في التحليل العددي، صيغ نيوتن-كوت أو قواعد نيوتن-كوت هي مجموعة من الصيغ المستعملة في التكامل العددي (يطلق عليه أيضا التربيعي) بالاعتماد على الكمية المكاملة على نقاط متساوية التباعد. تعود التسمية تقديرا لإسحق نيوتن وروجر كوتس.

وصف

بفرض أن الدالة ƒ المعرفة على [a, b] معلومة القيمة عند نقاط متساوية البعد xi, لأجلi = 0, …, n, حيثx0 = a وxn = b. يوجد نوعان من صيغ نيوتن كوتس، «النوع المغلق» والذي يستخدم قيمة الدالة على جميع النقاط، و«النوع المفتوح» والذي لايستخدم قيمة الدالة عند جميع النقاط. النوع المغلق لصيغ نيوتن كوتس من الدرجة nينص بالصورة

حيثxi = h i + x0,
حيث h (تدعى بمقدار الخطوة) مساوية لـ . تسمى wi الأثقال.

الصيغ المغلقة

الصيغ المفتوحة

مراجع

تكامل عددي

صيغ نيوتن-كوتس


Donald Warren Iwerks ( /ˈ aɪ w ɜːr k s / ; né le 24 juillet 1929)  est un ancien responsable de Disney et cofondateur d'Iwerks Entertainment avec son collègue Stan Kinsey. Il est le fils de l'animateur Ub Iwerks et le père du producteur de films documentaires nominé aux Oscars Leslie Iwerks. Ub Iwerks était le partenaire de longue date de Walt Disney ainsi que le co-créateur de Mickey Mouse et d'Oswald le lapin chanceux.

Biographie
En 1950, Don Iwerks rejoint les studios Disney en tant que technicien dans le service atelier.

En 1954, il travaille comme technicien caméra sur le film Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers (1954), avec Kirk Douglas et Peter Lorre. Ensuite, il rejoint le service de développement technologique du studio durant 30 ans prenant par à des innovations cinématographiques pour la société Disney. Parmi ses contributions notables ont peu noter le système Circle-Vision 360°, une caméra à 360 degrés avec le film America the Beautiful, et le développement du processus de création de plans d'action en direct transparents avec des arrière-plans animés ou le Automatic Camera Effects Systems (A.C.E.S.). L'équipe chargée du développement du A.C.E.S. comprend Art Cruickshank, Eustace Lycett, Bob Otto,Don Iwerks et deux personnes du services informatiques de WED Entreprises David Inglish et David Snyder.

En 1985, après près de 35 ans chez Disney, Iwerks décide de partir pour former sa propre société nommée appelée Iwerks Entertainment. Cette société s'est spécialisée dans le développement de films spéciaux, de salles spéciales et de cinéma en réalité virtuelle.

En 2019, Iwerks a publié un livre intitulé Walt Disney's Ultimate Inventor sur son père Ub Iwerks, sa carrière et sa relation avec Walt Disney.

Récompenses
En 1980, l'équipe chargée du système A.C.E.S. pour le film Le Trou noir (1979), dont Iwerks faisait partie, a été proposée pour un obtenir un Oscar technique

Le , lors de la 70e cérémonie des Oscars, Iwerks a reçu un Oscar, le prix Gordon E. Sawyer, décerné chaque année par l'Académie des arts et des sciences du cinéma à "une personne de l'industrie cinématographique dont les contributions technologiques ont fait honneur à l'industrie".

Le , lors de la 71e cérémonie des Oscars, un Oscar de la réalisation scientifique et technique a été décerné à Iwerks Entertainment pour une innovation appelée le système de projection Iwerks 8/70 Linear Loop.

En 2009, Iwerks a été intronisé par Robert A. Iger et Roy E. Disney en tant que Disney Legends, l'honorant en tant qu'individu dont "l'imagination, les talents et les rêves ont créé la magie Disney".

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Don Iwerks, l'inventeur ultime de Walt Disney (Disney Editions, 2019)

Liens externes

 Divertissement SimEx-Iwerks

Personnalité de Disney
Artiste américain
Animateur américain
Naissance en juillet 1929
Naissance à Dallas

Don Iwerks


Axel Alfredsson, né le  à Helsingborg et mort le  à Nacka, est un footballeur international suédois. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur.

Biographie

En club
Axel Alfredsson est joueur du Helsingborgs IF de 1920 à 1929.

Il est sacré Champion de Suède en 1929 avec Helsingborgs.

Il devient joueur de l'AIK Fotboll en 1929. Il est à nouveau champion national en 1932 avec cette équipe.

Après une dernière saison en 1934-1935 avec l'AIK, il raccroche les crampons.

En équipe nationale
International suédois, Axel Alfredsson dispute 31 matchs sans aucun but inscrit en équipe nationale suédoise de 1921 à 1930.

Il dispute ses premiers matchs en sélection lors des Jeux olympiques de 1924 : il est titulaire lors de quatre matchs durant le tournoi.

Son dernier match en sélection a lieu le  contre la Finlande en amical (victoire 7-1 à Stockholm).

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international suédois
Médaillé de bronze olympique suédois
Joueur du Helsingborgs IF
Joueur de l'AIK Solna
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924
Naissance en mai 1902
Naissance à Helsingborg
Décès en août 1966
Décès à Nacka
Décès à 64 ans

Axel Alfredsson


في حرف جر أصلي في اللغة العربية يعمل على الاسم الظاهر والضمير على حد سواء. لحرف الجر (في) معنى الاحتواء والاستيعاب لكنه يحمل العديد من المعاني الأخرى هي:

 الظرفية الزمانية أوالمكانية سواءً كانت حقيقية (شربت في الكوز، سرت في الليل) أو مجازية ، أو الظرفية الزمانية والمكانية معاً مثل قوله تعالى:
 السببية والتعليل: عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنه عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: «دخلت امرأة النار في هرة ربطتها فلم تطعمها ولم تدعها تأكل من خشاش الأرض». [صحيح البخاري: 3071]. وكذلك  وهي تعليلية.
 المصاحبة بمعنى مع:
 الاستعلاء بمعنى على:
 معنى إلى:
 المقايسة أو الموانة وهي قياس شيء لآخر
 التبعضية نحو أخذت في الأكل قدر ما أشار الطبيب. والتي تعني من الأكل (بعض الأكل).
 التعويض عن المحذوف نحو (الخير فيما اختاره الله).
 معنى الباء للإلصاق: كقول الشاعر زيد الخير:

 وقد تضاف أيضاً بسبب التوكيد وتكون غير قياسية مثل قول الشاعر:

 ومعناها يعتقد سواده يرندجا.

المراجع

نحو عربي

في (حرف جر)


El XVI Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Múnich (RFA) en el año 1975 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Alemana de Tiro Deportivo. Paralelamente se celebró el IV Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Blanco Móvil.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 1975

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 1975


d'Alexandrie (Copte), est un  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie  du  au .

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 1408
Pape copte orthodoxe du XIVe siècle
Pape copte orthodoxe du XVe siècle

Mathieu Ier d'Alexandrie (Copte)


Sanuki is a placename that may mean:
 Sanuki, Kagawa, a city in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
 Sanuki Province, a former province of Japan with the same boundaries as modern Kagawa Prefecture
 Sanuki Station, a train station located in Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
 Sanuki dialect

Sanuki


is a famous  story, a form of Japanese spoken entertainment. It has a simple story, with the most humorous part being the repetition of a ridiculously long name. It is often used in training for  entertainers.

Plot
A couple could not think of a suitable name for their newborn son. The father went to the local temple and asked the chief priest to think of an auspicious name. The priest suggested "Jugemu" (), and several other names. The father could not decide which name he preferred, and therefore, gave the baby all of the names.

Jugemu's full name is:

(the NHK  version, partially replaced with kanji)

In one version of the tale, Jugemu got into a fight with a friend one day, and the friend suffered a large bump on his head. In protest, he went crying to Jugemu's parents. However, due to the amount of time it took to recite his name, by the time he finished, the bump on his head had already healed.

Another version states that Jugemu fell into a well and drowned; everyone who had to pass along the news spent a lot of time reciting his entire name. In yet another variant, Jugemu fell into a lake, and his parents barely arrived in time to save him.

Interpretation of Jugemu's name
Each part of Jugemu's name that the priest had suggested has an auspicious meaning:

 Jugemu
 "limitless life".
 Gokō-no Surikire
 "five  of rubbing off (the rock)". In Japanese Buddhist lore, a heavenly maiden would visit the human world once in every three thousand years, leaving friction marks on a huge rock with her dress. Eventually, the rock would wear down to nothing in the span of one , or 4 billion () years. The priest thus blesses the child to live at least 20 billion () years, essentially for eternity.
 Kaijarisuigyo
 "gravel in the sea and fish in water". The amount of gravel and number of fish in the world is meant to represent the degree of the child's luck and fortune.
 Suigyōmatsu
 "where water eventually goes". Because water is free to go anywhere, the child is blessed with boundless well-being wherever he goes.
 Unraimatsu
 "where clouds originally come". Because clouds come from anywhere, this is similar to the above.
 Fūraimatsu
 "where wind originally comes". Similar to the above.
 Kuunerutokoro
 "places to eat and sleep". It is fortunate to have both food and shelter at any time.
 Sumutokoro
 "places to live". Same as above.
 Yaburakōji-no burakōji
 "Ardisia japonica (marlberry) bushes in Yabura Trail". The plant's modern Japanese name is , and it is considered to be imbued with energy year-round.  has no inherent meaning, but is inferred to be  with the pluralizing  suffix.
 Paipo, Shūringan, Gūrindai, Ponpokopii, Ponpokonā
 These are invented names of a kingdom and royal family in Ancient China. Paipo was a rich and peaceful kingdom, where King Shūringan and Queen Gūrindai reigned. They gave birth to Princess Ponpokopii and Princess Ponpokonā, and all of them enjoyed longevity.
 Chōkyūmei
 "long and lasting life".
 Chōsuke
 "blessed for a long time".

History

Japanese folklore studies classify "Jugemu" as a variant of tale type The Child with a Long Name. In the English speaking world, children's literature of this type is known by the titles "Tikki Tikki Tembo" and "Nicki Nicki Tembo".

An early version of this type is "" ('Sunk down the waters for greed'), in a book of jokes published in 1703, created by  comedian Yonezawa Hikohachi. In it, a stepmother renames her sons. The stepson whom she hates is given a short name , and her precious own son given a long . One day,  falls into a river, but people swiftly rescue him. Another day, the mother's own son is swept by the river. She cries "Somebody, please!  is drowning!", but the boy is lost to the river as no-one comes to save him due to the time it takes her to say his name. Both names are garbled forms of phrases taken from Sino-Japanese readings of Chinese Buddhist sutras. The punchline is a Japanese pun involving the word .

A book of horror stories published in 1805 contains "" ('A tale of a man who named his son with a strange name, and regretted it'). In it, a man wishes to name his first son with a unique and long name. He consults a Confucian scholar, who recommends the name . A tutor of Japanese poetry sneers at this, opposing such use of foreign language to name a Japanese's son. The tutor proposes , a traditional poem of good fortune. The scholar and the tutor starts quarrelling, so the father decides to make the name by himself. He solemnly declares it will be
.

One day, the boy falls into a well. People panic to rescue the boy, but for every message they recite the long name. The boy dies, "blue and swollen".

The name by the Confucian is taken from a translated Chinese Confucian textbook about Great Learning. The poem that the tutor referred to, in its original form , is a palindrome of Japanese morae (similar to syllables). The story gives no explanation of the origin or meanings of "Tekitekini". The book was written by a storywriter and storyteller with pen name Tozuisha.

The name "Jugemu" appears in a 1884 magazine article, and the full story in a 1912 book. Another 1912 document suggests that the  story of "Jugemu" may have existed by the mid-19th century.

According to a memoire published in 1927, there was another  performed around the 1880s. In it, the first child is named by a Shinto priest, but dies in infancy; the parents ask a Buddhist priest to name their second child. The name is  The name is taken from a dharani (Buddhist chants in Sanskrit) in Lotus Sutra chapter 26. One day the child falls into a well and drowns; the punchline is a black humor relating Buddhist chants to Japanese funerals. This version is titled "". By the mid-20th century, it was no longer performed.

"Jugemu" is performed not only in  ( theaters), but also to other audiences and on mass media, especially for children.

"Jugemu" was on a 1926 newspaper's radio broadcast program, with the full name printed. There was another broadcast in 1932, this time for children, and the name printed on newspaper again. The story is told in children's magazines from as early as 1926. Even a prominent Japanese dictionary  describes the full name, since its 1991 edition. Television stations broadcast it also in children's programs. In 2003, NHK children's TV program  ("Let's play with Japanese language") featured a game of reciting the name from memory. The program proved popular. There were schools that make all pupils memorize and recite it.

Since 2005, several elementary school textbooks include "Jugemu".

Cultural references

Lakitu, the cloud-riding turtle-dropping enemy character of the Super Mario Bros. video game series is called 'Jugemu' in Japanese versions of the game. In a similar reference, the eggs Lakitu drop, which turn into Spinies, are referred to as 'Paipo' in Japan, despite only being referred to as "Spiny's Eggs" or "Spiny Eggs" in English. The spiked balls thrown by Spikes and blown in the air by Ptooies are called  in another reference. Additionally, a Lakitu by the name of Lakilester is named 'Pokopii' in the Japanese version of Paper Mario.

Jugemu's full name is quoted in the song  by Japanese rock band KANA-BOON.

Jugemu (#40) is a colossal underground monster appearing to be only a tiny twig with a single leaf on the surface in the video game Star Ocean: Blue Sphere.

"Jugemu-jugemu gokōnosurikire sammy-davis broilerchicken" is the chant Sasami uses to turn into Pretty Sammy in the Japanese anime Magical Girl Pretty Sammy.

In a short included as a DVD extra for the Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood anime series, the character known only by the mononym "Scar" reveals he shares his name with Jugemu; the character King Bradley (who is known to have adopted the name Bradley, originally bearing only the moniker "Wrath") then reveals that it happens to be his real name as well (though Bradley's voice actor repeatedly misses the third "Paipo"). They continue saying it while preparing for battle, until Scar, in reciting the name, accidentally bites his tongue.

Gintama has a monkey whose full name also starts with "Jugemu Jugemu", known for his vulgar habits. Trying to find a middle ground, the main characters have adopted a very long name which included insults regarding feces, certain species of fish and squid, as well as references to Final Fantasy IV and the Japanese rock duo B'z.

Jugemu's full name is recited in the lyrics of , the ending theme to , a manga and anime about a troupe of female  performers.

Lucy from Servant x Service also shares the similar fate as Jugemu (having a long name with a similar origin) and when she first reveals her name her co-workers remark that she is a "modern day Jugemu Jugemu".

In Capcom's Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Spirit of Justice (2016), case 4, "Turnabout Storyteller", contains multiple references to different , including Jugemu. At the beginning of the trial, the prosecutor Nahyuta Sahdmadhi is questioned about his knowledge on , and in response offers to read Jugemu, and begins the story, before being cut off by Athena Cykes in order to return focus to the trial at hand. A character appearing in the case, Geiru Toneido, also has a dog called Jugemu, named after the story. Later in the game, it is revealed that one of the game's antagonists, Inga Karkhuul Khura'in, in reality has a Jugemu-esque name: Inga Karkhuul Haw'kohd Dis'nahm Bi'ahni Lawga Ormo Pohmpus Da'nit Ar'edi Iz Khura'in III; his middle names are pronounced as "How could this name be any longer or more pompous than it already is?"

Jugemu's name is featured prominently in an episode of . Two of the main characters perform it for a kindergarten their son attends.

In Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade, Miku Flick/02, and Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Future Tone, a Vocaloid producer named "Vocaliod-P" made a song named "Jugemu Sequencer"  which was inspired by Jugemu. This song has reached the Hall of Fame.

In episode 21 of Kamen Rider Fourze, the  club can be heard practicing Jugemu when JK and Ryusei come to speak to one of the members.

In episode 33 of Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure, the five main characters come up with new attack names. Instead of choosing one, they combine them all into a really long attack name with several words from Jugemu's full name being a part of it.

In Overlord, many members of the Goblin Troop are named after Jugemu Jugemu, such as "Gokou", "Unlai", and "Yaburo".

See also
Japanese folktale

Notes

References

External links

Rakugo
Japanese folklore
Japanese literature
Performing arts in Japan
Japanese words and phrases

Jugemu


Nedžeftet je bila kraljica drevnog Egipta koja je živjela na početku 6. dinastije. Njezin je muž bio faraon Pepi I. Merira.

Njezino je ime bilo i ime 20. nome (u Gornjem Egiptu) te je moguće da je ona bila iz te nome.

Naslovi
"Velika od hetes-žezla"
"Ona koja gleda Horusa i Seta"
"Kraljeva žena"
"Kraljeva žena, njegova voljena"
"Horusova družica"

Izvori

Kraljice drevnog Egipta
Šesta dinastija drevnog Egipta

Nedžeftet


An Dendrobium dixonianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe ngan Dorothy Downie. An Dendrobium dixonianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Thailand. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium dixonianum


Shapley-Sawyerov razred koncentracije ili Shapley-Sawyerova koncentracijska klasa je kvalitativni razredbeni sustav koji su napravili Harlow Shapley i njegova doktorantica Helen Sawyer Hogg 1927. godine. Poredali su kuglaste skupove prema fotografskim snimkama prema njihovoj prividnoj koncentraciji. Ljestvica je od jedan do dvanaest, pri čemu se znamenke piše rimskim znamenkama. Najgušće koncentrirane skupove označili su razredom I, primjerice Messier 75. Padom koncentracije raste razredni broj sve do razreda XII, primjerice NGC 4372. Shapley i Sawyer Hogg su tako razgraničili razrede, tako da svih od 1927. godine poznatih dvanaest razreda sadrži po 95 kuglastih skupova. Najsjajniji skup na sjevernoj nebu (Messier 13) pripada razredu V.

Amaterski astronomi i danas primjenjuju ove razrede, radi opisivanja očekivanog optičkog utiska promatranja kuglastih skupova. Znanstvenih svrhama kvantitativna mjerila služe za opis strukture skupova, a preferira ih se pri podešavanju parametarskih modela, koje se dobije na izmjerenim površinskim sjajevima.

Izvori

Kuglasti skupovi
Razredbeni sustavi

Shapley-Sawyerov razred koncentracije


La acción militar es un concepto que se refiere a cualquier acción de guerra; es decir, al combate bélico.

Se usa frecuentemente en medios audiovisuales.

Véase también
 Cine de acción
 Videojuego de acción
 Videojuego de acción-aventura
 Praxeología
 Acción ejecutiva (desambiguación)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Terminología militar

Acción militar


Şemseddin Sami (Fraşiri) (1 Haziran 1850, Fraşır - 1 Temmuz 1904, İstanbul), Arnavut asıllı Osmanlı yazarı, ansiklopedist ve sözlükçü.

Çok yönlü bir Osmanlı aydınıdır.  İlk Türkçe roman olan Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnatın (1872), ilk Türkçe ansiklopedi olan Kâmûsü'l-A'lâmın (1889-1898) ve modern anlamdaki ilk geniş kapsamlı Türkçe sözlük olan Kâmûs-ı Türkînin (1901) yazarıdır. Ayrıca Kâmûs-ı Fransevî adlı Fransızca ve Kâmûs-ı Arabî adlı Arapça sözlükleri kaleme almıştır. Yaptığı çalışmalarla devrinde Türkolojinin temellerini atmıştır. İsmi Osmanlı devrinde basılmış bazı sözlüklerde Latin harfleri ile Fraschery şeklinde yazılmıştır.

Aslen Arnavut olan Şemsettin Sami, ağabeyi Fraşirili Abdül Bey ile birlikte, Latin ve Yunan harflerini kullanan ilk Arnavut alfabesini geliştirmiş (1879) ve Arnavutça bir gramer kitabı yazmıştır (1886). Kardeşi Naim Fraşıri, Arnavut millî şiirinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. Şemsettin Sami ve Arnavut sorunlarıyla yakından ilgilendiği halde, Osmanlı devletinin modernleşerek güçlenmesini savunmuş, bunun için imparatorluğun ortak dili olan Türkçenin önemini vurgulamıştır. Oğullarından Ali Sami Yen, Galatasaray Spor Kulübü' nün kurucusudur.

Hayatı
1850'de Güney Arnavutluk'ta Permet'e yakın Fraşırî kasabasında doğdu. Tımar sahibi Fraşırî ailesinden Halit Bey ile II. Bayezid devri Arnavut asıllı komutan İmrahor İlyas Bey'in torunlarından olan Emine Hanım'ın altı oğlundan  üçüncüsüdür. Diğer iki oğul, Naim ve Abdül, Arnavutluk tarihinde önemli roller oynamışlardır.

İlk eğitimini Bektaşi tarikât'a ait olan Nasîbi Tâhir Baba Tekkesi'nde aldı. 1859'da babası Halit Bey'i, 1861'de annesi Emine Hanım'ı kaybedince, kardeşlerine babalık eden ağabeyi Abdül, aileyi alarak Yanya'ya göç etti. Şemsettin Sami, ortaöğrenimini bugünkü Yunanistan sınırları içinde kalan Yanya'da ünlü Zosimea Lisesi'nde tamamladı (1868). Arnavutça, Eski ve yeni Yunanca, Fransızca ve İtalyanca'nın yanı sıra Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça öğrendi. Aile geleneği doğrultusunda Bektaşi tekkesine devam etti.

Bir süre Yanya Mektubi Kalemi'nde çalışan Şemsettin Sami, 1872'de İstanbul'a geldi. Matbuat Kalemi'nde memur olarak göreve başladı. İstanbu'a geldikten sonra "Şemsettin Sami" olarak tanındı. Memurluk yaparken bir yandan da ilk telif eseri olan Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat adlı romanını 1872-1873 yıllarında forma forma yayınladı. Ebüzziya Tevfik'in çıkardığı Sirac ve Hadika gazetelerinde çalıştı. Vatan Yahut Silistre krizi esnasında bu gazete Yeni Osmanlılar lehine neşriyatta bulunduğu için kapatıldı. Yine Mektubi Kalemi'ne devam eden Şemsettin Sami, 1874'te Fransızca'dan çevirdiği İhtiyar Onbaşı adlı trajedisinin sahnede kazandığı başarı üzerine, Arnavut sorunlarını ele alan Besa adlı oyunu da Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu'nda sahnelendi.

1874'te vilayet gazetesini yönetmek üzere Trablusgarp'a gitti. Dokuz ay orada kaldı. Vilayet gazetesini 256. sayısından başlayarak yönetti. Bu görevinden önce bir İtalya seyahati yaptı. Trablusgarp'tan İstanbul'a döndükten sonra, bir süre gazetelerde çalıştı, bu arada piyesler yazmaya devam etti. 1876'da Mihran Efendi Nakkaşyan'la ile birlikte Sabah gazetesini yayımlamaya başladı ve bu gazetede bir yıl çalıştı. Gazete, kısa zamanda büyük bir popülerlik kazanarak Türk basınında o zamana kadar görülmemiş bir tiraja kavuştu.

1877'de beş ay Rodos Valisi Sava Paşa'nın mühürdarlığı görevinde bulundu. İstanbul'a dönüşünde, daha önce Sabah'ta yazdığı "Şundan Bundan" başlıklı köşesini Tercüman-ı Şark gazetesinde sürdürdü. Bu sırada yoğun olarak Arnavut konularıyla ilgilendi. Bir yandan ağabeyi Abdül Fraşırî'nin önderliğindeki Arnavut İttihadı hareketini desteklerken, Arnavutluk'un Osmanlı Devleti'nden ayrılmasını savunan görüşlere karşı çıktı. Gazete, 1878 yılında 180. sayısında kapanınca Şemsettin Sami Fransızca'dan romanlar çevirdi ve Mihran Efendi'nin yayımladığı Cep Kütüphanesi için küçük kitaplar hazırladı. "Cem'iyyet-i llmiyye-i Arnavudiye" adlı derneğe üye olan Şemsettin Sami "Arnavutçanın Alfabesi"ni ve "Arnavutça'nın Grameri"ni meydana getirdi.

1880'de II. Abdülhamit'in isteği üzerine saraya alınarak mabeynde kurulan Teftiş-i Askeri Komisyonu'nun kâtipliğine getirildi. Ölümüne kadar koruduğu bu görev, onun ekonomik rahatlığa kavuşarak kitapları üzerinde çalışmasına imkân sağladı. Bu yıllarda Daniel Defoe'dan Robenson Kruzo ve Victor Hugo'dan Sefiller romanlarını Türkçeye çevirdi. 1882-1883 yıllarında, büyük eserlerinin ilki olan Fransızca-Türkçe Kâmûs-ı Franseviyi, 1885'te de bu eserin Türkçe-Fransızca kısmını yayınladı. Bu eserden dolayı II. Abdülhamit tarafından İftihar Madalyası tevcih olundu.

1884 yılında Edremitli Kazasker Sadettin Efendi'nin kızı Emine Veliye Hanım'la evlendi ve Sadettin Efendi'nin Kandilli'deki yalısına taşındı. Bu evlilikten dört çocuğu oldu. 1889'dan itibaren tek başına yazdığı ve dokuz yılda altı cilt olarak forma forma yayımladığı Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm adlı ansiklopediyle, Türkiye'nin en popüler yazarlarından biri haline geldi. 1893'te Teftiş-i Askerî Komisyonu'nun başkâtipliğine atandı. Aynı yıl, eşi Emine Veliye Hanım'ı kaybetti.  1892'de ölmüş olan ağabeyi Abdül Bey'in dul eşi Belkıs Hanım'la 1894 yılında ikinci evliliğini yaptı. Bu evlilikten bir oğlu oldu ve ağabeyi Abdül Bey'in iki çocuğunu büyüttü.

Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm yayını sürmekte iken 1896-1897 arasında bir yıllık bir çalışmayla, bugüne dek hazırlanmış en kapsamlı Arapça-Türkçe lugat olan Kâmûs-ı Arabî adlı büyük sözlüğü fasıl fasıl çıkarmaya başladı. Ancak Firuzabadi Kâmûs'unun birbuçuk katı olacağı haber verilen bu eserin, ancak cim harfinin sonuna kadar olan 504 sayfalık kısmı yayımlandı.

1898'de gazetelerde Şemseddin Sami'nin Türkçenin ıslahı üzerine bir dizi makalesi çıktı. 1899'da modern ilkelere göre hazırlanmış ilk Türkçe-Türkçe sözlük olan Kâmûs-ı Türkî'yi yazmaya başladı. 1901'de bu büyük eseri yayımladıktan sonra kendini tamamen Türk dili araştırmalarına verdi. 1902'de Kutadgu Bilik'in ve 1903'te Orhun Abideleri'nin izahlı çevirilerini hazırladı. Ortaçağ Kıpçakçası hakkındaki eserini bitiremeden 1 Temmuz 1904'te Erenköy'deki evinde hayatını kaybetti.

Erenköy'deki Sahrayıcedid Mezarlığı'nda birinci eşinin yanına gömülmüştür. 1968 yılında ailesinin isteği üzerine kemikleri Feriköy Mezarlığı'na 23. adadaki aile kabristanına nakledildi.

 Görüşleri
Şemseddin Sami, modern Türk milliyetçiliğinin ilk ve bazı yönleriyle en ilginç biçimi olan Osmanlıcılığın en önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. Aslen Arnavut olduğu ve Arnavut sorunlarıyla yakından ilgilendiği halde, Osmanlı devletinin modernleşerek güçlenmesini savunmuş, bunun için imparatorluğun ortak dili olan Türkçenin önemini vurgulamıştır. Türkçeyi incelemek, modernize etmek, geliştirmek ve öğretmek alanlarında, yalnız kendi çağında değil, tüm dönemlerde, Şemseddin Sami kadar emek vermiş kimse azdır.

Kâmûs-ı Türki, Osmanlı Türkçesini üç dilden oluşan bir karma sayan eski zihniyetten, bağımsız ve bütünlüklü bir dil olarak gören yeni anlayışa geçişte kilit bir merhaleyi temsil eder. Arapça ve Farsça kelimeler eski sözlüklerdeki gibi gelişigüzel aktarılmamış, güncel yazı dilinde kullanılma ve yaşayan bir unsur olma özelliklerine dikkat edilmiştir. Arapça ve Farsça sözcüklerin özgün anlamları değil, (geleneksel bakışta "bozuk" sayılsa da) güncel Türkçe kullanımdaki anlamları verilmiştir. Batı dillerinden alınan yeni kelimelere yer vermeye özen gösterilmiştir. En önemlisi, dilin bel kemiğini oluşturan "Türkçe" unsurunun yapısı ve etimolojisi üzerinde dikkatle durulmuştur. Şemseddin Sami, dilin sadeleşmesini ve Türkçeleşmesini savunmuş, bunun için gerekirse Türkçenin en eski kaynaklarına ve Doğu Türkçesine (Çağatayca) başvurulmasını önermiştir. Ayrıca Şemseddin Sami İslamiyet ile Sosyalizmi bağdaştıran Osmanlı aydınlarından biridir. Kendisine göre, Komünizm lanetlenmeli fakat Sosyalizm yüceltilmelidir. Çünkü Şemseddin Sami'ye göre insanlığın kurtuluşu Sosyalizm'dedir.

 Arnavut milliyetçiliği
Modern Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin (Rilindja Kombëtare) manifestosu sayılan Arnavutluk Ne idi, Nedir, Ne Olacak başlıklı kitapçık, Arnavut ulusal geleneğinde Şemseddin Sami Bey'e atfedilir. Bu esere dayanarak Sami Fraşırî, kardeşleri Naim ve Abdül ile birlikte, Arnavut ulusal düşüncesinin babası sayılır. (Bak. İngilizce Vikipedi Sami Frashëri maddesi.) Arnavutluk başkenti Tiran'ın ana meydanlarından birinde üç kardeşin anıtı bulunur.

Adı geçen kitapçık ilk kez 1899'da yazar adı olmaksızın Arnavutça, daha sonra Fransızca yayımlanmış, 1904'te Şemseddin Sami'nin ölümünden hemen sonra Sofya'da onun adıyla ve "Arnavutçadan harfiyen tercüme" olduğu kaydıyla Türkçe olarak basılmıştır. Türk tarihçileri genellikle bu eserin Şemseddin Sami'ye ait olduğunu kabul etmezler ve olayı, Şemseddin Sami'nin ününü ve prestijini kullanarak Arnavut milliyetçiliğine itibar kazandırma çabası olarak değerlendirirler. Şemseddin Sami'nin özellikle son yıllarında Türklük ve Osmanlılık konularına gösterdiği yoğun ilgi göz önüne alınırsa, bu görüşte doğruluk payı olduğu düşünülebilir. Buna karşılık Arnavutça eserlerde, Arnavutluk manifestosunun Şemseddin Sami'ye aitliği konusunda en ufak bir kuşku dile getirilmemektedir.

 İlk Türkçe (yerli) roman
Şemseddin Sami'nin Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat adlı romanı 1872 Kasım'ından itibaren Hadika gazetesinde tefrika edildi; 1873 yazında tamamlandı. (Yeni harflerle basımı Sedid Yüksel, Ankara 1964.) Talat ile Fitnat'ın aşkını anlatan roman, Türk edebiyat tarihine ilişkin birçok eserde "İlk Türkçe Roman" olarak değerlendirilir. Ancak bu doğru değildir. Bugüne dek ortaya çıkarılmış olan ilk Türkçe roman, Vartan Paşa (Hovsep Vartanyan) tarafından Türkçe olarak yazılıp Ermeni harfleriyle basılan Akabi Hikayesi'dir. 1851'de yayımlanan bu romanı 1991'de Andreas Tietze modern transkripsiyonla yayımlamıştır. (Eren Kitabevi, İstanbul.) 1851-1872 arasında da çok sayıda Ermenice harfli Türkçe roman yayımlandığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Şemseddin Sami'nin eserinin Türkçe yazıyla ilk Türkçe telif roman olup olmadığı yeterince aydınlatılmış bir konu değildir. Ancak popülerlik kazanan ilk Türkçe roman olduğu muhakkaktır.

 Eserleri
 Roman: Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat
 İlk Türkçe Sözlük: Kâmûs-ı Türkî
 Sözlük: Kâmûs-ı Fransevî, Kâmûs-ı Arabî
 Ansiklopedi : Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm
 Tiyatro: Besa yahut Ahde Vefa, Gave, Seydi Yahya
 Çeviri: Sefiller, Robinson CrusoeMakale:' Lisan-ı Türkî Makalesi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mustafa Celâleddin Paşa

Kaynakça

Bu makaledeki biyografik bilgilerin bir bölümü Ömer Faruk Akün'ün Kâmûs-ı Türki tıpkıbasımına (Alfa Yay. İstanbul 1998) yazdığı önsözden aktarılmıştır.

1850 doğumlular
Osmanlı Arnavutları
Osmanlı gazetecileri
19. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
20. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
Araştırmacılar
Feriköy Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1904 yılında ölenler
Arnavut Bektaşiler
Arnavut oyun yazarları
Arnavut roman yazarları
Arnavut çevirmenler
Arnavut gazeteciler
Arnavut bilim yazarları
Arnavut filozoflar
20. yüzyıl Arnavut yazarları
Fraşiri ailesi
Arnavut millî uyanışı aktivistleri
19. yüzyıl dilbilimcileri
19. yüzyıl erkek yazarları
19. yüzyıl roman yazarları
19. yüzyıl çevirmenleri
20. yüzyıl erkek yazarları
Arnavutça eser veren yazarlar
Bektaşilik
Yazı sistemi mucitleri
Osmanlı oyun yazarları
Kurgusal olmayan eserler veren erkek yazarlar
Osmanlı roman yazarları
Türkçüler
Türkçe eser veren yazarlar
Türk milliyetçileri

Şemseddin Sâmi


Hyesan este un oraș de munte în nordul provinciei Ryanggang, R.P.D. Coreea.

Administrația

Orașul este împărțit în 25 de cartiere (dong) și 4 sate (ri).

Orașe din Coreea de Nord

Hyesan


Mihai Valentin Popa ()  un deputat român, ales în circumscripția electorală nr. 8 Brașov în anul 2016 din partea . În decembrie 2018, a trecut la  pentru o perioadă de nici o săptămână, pe 17 decembrie 2018 întorcându-se înapoi în PSD. Acest episod al politicii românești mai este numit și "Fuga celor 4, întoarcerea pe din două".

Acesta a deținut funcția de  consilier local în Consiliul Local al municipiului Făgăraș în perioada 2004 - 2008 și consilier județean în Consiliul Județean Brașov între 2012 - 2016.

Mihai Popa este diplomat inginer din anul 1990, absolvent al Facultății de Mecanică Fină I.P. București și avocat în Baroul Brașov din anul 1997, după absolvirea Facultății de Drept Juridic – Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" Sibiu.

Acuzații de corupție
La data de 30 octombrie 2017, DNA a pus în mișcare acțiunea penală, sub control judiciar, asupra lui Mihai Valentin Popa sub acuzațiile de trafic de influență și șantaj. El este suspectat că ar fi încercat menținerea unei protejate într-o funcție de conducere prin amenințări și constrângeri aduse unui primar de municipiu. În decembrie 2017 a fost trimis în judecată.  ÎCCJ, in noiembrie 2020, l-a achitat pe Mihai Valentin Popa, decizia fiind definitivă.

Note

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat

Mihai Valentin Popa


Hiroki Matsubara (født 15. november 1973) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shimizu S-Pulse.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroki Matsubara


Djurslands Kyster strækker sig over 260 kilometer defineret fra færgestedet, Voer, midt i Randers Fjord i det nordvestlige hjørne af Djursland, til Avlsgård i bunden af Aarhus Bugt i det sydvestlige hjørne. Der er 18 let tilgængelige badestrande, ifølge folderen, Kystkort Djursland, udgivet af områdets to kommuner, Norddjurs og Syddjurs m.fl.  Disse badestrande udgør 15 – 20 pct. af den samlede kystlinje. De resterende godt 200 kilometer er mestendels øde kystnatur.

Halvøens kyster vender mod alle verdenshjørner, eksponeret for alle vindretninger. Dette, sammen med områdets varierede geologiske forhold med høje bakker ud til havet mod syd, og mere fladt land mod nord, giver stor variation i kysttyperne inden for det geografisk begrænsede område, Djursland, der i luftlinje er cirka 35 kilometer højt målt på nord–syd aksen af halvøen, og cirka 40 kilometer i bredden.

Djursland stikker ud i Kattegat mellem Jylland og Sverige nord for Aarhus og syd for Randers. De mange kysttyper indbefatter det fladevandede og vadhavsagtige i Randers Fjord og ved St. Sjørup mod nordvest. I kontrast hertil står de dybvandede bølgeeksponerede stenkyster på Djurslands østkyst, hvor der er frit løb for bølgerne helt fra Sverige. En tredje kysttype ser man i de beskyttede bugter og viges sydlige afgrænsning af Djursland. Her går Molsområdets ofte over 100 meter høje bakker ned til havet. Man kan opdele Djurslands kystlinje i fire karakteristiske kysttyper:

 Randers Fjords brakvandskyster

 Norddjurslands fladvandstrande

 Østdjurslands stenkyster

 Syddjurslands bugtland

Brakvandskysterne

Mod nordvest bliver Djursland afgrænset af Randers Fjord. Det smalle, og 30 kilometer lange, vandområde skærer sig ind i Jylland. Fjorden er udløb for Danmarks længste å, Gudenå. Ferskvandet fra åen blander sig med saltvand i Randers Fjord. Langs fjordens brakvandskyster går enge og moser ofte direkte over i fjorden uden nogen strand. Bunden består typisk af leragtig silt, og man skal et stykke ud for at nå dybder af betydning. Forhold der ikke lægger op til badning. Mange steder er der siv (tagrør) helt ud til vandet, og det betyder, at det ofte er svært at færdes langs kysten. Denne mangel på tilgængelighed præger de kyster, der udgør den nordvestlige afgrænsning af Djursland-halvøen i Randers Fjord.

Der er ikke det store rekreative potentiale i Randers Fjord med hensyn til badning og strandliv, men det er der til gengæld, hvad angår sejlads i det beskyttede farvand, og hvad angår lystfiskeri og natur i øvrigt. Der er opgang af havørreder og laks i Gudenåsystemet gennem Randers Fjord. En lokal Kattegatstamme af sild yngler i fjorden, og tons-store stimer trækker hvert forår gennem fjorden helt op til Randers Havn 30 kilometer inde i landet.

Selv om fjorden er fiskerig, er det ofte nødvendigt med lokalkendskab for at finde fiskene, og for at finde de steder hvor man kan komme ned til fjordkanten fri for siv, hvor det samtidigt er godt at fiske.

Ved området, Kanaløen, er der et bolværk i forbindelse med en gravet sejlrende. Her er der dybt vand helt ind til bolværkskanten. På den 2.5 kilometer lange strækning er der et dansk og internationalt kendt lystfiskeri efter sild hvert forår. Området ligger umiddelbart syd for formidlingscentret, Kyst- og Fjordcentret, ved færgelejet i den lille landsby og marina, Voer. Her er der færgefart over fjorden til Mellerup med minfærgen, Ragna, der har plads til 3 – 4 biler ad gangen. Umiddelbart nord for Kyst- og Fjordcentret er kysten tilgængelig i vaders, og strækningen anbefales som et af de gode steder til havørredfiskeri af den lokale fiskeforening, SMIFF.

Fladvandet
Djurslands nordlige kystlinje strækker sig fra udmundingen af Randers Fjord på Jyllandssiden til Gjerrild Strand længst mod øst. Dette er en nordvendt kyst på 40 kilometer. Efter Gjerrild Strand drejer kysten mod syd og bliver til Djurslands østvendte stenkyst.

Djurslands nordkyst er kendetegnet ved en række fladvandede sandstrande. Det er karakteristisk, at man som badende skal vade langt ud for at nå svømmedybde. Længst inde mod Jylland er der ved St. Sjørup og Lystrup semipermanente sandrevler et stykke ude, som udgør den egentlige strand for badende. Inde ved land er der ikke strand af betydning. Dette er mest markant ved St. Sjørup, hvor sandrevlen ligger omkring 400 meter ude. Mod øst ved Gjerrild Strand er der større dybde tæt på kysten. Her er der også et bagland af klitter. Det lave vand på Djurslands nordkyst bliver relativt hurtigt opvarmet om sommeren, og det bidrager til den rekreative værdi, samt til disse lavvandede strandes børnevenlighed. Det er sikkert for børn at bade her, når man mange steder skal gå 30 meter ud, eller mere, før vandet bliver dybere end 20 centimeter.

Mellem Bønnerup Strand og Gjerrild Strand er der en skovklædt kystskrænt ned til vandet som del af de sammenhængende skovområder Lillebavle og Emmedsbo Plantager i baglandet. Karakteristisk for Nordkysten er, at er der ikke er kysterosion. Snarere bliver der lagt land til, modsat på Djurslands østkyst.

På nordkysten er der anført 6 badestrande på Kystkort Djursland. Det er, startende fra Jyllandssiden, St. Sjørup Strand, Lystrup Strand, Havhuse, Fjellerup Strand, Bønnerup Strand og Gjerrild Nordstrand. Gjerrild Nordstrand er den eneste med svømmedybde tæt på land. Mellem disse strande er der også andre bademuligheder, men stederne er ikke anført som strande, på grund af vanskelige adgangsforhold i bil. Typisk er der et bagland af sommerhuse, og nogle gange campingpladser, ned til de seks strande. Fjellerup Strand er den mest befolkede i højsæsonen, med det største sommerhusområde i baglandet.

Af nordkystens strande ligger St. Sjørup tættest på Jyllands østvendte kyst. Det er en nordøst-vendt strand, som ligger der, hvor Djurslands kyst drejer op mod Jyllands østkyst 7 kilometer før Randers Fjord. Man kan vade ud til den semipermanente sandrevle cirka 400 meter ude. Ved St. Sjørup består selve overgangen mellem hav og land af frodig moseagtig salttolerant vegetation. Ofte i tuer, der går over i hav uden egentlig strand. St. Sjørup er nok en af de mindst kendte af Djurslands strande, selv om den på mange måder naturmæssigt er den mest interessante med vadehavsvegetation, og den hvide, brede og lange sandrevle ude i vandet, der har klassiske badestrands-egenskaber.

Stenkysterne
Djursland østkyst er præget af ofte brede stenstrande. Stenkysterne strækker sig 50 kilometer mod syd fra Gjerrild Nordstrand i nord til Gåsehage mod syd, hvor Hasnæs-halvøen med Ebeltoft udgør den sidste del overfor Kattegatøen, Hjelm. Øen ligger 6 kilometer øst for spidsen af Hasnæs halvøen. Hasnæs afslutter Djurslands østkyst i retning ned mod det sydlige Kattegat.

På østkystens stenstrande bliver det oftest dybere end man kan bunde blot 5 - 10 meter fra kysten. Østkysten er et relativt strømrigt farvand med ubrudt åbent hav hen over Kattegat til Sverige. Det giver store bølger i pålandsvind, og dermed tendens til brede strande, dannet af de opskyllende bølger.

En undtagelse fra østkystens stenstrande er 5 kilometer lange Grenaa Strand, som er en bred hvid sandstrand med et klitbagland. En anden undtagelse fra stenstrandene er kalkklint-kysten ved Sangstrup og Karlby. Her går de lodrette klippeagtige kalkklinter helt ned til havet med ingen, eller kun en kort, stenstrand i mellem.

Djurslands østkyst stikker ud i Kattegat, og der er kysterosion mange af de steder, som rager mest ud i havet. Her er der nedskridende skrænter, som gradvis bliver opslugt af havet. Såsom ved Gjerrild Klint i nord, Havknude syd for Grenaa, Helligkilde-næset på Glatved Strand og ned for Rugård Slot ved Rugård Skov. Ved Rugård Skov kan man på den øde kyst se en skovklædt bakkeskråning af plastisk ler med store bøgetræer der er ved at vælte, på deres vej ned i havet.

På Kystkort Djursland er der anført to sandstrande på Djurslands Østkyst. Grenaa Strand blev nationalt kåret som en af Danmarks tre bedste strande i 2006. Boeslum Strand på Hasnæs halvøen overfor Ebeltoft er også sandstrand ind i mellem.

Fra Djurslands østkyst har der i mindst 150 år været udvinding af råstoffet, kalk. Tildels i form af faste kalkvadre fra en klippeagtig undergrund, der kommer op til overfladen på Østdjursland. Dette er synligt i form af Sangstrup og Karlby Klinter, der danner en mur af massive kalkklipper ud til havet. Kalken er også blevet udvundet fra bakkelandet, såsom ved Glatved, i form af kalkrullesten i moræneaflejringer iblandet grus og sand. 10 middelalderkirker på Djursland er bygget med kalkkvadre der er brudt op af kalk-undergrunden på Djurslands østkyst.

Det er karakteristisk for mange af stenstrandene på Østdjursland, at man overalt kan se et islæt af hvide kalkrulesten på strandene iblandet grå-sorte afrundede flintesten. Begge dele stammer fra en havbundsaflejring fra Kridttiden, der kommer op til overfalden i området. Dette er også tilfældet ude i havet ved Kalkgrunden ud for Grenaa Havn, og i form af Sangstrup og Karlby Klinter nord for Grenaa.

Ud fra en rekreativ vinkel er stenstrandene på østkysten interessante for lystfiskere og snorkeldykkere, der vil fange fisk eller fotografere under vandet. Til disse formål er østkysten den mest attraktive af Djurslands kyster. Det skyldes dels gode varierede bundfold med stenbund ind i mellem, som giver fæste for tangskove, som også er levested for føde til fisk i spisestørrelse. Det skyldes desuden at det strømmende Kattegatvand giver gode iltforhold. Dette kombineret med at det bliver dybt tæt på land er grundlag for et varieret liv under vandoverfladen ved kysten.

Bugtlandet
Det sydlige Djursland kystlinje består af bugter og vige. Det er her Molslandets bakkeland møder havet. De største bugter og vige på det sydlige Djursland er: Aarhus Bugt, Knebel Vig, Begtrup Vig og Ebeltoft Vig. De største halvøer er Hasnæs, Helgenæs, og Tved-halvøen. Dette sydlige kystområde ligger for en stor del inden for Nationalpark Mols Bjerge, inklusive nogle af kyst- og havområderne.

På mange af disse kyster bliver bølgerne sjældent høje, da der ikke er et langt stræk, som bølgerne kan vokse sig store hen over, inden de skyller op, og skaber strande, når det blæser ved pålandsvind. Små bølger giver smalle strande. Store bølger giver brede strande.

Syddjursland er kendetegnet ved et varieret miks af flere typer af sten- og sandstrande. I mange af de mere lukkede vige og bugter er der ikke den samme vandudskiftning som på Djurslands østvendte og eksponerede Kattegatkyst. Det betyder, at havbunden har tendens til at huse mindre fiskeliv og et mindre varieret planteliv her i Djurslands sydlige bugtland.

Til gengæld er her ofte læ for badende. Man vil altid kunne finde en beskyttet strand på Syddjursland inden for kort køreafstand, hvor der er fralandsvind og ingen bølger, lige meget hvad vej vinden blæser fra.

I Ebeltoft Vigs bund, samt på østkysten af samme vig, overfor Ebeltoft, er der flere mindre badestrande. Strands Strand, sydvendt ud til Begtrup Vig, er en regulær og ret bred sandstrand på det sydlige Djursland, som man ikke finder, medmindre man ved, den er der. Den ligger for enden af biveje på det sydlige Mols uden større byer, eller gennemgående veje, i nærheden.

Variation er et nøgleord for strande og kyster på Syddjursland. Her findes således også eksponerede kyster med aktiv kysterosion, der ligner kysterne på østkysten. Såsom syd for Molslinjens færgeleje yderst på Hasnæs halvøen, og på Tved-halvøen ved Mols Hoved overfor Aarhus og ned for godset, Isgård. Her skrider høje bakkeskrænter ud i Aarhus Bugt og det sydlige Kattegat.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Youtube playliste, Sandstrandene på Djursland
 Youtube playliste, Fiskeri og dykning På Djursland

Kilder

Se også
 Glatved Strand
 Jernhatten
 Sangstrup Klint
 Begtrup Vig
 Kalø Slotsruin
 Strands Gunger
 Randers Fjord
 Helgenæs
 Fornæs Fyr
 Sletterhage Fyr
 Gjerrild Klint
 Hjelm
 Nappedam
 Anholt
 Egens Vig
 Knebel Vig
 Ebeltoft Vig
 Udbyhøj
 Grenaa Strand
 Hestehave Skov
 Kalkbrænding Djursland
 General Ryes Skanse
 Natura 2000-område nr. 50 Tved Kær
 Gjerrild
 Bønnerup Strand
 Voer
 Djursland

Lokaliteter i Norddjurs Kommune
Strande i Danmark
Naturområder i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Syddjurs Kommune

Djurslands Kyster


Pottawatomie County is the name of several counties in the United States:
 Pottawattamie County, Iowa
 Pottawatomie County, Kansas
 Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Pottawatomie County


Walter Daniel John Tull (28 April 1888 – 25 March 1918) was an English professional footballer and British Army officer of Afro-Caribbean descent. He played as an inside forward and half back for Clapton, Tottenham Hotspur and Northampton Town and was the third person of mixed heritage to play in the top division of the Football League after Arthur Wharton and Willie Clarke. He was also the first player of African descent to be signed for Rangers in 1917 while stationed in Scotland.

During the First World War, Tull served in the Middlesex Regiment, including in the two Footballers' Battalions. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 30 May 1917 and killed in action on 25 March 1918.

Early life
Tull was born in Folkestone, Kent, the son of Barbadian carpenter Daniel Tull and Kent-born Alice Elizabeth Palmer. His paternal grandfather was a slave in Barbados. His maternal English grandmother was from Kent. He began his education at North Board School, now Mundella Primary School, Folkestone.

In 1895, when Tull was seven, his mother died of cancer. A year later his father married Alice's cousin, Clara Palmer. She gave birth to a daughter Miriam, on 11 September 1897. Three months later, Daniel died from heart disease. The stepmother was unable to cope with five children so the resident minister of Folkestone's Grace Hill Wesleyan Chapel, recommended that the two boys of school age, Walter and Edward, should be sent to an orphanage. From the age of 9, Tull was brought up in the (Methodist) Children's Home and Orphanage (now known as Action for Children) in Bethnal Green, London. Edward was adopted by the Warnock family of Glasgow, becoming Edward Tull-Warnock; he qualified as a dentist, the first mixed-heritage person to practise this profession in the United Kingdom.

Career
His professional football career began after he was spotted playing for top amateur club, Clapton. He had signed for Clapton in October 1908, reportedly never playing in a losing side. By the end of the season he had won winners' medals in the FA Amateur Cup, London County Amateur Cup and London Senior Cup. In March 1909 the Football Star called him "the catch of the season". At Clapton, he played alongside Clyde Purnell and Charlie Rance.

At the age of 21, Tull signed for Football League First Division team, Tottenham Hotspur, in the summer of 1909, after a close-season tour of Argentina and Uruguay, making him the first mixed-heritage professional footballer to play in Latin America. Tull made his debut for Tottenham in September 1909 at inside forward against Sunderland and his home Football League debut against FA Cup-holders, Manchester United, in front of over 30,000. His excellent form in this opening part of the season promised a great future. Tull made only 10 first-team appearances, scoring twice, before he was dropped to the reserves. This may have been due to the racial abuse he received from opposing fans, particularly at Bristol City, whose supporters used language "lower than Billingsgate", according to a report at the time in the Football Star newspaper. The match report of the game away to Bristol City in October 1909 by Football Star reporter, "DD", was headlined "Football and the Colour Prejudice", possibly the first time racial abuse was headlined in a football report. "DD" emphasised how Tull remained professional and composed despite the intense provocation; "He is Hotspur's most brainy forward ... so clean in mind and method as to be a model for all white men who play football ... Tull was the best forward on the field." However, soon after, Tull was dropped from the first team and found it difficult to get a sustained run back in the side. Goodwin writes in The Spurs Alphabet "whilst a skilful player, he was not considered fast enough for top class football."

Further appearances in the first team (20 in total with four goals) were recorded before Tull's contract was bought by Southern Football League club Northampton Town on 17 October 1911 for a "substantial fee" plus Charlie Brittain joining Tottenham Hotspur in return. Tull made his debut four days later against Watford, and made 111 first-team appearances (105 in the League), scoring nine goals for the club. The day before the Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, Tull scored four goals in a match against Bristol Rovers. The manager Herbert Chapman, also a Methodist, was a former Spurs player and had played as a young man with Arthur Wharton at Stalybridge Rovers; he went on to manage both Huddersfield Town and Arsenal to FA Cup wins and League championships.

In 1940, it was reported in an article in the Glasgow Evening Times about Tull being the first "coloured" infantry officer in the British Army, that he had signed to play for Rangers after the war. Rangers have confirmed that Tull signed for them in February 1917, while an officer cadet in Scotland at Gailes, Ayrshire.

First World War

After the First World War broke out in August 1914, Tull became the first Northampton Town player to enlist in the British Army, in December of that year. Tull served in the two Football Battalions of the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex) Regiment, the 17th and 23rd, and also in the 5th Battalion. He rose to the rank of lance sergeant and fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

When Tull was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 30 May 1917, he became one of the first mixed-heritage infantry officers in a regular British Army regiment, when the 1914 Manual of Military Law excluded soldiers that were not "natural born or naturalised British subjects of pure European descent" from becoming commissioned officers in the Special Reserve.

With the 23rd Battalion, Tull fought on the Italian Front from 30 November 1917 to early March 1918. He was praised for his "gallantry and coolness" by Major-General Sydney Lawford, General Officer Commanding 41st Division, having led 26 men on a night-raiding party, crossing the fast-flowing rapids of the Piave River into enemy territory and returning them unharmed.

Tull and the 23rd Battalion returned to northern France on 8 March 1918. He was killed in action near the village of Favreuil in the Pas-de-Calais on 25 March during the First Battle of Bapaume, the early stages of the German Army's Spring Offensive. His body was never recovered, despite the efforts of, among others, Private Tom Billingham, a former goalkeeper for Leicester Fosse, to return him to the British position while under fire.

In a letter of condolence to his family, the commanding officer of the 23rd Battalion, Major Poole and his colleague 2Lt Pickard both said that Tull had been put forward for a Military Cross. Pickard wrote "he had been recommended for the Military Cross, and certainly earned it." However, the Ministry of Defence has no record of any recommendation but many records were lost in a 1940 fire.

Legacy
In the history of mixed-heritage footballers in Britain, Tull may be mentioned alongside Robert Walker of Third Lanark, Andrew Watson, an amateur who is credited as the earliest black international football player winning his first cap for Scotland in 1881, Arthur Wharton, a goalkeeper for several clubs including Darlington and became the first mixed-heritage professional in 1889, John Walker of Hearts and Lincoln who died aged 22, the Anglo-Indian Cother brothers, Edwin and John, who began their careers at Watford in 1898, and Willie Clarke who played for Aston Villa and Bradford City in the Edwardian era.

From around 2006, campaigners including the then Northampton South MP, Brian Binley, and Phil Vasili, who has researched Tull since the early 1990s, called for a statue to be erected in his honour at Dover and for him to be posthumously awarded the Military Cross. However, as the Military Cross was not authorised to be awarded posthumously until 1979, and the change did not include any provision for retrospective awards, this would not be possible without a change in the rules. The campaigners felt this would be justified given that the army broke the rules. Tull's commission, at a time when the army was desperately short of officers was also due to his natural leadership, coolness and respect of his unit's officers and men. If he had been recommended for a Military Cross, his status as an officer of non-European descent might have meant to award him the honour would validate his status, leading to more mixed-heritage officers being commissioned. A Royal Army Medical Corps officer Allan Noel Minns, also a natural-born British subject of Afro-Caribbean descent, was awarded both DSO and MC.

Memorials

Tull is commemorated on Bay 7 of the Arras Memorial, which commemorates 34,785 soldiers who have no known grave, who died in the Arras sector.

His name was added to his parents' gravestone in Cheriton Road Cemetery, Folkestone. His older brother William, of the Royal Engineers, died in 1920, aged 37, and is buried in the cemetery with a CWGC headstone so his death was recognised as a result of his war service.

His name is listed in the Roll of Honour for the City of Glasgow, his address given as 419 St Vincent Street, the location of the dental surgery belonging to his brother Edward.

Tull's name appeared on the war memorial at North Board School, Folkestone, unveiled on 29 April 1921. He is named on the Folkestone War Memorial, at the top of the Road of Remembrance in Folkestone, and in Dover his name is on the town war memorial outside Maison Dieu House, and on the parish memorial at River.

On 11 July 1999, Northampton Town F.C. unveiled a memorial wall to Tull in a garden of remembrance at Sixfields Stadium. The text, written by Tull's biographer, Phil Vasili, reads:

Through his actions, W. D. J. Tull ridiculed the barriers of ignorance that tried to deny people of colour equality with their contemporaries. His life stands testament to a determination to confront those people and those obstacles that sought to diminish him and the world in which he lived. It reveals a man, though rendered breathless in his prime, whose strong heart still beats loudly. A road behind the North Stand (The Dave Bowen Stand) at Sixfields Stadium is named Walter Tull Way, and a public house, adjacent to the stadium, bears his name.

On 28 July 2004, Tottenham Hotspur and Rangers contested the "Walter Tull Memorial Cup". Rangers won the Cup, defeating Spurs 2–0 with goals from Dado Pršo and Nacho Novo.

In 2010, a planning application to erect a bronze memorial statue of Tull in Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park close to the Imperial War Museum in London, was refused by Southwark London Borough Council.

The Royal Mint included a £5 coin honouring Tull in the introductory First World War six-coin set, released in 2014.

On 21 October 2014, a blue plaque was unveiled at 77 Northumberland Park, London N17, on the site of the house where Tull lived before the war, close to the White Hart Lane ground. The plaque was provided by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and was unveiled by former Spurs striker Garth Crooks who described Tull as an "amazing man," whose recognition had been "a long time coming".

On 4 July 2017, five statues including one of Tull were unveiled in the courtyard of Northampton Guildhall. The bronze installations were commissioned by Northampton Borough Council from sculptor Richard Austin.

On 25 March 2018, to commemorate the centenary of his death, Rushden & District History Society unveiled a blue plaque at 26 Queen Street, Rushden where he lodged while playing at Northampton Town.

In September 2018, to mark the centenary of the end of the First World War, Royal Mail produced a set of stamps, one of which features Tull.

On Remembrance Sunday 2018, the people of Ayr, Scotland, came together to etch a large sand portrait of Tull into the town's beach as part of 'Pages of the Sea', a nationwide public art project curated by Oscar-winning filmmaker Danny Boyle.

In October 2020, as part of Black History Month, the Royal Mail painted a postbox black in Glasgow to honour Tull.

On 21 October 2021, Tull was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame of the National Football Museum.

On 23 July 2022, Tottenham Hotspur and Rangers contested their second "Walter Tull Memorial Cup". Tottenham winning the game 2-1 at Ibrox.

Media
Respect!, an account of Tull's life, written for young people by Michaela Morgan, was published by Barrington Stoke in 2005. The book was shortlisted in the Birmingham Libraries young readers' book festival May 2008.

A fictional work, Fields of Glory: The Diary of Walter Tull, by Maureen Lewis, Jillian Powell and Bernice Barry, was published by Longman in 2005. (Please note: this is a work of fiction; there is no surviving diary written by Tull.)

Two films, focusing on teaching about Tull, were made for Teachers TV and launched in May 2008.

Walter's War, a drama about the life of Tull, starring O. T. Fagbenle and written by Kwame Kwei-Armah, was made by UK channel BBC Four and first screened on 9 November 2008 as part of the BBC's Ninety Years of Remembrance season. The drama was aired alongside Forgotten Hero, a documentary about Tull.

A biography by Phil Vasili, titled Walter Tull, 1888–1918, Officer, Footballer was published by Raw Press, 2010. A revised edition was published in 2018 by London League Publications.

A book for young readers, Walter Tull: Footballer, Soldier, Hero, written by Dan Lyndon, was published by Collins Educational in January 2011.

A Medal for Leroy (2012) by Michael Morpurgo is inspired by the life of Tull.

The Octagon Theatre, Bolton staged Vasili's play Tull, 21 February to 16 March 2013. Working with local young people, Tottenham Theatre Group produced a version at the Bernie Grant Centre in Tottenham in 2014.

In 2014, Gazebo Theatre, based in Bilston Town Hall, toured a play about the life of Tull, entitled The Hallowed Turf. It was presented in Wolverhampton on 3 October to launch the city's Black History Month.

In 2016, Off The Records made an animated film about Tull's life, Walter Tull: Britain's First Black Officer, which was voiced by actor Liam Gerrard. The film was nominated for a children's BAFTA.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Baker, Chris. "Walter Daniel Tull and recommendation for the Military Cross" The Long, Long Trail, 21 June 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2019.

 Kuper, Simon. "Political Football: Walter Tull", Channel 4 News, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
 McMullen, Iain. "Walter Tull", Football and the First World War.Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  Simkin, John. "Walter Tull", Spartacus Educational.Retrieved 9 April 2019.
 Stephenson-Knight, Marilyn. "First Black Army Officer, Footballer, and Great War Hero", The Dover War Memorial Project. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
 Turner, Lyndsey. "The lesson: Walter Tull", The Guardian, 25 March 1998. Retrieved 9 April 2019.

 Teaching material about Walter Tull, produced for Northamptonshire Black History Association, www.blackhistory4schools.com. Retrieved 9 April 2019.

External links

 WalterTull.org

For records relating to Tull in The National Archives, see Your Archives
Tull's application for a temporary commission at The National Archives

1888 births
1918 deaths
Men's association football midfielders
Black British sportsmen
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Clapton F.C. players
English Football League players
English men's footballers
English sportspeople of Barbadian descent
Footballers from Bethnal Green
Italian front (World War I)
Middlesex Regiment officers
Middlesex Regiment soldiers
Northampton Town F.C. players
Sportspeople from Folkestone
People from Northamptonshire
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Military personnel from Kent

Walter Tull


Die Infrarotkoagulation ist eine Methode zur Behandlung von symptomatischen Hämorrhoiden ersten oder zweiten, eingeschränkt  auch dritten Grades.

Beschreibung
Die bei der Infrarotkoagulation verwendete Infrarotstrahlung dringt tief in das Gewebe des bestrahlten Hämorrhoidalpolsters ein und wird dort durch Absorption in Wärme umgewandelt. Die lokale Wärme führt zu einer Verödung (Sklerosierung) des bestrahlten Gewebes. Durch die Beweglichkeit und Positionierbarkeit der Infrarotquelle kann der Bereich und der Grad der Gewebezerstörung kontrolliert werden. Die Bestrahlung führt im Hämorrhoidalpolster zur Koagulation und Okklusion und Sklerose, wodurch lokal Fibrosen entstehen können. Die Infrarotkoagulation wird üblicherweise an zwei Behandlungsterminen durchgeführt, wobei eine Anästhesie meist nicht notwendig ist. Die Erfolgsquote der Methode liegt bei etwa 75 %. Bei ausschließlich blutenden Hämorrhoiden ersten Grades ist diese Quote ähnlich hoch wie bei der Gummibandligatur.

Die Autoren eine Metaanalyse von fünf prospektiven Studien kamen 1992 zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Infrarotkoagulation die "vorteilhafteste nicht-operative Behandlungsmethode für Hämorrhoiden sei".

In Deutschland wird die Infrarotkoagulation immer seltener zur Behandlung von symptomatischen Hämorrhoiden eingesetzt, da andere Verfahren, wie beispielsweise die Sklerosierung oder die Gummibandligatur, von den behandelnden Ärzten favorisiert werden. Die Autoren der Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Koloproktologie aus dem Jahr 2008 raten von der Infrarotkoagulation zur Behandlung von Hämorrhoiden wegen unzureichender Effektivität ab.

Die Infrarotkoagulation wurde 1977 von dem Schweizer Proktologen Alexander Neiger und Kollegen entwickelt.

Weiterführende Literatur
 A. Hardy, C. L. Chan, C. R. Cohen: The surgical management of haemorrhoids–a review. In: Digestive Surgery. Band 22, Nummer 1–2, 2005, S. 26–33, . . PMID 15838168. (Review).
 A. Neiger: Die Hämorrhoidenverödung durch Infrarotkoagulation. In: Phlebol Proktol. Band 8, 1979, S. 230–232.

Einzelnachweise

Hämorrhoiden
Therapeutisches Verfahren in der Gastroenterologie
Invasives Therapieverfahren
Infrarottechnik

Infrarotkoagulation


Utah Royals FC er en professionel fodboldklub for kvinder, hjemmehørende i Salt Lake City forstaden Sandy, Utah. Klubben spiller i USAs bedste række, National Women's Soccer League, siden 2018. Klubben blev etableret den 1. december 2017 og spiller deres første sæson i NWSL i 2018.

Spillere og trænere

Aktuel trup

Trænere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindefodboldklubber i USA
Etableret i 2017

Utah Royals FC


Blastosöl, embriyonik gelişimin blastula devresinde, dış tabakadaki hücrelerin içeriye doğru bir girinti yapması sonucu oluşan, ilkin vücut boşluğu. Bu safhada, tüm hücreler aynı büyüklüktedir ve blastula hücreleri bölünmelerini yavaşlatırlar. Tüm hücreler içte blastosöl, dışta da hyalin zarla temas içindedir. Çeşitli hücre bağları blastula hücrelerini blastosöl etrafında sızdırmaz bir küre haline getirir. Hücreler bölünmeye devam ettikçe, blastula bir hücre kalınlığına geriler ve genişler. Bu işlem, blastula hücrelerinin üstteki hyalin tabakasına eklemlenmesi ve blastosölü genişleten su alımı ile gerçekleşir.

Kaynakça

Dan-Sohkawa ve Fujisawa. (1980) Cell dynamics of the blastulation process in the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. Developmental Biology 77(2):328-39.

Scott F. Gilbert. Developmental Biology. 6. Basım. 2000. Sinauer Associates Publishing Co., New York, ABD.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Embriyo
 Blastula
 Blastokist
 Kök hücre

Gelişim biyolojisi

Blastosöl


පතිර වසන් දුෂ්මන්ත චමීර (උපත 1992 ජනවාරි 11) යනු ජාතික කණ්ඩායම සඳහා ආකෘති තුනටම ක්‍රීඩා කරන සහ දේශීයව නොන්ඩිස්ක්‍රිප්ට් ක්‍රිකට් සමාජයට ක්‍රීඩා කරන වෘත්තීය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. ඔහු 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් ජාත්‍යන්තර තරගයට පිවිසියේය.

දේශීය හා හිමිකාරීත්ව වි20 වෘත්තීය දිවිය
2018 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, චමීර 2017-18 සුපර් ෆෝ පළාත් තරඟාවලිය සඳහා කොළඹ සංචිතයට නම් කරන ලදී. ඊළඟ මාසයේ, ඔහු 2018 සුපිරි පළාත් එක්දින තරඟාවලිය සඳහා කොළඹ කණ්ඩායමට ද නම් කරන ලදී.

2018 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී, චමීර 2018 SLC T20 ලීගයේ ගාල්ල කණ්ඩායමට නම් කරන ලදී. 2019 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ඔහු 2019 සුපිරි පළාත් එක්දින තරඟාවලිය සඳහා ගාල්ල කණ්ඩායමට නම් කරන ලදී. 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී, ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීගයේ සමාරම්භක සංස්කරණය සඳහා ඔහු කලම්බු කිංග්ස් විසින් කෙටුම්පත් කරන ලදී. 2018 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, 2018 IPL වෙන්දේසියේදී ඔහු රාජස්ථාන් රෝයල්ස් විසින් මිලදී ගන්නා ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පිටකොන්දේ ඇති වූ ආබාධයක් හේතුවෙන් ඔහුට තරඟාවලියේ පළමු සති අහිමි විය.

2021 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී, එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ පැවැත්වෙන 2021 ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් (IPL) දෙවන අදියර සඳහා රෝයල් චැලෙන්ජර්ස් බැංගලෝර් සංචිතයට චමීර ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී. 2021 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී, 2021 ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීගය සඳහා ක්‍රීඩකයන්ගේ කෙටුම්පතෙන් පසුව ඔහු කලම්බු ස්ටාර්ස් සඳහා ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී.

2022 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී, 2022 ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් තරඟාවලිය සඳහා වෙන්දේසියේදී ඔහු ලක්නව් සුපර් ජයන්ට් විසින් මිලදී ගන්නා ලදී. 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී, ඔහු ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් තුන්වන සංස්කරණය සඳහා ගාලු ග්ලැඩියේටර්ස් විසින් අත්සන් කරන ලදී.

ජාත්‍යන්තර වෘත්තීය දිවිය
දකුණත් වේග පන්දු යවන්නෙකු වන චමීර 2015 ජනවාරි 29 වන දින නවසීලන්තයට එරෙහිව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් සිය මංගල එක්දින තරගයට පිවිසියේය. ඔහු රොස් ටේලර්ව පළමු ඕවරයේදීම ඔහුගේ පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර කඩුල්ල ලෙස දවාගත් අතර, පසුව ඔහු ග්‍රාන්ට් එලියට් ද දවා ගත් අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තරගය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.

චමීර 2015 ICC ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානයට තේරී පත් වූ නමුත් පළමු තරග කිහිපයට සහභාගි වූයේ නැත. ඔහු ස්කොට්ලන්තයට එරෙහිව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අවසන් සංචිතයට තෝරාගෙන ඇති අතර එහිදී ඔහු ලකුණු 51කට කඩුලු 3ක් දවා ගත්තේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තරගය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමට සමත් විය.

චමීර 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී පකිස්ථානයට එරෙහිව සිය මංගල ටෙස්ට් තරගයට පිවිසියේය. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් 129 වැනි ටෙස්ට් වරම් ලබා ගත්තේය. ඔහු සිය පළමු ටෙස්ට් කඩුල්ල දවා ගත්තේ සුල්ෆිකාර් බාබර් ලකුණු 5කට දවා ගනිමිනි. එම තරගයේ දෙවැනි ඉනිමේදී කඩුලු 3ක් දවාගනිමින් ඔහු ඉනිම දෙකේදීම ඕවර 28.5කදී ලකුණු 4/76ක් ලෙසින්  ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ජයග්‍රහණය කරා රැගෙන ගියේය. තරගයේ දී ඔහුට ආබාධයක් ඇති වූ අතර, ඔහු තරගමාලාවේ තෙවැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගයෙන් ඉවත් විය. ඔහු 2015 නොවැම්බර් 9 වන දින බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්වන්ට එරෙහිව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් විස්සයි 20 ජාත්‍යන්තර තරගයට පිවිසියේය.

2018 මැයි මාසයේදී, චමීර 2018-19 වාරයට පෙර ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් විසින් ජාතික කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුවක් ලබා දුන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින් 33 දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකි. 2021 මැයි මාසයේදී, බංගලාදේශයට එරෙහිව පැවති තුන්වන තරඟයේදී, චමීර එදිජා තරඟයකදී ඔහුගේ පළමු කඩුලු 5 දවා ගැනීම ලබා ගත් අතර එම තරඟයේම තරඟයේ වීරයා ද ඔහු විය. 2021 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට එරෙහිව පැවති තුන්වන එක්දින තරඟයේදී, චමීර විශිෂ්ට තරඟයක් ජයග්‍රාහී ආරම්භක පන්දු යැවීමක නිරත විය. අවසානයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ලකුණු 78කින් ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර තරගයේ වීරයා ලෙසද චමීර සම්මාන ලැබීය. එම මාසයේම පසුව, 2021 පිරිමි වි20 ලෝක කුසලානය සඳහා වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංචිතයට චමීර නම් කරන ලදී.

ජයග්‍රහණ
2022 ජනවාරියේ වාර්ෂික අයිසීසී සම්මාන උළෙලේදී, 2021 වසරේ අයිසීසී පිරිමි එදිජා කණ්ඩායමට චමීර ඇතුළත් විය.

යොමු කිරීම්

දුෂ්මන්ත චමීර


ජෛව රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව යනු රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ හෝ ෙෙජව ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ අංශයක් වන අතර එය ජෛව පටක හෝ අණු ඇතුළත් ඒකක ක්‍රියාවලි සැලසුම් කිරීම හා නිපදවීම කෙරෙහි මූලිකව කටයුතු කරයි. ජෛව රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව සාමාන්‍යයෙන් උගන්වනු ලබන්නේ රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවට හෝ ජීව ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවට විකල්පයක් ලෙසය. එය එසේ සිදු කරන්නේ එම දෙකෙහිම විෂය මාලාවේ වටපිටාවේ හා අංශ 2 මඟින්ම භාවිතා කරන ගැටලු විසඳීමේ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමවල සමානතා නිසාය. මෙහි යෙදීම් ආහාර,ඖෂධ, ජෛව තාක්ෂණය හා ජල පිරිපහදු කර්මාන්තවලදී යෙදේ.

ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකය

ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකයක් යනු ජෛවීය වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාකාරී පරිසරයකට අනුබල දෙන ඕනෑම උපකරණයක් හෝ පද්ධතියක් හැඳින්වීමට යොදනු ලැබේ. එක් අවස්ථාවකද ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකයක් යනු පටක හෝ එවැනි පටකවලින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වූ ක්‍රියාකාරී සංයෝග ඇතුලත් රසායනික ක්‍රියාවලියක් සිදු කරන නලයක් විය හැකිය. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය ස්වායු හෝ නිර්වායු විය හැකිය. මෙම ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක බොහෝවිට සිලිණ්ඩරාකාර වන අතර ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ලීටරවල සිට ඝන මීටර දක්වා පරාසගත වේ. බොහෝ විට මළ නොකන වානේවලින් තනා ඇත.

ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකයක් යන්න සෛල සංස්කෘති සන්ධර්භයක් තුළ සෛල හෝ පටක වැඩෙන උපකරණයක් හෝ පද්ධතියක් හැඳින්වීමට යොදා ගත හැකිය.

ක්‍රියාකාරී ක්‍රමය පිළිබඳ වූ පදනමක දී ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක බැච්, ෆෙඩ් බැච් හෝ ඛණ්ඩ ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කළ හැකිය. (අඛණ්ඩ කැලතුම් ටැංකි ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක ආකෘති) අඛණ්ඩ ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකයකට උදාහරණයක් වන්නේ කෙමොස්ටැට්ය.

ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරකයක් තුළ නිපදවන පටක අත්හිටුවීම හෝ අක්‍රිය කිරීම සිදු කළ හැකිය. සෛල අක්‍රිය කිරීම සිදු වන සරලතම අවස්ථාවක් වන්නේ ඒගාර් ජෙලිවලින් යුත් පෙට්‍රි දීසියකි. මහා පරිමාණයේ අක්‍රිය කරන ලද සෛල ජෛව ප්‍රතික්‍රියාකාරක වන්නේ

	චලන මාධ්‍ය
	ඇසුරුම් කරන ලද පාත්තිය
	තන්තුමය පාත්තිය
	තුනී පටලය

ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව
ජීව විද්‍යාව

ජෛව රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව


Keiser puede hacer referencia a:

  Keiser (Arkansas), población estadounidense; o
 Reinhard Keiser, músico alemán.

Keiser


Futbolo klubas REO var en fodboldklub fra den litauiske by Vilnius.

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 2005 og gik konkurs i 2012.

Historiske navne
 2005 – Policija
 2008 – REO LT
 2011 – Vilniaus FK
 2011 – REO

Titler

Nationalt
 Pirma lyga
 Vindere: (1) 2011.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klub farver

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 RSSSF

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 2005
Ophørt i 2012
Tidligere fodboldklubber i Litauen

REO Vilnius


Die Kirche der hl. Radegundis ist die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche der Gemeinde Sankt Radegund bei Graz in der Steiermark.

Geschichte
Nach 1186 ließ Otto von Graz hier eine Kirche bauen. Ihre erste urkundliche Erwähnung fand sie im Jahr 1295. Zwischen 1490 und 1513 entstand die heutige, spätgotische Kirche. 1981 fand eine Außenrestaurierung statt.

Beschreibung

Die Kirche besteht aus einem vierjochigen Langhaus mit eingezogenem Chor. Der quadratische Kirchturm mit Spitzdach ist südlich in das vierte Langhausjoch eingebaut. Er trägt eine im Jahr 1699 von Medardus Reig gegossene Glocke. An der westlichen Fassade befindet sich das Wappen des Bischofs Matthias Scheit. An der Nordseite des Gebäudes sind Fragmente eines römischen Grabsteins aus dem 2. Jahrhundert vor Christus, an der Südseite auf Höhe des Sockels ist eine mittelalterliche Tierfigur eingemauert.

Das vierjochige Langhaus wird von einem auf polygonalen Wandvorlagen ruhenden Netzrippengewölbe überspannt. Der einjochige Chor mit einem Fünfachtelschluss hat ein Kreuzrippengewölbe mit schildförmigen Schlusssteinen. Im Chor befindet sich eine Sakramentsnische sowie zwei Schulterbogenportale. An der Süd- und Westseite der Kirche befinden sich gotische Eingangsportale. Die barocke Orgelempore wurde neugotisch umgestaltet.

Die neugotische Einrichtung der Kirche wurde von 1888 bis 1895 nach einem Entwurf von August Ortwein gestaltet. Das 1907 von W. Helfer gemalte Altarblatt des Hauptaltars stellt die heilige Radegundis dar, die Seitenältare mit Fresken nach gotischem Muster von Ludwig von Kurz zum Thurn und Goldenstein von 1895.
In der Turmkapelle, im Chor und im Langhaus hinter den Seitenaltären befinden sich bedeutende Fresken vom Meister von St. Radegund aus dem Jahr 1506.

An der Südseite der Kirche befindet sich ein 1954 von Hans Pacher gestaltetes Kriegerdenkmal.

Quellen

 Elga Lanc: Die Mittelalterlichen Wandmalereien in der Steiermark. Band 2.2: Tafelband. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, ISBN 3-7001-3006-6, Abb. 802–810.

Weblinks

Baudenkmal (Steiermark)
Sankt Radegund bei Graz
Sankt Radegund bei Graz
Sankt Radegund bei Graz
Sankt Radegund bei Graz

Pfarrkirche hl. Radegundis (St. Radegund bei Graz)


The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), more commonly known as the International Baccalaureate (IB), is a nonprofit foundation headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and founded in 1968.  It offers four educational programmes: the IB Diploma Programme and the IB Career-related Programme for students aged 15 to 19, the IB Middle Years Programme for students aged 11 to 16, and the IB Primary Years Programme for children aged three to 12. To teach these programmes, schools must be authorized by the International Baccalaureate.

The organization's name and logo were changed in 2007 to reflect new structural arrangements. Consequently, "IB" may now refer to the organization itself, any of the four programmes, or the diploma or certificates awarded at the end of a programme.

History

Inception
When Marie-Thérèse Maurette wrote "Educational Techniques for Peace. Do They Exist?" in 1948, she created the framework for what would eventually become the IB Diploma Programme (IBDP). In the mid-1960s, a group of teachers from the International School of Geneva (Ecolint) created the International Schools Examinations Syndicate (ISES), which would later become the International Baccalaureate Office (IBO), followed by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) and then the International Baccalaureate (IB).

First programme
The IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1968 for the development and maintenance of the IB Diploma Programme. The objective of this programme was to "provide an internationally acceptable university admissions qualification suitable for the growing mobile population of young people whose parents were part of the world of diplomacy, international and multinational organizations" by offering standardized courses and assessments for students aged 16 to 19.

International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established in 1975 by Peter Nehr, International Baccalaureate Africa, Europe and Middle-East (IBAEM) in 1986, and International Baccalaureate Asia Pacific (IBAP) during the same period. The International Baccalaureate now functions as a global organization with global centers in Geneva, Washington DC, The Hague, Cardiff and Singapore.

Other programmes
The IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) was first offered in 1994. Within five years, 51 countries had MYP schools. A revised MYP programme, referred to as the IB Middle Years Programme New chapter was introduced in September 2014.

The IB Primary Years Programme (PYP) was piloted in 1996 in 30 primary schools on different continents, and the first PYP school was authorized in 1997, with 87 authorized schools in 43 countries within five years.

The IB Career-related Programme (formerly IB Career-related Certificate) was first offered in 2012.

Directors general
Alec Peterson was IB's first director general (1968–1977), followed by Gérard Renaud (1977–1983), Roger Peel (1983–1998), Derek Blackman (1998–1999), George Walker (1999–2005), Jeffrey Beard (2006–2013) and Siva Kumari (2013–2021).

As of May 2021, Olli-Pekka Heinonen, Finnish politician and director of the Finnish National Agency of Education was selected by the board of directors to serve as director general, replacing Siva Kumari.

Organization
The IB is a nonprofit organization, selling its products and services to schools in a system analogous to a franchise network. Schools buy products and services from the IB – assessments, publications, the right to use branding – and in turn schools act as distributors, reselling the products and services to families.

The IB maintains its head office in Geneva, Switzerland. Assessment and grading services are located in Cardiff, Wales and the curriculum centre moved in 2011 to The Hague, Netherlands. Two other offices are located in Washington, D.C., and Singapore.

The organization is divided into three regional centres: IB Africa, Europe and Middle East (IBAEM), administered from The Hague; IB Americas (IBA), administered from Washington D.C.; and IB Asia-Pacific (IBAP), administered from Singapore.

Sub-regional associations "are groups formed by and for IB school practitioners to assist IB schools, teachers and students in their communities—from implementing IB programmes to providing a forum for dialogue." There are currently fifty-six (56) sub-regional associations, including:
 fifteen in the IB Africa, Europe and Middle East (IBAEM) region;
 thirty-six in the IB Americas (IBA) region; and
 five in the IB Asia Pacific (IBAP) region.

In 2003, the IB established the IB Fund, incorporated in the United States, for the purpose of enhancing fundraising and keeping funds raised separate from operational funds. In 2004, the IB approved a strategic plan to "ensure that programmes and services are of the highest quality" and "to provide access to people who are socio-economically disadvantaged." In 2010 and 2015 the strategic plans were updated after substantial consultation. The vision for the next five years was to more consciously establish the IB as a leader in international education and the Board outlined a vision and four strategic goals with key strategic objectives.

Access remains fundamental to the mission of the IB and a variety of initiatives and projects are helping to take it forward in Ecuador, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Spain, Philippines, Malaysia, Japan, and South Korea.

The United States has the largest number of IB programmes (2,010 out of 5,586) offered in both private and public schools.

The IB works with governments and nongovernmental organizations across the world and has consultative status as a nongovernmental organization (NGO) at United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and has collaborative relationships with the Council of Europe and the  (OIF).

Governance
The IB governance is composed of an IB Board of Governors and six committees (access and advancement, audit, education, finance, human resources and governance). The Board of Governors appoints the Director General, sets the strategic direction of the organization, adopts a mission statement, makes policy, oversees the IB's financial management, and ensures autonomy and integrity of the IB Diploma Programme examinations and other student assessment. The structure of its different committees are based on respect, representation and collaboration.

The Board of Governors can comprise between 15 and 25 members. Members are elected by the Board on the recommendation of the governance committee, and from nominations presented from the Heads Council, Regional Councils and the Board. To encourage diversity of gender, culture and geography, there are only three ex officio positions: Director General (non-voting), the chair of the Examining Board and the chair of the Heads Council.

Advisory bodies include the Heads Council and Regional Councils.

Reception

The IB Diploma Programme was described as "a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world" when it was featured in the December 18, 2006, edition of Time titled "How to bring our schools out of the 20th Century". The IBDP was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of American Educator, where Robert Rothman described it as "a good example of an effective, instructionally sound, exam-based system."

In the US, in 2006, as part of the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI), President George W. Bush and Education Secretary Margaret Spellings presented a plan for the expansion of Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate mathematics and science courses, with the goal of increasing the number of AP and IB teachers and the number of students taking AP and IB examinations, as well as tripling the number of students passing those exams. Howard Gardner, a professor of educational psychology at Harvard University, said that the IBDP curriculum is "less parochial than most American efforts" and helps students "think critically, synthesize knowledge, reflect on their own thought processes and get their feet wet in interdisciplinary thinking."

In 2006, government ministers in the United Kingdom provided funding so that "every local authority in England could have at least one centre offering sixth-formers the chance to do the IB." In 2008, due to the devaluing of the A-Levels and an increase in the number of students taking the IB exams, then-Children's Secretary Ed Balls abandoned a "flagship Tony Blair pledge to allow children in all areas to study IB." Fears of a "two-tier" education system further dividing education between the rich and the poor emerged as the growth in IB is driven by private schools and sixth-form colleges. While the number of Diploma Programme state schools has dropped under budget constraints, the new Career-related Programme has seen solid uptake in the UK with 27 schools in Kent alone.

In 2006, an attempt was made to eliminate it from a public school in Pittsburgh, PA. Some schools in the United States have eliminated the IBDP due to budgetary reasons and low student participation. In Utah in 2008, funding for the IBDP was reduced from $300,000 to $100,000 after State Senator Margaret Dayton objected to the IB curriculum, stating, "First, I have never espoused eliminating IB ... I don't want to create 'world citizens' nearly as much as I want to help cultivate American citizens who function well in the world." Mayor Rahm Emanuel of Chicago, meanwhile, believes that IB should be an option for students in Chicago Public Schools. Elizabeth Brackett, reporting on her own experience of studying the IB in Chicago, found that it made for a stressful school experience but subsequently eased the pressures of university study. A further report by the University of Chicago concluded that Chicago Public School students who completed the IB curriculum were 40% more likely to attend a four-year college, 50% more likely to attend a selective four-year college, and significantly more likely to persist in college than their matched peers outside the IB. The City of Miami Beach Commission entered into an education compact with Miami-Dade County Public Schools with one of the initiatives of the compact to implement the IB curriculum throughout Miami Beach feeder schools.

In some other parts of the world, the International Baccalaureate has been well received. In 2013, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and the IB announced a plan that will expand the opportunities for Japanese students to complete the IB curriculum in Japanese.  In Malaysia a project has been developed in response to interest expressed by the Malaysia Ministry of Education (MoE) in working with the IB to implement the IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) in select secondary state schools.
The Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) signed an agreement with the IB in efforts to widen the options offered for parents and to meet the different needs of students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In April 2014 The King Faisal Foundation in Saudi Arabia and the IB signed a memorandum of understanding to develop IB programmes, including the IBDP, in up to forty primary and secondary schools, with the goal of developing these schools as centres of excellence as IB World Schools.  In Peru President Ollanta Humala has committed to building a high performing schools network (COAR) made up of IB World Schools. In early 2016 thirteen new schools were authorized by the IB as part of this programme. In Ecuador, President Rafael Correa has also committed to improving education in state schools by implementing IB programmes and by January 2016 there were over 200 state schools. With support from local organizations, there are thirteen state IB schools in Russia. In Spain, various models have been implemented (3 types of schools in Spain: public schools, private schools and state funded-private or 'concerted' schools) and led to extensive growth with 140 schools.

Internationally the IB continues to be recognized as innovative, and in 2014 the World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE) announced the IB Career-related Certificate as a finalist for their annual WISE Awards. However, the IB came under heavy criticism around the world in 2020 for controversial estimated grades, set when COVID-19 precautions obstructed examinations.

According to tertiary educational agency 7Acad, the diploma mean grade stands at a four year low of 4.54 points, total points at a five year low of 28.51 pts as of 2019.

A study published by the University of Cambridge showed that a Cambridge student, who had obtained a score of 41 or more, achieved above-average success while at Cambridge. Students who had received 38 or less, were receiving grades below the average of all Cambridge students. Those that had the IB score of 38 or 39, obtained above average grades in science, and below average grades in social studies and humanities.

Controversies

May 2020 examination results

In March 2020, the IB announced that exams for the May 2020 session had been canceled as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It claimed that the final grades would instead be calculated based on course work, students' teacher-predicted grades, and historic school data. "Prior to the attribution of final grades, this process was subjected to rigorous testing by educational statistical specialists to ensure our methods were robust. It was also checked against the last five years' sets of results data," an IB spokesman said. In July 2020, the IB released its results for Diploma Programme and Career-related Programme candidates enrolled in the May 2020 session. Over 17,000 signatories signed an online petition calling for a clarification of the grading methodology, and for free remarking and retesting. Several educators have criticized IB's approach to the 2020 grading. The Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation stated it would "scrutinize" the grades. The Norwegian Data Protection Authority asked the IB to provide data under the General Data Protection Regulation.

Some argued that using a school's historical data to produce grades was unfair to black or low-income students, or students from smaller schools. Others complained about the lack of transparency and fair process of the grades' appeal process.

May 2021 examination session
In August 2020, amidst the continuing coronavirus pandemic, the IB announced a series of comprehensive amendments to its scheduled examinations in May 2021. They were inclusive of a few assessment components being discounted (for select subjects), and others being revised in length or syllabi. On 4 February 2021, the IB announced a dual exam route for the May 2021 examination: examinations were expected to take place in regions where a written assessment could be "administered safely", while candidates in other regions follow a non-exam "alternative route" based on coursework and predicted grades. This decision was met with stiff backlash as students taking the IB Diploma Programme protested against perceived injustice. Students argued that exams would have a negative impact on student mental health and wellbeing as well as possible consequences for university admissions. The IB's dual system approach has also been criticised as exam boards such as Cambridge, who cancelled their IGCSE and international A-levels exams.

See also
 Cambridge International Examinations
 European Baccalaureate
 List of International Baccalaureate people
 List of International Baccalaureate schools by country

References

External links

01
Associations of schools
High school course levels
School qualifications
Organizations established in 1968

International Baccalaureate


Mezmerize, System of a Down'ın dördüncü stüdyo albümü.

Mezmerize/Hypnotize ikili albüm projesinin ilk albümüdür. İki albüm tarz olarak neredeyse aynıdır. Grup üyeleri tarafından tek albüm olarak düşünülmüş daha sonra 6 ay arayla piyasaya sürülmesi kararlaştırılmıştır.

Şarkı listesi

Personel
System of a Down
Serj Tankian – Vokal, klavye, gitar, grafik tasarım
Daron Malakian – Vokal, gitar, bas gitar, klavye, yapımcı, grafik tasarım
Shavo Odadjian – Bas gitar, grafik tasarım
John Dolmayan – Bateri, grafik tasarım

Liste konumları

Kaynakça

2005 albümleri
System of a Down albümleri
Billboard 200'de bir numara olan albümler
Yapımcısı Rick Rubin olan albümler

Mezmerize


Wurdastom, biljni rod iz porodice melastomovki smješten u tribus Cyphostyleae. Raširen je po Južnoj Americi, Kolumbija, Ekvador i Peru. Postoji osam priznatih vrsta koje su izvdvojene iz roda Alloneuron i uključene u ovaj novi rod

Rod je opisan 1996.

Vrste
 Wurdastom bullata (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom cuatrecasasii (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom dorrii (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom dudleyi (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom ecuadorensis (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom hexamera (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom sneidernii (Wurdack) B.Walln.
 Wurdastom subglabra (Wurdack) B.Walln.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Melastomovke

Wurdastom