Leôncio (; séc. IX, Preslava, Primeiro Império Búlgaro - séc. X, Preslava, Primeiro Império Búlgaro) foi o primeiro patriarca da Igreja búlgara. Muito pouco se sabe sobre sua vida e mandato. Ele foi mencionado como o primeiro Patriarca da Bulgária no Livro de Boril, escrito em 1211.

O renomado medievalista búlgaro Vasil Zlatarski assume que, após a grande vitória búlgara sobre o Império Bizantino na batalha de Anquíalo em 917, o monarca búlgaro Simeão I (r. 893–927) convocou um Concílio eclesiástico em 918 para elevar o autônomo arcebispado búlgaro a um patriarcado autocéfalo. Após o triunfo em Anquíalo, Simeão I exigiu que os bizantinos o reconhecessem não apenas como Imperador dos búlgaros, o que já faziam em 913, mas também dos romanos. Zlatarski argumenta que o primeiro ato de Simeão I após a batalha foi elevar o status da Igreja búlgara, porque de acordo com a tradição imperial bizantina o autocrata deve ter um patriarca e não poderia haver império sem um patriarcado.

Na convocação de todos os bispos búlgaros, eles elegeram um deles, Leôncio, Patriarca da Bulgária. O Patriarca Leôncio então coroou Simeão I "Imperador e Autocrata de Todos os Búlgaros". Os resultados do concílio não foram reconhecidos pelos bizantinos. Zlatarski observa que antes de 917 e imediatamente após a batalha de Anquíalo, o Patriarca de Constantinopla Nicolau abordou o Arcebispo da Bulgária para tentar impactar Simeão I, mas desde então Nicolau nunca se dirigiu ao chefe da Igreja búlgara, provavelmente porque ele não reconheceu seu título - outro fato indireto em apoio a essa teoria.

O historiador John Fine considera a teoria de Zlatarski plausível, argumentando que Simeão I foi capaz de criar seu próprio patriarcado, pois não hesitou em se autodenominar Imperador dos Romanos e exigir que os bizantinos o reconhecessem como tal. Ele acredita que o concílio poderia ter ocorrido em qualquer época entre 914 e 925, mas observa que o Patriarcado búlgaro não foi mencionado em fontes anteriores a 927.

Com o Tratado Bizantino-Búlgaro de 927, que afirmou a vitória búlgara na Guerra de 913-927, o Patriarca de Constantinopla finalmente reconheceu o sucessor de Leôncio, Demétrio, como Patriarca da Bulgária.

Ver também

 Igreja Ortodoxa Búlgara
 Patriarcado de Preslava
 Lista de Arcebispos e Patriarcas da Bulgária

Referências
Nascidos no século IX
Mortos no século X
Bispos da Igreja Ortodoxa Búlgara
Patriarcas da Bulgária

Leôncio da Bulgária


ملعب تشامارتن كان ملعب متعدد الاستخدامات يقع في مدريد, إسبانيا. كان يستعمل من نادي ريال مدريد قبل الانتقال للملعب الحالي ملعب سانتياغو بيرنابيو في عام 1947. الملعب كان يستقبل ما يقارب 22,500، متفرج وقد تم افتتاحه في 17 مايو 1923.

مصادر

 معلومات عن الملعب

تأسيسات سنة 1924 في إسبانيا
ملعب تشامارتن
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1924
ملاعب رياضية هدمت في 1946
ملاعب كرة قدم بائدة في إسبانيا
منشآت ريال مدريد
انحلالات سنة 1946 في إسبانيا

ملعب تشامارتن


Anvil Bitch, Amerikalı bir Thrash Metal müzik topluluğudur. 1986 yılında New Renaissance Records tarafından yayınlanan 12 parçalık "Rise to Offend" adlı albümleri dışında başka bir kayıtları yoktur. Grup 1987 yılında dağılmıştır.

Amerikalı thrash metal grupları

Anvil Bitch


يوكون هو إقليم في شمال غرب كندا.

ويمكن أن تشير يوكون إلى:
 يوكون (أيداهو)
 نهر يوكون الذي يجري من ألاسكا إلى إقليم يوكون والذي أطلق اسمه على الإقليم

أماكن أخرى

 يوكون وهي منطقة سكنية غير مسجلة في ميسوري في الولايات المتحدة
 مدينة يوكون في أوكلاهوما في الولايات المتحدة

وسائل مواصلات

 جي إم سي يوكون
 جي إم سي يوكون إكس إل

زراعة

بطاطا يوكون الذهبية نوع من البطاطا يزرع في كندا

كومبيوتر وبرمجيات

 ميكروسوفت إس كيو إل سيرفر 2005 (الاسم الرمزي خلال التنمية)

يوكون (توضيح)


Die italienische Großstadt Neapel kann auf eine lange und bewegte, in wesentlichen Teilen auch von Fremdherrschaft und Unterdrückung geprägte Geschichte zurückblicken. In den Gebäuden und Museen, aber auch in den kulturellen Eigenheiten der Stadt sind bis heute Spuren aus fast allen Perioden dieser langen Entwicklung zu finden.

Altertum

Italiker
Vor der Gründung der griechischen Kolonien war die Region Kampanien von italischen Völkern besiedelt: den Oskern, Samniten und den eingewanderten Etruskern.

Griechen (700 v. Chr.–326 v. Chr.)
 Pithekoussai und Cumae
Die erste griechische Siedlung in Kampanien entstand ab 770 v. Chr. auf der Insel Ischia. Der Name der Stadt war Pithekoussai, allerdings ist bis heute nicht geklärt, ob es sich dabei um die erste griechische Kolonie oder nur eine Stadt mit griechischem Handelsstützpunkt handelte. Die in Pithekoussai ansässigen Griechen kamen jedenfalls von der griechischen Insel Euböa, genauso wie die Gründer der ersten Polis auf dem italienischen Festland. Etwa gegen 740 v. Chr. wurde hier die einflussreiche griechische Kolonie Cumae gegründet.

 Parthenope (oder Paläopolis)
Gegen 700 v. Chr. gründeten die Griechen aus Cumae eine weitere Siedlung, nämlich Parthenope (später auch Paläopolis, d. h. "alte Stadt" genannt) im heutigen Stadtgebiet Neapels. Parthenope befand sich auf dem am Meer liegenden Hügel Pizzofalcone (auch Monte Ecchia genannt) und der kleinen daran anschließenden Insel Megaride. Der Hafen von Parthenope befand sich im Nordwesten der Stadt.

 Neapolis
Seit etwa 500 v. Chr. begann im Nordosten des Hafens von Parthenope eine zweite Stadt zu entstehen. Von da an trägt die Stadt Parthenope auch den Namen Paläopolis, was so viel wie "alte Stadt" bedeutet. Die zweite Stadt, auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Altstadt, bekam den Namen Neapolis, die "neue Stadt".

An Bauwerken aus der griechischen Zeit sind lediglich Reste der Stadtmauer sowie einige andere funktionelle Strukturen entdeckt worden. Reste der griechischen Stadtmauer kann man noch heute auf der Piazza Bellini sehen. Wie viele andere griechische Kolonien wurde Neapolis nach einem rasterförmigen Plan, der auf den Stadtplaner Hippodamos zurückgeht, erbaut. Die heutige Stadt liegt über der griechischen, die Straßen der Altstadt nehmen aber immer noch den gleichen Verlauf wie damals. Drei Hauptstraßen (die Plateiai, in der römischen Zeit: Decumani) durchzogen die griechische Stadt von Westen nach Osten und wurden durch viele kleine Gassen (die Stenopoi, lat.: Cardi) miteinander verbunden. Der Hauptplatz der griechischen Stadt, die Agora, befand sich auf der heutigen Piazza San Gaetano, die Festung (Akropolis) auf dem Hügel Caponapoli im nordwestlichen Eck der griechischen Stadt.

Schon bald zählte die Stadt zu den prosperierendsten griechischen Städten Unteritaliens (→Magna Graecia). Ein mit dem expandierenden Rom 326 v. Chr. geschlossener Bündnisvertrag trug zu einer langen relativen Unabhängigkeit bei. Aber in den römischen Bürgerkriegen (88–82 v. Chr.) stand Neapel auf der falschen Seite und wurde in der Folge unter Sulla als abhängige Provinzstadt dem römischen Imperium einverleibt.

Römer (326 v. Chr.–476)
Im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. begann Neapel eine Stadt der Italiker zu werden, wenn auch die Griechen blieben und weiterhin eine einflussreiche Volksgruppe bildeten. Um Christi Geburt schildert Strabon Neapel als eine kampanisch-griechische Stadt, die noch über viele Institutionen einer Polis verfügte (Strab. Geograph. 5,4,7), und noch als Kaiser Nero den Ort besuchte, sprach er zu den Einwohnern Griechisch (Sueton, Nero 20,2f.). Inschriften belegen, dass Griechisch auch zur Zeit der Römer lange die Amtssprache blieb, erst im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. begann sich Latein durchzusetzen. Im Jahr 241 v. Chr. stoppte aber die eigenständige Münzprägung der Stadt, was als Zeichen dafür gesehen werden kann, dass die Stadt im Vergleich zu anderen Städten an Einfluss verloren hatte.

Wo die heutige Piazza San Gaetano liegt, befand sich der römische Hauptplatz (Forum). Rund um dieses Forum gab es den Tempel der Dioskuren, von dem zwei der originalen Säulen in die heutige Fassade der Basilica di San Paolo Maggiore integriert sind, und den römischen Markt (Macellum), dessen Reste man unter der Kirche San Lorenzo Maggiore besichtigen kann. Im Norden des Forums sind fast ausschließlich unter Wohngebäuden gefundene Reste des römischen Theaters von Neapel zugänglich. Direkt neben diesem größeren Theater lag ein kleineres, überdachtes Theater (Odeon). Im Westen von Neapel, entlang des Hügels Posillipo, entstanden nur in winzigen Resten erhaltene Lustvillen der Oberschicht.

Wie auch die Christen in der Hauptstadt des Imperiums war die frühchristliche Gemeinde Neapels sporadischen Verfolgungen ausgesetzt. Wie in Rom zogen sich die frühen Christen auch in Neapel in Katakomben wie die Hypogäen an der Via dei Cristallini zurück, die der Gemeinde als Begräbnisstätte und Ort des Totengedenkens (nicht aber als Zufluchtsorte, wie man früher meinte) dienten. Dieser Zustand änderte sich endgültig erst, als der junge Glaube nach dem Toleranzedikt von Mailand von der verfolgten Religion zum Staatskult avancierte. Die Katakomben sind bis auf den heutigen Tag erhalten und können besichtigt werden.

Nach Jordanes (Getica, 156) zogen die Goten Alarichs durch Kampanien und Lukanien, also nach 410, und nach der erneuten Plünderung Roms durch die Vandalen, zogen auch diese nach 455 durch Kampanien, wie Paulus Diaconus berichtet. Sie plünderten allerdings nicht Neapel, sondern Capua und Nola (Hist. Rom. 14, 16–17). Nach Paulus Diaconus konnten sie Neapel wegen der starken Mauern nicht erobern, doch deportierten sie zahlreiche Bewohner des Umlandes.

Odoaker (476–493) und die Ostgoten (493–ca. 542)
Nach 476 beherrschte zunächst der Heerführer Odoaker Italien, 493 etablierte Theoderich der Große dann die ostgotische Herrschaft über den Rumpf Westroms.

Byzantiner (ca. 542–763)
Seit 535 eroberten dann die Oströmer unter dem Feldherrn Belisar im Auftrag des Kaisers Justinian im Zuge der Renovatio imperii – dem Versuch, das römische Imperium wiederherzustellen – vorübergehend ganz Italien. Neapel, dessen Einwohner sich mehrheitlich auf die Seite der Ostgoten stellten, fiel nach hartem Kampf, als Belisars Männer durch die Aquädukte in die Stadt eindrangen. Mit der oströmischen Herrschaft ging eine wieder größere Verbreitung der griechischen Sprache in Süditalien und auf Sizilien einher (bis ins 11. Jahrhundert).

Mittelalter

Herzogtum Neapel (763–1139)
Als bald nach Justinians Tod 568 die Langobarden in Italien einfielen und damit den Beginn des Mittelalters einläuteten, gelang es den Oströmern bzw. Byzantinern dennoch lange Zeit, ihren Einfluss in Neapel zu behaupten. Erst im Zusammenhang mit dem Ikonoklasmus des 8. Jahrhunderts wechselte die Stadt die Fronten und näherte sich der mit den Langobarden verbündeten römisch-katholischen Kirche an. In der Folge gewann das bereits im 7. Jahrhundert entstandene neapolitanische Herzogtum eine gewisse Autonomie, gehörte aber formell weiterhin zu Byzanz.

In einem eher regionalen Konflikt (mit Benevent) riefen die Herzöge von Neapel um 835 die sizilianischen Araber aufs Festland. Das Bündnis währte ein halbes Jahrhundert, und Neapel wurde so zu einer Ausgangsbasis für die Ausbreitung des Islam in Italien und seiner für den sensiblen Beobachter bis heute im Süden des Landes wahrnehmbaren kulturellen Einflüsse.
Insgesamt waren die letzten anderthalb Jahrhunderte des ersten Jahrtausends für die Stadt von anhaltendem Wohlstand geprägt, gemeinsam mit den Flotten der zeitweise verbündeten Seerepublik Amalfi und des Herzogtums Gaeta beherrschte Neapel noch vor den Venezianern und Genuesen den Seehandel im Mittelmeer.

Normannen (1139–1197)
Im Jahr 1139 fiel Neapel dann nach zähem Widerstand in die Hand der Normannen und wurde Bestandteil des normannischen Königreichs Sizilien. Die Normannen verstanden es, durch eine geschickte Innenpolitik die unterschiedlichen, oströmisch-byzantinischen, arabischen und westlichen Wurzeln der Region zu einem einzigartigen und eigenständigen kulturellen Konglomerat zu verschmelzen.

Staufer (1197–1266)

Die Normannenherrschaft dauerte 55 Jahre. 1194 traten die Staufer unter Heinrich VI. an ihre Stelle, indem sie eine dynastische Schwäche der Normannen ausnutzten und sich in einem kurzen Feldzug Süditaliens bemächtigten. Heinrichs Sohn und Nachfolger Friedrich II. gründete 1224 mit der Universität Neapel, die heute seinen Namen trägt, die erste staatliche Hochschule Europas.

Anjou (1266–1442)
Die staufische Herrschaft in Neapel überdauerte Friedrichs Tod (1250) nicht lange. Karl I. von Anjou eroberte das so genannte "Königreich beider Sizilien" als Lehensnehmer des Papstes nach seiner Krönung in Rom 1266. Nach erbitterten Auseinandersetzungen mit den staufischen Erben wurde Konradin, der letzte männliche Staufer, 1268 in Neapel enthauptet.

Nachdem in der Folge der sizilianischen Vesper 1282 die Insel Sizilien für die Anjou verloren gegangen war, konzentrierten sie sich ganz auf ihre festländischen Besitzungen und machten Neapel zur Residenz ihres Königreiches. Auch wenn ihre bis 1442 andauernde Herrschaft innenpolitisch von brutaler Unterdrückung geprägt war, sorgten sie für eine wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Blütezeit der Stadt und ergriffen grundlegende städtebauliche Maßnahmen zu ihrer Modernisierung. Neapel wurde in dieser Epoche neben Florenz zum tonangebenden Zentrum auf den Gebieten der Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Kunst und Architektur in Italien und Europa. Zahlreiche unter den Anjou errichtete Bauwerke zeugen noch heute von der ökonomischen Prosperität und dem kulturellen Glanz der Stadt in dieser Zeit.

Neuzeit

Aragonesen (1442–1501)

1442 besiegte der aragonesische König Alfonso den letzten Herrscher der Anjou. Unter den Aragonesen wurden die ökonomischen Verbindungen Neapels zur Iberischen Halbinsel intensiviert, die Wirtschaft insgesamt gefördert und die Stadt zu einem Zentrum der italienischen Renaissance.

Spanische Habsburger (1501–1647 und 1648–1713)
Zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts schließlich, nach einer nur kurzen Episode französischer Herrschaft, wurden Stadt und Königreich Neapel als Provinz dem spanisch-habsburgischen Weltreich angegliedert. Damit begann die Ära der spanischen Vizekönige von Neapel, unter denen die Stadt den Tiefpunkt ihrer wirtschaftlichen und politischen Entwicklung erreichen sollte.

Innerhalb von nur 100 Jahren war die Bevölkerung der Stadt von rund 40.000 im Jahre 1450 auf etwa 210.000 im Jahre 1550 angewachsen, und Neapel war, noch vor Venedig (160.000 Einwohner) und Mailand (70.000 Einwohner), zur größten Stadt Italiens und nach Paris zur zweitgrößten Metropole in Europa geworden. Einem der wenigen fähigen Vizekönige, Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, gelang es in seiner Amtszeit zwischen 1532 und 1553, dieses demographischen Problems noch einigermaßen Herr zu werden, indem er entsprechende städtebauliche Maßnahmen durchführte. So ließ er vorhandene Bausubstanz aufstocken und ein neues Stadtviertel (Quartieri Spagnoli) westlich der nach ihm benannten Via Toledo errichten. Realisiert werden konnten diese Maßnahmen aber nur durch eine harte Steuer- und repressive Innenpolitik. So war es auch de Toledo, der die Spanische Inquisition in Neapel einführte.

Im Übrigen war die Zeit der Vizekönige von einer zunehmenden Verschärfung der Klassengegensätze geprägt. Das Hauptaugenmerk der spanischen Krone lag auf dem iberischen Kernland und den Kolonien. Die wenigen Investitionen, die in der Stadt getätigt wurden, kamen nur den Besitzenden, dem städtischen Adel, dem Klerus und den spanischen Beamten zugute, während die einfache Bevölkerung zunehmend verelendete. Nirgendwo im westlichen Europa dieser Zeit waren die sozialen Unterschiede größer ausgeprägt als in Neapel.

Republik Neapel (1647–1648)
Nachdem es schon zur Zeit der Toledos 1547 zu einer ersten Revolte und in der Folge immer mal wieder zu Unruhen gekommen war, entluden sich die sozialen Spannungen schließlich im Masaniello-Aufstand von 1647, der zu einer ersten kurzlebigen neapolitanischen Republik 1647/48 führte.

Aufgrund der Machtverhältnisse war die spanische Herrschaft naturgemäß bald wiederhergestellt, und nach einer weiteren kleineren Rebellion 1649 ergaben sich die Neapolitaner in ihr Schicksal. Zu alledem wurde die Stadt 1656 auch noch von der verheerenden "Großen Pest" heimgesucht, der rund die Hälfte der 300.000 Einwohner zum Opfer fiel. Massengräber reichten nicht mehr aus, die Opfer wurden in großen "Fegefeuern" verbrannt.

Österreichische Habsburger (1713–1734)
Die spanischen Habsburger wurden 1713 durch die österreichischen Habsburger abgelöst, für die Neapolitaner änderte sich dadurch nur wenig.

Bourbonen (1734–1799 und 1799–1806)
Eine deutliche Verbesserung der Verhältnisse trat erst ein, als die Bourbonen, die infolge des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges 1712 den spanischen Thron erworben hatten, 1735 auch Süditalien von den Österreichern übernahmen. Unter Karl VII., der das neu formierte Königreich beider Sizilien von 1735 bis 1759 regierte und anschließend von 1759 bis 1788 als Karl III. in Spanien herrschte, wurde eine wirksame Reformpolitik eingeleitet. Karl VII., ein Vertreter der Aufklärung, säuberte die Reihen der korrupten und dekadenten Adeligen und kirchlichen Würdenträger, nahm bauliche Veränderungen im Stadtbild vor und förderte das kulturelle Leben. Sein Sohn und Nachfolger Ferdinand IV. (mit Unterbrechungen 1759–1825) blieb allerdings deutlich hinter dem Format seines Vaters zurück, so dass sich die Stadt bald wieder den alten Verhältnissen annäherte, bevor die von Frankreich ausgehenden Ereignisse Europa und damit auch Neapel erschüttern sollten.

Parthenopäische Republik (1799)

Anfang 1799 zogen französische Revolutionstruppen unter dem General Jean-Étienne Championnet in Neapel ein, der König war schon zuvor nach Palermo geflohen. Neapolitanische Patrioten proklamierten daraufhin die Parthenopäische Republik, die jedoch bei großen Teilen der ungebildeten Bevölkerung auf nur wenig Gegenliebe stieß. Durch deren Widerstand und das Eingreifen der Engländer unter Horatio Nelson endete das republikanische Experiment schon im selben Jahre wieder. Der Bourbone kehrte nach Neapel zurück, und gegen die Republikaner folgten grausame Verfolgungen, denen fast die gesamte intellektuelle Elite Neapels zum Opfer fiel.

Bonapartisten (1806–1815)
Im Winter 1805/06 wurde Ferdinand IV. von Napoleon Bonaparte entmachtet, der zunächst seinen Bruder Joseph (1806–1808) und danach seinen Schwager Joachim Murat (1808–1815) als Könige von Neapel einsetzte. Insbesondere Letzterer leitete umfangreiche Sozialreformen ein und gelangte so bei der einheimischen Bevölkerung schnell zu großer Beliebtheit.

Königreich beider Sizilien (1816–1860)
Mit dem Untergang Napoleons kam jedoch auch bald das Ende dieser Episode. Ferdinand kehrte nach Neapel zurück und führte eine konsequente Restaurationspolitik durch, die auch die letzten Spuren französischer Reformbemühungen beseitigte. Die Neapolitaner jedoch, die kurzzeitig in den Genuss der Reformen gekommen waren und nun die restaurative Politik der Bourbonen erleiden mussten, begannen sich mit den aus Norditalien kommenden Ideen des Risorgimento zur Schaffung eines unabhängigen Italiens anzufreunden.

Königreich Italien (1861–1946)

Am 7. September 1860 zog Giuseppe Garibaldi nach der Eroberung Süditaliens unter dem Jubel der Bevölkerung in Neapel ein, und am 21. Oktober 1860 stimmten die Neapolitaner in einem Plebiszit mit überwältigender Mehrheit für den Anschluss an das Königreich Italien. Franz II., der letzte Bourbonenherrscher, war aus der Stadt in die Festung Gaeta geflüchtet, gab am 13. Februar 1861 seine Kapitulation bekannt und wurde für abgesetzt erklärt. Am 17. März 1861 wurde das Vereinigte Königreich Italien als konstitutionelle Monarchie offiziell proklamiert.

Viele Neapolitaner identifizierten sich allerdings nur in sehr geringem Umfang mit dem neuen italienischen Staat. Staatsgewalt – gleich, durch wen sie ausgeübt wurde – war für viele Süditaliener im Wesentlichen ein Synonym für Unterdrückung und Fremdherrschaft. Der Süden, das ehemalige Königreich beider Sizilien, war gegenüber den ehemaligen norditalienischen Staaten – im Wesentlichen aufgrund jahrhundertelanger Misswirtschaft der Herrscher – wirtschaftlich deutlich unterentwickelt. Viele Entwicklungsprojekte und Förderungsmaßnahmen der neuen Zentralregierung kamen überwiegend dem Norden des Landes zugute, während der Süden eher vernachlässigt und durch eine ungerechte und harte Steuerpolitik wirtschaftlich stark belastet wurde. Notwendige Reformen, um die während der Bourbonenherrschaft etablierten Probleme zu beseitigen (z. B. eine Landreform), unterblieben. Die Regierung hatte lediglich eine formelle, politische Einigung des Landes erreicht, scheiterte aber an der Aufgabe, das Land auch innerlich zu einigen. Die Rückständigkeit des Südens wurde in gewisser Weise zementiert. Der Norden prosperierte in den ersten Jahrzehnten nach der Gründung des Königreiches wirtschaftlich zunehmend und fand bald Anschluss an die führenden europäischen Industrienationen, während der Süden in Armut und Agonie verharrte. Hier liegt eine der Ursachen für die Entstehung des bis heute wirksamen Nord-Süd-Gefälles in Italien. Auch Neapel entwickelte sich so zu einer typischen Großstadt des Mezzogiorno, geprägt von Armut, Kriminalität, Schattenwirtschaft und mafiösen Strukturen, die bis in die höchsten politischen und wirtschaftlichen Machtzentren reichen.

1884 wurde Neapel infolge der katastrophalen infrastrukturellen und hygienischen Verhältnisse Opfer einer verheerenden Choleraepidemie. Von Rom aus 1885 eingeleitete Notstandsmaßnahmen zur Sanierung der Elendsquartiere blieben Makulatur. Eine zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts mit quasi planwirtschaftlichen Methoden begonnene Industrialisierung war wegen Fehlplanung, fehlender Infrastruktur und in dunklen Quellen versickernden Geldern fast zwangsläufig zum Scheitern verurteilt und führte zu keiner Verbesserung der ökonomischen Situation. So kam es zu den ersten großen Auswanderungswellen nach Norditalien, Argentinien und vor allem in die USA.

In dieser Situation fand der Faschismus in Süditalien deutlich mehr Anhänger als im Norden des Landes. 1922, kurz vor dem Marsch auf Rom, fand in Neapel ein großer Faschistenkongress statt. Nach der Machtergreifung Mussolinis wurden die süditalienischen Probleme erst einmal durch die imperialen Bestrebungen der Faschisten und später durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg überlagert, kaschiert und in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war die Stadt wiederholt das Ziel heftiger alliierter Bombenangriffe. Bei diesen insgesamt 105 Angriffen gab es etwa 1000 Ziviltote, obwohl die Bevölkerung Schutz in dem unterirdischen Zisternen-System von Neapel suchte. Auch viele kunsthistorisch wertvolle Gebäude, darunter eine Reihe von Kirchen, wurden vernichtet oder schwer beschädigt. Nach der Absetzung und Verhaftung Mussolinis am 25. Juli 1943 wurde Neapel von Wehrmachtstruppen besetzt, und die Neapolitaner waren für kurze Zeit dem deutschen Terrorregime ausgesetzt. In zähen Partisanenkämpfen der Resistenza gelang es der Stadt aber, sich aus eigener Kraft (Vier Tage von Neapel) noch vor dem Eintreffen der Alliierten am 1. Oktober 1943 selbst zu befreien und die Besatzer aus der Stadt zu vertreiben.

Die anschließende amerikanische Besatzung sorgte für eine kurze Periode des relativen Wohlstands der Stadt. Die Bedürfnisse der GI und die reichlich vorhandenen Dollarmengen waren der ideale Nährboden für die Schattenwirtschaft Neapels. Die Camorra erstarkte wieder.

Republik Italien

Beim Volksentscheid von 1946 über die künftige Staatsform stimmten die Einwohner Neapels im Gegensatz zur Mehrheit des Landes für die Beibehaltung der Monarchie. Bei der folgenden Konstituierung der italienischen Republik wurde mit Enrico de Nicola ein Neapolitaner zu deren erstem Präsidenten gewählt.

In den ersten Jahrzehnten der jungen Republik änderte sich für die Neapolitaner nichts Wesentliches an den prekären Verhältnissen in der Stadt. Dies führte zu weiteren großen Auswanderungswellen. Allein zwischen 1950 und 1970 verließen rund 800.000 Menschen die Stadt und die Provinz. Wieder waren Norditalien und die USA, zusätzlich aber auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als aufblühendes Wirtschaftswunderland die bevorzugten Ziele der Emigranten.

Die Regierung in Rom leitete zwar über die zum Aufbau des Südens gegründete Cassa per il Mezzogiorno ("Kasse für den Süden") Milliarden an Subventionen in die Region, Milliardenbeträge an Fördergeldern versickerten aber auch in dunklen Kanälen oder wurden durch neuerliche Fehlplanungen, welche die bestehenden ökonomischen und infrastrukturellen Bedingungen ignorierten, buchstäblich verschleudert. Neapel erlebte in den ersten viereinhalb Jahrzehnten seiner Nachkriegsgeschichte eine für das Europa der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts beispiellose Verquickung von Wirtschaft, Politik und Camorra, und der Name der Stadt wurde zum Synonym für Korruption, Bauspekulation und illegale Bereicherung. Protagonist dieser Politik war in Neapel insbesondere in den fünfziger Jahren der langjährige Bürgermeister der Stadt, Achille Lauro. Durch zweifelhafte Methoden in den Besitz eines Flotten- und Finanzimperiums gelangt, nutzte er die Bürgermeisterposition vorrangig zum weiteren Ausbau seiner wirtschaftlichen und politischen Macht. Gleichwohl war er als typischer Populist, der eine ausgeprägte Panem-et-Circenes-Politik betrieb, bei der Bevölkerung sehr beliebt.

Die Zwangsabsetzung Lauros per Dekret der römischen Zentralregierung änderte nichts Grundlegendes an den neapolitanischen Zuständen. Seine Nachfolger waren fast ausschließlich von ähnlichem Schlag, ob es sich nun um Christdemokraten oder Sozialisten handelte. Erst im Rahmen des gesamtitalienischen Erneuerungsprozesses ab 1992 änderten sich auch die Verhältnisse in Neapel, und die Ära der korrupten Kommunalpolitiker wurde beendet. 1993 wurde Antonio Bassolino vom Mitte-links-Bündnis L'Ulivo gegen Alessandra Mussolini (Alternativa Sociale) zum Bürgermeister gewählt. In seiner bis zum Jahr 2001 währenden Amtszeit erlebte die Stadt einen schnellen und nie für möglich gehaltenen Aufschwung. Die Korruption wurde systematisch bekämpft, der Einfluss der Camorra zumindest eingedämmt. Restaurierungsarbeiten am Stadtbild und Sanierungsmaßnahmen wurden eingeleitet. 1994 war Neapel Tagungsort des G7-Gipfels, 1995 wurde das centro storico (Altstadt) von der UNESCO zum Weltkulturerbe erklärt. Bei seiner Wiederwahl 1997 erhielt Bassolino 73 % der Stimmen, im Jahre 2000 wurde er auch Präsident der Region Kampanien. Seit 2001 setzt seine Parteifreundin und Nachfolgerin Rosa Russo Iervolino die von ihm begonnene Kommunalpolitik fort. In der letzten Zeit begannen sich die Probleme Neapels aber wieder zu verschärfen. Im Mai 2011 trat Luigi de Magistris als Spitzenkandidat eines linksliberalen Parteienbündnisses zur Kommunalwahl in Neapel an. Er verwies dabei überraschend Mario Morcone, den Vertreter des Partito Democratico von Bürgermeisterin Rosa Russo Iervolino (die selbst nicht mehr zur Wahl stand), auf den dritten Platz und zog dadurch in die Stichwahl um das Bürgermeisteramt gegen Giovanni Lettieri, den Kandidaten des Mitte-rechts-Bündnisses, an, in der er sich mit 65 zu 35 Prozent durchsetzte. Am 18. Juli 2011 legte er daraufhin sein Mandat als Europaabgeordneter nieder. De Magistris wurde 2016 wiedergewählt, als er sich wieder gegen Lettieri im zweiten Wahlgang mit 66,85 % durchsetzte.
2021 wurde der parteilose ehemalige Minister Gaetano Manfredi im ersten Wahlgang mit 62,88 % zum Bürgermeister gewählt, er wird im Gemeinderat von einer Koalition aus eher linken Parteien und den Fünf Sternen unterstützt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Herrscher von Neapel
 Liste der Erzbischöfe von Neapel
 Geschichte Italiens
 Schweizer Truppen in neapolitanischen Diensten

Literatur

 Giuseppe Galasso: Napoli capitale. Identità politica e identità cittadina. Studi e ricerche 1266–1860. Neapel 1998
 Christoff Neumeister: Der Golf von Neapel in der Antike. Ein literarischer Reiseführer. München 2005
 Dieter Richter: Neapel – Biographie einer Stadt. Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-8031-2509-X

Weblinks

 Zeittafel zur Geschichte Neapels

Einzelnachweise

Neapel

Geschichte Neapels


César Augusto Cabral (nacido el 11 de febrero de 1989 en San Cristóbal) es un lanzador dominicano de ligas menores que se encuentra en la organización de los Yankees de Nueva York.

Carrera
Cabral fue firmado originalmente por los Medias Rojas de Boston y jugó en su sistema de ligas menores hasta el año 2010. Su carrera profesional comenzó en 2006, cuando tuvo récord de 1-4 con una efectividad de 4.54 en 11 partidos (10 como abridor) con los DSL Red Sox. En 2007, una vez más con los DSL Red Sox, Cabral tuvo récord de 5-4 con una efectividad de 1.76 en 14 aperturas. Lanzó para los GCL Red Sox en el 2008, terminado con un récord de 2-5 con una efectividad de 5.59 en 11 partidos (9 como abridor), ponchando a 51 bateadores en 48 entradas y un tercio. En 2009, tuvo récord de 1-6 con una efectividad de 4.03 en 15 partidos (9 como abridor) con los Lowell Spinners. Dividió la temporada 2010 entre Greenville Drive y Salem Red Sox, teniendo récord de 4-0 combinado con una efectividad de 3.63 en 45 apariciones como relevista. Esa temporada, ponchó a 80 bateadores en 79 entradas y un tercio.

Un zurdo con un lanzamiento suave, lanzando exclusivamente rectas. Su recta se sitúa entre 91-93 mph y alcanza un máximo de 95 mph. Sus lanzamientos secundarios incluyen un excelente cambio de velocidad en círculo 81-83 mph, una curva rozando las 75 mph, y un fuerte slider de 79 a 82 mph. Proporciona una gran cantidad de abanicadas y ponches con su cambio, el cual tiene buen movimiento hacia bajo. Posee excelente dominio y control en los ataques a los bateadores.

Fue seleccionado por los Rays de Tampa Bay en el Draft de la Regla 5 de 2010. Fue reclamado en waivers por los Azulejos de Toronto el 12 de marzo de 2011, pero fue puesto nuevamente en waivers y reclamado nuevamente por los Rays el 14 de marzo. El 28 de marzo, fue devuelto a Boston por siguiendo las pautas de la Regla 5.

Fue seleccionado por los Reales de Kansas City en draft de la Regla 5 de 2011, y vendido a los Yankees.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Baseball-Reference
Cesar Cabral - Sox Prospects

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Lanzadores de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de las Águilas Cibaeñas
Nacidos en la provincia San Cristóbal

César Cabral


Stegnogramma, rod papratnjača iz porodice Thelypteridaceae, dio reda osladolike. Postoje sedam vrsta iz Azije, Afrike, Europe, Malezije, dvije u Novom svijetu

Vrste
 Stegnogramma aspidioides Blume
 Stegnogramma australis C. W. Chen & L. Y. Kuo
 Stegnogramma dictyoclinoides Ching
 Stegnogramma griffithii (T. Moore) K. Iwats.
 Stegnogramma mingchegensis (Ching) X. C. Zhang & L. J. He
 Stegnogramma sagittifolia (Ching) L. J. He & X. C. Zhang
 Stegnogramma wilfordii (Hook.) Seriz.

Sinonimi
 Thelypteris subgen.Stegnogramma (Blume) C.F.Reed
 Gymnogramma subgen.Stenogramma (Blume) C.B.Clarke
 Dictyocline T.Moore
 Thelypteris subgen.Dictyocline (T.Moore) C.F.Reed
 Thelypteris sect.Stegnogramma (Blume) Fraser-Jenk.

Izvori

Thelypteridaceae

Stegnogramma


Ali Riza-paša (1859. – 1933.), turski maršal. Po završetku Ratne škole upućen je 1886. u Njemačku na trogodišnje vojno usavršavanje. Godine 1903. guverner je i zapovjednik Bitolja, a godinu dana kasnije imenovan je za zapovjednika vojnih snaga u Jemenu. U čin maršala promaknut je 1905.

Za vrijeme Mladoturske revolucije 1908. izabran je za senatora, i dva puta je imenovan ministrom vojske. U Prvom balkanskom ratu, zapovijedao je Zapadnom turskom vojskom prema Srbiji, Crnoj Gori i Grčkoj. Poslije poraza Vardarske armije kod Kumanova, Ali Riza-paša je neko vrijeme zadržao srpsku vojsku kod Bitolja. U međuvremenu je pobijedio grčku 5. diviziju kod Vevija (Veúi, Banica) i Amindeona (Amyntaion, Sorovićevo), što mu je omogućilo da dijelove Vardarske armije izvuče prema Florini (Lerin).

Tijekom 1919. bio je predsjednik vlade, odnosno veliki vezir.

Literatura

 "Ali Riza-paša", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 97.

Vojni zapovjednici Osmanskog Carstva

Ali Riza-paša


Stadion Japoma ili  Stade omnisport de Douala (službeno ime) je projektirani stadion u Japomi u gradu Duoali, u sklopu kojeg će biti i drugi športski objekti. Imat će 50.000 sjedećih mjesta. Također su u sklopu stadiona košarkaški, rukometni, odbojkaški i teniški teren, olimpijski bazen za plivanje s 8 staza, konferencijske centre, razne trgovine, luksuzni hotel s 4 zvjezdice i parkiralište. Najviše će se stadion rabiti za potrebe nogometa, ali će takoder imati i atletsku stazu.

Stadion Japoma je predviđena cijena negdje oko 143 milijuna dolara od koje će 75% projekta financirati Türk Eximbank.

Također će ugostiti nogometne reprezentacije tijekom Afričkog kupa nacija 2021.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Japoma Stadium Project
 Japoma Sport Complex - Leonardo srl

Nogometni stadioni
Šport u Kamerunu

Stadion Japoma


Anders Peter Sundstrup (17. juli 1961 i København) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller og nuværende træner, der er træner for Boldklubben Frederiksholm Sydhavnen.

Han har desuden tidligere været træner for Greve Fodbold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Anders Sundstrup på BK Frems hjemmside
 Anders Sundstrup  på AaBs hjemmeside
 Sundstrup overtager tøjlerne i Greve

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubben Frem
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF
Fodboldspillere fra AZ Alkmaar
Fodboldspillere fra FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
Fodboldspillere fra AaB
Fodboldspillere fra Køge Boldklub

Anders Sundstrup


Mile Budak (Drvar, 18. veljače 1903.  Zagreb, 21. srpnja 1961.), hrvatski liječnik internist i ftizeolog. Nećak ministra Mile Budaka.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Drvaru. U Zagrebu je diplomirao medicinu 1926. godine. Znanstveni suradnik tvornice kemijsko-farmaceutskih proizvoda "Kaštel" u Zagrebu. Nakon par godina se zaposlio na Internoj klinici u Zagrebu. 1934. je osnovao plućni odjel. Prvi u Hrvata započeo liječenje plućne tuberkuloze torakokaustikom (1935.). Od 1941. docent interne medicine za predmet bolesti prsnih organa.
Na zagrebačkoj Internoj klinici radio je do 1942. godine. Kad je 1942. u Zagrebu otvorena Zakladna bolnica na Rebru, prelazi ondje kao predstojnik plućnog odjela. Godine 1943. odjel je pretvorio u II. internu kliniku Medicinskog fakulteta,  na kojem je 1943. izabran za izvanrednog, a 1944. za redovitog profesora.  Do 1945. vodio kliniku. U drugom svjetskom ratu bio je osobni liječnik Ante Pavelića. Opskrbio je lijekovima i instrumentima prihvatni centar na Zavrtnici, gdje su bili smješteni brojni Židovi, među njima i židovski liječnici, koji su poslije poslani u Bosnu suzbijati epidemiju endemskog sifilisa. Situacija je bila takva da su potkraj lipnja 1941. vlasti NDH u Banjoj Luci morale osnovati Zavod za suzbijanje endemijskog sifilisa. Hrvatski liječnici nisu se javljali za odlazak u te krajeve niti uz obećavane velike povlastice. Prigoda za spašavanje barem dijela Židova ukazala se kad ih se moglo pokazati vlastima da su potrebni. Stoga su njemačke i ustaške vlasti (vjerojatno uz osobno poglavnikovo znanje) poštedjele deportacije (mnogi iz Zavrtnice završili su u logorima) najmanje 81 židovskog liječnika (Samuel Deutsch, Stjepan Steiner i dr.) iz Zagreba. Poslani su u jesen 1941. u najzabačenije bosanske krajeve radi suzbijanja epidemije. Židovski izvori navode da su se hrvatski liječnici Ante Vuletić (koji je osmislio akciju u sporazumu s prijateljem liječnikom Miroslavom Schlesingerom), Mile Budak, ministar Ivan Petrić, Stanko Sielski, Ivan Raguž i Berislav Borčić angažirali radi pomoći svojim židovskim kolegama u formiranju židovske liječničke ekipe. Predstavili su državnom vrhu NDH da su ti Židovi potrebni za suzbijanje te opake bolesti. U ratu je Budak nosio čin ustaškog bojnika. Od 1945. do 1947. vodio je bolnicu Kazneno-popravnog doma u Staroj Gradišci, jer je bio osuđen na vremensku kaznu kao liječnik političkog vrha NDH.
1948. se je godine zaposlio na zagrebačkoj Bolnici za sušicu (Centralni antituberkulozni dispanzer)  U istoj je ustanovi osnovao Centar za tuberkulozni meningitis. U ovoj je bolnici radio sve do smrti 1961. godine.

Osobito se je bavio problemima rehabilitacije tuberkuloznih bolesnika.

Djela
 Vitamini i kalcij te njihova klinička upotreba, 1937.
 Unutarnje bolesti, 1945. (gl. autor Ivan Botteri, Mile Budak suradnik)
 Izabrana poglavlja iz ftizeologije, 1957.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski internisti
Životopisi, Drvar
Hrvatski masoni do 1940.

Mile Budak (liječnik)


Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V. (), commonly known as Hamburger SV () or Hamburg (), is a German sports club based in Hamburg, with its largest branch being its football section. Though the current HSV was founded in June 1919 from a merger of three earlier clubs, it traces its origins to 29 September 1887 when the first of the predecessors, SC Germania, was founded.

HSV has won the German national championship six times, the DFB-Pokal three times and the former League Cup twice. The team's most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when, in addition to several domestic honours, they won the 1976–77 European Cup Winners' Cup and the 1982–83 European Cup. The outstanding players of this period were Horst Hrubesch, Manfred Kaltz, and Felix Magath, all regulars in the West German National Team. To date, HSV's last major trophy was the 1986–87 DFB-Pokal. Up until the 2017–18 Bundesliga season, which found the team relegated for the first time in history, HSV's football team had the distinction of being the only team that had played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the founding of the club at the end of World War I. It was subsequently the only team that had played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963.

HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld, a western district of Hamburg. The club colours are officially blue, white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys and red shorts. The team's most common nickname is "die Rothosen" (the Red Shorts). As it is one of Germany's oldest clubs, it is also known as der Dinosaurier (the Dinosaur). HSV have rivalries with Werder Bremen, with whom they contest the Nordderby, and Hamburg-based FC St. Pauli, with whom they contest the Hamburg derby.

HSV is notable in football as a grassroots-oriented organisation which places strong emphasis on youth development. The club had a team in the Women's Bundesliga from 2003 to 2012 but it was demoted to Regionalliga level because of financial problems. Other club sections include badminton, baseball, basketball, bowling, boxing, cricket, darts, ice hockey, field hockey, golf, gymnastics, handball, and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation exercises. These sections represent about 10% of the club membership. HSV is one of the biggest sports clubs in Germany with over 84,000 members total in all its sections, and according to Forbes it is among the 20 largest football clubs in the world.

History

Early years
Hamburger Sport-Verein (HSV) traces its origin to the merger of Der Hohenfelder Sportclub and Wandsbek-Marienthaler Sportclub on 29 September 1887 to form Sport-Club Germania Hamburg, usually referred to as SC Germania. This was the first of three clubs that merged on 2 June 1919 to create HSV in its present form. HSV in its club statute recognises the founding of SC Germania as its own date of origin. The other two clubs in the June 1919 merger were Hamburger FC founded in 1888 and FC Falke Eppendorf dating back to 1906. The merger came about because the three clubs had been severely weakened by the impact of the First World War on manpower and finance and they could not continue as separate entities.

SC Germania was formed originally as an athletics club and did not begin to play football until 1891, when some Englishmen joined the club and introduced it. SC Germania had its first success in 1896, winning the Hamburg-Altona championship for the first of five times. Germania player  emigrated to Brazil at the end of the 19th century, where he became an important pioneer of the game, instrumental in the foundation of SC Internacional, the third oldest club of the country which became part of São Paulo FC, one of the major sports clubs of Brazil, in 1938 and SC Germânia of São Paulo, which later became EC Pinheiros.

Hamburger SC 1888 was founded by students on 1 June 1888. It later had links with a youth team called FC Viktoria 95 and, during World War I, was temporarily known as Viktoria Hamburg 88. SC Germania and Hamburger SC 1888 were among 86 clubs who founded the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB; German Football Association) in Leipzig on 28 January 1900. FC Falke was founded by students in Eppendorf on 5 March 1906 but it was never a successful team and played in lower leagues.

The newly formed Hamburger SV quickly became competitive and contested the 1922 national final against 1. FC Nürnberg, who were playing for their third consecutive title. The game was called off on account of darkness after three hours and ten minutes of play, drawn at 2–2. The re-match also went into extra time, and in an era that did not allow for substitutions, that game was called off at 2–2 when Nuremberg were reduced to just seven players (two were injured, two had been sent off) and the referee ruled they could not continue. Considerable wrangling ensued over the decision. The DFB awarded the win to HSV but urged them to refuse the title in the name of good sportsmanship (which they grudgingly did). Ultimately, the Viktoria trophy was not officially presented that year.

HSV's first unqualified success was achieved in the 1923 German football championship when they won the national title against Union Oberschöneweide. They failed to defend the title in 1924, losing the final to Nuremberg, but lifted the Viktoria again in 1928 when they defeated Hertha BSC 5–2 at the Altonaer Stadion in the final.

During the Third Reich, HSV enjoyed local success in the Gauliga Nordmark, also known as the Gauliga Hamburg, winning the league championship in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941 and 1945. At national level the club was unsuccessful with semi-final losses in 1938 and 1939 their best performances in this period. Its main rival in the Gauliga in those years was Eimsbütteler TV.

Post-war era

HSV's first post-war season was in the newly formed Stadtliga Hamburg and they won its championship in 1946. The club also won the championship of the British occupation zone in 1947 and 1948, the only two seasons this competition was staged.

HSV became the first German team to tour the United States after World War II in May 1950 and came away with a 6–0 record.

Playing in the Oberliga Nord after the resumption of league play in post-war West Germany in 1947, HSV became a frighteningly dominant regional club. In 16 seasons from 1947 to 1948 to 1962–63, they laid claim to the Oberliga title 15 times, only posting an uncharacteristic 11th-place finish in 1953–54. During this period, they scored over 100 goals in each of the 1951, 1955, 1961 and 1962 seasons. In 1953, the club's all-time leading goalscorer Uwe Seeler debuted. In nine seasons, he scored 267 goals in 237 Oberliga matches.

National titles, however, were harder to come by. In 1956, HSV reached the DFB-Pokal final but were beaten by Karlsruher SC. This was followed by losses in the finals of the national championship to Borussia Dortmund in 1957 and Schalke 04 in 1958.

In 1960, HSV became German champions for the first time since 1928, defeating 1. FC Köln 3–2 in the championship final. Seeler, who scored twice in the final, was named West German Footballer of the Year.

As national champions, HSV represented West Germany in the 1960–61 European Cup. The club's first ever match in European competition was a 5–0 defeat of Swiss club Young Boys in Bern, with HSV winning the tie 8–3 on aggregate. In the quarter-finals, they beat English champions Burnley before being defeated by Barcelona at the semi-final stage in a playoff game after the scores were level over two legs. The crowd of 77,600 at the Volksparkstadion for the first leg against Barcelona remains the record attendance for a HSV home match.

Entry into the Bundesliga

Soon after, Germany's first professional football league, the Bundesliga, was formed, with HSV one of 16 clubs invited to join that first season. Hamburger SV was the only original Bundesliga side to have played continuously in the top flight – without ever having been relegated – from when the league was formed in 1963, until they were relegated in the 2017–18 season, finishing in 17th place. They had shared that special status with Eintracht Frankfurt and 1. FC Kaiserslautern until 1996, and with 1. FC Köln until 1998. Altogether, 49 other sides have come and gone since the league's inception. The Bundesliga celebrated its 40th anniversary on 24 August 2004 with a match between "The Dinosaur", as the club has been affectionately nicknamed due to its old age, and Bayern Munich, the league's most successful side.

In August 1963, HSV defeated Borussia Dortmund 3–0 at Hanover's Niedersachsenstadion to win the club's first DFB-Pokal. In the same month, the club played its first ever Bundesliga match, drawing 1–1 with Preußen Münster. HSV finished the Bundesliga's first season in sixth place, with Uwe Seeler scoring 30 goals to secure the Torjägerkanone. He was also named Footballer of the Year for the second time. The DFB-Pokal victory enabled HSV to play in the 1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they reached the quarter-final, falling to Lyon.

In 1967, HSV again reached the final of the DFB-Pokal where they were defeated 4–0 by Bayern Munich. HSV, however, were admitted to the following season's European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Milan in the final.

In 1970, Seeler was named Footballer of the Year for the third time. He retired at the end of the 1971–72 season in front of 72,000 fans at the Volksparkstadion. He ended his career with 137 goals from 239 Bundesliga matches and 507 goals from 587 appearances in all competitions. In the same season, HSV played in the UEFA Cup for the first time but were knocked out in the first round by Scottish side St Johnstone.

Golden era
In 1973, HSV won the first edition of the DFB-Ligapokal, beating Borussia Mönchengladbach 4–0 in the final. A year later, they reached the DFB-Pokal final, where they were beaten by Eintracht Frankfurt. In 1976, HSV reached another DFB-Pokal final, beating 1. FC Kaiserslautern 2–0 to win the trophy for the second time in the club's history. The following year, HSV achieved its first international success with a 2–0 win over Anderlecht in the final of the 1976–77 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club then signed English superstar Kevin Keegan from European champions Liverpool. After spending much of the previous decade in mid-table, HSV had achieved their best Bundesliga position in 1974–75 by finishing fourth. This was then bettered in 1975–76 with a second-place finish. Keegan's first season at the club saw the team slip to a disappointing tenth place, however, the player himself was named European Footballer of the Year.

In 1978, Branko Zebec was appointed trainer of HSV. The Yugoslav led the club to its first ever Bundesliga title in his first season in charge. Keegan top scored for die Rothosen and was awarded the Ballon d'Or for a second successive year.

In the 1979–80 season, HSV returned to the European Cup for the first time since 1960–61. As had happened 19 years ago, HSV faced Spanish opposition in the semi-finals. After losing the first leg at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium 2–0, HSV thrashed six-time winners Real Madrid 5–1 at the Volksparkstadion to qualify for the final. HSV returned to Madrid to play Nottingham Forest in the final, where they were beaten 1–0. In the Bundesliga, HSV missed out on defending their title by two points, finishing in second place behind champions Bayern Munich.

In December 1980, HSV dismissed Zebec, who had been struggling with a drinking problem. His assistant Aleksandar Ristić was appointed caretaker for the remainder of the season and secured a creditable second-place finish in the Bundesliga.

In 1981, Austrian coach Ernst Happel was appointed as Zebec's permanent replacement. In his first season, his HSV side regained the Bundesliga title and reached the UEFA Cup final, where they lost 4–0 on aggregate to Sweden's IFK Göteborg.

Between 16 January 1982 and 29 January 1983, HSV went undefeated in the Bundesliga. The run stretched across 36 games and remained a Bundesliga record until November 2013, when it was broken by Bayern Munich.

A third Meisterschale followed at the end of the 1982–83 season, with HSV defending their title against local rivals Werder Bremen on goal difference. The same year, HSV recorded its greatest ever success, defeating Juventus 1–0 in Athens to win the club's first European Cup.

In December 1983, HSV traveled to Tokyo where they faced South American champions Grêmio in the Intercontinental Cup. The Brazilian club took home the trophy with a 93rd minute winning goal. Back home, they lost the league championship to VfB Stuttgart on goal difference.

Both 1984–85 and 1985–86 were disappointing seasons for HSV with the club finishing fifth and seventh respectively. In 1986, midfielder Felix Magath, who had played for the club for ten years and scored the winning goal in the 1983 European Cup Final, retired from professional football.

In 1986–87, HSV finished second in the Bundesliga and won a fourth DFB-Pokal, beating Stuttgarter Kickers 3–1 in the final at West Berlin's Olympiastadion. After this success, Ernst Happel left the club to return to Austria. He remains HSV's most successful trainer with two Bundesliga titles, one DFB-Pokal and one European Cup.

Modern era
In the early 1990s, HSV found itself in financial trouble. The sale of Thomas Doll to Lazio for a then record 16 million Deutsche Marks in June 1991 is credited with ensuring the club's survival. On the pitch, meanwhile, the team was in decline. After a fifth-place finish in 1990–91, HSV finished in the bottom half of the Bundesliga in four consecutive seasons.

In October 1995, Felix Magath returned to HSV to become the club's trainer. The following month, Uwe Seeler also returned as the club president. Under the new regime, HSV finished fifth in the Bundesliga, securing European qualification for the first time in six years. The following season, HSV reached the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal. In May 1997, however, Magath was fired after a 4–0 defeat to 1. FC Köln with the team one place above the relegation zone. HSV eventually finished in 13th place under reserve team coach Ralf Schehr.

In 1997, HSV appointed Frank Pagelsdorf, who would coach the team for over four years, making him the longest serving trainer since Ernst Happel. A ninth-place finish in 1997–98 was followed by seventh in 1998–99 and third in 1999–2000, the team's best performance since 1986–87.

On 2 September 2000, the new Volksparkstadion was officially opened as the national team played its first 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier, against Greece.

In 2000–01, HSV competed in the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the competition's expansion from the old European Cup. Their first match was an extraordinary 4–4 draw against Juventus, with Tony Yeboah scoring the club's first Champions League goal. Though HSV failed to qualify for the second round, they did manage a historic 3–1 win over Juve in the return fixture at the Stadio delle Alpi.

In July 2003, HSV won its first trophy in 16 years with a 4–2 defeat of Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Ligapokal final.

In August 2004, HSV was upset in the early rounds of the DFB-Pokal by regional league side SC Paderborn. The match became one of the most infamous in recent football history when it was discovered that referee, Robert Hoyzer, had accepted money from a Croatian gambling syndicate to fix the match, which he did, awarding two penalties to Paderborn and sending off HSV player Émile Mpenza. The resulting scandal became the biggest in German football in over 30 years, and was an embarrassment to the country as it prepared to host the 2006 World Cup.

Another third-place finish in 2005–06 saw HSV qualify for the Champions League for the second time. They finished bottom of Group G with a solitary win against Russian club CSKA Moscow. In the league, the team was in 17th place going into the winter break, having won once in the league all season, leading to the dismissal of trainer Thomas Doll. Under new coach Huub Stevens, HSV pulled away from the relegation zone and qualified for the UEFA Cup via a seventh-place finish and victory in the Intertoto Cup. The following season, Stevens led the team to fourth place in the Bundesliga before leaving to take over at Dutch champions PSV Eindhoven. He was replaced by Martin Jol, who took HSV to the semi-finals of both the 2008–09 UEFA Cup and the 2008–09 DFB-Pokal, both of which die Rothosen lost to rivals Werder Bremen. In the league they missed out on Champions League qualification on the final day of the season. In the summer of 2009, after only one season, Jol departed to become coach of Ajax.

Under new coach Bruno Labbadia, HSV reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup (now renamed the UEFA Europa League) for the second season in a row. However, a defeat in the away leg to Fulham days after the firing of Labbadia denied the club the opportunity to play in the final, which was held at its home stadium.

On 13 October 2011, Thorsten Fink was appointed as coach with the team in the relegation zone after losing six of their opening eight matches. In HSV's first nine games under Fink they were unbeaten, going into the winter break in 13th place. The team eventually finished 15th, avoiding a first ever relegation by five points. In 2012–13, HSV recorded a much improved seventh-place finish, in large part due to Heung-min Son's ability to score crucial goals. During the season, however, the team equaled the club's record Bundesliga defeat, losing 9–2 at the Allianz Arena to Bayern Munich.

Fink was replaced on 25 September 2013 by Bert van Marwijk, who in the same season was replaced by Mirko Slomka on 17 February 2014. Under Slomka, the club narrowly avoided its first ever relegation from the Bundesliga in May 2014 by defeating Greuther Fürth on the away goals rule in a play-off.

Hamburg once again changed managers due to a poor start of the season
, firing Slomka on 15 September. His successor Josef Zinnbauer held the job up until 22 March and was replaced by interim coach Peter Knäbel who was eventually replaced by returning Bruno Labbadia, who saved the club at the end of the season in the relegation play-off for the second year running against Karlsruher SC. Labbadia achieved only two points in the first ten games of the 2016–17 season and was replaced by Markus Gisdol who had a shaky start but managed to get 20 points in 9 games from the 19th match day to the 28th match day. On the last match day, Hamburg avoided the relegation play-offs and stayed in the Bundesliga.

Relegation and missed promotions
In the 2017–18 Bundesliga, after a 3–1 defeat in the first round of DFB-Pokal against the third-division team VfL Osnabrück, HSV managed in the Bundesliga a positive start to the season with two wins against FC Augsburg and 1. FC Köln. However, eight games followed without a single win. At the end of the first half of the season, HSV was in second last place in the table. After two defeats in the first two games of the second half, coach Markus Gisdol was dismissed. HSV hired Bernd Hollerbach, a former player of the club, as a new coach. After seven games without a win and a 6–0 defeat against Bayern Munich, he was also dismissed. A few days before the game against Bayern, the club announced the dismissal of CEO Heribert Bruchhagen. Frank Wettstein, CFO of the club, was appointed as the new CEO. On the day of his appointment, he dismissed the sports director Jens Todt. The club hired former successful HSV player Thomas von Heesen as a sports consultant until the end of season. For the last eight games in the 2017–18 Bundesliga, the club promoted the coach of Hamburger SV II, Christian Titz. Until then, he was very successful in the Regionalliga Nord (fourth league) with his team at the top of the table. With four wins and an offensively minded style of play, the coach convinced the club and received a two-year contract.

After the disastrous season in the 2017–18 Bundesliga under three different coaches, a final day win over Borussia Mönchengladbach was not enough to escape relegation after Wolfsburg won against Köln 4–1. They were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in the Bundesliga's 55-year history, causing riots by Hamburg supporters.

After the relegation Christian Titz was sacked in October 2018, and replaced by Hannes Wolf. Hamburg failed to gain a seat back to the Bundesliga and failed to reach the playoffs with a one-point difference between them and Union Berlin. The team managed to reach the semi-finals of the 2018–19 DFB-Pokal, before being defeated by RB Leipzig 1–3 at home.

For the 2019–20 2. Bundesliga, their second year in the 2. Bundesliga, Wolf was laid-off and was replaced by Dieter Hecking. Again they failed to return to the Bundesliga by one-point, and they were eliminated in the second round of the 2019–20 DFB Pokal by Vfb Stuttgart 1–2 in extra time.

By again missing promotion, Hecking's contract was not extended. For the 2020–21 season, Daniel Thioune was brought in as the new head coach from league rivals VfL Osnabrück. The season began with a 1–4 first-round knockout loss in the DFB-Pokal to 3. Liga club Dynamo Dresden. Despite this disappointing loss, HSV then started the season well and won the first 5 games. After a subsequent winless streak of 5 games, 3 of which were lost in a row, the team stabilised again from matchday 11 and went undefeated until the winter break. The first half of the season, which ended in January due to the late start of the season, ended with 36 points as HSV were first in the league table. In the second half of the season, HSV collapsed as in the two previous years. From matchday 20 and onwards, HSV were again winless for 5 games. After 2 wins, another winless series of 5 games followed from matchday 27 and onwards, during which, among other things, the club gave up a 3–0 lead against Hannover 96 which ended in a 3–3 draw. The club also lost to relegation candidates SV Sandhausen. Due to this development, Thioune was released at the beginning of May 2021 and replaced by the head of academy Horst Hrubesch for the final three games of the season. At that point, HSV were in third place with 52 points, five points from a spot guaranteeing direct promotion.

In the 2021–22 season, HSV finally managed to reach the elusive promotion playoff spot, finishing third on goal difference over Darmstadt 98. Once again, however, the season ended in heartbreak as HSV fell to the Bundesligas 16th place side Hertha Berlin 1–2 in the playoff, slumping to a 0–2 home defeat despite winning the first leg in Berlin.

In the 2022–23 season, their fifth season in the 2. Bundesliga, the club had the highest spectator average of any second-division club in Europe. During that season, Hamburger SV were in the top three places since matchday 6, and finished the year 2022 in second place. On the last matchday, HSV played an away match against SV Sandhausen, where they won 1–0, and as SSV Jahn Regensburg were leading 2–1 against second-place 1. FC Heidenheim, HSV were about to be promoted to Bundesliga. However during eleven minutes of stoppage time, Heidenheim scored two goals to finish top; hence, Hamburger SV had to play the promotion/relegation play-offs against VfB Stuttgart. They lost both legs, missing promotion to the top division for the fifth year in a row.

Stadium

Hamburger SV plays its home games in the Volksparkstadion, which was previously known as the Imtech Arena between 2010 and 2015. Built on the site of the original Volksparkstadion, opened in 1953, the current stadium was opened in 2000, and has a capacity of 57,000 – approximately 47,000 seats with another 10,000 spectators standing. The first Volksparkstadion had been a venue for the 1974 World Cup and UEFA Euro 1988. The Volksparkstadion is a UEFA category one stadium, which certifies it to host UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League finals. The stadium was the site of four group matches and a quarter-final in the past 2006 World Cup, hosted by Germany, and was known as FIFA World Cup Stadium Hamburg during the event. It was also the venue for the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final.

HSV fans can be buried at a dedicated graveyard near the home stadium, covered in turf from the original Hamburg pitch.

Rivals and affinities

HSV contests the Nordderby with fellow Northern Germany side Werder Bremen. In Spring 2009, HSV faced Werder four times in only three weeks, and Werder defeated HSV in the UEFA-Cup semi-final, as well as in the DFB-Pokal semi-final. Many HSV fans see this as the origin of the club's decline from 2009 to the relegation year 2018.

Furthermore, HSV shares a cross-town rivalry with FC St. Pauli. When, after seven years in different leagues, the game HSV against FC St. Pauli came back again, there were already disputes between both fan groups several weeks before the game. It started when about 100 HSV fans interrupted a St. Pauli concert because it took place on the "HSV-side" of the Reeperbahn. In a league game a short time later, the HSV fans showed a banner in the stadium with the inscription "Stellt euch endlich unsrer Gier – 100 Ihr : 100 Wir" ("Finally satisfy our lust – 100 of you vs. 100 of us"). After fans of FC St. Pauli attacked HSV fans working on a choreography for the game and destroyed parts of it, some HSV fans threatened them by hanging figures in the colours of the rival at several bridges throughout the city. In addition, one day later there was a march of about 80 HSV-Ultras across the Reeperbahn, where insulting chants against St. Pauli were screamed. In the hours leading up to first 2. Bundesliga Hamburg Derby on 10 March 2019 at the Millerntor-Stadion, the supporters groups of both teams were escorted by the Hamburg police to avoid conflict. The day proved historic with a triumphant 4–0 win over FC St. Pauli at the Millerntor-Stadion, the first time HSV had won at the stadium in the St. Pauli quarter since 1962. In response to Benedikt Pliquett's celebratory kick of HSV's corner flag at the Volksparkstadion in 2011, Tom Mickel mimicked Pliquett with a "Kung-Fu Kick" of his own, according to MOPO.

After two major conflicts between the two fan groups,  the relationship with Holstein Kiel has been considered as difficult for a short time now.

HSV have an affinity with Scottish club Rangers. HSV fans unfurl their club logo at Rangers' away European matches. The link between Rangers and Hamburg dates back to 1977 when the Hamburg Rangers Supporters' Club was set up by HSV fans who had visited Rangers matches before and were thrilled by the atmosphere at Ibrox. The links were further strengthened when Rangers signed Jörg Albertz from Hamburg. In the derby against St. Pauli in the season 2018–19 about 200–300 fans of the Scottish club traveled to Hamburg to support HSV. The friendship between Celtic and Hamburg's rivals FC St. Pauli has no influence on this friendship, however. Nevertheless, the HSV fans sent a provocation towards Celtic, when they clashed in the Europa League in 2009. They showed a Union Jack, bearing the words "No Surrender", as a big choreography in the stadium.

HSV have a friendship bond with Hannover 96 due to both being known by the abbreviation "HSV". Their meetings involve the visitors' club song to be played, and fans chanting HSV from each end of the stadium.

Furthermore, Hamburger SV has a friendship bond with Arminia Bielefeld – both teams share the same colors, resulting in the popular fan chant "Schwarz, weiß, blau – Arminia und der HSV" ("Black, white, blue – Arminia and the HSV"). Especially in the 1990s, multiple players transferred between the two clubs.

As Hannover and Bielefeld fans have affinities as well, all three clubs are sometimes called the Nordallianz (Northern Alliance) despite the fact that the city of Bielefeld is not technically located in Northern Germany.

In addition, some fan groups maintain good contacts with the fourth division team VfB Lübeck, whose fans also have an aversion to St. Pauli and Holstein Kiel. In 2013, HSV helped the club, which was threatened by insolvency, with a free friendly match, in which the team competed with several national players to attract as many spectators as possible and left the entire earnings for VfB Lübeck.

Fans
The Hamburger SV has a big fanbase in Hamburg and the region. The band Abschlach! has written the HSV anthem Mein Hamburg lieb ich sehr. The band always plays this song before HSV games.

HSV has more than 700 officially registered fan clubs in Germany and abroad. Significant ones include "Rautengeil Fallingbostel", "Hermanns Treue Riege", "Totale Offensive e. V." and the "Wilhelmsburg Boys". Well-known HSV ultra groups are or were "Poptown" and "Chosen Few". The "Rothosen" supporters' association founded in April 1972 is the oldest HSV fan club. It still has around 40 members and was one of the more well-known fan clubs in the 1980s. The business fan club of Hamburger SV was registered by HSV as an official fan club in 2006. This fan club was founded by entrepreneurs and combines sporting interests with business interests. Since the 2006–07 season, the Hamburger Sport-Verein has had a fan club for gay and bisexual fans called "BLUE PRIDE", which merged into the "Volksparkjunxx" in January 2012. The members of fan club "Die Löwen" has been notorious for their aggressiveness. The group was associated with skinheads and right-wing radicalism in the 1980s. The Bremen fan Adrian Maleika was murdered by members of the group on 16 October 1982.

As a reaction to the murder of Maleika, the HSV fan project was founded, which still exists today and is financially supported by the German Football League and the Hamburg Authority for Labour, Social Affairs, Family and Integration. The fan project makes travel offers for away games and supports the Supporters Club with its offers. Numerous events take place in the fan house, also with the support of HSV itself.

The Supporters Club, founded in 1993, has now been joined by 66,489 fans (as of 1 June 2019), who have thus also become members of HSV. The 36 founding members include the former board member responsible for membership matters, Oliver Scheel, the former supervisory board members Henning Trolsen and Christian Reichert, and the current director of the HSV Museum, Dirk Mansen.

As a reaction to the spin-off, disappointed fans founded the "HFC Falke" – based on the model of FC United of Manchester – which started playing in the 2015–16 season and is currently playing in the Hamburg district league north.

Club kit and colours
The club colours are officially blue, white and black according to its statute but the fans use the combination "schwarz-weiss-blau" (black-white-blue) in their songs and chants; they also chant "HSV" . The club crest is a black and white diamond on a blue background. These were the colours of SC Germania. The use of the blue background suggests a link with Hamburg's maritime tradition as the Blue Peter flag signal (meaning "All Aboard" or "Outward Bound") is a white rectangle on a similar blue background.

In contrast, the team's home kit is white jerseys and red shorts, which are the colours of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. As a result, the team's most common nickname is "die Rothosen" (the Red Shorts). HSV was previously also known as der Dinosaurier (the Dinosaur) and used a dinosaur mascot called "Hermann" (named after long-time club physiotherapist Hermann Rieger) for marketing purposes.

HSV's kit was made by Adidas from 1978 to 1995 and the club re-engaged Adidas in 2007 having worked with a number of its competitors in the meantime. The first shirt sponsorship was introduced in 1974. The following is a list of shirt sponsors by date:

Sponsor

Kit Sponsor

In international competitions
HSV's first participation in European competition came after they won the German championship in 1960 and were invited to take part in the 1960–61 European Cup. They had a bye in the preliminary round and their first round opponents were Young Boys. HSV won the two-legged tie 8–3 on aggregate, beating the Swiss side 0–5 in the away leg on 2 November 1960 and then drawing 3–3 at home on 27 November.

HSV reached the semi-final of the European Cup in 1961. Subsequently, they have twice played in the final, losing 1–0 to Nottingham Forest in 1980 and defeating Juventus 1–0 in 1983. With Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich, HSV is one of three German teams who have won the European Cup. HSV won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1976–77 and have been runners-ups in both that competition and the UEFA Cup. Their most recent European campaign was the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League in which they reached the semi-final.

Hamburg became, in 1982, the first club in European football to have been runner-up in all three major UEFA club competitions, having lost the 1967–68 European Cup Winners' Cup, the 1979–80 European Cup and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup finals. Additionally, having lost the European Super Cup for the first time in the 1977 edition, the 1983 Intercontinental Cup and in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup, they became the first and only club in Europe to have obtained the silver medal in all six confederation competitions.

HSV's biggest win in a European match occurred on 23 October 1974 when they defeated Romanian team Brașov 8–0 in a UEFA Cup second round tie. Their biggest defeat was in the second leg of the 1977 Super Cup when they lost 6–0 to Liverpool at Anfield on 6 December. Manfred Kaltz with 81 has made the most appearances for HSV in Europe and Horst Hrubesch with 20 is their leading goalscorer.

Based on data published by UEFA, a summary of HSV's European record to the end of the 2021–22 season is as follows:

According to UEFA, HSV is currently unranked among European clubs. The last year that the club had a coefficient was in 2014 when it ranked 64th (34.328).

Honours

HSV have the record in German football of having won the most regional titles, having won 31 regional titles. However, the regional titles do not count as a trophy or even as a title itself. Winning a regional title only guaranteed a club to battle, with other regional winning clubs, for the German Championship.

Hamburg's three Bundesliga championships entitle the club to display one gold star of the "Verdiente Meistervereine". Under the current award system, their pre-Bundesliga championships are not recognized and so they are not entitled to the second star of a five-time champion.

After the replay of the championship final in 1922 had to be abandoned due to the opponents no longer having enough players on the ground, the German Football Association (DFB) requested HSV to renounce the title, which the club did.

During his first season with Hamburger SV (2000–01), Sergej Barbarez became the top scorer for his club with 22 goals and joint top scorer of the Bundesliga with Ebbe Sand.

Until the 2017–18 season, HSV took pride in its status as the only club to have played continuously in the Bundesliga since its foundation. A large clock in the northwest corner of the Volksparkstadion marked the time, down to the second, since the league was founded on 24 August 1963.

Domestic
German Champions:
Winners: 1922–23, 1927–28, 1959–60, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83
Runners-up: 1923–24, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1975–76, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1986–87
DFB-Pokal:
Winners: 1962–63, 1975–76, 1986–87
Runners-up: 1955–56, 1966–67, 1973–74

DFB-Ligapokal:
Winners: 1972–73, 2003

DFB-Supercup:
Runners-up: 1977, 1983, 1987

European
European Cup:
Winners: 1982–83
Runners-up: 1979–80
European Cup Winners' Cup:
Winners: 1976–77
Runners-up: 1967–68
UEFA Cup:
Runners-up: 1981–82
UEFA Super Cup:
Runners-up: 1977, 1983
UEFA Intertoto Cup:
Winners: 2005, 2007 (Outright Winners)
Runners-up: 1999
 Intertoto Cup:
Group Winners: 1970, 1994

Worldwide
Intercontinental Cup
Runners-up: 1983

Double
1982–83: League and European Cup

Regional
Northern German football championship (unrecognized)
Winners (10): 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933 (record)
Oberliga Nord (unrecognized)
Winners (15): 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 (record)
Gauliga Nordmark (unrecognized)
Winners: 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941
Gauliga Hamburg
Winners: 1945
Stadtliga Hamburg
Winners: 1946
British occupation zone championship
Winners: 1947, 1948 (record)

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Personnel

Head coaches since 1963

* Served as caretaker coach.

Notable players

Other sections

HSV-Panthers (Futsal)

The Futsal section of Hamburger SV competes under the name "HSV Panthers", which emerged from the Hamburg Panthers. They play in the highest german Futsal division, the Futsal Bundesliga.

The team is a founding member of the Futsal Bundesliga of the German Football Association. So far, the team has won the Deutsche Futsal Meisterschaft four times and is therefore German record champion. The HSV Panthers were also represented four times internationally in the UEFA Futsal Champions League, in 2015 they were the first German team to qualify for the elite round. With Michael Meyer, Onur Saglam, Dennis Oztürk, Sid Ziskin, Nico Zankl, and Ian-Prescott Claus, six German futsal national players play in the ranks of Hamburger SV.

Hamburger SV II

The reserve team serves mainly as the final stepping stone for promising young players before being promoted to the main team.

Women's football

The women's section was created in 1970. The team played in the Bundesliga between 2003 and 2012.

Other sports
The club's rugby section was established in 1925 but ceased operation in the 1990s. It was re-established in March 2006. The club's men's baseball section, HSV Hamburg, known as the Stealers, was established in 1985 and plays in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga. Other important sections are volleyball and cricket. Okka Rau was qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics of volleyball. HSV Cricket plays in the league of the North German Cricket Federation (Norddeutscher Cricket Verband) and won several first places.

References

External links

Team statistics
Hamburger SV formations at football-lineups
Statistics, formations and historical data at worldfootball.net

Football clubs in Hamburg
Football clubs in Germany
Multi-sport clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1887
Baseball teams in Germany
1887 establishments in Germany
UEFA Champions League winning clubs
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning clubs
UEFA Intertoto Cup winning clubs
Bundesliga clubs
2. Bundesliga clubs

Hamburger SV


, est un personnage légendaire qui aurait usurpé le trône royal de Himyar, pendant 27 ans. Selon les traditions arabes, après dix ans de règne tranquilles, Dhu Shanatir commença à séduire de jeunes garçons, leur promettant de la nourriture et de l'argent ; ensuite, il les déshabillait et les violait jusqu'au lever du jour, puis il les tuait en les jetant nus par la fenêtre de sa chambre.

Nom
Outre la forme Lakliatha, le prénom de Dhu Shanatir est vocalisé différemment selon les historiens musulmans : Lakhni'ah, Lakhni'athath ou Lahi'ah. Le surnom Dhu Shanatir veut dire « Aux boucles d'oreilles », et vient du fait que le roi en portait selon la légende.

Récit légendaire
À la mort du roi de Himyar Tubbân As'ad Abu Karib, dit Tubân le Simple, son fils aîné, le prince Hassan monte sur le trône. Son cadet, le prince Amr, complote et le fait tuer. Dhu Shanatir s'élève et prend le pouvoir ; pour assurer sa pérennité sur le trône, il envoyait chercher chaque jeune de la famille royale étant devenu pubère : il les violait ensuite, le déshonneur infligé au jeune homme l'empêchait de régner.

Le prince Zur'a était petit quand son aîné Hassan fut tué par leur frère Amr. Il grandit, devenant un jeune garçon beau et très intelligent. Un messager royal fut chargé de l'amener à Dhu Shanatir, afin de faire subir à Zur'a le même sort que les princes de la maison royale avant lui. Mais Zur'a cacha une lame dans sa sandale ; quand il fut seul et que Dhu Shanatir lui sauta dessus, le jeune homme le poignarda à mort. Zur'a décapita l'usurpateur et montra son chef à tout le monde. Le peuple proclama roi, puisqu'il l'avait débarrassé de Dhu Shanatir, et c'est ensuite que Zur'a se convertit au judaïsme et se fit appeler Joseph Dounouas.

Les faits
Les chroniques musulmanes en font le roi de Himyar de roi de  à , et le prédécesseur de Dhu Nuwas. Cela est cependant impossible : l'épigraphie atteste qu'entre ces dates règnent Shurihbi'īl Yakkuf (v. 465-485) puis son petit-fils Marthad'ilân Yunim (v. 485-495), avant que ne s'ensuive un court interrègne (v. 495-500). De plus, Joseph Dounouas ne devient roi qu'en , lui même successeur de deux autres rois, eux-mêmes séparés par un autre interrègne. L'identification avec Ma'dikarib Ya'fur, précédesseur de Dounouas et qui serait le nom de règne de Dhu Shanatir, est rejetée par la recherche historique.

Références
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Dhu Nuwas
 Liste des rois de Saba et Himyar

Roi du Yémen
Personnalité légendaire
Histoire de l'Arabie saoudite
Histoire du Yémen
Personnalité du Ve siècle
Souverain assassiné
Décès en 490

Dhu Shanatir


ලූඩ්විග් වැන් බීතෝවන්, ජර්මන් ජාතික සංගීතඥයෙකි.

බව්තීස්ම වූයේ 1770 දෙසැම්බර් 17 - 1827 මාර්තු 26) ජර්මානු නිර්මාපකයෙක් සහ පියානෝ වාදකයෙකි.  බීතෝවන් බටහිර සංගීත ඉතිහාසයේ ඉතාමත් ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර වූ සංගීත රචකයෙකු ලෙස පවතී;  ඔහුගේ කෘතීන් සම්භාව්‍ය සංගීත ප්‍රසංගයන් අතර ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් අතර සම්භාව්‍ය සංගීතය තුළ සම්භාව්‍ය යුගයේ සිට රොමෑන්තික යුගය දක්වා මාරුවීම දක්වා විහිදේ.  ඔහුගේ වෘත්තිය සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව මුල්, මැද සහ ප්‍රමාද ලෙස බෙදී ඇත.  ඔහු සිය ශිල්පය සකස් කළ "මුල්" කාලය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් 1802 දක්වා පැවති බව සැලකේ. 1802 සිට 1812 පමණ දක්වා කාලය තුළ ඔහුගේ "මැද" කාලය ජෝසප් හේඩ්න් සහ වුල්ෆ්ගෑං ඇමඩියස් මොසාර්ට්ගේ "සම්භාව්‍ය" විලාසයන්ගෙන් පුද්ගල වර්ධනයක් පෙන්නුම් කළේය.  , සහ සමහර විට "වීර" ලෙස සංලක්ෂිත වේ.  මේ කාලය තුළ ඔහු වැඩි වැඩියෙන් බිහිරි භාවයෙන් පීඩා විඳීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.  1812 සිට 1827 දී ඔහුගේ මරණය දක්වා වූ ඔහුගේ "ප්‍රමාද" කාලය තුළ ඔහු සංගීතමය ස්වරූපයෙන් සහ ප්‍රකාශනයේදී සිය නව සොයාගැනීම් පුළුල් කළේය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1827 මරණ

ලූඩ්විග් වැන් බීතෝවන්


Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The term is used in geographic, history, and military contexts.

Geographic definitions
Geographically, Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Northern France, parts of or all of Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland. In some works, Switzerland, Finland, and Austria are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.

Under the Interreg program, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, "North-West Europe" (NWE) is a region of European Territorial Cooperation that includes Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands and parts of France and Germany.

Ethnography
During the Reformation, some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, in a manner which differentiated the region from its Catholic neighbors elsewhere in Europe.

A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists, eugenicists, and Nordicists, who used the term as a shorthand term for those regions of Europe in which members of the Nordic race were concentrated. For example, Arthur de Gobineau, the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on the pseudoscience of scientific racism, included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".

Genetics
There is close genetic affinity among Northwest European populations, with some of these populations descending from related Corded Ware and Bell Beaker populations carrying large amounts of steppe ancestry. For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine  overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.

See also
 Germanic-speaking Europe
 North Sea Region
 North West Europe campaign

References

Northern Europe
Regions of Europe
Western Europe
North Sea

Northwestern Europe


{{Infoboks landshold fodbold
| Badge             =
| Nickname          = Les Bleues (The Blues)| Association       = Frankrigs fodboldforbund
| FIFA Trigramme    = FRA
| Confederation     = UEFA (Europa)
| Coach             = Hervé Renard
| Captain           = Wendie Renard
| Most caps         = Sandrine Soubeyrand (198)
| Top scorer        = Eugénie Le Sommer (86)
| FIFA Rank         =
| FIFA max          = 3
| FIFA max date     = december 2014–juni 2017, juni 2018, marts 2022
| FIFA min          = 10
| FIFA min date     = september 2009
| pattern_la1        = _fraw19h
| pattern_b1         = _fraw19h
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| First game        =  2–0   (Manchester, England; Oktober 1920)
| Largest win       =  14–0 (Cesson-Sévigné, Frankrig; 14. maj 1998)
 14–0 (Le Mans, Frankrig; 28. november 2013)
| Largest loss      =  8–0 (Indianapolis, USA; 29. april 1996)
| World cup apps    = 5
| World cup first   = 2003
| World cup best    = 4.-plads (2011)
| Olympic apps      = 1
| Olympic first     = 2012
| Olympic best      = 4. (2012)
| Regional name     = EM
| Regional cup apps = 7
| Regional cup first= 1997
| Regional cup best = Kvartfinale (2009, 2013, 2017)
| type               = kvinde
}}Frankrigs kvindefodboldlandshold''' er det nationale fodboldhold for kvinder i Frankrig. Det administreres af Frankrigs fodboldforbund.

Frankrigs placering i de største turneringer

VM i fodbold

Olympiske Lege

EM i fodbold

Aktuel trup
Følgende spillere blev indkaldt til Frankrigs trup til VM i fodbold 2023 i Australien/New Zealand.

Cheftræner: Hervé Renard

Statistik

Referencer

Kvindefodboldlandshold
Kvindefodboldlandshold

Frankrigs kvindefodboldlandshold


Hemmingstedt Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 16,02 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 9/30/2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2968 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Anke Marohn tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-heide-land.de

Hemmingstedt


A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e., unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both.

While academics have perceived DSS as a tool to support decision making processes, DSS users see DSS as a tool to facilitate organizational processes. Some authors have extended the definition of DSS to include any system that might support decision making and some DSS include a decision-making software component; Sprague (1980) defines a properly termed DSS as follows:
 DSS tends to be aimed at the less well structured, underspecified problem that upper level managers typically face;
 DSS attempts to combine the use of models or analytic techniques with traditional data access and retrieval functions;
 DSS specifically focuses on features which make them easy to use by non-computer-proficient people in an interactive mode; and
 DSS emphasizes flexibility and adaptability to accommodate changes in the environment and the decision making approach of the user.

DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.

Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present includes:
inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts),
comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions.

History
The concept of decision support has evolved mainly from the theoretical studies of organizational decision making done at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the implementation work done in the 1960s. DSS became an area of research of its own in the middle of the 1970s, before gaining in intensity during the 1980s.

In the middle and late 1980s, executive information systems (EIS), group decision support systems (GDSS), and organizational decision support systems (ODSS) evolved from the single user and model-oriented DSS. According to Sol (1987), the definition and scope of DSS have been migrating over the years: in the 1970s DSS was described as "a computer-based system to aid decision making"; in the late 1970s the DSS movement started focusing on "interactive computer-based systems which help decision-makers utilize data bases and models to solve ill-structured problems"; in the 1980s DSS should provide systems "using suitable and available technology to improve effectiveness of managerial and professional activities", and towards the end of 1980s DSS faced a new challenge towards the design of intelligent workstations.

In 1987, Texas Instruments completed development of the Gate Assignment Display System (GADS) for United Airlines. This decision support system is credited with significantly reducing travel delays by aiding the management of ground operations at various airports, beginning with O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Stapleton Airport in Denver, Colorado. Beginning in about 1990, data warehousing and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) began broadening the realm of DSS. As the turn of the millennium approached, new Web-based analytical applications were introduced.

DSS also have a weak connection to the user interface paradigm of hypertext.  Both the University of Vermont PROMIS system (for medical decision making) and the Carnegie Mellon ZOG/KMS system (for military and business decision making) were decision support systems which also were major breakthroughs in user interface research. Furthermore, although hypertext researchers have generally been concerned with information overload, certain researchers, notably Douglas Engelbart, have been focused on decision makers in particular.

The advent of more and better reporting technologies has seen DSS start to emerge as a critical component of management design. Examples of this can be seen in the intense amount of discussion of DSS in the education environment.

Applications
DSS can theoretically be built in any knowledge domain. One example is the clinical decision support system for medical diagnosis. There are four stages in the evolution of clinical decision support system (CDSS): the primitive version is standalone and does not support integration; the second generation supports integration with other medical systems; the third is standard-based, and the fourth is service model-based.

DSS is extensively used in business and management. Executive dashboard and other business performance software allow faster decision making, identification of negative trends, and better allocation of business resources. Due to DSS, all the information from any organization is represented in the form of charts, graphs i.e. in a summarized way, which helps the management to take strategic decisions. For example, one of the DSS applications is the management and development of complex anti-terrorism systems. Other examples include a bank loan officer verifying the credit of a loan applicant or an engineering firm that has bids on several projects and wants to know if they can be competitive with their costs.

A growing area of DSS application, concepts, principles, and techniques is in agricultural production, marketing for sustainable development. Agricultural DSSes began to be developed and promoted in the 1990s. For example, the DSSAT4 package, The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer developed through financial support of USAID during the 1980s and 1990s, has allowed rapid assessment of several agricultural production systems around the world to facilitate decision-making at the farm and policy levels. Precision agriculture seeks to tailor decisions to particular portions of farm fields. There are, however, many constraints to the successful adoption of DSS in agriculture.

DSS is also prevalent in forest management where the long planning horizon and the spatial dimension of planning problems demand specific requirements. All aspects of Forest management, from log transportation, harvest scheduling to sustainability and ecosystem protection have been addressed by modern DSSs. In this context, the consideration of single or multiple management objectives related to the provision of goods and services that are traded or non-traded and often subject to resource constraints and decision problems. The Community of Practice of Forest Management Decision Support Systems provides a large repository on knowledge about the construction and use of forest Decision Support Systems.

A specific example concerns the Canadian National Railway system, which tests its equipment on a regular basis using a decision support system. A problem faced by any railroad is worn-out or defective rails, which can result in hundreds of derailments per year. Under a DSS, the Canadian National Railway system managed to decrease the incidence of derailments at the same time other companies were experiencing an increase.

DSS has been used for risk assessment to interpret monitoring data from large engineering structures such as dams, towers, cathedrals, or masonry buildings. For instance, Mistral is an expert system to monitor dam safety, developed in the 1990s by Ismes (Italy). It gets data from an automatic monitoring system and performs a diagnosis of the state of the dam. Its first copy, installed in 1992 on the Ridracoli Dam (Italy), is still operational 24/7/365. It has been installed on several dams in Italy and abroad (e.g., Itaipu Dam in Brazil), and on monuments under the name of Kaleidos. Mistral is a registered trade mark of CESI. GIS has been successfully used since the '90s in conjunction with DSS, to show on a map real-time risk evaluations based on monitoring data gathered in the area of the Val Pola disaster (Italy).

Components

Three fundamental components of a DSS architecture are:
 the database (or knowledge base),
 the model (i.e., the decision context and user criteria)
 the user interface.

The users themselves are also important components of the architecture.

Taxonomies
Using the relationship with the user as the criterion, Haettenschwiler differentiates passive, active, and cooperative DSS. A passive DSS is a system that aids the process of decision making, but that cannot bring out explicit decision suggestions or solutions. An active DSS can bring out such decision suggestions or solutions. A cooperative DSS allows for an iterative process between human and system towards the achievement of a consolidated solution: the decision maker (or its advisor) can modify, complete, or refine the decision suggestions provided by the system, before sending them back to the system for validation, and likewise the system again improves, completes, and refines the suggestions of the decision maker and sends them back to them for validation.

Another taxonomy for DSS, according to the mode of assistance, has been created by D. Power: he differentiates communication-driven DSS, data-driven DSS, document-driven DSS, knowledge-driven DSS, and model-driven DSS.
A communication-driven DSS enables cooperation, supporting more than one person working on a shared task; examples include integrated tools like Google Docs or Microsoft SharePoint Workspace.
A data-driven DSS (or data-oriented DSS) emphasizes access to and manipulation of a time series of internal company data and, sometimes, external data.
A document-driven DSS manages, retrieves, and manipulates unstructured information in a variety of electronic formats.
A knowledge-driven DSS provides specialized problem-solving expertise stored as facts, rules, procedures or in similar structures like interactive decision trees and flowcharts.
A model-driven DSS emphasizes access to and manipulation of a statistical, financial, optimization, or simulation model. Model-driven DSS use data and parameters provided by users to assist decision makers in analyzing a situation; they are not necessarily data-intensive. Dicodess is an example of an open-source model-driven DSS generator.

Using scope as the criterion, Power differentiates enterprise-wide DSS and desktop DSS. An enterprise-wide DSS is linked to large data warehouses and serves many managers in the company. A desktop, single-user DSS is a small system that runs on an individual manager's PC.

Development frameworks
Similarly to other systems, DSS systems require a structured approach. Such a framework includes people, technology, and the development approach.

The Early Framework of Decision Support System consists of four phases:
 Intelligence – Searching for conditions that call for decision;
 Design – Developing and analyzing possible alternative actions of solution;
 Choice – Selecting a course of action among those;
 Implementation – Adopting the selected course of action in decision situation.

DSS technology levels (of hardware and software) may include:
The actual application that will be used by the user. This is the part of the application that allows the decision maker to make decisions in a particular problem area. The user can act upon that particular problem.
Generator contains Hardware/software environment that allows people to easily develop specific DSS applications. This level makes use of case tools or systems such as Crystal, Analytica and iThink.
Tools include lower level hardware/software. DSS generators including special languages, function libraries and linking modules

An iterative developmental approach allows for the DSS to be changed and redesigned at various intervals. Once the system is designed, it will need to be tested and revised where necessary for the desired outcome.

Classification
There are several ways to classify DSS applications. Not every DSS fits neatly into one of the categories, but may be a mix of two or more architectures.

Holsapple and Whinston classify DSS into the following six frameworks: text-oriented DSS, database-oriented DSS, spreadsheet-oriented DSS, solver-oriented DSS, rule-oriented DSS, and compound DSS. A compound DSS is the most popular classification for a DSS; it is a hybrid system that includes two or more of the five basic structures.

The support given by DSS can be separated into three distinct, interrelated categories: Personal Support, Group Support, and Organizational Support.

DSS components may be classified as:
 Inputs: Factors, numbers, and characteristics to analyze
 User knowledge and expertise: Inputs requiring manual analysis by the user
 Outputs:  Transformed data from which DSS "decisions" are generated
 Decisions:  Results generated by the DSS based on user criteria

DSSs which perform selected cognitive decision-making functions and are based on artificial intelligence or intelligent agents technologies are called intelligent decision support systems (IDSS)

The nascent field of decision engineering treats the decision itself as an engineered object, and applies engineering principles such as design and quality assurance to an explicit representation of the elements that make up a decision.

See also

 Argument map
 Cognitive assets (organizational)
 Decision theory
 Enterprise decision management
 Expert system
 Information assurance
 Judge–advisor system
 Knapsack problem
 Land allocation decision support system
 List of concept- and mind-mapping software
 Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
 Online deliberation
 Participation (decision making)
 Predictive analytics
 Project management software
 Self-service software
 Spatial decision support system
 Strategic planning software

References

Further reading

 Marius Cioca, Florin Filip (2015). Decision Support Systems – A Bibliography 1947-2007.
 Borges, J.G, Nordström, E.-M. Garcia Gonzalo, J. Hujala, T. Trasobares, A. (eds). (2014). " Computer-based tools for supporting forest management. The experience and the expertise world-wide. Dept of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Umeå. Sweden.
 Delic, K.A., Douillet, L. and Dayal, U. (2001) "Towards an architecture for real-time decision support systems:challenges and solutions.
 Diasio, S., Agell, N. (2009) "The evolution of expertise in decision support technologies: A challenge for organizations," cscwd, pp. 692–697, 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20121009235747/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/CSCWD.2009.4968139
 Gadomski, A.M. et al.(2001) "An Approach to the Intelligent Decision Advisor (IDA) for Emergency Managers ", Int. J. Risk Assessment and Management, Vol. 2, Nos. 3/4.

 Ender, Gabriela; E-Book (2005–2011) about the OpenSpace-Online Real-Time Methodology: Knowledge-sharing, problem solving, results-oriented group dialogs about topics that matter with extensive conference documentation in real-time. Download https://web.archive.org/web/20070103022920/http://www.openspace-online.com/OpenSpace-Online_eBook_en.pdf

 Matsatsinis, N.F. and Y. Siskos (2002), Intelligent support systems for marketing decisions, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 Omid A.Sianaki, O Hussain, T Dillon, AR Tabesh – ... Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation (CIMSiM), 2010, Intelligent decision support system for including consumers' preferences in residential energy consumption in smart grid
 Power, D. J. (2000). Web-based and model-driven decision support systems: concepts and issues. in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, California.

 Sauter, V. L. (1997). Decision support systems: an applied managerial approach. New York, John Wiley.
 Silver, M. (1991). Systems that support decision makers: description and analysis. Chichester ; New York, Wiley.

Information systems

Knowledge engineering

Business software

Decision support system