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'''مهرجان فلسطين الدولي( 1993-)،''' أحد أهم المهرجانات السنوية الفلسطينية التي تقام داخل الأراضي الفلسطينية، والذي ينظم من قبل مركز الفن الشعبي وتمتد فعالياته على أكثر من مدينة فلسطنية منها رام الله والقدس وبيت لحم ونابلس وجنين والناصرة، وتشارك فيه كثير من الفرق الشعبية والفنية العالمية والعربية والفلسطينية، التي تختص بالغناء والرقص والطرب الموسيقي، وتمثل ثقافات مختلفة .يتواصل المهرجان على مدار عشرة ايام ويعقد في بداية شهر تموز من كل عام.

هدف المهرجان

 يساهم في تشجيع وإلهام الإنتاج الإبداعي للفنانين والمبدعين الفلسطينيين، خاصة الفرق الفنية المحلية.
 مشاركة الجمهور الفلسطيني ومشاهدتهم لاهم الاعمال الفنية الحديثة من قبل الفرق الغنائية والاستعراضية.
 دعم الفرق الفنية المشاركة.
 كسر العزلة الثقافية التي يعيشها الجمهور الفلسطيني
 يشكل المهرجان احد دعائم التضامن والصمود للشعب الفلسطيني.

الفنانين والفرق المشاركة بالمهرجان:
استضاف المهرجان العشرات من فرق الرقص والموسيقى العالمية من دول مختلفة كإسبانيا، وإيطاليا، واليونان، وتشيلي، ومصر، والأردن، وفرنسا، والمغرب، وتونس، والجزائر، والعراق، وبريطانيا، وتركيا؛ كما استضاف العشرات من فرق الرقص، والموسيقى والغناء المحلية، مسهماً بانتشارها وتطورها.

 فرقة نار الأناضول، وستومب، وفرقة بافوتشي، وماي دريم، ورذم أوف ذا دانس، جل جلاله، وفرقة وسط البلد وطارق الناصر.
 الهام المدفعي، ولطفي بشناق، صابر الرباعي، والشب فضيل، وأحلام، ومحمد فؤاد، ورشيد طه، وسعاد ماسي، ومريم صالح وطارق الناصر.

العقبات ومشاكل المهرجان
تتأثر المهرجانات الفنية بفلسطين بالأحداث السياسية الجارية منها:

 ألغي المهرجان أكثر من مرة حدادًا على ضحايا المجازر الإسرائيلية في قطاع غزة والضفة الغربية.
 عدم السماح للفرق المشاركة بالدخول الى الاراضي الفلسطينية من قبل قوات الاحتلال عن طريق عدم منحهم تصاريح دخول.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1993 في فلسطين
مهرجانات في فلسطين

مهرجان فلسطين الدولي


نهر ألما نهر في بلاد القرم يبلغ طوله 83 كم ويقع بين مدينتي سيفاستوبول وإيبتوريا، تعني ألما في لغة تتار القرم التفاحة وينبع النهر من جبال القرم ويصب في البحر الأسود، وقعت بالقرب من النهر معركة ألما التي خسرها الروس تحت قيادة ألكسندر منشكوف.

مراجع

أنهار أوكرانيا
أنهار روسيا
باختشيساراي
حرب القرم
أنهار القرم

نهر ألما


My neighbour is a bear er en dokumentarfilm fra 1991 instrueret af Stig Bilde, Jeanette Schou efter manuskript af Stig Bilde, Jeanette Schou.

Handling
Efter Glasnost er Riga igen blevet synlig på europakortet. Byen åbner sig med sin historie, de gamle gader og floden Daugava. Gennem interviews og billeder fortælles om Letlands historie og det daglige liv under et system, hvor problemerne ofte tangerer det absurde. Der skal mod til at slås for selvstændighed for Letland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Letland
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1991

My neighbour is a bear


The Jindo dog () is an indigenous dog native to the island of Jindo in South Korea. It is also known as  () and formerly known as the Chindo dog.

It is one of South Korea's Natural Treasures. It has a reputation for being loyal and good at tracking things. Due to its protected status within South Korea, only dogs born on Jindo Island can be officially registered as a Jindo by the Government of South Korea after an inspection. The dog was registered as a breed by the United Kennel Club on January 1, 1998 and by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 2005.

Description

Appearance
Jindos are double-coated spitz-type dogs. The keen and alert appearance of the Jindo gives the impression of intelligence, strength, loyalty, and agility. Other features include forward-pointing upright ears and prominent testicles.

Body
Korean Jindo owners have traditionally divided Jindos into two body types:

 Tonggol or Gyeopgae: This type is more muscular and stocky with the Korean National Dog Association (KNDA) recognizing an equal proportion of height at the withers to length (10:10). The depth of chest is approximately equal to one-half the height at the withers. The loin is also typically shorter.
 Hudu or Hotgae: This type is more slender with a somewhat less depth of chest and a slightly longer loin. Moreover, other physical features tend to have an increased length, such as the ears, muzzle, and head. This results in an appearance that is longer than tall with the KNDA recommending a height at the withers to length ratio of 10:11.

The KNDA also recognizes a third body type called Gakgol which is a gradually emerging combination of the two traditional types, retaining the length of body of the Hudu and the depth of chest of the Tonggol.

In regards to the Jindo's body appearance, the United Kennel Club currently states, "The squarely built Jindo has a chest that is moderately deep but not too broad. At its deepest point the chest reaches to, or just above, the elbow. The brisket is well developed and the ribs are well sprung. The back is strong and straight and the loin is well muscled, taut, lean and narrower than the ribcage. There is considerable tuck up."

Color
Jindos come in six colors:
 White (baekgu/백구) - This color is actually an off-white or ivory shade with tan or light brown around the tips of the ears, the back of the hind legs, and the tip of the tail. Some whites may have a subtle tan stripe running from the head, down the top line, to the tail.
 Fawn (hwanggu/황구) - The color of well-ripened wheat.
 Wolf Grey (jaegu/재구) - This coat looks gray from a distance but is actually made up of individual white, black, and fawn colored hairs.
 Black and tan (Nenunbagi/네눈박이) - Black with tan on the muzzle, legs, and paws, and an eye-shaped tan spot over each eye.
 Brindle (hogu/호구) - Also known as "Tiger" pattern. Thin, dark brown or black stripes like a tiger's on a fawn base. These stripes appear at an early age.
 Black (heukgu/흙구) - Solid black, very rare.

Some Jindo Island residents value black, black/red, and red/white Jindos as good hunters. The United Kennel Club recognizes six different coat colors: white, red fawn, wolf grey, black, black and tan, and brindle (tiger pattern).

Feet
The feet are of medium size, round in shape, with thick, strong tan pads. Nails are hard and may be black, cream or gray.

Gait
 The Jindo moves with strides of moderate length.
 It is a quick, light, elastic trot which enables the Jindo to travel quickly over any terrain.
 The forelegs and hind legs are carried straight forward, with neither elbows nor stifles turned in or out.
 At a normal walking speed, the Jindo tends to lower its head.

Head
 The top skull of an adult dog should be broad and rounded between the ears and free from wrinkles.
 The under jaw is well-developed and helps give a round or octagonal shape to the head when viewed from the front.  Coarse hairs stand away from the cheeks.
 The ears are triangular and upright (leaning forward past vertical), yet are unique among other spitz breeds for ears that splay out to the sides, creating a shape similar to airplane wings. The inside of the ears should be well-furred and thick cartilage is desired.  Ears on puppies normally lie flat until they are past 5–6 months.
 The eyes are almond/round.  They should be a shade of brown (a dark reddish-brown being preferred).  Some dogs have light brown eyes but this color is not desirable.  Jindos do not have blue eyes.
 The nose should be black on non-white dogs.  White dogs may have mottled portions of tan or pink in the center of the nose.
 The muzzle is well proportioned without being bulky.  The lips should be taut and black.  The preferred color for the tongue is solid pink.
 The Jindo has a complete set of evenly spaced, white teeth with a scissors bite.
 Typically, males have larger heads and females have more fox-like features.

Height and weight
Desirable height at maturity, measured at the withers, ranges from 19½ to 21 inches (or 48 to 53 cm) for males and 18½ to 20 inches (or 45 to 50 cm) for females.

Weight should be in proportion to the height, giving a well-muscled, lean appearance without being too light or too heavy. The typical weight range for a male Jindo in good condition is 40 to 60 pounds (18 to 27 kg); for a female, 35 to 55 pounds (16 to 25 kg).

Tail
The tail is thick and strong and set on at the end of the top line. The tail should be at least long enough to reach to the hock joint. The tail may be loosely curled over the back or carried over the back in a sickle position. The hair on the underside of the tail is thick, stiff, abundant, and twice as long as the coat on the shoulders, which causes the hair to fan outward when the tail is up.

Character

Jindo dogs are well known for their loyalty and gentle nature. Since Jindo dogs are active, they need proper living space, walks, care, and attention. There is also a clear perception of family hierarchy.

They are of medium to high energy. If kept in a yard, the fencing must be at least 6 feet high due to their strong hind legs that enable them to jump high. Because Jindos are active and intelligent, they require frequent interaction with people or other dogs.

Jindos are known to be very aggressive to other dogs, often attacking them unprovoked and causing serious injury and death.

Loyalty
In 1993, a 7-year-old female Jindo named Baekgu (백구; 白狗; translated as a White Dog), raised by Park Bok-dan (박복단), an 83-year-old woman on Jindo Island, was sold to a new owner in the city of Daejeon which is located about 300 km (180 mi) away from the island. The dog escaped her new home and returned to her original owner, Park, after seven months, haggard and exhausted. Baekgu remained with her original owner, who decided to keep the loyal dog, until the dog died of natural causes seven years later. The story was a national sensation in South Korea and was made into cartoons, a TV documentary, and a children's storybook. In 2004, Jindo County erected a statue of Baekgu in her hometown to honor the dog.

Another Jindo, also named Baekgu, a four-year-old male at the time who lived alone with his owner Park Wan-suh (박완서) residing on Jindo Island, did not eat anything and mourned for his dead owner for seven days after the owner died from a liver disease in June 2000. According to Chosun Ilbo, the dog accompanied his dead owner for three days until other people came to find the body, followed the owner to his funeral, and came back home, not eating anything for four days. The Korean Jindo Dog Research Institute (진돗개 시험연구소) brought him under its care, but a person related to the Institute announced that the dog would not interact with anyone except for his feeder as of 2005.

History
The Jindo dog was researched by Tamezo Mori, a professor of Keijo Imperial University in February 1937 and it was registered as 53rd of Natural Treasure of 朝鮮總督府 (the Government-General of Korea) in May, 1938.

The Jindo dog managed to survive Korea under Japanese rule between 1910 and 1945 due to Japanese biologists recognizing its similarity to Japan's native dogs, whereas other Korean dog breeds were killed by the Japanese. In 1962, the Government of South Korea designated the Jindo as the 53rd 'Natural Treasure' (or translated as 'Natural Monument') (천연기념물; 天然記念物) and was thusly protected along with all designated Natural Treasures under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act the same year. Because of the special status of the Jindo, it is very difficult to export pure Jindo Island Jindo dogs outside of Korea. Jindos marched in the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea.

The Jindo Dogs Guild of Korea (), as of 2008, issues certificates of Korean Jindo dog purity, which specifies the registered number of the mother, sex, and birth date of the dog, as well as breeder's address, and certifies that the dog is purely of Jindo Island origin.

The Jindo first appeared in the West in France, and a small number have since been introduced to the United Kingdom and the United States, both in an official capacity and by Korean immigrants. The Jindo dog as a breed was recognized by the United Kennel Club on January 1, 1998. As of 2016, there were only two registered Jindos in the U.S.: one in the Los Angeles area and one in Seattle. There were 25 registered in the United Kingdom.

Lineage
A 2020 study showed that Jindos and other East and Southeast Asian dogs share some common ancestry with the New Guinea singing dog. These dogs were shown in this same study to be more phylogenetically related to each other than to other more selectively bred dog breeds, most of which contain far greater percentages of the Modern European lineage. DNA analysis indicates another common ancestor around 900 years ago that the Donggyeongi dog and the Korean Jindo separated from.

In a genomic analysis of the Jindo dog, several mitochondrial DNA genotypes unique to the Jindo were noted. Within the same study, the Jindo's unique mitochondrial DNA genome was reflected in its similarities to other dogs but distinctive branch on the mapped canine phylogenetic tree.

Human utilization of Jindos
Naturally having a strong prey drive, Jindo dogs were traditionally utilized by the various inhabitants of Jindo (island) for hunting game animals, including water deer and wild boar. In more modern times, the Jindo dog is usually kept by humans as a loyal canine companion and guard dog.
The Korean Army is known to use Jindos as guard dogs at major bases. Furthermore, Jindos are instinctively wary of strangers and do not take food from anyone other than their owners.

In a 2009 interview with Korea Economic Daily (한국경제), Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change.

In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of the Korean Security Forum, wrote that most Korean military dogs were German Shepherds, and that Jindo dogs were not fit for military dogs as they were highly likely to escape their duties to find their first handlers, who might have been discharged from military services, or to come back to their original home.

However, efforts to train Jindo dogs as search and rescue dogs continue. In October 2010, the Los Angeles Police Department announced their intent to evaluate the Jindo dog breed for law enforcement service, specifically for patrol and detection service. Four selected Jindo puppies would be distributed to LAPD and Glendale California Police Department to be trained as K9 units. After a year of trying, the trainers found that the dogs did not have the right disposition for police work because they were too easily distracted and too eager to please their masters.

See also

 Nureongi: Another Korean dog breed
 Donggyeongi: Korean dog breed
 Pungsan dog: Korean dog breed
 Sapsali: Korean dog breed
 Shiba Inu: Japanese dog breed
 Akita: Japanese dog breed
 List of dog breeds
 List of dogs noted for being faithful after their master's death

References

External links

 The Association of Korean Jindo Dog

Dog breeds originating in South Korea
FCI breeds
Mammals of Korea
Jindo Dog
Rare dog breeds
Spitz breeds

Korean Jindo


Walter Campbell Short (March 30, 1880 – September 3, 1949) was a lieutenant general (temporary rank) and major general of the United States Army and the U.S. military commander responsible for the defense of U.S. military installations in Hawaii at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

Early life
Short was born in 1880 in Fillmore, Illinois. The son of a doctor, he graduated from the University of Illinois in 1901. He then taught mathematics for a year at a military academy.

Military career

Pre-World War II service
He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry in the U.S. Army on March 13, 1902, and assigned duty at the Presidio of San Francisco.  He served in the Philippines and later Alaska, and took part in the expedition into Mexico with the 16th Infantry Regiment in 1916.

During World War I, he served on the general staff of the 1st Division and as assistant chief of staff for the 3rd Army. He was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his efforts during the war. The citation for the medal reads:

After the war, Short became a member of the War Department General staff and served with the Far Eastern section of the Military Intelligence Division until 1924.  He then attended the Army War College and after graduation served as a staff school instructor. He commanded 1st Infantry Division from 1938 to 1940 and I Corps from January 1940 to January 1941.

Hawaii

General George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, appointed Short to the Hawaiian command on February 8, 1941 and promoted him to the temporary rank of Lieutenant General.

He earned the Distinguished Service Medal and was considered to have had a successful career at that time, especially in light of his promotions during peacetime.

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Aftermath
On December 17, 1941, General Short was removed from command of the U.S. Army's Hawaiian Department as a result of the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands.  Short was ordered back to Washington, D.C., by General Marshall. He reverted to his permanent rank of major general, from his temporary rank of lieutenant general, since his temporary rank was contingent on his command.

On February 28, 1942, he retired from the Army and then headed the traffic department at a Ford Motor Company plant in Dallas, Texas. He briefly returned to active duty from October 3, 1945 to February 28, 1946.  He retired in 1946 and died in 1949 in Dallas of a chronic heart ailment.

Roberts Commission
The Roberts Commission, headed by U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Owen J. Roberts, was formed soon after the attack on the Hawaiian Islands. General Short, along with Navy Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet and Pacific Fleet, Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, were accused of being unprepared and charged with dereliction of duty. The report charged that Short and Kimmel did not take seriously enough an earlier war warning and did not prepare for an air attack at Pearl Harbor.

In a letter dated January 24, 1941, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox advised the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson that the increased gravity of the Japanese situation had prompted a restudy of the problem of the security of the Pacific Fleet while in Pearl Harbor. Knox wrote:  "If war eventuates with Japan, it is believed easily possible that hostilities would be initiated by a surprise attack upon the fleet or the naval base at Pearl Harbor."  The letter proceeded:  "The dangers envisaged in their order of importance and probability are considered to be: (1) Air bombing attack (2) Air torpedo plane attack, (3) Sabotage, (4) Submarine attack, (5) Mining, (6) Bombardment by gunfire."

Knox's letter stated the defenses against all but the first two were then satisfactory, described the probable character of an air attack and urged the Army to prepare for such an attack. It concluded with recommendations for the revision of joint defense plans with special emphasis on the coordination of Army and Navy operations against surprise aircraft raids. It also urged the conduct of joint exercises to train the forces to meet such raids.

Stimson replied February 7, 1941, that a copy of the letter was being forwarded to Short, with direction to him to cooperate with the local naval authorities in making the suggested measures effective. Admiral Kimmel and General Short received copies of these letters at about the time they assumed their commands.

The report found that had orders been complied with:
the aircraft warning system of the Army should have been operating;
the distant reconnaissance of the inshore air patrol of the Army should have been maintained;
the antiaircraft batteries of the Army should have been manned and supplied with ammunition; and
a high state of readiness of aircraft should have been in effect.

None of these conditions was in fact inaugurated or maintained for the reason that the responsible commanders failed to consult and cooperate as to necessary action based upon the warnings and to adopt measures enjoined by the orders given to them by the chiefs of the Army and Navy commands in Washington.

The Roberts Commission was not a court-martial proceeding nor a judicial tribunal. Rather, the investigations were for fact-finding. There is generally no right to "due process", in the sense of a right to counsel and to cross-examine witnesses at a fact-finding investigation.

Admiral William Harrison Standley, who served as a member of the Roberts Commission, later disavowed the report, maintaining that "these two officers were martyred" and "if they had been brought to trial, both would have been cleared of the charge."

Short's defense
In 1946 Short testified on his own behalf before Congress about the 1941 attack. Unlike some of his predecessors in Hawaii, Short was more concerned with sabotage from Japanese-Americans on Oahu. This led to Army planes parked outside of their hangars so they could be more easily guarded. However, this made them easy bombing targets and many were subsequently destroyed on the morning of the attack. In explaining his reasons for his instituting an alert against sabotage only (local "Alert One" level), General Short stated:
 that the war warning message he received on November 27 contained nothing directing him to be prepared to meet an air raid or an all-out attack on Hawaii ("Alert Two" and "Three");
 that he received other messages after the November 27 dispatch emphasizing measures against sabotage and subversive activities;
 that the dispatch was a "do-don't" message which conveyed to him the impression that the avoidance of war was paramount and the greatest fear of the War Department was that some international incident might occur in Hawaii which Japan would regard as an overt act;
 that he was looking to the Navy to provide him adequate warning of the approach of a hostile force, particularly through distant reconnaissance which was a Navy responsibility; and
 that instituting higher level alerts would have seriously interfered with the training mission of the Hawaiian Department.

He also declared that he did not receive adequate warning and suffered from a lack of resources. He and his family attempted to get the Army to restore his rank of lieutenant general in the retired ranks on the basis that warnings from the War Department prior to the attack were vague and in conflict.  He requested, but did not receive, a formal court-martial.

1999 Senate resolution
On May 25, 1999, the United States Senate passed a non-binding resolution exonerating Kimmel and Short by a 52 to 47 vote. The resolution stated they had performed their duties "competently and professionally" and that the Japanese attacks were "not a result of dereliction of duty." "They were denied vital intelligence that was available in Washington," said Senator William V. Roth, Jr. (R-DE), contending they had been made scapegoats by the Pentagon. Senator Strom Thurmond (R-SC) called Kimmel and Short "the two final victims of Pearl Harbor." The resolution was originally attached as an amendment to the Department of Defense spending bill for FY2000 (S.1059) and cleared the Congress as a whole in October 1999, urging President Bill Clinton to restore Kimmel and Short to their full wartime ranks. However, neither Clinton nor any of his successors acted on the resolution.

Movie portrayal
Short was portrayed by Jason Robards in Tora! Tora! Tora!.

Awards

Dates of rank

References

External links

Arlington National Cemetery
Generals of World War II

1880 births
1949 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Attack on Pearl Harbor
People from Montgomery County, Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
United States Army War College alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals of World War II

Walter Short


Organizația Internațională a Muncii stabilește ca dialogul social include toate tipurile de negocieri, consultări sau simple schimburi de informații între reprezentanți ai guvernului, angajatorilor și lucrătorilor, cu privire la teme de interes comun din domeniul politicii economice și sociale.
Art. 1 din Legea nr. 62/2011 enumera ca parteneri sociali, în cadrul dialogului social, sindicatele sau organizațiile sindicale, angajatorii ori organizațiile patronale, precum și reprezentanții autorităților administrației publice, care interacționează în procesul de dialog social.

Controverse
Prin Legea nr. 62/2011 a dialogului social au fost introduse o serie de reglementări care îngrădesc activitatea sindicală și îngreunează dialogul dintre partenerii sociali, cum ar fi: dificultatea sindicatelor de a-și constitui sediul în cadrul unității; lipsa de protecție a liderilor de sindicat după încetarea mandatului; constituirea unui sindicat se poate realiza exclusiv prin aderarea salariaților din cadrul aceleiași societăți, fără salariați de la alți angajatori; liderii de sindicat nu mai au dreptul de a fi invitați și de a participa "în consiliile de administrație la discutarea problemelor de interes profesional, economic, social, cultural sau sportiv"; începând cu intrarea în vigoare a Legii nr. 62/2011 a dispărut obligativitatea contractului colectiv de muncă la nivel național și cel la nivel de ramură; pe durata valabilității unui acord colectiv de muncă angajații nu pot declanșa un conflict colectiv de muncă și altele.

Referințe
Marius-Cătălin Preduț, "Codul muncii  comentat. Ediția a 2-a completată și revizuită. Protecția datelor personale, telemunca, munca virtuală și alte forme de muncă", Universul Juridic, 2019, ISBN 978-606-39-0405-9

Etica afacerilor
Dreptul muncii

Dialog social


Miken uygarlığı, MÖ yaklaşık 1600-1100 yılları arasında Antik Yunanistan'da Tunç Çağı'nın son evresinde yaşanan dönem. Saray devletleri, şehir örgütlenmesi, yazı sistemi ve sanat eserleriyle Yunanistan'daki ilk gelişmiş uygarlıktır. Dönem özelliklerinin en belirgin gözlemlendiği Miken sitesi uygarlığa adını vermiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar, Miken Yunanistanını Hitit metinlerinde adı geçen Ahhiyava Ülkesi ve Homeros'un Akaları ile bir kabul etmekte olsalar da bu görüş tartışmalıdır.

Linear B yazısının sahipleri, Yunanistan'da ilk Grek kültürünü oluşturan ve genellikle Mikenler adı ile anılan kavim MÖ 2. binin ortalarına doğru Doğu Akdeniz kıyılarında ve bu arada Anadolu'da ticaret kolonileri kurmaya başlamışlardır. Homeros'un Akhaioi adıyla andığı ve Türkçeye Akalar adıyla geçen bu ilk Helen kavmi daha MÖ 16. yüzyılda Miletos'ta yerleşmiş ve belki de orada ya da biraz daha güneyde MÖ 14. ve 13. yüzyıl Hitit kaynaklarında sözü edilen Ahhiyava Krallığı'nı kurmuştur. Miletos'ta daha MÖ 1600 sıralarında Miken seramiği mevcuttur. Miken seramiğini 16. yüzyıldan başlayarak MÖ 12. yüzyıl sonuna değin dağınık buluntular halinde Batı, hatta Orta Anadolu'nun çeşitli yerlerinde; Troya, Pitani, Smirni, Panaztepe, Klazomenai, Erithrai, Kolofon, Efesos, İasos, Milasa, Stratonikeia ve Çine-Tepecik Höyük'te rastlanmıştır. Söz konusu buluntular Batı Anadolu'nun ve küçük bir ölçüde de olsa Orta Anadolu'nun MÖ 16. yüzyıldan beri Miken etki alanı içine girmiş olduğunu açıklamaktadır.

Tarihçe

Miken ya da Mikenler adı modern araştırmacıların verdiği bir isimdir. Söz konusu bu isim özellikle Heinrich Schliemann'ın Yunanistan anakarasında Mikenae kentindeki Bronz Çağı yapılarında gerçekleştirmiş olduğu kazılardan sonra ortaya çıkmış ve kabul görmüştür. Ancak Ege Bölgesi'nde erken Yunan dönemi halkına verilen gerçek isim bilinmemektedir. Bazı araştırmacıların da kabul ettiği gibi Homeros'un verdiği Akalar adının bu erken Yunan dönemi halkının adı olma ihtimali bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Yunan mitolojisinde Miken uygarlığını Perseus'un kurduğuna inanılmaktadır.

Miken dönemi tarihsel süreç olarak üç ana bölümde incelenmektedir:
 Erken Miken Dönemi (MÖ 1600-1500)
 Orta Miken Dönemi (MÖ 1500-1400)
 Geç Miken Dönemi (MÖ 1400-1200)

Söz konusu bu tarihsel evreler aynı zamanda Geç Hellas I, II ve III ile de örtüşmektedir. Aynı zamanda Miken dönemi, Kiklad Adaları'nda Kiklad kültürünün Geç Kiklad Dönemi'ne denk gelmektedir.

Miken kültürü, Avrupa kıtasının ilk yüksek (gelişmiş) kültürü olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak Girit'teki Minos kültürünü oluşturan halktan farklı olarak Yunanistan anakarasında oturan halk, Yunancanın eski bir biçimini konuşuyorlardı. Bu 1950'li yıllarda Linear B yazısının çözülmesiyle ortaya konmuştur. Arthur Evans, Linear B yazısının çözümü için uğraşmış ancak söz konusu hece yazısı 1950 yılında Michael Ventris tarafından okunabilmiştir.

Erken Miken Dönemi
Miken kültürü, Orta Hellas Dönemi'nde yani MÖ geç 17. yüzyıldaki kültürel bir gerileme döneminden sonra ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kültür Messini, Attika, Boeotia ve Argolis bölgelerinde ortaya çıkarılan çok zengin oda mezarlarda kendini göstermektedir. Özellikle Miken, Egina ve Keos adalarında bu kültür, belirli bir şekilde öne çıkmıştır.

Yunanistan anakarasının diğer bölgelerinde de ölüler, çok zengin ölü hediyeleri ile birlikte gömülmüşlerdir. Ayrıca Geç Hellas Dönemi'nin başlangıcında ilk kez Miken seramiği görülmektedir. Söz konusu bu seramik açık zeminli ve koyu firnislidir. Bu seramik türü Orta Hellas Dönemi'nin gri Minyas seramiğinden ayrılmaktadır. Söz konusu gri seramik, Geç Hellas I Dönemi'nde de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Önceleri Miken seramiğinde çok güçlü bir Minos etkisi bulunmaktadır.

Orta Miken Dönemi
Orta Miken Dönemi'nde (Geç Hellas II, yaklaşık MÖ 1500-1400) kısmen oda mezarların yerini tholos mezarlar almaya başlamıştır. Bu dönemde Girit, Yunanistan anakarası halkları tarafından fethedilmiştir. Öyle ki Miken halkı, Rodos ile birlikte tüm Ege Adalarını hatta Batı Anadolu'daki Miletos kentini de kontrolü altına almıştır.

Büyük Miken İmparatorluğu'nun oluşup oluşmadığı eğer oluşmuş ise ne zaman oluştuğu ya da daha olasılıkla birbirinden bağımsız birçok Miken küçük devletçiğinin kendine has bir saray kompleksi ve savunma duvarı olup olmadığı açıkça bilinmemektedir. Girit kökenli Linear A yazısından geliştirilmiş olan Linear B yazılı birçok pişmiş toprak tabletten anlaşıldığı üzere MÖ 1200'lerde Yunanistan anakarasında Pilos, Thebai, Atina ve Mikenai gibi birçok bağımsız devlet bulunmakta idi.

Kural olarak bu küçük kent devletlerinin birer monarşik sisteme sahip oldukları kabul edilmektedir. Ancak 2009'da Eski Çağ Tarihçisi Tassilo Schmitt tarafından böyle olamayacağı öne sürülmüştür. Schmitt'e göre Linear B yazılarından çözümlenen VA-NA-KA kelimesi, daha öncesinde tahmin edildiği gibi Miken monarşisinin değil bir tanrının adıdır.

Geç Miken Dönemi

Geç Miken Dönemi'nin ilk iki evresi GM IIIA ve GM IIIB (yaklaşık MÖ 1400-1200), Miken kültürünün en yüksek safhasını oluşturmaktadır. Miken seramiği ve Geç Hellas Dönemi'nin diğer malları Akdeniz'in birçok bölgesine ihraç edilmiştir.

MÖ 1200'den hemen sonra bilinen birçok Miken yerleşimleri ile özellikle Miken merkezlerindeki yukarı şehirler tahrip edilmiştir. Bunun nedeni hâlen açıklanamamaktadır. Bu tahribat ile ilişkilendirilen ve eskiden beri kabul edilen, güçlü ve geniş kapsamlı Dor istilası teorisi günümüzde halen geçerliliğini korumaktadır.

Geç Hellas IIIC Dönemi'nde Miken kültürü, her ne kadar çok düşük seviyede olsa da devam etmiştir. Özellikle Miken seramiğindeki gelenek kesintisiz devam etmiş ve tüm merkezler tahrip edilmemiştir. Bu dönemde gerçekleşen kavimler göçü hakkında açık bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. En azından eş zamanlı olarak Doğu Akdeniz'de yer alan birçok imparatorluk Deniz Kavimlerinin saldırısına uğramış ve kısmen yok edilmişlerdir. Yeni bir teori olarak, doğudaki huzursuzluk dönemi Ege'de bir kıtlığa sebep olmuş ve bu daha sonra paylaşım ve iç savaşlara yol açmış olabilir. Linear B yazılı tabletlere göre Pilos kenti, denizden gelen dış düşmanlar tarafından tahrip edilmiş gibi görünmektedir. Ancak araştırmada genel olarak birbirini tetikleyen birçok iç ve dış etkinin birleşmesi sonucu böyle büyük bir çöküşün MÖ 12. yüzyılda meydana geldiği öne çıkmaktadır. Geç Miken IIIC evresinin devamında da Yunanistan anakarasında tekrarlanan birçok tahribatın ortaya çıktığı bilinmektedir.

Yerleşim yerleri kısmen ıssız ancak iyi korunaklı yerlerde kurulmuşlardır. Bunun yanında Tirins ve Mikenai'deki çoğu saray kompleksinde yaşam devam etmiştir. Olasılıkla bu saraylarda yeni bir aristokratik sınıf yaşamakta idi. Milet'te bulunmuş Linear B yazılı bir vazoyu göz önüne alınmazsa bu döneme tarihlenebilecek hiçbir yazılı belge ele geçmemiştir. Bu yüzden arkeologlar ve Eski Çağ tarihçileri, MÖ 1190 yılındaki bu büyük tahribatla birlikte yazının ortadan katlığını ileri sürmektedirler.

Geç Hellas IIIC evresinin önemi, henüz birkaç on yıl öncesine kadar ortaya çıkmamıştı. Çok yeni olarak bu dönem tarihlenebilecek birçok vazo resmi ortaya çıkmıştır ki bu resimlerde büyük gemiler tasvir edilmiştir. Deniz ticareti ve deniz ile ilgili işler bu dönem ve sonrasında gelişmiştir. Geç Hellas IIIC evresinin Yunan mitolojisinin bir kısmının oluşmasında önemli bir etki ettiği kabul edilmektedir.

MÖ 1075 ile MÖ 1025 yılları arasında Geç Hellas III C evresi Alt Miken Dönemi'ne girmektedir ve daha sonra Protogeometik Dönem başlamaktadır. Bu dönemde kremasyonun artarak devam ettiği görülmektedir. Yunanistan anakarasının bazı bölgelerinde Alt Miken Dönemi ispatlanamamaktadır ancak bölgelerde Geç Hellas IIIC'yi doğrudan doğruya Protogeometrik Dönem izlemektedir.

Ordu
Geç Tunç Çağı'nda Miken uygarlığı askeri yapısı, arkeolojik kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan çok sayıda silah, savaşçı ve savaş temsilleri Linear B kaynaklarında açıkça görünmektedir. Askeri üretim ve lojistiği doğrudan saray merkezlerinden denetleyerek yapan  Mikenler, askeri altyapının geliştirilmesinde önemli katkıda bulundular. Bu askeri kültür, daha sonra Antik Yunan geleneğine ve özellikle de Miken Dönemi kahramanlık destanları yazan Homeros'un eserlerine ilham oldu.

Geç Bronze Çağı'nda birçok savaşçı krallıklara ayrılan Yunanistan, bu dönemin kültürünün adını Tirins, Pilos ve Thebes'e borçlu olduğu Miken'de merkezledi. MÖ 15.yy'dan sonra Miken gücü Ege, Kıbrıs ve Anadolu kıyılarına doğru genişlemeye başladı.

Mimari

Saraylar
Mikenai, Tirins ve Pilos'ta ortaya çıkarılan sarayların çekirdeğini megaron adı verilen dikdörtgen planlı bir yapı oluşturuyordu. Girit'in aksine Aka sarayları sur duvarı ile çevriliydi. Akalardan sonra Yunanistan halkını oluşturan Arkaik ve Klasik Dönem Yunanları, bir insanın taşıyamayacağı büyüklükte iri taşlarla inşa edilmiş olan bu duvarların mitolojik dev yaratıklar olan kikloplar tarafından inşa edildiğine inanıyorlardı.

Mikenai'deki sarayın ana kapısını lentosu üzerinde yer alan karşılıklı pozda tasvir edilmiş iki aslan, sarayı koruyucu bir imaj veriyordu ve olasılıkla ana tanrıçanın temsili idi.

Aka merkezlerinde soylular ve iktidar sahipleri saray ve kalelerde hüküm sürerken halk bunların çevresinde evlerde yaşıyorlardı. Pilos'taki Nestor Sarayı'nda ele geçen Linear B tabletlerinden krala vanaks, yanındaki yüksek görevliye lavagetas adının verildiği öğrenilmiştir. Adı bilinen en ünlü Aka kralı, Troya seferini de yöneten Agamemnon'dur. Aka krallıklarının önceden düşünüldüğü gibi feodal bir yapıya değil, merkeze bağlı bir karaktere sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Mezarlar

Mikenai'deki saray, kuyu mezarlar ve tholos mezarlar burada aristokrat kral hanedanının hüküm sürdüğüne işaret etmektedir. Erken dönemlerin yönetici sınıfına ait kuyu mezarları iki grup halindeydi ve her ikisi de duvarlarla çevrilmişlerdi. Bu nedenle literatüre A Mezar Halkası ve B Mezar Halkası olarak geçmişlerdir. Söz konusu mezarlarda ele geçen eserlerin Girit etkisi göstermesi o dönemde Yunanistan'ın Girit ile olan ilişkilerini göstermektedir.

Daha sonra ortaya çıkan kubbeli mezarların en önemlileri ise Atreus Hazine Binası olarak adlandırılan mezar yapısı ile Klitamnestra mezar yapısıdır.

Kaynakça

Miken uygarlığı


Neuenhausen steht für:
 Neuenhausen (Grevenbroich), Ortsteil der Stadt Grevenbroich in Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Neuenhausen (Hagen im Bremischen), Gut in der Ortschaft Lehnstedt (Hagen im Bremischen) in der Gemeinde Hagen im Bremischen, Landkreis Cuxhaven, Niedersachsen
 Neuenhausen (Overath), Ortsteil der Stadt Overath, Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, Nordrhein-Westfalen

Personen:

 Siegfried Neuenhausen (* 1931), deutscher Bildhauer, Maler und Grafiker, Autor und Herausgeber sowie Plastiker des Realismus
 Ulrich Neuenhausen (* 1962), evangelischer Theologe, Autor und Leiter des Forum Wiedenest

Siehe auch:
 Neuhausen
 Neunhausen
 Neuenhäusen
 Neuenhaus (Begriffsklärung)

Neuenhausen


Sanday (, ) is one of the inhabited islands of Orkney that lies off the north coast of mainland Scotland. With an area of , it is the third largest of the Orkney Islands. The main centres of population are Lady Village and Kettletoft. Sanday can be reached by Orkney Ferries or by plane (Sanday Airport) from Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland. On Sanday, an on-demand public minibus service allows connecting to the ferry.

Etymology
The Picts were the pre-Norse inhabitants of Sanday but very few placenames remain from this period. The Norse named the island  or  because of the predominance of sandy beaches and this became "Sanday" during the Scots- and English-speaking periods. The similarly named Sandoy is in the Faroe Islands.

Many names of places and natural features derive from Old Norse. According to Dorward (1995), the placename Kettletoft means 'Kettil's croft' although toft in this context may mean 'abandoned site of house' from the Norse . The suffix -bister found in Sellibister and Overbister is from  meaning 'dwelling' or 'farm'. Other common suffixes are -wick and -ness from the Norse  and  and meaning 'bay' and 'headland' respectively. According to Frances Groome, Otterswick was originally known as .

Geography and geology
Sanday lies south of North Ronaldsay and east of Eday and Westray. It is divided naturally into two roughly equal halves by Otterswick, a bay which runs in from the north,	and Kettletoft Bay in the south. The narrow isthmus between them formed the boundary between the historic parishes Cross and Burness to the west and Lady to the east. The novelist Eric Linklater described Sanday's shape seen from the air as being like that of a giant fossilised bat. Tresness, a tied island, extends from the south of Lady parish. It is connected to Sanday by a long tombolo which is backed with some of Scotland's highest sand dunes.

Changing post-glacial sea levels will have much altered the shape of this low-lying island since the last ice age. William Traill described a gale in 1838 which removed  of sand in Otterswick Bay. This revealed a dark layer of decayed vegetation under fallen trees up to  in diameter. The trees lay "as if felled by a storm" and were visible under the sea for . A search for these tree remains in the 20th century was unsuccessful.

Inland it is fertile and agricultural and there is some commercial lobster fishing. The underlying geology is predominantly Devonian sediments of the Rousay flagstone group with Eday sandstone in the south east.

There are several small bodies of freshwater on the island including North Loch, Bea Loch near Kettletoft and Roos Loch on the Burness peninsula.

Transport

Airport
Loganair operates regular flights from Kirkwall Airport to Sanday Airport. There are also flights from Sanday to Stronsay Airport.

Ferry
Orkney Ferries operates a regular ferry service between Kirkwall and Sanday, with the boat coming in at Loth Pier in Cross.

Bus
The Sanday Bus operates a timetabled bus service around the island of Sanday which eventually reaches Loth Pier, via Kettletoft, Lady Village, and the airport.

Train
The Sanday Light Railway operated a rail service between Braeswick and Laminess, between three stations, between 1999 and 2006. The railway eventually shut at the end of 2006 and by 2020 the last of the tracks had been lifted and removed.

Prehistory

The Neolithic Quoyness chambered cairn, dates from around 2900 BC. An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn on the Elsness peninsula. A large man-made mound at Pool was excavated in the 1980s. This indicated a Neolithic structure made of turf or burnt peat, a later pre-Viking sub-circular structure with pavings and cells, and a Viking stone and turf rectangular building dated to the late 8th or early 9th century. Various implements were also discovered including pre-Norse hipped pins and pottery from both the pre-Viking and Norse periods. A predominance of fish and animal bones suggests the site was used for meat processing.

Excavations of a mound in 1991, ahead of road development on the Spurness peninsula discovered two cist burials with some cremated human remains from the Early to Middle Bronze Age. Notable finds were a piece drift wood from the Americas and a soapstone (steatite) vessels. Soapstone is not natural to Orkney and analysis indicated that the material came from Catpund in Shetland and that people or goods were moving between the two archipelagos at that time.

Storms in January 2005 exposed a Bronze Age burnt burial mound at Meur. There are several ruined Iron Age brochs on the island such as the Broch of Wasso, a  mound at Tres Ness.

The nature of the culture that built the brochs remains a matter of debate but it is known that later Iron Age Orkney was part of the Pictish kingdom and from at least the mid-6th century onwards that Christianity had spread to the islands. However, the archeological record for this period is sparse and little is known of life on Sanday at this time beyond that which can be assumed from a knowledge of Pictish society elsewhere. The local heritage centre shows a Pictish decorated stone showing a cross.

In September 2021, archaeologists from the Central Lancashire University announced the discovery of  two polished stone balls in a 5500 years-old Neolithic burial tomb. According to Dr Hugo Anderson, second object was as the "size of a cricket ball, perfectly spherical and beautifully finished".

History
Orkney became part of the Scandinavian polity from perhaps the 9th century onwards. In 1991 the Scar boat burial was discovered on the coast of Sanday near Burness. This Norse-era vessel, which had been  long and  wide, had rotted away, leaving more than 300 iron rivets. The enclosure, dated to 875—950 AD, was found to contain the remains of a man, a woman, and a child, along with numerous grave goods. These included a sword, quiver with arrows, bone comb, gaming pieces and the Scar dragon plaque, made from whale bone.

During the medieval period Sanday had 36 ouncelands, which may have been divided into two 'huseby' districts for taxation purposes with Lady to the east forming a unit with Stronsay and Cross and Burness to the west being combined with Eday and other isles to the west and north. The main farm for the western district may have been located between Pool Bay and Warsetter at a site called Housay that is now just a mound.

In the mid-17th century an annexe to Blaeu's Atlas Novus of Scotland recorded that Sanday's low lying topography meant that "shipwreck often occurs to those who sail there at night. The inhabitants of Sanday earnestly and often desire this to happen, so that they get a supply of material for fire from the wrecked ships". The writer went on to state that the lack of peat meant that dried seaweed was "saved like treasure" for cooking fires and that only the better-off citizens could afford to bring peat from Eday "over the most fearful sea".

In March 1633, Marion Richart or Layland of Sanday was accused of witchcraft. Her grandson James Fisher said he had seen her and Catrine Miller at an empty house called the House of Howing Greenay, sitting beside the devil in the likeness of a "black man". Other witnesses declared she had charmed a fisherman's bait with the paws of her cat, healed a sick woman with a charm, and charmed milk from cows on Stronsay. She was tried at Kirkwall, found guilty, strangled and burnt.

Writing in the early 18th century, the Rev. John Brand described island life thus: "Both Men and Women are fashionable in their cloths, no Men here use Plaids, as they do in our Highlands; In the North Isles of Sanda Westra &c. Many of the Countrey People wear a piece of a Skin, as of a Scale, comonly called a Selch, Calf or the lik. for Shoes, which they fasten to their Feet with stringes or thongs of Leather. Their Houses are in good order, and well furnished, according to their qualities. They generally speak English."

As part of the agricultural improvement movement of the 19th century the brothers Malcolm and Samuel Laing created a "New Model Farm" near the Loth ferry terminal at the south end of the island. They introduced merino sheep, and the ruins of the steam engine house and the red-brick chimney and boiler house are still visible. Although such innovations brought increased productivity and were widely copied in Orkney they also impoverished the substantial population of landless cottars who were increasingly marginalised.

During World War II, the Royal Air Force built a Chain Home radar station at Whale Head near Lop Ness. This necessitated the building of a large camp at Langamay to house the military personnel, which incorporated a cinema.

Sanday also once boasted the most northerly passenger railway in the United Kingdom, a privately owned rideable miniature installation near Braeswick, the Sanday Light Railway.

In June 2009, 54 year old local resident Robert Rose was murdered by residents John Campbell and Stephen Crummack. The two men buried Rose's body in the sand dunes at Sty Wick on the south side of the island, and drove his car to Loth Pier, in an attempt to make residents believe that he left the island on the ferry. After investigation, Campbell was found guilty of murder and Crummack was found guilty of culpable homicide, and the pair were sentenced to 16 years and 11 years respectively at the Justiciary Buildings in Glasgow in March 2010.

Sanday also boasts the northernmost Scotch Whisky Distillery, Kimbland Distillery the world's first carbon negative whisky distillery.

Start Point Lighthouse

Start Point Lighthouse stands on the neighbouring tidal island of Start Point, locally known as Start Island. The lighthouse was completed on 2 October 1806 by engineer Thomas Smith. It was the first Scottish lighthouse to have a clockwork-driven revolving parabolic reflector creating a sweeping beam. The reflector was later replaced by a Fresnel lens.  In 1870 the lighthouse was rebuilt. Since 1915, it has been painted by distinctive black and white vertical stripes which are unique in Scotland. The light was automated in 1962 and is powered by a bank of 36 solar panels.

Despite the presence of the lighthouse, HMS Goldfinch was wrecked in fog on Start Point in 1915.

Current island activities
Sanday boasts two golf courses: a 9-hole links course of 2,600 yards run by Sanday Golf Club and the one-hole meadowland "Peedie Golf Course" of  (believed to be Scotland's shortest) at West Manse.

In 2004, three wind turbines with an installed capacity of 8.25 Megawatts were erected by Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) at Spurness. Sanday Community Council successfully negotiated a wind farm community fund with SSE which will be benefitting the people of the island for the lifetime of the turbines, anticipated to be 20 to 25 years.  By 2012, these wind turbines were replaced by 5 newer ones by Scottish and Southern Energy. This installation also generates income intended to benefit the people in Sanday, on the one hand via grants distributed by the Sanday Community Council and on the other by financing the Sanday Development Trust.

In 1996, the Sanday Development Group was formed to promote tourism. This group became Sanday Development Trust in 2004, which has a vision to:

Create an economically prosperous, sustainable community that is connected with the wider world, but remains a safe, clean environment, where we are proud to live, able to work, to bring up and educate our children, to fulfill our own hopes and ambitions, and to grow old gracefully, enjoying a quality of life that is second to none.

Projects include the establishment of a sports hall and youth centre, the creation of a local sound archive, and until February 2020, a Countryside Ranger service.

A district tartan has been designed for Sanday by one of the island's residents, although it has not yet been officially adopted by the island authorities. It represents the sea, the distinctive sandy beaches and green meadows of the island, and the vertical stripes of Start Point lighthouse.

In July 2008 a concert held on the island was the culmination of an innovative musical project. The main aim of project was to set up a music-teacher training programme that would provide additional music tuition in the school and throughout the community.

A shop where islanders can sell craft products has existed since 2016.

Folklore
There is a legend that a Sanday girl was once sold a book called The Book of Black Art by a witch, and that the Devil would claim the soul of anyone who still owned the book at their death. This book was only able to be passed on by selling it. A local clergyman (Matthew Armour) took it off her hands and he managed to get rid of it by means not described in the tradition before his death in 1903. At the ruined Kirk of Lady, near Overbister, are the "Devil's Clawmarks": incised parallel grooves in the parapet of the kirk.

Natural history

Seals and Eurasian otters can be found in and around Sanday. There are several SSSIs on the island and the marine coast around the east of the island is designated a Special Protection Area due to presence of sand dune and machair habitats, rare outside the Hebrides, as well as extensive intertidal flats and saltmarsh.

People associated with Sanday

 Matthew Armour (1820–1903), born in Paisley, Sanday's radical Free Kirk Minister who lived at The West Manse (formerly the Free Church of Scotland manse) for over half a century
 Stuart Christie (1946-2020), Glasgow Anarchist, who ran the radical publishing house Cienfuegos Press from here during the late 1970s.
 William Towrie Cutt (1898–1981), author born on Sanday, lived in Kettletoft
 Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016), former Master of the Queen's Music
 Walter Traill Dennison (1826–1894), Orcadian folklorist born on Sanday at North Myre, living most of his life at West Brough.
Ivan Drever; born at Whip and grew up at East Thrave
 Rev Robert Howie Fisher (1861-1934) eminent Edinburgh minister, Dean of the Chapel Royal and Chaplain in Ordinary to King George V
 David Harvey (b. 1948), former Leeds United and Scotland goalkeeper
 Geoffrey Hayes, actor and children's TV presenter, had a holiday cottage here in the early 1980s
 George Faulknor Francis Horwood (1838–1897), Deputy Lieutenant of Orkney (and youngest son of Edward Horwood, of Weston Turville, Buckinghamshire) who lived at Scar House.
 Liam McArthur MSP for Orkney
 John D Mackay (b. 1909), Headmaster of Sanday School from 1946 to 1970
 William Sichel (b. 1953). International ultra distance runner; World No.1 for the Six Day event in 2006; has represented Great Britain eleven times since 1996.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 General references

 Dorward, David (1995). Scotland's Place Names. Mercat Press. .

 Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006) The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654. Ashtead. James M. Irvine. .
 Keatinge, T. H.  and Dickson J. H. (Mar., 1979) "Mid-Flandrian Changes in Vegetation on Mainland Orkney". New Phytologist. Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 585–612. Wiley//JSTOR Trust Stable Retrieved 16 November 2014.

 Steinnes, Asgaut (April 1959) "The 'Huseby' System in Orkney". The Scottish Historical Review. Vol. 38, No. 125, Part 1 pp. 36–46. Edinburgh University Press/JSTOR. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
 Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. .

External links

 Northern Lighthouse Board

Islands of the Orkney Islands
Ramsar sites in Scotland

Sanday, Orkney


An Liparis brachystalix in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Liparis brachystalix in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis brachystalix


Samime Sanay (d. 1946, Ankara), Türk Sanat Müziği sanatçısı, öğretmen. 33. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Kültür Bakanlığı'nın tavsiyesiyle verilmeye başlanan Devlet Sanatçısı unvanına 1998'de lâyık görülmüştür.

Kariyeri
Sosyal Hizmetler Akademisi'nde okuduğu yıllarla radyo yılları çakışır. 1966'da sosyal hizmetler mütehassısı olarak mesleğini sürdürmek hem de radyoda sanatçı olarak çalışmak için Ankara Radyosu sınavlarına girer. Fakat personel yasası öğretmenlik dışında buna cevap vermediği için Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nin Pedagoji bölümünü bitirdi. Kısa bir süre sosyoloji hocalığı yapmış, bu arada annesini ve babasını art arda kaybetti. Yine aynı dönem doktora yapmaya karar verdi.

İlk yılları
İlk albümünü 1977 yılında Tam Plakçılık'tan çıkardı. Bütünüyle klasik eserlerden oluşan bu albüm sanatçıya fazla bir popülerlik getirmedi. TRT bünyesinde 15 yıl süren müzik eğitimi ve uygulaması akabinde 1981'de Ankara Radyosundan istifa ederek İstanbul'da assolist olarak sahneye çıktı. Sahnedeki başarısını plak dünyasında da kanıtlamak isteğiyle Kervan Plak ile anlaşarak 1984 yılında Beni Hatırla ve 1985 yılında Sevgi Üzerine Sohbet adlı çok satan ve sevilen albümleri ile iki Altın Plak Ödülü aldı. Çok sesli hafif Türk sanat müziğinin önde gelen kadın sanatçısı olarak daha çok Erdoğan Berker besteleri üzerinde yoğunlaştı.

İçli, yanık, duygusal yanı ağır basan bir yorumu olan sanatçı seksenli yıllarda ve doksanların başlarında hayli popülerlik kazandı. İzmir Fuarı ve Maksim Gazinosunda bir dönem assolistlik de yaptı. 1986 yılında Yudum Yudum Sevdayım, 1988 yılında Sevgi Bağları, 1990 yılında Sarsam Diyorum/Seviyor, 1993 yılında ise Ben Sana Mecburum diğer yayınlanan albümleridir. Sahne çalışmalarını yurt içi ve yurt dışı konserleriyle sürdürdü. 1998'de Devlet Sanatçısı unvanını aldı. 1993'te yayınlanan Ben Sana Mecburum adlı albümünden sonra Türk müziğindeki genel durgunluk ve gerilemenin de etkisiyle uzun bir sessizlik dönemine girdi. 2006 yılında alaturka eserleri popüler tarzda senfonik olarak yorumlayarak hazırladığı Hoşgeldin Aşk adlı albümüyle yeniden adından söz ettirdi.

Özel hayatı
Son master sınavından çıktıktan iki gün sonra Edip Aktaş ile evlenen Samime Sanay, eşi istemediği için doktorayı yarıda bıraktı fakat radyo kariyerini devam ettirdi. 1979 yılında bu evliliğinden oğlu Anıl dünyaya geldi. Edip Aktaş'tan 1985 yılında boşanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Devlet Sanatçıları
Ankara doğumlu kadın şarkıcılar
Klasik Türk müziği şarkıcıları
1946 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
20. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar

Samime Sanay


Afslag på et kys er en kortfilm fra 2010, der er instrueret af Jesper Troelstrup efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Den 37-årige TV-dokumentarist Martin har sin faste dokumentarserie "Et bedre liv", hvor han med sit kamera tager ud og laver dokumentarportrætter om "virkelige" mennesker, og om hvad livskvalitet egentlig er. Han bliver sat på lidt af en prøve, da han ankommer til den 30 år ældre psykiater André's hjem, hvor han skal lave et sidste interview.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

Afslag på et kys


Calumma gehringi est une espèce de sauriens de la famille des Chamaeleonidae.

Systématique
L'espèce Calumma gehringi a été décrite en 2017 par , Miguel Vences, ,  et Frank Glaw.

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre à Madagascar, dans le district de Bealanana, à des altitudes comprises entre 730 et .

Description
Calumma gehringi mesure de 137 à  de longueur totale dont 93 à  pour la queue. Sa coloration varie du gris au verdâtre. Cette espèce mène une vie diurne et arboricole. On la trouve fréquemment entre 0,50 et au moins  de hauteur perchée dans les buissons ou les branches basses des arbres à proximité des rivières et peut être abondante par endroit.

Étymologie
Son épithète spécifique, gehringi, lui a été donnée en l'honneur de l'herpétologiste allemand  (1979-) dont l'étude génétique du groupe Calumma nasutum aura permis la description de cette nouvelle espèce.

Publication originale

Liens externes

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Chamaeleonidae
Faune endémique de Madagascar

Calumma gehringi


Paul Hoecker, ou Paul Höcker, né le  à Oberlangenau, arrondissement d'Habelschwerdt en province de Silésie, et mort le  à Munich, est un peintre allemand de l'école de Munich et membre fondateur de la sécession de Munich.

Biographie

Jeunesse
La maison de ses parents, la Hoecker-Haus, se situe au lieu dit Am Plan à Oberlangenau dans le comté de Glatz en Silésie, dans laquelle des armoiries indiquaient une longue lignée familiale. Selon Paul Preis : « Il n'a reçu aucun autre encouragement pour les beaux-arts dans la maison de ses parents, mais il avait hérité d'un riche talent musical de sa mère. Son inclination pour l'art doit s'être développée progressivement pendant ses années d'école. À l'époque où il fréquentait le lycée de Neustadt en Silésie, il était connu au moins pour ses dessins humoristiques et ses caricatures de ses professeurs. ».

Années de formation
Le 19 octobre 1874, il est admis à l'Académie des beaux-arts de Munich qu'il fréquente jusqu'au printemps 1879. Il s'inscrit aux cours des Antiquités et passe à la classe du peintre de genre et paysagiste Wilhelm von Diez. « De cette école sortaient des artistes qui s'éloignaient de l'orientation essentiellement romanesque de la peinture de genre. Plusieurs de ses élèves deviendront plus tard membres de la Sécession munichoise et prépareront l'impressionnisme et l'Art nouveau».

En 1882, il se rend à Paris, puis en Hollande, au Holstein, dans les ports maritimes allemands, puis de nouveau à Munich, où il s'est lié d'amitié avec Fritz von Uhde, Bruno Piglhein et Max Liebermann. En 1883, il apparaît à l'exposition internationale d'art de Munich avec des peintures de genre de Hollande et d'intérieurs qui se distinguent par le traitement du clair-obscur.

En 1884, il s'installe à Berlin, puis en 1888 retourne à Munich et adhère au courant naturaliste moderne qui met l'accent sur la reproduction de puissants effets de lumière.

Professeur à l'Académie de Munich
Paul Hoecker est nommé le 1er décembre 1891, à l'âge de 36 ans, professeur à l'Académie royale des beaux-arts de Munich. Il reprend la classe de peinture de l'Académie, orpheline depuis Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Il est le premier professeur de l'académie à se rendre régulièrement à la campagne pour des peintures estivales, à Haimhausen, Utting am Ammersee ou Breitbrunn am Chiemsee.

Hoecker est « le premier moderniste à l'Académie ». Il enseigne à ses élèves l'art de l'École de Barbizon, des impressionnistes et néo-impressionnistes, et des nouveaux courants artistiques de Dachau et de Worpswede. La poésie de la nature devient la base intellectuelle de l'association d'artistes Scholle et s'exprime dans le magazine Die Jugend.

Au début des années 1890, Höcker a un studio très fréquenté à l'Académie de Munich, où il attire de jeunes talents. « La réputation d'être issu de l'école Hoecker était une recommandation à Munich dans les années 1890 ».

En raison de la forte influence de Franz von Lenbach dans les expositions de Munich, il y a peu de place pour les mouvements artistiques modernes. Le 4 avril 1892, Hoecker cofonde la Sécession de Munich dont il est le secrétaire du conseil d'administration. C'est la première association artistique en Allemagne à rendre possibles de nouvelles formes de peinture et d'expositions. Dans d'autres villes comme Berlin naissent des mouvements alternatifs similaires.

En 1897, Hoecker est impliqué dans un scandale en raison d'une image de la Madone, et abandonne son poste d'enseignant : il aurait pris comme modèle un jeune prostitué avec qui il entretenait des contacts privés.

Séjours en Italie et Oberlangenau

En Italie, il est en contact avec le poète Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, lui aussi retiré dans sa Villa Lysis à Capri après un scandale à Paris. Dans les années qui suivent, Paul Hoecker peint à plusieurs reprises son amant Nino Cesarini. À cette époque, son scandale à Munich semble avoir été oublié, du moins le magazine Jugend ose imprimer une version différente de la peinture (Nino vêtu) en couverture de son numéro 26. Il s'installe ensuite dans son village natal d'Oberlangenau, ou sa maison le Hoeckerhaus devient une curiosité locale. En 1910, il meurt du paludisme dans un hôpital de Munich. La nièce de Hoecker, Vally Walter, reprend la maison Hoecker avec l'atelier à Langenau.

Élèves de Paul Hoecker

 Fritz Hofmann

 Angelo Jank
 Carl August Liner
 O. Lohse

 Bruno Paul

 Leo Putz

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre naturaliste
Peintre allemand du XXe siècle
Peintre allemand du XIXe siècle
Naissance en août 1854
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Basse-Silésie
Naissance dans la province de Silésie
Décès en janvier 1910
Décès à Munich
Décès dans le royaume de Bavière
Décès à 55 ans

Paul Hoecker


Die Rettung ist der vierte Roman von Anna Seghers, erschienen 1937 in Amsterdam.  Walter Benjamin nannte den Text "Chronik der deutschen Arbeitslosen" während der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Dem deutschen Leser wurde das Buch 1947 durch den Aufbau-Verlag Ost-Berlin zugänglich gemacht.

Nach einem Schlagwetter in dem oberschlesischen Steinkohlenbergwerk "Sankt  Agathen" nahe bei der deutschen Stadt B. verliert der kinderreiche katholische Bergmann Andreas Bentsch im November 1929 zwar nicht das Leben, aber die Arbeit. Der Weg des parteilosen Schlesiers auf die Seite der Kommunisten wird bis zum März 1933 minutiös vor dem Leser ausgebreitet. Der Titel ist mehrdeutig. Erstens wird Bentsch 1929 untertage gerettet. Zweitens verhindert der kleine Grötsch – das ist ein Kommunist – im Spätwinter 1933 Bentschs Verhaftung. Als der Bergmann Bentsch sich drittens 1933 zum Widerstand gegen den Faschismus entschließt, startet er einen Versuch zur Rettung des deutschen Volkes.

Figuren
Neugebauer hat aus dem umfänglichen Ensemble relevante Personen herausgegriffen:
Gerettete verunglückte Bergmänner:
Andreas Bentsch
Sadovski, Bentschs Freund, eine Waise, von der Großmutter aufgezogen
Martin Triebel
Hermann Kreutzer, Bentschs Freund
Andreas Kreutzer, sein Sohn
Zacharias Zander
Zabusch
Familie Bentsch:
Ursula Bentsch, Bentschs Ehefrau
Katharina Woytschek, ihre Tochter aus erster Ehe
Marie Bentsch, Bentschs älteste Tochter, 1920 geboren
Franz Bentschs, Bentschs ältester Sohn
Anfang 1933 von der SA verhaftet:
Lorenz Eibner
Janausch
Kuhlmey (das Pferd)
Merz, Gewerkschafter
Andere Kommunisten:
der kleine Grötsch
Albert (Frau Janauschs Bruder)
zu den Nationalsozialisten abdriftend:
Andreas Kreutzer (siehe oben)
Malzahn, bei Sadovskis Großmutter logierend, arbeitslos geworden
Tante Emilie (die Schwester von Katharinas leiblichem Vater) und Onkel Paul (ein Ehepaar in B.)
Familie Kobalt, Nachbarn, mit der Familie Bentsch im selben Haus

Inhalt
1
Sieben Bergmänner, in siebenhundert Meter Tiefe eingeschlossen, warten sieben Tage auf Rettung. Die letzte Grubenlampe erlischt. Der etwa 40-jährige Bentsch richtet die sechs verzweifelnden Kumpel in dieser extremen Notsituation durch Zuspruch und gutes Beispiel auf. Rettung naht in Gestalt eines Suchtrupps mit dem quirligen Bergmann Janausch, einem "Zwerg mit langen, zähen Armen und flinken lustigen Augen", an der Spitze.
2
Der 26-jährige Martin Triebel hat nach dem Unglück noch Arbeit. Gegen Romanende überlebt der junge Bergmann sogar ein zweites Grubenunglück, weil seine Schicht nicht eingefahren war. Bentsch, in einem von Proletariern besiedelten Vorort von B. wohnend (Batt nennt es "Montandorf"), wird zusammen mit anderen überlebenden Verunglückten entlassen. Bentsch erscheint als "so etwas Graues, Zerrupftes, so etwas Altes, Schlaksiges". Sein Charakter wird bei wenigen Ereignissen erkennbar. Während andere Arbeitslose sich versammeln und beraten, auf welche Art einem mittellosen Nachbarn der Verbleib in seiner schäbigen Wohnung ermöglicht werden könnte, meidet Bentsch die Schwatzbude und löst Tage darauf das Problem im Alleingang. Charakteristisch ist auch die Episode mit dem neuen Dreimarkstück. Beim Schlangestehen auf der Treppe vor der Stempelstelle hatte es ein Arbeitsloser beim damit Herumspielen herunterklimpern lassen. Niemand hatte es finden können. Der in der langen Reihe wartende Bentsch, der sich sonst in der Kneipe das Bestellen jedes Bieres dreimal überlegt, der in der Wohnküche Strom spart, hatte dem Verlierer drei Mark aus seiner Tasche ausgehändigt. Für die mit Kleinkindern gesegnete Familie Bentsch sind drei Mark ein beachtlicher Betrag. Am Romanende, als Bentsch bereits vor den Nationalsozialisten geflohen ist, bringt ein gewisser Sauer, jener unerkannte Dieb auf der Treppe, der Frau Bentsch das neue Dreimarkstück ins Haus.

Nach dem spannenden Einstieg im ersten Teil des Romans erscheinen die nächsten zweihundert Seiten als sperrige Lektüre. Batt spricht treffend von "Bewegungslosigkeit" und von "verharrender Gleichförmigkeit". Die "innere Welt der Arbeiter", genauer, der "überflüssige Mensch", wird an- und ausgeleuchtet. Dabei tritt seine "seelische Not" zu Tage. Die Persönlichkeit wird im Müßiggang deformiert und verkümmert. Bentsch hört sich im Radio eine Rede des Herrn Reichskanzlers Brüning an. Mitunter suchen Bentsch acht bis zehn Bergmänner in seiner Küche auf und warten auf ein Wort von ihm; erwarten Antwort auf die Frage: Wie geht es weiter? Bentsch weiß es nicht. Später sitzt er dann mit den Kindern allein in der Küche und bastelt einen Dom aus Streichhölzern. Anstatt dieses "sinnlosen", kindischen Spiels könnte sich der seelisch abgestumpfte Mann eigentlich seinen zahlreichen Kleinkindern zuwenden, doch er denkt überhaupt nicht daran. Der zermürbte Vater wendet sich erst einem Kinde zu, nachdem es ihn angesprochen hat. Des Weiteren lebt sich Bentsch mit seiner Frau Ursula auseinander. Ihre neuerliche Schwangerschaft stößt ihn ab. Seine Frau hatte ihre Tochter Katharina mit in die Ehe gebracht. Katharinas Vater war am 27. September 1915 in Rumänien gefallen. Die Schwester Emilie hatte ihm zu Lebzeiten versprechen müssen, sich im Falle seines Todes um Katharina zu kümmern.

Bentsch hatte Ursula schon als Mädchen geliebt. Sie war aber von Woytschek geschwängert und geheiratet worden. Ursula hatte Katharina zu der "furchtbar schlampigen" Tante Emilie und zu Onkel Paul nach dem benachbarten B. gegeben. Katharina war zur Mutter geflüchtet, nachdem Onkel Paul ihr zu nahe getreten war. Ursula belauert die sich anbahnende Beziehung ihrer fast erwachsenen Tochter zum Stiefvater argwöhnisch. Es kommt aber anders als befürchtet. Katharina, die nicht allein sein möchte, wendet sich geradlinig-kompromisslos Sadovski – das ist Bentschs 26-jähriger Freund – zu. Bentsch hatte während der Arbeitslosigkeit endlose Gespräche mit dem Freunde geführt. Einmal hatte Sadovski gefragt, ob sich Bentsch während des Wartens auf Rettung im Schacht auch so ins Zeug gelegt hätte, wenn er das unüberwindliche Elend nach der Rettung geahnt hätte. Bentsch hatte bejaht. Der Prahlhans Sadovski stellt sich und Bentsch als die einzigen beiden Furchtlosen während des oben genannten tagelangen Ausharrens im verschütteten Stollen des Bergwerks hin.

Ursula atmet auf, als die große Tochter ihrem Geliebten ausweicht; aus dem Hause geht und in B. wieder bei Tante Emilie und dem zudringlichen Onkel Paul unterkommt. Bentsch verrät dem Freund die Adresse der Stieftochter. Sadovski reist nach. Das Verhältnis, von Tante Emilie geduldet und sogar gutgeheißen, bleibt nicht ohne Folgen. Katharina wird von Sadovski schwanger. Der werdende Vater will sein Kind nicht. Katharina stirbt nach einer laienhaft ausgeführten Abtreibung.   Sadovski ist "außerordentlich erleichtert". Der unzuverlässige, manchmal verzagte Sadovski soll sich bei den Bentschs nicht mehr blicken lassen. Die Ehe der Bentschs wird durch den Verlust der Tochter auf eine harte Probe gestellt.

Andreas Kreutzer hält es daheim nicht mehr aus und geht auf Walze. Hermann Kreutzer gibt Bentsch die Schuld am Weggang des Sohnes. Bentsch habe seinem Patenkind Andreas zugeredet. Bentsch hält Andreas' Schritt für richtig. In B. könne er nur "vor die Hunde gehen".
3
Die Handlungsarmut des zweiten Teils, sein "episches Zeitlupentempo", ist glücklich überstanden. Der bis fast zum Romanende ratlose Bentsch – seiner Autorität als Familienoberhaupt verlustig – tritt aus dem Rampenlicht; aber ganz unmerklich. Er erwartet weder von Brüning, Hitler, Thälmann noch von Hindenburg irgendetwas. Sein Tag bleibt "ein einziges, unausfüllbares Loch". Die Faschisten betreten langsam, aber sicher die Bühne; faseln von Volksgemeinschaft, Schandvertrag und wie "der Jud mit uns umspringt". In der Montan-Region B. tritt ein talentierter Redner, ein gewisser Dr. Goebbels, auf. Andreas Kreutzer bewundert den gewandten Volksredner.  Arbeitslose in der Straße, in der die Bentschs wohnen, schielen nach Nachbarn, die sich den Nationalsozialisten zugewendet haben und scheinbar aller Sorgen ledig sind, die weder Hunger noch Winterskälte fürchten, aus deren geheizten Wohnungen das Lachen der Satten erschallt. Die Erwerbslosen, sofern sie nicht einer Partei angehören, fragen sich: Soll denn Freibier, warmes Essen und endlich einmal Lustigkeit  Schwindel sein? Sie haben Kartoffeln, Hafer und Mehlschwitze satt. Unruhige Zeiten kommen. Bentschs Nachbar, der Herr Kobalt, wird auf der Straße verprügelt. Im Gegenzug wird Merzens Fensterscheibe demoliert.

Der Streichholzdom ist längst fertig. Die um ihr Kind über ein Jahr trauernde Ursula geht zu Bentsch noch weiter auf Distanz. Die Stelle von Katharina nimmt der junge Bergmann Lorenz Eibner in Bentschs Küche ein. Ohne Bedenken zwängt sich der belesene Jugendliche in die beengten Verhältnisse. Trotz seiner Jugend tritt Lorenz zur Überraschung des Lesers als Lehrer des nachdenklich-lernwilligen Bentsch auf. Das erscheint als kurios. Hatte doch Lorenz den nach dem Schlagwetter in der Region hoch angesehenen Bergmann Bentsch gleichsam als Idol verehrt. Und Lorenz hatte zuletzt dank des Älteren das Leben trotz verlorener Arbeit wieder lieben gelernt. Ursula möchte den Kerl aus dem Hause haben. Lorenz geht und wendet sich in der Wohnung Janauschs den Kommunisten, genauer, dessen Schwager Albert, zu. Sadovski und Lorenz finden schließlich wieder Zugang zu Ursulas Reich. Sadovski war nach der Hinwendung Bentschs zu Lorenz tief verletzt gewesen. Nun behandelt die Frau in ihrer Wohnung den jungen Lorenz beinahe höflich als Gast. Eine der zahlreichen Nebengeschichten ist die aufkeimende Liebe der gerade einmal 13-jährigen Marie zu Lorenz. Das ist die älteste Tochter der Bentschs. Auch Marie ist nach dem Vater geraten. Wie dieser wartet sie ab. Allerdings, als der Kommunist Lorenz verhaftet worden ist, schlüpft Marie mutig in das Kleid der Mutter und gibt sich in der SA-Kaserne als die Freundin des Gefangenen aus. Anders Franz, der älteste Sohn der Bentschs. Dieser Schuljunge fühlt sich, auch er ganz der Vater, von Lorenz geradezu magisch angezogen. Aber im Gegensatz zu Schwester und Vater handelt er im Augenblick der Gefahr eigenmächtig-selbstbewusst. Er packt die Flugblätter der verhafteten Kommunisten in seinen Schulranzen und schmuggelt sie an den ahnungslos über die Ausrede des Jungen lachenden SA-Wachen vorbei. Diese Papiere im Ranzen des Sohnes sind die Utensilien, mit denen Bentsch – wie es aussieht – nach dem Romanende seinen Kampf in der Illegalität beginnen wird. Ursula nähert sich ihrem Gatten wieder an. Die Frau ist mit dem Schritt Bentschs einverstanden.

Zitate
Katharina: "Niemand gibt einem einen Ratschlag, seit der Herrgott tot ist."
Sadovski über Hitler: "Er war ein armer Teufel, und jetzt ist er gut raus. Fährt in 'nem schwarz lackierten Judenschlitten, mit einem Chauffeur, ißt, was er Lust hat."
Martin Triebels Vater: "Soll mal Hitler ruhig dran, mal zeigen, was er kann. Der wird von selbst fliegen."

Form und Interpretation
Der Roman besteht aus drei Teilen. Während die Rettung der sieben Bergleute im Teil 1 erfreulich kurz gehalten ist, wird in Teil 2 der Müßiggang der Erwerbslosen Bergleute in exorbitanter epischer Breite ausgemalt. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem aufkommenden Faschismus nimmt der Leser erst im letzten Fünftel des Romans wahr; also im weiteren Verlauf des Teils 3. Überhaupt dominiert die Charakterisierung der Unentschlossenen, der Parteilosen. Dagegen fällt die Zeichnung der Kommunisten – bis auf Lorenz Eibner – ab. Wenn ein Nationalsozialist als Figur gezeichnet wird, so bleibt sie immer blass.

Eine allwissende Erzählinstanz kommt äußerst selten in Verlegenheit. Verdienste einer Figur werden im Seghersschen Lapidarstil einmal kurz erwähnt und fertig. Davon abweichende Wiederholungen sind sehr selten. Ein einziges Mal nur fällt Anna Seghers ganz kurzzeitig in ihren aus gewissen Erzählungen bekannten Märchenton: Sadovski verspricht der Nebenfigur Josephine die Ehe. Sonst macht die unversöhnliche Härte des Vortrags selbst den abgebrühten Leser mitunter Frösteln – zum Beispiel, wenn der herzlose – nun nicht mehr werdende Vater – Sadovski nach dem Tode der schwangeren Freundin Katharina erleichtert ist. Sogar Bentsch spürt eine "gewisse Erleichterung" über die endgültige Abwesenheit des "unruhigen Mädchens" in seiner Küche. Folglich sieht er – im Gegensatz zu Ursula und Marie – Sadovski auch nach dem Tote Katharinas als seinen Freund an. Einerseits ist der Stil schon eigenartig. Ursula Bentsch ist meistens "die Frau". Das Erwerbslosenschicksal wird jahrelang stempelnd klaglos hingenommen. Andererseits muss die Schreibkraft der Autorin bewundert werden. Brandes nennt als Exempel die Sterbeszene der Katharina im Treppenhaus des Frauenarztes in B. – dieser fremden, kalten Stadt. Brandes würdigt, der Leser werde "Teil der Totenwelt". Den ungeteilten Beifall der Kommunisten habe Anna Seghers nicht gehabt. Im Moskauer "Wort" sei der Verfasserin 1938 Pessimismus vorgeworfen worden.

Bei Anna Seghers sind die Kommunisten immer die Guten: Janausch führt eine Rettungsmannschaft, die zu den sieben eingeschlossenen Bergleuten vordringt. Der kleine Grötsch bewahrt Bentsch vor der Verhaftung durch die SA. Dem geplagten Leser wird die Erkennung eines Kommunisten in dem Text nicht leicht gemacht. Es dämmert erst nach aufmerksamer Lektüre von ein paar hundert eng bedruckter Seiten.

Der sattelfeste Leser wird stillschweigend vorausgesetzt. Anna Seghers erwähnt das Gezottel in Harzburg, Braun, Severing und den Reichstagsbrand. Sie zitiert Bürger ohne Quellenangabe:
Er war mit König Friedrich's Macht
Gezogen in die Prager Schlacht,
Und hatte nicht geschrieben,
Ob er gesund geblieben.

Rezeption
Anna Seghers habe sich in dem Borinage unter Tage vor Ort mit Bergmännern über deren schwere Arbeit unterhalten. Neugebauer spricht einige wesentliche Wahrheiten aus: Bentsch, mit den Eigenschaften eines "proletarischen Führers" begabt, zögert viel zu lange, ehe er sich zum Widerstand gegen die Staatsmacht aufrafft. Warten und fliehen – nicht aber handeln – sind die den zweiten Teil beherrschenden Verhaltensmuster.

Batt nennt das Werk den "ersten großen Roman" der Anna Seghers, der zugleich "ihr erster Roman über das deutsche Proletariat" sei. Die Autorin rücke von den kommunistischen Märtyrern aus den "Gefährten" ab, wähle mit Bentsch einen parteilosen Helden und versähe diese "proletarische Führergestalt" mit den tiefmenschlichen Zügen des "Verzagens, Zweifelns und der Ohnmacht" gegenüber der Macht. Batt findet anschaulich-treffende Adjektive für den fast unzumutbar langatmigen zweiten Teil. In ihrem "politischen Roman" schreibe Anna Seghers "fast unmerkbar und untergründig" über den "politisch passiven" Arbeitslosen. Batt suggeriert auch, der Kommunistin Anna Seghers gehe es in dem Roman nicht um Kommunisten, sondern um fährige Köpfe aus der Arbeiterschaft wie Bentsch, auf die das kämpfende Proletariat nicht verzichten könne. Mit dem zu spät handelnden Bentsch stelle die Autorin ein Bild stellvertretend für das 1933 unterliegende deutsche Proletariat hin.

Der Roman wird als "›Totalbild‹ des proletarischen Lebens in der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft" gesehen. Geht es im "Weg durch den Februar" um einen Aufstand, so handele "Die Rettung" vom Gegenteil.

Hilzinger sieht den Roman nicht vordergründig als rein kommunistisches Buch, wenn es zum Beispiel um die Passagen geht, in denen Beweggründe sichtbar werden, die den Arbeitslosen für die "Verführung durch den Nazismus" empfänglich werden lassen. Anna Seghers führe eine "Gesellschaftsordnung" vor, die "solche Krisen" geradezu produziere. Allerdings sei die Liste der Versäumnisse der Kommunisten kurz vor 1933, von der Autorin protokolliert, ellenlang. Ein Beispiel aus dieser Reihe sei der letztendlich unfähige kommunistische Funktionär Albert.

Hilzinger nennt eine Arbeit anno 1986: Gerhard Bauer: "Die sensible, kompetente und lahmgelegte Arbeiterklasse. Zu Anna Seghers' Arbeitslosenroman Die Rettung."

Literatur

Textausgaben
Erstausgabe
Die Rettung. Roman. Querido Verlag, Amsterdam 1937. 512 Seiten, Leinen.

Ausgaben
Die Rettung. Roman. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1947. 479 Seiten, Halbleinen, Kopfrotschnitt
Die Rettung. Roman. Luchterhand, Neuwied 1965. 503 Seiten, Leinen mit Schutzumschlag

Verwendete Ausgabe
Die Rettung. Roman. in: Anna Seghers: Band III der Gesammelten Werke in Einzelausgaben. 410 Seiten. Aufbau-Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1951, 463 Seiten

Sekundärliteratur

Heinz Neugebauer: Anna Seghers. Leben und Werk. Mit Abbildungen (Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeit: Irmgard Neugebauer, Redaktionsschluss 20. September 1977). 238 Seiten. Reihe "Schriftsteller der Gegenwart" (Hrsg. Kurt Böttcher). Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1980, ohne ISBN
Kurt Batt: Anna Seghers. Versuch über Entwicklung und Werke. Mit Abbildungen. 283 Seiten. Reclam, Leipzig 1973 (2. Aufl. 1980). Lizenzgeber: Röderberg, Frankfurt am Main (Röderberg-Taschenbuch Bd. 15), ISBN 3-87682-470-2
Ute Brandes: Anna Seghers. Colloquium Verlag, Berlin 1992. Bd. 117 der Reihe "Köpfe des 20. Jahrhunderts", ISBN 3-7678-0803-X
Andreas Schrade: Anna Seghers. Metzler, Stuttgart 1993 (Sammlung Metzler Bd. 275 (Autoren und Autorinnen)), ISBN 3-476-10275-0
Sonja Hilzinger: Anna Seghers. Mit 13 Abbildungen. Reihe Literaturstudium. Reclam, Stuttgart 2000, RUB 17623, ISBN 3-15-017623-9

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Werk von Anna Seghers
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik

Die Rettung (Seghers)


MÖ 627 Roma takviminde Ab urbe condita 127 olarak anılan yıldır.

Olaylar
 Çin'in Jin ve Qin devletleri arasında Xiao Savaşı meydana geldi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Asurbanipal, Asur kralı
 Kandalanu, Babil kralı

MÖ 627


An Stipagrostis ramulosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni De Winter. An Stipagrostis ramulosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipagrostis

Stipagrostis ramulosa


Hrvatsko psihijatrijsko društvo, strukovna udruga psihijatara u Hrvatskoj.

Osnovne informacije
Pravna je osoba sa sjedištem u Zagrebu. Sjedište je u Zagrebu, Kišpatićeva 12. Neprofitna je nevladina udruga. U nju se dragovoljno udružuju radi ostvarivanja zajedničkih ciljeva i zadataka psihijatri i drugi profesionalci i neprofesionalci-dragovoljci, koji rade ili žele raditi na polju zaštite i unapređenja duševnog zdravlja u Republici Hrvatskoj. U prioritete Društva pomak od uglavnom bolnički orijentirane psihijatrijske skrbi prema psihijatrijskoj skrbi organiziranoj na komunalnoj razini te skidanje stigme sa psihijatrijskog bolesnika i poboljšavanje njegove reintegracije u društvo. Članstvo u Društvu je redovno, izvanredno i počasno. Djelatnost Društva je na području obrazovanja, znanosti i istraživanja, te zaštite zdravlja.

Povijest
Osnovano je 1992. godine kao Hrvatsko društvo psihijatara, nedugo zatim preimenovano u Hrvatsko psihijatrijsko društvo. Od lipnja 1993. Društvo je član Svjetskog psihijatrijskog društva (WPA). Pri Društvu je osnovana Sekcija mladih specijalista i specijalizanata psihijatrije Hrvatske na sjednici osnivačke skupštine Sekcije 15. prosinca 2005. godine. Predsjednici Društva bili su: Vasko Muačević (1992. – 1994.), Ljubomir Hotujac (1994. – 2010.), Vlado Jukić (2010. – 2018.), a od 2018.g. predsjednica je Alma Mihaljević-Peleš .

Prvih godina postojanja glasilo Društva bio je Bilten. Prvi je izašao u siječnju 1993. godine, a zadnji u prosincu 1997. godine. Danas je službeno glasilo časopis Socijalna psihijatrija. Društvo počevši od 1994. godine održalo je do 2010. svake 4 godine tematske hrvatske psihijatrijske kongrese, a na godišnjoj razini od 2004. održava Hrvatske psihijatrijske dane. I za kongrese i za Dane se izdaje zbornik.

Tijela
Tijela su Skupština Društva, predsjednik i tri dopredsjednika, glavni tajnik, Upravni odbor, Savjet Društva, Nadzorni odbor i Etičko povjerenstvo.

Ciljevi i djelatnosti
Osnovni ciljevi i djelatnosti su:
 rad na stalnom stručnom i znanstvenom usavršavanju svojeg članstva kroz organiziranje stručnih i znanstvenih sastanaka i kongresa, seminara i predavanja, te tečajeva usavršavanja
 aktivna suradnja sa srodnim znanstvenim, nastavnim i zdravstvenim organizacijama u svrhu što uspješnijeg rada na stručnom i znanstvenom području
 predstavljanje psihijatrijske struke u stručnim i znanstvenim tijelima Hrvatskog liječničkog zbora kroz zborska stručna psihijatrijska društva
 suradnja sa stručnim i znanstvenim društvima u Republici Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu na područjima od zajedničkog interesa
 kontinuirano praćenje stanja duševnog zdravlja populacije;
 borba za osiguravanje odgovarajućih uvjeta rada te primjerenu organizaciju psihijatrijske skrbi u Republici Hrvatskoj
 skrb o poboljšanju uvjeta liječenja i života duševnih bolesnika, podizanje nivoa svijesti društva za bolje prihvaćanje i liječenje duševnih bolesnika i skrbi o njima;
 organiziranje kongresa psihijatara Hrvatske svake četiri godine;
 izdavanje Biltena Društva, časopisa i drugih publikacija, u skladu s postojećim propisima
 njegovanje i razvijanje načela liječničke etike kod svojih članova
 nadzor nad stručnim radom svojih članova u suradnji s liječničkom komorom.
 poduzimanje mjera za zaštitu stručnosti rada svojih članova i za zaštitu bolesnika

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice
Facebook Sekcija mladih psihijatara i specijalizanata psihijatrije

Hrvatske udruge

Hrvatsko psihijatrijsko društvo


معركة بحرية هي معركة تدور أحداثها باستخدام قطع حربية بحرية (سفن، قوارب).
غالباً ما تجري المعارك البحرية قرب ميناء للسيطرة عليه وتسهيل الدخول إلى الأراضي الداخلية.

من المعارك البحرية التي وقعت معركة الأطلسي، التي وقعت خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية بين ألمانيا النازية وبريطانيا العظمى حين كانت تعتمد بريطانيا على سفنها التجارية في استيراد ما يكفيها من النفط، لكن الغوصات الألمانية بالمحيط شكلت خطراً كبيراً على السفن التجارية البريطانية.

مراجع

معارك بحرية

معركة بحرية


This is a list of theatre directors, living and dead, who have been active in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Arabic Speaking

Fouad Awad
Mohammed Al Shanfari

Belarusian Speaking
 Ihnat Bujnicki
 Mikalai Khalezin

Bengali speaking

Montazur Rahman Akbar
Debesh Chattopadhyay
Utpal Dutta
Goutam Halder
Manoj Mitra
Shambhu Mitra
Mamunur Rashid
Badal Sarkar
Bratya Basu

Chinese speaking

Jiao Juyin
Li Liuyi
Wang Chong

English speaking

George Abbott
Maria Aitken
JoAnne Akalaitis
Franco Ambriz
Threes Anna
Libby Appel
Steven Atkinson
Lucy Bailey
Dominic Barber
Neil Bartlett
John Barton
Emjo Basshe
Julian Beck
Paul Berman
David Berthold
Etel Billig
Anne Bogart
Lee Breuer
Mark Brokaw
Peter Brook
Robert Brustein
Hazel Joan Bryant
Betty Burstall
Simon Callow
Annie Castledine
Joseph Chaikin
Rachel Chavkin
Ping Chong
Harold Clurman
Victor Correia
Edward Gordon Craig
James Dacre
Howard Davies
Ian Dickens
Marcia Milgrom Dodge
Declan Donnellan
Mehmet Ergen
Gale Edwards
Tim Etchells
Joel Fink
Richard Foreman
Bob Fosse
Bob Frith
Frank Galati
Patrick Garland
Joel Gersmann
John Gielgud
Katie Mitchell
Andre Gregory
Tyrone Guthrie
Peter Hall
Marcia Haufrecht
Jeremy Herrin
Jack Hofsiss
Michael Howard
Sophie Hunter
John Jesurun
Michael Kahn
Robert Kalfin
Helena Kaut-Howson
Elia Kazan
Patrick Kinmonth
Jim Knipple
Jan Kott
Wayne Lamb
Tina Landau
James Lapine
Charles Laughton
Eddie Lawrence
Walter Learning
Elizabeth LeCompte
Robert Lepage
Robert Lewis
Tom Littler
Clare Lizzimore
Phyllida Lloyd
Joshua Logan
Sidney Lumet
Rosie Malek-Yonan
Judith Malina
Joe Mantello
Kathleen Marshall
Rob Marshall
Jackie Maxwell
Richard Maxwell
Michael Mayer
Brad Mays
Des McAnuff
Simon McBurney
Guthrie McClintic
Sam Mendes
Jorge Merced
Worthington Miner
Neil Munro
Stephen Murphy
Christopher Newton
Mike Nichols
Trevor Nunn
Laurence Olivier
Diane Paulus
Ralph Pena
Robin Phillips
Steven Pimlott
Hal Prince
José Quintero
Agustin Reyes
Lloyd Richards
Martin Ritt
Mark Rylance
Kate Saxon
Franklin Schaffner
Richard Schechner
Jay Scheib
Peter Schumann
Michael Scott
Peter Sellars
Andrei Şerban
Stephen Shank
Nathaniel Shaw
Hassard Short
Leigh Silverman
Jeanmarie Simpson
Max Stafford-Clark
Susan Stroman
Rebecca Taichman
Julie Taymor
Tazewell Thompson
Sidney Toler
Russell Treyz
Craig Walker
Sam Wanamaker
Matthew Warchus
Douglas Turner Ward
Deborah Warner
David Warren
Orson Welles
James Whale
Bart Whiteman
Kate Whoriskey
Robert Wilson
Lee Wochner
George C. Wolfe
Robert Woodruff
Mary Zimmerman

Filipino speaking

Daisy Avellana
Lamberto V. Avellana
Joel Lamangan
Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo
Severino Montano
Mario O'Hara
Ralph Pena
Freddie Santos
Rolando Tinio

French speaking

 Jean Anouilh
 André Antoine
 Antonin Artaud
 Jean Louis Barrault
 Gaston Baty
 Patrice Chéreau
 Jean Cocteau
 Armand Eloi
 Jean Giraudoux
 Louis Jouvet
 Jorge Lavelli
 Robert Lepage
 Lugné-Poe
 Ariane Mnouchkine
 Jeanne Moreau
 Roger Planchon
 Jacques Rivette
 Jerome Savary
 Stephen Shank
 Jean Vilar

German speaking

 Ruth Berghaus
 Benno Besson
 Bertolt Brecht
 Hans Bunge
 Frank Castorf
 Dieter Dorn
 Erich Engel
 August Everding
 Walter Felsenstein
 Gotz Friedrich
 Jens-Daniel Herzog
 Leopold Jessner
 Fritz Kortner
 Harry Kupfer
 Thomas Ostermeier
 Martin Kušej (bilingual German/Slovenian)
 Peter Lund
 Erwin Piscator
 Max Reinhardt
 Peter Stein
 Karl Heinz Stroux
 Heinz Tietjen
 Nike Wagner
 Wieland Wagner
 Wolfgang Wagner
 Peter Zadek

Hindi speaking

Ebrahim Alkazi
Shamim Azad
Ram Gopal Bajaj
Manish Joshi Bismil
Satyadev Dubey
Arvind Gaur
Bharatendu Harishchandra
Safdar Hashmi
Rohini Hattangadi
Prithviraj Kapoor
B.V. Karanth
Mohan Maharishi
Prasanna
B.M. Shah
Om Shivpuri
Habib Tanvir
Ratan Thiyam
Bansi Kaul

Italian speaking

 Giorgio Albertazzi
 Eugenio Barba
 Orazio Costa
 Eduardo De Filippo
 Dario Fo
 Paolo Grassi
 Glauco Mauri
 Renzo Ricci
 Luca Ronconi
 Guido Salvini
 Maurizio Scaparro
 Luigi Squarzina
 Giorgio Strehler
 Aldo Trionfo
 Luchino Visconti
 Franco Zeffirelli

Lithuanian speaking

 Dalia Ibelhauptaitė
 Oskaras Koršunovas
 Eimuntas Nekrošius
 Juozas Miltinis
 Rimas Tuminas
 Jonas Vaitkus
 Adolfas Večerskis

Nepali speaking

 Anup Baral
 Hari Prasad Rimal
 Khagendra Lamichhane
 Sunil Pokharel

Norwegian speaking

 Tore Vagn Lid
 Stein Winge

Persian speaking

 Bahram Beyzai
 Hamid Samandarian
 Ali Nassirian

Polish speaking

Erwin Axer
Richard Boleslavsky
Kazimierz Dejmek
Jerzy Fedorowicz
Jerzy Grotowski
Adam Hanuszkiewicz
Stefan Jaracz
Krzysztof Jasiński
Tadeusz Kantor
Jerzy Markuszewski
Stanisława Perzanowska
Barbara Sass
Leon Schiller
Ludwik Solski
Włodzimierz Staniewski
Józef Szajna
Arnold Szyfman
Mariusz Treliński
Andrzej Wajda
Michał Zadara
Lidia Zamkow
Krzysztof Zanussi
Zbigniew Zapasiewicz
Aleksander Zelwerowicz
Feliks Żukowski

Portuguese speaking

Augusto Boal
Sergio Britto
Luis Miguel Cintra
João Garcia Miguel
Jorge Listopad
Gerald Thomas

Romanian speaking

 Alexandru Arșinel
 Zaharia Bârsan
 Radu Beligan
 Ion Besoiu
 Toma Caragiu
 Ion Caramitru
 Alexandru Dabija
 Radu Gyr
 Ion Minulescu
 Maia Morgenstern
 Vlad Mugur
 Amza Pellea
 Elvira Popescu
 Vlad Rădescu
 Victor Rebengiuc
 Mihail Sadoveanu
 Zaharia Stancu
 Silviu Stănculescu
 Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra
 Andrei Șerban
 Gábor Tompa
 Dorel Vișan
 George Vraca
 George Mihail Zamfirescu

Russian speaking

Nikolay Akimov
Yevgeny Aryeh
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
Lev Dodin
Anatoly Efros
Kama Ginkas
Yuri Lyubimov
Alexandre Marine
Vsevolod Meyerhold
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
Nikolai Okhlopkov
Lev Shekhtman
Konstantin Stanislavsky
Alexander Tairov
Georgy Tovstonogov
Yevgeny Vakhtangov
Anatoly Vasiliev
Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakharov
Yury Zavadsky

Serbo-Croatian speaking

Nebojša Bradić
Goran Gajić
Branko Gavella
Gradimir Gojer
Zorica Jevremović
Siniša Kovačević
Sulejman Kupusović
Velimir Živojinović Massuka
Dejan Miladinović
Ognjenka Milićević
Branislav Nušić
Vida Ognjenović
Tanja Miletić Oručević
Haris Pašović
Katja Restović
Zijah Sokolović
Mira Trailović
Mirjana Vukomanović
Milenko Zablaćanski
Stevo Žigon

Spanish speaking

 Calixto Bieito
 Alejandra Boero
 Antonio Cunill Cabanellas
 Orestes Caviglia
 Armando Discépolo
 Nuria Espert
 Carlos Gandolfo
 Victor Garcia
 Juan Carlos Gené
 Antonio Larreta
 Inda Ledesma
 Cecilio Madanes
 Jorge Merced
 Fanny Mikey
 José Quintero
 Jesusa Rodríguez
 José Tamayo
 Margarita Xirgu
 China Zorrilla

Slovak speaking

 Juraj Nvota
 Roman Polák

Swedish speaking

 Lars Amble
 Ingmar Bergman
 Hugo Hansén
 Olof Molander
 Stig Olin
 Peter Oskarson
 Albert Ranft
 Alf Sjöberg

Multilingual

Fouad Awad (Arabic, Hebrew, English)
Lucien Bourjeily (Arabic, French, English)
Chandradasan (English, Kannada, Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil)
Mario Kovač (Croatian, English, Italian)
Roberto Paci Dalò (English, Italian, German, French, Chinese)
Stephen Shank (English, French)
Mihai Timofti (English, French, Italian, Romanian, Russia)
Rajesh Vedprakash (English, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu)

Other

Lilia Abadjieva (Bulgarian)
Kemal Başar (Turkish)
Stancho Stanchev  (Bulgarian)

References

Lists of people by occupation

Directors

List of theatre directors in the 20th and 21st centuries


بيوفيليا كلمة لاتينية بيو (Bio) من بيولوجيا وفيليا (philia) من حب. وقد شاع استخدام هذا المصطلح من قبل إدوارد أوسبورن ويلسون، الذي ألف كتاب يحمل نفس الاسم ونشره في جامعة هارفارد، عام 1984. يصف ويلسون البيوفيليا باعتبارها الميل الطبيعي حيث نوجه اهتمامنا بيوفيليا عكس كلمة نيكروفيليا. بيوفيليا تعني الشعور بالارتياح أو الرضا عن الحياة، التي تتضمن «الطبيعة»، وعدم التماثل المنسجم مع الخلق وأشكاله هو البديل الحقيقي للنزوات المستقبلية لمعماريي العولمة.

الهدف الحيوي المتمثل في العمارة البيوفيلية (biophilic architecture) هو في تلخيص السمات ووضعها في موضع واضح ومعقول، وبشكل منظم حتى يتعرف المطورين والمصممين والمخططين والمعماريين على أهمية وجود اتصال بين البيئة الطبيعية ومشاريعهم.

تقارب طبيعي للأنظمة الحية
«البيوفيليا» هي تقارب فطري في الحياة أو الأنظمة الحية. تم استخدام المصطلح لأول مرة من قبل إريك فروم لوصف التوجه النفسي للانجذاب إلى كل ما هو حي وحيوي. ایضا كان أرسطو واحدًا من كثيرين طرحوا مفهومًا يمكن تلخيصه على أنه «حب الحياة». يستحضر أرسطو، بالغوص في مصطلح المحبة، أو الصداقة، فكرة المعاملة بالمثل وكيف تعود الصداقات بالفائدة على كلا الطرفين بأكثر من طريقة واحدة، ولكن بشكل خاص في طريق السعادة.

تصميم بيوفيليك
في الهندسة المعمارية، يعد التصميم الحيوي هو إستراتيجية تصميم مستدامة تتضمن إعادة ربط الناس بالبيئة الطبيعية. قد يُنظر إليه على أنه مكمل ضروري للهندسة المعمارية الخضراء، مما يقلل من التأثير البيئي للعالم المبني ولكنه لا يعالج إعادة الاتصال البشري بالعالم الطبيعي.

تعريف تصميم بيوفيليك
لمحة سريعة عن التصميم الحيوي هو الاعتراف بالحاجة البشرية الفطرية للتواصل مع الطبيعة جنبًا إلى جنب مع الاستدامة واستراتيجيات التصميم العالمية لخلق بيئات يمكن أن تزيد من جودة الحياة. يرى البروفيسور كيلرت أن التصميم البيوفيلي هو نموذج جديد للهندسة المعمارية الخضراء يعد بإعادة ربط البشر بالطبيعة.

مفهوم التصميم البيوفيلي
تصميم Biophilic هو في الواقع تصميم وبناء مع وضع الطبيعة في الاعتبار. بالطبع، لا يعني التصميم الحيوي أن نجعل مبانينا خضراء بالعشب والنباتات ونزيد ببساطة من جاذبيتها وجمالها باستخدام الأشجار والشجيرات. بدلاً من ذلك، موضوع مناقشتنا أعلى بكثير من هذا، وهو يتعلق بمكانة الإنسانية في الطبيعة، فضلاً عن مكان ومكان العالم الطبيعي في المجتمع البشري، وهو مساحة يمكن أن تحدث فيها المواجهة والاحترام وتقدير التواصل. على جميع المستويات وتظهر كقاعدة.

أهداف التصميم بيوفيليك
فيما يلي بعض أهم الأشياء التي يكون لتصميم البيوفيليك تأثير إيجابي على:

 الصحة البدنية والعقلية
 الإبداع والاهتمام والتعلم عند الأطفال
 الرضا عن البيئة المحيطة
 علاقات الجوار والتفاعل والتنقل في المدن
 خلق السلام والاسترخاء وتقليل التوتر
 تقدير وفهم قيمة وأهمية الطبيعة

المراجع

حركات معمارية
حفظ البيئة
علم نفس البيئة
علم نفس تطوري
فرضيات
فرضيات بيوفيليا
فرضيات علم الأحياء
هندسة معمارية

بيوفيليا


براعة الاستهلال حسن الابتداء في مطلع خطاب منظوم، باجتناب الحشو، مع وضوح في المعاني.

علم البديع
لسانيات

براعة استهلال


Judoul a fost inclus în programul olimpic de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1964 de la Tokyo, cu excepția celor din 1968.

Clasament pe medalii
Lista actualizată după Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016.

Legendă
 România

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Judo la Comitetul Olimpic Internațional
  Judo la Jocurile Olimpice  pe Sports Reference

Judo la Jocurile Olimpice


, fondée en , est une maison d'édition allemande basée à Cologne.

Histoire

Créée le , Könemann fait faillite en .  reprend la société.

Gamme de publication
Könemann publiait des livres illustrés sur l'histoire de l'art, l'architecture et la cuisine. Des livres sur la faune ont également publiés, notamment sur les baleines et les dauphins.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Fondation en 1993
Entreprise ayant son siège à Cologne
Maison d'édition ayant son siège en Allemagne
Maison d'édition disparue

Könemann


Tanya veya Likkutei Amarim (İbranice: ליקוטי אמרים; "İfadeler Koleksiyonu"), Şneur Zalman'ın 1797'de yazdığı bir Musevi din kitabıdır. Kitabın giriş kelimesi Tanya (תניא) Aramcada "baraitada öğretilmiş olan" demektir.

Yahudi metinleri
Arami deyişler

Tanya


Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS), deutsch: "Ursprungsübergreifende Ressourcenfreigabe", ist ein Mechanismus, der Webbrowsern oder auch anderen Webclients Cross-Origin-Requests ermöglicht. Zugriffe dieser Art sind normalerweise durch die Same-Origin-Policy (SOP) untersagt. CORS ist ein Kompromiss zugunsten größerer Flexibilität im Internet unter Berücksichtigung möglichst hoher Sicherheitsmaßnahmen.

Funktionsweise
Die Einschränkungen, die durch die SOP auferlegt sind, können vom jeweiligen Server, der angefragt wird, für bestimmte Clients aufgehoben werden.

Damit die Anfrage eines Skripts auf einer Webseite, z. B. http://foo.example, an einen Server einer abweichenden Domain, z. B. http://bar.example, erfolgreich durchgeführt werden kann, muss der referenzierte Server bei seiner Antwort den Zugriff durch entsprechende HTTP-Header erlauben.
Sendet bar.example den unten aufgeführten Header Access-Control-Allow-Origin, so erlaubt er dem Skript vom Server foo.example den Zugriff auf Ressourcen, die auf ihm (bar.example) gespeichert sind. Ein Cross-Origin-Request kann somit erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Zugriffe auf andere Server werden aufgrund der SOP weiterhin nicht erfolgreich durchgeführt.

HTTP-Header, gesetzt durch den Server bar.example (Beispiel):
 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://foo.example

Weitere Access-Control-*-Header können das Zugriffsverhalten zusätzlich einschränken und die Sicherheit somit erhöhen, um den Server vor unberechtigten Anfragen zu schützen.

CORS-Ressource, die ausschließlich über die HTTP-GET Methode erreichbar ist:
 Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET

Browser-Unterstützung
CORS wird von folgenden Rendering-Engines unterstützt:
 Gecko 1.9.1+ (Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, SeaMonkey 2.0+).
 WebKit (Apple Safari 4+, Google Chrome 3+)
 MSHTML/Trident 4.0+ (Internet Explorer 10+, Internet Explorer 8 und 9 bieten teilweise Unterstützung durch das XDomainRequest-Objekt.)
 Presto 2.10.232+ (Opera 12+)

CORS vs. JSONP
CORS kann als Alternative für JSONP genutzt werden. Während JSONP nur GET-Anfragen unterstützt, bietet CORS auch Unterstützung für andere HTTP-Anfragen. Mit der Verwendung von CORS ist es Webentwicklern möglich, normale XMLHttpRequests bzw. die JavaScript Fetch API zu benutzen, die eine bessere Fehlerbehandlung als JSONP bieten. Auf der anderen Seite wird JSONP auch von Browsern unterstützt, die keine CORS-Unterstützung bieten.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Enable CORS (englisch)
 Mozilla Developer Network – Referenz mit Beispielen (englisch)
 CORS im Zusammenhang mit CDNs (englisch)

World Wide Web
Standardisierung
Web-Entwicklung

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing