is a party video game series originally created by Dragon Quest designer Yuji Horii. It is currently owned by Square Enix and Kadokawa. The first game was released in Japan on Nintendo's Famicom console in 1991. Since then, new installments in the series have been released for the Super Famicom, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Mobile Phones, Android, iOS, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. The series was exclusive to Japan prior to the 2011 Itadaki Street Wii, which is released as Fortune Street in North America and Boom Street in PAL regions.

Development
Horii in a 1989 interview stated he was working on a board game with former Famitsu editor Yoshimitsu Shiozaki and that working in a "completely different genre" to the Dragon Quest games was worthwhile. While creating the first stage, a play test revealed the board was really hard, so a practice stage was constructed and was also too difficult, leading to stage one eventually becoming stage four. The game was later incorporated into remakes of Dragon Quest III as a new minigame. In 2011, game creator Yuji Horii stated he had considered bringing Itadaki Street to international audiences.

Common elements
The games are similar to Monopoly: players roll one die to advance around a board, purchase unowned property they land on and earn money when opponents land on the player's property, and draw cards when they land on certain spaces. The games differ from Monopoly in that players can buy and sell stocks of a block, affecting the value of the block's stock by buying or selling that block's stock or by developing a player-owned property of that block which increases the value per share of stock for that block. It is not necessary to own the entire block to develop a property, though controlling more than one property of a block allows the player to develop their properties to larger buildings and collect more from opponents. Players must collect a set of four suits to level up and collect additional gold when they pass the starting position/bank. In most versions, up to four players can compete to win each board. To win, a player must make it back to the bank with the board's required amount, which includes the total value of the player's stocks, property value, and gold on hand. Minigames and a stock market for more experienced players are also featured.

Games

Reception
IGN gave Fortune Street, the series' first English localization in North America, a "Good" rating for its deep board game gameplay but saying it could have been more interactive. Siliconera noted that the introduction of established franchise characters from Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, and the Mario games' has greatly increased the games popularity and mindshare. Fortune Street, the series' first international release, was greeted with mixed reviews, praising the character selection and deep gameplay, but slighting its lengthy time commitment.

A screenshot from Fortune Street showing Yoshi wishing to be tax exempt briefly circulated online as part of a larger series of Internet memes involving Yoshi committing tax fraud.

See also
 List of Square Enix video game franchises

References

External links

ASCII Corporation games
Crossover video games
Digital board games
Party video games
Square Enix franchises
Tomcat System games
Video game franchises introduced in 1991

Itadaki Street


Wolfgang Müller, kaldet Müller von Königswinter (født 5. marts 1816 i Königswinter ved Rhinen, død 29. juni 1873 i Bad Neuenahr) var en tysk digter.

Han studerede lægevidenskab i Bonn og Berlin, besøgte Paris og nedsatte sig derefter som læge i Düsseldorf. I 1848 blev han valgt til medlem af Nationalforsamlingen i Frankfurt a. M., og tog 1853 bolig
i Köln, men opgav nu at praktisere for at leve af sin pen. Han udviklede sig til en frisk og formfuld rhinsk lyriker, der hentede sine emner fra Rhinens natur og sagn. Nævnes må især Rheinfahrt (1848), Gedichte, Balladen und Romanzen samt Oden der Gegenwart. Hans anonyme satire Heinrich Heine's Höllenfahrt blev udgivet på ny langt efter hans død. Også som novellist og dramatiker har Müller forsøgt sig, og han har leveret interessante kritiske bidrag og erindringer til den rhinske forfatter- og digterskoles historie. Et udvalg af hans digte, Dichtungen eines rheinischen Poeten, udkom i 6 bind (1871—76). Hans Dramatische Werke udkom ligeledes i 6 bind (1872).

Kilder

Digtere fra Tyskland
Tysksprogede forfattere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet

Wolfgang Müller (digter)


Igor Josić (Tuzla, 8. rujna 1989.), bh. hrvatski nogometni vratar

Klub
Igrao za Slobodu iz Tuzle. 2009. je prešao u NK Mramor, Mramor. Iz Mramora je 2012. prešao u Radnik iz Lipnice. Nakon dvije godine zaigrao je za Gradinu iz Srebrenika. Krajem ljeta 2014. otišao je u njemački RSV Meinerzhagen.

Reprezentacija
Igrao za reprezentaciju Bosne i Hercegovine do 19 godina.

Izvori

Životopisi, Tuzla
Nogometaši FK Sloboda Tuzla
Hrvatski nogometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Igor Josić


Islote de Cima (en portugués: Ilhéu de Cima) es el nombre de una isla parte del grupo de los Islotes Secos (Ilhéus Secos o Ilhéus do Rombo), en el país africano de Cabo Verde. Se ubica en el este del archipiélago y representa el segundo mayor islote del grupo. Es junto con el resto de los islotes cercanos, una división administrativa del municipio de Brava. La isla es un volcán extinto. Posee 1,5 km² y se encuentra deshabitado.

No debe confundirse con otro lugar llamado «Islote de Cima», en el Archipiélago de Madeira, Portugal.

Véase también
 Geografía de Cabo Verde
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Cabo Verde

Islote de Cima (Cabo Verde)


İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi, İstanbul'un Tuzla Akfırat'ta  bulunan bir vakıf üniversitesidir. 1999 yılında kurulmuştur ve 2003-2004 akademik yılında eğitim-öğretime başlamıştır .

Akademik birimler

Fakülteler

Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
 Eğitim Fakültesi
 Sanat, Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi
 İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi
 İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Hukuk Fakültesi
 Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Tıp Fakültesi
 Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi

Konservatuvar
 Tiyatro
 Müzik

Enstitüler
 Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Meslek Yüksekokulları
 Meslek Yüksek Okulu
 Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Konservatuvar

Rektörlüğe Bağlı Bölümler
 Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Bölümü
 Türk Dili Bölümü

Eğitim Merkezleri
 Konfüçyus Enstitüsü
 Mutfak Sanatları Merkezi
 Rus Kültür Merkezi
 Sürekli Eğitim Merkezi (OKSEM)
 Yabancı Dil Sınav Merkezleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Okan Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksek Okulu
 Okan Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
 Okan Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi
 Okan Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi
 Okan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi
 Okan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi

İstanbul'daki vakıf üniversiteleri
Tuzla, İstanbul'daki üniversiteler
Kadıköy'deki üniversiteler
Maltepe'deki üniversiteler
Şişli'deki üniversiteler
1999'da kurulan üniversiteler
1999'da Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar

İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi


Ancona er borg á mið-Ítalíu, í héraðinu Marche með um 102.000 íbúa (2015). Hún ein helsta hafnarborgin við Adríahaf og er um 280 kílómetra norðaustur af Róm. Ancona kemur af gríska orðinu Ἀγκών (Ankṓn) en borgin á grískar rætur frá 4. öld fyrir Krist.

Borgir á Ítalíu
Marke

Ancona


Erik, gülgiller (Rosaceae) familyasından Prunus cinsinden meyvesi yenen bazı ağaç türlerinin ortak adı.

Türkiye'de Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin yüksek yayla mıntıkası ile, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin kurak ve çok sıcak bir kısım yerlerinde ve Marmara Bölgesi'nin  bazı yerlerinde yetişir.

Erkenci dönem can eriğini yaz ortalarında olgunlaşan Japon eriği (P. salicina) takip eder. Ağustosta olgunlaşmaya başlayan Avrupa eriği (P. domestica) ise ekim ayına kadar yenebilir. Farklı dönemlerde olgunlaşan eriğin, farklı biçim ve büyüklükteki meyvelerinin ince kabuğu, türlere göre yeşil, sarı, kırmızı ve mor renklerdedir. Türkiye'de en tanınmış erik çeşitleri can eriği, papaz eriği, mürdüm eriği ve tatlı üryani eriğidir.

Anavatanı Anadolu olan erikler, dünyanın değişik iklim bölgelerine göçler ve harpler sebebiyle adapte olmuşlardır. Kafkasya ve Hazar Deniz'i çevresinden dünyaya yayıldığı sanılmaktadır. Prunus institia adlı bir diğer erik türünün anavatanı ise Şam bölgesidir. Bütün dünyadaki erik çeşitlerinin sayısı, 2.000'den fazladır. Türkiye'de yetiştirilen çeşitlerin sayısı da 200'ün üstündedir.

Erikler olgunluk zamanlarına, kullanma şekillerine göre çeşitlere ayrılır. Türkiye Milli Bağ-Bahçe Komitesinin Türkiye'de yetiştirilmesini tavsiye ettiği çeşitler; Can, Santa Roja, Red Kennen, Climax, Formasa, Reine Claude Violette, Reine Claude Verte, President, Giant, Red Heart, Stanley, Köstendil, Karagöynük, Üryani, D'Agant'tır.

Erik ağaçları tür ve çeşitlerine göre iri boylu ağaçları teşkil ettikleri gibi, küçük boylu ağaçlar veya çalı şeklinde olanları da vardır.

Sert çekirdekli bir meyve ağacı olan eriğin iç kısmının sertleşmesiyle sert çekirdek kabuğu meydana gelir. Yenilen kısmı etli ve suludur. Meyveleri şekil, renk ve tat bakımından çok farklıdır. Tohumları (çekirdekleri) acıdır.

Erik çeşitleri, tohum teşekkülü bakımından kendine verimli, kendine kısmen verimli ve kendine kısır olarak üç grup altında toplanır. Kendine kısmen verimli çeşitlerden de iyi ürün alınabilmesi için, tohum teşekkülü çeşitlerine ihtiyaç vardır.

Erik ağacı çeşitli toprak tipinde yetişmekle beraber en iyi olarak besin maddelerince zengin, humuslu, sıcak, yeteri kadar nemli, orta derin ve derin topraklarda iyi yetişir. Kültür erik çeşitleri çelik ve aşıyla üretilir. Fidanlıklarda en çok durgun göz aşısı kullanılır. Kültür erik çeşitleri için muhtelif erik türleri, şeftali, kayısı ve badem anaç olarak kullanılabilir.

Meyvelerinde şekerler, pektin ve organik asitler vardır. Meyve olarak yenir. Kurutularak hoşaf ve çeşitli yörelerde değişik pestil yapımında kullanılır.

Tam bir C vitamini deposu olan erik kalsiyum açısından da zengin olduğu için birçok hastalığa iyi geliyor. Erik bol miktarda B vitaminleri içermektedir, ayrıca potasyum ve magnezyum minerali açısından da zengin bir meyvedir. 100 g taze erik; 192 kJ (46 kcal), 17,8 g karbonhidrat, 299 mg potasyum, 17 mg fosfor, 2 mg sodyum, 18 mg potasyum, 0.5 mg demir, 0.4 mg lif içermektedir. Ayrıca A, B1, B2, B3, B6, C, E vitaminini de içermektedir. Yaz meyvesidir.

Türler

 Kiraz eriği (Prunus cerasifera)
 Prunus cocomilia
 Prunus consociiflora
 Avrupa eriği (Prunus domestica)
 Damson eriği (Prunus insititia)
 Simon eriği (Prunus simonii)
 Çakal eriği (Prunus spinosa)
 Prunus alleghaniensis
 Amerika eriği (Prunus americana)
 Prunus angustifolia
 Prunus hortulana
 Sahil eriği (Prunus maritima)
 Meksika eriği (Prunus mexicana)
 Kara erik (Prunus nigra)
 Prunus × orthosepala (P. americana x P. angustifolia melezi)
 Japon eriği (Prunus salicina)
 Oregon eriği (Prunus subcordata)

Kaynakça

Prunus
Meyve

Erik


Viesturs Kairišs () este un regizor de operă, film și teatru leton. Are o carieră de succes în Letonia și Germania, în calitate de regizor de operă. Filmele și piesele de teatru regizate de Kairišs au fost prezentate la mai multe festivaluri europene.

Producții teatrale și de operă
După ce a absolvit în 1997 Academia de Cultură Letonă ca regizor de teatru și film, Kairišs a fost numit ca regizor la Teatrul Nou din Riga. El a pus în scenă începând de atunci piese apreciate de critici atât în Letonia, cât și în străinătate. Mai multe dintre producțiile sale au participat la festivaluri și turnee internaționale, inclusiv Wiener Festwochen (Hotel Europe), Hebbel am Ufer (Șarpele), Festival d'Avignon (Hotel Europe) și Bonner Biennale (The Dark Deer, Hotel Europe).

A debutat ca regizor de operă cu spectacolul Evgheni Oneghin de Piotr Ceaikovski la Opera Națională Letonă, primind Marele Premiu Marele Premiu pentru Muzică al Letoniei pentru cea mai bună producție de operă în 1999. A pus apoi în scenă în anul 2001 opera Flautul fermecat de Mozart la Opera Națională Letonă, care s-a transformat mai târziu într-un scurtmetraj artistic pentru Bienala de la Veneția.

S-a alăturat proiectului muzical Inelul nibelungilor după Richard Wagner la Opera Națională Letonă cu Walkiria în 2007. A pus în scenă ultimele trei opere ale ciclului wagnerian, obținând recenzii pozitive în revistele muzicale și de operă.

Succesul obținut în regizarea operelor lui Richard Wagner i-a deschis lui Kairišs drumul către o carieră internațională în regia de operă. El a fost invitat la Komische Oper Berlin, Oper Köln și Staatstheater Darmstadt. Debutul său în Germania, regizarea operei Visul unei nopți de vară de Benjamin Britten cu orchestrația dirijată de Kristiina Poska, a fost recunoscută de The Financial Times ca "o contribuție valoroasă pentru tânăra tradiție germană a lui Britten" și a primit multe alte recenzii pozitive. Lucrul la opera Der Freischütz de Weber, împreună cu dirijorul Markus Stenz, la Oper Köln a beneficiat de succes critic și public, la fel ca și spectacolul cu opera Macbeth Verdi, împreună cu dirijorul Will Humburg, la Staatstheater Darmstadt.

În prezent, Kairišs lucrează la opera Valentina de Arturs Maskats, împreună cu Modestas Pitrenas ca dirijor la Opera Națională Letonă, având spectacole programate la Deutsche Oper Berlin.

Filme artistice și documentare
Kairišs a regizat patru documentare și cinci filme artistice. A debutat în 1998 cu documentarul Trenul. Primul său film de lung-metraj, Părăsind drumul, a obținut Premiul Național de Film pentru cel mai bun film al anului 2001. A fost inclus în programul oficial al competiției de la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Karlovy Vary și a obținut premiul pentru cel mai bun debut la Raindance Film Festival din Marea Britanie. Ultimul său documentar, Pelican în pustiu, a concurat la festivalul Visions du Reel din Nyon, Franța, și a primit premiul special al juriului la Let's Cee Film Festival din Austria. În prezent, Kairišs lucrează la coproducția letono-finlandeză Cronicile Melaniei, o dramă istorică ce urmează a avea premiera la sfârșitul anului 2015.

Listă de lucrări

Opere
 1999 Evgheni Oneghin de Piotr Ceaikovski (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2001 Flautul fermecat de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2007 Walkiria de Richard Wagner (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2008 Siegfried de Richard Wagner (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2010 Tripticul de Giacomo Puccini (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2011 Amurgul zeilor de Richard Wagner (Opera Națională Letonă)
 2013 Visul unei nopți de vară de Benjamin Britten (Komische Oper Berlin)
 2014 Der Freischütz de Carl Maria Von Weber (Oper Köln)
 2014 Macbeth de Giuseppe Verdi (Staatstheater Darmstadt)
 2014 Valentina de Arturs Maskats (Opera Națională Letonă)

Piese de teatru
 1997 Domnișoara Christina de Mircea Eliade (Teatrul Nou din Riga)
 2000 Șarpele de Mircea Eliade (Teatrul Nou din Riga)
 2000 Hotel Europa de Goran Stefanovsky (Wiener Festwochen)
 2001 Margareta de Māra Zālīte (Teatrul Nou din Riga)
 2001 The Dark Deer de Inga Abele (Teatrul Nou din Riga)
 2003 Idiotul de Fiodor Dostoievski (Teatrul Nou din Riga)
 2003 Opera de trei parale de Bertolt Brecht (Teatrul Național Leton)
 2008 Heldenplatz de Thomas Bernhard (Teatrul Dailes din Riga)
 2009 Pinocchio's Ashes de Jokum Rohde (Teatrul Național Leton)
 2010 Kasimir și Karoline de Ödön von Horváth (Teatrul Național Leton)

Filmografie
 1998 Trenul (scurtmetraj documentar)
 2000 Nunta (scurtmetraj)
 2001 Flautul fermecat (scurtmetraj documentar)
 2002 Părăsind drumul (lungmetraj)
 2004 Monumentul (scurtmetraj documentar)
 2004 Romeo și Julieta (documentar)
 2006 Cerbul întunecat (lungmetraj)
 2009 Lohengrin din Varka Kru (documentar)
 2014 Orașul invizibil (documentar)
 2014 Pelican în pustiu (documentar)
 2015 Cronicile Melaniei (lungmetraj)

Premii
 Marele Premiu pentru Muzică al Letoniei pentru cea mai bună producție de operă pentru Evgheni Oneghin, 1999
 Premiul Național de Film pentru cel mai bun film al anului pentru Nunta, 2000
 Premiul Național de Teatru pentru cea mai bună piesă originală pentru Margareta, 2001
 Premiul Spīdola pentru realizări unice în domeniul artelor, 2001
 Premiul Național de Film pentru cel mai bun film al anului pentru Părăsind drumul, 2001
 Cel mai bun debut la Festivalul de Film Raindance pentru Părăsind drumul, 2002
 Premiul FIPRESCI, secțiunea Baltică, pentru cel mai bun film baltic pentru Părăsind drumul, 2002
 Marele Premiu pentru Muzică al Letoniei pentru cel mai bun proiect muzical european pentru Inelul Nibelungilor (împreună cu Stefan Herheim), 2014
 Premiul Special al Juriului la Festivalul de Film Cee pentru Pelican în pustiu, 2014

Note

Legături externe

 Situl oficial al lui Kairish
 Pagina oficială a filmului Chronicles of Melanie

Nașteri în 1971
Oameni din Riga
Regizori letoni
Oameni în viață

Viesturs Kairišs


Dubai'nin Ruhu, Kasım 2006'da turuna başlayan reklam zeplini.

Londra Thames Nehri üzerinde bulunan Kule Köprüsü , Güney İngiltere'deki Stonehenge , Paris'teki Eyfel Kulesi , Roma'daki Colosseum ve Pisa şehrindeki Pisa Kulesi ile Atina'daki Parthenon tapınağının üzerinden uçarak insan yapımı ada olan Palm Dubai'de yolculuğu son bulacak

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.myspace.com/spiritofdubai
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130721022804/http://spiritofdubai.ae/

Zeplinler

Dubai'nin Ruhu


ألفا روميو (بالإيطالية:Alfa Romeo) هي شركة إيطالية لصناعة السيارات. تأسست في العام 1910. تملكتها فيات جروب منذ 1986 وسابقا كانت تسمى (A.L.F.A) وهي اختصارا ل (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili).

تاريخ ألفا روميو

عام 1907 قامت شركة داراك الفرنسية بالتعاون مع مجموعة من المستثمرين الإيطاليين بإنشاء مصنع للسيارة حمل اختصارا اسم SAID. إلا أن مبيعات الشركة من سيارات داراك لم تلرق إلى المستوى المطلوب، فما كان من المستثمرين إلا أن أطلقوا شركة جديدة اسمها الشركة المساهمة لصنع السيارات في لومباردي، واختصار أول أحرف من كلمات اسمها هو ALFA، ولتبدأ إنتاج السيارات تحت اسم ألفا عام 1910، ولتبدأ أيضا المشاركة في سباقات السيارات. عام 1915 وقعت الشركة تحت سيطرة رجل أعمال من نابولي يدعى نيكولا روميو، وحول إنتاجها إلى إنتاج عسكري لدعم الجيش الإيطالي وجنى ثروة من ذلك. وبعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى، لم يكن يفكر في إنتاج السيارات، إلا أن الشركة كان لديها عام 1919 مخزون من القطع يكفي لإنتاج 105 سيارات منذ العام 1915، فبدأ إنتاج السيارات مرة أخرى. طراز توربيدو كان أول سيارات الشركة، وحازت على المركز الثاني في سباق تارغا فلوريو الشهير مع إنزو فيراري خلف المقود. فيراري كان مدير فريق ناجح، فاستقدم مصمما جديدا من فيات ونجحت ألفا روميو في الفوز بأول بطولة لسباقات الجائزة الكبرى عام 1925.

عام 1928، وبعد مشاكل مالية، غادر روميو الشركة التي تعرضت للإفلاس، مما دفع حكومة موسوليني للتدخل والاستحواذ على الشركة التي صارت رمزا للتقدم التقني الإيطالي، وأصبحت متخصصة في إنتاج سيارات خاصة بألأثرياء. ولكن مع اندلاع الحرب العالمية، توقف إنتاج السيارات، ولم تعد الشركة قادرة علة العودة إلى عالم السيارات الفاخرة. فبدأت إنتاج السيارات الصغيرة بنجاح ابتداء من عام 1954. أما في عالم السباقات، فقد عادت الشركة بقوة، لتحرز أول لقب لبطولة العالم للفورميولا واحد، ومن ثم ركزت في الستينيات على المشاركة في بطولات السيارات الرياضية بنجاح كبير كان ثمرته طراز "تبيو 33″، والذي يعتبر اليوم إحدى أجمل السيارات التي تم صنعها على الإطلاق.

حظوظ ألفا روميو تأرجحت صعودا وهبوطا. فبينما كانت تنتج بعضا من أكثر السيارات جاذبية، كانت تعاني أيضا من مشاكل في الجودة. وفي عام 1986 تم ضم الشركة إلى مجموعة فيات. هناك استمرت أوضاع ألفا روميو متذبذبة. فتارة تحقق الفوز في سباقات DTM، وتارة تعاني من انخفاض المبيعات، حتى وصل الأمر إلى التفكير ببيع الشركة كليا. ولكن وصول سيرجيو ماركيوني إلى رئاسة مجموعة فيات، وخططه لتتطوير الشركة بدأت تعطي ثمارها. فأطلقت الشركة طراز 8C الرياضي الرائع، ومن ثم أعلنت عن خططها لإطلاق طراز 4C الجديد، ويبدو اليوم أن الشركة قد استعادت روحها مرة أخرى، مع خطط لإطلاق مجموعة من السيارات تجعل من ألفا روميو العلامة الفاخرة في إيطاليا لتنافس سيارات مرسيدس وBMW الألمانية. فمع أن الشركة تنتج اليوم ثلاثة طرازات فقط، هي بجانب طراز 4C الرياضي، طراز ميتو السوبر ميني وطراز جولييتا الصغير، إلا أن الشركة تنوي إطلاق فئة سيدان متوسطة وصغيرة، وطراز دفع رباعي، بالإضافة إلى عودة طراز سبايدر الشهير بالتعاون مع مازدا.

الطرازات الحالية
 ألفا روميو ميتو
هي السيارة الرياضية السوبر مينى وأطلقت في يونيو 2008 وهي ذات 3 أبواب.محرك السيارة من فئة MultiAir والحائز على جائزة أفضل محرك عند تقديمه عام 2010. وهو بسعة 1.4 ليتر مع تيربو بقوة 135 حصان مع خاصية التشغيل/الإيقاف لزيادة توفير الوقود. ومع علبة التروس ذلت الكلتشين، ونظام DNA لدى الشركة للتحكم بعمل المحرك والمقود وأنظمة التماسك، فإن تأدية السيارة ممتازة في هذه الفئة مع تسارع إلى 100 كلم/س في 8.2 ثانية.
 ألفا روميو جولييتا
طراز جولييتا من ألفا روميو ينافس في سوق سيارات الهاتشباك المتوسطة مع أسماء كبيرة مثل الفولكس واغن غولف. تصميم السيارة يحمل ملامح ألفا روميو المعهودة إلا أن ما يميزها هو محركها من فئة MultiAir بسعة 1.4 ليتر مع تيربو بقوة 170 حصان، يؤمن لها استهلاكا ممتازا للوقود مع أداء جيد وتسارع إلى 100 كلم/س في 7.7 ثانية.
 ألفا روميو 4C

ألفا روميو تعود إلى عالم السيارات الرياضية مع طراز 4C الجديد بتصميم رياضي وتقنيات مميزة. فهيكل السيارة مصنوع من ألياف الكربون، كما لو كانت سيارة سوبر رياضية بمحرك كبير. ولكن في سيارة سيارة صغيرة كهذه (طولها أقل من 4 أمتار) فإن هذا يعني وزنا منخفضا جدا، يبلغ 895 كيلوغراما فقط، أي أكثر بثلاثين كيلوغراما فقط من طراز لوتس إليز. زودت ألفا روميو السيارة بمحرك 1.75 ليتر تيربو بقوة 240 حصان فقط، ولكنها كافية لدفع الألفا روميو 4C ذات المحرك الوسطي إلى سرعة 100 كلم/س في 4.5 ثانية، وهي تأدية تنافس أقوى السيارات الرياضية.

طرازات سابقة

 ألفا روميو 147
هي السيارات العائلية الصغيرة التي أنتجتها ألفا روميو الإيطالية منذ عام 2000.

 ألفا روميو 159
وهي السيارة الصالون متوسطة الحجم. عرضت في شكل الإنتاج في عام 2005 بمعرض جنيف للسيارات ال 159 وتوجد لديها أربع محركات بنزين مختلفة.
 ألفا روميو GT
هي السيارة الكوبيه والتي أنتجت عام 2004 ولقد توقف إنتاجها في 2005 المحرك بنزين وديزل ولقد استندت بها لحد كبير على ألفا روميو 147.
 ألفا روميو بريرا
 ألفا روميو سبايدر
 ألفا روميو 8C Competizione

سيارات انتجتها الفا روميو

 ألفا روميو 146
 ألفا روميو 147
 ألفا روميو 155
 ألفا روميو 156
 ألفا روميو 159
 ألفا روميو 164
 ألفا روميو 1900
 ألفا روميو 2000
 ألفا روميو 2600
 ألفا روميو 33
 ألفا روميو 33 سترادال
 ألفا روميو 4 سي
 ألفا روميو 6 سي
 ألفا روميو 75
 ألفا روميو 8 سي
 ألفا روميو 90
 ألفا روميو آرنا
 ألفا روميو ألفا 6
 ألفا روميو اس زد
 ألفا روميو الفاسود
 ألفا روميو بيريرا
 ألفا روميو جوليا
 ألفا روميو جوليا تي زد
 ألفا روميو جوليا سبرينت سبيسيال
 ألفا روميو جوليتا
 ألفا روميو جي تي
 ألفا روميو جي تي اي
 ألفا روميو ديسكو فولانت
 ألفا روميو روميو
 ألفا روميو سبرينت
 ألفا روميو سبيدر
 ألفا روميو ماتا
 ألفا روميو مونتريال
 ألفا روميو ميتو

موديلات ألفا روميو في المستقبل

 ألفا روميو 149 موديل 2009
 ألفا روميو 169 موديل 2010
 ألفا روميو سي كروسوفر موديل 2010

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

شركات إيطالية
شركات إيطالية أسست في 1910
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 1910
شركات مصنعة لسيارات فارهة
شركات مقرها في تورينو
علامات تجارية إيطالية
فيات
ماركات سيارات
مصانع حافلات منحلة
مصانع شاحنات منحلة
مصنعو ترولي باص
مصنعو سيارات رياضية
مصنعو شاحنات
مصنعو محركات طائرات في إيطاليا

ألفا روميو


Olivia Alma Charlotta Schough (født 11. marts 1991) er en svensk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for FC Rosengård og Sveriges kvindefodboldlandshold.

Hun har rekorden for det hurtigst scorede mål på det svenske kvindelandshold nogensinde, at hun 17. september 2015 sendte bolden i nettet efter 16 sekunder i en EM-kvalifikationskamp mod  Hun scorede desuden det udlignende mål i 1-1-kampen mod  9. marts 2016, der sikrede  deltagelse ved OL 2016, hvor holdet endte med at vinde sølvmedaljer.

Schough var med i truppen til slutspillet om VM 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Deltagere for Sverige ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Sverige
Olympiske medaljevindere i fodbold
Medaljevindere fra Sverige ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere fra Sverige ved sommer-OL 2020
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Olivia Schough


ටෙනිස් ක්‍රීඩාව යනු කේවල (තනි) හෝ යුගල වශයෙන් කෙරෙන ක්‍රීඩාවකි. මෙහි දී ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවන් කෙඳිවලින් නිමවන ලද පිත්තක් (racquet) හා ලෝමමය කවරයකින් වැසුණු රබර් බෝලයක් භාවිතා කරන අතර ප්‍රතිවාදී පිටියට දැලට උඩින් බෝලය පතිත කිරීම කරයි.
ටෙනිස් ක්‍රීඩාවේ මූලාරම්භය එක්සත් රාජධානිය වන අතර 19 වන ශත වර්ෂයේ දී තණ පිටියක කෙරෙන ක්‍රීඩාවක් ලෙස ඇරඹුනි. ලෝකයේ අනිත් රටවල් අතර පැතිරීමට පෙර ඉංග්‍රීසි කතා කරන ඉහළ පැලැන්තියේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකයන් අතරට මෙය ප්‍රචලිත විය. අද ටෙනිස් ක්‍රීඩාව කළ හැකිය. රැකට්ටුව නිවැරදිව භාවිතා කළ හැකි සියළු දෙනාටම සේම, රෝද පුටුවක යන ආබාධිතයින්ට වුව ද මෙය ක්‍රීඩා කළ හැකිය. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ද ක්‍රීඩා සංගමය විසින් ජාතික මට්ටමේ විද්‍යා පීඨයක් මේ සඳහා පිහිටුවා ඇත.
1970 දී හඳුන්වා දුන් තරඟ සම වූ අවස්ථාවක දිනුම්කරුවා තේරීමේ නීතිය හැරෙන්නට 1890 දී හඳුන්වා දුන් නීති රීති අදටත් එලෙසින්ම පවතී. මෑතක දී එක් කරන ලද ක්ෂණික නැවත විකාශය තාක්ෂණයෙන් ක්‍රීඩකයාට සිය ලකුණු පිළිබඳ අභියෝග කිරීමට නිත්‍යානුකූලව හැකිව ඇත.
මිලියන ගණනින් සිටිනා ටෙනිස් ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවන් අතර සේම මිලියන ගණනක් නරඹන ක්‍රීඩාවක් බවට ද මෙය පත්ව ඇත. විශේෂයෙන්ම (Grand Slam) තරඟාවලිය , ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු, ප්‍රංශ හා එක්සත් රජධානි විවෘත තරඟද, විම්බල්ඩන් ටෙනිස් ශූරතා තරඟයද නරඹන්නන් අතර ඉතා ජනප්‍රියයි. මෑත වසරවලදී නැ‍ගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ හා ඈත පෙරදිග රටවල ද මෙම ක්‍රීඩාව පැතිරීම විශේෂත්වයකි.

ක්‍රීඩා

ටෙනිස්


Mónica fue una serie de historietas de Manuel Vázquez, publicada en el suplemento infantil El Pequeño País en 1994 (números 666 a 675).

Argumento
Mónica se muestra como una niña solitaria y crítica, que difícilmente se integra con sus compañeros de colegio. Al igual que Gugú o Hermenegilda, entabla contacto con seres fantásticos (un hada o un extraterrestre).

Valoración
En opinión del crítico Enrique Martínez Peñaranda, Mónica recuerda a la Mafalda de Quino, pero sin su contenido político-social.

Como el resto de las series publicadas por Vázquez en El Pequeño País, destaca por la aplicación manual del color.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Historietas de España
Historieta infantil

Mónica (historieta de Vázquez)


Prinsesse Clementine af Belgien (Clémentine Albertine Marie Léopoldine; født 30 juli 1872 - død 8. marts 1955) var hustru til Napoléon Victor Bonaparte, tronprætendent til Frankrigs trone (som Napoleon V).

Prinsesser af Belgien
Prinsesser af Frankrig
Huset Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha

Clementine af Belgien


Ruby tombée du nid (Robin Robin) est un film britannique réalisé par Daniel Ojari et Michael Please, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Un œuf d'oiseau atterrit devant une famille de souris, d'où éclot la rouge-gorge fille Robin Robin ("Robin" est l'anglais pour robin). La famille des souris décide d'élever l'oiseau. Cela se termine avec Robin se prenant pour une souris et n'apprenant jamais à voler.

Lorsque Robin ruine une autre incursion de souris dans une maison humaine, elle doute qu'elle soit une souris. Bien que le père souris la défende, elle se sent coupable. La nuit, elle essaie de s'introduire dans une autre maison humaine. Là, elle rencontre la pie voleuse. Vous venez de réussir à échapper au chat une fois de plus. La pie conduit Robin dans sa tanière et lui montre les merveilles qu'elle a accumulées. En même temps, il raconte l'histoire d'un poinsettia au sommet d'un arbre qui garantit que les gens obtiennent des choses merveilleuses. Les deux décident d'envahir la maison humaine et de voler l'étoile. Cela fonctionne jusqu'à ce que Robin fasse à nouveau du bruit et se cache dans un hangar. C'est ainsi qu'elle attire l'attention du chat. Elle parvient à chasser le chat avec le feu, mais ce faisant, elle fait exploser tout le hangar.

De retour au refuge des parents, tout ce que souhaite Robin, ce n'est pas d'être une terrible souris, mais d'être une vraie souris. Le lendemain, la famille des souris apparaît. Mais juste au moment où la réunion est sur le point d'avoir lieu, le chat apparaît. Enfin, dans une épreuve de force, Robin réussit à vaincre le chat. Elle apprend aussi à voler.

Finalement, Robin, Magpie et la famille des souris partent ensemble à la recherche de miettes. Pendant que Robin distrait les gens, la pie bloque la porte avec une cuillère et les souris nettoient la table à manger.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Ruby tombée du nid
 Titre original : Robin Robin
 Réalisation : Daniel Ojari et Michael Please
 Scénario : Daniel Ojari, Michael Please et Sam Morrison
 Musique : Benedict Please et Beth Porter
 Photographie : Dave Alex Riddett
 Montage : Chris Morrell
 Production : Helen Argo
 Société de production : Aardman Animations
 Pays :  et
 Genre : Animation, aventure, comédie et film musical
 Durée : 32 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
Netflix :

Doublage
 Bronte Carmichael  : Robin
 Richard E. Grant  : Magpie
 Gillian Anderson  : le chat
 Adeel Akhtar  : papa Souris
 Amira Macey-Michael  : Dink
 Tom Pegler  : Pip
 Endeavour Clutterbuck  : Flynn
 Megan Harris  : Flin
 Vincent Mordente  : Fly'nn

 Source doublage : Behind the voice actors

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé à l'Oscar du meilleur court métrage d'animation, au NAACP Image Award du meilleur court métrage d'animation, au HCA Award du meilleur court métrage et au Hollywood Music in Media Award de la meilleure chanson pour un court métrage.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 2021
Film américain sorti en 2021
Film d'animation britannique
Film d'animation américain
Film d'aventure britannique
Film d'aventure américain
Film musical britannique de comédie
Film musical américain de comédie
Moyen métrage américain
Moyen métrage britannique
Moyen métrage d'animation
Film d'Aardman Animations
Film distribué par Netflix
Film de Noël
Film mettant en scène un oiseau
Film musical américain des années 2020

Ruby tombée du nid


الانتداب الفرنسي على لبنان أو الاحتلال الفرنسي للبنان (1920-1943) هي فترة حكم فرنسا للبنان التي نتجت عن الحرب العالمية الأولى وسقوط الامبراطورية العثمانية وبحسب تقسيمات اتفاقية سايكس-بيكو والتي تم تأييدها لاحقًا بقرارات من عصبة الأمم التي صدرت عام 1920 والتي أجازت نظام الانتداب على المناطق العثمانية المتفككة بحجة المساعدة في إنشاء مؤسسات للدول الجديدة. وفي ذلك الزمن، كانت متصرفية جبل لبنان مقاطعة عثمانية مستقلة عن بقية الولايات. فقام الفرنسيين بضم عدد من المدن الساحلية، جبل عامل، سهل البقاع والسهول الشمالية لتتوسع المتصرفية وتصبح ما أطلق عليه الجنرال غورو دولة لبنان الكبير. وبعد صراع سياسي، اتحد المسيحيون والمسلمين اللبنانيون معا فيما عرف بالميثاق الوطني اللبناني وأعلنوا استقلال لبنان تحت اسم الجمهورية اللبنانية. وأعلن عن استقلال لبنان عام 1943 وانسحبت القوات الفرنسية كليًا بحلول 17 نيسان 1946 (وهذا التاريخ يسمى عيد الجلاء في لبنان وسوريا احتفاءً بجلاء آخر جندي استعماري عن البلاد).

دولة لبنان الكبير
وفي 1 سبتمبر 1920 أعلن الجنرال غورو دولة لبنان الكبير بعد إعادة ترسيم الحدود بين البلاد التي كانت خاضعة للحكم العثماني ومن بينها سوريا ومتصرفية جبل لبنان معلنًا بيروت عاصمة لها. وتمثل علم الدولة في دمج علمي فرنسا ولبنان معًا. ووصفت الدولة الجديدة باسم لبنان الكبير على أساس إضافة البقاع وبعض القرى في عكار إلى المنطقة التي عرفت تاريخيًا بمتصرفية جبل لبنان الذاتية الحكم والتابعة للامبراطورية العثمانية.

وفي 23 مايو 1926 أقر مجلس الممثلين الدستور وأعلن قيام الجمهورية اللبنانية.

حكام لبنان خلال فترة الانتداب
خلال فترة الانتداب، فوضت فرنسا بعض رجالاتها لحكم وإدارة شؤون البلاد عرفوا بلقب المندوب السامي أو المفوض السامي. وكانوا على التوالي:

المفوضون الساميون

الحكام الفرنسيون

رؤساء لبنان خلال فترة الانتداب الفرنسي وتأسيس دولة لبنان الكبير

المفوضون العامون

إحصاء 1932
في عام 1932 أجرى الفرنسيون تعدادا لسكان لبنان الكبير عرف بإحصاء 1932. وهذا الإحصاء هو الوحيد الذي اعتمد والذي على أساسه يتم التوزيع الطائفي للمناصب الرسمية والمراكز العليا إلى حين قيام اتفاق الطائف. وكانت النتائج كالتالي:

المسيحيون

المسلمون

عدد سكان لبنان الكلي: 785,542 نسمة.

و بناء على نتيجة هذا الإحصاء تم توزيع السلطات والمناصب على الطوائف اللبنانية الذي أصبح عرفًا بحيث أعطيت رئاسة الجمهورية للموارنة، ورئاسة مجلس الوزراء للسنة ورئاسة مجلس النواب للشيعة. إلا أن اتفاق الطائف عدل بنسب المشاركة السياسية حيث جعلها مناصفة بين الطوائف إسلامية والمسيحية بدل من التفوق المسيحي.

اللبنانيون والصراع من أجل الاستقلال

معارضة المسلمين
كان مسلمو دولة لبنان الكبير قد رفضوا في أكثريتهم الدولة والكيان الوطني اللبناني عند نشوئه لثلاثة أسباب هي:
 لأن الدولة الجديدة جعلت منهم أقلية وهم الذين كانوا جزءً من الأكثرية المسلمة الحاكمة في العهد العثماني.
 لأنهم كانو يتمنون بعد الانسلاخ عن الدولة العثمانية الانضمام إلى دولة عربية برئاسة الأمير فيصل، تضم سوريا الكبرى أي سوريا الحالية ولبنان وفلسطين والأردن والعراق.
 لأنهم كانوا رافضين للانتداب الفرنسي على اعتبار أنه حكم دولة أوروبية أجنبية.

فلم تعترف الحركة الوطنية السورية وممثلوها في لبنان من الزعماء السياسيين المسلمين بالكيان اللبناني، وفي المفاوضات بين الحكومة الفرنسية والحركة الوطنية السورية في مطلع الثلاثينات اشترطت فرنسا أن تسلم الحركة الوطنية السورية بالكيان اللبناني لقاء توقيع معاهدة تعترف فيها فرنسا باستقلال سوريا ولبنان. ولقد قبل ممثلو الحركة الوطنية هذا الشرط الأمر الذي أحدث تصدعًا في صفوف السياسيين المسلمين الداعين للوحدة مع سوريا في لبنان وراح بعضهم يتلبنن مثل خير الدين الأحدب والبعض الآخر يبحث عن صيغة للتوفيق بين ولائه القومي العربي وبين اعترافه بالكيان اللبناني مثل رياض الصلح  وبشارة الخوري. ومن عام 1930 إلى عام 1943 راحت صيغة رياض الصلح / بشارة الخوري وغيرهم من طلاب الاستقلال تتبلور، إلى أن تحولت إلى ما سمي بالميثاق الوطني اللبناني، وهو يقوم على المعادلة التالية:
 من أجل بلوغ الاستقلال على المسيحيين أن يتنازلوا عن مطلب حماية فرنسا لهم وأن يتنازل المسلمون عن طلب الانضمام إلى الداخل السوري.

ثورة بشامون
في بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية وبعد أن بدأت فرنسا تسترسل بالطغيان والسيطرة على المراكز الحساسة مما جعل الحكومة اللبنانية سنة 1943 تتقدم إلى المفوضية الفرنسية مطالبة بتعديل الدستور بما ينسجم مع الأوضاع. وكان هذا الطلب بدعم من البريطانيين الذين حكموا فلسطين والأردن والعراق. وفي 21 سبتمبر من السنة نفسها فاز بشارة الخوري بالانتخابات وأصبح رئيساً للجمهورية وألف حكومته رياض الصلح وأعلنوا الاستقلال التام وحولت مشروع تعديل الدستور إلى المجلس النيابي، وأعتبر هذا القرار تحديا سافرًا للمفوض السامي مما جعله يأمر بتعليق الدستور وأرسل ضباطًا إلى رئيس الجمهورية فاعتقلوه مع رئيس وزرائه وبعض الوزراء والزعماء الوطنيين مثل عادل عسيران، كميل شمعون، عبد الحميد كرامي وسليم تقلا وحجزوهم في قلعة راشيا. عندها قام رئيس المجلس النيابي آنذاك صبري حماده وبعض النواب باجتماع مصغر في قرية صغيرة هي بشامون وألفوا حكومة مؤقتة ورفع العلم اللبناني الذي تكون من ثلاث أقسام الأحمر، الأبيض وفي الوسط ضمن اللون الأبيض شجرة أرز خضراء. وقد أدى هذا النضال إلى استقلال لبنان بتاريخ 22 نوفمبر 1943 وبعد ذلك دعم لبنان نفسه بمشاركته بتاسيس هيئة الأمم المتحدة سنة 1945 وجامعة الدول العربية سنة 1947.

استقلال لبنان

أعلن استقلال لبنان عن فرنسا في 22 نوفمبر 1943 وتم الاعتراف به في 1 يناير 1944. وانسحبت القوات الفرنسية في 1946 معلنة انتهاء الانتداب على لبنان.

المراجع

 آل الصلح صنعوا استقلال لبنان بانفصالهم عن سورية
 تاريخ العلاقات اللبنانية - السورية منذ عام 1920
 مقابلة مع دولة رئيس مجلس النواب عادل عسيران
 Lebanon Statesmen (Translated)
 تاريخ لبنان السياسي كما يرويه ريمون إده

أنظمة حكم ما بين الحربين العالميتين
الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان
انتدابات عصبة الأمم
انحلالات سنة 1943 في آسيا
دول سابقة في الشرق الأوسط
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1946
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1920
سياسة لبنان
كيانات سياسية منحلة ما بين الحربين العالميتين

الانتداب الفرنسي على لبنان


තුර්කි සමූහාණ්ඩුව යුරෝපියානු රටක් වන අතර එය බටහිර ආසියා ඇනටෝ‍ලියන් අර්ධද්වීපය ට්‍රේස් ගිනිකොණ යුරෝප‍ය දක්වා විහිදේ. එහි මායිමේ රටවල් 08 ක් වන වයඹ දෙසින් බල්ගේරියාව, බටහිරින් ග්‍රීසිය,ඊසාන දෙසින් අමේනියා අසබයිජාන්,නැගෙනහිරින් බටහිර ඉරානය, ගිනිකොණ දෙසින් ඉරාකය සහ සිරියාව, දකුණු දෙසින් මධ්‍යධරණී මුහුද හා සයිප්‍රසය, බටහිර දෙසින් එයිගියන් මුහුද සහ උතුරින් කළු මුහුදට අයත් වේ. ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් ජනවාර්ගික තුර්කි හා කර්ටිස් වේ.එරට ප්‍රබලතම ආගම වන්නේ ඉස්ලාම්ය. රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව වන්නේ තුර්කිය. අගනුවර අන්කරා වේ.තුර්කිය ඔටෝමන් අධිරාජ්‍ය‍යේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයෙකි. එය ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදි ලෞකික එකමුතු ව්‍යවස්ථදායක සමූහාණ්ඩුවකි. 1923 මුස්තෆා කොමාල්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් දේශපාලන පද්ධතිය පිහිටුවන ලදී. ඉන්පසු තුර්කිය බටහිර හා සමඟ බද්ධ වි ඇති අතර යුරෝපා කවුන්සිලය, නේටෝ, ඕ.ඊ.සී.ඩී (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), ඔ.එ.ස්.සී.ඊ (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) සහ ජි විස්ස කණ්ඩායම යන සමුළුවල සාමාජිකත්වය දරයි.2005 වර්ෂයේ යුරෝපානු සංගමය සමඟ සම්පූර්ණ සාමාජිකත්වය සඳහා සාකච්ඡා කර ඇත. 1963 සිට යුරෝපානු ආර්ථික කමිටුවේ සහකාර සාමාජිකයෙක් හා 1995 ආචාර සංගම් එකඟතාවයකට පැමිණියහ. මෙරට නැගෙනහිර ආසියාව,මැදපෙරදිග,තුර්කික් රාජ්‍යය මධ්‍යම ආසියාව සමඟ සංස්කෘතික, දේශපාලන ආර්ථික හා කාර්මික සබඳතාවයන් ගොඩනගා ඇත.

Gallery

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

තුර්කිය


Sherman Oaks is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California located in the San Fernando Valley, founded in 1927. The neighborhood includes a portion of the Santa Monica Mountains, which gives Sherman Oaks a lower population density than some other areas in Los Angeles.

History

A partner of the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company, Gen. Moses Hazeltine Sherman developed Sherman Oaks. The company had subdivided  of land that would become Sherman Oaks. In 1927, each acre was sold for $780. Sherman's other major venture was the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad.

In 1991, a group of  homeowners living in the Chandler Estates area successfully petitioned former Los Angeles City Councilmember Zev Yaroslavsky to re-draw the boundaries of Sherman Oaks from Magnolia to Burbank Blvd to the north, and from Coldwater Canyon to Van Nuys Blvd to the west, with the goal of including their neighborhood. This request was nothing new to the San Fernando Valley; other neighborhoods had either sought to change their names, or sought to attach themselves onto more affluent neighborhoods. Residents in the area argued, however, that the area was originally part of Sherman Oaks, but was labeled Van Nuys instead through the creation of ZIP codes in 1962; a resident produced a property deed to buttress the case.

Just a few weeks after the Chandler Estates area successfully seceded from Van Nuys, Magnolia Woods, a 45 block area bordered by Van Nuys Boulevard on the east and the San Diego Freeway on the west, and between Burbank and Magnolia Boulevards, also successfully petitioned Los Angeles City council member Marvin Braude to secede from Van Nuys and join Sherman Oaks. Petitioners in the area argued that their neighborhood was also part of Sherman Oaks, though they were only able to produce 22 deeds showing so. As a result of this change, Van Nuys Middle School became separated from its namesake neighborhood.

Finally, in 2009, the Los Angeles City council voted to redraw neighborhood boundaries again to allow an area of about 1,800 homes in Van Nuys to be included.

The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused damage in the surrounding area. The Community Redevelopment Agency sought to manage the rebuilding efforts. The homeowners in the Sherman Oaks area later won a lawsuit to prevent the agency from managing efforts.

Geography and climate
The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Studio City to the east, Van Nuys to the north, Encino to the west, Bel Air and Beverly Hills Post Office to the south.

Demographics

2010
As of the 2010 census, according to the San Fernando Valley Almanac, Sherman Oaks had a population of 52,677 people and 25,255 households. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 82% non-Hispanic white, 5% Asian American and 3% African American; 11% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Other races made up less than 1%.

2000
The Los Angeles Times reported that the 2000 U.S. census counted 61,166 residents in the 9.15-square-mile Sherman Oaks neighborhood, including a wide swath of the Santa Monica Mountains—or 6,687 people per square mile, among the lowest population densities for the city. In 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 65,436.

In 2000, the percentages of residents aged 19 to 49 and 65 and older were among the county's highest. The percentages of divorced residents and of widows were among the county's highest. The average household size of two people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 58.9% of the housing stock and house- or apartment-owners held 41.1%.

The neighborhood was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically within Los Angeles, with a high percentage of white residents. The breakdown was whites, 73.8%; Latinos, 11.8%; Asians, 5.7%; blacks, 4.4%; and others, 4.4%.  Iran (14.1%) and Mexico (8.8%) were the most common places of birth for the 26.2% of the residents who were born abroad—an average percentage for Los Angeles.

The neighborhood had a median household income of $69,651 in 2008, which was high for the city of Los Angeles but about average for the county as a whole. (Median household income reports the amount of money earned by the household that falls exactly in the middle of the pack.) The percentage of households that earned $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County.

Government and infrastructure

Local government
Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 88 Sherman Oaks and Station 102 South Van Nuys/Valley Glen in Sherman Oaks. In addition the department operates Fire Station 78, which serves Sherman Oaks, in Studio City.

The Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6240 Sylmar Avenue, 91401, serving the community.

County, state, and federal representation
The United States Postal Service Sherman Oaks Post Office is located at 14900 Magnolia Boulevard.

Politics
Richard Close, the president of the Sherman Oaks Homeowners Association, said that in 1978 the neighborhood played a key role in the drive for Proposition 13 and in 2002 was the epicenter of an unsuccessful San Fernando Valley secession movement.

Economy

 My Gym Children's Fitness Center, a worldwide children's fitness center has headquarters at Sherman Oaks.

Education

Forty-five percent of Sherman Oaks residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a high percentage for both the city and the county. The percentage of those residents with a master's degree or higher was also high for the County.

LAUSD schools within the Sherman Oaks boundary include:
 Van Nuys Middle School. The school was in the Van Nuys community until 1991, when City Council member Marvin Braude directed that a 45-block area that included the school be renamed as part of Sherman Oaks. The school continued to use the name "Van Nuys Middle".
 Kester Avenue Elementary School
 Chandler Elementary School
 Louis Armstrong Middle School
 Sherman Oaks Elementary
 Dixie Canyon Avenue Elementary
 Riverside Drive Elementary School

Charter schools within the Sherman Oaks boundary include:
 Ivy Bound Academy for Math, Science, and Technology on Morrison Street
 Community Harvest Charter School, closed in 2012

Portions of Sherman Oaks, including Magnolia Woods, are zoned to Van Nuys High School in Van Nuys. Other portions are zoned to Grant High School in Valley Glen.

Scott Glover of the Los Angeles Times stated in 1993 "many Sherman Oaks residents do not have school-age children, and many others send their children to private schools".

Private schools include:
 Notre Dame High School
 The Buckley School
 Village Glen School

Libraries
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Sherman Oaks Branch, also known as the Sherman Oaks Martin Pollard Branch. The library was renamed in 1970, as a tribute to Martin Pollard, owner of a nearby auto dealership.

Parks and recreation
The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Park is in Sherman Oaks. Dinah Eng of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 2002 that the park "is a popular site for family gatherings". The park has an auditorium, two lighted baseball diamonds, six unlighted baseball diamonds, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a 60-person community room, a lighted American football field, an indoor gymnasium without weights, picnic tables, a lighted soccer (football) field, and lighted tennis courts. Located in the same place as the park, the Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Pool is a seasonal outdoor heated swimming pool.

The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Senior Citizen Center (also known as Bernardi Center), also on the park grounds, has an auditorium and multi-purpose room; its banquet capacity is 200 and its assembly capacity is 300. The senior center also has two community/meeting rooms; one can hold 50 people and one can hold 30 people. The senior center has two kitchens, a play area, a shuffle board place, a stage, and two storage rooms. The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Tennis Courts facility in the Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Park has eight courts.

In addition, the city operates the Sherman Oaks Castle Park with arcade, batting cages, and miniature golf facilities, in Sherman Oaks.

Notable people

 Paula Abdul, entertainer, singer, television personality
 Baba Ali, comedian
 Rami Malek, actor
 Jennifer Aniston, actress, born in Sherman Oaks
 Drew Barrymore, actress
 Noah Beery Jr., actor
 LeVar Burton, actor
 June Christy, singer
 Andrew Dice Clay, comedian and actor
 James Dean, actor
 David Dobrik, YouTube personality
 Clint Eastwood, actor, film director
 Michael Erush (born 1984), soccer player and coach
 Charles Esten, actor
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt, actor and filmmaker
 Ben Gottschalk (born 1992), NFL football offensive linesman
 Brian Grazer, film and television producer
 Melissa Joan Hart, actress
 Marsha Hunt (1917–2022), actress, model, and activist
 Jenn Im, YouTube personality
 Michael B. Jordan, actor
 Shia LaBeouf, actor
 Sondra Locke (1944–2018), actress, film director
 Demi Lovato, singer, songwriter, and actress
 Jeannie Mai, television personality, stylist, talk show host
 Jenna Marbles, YouTube personality
 Bridget Marquardt, actress
 Christopher Mayer, actor
 Duff McKagan, musician
 Tana Mongeau, YouTube personality
 Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Elizabeth Olsen, actresses
 Bill Paparian, mayor of Pasadena, California
 Luke Perry (1966–2019), actor
 Yasiel Puig, baseball player
 Chuck Riley, voice actor
 Jean Rogers, actor
 Herbert Ryman, Disney artist and imagineer.
 Charlie Sheen, actor
 Brad Sherman, U.S. congressman
 Warren Stevens, actor
 Ryan Turell (born 1999), basketball player for the G-League Motor City Cruise, Yeshiva University.
 Jaiden Animations (born 1997), YouTuber and animator
 Alpharad (born 1995), YouTuber, esports personality, and musician

In popular culture
The TV series Sherman Oaks appeared on the USA network from 1995 to 1997. It followed plastic surgeon Dr. Sanford Baker and his family as they were filmed by a young documentary filmmaker.

The series Never Have I Ever, and  Black-ish are set in Sherman Oaks.

In the TV series Two and a Half Men, Alan Harper owns a house in Sherman Oaks, from which his wife ejects him. The TV series It's Garry Shandling's Show (1986–1990) takes place in Sherman Oaks.

References

External links

 Sherman Oaks Neighborhood Council
 Sherman Oaks Chamber of Commerce
 Sherman Oaks crime map and statistics, Los Angeles Times
 Colored map, Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
 View of Sherman Oaks valley, from a home on Round Valley Drive, Sherman Oaks, 1934. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Communities in the San Fernando Valley
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains
Populated places established in 1927
1927 establishments in California

Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles


جل الديب هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء المتن في محافظة جبل لبنان.

تبعد جل الديب - بقنايا 8 كلم (4.9712 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع 10 م (32.81 قدم - 10.936 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 149 هكتاراً (1.49 كلم²- 0.57514 مي²).

أعلام
 نعيم أبو جودة

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء المتن
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

جل الديب


Britanya Yayın Kuruluşu ya da BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Birleşik Krallık merkezli olarak Britanya Kraliyeti himaye ve finansal desteğiyle faaliyet gösteren uluslararası yayın kuruluşudur. Kuruluşundan 1954'e kadar televizyon, 1972'ye kadar da radyo yayınları alanında tekel konumunu korumuştur. Merkezi Londra'da bulunur.

Tarih
I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra İngiliz radyoculuğunun öncülüğünü daha çok ticari firmalar üstlendi. British Broadcasting Company, Ltd. 1922'de özel bir şirket olarak kuruldu. 1925'te tasfiye edilen şirketin yerini 1927'de bir kamu kuruluşu olarak kurulan British Broadcasting Corporation aldı. BBC, parlamentoya karşı sorumlu olmakla birlikte çalışmalarını bağımsızlıkla sürdürür. Yönetim kurulu Birleşik Krallık hükümdarınca atanır.

BBC'ye verilen ilk berat, İngiltere'de yayıncılığın bütün alanlarını kapsayan bir  tekeli öngörüyordu. 1927-1938 arasında BBC'nin genel yönetmenliğini yapan John Reith (sonradan Lord Reith) kuruluşun ilk yıllarında önemli bir rol oynadı. İmparatorluk çapında kısa dalga yayınları başlattı. 1936'da ilk televizyon yayınlarının geliştirilmesi çalışmalarını yönetti. Reith'in, yayıncılığı kamu hizmeti olarak gören anlayışı İngiltere'de çok benimsendi.

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kesintiye uğrayan televizyon yayınları, 1946'da yeniden başladı. BBC Avrupa'daki ilk düzenli renkli televizyon yayınlarını 1967'de başlattı. 1954'e kadar televizyon alanında tekelini korudu. BBC'nin radyo alanındaki tekeli de 1970'lerin başlarında hükûmetin ticari yayınlara izin vermesi ile son buldu.

BBC, gelirini televizyon ve radyo alıcıları için ödenen yıllık ruhsat ücretlerinden sağlar. BBC kuruluş beratı uyarınca reklam yapmaz ya da finansmanı başkalarınca karşılanmış programları yayınlayamaz. Hükûmet politikalarına ve günlük sorunlara ilişkin konularda kendi görüşlerini yayınlamaktan kaçınmak ve yansız davranmak zorundadır.

Harcamalar
BBC 2005-2006 mali yılında  harcamaları iki formda gruplandırır.

Her bir lisans ücreti harcaması aylık toplamı dağılım aşağıdaki gibidir:

Toplam haberleşme harcaması 2005-2006 gibi verilir:

Ayrıca bakınız
 Guy Goma, BBC'ye bir internet dergisi editörünün yerine yanlışlıkla canlı yayın konuğu olarak çıkartılan Kongolu taksi şoförü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 BBC Ana Sayfası
 BBC Türkçe Servisi

Birleşik Krallık merkezli devlet şirketleri
Uluslararası medya kuruluşları
BAFTA Los Angeles Britanya Ödülleri sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri

BBC


An Aloe trichosantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alwin Berger. An Aloe trichosantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. t. longiflora
 A. t. trichosantha

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe trichosantha


The chief of staff of the Army (CSA) is a statutory position in the United States Army held by a general officer. As the highest-ranking officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army, the chief is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the secretary of the Army. In a separate capacity, the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff () and, thereby, a military advisor to the National Security Council, the secretary of defense, and the president of the United States. The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the U.S. Army unless the chairman or the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers.

The chief of staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon. While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper (which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense), the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army.

The current Chief of Staff of the Army is General Randy A. George, who was sworn in on 21 September 2023, having previously served as acting CSA from 4 August.

Appointment
The chief of staff of the Army is nominated for appointment by the president, for a four-year term of office, and must be confirmed by the Senate. The chief can be reappointed to serve one additional term, but only during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress. By statute, the chief is appointed as a four-star general.

The chief has an official residence, Quarters 1 at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, Virginia.

Responsibilities
The senior leadership of the Department of the Army consists of two civilians—the secretary of the Army (head of the department and subordinate to the secretary of defense) and the under secretary of the Army—and two military officers—the chief of staff of the Army and the vice chief of staff of the Army.

The chief reports directly to the secretary of the Army for army matters and assists in the Secretary's external affairs functions, including presenting and enforcing army policies, plans, and projections. The chief also directs the inspector general of the Army to perform inspections and investigations as required. In addition, the chief presides over the Army Staff and represents Army capabilities, requirements, policy, plans, and programs in Joint forums. Under delegation of authority made by the secretary of the Army, the chief designates army personnel and army resources to the commanders of the unified combatant commands. The chief performs all other functions enumerated in  under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of the Army, or delegates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in his administration in his name. Like the other service counterparts, the chief has no operational command authority over army forces, dating back to the passage of the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. The chief is served by a number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Army, such as G-1, Personnel. The chief's base pay is $21,147.30 per month and also received a Personal Money Allowance (Monthly Amount) of $333.33, a basic allowance for subsistence of $253.38, and a basic allowance for housing from $50.70 to $1,923.30.

History
Until 1903, the senior military officer in the army was the Commanding General of the United States Army, who reported to the Secretary of War. From 1864 to 1865, Major General Henry Halleck (who had previously been Commanding General) served as "Chief of Staff of the Army" under the Commanding General, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, thus serving in a different office and not as the senior officer in the army.

The first chief of staff moved his headquarters to Fort Myer in 1908.

List of chiefs of staff of the Army
The rank listed is the rank when serving in the office.

Timeline

See also
 Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
 Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer
 Sergeant Major of the Army

References

Citations

Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Hewes Jr., James E. From Root to McNamara: Army Organization and Administration, 1900–1963 (1975) .
 Semsch, Philip L. "Elihu Root and the General Staff." Military Affairs (1963): 16–27.
 Skowronek, Stephen. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 (Cambridge University Press, 1982) pp 212–247.
 - full text
 White, Richard D. "Civilian management of the military: Elihu Root and the 1903 reorganization of the army general staff." Journal of Management History (1998) 4#1 (1998), pp. 43–59.

External links

Joint Chiefs of Staff
United States Army organization
United States
1903 establishments in the United States


Eğlence
 Parti, doğum, doğum günü, ilk maaş gibi bir vesileyle yapılan kutlamaya verilen isimdir.

Medya
 Parti (şarkı) (2006), Mor ve Ötesi'nin Büyük Düşler albümünde yer alan, Türkiye siyasetini eleştiren parçası.
 Parti (şarkı) (2014), maNga'nın Işıkları Söndürseler Bile albümünde yer alan parçası.

 Parti (grup), rock tarzında müzik icra eden bir müzik grubu.

Sanat
 Parti (tiyatro oyunu), Cem Uslu'nun yazdığı, ilk olarak EKİP Tiyatrosu tarafından 2012 yılında, 18. İstanbul Tiyatro Festivali'nde sahnelenen tiyatro oyunu.

Siyaset
 Siyasi parti (eskiden fırka, farklı görüşe sahip topluluk), benzer siyasi görüşleri paylaşan kişilerin bir ülkenin yönetiminde söz sahibi olmak üzere kurdukları örgütlere verilen isimdir.

Teknoloji

 Tatlı Budala (film), 1968 ABD yapımı filmdir. Özgün adı The Partydir.

Parti


Alacaoğlu, Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1904 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Tekirdağ'ın Hayrabolu ilçesine bağlıyken, 27 Haziran 1957'de Kırklareli'nin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 75 km, Lüleburgaz ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Lüleburgaz belde ve köyleri

Alacaoğlu, Lüleburgaz


الأمير مساعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (1341هـ / 1922 - 1 ذو القعدة 1433 هـ / 17 سبتمبر 2012) الابن الثاني للملك سعود ولد بالرياض في عام 1341 هـ، نشأ تحت رعاية والده وعمته وذلك بعد وفاة والدته، درس في مدرسة القصر وهو من الجيل الثاني، ومدرسة القصر معروفة حاليًا باسم مدرسة الأمراء، وحفظ القرآن وجزءاً من أحاديث الرسول.

مناصبه
 أمير منطقة تبوك (الفترة الأولى)
 سفير المملكة لدى دولة الكويت
 وكيل وزارة الدفاع والطيران
 أمير منطقة تبوك (الفترة الثانية)
 نائب الرئيس العام لرعاية الشباب 1384 هـ (خمسة أيام)
 رئيس الهيئة العامة لرعاية الأيتام

حياته
بعد أن أنهى تعليمه وتخرج من مدرسة الأمراء في عام 1355 هـ، عينه والده في عام 1356 هـ أميرًا لمنطقة تبوك. وفي أثناء ولايته لإمارة تبوك شهدت تبوك زيادة سكانية فعمل في توسعة بنيتها التحتية فتوسعت مدينة تبوك بمؤسسات وخدمات ومدارس وأشياء أخرى كثيرة. وبقي أميرًا لها حتى عام 1360 هـ.

وفي عام 1360 هـ عينه والده بمنصب آخر وهو سفير المملكة لدى الكويت فأمضى في منصبه تسعة أعوام. وفي عام 1369 هـ كلفه والده بمنصب وكيل وزارة الدفاع والطيران وأثناء ذلك كلف بمنصب وزير النقل بالنيابة إضافة لمنصبه وكيلًا لوزارة الدفاع والطيران حتى عام 1378 هـ.

وفي عام 1378 هـ عاد إلى إمارة تبوك، وبنى فيها مصانع ومطار تبوك الإقليمي (مطار الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز الإقليمي) كما قام بتوسعة لكثير من المؤسسات في تبوك وأسس أخرى ودشن بعضها وبقي في هذه الوظيفة حتى عام 1384 هـ، عندما أمر الملك فيصل بإعفائه منها. تُوفي خارج المملكة عن عمر يناهز (85) عامًا يوم الاثنين 11 ذو القعدة 1433 هـ الموافق 17 سبتمبر 2012.

أعماله الأخرى
وفي ذو الحجة من عام 1384 هـ عين نائبًا لرعاية الشباب وتركها بعد خمس أيام من توليه فقط، ثم ذهب مع أخويه فهد بن سعود وماجد بن سعود إلى اليونان مع والدهم الملك سعود، وعند وفاته عام 1969 كان الأمير مساعد بن سعود أول من اكتشف وفاة والده الملك سعود في اليونان حيث قال:
كنت نائمًا مع والدي في عام 1388 هـ في 5 ذو الحجة وأنا نائم في حلمي سمعت نبضة قلب فاستيقظت ظننت أن والدي بخير فرأيته لا يتنفس فلمست قلبه فإذا به لا ينبض فعرفت أنه قد مات.
عند ذلك أخبر إخوته بوفاة والده، وقام إخوته بالاتصال برئيس اليونان لإخباره بالوفاة. وتولّى الأمير مساعد بن سعود إخبار الملك فيصل وولي العهد فطلب الملك من رئيس اليونان نقله إلى مكة المكرمة بسبب الحج فوصل الفقيد مكة المكرمة وخلفه أبناءه الثلاث ثم أمر الملك فيصل بنقله إلى الرياض ودفنه في مقبرة العود في 7 ذو الحجة. وقد سأله الملك وولي العهد عن كيفية وفاته فأخبرهم.

وقد تولّى الأمير مساعد بن سعود منصب رئيس الهيئة العامة لرعاية الأيتام، فبقي فيها حتى أحيل إلى التقاعد في عام 1419 هـ. وبقي مبتعدًا عن المشاركة بالحياة السياسية حتى توفي.

أسرته
تزوج كلًا من:

 الأميرة منيرة بنت سعود الكبير. والدة الأمير فيصل، الأميرة نورة، الأمير عبد العزيز، الأمير تركي، الأميرة منال، الأميرة مشاعل، الأميرة نورة، والأميرة سارة.
 الأميرة صنتة بنت رحيان بن محسن الجبيري (من قبيلة علوى من مطير). والدة الأمير خالد.

 الأميرة البندري بنت إبراهيم الأحيدب. (متوفيه) وصلي عليها يوم الأربعاء الموافق 8/ 4/ 1444هـ، بعد صلاة العصر في جامع الإمام تركي بن عبد الله في مدينة الرياض. والدة الأمير سعود.

 الأميرة نوير بنت فرج آل مترك القحطاني (متوفاة؛ وصلي عليها بعد صلاة عصر يوم الأحد الموافق 11 ربيع الأول 1435 هـ في جامع الإمام تركي بن عبد الله بالرياض). والدة الأمير نواف، الأمير متعب، والأميرة مها.
 الأميرة هند بنت حسن بن علي خليل (متوفاة؛ وصلي عليها بعد صلاة عصر يوم الأحد الموافق 26 ربيع الأول 1438 هـ في جامع الإمام تركي بن عبد الله بالرياض). والدة الأميرة نوف، والأميرة مضاوي.
 الأميرة فاتن بنت ناشي بن عديس العتيبي. والدة الأمير فهد، الأمير وليد، الأمير نايف، الأميرة العنود، والأميرة غادة.
 الأميرة عزيزة بنت صالح بن إسماعيل عليان. والدة الأميرة جواهر، والأميرة موضي.

أبنائه
 الأمير خالد. وله من الأبناء الأمير سعود، الأمير مساعد (متزوج من الأميرة الجوهرة بنت خالد بن عبد الرحمن بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وله من الأبناء الأميرة الجازي، الأميرة هيا، والأمير خالد والامير سلطان والامير عبدالرحمن)، الأمير سلطان (متزوج من كريمة عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن أحمد السديري)، الأميرة خلود، الأميرة بيان (متزوجة من الأمير منصور بن نايف بن فيصل بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود)، الأمير عبد العزيز، الأميرة نورة، والأميرة نجود.
 الأمير فيصل. وله من الأبناء الأمير عبد الله، الأميرة آنا، الأمير سعود، الأميرة أجواء، الأميرة تالا، الأميرة منيرة، والأمير عبد العزيز.
 الأميرة نورة.
 الأمير فهد. وله من الأبناء الأمير فيصل، الأمير ماجد، الأميرة فهدة، الأميرة فاتن، الأمير محمد، الأمير عبد العزيز، الأميرة سارة، والأمير سعود.
 الأمير تركي. وله من الأبناء الأمير بندر (متزوج من كريمة الأمير سعود بن خالد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله آل سعود)، الأميرة نورة (متزوجة من الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن سلمان بن عبد الرحمن آل خليفة)، والأميرة سارة.
 الأمير عبد العزيز. وله من الأبناء الأمير مساعد، الأمير سعود، الأميرة الجوهرة، الأميرة ليان، الأميرة نورة، الأمير سلطان، الأميرة منيرة، الأمير نايف، والأميرة مشاعل.
 الأميرة منال.
 الأميرة العنود.
 الأمير وليد. وله من الأبناء الأمير خالد، الأميرة العنود، الأميرة نورة، الأميرة نوف، الأميرة نجلاء، الأميرة سلطانة، الأمير سعود (متزوج من الأميرة نوف بنت فهد العجمي وله من البنات الأميرة سارة)، والأمير عبد العزيز. له كريمة متزوجة من الأمير جلوي بن فهد بن محمد بن تركي آل سعود، وله كريمة متزوجة من الشيخ سعود بن عبد الله بن راشد آل خليفة.
 الأمير نواف. وله من الأبناء الأمير مساعد (متزوج من كريمة الأمير تركي بن سعد بن سعود بن مقرن آل سعود)، الأميرة مي، الأميرة الهنوف، الأميرة نوف، الأمير عبد العزيز، الأمير فهد، والأمير سعود (متزوج من كريمة عبد الله بن معيذر المعيذر).
 الأميرة مضاوي.
 الأميرة جواهر.
 الأميرة موضي.
 الأمير نايف. وله من الأبناء الأمير سعود، الأميرة ضي، والأميرة غادة.
 الأميرة مها. متزوجة من الأمير نايف بن فيصل بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ولها من الأبناء الأمير عبد الرحمن (متزوج من الأميرة مضاوي بنت عبد العزيز بن مقرن بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وله من الأبناء الأمير نايف، الأميرة عبير، والأميرة مها)، الأمير منصور (متزوج من الأميرة بيان بنت خالد بن مساعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وله من الأبناء الأمير خالد، والأميرة الجازي)، الأمير مساعد (متزوج من الأميرة جواهر بنت فهد العجمي وله من الأبناء الأميرة الجازي، والأمير عبد العزيز)، الأمير فيصل، والأميرة نايفة (متزوجة من الأمير الوليد بن خالد بن عبد الله بن فهد الفرحان آل سعود ولها من البنات الأميرة مها، والأميرة لولو).
 الأمير سعود. متزوج من كريمة الشيخ زيد بن ناصر المليحي.
 الأميرة مشاعل. متزوجة من الأمير فواز بن ناصر بن فهد الفرحان آل سعود.
 الأمير متعب متزوج من الاميره نوف عبد اللطيف ال الشيخ وله من لابناء الاميره العنود، الأمير سعود والاميره هيفاء .
 الأميرة غادة.

وفاته
في يوم الإثنين الأول من شهر ذو القعدة 1433 هـ الموافق 17 سبتمبر 2012 صدر عن الديوان الملكي البيان التالي:

.

المراجع

أبناء سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أمراء منطقة تبوك
سفراء السعودية لدى الكويت
مدفونون في مقبرة العود
مواليد 1346 هـ
مواليد 1927
مواليد في الرياض
وفيات 1433 هـ
وفيات 2012

مساعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Jakob 2. () (født , død 3. august 1460) var konge af Skotland fra 1437 til 1460.

Han var den eneste overlevende søn af sin forgænger kong Jakob 1. og Joan Beaufort. Han besteg tronen ved sin fars død i 1437.

Jakob 2. giftede sig i 1449 med Maria af Geldern. Han blev efterfulgt af sin søn Jakob 3.

Se også
Skotlands historie
Skotlands regenter

Kilder

Eksterne links

Konger af Skotland
Huset Stuart
Fyrster fra middelalderen
Briter i 1400-tallet

Jakob 2. af Skotland


Marjorie Augusta Gateson (* 17. Januar 1891 in Brooklyn, New York; † 17. April 1977 ebenda) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.

Leben
Marjorie Gateson wurde 1891 als Tochter von Augusta Virginia, einer Sprechlehrerin, und Daniel T. Gateson, einem Unternehmer, in Brooklyn geboren. Ihr Großvater mütterlicherseits war John D. Kennedy, der Pfarrer an der St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Brooklyn war. Gateson, die mit zwei Brüdern und einer Schwester aufwuchs, besuchte das Packer Collegiate Institute und das Brooklyn Conservatory of Music, an dem ihre Mutter Sprechunterricht gab. Durch ihre Mutter entdeckte sie frühzeitig ihre Liebe zum Theater. 1912 stand sie für Walter Damroschs Musical The Dove of Peace erstmals am New Yorker Broadway auf der Bühne, wo sie bis 1930 regelmäßig als Darstellerin vor allem in Musikkomödien auftrat.

1931 ging sie nach Hollywood, wo sie fortan häufig in Nebenrollen als Dame der feinen Gesellschaft zum Einsatz kam. In der Kriminalkomödie Der Frauenheld spielte sie 1933 neben James Cagney. Ein Jahr später war sie auch neben Joan Crawford und Clark Gable in Clarence Browns Filmdrama In goldenen Ketten (1934) zu sehen. Weitere Auftritte hatte sie in Seine Sekretärin (1936) mit Jean Harlow und Clark Gable, in Geronimo, die Geißel der Prärie (1939) sowie in den beiden Filmmusicals Reich wirst du nie (1941) und The Sky's the Limit (1943). Ende der 1940er Jahre wandte sie sich dem US-amerikanischen Fernsehen zu, wo sie das folgende Jahrzehnt hauptsächlich tätig war. 1954 trat sie in einer Aufführung des Musicals Show Boat ein letztes Mal am Broadway auf.

Aufgrund eines Schlaganfalls musste Gateson ihre Schauspielkarriere vorzeitig beenden. Sie starb 1977 im Alter von 86 Jahren an einer Lungenentzündung in New York. Sie wurde in Maspeth auf dem Mount Olivet Cemetery beigesetzt.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1931: Beloved Bachelor
 1932: Street of Women
 1932: Thirteen Women
 1932: Silberdollar (Silver Dollar)
 1933: Urlaub vom Thron (The King's Vacation)
 1933: Employees' Entrance
 1933: Lilly Turner
 1933: Verschollen in New York (Bureau of Missing Persons)
 1933: Der Frauenheld (Lady Killer)
 1934: In goldenen Ketten (Chained)
 1936: Ausgerechnet Weltmeister (The Milky Way)
 1936: Seine Sekretärin (Wife vs. Secretary)
 1936: Frauenehre (Private Number)
 1937: First Lady
 1939: Geronimo, die Geißel der Prärie (Geronimo)
 1941: Reich wirst du nie (You'll Never Get Rich)
 1941: Seitenstraße (Back Street)
 1941: Moonlight in Hawaii
 1943: Keine Zeit für Liebe (No Time for Love)
 1943: The Sky's the Limit
 1943: Der Tolpatsch und die Schöne (I Dood It)
 1944: Ever Since Venus
 1953: Der Tolpatsch (The Caddy)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Person (Brooklyn)
Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1977
Frau

Marjorie Gateson


An Eragrostis bahiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Jakob Roemer ngan Schult.. An Eragrostis bahiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eragrostis

Eragrostis bahiensis


L'agriculture traditionnelle est une branche de l'agriculture notamment caractérisée par une faible utilisation de la technologie. La production est principalement destinée à la consommation de l'agriculteur.

Définition
L'agriculture traditionnelle se base sur la polyculture et l'élevage. Elle utilise principalement des engrais organiques, tel que le fumier, pour nourrir les terres. Pour cultiver les terres, elle a recours à des techniques et des outils agricoles très rudimentaires et dépend des conditions météorologiques dans la gestion de son exploitation. En ce qui concerne les besoins alimentaires, l'agriculture traditionnelle répond à des besoins de petite et moyenne taille, elle n'est pas suffisante pour satisfaire complètement une population.

L'agriculture traditionnelle a évolué en adoptant de nouveaux outils, tels que les moissonneuses, les faucilles ou encore les haches en métal, et de nouveaux engrais.

Histoire
L'agriculture traditionnelle, que l'on retrouve dans une très grande partie de l'Europe au  jusqu'au , est tout d'abord une agriculture de subsistance associée à une économie dite de besoin. Les progrès les plus présents du  consistent, dans certaines régions, à étendre un espace par défrichement ou assèchement et à y travailler de nouvelles cultures peu présentes dans le pays (légumes, arbres fruitiers venant de pays étrangers). Cette période est donc caractérisée par la stagnation des techniques culturales en particulier celles des techniques d'élevage. L'intérêt de l'agriculture, dans cette société, reste un sujet dominant. En effet, en France, de nombreux auteurs, tels qu'Olivier de Serres, Bernard Palissy ou encore Charles Estienne, réalisent des ouvrages théoriques sur ce domaine (Le Théâtre d'agriculture ou mesnage des champs (1600) ; le Traité des sels et de l'agriculture (1563) ; l'Agriculture et maison rustique (1564)). De nombreuses nouvelles cultures venant d'Amérique comme celles des pommes de terre, du topinambour ou encore du maïs, n'arriveront pas à s'imposer. Mais, le sarrasin arrivera tout de même à se développer petit à petit dans les régions où le sol est pauvre. De nombreux désastres (peste noire, guerres) dans les régions rurales d'Europe contraignent les paysans à fournir un effort important pour reconstruire leurs cultures sur plusieurs générations. N'arrivant pas à faire l'équilibre entre la production et la consommation et ne connaissant pas de techniques efficaces pour stocker les cultures, les personnes du monde rural vivent entre l'excès et le manque de vivre tandis que l'approvisionnement des villes (peu peuplées) reste constant.

L'arrivée d'une économie monétaire ouverte n'a pas eu beaucoup d'impact sur l'agriculture traditionnelle : une semi-régulation des échanges par les prix. Le manque de valeur agricole va, petit à petit, souffrir d'un manque d'investissement. Les capitaux des bourgeois et des marchands se trouvent dans l'achat de terres nobles ou le rassemblement de bien foncier. Cela accroît le prix de la terre mais diminue la rentabilité économique. Le capital d'exploitation n'est renouvelé que lorsque cela est vraiment indispensable pour maintenir une productivité au niveau traditionnel.

Les pratiques les plus anciennes persistent jusqu'au  dans de nombreux pays d'Europe.  Ce sont des pratiques qui remontent aux premières sociétés agricoles allant de l'exploitation directe (cueillette) à l'exploitation indirecte (chasse ou pêche). Le nomadisme agricole était toujours pratiqué surtout quand le cultivateur n'arrivait pas à rendre à ses terres sa fertilité en un temps plutôt court. En plaine, il se manifeste par un déplacement des cultures sur les terres dites froides. C'est aux alentours de la Préhistoire que les pays européens passent d'une culture itinérante à une culture fixée. À partir du Moyen Âge, le nomadisme connait une forme plus atténuée, appelée assolement avec jachères.

Il y a trois grands types de systèmes et paysages agraires anciens faisant partie des modalités de l'agriculture traditionnelle :

 L'Openfield : "champs ouvert", les sillons se trouvent tous dans la même orientation. Le champ suivait différentes cultures selon un rythme de trois années. La première, il y avait une culture de céréales d'hiver (seigles), la seconde, on y semait les céréales de printemps (avoines, orges) et la dernière année il était laissé en jachère.
 Le système méridional : des champs ouverts, irréguliers, grossièrement rectangulaires que l'on retrouve surtout dans le midi de l'Europe. La jachère succédait chaque année aux céréales.
 Le bocage : les champs sont entourés d'enclos, de haies grossièrement carrées souvent au milieu de talus, de landes ou de friches. Seul le propriétaire de l'enclos a le droit d'y faire paître ses animaux. Ces espaces résultent souvent de l'évolution d'un ancien openfield.

Les avantages et inconvénients de l'agriculture traditionnelle

Les avantages
L'agriculture traditionnelle, est une méthode plus respectueuse de l'environnement et est notamment capable de s'adapter aux différentes conditions météorologiques. Aussi, elle ne surexploite pas les denrées présentent dans nos terres, mais veille sur ces dernières.

Les inconvénients
L'agriculture traditionnelle ne permet pas d'égaliser les rendements des productions de l'agriculture conventionnelle ou intensive. En effet, ces dernières années, de nombreuses nouvelles techniques se sont développées, laissant place à de nouveaux engrais, aussi bien minéraux que chimiques, permettant ainsi d'augmenter les rendements. Nous pouvons ajouter à ceci, l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires, de techniques modernes... L'agriculture traditionnelle n'utilisant pas ces moyens de fertilisations des sols et de prévention des maladies végétales, obtient des rendements inférieurs, ne permettant pas de nourrir convenablement la population mondiale grandissante.

Aussi, l'agriculture traditionnelle doit faire face à l'apparition de nouveaux modèles d'agriculture plus concurrentiels (agriculture biologique, agriculture raisonnée, agriculture de précision).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Agriculture biologique
 Agriculture industrielle

Agriculture

Agriculture traditionnelle


Trimenia bougainvilleensis, biljna vrsta iz porodice Trimeniaceae. Raste u tropskim krajevima Solomonskih otoka

Prvi puta opisana je 1971. kao podvrsta vrste T. weinmanniifolia.

Sinonimi
 Trimenia weinmanniifolia subsp. bougainvilleensis Rodenb.

Izvori

Trimeniaceae
Flora Solomonskih otoka

Trimenia bougainvilleensis


الفضيلة هو حزب سياسي إسلامي في موريتانيا، بقيادة عثمان ولد أحمد أبو المعالي.

التاريخ
تم تسجيل الحزب في عام 2006. فاز الحزب بثلاثة مقاعد في انتخابات 2013 البرلمانية.

المراجع

أحزاب موريتانيا

حزب الفضيلة (موريتانيا)


Marijan Pavletić (Zamask, Petehi, 15. veljače 1932. – Višnjan, 27. prosinca 1998.), hrvatski rimokatolički svećenik i urednik kršćanskog tiska

Rođen u Zamasku. Osnovno i srednje školovanje stekao je u Pazinu na pazinskom sjemeništu i u državnoj gimnaziji. U Pazinu i Rijeci završio je bogosloviju. Nakon zaređenja 1957. godine, službovao po istarskim mjestima. Uređivao Istarsku Danicu 1980. i 1981. godine. Obnašao dužnost dekana Porečkoga dekanata od 1984. do 1994. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici

Marijan Pavletić


IV. Haakon, Haakonsson (d. 1204, Skarpeborg yakınları - ö. 15 Aralık 1263, Kirkwall, Orkney Adaları), Norveç Kralı (1223-1263).

III. Haakon'un evlilik dışı ve doğuştan yetim oğludır. 1217'de kral ilan edildi. Kilise'nin krallığına karşı çıkması üzerine hükümdarlığı ancak 1223'te tanındı. Ülke içinde refahı ve barışı sağladı. Hebrides Adaları'nı yeniden ele geçirmek için İskoçyalılar ile savaştı ve Orkney Takımadaları üzerindeki haklarını yeniden onaylattı. İzlanda ve Grönland kendi istekleriyle egemenliği altına girdi.

Kaynakça

1204 doğumlular
1263 yılında ölenler
Norveç kralları
Çocuk hükümdarlar
İskoçya'da defnedilenler
Norveç'te defnedilenler

IV. Haakon


The Red Line is a rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) as part of the Chicago "L" system. It is the busiest line on the "L" system, with an average of 93,457 passengers boarding each weekday in 2022. The route is  long with a total of 33 stations. It runs elevated from the Howard station in the Rogers Park neighborhood on the North Side, through a subway on the Near North Side, Downtown, and the South Loop, and then through the Dan Ryan Expressway median to 95th/Dan Ryan in the Roseland neighborhood on the South Side.

Like Chicago's Blue Line, the Red Line runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, making Chicago, New York City, and Copenhagen the only three cities in the world that operate train service 24 hours a day throughout their city limits.

The City of Chicago is planning an extension of the Red Line, adding  and four new stations, that would extend the Red Line from 95th Street to 130th Street. In December 2022, the Chicago City Council approved the creation of a district that will send nearly $1 billion in tax revenue over the next few decades to extend the Red Line south of 95th Street, a major step toward completing the project after a half-century of false starts.

Route

North Side Main Line

The northern terminus of the Red Line is Howard in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, on the north side. The Red Line extends southeasterly on an elevated embankment structure about a half-mile (1 kilometer) west of the lakefront to Touhy Avenue then turns south along Glenwood Avenue to Morse station.

From there the route swings on a sweeping reverse curve to the east to Sheridan Road, adjacent to Loyola University Chicago and continues southerly parallel to Broadway to the east (in Edgewater) and follows Broadway to Leland Avenue. From here, the route transitions from concrete embankment to steel elevated structure. The "L" continues southward running adjacent the Graceland Cemetery, Irving Park Road and Sheffield Avenue from Uptown to Lincoln Park. The Brown Line (Ravenswood) joins the Red Line tracks just north of Belmont.

South of Belmont, Red, Brown and Purple Line Express trains run side-by-side on the four track North Side "L" to Armitage. Red Line trains run on the two middle tracks, only making two stops at Belmont & Fullerton and skipping Wellington, Diversey and Armitage.

Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, is served by the Addison station. Additionally, Guaranteed Rate Field, home of the Chicago White Sox, is served by the Sox–35th station.

The North Side Main Line of the Red Line travels from Howard station to Armitage station.

State Street subway

After running through Armitage, the Red Line descends to a portal at Willow Street and enters the subway, turning southeast on Clybourn Avenue, east at Division Street, and south at State Street through the Loop to Roosevelt Road. South of Roosevelt Road, there is a junction, with one pair of tracks curving to the east and leaving the subway at 13th Street and connecting to the old South Side "L" at 18th and State Streets. This section was used from October 1943 until February 1993, when trains from Howard were routed to the Englewood and Jackson Park branches, today the south branches of the Green Line.

The 13th Street portal is now used for non-service train moves and emergency purposes. The 13th Street portal was used again for regular "L" service from May until October 2013, because Red Line trains were rerouted to the Green Line's South Side Main Line tracks and terminated at Ashland/63rd during the five months of the Red Line South Reconstruction Project. This service was used again from April to November 2017 and July 2018 to April 2019.

The Red Line is the only Chicago "L" line that connects to all seven other "L" lines full time. The Purple Line shares the distinction only when it runs its weekday rush hour route.

Dan Ryan branch

At 13th Street, the subway swings away from State Street on a reverse curve to the southwest then rises to another portal at 16th Street adjacent Metra's Rock Island District line. The Red Line leaves at 16th Street and continues southward on an elevated structure to 24th Street. There is a stop at Cermak–Chinatown on this portion.

South of Cermak Road, the Red Line tracks enter the median strip of the Franklin Street Connector, The Red Line then tunnels beneath the expressway interchange between 28th and 30th Streets and continues the rest of the way to 95th Street in the median of the Dan Ryan Expressway (Interstate 90 & 94). Chicago pioneered using expressway medians for local "L" train lines (the other two being the Eisenhower Expressway and Kennedy Expressways, which both carry portions of the Blue Line). The Red Line follows the Dan Ryan the rest of the way to the 95th Street terminal in Roseland.

The 98th Yard lies just south and east of the Dan Ryan–Bishop Ford Freeway interchange. Beyond the interchange, the Dan Ryan Expressway and Bishop Ford Freeway both continue towards the south city limits without a transit line in the median strips, but were built with wide grass medians in which future extensions of the rapid transit line remain an option. As of the early 2020s, An extension to 130th Street is in its final planning stages. This extension includes three elevated stations at 103rd, 111th, and Michigan, an at-grade terminal station at 130th.

Stations along the Red Line serve important Chicago landmarks such as Guaranteed Rate Field and the Illinois Institute of Technology (Sox–35th), DePaul University (Fullerton), the Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University and Loyola University Chicago (Loyola), as well as the Magnificent Mile and Chinatown.

In May 2013, the branch, along with all nine stations, closed for five months to allow the replacement of the tracks and for construction crews to improve the stations on the branch. The newly reconstructed Dan Ryan branch and the nine stations reopened in October 2013.

Rolling stock
The Red Line is operated with the Bombardier-built 5000-series railcars. From 2012 until October 2013, the Red Line was operated with the 2400-series cars, during weekday rush hours, and from 1993 until 2015, the Red Line was operated with the 2600-series cars. As the 5000-series cars were delivered, the Red Line's 2600-series cars were transferred to other lines to replace the 2400-series cars. From October 2013 until April 2014, several of the Red Line's 2600-series cars were transferred over to the Purple Line as they were displaced on the Red Line by the 5000-series cars.

Beginning in June 2014, CTA began to transfer the 2600-series cars from the Red Line over to the Blue Line due to them being newer than the existing Blue Line cars. The Blue Line's older 2600-series cars were transferred to the Orange Line as an interim replacement for its 2400-series cars. Beginning in October 2014, CTA started transferring some of the Red Line's 2600-series cars to the Orange Line, replacing the Orange Line's remaining 2400-series cars until the Red Line was fully equipped with the 5000-series cars.

Operating hours and headways
Like the Blue Line, the Red Line runs 24 hours a day. All trains run between Howard and 95th/Dan Ryan stations. On weekdays, service runs very frequently at 30 tph (trains per hour) during rush hour, and 8tph during the midday and nighttime. On Saturdays 6tph in the early morning, then increase to 10–11 tph during the day, then 8tph at night. On Sundays, service runs 6tph early morning, then increase to 8tph minutes all day into early evening, 6 tph later at night. Between approximately midnight and 5:30 a.m., night owl service on the Red Line ranges between ten and fifteen minutes (4–6 tph).

History

The oldest section of the line opened on May 31, 1900, running from the Loop to Wilson. It was constructed by the Northwestern Elevated Railroad. The route was extended to Central Street in Evanston on May 16, 1908, via leased and electrified trackage belonging to the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. In November 1913, the North Side "L" was through routed with the South Side "L" lines through the Loop. The ground-level section between Leland Avenue and Howard Street was elevated on a concrete embankment structure and widened to four tracks in 1922.

The State Street subway opened on October 17, 1943, providing two new tracks bypassing the Loop tracks and the portion of the North and South Side "L" lines not equipped with express tracks. By providing an express route free of the most restrictive curves on the Chicago "L" and shorter than the old line it supplemented, the subway reduced running time by as much as eleven minutes for a one-way trip. The route was placed in operation on October 17, 1943, for a portion of the through north–south trains, although other trains continued to use the "L" both on through trips and on services circling the Loop and returning to the point of origin.

In August 1949, the North–South route was revised to create a more efficient routing through the Central Business District and handle the heavy volumes of passenger traffic using it. The Howard branch was paired with the Englewood and Jackson Park branches through the State Street subway, using the 13th Street portal and the other lines routed to the Loop "L".

The Dan Ryan Branch opened in September 1969, and was paired with the Lake Street branch to form the West-South route, almost universally referred to as the Lake–Dan Ryan route. It operated over the Lake Street and Wabash Avenue sides of the Union Loop. This "interim" service was created mainly for the purpose of providing through service between the west side and the south side in anticipation of the 1968 Loop Subway Project. When the controversial subway project was cancelled in 1979, the Lake-Dan Ryan service remained and lasted for 24 years.

For much of the 20th century, the Howard–Englewood/Jackson Park route was equally compatible in terms of passenger service until the late 1960s through the 1970s. However, passenger traffic volumes began to shift on the south side lines, with more riders using the newer Dan Ryan line (which runs four miles (6 km) further south) and fewer riders on the older "L" lines. This level of ridership allowed the CTA to develop a more efficient system by combining the more heavily used rail lines together and combining the other lines together, providing increased service capacity for the routes that need it. The Red Line was created in 1993, when the CTA adopted color-coded system for all of its "L" routes.

In February 1993, a new connection opened from the State Street subway south of Roosevelt to Cermak–Chinatown. The Howard branch was paired with the Dan Ryan branch creating the current Red Line and the Lake Street branch was paired with the Englewood and Jackson Park branches to form the Green Line. A further operational benefit of this switch was that this freed up capacity in the Loop needed for the addition of the Orange Line to Midway Airport. The former tracks used to move West-South trains from the Loop to the Dan Ryan line are still retained for non-revenue moves and service disruptions.

The Dan Ryan Branch of the Red Line underwent a rehabilitation period to improve its aging infrastructure which ended in early 2007. This work included upgrading the power and signal systems, and rehabilitating the stations with improved lighting, a cleaner appearance, and new escalators and elevators. The CTA has plans to expand Red Line service to ten car trains from the current eight-car trains.

Red Ahead and proposed extension

In spring 2012, the CTA started a station and track rehabilitation program dubbed "Red Ahead", beginning on the North Side Main Line, which is called the "Red North" project. The program monitors the full route of the Red Line, excluding the Loyola, Bryn Mawr, Sheridan, or Wilson station. This also does not include stations between Wilson through Fullerton, nor the State Street subway. In May 2012, the CTA started to work on the North Side Main Line stations of the Red Line which includes Jarvis, Morse, Granville, Thorndale, Berwyn, Argyle and Lawrence. The stations are listed in order, starting at Granville, then Morse, Thorndale, Argyle, Berwyn, Lawrence and finally Jarvis. This project started in June 2012 and was completed in December 2012. This project is also part of the Red Ahead's "Red & Purple Modernization" Project.

The Red & Purple Modernization Project will include a redesign of a diamond junction north of Belmont Station into a flyover for Brown Line trains. This project will decrease train backups and increase the number of trains that can cross the junction per hour. The project was criticized by 2015 mayoral candidate Chuy García and local residents in the Lakeview neighborhood who organized a referendum to stop it. The Federal Transit Administration passed the CTA's environmental review on the flyover in January 2016 and received a $1.1 billion federal grant the following year. 16 properties affected by the flyover were demolished. Construction began on October 2, 2019, and the flyover entered service on November 19, 2021.

, proposals have been underway to extend the Red Line south from 95th Street. The CTA developed nine different proposed routes, one of which includes routing the Red Line down the median of the Bishop Ford Freeway and another in the median of Interstate 57. During an alternatives analysis meeting on April 11, 2007, CTA narrowed further study down to five possible routes, two for bus rapid transit and three for heavy rail (rapid) transit. The two bus routes would travel south from the 95th/Dan Ryan terminal either down Halsted Street or Michigan Avenue, while the heavy rail routes left for consideration were the Halsted and Michigan corridors (either underground or elevated) as well as the Union Pacific Railroad corridor (elevated or trench), which would traverse southeastward toward the South Shore Line. In October 2008, the CTA commissioned a $150,000 study of an extension due south to 130th/Stony Island in the community area of Riverdale.

In December 2008, at the Screen 2 presentation of the federally mandated Alternatives Analysis Study, the possible corridors and modes of transit were furthered narrowed down to either Halsted Street (bus rapid transit or elevated Heavy Rail Transit) and the Union Pacific Railroad corridor (elevated Heavy Rail Transit).

In December 2009, the CTA identified the locally preferred alternative as the Union Pacific corridor. A map and description of the route are found at TransitChicago.com. Multiple Environmental Impact Studies will be carried out, and will determine exact alignments and design.

The alignment consists of a new elevated rail line between 95th/Dan Ryan and a new terminal station at 130th Street, paralleling the Union Pacific Railroad and the South Shore Line through the Far South Side neighborhoods of Roseland, Washington Heights, West Pullman and Riverdale. In addition to the terminal station at 130th, three new stations would be built at 103rd, 111th, and Michigan, and a new yard and shop would be built at 120th Street. Basic engineering, along with an environmental impact statement, are currently underway.

Station listing

Rail yards
There are two rail yards for the Red Line cars: Howard Yard, for the northern portion of the line and the 98th Yard for the southern portion of the line. Another yard, the 120th Yard has been proposed as part of the Red Line extension.

References

External links

 Red Line at CTA official site
 Red Line Extension: Connecting 95th/Dan Ryan Station to 130th Street (CTA official site)

Railway lines in Chicago
Railway lines in highway medians
1900 establishments in Illinois
Railway lines opened in 1900

Red Line (CTA)


An Encyclia oxypetala in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Encyclia oxypetala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cuba. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia oxypetala


Humoreske (češ. Humoresky) op. 101, B. 187, klavirski ciklus Antonína Dvořáka iz 1894. godine. Ciklus se sastoji od osam stavaka (humoreski). Najpoznatija i najčešće obrađivana je Humoreska br. 7.

Nastanak
Antonín Dvořák je bio češki skladatelj iz razdoblja romantizma. Svirao je violinu, violu, klavir i orgulje. Počeo je skladati već za vrijeme školovanja. Priznanja je dobio još za života, djela su mu izvođena širom Europe, a mnogima je sâm dirigirao. Pisao je scensku, orkestarsku i komornu glazbu, glazbu za solistička glazbala, kao i druga djela, od kojih su najpoznatija opera "Rusalka", Simfonija br. 9 i "Slavenski plesovi".

Dvořák je od 1892. do 1895. godine boravio u Americi i pritom je skicirao mnoge teme američkog folklora. Inspiriran glazbom škotskih doseljenika, svoju jednostavačnu skladbu za klavir "Škotski plesovi" (op. 41, B. 74) htio je proširiti u "Novi škotski plesovi". Kad je počeo raditi na skiciranim temama, zaključio je da su teme previše različite i nepovezane, te je preimenovao djelo u "Humoreske".

U ljeto 1894. Dvořák je bio na godišnjem odmoru u Vysokoj kod Příbrama (Vysoká u Příbramě) i tu je nastavio rad na djelu. Završio ga je 27. kolovoza 1894. godine, a najesen je Dvořákov izdavač Fritz Simrock objavio djelo.

O glazbi
Po sastavu, djelo je klavirski ciklus, zbirka međusobno nepovezanih stavaka. Humoreska u glazbi predstavlja šaljivo i veselo djelo, ali u ovom ciklusu raspoloženje se kreće od veselog plesnog do sjetnog.

 Vivace, es-mol [02:26]
 Poco andante, H-dur [02:19]
 Poco andante e molto cantabile, As-dur [04:02]
 Poco andante, F-dur [02:37]
 Vivace, a-mol [02:40]
 Poco allegretto, H-dur [03:20]
 Poco lento e grazioso, Ges-dur [02:28]
 Poco andante, b-mol [02:52]

Uobičajeno trajanje ciklusa je oko 23 minuta. Vremena navedena uz stavke su s izvođenja Radoslava Kvapila.

Utjecaj
Najpoznatija humoreska iz ciklusa je br. 7. Počevši od izdavača Simrocka, tijekom godina aranžirana je za razna glazbala i ansamble. Nalazi se na mnogim nosačima zvuka popularne klasike.

Vidi još
 Dodatak:Glosar klasične glazbe

Izvori
 Dvořák, Antonín. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2020. (Pristupljeno: 26. kolovoza 2020.)
 Humoreske na stranici www.antonin-dvorak.cz na češkom i engleskom jeziku (Pristupljeno: 26. kolovoza 2020.)
 Humoreske na stranici IMSLP, imslp.org  (Pristupljeno: 26. kolovoza 2020.)
 Humoreske, zvučni zapisi u više raznih izvođenja, MP3 Quack  (Pristupljeno: 26. kolovoza 2020.)
 Radoslav Kvapil: Humoresques, 4. CD u kolekciji "Dvořák: Piano Works" (Dvořákova klavirska djela), Supraphon, www.supraphon.com  (Pristupljeno: 26. kolovoza 2020.)

Antonín Dvořák
Skladbe razdoblja romantizma

Humoreske (Dvořák)


Markus Söder (f. 5. janúar 1967) er þýskur stjórnmálamaður. Hann er núverandi forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands og formaður Kristilega sósíalsambandsins (CSU), systurflokks Kristilega demókrataflokksins (CDU) í Bæjaralandi.

Söder gekk í ungliðahreyfingu CSU þegar hann var sextán ára gamall. Hann útskrifaðist með gráðu í lögfræði frá Háskólanum í Erlangen undir lok níunda áratugarins og vann í blaðamennsku í byrjun tíunda áratugarins. Árið 1994 var hann kjörinn á landsþing Bæjaralands.

Frá 1995 til 2003 var Söder formaður ungliðahreyfingar CSU en varð síðan aðalritari flokksins þegar hann var 36 ára gamall. Hann tók sæti í ríkisstjórn Bæjaralands árið 2007 þegar Günther Beckstein útnefndi hann sambands- og Evrópumálaráðherra. Hann varð umhverfisráðherra árið 2008 og fjármálaráðherra þremur árum síðar. Árið 2018 varð hann forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands.

Í apríl 2021 tilkynnti Söder að hann hygðist sækjast eftir útnefningu CDU og CSU til þess að verða kanslaraefni flokkanna í þingkosningum í september sama ár en Armin Laschet, formaður Kristilegra demókrata, var að endingu valinn sem frambjóðandi flokksins.

Æviágrip

Æska og menntun
Árið 1983, þegar Söder var sextán ára gamall, gekk hann í ungliðahreyfingu (þ. Junge Union) Kristilega sósíalsambandsins í Bæjaralandi. Hann útskrifaðist úr menntaskóla þremur árum síðar og gegndi síðan eins árs þjónustu í þýska hernum.

Árið 1988 hóf Söder nám í lögfræði við Friedrich-Alexander-háskólann í Erlangen. Hann útskrifaðist úr fyrri hluta laganámsins árið 1991.

Starfsferill
Söder hóf starfsferil sinn hjá háskólanum sem aðstoðarmaður prófessors við rannsóknir í stjórnsýslurétti, stjórnarskrárrétti og kirkjurétti. Hann var síðan ráðinn til starfa hjá bæverska ríkisútvarpinu Bayerischer Rundfunk og vann þar í starfsnámi þar til hann lauk öðru ríkisprófinu í lögfræði árið 1993. Hann vann síðan sem ritstjórnarráðgjafi í eitt ár.

Upphaf og uppgangur í stjórnmálum
Söder bauð sig fram fyrir Kristilega sósíalsambandið í kjördæminu Vestur-Nürnberg í héraðskosningum sem fóru fram þann 25. september 1994. Hann náði kjöri á landsþing Bæjaralands aðeins 27 ára gamall. Næsta ár var hann kjörinn forseti ungliðahreyfingar Kristilega sósíalsambandsins (Junge Union) og gegndi því hlutverki til ársins 1995. Árið 2000 var hann valinn formaður fjölmiðlanefndar CSU. Tveimur árum síðar var hann kjörinn í framkvæmdastjórn ríkisfjölmiðilsins Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF).

Stjórn CSU og ráðherratíð
Eftir að Söder lét af embætti sem forseti ungliðahreyfingarinnar útnefndi Edmund Stoiber, forseti CSU, Söder aðalritara flokksins þann 17. nóvember 2003 í stað Thomasar Goppel, sem hafði tekið við ráðherraembætti í bæversku ríkisstjórninni. Þann 16. október 2007 var Markus Söder útnefndur ráðherra sambands- og Evrópumála í stjórn Günthers Beckstein, forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands. Christine Haderthauer tók í kjölfarið við af Söder sem aðalritari CSU.

Eftir héraðskosningar árið 2008 varð Söder umhverfis- og heilbrigðisráðherra Bæjaralands í fyrstu stjórn Horsts Seehofer. Hann hætti í kjölfarið störfum sínum hjá ZDF. Söder var útnefndur fjármálaráðherra Bæjaralands þann 4. nóvember 2011 eftir afsögn Georgs Fahrenschon. Alexander Dobrindt tók sama ár við af Söder sem forseti fjölmiðlanefndar CSU. Þann 10. október 2013 voru fleiri verkefni færð undir ráðuneyti Söders og hann var þaðan af titlaður fjármála, héraðsþróunar- og innanríkisráðherra.

Forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands
Þann 16. mars 2018 var Söder kjörinn forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands með 99 atkvæðum af 169 greiddum á landsþinginu. Hann tók við af Horst Seehofer, sem hafði verið útnefndur innanríkisráðherra í stjórn Angelu Merkel þremur dögum fyrr. Í héraðskosningum Bæjaralands þann 14. október 2018 missti Kristilega sósíalsambandið meirihluta sinn á bæverska landsþinginu. Til þess að geta haldið völdum í sambandslandinu þurfti flokkurinn að ganga til stjórnarmyndunarviðræða við aðra flokka. Eftir viðræður við óháða þingmenn tókst Söder að ná endurkjöri sem forsætisráðherra Bæjaralands þann 6. nóvember með 110 atkvæðum gegn 89 á landsþinginu.

Söder tilkynnti í apríl 2021 að hann hygðist sækjast eftir útnefningu CSU og CDU til að verða kanslaraefni flokkanna í þingkosningum Þýskalands í september 2021. Þann 12. apríl var hins vegar talið að Armin Laschet, formaður Kristilega demókrataflokksins, hefði tryggt sér útnefninguna með stuðningi framkvæmdastjórnar flokksins. Staðfest var eftir miðstjórnarfund þann 19. apríl að Laschet yrði kanslaraefni flokksins í kosningunum.

Einkahagir
Söder er kvæntur og á fjögur börn. Hann aðhyllist lúterska trú.

Tilvísanir

Tenglar
 Æviágrip á heimasíðu bæversku ríkisstjórnarinnar  (þýska)
 Æviágrip á heimasíðu bæverska landsþingsins (þýska)

Þýskir blaðamenn
Þýskir stjórnmálamenn

Markus Söder


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