geek Feminist Revolution dans le chapitre intitulé Becoming what you hate. Elle indique que Requires Hate a publié une critique de son livre God's War selon laquelle le livre serait écrit uniquement d'un point de vue blanc. Hurley indique ensuite qu'en 2012, elle avait lu une nouvelle de science-fiction si bien écrite, qu'elle aurait voulu pouvoir l'avoir écrite elle-même, en soulignant que le talent de l'autrice était bien supérieur au sien. Elle engage ensuite une conversation avec l'autrice, Benjanun Sriduangkaew, qui lui pointe le fait que certains cherchent à établir un lien entre elle et Requires Hate, Quand l'affaire éclate, Hurley est déjà au courant, et elle écrit dans son essai avoir elle-même fabriqué un personnage fictif sur internet, nommé Adam, qui pouvait être tout ce qu'elle ne s'autorisait pas, ou n'était pas autorisée à être dans un milieu sexiste, tout comme Alice Sheldon l'avait fait avec le personnage de James Tiptree. D'autres personnalités cibles des harangues de Requires Hate  ou de ses autres pseudos Winterfox ont inclus : Saladin Ahmed, Paolo Bacigalupi, Caitlín R. Kiernan, , Charles Tehune, N. K. Jemisin, Tricia Sullivan, Athena Andreadis.

Les avis sur le comportement de Sriduangkaew et l'article de Mixon restent partagés. Les détracteurs ont affirmé que l'article de Mixon était un hit destiné à une femme de couleur montante, confondant le langage insultant de Sribuangkaew avec des abus, tout en ignorant le contenu de ses critiques contre le statu quo dans la science-fiction et l'écriture fantastique. Les personnes ayant pris sa défense mettent en avant au contraire que Laura J. Mixon avait pris le rôle d'une femme blanche morigénant une personne de couleur et la remettant en place.

Dans un article de blog en 2015, Sriduangkaew écrit qu'elle est devenue la cible de campagnes de harcèlement et de cyberharcèlement après la révélation de ses identités sur Internet, tout en admettant « j'ai été merdique dans le passé ».

Œuvres

Romans

Nouvelles

Recueils de nouvelles

Articles
 .

Références

Liens externes
 Le blog de Sriduangkaew

Naissance dans la province de Pattani
Romancière du XXIe siècle
Romancière thaïlandaise
Nouvelliste du XXIe siècle
Nouvelliste thaïlandais
Écrivaine de fantastique et fantasy
Écrivaine thaïlandaise de science-fiction féministe

Benjanun Sriduangkaew


Kolodruma (bugarski: Колодрума) je višenamjenska športska dvorana i velodrom u bugarskom gradu Plovdivu. ovisno o namjeni i športu, može imati kapacitet od 4.800 do 7.500 sjedećih mjesta. Jedina je višešportska dvorana i velodrom u jednom u Bugarskoj, ali i cijeloj Jugoistočnoj Europi (ne računajući Hrvatsku).

Osim biciklističkih natjecanja u Kolodrumi se mogu održavati susreti i natjecanja u još 22 športa, među kojima se ističu odbojka, rukomet, košarka, nogomet i futsal. Unutar športskog kompleksa nalazi se i podzemno parkiranje s 300 mjesta, novinarska soba, svlačionice, sobe za trenere i izbornike, športsko-rekreacijski centar, restoran i trgovine športskom opremom.

Dvorana je građena prema nacrtima nizozemskog arhitekta Sandera Doume, koji je prije toga radio nacrte za izgradnju velodroma u Ateni, Monte Carlu, Palma de Mallorci i Manchesteru, a nadahnuće je pronašao u Zagrebačkoj areni.

Otvorena je 30. kolovoza 2015. uz prisustvo mnogih bugarskih osoba iz javnog života i visokih državnih dužnosnika.

Izvori

Šport u Bugarskoj
Građevine u Bugarskoj

Kolodruma


බර්නාඩ් ඇලෝසියස් වන්නිආරච්චි ජයමාන්න හෙවත් කවුරුවත් වඩා හොඳින් හඳුනන බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්න (උපත 20 මැයි 1908, විපත 16 පෙබරවාරි 1965) ලාංකික නාට්‍ය රචකයෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකු, නිෂ්පාදකයෙකු හා නළුවෙකු ද වේ. ඔහු 1947 දී ප්‍රථම සිංහල කථානාද චිත්‍රපටය වූ කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව තනමින් එහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතයට රංගනයෙන් දායක විය.

ලෝක සිනමාවට නව සිංහල සිනමාවක් බිහි කර දීමෙ හි විෂයෙහිලා ගෞරවයක් පුද කළ යුතු තැනැත්තකු ලෙස ප්‍රථම සිංහල කතානාද චිත්‍රපටය වූ කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව හි තිර කතා රචකයකු හා අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයකු වශයෙන් සිංහල සිනමාවට වෘත්තීයමය ලෙස උපරිම දායකත්වයක් දැක් වූයේ ය. කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව චිත්‍රපටයට පාදක වූයේ ද එනමින්ම යුතු ඔහුගේ ම මිනර්වා කණ්ඩායමේ වේදිකා නාට්‍යයකි. එම වේදිකා නාට්‍යයේ ද චිත්‍රපටයේ ද ප්‍රධාන නළුවා වූයේ බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්නයන් ය.

පෙර අවධිය
බර්නාඩ් ඇලෝෂියස් වන්නිආරච්චි ජයමාන්න 1908 දී මීගමුව පෙරියමුල්ලේ දී මාරි ස්ටෙලා විද්‍යාලයේ ගුරුවරයෙකු වූ ඩබ්ලිව්. දොන් තෝමස් හට දාව උපත ලබා ඇත. මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය මීගමු මාරිස්ටෙලා විදුහලෙන් ලබා ගැනී ය. මොහු නාට්‍යකරණයට උනන්දුවක් හා සම්බන්ධ වී ඇත්තේ පාසල් වියේ සිට ම බව පෙනී යයි. ඔහු විසින් පාසල් වේදිකාවෙ හි රඟ දැක් වූ DOCTOR FAUSTUS ඔහු රඟපෑ නාට්‍ය අතරින් එකකි. එය ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතික ක්‍රිස්ටෝපර් මාර්ලෝගේ නාට්‍ය රචනයක් වූයේ ය. 1930 දී ඔවුන් මිනෙර්වා රඟහල් කණ්ඩායම ආරම්භ කරන ලදි සහ සමහර නාට්‍යයන් නිරූපණයෙන්, වේදිකාගත කිරීමෙන් කීර්තියක් ලබා ගැනීය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මිනෙර්වා විශේෂාංග නාට්‍යයන් හි ප්‍රධාන චරිතයන් රුක්මණී දේවී, එඩී සහ ජෙමිණි කාන්තා රඟන ලදි.

වේදිකාව
"හත්වැනි පැය" හෙවත් "භයානක පොරොන්දුව" බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. රචනා කොට නිෂ්පාදනය කළ මුල්ම නාට්‍යය වූයේ ය. බෙන්ජමින් ප්‍රනාන්දු හා ලක්ෂ්මී බායි ආදී නළුවන් ද එහි රඟපෑවේ ය. ඔවුන් වෘත්තීය නළු නිළියන් වූ නිසාවෙන් යම් යම් ප්‍රශ්න පැන නැඟී ඇතිවීම නිසා ඊළඟ නාට්‍යය තැනීමේදී, බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. උනන්දුවක් දැක් වූයේ ආධුනික පිරිසක් ද ඊට සම්බන්ධ කර ගැනීමට ය. ඒ අනුව මිනර්වා ආධුනික නාට්‍ය සමාජය (MINERVA AMATEUR DRAMATIC CLUB) නමින් නවතම නාට්‍ය සංවිධානයක් පිහිටුවා ගත්තේ ය. එකල බොහෝ අය මෙයට MAD CLUB (මෝඩ සමාජය) යනුවෙන් නින්දාවට අපකීර්තියට ලක් කෙරුණ ද පසුව එය මිනර්වා යන නමින් පමණක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය.

මිනර්වා යනු රෝම දේව කතාවලට අනුව ප්‍රඥාවට අධිපති දෙවියා ය. මෙම නාමය ඉන්දීය චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදන ව්‍යාපාරයට ද සම්බන්ධ කරගෙන තිබුණේ ය.

 මිනර්වා කණ්ඩායම යටතේ බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්නයන් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ නාට්‍යයන් වලට නම් තැබුවේ ඉංග්‍රීසි හෝඩියේ අක්ෂර අනු පිළිවෙළට අනුව ය.

 A – APPARITION (අවතාරය)
 B – BROKEN PROMISE (කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව)
 C – CHANGING FATE (පෙරළෙන ඉරණම)
 D – DEFEETED AIM (වැරදුණු කුරුමානම)
 E – EVASIVE DINIAL (සැඟවුණු පිළිතුර)
 F – FANTATIC FAITH (උමතු විශ්වාසය)
 G – GRISLY GUARDIAN (කපටි ආරක්ෂකයා)
 H – HASTY DECSION (හදිසි විනිශ්චය)
 I – IRANGANIE (අයිරාංගනී)

ඊට අමතරව නඩු තීන්දුව නමින් නාට්‍යයක් ද මිනර්වා යටතේ නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීය. අවතාරය නාට්‍යය විශේෂ වැදගත්කමක් දරන්නේ එය රුක්මණී දේවි සම්බන්ධ වූ පළමු මිනර්වා නාට්‍යය වීම ය. ඒ අතිරේක ගායිකාවක් ලෙස ය. එකල නාට්‍යවලට ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීම පිණිස මෙවැනි අතිරේක ගී හා නැටුම් යොදා ගැනී ය. නාට්‍යයක එක් ජවනිකාවක් නිම වී අනිත් ජවනිකාව ඇරඹෙන අතරවාරයේ මේ ගී — නැටුම් ඉදිරිපත් වූයේය.

බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව් ගේ නාට්‍ය මෙරට රසිකයන් අතර ජනාදරප්‍රාප්ත වූයේ ය. කඩවුණු පෙරොන්දුව වැනි නාට්‍යයක දර්ශන වාර 800 ක් පමණ රඟදැක් වීමෙන්ම ඒ බව සාක්ෂාත් වෙයි. මෙරට සිටි ප්‍රකට ව්‍යපාරිකයකු වූ එස්. එම්. නායගම් 1945 දී පමණ සිංහල චිත්‍රපටයක් නිපදවීමේ අදිටනින් "චිත්‍රකලා මුවිටෝන්" නම් වූ චිත්‍රපට සමාගමක් සහ ඉන්දියාවේ මධුරෙයි නගරයේ "චිත්‍රකලා" නමින් චිත්‍රාගාරයක් ද පිහිටුවා ගනු ලැබීය. නායගම් විසින් කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව නාට්‍යය චිත්‍රපට ගත කිරීමේ යෝජනාව බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. වෙත යොමුකරන ලද අවස්ථාවේ බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. මුලදී ඊට කැමැත්තක් පළ කර නැත. ඊට හේතුව වූයේ ඔහුම වරක් කියා ඇති පරිදි නාට්‍යවලින් ලොකු ආදායමක් ලැබෙද්දී එය නැවැත්වීමට අකැමැති වීමයි. ඔහු පසුව ඊට එකඟ වූයේ චිත්‍රපට නිපදවීමෙන් ඊට වැඩි මුදලක් මෙන්ම වැඩි ජනප්‍රියත්වයක් ද ලැබිය හැකි යැයි පෙන්වා දීමෙන් අනතුරුවය.

බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්න නාට්‍ය කලාවට ප්‍රවිෂ්ට වන්නේ නාට්‍ය කලාව "රස්තියාදුකාරයන්ගේ" කලාවක් ලෙස පරිභවයට පත්ව තිබූ යුගයක දීය. එකල නාට්‍ය නැරඹූවන් අතරේ කලිසම්කාරයකුට සිටියේ බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. පමණක් බව ද සඳහන්ව ඇත. තමාගේ නාට්‍යයක් වේදිකා ගත කර ගැනීම සඳහා මොහු එකල මීගමුව ප්‍රදේශයේ සිටි ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාට්‍ය රචකයකු වූ සී. බෙන්ජමින් ප්‍රනාන්දු හමුවීමට ගිය අවස්ථාවේ දී ඔහු විසින් බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්ට කියා ඇත්තේ නාට්‍ය කලාව පස්සේ නොඑලවන ලෙස ය. එකල වැදගත් යැයි සම්මත පුද්ගලයකුට වේදිකාව කොහෙත්ම සුදුසු තැනක් නොවේ මැයි කියා බෙන්ජමින් මාස්ටර් තමාට කියූ බව බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටියේ ය. "වේදිකාව රස්තියාදුකාරයන් වැනි මිනිසුන්ට අයිතිවීමට ඉඩ හැර දීම නාට්‍ය කලාවට කරන නිගාවක් පමණක් නොව ඉන් අපේ නාට්‍ය කලාව සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නැති වී යන්නට ද ඉඩ තිබෙනවා." බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව් වේදිකා නාට්‍යය අධීක්ෂණයට අවතීර්ණ වනූයේ එවැනි නාට්‍ය කලාව පසුගාමී වාතාවරණයකදී ය.

සිනමාව
බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. හා නායගම් අතර අත්සන් තැබූ ගිවිසුමේ කොන්දේසි වූයේ කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව නාට්‍යයේ රඟපෑ මිනර්වා ශිල්පීන් පමණක් චිත්‍රපටයට ඇතුළත් කර ගත යුතු බව සහ කුමන හේතුවකට හෝ කතාව වෙනස් නොකළ යුතු බවත් ය. චිත්‍රපටය සම්පූර්ණයෙන් නිෂ්පාදනය කර නිම වන තුරු මාසකට රුපියල් 25,000ක් බැගින් ද, චිත්‍රපටය ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමෙන් හිමිවන ලාබයෙන් 2%ක් බැගින් ද බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. හට ගෙවිය යුතු බවට ද එම ගිවිසුමේ සඳහන් වූ බව ද පැවසේ ය.

1946 ජූනි 26 වැනිදා කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව නිෂ්පාදන කණ්ඩායම ඉන්දියාව බලා පිටත්ව ගිය හ. මෙම ගමනේදී තිර හා වේදිකා සැරසිලි ද රැගෙන ගොස් ඇත. ඊට හේතුව වූයේ නාට්‍යය රඟ දක්වන අවස්ථාවේ ම එය චිත්‍රපටයට නඟන්නේ ය යන වැරදි වැටහීමක් බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ට සහ ඔහුගේ නාට්‍ය කණ්ඩායමට තිබීම ය. ඔහු ඒ බව "මුලදී මා හිතාගෙන සිටියේ ඡායාරූප ශිල්පියකු යම් කිසි දෙයක් ඡායාරූපයට නඟන්නාක් මෙන් අප නාට්‍යය රඟ දක්වා ගෙන යන විට ඔවුන් එය චිත්‍රපටයට නඟාගෙන යනවා ඇත කියායි. පසුව නියම තත්ත්වය දැනගත් කල මා තුළ ඇති වූයේ ලැජ්ජාවකි" ලෙස වරෙක පුවත්පත් සාකච්ඡාවකදී සඳහන් කොට ඇත. මෙයින් හෙළිවනූයේ ඔවුන් සිනමා කර්මාන්තය ගැන කිසිදු අවබෝධයකින් නොසිටි බවයි.

1947 දී ඔහුගේ කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව තිරගත වන සමය වන විට ලෝක සිනමාව තුළ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ චිත්‍රපට රැසක් බිහිව තිබිණි. බැට්ල්ෂිප් පොටෙම්කිං, ද පැෂන් ඔෆ් ජෝන් ඔෆ් ආර්ක්, සිටි ලයිට්ස්, ද කැබිනට් ඔෆ් ඩොක්ටර් කැලිගරි, සිටිසන් කේන් එබඳු චිත්‍රපට අතර වෙයි.

කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව සිට පෙරළෙන ඉරණම දක්වා චිත්‍රපටවල කතා රචනය  ඔහුගේ වුව ද එම චිත්‍රපටයන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූයේ ඉන්දීය ජාතිකයන් ය. ඉන්දියාවේ දී චිත්‍රපට පටිගත කිරීම පිළිබඳ බොහෝ දේ තමන් හට වටහා ගැනීමට ඉඩ නොතැබූ බව ඔහු පුවත්පත් සාකච්ඡාවක දී කියා ඇත.

බී.ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්ගේ හොඳම චිත්‍රපටය ලෙස එකල හි විචාරකයන් පිළිගැනුම කැලෑහඳ චිත්‍රපට ය. මහගම සේකරයන් විසින් රචිත "කැලෑහඳ" නවකතාව, එය නවකතාවක් ආශ්‍රයෙන් සිනමාවට නැඟුණු ප්‍රථම ලාංකික චිත්‍රපටය වීම ද ඓතිහාසික සුවිශේෂත්වයකි. 1956 පැවති "ලංකාදීප චිත්‍රපට කල්‍යාණි තරගය" හෙවත් "දීපශිඛා" හි හොඳම නළුවා වූයේ ද බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්නයන් ය. ඒ කැලෑහඳ හි අන්දෝ සීයා ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් කළ රංගනය උදෙසා ය. 1953 වසරේ පැවති "දිනමිණ රඟමඬල චිත්‍රපට තරගය" හි ප්‍රියතම චිත්‍රපටය ලෙස තේරුණේ ද කැලෑහඳ ය.

කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව පිළිබඳව පසු කලෙක අදහස් දැක් වූ අවස්ථාවක ප්‍රකට සිනමා විචාරක ජයවිලාල් විලේගොඩ කියා සිටියේ එය එතෙක් භාෂා 12 ක් කතා කරමින් තිබූ ඉන්දීය සිනමාවට තවත් භාෂාවක් එක්වීමක් බවය. එලෙස ඔහු කියා පෑවේ කඩවුණු පොරොන්දුව හි මුසුව තිබූ දෙමළ මුහුණුවරයි. බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව් ජයමාන්න කැලෑහඳ වැනි චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කිරීමෙන් පසුව ඔහු විසින් දෙමළ චිත්‍රපට අනුකරණයට ගොදුරු වීමට පෙළඹුණි. ඔහුගේ වනලිය (මිනල්කොඩි), මංගලිකා (කල්ලතුර් කන්නම්මා), මඟුල් පෝරුව (මනප්පන්දල්) දෙමළ චිත්‍රපපටවල අවඥාසහගත අනුකරණයන් වූයේ ය.

බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණයේ නියැලුනේ එකල පැවති ප්‍රේක්ෂක රුචිකත්වයට අනුකූලව පමණි. පැය 2 1/2 කට සීමා වූ මතභේදය චිත්‍රපටය නැරඹූ එක් ප්‍රේක්ෂකයකු විසින් කළ ප්‍රකාශයක් බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. අවධාරණය කර ඇත්තේ මෙසේය. "මොන කෙහෙම්මලක් ද? අඩියක් ගහලා ගිහින් ඉඳගත්තම වෙරි හිදෙන්න ඉස්සෙල්ලා පික්චර් එක ඉවරයිනේ." චිත්‍රපට නිපදවන්නේ මෙන්න මොවුන්ට ද කියා ද බී. ඒ. ඩබ්ලිව්. තවදුරටත් කියා ඇත.

අධ්‍යක්ෂණයන්
1950 - හදිසි විනිශ්චය
1951 - සැඟවුණු පිළිතුර
1952 - උමතු විශ්වාසය
1953 - කැලෑ සඳ
1954 - අයිරාංගනී
1955 - මතභේදය
1956 - දෛව විපාකය
1958 - වනලිය
1959 - හදිසි විවාහය
1960 - කවට අන්දරේ
1961 - ජීවිත් පූජාව
1963 - මංගලිකා
1967 - මඟුල් පෝරුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
 B.A.W.Jayamanne's Biography in Sinhala Cinema Database

1965 මරණ
1908 උපත්

බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්න


Vladimir Kramnik (d. 25 Haziran 1975), Rus satranç büyük ustası. 2000 yılında Londra'da Garri Kasparov'u 16 oyunluk bir maçta yenmiştir. Bu maç FIDE için resmi bir dünya şampiyonası maçı olmasa da, genel olarak böyle kabul edildiğinden, kendisi 2000 yılından beri dünya satranç şampiyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kasparov bu maçın ardından 2005 yılında satrancı bıraktığını açıklamıştır.

Yirmi yıla yakın zamandır satranç dünyası iki ayrı kuruluş ile temsil edilmekte ve bu iki kuruluşun iki ayrı Dünya şampiyonası süre gelmekteydi. Bu şampiyonalar sonucunda "Klasik Satranç Dünya Şampiyonu" ve "FIDE Dünya Şampiyonu" olmak üzere iki ayrı satranç şampiyonluk unvanı alınmaktaydı. 2000 yılında Kasparov'u yenerek Klasik Dünya Satranç şampiyonu olan Rus Kramnik ile FIDE Dünya şampiyonu olan Bulgar Veselin Topalov 2006 yılında birleştirilen ve bu yıl ilk defa Elista'da düzenlenen Dünya Satranç Şampiyonası'nda 12 oyunluk maçta kozlarını paylaştılar. 6-6 berabere biten oyunların ardından yirmibeşer dakikalık uzatma maçlarında 2.5-1.5 farkla kazanan yeni birleştirilmiş satranç dünya şampiyonu Kramnik oldu. Kramnik bu unvanını 2007 yılında Viswanathan Anand'a yenilerek kaybetti. 2008 Dünya Satranç Şampiyonası'nda unvanını geri kazanmak için Anand'a meydan okudu, ancak kaybetti. Yine de en iyi oyuncu olarak kaldı; Ekim 2016'da 2817 ile en yüksek reytinge ulaştı ve bu da onu tüm zamanların en yüksek reytingli sekizinci ortak oyuncusu yapıyor.

Kramnik, Ocak 2019'da profesyonel bir satranç oyuncusu olarak emekli olduğunu kamuoyuna duyurdu. Çocuklar için satranç ve eğitim ile ilgili projelere odaklanmayı planladığını belirtti.

Özel hayatı
30 Aralık 2006'da Kramnik, Fransız gazeteci Marie-Laure Germon ile evlendi. Düğünleri Paris'teki Alexander Nevsky Katedrali'nde gerçekleşti. İki çocukları var: kızı Daria ve oğlu Vadim Vladimirovich. Cenevre'de ikamet ediyorlar.

Kramnik'e nadir görülen bir artrit türü olan ankilozan spondilit teşhisi kondu. Oynarken ona büyük fiziksel rahatsızlık veriyor. Ocak 2006'da Kramnik, artritinin tedavisi için Wijk aan Zee'deki Corus Satranç Turnuvasını atlayacağını duyurdu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kramnik'un oyunlarından 25 önemli pozisyon
 Satranç Okulu
 Kramnik'in resmi web sitesi
 Interview from Linares 2000
 Interview by Chessbase
 Kramnik's Community

1975 doğumlular
Rus satranç oyuncuları
Dünya satranç şampiyonları
Satranç büyükustaları
Yaşayan insanlar

Vladimir Kramnik


Carl Johan Dyfverman henviser til:

 Carl Johan Dyfverman (kunstner) (1844–1892) – svensk billedhugger
 Carl Johan Dyfverman (landmåler) (1908–1995) – svensk landmåler

Carl Johan Dyfverman


Carlo l'Ami (* 20. Juli 1966 in Leiden, Südholland) ist ein niederländischer Torwarttrainer und ehemaliger Torhüter. Seit 2007 trainiert er die Keeper des AFC Ajax aus Amsterdam.

Karriere
L'Amis erster Profiverein war Excelsior aus Rotterdam, für den er in der Saison 1986/87 fünfmal das Tor in der Eredivisie hütete. Nach dem Abstieg avancierte er in der Eerste Divisie zum Stammtorhüter. Im Winter 1988/89 wechselte er zurück in die höchste Spielklasse zu PSV aus Eindhoven, wo er zweimal als Ersatz für den verletzten Hans van Breukelen zum Einsatz kam und am Saisonende die Meisterschaft feiern konnte. In den folgenden Jahren spielte er bei diversen Zweitligisten, ehe er 1992 bei Sparta Rotterdam in die Eredivisie zurückkehrte, wenn auch erneut nur für zwei Spiele. 1993 wechselte l'Ami zum Aufsteiger sc Heerenveen, bei dem er zweieinhalb Spielzeiten in der höchsten Spielklasse aktiv war. Ab Anfang 1996 folgten mit Cambuur, Telstar und erneut Excelsior wieder einige Jahre in der Eerste Divisie. 2002 unterzeichnete l'Ami einen Vertrag bei Ehrendivisionär Feyenoord; bei den Rotterdamern beendete er mit drei Einsätzen in der Saison 2002/03 seine Laufbahn. Sein letztes Profispiel war am 7. Dezember 2002 die Begegnung bei seinem ehemaligen Verein sc Heerenveen, bei der er nach neun Minuten verletzt vom Platz musste und damit unfreiwillig dem 17-jährigen Jesper Hogedoorn zu seinem einzigen Profieinsatz verhalf.

Nach der Profikarriere wurde l'Ami Torwarttrainer bei Excelsior und war gleichzeitig bei Feyenoord als Trainer der Jugendkeeper tätig. Torwarttrainer der ersten Mannschaft des AFC Ajax ist er seit 2007. Sein Vertrag bei den Amsterdamern läuft bis 2014.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (PSV Eindhoven)
Fußballtorhüter (Sparta Rotterdam)
Fußballtrainer (Ajax Amsterdam)
Fußball-Torwarttrainer (Niederlande)
Niederländischer Meister (Fußball)
Niederländer
Geboren 1966
Mann

Carlo l’Ami


Caryophyllinae podtribus iz porodice klinčićevki dio tribusa Caryophylleae. Sastoji se od 12 rodova, tipični je Caryophyllus Mill. (po kojem je dobio ime), sinonim za Dianthus L. (karanfil)

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Saponaria L. (41 spp.)
 Acanthophyllum C. A. Mey. (88 spp.)
 Heterochroa Bunge (6 spp.)
 Cyathophylla Bocquet & Strid (2 spp.)
 Yazdana A.Pirani & Noroozi (1 sp.)
 Petroana Madhani & Zarre (2 spp.)
 Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb. (17 spp.)
 Psammophiliella Ikonn. (5 spp.)
 Balkana Madhani & Zarre (1 sp.)
 Graecobolanthus Madhani & Rabeler (8 spp.)
 Petrorhagia (Ser. ex DC.) Link (31 spp.)
 Dianthus L. (361 spp.)

Izvori

Caryophylleae

Caryophyllinae


بُلَنِيتْسَا زْدْرُيْ أو بُلَنِيتِسَة زُدُر (ب: ، حيث Zdrój زْدْرُيْ تعني الحمة، ب: Altheide-Bad أو Bad Altheide، ب: Starý Bor) مدينة تقع بمقاطعة كودزك بمحافظة سيلزيا السفلى بجنوب غربي بولندا. تبعد 89  جنوب غرب مدينة فروتسواف، عاصمة المحافظة. بلغ عدد سكانها 6.891 نسمة عام 2008.

توأمة
لبلنيتسا زدري اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 تلغته

أعلام
 زبينغييف كيكا

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
  الموقع الرسمي لمدينة بلنيتسة زدر.

حمامات طبية في بولندا
مدن محافظة سيلزيا السفلى
مقاطعة كلودزكو

بلنيتسا زدري


Micah Aaron Parsons, né le  à Harrisburg, est un joueur américain de football américain.

Il joue au poste de linebacker pour les Cowboys de Dallas dans la National Football League (NFL).

Biographie

Carrière universitaire

Parsons a joué au niveau universitaire pour les Nittany Lions de Penn State dans la NCAA Division I FBS où il est désigné joueur All-American à l'unanimité.

Il y reçoit également le Dick Butkus Award décerné au meilleur linebacker de la saison 2019. Il est ensuite désigné meilleur joueur défensif du Cotton Bowl 2019.

Il fait l'impasse sur la saison 2020 à la suite de la pandémie de Covid-19.

Carrière professionnelle

Parsons se présente à la draft 2021 de la NFL où il est sélectionné en  du premier tour par la franchise des Cowboys de Dallas. Le , il signe son contrat rookie pour un montant de .

DeMarcus Lawrence se blessant au pied lors d'un entraînement avant le match de la  de la saison 2021, Parsons est replacé au poste de defensive end, poste où il avait évolué au lycée et où il avait rapidement obtenu du succès en particulier pour ses qualités de . En  lors de la victoire 20 à 16 contre les Vikings du Minnesota, il réussit onze plaquages dont quatre pour perte de yards adverses ce qui lui vaut d'être désigné meilleur joueur défensif NFC de la semaine. Il réussit au moins un sack lors des six matchs consécutifs entre la  et la . Les 12 sacks qu'il a réussi en 13 matchs constituent la  meilleur performance par un rookie dans la NFL après Julius Peppers (13), Reggie White (13) and  (12½). Parsons termine sa première saison NFL avec un bilan de 84 plaquages, 13 sacks et 3 fumbles forcés. Il est sélectionné pour disputer le Pro Bowl, figure dans l'équipe type All-Pro de l'Associated Press et est désigné meilleur débutant (rookie) défensif de la saison.

Statistiques

|-
| 2018 || Nittany Lions de Penn State ||
| 13 || 82 || 47 || 35 || 1,5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0
|-
| 2019 || Nittany Lions de Penn State ||
| 13 || 109 || 52 || 57 || 5,0 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 4 || 1

| 26 || 191 || 99 || 92 || 6,5 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 6 || 1

|-
| 2021 || Cowboys de Dallas
| 16 || 84 || 64 || 20 || 13,0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0
|-
| 2022 || Cowboys de Dallas
| ? || colspan="4" align="center | Saison en cours || colspan="4" align="center | Saison en cours || ? || ?

| 16 || 84 || 64 || 20 || 13,0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0

|-
| 2021 || Cowboys de Dallas
| 1 || 9 || 3 || 6 || 0,0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0

| 1 || 9 || 3 || 6 || 0,0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0

Liens externes

Notes et références

Naissance en mai 1999
Naissance à Harrisburg
Joueur américain de football américain
Linebacker
Joueur sélectionné au Pro Bowl
Joueur de football américain des Nittany Lions de Penn State
Choix de draft des Cowboys de Dallas
Joueur des Cowboys de Dallas

Micah Parsons


Passport var en dansk rockgruppe og direkte forløber til Shu-bi-dua. Gruppen bestod i 1971 af Michael Hardinger (vokal og guitar), Paul Meyendorff (guitar), Bosse Hall Christensen (trommer) og Niels Grønbech (bas). Passport udsendte i starten af 1973 singlen "Tomorrow/Everything's Wrong" på den danske afdeling af pladeselskabet BASF. "Tomorrow" blev beskrevet som et "engelsk up-tempo rock'n'roll-nummer, og det nåede ind på hitlisterne i to uger ved, at gruppen fik deres venner og familie til at sende postkort ind til radioen for at stemme på sangen, som var den måde, hitlisten fungerede på dette tidspunkt. Singlen flyttede dog ikke noget videre for bandet.

Hardinger havde mødt Michael Bundesen i 1972 via deres fritidsjobs i Danmarks Radio. Bundesen havde sammen med sin ven Jens Tage Nielsen skrevet en dansk tekst til Elvis Presleys sang "Jailhouse Rock", som de havde kaldt "Fed Rock". Da de fik at vide, at den kunne bruges til programmet Åbent Hus, som indeholdt forskellige former for satire, kom Bundesen og Nielsen med i Passport for at indspille den. Efter at sangen blev spillet i radioen modtog de masser af henvendelser fra lyttere, som havde hørt den. De fik arrangeret en professionel indspilning af nummeret.

Passport spillede især meget i Jylland, hvor de opførte numre af Manassas, The Eagles, Steve Miller, Alice Cooper, Bob Seger, Allman Brothers, Poco og The Flying Burrito Brothers. De spillede bl.a. i Box 72, der var det senere Motown. Gruppen nåede også at være opvarmning for Sweet, da de spillede i Tivoli.

Passport havde ment, at deres gennembrud ville komme på engelsk, så da de for sjov indsendte "Fed rock" til satireprogrammet Åbent Hus, fandt de på navnet Shu-bi-dua efter koret på nummeret, der lyder "Shubidua, shubidua", inspireret af gruppen Sha Na Na. Under det nye navn udsendte de singlen "Fed rock"/"Tynd blues". Herefter udsendte gruppen singlen "Change of the Guard/Highway of Living" igen som Passport, men denne gang med Bundesen og Nielsen som medlemmer.

"Fed rock" endte med at komme på Dansktop-hitlisten, og da gruppen havde større succes som "Shu-bi-dua" blev navnet Passport blev droppet helt.

Diskografi
 "Tomorrow"/"Everything's Wrong" (1973)
 "Change Of The Guard"/"Highway Of Living " (1973)

Bibliografi
 40 år i A-dur (2013)

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Rockgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1971

Passport (band)


Bazaga (auch: Bagaza) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Birni-N'Konni in Niger in Westafrika.

Geographie
Bazaga liegt in der Großlandschaft Sudan und grenzt im Süden an den Nachbarstaat Nigeria. Die Nachbargemeinden in Niger sind Alléla im Westen und Norden und Birni-N'Konni im Osten. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 30 Dörfer, 5 Weiler und 2 Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Bazaga. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Geschichte
In den 1920er Jahren galt die durch Bazaga führende und 1375 Kilometer lange Piste von Niamey nach N'Guigmi als einer der Hauptverkehrswege in der damaligen französischen Kolonie Niger. Sie war in der Trockenzeit bis Guidimouni und wieder ab Maïné-Soroa von Automobilen befahrbar.

Die Landgemeinde Bazaga ging als Verwaltungseinheit 2002 im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus einem Teil des Kantons Birni-N'Konni hervor.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 37.571 Einwohner, die in 6030 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 26.085 in 4202 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 1576 Einwohner in 275 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 1712 in 276 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 2070 in 391 Haushalten.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 13 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 8 PNDS-Tarayya, 3 MPR-Jamhuriya, 1 MODEN-FA Lumana Africa und 1 PJP-Génération Doubara.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze von 27 Dörfern in der Gemeinde.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt in jener schmalen Zone entlang der Grenze zu Nigeria, die von Tounouga im Westen bis Malawa im Osten reicht und in der Bewässerungsfeldwirtschaft für Cash Crops betrieben wird. Der See Mare de Rouafi wird zum Fischen genutzt.

Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort und in der Siedlung Labada vorhanden. Der CEG Bazaga ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Bazaga (CFM Bazaga) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Durch Bazaga verläuft die Nationalstraße 1, die hier Teil der internationalen Fernstraße Dakar-N'Djamena-Highway ist.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Tahoua (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Bazaga


Aux échecs, la défense Carr est une ouverture irrégulière caractérisée par les coups : 1. e4 h6.

Partie éponyme
Paul Morphy - Jabez Carr, Birmingham, 1858 (partie simultanée à l'aveugle)
1. e4 h6 2. d4 a5 3. Fd3 b6 4. Ce2 e6 5. 0-0 Fa6 6. c4 Cf6 7. e5 Ch7 8. f4 Fe7 9. Cg3 d5 10. Dg4 0-0 11. Ch5 g5 12. fxg5 hxg5 13. Fxh7+ Rh8 14. Cf6 dxc4 15. Fc2 Dxd4+ 16. Dxd4 Fc5 17. Dxc5 bxc5 18. Fxg5 Cc6 19. Tf3 Rg7 20. Fh6+ Rxh6 21. Th3+ Rg5 22. Th5+ Rf4 23. Rf2 1-0 (23...Tg8 24. g3+ Txg3 25. hxg3 Mat).

Postérité
Cette défense a été employée par le Maître international Michael Basman, et est susceptible de transposer dans la défense Borg après 2. d4 g5.

Voici une de ses parties qui brille par son originalité :
Frank Babar - Michael Basman, Londres, 1993
1. e4 h6 2. b3 e6 3. Fb2 b6 4. g3 Fb7 5. Fg2 Cf6 6. d3 d5 7. e5 Cfd7 8. d4 c5 9. c3 Cc6 10. Ce2 Fa6 11. 0-0 cxd4 12. cxd4 h5 13. f4 h4 14. g4 h3 15. Ff3 Dh4 16. a3 g5 17. f5 exf5 18. Fxd5 Tc8 19. Fxf7+ Rxf7 20. Txf5+ Re8 21. Cg3 Ce7 22. Cd2 Dxg3+ 23. hxg3 h2+ 24. Rh1 Cxf5 25. gxf5 Fb7+ 26. d5 Tc5 27. e6 Txd5 28. Df3 Cc5 29. Fxh8 Txd2 30. Dxb7 Cxb7 31. Tc1 Cc5 32. b4 Ce4 33. Tc8+ Re7 34. Tc7+ Rd8 35. Td7+ Txd7 36. exd7 Cxg3+ 0-1.

Basman a employé cette défense singulière en au moins 8 autres occasions, avec des résultats mitigés : 3 parties gagnées (contre Simon Bibby, David Knox, Kieran Greer), 1 partie nulle (contre Daniel King), 4 parties perdues (contre David J Coleman, Michael Adams, Andrew Jonathan Mestel et Mark Hebden).

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Ouverture d'échecs irrégulière

Ouverture du pion roi

Défense Carr


Sindhis ( (Perso-Arabic); सिन्धी (Devanagari);  , romanised as sin-dhee) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Pakistani province of Sindh. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region of Gujarat. Having been isolated throughout history unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its own uniqueness.

After the partition of British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling around countries like England and United States. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim with a smaller Sikh and Hindu minority that are concentrated mostly in the eastern Sindh, whereas Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with a sizeable Sikh, Jain and Muslim minority. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.

Etymology

The name Sindhi is derived from the Sanskrit Sindhu which translates as "river" or "sea body" and Greeks used to call it "Indos" which are names given to the Indus River and the surrounding region, which is where Sindhi is spoken.

The historical spelling "Sind" (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the Sindh Assembly, and is now spelt "Sindh." Hence, the term "Sindhi" was also introduced to replace "Sindi".

In the Balochi language, the traditional terms for Sindhis are Jadgal and Jamote. They are derived from the prefix Jatt referring to the tribe by that name, and the suffix gal meaning "speech". Thus, it signifies someone who speaks the language of the Jatts, i.e. a Jatt. The term Jatt historically encompassed Sindhis and Punjabis, and was frequently used by the British for Sindhis in their census records.

Geographic distribution
Sindh has been an ethnic historical region in Northwestern India, unlike its neighbors Sindh did not experience violent invasions, Boundaries of various Kingdoms and rules in Sindh were defined on ethnic lines. Throughout history the geographical definition for Sindh referred to the south of Indus and its neighboring regions.

Pakistan

Afterwards the British conquest, Sindh was integrated into the Bombay province and the Khairpur state remained a British suzerain and Sindhis had almost no representation in the government of Bombay State to the point that only after 1890 was Sindh represented for the first time with only four members representing Sindh however this didn't satisfied Sindhis and soon a movement began for a separate province that resulted in the formation of Sind province in 1936 this was also supported by Muslim League which saw it necessary for the creation of Pakistan in future. Sindhis had contributed massively to Pakistan movement specially by passing Muslim state resolution in Sindh assembly on 10 October 1938 under the condition for a self-government under leaderships of GM Syed and Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, by this Sindh became the first province of British India to openly support a Muslim state in India and later Pakistan and its creation. Despite all of this the movement faced fierce political resistance from Sindhi nationalists such as Allah Bux Soomro and the Indian congress which were against Sindh joining Pakistan.

After the breakup of Pakistan in 1971, G. M. Syed and other nationalists inspired by Bengali nationalism launched Jeay Sindh Movement which aimed for autonomy initially but later on had separatist demands. This movement reached its peak following assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, starting from 2008 and lasting till 2012 till the death of Bashir Khan Qureshi.

In Pakistan as per 2017 census, Sindhis are the 3rd largest ethnic group below Pashtuns and followed by Saraikis, Sindhis account for 14% of Pakistan's population with estimated 34,250,000 people. Sufism has been an important aspect in the spiritual life of Muslim Sindhis as a result Sufism has become a marker of identity in Sindh. Sindhis in Pakistan have province for them, Sindh, It also has the largest population of Hindus in Pakistan with 93% of Hindus in Sindh and rest are in other provinces.

India

Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India, they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to permanently stay they had to live in states that had similarity with Sindhi culture Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities especially through business and trade, Which have helped India, from famous actors like Ranveer Singh to Veteran politicians like L. K. Advani, all had families that came from Sindh.

In India as per 2011 census, Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Diaspora
Today many Sindhis exist outside the countries of Pakistan and India, particularly in Afghanistan where there are estimated 25,000 of them living, they came there due to merchant trade, however during the crackdown on separatist groups by Pervez Musharraf an estimated 400-500 Sindhi separatists along with Baloch, fled to Afghanistan.

Another groups of Sindhis came to the island of Ceylon which is the now modern day country of Sri Lanka estimated two centuries ago in hopes for business and trade. and they came via migration from Hyderabad city of Sindh. most came to Sri Lanka due to business. However, after partition this trend increased as Sindhi Hindus left their home province. Today they are mainly concentrated around Colombo.

An urban rich community of Sindhis can be found in both Hong Kong and Singapore.

History
Sindh was the site of one of the Cradle of civilizations, the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation that flourished from about 3000 B.C. The Indo-Aryan tribes of Sindh gave rise to the Iron Age vedic civilization, which lasted till 500 BC. During this era, the Vedas were composed. In 518 BC, the Achaemenid empire conquered Indus valley and established Hindush satrapy in Sindh. Following Alexander the Great's invasion, Sindh became part of the Mauryan Empire. After its decline, Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians ruled in Sindh.

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule. Parts of the modern-day province were intermittently subject to raids by the Rashidun army during the early Muslim conquests, but the region did not fall under Muslim rule until the Arab invasion of Sind occurred under the Umayyad Caliphate, headed by Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE. Afterwards, Sindh was ruled by a series of dynasties including Habbaris, Soomras, Sammas, Arghuns and Tarkhans. The Mughal empire conquered Sindh in 1591 and organized it as Subah of Thatta, the first-level imperial division. Sindh again became independent under Kalhora dynasty. The British conquered Sindh in 1843 AD after Battle of Hyderabad from the Talpur dynasty. Sindh became separate province in 1936, and after independence became part of Pakistan.

Prehistoric period
Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilisation or Harappan culture, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems. It was one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.

The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.  A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

Historical period
For several centuries in the first millennium B.C. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic conquest between the 7th and 10th centuries AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BC to 489 AD.

Medieval period
After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia. An initial expedition in the region launched because of the Sindhi pirate attacks on Arabs in 711–12, failed.

In 712, when Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sindh with 8000 cavalry while also receiving reinforcements, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf instructed him not to spare anyone in Debal. The historian al-Baladhuri stated that after conquest of Debal, Qasim kept slaughtering its inhabitants for three days. The custodians of the Buddhist stupa were killed and the temple was destroyed. Qasim gave a quarter of the city to Muslims and built a mosque there. According to the Chach Nama, after the Arabs scaled Debal's walls, the besieged denizens opened the gates and pleaded for mercy but Qasim stated he had no orders to spare anyone. No mercy was shown and the inhabitants were accordingly thus slaughtered for three days, with its temple desecrated and 700 women taking shelter there enslaved. At Ror, 6000 fighting men were massacred with their families enslaved. The massacre at Brahamanabad has various accounts of 6,000 to 26,000 inhabitants slaughtered.

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh. Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule until the mid-18th century, when the Persian sacking of the Mughal throne in Delhi allowed them to grab the rest of Sindh. It is during this the era that the famous Sindhi Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai composed his classic Sindhi text Shah Jo Risalo

The Talpur dynasty (Sindhi: ٽالپردور) succeeded the Kalhoras in 1783 and four branches of the dynasty were established. One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch, and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.

They ruled from 1783 until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo.  The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur, whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.

Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh.

Baloch migrations in the region between 14th and 18th centuries and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis.

Modern period

British rule
The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin), which was later turned into a pun known as "Forgive me for I have Sindh".

The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.

The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. The distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.

Post-colonial era
In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.

Demographics

Ethnicity and religion

The two main tribes of Sindh are the Soomro—descendants of the Soomra dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 AD—and the Samma—descendants of the Samma dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 AD. These tribes belong to the same bloodline. Among other Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhuttos, Kambohs, Bhattis, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chhachhar/Chachar, Dhareja, Rathores, Dakhan, Langah, Junejo, Mahars, etc. One of the oldest Sindhi tribe is the Charan. The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Jats of Sindh, who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity.

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta. The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders)—Qadria and Naqshbandia—were introduced in Sindh. Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu overall, which accounts 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people, and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas), and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category. Although, Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population. Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh. Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.

Sindhi Hindus

Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism was declining in the region. While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after Arab conquest mainly due to conversion of almost all of the Buddhist population of Sindh to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive through the Muslim rule until before the partition of India as a significant minority. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind": Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.

According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8.7% of the total population of Sindh province, roughly around 4.2 million people. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Hyderabad is currenyly the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. The ratio of Hindus in Sindh was higher before the Partition of India in 1947.

Prior to the Partition of India, around 73% of the population of Sindh was Muslim with almost 26% of the remaining being Hindu.

Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. The cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population. According to the 1941 Census of India, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad, 70% of Sukkur, 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi. By the 1951 Census of Pakistan, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.

Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.

Sindhi Muslims

The connection between Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the Battle of the Camel alongside Sindhi Jats. He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:

During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi in 660 AD, near Damascus.

In 712 AD, Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the "Arabian gateway" into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to Iraq where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in hadith, with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. 159) or hadith and fiqh scholar Abu Mashar Sindhi (d. 160), among many others, and they're also those who translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy.

The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh.

Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.

Tribes
Major tribes in Sindh include Soomros, Sammas, Kalhoras, Bhuttos and Rajper, all of these tribes have significant influence in Sindh.

Emigration
The Sindhi diaspora is significant. Emigration from the Sindh became mainstream after the 19th century with the British conquest of Sindh. A number of Sindhi traders emigrated to the Canary Islands and Gibraltar in this period.

After the Partition of India, many Sindhi Hindus emigrated to Europe, especially to the United Kingdom, North America, and Middle Eastern states such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Some settled in Hong Kong.

Genetics

Sindhis exhibit high frequencies of allele-B cell, which shows similarities with those of Middle-East having 87% Caucasoid admixture. According to Lieutenant Burton an historical British Colonial officer, Sindhis were known for their strength and height as compared to other men in the region of Western India.

Culture

Sindhi culture has its roots in the Indus Valley civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available. The Indus or Sindhu River that passes through the land, and the Arabian Sea (that defines its borders) also supported the seafaring traditions among the local people. The local climate also reflects why the Sindhis have the language, folklore, traditions, customs and lifestyle that are so different from the neighbouring regions. The Sindhi culture is also strongly practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.

The roots of Sindhi culture go back to the distant past. Archaeological research during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh: their agricultural practices, traditional arts and crafts, customs and tradition and other parts of social life, going back to a mature Indus Valley Civilization of the third millennium BC. Recent researches have traced the Indus valley civilization to even earlier ancestry.

Language

Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official institutional status and has plans to being promoted further. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status but despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used.
At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly passed a unanimous resolution to extend and increase the status of Sindhi as the national language

Sindhi is believed to be originated from an older Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in Indus valley, Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters () for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken. Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or % of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for % of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan, especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Hub, Kachhi, Sibi, Usta Muhammad, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, Nasirabad and Sohbatpur.

In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (), Rajasthan (), Gujarat (), and Madhya Pradesh ().

Traditional dress
The traditional Sindhi clothing varies from tribe to tribe but most common are Lehenga Choli and Shalwar Cholo with Sindhi embroideries and mirror work for women and long veil is important, traditional dress for men is the Sindhi version of Shalwar Qameez/Kurta and Ajrak or Lungi (shawls) with either Sindhi Patko or Sindhi topi. Ajrak is added to dress for allure.

Literature

Sindhi language is ancient and rich in literature. Its writers have contributed extensively in various forms of literature in both poetry and prose. Sindhi literature is very rich, and is one of the world's oldest literatures. The earliest reference to Sindhi literature is contained in the writings of Arab historians. It is established that Sindhi was the first eastern language into which the Quran was translated, in the 8th or 9th century. There is evidence of Sindhi poets reciting their verses before the Muslim Caliphs in Baghdad. It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on astronomy, medicine and history during the 8th and 9th centuries.

Sindhi literature, is the composition of oral and written scripts and texts in the Sindhi language in the form of prose: (romantic tales, and epic stores) and poetry: (Ghazal, Wai and Nazm). The Sindhi language is considered to be one of the oldest languages of Ancient India, due to the influence on the language of Indus Valley inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.

According to the historians, Nabi Bux Baloch, Rasool Bux Palijo, and GM Syed, Sindhi had a great influence on the Hindi language in pre-Islamic times. Nevertheless, after the advent of Islam in eighth century, Arabic language and Persian language influenced the inhabitants of the area and were the official language of territory through different periods.

Music
Music from Sindh, is sung and is generally of 5 genres that originated in Sindh, The First one is the "Baits". The Baits style is vocal music in Sanhoon (low voice) or Graham (high voice). Second "Waee" instrumental music is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Waee, also known as Kafi, other genres are Lada/Sehra/Geech, Dhammal, Doheera. The sindhi folk musical instruments are Algozo, Tamburo, Chung, Yaktaro, Dholak, Khartal/Chapri/Dando, Sarangi, Surando, Benjo, Bansri, Borindo, Murli/Been, Gharo/Dilo, Tabla, Khamach/khamachi, Narr, Kanjhyun/Talyoon, Duhl Sharnai and Muto, Nagaro, Danburo, Ravanahatha.

Dance

Dances of Sindh include the famous Ho Jamalo and Dhammal,. Common dances include Jhumar/Jhumir (Different from Jhumar dance of South Punjab), Kafelo, Jhamelo however none of these have survived as much as Ho Jamalo. In marriages and on other occasions, a special type of song is produced these are known as Ladas/Sehra/Geech and these are sung to celebrate the occasion of marriage, birth and on other special days, these are mostly performed by women.

Some popular dances include:

 Jamalo: The notable Sindhi dance which is celebrated by Sindhis across the world.
 Jhumar/Jhumir: Performed on weddings and on special occasions.
 Dhamaal: is a mystical dance performed by Dervish.
 Chej, Although Chej has seen decline in Sindh but it remains popular among Sindhi Hindus and diaspora.
 Bhagat: is a dance performed by professionals to entertain visiting people.
 Doka/Dandio: Dance performed using sticks.
 Charuri: Performed in thar.
 Muhana Dance: A dance performed by fishermen and fisherwomen of Sindh.
 Rasudo: Dance of nangarparker.

Folk tales

Sindhi folklore are folk traditions which have developed in Sindh over a number of centuries. Sindh abounds with folklore, in all forms, and colours from such obvious manifestations as the traditional Watayo Faqir tales, the legend of Moriro, epic tale of Dodo Chanesar, to the heroic character of Marui which distinguishes it among the contemporary folklores of the region. The love story of Sassui, who pines for her lover Punhu, is known and sung in every Sindhi settlement. examples of the folklore of Sindh include the stories of Umar Marui and Suhuni Mehar. Sindhi folk singers and women play a vital role to transmit the Sindhi folklore. They sang the folktales of Sindh in songs with passion in every village of Sindh. Sindhi folklore has been compiled in a series of forty volumes under Sindhi Adabi Board's project of folklore and literature. This valuable project was accomplished by noted Sindhi scholar Nabi Bux Khan Baloch. folk tales like Dodo Chanesar, Sassi Punnu, Moomal Rano, and Umar Marvi are examples of Sindhi folk-talkes

The most famous Sindhi folk tales are known as the Seven Heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, some notable tales include:

 Umar Marui

Festivals

Sindhis are very festive and like to organize festivals to commemorate their culture and heritage, most Sindhi celebrate the Sindhi Culture day which is celebrated regardless of religion to express their love for their culture. It is observed with a great zeal.

Muslim
Sindhi Muslims celebrate Islamic festivals such as Eid-ul-Adha and Eid al-Fitr which are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm. A festival known as Jashn-e-Larkana is also celebrated by Sindhi Muslims.

Hindu
Compared to their Muslim counterparts, Hindu festivals are numerous and largely dependent on respective caste many Hindus have festivals based on a certain deity, common festivals include Cheti Chand (Sindhi new-year) Teejri, Thadri, Utraan.

Cuisine

Sindhi cuisine has been influenced by Central Asian, Iranian, Mughal food traditions. It is mostly a non-vegetarian cuisine, with even Sindhi Hindus widely accepting of meat consumption. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (mani/roti) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry with curd, papad or pickle. Freshwater fish and a wide variety of vegetables are usually used in Sindhi cuisine.

Restaurants specializing in Sindhi cuisine are rare, although it is found at truck stops in rural areas of Sindh province, and in a few restaurants in urban Sindh.

The arrival of Islam within India influenced the local cuisine to a great degree. Since Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or consume alcohol and the Halal dietary guidelines are strictly observed, Muslim Sindhis focus on ingredients such as beef, lamb, chicken, fish, vegetables and traditional fruit and dairy. Hindu Sindhi cuisine is almost identical with the difference that beef is omitted. The influence of Central Asian, South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine in Sindhi food is ubiquitous. Sindhi cuisine was also found in India, where many Sindhi Hindus migrated following the Partition of India in 1947. Before Independence, the State of Sindh was under Bombay Presidency.

Culture Day

Sindhi Cultural Day () is a popular Sindhi cultural festival. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday. It's widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world. Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.

On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. Literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies. Sindhi cultural day is celebrated worldwide on the first Sunday of December. On the occasion people wearing Ajrak and Sindhi Topi, traditional block printed shawl the musical programs and rallies are held in many cities to mark the day with zeal. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. Even the children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous Sindhi singers sing Sindhi songs, which depicts peace and love message of Sindh. The musical performances of the artists compel the participants to dance on Sindhi tunes and national song 'Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean'.

All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity. Sindhi culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.

Poetry

Prominent in Sindhi culture, continues an oral tradition dating back a thousand years. The verbal verses were based on folk tales. Sindhi is one of the major oldest languages of the Indus Valley having a peculiar literary colour both in poetry and prose. Sindhi poetry is very rich in thought as well as contain variety of genres like other developed languages. Poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast is very famous throughout Sindh. Since the 1940s, Sindhi poetry has incorporated broader influences including the sonnet and blank verse. Soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947, these forms were reinforced by Triolet, Haiku, Renga and Tanka. At present, these forms continue to co-exist, albeit in a varying degree, with Azad Nazm having an edge over them all.

Notable people

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis

 SabSindhi-All About Sindhis, Music, Books, Magazines, People, Dictionary, Calendar, Keyboard
 Sindhi Sangat: promoting & preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language.
 Sindhi Jagat: All India Sindhi Consolidating Centre.
 Sindhi Surnames Origin – Trace your roots
 TheSindhi
 World Sindhi Congress
 Sindhi Association of North America
 Sindhi Association of Europe
 Sindhi songs lyrics

Sindhi people
Sindhi tribes
Ethnic groups in India
Linguistic groups of the constitutionally recognised official languages of India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups divided by international borders
Indo-Aryan peoples
Sindhi culture

Sindhis


Planinski žutokrug (latinski: Vipera ursinii macrops) najmanja je zmija ljutica u Europi
i endemska podvrsta Dinarskoga gorja. Rasprostranjen je na visokoplaninskim travnjacima Dinare, Velebita, Troglava, Kamešnice i pojedinih ličkih planina.

Opis
Planinski žutokrug može narasti do dužine od 60 cm, iako vrlo rijetko narastu preko 55 cm. Ženke su kao i kod nekih drugih zmija veće od mužjaka. Prosječna masa im je oko 100 grama. Baš poput poskoka (latinski: Vipera ammodytes) i riđovke (latinski: Vipera berus), imaju karakterističnu cik-cak šaru na leđima, koja je ponekad razlomljena. Često ih se zamjenjuje s talijanskom ljuticom i riđovkom. Trbuh im je crne ili bijele boje, ponekad čak i ružičaste s ili bez pjega. Uzorak na leđima može biti blijedo smeđ, sivkast ili žut s tamnom šarom. Bokovi su najčešće tamni. Ponekad je moguće da je životinja u potpunosti crna. Planinskoga žutokruga se zbog sličnosti često zamjenjuje za mladu riđovku.

Stanište
Planinske žutokruge srećemo samo na visinama iznad 900 metara nadmorske visine. Riječ je o zmiji potpuno prilagođenoj životu
u planinama. Obitava na visokim, suhim travnjacima, močvarama i kamenjarima. Uz poskoka i riđovku, jedina je zmija otrovnica prisutna na području Hrvatske.

Prehrana
Uglavnom se hrani paucima i kukcima, npr. zrikavcima i skakavcima. Odrasle jedinke hrane se i gušterima kao i malim sisavcima (rovke, poljski miševi, voluharice). Ponekad bi se u želudcu zmije našlo i do 100 skakavaca. Plijen obično gutaju živoga ali ponekad ga ipak prvo otruju. Otrov im uglavnom služi za lakše probavljanje plijena. U zatočeništvu ga se najčešće hrani miševima i štakorima.

Grabežljivci
Prirodni neprijatelji planinskog žutokruga su ptice grabljivice, divlje svinje, jazavci i poskok.

Razmnožavanje
Zimi hiberniraju pod kamenjem ili korijenjem drveća. Nakon topljena snijega izlaze prvo mužjaci, a zatim ženke. Pare se u
svibnju, a ženke legu žive mlade krajem kolovoza ili početkom rujna. Zadržavanjem jaja u tijelu povećava se vjerojatnost preživljavanja mladunca. Po okotu se izleže dvoje do osam mladunaca. Tek izležene zmije duge su oko 15 cm. Mladim je zmijama potrebno oko tri godine da spolno sazru. Ženke u prosjeku donose mlade na svijet svake dvije godine. Životni vijek u prirodi nije poznat.

Otrov
Otrov planinskog žutokruga najslabiji je od otrova svih europskih zmija. Na ljude djeluje poput otrova ose ili pčele. Izaziva lokalnu bol i oticanje mjesta uboda. U osjetljivijih osoba može doći i do povraćanja. Ima citotoksično i manjim dijelom neurotoksično djelovanje. Nikada nisu zabilježeni smrtni slučajevi. Blagoga je i mirnoga temperamenta te rijetko napada.

Ugroženost
Planinski žutokrug smatra se ranjivim prema IUCN-ovom crvenom popisu zbog uništavanja staništa uzrokovanog klimatskim promjenama i nestankom paše. Također ga se prodaje na crnom tržištu kao egzotičnog kućnog ljubimca.

Vanjske poveznice
 žutokrug, planinski, Proleksis enciklopedija
 PLANINSKI ŽUTOKRUG (Vipera ursinii macrops), Zoološki vrt grada Zagreba

Ljutice

Planinski žutokrug


Brigada HVO Stjepan Tomašević je bila brigada Hrvatskog vijeća obrane tijekom rata i poslijeraća u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sjedište je bilo u Novom Travniku. Zvala se po bosanskom kralju Stjepanu Tomaševiću. Brigda je bila pod nadležnošću ZP Vitez. Brigada je osnovana 5. srpnja 1992. u Novom Travniku. 233 pripadnika brigade su poginula u ratu u BiH.

Izvori

Brigade HVO-a
Novi Travnik

Brigada HVO Stjepan Tomašević


Emmanuel Constant (apelidado de "Toto", nascido em 27 de outubro de 1956) é o fundador da Frente para o Avanço e Progresso do Haiti (FRAPH), um esquadrão da morte haitiano que aterrorizou apoiadores do presidente exilado Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Em 2001, um tribunal haitiano o condenou à revelia e o sentenciou à prisão perpétua por seu papel no Massacre de Raboteau. Em 2008, foi condenado por fraude hipotecária e sentenciado a 12 a 37 anos de prisão nos Estados Unidos. Em 27 de junho de 2019, Constant estava sob custódia na Eastern Correctional Facility, uma prisão de segurança máxima em Nova York.

Trajetória
Em meados de 1993, dois anos após o golpe de Estado no Haiti em 1991, Constant organizou um grupo paramilitar conhecido como Frente para o Avanço e Progresso do Haiti (FRAPH) para perseguir partidários do presidente exilado Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Uma fonte da CIA implicou Constant no assassinato do Ministro da Justiça Guy Malary em 1993, embora a agência tenha dito que a fonte "não foi verificada".

Constant foi pago pela CIA de 1992 a 1994, assim como vários membros importantes da junta militar. Ele fornecia informações à agência por cerca de US$ 500 por mês, segundo autoridades dos Estados Unidos e o próprio Constant.

Depois que a operação multinacional liderada pelos estadunidenses e pela ONU em 1994 restaurou Aristide ao poder, Constant escapou para os Estados Unidos. Ele foi detido por oficiais do Serviço de Imigração e Naturalização em 1995 e preparado para ser deportado para o Haiti para ser julgado por envolvimento no Massacre de Raboteau. Porém, em maio de 1996, o governo estadunidense determinou sua libertação.

Em 2001, Constant foi condenado à revelia por seu papel no Massacre de Raboteau e sentenciado à prisão perpétua e trabalhos forçados.

Em 7 de julho de 2006, Constant compareceu a um tribunal do condado de Long Island, Nova York, para enfrentar acusações de que participou de um esquema de fraude a hipotecas de mais de US $ 1 milhão.

Em 28 de outubro de 2008, o juiz Abraham Gerges da Suprema Corte do Condado de Kings condenou Constant a cumprir de 12 a 37 anos de prisão. O juiz concluiu seu memorando com um apelo para que o governo dos Estados Unidos permita que Constant cumpra toda a sua sentença no estado de Nova York, em vez de devolvê-lo ao Haiti "onde ele pode fugir da justiça devido à instabilidade do sistema judicial haitiano".

Criminosos do Haiti
Militares do Haiti
Pessoas relacionadas à Junta haitiana (1991-1994)

Emmanuel Constant


Open city (englisch für Offene Stadt) steht für:
 Open City – Jäger und Gejagte, koreanischer Film
 Open City (Zeitschrift), New Yorker Literaturzeitschrift
 OpenCity, ein Computerspiel

Open City


Samuel Kolega, né le  à Ulm, est un skieur alpin croate. Il est principalement actif dans les disciplines techniques (slalom et slalom géant).

Biographie
Il est le frère cadet d'Elias Kolega, aussi skieur alpin. Ils sont entraînés notamment par Ante Kostelić.

Samuel Kolega commence sa carrière en prenant part à des courses FIS lors de la saison 2015-2016, durant laquelle, il concourt aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse à Lillehammer, obtenant notamment la cinquième place au slalom géant et la quatrième place au slalom spécial.
En , il est convié pour la première fois à une manche de la Coupe du monde à Kranjska Gora (slalom géant). Gagnant de sa première course FIS l'hiver suivant, il reçoit une sélection pour les Championnats du monde à Saint-Moritz, où son résultat est un abandon sur le slalom géant.

Lors de la saison 2017-2018, il participe à quelques courses de Coupe d'Europe et aux Championnats du monde junior à Davos (onzième du slalom), avant d'être sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques, à Pyeongchang, où il prend la  du slalom géant, pour sa seule course au programme.

En , alors qu'il détient deux podiums en Coupe d'Europe cet hiver à Levi et Obereggen, il obtient son meilleur résultat de l'hiver et de sa carrière dans l'élite avec une sixième place au slalom d'Adelboden. Aux Championnats du monde à Åre, il il prend la  au slalom géant, puis directement après, aux Championnats du monde junior à Val di Fassa, il intègre le top dix pour occuper le sixième rang au slalom.

S'il marque ses premiers points pour la Coupe d'Europe en 2020, il fait de même au niveau de la Coupe du monde en  au slalom de Zagreb, dont il prend la quinzième place.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Championnats du monde

Coupe du monde
 Meilleur classement général :  en 2021.
 Meilleur résultat : .

Classements en Coupe du monde

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieur alpin croate
Naissance en janvier 1999
Naissance à Ulm
Skieur alpin aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Skieur alpin aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022

Samuel Kolega


Julia Mary Cartwright Ady ( - ) est une historienne et critique d'art britannique dont les travaux portent sur la Renaissance italienne.

Jeunesse
Cartwright Ady est née à Edgcote, Northamptonshire, dans une famille du Northamptonshire, fille de Richard Aubrey Cartwright et de l'honorable Mary Fremantle, fille de Thomas Fremantle (1er baron Cottesloe) . Elle reçoit une éducation anglicane libérale et est scolarisée à domicile en art, littérature, langues, danse et musique .

Cartwright Ady développe très tôt une fascination pour l'art, en particulier pour la Renaissance italienne. Son cousin William Cornwallis Cartwright est un collectionneur d'art et un partisan du Risorgimento italien, et Cartwright Ady visite régulièrement sa maison à Aynhoe Park où elle a son premier contact avec les œuvres des maîtres anciens . La collection de son cousin comprend des peintures de Murillo, Canaletto, Spagnoletto et Albano . Cartwright Ady lit beaucoup dès son plus jeune âge, couvrant des textes italiens historiques, des fictions contemporaines et des publications d'art britanniques actuelles. Elle admire beaucoup la poésie de Robert Browning et son recueil Men and Women (1855) avec ses poèmes ' Fra Filippo Lippi ' et ' Andrea del Sarto ', inspirés des peintres italiens de la Renaissance, est particulièrement influent. Elle est également une lectrice avide  de John Ruskin, George Eliot et des premières écritures et poésies italiennes telles que Savonarole et Torquato Tasso .

En 1868, elle parcourt la France, l'Autriche et l'Italie avec sa famille .

Critique d'art et publications
Cartwright Ady est un auteur respecté et une autorité sur l'art qui écrit pour les principaux périodiques d'art et publie 23 livres sur l'art et l'histoire .

En 1871, Cartwright Ady rédige un article dans Aunt Judy's Magazine, et écrit également pour le Monthly Packet, et pour une série de "The Lives of the Saints". Elle lit des ouvrages sur l'art de la Renaissance, notamment ceux d'Anna Jameson, John Ruskin, Charles Lock Eastlake, Walter Pater, et particulièrement la Nouvelle histoire de la peinture en Italie de  et Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle. En 1873, Cartwright Ady soumet un article sur Giotto au Macmillan's Magazine, qui est refusé à l'époque, mais parait dans le New Quarterly en 1877. Cartwright continue à écrire des critiques d'art pour des revues telles que The Portfolio et The Magazine of Art. Elle visite l'Italie au moins trois fois dans les années 1870 et à l'une de ces occasions rencontre le révérend William Henry Ady qu'elle persuade de prendre le poste de recteur à Edgcote et l'épouse en 1880 .

En 1881, Cartwright Ady publie sa première monographie d'histoire de l'art, Mantegna and Francia, et écrit plus tard des livres sur Sandro Botticelli  et Raphaël .

Les livres les plus célèbres de Cartwright Ady sont ses biographies d'Isabelle d'Este  la mécène de l'art de la Renaissance, et de sa sœur cadette, Béatrice d'Este .

Cartwright Ady souligne la vie des femmes dans d'autres écrits, notamment des livres sur Dorothy Sidney, maîtresse d'Edmund Waller, Henriette d'Angleterre, sœur de Charles II, Baldassare Castiglione et Christine de Danemark, l'expatriée danoise passionnée d'art.

En 1901, elle publie Les Peintres de Florence du  au  siècles  et en 1914, Les Jardins italiens de la Renaissance et autres Études  .

Cartwright Ady contribue à l'érudition de l'art du  siècle, notamment un livre sur la vie de Jean-François Millet  et des écrits sur Joseph Mallord William Turner, Edwin Landseer, James Abbott McNeill Whistler et les préraphaélites, Dante Gabriel Rossetti et Edward Burne-Jones.

Elle est ouverte à certaines formes d'art moderne, mais est choquée par l'exposition postimpressionniste de 1912 montée par Roger Fry aux Grafton Galleries. Sa critique d'art est influencée par Walter Pater et le savoir-faire de Giovanni Morelli, et son amitié avec l'écrivain et auteur d'art Vernon Lee .

Vie privée
Après la mort de son mari en 1915, Cartwright Ady s'installe à Oxford et y meurt en 1924. Sa fille, Cecilia Mary Ady (1881–1958) est également une historienne de la Renaissance .

Ouvrages

 Mantegna et France . Londres: Sampson Low & Co., 1881.
 Le chemin des pèlerins de Winchester à Canterbury . . . Avec quarante-six illustrations par A. Quinton . Londres: JS Virtue & Co., 1893.
 Sacharisse ; un compte de Dorothy Sidney, comtesse de Sunderland, sa famille et ses amis, 1617-1684 . Londres: Seeley & Co., 1893.
 Jules Bastien-Lepage . Londres : Seeley and Co., Limited ; New York : Macmillan et Cie, 1894.
 Madame. Une vie d'Henriette, fille de Charles Ier et de la duchesse d'Orléans . Londres: Seeley & Co., 1894.
 Sir Edward Burne-Jones, Bart. Sa vie & son œuvre. Londres: JS Virtue & Co., 1894.
 Les premiers travaux de Raphaël. Londres : Seeley and Co., Limited ; New York : Macmillan et Cie, 1895.
 Raphaël à Rome. Londres : Seeley and Co., Limited ; New York : Macmillan et Cie, 1895.
 GF Watts, académicien royal. Sa vie & son œuvre. Londres: JS Virtue & Co., 1896.
 Jean François Millet. Sa vie et ses lettres. Londres: S. Sonnenschein & Co., 1896.
 Le Christ et sa mère dans l'art italien. Edité par J. Cartwright . . . Avec une introduction de Robert Eyton. LP, Londres: Bliss, Sands & Co., 1897.
 Béatrice d'Este, duchesse de Milan, 1475-1497. Une étude de la Renaissance. Londres : JM Dent & Co., 1899.
 Les Peintres de Florence du XIIIe au XVIe siècle. Londres : John Murray, 1901.
 Isabelle d'Este, marquise de Mantoue, 1474-1539 ; une étude de la Renaissance . Londres : John Murray, 1903.
 La vie et l'art de Sandro Botticelli. Londres: Duckworth & Co., 1904.
 Raphaël. Londres : Duckworth & Co. ; New York: EP Dutton & co., 1905.
 Baldassare Castiglione le parfait courtisan, sa vie et ses lettres, 1478-1529. Londres : John Murray, 1908.
 Court de Hampton. Londres : Wells Gardner & Co., 1910.
 Christine de Danemark, duchesse de Milan et de Lorraine, 1522-1590. Londres : John Murray, 1913.
 Jardins italiens de la Renaissance et autres études. Londres: Smith, Elder & Co., 1914.

Références

Liens externes

Historienne de l'art
Historien de l'art britannique
Décès en avril 1924
Naissance en novembre 1851
Décès à 72 ans

Julia Cartwright Ady


Djéné Barry née le  à Conakry, est une nageuse guinéenne.

Biographie
Djéné Barry née à Conakry en république de Guinée, est spécialisée dans les épreuves de sprint libre. Elle a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008 à Pékin, où elle a terminé quatre-vingt-neuvième au classement général des séries du 50 m nage libre féminin, avec un temps de 39,80 secondes.

Références

Liens externes

 Profil Olympiques NBC

Naissance en février 1982
Naissance à Conakry
Nageuse aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008
Nageuse guinéenne

Djéné Barry


James Donald "Don" Martin (Poplar Bluff, Misuri,  - Goreville, Illinois, ) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó tres temporadas en la BAA. Con 2,01 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de ala-pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Su andadura universitaria transcurrió en los Mules de la Universidad de Misuri Central, siendo el único jugador de dicha institución en llegar a jugar en la BAA o la NBA.

Profesional
Fichó en  con los St. Louis Bombers de la BAA, donde en su primera temporada, la mejor de su carrera profesional, promedió 3,5 puntos por partido. Mediada la temporada 1948-49 fue despedido, fichando entonces por los Baltimore Bullets, con los que únicamente disputó 7 partidos, sumando en total 5 puntos.

Estadísticas en la BAA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Don Martin en ultimatenba.com
 Ficha en justsportsstats.com

Baloncestistas de Misuri
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Central Missouri Mules
Baloncestistas de los Baltimore Bullets (original)
Baloncestistas de los St. Louis Bombers

Don Martin


Ivan Bašić Palković (Subotica, 22. lipnja 1935.), naivni umjetnik u tehnici slame. Rodom je bački Hrvat.

Životopis
Rodio se u Subotici 1935. godine. Slikanjem u slami bavi se od 1987. godine. Istaknuti su mu radovi makete od slame starih bunjevačkih predmeta (kolivka, roljka, prakljača). Od 1987. do 1992. bio je član HKPD Matija Gubec iz Tavankuta.

Izvori

Vojvođanski Hrvati
Životopisi, Subotica
Hrvatski naivni slikari
Hrvatski umjetnici iz Vojvodine

Ivan Bašić Palković


زاوية السقوط  هي زاوية تقيس انحراف جسم ما عن الاستقامة، فمثلا:
 اقتراب شعاع ضوئي إلى سطح ما.
 زاوية الجناح أو موازن الذيل الأفقي (horizontal Stabilizer) للطائرة ويكون مثبت بجسم الطائرة، وقياسها متصل بمحور جسم الطائرة.

البصريات
في هندسة البصريات، تكون زاوية السقوط هي الزاوية ما بين سقوط شعاع على سطح ما وخط عمودي على ذات السطح يخرج من نقطة السقوط ويسمى الناظم كما بالصورة فوق، حيث الخط الأحمر يمثل شعاع يصنع زاوية θ مع الناظم (الخط المنقط). يمكن أي أشعة تشكيل هذا الشعاع، من مرئي وصوتي والميكرويف والأشعة السينية وغيرها. تسمى زاوية سقوط الضوء الذي ينعكس بالكامل باسم الزاوية الحرجة. زوايا الانعكاس والانكسار هي زوايا أخرى مرتبطة بحزمة الأشعة.

زاوية سافة
عندما تمر حزمة تكون متوازية مع السطح، فيكون من المفيد الإشارة إلى زاوية ما بين الحزمة والسطح بدلا من الحزمة والناظم، بمعنى 90° ناقص زاوية السقوط. فتلك الزاوية المقاربة للسطح تسمى الزاوية سقوط ساف (glancing angle) أو  (Grazing angle). فالسقوط عند زاوية التماس تسمى سقوط عابر.

زاوية سقوط الطائرة
زاوية السقوط في الطائرة هي الزاوية ما بين خط الوتر للجناح المثبت بجسم الطائرة والمحور الطولي للطائرة. وتكون زاوية السقوط ثابتة بتصميم الطائرة حسب تثبيت الجناح بالهيكل. ويستخدم المصطلح للأسطح الأفقية بشكل عام (مثل جنيح كانارد Canard عند بعض الطائرات أو موازن الذيل الأفقي horizontal Stabilizer) وتكون تلك الزاوية مرتبطة بالمحور الطولي لجسم الطائرة. بشكل عام تكون زاوية السقوط بتصاميم الطيران العام 6° تقريبا.

ويجب أن لا نخلط بينها وبين زاوية المواجهة، والتي هي الزاوية الوتر الجناح مع تيار الهواء المار بها.

انظر أيضا
 انعكاس (فيزياء)
 انكسار
 قانون سنيل
 زاوية مواجهة

تصميم جناح الطائرة
ديناميكا هوائية
زوايا
مصطلحات الطيران

زاوية السقوط (بصريات)