The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event and military engagement in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas, United States), killing most of the occupants. Santa Anna's refusal to take prisoners during the battle inspired many Texians and Tejanos to join the Texian Army. Motivated by a desire for revenge, as well as their written desire to preserve a border open to immigration and the importation and practice of slavery, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the conquering of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas by the newly formed Republic of Texas.

Several months previously, Texians, some of whom were legal settlers, but primarily illegal immigrants from the United States, had killed or driven out all Mexican troops in Mexican Texas. About one hundred Texians were then garrisoned at the Alamo. The Texian force grew slightly with the arrival of reinforcements led by eventual Alamo co-commanders James Bowie and William B. Travis. On February 23, approximately 1,500 Mexicans marched into San Antonio de Béxar as the first step in a campaign to retake Texas. For the next 10 days, the two armies engaged in several skirmishes with minimal casualties. Aware that his garrison could not withstand an attack by such a large force, Travis wrote multiple letters pleading for more men and supplies from Texas and from the United States, but the Texians were reinforced by fewer than a hundred men, because the United States had a treaty with Mexico at the time, and supplying troops and weapons would have been an overt act of war against Mexico.

In the early morning hours of March 6, the Mexican Army advanced on the Alamo. After repelling two attacks, the Texians were unable to fend off a third attack. As Mexican soldiers scaled the walls, most of the Texian fighters withdrew into interior buildings. Those who were unable to reach these points were slain by the Mexican cavalry as they attempted to escape. Between five and seven Texians may have surrendered; if so, they were quickly executed. Several noncombatants were sent to Gonzales to spread word of the Texian defeat. The news sparked both a strong rush to join the Texian army and a panic, known as "The Runaway Scrape", in which the Texian army, most settlers, and the government of the new, self-proclaimed but officially unrecognized Republic of Texas fled eastward toward the U.S. ahead of the advancing Mexican Army.

Within Mexico, the battle has often been overshadowed by events from the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. In 19th-century Texas, the Alamo complex gradually became known as a battle site rather than a former mission. The Texas Legislature purchased the land and buildings in the early part of the 20th century and designated the Alamo chapel as an official Texas State Shrine. The Alamo has been the subject of numerous non-fiction works beginning in 1843. Most Americans, however, are more familiar with the myths and legends spread by many of the movie and television adaptations, including the 1950s Disney miniseries Davy Crockett and John Wayne's 1960 film The Alamo.

Background

In 1835, there was a drastic shift in the Mexican nation. The triumph of conservative forces in the elections unleashed a series of events that culminated on October 23, 1835, under a new constitution, after the repeal of the federalist Constitution of 1824.  Las Siete Leyes (), or Seven Laws, were a series of constitutional changes that fundamentally altered the organizational structure of Mexico, ending the first federal period and creating a unitary republic, officially the Mexican Republic (). Formalized under President Antonio López de Santa Anna on 15 December 1835, they were enacted in 1836. They were intended to centralize and strengthen the national government. The aim of the previous constitution was to create a political system that would emulate the success of the United States, but after a decade of political turmoil, economic stagnation, and threats and actual foreign invasion, conservatives concluded that a better path for Mexico was centralized power.

The new policies, the bans of slavery and immigration chief among them, and the increased enforcement of laws and import tariffs, incited many immigrants to revolt. The border region of Mexican Texas was largely populated by immigrants from the United States, some legal but most illegal. Some of these immigrants brought large numbers of slaves with them, so that by 1836, there were about 5,000 enslaved persons in a total non-native population estimated at 38,470. These people were accustomed to a federalist government which made special exemptions from Mexican law just for them, and to extensive individual rights including the right to own slaves, and they were quite vocal in their displeasure at Mexico's law enforcement and shift towards centralism. The centralized government ended local federal exemptions to the ban on slavery, which had been negotiated by Stephen Austin and others. Already suspicious after previous United States attempts to purchase Mexican Texas, Mexican authorities blamed much of the Texian unrest on United States immigrants, most of whom had entered illegally and made little effort to adapt to the Mexican culture and who continued to hold people in slavery when slavery had been abolished in Mexico.

In October, Texians engaged Mexican troops in the first official battle of the Texas Revolution. Determined to quell the rebellion of immigrants, Santa Anna began assembling a large force, the Army of Operations in Texas, to restore order. Most of his soldiers were raw recruits, and many had been forcibly conscripted.

The Texians systematically defeated the Mexican troops already stationed in Texas. The last group of Mexican soldiers in the region—commanded by Santa Anna's brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos—surrendered on December 9 following the siege of Béxar. By this point, the Texian Army was dominated by very recent arrivals to the region, primarily illegal immigrants from the United States. Many Texas settlers, unprepared for a long campaign, had returned home. Angered by what he perceived to be United States interference in Mexican affairs, Santa Anna spearheaded a resolution classifying foreign immigrants found fighting in Texas as pirates. The resolution effectively banned the taking of prisoners of war: in this period of time, captured pirates were executed immediately. Santa Anna reiterated this message in a strongly worded letter to United States President Andrew Jackson. This letter was not widely distributed, and it is unlikely that most of the United States recruits serving in the Texian Army were aware that there would be no prisoners of war.

When Mexican troops departed San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas, USA) Texian soldiers captured the Mexican garrison at the Alamo Mission, a former Spanish religious outpost which had been converted to a makeshift fort by the recently expelled Mexican Army. Described by Santa Anna as an "irregular fortification hardly worthy of the name", the Alamo had been designed to withstand an attack by native tribes, not an artillery-equipped army. The complex sprawled across , providing almost  of perimeter to defend. An interior plaza was bordered on the east by the chapel and to the south by a one-story building known as the Low Barracks. A wooden palisade stretched between these two buildings. The two-story Long Barracks extended north from the chapel. At the northern corner of the east wall stood a cattle pen and horse corral. The walls surrounding the complex were at least  thick and ranged from  high.

To compensate for the lack of firing ports, Texian engineer Green B. Jameson constructed catwalks to allow defenders to fire over the walls; this method, however, left the rifleman's upper body exposed. Mexican forces had left behind 19 cannons, which Jameson installed along the walls. A large 18-pounder had arrived in Texas with the New Orleans Greys. Jameson positioned this cannon in the southwest corner of the compound. He boasted to Texian Army commander Sam Houston that the Texians could "whip 10 to 1 with our artillery".

Prelude to battle

The Texian garrison was woefully undermanned and underprovisioned, with fewer than 100 soldiers remaining by January 6, 1836. Colonel James C. Neill, the acting Alamo commander, wrote to the provisional government: "If there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it". Neill requested additional troops and supplies, stressing that the garrison was likely to be unable to withstand a siege lasting longer than four days. The Texian government was in turmoil and unable to provide much assistance. Four different men claimed to have been given command over the entire army. On January 14, Neill approached one of them, Sam Houston, for assistance in gathering supplies, clothing, and ammunition.

Houston could not spare the number of men necessary to mount a successful defense. Instead, he sent Colonel James Bowie with 30 men to remove the artillery from the Alamo and destroy the complex. Bowie was unable to transport the artillery since the Alamo garrison lacked the necessary draft animals. Neill soon persuaded Bowie that the location held strategic importance. In a letter to Governor Henry Smith, Bowie argued that "the salvation of Texas depends in great measure on keeping Béxar out of the hands of the enemy. It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march towards the Sabine." The letter to Smith ended, "Colonel Neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy." Bowie also wrote to the provisional government, asking for "men, money, rifles, and cannon powder". Few reinforcements were authorized; cavalry officer William B. Travis arrived in Béxar with 30 men on February 3. Five days later, a small group of volunteers arrived, including the famous frontiersman and former U.S. Congressman David Crockett of Tennessee.

On February 11, Neill left the Alamo, determined to recruit additional reinforcements and gather supplies. He transferred command to Travis, the highest-ranking regular army officer in the garrison. Volunteers comprised much of the garrison, and they were unwilling to accept Travis as their leader. The men instead elected Bowie, who had a reputation as a fierce fighter, as their commander. Bowie celebrated by getting very intoxicated and creating havoc in Béxar. To mitigate the resulting ill feelings, Bowie agreed to share command with Travis.

As the Texians struggled to find men and supplies, Santa Anna continued to gather men at San Luis Potosi; by the end of 1835, his army numbered 6,019 soldiers. Rather than advance along the coast, where supplies and reinforcements could be easily delivered by sea, Santa Anna ordered his army inland to Béxar, the political center of Texas and the site of Cos's defeat. The army began its march north in late December. Officers used the long journey to train the men. Many of the new recruits did not know how to aim their muskets, and many refused to fire from the shoulder because of the strong recoil.

Progress was slow. There were not enough mules to transport all of the supplies, and many of the teamsters, all civilians, quit when their pay was delayed. The many soldaderas – women and children who followed the army – consumed much of the already scarce supplies. The soldiers were soon reduced to partial rations. On February 12 they crossed the Rio Grande. Temperatures in Texas reached record lows, and by February 13 an estimated  of snow had fallen. Hypothermia, dysentery, and Comanche raiding parties took a heavy toll on the Mexican soldiers.

On February 21, Santa Anna and his vanguard reached the banks of the Medina River,  from Béxar. Unaware of the Mexican Army's proximity, the majority of the Alamo garrison joined Béxar residents at a fiesta. After learning of the planned celebration, Santa Anna ordered General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma to immediately seize the unprotected Alamo, but sudden rains halted that raid.

Siege

Investment
In the early hours of February 23, residents began fleeing Béxar, fearing the Mexican army's imminent arrival. Although unconvinced by the reports, Travis stationed a soldier in the San Fernando church bell tower, the highest location in town, to watch for signs of an approaching force. Several hours later, Texian scouts reported seeing Mexican troops  outside the town. Few arrangements had been made for a potential siege. One group of Texians scrambled to herd cattle into the Alamo, while others scrounged for food in the recently abandoned houses. Several members of the garrison who had been living in town brought their families with them when they reported to the Alamo. Among these were Almaron Dickinson, who brought his wife Susanna and their infant daughter Angelina; Bowie, who was accompanied by his deceased wife's cousins, Gertrudis Navarro and Juana Navarro Alsbury, and Alsbury's young son; and Gregorio Esparza, whose family climbed through the window of the Alamo chapel after the Mexican army arrived. Other members of the garrison failed to report for duty; most of the men working outside Béxar did not try to sneak past Mexican lines.

By late afternoon Béxar was occupied by about 1,500 Mexican soldiers. When the Mexican troops raised a blood-red flag signifying no quarter, Travis responded with a blast from the Alamo's largest cannon. Believing that Travis had acted hastily, Bowie sent Jameson to meet with Santa Anna. Travis was angered that Bowie had acted unilaterally and sent his own representative, Captain Albert Martin. Both emissaries met with Colonel Juan Almonte and José Bartres. According to Almonte, the Texians asked for an honorable surrender but were informed that any surrender must be unconditional. On learning this, Bowie and Travis mutually agreed to fire the cannon again.

Skirmishes
The first night of the siege was relatively quiet. Over the next few days, Mexican soldiers established artillery batteries, initially about  from the south and east walls of the Alamo. A third battery was positioned southeast of the fort. Each night the batteries inched closer to the Alamo walls. During the first week of the siege more than 200 cannonballs landed in the Alamo plaza. At first, the Texians matched Mexican artillery fire, often reusing the Mexican cannonballs.  On February 26 Travis ordered the artillery to conserve powder and shot.

Two notable events occurred on Wednesday, February 24. At some point that day, Bowie collapsed from illness, leaving Travis in sole command of the garrison. Late that afternoon, two Mexican scouts became the first fatalities of the siege. The following morning, 200–300 Mexican soldiers crossed the San Antonio River and took cover in abandoned shacks near the Alamo walls. Several Texians ventured out to burn the huts while Texians within the Alamo provided cover fire. After a two-hour skirmish, the Mexican troops retreated to Béxar. Six Mexican soldiers were killed and four others were wounded. No Texians were injured.

A blue norther blew in on February 25, dropping the temperature to . Neither army was prepared for the cold temperatures. Texian attempts to gather firewood were thwarted by Mexican troops. On the evening of February 26 Colonel Juan Bringas engaged several Texians who were burning more huts. According to historian J.R. Edmondson, one Texian was killed. Four days later, Texians shot and killed Private First-Class Secundino Alvarez, a soldier from one of two battalions that Santa Anna had stationed on two sides of the Alamo. By March 1, the number of Mexican casualties was nine dead and four wounded, while the Texian garrison had lost only one man.

Reinforcements

Santa Anna posted one company east of the Alamo, on the road to Gonzales. Almonte and 800 dragoons were stationed along the road to Goliad. Throughout the siege these towns had received multiple couriers, dispatched by Travis to plead for reinforcements and supplies. The most famous of his missives, written February 24, was addressed To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World. According to historian Mary Deborah Petite, the letter is "considered by many as one of the masterpieces of American patriotism." Copies of the letter were distributed across Texas, and eventually reprinted throughout the United States and much of Europe. At the end of the first day of the siege, Santa Anna's troops were reinforced by 600 men under General Joaquin Ramirez y Sesma, bringing the Mexican army up to more than 2,000 men.

As news of the siege spread throughout Texas, potential reinforcements gathered in Gonzales. They hoped to rendezvous with Colonel James Fannin, who was expected to arrive from Goliad with his garrison. On February 26, after days of indecision, Fannin ordered 320 men, four cannons, and several supply wagons to march towards the Alamo,  away. This group traveled less than  before turning back.  Fannin blamed the retreat on his officers; the officers and enlisted men accused Fannin of aborting the mission.

Texians gathered in Gonzales were unaware of Fannin's return to Goliad, and most continued to wait. Impatient with the delay, on February 27 Travis ordered Samuel G. Bastian to go to Gonzales "to hurry up reinforcements". According to historian Thomas Ricks Lindley, Bastian encountered the Gonzales Ranging Company led by Lieutenant George C. Kimble and Travis' courier to Gonzales, Albert Martin, who had tired of waiting for Fannin. A Mexican patrol attacked, driving off four of the men including Bastian. In the darkness, the Texians fired on the remaining 32 men, whom they assumed were Mexican soldiers. One man was wounded, and his English curses convinced the occupiers to open the gates.

On March 3, the Texians watched from the walls as approximately 1,000 Mexicans marched into Béxar. The Mexican army celebrated loudly throughout the afternoon, both in honor of their reinforcements and at the news that troops under General José de Urrea had soundly defeated Texian Colonel Frank W. Johnson at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27. Most of the Texians in the Alamo believed that Sesma had been leading the Mexican forces during the siege, and they mistakenly attributed the celebration to the arrival of Santa Anna. The reinforcements brought the number of Mexican soldiers in Béxar to almost 3,100.

The arrival of the Mexican reinforcements prompted Travis to send three men, including Davy Crockett, to find Fannin's force, which he still believed to be en route. The scouts discovered a large group of Texians camped  from the Alamo. Lindley's research indicates that up to 50 of these men had come from Goliad after Fannin's aborted rescue mission. The others had left Gonzales several days earlier. Just before daylight on March 4, part of the Texian force broke through Mexican lines and entered the Alamo. Mexican soldiers drove a second group across the prairie.

Assault preparations
On March 4, the day after his reinforcements arrived, Santa Anna proposed an assault on the Alamo. Many of his senior officers recommended that they wait for two 12-pounder cannons anticipated to arrive on March 7. That evening, a local woman, likely Bowie's cousin-in-law Juana Navarro Alsbury, approached Santa Anna to negotiate a surrender for the Alamo occupiers. According to many historians, this visit probably increased Santa Anna's impatience; as historian Timothy Todish noted, "there would have been little glory in a bloodless victory". The following morning, Santa Anna announced to his staff that the assault would take place early on March 6. Santa Anna arranged for troops from Béxar to be excused from the front lines so that they would not be forced to fight their own families.

Legend holds that at some point on March 5, Travis gathered his men and explained that an attack was imminent, and that they were greatly outnumbered by the Mexican Army. He supposedly drew a line in the ground and asked those willing to die for the Texian cause to cross and stand alongside him; only one man (Moses Rose) was said to have declined. Most scholars disregard this tale as there is no primary source evidence to support it (the story only surfaced decades after the battle in a third-hand account).  Travis apparently did, at some point prior to the final assault, assemble the men for a conference to inform them of the dire situation and giving them the chance to either escape or stay and die for the cause.  Susannah Dickinson recalled Travis announcing that any men who wished to escape should let it be known and step out of ranks.

The last Texian verified to have left the Alamo was James Allen, a courier who carried personal messages from Travis and several of the other men on March 5.

Final assault

Exterior fighting

At 10 p.m. on March 5, the Mexican artillery ceased their bombardment. As Santa Anna had anticipated, the exhausted Texians soon fell into the first uninterrupted sleep many of them had since the siege began. Just after midnight, more than 2,000 Mexican soldiers began preparing for the final assault. Fewer than 1,800 were divided into four columns, commanded by Cos, Colonel Francisco Duque, Colonel José María Romero and Colonel Juan Morales. Veterans were positioned on the outside of the columns to better control the new recruits and conscripts in the middle. As a precaution, 500 Mexican cavalry were positioned around the Alamo to prevent the escape of either Texian or Mexican soldiers. Santa Anna remained in camp with the 400 reserves. Despite the bitter cold, the soldiers were ordered not to wear overcoats which could impede their movements. Clouds concealed the moon and thus the movements of the soldiers.

At 5:30 a.m. troops silently advanced. Cos and his men approached the northwest corner of the Alamo, while Duque led his men from the northwest towards a repaired breach in the Alamo's north wall. The column commanded by Romero marched towards the east wall, and Morales's column aimed for the low parapet by the chapel.

The three Texian sentinels stationed outside the walls were killed in their sleep, allowing Mexican soldiers to approach undetected within musket range of the walls. At this point, the silence was broken by shouts of "¡Viva Santa Anna!" and music from the buglers. The noise woke the Texians. Most of the noncombatants gathered in the church sacristy for safety. Travis rushed to his post yelling, "Come on boys, the Mexicans are upon us and we'll give them hell!" and, as he passed a group of Tejanos, "¡No rendirse, muchachos!" ("Don't surrender, boys").

In the initial moments of the assault, Mexican troops were at a disadvantage. Their column formation allowed only the front rows of soldiers to fire safely. Unaware of the dangers, the untrained recruits in the ranks "blindly fir[ed] their guns", injuring or killing the troops in front of them. The tight concentration of troops also offered an excellent target for the Texian artillery. Lacking canister shot, Texians filled their cannon with any metal they could find, including door hinges, nails, and chopped-up horseshoes, essentially turning the cannon into giant shotguns. According to the diary of José Enrique de la Peña, "a single cannon volley did away with half the company of chasseurs from Toluca". Duque fell from his horse after sustaining a wound in his thigh and was almost trampled by his own men. General Manuel Castrillón quickly assumed command of Duque's column.

Although some in the front of the Mexican ranks wavered, soldiers in the rear pushed them on. As the troops massed against the walls, Texians were forced to lean over the walls to shoot, leaving them exposed to Mexican fire. Travis became one of the first occupiers to die, shot while firing his shotgun into the soldiers below him, though one source says that he drew his sword and stabbed a Mexican officer who had stormed the wall before succumbing to his injury. Few of the Mexican ladders reached the walls. The few soldiers who were able to climb the ladders were quickly killed or beaten back. As the Texians discharged their previously loaded rifles, they found it increasingly difficult to reload while attempting to keep Mexican soldiers from scaling the walls.

Mexican soldiers withdrew and regrouped, but their second attack was repulsed. Fifteen minutes into the battle, they attacked a third time. During the third strike, Romero's column, aiming for the east wall, was exposed to cannon fire and shifted to the north, mingling with the second column. Cos' column, under fire from Texians on the west wall, also veered north. When Santa Anna saw that the bulk of his army was massed against the north wall, he feared a rout; "panicked", he sent the reserves into the same area. The Mexican soldiers closest to the north wall realized that the makeshift wall contained many gaps and toeholds. One of the first to scale the 12-foot (3.7 m) wall was General Juan Amador; at his challenge, his men began swarming up the wall. Amador opened the postern in the north wall, allowing Mexican soldiers to pour into the complex. Others climbed through gun ports in the west wall, which had few occupiers. As the Texian occupiers abandoned the north wall and the northern end of the west wall, Texian gunners at the south end of the mission turned their cannon towards the north and fired into the advancing Mexican soldiers. This left the south end of the mission unprotected; within minutes Mexican soldiers had climbed the walls and killed the gunners, gaining control of the Alamo's 18-pounder cannon. By this time Romero's men had taken the east wall of the compound and were pouring in through the cattle pen.

Interior fighting

As previously planned, most of the Texians fell back to the barracks and the chapel. Holes had been carved in the walls to allow the Texians to fire. Unable to reach the barracks, Texians stationed along the west wall headed west for the San Antonio River. When the cavalry charged, the Texians took cover and began firing from a ditch. Sesma was forced to send reinforcements, and the Texians were eventually killed. Sesma reported that this skirmish involved 50 Texians, but Edmondson believes that number was inflated.

The occupiers in the cattle pen retreated into the horse corral. After discharging their weapons, the small band of Texians scrambled over the low wall, circled behind the church and raced on foot for the east prairie, which appeared empty. As the Mexican cavalry advanced on the group, Almaron Dickinson and his artillery crew turned a cannon around and fired into the cavalry, probably inflicting casualties. Nevertheless, all of the escaping Texians were killed.

The last Texian group to remain in the open were Crockett and his men, defending the low wall in front of the church. Unable to reload, they used their rifles as clubs and fought with knives. After a volley of fire and a wave of Mexican bayonets, the few remaining Texians in this group fell back towards the church. The Mexican army now controlled all of the outer walls and the interior of the Alamo compound except for the church and rooms along the east and west walls. Mexican soldiers turned their attention to a Texian flag waving from the roof of one building. Four Mexicans were killed before the flag of Mexico was raised in that location.

For the next hour, the Mexican army worked to secure complete control of the Alamo. Many of the remaining occupiers were ensconced in the fortified barracks rooms. In the confusion, the Texians had neglected to spike their cannon before retreating. Mexican soldiers turned the cannon towards the barracks. As each door was blown off, Mexican soldiers would fire a volley of muskets into the dark room, then charge in for hand-to-hand combat.

Too sick to participate in the battle, Bowie likely died in bed. Eyewitnesses to the battle gave conflicting accounts of his death. Some witnesses maintained that they saw several Mexican soldiers enter Bowie's room, bayonet him, and carry him alive from the room. Others claimed that Bowie shot himself or was killed by soldiers while too weak to lift his head. According to historian Wallace Chariton, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" version is that Bowie died on his cot, "back braced against the wall, and using his pistols and his famous knife."

The last of the Texians to die were the 11 men manning the two 12-pounder cannons in the chapel. A shot from the 18-pounder cannon destroyed the barricades at the front of the church, and Mexican soldiers entered the building after firing an initial musket volley. Dickinson's crew fired their cannon from the apse into the Mexican soldiers at the door. With no time to reload, the Texians, including Dickinson, Gregorio Esparza and James Bonham, grabbed rifles and fired before being bayoneted to death. Texian Robert Evans, the master of ordnance, had been tasked with keeping the gunpowder from falling into Mexican hands. Wounded, he crawled towards the powder magazine but was killed by a musket ball with his torch only inches from the powder. Had he succeeded, the blast would have destroyed the church and killed the women and children hiding in the sacristy.

As soldiers approached the sacristy, one of the young sons of occupier Anthony Wolf stood to pull a blanket over his shoulders. In the dark, Mexican soldiers mistook him for an adult and killed him. Possibly the last Texian to die in battle was Jacob Walker, who attempted to hide behind Susannah Dickinson and was bayoneted in front of the women. Another Texian, Brigido Guerrero, also sought refuge in the sacristy. Guerrero, who had deserted from the Mexican Army in December 1835, was spared after convincing the soldiers he was a Texian prisoner.

By 6:30 a.m. the battle for the Alamo was over. Mexican soldiers inspected each corpse, bayoneting any body that moved. Even with all of the Texians dead, Mexican soldiers continued to shoot, some killing each other in the confusion. Mexican generals were unable to stop the bloodlust and appealed to Santa Anna for help. Although the general showed himself, the violence continued and the buglers were finally ordered to sound a retreat. For 15 minutes after that, soldiers continued to fire into dead bodies.

Aftermath

Casualties

According to many accounts of the battle, between five and seven Texians surrendered. Incensed that his orders had been ignored, Santa Anna demanded the immediate execution of the survivors. Weeks after the battle, stories circulated that Crockett was among those who surrendered. Ben, a former United States slave who cooked for one of Santa Anna's officers, maintained that Crockett's body was found surrounded by "no less than sixteen Mexican corpses". Historians disagree on which version of Crockett's death is accurate.

Santa Anna reportedly told Captain Fernando Urizza that the battle "was but a small affair". Another officer then remarked that "with another such victory as this, we'll go to the devil". In his initial report Santa Anna claimed that 600 Texians had been killed, with only 70 Mexican soldiers killed and 300 wounded. His secretary, Ramón Martínez Caro, reported 400 killed. Other estimates of the number of Mexican soldiers killed ranged from 60 to 200, with an additional 250–300 wounded.  Some people, historians, and survivors such as Susanna Dickinson have estimated that over 1,000-1,600 Mexican soldiers were killed and wounded, but it is most likely that total casualties were less than 600. Texan Dr. J. H. Barnard who tended the Mexican soldiers reported 300-400 dead and 200-300 wounded. Most Alamo historians place the number of Mexican casualties at 400–600. This would represent about one quarter of the over 2,000 Mexican soldiers involved in the final assault, which Todish remarks is "a tremendous casualty rate by any standards". Most eyewitnesses counted between 182 and 257 Texians killed. Some historians believe that at least one Texian, Henry Warnell, successfully escaped from the battle. Warnell died several months later of wounds incurred either during the final battle or during his escape as a courier.

Mexican soldiers were buried in the local cemetery, Campo Santo. Shortly after the battle, Colonel José Juan Sanchez Navarro proposed that a monument should be erected to the fallen Mexican soldiers. Cos rejected the idea.

The Texian bodies were stacked and burned. The only exception was the body of Gregorio Esparza. His brother Francisco, an officer in Santa Anna's army, received permission to give Gregorio a proper burial. The ashes were left where they fell until February 1837, when Juan Seguín returned to Béxar to examine the remains. A simple coffin inscribed with the names Travis, Crockett, and Bowie was filled with ashes from the funeral pyres. According to a March 28, 1837, article in the Telegraph and Texas Register, Seguín buried the coffin under a peach tree grove. The spot was not marked and cannot now be identified. Seguín later claimed that he had placed the coffin in front of the altar at the San Fernando Cathedral. In July 1936 a coffin was discovered buried in that location, but according to historian Wallace Chariton, it is unlikely to actually contain the remains of the Alamo defenders. Fragments of uniforms were found in the coffin and the Texian soldiers who fought at the Alamo were known not to wear uniforms.

Texian survivors

In an attempt to convince other slaves in Texas to support the Mexican government over the Texian rebellion, Santa Anna spared Travis' slave, Joe. The day after the battle, he interviewed each noncombatant individually. Impressed with Susanna Dickinson, Santa Anna offered to adopt her infant daughter Angelina and have the child educated in Mexico City. Dickinson refused the offer, which was not extended to Juana Navarro Alsbury although her son was of similar age. Each woman was given a blanket and two silver pesos. Alsbury and the other Tejano women were allowed to return to their homes in Béxar; Dickinson, her daughter and Joe were sent to Gonzales, escorted by Ben. They were encouraged to relate the events of the battle, and to inform the remainder of the Texian forces that Santa Anna's army was unbeatable.

Impact on revolution
During the siege, newly elected delegates from across Texas met at the Convention of 1836. On March 2, the delegates declared independence, forming the Republic of Texas. Four days later, the delegates at the convention received a dispatch Travis had written March 3 warning of his dire situation. Unaware that the Alamo had fallen, Robert Potter called for the convention to adjourn and march immediately to relieve the Alamo. Sam Houston convinced the delegates to remain in Washington-on-the-Brazos to develop a constitution. After being appointed sole commander of all Texian troops, Houston journeyed to Gonzales to take command of the 400 volunteers who were still waiting for Fannin to lead them to the Alamo.

Within hours of Houston's arrival on March 11, Andres Barcenas and Anselmo Bergaras arrived with news that the Alamo had fallen and all Texians were slain. Hoping to halt a panic, Houston arrested the men as enemy spies. They were released hours later when Susannah Dickinson and Joe reached Gonzales and confirmed the report. Realizing that the Mexican army would soon advance towards the Texian settlements, Houston advised all civilians in the area to evacuate and ordered his new army to retreat. This sparked a mass exodus, known as the Runaway Scrape, and most Texians, including members of the new government, fled east.

Despite their losses at the Alamo, the Mexican army in Texas still outnumbered the Texian army by almost six to one. Santa Anna assumed that knowledge of the disparity in troop numbers and the fate of the Texian soldiers at the Alamo would quell the resistance, and that Texian soldiers would quickly leave the territory. News of the Alamo's fall had the opposite effect, and men flocked to join Houston's army. The New York Post editorialized that "had [Santa Anna] treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity, it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren".

On the afternoon of April 21 the Texian army attacked Santa Anna's camp near Lynchburg Ferry. The Mexican army was taken by surprise, and the Battle of San Jacinto was essentially over after 18 minutes. During the fighting, many of the Texian soldiers repeatedly cried "Remember the Alamo!" as they slaughtered fleeing Mexican troops. Santa Anna was captured the following day, and reportedly told Houston: "That man may consider himself born to no common destiny who has conquered the Napoleon of the West. And now it remains for him to be generous to the vanquished." Houston replied, "You should have remembered that at the Alamo". Santa Anna's life was spared, and he was forced to order his troops out of Texas, ending Mexican control of the province and bestowing some legitimacy on the new republic.

Legacy

Following the battle, Santa Anna was alternately viewed as a national hero or a pariah. Mexican perceptions of the battle often mirrored the prevailing viewpoint. Santa Anna had been disgraced following his capture at the Battle of San Jacinto, and many Mexican accounts of the battle were written by men who had been, or had become, his outspoken critics. Petite and many other historians believe that some of the stories, such as the execution of Crockett, may have been invented to further discredit Santa Anna. In Mexican history, the Texas campaign, including the Battle of the Alamo, was soon overshadowed by the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848.

In San Antonio de Béxar, the largely Tejano population viewed the Alamo complex as more than just a battle site; it represented decades of assistance—as a mission, a hospital, or a military post. As the English-speaking population increased, the complex became best known for the battle. Focus has centered primarily on the Texian occupiers, with little emphasis given to the role of the Tejano soldiers who served in the Texian army or the actions of the Mexican army. In the early 20th century the Texas Legislature purchased the property and appointed the Daughters of the Republic of Texas as permanent caretakers of what is now an official state shrine. In front of the church, in the center of Alamo Plaza, stands a cenotaph, designed by Pompeo Coppini, which commemorates the Texians and Tejanos who died during the battle. According to Bill Groneman's Battlefields of Texas, the Alamo has become "the most popular tourist site in Texas".

The first English-language histories of the battle were written and published by Texas Ranger and amateur historian John Henry Brown. The next major treatment of the battle was Reuben Potter's The Fall of the Alamo, published in The Magazine of American History in 1878. Potter based his work on interviews with many of the Mexican survivors of the battle. The first full-length, non-fiction book covering the battle, John Myers Myers' The Alamo, was published in 1948. In the decades since, the battle has featured prominently in many non-fiction works.

According to Todish et al., "there can be little doubt that most Americans have probably formed many of their opinions on what occurred at the Alamo not from books, but from the various movies made about the battle." The first film version of the battle appeared in 1911, when Gaston Méliès directed The Immortal Alamo. The battle became more widely known after it was featured in the 1950s Disney miniseries Davy Crockett, which was largely based on myth. Within several years, John Wayne directed and starred in one of the best-known, but questionably accurate, film versions, 1960's The Alamo. Another film also called The Alamo was released in 2004. CNN described it as possibly "the most character-driven of all the movies made on the subject". It is also considered more faithful to the actual events than other movies.

Several songwriters have been inspired by the Battle of the Alamo. Tennessee Ernie Ford's "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" spent 16 weeks on the country music charts, peaking at No. 4 in 1955. Marty Robbins recorded a version of the song "The Ballad of the Alamo" in 1960 which spent 13 weeks on the pop charts, peaking at No. 34. Jane Bowers' song "Remember the Alamo" has been recorded by artists including Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, and Donovan. British hard rock band Babe Ruth's 1972 song "The Mexican" pictures the conflict through the eyes of a Mexican soldier. Singer-songwriter Phil Collins collected hundreds of items related to the battle, narrated a light and sound show about the Alamo, and has spoken at related events. In 2014 Collins donated his entire collection to the Alamo via the State of Texas.

The U.S. Postal Service issued two postage stamps in commemoration of Texas Statehood and the Battle of Alamo. The "Remember the Alamo" battle cry, as well as the Alamo Mission itself appear on the current version of the reverse side of the seal of Texas.

The battle also featured in episode 13 of The Time Tunnel, "The Alamo", first aired in 1966, and episode 5 of season one of the TV series Timeless, aired 2016.

As of 2023, the Alamo Trust (which operates the site) seeks to expand the property to build an Alamo museum. To do so, it would have to use eminent domain to seize a property containing an Alamo-themed bar called Moses Rose's Hideout (named after an Alamo deserter) that has operated for 12 years (circ. 2023). The Alamo Trust claims that if the bar owner continues to refuse to sell his property, it will put the $400 million property at stake.  Conversely, the bar owner says that he wishes to participate in the economic success of adding an Alamo museum and that there is a certain unjust irony of seizing his property to expand the Alamo.

See also

 Last stand
 List of Alamo defenders
 List of last stands
 List of Texas Revolution battles
 List of Texan survivors of the Battle of the Alamo

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

Further reading

  Science fiction story about a time traveller who goes back to the Alamo at the time of the battle – and gets trapped in the past.

External links
 Official website for the Alamo

1836 in the Republic of Texas
Battles involving the Republic of Texas
Battles of the Texas Revolution
Battle of the Alamo
Davy Crockett
February 1836 events
History of San Antonio
History of the Southern United States
Last stands
March 1836 events
Sieges

Battle of the Alamo


Jesús Vallejo Lázaro () este un fotbalist profesionist spaniol, care evoluează pe post de fundaș central la clubul din La Liga Granada, împrumutat de la Real Madrid.

Cariera de club

Zaragoza
Născut în Zaragoza, Aragon, Vallejo s-a alăturat echipei Real Youth în 2007. Pe 26 iulie 2013, după ce s-a făcut remarcat în echipa Juvenil, a semnat un nou contract cu clubul.

La 23 august 2014, înainte să apară pentru echipa B, Vallejo și-a făcut debutul profesionist, începând cu o remiză 0-0 la Recreativo de Huelva în Segunda División. La 26 decembrie, el și-a prelungit contractul până în 2019.

Vallejo a marcat primul său gol profesionist pe 5 aprilie, marcând într-o remiză în deplasare de 1-1 împotriva CD Tenerife. În același meci, a fost numit căpitan de echipă de managerul Ranko Popović, rămas în acest rol ulterior.

Real Madrid
La 31 iulie 2015, Vallejo a semnat un contract de șase ani cu Real Madrid pentru o taxă de 6 milioane de euro, fiind imediat trimis sub formă de  împrumut la Real Zaragoza pentru un an. Vara următoare, s-a mutat în străinătate, după ce a fost de acord cu un contract de împrumut timp de un an cu clubul german Eintracht Frankfurt.

Debutul lui Vallejo în Bundesliga a avut loc pe 27 august 2016 într-o victorie de 1-0 acasă față de FC Schalke 04. A marcat un gol într-o remiza 2-2 contra celor de la RB Leipzig

La 7 iulie 2017, Vallejo a fost declarat fiind ca jucător a lui Real Madrid și membru al primei echipe pentru viitorul sezon. I s-a înmânat tricoul cu numărul 3, purtat anterior de Pepe. Debutul său oficial a avut loc pe 26 octombrie, în Copa Del Rey într-o victorie de 2-0 în deplasare împotriva la CF Fuenlabrada. Debutul său oficial în La Liga a avut loc zece zile mai târziu, victorie 3-0 la domiciliu Împotriva la Las Palmas. [14]

Profitând de accidentarea lui Nacho și suspendarea lui Ramos, Vallejo a debutat în Liga Campionilor la 11 aprilie 2018, jucând întregul meci la domiciliu, pierdere de 1-3 la Juventus în a doua etapă a sferturilor de finală, scorul final fiind 4-3 pentru Real Madrid.

Wolverhampton
La 27 iulie 2019, Vallejo s-a mutat în Wolverhampton din Premier League, pentru un împrumut de un an.

Statistici de carieră

Palmares
Real Madrid
 Liga Campionilor: 2017-2018
 Campionatul Mondial al Cluburilor FIFA: 2017

Note

Legături externe
Real Madrid official profile

Fotbaliști spanioli
Fotbaliști internaționali spanioli
Oameni din Zaragoza
Sportivi spanioli în viață
Fotbaliști ai Real Madrid CF
Fotbaliști ai Eintracht Frankfurt
Fotbaliști ai Wolverhampton Wanderers FC
Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020

Jesús Vallejo


Jens Hübler (* 28. August 1961 in Meißen) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Sprinter, der für die DDR startete.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 1983 in Helsinki kam er mit der ostdeutschen Mannschaft in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel auf den vierten Platz.

Bei den DDR-Meisterschaften wurde er 1983 und 1984 über 100 m und 1984 über 200 m Dritter.

Hübler begann seine sportliche Laufbahn bei der BSG Motor Sörnewitz, über den SC Einheit Dresden wechselte er dann zum SC Dynamo Berlin. Mit der Berliner Staffel gewann er 1980 und 1984 den Meistertitel der DDR.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 100 m: 10,27 s, 16. Juni 1983, Karl-Marx-Stadt
 200 m: 20,63 s, 3. Juni 1984, Erfurt

Literatur
 Klaus Amrhein: Biographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen Leichtathletik 1898–2005. 2 Bände. Darmstadt 2005 publiziert über Deutsche Leichtathletik Promotion- und Projektgesellschaft S. 498

Leichtathlet (SC Einheit Dresden)
Sprinter (DDR)
DDR-Meister (Leichtathletik)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Mann

Jens Hübler


රේෂ්මි ඝෝෂ් (බෙංගාලි: রেশমি ঘোষ) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු රූ රැජිනක සහ නිළියකි. මෑතක දී ඇය විසින් සුසරාල් සිමර් කා රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව තුළ ඉන්ද්‍රවතී නැමැති පිශාච ආත්මයේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන ලදී.

මුල්කාලීන දිවිය
ඇය උපත ලබා හැදී වැඩුණේ කොල්කතාවේ ය. ඇය සිය පාසල් අධයාපනය හදාළේ කාර්මල් කන්‍යාරාම පාසලේ දී ය. ඇය සිය BA උපාධිය සම්පූර්ණ කරන ලද්දේ දකුණු කොල්කතාවේ ජෝගමායා දේවි විද්‍යාලය වෙතිනි. මුලින් ඉතා ලැජ්ජාශීලී යුවතියක වූ මෙම බෙංගාලි රූමතිය විශ්වාසයෙන් යුතු නිරූපණ ශිල්පිනියක සහ අපේක්ෂා සහගත නිළියක බවට පත්වූවා ය. ඇයට ලාබාල සොයුරියක ද වේ.

පෞද්ගලික දිවිය
2013 පෙබරවාරි 1 දින කොල්කතාවේ දී රේෂ්මි ඝෝෂ්, සිද්ධාර්ත් වසුදේව් සමග විවාහ වූවා ය. වසුදේව් ශෝභා සෝම්නාත් කි රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ ඇය සමග ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය සිදුකළ නළුවා ද විය. මීට අමතරව රේෂ්මි සහ සිද්ධාර්ත් වසුදේව් බුද්ධා නම් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ ද චරිත නිරූපණයෙන් සහභාගී වී තිබේ.

වෘත්තිය
2002දී රේෂ්මි ඝෝෂ් ඉන්දියානු මිහිකත රූ රැජින කිරුළ තමන් සතු කරගැනීමට සමත් වූවා ය. අනතුරුව ඇය බොලිවුඩ් චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයක මෙන්ම රූපවාහිනී මාලා නාට්‍ය සහ වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් සඳහා ද රංගනයෙන් දායක වී තිබේ.

රේෂ්මි සිය රංගන දායකත්වය සැපයූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අතර ක්‍යුන්කි සාස් භි කභි බාහු ති (2006-2008), කහේ නා කහේ (2007–2008), කිස් දේශ් මේන් හේ මේරා දිල් (2008), කොවුන් ජීතේගා බොලිවුඩ් කා ටිකට් (2008), කරම් අප්නා අප්නා (2008–2009), කායාමත් (2008–2009), මාන් රහේ තේරා පිතා (2010), තේරේ ලියේ (2010–2011), මාතා චෞකි (2011), බාබා ඒසෝ වාර් ධූන්දෝ (2011), ශෝභා සෝම්නාත් කි (2011–2012), පියා කා ඝාර් ප්‍යාරා ලගේ (2011–2013) සහ සාවිත්‍රි (2013–2014) වැනි කතාමාලා ප්‍රධාන වේ. 2014දී ඇය බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ජීවන පුවත අලලා නිර්මාණය වූ බුද්ධා රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ මංගලා දේවී නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. 2015දී ඇය සුප්‍රකට ළමා රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ බාල් වීර්හි දෛත්‍යානිගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. 2015දී ඇය කලර්ස් ටීවී නාලිකාවේ ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ සසුරාල් සිමර් කා හි ඉන්ද්‍රවතී ගජේන්ද්‍ර සිං නැමැති දායන්වරියගේ ආත්මයේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. 2016දී ඇය සංකත්මෝචන් මහාබලි හනුමාන් මිත්‍යාමය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ කෛකේයි බිසවගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය.

රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

බෙංගාලි ජනයා
21වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු නිළියන්
ෆෙමිනා මිස් ඉන්ඩියා ජයග්‍රාහිකාවන්
ජෝගමායා දේවි විද්‍යාලයේ උපාධිධාරීන්
කල්කටා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ උපාධිධාරීන්
මිහිකත රූ රැජින නියෝජිතයන්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිළියන්
ඉන්දියානු සෝප් ඔපෙරා නිළියෝ
කොල්කතාවේ ජනයා
උපන් වර්ෂ දක්නට නොමැති පුද්ගලයින් (ජීවත්වන්නෝ)

රේෂ්මි ඝෝෂ්


Mürzzuschlag es un distrito del estado de Estiria (Austria). Mürzzuschlag se fusionó con el distrito de Bruck an der Mur para formar el nuevo distrito de Bruck-Mürzzuschlag el 1 de enero de 2013.

División administrativa
El distrito de Mürzzuschlag se dividió en 16 municipios.

Municipios
Barrios, aldeas y otras subdivisiones del municipio se indican con letras pequeñas.
 Allerheiligen im Mürztal
Edelsdorf, Jasnitz, Leopersdorf, Sölsnitz, Wieden
 Altenberg an der Rax
Altenberg, Greith, Steinalpl
 Ganz
Auersbach, Eichhorntal, Lambach, Schöneben
 Kapellen
Raxen, Stojen
 Kindberg
 Krieglach
Alpl, Freßnitz, Freßnitzgraben, Krieglach-Schwöbing, Malleisten, Massing, Sommer
 Langenwang
Feistritzberg, Hönigsberg, Langenwang-Schwöbing, Lechen, Mitterberg, Pretul, Traibach
 Mitterdorf im Mürztal
Lutschaun
 Mürzhofen
 Mürzsteg
Dobrein, Dürrenthal, Frein an der Mürz, Kaltenbach, Lanau, Niederalpl, Scheiterboden, Tebrin
 Mürzzuschlag
Auersbach, Edlach, Hönigsberg, Kohleben, Lambach, Pernreit, Schöneben
 Neuberg an der Mürz
Alpl, Arzbach, Dorf, Krampen, Lechen, Neudörfl, Veitschbach
 Spital am Semmering
Steinhaus am Semmering
 Stanz im Mürztal
Brandstatt, Dickenbach, Fladenbach, Fochnitz, Hollersbach, Possegg, Retsch, Sonnberg, Traßnitz, Unteralm
 Veitsch
Großveitsch, Kleinveitsch, Niederaigen
 Wartberg im Mürztal

Enlaces externos

Mürz
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 2013

Distrito de Mürzzuschlag


Shani Dhanda (nascida c. 1988, em Birmingham, no Reino Unido) é uma ativista britânica em favor das pessoas com deficiência. Ela foi nomeada pela BBC como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras de 2020 e para o Shaw Trust Power 100. Shani fundou a Asian Disability Network e ajudou a organizar o primeiro Asian Woman Festival, no Reino Unido.

Infância e educação
A mãe de Shani Dhanda era uma imigrante de segunda geração e seu pai era um imigrante de primeira geração no Reino Unido, ambos de Punjab, norte da Índia. Ela nasceu em Birmingham, no Reino Unido. Quando ela tinha dois anos, foi diagnosticada com doença dos ossos de vidro (Osteogênese Imperfeita), fazendo com que seus ossos quebrassem com frequência. Shani Dhanda quebrou as pernas 14 vezes até os dezesseis anos.

Quando criança, Shani Dhanda e sua família frequentaram um Gurdwara local.

Shani Dhanda trabalhou por três anos enquanto estudava para se formar em gerenciamento de eventos. Shani foi nomeada o Rosto Futuro da Grande Birmingham no sexto prêmio anual Faces Futuras da Câmara do Comércio, em 2020, recebendo uma vaga totalmente financiada na Universidade de Aston, para obter seu Mestrado em Negócios.

Carreira
Aos 16 anos, Shani Dhanda se candidatou a mais de 100 cargos e foi rejeitada em todos. Ela afirma que isso foi devido à sua deficiência.

Shani fundou uma empresa de gerenciamento de eventos e trabalhou em eventos para Tyson Fury e Anthony Joshua. Ela também trabalhou para a Virgin Media como gerente de programa de deficiência. Ela cofundou a Asian Disability Network e organizou o primeiro Asian Women Festival, em Birmingham.

A Shani também desenvolveu e lançou o Diversability Card, um cartão de descontos para pessoas com deficiência.

Ativismo
Shani Dhanda é administradora da Leonard Cheshire Disability.

Em 7 de março de 2022, para marcar o Dia Internacional da Mulher, Scope anunciou Shani Dhanda como embaixadora da instituição de caridade.

Reconhecimentos
Por seu trabalho, Shani foi reconhecida como uma das pessoas com deficiência mais influentes do Reino Unido pela The Shaw Trust Power List anual e como uma das 100 mulheres inspiradoras e influentes da BBC em todo o mundo em 2020.

Em 2020, Dhanda foi destaque em entrevista à Vogue britânica sobre ativismo e sua participação nesse movimento.

Em 2021, ela apareceu na maior campanha publicitária do LinkedIn no Reino Unido. O primeiro anúncio de televisão de Dhanda lhe rendeu o título de LinkedIn Changemaker.

Em fevereiro de 2022, Dhanda fez uma palestra TED (conferência) em Londres, compartilhando como tornar a inclusão responsabilidade de todos e discutindo Diversidade e Equidade como uma responsabilidade pessoal.

Veja também
 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Pessoas vivas
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2020
Ativistas do Reino Unido
Pessoas com deficiência do Reino Unido

Shani Dhanda


Miike Snow, es el álbum debut y autotitulado de la banda sueca de electropop Miike Snow. Fue lanzado el 9 de junio de 2009 por el sello discográfico Downtown Records.

También fue lanzada un edición especial por iTunes Store en EE. UU. y Australia el 13 de abril de 2010 y en Japón el 26 de mayo de 2010, incluyendo versiones remixadas y un nuevo sencillo, The Rabbit.

Contenido
En 'Animal´, su primer single, el ritmo comienza fuera de compás con una voz trabajada y entrecortada que te atrapa.

La progresión del disco es un claro reflejo de sus influencias, se puede sentir la música electrónica europea mezclada con voces emotivas y detalladas que evocan los nuevos sonidos de Brooklyn. El álbum, en su conjunto, hace transiciones perfectas de una pista a la otra, con el bombo y el bajo como líderes contradictores de un paseo que finalmente resulta bastante relajado.

Ritmos de percusión complejos, melodías de piano clásico y un epílogo de sintetizadores llenan los sonidos contrastantes de 'Black & Blue´ y 'Burial´. Los coros de voces empalagosas te hipnotizan mientras hablan de humildad y represión. Así llegamos a la desgarradora estrofa de 'Burial': "No I, I don't want to get thrown in your ocean. Don't try, you know that already we know it…it's over. At your own burial, don't forget to cry."

Su carácter nórdico se ve reflejado en la carátula del álbum en donde exponen un bloque de hielo que encierra a su extraño animal: un jackalope, un animal ficticio que guarda mucho más algún simbolismo significativo.

Con este álbum el trío de Suecia sale de la producción comercial para superestrellas, y con buenas canciones propias, demuestran su gran potencial como compositores. Resulta extraño, y a la vez afable, imaginarse que estos tipos solían escribir canciones para Britney y Kylie, las reinas del pop.

Lista de canciones

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Miike Snow (álbum) en AllMusic

Álbumes de indie pop
Álbumes de rock alternativo
Álbumes debut de 2009
Álbumes en inglés

Miike Snow (álbum)


Chasey Lain (gerçek adı Tiffany Anne Jones, d. 7 Aralık 1971) pornografi oyuncusu. Lain was Cocoa Beach, Florida'da doğdu ve Newport Carteret County'de çocukluğu geçti. Yetişkin film sektörüne 22 yaşındayken 1993'te girdi. 2008'den sonra herhangi bir filmde yer almadı. Kariyeri boyunca 92 filmde oynadı.

Porno filmlerden önce
Florida'da büyüdü, genç bir kızken striptizciydi. Bu konuda oldukça başarı sağlayan Chasey Lain, Kaliforniya'da birçok kulüpte dans etti ve kimi filmlerde görünmeyi başardı. AVN'nin 2002'de seçtiği tüm zamanların en iyi 50 porno yıldızı listesinde yer aldı.

Porno film kariyeri
1991'de çekilen Wild at Heart sadece kızlarla oynadığı ilk yetişkin filmiydi. 1993`te ilk hardcore filmi The Original Wicked Women piyasaya çıktı. 1 yıl sonra Vivid Entertainment ile sözleşme imzaladı. Chasey Loves Rocco ve Chasey Saves the World gibi filmlerle meşhur bir Vivid kızı oldu. 1995 Tales from the Crypt'ın Demon Knight, 1997 Trey Parker'ın Orgazmo, and 1998 Spike Lee'ın He Got Game gibi porno olmayan filmlerde de göründü.

2002'de Vivid ile son filmini çekti, Chasin' Pink 6 ve sektöre ara verdiğini açıkladı. İki yıl sonra Chasey's Back filmiyle döndü. Mr. Marcus ile ilk ırklararası filmininde, Black in White 2, oynadı.

2000'de doğduğu sanılan Thomas adında bir oğlu vardır.

Anthony Case ile evlidir.

2000 yılında the Bloodhound Gang,  "The Ballad of Chasey Lain"  isminde bir parça yayımlamıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 IMDB  künye sayfası
 Biyografi, Wicked Pictures'te
 IAFD İnternet Yetişkin Film Veritabanı
 MySpace sayfası

Kaynakça

1971 doğumlular
Amerikalı kadın pornografik film oyuncuları
Vivid Kızları
Yaşayan insanlar

Chasey Lain


Dona i Ocell (pronunție catalană: [ˈdɔ.nə i uˈseʎ]; în traducere din limba catalană: "Femeie și Pasăre) este o sculptură de 22 de metri în înălțime, realizată de Joan Miró și care este localizată în Parcul Joan Miró din Barcelona, Catalonia, Spania. Sculptura a fost acoperită cu plăci de ceramică datorită colaborării cu artistul Joan Gardy Artigas. Sculptura face parte din trilogia de lucrări realizate de Miró ca să-i primească pe vizitatorii Barcelonei.

Galerie

Sculpturi din 1983
Barcelona
Joan Miró

Dona i Ocell


පහත දක්වා ඇති පොලාපනින ගෝලයෙහි සජිවීකරණය මෙම රූපරාමු හය මගින් නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

මෙම සජීවිකරණය තත්ත්පරයට රූපරාමු 10 ක ශීඝ්‍රතාවකින් චලනය වන්නකි.

සජිවීකරණය යනු චලනය පිළිබද හැඟීමක් ඇති කරවීම සදහා ද්විමාන හෝ ත්‍රිමාන කලා නිර්මාණ හෝ ආකෘති පිහිටුම් රූපරාමු අනුක්‍රමයක් ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමයි. මෙහි දි චලනය පිළිබඳ ඇති වන හැගීම දෘෂ්ටි මායාවක් වන අතර ඊට හේතුව වන්නේ පෙනීමෙහි පැවැත්ම (Persistence of Vision) නම් සංසිද්ධියයි. මෙය ක්‍රමවේද කිහිපයක් ඔස්සේම නිර්මාණය හා ආදර්ශනය කළ හැකි ය. වඩාත් පොදුවේ සජීවිකරණ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම සදහා භාවිත කෙරෙන ක්‍රමවේදය වනුයේ චලන චිත්‍ර හෝ වීඩියෝ වැඩසටහන් වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් සජිවීකරණ නිර්මාණ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම සදහා තවත් ක්‍රමවේද කිහිපයක් ද පවතී.

සජීවිකරණය හැදින්වීම සදහා භාවිතා කෙරෙන Animation නම් ඉංග්‍රීසි පදය කිසියම් ප්‍රජාවක් සක්‍රිය කරවීම නම් අරුත සහිතවද ඉංග්‍රිසි භාෂාවේදී භාවිතා කළ හැක. (උදා - භාවිත කරන්නන් සක්‍රිය කර වීම) මෙමගින් කිසියම් දෙන ලද සේවාවක් සමග එය භාවිතා කරන්නන් අන්තර් ක්‍රියා කරවීම සදහා පොළඹවන ක්‍රියාවන් හැදින්වෙන අතර එය සංයමය සමග සම්බන්ධ වේ.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණය

මෙය සෙල්   (cell animation)ලෙසද හදුන්වයි. 20 වැනි සියවසේ දී සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට සඳහා වැඩි වශයෙන් භාවිතා කර ඇත්තේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණයයි.  සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට වල එක් එක් රූප රාමු  මුලින් සිත්තම්කරුවෙකු අදින අතර චිත්‍ර පසු ඡායාරූපගත වූ ඒවාය. චිත්‍රයේ  අංග චලන  පෙන්වීම සඳහා එක් රූප රාමුවක් අනෙකින් ඉතා සියුම් ලෙස වෙනස් වේ. සජීවිකරණ ශිල්පියාගේ දළ රූප විනිවිද පෙනෙන පත්‍ර වල ඡායාපිටපත් කරනු ලබයි. මෙම පත්‍ර සෙල්  (cel) ලෙස හැදිනේවේ  පසුව මෙම සෙල් වලට අදාල වර්ණ ඊට විරුද්ධ දිශාවට ආලේප කරනු ලබයි. සම්පූර්ණ කරන ලද කැරැක්ටර් සෙල් (character cel) වරෙක‍ට 1ක බැගින්  චලන පටලයක වර්ණවත් පසුතලයකට  (rostrum camera) ආධාරයෙන් ඡායාරූප ගත කරයි.

21 වැනි සියවසේ ආරම්භයත් සමග සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණය ක්‍රමය අභාවයට ගියේය. අද සජීවිකරණ  ශිල්පියාගේ  දළ සටහන් පරිලෝකනය කිරීමක් හෝ සෘජුවම පරිගණකයේ ඇඳීමක් සිදු කරයි. විවිධ මාදුකාංග භාවිතා කරමින් එම දළ සටහන් වර්ණ ගැන්වීමක් ද කරනු ලබයි.  අවසාන සජීවිකරණ ප්‍රතිඵලය මාධ්‍යයන් කිහිපයකින් සමන්විත විය හැක. එනම්  සාම්ප්‍රදායික මි.මි. 35 වීඩියෝ පට හෝ වර්තමාන ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ   (Digital videl) විය හැකිය. සාම්ප්‍රදායි සජීවිකරණයේ පෙනුම අදටත් පෙර සේම පවතින අතර සජීවිකරණ නිරූපන ශිල්පියාගේ ක්‍රියාදාමයන් අදටත් අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය වේ. 70 දශකයේදී පවා නොවෙනස් ව පැවතී ඇත. සමහර සජීවිකරණ ශිල්පීන් සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණ ලෙස හදුන්වා දි ඇත්තේ වැඩි වශයෙන් පරිගණක තාක්ෂණය භාවිතා කරන ක්‍රමවේද වලටයි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණය යොදාගත් චිත්‍රපට වලට උදාහරණ ලෙස පිනෝකියෝ (Pinocchio) ඇනිමල් ෆාම්  (Animal farm) හා අකිරා  (Akira) හැදින්විය හැකිය. පරිගණක තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගනිමින් කරන ලද සාම්ප්‍රදායික  චිත්‍රපට වන්නේ ද ලයන් කිංග් (The lion king) ස්ප්‍රිට්  එවේ  (Spirat away)  හා ලේස් ට්‍රිප්ලෙට්ස් ඩි බෙල්විල් (les triplets de Bellrille)

(Full Animation) යනු තත්ත්වයෙන් උසස් සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට නිපදවීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියයි. මෙහිදී විස්තරාත්මක දළ සටහන් භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපට විවිධ මාදිලි වලින් නිපදවිය හැකිය. එනම් වොල්ට් ඩිස්නි ස්ටුඩියෝ  (Walt Disney Study) මඟින් නිපදවන ජීවමය බවක් රැදි චිත්‍රපට, වෝනර් බ්‍රදර්ස් ඇනිමේෂන් ස්ටුඩියෝ  (Wanner Brothers Animation Studio) මඟින් ඉදිරිපත් කර කාටුන් බවට වඩා නැඹුරුවක් දක්වන චිත්‍රපට වේ. තවද බොහෝ ඩිස්නි ඇනිමේටඩ් ෆීචර්ස්  (Disney Animated feater) මෙන්ම ඩිස්නි නොවන චිත්‍රපට වන ඇන් ඇමරිකන් ටොයිල්  (An American Toil) හා ලයන් ජයන්ටි  (The lion Giant) චිත්‍රපටද නිදසුන් වේ.

(Limited Animation) හිදී භාවිතා කරනුයේ විස්තරාත්මක බවින් අඩු දළ සටහන් ය. යුනයිටඩ් ප්‍රඩක්ෂන්ස් ෆොම් ඇමරිකා (United productions from america) නිර්මාණ කරුවන් විසින් මුලින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද මෙම ක්‍රමය මඟින් වඩාත් අලංකාර මෙන්ම නිර්මාණාත්මක සජීවිකරණ කිරිමේ හැකියාවක් ඇත.  මෙය ජෙනරල් මැක්බොරින් බොයිං  (Gernral Meboring Boing), යෙලෝ සබ්මැරින් (Yellow submarine)වැනි චිත්‍රපට වලින් පැහැදිලි වේ. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන අරමුණ වී ඇත‍්තේ  කාර්යක්ෂම හා මිල අඩු සජීවිකරණ, මාධ්‍යයට ගැලපෙන එනම් රූපවාහිනියට හැනා බාබෙරා   (Hannah Barbera) ෆිල්ටේෂන්  (filmation) යනාදී අන්තර්ජාලයට නිපදවීමයි.

(Rotoscoping) මැක්ස් ෆ්ලේශර්  (Mar fleissher) විසින් 1917 දී නිපදවා පේටන්ට් සහතිකයක් ලබා  ගෙන සජීවිකරණ කිරීම සටහන් වලට ඇතුලත්  කළ හැකිය. මෙය ලෝඩ් ඔෆ් ද රින්ග්ස්  (lord of the rings) චිත්‍රපටයේ යොදා ගෙන චරිත සජීවිකරණයටද  බොහෝ ඩිස්නි  චිත්‍රපට සඳහා ද යොදා ගෙන ඇත. උදාහරණ ලෙස වේකින් ලයිෆ් (Waking life) හා අ ස්කැන‍ර් ඩාර්ක්ලි   (a scanner Darkly) නම් කළ හැකිය.

සජිවන ක්‍රමෝපායන් - Stop motion

Stop motion සජිවනය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ චලිතයක් හැඟවීමට සැබෑ වස්තුන් භෞතිකමය වශයෙන් මානය කොට එක් විටකදී එක් රාමුවක් පමණක් වන පරිදි ඡායාරූප ගත කොට නිර්මාණය කිරීමට දරන උත්සාහයයි. Stop motion සජීවිකරණයේ විවිධ ආකාර කිහිපයක්ම ඇත. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඒවා නම් කර ඇත්තේ සජිවිකරණයේදී යොදා ගන්නා ලද මාධ්‍ය අනුවය.

	ක්ලේ සජීවිකරණය බොහෝ විට කෙටියෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ claymation ලෙසය.  stop motion සජිවිකරණය සඳහා මෙම ක්‍රමයේදි භාවිතා කරනුයේ මැටි හෝ සමානරූපි ආහන්‍ය ද්‍රව්‍යයකි. මැටි‍යෙන් සාදා ගන්නා පිළිරුව ඇතුලත ආමේචරයක් හෝ වයර් රාමුවක් තිබිය හැකිය. ඉදිරියට විස්තර ඉදිරිපත් වන puppet සජිවිකරණය මෙන්ම මෙහිදී ද ආමේචරයෙන් පිළිරුවේ විවිධ ඉරියව් පාලනය කරයි. මෙම පිළිරූ  Bruce Bick ford  චිත්‍රපටයේ පරිදි සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම මැටියෙන් වුවද සාදා ගත හැකිය. මෙසේ clay සජීවිකරණය යොදා ගත් චිත්‍රපට වලට උදාහරණ ලෙස 'The Gumby Show' (US, 1957-1967), 'Morph shorts' (එංගලන්තය, 1977-2000) , 'Wallace and Gromu't shorts'(එංගලන්තය, 1989-1995 සහ 2000 - ?) , 'Jan Svankmejer's Dimensions of Dialogue' (චෙකොස්ලොවේකියාව, 1982), 'The amazing Mr. Bickford' (එක්සත් ජනපදය, 1987) සහ 'The trap door' (එංගලන්තය 1984).
	කට්අවුට් සජීවිකරණය(Cutout Animation) යනු ද්විමාන හෝ රෙදි, කඩදාසි කැබලි වැනි ද්විමාන ද්‍රව්‍ය චලනය කිරීමයි. උදාහරණයක් වන්නේ ටෙරි ගිලියම් (Terry Gilliam) ගේ 'Monty Python's Flying Circus' (එංගලන්තය, 1969-1974), 'La Planète sauvage (Fantastic Planet)' (ප්‍රංශ, චෙකොස්ලොවේකියාව, 1973), 'Skazka Skazok' (Tale of tales) (රුසියාව, 1979),  South park (එක්සත් ජනපදය, 1997) හි නියමු වැඩසටහන.
	Silhouette සජීවිකරණය යනු කට්අවුට් සජීවිකරණයේ එක් ප්‍රභේදයකි. මෙහි චරිත දිස්වන්නේ කලු පැහැති අඳුරු සේයාවක් ලෙසය. උදාහරණ වන්නේ  'The adventure of Prince Achmed' (Weber Republic,1926) සහ  'Princes of princesses' (ප්‍රංශය, 2000).
	චිත්‍රක සජීවිකරණයේ (Graphic animation) දී යොදාගනුයේ අඳිනා නොලද තුනි දෘෂ්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයි. (ඡායාරූප, ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍ර, සඟරා ආදි) මේවා රාමුවෙන් රාමුවට මානය කරන්නේ චලිතය ඇති කිරීමටය. වෙනත් අවස්ථාවලදි චිත්‍රක නිෂ්චලව පිහිටන අතර  stop-motion කැමරා චලනය කිරීමෙන් තිරයේ දිස්වෙන ක්‍රියා නිර්මාණය කර ගත හැකිය.
	ආකෘති සජීවිකරණය (model animation) හෙවත් ආකෘති සජීවනය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සජිවි ලෝකයේ අභිනයන් සමඟ අන්තර්ක්‍රියා ඇති කර ගනිමින් හා එහි කොටසක් වශයෙන් සැලකිය හැකි  stop-motion  සජිවන නිර්මාණ කිරීමයි. සජීවි රංගන ශිල්පින් දර්ශන පසුතල ආදිය සමඟ stop motion චරිත සහ වස්තූන් හොඳින් මුසු කිරීම සඳහා intercutting, matte ආවරණ, විභින්න තිරය යොදා ගනි. උදාහරණ ලෙස රේ හැරිහුසෙන්ගේ 'Jason and the Argonauts' (1961) සහ විලීස් ඔ'බ්‍රියන්ගේ  'King kong' (1933) චිත්‍රපට සැලකිය හැකිය.
	Go motion යනු ආකෘති සජීවිකරණය(model animation) හි එක්තරා ප්‍රභේදයකි. මෙහිදි සාම්ප්‍රදායික  stop - motion සජිවනයේ අන්තර්ගත නොවන චිත්‍රපට රාමු අතර motion blur  ඇති කිරීමට විවිධ ක්‍රම යොදා ගනි. මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය සොයාගන්නා ලද්දේ 'Industrial light and magic' සහ ෆිල් ටිපෙට් විසින් 'The Empire strikes Back' (1980) චිත්‍රපටයේ විශේෂ ආචරණ දර්ශන නිර්මාණයේදිය.
	 වස්තු සජීවිකරණය(object Animation) හෙවත් වස්තු සජිවනය යනු stop motion animal සඳහා විශේෂයෙන්ම සදාගත් වස්තූන් භාවිතා නොකොට සාමාන්‍ය අජීවි වස්තූන් භාවිතයයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ගත හැකි brickfilm චිත්‍රපටයේ යොදා ගනු ලැබුවේ LEGO වැනි ප්ලාස්ටික් සෙල්ලම් බ්ලොක්ය.
	Pixilation හි සැබෑ මිනිසුන් stop-motion චරිත ලෙස යොදා ගැනේ. මෙමඟින් බොහෝ විශ්මයාකාර ආචරණ ඇති කළ හැකිය. එනම් අතුරුදහන් වීම්, නැවත මතුවීම්, පොලොව හරහා ලිස්සා යා‍ම් ආදිය,  නොර්මන් මැක්ලරන්ස්ගේ  Neighbors (canada, 1952) කෘතිය මේ සඳහා එක් උදාහරණයකි.
	 රූකඩ සජිවනයේදී (Puppet animation) ආකෘති (model animation) සජිවනයට වඩා වෙනස් වන්නේ මෙහි  (stop-motion) රූකඩ  (puppets) යොදා ගන්නා බැවිනි. මෙම රූකඩ තුළ ආමේචරයක් ඇති අතර එමඟින් ඔවුන් නිශ්චලව තබා ගැනීම සහ යම් යම් සන්ධි වල චලනයන් සීමා කරයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස කිව හැක්කේ LeRoman de Ronard (The tale of the fox) (ප්‍රංශය 1937) ජිරි ට්‍රන්කාගේ  'The night more before Christmas' (එක්සත් ජනපදය, 1993) සහ 'Robot chicken' (එක්සත් ජනපදය 2005 – present).
	Puppetoon යනු ජොර්ජ් පැල් (George pal) විසින් වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද ක්‍රමවේදයන් යොදා ගනිමින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද රූකඩ සජීවිකරණ (puppet-animated) චිත්‍රපට පෙළකි. මෙහිදි, එක් රූකඩයක් සියලු රාමු තුල වෙනස් කරමින් හැසිරවීම වෙනුවට වෙනස් රූකඩ එක් එක් රාමු සඳහා යොදා ගනි.

සජීවන නිර්මාණයේ මුල් අවධියේ අවස්ථා

මුල් අවධියේ පටන්ම, චලිතය නැමති සංසිද්ධියෙන් නිෂ්චල රූප නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. මෙයට හොඳම උදාහරණය වන්නේ පුරාණ ශෛලමය ලෙන් සිතුවම්ය. මේවායෙහි සත්වයින් නිරූපණය කර ඇත්තේ පාද කිහිපයක් එක මත එක වැටෙන පරිදි චිත්‍රයට නැගීමෙනි.

Phenakistoscope, zoetrope  සහ praxinoscope මෙන්ම බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන  filp-book  ද, 1800 දී පමණ යොදා ගත් සජීවිකරණ උපාංග වේ. තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගනිමින් පටිපාටිගත චිත්‍ර හසුරුවමින් චලනය ඇති කර ගත හැකි වුව ද, සජීවිකරණ තාක්ෂණය චලන රූප (motion picture) චිත්‍රපට සම්ප්‍රාප්තිය වන තෙක් වැඩි දියුණුවක් පෙන් වුයේ නැත.

චිත්‍රපට සජීවිකරණයේ නිර්මාතෘ ලෙස එක් පුද්ගලයෙකු  පමණක් නම් කළ නොහැකිය. වෙනස් සජීවිකරණ අංශ ඔස්සේ විවිධ ව්‍යාපෘති එකම කාලයක් තුළදි කර ගෙන යාම මීට හේතුව වේ.

විශේෂ ආචරණය සහිත චිත්‍රපටවල නිර්මාතෘවරයෙක් ලෙස මෙලීස් හැඳින්වේ. තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගනිමින් සජීවිකරණයේ යෙදුණු පුද්ගලයින් අතර පළමු කිහිපදෙනාට ඔහුද අයත් වේ. ඔහු අත්වැරැද්දකින් සොයා ගත් ක්‍රමය වන්නේ දර්ශනයේ යම්කිසි වෙනසක් සිදු කිරීමට කැමරාව රෝල් කිරීම නවතා සේයා පටලය රෝල් කිරීමය. මෙම අදහස පසුකාලීනව stop - motion සජීවනය ලෙස හැඳින්විය.  මෙලීස් මෙම ක්‍රමය සොයා ගනු ලැබුවේ අත්වැරැද්දකින් ඔහුගේ කැමරාව කැඩුණු විටකදීය. ඔහු එම අවස්ථාවේදී රූගත කරමින් සිටියේ ගමන් කරමින් සිටි බසයකි. ඔහු කැමරාව නැවත සකස් කරගෙන  සේයාපටය නැවත රොල් කරමින් කැමරාව පණගැන්වු විට එතනින් අශ්වයෙකු ගමන් කර ඇත. ඔහුගේ සේයාපටයේ මෙම දර්ශන පෙල සටහන් වුයේ බස් රථයක් අශ්වයෙක් බවට පරිවර්තනය වීමක් ලෙසය. මෙය මුල් අවධියේ සජීවිකරණ කලාවට දායක වු මහඟු අවස්ථාවකි.

Stop - motion සහ  hand - drawn  සජීවන ක්‍රම යොදාගත් පළමු ඇමරිකානු චිත්‍රපට නිර්මාණකරුවා ලෙස  ජේ. ස්ටුවර්ට් බ්ලැක්ටන් හැඳින්විය හැක.  'Edison' වලින් චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තයට එකතු වු මොහු, 20 වන සියවසේදි මෙම සංකල්පවලට පුරෝගාමිත්වය ලබා දුන්නේය. 1900 දී පමණ ඔහුගේ ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් සහිත ප්‍රථම නිර්මාණය එළි දැක්විණි. 'The Enchanted Drawing' සහ 'Humorous phones of funny faces' (1906) යන චිත්‍රපට බ්ලැක්ටන්ගේ  "lightening artist" ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කර ඇති අතර, මෙලීස්ගේ මුල්කා‍ලීන  stop - motion ක්‍රමෝපායන්හි වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද අනුවාද යොදා ගනු ලැබුවේ කළු ලෑල්ලක අඳින ලද චිත්‍ර මතුවි හැඩගැසෙන පරිදිය. 'Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' ප්‍රථම සත්‍ය සජීවන චිත්‍රපටය ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, බ්ලැක්ටන් ප්‍රථම සත්‍ය සජීවන ශිල්පියා ලෙස සලකයි.  එමිලි කෝල් යන ප්‍රංශ චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියා කාටුන් තිරු නිර්මාණයෙන් පසු 1908 දී 'Fantasmagorie' නම් චිත්‍රපටය නිර්මාණය කළේය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටයේ විශාල වශයෙන් අන්තර්ගත වුයේ චලනය වන කෝටු මිනිසුන් සහ වයින් බෝතල් මල් බවට පරිවර්තනය වීම් වැනි වස්තු රූපකරණයයි. මෙහි සමහර දර්ශන වලදි සජීවිකරණ ශිල්පියාගේ අත් ද දක්නට ලැබෙයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ එක් එක් රාමු කඩදාසි මත ඇඳ ඒවා ප්‍රතිඡායාව මතට ගෙන කැමරාගත කිරීමෙනි. මෙමගින් රූපයට කළු ලෑල්ලක ස්වභාවයක් එක් විය. මෙම හේතුව නිසා  සාම්ප්‍රදායික  (hand – drawn) සජීවනය ලෙස පසුකාලීනව හඳුන්වනු ලැබු ක්‍රමය යොදා ගනු ලැබු ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය බවට පත් වේ. බ්ලැක්ටන් සහ කෝල් ලැබු සාර්ථකත්වය සමඟ තවත් බොහෝ කලාකරුවන් සජීවිකරණය  යොදා ගනිමින් අත්හදා බැලීම් කරන්නට විය. එවන් එක් කලාකරුවෙක් වුයේ, සාර්ථක ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍ර කාටුන් ශිල්පියෙක් වන  වින්සර් මියේ ය. සෑම රාමුවක්ම කඩදාසි මත අඳින ලද බැවින්, සෑම පසුතලයක්ම සහ සෑම චරිතයක්ම නැවත නැවතත් ඇඳ, සජීවිකරණය කිරීමට සිදුවිය. මී කේ(Me cay) විසින් කරන ලද චිත්‍රපට අතර 'Little Nemo' (1911), 'Gertie the Dinosaur' (1914) සහ The Sinking king of the Lusitania (1918) ප්‍රධාන තැනක් ගනි.

සජීවිකරණය කරන ලද කෙටි චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදනය, එනම් කාටුන් නිෂ්පාදනය 1910 පමණ වන විට තනි කර්මාන්තයක් ලෙස ප්‍රචලිත විය. මෙම කාටුන් කෙටි සිනමා චිත්‍ර නිෂ්පාදනය කරන්නේ චිත්‍රපට ශාලාවල ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමටය. ජෝන් රැඩොල්ෆ් බ්‍රේ මුල් අවධියේ සජීවිකරණ ශිල්පීන් අතර ඉතා සාර්ථකත්වය ලැබුවෙක් ලෙස නම් කළ හැකිය. මොහු සජීවිකරණ ශිල්පි එර්ල් හර්ඩ් සමඟ එකතු වී, දශකය පුරාම සජීවිකරණ කර්මාන්තය තුළ ප්‍රධාන තැනක් ඉසුලු සෙල් (cel) සජීවිකරණ තාක්ෂණය සඳහා පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය ලබා ගත්තේය.

මුලික දළ විශ්ලේෂණය

අදාළ ආකෘතිය ආරම්භක ආකාරයකින් හෝ ස්ථානයකින් තබනු ලබන අතර ප්‍රධාන රාමුවක් එමත පිහිටුවයි. රාමු කිහිපයකට පසුව නැවතත්  ප්‍රධාන රාමුවක් පිහිටුවනු ලබන අතර කැමති පරිද  ආකෘතිය චලනය කරනු ලැබේ. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය අවශ්‍ය ආකාරයට කිහිප වාරයක්  නැවත නැවත ක්‍රියාවට නැංවේ. සජීවිකරණය මෘදුකාංගය මගින ආකෘතිය ප්‍රධාන රාමු අතර සුමට ලෙස ගෙනයාමට අවශ්‍ය චලිතය අන්තර ්නිවේශණය කරනු ලැබේ. මින් අදහස් කෙරෙන්නේ  උදාහරණයක් ලෙස සජිවිකරණය මගින් කාමරයක් තුළ ඇති පෙට්ටියක් ආරම්භක රාමුවේ තබා තවත් ප්‍රධාන රාමුවක දී එම පට්ටිය කාමරට හරහා වෙනත් ස්ථානයක පිහිටුවා ඇත්නම් දරෟශනය නිමවා නැරඹි විට පෙනෙනුයේ අදාල පෙට්ටිය සුමට ලෙස  කාමරය හරහා ලිස්සා යන බවත් මිස රාමු අතරේ පිමි පැනීමක් නොවන බවය. මෙය චලනය වන ඕනෑම වස්තුවක් සදහා අදාල වේ.
රේඛිය නොවන සජීවිකරණය

ප්‍රධාන රාමු හෝ චලිත ග්‍රහණ මගින් කිසියම් චරිතයක්  සජීවිකරණ දත්ත සියල්ලම තනි සැකසිය හැකි අනුපිළිවෙල ට එක්තැන්කරගත හැක. මෙම සජීවිකරණ අනුපිළිවෙල සජීවිකරණ පසුරක් ලෙස  හැදින්වේ.  Maya හිදී පසුරැ ආකාර 2 ක් පවතී ප්‍රභව පසුරැ සහ එක්ාකාර පහුරැ එම ආකාර 2ය. ප්‍රභව පහුරැ ලෙස ගබඩාගත කිරිම මගින් Maya ඒවායයේ  මුලික සජීවිකරණ දත්ත ආරක්ෂණය කර ගනීත මෙම ප්‍රභව පහුරැ සජීවිකරණ සදහා යොදා නොගන්නා අතර එඒසදහා ඒකාකාර හසුරැ ලෙස හැදින්වෙන මුල් කී වර්ගයේ අනුපිටපත් සකස් කර භාවිතා කෙර්.
පොත් සජීවිකරණය
කිසියම් වස්තුවක් එහි චලිත වක්‍රය මත පිහිටීම හා එහි භ්‍රමණ ය හෝ සජීවිකරණය මගින් පාලනය කෙරේ. අදාල වස්තුව හෝ වක්‍රයක් බවට පත්වීමට පෙර කිසියම් වක්‍රයකට සබැදි වී සිටිම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ. චලිත පෙත් ප්‍රධාන අවස්ථා මගින් අදාල වස්තුවේ චලිත පෙන උත්පාදනය කළ හැක.

චලිත ග්‍රහණ සජීවිකරණය

සැකිලි

සැකිපි යනු සමීකරණ ශිල්පියා හට ආකෘතියක් හැඩ ගන්වා පෙන්වීමට හා සජිවිකරණයට උපකාරි වන අනුක්‍රමික හා පැහැදිලි ව සදහන් කළ හැකි ව්‍යුහයන් ය. මනුෂ්‍ය අටැසිකිල්ල හා සමාන විවිධආකෘතියට වෙනස්කර සලකා බැලිය හැකි ව්‍යුහයක් සැකිලි මගින් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරේ.

මනුෂ්‍ය ඇටසැලිකි ආකාරයෙටම සන්ධි සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති ස්ථාව හා ප්‍රමාණ ය අනුව අදාල ඇටසැකිල්ලේ චලිතය තීරණය වේ.  මෙලෙස චරිතයක් අදාල සැකිල්ලට සබැදීම   නම් වේ.

ඉදිරි ප්‍රගති විද්‍යාව

ඉදිරි ප්‍රගති විද්‍යාව (FK) යනු අවසාන අපේක්ෂිත ස්ථානය පිළිබද අවහිතරයකින් තොරව එක් එක් සන්ධි චලිත කිරිමේ ක්‍රමවේදයකි. එම නිසා එහි අභිමතාර්ථ වනාහි අවසාන පිහිටුම චලිත කිහිපය අනුක්‍රමයක් කිරිම සදහා සන්ධි චලනය කිරිමයි. ඉදිරි ප්‍රගති විද්‍යාව බොහෝ විට අත් ඇගිලි ආදි ඉතා ඉහල සුමට චලිත නිරෑපන කිරිම සදහා භාවිතා වේ.

ප්‍රතිලෝම ප්‍රගතිවිද්‍යාව
මෙය ඉදිරි ප්‍රගති විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රතිවර්තනයයි. මෙහි මුලික අදහස වනාහි මුලින්ම අවසාන පිහිටුස සලකුණු කරගෙන  අනතුරැව ඒ දක්වා පැමිණි ම සදහා  මුල සිට අදාල සන්ධි චලිත සකසා ගැනීමයි. මෙම ක්‍රමවේචය විශාල  ගාත්‍රා චලිත සජීවිකරණයේ දී බහුලව භාවිතා කෙරේ. (උදා, ඇවිදිම,  යමක් කරා ලං වීම ආදි) Maya  ප්‍රතිලෝම විද්‍යාව විකාශය වී ඇත්තේ Wavefront kinematra මගිනි

මුලි සිරැරැ   IK විසදනය
මෙමගින් ආදර්ශනය කෙරෙන්නේ තථ්‍ය වශයෙන්ම ිසරැරේ චලිත ස්වාභාවය භාවිතා කිරිමේ ක්‍රමවේදය සහිග පැකේජයකි.

ස්තින්කරණය

ස්කින්කරණය යනු යම් චරිතයක අනුරැව නිර්මාණය කර එයට සැකිල්ලක් ආදේශ කිරිමයි.මෙය ක්‍රමවේදය කිහිපයක් භාවිතා කර කළ හැකි අතර සුමට ක්‍රමවේද හ දැඩි  ක්‍රමවේදය මිස් කිහිපයක් වේ. තවද මේවා සෘජු ස්ක්න්තරණ ක්‍රමවේද වේ.

නිරෝධන

නිරෝධන මගින් සජීවිරකණයක පිහිටුම දිගානතිය හෝ අනෙකුත් වස්තුවලට සාපේක්ෂව අදාල වස්තුවේ. විශාලත්වය සීමා කිරිමට ඉඩ සලසා දී ඇත.

චරිත කට්ටල

Maya චරිත කට්ටල යනු සජිවිකරණයට අවශ්‍ය ඕනෑම වස්තු එකතුවක අඩංගු උපලක්ෂණ එකට එක්කර සජිවිකරණ ශිල්පියාට ලබා‍දෙන මංගල්‍යයකි. චරිත කට්ටලයකි චරිත කට්ටලයට  ඕනෑම ක්‍රියාවක්  පහසුවෙන් කළ හැක. හොදින් ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ රෝ‍බෝවක් මෝටර් රියක් හෝ එපමණක් නොව එකිනෙකාට සබදතාවක් නැති වස්තු එකතුවක් හෝ නිර්මාණය කළ හැක.

විරෑපකරණ

විරෑපකරණ යනු පහල මට්ටමේ සංචාරක  ඉලක්කගත ජා්‍යාමිතියක් සදහා මෙහෙයවීමට භාවිතා කරන ඉහල මට්ට‍මේ මෙවලම් විශේෂයකිත වෙනත් මෘදුකාංග පැකේජවලිදී මෙය හදුන්වන්නේ විකරක (modifier)    හා අවකාහ විකරකයන්   (space warps) යනාදි යෙදුම්වලිනි.

ක්‍රමවේද

පරිගණක සජිවීකරණය කෙටි GIF සජිවීකරණය

චලන නැවතුම් සජීවිකරණය මෙන්ම පරිගණක සජිවීකරණයට ද විවිධාකාර ක්‍රමවේදයන් ගණනාවක් අයත් වන අතර ඒවායේ පොදු ඉලක්කය වනුයේ පරිගණකයක් තුළ ඩිජිටල් ආකාරයට සජිවීකරණ නිර්මාණය කිරීමයි.

ද්විමාන සජිවීකරණ
ද්විමාන බිතු සිතුවම් නිර්මාණ හෝ ද්විමාන දෛශිකමය රූප නිර්මාණ බෙදාගෙන චරිත නිර්මාණය කිරීම සහ / හෝ සංස්කරණය සිදු කරනු ලැබේ. මේ අතරට සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජිවීකරණ ක්‍රම වේදයන්ගේ පරිගණක ගත කළ ස්වයංක්‍රිය ආකාරයන් වන Tweening, Morphing, Onion Skinning සහ Interpolated Rotoscoping යනාදිය ද අයත් වෙයි.

උදාහරණ - Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Jib Jab, Mickey the Squirrel
ප්‍රතිසම පරිගණක සජීවිකරණය
Flash සජිවීකරණය
PowerPoint සජිවීකරණය

ත්‍රිමාන සජිවීකරණය
සජිවීකරණ නිර්මාපකයෙකු මගින් ඩිජිටල් ආකෘති හසුරුවනු ලැබේ. දැලිස හැසිරවීම සදහා එයට ඩිජිටල් ආමේචරයක් (Sculpture) එක් කෙරෙයි. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය rigging යනුවෙන් හැදින්වේ. වෙනත් ක්‍රමවේදයන් ද යෙදීමේ හැකියාව පවතියි. ඒ අතරට ගණිතමය ශ්‍රිත (උදා - ගුරුත්වය, අංශු අනුරූපන) කේෂර හෝ හිසකේ සදහා අනුරූපන, ජලය සහ ගින්න වැනි ප්‍රයෝග සහ චලන ප්‍රතිග්‍රහණය භාවිතය ආදිය අයත් වෙයි. මෙහි සදහන් කෙරුණු ක්‍රමවේදයන්ට අමතරව තවත් ක්‍රමවේද විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් පවතී. බොහෝ ත්‍රිමාන සජිවීකරණ විශ්වාස කළ හැකි මට්ටමේ පවතින අතර නූතන චිත්‍රපට වල විශේෂ ප්‍රයෝගයන් ලෙස භාවිතා වේ.

උදා - The Incredible, Shrek, Finding Nemo, Flatland

ත්‍රිමාන සජිවීකරණ යෙදුම්
 Cel-shaded සජිවීකරණය
Morph target සජිවීකරණය
සැකිලි සජිවීකරණය
චලන ප්‍රතිග්‍රහණය
සමුහ අනුරූපනය

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation

සජීවිකරණය

සජීවිකරණය


Holcim, Dünya çapında ikinci büyük çimento üreticisidir. İlk sırada Fransa merkezli Saint-Gobain yer alıyor. Holcim'in merkezi Zürih, İsviçre'dedir.

Daha önceki adı 'Holderbank' ila tanınan Holcim, şimdikı adını 1990'lı yılların sonunda aldı. Bu isim Holderbank ve Fransızca çimento anlamına gelen ciments kelimesinden türemiştir.

Bu firma, 1912 yılında İsviçre'in Aargau Kanton'unda Holderbank köyünde kurulmuştur. Bugün şirkette 80.000 kişi çalışmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.holcim.com/

İsviçre merkezli inşaat şirketleri
Çokuluslu şirketler
1912'de kurulan şirketler
Yapı malzemeleri üreticileri
Çimento şirketleri

Holcim


Elongated Man (Randolph William "Ralph" Dibny) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in The Flash #112 (February 25, 1960).

The character made his live-action debut on The CW's live-action Arrowverse television series The Flash, portrayed by Hartley Sawyer.

Publication history
Elongated Man was created by writer John Broome and penciler Carmine Infantino, with significant input from editor Julius Schwartz, who wanted a new supporting character for the Flash. Julius Schwartz has noted that Elongated Man was only created because he had not realized that Plastic Man was available due to DC obtaining the rights to him in 1956 alongside other Quality Comics properties. However, Infantino and inker Murphy Anderson stated that they never used Plastic Man as a reference for anything.

In his 2000 autobiography, The Amazing World of Carmine Infantino, the artist wrote, "I really liked Elongated Man because it was comical and I enjoyed drawing comedy. It was also one of my favorite strips, because it was as close to animation as I could do in a comic book. I liked being able to test the limits of the comic book form and this strip allowed me to do that."

Elongated Man received a solo backup feature in Detective Comics, where he was redefined as a detective who loves odd mysteries and travels the United States in a convertible with his wife, searching for them. Sometimes they would travel the world or meet other DC superheroes like Batman, Green Lantern, the Atom and Zatanna. This feature became sporadic during the late '60s and throughout the '70s. However, in 1973, he became a member of the Justice League of America, and he is mostly seen in that title from 1973 to 1995.

Fictional character biography
As a teenager, Ralph Dibny was fascinated by contortionists, or people who displayed feats of agility and suppleness. He learned that all of the body-benders he spoke with drank a popular soda called "Gingold". Ralph set to work learning chemistry and developed a super-concentrated extract of the rare "gingo" fruit of the Yucatán, which gave him his elasticity. In his first appearance, the Flash suspects Elongated Man is behind several crimes, but he helps capture the criminals, who reveal they used a helicopter to frame him.

Ralph Dibny was one of the earliest Silver Age DC heroes to reveal his secret identity to the public, and also one of the first to marry his love interest. After teaming up with several other superheroes like Batman, Green Lantern, the Atom, Zatanna and the Justice League of America, he became a member of the team. Eventually, his wife became a member as well. The couple was also notable in having a stable, happy, and relatively trouble-free marriage—an anomaly in the soap operatic annals of superhero comic books.

Identity Crisis

Ralph Dibny played a central role in the events of Identity Crisis, with the main arc of the series revolving around Sue Dibny being murdered.  The healthy, stable relationship between Ralph and Sue, and the events that led to and resulted from her death, were used as primary narrative devices throughout the series for examining the respective personal relationships of other JLA and JSA members (and to a lesser extent, members of the supervillain community).

The effect of Sue's death on Ralph (compounded by the fact that Sue was apparently pregnant at the time of her death) would come to shape his character significantly in the events following Identity Crisis, eventually culminating at the end of the weekly series 52.

Ralph and Sue appeared as members of the Justice League offshoot the Super Buddies in the miniseries Formerly Known as the Justice League and its sequel story arc "I Can't Believe It's Not The Justice League" published in JLA: Classified #4-9. The latter arc was produced before Identity Crisis, but published afterwards. A running joke in "I Can't Believe It's Not The Justice League" involves the possibility of Sue's pregnancy.

52

In the 2006 weekly series 52, a grief-stricken Ralph Dibny is contemplating suicide when he is informed that Sue's gravestone has been vandalized with an inverted version of Superman's 'S' symbol—the Kryptonian symbol for resurrection. He confronts Cassie Sandsmark, and she tells Dibny that she is in a cult that believes that Superboy can be resurrected. She steals Ralph's wedding ring after the cult members try to drown Ralph.

During Week 11, after scaring some cult members and chasing them off, he gets a report that someone broke into a storage container in Opal City and stole Sue's clothes. In Week 12, Ralph finds Wonder Girl and she tells him they stole the clothes and ring to make a Sue dummy. She invites him to the ceremony.

During Week 13, Ralph goes to the ceremony. Metamorpho, the Green Arrow, Zauriel, and Hal Jordan come with him. Despite his initial agreement, Dibny and his friends disrupt the ceremony, but the effigy of Sue crawls to Dibny and calls out to him as it burns; Dibny suffers a nervous breakdown as a result.

During Week 18, other members of the Croatoan Society (Detective Chimp, Terri Thirteen, and Edogawa Sangaku) find Tim Trench dead with the helmet of Doctor Fate, Nabu. Ralph comes to investigate and asks for help from the Shadowpact, Detective Chimp's other group. A voice from within the helm of Doctor Fate, unheard by the other members of the group, speaks to Dibny and promises to fulfill his desires if he makes certain sacrifices. Dibny journeys with the helm through the afterlives of several cultures, where he is cautioned about the use of magic.

During Week 27, the Spectre promises to resurrect Sue in exchange for Dibny's taking vengeance on Jean Loring, but Dibny is unable to do so.

During Week 32, Ralph ventures to Nanda Parbat and gets into a fight with the Yeti. The Perfect Accomplished Physician comes to the rescue. Both he and the Yeti are members of the Great Ten, defenders of China. At Nanda Parbat, Rama Kushna tells Dibny, "The end is already written".

During week 42, Dibny is in Dr. Fate's tower. He begins the spell to resurrect Sue, puts on the helmet of Fate, and shoots it, revealing Felix Faust, who was posing as Nabu. Faust planned to trade Dibny's soul to Neron in exchange for his own freedom. Ralph reveals that he was aware of Faust's identity for some time, and that the binding spell surrounding the tower is designed to imprison Faust, not to counter any negative effects of the spell. Neron appears and kills Dibny, only to realize too late that the binding spell responds only to Dibny's commands: through his death, Ralph has trapped Faust and Neron in the tower, seemingly for all eternity, though his methods of doing so are unknown. His spirit is later seen reunited with his wife. However, Neron is able to escape almost immediately. During the Black Adam: The Dark Ages miniseries, Faust is shown to escape with the help of Black Adam and a resurrected Isis, who is under Faust's mental control. These events take place just prior to Countdown, indicating that Faust had only been there for a few weeks.

At the end of Week 52, it is revealed that Dibny's magical, wish-granting gun (a souvenir from "the Anselmo Case", a reference to The Life Story of the Flash) worked——Ralph's last wish was to be reunited with his wife, even in death——and that Ralph and Sue are now reunited as ghost detectives, investigating a school where a paranormal phenomenon has just occurred.

One Year Later

In Blue Beetle #16, Traci 13 mentioned that she had been taken in by Ralph and Sue after her mother died.

In the 2007-08 Black Adam miniseries Dark Ages, it is shown that Ralph's remains are still inside Fate's Tower when Teth-Adam asks Faust if his deal to trick Dibny had worked. Ralph's skeleton is used by Faust to create the illusion that Adam's attempt at resurrecting Isis had failed.

In Batman and the Outsiders (vol. 2) #5, it is revealed (after appearing unknown in the previous two issues) that Ralph and Sue have gained or discovered the ability to possess human bodies, like the ability of Boston Brand, a.k.a. Deadman.

Reign in Hell
Ralph and Sue, in their ghostly forms, appear before Doctor Occult with news of the war brewing in Hell. Sent by Giovanni "John" Zatara who, as a member of the Hell Resistance Movement, hopes to take advantage of the war, they ask Doctor Occult to aid him in his plan. They then dissipate and leave him to make his decision.

Blackest Night

In Blackest Night #0, Ralph and Sue Dibny's graves are shown during Black Hand's chant. At the end of the issue (in the promotional profile image of the Black Lantern Corps) his hand is easily identifiable as popping out of its grave. Ralph and Sue's corpses are revealed as having been reanimated as Black Lanterns, attacking Hawkman and Hawkgirl; Ralph beating Hawkman with his mace before ripping out Hawkman's heart. Next, they are seen in Gotham City with the Black Lanterns the Martian Manhunter, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, and Firestorm preparing to kill the Flash and Green Lantern. He and Sue are both turned to ashes when the Indigo Tribe destroys their rings. In the final battle, the Flash looks around to see if Ralph and Sue were among those resurrected by the White Entity, only to be told by Green Lantern they were not coming back.

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Ralph Dibny is apparently a rogue member of the Secret Six, under the alias of Damon Wells a.k.a. Big Shot, reporting to the Riddler who in this incarnation of the team serves as "Mockingbird." After having reunited with his wife, Dibny makes his return as the costumed Elongated Man in Secret Six (vol. 4) #12.

Powers and abilities
Elongated Man gained his abilities by drinking a refined version of a soft drink named Gingold that contains the extract of a (fictional) fruit called gingo. It was revealed in Invasion #3 that he is a metahuman, and the Gingoid elixir interacted with his latent genes. An ordinary human would not develop such powers through ingesting the extract. In fact, most people are extremely allergic to highly concentrated Gingold. The only other hero in the DCU who uses Gingold is Stretch, a member of Hero Hotline who has been using the compound since the 1940s.

As his name suggests, Elongated Man can stretch his limbs and body to super-human lengths and sizes. These stretching powers grant him heightened agility enabling flexibility and coordination that is beyond the natural limits of the human body. He can contort his body into various positions and sizes impossible for ordinary humans, such as being entirely flat so that he can slip under a door, or using his fingers to pick conventional locks. He can also use it for disguise by changing the shape of his face, although this is painful and difficult for him. Ralph's physiology has greater physical limitations than Plastic Man; there is a limit to how far he can stretch his finite bodily mass, and he cannot open holes in his body as Plastic Man can.

Elongated Man's powers also greatly augment his durability. He is largely able to withstand corrosives, punctures and concussions without sustaining injury. It has been demonstrated that he is resistant to high velocities that would kill an ordinary person and that he is also more resistant to blasts from energy weapons that would kill ordinary humans. His physiology is more like that of an ordinary human than Plastic Man and, as a result, he does not share Plastic Man's nigh-invulnerability.

In addition to his stretching abilities, Elongated Man is a professional detective and highly skilled in deductive reasoning. Often considered one of the most brilliant detectives in the DC Universe, comparable to Batman. He is a talented amateur chemist as well. A meta-side effect of his powers coupled with his detective skills is enhanced olfactory sense, allowing him to "smell" when something is "not right", or if a clue or mystery is at hand. This results in a rubbery "nose twitch".

Other versions

Kingdom Come
In Kingdom Come, when Superman comes out of retirement and re-establishes the Justice League, Batman recruits Ralph Dibny to become part of his faction. They infiltrate Lex Luthor's Mankind Liberation Front and once they discover that Luthor is brainwashing Captain Marvel, they attack and incarcerate the MLF members.

The Dark Knight Strikes Again
In Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Strikes Again, Dibny is mentioned as a man in a bar who was reminiscing about the Silver Age and when he heard mention of Batman, his face sagged and his jaw dropped to the floor. Later Dibny is seen hawking a "male enhancement" drink "Gingold" in a TV infomercial. He is then recruited to aid Batman in his attack against the American government (taken over by Lex Luthor).

JLA/Avengers
Elongated Man appears in JLA/Avengers #3, replacing Plastic Man after the merging of the DC and Marvel Universes.

Justice League Unlimited
Elongated Man has appeared in the Justice League Unlimited spin-off comic book.

Countdown to Final Crisis
Recently the Ralph Dibny of Earth-51, where secret identities are no longer needed by superheroes, has been seen in Countdown to Final Crisis. He is subsequently killed by the Monitor of New Earth, Bob.

The Flash (2016)
An evil future version of Elongated Man called Elongated Maniac appears in The Flash #53. He appears in Commander Cold's flashbacks to an encounter where he faces off against Commander Cold after killing hostages.

In other media

Television

 Elongated Man appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Jeremy Piven. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Elongated Man appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Sean Donnellan. This version possesses shapeshifting abilities.
 Elongated Man appears in Mad, voiced by Ralph Garman.
 Elongated Man appears in the Young Justice episode "Terminus", voiced by David Kaye. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Hartley Sawyer.
 Dibny first appears in The Flash television series as a recurring character in the fourth season before being promoted to series regular for the fifth and sixth seasons. While he was originally stated to be deceased due to Eobard Thawne's particle accelerator explosion in the first season, Dibny's death was undone following the "Flashpoint" timeline being undone in the third season before he makes his first appearance in the fourth season episode "Elongated Journey Into Night". This version was a police detective for the Central City Police Department until Barry Allen discovered that he had committed perjury by planting evidence. After Dibny was ousted from the police force, he became a private investigator specializing in infidelity cases. He acquires his elastic powers after the Thinker manipulates Team Flash into opening a breach, which exposed Dibny to dark matter. After discovering Dibny's powers, Allen takes him to S.T.A.R. Labs to stabilize. Deciding to give him a second chance after hearing he only planted the evidence because he was certain that the suspect was guilty but was unable to prove it, Allen adds Dibny to the S.T.A.R. Labs team and helps him become a superhero. Over the course of the season, Dibny substitutes for Allen while the latter serves time in prison, but the media sees him as a joke and initially dubs him the "Stretchy Man" before calling him Elongated Man due to a misunderstanding. Dibny also develops the ability to morph into other people, which he uses to free Allen from prison. In the fifth and sixth seasons, Dibny launches an investigation into Caitlin Snow's childhood, helps Team Flash combat Cicada, and is hired to find Sue Dearbon. Upon eventually finding her, only to learn she is a thief, he works to reform her. In June 2020, Sawyer was fired from the series due to controversy surrounding his past social media posts involving racist and misogynistic references in the wake of the George Floyd protests. Due to this, an uncredited actor portrayed Dibny in the seventh season episode "Mother". Prior to and during the beginning of the seventh season, Dibny and Dearbon went "way off" the grid in light of Eva McCulloch framing the latter for murder. They return to assist Team Flash in their final confrontation with McCulloch, but Dibny suffered grievous burns while raiding a Black Hole facility off-screen and was forced to wear a mask to protect himself. Once Dearbon is exonerated following McCulloch's defeat, she and Dibny leave to travel the world and stop other criminal organizations like Black Hole.
 Dibny appears in the crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths".

Film
 An evil, alternate reality version of Elongated Man called Extruded Man makes a non-speaking appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths as a minor member of the Crime Syndicate who originally served under his universe's Martian Manhunter before serving Owlman.
 Elongated Man makes a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

References

Comics characters introduced in 1960
Characters created by John Broome
Characters created by Carmine Infantino
Fictional chemists
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics scientists
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Fictional characters who can stretch themselves
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Fictional ghosts
Fictional private investigators

Elongated Man


Le  est un cap situé dans le sud de l'île de Shikoku, à Muroto au Japon. Il fait partie du géoparc UNESCO de Muroto au sein du parc quasi national de Muroto-Anan Kaigan et a été désigné lieu de beauté pittoresque. Le bruit des vagues au cap Muroto et dans la grotte de Mikurodo fait partie des 100 sons naturels du Japon.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
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Cap au Japon
Géographie de la préfecture de Kōchi

Cap Muroto


Frankreich nahm in London an den Olympischen Spielen 2012 teil. Es war die insgesamt 26. Teilnahme an Olympischen Sommerspielen. Vom Comité National Olympique et Sportif Français wurden 332 Athleten in 24 Sportarten nominiert.

Fahnenträgerin bei der Eröffnungsfeier war die Degenfechterin Laura Flessel-Colovic.

Der Hindernisläufer Nour-Eddine Gezzar hatte bei den nationalen Meisterschaften am 17. Juni 2012 einen positiven Dopingbefund (EPO) und wurde daraufhin suspendiert. Ende August 2012 lehnte der internationale Sportgerichtshof seinen Einspruch gegen eine zehnjährige Sperre ab. Auch der 5000-m-Läufer Hassan Hirt wurde positiv auf EPO getestet und für zwei Jahre gesperrt.

Medaillenspiegel

Teilnehmer nach Sportarten

Badminton

Basketball

Bogenschießen

Boxen

Fechten

Fußball

Als Ersatzspielerinnen auf Abruf wurden Laëtitia Philippe (Tor), Kelly Gadéa (Abwehr), Julie Soyer (Abwehr) und Marina Makanza (Angriff) nominiert.

Gewichtheben

Handball

Judo

Kanu

Kanurennsport

Kanuslalom

Leichtathletik
Laufen und Gehen

Nach dem Doping-Vergehen von Tyson Gay erhielt Frankreich in der
4 * 100 m Staffel nachträglich die Bronzemedaille.

Springen und Werfen

Mehrkampf

Moderner Fünfkampf

Radsport

Bahn

Mehrkampf

Straße

Mountainbike

BMX

Reiten

Rhythmische Sportgymnastik

Ringen

Rudern

Schießen

Schwimmen

Segeln
Fleet Race

Match Race

Synchronschwimmen

Taekwondo

Tennis

Tischtennis

Trampolinturnen

Triathlon

Turnen

Wasserspringen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Frankreich
Sommerspiele 2012

Olympische Sommerspiele 2012/Teilnehmer (Frankreich)


Estancia Grande bezeichnet:

 Estancia Grande (Entre Ríos), Gemeinde in Argentinien
 Estancia Grande (San Luis), Gemeinde in Argentinien
 Estancia Grande (Guatemala), Ort im Departamento Guatemala
 San José Estancia Grande, Gemeinde in Oaxaca, Mexiko

Estancia Grande


An Carex distracta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Carex distracta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex distracta