American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory.

Scholarship in American studies focuses on the United States. In the past decades, however, it has also broadened to include Atlantic history and interactions with countries across the globe. Subjects studied within the field are varied, but often examine the literary themes, histories of American communities, ideologies, or cultural productions. Examples might include topics in American social movements, literature, media, tourism, folklore, and intellectual history.

Fields studying specific American ethnic or racial groups are considered to be both independent of and included within the broader American studies discipline. This includes European American studies, African American studies, Latino studies, Asian American studies, American Indian studies, and others.

Founding notions
Vernon Louis Parrington is often cited as the founder of American studies for his three-volume Main Currents in American Thought, which combines the methodologies of literary criticism and historical research; it won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize. In the introduction to Main Currents in American Thought, Parrington described his field:

The "broad path" that Parrington describes formed a scholastic course of study for Henry Nash Smith, who received a PhD from Harvard's interdisciplinary program in history and American civilization in 1940, setting an academic precedent for present-day American studies programs.

The first signature methodology of American studies was the "myth and symbol" approach, developed in such foundational texts as Henry Nash Smith's Virgin Land in 1950, John William Ward's Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age in 1955 and Leo Marx's The Machine in the Garden in 1964. Myth and symbol scholars claimed to find certain recurring themes throughout American texts that served to illuminate a unique American culture. Later scholars such as Annette Kolodny and Alan Trachtenberg re-imagined the myth and symbol approach in light of multicultural studies.

Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, these earlier approaches were criticized for continuing to promote the idea of American exceptionalism—the notion that the US has had a special mission and virtue that makes it unique among nations. Several generations of American studies scholars moved away from purely ethnocentric views, emphasizing transnational issues surrounding race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, among other topics. But recent studies critique the exceptionalist nature of the transnational turn. "The transnational turn has positioned American Studies in a nationalist rut", observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera, in After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism:

Institutionally, in the last decade the American Studies Association has reflected the interdisciplinary nature of the field, creating strong connections to ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies and post- or de-colonial studies. Environmental perspectives, in ascendance in related fields, such as literature and history, have not penetrated the mainstream of American studies scholarship. A major theme of the field in recent years has been internationalization—the recognition that much vital scholarship about the US and its relations to the wider global community has been and is being produced outside the United States.

Debate on use of the term American
Until the mid-2000s, the use of American for this multidisciplinary field was widely defended. In 1998, Janice Radway argued, "Does the perpetuation of the particular name, American, in the title of the field... support the notion that such a whole exists even in the face of powerful work that tends to question its presumed coherence? Does the field need to be reconfigured conceptually?" She concluded, "the name American studies will have to be retained." In 2001, Wai Chee Dimmock argued that the field "is largely founded on this fateful adjective. [American] governs the domain of inquiry we construct, the range of questions we entertain, the kind of evidence we take as significant. The very professionalism of the field rests on the integrity and the legitimacy of this founding concept." In 2002, Heinz Ickstadt argued that American studies "should accept its name as its limitation and its boundary." In 2006, Dimmock affirmed that the field "does stand to be classified apart, as a nameable and adducible unit."

More recently, scholars have questioned American as a categorizing term. "In consideration of the limitations of conventional terms," Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera argued in 2018, instead of American, terms like "spaces claimed by the political body" and "residents of spaces claimed by the political body" would offer a "more sensitive and attuned description... of the regions, critical artifacts, communities, and individuals in question, one that is less charged with the ambiguities and colonial ties that weigh down the traditional disciplinary nomenclatures." In "the interests of justice and along the lines most suitable to our emergent age," argued Markha Valenta in 2017, scholars should consider "abandoning America as the field identifier."

Imperial American studies
"One of the central themes of American historiography," argued William Appleman Williams, "is that there is no American Empire"" Contesting such assertions has been a central part of the Imperial Turn in the field. Amy Kaplan maintained that "an imperial unconscious of national identity" lead to "overseas expansion, conquest, conflict, and resistance which have shaped the cultures of the United States." More recently, scholars have examined how cultural imperialism occurs within the US borders. Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera described the phenomenon as an attempt to transition the "cultural symbols of the invading communities from 'foreign' to 'natural,' 'domestic,'" through three discrete and sequential phases:
{| class="wikitable"
|People in new space
|Objective
|-
|(1) Merchants

Also termed "explorers" e.g., Lewis and Clark
|Encounter resources

E.g., minerals, trade routes, spices, furs, communities

to tax or conscript, fertile agricultural zones, strategic

geography, etc.
|-
|(2) Military

An invasion force
|Control resources

Implement martial law so that the metropolitan may

exploit resources; establish "Fort" cities, e.g., Fort

Lauderdale, Fort Worth etc. that facilitate metropolitan

settlement.
|-
|(3) Politicians

Socialize the space into a new province of the metropolitan
|Social engineering

Acculturize the space into a region of the metropolitan

through saturation of symbol, legend, and myth.

Establish laws and norms that promote the metropolitan

(invading system) as dominant culture and prohibit or

criminalize other systems; offer citizenship to conquered

peoples in exchange for submission to metropolitan

cultural norms and abandonment of original or other (in

the case of immigrants) social tendencies.
|}
(Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. 2018. After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism. Routledge. p. 24)

While the third phase continues "in perpetuity," the imperial appropriation tends to be "gradual, contested (and continues to be contested), and is by nature incomplete." The Americanization of the continent has been described as a cultural engineering project that strives to "isolate residents within constructed spheres of symbols" such that they (eventually, in some cases after several generations) abandon other cultures and identify with the new symbols. "The broader intended outcome of these interventions might be described as a common recognition of possession of the land itself."

Outside the United States
Following the Second World War and during the Cold War, the US government promoted the study of the United States in several European countries, helping to endow chairs in universities and institutes in American history, politics and literature in the interests of cultural diplomacy. Many scholars and governments in Europe also recognized the need to study the US. The field has become especially prominent in Britain and Germany. The British Association for American Studies was founded in 1955, and is a constituent member of the European Association for American Studies.

European centers for American studies include the Center for American Studies in Brussels, Belgium, and most notably the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies in Berlin, Germany. Other centers for American studies in Germany include the Bavarian America-Academy, the University of Munich, the Heidelberg Center for American Studies (HCA) and the Center for North American Studies (Zentrum für Nordamerikaforschung or ZENAF) at Goethe University Frankfurt. Graduate studies in the field of North American studies can also be undertaken at the University of Cologne, which works together in joint partnership with the North American studies program at the University of Bonn. American Studies Leipzig at the University of Leipzig is a center for American studies on the territory of former East Germany. Founded in 1992, the Center for American Studies at the University of Southern Denmark now offers a graduate program in American studies. In the Netherlands the University of Groningen and the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American studies. The University of Amsterdam, the University of Leiden and the University of Utrecht only offer a graduate program in American studies. Both the University of Sussex and the University of Nottingham in England offer both a number of postgraduate and undergraduate programs. In Sweden, the Swedish Institute for North American Studies at Uppsala University offers a minor in American studies. In Slovakia, the University of Presov and Pavol Jozef Safarik University offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American studies combined with British studies. The Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library also offers a range of events and fellowships, as well as promoting the American collections held at the British Library.

Russia's main center for American studies is the Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1967.

In the Middle East, the oldest American Studies program is the American Studies Center at the University of Bahrain in Sakhir. Founded in 1998, the UOB ASC celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2008. Established as a university minor, the ASC currently offers over 20 different courses for students, heralds weekly movies in its ASC Theater, regularly hosts diverse speakers, and sponsors gatherings and excursions for ASC students. There is a new American studies program at the University of Tehran, Iran. The new program, offered at the Faculty of World Studies, is a multidisciplinary MA program focusing on American culture, politics, history and ethnicity.

In Oceania, the University of Canterbury in Christchurch New Zealand operated a full undergraduate and graduate American studies program until 2012, and in Australia, a postgraduate program in US Studies is run by the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney.

In Canada, the University of Alberta has the Alberta Institute for American Studies. The University of Western Ontario has a Centre for American Studies that has both an undergraduate and master's program in American studies, with specializations at the graduate level in American Cultural Studies, and Canadian-American Relations. York University offers an undergraduate program in United States Studies.

In China, due to the lack of communication between China and the United States since the communist party took up the power in 1949, the Chinese recognition of the US was still limited to the communist political propaganda of the Cold War at the time when the two countries established the diplomatic relationship. Therefore, since the Sino-US relationship was normalized in 1979, various research centers have been founded within Chinese universities in order to meet up to the needs of understanding the US. Thus, most of the prestigious American studies centers in China established around 1980s, such as American Studies Center (Beijing Foreign Studies University) in 1979, the Institute of American Studies (Chinese Academy of Social Science) in 1981, Center for American Studies (Fudan University) in 1985, American Studies Center (Peking University) in 1980, Center for American Studies (Tongji University), American Studies Center (Sichuan University) in 1985, Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies in 1986, American Social and Cultural Studies Center (China Foreign Affairs University) and Center for American Studies (East China Normal University) in 2004. These centers do not have undergraduate programs. Based on the requirement of the curriculum setup of the China Department of Education, these centers only have graduate programs. In addition, there are also scholarly journals, such as American Studies Quarterly, up in 1987 and organized by both the Institute of American Studies of Academy of Social Science and the Chinese Association of American Studies, Fudan American Review organized by the Center of American Studies of Fudan University.

American studies in the US is different from American studies in China. The former focuses more on one aspect, which is "civilization"; and the latter includes almost every aspects of the US, among which the civilization is just a constituent. Take the curriculum in the American Studies program in Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) as an example. The American Studies program in BFSU is not only the oldest one but also the one in which all courses taught in English from the beginning of its founding. To help the students lay a comprehensive and interdisciplinary grounding in American Studies, the current ASC curriculum, made up of 28 courses, centers on three major areas: (1) American government and diplomacy, (2) American society and culture, and (3) American economy and trade. In addition, there have been short courses and seminars offered by guest speakers from home and abroad to broaden the students' horizon for better understanding of America. Every master student is required to choose one of the three major areas as his or her study track and chooses the courses accordingly.

The affiliation of each center decides its different research foci, although sometimes they have some study overlapping. According to the affiliations, these centers can be generally divided into two groups. The one, affiliated to the international relations department, academically tends to focus on US politics, economy, law and diplomacy. The diploma conferred is the politics. While the other, to the foreign language department, usually concentrate more on racial/gender issues, literature, religion, education, history and culture. The diploma conferred is English language and literature. For example, the American Studies Center of BFSU belongs to the School of English and International Studies, and the Center of American Studies of Fudan University is administered by the Institute of International Studies.

The researches on different areas are not equally developed. The researches on economy, politics and foreign policy have been much more developed than that on American culture and thoughts. Out of the all articles from the year of 1987 to 2008 published in American Studies Quarterly, the ones, which deal with the Sino-US relations including American foreign diplomacy, foreign commerce and military policies and strategies, accounts for 50.9 percent. Whereas, the articles, which have its topics on literature, history, gender, intellectual history, philosophy and culture, only take up about 20 percent. However, with the accelerating academic exchange between two countries, more and more students are coming to the US to study American studies and at the same time American studies scholars coming to China to do researches and teaching.

In the Republic of Korea, Sogang University (Seoul, Korea) is the sole institution that offers regular degree program both in bachelor (BA) and master (MA) degree in American studies, named American culture. The American culture division is run by the Department of English along with English literature and linguistics. The undergraduate program consists of classes covering topics such as Native American, Black American, Asian American, American history and the context of specific period of America. Keimyung University (Daegu, Korea), Hansung University (Seoul, Korea), Pyeongtaek University (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), Kyunghee University (Yongin, Gyonggi-do, Korea) are also providing American studies major. Seoul National University (Seoul, Korea) and Yonsei University (Seoul, Korea) offers undergraduate interdisciplinary course about American studies. The American Studies Association of Korea (ASAK) researches multicultural context of American into Korean circumstance. In contrast to Chinese Institution focuses on America after Cold War era, the ASAK focuses on multicultural problem and politics that affects modern day American society.

International American Studies Association
Founded at Bellagio, Italy, in 2000, the International American Studies Association has held World Congresses at Leyden (2003), Ottawa (2005), Lisbon (2007), Beijing (2009), Rio de Janeiro (2011), The Sixth World Congress of IASA at Szczecin, Poland, August 3–6, 2013, and Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (2019). The IASA is the only worldwide, independent, non-governmental association for Americanists. Furthering the international exchange of ideas and information among scholars from all nations and various disciplines who study and teach America regionally, hemispherically, nationally, and transnationally, IASA is registered in the Netherlands as a non-profit, international, educational organization with members in more than forty countries around the world.

Associations and scholarly journals

The American Studies Association was founded in 1950. It publishes American Quarterly, which has been the primary outlet of American studies scholarship since 1949. The second-largest American studies journal, American Studies, is sponsored by the Mid-America American Studies Association and University of Kansas. Today there are 55 American studies journals in 25 countries.

See also
 American Literature (academic discipline)
 American Studies in Germany
 American studies in the United Kingdom
 Cultural studies
 High School of American Studies at Lehman College
 Outline of academic disciplines
 Public humanities

References

Further reading
Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism (Routledge; 2018)
 Bieger, Laura, Ramon Saldivar, and Johannes Voelz, eds. The Imaginary and Its Worlds: American Studies After the Transnational Turn (Dartmouth College Press/University Press of New England; 2013) 312 pp
 Kurian, George T. ed. Encyclopedia of American Studies (4 Vol. Groiler: 2001)
 Maddox, Lucy, ed. Locating American Studies: The Evolution of a Discipline (Johns Hopkins University Press 1998),
Pease, Donald E. and Robyn Wiegman, eds. The Futures of American Studies (Duke University Press 2002),
Lipsitz, George. American Studies in a Moment of Danger (University of Minnesota Press, 2001),
"American Studies at a Crossroads" https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024141/http://ragazine.cc/2011/12/discourse-american-studies/
 Marx, Leo (1964). The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Matthiessen, F. O. 1949. American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. Harvard, Boston
Meyers, Marvin 1957 The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief Stanford Press, California
Lewis, R. W. B. 1955. The American Adam; Innocence, Tragedy, and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century. [Chicago]: University of Chicago Press.
 Smith, Henry Nash. 1950. Virgin Land; the American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
John William Ward 1955. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
John William Ward. 1969 Red, White, and Blue: Men, Books, and Ideas in American Culture'' . New York: Oxford University Press

External links
Encyclopedia of American Studies, Sophisticated short articles by experts.
International American Studies Association: IASA
RIAS Journal
AMERICANA – E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary
Journal of Transnational American Studies
The Futures Of American Studies Institute at Dartmouth College
American Studies Crossroads Project
British Association for American Studies
The American Studies Association
American Quarterly at Project MUSE
American Studies Journal
Theory and Method Resources, T. V. Reed, Washington State University
American Studies Journal
Mid-America American Studies Association
American Studies Association of Korea : ASAK
Southern American Studies Association

Library guides

Area studies

American studies


الروليت الروسي أو الروليت الروسية Russian roulette هي لعبة حظ مميتة نشأت في روسيا. يقوم الشخص الذي يود القيام بها بوضع رصاصة واحدة في المسدس، ثم يقوم بتدوير الإسطوانة التي يمكن أن تحمل ست رصاصات عدة مرات بحيث لا يعرف ما إذا كانت الرصاصة ستطلق أم لا، ومن ثم يوجه المسدس نحو رأسه ويسحب الزند. فإذا وضع رصاصة واحدة فإن احتمال موته هو 1 من 6، أي 16.667 %. تستخدم اللعبة لعدة أسباب، منها الانتحار أو إثبات الشجاعة. نشأت اللعبة في روسيا عندما لعبها الجنود الروس لإثارة بعضهم البعض. كما تعتبر لعبة الروليت الروسي إحدى وسائل المقامرة وتكون بتحدي بين شخصين يتناوبون الإطلاق، لحين موت أحدهم، فيأخذ من نجا أموال الذي أطلق النار على نفسه.

ذكر مالكوم إكس في سيرته الذاتية أنه استخدم هذه اللعبة في أحد المرات ليبين لزملائه بأنه لا يخشى الموت. مثال آخر على استخدام اللعبة هو عندما قام مخترع الترانزستور ويليام شوكلي الحائز على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء بمحاولة الانتحار بواسطة الروليت الروسي، إلا أنه نجى منها.

التاريخ
الروليت الروسية هي لعبة انتحارية، لم يرَّها – بشكلها الحقيقي – إلا عددًا قليلًا من الناس في الوقت الحاضر. لكن أغلب الناس قد سمعوا عنها كمفهوم أو مُصطلح يُشير إلى إلقاء المرء بيده في التهلكة، أو مُخاطرة المرء بحياته أو بما لا يستطيع فقدانه في سبيل لذة وقتية أو مغامرة غير محسوبة العواقب. يُستخدم مُصطلح الروليت الروسية للإشارة إلى هذا المعنى في سياق الأغاني والأفلام والكتب وحتى في الاحاديث اليومية بين الناس. أما السبب الكامن وراء لعبة الروليت الروسي فمجهول لأن لا أحد لعبها ونجا منها ليتم التحقيق معه ومعرفة ما الذي يدفعه إلى لعب تلك اللعبة، لكن لا يخرج الدافع وراء مُمارسة هذا النوع من الألعاب القاتلة خارج دائرة: الانتحار، أو عدم الإتزان النفسي، أو التصرف تحت تأثير الكحول والمواد المُخدَّرة.[1]

يُعتقد بأن أصل لعبة الروليت الروسية هو روسيا القيصرية. لكن تاريخ نشأة اللعبة غير مُحدد بالضبط نظرًا لأنها لعبة مُخالفة للقانون ومُجرَّمة. لكن يُحتمَّل بأن اللعبة قد تم أختراعها في الفترة المنية خلال الفترة بين خمسينيات القرن التاسع وعشرينيات القرن العشرين حيث زاد استخدام المُسدس في روسيا بشكلٍ كبيرٍ، لكن أصل المُصطلح نفسه «الروليت الروسية» معروف، فقد تم استخدامه للمرة الأولى في قصة قصيرة من 1600 كلمة كتبها مؤلف سويسري اسمه جورج سورديز، تم نشر تلك القصة عام 1937 في مجلة كولير الأسبوعية Collier Magazine التي كانت واحدة من أبرز المجلات الفرنسية في ذلك الوقت.

كانت معظم أعمال الكاتب السويسري جورج سورديز مستوحاة من القصص الرومانسية الفرنسية التي قرأها وهو طفل. ونظرًا لأن المجلة فرنسية الأصل، والكاتب فرنسي الهوى والخيال، فقد أطلق اسم «الروليت الروسية» على تلك اللعبة القاتلة.

أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى روى مُجند ألماني في رسالة إلى رئيسه، عن طريقة انتحار رقيب روسي اسمه Sergeant Burkowski استخدم لعبة الروليت الروسية لقتل نفسه. وفقًا لما رواه الرقيب الروسي للمُجند الألماني، اعتاد ضباط الجيش القيصري ممارسة هذا النوع القاتل من المقامرة خلال 1917 في الأيام الأخيرة من تورطهم في الحرب العالمية الأولى.

وفقًا لما ذكره المُجند الألماني، يقوم الروس بسحب المسدسات بشكل عشوائي وإزالة كل الرصاصات من المُسدس باستثناء رصاصة واحدة، ثم يقوموا بتدوير الأسطوانة بحيث لا يعرفوا الخانة المحشوة بالرصاصة ثم يوجهوا المسدس إلى رؤوسهم أو إلى رؤوس بعضهم البعض.

كان الرقيب بوركوفسكي مقامرًا شديد القسوة. حكى للألمان عن تلك اللعبة، وبعد ذلك دعاهم إلى لعبها وكان هو الضحية

حوادث مسجلة

نظرًا لأن قصة الكاتب جورج سورديز كانت ناجحة بشكلٍ كبيرٍ فقد تمت إعادة طباعتها في ملخص مجلة Fiction Parade & Golden Book Magazine في شهر مايو من نفس العام. خلال أقل من عام، أطلق صبي صغير يُدعى توماس هـ. ماركلي جونيور النار على رأسه في عيد ميلاده الحادي والعشرين. حيث كان هو أول مَن أفتتح سلسلة الضحايا التي وصل عددها بعد ذلك إلى 200 ضحية. إليك قائمة بأكثر بالضحايا الأشهر الذين فقدوا حياتهم أثناء لعب هذه اللعبة الانتحارية.

جون مارشال ألكسندر جونيور، المعروف أيضًا باسم جوني آس، كان يعمل كعازف موسيقي في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. في عيد الميلاد عام 1954 خلال فترة الاستراحة أثناء عمله قام بإطلاق النار على نفسه فأُردى قتيلًا. حيث كان يلعب باستخدام مسدس 32 كال. صرَّح شهود عيان لهذا الحادث أن إساءة استخدام الكحول والسلاح الناري هي سبب وفاته، ورد في تقارير الشرطة الرسمية أن سبب الحادث كان لعبة الروليت الروسية.

كان إيمو ليكاس الساحر الفنلندي الشهير يتمتع بشعبية خاصة بفضل خدعته الأشهر وهي الروليت الروسية. لقد كانت خدعة بسيطة لكنها خطيرة للغاية، حيث كان يحشو خمس رصاصات، ويترك خانة واحدة فارغة. ويدعي أنه قادر على اختيار الخانة الفارغة باستخدام قوة عقله. نمت شعبية إيمو. وبدا أن الموت لن يلحق به أبدًا، حتى جاءت سنة 1976 وأثناء قيامه بالخدعة على خشبة المسرح، سقط قتيلًا.

أصبح ممثلو المسلسل التلفزيوني الأمريكي Cover Up شاهدين على حادث مأساوي آخر. أثناء تصوير المسلسل قام الممثل جون إريك هيكسوم باللعب بأحد المُسدسات المحشوة بطلقة واحدة فارغة، كان المسدس هو ماغنوم 44 الذي يُعتبر أحد أقوى المدافع اليدوية في العالم. ضغط إريك على الزناد فلم تخرج رصاصة من فوهة المسدس، لكن تسببت الموجة الناتجة عن إطلاق الطلقة الفارغة في تحطيم جُمجمته في الحال.

في 13 سبتمبر 2010، أثناء تصوير حلقة من برنامج بي بي سي الشهير «ما تظن نفسك؟» كشف الممثل البريطاني الشهير آلان كامينغ قصة مأساوية عن جده. فمع قيام الصحفي بسؤاله عن أقاربه، قال كامينع أن جده لأمه لم يموت أثناء تنظيف بندقيته، لكنه مات أثناء مشاركته في لعبة الروليت الروسية.

آخر حالة تم الكشف عنها وقعت في 24 يناير 2019، في سانت لويس بولاية ميسوري الأمريكية. حيث كان هناك اثنان من ضباط الشرطة، أحدهما في الخدمة والأخر في حالة إيقاف، كانا يلعبان لعبة البوكر الروسية التي تختلف عن لعبة الروليت الروسية في أن اللاعبان فيها يقوما بتوجيه المُسدس إلى رأس أحدهما الآخر، أما في الروليت الروسية فيقوم اللاعب بتوجيه المُسدس إلى رأسه هو نفسه. مرت الجولة الأولى بسلام بينما في الجولة الثانية، خرجت الرصاصة من البندقية مما أسفر عن مقتل الضابط كاتلين أليكس. نتيجة لذلك، اتُهم الضابط ناثانيل هندرين بالقتل الخطأ والإجراءات الجنائية المسلحة.

الخلاصة
لعبة الروليت الروسية هي روليت من نوع آخر. تشابه هذه اللعبة الروليت الأصلية، ولكن في هذه اللعبة تكون المخاطرة هي حياة اللاعب، وليس المال،  من خلال مسدس، ويقوم اللاعبون بتدوير الأسطوانة بالتناوب، ووضع الكمامة على رؤوسهم وسحب الزناد، ويأتي اسم اللعبة من بلد منشأ هذه اللعبة الفتاكة ويستخدم مصطلح "الروليت" لأنها أيضًا لعبة صدفة وتذكر عملية تدوير الأسطوانة عجلة الروليت.

يُعتقد أن تلك اللعبة تم اختراعها في روسيا القيصرية، وانتشرت خلال القرنَينِ الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر، وقد ظهرت لأول مرة علنًا في قصة قصيرة لجورج سورديز. نَحنُ لا نشجع أو نوصي أي شخص بلعب هذه اللعبة القاتلة لأنها لعبة انتحارية، كذلك لا نوصي أبدًا بأن يكون أمام المرء أي من الأسلحة النارية وهو في حالة سُكر. يُعتبر الأشخاص الذين يستخدموا هذا النوع من الألعاب هم مرضى نفسيين يحتاجون إلى دعمٍ نفسيٍ سريع لعلاجهم قبل أن ينتحروا أو يقتلوا الأخرين في مُجرد لعبة.

انظر ايضًا
رهاب مقابل

مراجع

انتحار بسلاح ناري
مسدسات دوارة
أساليب الانتحار
ألعاب قمار
ألعاب روسية
تعذيب
موت

روليت روسي


Onthophagus thaitai é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Masumoto, Ochi & Hanboonsong em 2008.

Referências

Ligações externas

thaitai
Coleópteros descritos em 2008

Onthophagus thaitai


Barak ( or ; ; Tiberian Hebrew: Bārāq;  al-Burāq "lightning")  was a ruler of Ancient Israel. As military commander in the biblical Book of Judges, Barak, with Deborah, from the Tribe of Ephraim, the prophet and fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, defeated the Canaanite armies led by Sisera.

Background
The son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali, Barak's mother was from the Tribe of Benjamin. His story is told in the Book of Judges, Chapters 4 and 5.

Biblical story
The story of the Hebrews' defeat of the Canaanites led by Sisera, under the prophetic leadership of Deborah and the military leadership of Barak, is related in prose (Judges Chapter 4) and repeated in poetry (Chapter 5, which is known as the Song of Deborah).

Chapter 4 makes the chief enemy Jabin, king of Hazor (present Tell el-Qedah, about three miles southwest of Hula Basin), though a prominent part is played by his commander-in-chief, Sisera of Harosheth-ha-goiim (possibly Tell el-'Amr, approximately  northwest of Megiddo).

Deborah summoned Barak, the son of Abinoam, from his home at Kedesh in Naphtali, and ordered him, in the name of YHWH, to take ten thousand men to Mount Tabor. He agreed to on condition that Deborah should go with him. Here he was attacked, as Deborah had expected, by Sisera, whose forces were put to flight, and the greater part of them were slain by Barak's army.

Because Barak would not go to battle without Deborah, in turn she prophesied that the honor of victory would not go to him, but rather to a woman (Judges 4:9). Barak asked Deborah to go with him because of her connection with God. Some scholars see this as Barak being spineless while others might see Barak making a smart decision since Deborah was seen as a mediator between God and humans. Most authorities believe this passage refers to Jael's killing of Sisera in her tent following the battle, while others believe this refers to Deborah herself.

Defeat and death of Sisera

In the battle at Mount Tabor, a cloudburst occurred, causing the river to flood, thus limiting the maneuverability of the Canaanite chariots. Sisera fled, seeking refuge in the tent of a Kenite woman, Jael. Jael gave a drink of milk to Sisera, who fell asleep from weariness, then killed him by pounding a tent peg through his head. When Barak arrived, she showed him Sisera, dead in her tent.

Etymology
Barak ברק means lightning in Hebrew. Barcas, the surname of the famous Hamilcar Barca, is the Punic equivalent of the name.

In the New Testament
The Epistle to the Hebrews 11:32-34 praises Barak's faith which gave him victory.

In the Apocrypha
Barak is also made reference to in chapter 28 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Barak is also used in the Ethiopian language of Amharic. Meaning " He who blesses."

References

Book of Judges people
Hebrew Bible judges
12th-century BCE Hebrew people

Barak


Det enteriske nervesystem''' (*ENS) eller intrinisks nervesystem''' er en af hovedopdelinger af nervesystemet, og består af netagtigt system af neuroner der overvåger funktioner i det gastrointestinale system. Det refereres som regel til separat fra det autonome nervesystem, siden det har sit egen uafhængige refleksaktivitet.

Referencer

Nervesystemets_anatomi

Enteriske nervesystem


Inuttut Oqaatsikka - mit sprog som menneske er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1997, der er instrueret af Karin Parbst efter manuskript af hende selv og Dorthe Korneliussen.

Handling
Grønlands historie er også en historie om sprogets magt. Grønland er i dag et dobbeltsproget samfund. Selvom dansk er minoritetssprog i Grønland er det magtens sprog, og de, som ikke behersker dansk, har vanskeligt ved at tilegne sig information og få ledende stillinger. Magteliten er enten dansksproget eller dobbeltsproget. Men de yngre generationer af grønlændere taler hovedsageligt grønlandsk, og dermed afskæres en stor del af befolkningen også i fremtiden fra information og indflydelse. Filmen viser mennesker med forskellig sproglig baggrund, og de fortæller om sprogets betydning for deres arbejde, liv og identitet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1997

Film om Grønland
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


Koncert za violu i orkestar u D-duru je solistički koncert Franza Antona Hoffmeistera iz razdoblja klaiscizma. S obzirom na to da prikazuje tipične karakteristike klasicizma, koncert je redovno u repertoaru i na audicijama violista.

Kontekst
Franz Anton Hoffmeister bio je njemački skladatelj iz razdoblja klasicizma i glazbeni izdavač. Danas je Hoffmeister poznat prvenstveno po izdavačkim aktivnostima. Osnovao je dvije izdavačke kuće, prvu 1885. u Beču i drugu 1800. godine u Leipzigu. Osim svojih djela, izdao je djela mnogih tada značajnih skladatelja, među kojima su Haydn, Mozart i Beethoven.

Hoffmeister je napisao najmanje osam opera, preko 50 simfonija, brojne koncerte, veliki broj komornih djela za gudače i nekoliko zbirki pjesama.

Do kraja 17. stoljeća viola je smatrana pratećim glazbalom i rijetko se koristila kao solističko glazbalo. Telemannov Koncert za violu u G-duru, TWV 51:G9, napisan između 1716. i 1721. godine, smatra se prvim koncertom za violu. Zahvaljujući pojavi više djela za violu u 18. stoljeću, mnogi su skladatelji potaknuti za pisanje glazbe i za druga "sporedna" glazbala.

Nastanak
Malo se zna o nastanku ovog koncerta. Vjeruje se da je napisan u 1780-im ili ranim 1790-im godinama. Rukopis je u katalogu Johanna Traega u Beču ponuđen na prodaju 1799. godine. Dijelovi rukopisa čuvaju se u Saksonskoj državnoj biblioteci (Sächsische Landesbibliothek) u Dresdenu. Od 20. stoljeća koncert je nezaobilazan repertoar za violu te obvezatno djelo na mnogim audicijama i natjecanjima jer prikazuje tipične karakteristike klasicizma u strukturi, kontrastu raspoloženja, melodiji itd.

Po naslovu u rukopisu, solo dionice trebala bi izvoditi prva viola (viola principale, tj. principal, odnosno vođa grupe viola). Koncert se može svirati na dva načina, tako da je solist principal te svira i u tutti dionicama za vrijeme cijelog koncerta, kao što je bilo uobičajeno u 18. stoljeću kad je koncert napisan, ili da solist ne svira tutti dionice, kakva je uglavnom današnja praksa, kad je solist uz dirigenta ispred orkestra.

O glazbi
Orkestracija: solo viola, 2 oboe, 2 horne, 2 trube, gudači.

Tonalitet: D-dur

Koncert je u strogoj formi klasicističkog koncerta.

 Allegro
 Adagio
 Rondo

1. Allegro
Stavak ima 212 taktova, D-dur, takt 4/4

Napisan je u sonatnoj formi, čija se struktura može predstaviti shematski:
 ritornel orkestra • solo ekspozicija • ritornel • razvoj • ritornel • repriza • ritornel (kodeta)

Ni Hoffmeister nije zapisao kadence, prema praksi iz tog doba kojom je skladatelj izvođaču davao slobodu improvizacije.

2. Adagio
Stavak ima 94 takta, d-mol, takt 4/4

Napisan je u proširenoj binarnoj formi, koja se shematski može predstaviti:
 orkestarski uvod • solo tema A • interludij • B • A' • koda

3. Rondo
Stavak ima 164 takta, D-dur, takt 6/8

Stavak je u tipičnoj rondo-formi, ABACADA, gdje refren (A) uvodi solist.

Uobičajeno trajanje koncerta je oko 20 minuta.

Izvori
 Koncert za violu i orkestar u D-duru u neslužbenom vodiču koncerta Niškog simfonijskog orkestra 26. travnja 2018. godine, dirigentica Milena Injac, solist Saša Mirković, sa stranice "Rat protiv slova A"  (objavljeno: 26. travnja 2018., pristupljeno: 20. lipnja 2020.)
 Druga Hoffmeisterova tvrtka, natuknica: Peters. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2020.
 Opis Stamitzovog i Hoffmeisterovih koncerata za violu, Naxos Records, www.naxos.com   (pristupljeno: 20. lipnja 2020.)
 Koncert za violu i orkestar u D-duru, predgovor knjige Violakonzert D-dur, G. Henle Verlag, www.henle.de     (pristupljeno: 20. lipnja 2020.)
 Koncert za violu i orkestar u D-duru, doktorski rad Chiu-Ching Su na University of Cincinnati, analiza djela na str. 8-19, etd.ohiolink.edu   (objavljeno: 12. svibnja 2010., pristupljeno: 20. lipnja 2020.)
 Koncert za violu u D-duru na stranici IMSLP, imslp.org  (pristupljeno: 20. lipnja 2020.)

Vanjske poveznice

Skladbe klasičnog razdoblja

Koncert za violu i orkestar u D-duru (Hoffmeister)


Lorena Airlines foi uma companhia aérea da Indonésia que usaria duas aeronaves Boeing 737-300. Nunca se tornou operacional.

Destinos

Frota
A frota da Lorena Airlines consistia nas seguintes aeronaves:

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas fora de operação

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial
 Lorena Air to Start Flying Jakarta-Surabaya in June

Empresas aéreas extintas em 2009
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 2007
Empresas aéreas extintas da Indonésia

Lorena Airlines


Dykkerantiloper (Cephalophinae) er en underfamilie af skedehornede.

 Underfamilie Cephalophinae
 Slægt Cephalopus
 Cephalophus spadix
 Cephalophus adersi
 Cephalophus dorsalis
 Cephalophus niger
 Cephalophus nigrifrons
 Cephalophus brookei
 Cephalophus harveyi
 Cephalophus jentinki
 Cephalophus ogilbyi
 Cephalophus callipygus
 Cephalophus rufilatus
 Rød dykkerantilope Cephalophus natalensis
 Cephalophus rubidis
 Cephalophus weynsi
 Cephalophus leucogaster
 Cephalophus crusalbum
 Cephalophus silvicuitor
 Cephalophus zebra
 Slægt Philantomba
 Blå dykkerantilope Philantomba monticola
 Philantomba maxwellii
 Philantomba walteri
 Slægt Sylvicapra
 Dykkerantilope Sylvicapra grimmia

Kilder
 Systema naturae 2000 (classification) – Taxon: Subfamily Cephalophinae
 ultimateungulate.com: Order Cetartiodactyla

Eksterne henvisninger

Dykkerantiloper


බෙයියු පන්සල ()   චීනයේ බෙයියු  පළාතේ ශියෑන්ග්හි පිහිටා ඇති ටාඕ  සිද්ධස්ථානයකි. මෙම පන්සල ලිඕ රාජවංශයෙ කෝශු අදිරාජ්‍යයින් හන්ග් පර්වතයට පුදපූජා පැවැත්වීමට බාවිතාකරන ලදී.යුආන් පාලන කාලයේදී  නිර්මාණයකල විශාලතම,පැරණිතම සහ වඩාත් වැදගත්ම දැව ගොඩනැගිල්ල වන්නේ මෙහි දානශාලාවවේ. මෙම පන්සල ගේට්ටු තුනකි සමන්විතය තවද අෂ්ටාස්‍ර මණ්ඩපයක්ද බෝහෝ  සෙල් පුවරුද මෙහි දැකියහැක.

ඉතිහාසය
බෙයියු පන්සල පළමුව ගොඩනගනලදේ උතුරු වෙයි  (386-584)  හෝ  ටැංග් (618-907) රාජවංශයෙදීය නමුත් මෙහි අරඹය  හං රාජවංශයෙදී එනම්  ක්‍රිස්තුපුර්ව 2 සියවසේ පමණ සිදුවූ බවට සාදක පවතී . මෙම පන්සල දෙවරක් ගොඩනගා තිබේ එනම් 991දී(950 මොන්ගෝලියානු ආක්‍රමණයට පසු) හා 1270 .
ශියෑන්ග් පළාතේ 1672 ලිඛිත ඉතිහාසයෙ අඩංගු  චිත්‍ර සමග සැසදීමේදී පන්සල වර්තමාන ස්වරුපය 15 වන සියවස වන  විට වර්තමාන ස්වරුපය ගෙන තිබුන බව තහවුරු විය.

කෝශු  පාලන කාලයේදී බෙයියු පන්සල  හන්ග් පර්වතයට පුදපූජා පැවැත්වීමට බාවිතකරන ප්‍රදාන ස්ථානය විය, ටාඕවාදයට අනුව  හන්ග් පර්වතය චීනයේ පුජනිය පර්වත අතරින් එකක්වෙ.මෙම කාලයේදී  හන්ග් පර්වතය ලිඕ රාජවංශයෙ(916-1125) පාලනයට යටත්විය . දේශපාලන ස්ථාවර බාවය පවත්වාගෙනයාමට සහ ටාඕවාදීන්ගේ සහයෝගය ලබාගැනීමට ශෝන්ග්  රජවරුන්  බෙයියු පන්සල අනුග්‍රහය දක්වා ඇත.ශෝන්ග්වරුන් පර්වතය පාලනය නොකලද ඔවුන්ගේ පුජාවන් සතුරු බලප්‍රදේශ හරහා පර්වතයට ලගාවනබව අදහනලදී .

ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය

බෙයියු  පන්සලේ ගොඩනැගිලි 6  උතුරු-දකුණු අක්ෂය හරහා විහිදීයයි. උතුරේ සිට දකුණට ඇති ගොඩනැගිලි වන්නේ  දොරටුව, අෂ්ටාස්‍ර චින්යෙඉ මණ්ඩපය(天一阁) මින් රාජවංශය, තවත්   දොරටු යුගලයක්, දානශාලාව(德宁殿). දානශාලාව ඉදිරිපසින් ඇති වේදිකාවෙ ශෛලමය මූර්ති ශේෂ දැකිය හැක නමුත් මෙය අතීතයේ පැවති තවත් ශාලාවක භූමියවෙ. පන්සල් භූමිය පිරික්සා බැලීමේදී පෙනීයන්නේ බොහාමයක් ගොඩනැගිලි 20 ශතවර්ෂයේ නැවත ගොඩනගා ඇති බවකි.

පන්සල වටා ඇති ප්‍රාකාරය අතීතයේදී ශියෑන්ග් නගර ප්‍රාකාරයේ කොටසක් විය. පන්සල් භූමියතට ඇතුළුවීමට ඇති දකුණු දොරටුව අතීතයේ නගරයේ ප්‍රදාන දොරටුවලින් එකකි.මෙම කොටස් වලට අමතරව නගර ප්‍රාකාරයේ වෙනත් කොටස් එතිරිව නැත.මෙහිදී උතුරු වෙඊ රජසමයට අයත් 137 අදික සෙල් පුවරු දැකගතහැකිය.

දානශාලව
දානශාලව පන්සලේ ඇති ප්‍රදානතම ශාලාවාවේ එය 1270දී යුආං රජසමයට අයත්වෙ. ශාලාවට මුහුණලා ඇති සුවිශාල වේදිකාව(25*20) යෙඉටඊ (月台,  චන්ද්‍ර වේදිකාව)   නම්වේ.උස් වේදිකාවක නිර්මාණයකර තිබෙන දානශාලවට ඇතුළුවීම ඉදිරිපස මැද පඩිපෙළ මගින් හෝ යෙඉටඊ වේදිකාවට සම්බන්ධ පැති පඩිපෙළ දෙකෙන් කල හැක
වේදිකාවෙ පරිමිතිය වටා සිංහ හිසති සුදු කිරිගරුඬ ගරාදා වැටක් ඇත. ශෝන්ග්  රජසමයේ රචිත  වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක නිබන්ධනයට(營造學社法式) අනුව  දානශාලාව හයවන පා ස්තම්භයන්ගෙන් සමන්විතවෙ.මෙහි කුළුණු අග ඇති  අල්ලු සිරස් තීරු තුනක් සහ හරස් තීරු තුනකින් සමන්විතවේ. හයවන පා  අල්ලු  රජසමයට  අයත් දැනට ඉතිරිවඇති වඩාත් සංකිර්ණම ඒවාවේ. මෙවැනි ගෘහනිර්මාණ ලක්ෂණ සලකා බලනවිට මෙම දානශාලාව යුආං රජසමයට අයත් වැදගත්ම දැවමය ශාලාවක්බව පෙනීයයි. මෙම ලක්ෂණ මොන්ගෝලියනු අගනුවර ගොඩනැගිලිවල විස්තර සමග ගැලපේ මෙයින් පෙනීයන්නෙ මෙම දානශාලාව විනාශවීගිය මොන්ගෝලියානු අගනුවර ඩඩු (දැන් බිජිං)   ගෘහනිර්මාණ සම්ප්‍රදාය අනුව නිර්මාණය  කරැති  බවයි.

ටාඕ බිතුසිතුවම් දානශාලවෙ  බිත්ති තුනක දැකියහැක. බස්නාහිර බිත්තියෙ 17*17(m) ප්‍රමාණයේ බිතුසිතුවම් ටැංග් රජසමයට අයත්වෙ, එය පරාදේශීය ජාල දේව රුවක් පිහාටු සහිතව දක්වයි.මකර රජු  නැගෙනහිර බිතුසිතුවම්වල දැකිය හැක. මෙම ශාලාවේ පිලිරු 9  දැකියහැකි අතර ඒවා ශාලාව ගොඩනගන ලද සමයටම අයත්වෙ.

සටහන්

යොමුව
Goossaert, Vincent. "Hengshan." in Fabrizio Pregadio, ed., The Encyclopedia of Taoism (London: Routledge, 2008), 481-482. ISBN 0-7007-1200-3.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Taoist Architecture." in Stephen Little and Shawn Eichman, eds., Taoism and the Arts of China (Chicago: Art Insititute of Chicago, 2000), 57-76. ISBN 978-0-520-22785-9.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Toward the Definition of a Yuan Dynasty Hall," The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (Volume 47, Number 1, 1988), 57-73.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Temple to the Northern Peak in Quyang," Artibus Asiae Vol. 58, No. 1/2 (1998), 69-90.
Zhao Ning and Liang Ai,  eds. Hebei Tianjin (河北, 天津). Beijing: China Travel Press (中国旅游出版社), 2008. ISBN 978-7-5032-3299-2.

බෙයියු පන්සල


Der   ist ein Bach auf , östlich von Neuseeland gelegen.

Geographie
Der   entspringt einem Feuchtgebiet im Nordwesten der Hauptinsel der , rund 830 m östlich des  und rund 3,5 km östlich des  , dem westlichsten Punkt der Insel. Der Bach fließt zunächst noch Norden, um dann in einem 90°-Links-Bogen sich nach Westen auszurichten, wo der Bach in der   in den Pazifischen Ozean mündet. Die Gesamtlänge des Baches beträgt 3,2 km.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Chatham Island
0Rongotea Creek
Geographie (Chatham Islands Territory)

Rongotea Creek


Sir David Mark Rylance Waters (født 18. januar 1960) er en engelsk skuespiller og dramatiker. Som skuespiller har Rylance haft succes både på scenen og i film. For sit arbejde på teatret, har han fået tildelt Tony Awards og BAFTA Awards. Hans arbejde omfatter film som Prospero's Books, Intimacy og Institute Benjamenta. I 2015 spillede han hovedrollen Thomas Cromwell i BBC-miniserien Wolf Hall, som var baseret på Hilary Mantel roman af samme navn. Til rollen som Rudolf Abel i Steven Spielbergs Spionernes bro (2015) udstedt Rylance med Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle og BAFTA Award for bedste mandlige birolle.

Rylance var den første kunstneriske direktør for Globe Theatre i London fra 1995 til 2005.

Filmografi
 Dunkirk (2017)
 Ready Player One (2018)

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Personer fra Ashford
Briter i 1900-tallet
Briter i 2000-tallet
Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle

Mark Rylance


Josef Dobeš (* 28. Februar 1964 in Boskovice) ist ein tschechischer Politiker, ehemaliger Vize-Vorsitzender der Partei Věci veřejné. Er war von Mai 2010 bis August 2013 Abgeordneter des tschechischen Abgeordnetenhauses und von Juli 2010 bis März 2012 Minister für Erziehung, Jugend und Sport in der Regierung Nečas.

Politische Karriere
Dobeš war 2002 Mitbegründer der Partei Věci veřejné (VV) und wurde mehrmals zu ihrem stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden gewählt. In den Jahren 2006–2010 war er Vertreter der VV im Verwaltungsbezirk Prag 1. Im Februar 2010 wurde Dobeš für die Wahlen zum Abgeordnetenhaus als Spitzenkandidat der VV in der Region Südmähren aufgestellt und am 29. Mai 2010 in das Unterhaus des tschechischen Parlaments gewählt.

Amtszeit als Minister
Am 13. Juli 2010 wurde Dobeš zum Minister für Erziehung, Jugend und Sport in der Regierung Nečas ernannt. Während seiner gesamten Amtszeit begleiteten ihn allerdings mehrere Skandale, die am 23. März 2012 in seinem freiwilligen Rücktritt vom Ministeramt gipfelten. Als Grund gab Dobeš die geplanten Kürzungen der Regierung im Bildungswesen an, für die er nicht die Verantwortung übernehmen wollte.

Zu den schwersten Vorwürfen gegen Dobeš gehörte der Umgang mit Subventionen aus den EU-Fonds. Aufgrund der mangelhaften Qualität der vorgelegten Projekte hatte die EU-Kommission Fördergelder in Höhe von 1,2 Mrd. Kronen (ca. 48 Mio. Euro) eingefroren, was zum gänzlichen Stopp dieser Projekte führte.

Bereits am 11. April 2011 hatte Premierminister Petr Nečas dem tschechischen Staatspräsidenten Václav Klaus einen Vorschlag für die Entlassung Dobešs als Bildungsminister übergeben. Klaus lehnte es allerdings ab, Dobeš aus seinem Amt zu entlassen, da sich die aus den Parteien ODS, TOP 09 und Věci veřejné bestehende Regierungskoalition nicht auf eine Amtsenthebung einigen konnte. Daraufhin verblieb Dobeš in seinem Amt.

Zudem wurde Dobeš wiederholt seine Personalpolitik vorgehalten, da wichtige Posten im Bildungsministerium während seiner Amtszeit mehrmals neu besetzt werden mussten. Umstritten war insbesondere die Einstellung des kontroversen Beamten Ladislav Bátora. Diesen musste der Minister nach anhaltender öffentlicher Kritik im Herbst 2011 entlassen.

Darüber hinaus entwickelte sich ein lang anhaltender Konflikt zwischen Dobeš und Vertretern der tschechischen Hochschulen. Ihnen zufolge sei er nicht in der Lage gewesen, einen vernünftig ausgearbeiteten Gesetzesentwurf für das neue Hochschulgesetz vorzulegen, und sei einer direkten Diskussion mit ihnen aus dem Weg gegangen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bildungsminister (Tschechien)
Mitglied des Abgeordnetenhauses (Tschechien)
Tschechoslowake
Tscheche
Geboren 1964
Mann

Josef Dobeš


Digital Multiplex System (DMS) is the name shared among several different telephony product lines from Nortel Networks for wireline and wireless operators. Among them are the DMS-1 (originally named the DMS-256) Rural/Urban digital loop carrier, the DMS-10 telephone switch, the DMS SuperNode family of telephone switches (DMS-100, DMS-200, DMS-250, DMS-300, DMS-500, DMS-GSP, DMS-MSC, DMS-MTX), and the S/DMS optical transmission system.

Exploratory development on the technology began at Northern Telecom's Bell Northern Research Labs in Ottawa, Ontario in 1971. The first Class 5 switch, the DMS-10, began service on 21 October 1977 in Fort White, Florida and the first toll switch (Class 4), the DMS-200, entered service in 1979 in Ottawa. The DMS-10 was the first commercially successful Class 5 digital switch in the North American market and had a profound impact on the industry. Of the numerous digital switching products introduced in the North American telephone market in the late 1970s, only the Nortel DMS family is still in production. GENBAND (now Ribbon Communications) acquired Nortel CVAS assets including the DMS line in 2011 and rolled it into its IP-based GENiUS platform. The GENiUS-750nt is the first product to include adaptive nano-tech compression and resynchronization modules from Ericsson, to replace the digital cross-connect (DCS) in place since the earliest DMS releases.

Previously, new technology had entered the telecommunications industry slowly, with the telephone companies amortizing equipment over periods as long as forty years. AT&T was intending to delay the introduction of digital switching until the 1990s. The DMS, with its introduction of digital technology, changed the industry and became one of the antecedents that encouraged the growth of the Internet.

On October 16, 2006, Nortel received a special recognition award from Canada's Telecommunications Hall of Fame for its role in pioneering digital communications with the Digital Multiplex System.

The DMS name arose from a designation for a switching matrix design that was developed in the exploratory phase of the project. The Digital Multiplexed Switch was selected as the basic switching design for the project. The product was intended as a successor for Nortel's first electronic switch, the SP1, and was to be called the SP2. However the DMS acronym was mellifluous and was eventually (1975) adopted as the designation for the DMS-10 and DMS-100 family of products, with the "S" standing for "system" rather than "switch". It was then applied to the entire digital switching family as well as the DMS-1 family of Digital Transmission Concentrators.

DMS is favoured by many European cable operators as the switching platform for their voice networks. The DMS-10 is widely used by rural wireline providers. DMS-100 and 200 switches are widely deployed throughout the U.S. and Canada by Regional Bell Operating Companies, Bell Canada and independent telephone companies as well as the US Military. The DMS-250 is the backbone of a number of carriers' long-distance networks. The DMS-300 is an international gateway switch, and the DMS-500 is commonly deployed by competitive local exchange carriers because it combines DMS-100 and 250 capabilities.

DMS switches run a proprietary multitasking operating system known as SOS.

The user interface, called MAPCI, consists of a series of multi-level menus and is usually accessed from a connected VT100 compatible dumb terminal or terminal emulator. Each level or overlay performs different functions.

See also
List of telephone switches

References

External links
Nortel DMS product portfolio

Multiplexing
Telephone exchange equipment
Nortel products
Nortel

Digital Multiplex System


An Calamagrostis orizabae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni William James Beal. An Calamagrostis orizabae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis orizabae


A seguir está uma tabela das eleições presidenciais do Brasil em Minas Gerais, ordenadas por ano. Desde as eleições de 1945.

o quarto estado com a maior área territorial e o segundo em quantidade de habitantes, localizada na Região Sudeste do país. Limita-se ao sul e sudoeste com São Paulo, a oeste com Mato Grosso do Sul, a noroeste com Goiás e Distrito Federal, a norte e nordeste com a Bahia, a leste com o Espírito Santo e a sudeste com o Rio de Janeiro. Seu território é subdividido em 853 municípios, a maior quantidade dentre os estados brasileiros. A topografia mineira é bastante acidentada, sendo que alguns dos picos mais altos do país encontram-se em seu território.

Com 10% do eleitorado, é considerado o principal swing state do Brasil, devido suas características socioeconômicas tão diversificadas, sendo um microcosmo do país.

Os vencedores do estado estão em negrito.

Partidos com mais vitórias

Eleições de 1945 até hoje

Nova República (1985–presente)

República Populista (1945–1964)

Referências

Rio de Janeiro
Eleições em Minas Gerais

Eleições presidenciais do Brasil em Minas Gerais


Bezirk Hamburg-Nord er et af de syv bezirke i Hamborg. I nord grænser bezirket op til delstaten Slesvig-Holsten, i øst mod Bezirk Wandsbek, i syd mod Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte og i vest mod Bezirk Eimsbüttel.

Forvaltning
Forvaltningen har til huse i en bygning på Kümmellstraße 5, tegnet af Paul Seitz. Bygningen blev opført i årene 1953-1959 og er fredet. I februar 2014 blev området samt dets bygningen solgt til byggefirmaet Bauunternehmen Richard Ditting GmbH.

Bezirket er opdelt i tretten bydele, samt i tre regionalområder:
 Regionalbereich Eppendorf-Winterhude, der består af bydelene Eppendorf, Hoheluft-Ost og Winterhude.
 Regionalbereich Fuhlsbüttel-Langenhorn-Alsterdorf, der består af bydelene Alsterdorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Langenhorn og Ohlsdorf.
 Regionalbereich Barmbek-Uhlenhorst-Hohenfelde-Dulsberg, der består af bydelene Barmbek-Süd, Barmbek-Nord, Dulsberg, Hohenfelde og Uhlenhorst.

Alle tre regionalområder har en Regionalbeauftragten (regionalrepræsentant), der koordinerer sit områdes arbejde i bezirket. Desuden er der et Regionalausschuss (regionaludvalg) på femten personer, der er bezirkforsamlingens lokale fagudvalg.

Politik
Til valget til Hamborgs borgerskab og til bezirkforsamlingen i 2011, blev Bezirk Hamburg-Nord opdelt i valgkredsene Eppendorf-Winterhude, Barmbek-Uhlenhorst-Dulsberg og Fuhlsbüttel-Alsterdorf-Langenhorn.

Bezirkledere
 1949–1955: August Obenhaupt (SPD)
 1955–1973: Kurt Braasch (DP)
 1973–1989: Werner Weidemann (SPD)
 1989–1996: Jochen von Maydell (SPD)
 1996–2008: Mathias Frommann (SPD)
 2009–2012: Wolfgang Kopitzsch (SPD)
 Siden 2012: Harald Rösler (SPD)

Kultur og seværdigheder

Parker
 Friedhof Ohlsdorf
 Stadtpark i Winterhude
 Alster (øvre del)

Naturbeskyttelsesområder
 Naturschutzgebiet Raakmoor i Langenhorn
 Naturschutzgebiet Rothsteinsmoor i Langenhorn
 Naturschutzgebiet Eppendorfer Moor i Groß Borstel

Transport
Lufthavnen Flughafen Hamburg ligger i bydelen Fuhlsbüttel. Ud over U-Bahn-linje 1 og 3 kører også S-Bahn-linje 1 gennem bezirket.

Personer med tilknytning til Hamburg-Nord
 Helmut Schmidt, forbundskansler for SPD, boede i bydelen Langenhorn.
 Wolfgang Borchert, forfatter, blev født i 1921 i Eppendorf og gik i skolen Erica-Schule, der senere blev opkaldt efter ham under navnet Wolfgang-Borchert-Schule.
 Ernst Thälmann, rigsdagsmedlem og leder af kommunistpartiet Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands. Han blev skudt i Buchenwald koncentrationslejr. En plads, Ernst-Thälmann-Platz, og et mindesmærke, Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte, er tilegnet ham.
 Samy Deluxe, rapper, gik i skolen Gesamtschule Eppendorf.
 Jan Delay (Jan Eißfeldt), rapper i gruppen Beginner. I "Lang is her" taler han med Samy Deluxe om sin ungdom i Eppendorf.
 Fabius, sanger og skuespiller. Voksede op i Eppendorf, gik i skolen Wolfgang-Borchert-Schule.
 Dirk Fischer, medlem af Forbundsdagen for CDU.
 Marcell Jansen, tidligere fodboldlandsholdsspiller og professionel fodboldspiller i Hamburger SV. Bor i Hamburg-Nord.
 Uwe Seeler, rekordmålscorer i fodboldklubben Hamburger SV. Voksede op i Eppendorf.

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger

 Bezirksamt Hamburg-Nords hjemmeside

Kilder

Hamburg-Nord

Bezirk Hamburg-Nord


Crkva sv. Antuna Padovanskog je crkva u naselju Bukevje koje je u sastavu općine Orle, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva je podignuta u naselju, odmaknuta od glavne ceste i nepravilno orijentirana u pravcu sjever-jug. Neogotička je jednobrodna građevina, sagrađena 1870. godine, s pravokutnom lađom i svetištem jednake širine, izvana poduprta kontraforima. Na glavnom pročelju nalazi se plitki ulazni trijem pod dvoslivnim krovištem, a čitavim korpusom crkve dominira zvonik naslonjen na istočni zid lađe. Crkva je presvođena križnim svodovima i oslikana geometrijskim motivima. Vanjština i unutrašnjost, zajedno s inventarom, dosljedno su oblikovani neogotičkim elementima.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3840 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Bukevje

Crkva sv. Antuna Padovanskog u Bukevju


BBC Radio Solent is the BBC's local radio station serving Hampshire, Dorset and the Isle of Wight, broadcasting on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios on Havelock Road in Southampton.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 204,000 listeners and a 4.1% share as of June 2023.

History
The station began broadcasting on 31 December 1970. It is named after the Solent, the area of sea between Southampton, Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight.

In 1996, Radio Solent expanded its coverage into West Dorset and South Dorset by taking over neighbouring BBC Dorset FM, which was formerly an opt-out of BBC Radio Devon.

In 2013, a new programme specifically for Dorset listeners on 103.8 FM was launched under the name Breakfast in Dorset, after campaigns for a more locally focused service. The programme comes from a studio complex in Dorchester and also broadcasts county-wide on DAB.

Technical

The service is broadcast on 96.1 FM for Hampshire, the Isle of Wight and eastern Dorset from Rowridge transmitting station on the Isle of Wight; and on 103.8 FM for western Dorset from Bincombe Hill transmitter. Since 2003, the station has also been broadcast on DAB Digital Radio from the NOW South Hampshire and NOW Bournemouth networks from thirteen transmitters between them.

The station also broadcasts on Freeview TV channels 722 (Hampshire / Isle of Wight) and 726 (Dorset) in the BBC South region, and streams online via BBC Sounds.

From launch until 2020, BBC Radio Solent broadcast on medium wave, with the main AM transmitter on 999 kHz from Fareham covering most of the coverage area and a secondary transmitter covering Bournemouth and Poole on 1359 kHz from Fern Barrow, Bournemouth.

North and north-east Hampshire
The signal for Hampshire on 96.1 FM from Rowridge on the Isle of Wight is weaker north of Winchester than the transmissions from other BBC Local Radio stations, so that the north Hampshire town of Basingstoke is officially served by BBC Radio Berkshire, while towns such as Aldershot, Farnborough and Fleet in the north-east of the county are served by BBC Radio Surrey.

Programming
As of 2022, local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Southampton studios from 6 am to 1 am each Monday to Saturday and from 6 am to 6 pm and 10 pm to 1 am on Sundays. These shows must contain at least 60% speech content within the core broadcast hours of 6 am to 7 pm, with full speech content during the breakfast peak of 7 am to 8.30 am. The station must also provide at least 95 hours of locally-made programming per week, that provides news, information and content relevant to the areas and communities it serves.

The station's 6 am to 10 am breakfast show, 10 am to 2 pm morning show and 2 pm to 6 pm afternoon show are broadcast solely to the Solent area. The station's late show, airing from 10 pm to 1 am, is additionally broadcast to other BBC Local Radio stations in the South (comprising BBC Radio Berkshire and BBC Radio Oxford) and South East (comprising BBC Radio Kent, BBC Radio Surrey and BBC Radio Sussex).

The station's Saturday and Sunday afternoon show is occupied by sports coverage under the BBC Radio Solent Sport banner. The Saturday evening Stereo Underground show with Richard Latto from 6 pm to 8 pm also airs on sister stations in the South, South East regions and the Channel Islands (BBC Radio Guernsey and BBC Radio Jersey) while the Sunday evening show with Tony Blackburn from 6 pm to 10 pm is broadcast across the South and South East but originates from BBC Radio Berkshire in Reading. The Saturday evening 8 pm to 10 pm slot is occupied by the BBC Music Introducing programme which features music from new and up and coming artists from the local area. The show helped discover and launch the careers of Wet Leg and has featured artists such as Natives and Echotape.

During the station's downtime, BBC Radio Solent simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live between 1 am and 5 am and an early morning breakfast programme broadcast across the Local Radio network from BBC Radio London between 5 am and 6 am.

Presenters

Notable current presenters
 Tony Blackburn (Sunday evenings)
 Alex Dyke (Friday evenings, Saturday nights, Sunday nights)
 Paul Miller (weekday nights)

Notable past presenters
 Roger Day (DJ and presenter, left in 2012, now at Boom Radio)
 Kenny Everett (1972)
 Nick Girdler (1972–2006, 2009–2019)
 Nicky Horne (left in 2019, now at Boom Radio)
 Simon Jupp (now Member of Parliament for East Devon)
 Andrew Peach (now at BBC Radio Berkshire)
 John Piper (presented Piper's Tune throughout the 1970s, left to launch 2CR in Bournemouth)
 Carolyn Quinn (left to join BBC Radio 4)
 Richard Skinner (newsreader, left to join BBC Radio 1 in 1973)
 Sean Street (broadcaster, poet, writer, and Britain's first Professor of Radio)
 Sally Taylor (presenter on BBC South Today, worked for Radio Solent from 2006 to 2011)
 Peter White (the BBC's Disability Affairs Correspondent, worked for Radio Solent from 1970 to 2006)

References

External links

 Media UK – BBC Radio Solent

Radio stations established in 1970
Solent
Radio stations in Hampshire
Radio stations in the Isle of Wight
Radio stations in Dorset
Companies based in Hampshire
Southampton
1970 establishments in England

BBC Radio Solent


Die Kirche zur Schmerzhaften Muttergottes (poln. Kościół Matki Boskiej Bolesnej) ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche in der Stadt Opole (Oppeln) in Polen. Sie ist auch unter dem Namen Bergelkirche (poln. Kościół Na Górce) bekannt. Sie zählt als das älteste Gotteshaus der Stadt.

Geschichte

Bau einer ersten hölzernen Kapelle
Die Kirche zur Schmerzhaften Muttergottes befindet sich auf der höchsten Anhöhe, dem sogenannten Kalkberg (poln. Wapienna Górka) mit einer Höhe von 165 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel in der Altstadt von Opole. Der hl. Adalbert predigte der Legende nach auf diesem kleinen Berg (984–995) und bekehrte die Menschen von Oppeln zum christlichen Glauben. Nach dessen Tod entstand um das Jahr 1000 eine erste hölzerne Kapelle, die der erste kirchliche Bau in Oppeln war und dem heiligen Adalbert und der Jungfrau Maria geweiht wurde.

1254 erhob der Oppelner Herzog Wladislaus I. die Kirche zur Pfarrkirche Oppelns. 1295 wiederum verlor die Kirche den Status als Pfarrkirche an die Kreuzkirche. Nachdem 1295 die Dominikaner nach Oppeln kamen, überließ der Oppelner Herzog Bolko I. ihnen das Gotteshaus als Klosterkirche.

Bau der steinernen gotischen Kirche
Die Dominikaner nahmen ab 1304 bauliche Maßnahmen an der Kirche vor, wobei anstelle der hölzernen Kapelle eine erste gemauerte Kirche im Stil der Gotik entstand. Davon erhalten ist noch die Chormauer mit Strebepfeilern und Spitzbogenfenstern. 1361 wurde die Kirche erneut durch Weihbischof Dirslaus der heiligen Jungfrau Maria und dem heiligen Adalbert geweiht. Zur gleichen Zeit entstand das benachbarte Kloster, das heute von der Universität Oppeln genutzt wird. Ab 1430 kam es erneut zu neuen baulichen Maßnahmen an der Kirche. 1530 verließen die Dominikaner die Stadt. 1558 wurde die Kirche auf kaiserlichen Befehl geschlossen, da in ihr ein evangelischer Gottesdienst stattfand. Erst 1604, durch die Rückkehr der Dominikaner, wurde das Gotteshaus wiedereröffnet.

1615 wurde die Bergelkirche durch einen Stadtbrand zerstört. Kurz nach dem Wiederaufbau wurde diese wiederum im Dreißigjährigen Krieg beim Einfall der Schweden im Jahr 1621 in Brand gesteckt und bis auf die Mauern zerstört. 1682 und 1739 kam es erneut durch Brände zu Zerstörungen des Kirchengebäudes.

Barocke Umgestaltung

Nach dem letzten großen Brand 1739 wurde sie im barocken Stil mit einer Rokokofassade aufgebaut. Nach der Säkulisierung des Ordens 1810 wurde das Kirchengebäude dem Oppelner Gymnasium übergeben. Zu dieser Zeit verfügte die Kirche über 13 Altäre, eine Orgel und drei Glocken sowie ein Rosenkranzbild. Dieses hing bisher über dem Altar, wurde aber 1811 durch das Gnadenbild der Mutter Gottes von Piekar ersetzt. Das Gemälde wurde aber bereits 1813 an die Heilig-Kreuz-Gemeinde weitergegeben. Zu Zeiten der Napoleonischen Kriege wurde die Kirche als Vorratsraum und Lazarett genutzt. Bereits 1838 wurde ein Turm für die Kirche geplant. Ein erster Treppenturm entstand 1878, welcher zwischen 1895 und 1896 auf 42 Meter ausgebaut wurde. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde die Frontseite im frühromanischen Stil umgestaltet. Damit gilt die Kirche als gotisch-barockes Bauwerk mit barockem Innenraum.

20. Jahrhundert bis in die 2010er Jahre

Im Ersten Weltkrieg musste die Kirche zwei Glocken abgeben, wobei lediglich die Sterbeglocke erhalten blieb. 1926 wurde das Kirchendach erneuert und 1936 erhielt der Glockenturm drei neue Glocken. Zwischen 1931 und 1938 kam es zur Generalüberholung der Kirche. Die alte Treppenanlage wurde entfernt und ersetzt, eine Heizungsanlage im Inneren wurde installiert, die Außenfassade wurde erneuert und die Fenster im Altarraum wurden vergrößert, der neuromanische Altar wurde entfernt und 1937 durch einen neuen ersetzt und der Innenraum wurde komplett neu gestrichen. Bei den Installationsarbeiten stieß man im Chorraum bei einer Tiefe von 3,5 Metern auf Knochenreste. Es wird angenommen, dass hier Wohltäter der Kirche und Mönche beerdigt wurden. 1940 wurde die Bergelkirche wieder eine Pfarrkirche. Erster Pfarrer wurde Anton Jendrzejczyk.

In den Jahren 2012 und 2013 wurde die Außenfassade der Kirche renoviert. Zwischen 2016 und 2017 wurde die Treppenanlage der Kirche für knapp 1,5 Millionen Złoty saniert. Am 2. Juni 2017 wurden die Treppen wieder freigegeben.

Architektur

Die Bergelkirche besitzt ein dreischiffiges und vierjochiges Langhaus. Das im Langhaus befindliche Kreuzrippengewölbe stammt vorwiegend aus den Jahren 1701–1708. An der Ostseite befindet sich der langgestreckte, vierjochige Chor aus der 1. Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts. Der dreiseitig geschlossene Chor besitzt Stichkappentonnen und ist verziert mit Pilastern. Das Chorgewölbe ist verziert mit einem Deckengemälde, das unter anderem Mariä Himmelfahrt darstellt.

Die Bergelkirche besitzt eine neo-romanische Fassade. Dahinter versteckt sich ein gotisches Gebäude mit einer barocken Innenausstattung. Dabei haben sich die Kanzel, der Hauptaltar, sechs Nebenaltäre und etliche Skulpturen aus dem 18. Jahrhundert erhalten.

Der Kirchturm wurde 1896 im barocken Stil von dem Architekten Paul erbaut. Bekrönt ist der Turm mit einem Zwiebelhelm mit Laterne. Der Glockenturm wurde gleichzeitig mit den Türmen der Franziskanerkirche und denen der Kathedrale zum Heiligen Kreuz fertiggestellt.

Ausstattung

In der Bergelkirche befinden sich ein Gemälde der Unbefleckten Empfängnis Mariens aus dem 18. Jahrhundert und das Grabmal des Herzogbischofs Johann I. von Oppeln. Nach der Überführung des Gemäldes aus Piekary Śląskie (dt. Deutsch Piekar) im Jahr 1813 in die Oppelner Kathedrale wurde es kurzzeitig in der Bergelkirche aufbewahrt. Daher wird in der Kirche eine Kopie des Bildes aufbewahrt.

Im Kirchengebäude stehen sechs Nebenaltäre, die alle um 1750 aus Holz entstanden. Im südlichen Seitenschiff steht der Altar des hl. Thomas von Aquin. Hier befindet sich ein Altarbild, welches Thomas von Aquin betend vor dem Kreuz darstellt. Am Pfeiler im südlichen Schiff befindet sich der Altar der schmerzhaften Mutter Gottes, die ebenfalls im Altarbild abgebildet ist. Ein weiteres Gemälde an diesem Altar stellt die Enthauptung der hl. Barbara dar. Ein dritter Altar im Südschiff ist der Kreuzaltar, mit einem Altarbild von Christus am Kreuze und einem vergoldeten Relief der Büßerin Maria Magdalena. Im nördlichen Seitenschiff befindet sich der Dominikusaltar. Das dazugehörende Altarbild stellt den von Engeln und einem Hund umgebenen hl. Dominikus dar. Weitere Altäre im Nordschiff sind der Josefsaltar sowie der Annaaltar.

Die Kanzel besteht aus Holz und ist graugrün und rot marmoriert. Das vergoldete Relief am Schalldeckel stellt das Jüngste Gericht dar. Der Hauptaltar stammt aus dem Jahr 1750 und entstammt dem Spätbarock. Dieser besitzt einen Baldachin und Gemälde des hl. Adalbert und der hl. Katharina.

Die heutige Orgel stammt aus dem Jahr 1850. Die Bekrönung und Verzierungen stammen noch von der alten barocken Orgel. Darunter zu finden ist unter anderem ein harfespielender David sowie Königin Saba mit einer Laute.

An der südlichen Seite des Langhauses befindet sich die Sakristei. Diese besitzt im Inneren ein Deckengemälde der Heiligen Adalbert und Georg aus dem Jahr 1733.

Weblinks

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen. Schlesien. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X, S. 708–710.
 Hamada, Andrzej: Architektur Oppelns im geschichtlichen Stadtbild, Oficyna Piastowska Opole 2008, ISBN 978-83-89357-45-8
 Zajączkowska, Urszula: Oppeln/Opole – Ein kunstgeschichtlicher Rundgang durch die Stadt an der Oder, Großer Kunstführer Schnell & Steiner, Band 271; ISBN 978-3-7954-2592-0
 O. Spisla: Oppeln in den Stürmen der Zeit – Opole w zawierusze czasu. Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien Ratingen-Hösel (o. J.). ISBN 83-904897-0-8, S. 47–52

Einzelnachweise

Oppeln Schmerzhaften
Schmerzhaften
Opole
Opole
Opole
Kulturdenkmal in Opole

Kirche zur Schmerzhaften Muttergottes (Opole)


John Clarence Karcher (15 de abril de 1894 - 13 de julho de 1978) foi um geofísico e empresário norte-americano. Ele inventou e eventualmente comercializou o sismógrafo de reflexão, solicitando patentes em 1919. Pelo patenteamento e desenvolvimento da sismografia de reflexão, ele criou o meio pelo qual a maioria das reservas de petróleo do mundo foram descobertas. Em 1930, ele, Eugene McDermott e Everette Lee DeGolyer fundaram a Geophysical Service Incorporated, fornecedora pioneira de serviços de exploração sísmica para a indústria do petróleo que se concentrava na sismologia de reflexão.

Referências
Texas Instruments

J. Clarence Karcher


Jedrilac (Argonauta argo) je glavonožac otvorena mora poznat po vrlo tankoj kućici koju stvara samo ženka za nošenje jaja. Zbog tanke kućice vrstu nazivaju i papirnatim Nautilusom. Vrsta je kozmopolitska i rasprostranjena u tropskim i suptropskim morima svijeta, a patuljasta forma te vrste nađena je i u Sredozemnom moru. U jedrilca ženka može biti veličine i do 45 cm, a mužjak samo 2 cm. Tijekom kopulacije u mužjaka se otkine hektokotil i zatim još neko vrijeme ostane pokretljiv u plaštanoj šupljini ženke. Zbog toga su znanstvenici najprije mislili da je nametnik i nazvali su ga Hectocotylus. Danas se taj pojam rabi za kopulatorni krak svih glavonožaca.

Izvori

Glavonošci

Jedrilac


Naoto Matsuo (født 10. september 1979) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vissel Kobe og Albirex Niigata.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Naoto Matsuo


Le nerf ethmoïdal antérieur est un nerf sensoriel du nez et de la cavité nasale.

C'est une branche du nerf naso-ciliaire, lui-même branche du nerf ophtalmique (V1).

Trajet
Le nerf ethmoïdal antérieur est une branche terminale du nerf naso-ciliaire, branche du nerf ophtalmique (CN V1), lui-même branche du nerf trijumeau (CN V).

Il nait près de la paroi médiale de l'orbite, après la naissance des quatre branches du nerf naso-ciliaire : le rameau communiquant avec le ganglion ciliaire, les nerfs ciliaires longs, le nerf infra-trochléaire et le nerf ethmoïdal postérieur.

Il traverse le foramen ethmoïdal antérieur pour atteindre la fosse crânienne antérieure. Il y donne des fibres sensorielles aux méninges.

Après avoir suivi la lame criblée de l'ethmoïde, il la traverse pour pénétrer dans la cavité nasale. Il donne des branches pour le toit de la cavité nasale.

Il bifurque en une branche nasale interne latérale et une branche nasale interne médiale. Il envoie des fibres sensorielles aux alvéoles ethmoïdales antérieures et aux alvéoles ethmoïdales moyennes et à la partie antérieure de la cloison nasale.

Une branche externe innerve la peau de la paroi latérale du nez.

Fonction
Le nerf ethmoïdal antérieur est le nerf sensitif du septum nasal et d'une partie des méninges.

Il est impliqué dans le réflexe de plongée.

Notes et références

ethmoïdal antérieur

Nerf ethmoïdal antérieur


තෝමස් ග්‍රැහැම් ()  (1805-12-21 – 1869-10-16), යනු  බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික රසායන විද්‍යාඥයකු වෙයි. ඔහු colloid chemistry හි මූලාරම්භකයෙක් ලෙස සැලකෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ග්‍රැහැම් නියමය
 Gaseous diffusion
 Dialysis
 Colloid
 Fick's laws of diffusion

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Biography
 Obituary from Nature by A. W. Williamson
 Papers of Thomas Graham
 Records of Glasgow Mechanics' Institution / College of Science and Arts

1805 births
1869 deaths
Scientists from Glasgow
Scottish chemists
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People associated with the University of Strathclyde
Masters of the Mint
Royal Medal winners
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at the High School of Glasgow

තෝමස් ග්‍රැහැම් (රසායන විද්‍යාඥයා)


Skyderiet i Utrecht 2019 foregik den 18. marts, hvor tre personer blev dræbt og yderligere syv blev såret under et skyderi i en sporvogn i Utrecht, Holland. Én person døde 10 dage senere på hospitalet som følge af sine skader.

En 37-årig tyrkisk mand blev arresteret senere den efterfølgende dag efter en større politiindsats. Han blev dømt for mord med terrorisme som formål, og han fik en livstidsdom.

Angrebet
Klokken cirka 10:45 CET foregik et skyderi på en sporvogn tæt på 24 Oktoberplein-knudepunktet i Utrecht. Gerningsmanden flygtede i en bil, hvilket førte politiet på en menneskejagt, der varede det meste af dagen. Politiet endte med at arrestere en 37-årig mand, der er født i Tyrkiet. I tillæg hertil blev der foretaget yderligere to arrestationer i forbindelse med skyderiet. I forbindelse med angrebet ledte politiet ledte også efter en rød Renault Clio , der senere blev fundet og konfiskeret.

En af kvinderne der blev skudt kan have været målet på grund af "familiære årsager" og da andre passagerer forsøgte at hjælpe hende, blev de også ramt.

Referencer

Begivenheder i 2019
Terrorhandlinger i Holland
Utrecht
Masseskyderier

Skyderiet i Utrecht 2019


Svijet

Filmovi
 Ljubavne varke, američki film
 Upoznajući g. Darcyja, američka romantična drama
 Forušande, iranska filmska drama

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Filmovi

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Film u 2016.


Historias del Kronen puede referirse a:
 Historias del Kronen, novela de 1994 del escritor español José Ángel Mañas.
 Historias del Kronen, película de 1995 del director español Montxo Armendáriz, basada en la novela anterior.

Historias del Kronen


Mica Câmpie Ungară sau Alföldul Mic (în , în , în ) este o câmpie de aproximativ 8.000 km² situată în nord-vestul Ungariei, sud-vestul Slovaciei  și în estul Austriei. Aparține Bazinului Panonic, fiind în fapt un subbazin de sedimentare al acestuia.

Note

Vezi și
 Marea Câmpie Ungară

Câmpii din Europa
Bazinul Panonic

Mica Câmpie Ungară


"In Your Eyes" este un cântec australian înregistrat de cântăreața Kylie Minogue, care face parte din albumul Fever (2001). A fost compus de, Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher și Ash Howes și produs de Stannard și Gallagher. Este o piesă dance care abordează tema tentațiilor sexuale. A fost lansat pe 18 februarie 2002 de Parlophone ca al doilea single al albumului.

Clasamente

Clasări la sfârșitul anului

Note

Discuri single din 2002
Cântece de Kylie Minogue

In Your Eyes (cântec de Kylie Minogue)


Andreas Manuel Kimmelmann (* 29. Januar 1979 in München) ist ein deutscher Schriftsteller und Jurist.

Biografie
Andreas Kimmelmann besuchte das Rainer-Maria-Rilke-Gymnasium in Icking (Bayern). Nach dem Abitur studierte er Jura in München, wo er später u. a. als Rechtsanwalt in der Kanzlei des bekannten Strafverteidigers Rolf Bossi arbeitete.

Seit 2007 veröffentlichte er mehrere Kurzgeschichten, v. a. im Krimi- und Horrorgenre in Magazinen, Anthologien und Internetmagazinen, unter anderem die mehrfach diskutierte Geschichte "Agenda 2050" über eine düstere Vision eines zukünftigen Bildungssystems. Im Juli 2011 schließlich erschien sein Kriminalroman "Mord im Lichthof" über den ersten Fall des Münchner Junganwalts Alwin Eichhorn im Titus Verlag. Von Dezember 2010 bis Juli 2011 erschienen fünf Bände der Kinderbuchreihe "Bayernmaxl" im Verlag P.M. Publishing-Media-GmbH, für die Andreas Kimmelmann die Texte schrieb. Für seine Horror-Kurzgeschichte "Aufgeblasenes Pack" wurde Andreas Kimmelmann Ende 2011 auf der Frankfurter Buchmesse mit dem 3. Platz beim Ersten Deutschen E-Book-Preis ausgezeichnet. Die Geschichte wurde im selben Jahr in der E-Book-Anthologie "Best of Electronic Publishing 2011" bei Satzweiss/Chichili veröffentlicht.

Im März 2012 erschien seine Kurzkrimi-Sammlung "Falsche Schritte, dunkle Pfade" als E-Book bei Satzweiss/Chichili. Seine Kurzgeschichte "Neue Perspektiven" wurde in der zugehörigen Anthologie "Ein Gefühl für Mord. Die besten Einsendungen zum Agatha-Christie-Krimipreis 2012" bei Fischer E-Books veröffentlicht.

Im Juni 2014 veröffentlichte Andreas Kimmelmann eine Stellungnahme, in der er sich öffentlich zu Jesus Christus bekannte und ankündigte, dass dies auch Einfluss auf seine Arbeit haben werde. Seine Figuren sollten keine unmoralischen Anti-Helden mehr sein, sondern ihr Leben in den Griff kriegen und glücklich werden.

Werke

Wissenschaftliche Werke
 Die Folter im Beweisverfahren der Leges Visigothorum: Chindasvinths Gesetzgebung im Spiegel der westgotischen Rechtsentwicklung. 2011, Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-631-60982-8.

Romane
 Der Richter und sein Mörder. 2013, Wiesbaden: Titus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-944935-09-6.
 Mord im Lichthof. 2011, Wiesbaden: Titus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-942277-27-3.
 Der Fluch des Schattenkönigs. 1. Aufl. 2007, Friedberg: Schlosser. ISBN 978-3-939783-54-1.
 Virus X: die letzten Tage im Diesseits. 1. Aufl., 2007, Friedberg: Schlosser. ISBN 978-3-939783-23-7.

Kinderbücher
 Maxl macht eine Schlittenfahrt. 2010, Wolfratshausen: PM Publishing- und Media GmbH. ISBN 978-3-981404-91-3.
 Maxl und der Maibaum. 2010, Wolfratshausen: PM Publishing- und Media GmbH. ISBN 978-3-981404-92-0.
 Maxls schönstes Silvester. 2010, Wolfratshausen: PM Publishing- und Media GmbH. ISBN 978-3-981404-93-7.
 Maxl bei der Fischer Vroni. 2011, Wolfratshausen: PM Publishing- und Media GmbH. ISBN 978-3-9814049-4-4.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Dichterjurist
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Autor
Kriminalliteratur
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Geboren 1979
Deutscher
Mann

Andreas Kimmelmann


රංගනය
විජය කුමාරණතුංග - විලිසොන්
සිරිල් වික්‍රමගේ - පියදාස
ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ - සෝමක්කා
පියසේන අහංගම - භික්ෂුව
උපාලි අත්තනායක - ගුණපාල අයියා
දයා තෙන්නකෝන් - කංකානම
සෝමසිරි දෙහිපිටිය - තාත්තා
හයසින්ත් විජේරත්න - කන්‍යා සොයුරිය
රත්මලී ගුණසේකර - විලිසොන්ගේ අක්කා
අසංකා මොනරවිල - මිලී
දයා අල්විස්
අනුර මැදගොඩ - දොස්තර
ජී. ආර්. පෙරේරා - සියදෝරිස් අයියා
රත්නාවලි කැකුණවල
යූ. ආරියවිමල් - ආතර්
ලයනල් වික්‍රම

ගීතයන්
සදා වෙළෙමින් පෙළෙයි – ඩබ්ලිව්.ඩී. අමරදේව - පද - ගුණදාස අමරසේකර
රා රා රා බොම්බියේ - ටී. එම්. ජයරත්න, ගුණදාස කපුගේ – පද - කේ. ඩී. කේ. ධර්මවර්ධන
ගීත පොත් - ශාන්ති පොත්හල, මරදාන

නිෂ්පාදනය
ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම - සීමාසහිත සක්සද සලරූ
නිෂ්පාදන කත්‍යාධිකාරි - සෝමසිරි දෙහිපිටිය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් ගුණරත්න, රංජිත් යාපා ද අල්විස්
කැමර සහාය – ජයනාත් ගුණවර්ධන, එස්. එන්. රත්නසිරි, යාපා ජයවර්ධන
සංස්කරණ සහාය – අශෝක ආතාවුදහෙට්ටි
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - කේ. ඒ. මිල්ටන් පෙරේරා
වේශ නිරූපණය – රෙජී ද සිල්වා
ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය – මයිකල් සත්‍යනාදන්
නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරු - ජිනදාස නිශ්ශංක

ප්‍රදර්ශනය
ප්‍රදර්ශනය – රීගල්, ක්‍රවුන්, ඕඩියන්, මෙට්රෝ, වෙම්බ්ලි ඇතුළු 5 වන මණ්ඩලයේ සිනමා ශාලා 15 කදී
ප්‍රදර්ශන කාලය – රීගල් දින 20, දින 34 වන විට මුල් ශලා 4 කට සීමා විය. වෙම්බ්ලි දින 17, ක්‍රවුන්, ඕඩියන් දින 54 ක්

කරුමක්කාරයෝ


Le nom Sirdarya peut être une translittération en caractères latins de :
 Syr-Daria, fleuve d'Asie centrale ;
 Sirdaryo (en ouzbek : Сирдарё), ville capitale de la province de Sirdaryo, en Ouzbékistan.

Sirdarya


An Phreatia petiolata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Phreatia petiolata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phreatia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. p. eitapensis
 P. p. petiolata

Mga kasarigan

Phreatia

Phreatia petiolata


Aurel (A.) Babeș (Bukurešt, 11. prosinca 1886. – Bukurešt, 7. kolovoza 1962.) bio je rumunjski znanstvenik i liječnik, jedan od otkrivača testa za otkrivanje raka grlića maternice. Bio je nećak Victora Babeșa, koautora (s Cornilom) prvog bakteriološkog ugovora.

Aurel Babeș rođen je 1886. godine, u Rumunjskoj. Njegov otac bio je profesor kemije. Aurel Babeș oženio se za ginekologinju Luciju Serbanescu 1930. godine. Usvojili su kćer, koja je postala priznata operna pjevačica.

Iako je Georgios Papanikolaou uglavnom zaslužan za izum papa testa protiv raka grlića maternice, pomoću citologije grlića maternice, O'Dowd i Philipp vjeruju da je Babeș bio prvi pionir u citološkoj dijagnozi raka grlića maternice. Otkrio je da ako se platinasta petlja koristi za prikupljanje stanica iz cerviksa žene, a zatim se stanice osuše na talogu i oboje, može se utvrditi jesu li prisutne stanice raka. Ovo je bio prvi dijagnostički test, koji je detektirao rak grlića maternice. Babeș je svoja otkrića predstavio Rumunjskom društvu ginekologije u Bukureštu 23. siječnja 1927. Njegova metoda dijagnoze raka objavljena je u francuskom medicinskom časopisu »Presse Médicale« 11. travnja 1928., ali malo je vjerojatno da je Papanicolaou bio svjestan toga. Štoviše, dvije tehnike se prema svom dizajnu razlikuju prema Diamantisu i sur. Iako je Babeș prethodio Papanicolaouu, otkriće papa testa pripada Papanicolaouu. Ovaj proboj u dijagnozi raka grlića maternice spasio je živote više od 6 milijuna žena.

Kaže se, da je Aurel Babeș bio svjestan velikoga međunarodnog ugleda koji je Georgios Papanikolaou stekao za razliku od njega. U duhu prepoznavanja i korektnosti, Rumunjska je cervikalno testiranje nazvala kao "Metodu Babeș-Papanicolaou" u čast Babeșa.

Izvori

Rumunjski znanstvenici
Liječnici

Aurel Babeș


Inngeisli marghyrnings er strik frá miðpunkti að miðju hliðar.

Heimildir

Marghyrningar

Inngeisli


Početni komad je pojam iz teorije skupova.

Kad imamo proizvoljan parcijalno uređen skup (A, <), za lanac B kažemo da je početni komad skupa A ako vrijedi

 i

ako vrijedi da iz činjenice

Primjerice {1, 2,...,1000} je početni komad skupa (N, <) a interval <−∞,33> je jedan početni komad skupa (R, <).

Izvori
Prirodoslovno matematički fakultet u Zagrebu  Mladen Vuković: Neki osnovni pojmovi teorije skupova, 2004. str.  4 (pristupljeno 14. listopada 2019.)

Teorija skupova

Početni komad


Tomislav Petranović Rvat (Prvča, 28. siječnja 1934. – Nova Gradiška,  9. kolovoza 2021.), hrvatski slikar, nadrealist, predstavnik onirističkog slikarstva, priznat u europskim krugovima. Okušao se i u karikaturi, pjesništvu, glumi, oglašavanju i scenografiji.

Životopis
Završio je Višu pedagošku školu u Zagrebu. Od 1969. posvećuje se slikarstvu, kada i prvi put izlaže na skupnoj izložbi u New Yorku i samostalnoj u Novoj Gradiški. Tijekom života priredio je oko 25 samostalnih, a sudjelovao na više od stotinu skupnih izložbi u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu. Bio je članom Društva naivnih likovnih umjetnika Hrvatske i ULUH-a.

U tekstu monografije "Tomislav Petranović Rvat - Thoma" akademik Tonko Maroević je zapisao:

Tomislav Petranović Rvat dobitnik je Reda Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića.

Monografije
 Depolo, Josip & Bilopavlović, Tito: "Tomislav Petranović Rvat", Zagreb: Izdavačko i propagandno poduzeće "Zagreb", 1976.
 Maroević, Tonko: "TOMISLAV PETRANOVIĆ RVAT - THOMA", Nova Gradiška: Gradski muzej Nova Gradiška, 2016. ISBN / ISSN 978-953-7991-05-0

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 LZMK / Hrvatska enciklopedija: Petranović-Rvat, Tomislav
 Glas Slavonije.hr – Sve o čemu sanja drevna Panonija
 Narodno sveučilište Dubrava: TOMISLAV PETRANOVIĆ RVAT

Životopisi, Nova Gradiška
Hrvatski slikari
Nositelji Reda Danice Hrvatske

Tomislav Petranović Rvat


Colin Kaepernick (født 3. november 1987) er en amerikansk sportsmand, der 2011 - 2016 var quarterback hos NFL-klubben San Francisco 49ers.

Protestdemonstration

Han vakte opsigt, da han ved nogle kampe i 2016 ikke, som det er traditionen, stod op under afsyngelsen af nationalsangen. Nogle gange blev han siddende på bænken men valgte siden at være på banen ved siden af holdkammeraterne, dog knælende i stedet for stående. Han forklarede, at han ikke kunne hylde det amerikanske flag, idet det for ham symboliserer en nation, der undertrykker sine minoriteter.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikansk fodbold-spillere fra Wisconsin
Amerikansk fodbold-spillere fra San Francisco 49ers
Amerikansk fodbold-quarterbacks
Personer fra Milwaukee

Colin Kaepernick


Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju za 2019. godinu je igrano u jesenskom dijelu sezone 2019./20.
Prvak Hrvatske je prvi put postala "Mladost" iz Zagreba.

Prva liga

Sustav natjecanja
Sudjeluje 5 klubova, uključujući i jedan klub iz Slovenije, koji igraju dvokružnu ligu. Po završetku lige, dvije najuspješnije hrvatske momčadi igraju za prvaka lige.

Sudionici

 Sinj - Sinj
 Nada - Split
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Zagreb - Zagreb
  Ljubljana - Ljubljana (van konkurencije)

Konačna ljestvica

Rezultati

 Ligaški dio

 Susret za prvaka

Unutarnje poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju

Vanjske poveznice
 rugby.hr

Izvori

 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019/20 - 1. liga (ljestvica), pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2020.
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019/20 - 1. liga (ljestvica), wayback arhiva
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019/20 - 1. liga (rezultati), pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2020.
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019/20 - 1. liga (rezultati), wayback arhiva

2019

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju 2019.


Joseph Guy LaPointe Jr. (2 juillet 1948 - 2 juin 1969) était un infirmier de combat dans l'armée américaine qui a reçu à titre posthume la Médaille d'honneur pour ses actions pendant la guerre du Vietnam.

Mémoire et honneur

Citation pour la médaille d'honneur

Médailles militaires
Joseph G. LaPointe, Jr. a reçu la Médaille d'honneur :

Articles connexes

Militaire américain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Récipiendaire de la Medal of Honor (US Army)
Objecteur de conscience américain
Objecteur de conscience de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Infirmier
Caporal de l'United States Army

Joseph G. LaPointe, Jr.


Sabino Ocan Odoki (Layibi, 8 de agosto de 1957) é um ministro ugandense e bispo católico romano de Arua.

Sabino Ocan Odoki foi ordenado sacerdote em 10 de setembro de 1983.

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o Bispo Auxiliar de Gulu e Bispo Titular de Sabrata em 22 de julho de 2006. O Arcebispo de Gulu, João Batista Odama, o consagrou em 21 de outubro do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram cardeal Emmanuel Wamala, Arcebispo Sênior de Kampala, e Arcebispo Christophe Pierre, Núncio Apostólico em Uganda.

O Papa o nomeou Bispo de Arua em 20 de outubro de 2010.

Ver também

Bispos católicos de Uganda

Sabino Ocan Odoki


L'église Saint-Georges de Roncourt est une église, protégée par les monuments historiques, situé dans la commune de Roncourt, dans le département français de la Moselle.

Localisation
L'église est située dans la rue principale du village sur l'actuel territoire de Roncourt, dans le département de la Moselle, en région Grand Est, en France. Elle fait partie de la paroisse Saint-Pierre de Jaumont, dans le diocèse de la Moselle.

Historique
L'abside de l'église remonterait au  ou . Le reste de l'église est remanié à partir du  (nef en 1466), notamment le clocher aux  avec le percement du portail d'entrée (date 1897 sur le linteau du portail).

L'église est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 27 mars 1895.

Architecture
De par ses dimensions, l'église peut être assimilée à une chapelle et est bâtie sur un plan rectangulaire.

L'église possède une nef à deux travées voûtées sur croisées d'ogives de style gothique tardif, retombant sur des colonnes maçonnées. Les chapiteaux de ces colonnes représentent des motifs végétaux et géométriques. La hauteur intérieure de la nef est de 4,80 mètres. L'abside a une forme carrée et serait la partie la plus ancienne de l'église. Le sol renferme des dalles funéraires.

A l'entrée de l'église se dresse un clocher carré, de 10 mètres de hauteur. Il abrite à sa base le portail d'entrée, au dessus duquel une niche a été creusée et qui abrite une statue. A l'extérieur, un ossuaire est surmonté d'un « Christ de pitié » du , et le portail d'entrée de l'ancien cimetière entourant la chapelle, est orné, à son sommet, d'une sculpture représentant saint Georges combattant un dragon.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Moselle

Liens externes

Roncourt
Monument historique classé en 1895
Roncourt

Église Saint-Georges de Roncourt


Velika nagrada Azerbajdžana (Formula 1 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix) je bila četvrta utrka prvenstva Formule 1 2018. Trkači vikend vožen je od 27. travnja do 29. travnja na stazi Baku u Azerbajdžanu, a pobijedio je Lewis Hamilton u Mercedesu.

Sudionici utrke

Izvještaj
Pirelli je za ovu utrku odabrao soft, supersoft i ultrarsoft gume. Renault je na ovu utrku došao s nekoliko aerodinamičkih poboljšanja za svoj R.S.18. Među poboljšanjima su se našli i novo prednje krilo, te bočni usmjerivači zraka iza prednjih kotača. FIA je od ove utrke dozvolila momčadima montiranje retrovizora na halo zaštitu, uz uvjet da ih dovoljno dobro pričvrste, kako bi pronašli optimalan položaj za bolju vidljivost i manje negativan utjecaj na aerodinamiku. Ferrari je na ovu stazu donio novo prednje krilo s drukčijim dizajnom bočnih ploča koje su imale različitu konfiguraciju elemenata blizu prednjih kotača, dok je Red Bull donio posebnu inačicu stražnjega krila s vrlo ravnim donjim elementom za manji otpor zraka.

Treninzi
Prvi slobodni trening

Valtteri Bottas je odradio 26 krugova uz najbolje vrijeme 1:44.242, manje od desetinke ispred Daniela Ricciarda i skoro punu sekundu ispred Lewisa Hamiltona. Max Verstappen je izgubio bolid na ulasku u zavoj i bočno se zabio u ogradu nakon čega više nije mogao pokrenuti bolid. Oba Ferrarijeva vozača su se žalila na stanje stražnjih guma ultrasoft, a nakon toga su Ferrraijevi mehaničari razmontirali bolid Kimija Räikkönena, nakon čega je stigla informacija da se radi na pogonskoj jedinici.

Drugi slobodni trening

Ricciardo je odvezao najbrže vrijeme drugog slobodnog treninga. Manje od desetinke sekunde zaostao je Räikkönen, dok je drugi Red Bullov bolid bio desetinku sporiji. Unutar sekunde bio je još jedino Fernando Alonso, koji je svoj McLaren MCL33 doveo do šestog mjesta. Programi za poslijepodnevne sate prvog dana trkaćeg vikenda uglavnom su bili uvježbavanje dugih stintova te traženje najpogodnijeg setupa za utrku. Samo minutu prije kraja trećeg slobodnog treninga Verstappen zapao je u probleme s bolidom te je vrlo sporo došao do boksa.

Treći slobodni trening

Na početku trećeg slobodnog treninga padala je lagana kiša, ali ona nije spriječila vozače da izađu na stazu na gumama za suho. Veći problem vozačima zadavao je jak vjetar. Nakon prvih krugova na najmekšim gumama najbrži su bili Sebastian Vettel i Räikkönen. Bottas je promašio kočenje u prvom zavoju, a Brendonu Hartleyju je to isto pošlo za rukom u 15. zavoju. Obojica su se vratili na stazu i nastavili s vožnjom. Akcija se na stazi nakon prvih vožnji malo smirila, a jedino su Renaultovi vozači nakon prvog dijela koristili supersoft gume. Vozači su se nakon pauze od desetak minuta vratili na stazu i krenuli u finalnu simulaciju kvalifikacija. Desetak minuta prije završetka treninga u zidu je završio Sergej Sirotkin. Rus je razbio bolid u trećem zavoju i time doveo u pitanje nastup na kvalifikacijama.

Kvalifikacije
Prva kvalifikacijska runda - Q1

Na samom početku kvalifikacija Romain Grosjean je izletio u svom Haasu i odmah prijavio probleme s mjenjačem nakon čega su njegove kvalifikacije bile gotove. Žute zastave potrajale su nekoliko minuta i nakon toga su vozači morali hitno po brzi krug kako bi se osigurali za prolaz u drugu kvalifikacijsku rundu. Mercedesi su postavili vremena sporija od Red Bullova i Ferrarija, ali je Lewis Hamilton u drugom pokušaju bio značajno brži i popravio svoje vrijeme te se ugurao između dva Ferrarija. Pierre Gasly je za milimetar izbjegao nalet na Brendona Hartleya u punoj brzini. Hartley je imao problema s bolidom nakon što je udario u zid i sporo je vozio po stazi, a Gasly je refleksno uspio izbjeći veliki sudar. Nakon toga je Kevin Magnussen iz čista mira izgubio ogroman komad stražnjeg dijela bolida. Na kraju su ispali Stoffel Vandoorne, Marcus Ericsson, Gasly,  Hartley i Grosjean.

Druga kvalifikacijska runda - Q2

U drugoj kvalifikacijskoj rundi najprije je Hamilton imao veliko blokiranje kotača i malo je nedostajalo da udari u barijere. Prvi je u krug otišao Valtteri Bottas na supersoft gumama. U prvom pokušaju Bottas je imao 1:42.679. Kimi Räikkönen je u svom pokušaju izletio van staze, a Max Verstappen je bio 2 desetinke sporiji od Bottasa. Sebastian Vettel je bio idući koji je prošao ciljem, a na kraju je zakasnio 3 desetinke. U drugom pokušaju je Hamilton odvezao dobar krug i na kraju je bio tri tisućinke brži od Bottasa. Dvije minute prije kraja svi su vozači izišli van na stazu i popravili svoja vremena. Räikkönen bio je bez vremena, a onda je na ultrasoft gumama odradio odlično vrijeme i popeo se na prvo mjesto, desetinku i pol ispred Hamiltona. Daniel Ricciardo je visio na 10. mjestu, ali ga nitko nije uspio preteći. Ispali su Williamsi Lancea Strolla i Sergeja Sirotkina, Fernando Alonso, Charles Leclerc i Magnussen.

Treća kvalifikacijska runda - Q3

U prvom pokušaju u posljednjoj kvalifikacijskoj rundi najprije je Verstappen postavio najbrže vrijeme, ali je onda to skinuo Bottas, za manje od desetinke. Hamilton je išao još brže, a onda je ciljem prošao Vettel – 3 desetinke ispred Hamiltona. Räikkönen je složio loš krug i završio tek na šestom mjestu. U drugom pokušaju Hamilton je popravio svoje vrijeme, ali tek za drugo mjesto. Räikkönen je u prva dva sektora imao uvjerljivo najbrža vremena, ali je onda jako zaplesao na stazi i izgubio je preko sekunde što ga je ostavilo tek na šestom mjestu. Ricciardo je bio brži od Verstappena u borbi za 4. poziciju, a Esteban Ocon je iza sebe ostavio Sergija Péreza. Nico Hülkenberg je četvrti put ove godine pobijedio Carlosa Sainza, i to za tri desetinke sekunde.

Utrka
U prvom krugu utrke, u seriji kontakata i izguravanja se dogodio incident između Kimija Räikkönena i Estebana Ocona u trećem zavoju, a Force Indijin vozač je odustao iz utrke. U istom krugu Sergej Sirotkin se našao između Fernanda Alonsa i Nice Hülkenberga, nakon čega je Rus morao odustati. Na stazu je izašao sigurnosni automobil kako bi redari počistili sve krhotine na stazi, a u boks su otišli Räikkönen na promjenu guma, Alonso zbog štete na oba desna kotača i Sergio Pérez. Promjena na vrhu nije bilo, Sebastian Vettel ostao je ispred Mercedesovih vozača.

U nastavku utrke Vettel je izgradio prednost od tri sekunde ispred Lewisa Hamiltona. Bitke su se vodile između Red Bullovih i Renaultovih vozača. Max Verstappen i Daniel Ricciardo su se borili za četvrtu poziciju, a onda su ih stisnuli Renaultovi vozači Carlos Sainz i Hülkenberg. Sainz je na stupanj mekšim gumama uspio prestići Red Bullove vozače nakon par pokušaja na startno-ciljnom pravcu, a uskoro se između dva RB14 bolida našao i Hülkenberg. U trenutku kada se vozio na šestom mjestu, Hülkenberg je izgubio stražnji kraj i udario u zid, te je to bio kraj utrke za Renaultovog vozača.

Hamilton je krug prije ulaska u boks napravio pogrešku na kočenju za prvi zavoj te se zaostatak za Vettelom do kraja kruga popeo na osam sekundi. Britanac je odmah potom u 23. krugu otišao po mekane gume, a na stazu se vratio kao treći iza timskog kolege Valtterija Bottasa. Vodeći čovjek utrke je na promjenu guma otišao tek u 31. krugu te se na stazu također vratio na mekanoj mješavini. U 35. krugu je Ricciardo na startno-ciljnom pravcu prestigao svog momčadskog kolegu, a tri kruga kasnije prvi je otišao u boks po ultrasoft gume. Odmah u sljedećem krugu isto je učinio i Verstappen, te se na stazu vratio ispred Australca. U 40. krugu je Ricciardo još jednom na startno-ciljnoj ravnini napao Verstappena, kada je Australac pokušao prvo s vanjske, a zatim s unutarnje strane. Verstappen je tada počeo kočiti za prvi zavoj tako da se sudar jednostavno nije mogao izbjeći. Na stazu je odmah izašao sigurnosni automobil, a u tom trenutku vodeći Bottas je otišao u boks u kojem je prešao na ultrasoft te se na stazu vratio kao vodeći. U boks su po ultra mekane gume otišli i Vettel, Hamilton te Räikkönen.

Romain Grosjean je prilikom zagrijavanja guma iza sigurnosnog automobila na ravnom dijelu staze izgubio stražnji kraj svog Haasa i završio u zidu. Ostataka njegovog bolida bilo je mnogo te je sigurnosni automobil produljio svoj boravak na stazi. Pérez je u međuvremenu odradio kaznu od pet sekundi zbog pretjecanja prije prve linije sigurnosnog automobila za vrijeme njegovog prvog posjeta stazi, a nakon toga je uzeo novi set supersoft guma te se na stazu vratio kao peti, bez gubitka pozicije. Nakon što se sigurnosni automobil maknuo sa staze, Vettel je napao Bottasa na prvom mjestu. Nijemac je otišao veoma široko te je pao na četvrtu poziciju. Već u sljedećem krugu je Bottas, vodeći čovjek utrke, prešao preko metalne krhotine na startno-ciljnom pravcu te mu je pukla stražnja desna guma. Utrka je za Finca bila gotova, a vodstvo je preuzeo njegov momčadski kolega Hamilton, ispred Räikkönena i Vettela. Međutim, potonji je imao velikih problema s oštećenim gumama te ga je u sljedećem krugu na startno-ciljnoj ravnini prestigao Pérez. Meksikanac je uspio zadržati treću poziciju do kraja utrke, a Lance Stroll je osmim mjestom osvojio prve bodove za Williams ove sezone.

Najbrža vremena treninga

Rezultati kvalifikacija

  – Nico Hülkenberg je dobio 5 mjesta kazne na gridu zbog promjene mjenjača.

Rezultati utrke

Zanimljivosti

Vozači
 63. pobjeda za Lewisa Hamiltona.
 94. postolje za Kimija Räikkönena.
 8. postolje za Sergija Péreza.
 52. najbolja startna pozicija za Sebastiana Vettela.
 Prvi bodovi za Charlesa Leclerca i Brendona Hartleya.

Konstruktori
 77. pobjeda za Mercedes.
 216. najbolja startna pozicija za Ferrari.

Poredak nakon 4 od 21 utrke

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix StatsF1

Azerbajdžan-2018
Azerbejdžan

Velika nagrada Azerbajdžana 2018.


أبي الحروف شخصية كرتونية تظهر في فقرة مغامرات أبي الحروف من برنامج الأطفال (المناهل). مهمة أبي الحروف إرجاع الكلمات إلى أصلها بعد أن تقوم شخصية شريرة اسمه خربوط بالعبث بكلمة معينة. مثل قيام خربوط بتحويل كلمة «بطل» إلى كلمة «بصل».

تاريخ الشخصية
وكمعظم شخصيات برنامج المناهل، تأتي شخصية أبي الحروف كنسخة عربية من شخصية كرتونية اسمها بالإنجليزية The Letterman، وهي جزء من برنامج تربوي أمريكي عرض في السبعينيات من القرن الماضي.

النسخة الأمريكية
وأثارت شخصية «رجل الحروف» الأمريكية الجدل، خصوصا من قبل جاك شاهين لأن عدوها خربوط، أو بالإنجليزية Spell Binder، تم تصويره على أنه رجل عربي اللباس وذو ملامح عربية هوليودية، أي ملامح تطابق التصور الهوليودي للعرب كما ظهروا بإفلام إنديانا جونز وغيرها من قبل.

مقدمة أبو الحروف
تردد عبارة «أقوى من الشدة أطول من المدة أحدُ من السين أهدأ من السكون أسرع من لمح العين إنه الرجل الطائر إنه الرجل العجيب إنه أبو الحروف!» في كل حلقة عند قدوم أبي الحروف لإنقاذ الموقف.

الطاقم

 راوية الأحداث: بصوت لينا التل.
 أبو الحروف:
 خربوط:

مصادر

 برنامج حاسوب لغوي باسم (أبي الحروف) وهو مقتبس من مغامرات أبي الحروف

انظر أيضا
 المناهل

برامج تلفزيونية للأطفال
شخصيات رسوم متحركة

أبو الحروف