Medvjeđa špilja u Kletnu (polj.: Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia w Kletnie) najduža je špilja planina Śnieżnik, koje su dio širega planinskog lanca Sudeta. Otkrivena je 1966. u blizini sela Kletno u Poljskoj i poznata je po brojnim iskopinama špiljskoga medvjeda (Ursus spelaeus).

Povijest
Prvih 200 m špilje otkriveno je u listopadu 1966. tijekom rudarskih istraživanja u novootvorenom kamenolomu Kletno III. Godine 1967. otkriveni su novi hodnici i dvorane, uključujući srednje dijelove Sale pałacowe ("Dvorane palače"), a u siječnju 1972. otkriveni su najniži dijelovi špiljskog sustava. Novi dijelovi špilje otkriveni su od 2014. do 2015. godine. Ukupno, špilja ima dužinu od preko 4,5 km i trenutno je najduža špilja u Sudetima.

Značajke
Špilja se nalazi na desnoj strani doline potoka Kleśnice u planinama Śnieżnik, dijelu Sudeta na 790 m nadmorske visine na obroncima planine Góra Stroma.

U špilji su pronađeni brojni fosilni ostaci pleistocenskih životinja, uglavnom sisavaca poput mrkog medvjeda, špiljskog lava, hijene, sivog vuka, divlje svinje i drugih. Među fosilnim ostacima dominirale su kosti špiljskog medvjeda koje su činile gotovo 90 % svih iskopanih kostiju.

Galerija slika

Izvori

Bibliografija
Praca Zbiorowa, "Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia w Kletnie. Badanie i udostępnianie", Polska Akademia Nauk, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1989., ISBN 8304030373. (poljski s engleskim sažetkom).

Jaskinie Sudetów praca zbiorowa pod red. Mariana Puliny, Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi, Warszawa 1996., ISBN 83-900997-9-9 (poljski).

Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia w Kletnie. 40 lat eksploracji, badań, ochrony i turystyki praca zbiorowa pod red. Wojciecha Ciężkowskiego, Wydawnictwo "Maria", Wrocław-Kletno 2006.,ISBN 83-60478-16-3 (poljski).

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica na engleskom jeziku, pristupljeno 4. travnja 2023.

Špilje u Europi

Medvjeđa špilja u Kletnu


الشريان السباتي  هو أحد الشرايين الرئيسية المنبثقة عن قوس الأبهر والذي يجري جانب الرقبة ليزود الرأس والدماغ بالدم. يوجد عند كل إنسان شريان سباتي على كل جانب من الرقبة الشريان السباتي الأيمن والشريان السباتي الأيسر، ويسير كلٌ منهما كشريان سباتي أصلي لينقسم كلٌ منهما إلى شريان سباتي ظاهر وشريان سباتي غائر. ويوجد الجسم السباتي بالقرب من التفرع.

التسمية
السَّبْت هو الراحة من السبات وهو الراحة أو النوم، وسُمّي بذلك بسبب متلازمة الجيب السباتي  وهو ما يسمى أيضاً بإغماء الجيب السباتي حيث يتسبب الضغط على الجيب السباتي بالإغماء، فمنه قيل أن الشريان هو شريان النوم أو السبات. والضغط على الشريان السباتي من الناحيتين لمدة 10 إلى 15 ثانية يتسبب بالإغماء.

أسماء أخرى

اختلفت الأسماء التي وُصف بها الشريان السباتي عند العرب، فمنهم من قال إنه «حَبْلِ الْوَرِيدِ» المذكور في القرآن بسورة «ق» الآية 16، ففي لسان العرب: ، فالعرب كانت تعتقد أن الشريان لايجري فيه دم، بل ينتقل فيه الهواء إلى الجسم، أو الروح. ويقول ابن منظور أيضاً:  مما يدل على اختلاف العرب حول التسمية.

والبعض اعتقد أنه الوَدَج، ففي لسان العرب تعريف الودج على أنه: واسترسل أنه يصل القلب أو يرتبط به، إلا أن الخلاف حول كون الودج هو الشريان السباتي نابع من وصفه أنه ينتفخ عند الغضب،  مما يجعل ذلك الوصف ينطبق على الوريد الوداجي لا على الشريان.

التشريح

يُشكل الشريان السباتي والوريد الوداجي مع العصب المبهم حبلاً مشتركاً يصل عبر الرقبة إلى الرأس، ويحاط هذا الحبل بنسيجِ ضامِ يجري بين عضلات الرقبة. هذا الحبل يمر في الجزء الأسفل من الرقبة تحت العضلة القصية الترقوية الخشائية، ليصل في وسط الرقبة إلى مثلث عضلي بين العَضَلَةُ الكَتِفِيَّةُ اللَّامِيَّة  والعضلة القَصِّيَّةُ التَّرْقُوِيَّةُ الخُشَّائِيّة والعضلة ذات البطنين  هذا الحبل يمكن تحسسه بالإصبع من خلال تحسس نبض الشريان السباتي هناك.

هناك شريانان سباتيان، السباتي الأيمن والسباتي الأيسر، حيث ينبع السباتي الأيمن من الجِذْعُ العَضُدِيُّ الرَّأْسِي بينما ينبع الشريان السباتي الأيسر من الشريان الأبهر مباشرة، يسمى الشريان السباتي هنا الشريان السباتي الأصلي. السباتي الأصلي ينقسم إلى فرعين الشريان السباتي الظاهر والشريان السباتي الغائر.

أجزاء الشريان السباتي

شريان سباتي أصلي
ينبع الشريان السباتي الأصلي الأيمن من الشريان العضدي الرأسي بينما ينبع الشريان السباتي الأصلي الأيسر مباشرةً من الشريان الأبهر بالإتجاه القِحْفي لينقسم - دون أن يُعطي فروعاً قبل ذلك - إلى فرعية الرئيسين الظاهر والغائر. قبيل الانقسام يتوسع ليشكل ما يسمى بالجيب السباتي . يحوي الجيب السباتي على مستقبلات الضغط  ومجسات الضغط الجزئي للأكسجين فيما يسمى الكُبَّةُ السُّباتِيَّة ، والذين يلعبون دوراً في تنظيم ضغط الدم وتنظيم أكسدة الدم.

شريان سباتي ظاهر
هو الفرع الخارجي (خارج الجمجمة) للشريان السباتي، وتنبع منه شريانات لتروية الرقبة والوجه والرأس خارج الجمجمة (عضلات وجلد وغدد... الخ).

فروعه الرئيسية هي:
 الشِّرْيانُ الدَّرَقِيُّ العُلْوِي.
 الشِّرْيانُ اللِّسانِي.
 الشريان الوَجهي.
 الشِّرْيانُ البُلْعومِيُّ الصَّاعِد.
 شريان الفك العلوي.
 الشِّرْيانُ الصُّدْغِيُّ السَّطْحِي.
 الشريان الأُذني الخلفي.
 الشريان الأذني السطحي.
 الشِّرْيانُ الصُّدْغِيُّ الأَوسَط.
 الشِّرْيانُ الوَجْهِيُّ المُسْتَعْرِض.
ووظيفتها جميعاً تزويد الوجه وأجزاؤه والأجزاء خارج الجمجمة من الرأس، والرقبة بالدم.

شريان سباتي غائر

يتم تزويد الدماغ بالدم عن طريق 4 شرايين هي الشريانان السباتيان الغائران والشريانان الفِقريان. لا يتفرع الشريان السباتي الغائر حتى يدخل الجمجمة من خلال النفق السباتي أسفل الجمجمة. بعد دخول الجمجمة يسير الشريان السباتي على شكل حرف S إلى جانب السرج التركي  مروراً بالجيب الكهفي  لينقسم إلى فروعه الرئيسية:
 الشريان العيني  والذي يزوِّد العين بالدم.
 الشريان المخّي الأمامي  والذي يزود الجزء الأمامي للدماغ بالدم.
 الشريان الموصِّل الخلفي المُخِّي وهو جزء من الدائرة الشِّريانية الدِّماغية .

ثم يتغير اسم الشريان السباتي الغائر ليشكل الشِّرْيانُ المُخِّيُّ الأَوسَط، هذا الشريان الذي يعتبر امتداداً للشريان السباتي الغائر، والذي يزود الجزئين الجانبيين من الدماغ.

أمراض الشريان السباتي

تضيق الشريان السباتي
يعد تضيّق الشريان السباتي وبخاصة السباتي الغائر بسبب التصلب العصيدي يُعَدُّ أحد الأسباب الرئيسية للسكتة الدماغية. تنجم السكتة الدماغية في حالات تضيق الشريان السباتي الغائر حينما ينكسر جزء من التكلس المتجمع على جدار الشريان وسيره خلال الشريان السباتي الغائر ليعلق في أحد فروعه في الدماغ، متسببا في انغلاق هذا الفرع، ومسبباً نقصاً في التروية، وفي أسوأ الأحوال موتاً للجزء من الدماغ الذي يعتمد على هذا الفرع.

يتم تشخيص تضيق الشريان السباتي عن طريق الإيكو دوبلر. ويتم علاج تضيق الشريان السباتي الغائر فقط في الحالات التي تتجاوز بها نسبة التضيق ال70% من مجمل مقطع الشريان وذلك إما جراحياً حيث يُزال التضيق باستئصال باطنة الشريان ، أو عن طريق رأب الوعاء  وتثبيت دِعامة  به.

متلازمة الجيب السباتي

متلازمة الجيب السباتي  هو مرض ناجم عن زيادة في حساسية مستقبلات الضغط للضغط الخارجي على الجيب السباتي مما يتسبب في دوخة أو إغماء بسبب استجابة مبالغ فيها من مستقبلات الضغط والتي تؤدي إلى تباطؤ قلبي وأحياناً صمت قلبي لعدة ثوانٍ، الأمر الذي يتسبب في نقص التروية للدماغ وحدوث الدوخة أو الإغماء.

مراجع

شرايين الصدر
شرايين الرأس والعنق

شريان سباتي أصلي


O 4º Grupo de Caça foi um elemento americano da Oitava Força Aérea do Exército dos Estados Unidos (USAAF) durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O grupo era conhecido como "Debden Eagles" porque foi criado a partir dos três "Eagle Squadrons" da "Royal Air Force": No. 71, No. 121 e No. 133. Os "Eagle Squadrons" foram formados em 1940 com pilotos voluntários dos Estados Unidos antes de sua entrada na Segunda Guerra Mundial em dezembro de 1941.

Esses esquadrões se tornaram os 334º, 335º e 336º Esquadrões de Caça do 4º Grupo de Caça baseado na RAF Debden. O grupo foi o primeiro grupo de caças a voar em missões de combate no espaço aéreo alemão, o primeiro a escoltar bombardeiros sobre Berlim e o primeiro selecionado para escoltar bombardeiros em bombardeios lançados na Rússia. O grupo foi creditado por derrubar 1.016 aviões alemães.

Ver também
 Pierce McKennon
 Steve Pisanos
 Vermont Garrison
 Carroll W. McColpin
 Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke

Ligações externas

Organizações fundadas em 1942
Organizações dos Estados Unidos
Unidades e formações militares dos Estados Unidos na Segunda Guerra Mundial

4º Grupo de Caça


Lusovenator é um gênero de dinossauros terópodes do grupo dos Carcharodontossauros, nativo da Formação Lourinhã, região ocidental de Portugal. Essa formação data do Jurássico Superior, durante as idades Kimmeridgiana e Tithoniana, há cerca de 155 a 145 milhões de anos. Até ao momento, somente uma espécie foi nomeada, Lusovenator santosi. O nome do gênero significa "Caçador de Portugal", em alusão ao país onde foi encontrado.

Este é o primeiro Carcharodontossauro descrito do Jurássico de Laurásia e é intimamente relacionado a outros Carcharodontossauros basais, como Veterupristisaurus e Siamraptor.

Descoberta e nomeação
O holótipo do gênero, SHN.036, consiste em vértebras cervicais, dorsais, sacrais e caudais, costelas, um ílio direito, ambos púbis e um ísquio. Esses ossos foram encontrados no sítio fossílifero de Ribamar, na Praia do Valmitão, cidade de Lourinhã, em Portugal. As rochas dessa localidade correspondem ao Membro Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo da Formação Lourinhã e datam do Kimmeridgiano. Esse fóssil pertencia a um animal juvenil, de cerca de 3 metros.

Além do holótipo, um neótipo também é atribuído ao gênero, SHN.019. Esse espécime compreende uma série de vértebras caudais articuladas, um pé direito praticamente completo e alguns outros elementos isolados, pertencentes a um indivíduo mais velho. O neótipo foi coletado na localidade de São Pedro da Cadeira, na Praia das Candelas, na cidade de Torres Vedras, em Portugal. As rochas dessa localidade são cerca de 8 milhões anos mais recentes, da idade Tithoniana, e foram designadas como parte da Formação Freixial, porém provavelmente são parte do Membro Assenta da Formação Lourinhã. Ambos espécimes possuem características compartilhadas nas vértebras caudais, indicando que são parte do mesmo táxon.

O nome Lusovenator une as palavras Luso, que significa Portugal, e venator, que significa caçador. Já o epíteto específico L.santosi homenageia José Joaquim dos Santos, que descobriu e coletou o holótipo. O nome completo significa " Caçador Português de José Joaquim dos Santos".

Descrição e paleobiologia
Assim como os outros táxons de seu grupo, Lusovenator era um dinossauros carnívoro e bípede. O tamanho reduzido do holótipo pode ser explicado devido a sua natureza juvenil, e provavelmente alcançaria dimensões semelhantes a Ulughbegsaurus e Siamraptor em sua vida adulta, de 7 a 8 metros de comprimento e 1 a 2 toneladas de massa.

Devido à grande competição no ambiente que viva, provavelmente era especializado em um tipo específico de presa, gerando uma diferenciação de nicho, como nas atuais savanas africanas.

Paleoecologia
Durante o Jurássico Superior, a Pensínsula Ibérica era uma região de contato entre as faunas norte-americana, europeia, asiática e africana, apresentando uma diversidade incrível. Além de Lusovenator, outros tipos de dinossauros faziam dessa região seu lar, dentre eles: Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Torvosaurus, Miragaia, Stegosaurus, Supersaurus, Lusotitan, Draconyx e Dracopelta. Alguns pterossauros também habitavam a região, dentre eles Rhamphorynchus e um Dsungapterídeo indeterminado.

Classificação
Lusovenator é parte do clado Carcharodontosauria, um grupo de Alossauróideos típicos do Cretáceo. Em trabalhos recentes tem se mostrado intimamente aparentado de Veterupristisaurus, Siamraptor e do Carcharodontossauro da Formação Sergi.

Filogenia de Malafaia et al (2020):

Filogenia de Bandeira et al (2021):

Ver Também
 Veterupristisaurus
 Siamraptor
 Carcharodontossauro da Formação Sergi

Carcharodontosauria
Dinossauros de Portugal
Espécies fósseis descritas em 2020

Lusovenator


Coma Pedrosa je najviša planina u Andori s visinom od 2943 m. Popularna je među planinarima zato što je uspon na nju jednostavan, ali naporan. Od Arsinala do Campa de Refuge se uspon smatra umjereno teškim dok se zadnjih 862 m smatra teškim.

Zemljopis

Planina koja je u obliku piramide se nalazi na sjeverozapadnoj granici s Francuskom i Španjolskom. U prošlosti je imala ulogu barijere između Andore i Francuske. Njena nedavna izloženost turizmu privukla je milijune ljudi da uživaju u jedinstvenoj ljepoti njenih brda i dolina. Planina pripada planinskom vijencu Pirineja. Planina se nalazi u nacionalnom parku Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa.

Izvori

Reljefni oblici u Andori
Planine u Europi

Coma Pedrosa


Video game art is a specialized form of computer art employing video games as the artistic medium. Video game art often involves the use of patched or modified video games or the repurposing of existing games or game structures, however it relies on a broader range of artistic techniques and outcomes than artistic modification and it may also include painting, sculpture, appropriation, in-game intervention and performance, sampling, etc. It may also include the creation of art games either from scratch or by modifying existing games. Notable examples of video game art include Cory Arcangel's Super Mario Clouds and I Shot Andy Warhol, Joseph Delappe's projects including "Dead in Iraq" and the "Salt Satyagraha Online: Gandhi's March to Dandi in Second Life," the 2004-2005 Rhizome Commissions "relating to the theme of games," Paolo Pedercini's Molleindustria games such as "Unmanned" and "Every Day the Same Dream", and Ian Bogost's "Cowclicker."

Artistic modifications are frequently made possible through the use of level editors, though other techniques exist. Some artists make use of machinima applications to produce non-interactive animated artworks, however artistic modification is not synonymous with machinima as these form only a small proportion of artistic modifications. Machinima is distinct from art mods as it relies on different tools, though there are many similarities with some art mods.

Like video games, artistic game modifications are often interactive and may allow for single-player or multiplayer experience. Multiplayer works make use of networked environments to develop new kinds of interaction and collaborative art production.

Techniques

Machinima

Machinima is the use of real-time three-dimensional (3-D) graphics rendering engines to generate computer animation. The term also refers to works that incorporate this animation technique.

In-game intervention and performance
Artists may intervene in online games in a non-play manner, often disrupting games in progress in order to challenge or expose underlying conventions and functions of game play. Examples of this include Anne Marie Schleiner's Velvet-Strike (a project designed to allow players of realistic first person shooter games to use anti-war graffiti within the game to make an artistic statement) and Dead in Iraq (an art project created by Joseph DeLappe in which the player character purposely allows himself to be shot and then recites the names of US soldiers who have died in the Iraq War).

Site-specific installations and site-relative mods
Site-specific installations and site-relative gaming modifications ("mods"), replicate real-world places (often the art gallery in which they are displayed) to explore similarities and differences between real and virtual worlds. An example is What It Is Without the Hand That Wields It, where blood from kills in Counterstrike manifests and spills into a real life gallery.

Real-time performance instruments
Video games can be incorporated into live audio and visual performance using a variety of instruments and computers such as electronic keyboards embedded with music chips. See also chiptune and the Fijuu project.

Generative art mods
Generative art mods exploit the real-time capabilities of game technologies to produce ever-renewing autonomous artworks. Examples include Julian Oliver's ioq3apaint, a generative painting system that uses the actions of software agents in combat to drive the painting process, Alison Mealy's UnrealArt which takes the movements of game entities and uses them to control a drawing process in an external program, Kent Sheely's "Cities in Flux," a Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas mod that glitches and distorts the game's world in real-time, and RetroYou's R/C Racer a modification of the graphic elements of a racing game which results in rich fields of colour and shape.

See also
 Art game
 Adaptive music
 Demoscene
 Digital art
 Electronic art
 Electronic Language International Festival
 Game Masters
 Game studies
 Interactive art
 Internet art
 In-game photography
 Mod (video gaming)
 Software art
 Virtual art

Notes

Sources
 GameScenes: Art in the Age of Videogames. (Johan & Levi, 2006). Edited by Matteo Bittanti and Domenico Quaranta.

 Videogames and Art by Andy Clarke and Grethe Mitchell (eds.)
 Journal of Media Practice vol 7, no. 1  (special edition on videogames and art) by Andy Clarke and Grethe Mitchell (eds.)
 Switch, Art & Games issue, 1999, online magazine of the CADRE Laboratory for New Media, San Jose State University
 From "First-Person Shooter" to Multi-User Knowledge Spaces Mathias Fuchs and Sylvia Eckermann
 Konsum Art-Server nTRACKER Margarete Jahrmann and Max Moswitzer
 Messages For A First Person Perspective Maia Engeli

External links
 Art games archive with examples of artistic modifications
 Art games website with various examples of artistic modifications
 Art games archive with examples of artistic modifications

Visual arts genres
Digital art
Works based on video games
Modern art

Video game art


An Redfieldia flexuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni George Thurber, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Vasey. An Redfieldia flexuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Redfieldia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Redfieldia

en:Redfieldia flexuosa

Redfieldia flexuosa


Al Hawza or al Hauza was an Arabic language weekly newspaper in Iraq.

History and profile
Al Hawza was started in 2003 after the removal of Saddam Hussein and American media considered to be the mouthpiece for Shi'ite cleric Moqtada Sadr. It was a weekly newspaper published every Thursday. The paper was a religious cultural publication. Its chairman was Abbas Al Rubayi. Hasan Al Zarkani served as the editor. Ali Yasseri was the editor of the paper when it was suspended.

It was shut down by the, 759th Military Police Battalion, under orders of the United States– led administration of Paul Bremer on 28 March 2004, after being accused of encouraging violence against Coalition troops. The closure of the weekly was protested by hundreds of Iraqis in Baghdad shortly after the ban.

See also
 Al Mustaqilla

References

2003 establishments in Iraq
2004 disestablishments in Iraq
Newspapers established in 2003
Publications disestablished in 2004
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Iraq
Defunct weekly newspapers

Al Hawza


La dama es una telenovela mexicana producida por XETcanal 6 y dirigida por Luis Enrique López, protagonizada por Arap Bethke y Mariana Echeverría, antagonizada por Salvador Sánchez y la primera actriz Evangelina Elizondo en su regreso a la televisión.

Sinopsis
Juana tiene una bebé, le llaman Rosilda González, pero Juana muere, por ello se la encargan a su madre, Luciana, una mujer déspota que solo le interesa el dinero. Luciana tiene un hijo llamado Ernesto Arteaga, Ernesto es un depravado sexual, por ello al sentirse atraído por Rosilda, la viola, y con esa violación nace una preciosa niña. Rosilda le dice a Yolanda, su ama de llaves de confianza, que regale a la niña, desde ahí Rosilda le llaman "LA DAMA" por fría y mala.

Pasan 18 años, la niña que nació de Rosilda le pusieron como nombre Daniela, y la cría Renata Chávez, una humilde mujer que no quiere que Valeria se entere de la verdad.

En la hacienda, llega un peón, Julián. Él se enamora de "LA DAMA", pero el lema de Rosilda "LA DAMA" es nunca volver a amar, pero el corazón puede más que mil palabras.

Elenco Principal
 Mariana Echeverría- Rosilda González "LA DAMA"
 Araph Bethke- Julián Álvarez
 Daniela Sánchez- Valeria González
 Evangelina Elizondo- Luciana Elizalde viuda de Arteaga
 Florinda Meza - Úrsula Vergel
 Karina Mora- Renata Chávez
 Salvador Sánchez- Ernesto Arteaga
 Ana Patricia Rojo- Yolanda "Yoli" Hurtado "Ama de llaves de la hacienda Arteaga"
 Janet Arceo - Juana Juárez (Aparición solo en los 2 primeros capítulos de la telenovela)

Elenco Secundario /Extras
 Tamara Monserrat - Federica Saveedra (mejor amiga de Valeria)
 Juana Hernández - Cecilia Gandhi (enemiga de la DAMA)
 Saúl Fernández - Juan Romero

La Dama (telenovela)


Achrophyllum, rod pravih mahovina iz porodice Hookeriaceae. Sastoji se od 8 priznatih vrsta

Vrstge
 Achrophyllum anomalum H. Robinson, 1974
 Achrophyllum crassirete Matteri, 1979
 Achrophyllum dentatum Vitt & Crosby, 1972
 Achrophyllum haesselianum Matteri, 1979
 Achrophyllum javense Iwatsuki, B. C. Tan & Touw in Touw, 1978
 Achrophyllum magellanicum Matteri, 1979
 Achrophyllum quadrifarium Vitt & Crosby, 1972
 Achrophyllum tenuinerve H. Robinson, 1974

Izvori

Hookeriales

Achrophyllum


River Maine or Maine River or variation, may refer to:

River Maine (County Antrim), Northern Ireland
River Maine (County Kerry), Ireland
Maine River (Maine), United States
Maine (river), France

See also

Main River (disambiguation)
Maine (disambiguation)

River Maine


La ville de Dnipro est située à la confluence des cours d'eau du Dniepr et de Samara.

Ponts sur le Dniepr

Ponts sur le Samara

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport en Ukraine
 Transport ferroviaire en Ukraine

Transport à Dnipro
Dnipro
Ponts

Liste des ponts de Dnipro


Hårmyg (Bibionidae) er en familie af myg. Der findes omkring 780 arter af hårmyg over hele verden.

Udseende

Hårmyg er sorte eller mørkebrune og hårede. De bliver 5-11 mm lange. Hannen har et stort hoved med øjne der mødes, mens hunnens hoved er mindre og med adskilte øjne.

Levevis
De findes på græsmarker og i enge, skove og haver. Hunnerne graver sig ned i jorden for at lægge æg. Larverne er i jorden hvor de spiser dødt eller levende plantemateriale. Der kan i nogle år være så mange larver i jorden at f.eks. græsplæner tager skade.

Hårmyg er ufarlige og stikker eller bider ikke, som f.eks. stikmyg eller kvægmyg. Nogen arter drikker nektar fra blomster, andre tager tilsyneladende ikke næring til sig som voksne.

Hårmyg med danske navne
 Havehårmyg (Bibio hortulanus)
 Skovhårmyg (Bibio marci)
 Græshårmyg (Dilophus febrilis)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hårmyg på Vestre Hus Børnenaturcenters hjemmeside

Myg

Hårmyg


Levice, (Osmanlı döneminde: Leva, Macarca: Léva, Almanca: Lewenz), Slovakya 'ın batısında Nitra bölgesinde yer alan bir şehirdir. Şehir Hron Nehrinin solunda, Tuna Ovası'nın kuzeybatısında, Nitra'nın 40 km güneydoğusunda, başkent Bratislava'nın 110 km doğusunda yer almakta olup, Macaristan sınırına 25 km mesafededir.

Tarih
Tarihte ilk defa 1156 yılında bugünkü şehrin doğusunda Leua adlı bir köy olarak (günümüzde eski Levice) kuruldu. Avrupa'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası sırasında Tekov kalesinin yağmalanarak önemini kaybetmesinden sonra 13. yüzyılda günümüz yerleşim yerinde, madenci kasabasını korumak amacıyla Levice Kalesi inşa edildi. 16. yüzyılda bölgede Osmanlı etkisinin görülmesiyle Levice Kalesi en önemli savunma kalelerinden biri olarak görev aldı. 17. yüzyıl ortalarında güçlendirilen kale, güçlü Osmanlı ordusuna savaşmadan teslim oldu. 1663 yılında fethedildikten 1685 yılında Habsburglar tarafından geri alınmasına kadar geçen süre zarfında Uyvar Eyaleti'nin sancağı oldu. 1696 yılında şehrin büyük bir kısmının yanması ve Osmanlı'nın bölgeden uzaklaşması neticesinde 1699 yılında kale önemini kaybetmiştir. 18. yüzyılda Habsburglar'a karşısında başlatılan ayaklanmada, II. Ferenc Rakoçi önderliğindeki isyancılar tarafından askeri amaçlarla kullanılmaması amacıyla 1709 yılında kale havaya uçurulmuştur. 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren önemli ölçüde büyüyen şehir Hron Nehri güneyinde önemli bir tarım merkezi haline geldi. Örgütlü ve canlı bir ticaret merkezi haline gelen şehirde 19. yüzyılda girişimcilerin artmasıyla büyümeye devam etti. Triyanon Antlaşması ile Çekoslovakya topraklarına katılan şehir, 20. yüzyılın  başlarında mimari ve şehir planlaması yapılmasıyla büyümüştür. Münih Antlaşması (1938) ile 1938-1945 yılları arasında Macaristan'a geçen şehir, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında tekrar Çekoslovakya topraklarına katıldı. 1993 yılında bugünkü Slovakya'nın parçası haline geldi.

Nüfus Yapısı
1910 yılında 9.675 olan toplam nüfusun 8.752'si Macarlar, 688'i Slovaklar ve 199'u Almanlar'dan oluşturmaktayken, 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Macar çoğunluğun büyük kısmı sürülmüştür. 1991 yılında 33.991 olan nüfusun 28.126'sı Slovaklar, 5.156'sı Macarlar, 438'i Çekler, 159'u Romanlar ve geri kalanı diğer etnik uluslardan oluşmaktaydı. 2001 yılı verilerine göre nüfusun; %84,83'ü Slovaklar, %12,23'ü Macarlar, %1,04'ü Çekler, %0,36'sı Romanlar ve diğer uluslardan oluşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Fotoğraflar

Slovakya'daki şehirler

Levice


Toscanelli ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Oceanus Procellarum.
Er liegt südwestlich des Kraters Krieger und nördlich des großen Strahlenkraters Aristarchus, am südlichen Ende einer Rille der Rimae Aristarchus. Südlich verläuft in nordsüdlicher Richtung die Furche Rupes Toscanelli.

Der Krater wurde 1976 von der IAU nach dem italienischen Arzt, Mathematiker, Astronomen und Kartografen Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Toscanelli auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Toscanelli (Mondkrater)


La rana fantasma del Cabo (Heleophryne purcelli) es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Heleophrynidae. Es endémica de Sudáfrica, encontrándose en arroyos de montaña y sus alrededores, donde las almohadillas adhesivas que presenta en sus dedos le facilitan escalar sobre las resbaladizas rocas de aguas de corrientes rápidas. Los renacuajos tardan unos dos años en alcanzar el estado adulto.

Descripción
La longitud del cuerpo de un espécimen adulto ronda los 5 cm. Con un cuerpo y cabeza aplanados, posee un hocico ancho y ojos grandes. La piel es lisa, y cubre una pequeña pantorrilla aplanada en dirección contra-abdominal. El cuerpo es verde, amarillento o marrón con manchas oscuras de forma irregular dispersas por toda la superficie. Tiene 4 dedos con ventosas en las extremidades delanteras. Los dedos de las extremidades posteriores están conectados por membranas. Suelen vivir cinco años.

El renacuajo puede tener hasta 60 mm de largo, y tiene varias filas de dientes labiales, con una fila de dientes labiales de 4/14 a 4/17. No poseen una vaina de mandíbula inferior queratinizada.

Una curiosidad de esta especie es la composición de su esqueleto mineralizado, ya que posee apatita.

Hábitat
Los renacuajos suelen ocultarse bajo rocas en sustratos arenosos de las montañas centrales de Cederberg, al sur del río Breede, hasta las montañas Hottentots Holland. También pueden encontrarse al este hasta las montañas Langeberg, cerca de Montagu.

La vida de este anfibio está ligada al agua dulce. Vive en arroyos de montaña con agua fría y flujo rápido, pasando parte de su tiempo en las costas de hierba densa.

Comportamiento
Esta especie posee un hábito de vida nocturna. Su pequeño tamaño le permite ocultarse entre la maleza tanto para cazar como para ocultarse.

Cuando los renacuajos se ven amenazados o se les molesta, suelen ocultarse bajo la arena u ocultarse entre las grietas de las rocas circundantes. No tiene problemas en nadar a contra corriente.

Alimentación
De alimentación insectívora, suele capturar insectos, larvas y otros invertebrados. En su mandíbula superior y paladar hay dientes, con los que puede sostener incluso presas muy resbaladizas.

Tanto las ranas adultas como los renacuajos son presa habitual de las serpientes de agua de la especie Lycodonomorphus rufulus.

Reproducción y desarrollo
De reproducción sexual, la temporada de apareamiento de una rana fantasma comienza en octubre y dura hasta enero. En ese momento aparecen pequeños puntos en la piel de los machos. Asimismo, se reúnen en grupos en la orilla de un arroyo, tras lo cual comienzan a hacer llamadas a las hembras. Tras realizar el apareamiento en tierra, la hembra comienza a poner grandes huevos amarillos, hasta 200 por apareamiento. El lugar para ellos son charcos o guijarros húmedos situados cerca del arroyo. Transcurridos cinco días, los renacuajos emergen de los huevos, que son inmediatamente enviados al arroyo y alimentados por el saco vitelino. Tienen ventosas en forma de disco cerca de sus bocas que las unen a las rocas. Con las ventosas, pueden escalar por las rocas de las cascadas. Los renacuajos comen pequeñas algas raspándolas de las superficies de piedra. En la etapa de desarrollo larvario, alcanzan una longitud de 6 cm. La etapa de renacuajo dura 12 meses y luego se convierte en adulto.

Las larvas de rana fantasma fueron descubiertas antes que los adultos. Se diferencian significativamente de otros renacuajos porque tienen cabezas en forma de cuña que están fuertemente aplanadas en el abdomen espinal y tienen un cuerpo alargado. En comparación, los renacuajos de otras especies de ranas son más redondos u ovalados.

Una vez realizan la metamorfosis, las nuevas ranas abandonan sus arroyos durante los meses de marzo y abril.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Amphibia web

purcelli
Anfibios de Sudáfrica
Fauna endémica de Sudáfrica
Animales descritos en 1898

Heleophryne purcelli


Candan Erçetin'in ilk solo albümü olan Hazırım 1995 Ağustos ayında yayınlandı. Albümde Trakya ve Makedon ezgilerinin ağırlıktadır. Albümdeki 11 parçanın 10 tanesinin sözleri Mete Özgencil'e ait. Müziklerde ise Gökhan Kırdar çoğunlukta olmak üzere, Yusuf Bütünley, Sezen Aksu, Ahmet (Ahmet Akkaya) ve Balkan halk ezgileri yer almaktadır.

Albüm iki versiyon olarak basılmış olup ilk versiyonda Sevdim Sevilmedim ve Umrumda Değil (An Anatolian Mix) bulunmamaktadır.

Sevdim Sevilmedim Umrumda Değil The Remix Ep albümünden sonra ikinci basımı yapılmış ve iki parça eklenmiştir.

Albümdeki şarkılar

Esma Recepova adı albümde "Anonim" olarak yazılmıştır.

Candan Erçetin albümleri
1995 albümleri
Çıkış albümleri

Hazırım


Otto Ungerbühler, né le  à Mohrungen et mort le  à Königsberg, est un conseiller judiciaire et homme politique prussien. Il est membre du Parlement de Francfort en 1848.

Biographie
Ungerbühler naît le  à Mohrungen en Prusse-Orientale, d'un père conseiller judiciaire () auprès de l'administration régionale. Après des études de droit à Königsberg de 1818 à 1823, il entre à son tour dans l'administration comme assistant juridique puis conseiller judiciaire à Mohrungen. Il reçoit en outre le titre de  (conseiller de justice) en 1841.

En 1848, Ungerbühler est élu député au Parlement de Francfort dans la  circonscription de la province de Prusse, représentant l'. Il prend ses fonctions le 18 mai, siégeant avec la fraction Casino (centre-droit), mais quitte le Parlement sept mois plus tard, le 28 décembre, remplacé par Wilhelm von Schrötter.

Entretemps nommé conseiller judiciaire auprès de la direction régionale générale () de Prusse-Orientale à Königsberg, Ungerbühler exerce ce métier jusqu'à sa mort dans cette même ville le , à 58 ans.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Juriste prussien
Membre du Parlement de Francfort
Naissance en juillet 1799
Naissance à Mohrungen
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Orientale
Décès en octobre 1857
Décès à Königsberg
Décès dans la province de Prusse
Décès à 58 ans

Otto Ungerbühler


Baddesley Clinton () is a moated manor house, about 8 miles (13 km) north-west of the town of Warwick, in the village of Baddesley Clinton, Warwickshire, England. The house probably originated in the 13th century, when large areas of the Forest of Arden were cleared for farmland. The site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and the house is a Grade I listed building. The house, park and gardens are owned by the National Trust and open to the public; they lie in a civil parish of the same name.

History

In 1438, John Brome, Under-Treasurer of England, purchased the manor, which passed to his son, Nicholas Brome (d.1517), who rebuilt the nearby parish church dedicated to St Michael, as a penance for having murdered the parish priest, a crime reputed to have been committed inside the house. The house from this period was equipped with gun-ports, and possibly a drawbridge over the moat. When Nicholas Brome died in 1517, the house passed to his daughter, who in 1500 had married Sir Edward Ferrers, Sheriff of Warwickshire. The house remained in the Ferrers family until 1940, when it was purchased by Thomas Walker, a relative of the family who changed his name to Ferrers. His son, who inherited it in 1970, sold the estate in 1980 to the National Trust, which now manages it.

Henry Ferrers (1549–1633), "The Antiquary", believed to have built the great hall, made many additions to Baddesley Clinton, including starting the tradition of installing stained glass to represent the family's coat of arms. Such glass survives in many rooms. In the 18th century the great hall was rebuilt in brick and the east range was extended, though with great care to continue the style of the original building.

The house was inhabited in the 1860s by the novelists Georgiana Chatterton and her second husband Edward Heneage Dering, who both converted to Roman Catholicism. The house's Catholic chapel was rebuilt, and the house was generally refurbished. Major interior changes took place up until the 1940s, with the first floor outside the chapel being completely altered. The interior comprises a great hall, parlour and library, with other rooms, and contains much 16th century carving and furniture and 19th century accessories used by later inhabitants. The house is surrounded by extensive formal gardens and ponds. Many of the farm buildings were built in the 18th century.

Relationship with Catholicism

The Ferrers appear to have remained Roman Catholic recusants after the Reformation, along with many other members of the Warwickshire gentry. They sheltered Catholic priests, who were under threat of a death sentence if discovered, and made special arrangements to hide and protect them. Several priest holes were built, secret passages to hide people in the event of a search by the authorities. One such priest hole is in the roof and is reputed to hold six people. A second is hidden in an old privy. Fugitives were able to slide down a rope from the first floor through the old garderobe shaft into the house's  sewers, which run the length of the building, which could hold six or seven people with their clothes and the equipment required for a Mass. These priest holes are said to have been built by Saint Nicholas Owen, a lay-brother of the Jesuits who constructed many masterful hides, notably at nearby Harvington Hall. He was eventually caught and tortured to death by the Protestant English government. A third space off the Moat Room, is simply a small room with a door hidden in the wood panelling and there is no real evidence that this is a hide.

The priest holes came into use at least once, in 1591 when a conference of Jesuit priests was raided by local authorities. The search is described in the Autobiography of Fr John Gerard, who was hiding during the search. The hides proved effective as no-one was caught.

Gardens and parkland

Parkland to the north and south-east of the house is today meadow with scattered trees, and ornamental trees south of the house. Pleasure grounds to the south-west lead down to a small lake. A formal walled garden, used in the past as a kitchen garden. lies to the south of the house; the central courtyard of the house is also laid out as a garden. The park and gardens are designated Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Filming location
In 1986 a number of exterior and interior shots of Baddesley Clinton were used by Granada Television for its Sherlock Holmes series in the episode "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual". In October 2016 the house was the venue for BBC One's Antiques Roadshow.

Although described as "Baddesley Clinton" on the screen, the location used for the outdoor filming of the  first episode of the 2017 BBC One miniseries Gunpowder depicting events surrounding the 1603 Gunpowder Plot raid was not actually Baddesley Clinton, but was Fountains Hall near Ripon in Yorkshire.

References

 Burke, John. History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3 (1835), pp 127–131;

External links

Baddesley Clinton information at the National Trust
photos of Baddesley Clinton and surrounding area on geograph
Warwickshire County Council Timetrail

Country houses in Warwickshire
National Trust properties in Warwickshire
Grade I listed buildings in Warwickshire
Scheduled monuments in Warwickshire
Historic house museums in Warwickshire
Houses with moats
Warwick District

Baddesley Clinton


Biyonik Kule (Bionic Tower), mimari projesi. Hong Kong proje kapsamındaki olası inşaat yerlerindendir. 1228 metre yüksekliğe sahip, 300 katlı bir tasarımı vardır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.torrebionica.com

Hong Kong'daki gökdelenler
Yapılması önerilen yapılar

Biyonik Kule


Psychohistory is a fictional science in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. It was first introduced in the four short stories  (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 novel Foundation.

In-universe

Axioms
Psychohistory depends on the idea that, while one cannot foresee the actions of a particular individual, the laws of statistics as applied to large groups of people could predict the general flow of future events. Asimov used the analogy of a gas: An observer has great difficulty in predicting the motion of a single molecule in a gas, but with the kinetic theory can predict the mass action of the gas to a high level of accuracy. Asimov applied this concept to the population of his fictional Galactic Empire, which numbered one quintillion. The character responsible for the science's creation, Hari Seldon, established two axioms:
 the population whose behaviour was modelled should be sufficiently large to represent the entire society.
 the population should remain in ignorance of the results of the application of psychohistorical analyses because if it is aware, the group changes its behaviour.

Ebling Mis added these axioms:
 there would be no fundamental change in the society
 human reactions to stimuli would remain constant.

Golan Trevize in Foundation and Earth added this axiom:
 humans are the only sentient intelligence in the galaxy.

The Prime Radiant
Asimov presents the Prime Radiant, a device designed by Hari Seldon and built by Yugo Amaryl, as storing the psychohistorical equations showing the future development of humanity.

The Prime Radiant projects the equations onto walls in some unexplained manner, but it does not cast shadows, thus allowing workers easy interaction. As a tool of the Second Foundation, control operates through the power of the mind, allowing the user to zoom in to details of the equations, and to change them. One can make annotations, but by convention all amendments remain anonymous.

A student in the Second Foundation destined for Speakerhood has to present an amendment to the plan. Five different boards then check the mathematics rigorously. Students have to defend their proposals against concerted and merciless attacks. After two years, the change gets reviewed again. If after the second examination it still passes muster, the contribution becomes part of the Seldon Plan.

The Radiant, as well as being interactive, employs a type of colour-coding to equations within itself for ready comprehension by Psychohistorians.

 Seldon Black are the original Seldon Plan equations developed by Seldon and Amaryl during the first four decades of Seldon's work at the University of Streeling, and define Seldon Crises, the Plan's duration, and the eventuation of the Second Galactic Empire.
 Speaker Red are additions to the plan by Speakers (Senior Mentalic Psychohistorians of the Second Foundation) since the time of Seldon.
 Deviation Blue  are observed deviations away from Psychohistorical projections with a deviation in excess of 1.5 standard deviation of predicted outcomes (1.5 σ). The Era of Deviations, at the rise of the Mule, produced deviations in the Seldon Plan in excess of .5 through 10 sigmas, and the resolution of this period required a full century of labour by members of the Second Foundation, often with dangerous interventions and uncertain likelihood of success, to return the Galaxy to the Plan.

Other colours have been imagined by fans, and mentioned by Asimov, such as:

 Notation Green – additions of pertinent scientific papers appended to findings (Forward the Foundation)
 Projection Purple – Useful for determining limits on future Speaker Red equations, using projections of events with regard to a very sketchy but still monumental Seldon Black scheme. A tool of the first three generations of Psychohistorians after Seldon, and by the 5th Century of the Plan a teaching tool at most. (Forward the Foundation)

Development
One year prior to the publication of his first story about psychohistory in 1942, Asimov alluded to mathematical psychology and the science of psychology eventually being as predictable as organic chemistry, in a letter to the editor of Astounding Science-Fiction. In his later career, Asimov described some historical (pre-Seldon) origins of psychohistory. In The Robots of Dawn (1983), which takes place thousands of years before Foundation (1951), he describes roboticist Han Fastolfe's attempts to create the science based on careful observation of others, particularly of his daughter Vasilia. Prelude to Foundation (1988) suggests that one of Fastolfe's robots, R. Daneel Olivaw, manipulated Seldon into practical application of this science.

Limitations
The fact that Seldon established a Second Foundation of mental-science adepts to oversee his Seldon Plan might suggest that even Seldon himself had doubts about the ultimate ability of a purely mathematical approach to predicting historical processes, and that he recognized that the development of psychic skills, such as those used by the Mule, had the ability to invalidate the assumptions underlying his models, though he did not (and could not) predict the appearance of the Mule himself. The Seldon methodology might therefore only work at a certain level of species-development, and would over time become less useful.

Psychohistory has one basic, underlying limitation which Asimov postulated for the first time on the last page of the final book in the Foundation series:  psychohistory only functions in a galaxy populated only by humans.  In Asimov's Foundation series, humans form the only sentient race that developed in the entire Milky Way Galaxy.  Seldon developed psychohistory to predict the actions of large groups of humans.  Even robots technically fall under the umbrella of psychohistory, because humans built them, and they thus represent more or less a human "action", or at least, possess a thought-framework similar enough to that of their human creators that psychohistory can predict their actions.  However, psychohistory cannot predict the actions of a sentient alien race; their psychology may differ so much from that of humans that normal psychohistory cannot understand or predict their actions.

The end of the series offered two possibilities:

 sentient races actually very rarely develop, such that only humans evolved in the Milky Way Galaxy, and in most other galaxies, it appears probable (given this assumption) that only one sentient race would develop.  However, statistically two or more alien races might evolve in the same galaxy, leading them into inevitable conflict.  The fighting in this other galaxy would only end when one race emerged the victor, and after the prolonged conflict with other races, would have developed an aggressive and expansionist mindset.  In contrast, humans had never encountered another sentient species in the Milky Way Galaxy, so they never felt greatly compelled to expand to other galaxies, but instead to fight other humans over control of the Milky Way.  Eventually, such an aggressive alien race would expand from galaxy to galaxy, and try to invade the Milky Way Galaxy.
 through genetic engineering, subsets of humanity could alter themselves so significantly from baseline humans that they could for all intents and purposes be considered "aliens".  Specifically exemplifying this theory we find Asimov's Solarians: humans evolved from an old Spacer world who had genetically modified themselves into hermaphrodites with telekinetic mental powers.

Seldon Plan
Seldon used psychohistory to predict that the Galactic Empire would fall: this was a generations-long process which had already begun, and was too far gone to stop. This would result in a subsequent 30,000 years of barbarism, before the various petty kingdoms of the galaxy eventually aggregated again into a Second Empire. It was possible, however, to use psychohistory to influence future events in such a way that this "Great Interregnum" was shortened from 30,000 years to a mere 1,000. To implement his plan, Seldon creates the Foundations – two groups of scientists and engineers settled at opposite ends of the galaxy – to preserve the spirit of science and civilization, and thus become the cornerstones of the new galactic empire. The First Foundation was located at Terminus, an isolated planet at the fringe of the galaxy, and was tasked with preserving and advancing scientific knowledge. As the outer provinces of the Galactic Empire fragmented politically and declined technologically, the First Foundation would maintain this advantage over them. Secretly, the Second Foundation was focused on psychohistory itself, updating Seldon's predictions as the generations passed and subtly influencing events to ensure that the Plan would succeed.

The Seldon Plan for the First Foundation focused on ten major crises that it would face over the next thousand years. Hari Seldon made a series of holographic recordings about each crisis, set to be revealed one at a time to the Foundation at the predicted time each one occurred. The general outline of the Seldon Plan can be inferred from the Crises:

 Balance of Power – the political fragmentation of the galaxy would begin at its outermost fringes, as the Periphery provinces split off into petty interstellar kingdoms, fifty years after the settlement of Terminus. When this came to pass, the region around Terminus itself broke up into the "Four Kingdoms", the most powerful of which was Anacreon. Each of the Four Kingdoms wanted to conquer Terminus to seize its advanced technology. The solution to this crisis was to play off each of the Four Kingdoms against each other, arranging treaties so that a direct invasion by any one of the kingdoms would be met with an immediate counterattack by the other three, ensuring the invading kingdom was defeated before they could make use of the Foundation's technology to defeat the other kingdoms.
 Religion – thirty years later, one of the surrounding barbarian kingdoms would aggregate enough power that even the threat of all its neighbors united against it could no longer deter it. When this came to pass, it was Anacreon. During the intervening time period, the neighboring kingdoms had pressured the Foundation to send them technological aide rather than face conquest – in turn, making them dependent on the Foundation, which actively encouraged the population of these kingdoms to revere their technology with religious awe. Thus when Anacreon attempted a direct attack on the Foundation, its own people revolted against it.
 Trade Alone – By about 150 years into the Plan (70 years after the second crisis), the religious infiltration of the Foundation into surrounding kingdoms would begin to wear off – due to a combination of time, recovering technological base in other parts of the galaxy, or simply that other barbarian kingdoms wised up to the prior strategy and refused to let Foundation missionaries into their borders. Seldon's own recording stated that a major reason religious/spiritual sway would eventually lose influence was due to a growing sense of regionalism/nationalism among the barbarian kingdoms, in which the prior rule of the Galactic Empire was beyond living memory (in contrast, Anacreon's population was willing to revolt against its leaders only eighty years after independence). By this point, however, the Foundation would become enough of an economic power (now ruling the territory of the Four Kingdoms and expanding beyond them), that it could wield this as a non-violent weapon. Through trade alone, barbarian kingdoms would become dependent on Foundation technology, and then could be blockaded into submission without firing a shot. This passed as predicted, using an economic blockade to defeat the Republic of Korell.
 Foundation and Empire – Two centuries into the Plan, the Foundation's growing trade hegemony in the Periphery would grow large enough that it would attract the direct attention of the Galactic Empire – mighty even in decay. While by that point the Empire only retained control over the inner third of the galaxy, these interior provinces had always been their core powerbase, controlling three-quarters of the galaxy's wealth and population (to the point that many in the Empire still didn't even notice it was in a decline). This happened as predicted: the last great general of the Empire, Bel Riose, serving its last great emperor, Cleon II, launched a campaign to conquer the Foundation. This time there was no masterstroke that the Foundation needed to win other than sheer tenacity, as the Empire was doomed to fail: a weak general was no threat to them, while a strong general under a weak emperor would rather conquer the centers of imperial power than the Foundation at its fringe. The only scenario that would result in an attack was a strong general under a strong emperor, but inherently, that emperor would see the general's growing conquests as a threat and eventually remove him – Cleon II ultimately had Bel Riose arrested on false charges of treason, after which the Empire experienced numerous civil wars and its rate of decline drastically increased. The strong general and emperor could never be the same person, because if the emperor went to conquer the fringes in person, usurpers would rise up in the central provinces.
 Independent Traders – Three centuries into the Plan, the Foundation's sphere of influence would expand enough that Terminus was no longer the only center of economic power. The "Merchant Princes" on its border worlds, selling technology to barbarian kingdoms, would become powerful in their own right. Meanwhile, the central power of the Mayors of Terminus would grow increasingly corrupt, as wealth became concentrated. The independent traders would revolt against the central authority of the Mayor of Terminus, and although they would ultimately lose, the civil war would nonetheless result in key social and political reforms that would undo the corruption that instigated the crisis. In many ways the Foundation would experience the same problems (corruption and over-centralisation) that led to the decline of the Empire, although it would become stronger for doing so. The conditions for this Crisis to occur happened as predicted – the Mayor became a hereditary office, inherited by the incompetent descendant of once-competent predecessors, and the consortium of Independent Traders began talks where they mentioned rebellion. The crisis did not pass as predicted, the first of Seldon's Crises to fail to occur (with incredible accuracy) when predicted. Indeed, a hologram of Seldon appeared and discussed the Crisis, and how it would've been solved, before a large audience that was occupied by a different crisis.
Seldon's Plan was totally upset by the unpredicted appearance of the Mule, a mutant with the telepathic powers to control people's minds – 'mentalic' powers. The Mule conquered the Foundation, and the Independent Trader worlds, and swept aside the last remnants of the Galactic Empire. The Mule, however, was eventually defeated by the Second Foundation, which was also focused on developing mentalic powers in order to guide Seldon's Plan with a firm hand, ensuring that either important events occur as predicted, or that the consequences of those events are managed such that the original event might as well have passed as predicted.
With the Mule defeated, The Second Foundation then essentially "fakes its own death", convincing the resurgent First Foundation that the Second Foundation had existed but was now destroyed, to fulfill the tenet of psychohistory that the target population must not be aware they are being influenced, lest it alter their behaviors. Knowing that they were being influenced would be an additional (unmanaged) influence, i.e. during the final conflict against the warlord of Kalgan, the First Foundation was notably overconfident of victory because of the widespread belief that the Second Foundation would prevent them from ever losing.
 This Seldon Crisis was not described.
 This Seldon Crisis was not described.
 Relocating the Capital – after 500 years, the people of Foundation would be in a position to consider moving their capital from Terminus, safe at the edge of the Galaxy, to a point much closer to the centre. While this debate did occur, this Crisis was not, as the others had been, a focal point for the narrative, and is given in less detail. The debate is ostensibly about moving the capital for economic purposes but, five centuries after the creation of the Foundation, halfway through the 1,000 year long "Great Interregnum", the Foundation, now known as the Foundation Federation, is now in a position of great power. Therefore, there is an underlying debate about obeying Seldon's Plan (which predicted the capital would remain on Terminus, with 87.2% probability, and the Second Galactic Empire was still 500 years away) or following a different path – they directly controlled one third of the galaxy, spread out from Terminus at the edge. They had faced no other major galactic rivals since the defeat of the First Galactic Empire (under Riose), with the greatest threat in that time being internal enemies that could form if it expanded too recklessly. The Foundation's control over so much territory led to a push to move the capital closer to the center. Ultimately this was rejected and the capital remained on Terminus, as Seldon predicted. Moving the capital closer to the center of their own territories, and thus the galaxy as a whole, would only embolden the Foundation to consider beginning campaigns into the territory of the powerful Interior provinces that once formed the core of the Galactic Empire, which would carry significant risk. To ensure a stable absorption, the Foundation could only accumulate these territories gradually over the next five centuries.
 This Seldon Crisis was not described. Following events occurring in Foundation's Edge, there is a high likelihood neither the ninth or tenth Seldon Crisis occurred. Alternatively, given that Seldon was aware of Olivaw's plan for Galaxia, it is possible that the final two crises were actually dealing with it, or, with the inherent limits of psychohistory (i.e. war with extra-galactic aliens or transhumans).
 This Seldon Crisis was not described.

1,000 years after the creation of the Foundation, having survived 10 Seldon Crises, Seldon's Plan predicted that it would control and unify the entire galaxy, forming a Second Galactic Empire. According to the Second Foundation in Foundation's Edge, who had maintained Seldon's original plan with revisions and corrective actions where necessary, the specific goal for this Second Empire was to make it a "Federated Empire" – with more power shared with the provinces so that the central government wouldn't become corrupt and decline as Trantor once had.

Asimov on psychohistory
On September 25, 1987, Asimov gave an interview to Terry Gross on her National Public Radio program, Fresh Air.
In it, Gross asked him about psychohistory:

Gross: "What did you have in mind when you coined the term and the concept?"

Asimov: "Well, I wanted to write a short story about the fall of the Galactic Empire. I had just finished reading the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [for] the second time, and I thought I might as well adapt it on a much larger scale to the Galactic Empire and get a story out of it. And my editor John Campbell was much taken with the idea, and said he didn't want it wasted on a short story. He wanted an open-ended series so it lasts forever, perhaps. And so I started doing that. In order to keep the story going from story to story, I was essentially writing future history, and I had to make it sufficiently different from modern history to give it that science fictional touch. And so I assumed that the time would come when there would be a science in which things could be predicted on a probabilistic or statistical basis."

Gross: "Do you think that would be good if there really was such a science?"

Asimov: "Well, I can't help but think it would be good, except that in my stories, I always have opposing views. In other words, people argue all possible... all possible... ways of looking at psychohistory and deciding whether it is good or bad.  So you can't really tell. I happen to feel sort of on the optimistic side. I think if we can somehow get across some of the problems that face us now, humanity has a glorious future, and that if we could use the tenets of psychohistory to guide ourselves we might avoid a great many troubles. But on the other hand, it might create troubles. It's impossible to tell in advance."

In Gold: The Final Science Fiction Collection (which was published after his death) he writes about the origins of psychohistory:

Outside fiction
At the 67th science-fiction world convention in Montreal, Paul Krugman, the Nobel laureate in Economics, mentioned Hari Seldon, a central character in Foundation who was a psychohistorian, as his inspiration to study Economics since it is the closest thing to Psychohistory.

The 3 February 2017 issue of Science has a special section "Prediction and Its Limits". This section has articles on many mathematical techniques of predicting human behavior, and explicitly compares them to Asimov's psychohistory.

Literary influences
Some literary critics have described Asimov's psychohistory as a reformulation of Karl Marx's theory of history (historical materialism), though Asimov denied any direct influence. Arguably, Asimov's psychohistory departs significantly from Marx's general theory of history based on modes of production (as distinct from Marx's model of the capitalist economy, where "natural laws" work themselves out with "iron necessity") in that psychohistory is predictive (if only in the sense of involving precisely stated probabilities), and in that psychohistory is extrapolated from individual psychology and even from physics. Psychohistory also has echoes of modernization theory and of work in the social sciences that by the 1960s would lead to attempts at large-scale social prediction and control such as Project Camelot.

See also
 Cliodynamics, the real area of research focused on mathematical modeling of historical dynamics
 Cognitive science – the interdisciplinary study of the mind
 Economic history, the real economics sub-field trying to discover long-run trends in human behaviour (the equations of the Prime Radiant)
 Cosmic sociology, the study of theoretical interactions between cosmic civilizations
 Game theory, application of probability models to analyze human (and other) interactions driven by strategic rationality (defined broadly), with the potential for predicting events
 Lyapunov time, the time for a system to become unpredictable after observation
 Macroeconomics, the real economics sub-field that considers aggregate behavior
 Mathematics of sociology, the real sociology sub-field that applies statistical mathematics and other quantitative approaches such as social network analysis to micro- and macro-social phenomena. (As opposed to mathematical sociology which studies the sociology of mathematicians, their research, their published journals, their departments of learning and teaching, etc.)
 Operations research
 Operational calculus – the real sub-field, area of mathematics
 Praxeology, the study of human action
 Psychodynamics from The Psychotechnic League
 Psychohistory, the real (non-fictional) study of the psychological motivation of groups in historical and current events
 Quantitative psychology, the real psychology sub-field that applies statistical mathematics to psychology
 Robopsychology, the fictional study of the personalities of intelligent machines
 Societics, the fictional study of "the interaction of individuals in a culture, the interaction of the group generated by these individuals, the equations derived therefrom, and the application of these equations to control one or more factors of this same culture"
 Survival analysis, a branch of statistics which deals with death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. This topic is called reliability theory or reliability analysis in engineering, and duration analysis or duration modeling in economics or event history analysis in sociology.

Notes

References

Fictional science
Foundation universe
Works about the future

Psychohistory (fictional)


Os jungin ou chungin (), eram a classe média alta da dinastia Joseon na sociedade coreana medieval e moderna. A palavra jungin significa diretamente "pessoas do meio". Essa classe privilegiada de plebeus consistia em um pequeno grupo de pequenos burocratas e outros trabalhadores altamente qualificados cujas habilidades técnicas e administrativas permitiam aos yangban e à família real governar as classes mais baixas. Jungin era a força vital da burocracia coreana confucionista agrária, de quem as classes altas dependiam para manter seu domínio vicioso sobre o povo. Suas tradições e hábitos são os precursores dos modernos sistemas administrativos coreanos tanto na Coreia do Norte quanto na Coreia do Sul.

Profissões e funções na sociedade

Na Coreia dinástica, particularmente durante o período Joseon, os jungin eram inferiores à aristocracia yangban, mas acima dos plebeus da classe média e trabalhadora em status social. Eles incluíam especialistas altamente qualificados empregados pelo governo com um status comparável aos trabalhadores de colarinho branco modernos (por exemplo, intérpretes, cientistas, engenheiros, médicos, juristas, advogados, astrônomos, contadores, calígrafos e músicos), oficiais militares ou tinham laços matrimoniais como famílias produtoras de especialistas técnicos, funcionários hereditários do governo (capital e local) e filhos ilegítimos de aristocratas.

Na vida cotidiana, o jungin estava abaixo do yangban aristocrático, mas superior ao sangmin da classe média baixa e da classe trabalhadora. Seus papéis eram funcionários técnicos e administrativos menores que apoiavam a estrutura do governo. Os jungin de mais alto escalão, funcionários locais, permitiram administrativamente aos yangban oprimirem as classes mais baixas, especialmente o controle total que eles tinham sobre os sangmin. Os jungin funcionavam como a classe média e eram essencialmente pequenos burocratas, particularmente nas áreas rurais.

Embora inferior à aristocracia em posição social, o jungin altamente educado gozava de muito mais privilégios e influência do que os plebeus da classe média e trabalhadora. Por exemplo, os jungin não eram tributados nem sujeitos a recrutamento militar. Como os yangban, eles foram autorizados a viver na parte central da cidade, daí o nome "gente do meio". Além disso, os jungin tendiam a se casar dentro de sua própria classe, bem como na classe yangban. Além disso, como eles eram elegíveis para entrar no palácio como servos reais, era possível que uma menina jungin, se seu pai tivesse uma reputação limpa ou boas conexões e ela conseguisse chamar a atenção do rei ou da rainha viúva, para se tornar uma consorte real ou mesmo uma nobre consorte real, o segundo nível mais alto na hierarquia do harém do rei, depois da rainha. Um exemplo é a consorte real nobre Hui do clã Indong Jang, nome pessoal Jang Ok-jeong, era uma consorte do Rei Sukjong de Joseon e mãe de Gyeongjong. Ela foi a Rainha de Joseon de 1689 até sua deposição, em 1694.

No entanto, para se tornar um jungin, geralmente era necessário passar no exame chapkwa, que testava seus conhecimentos práticos de certas habilidades. Os jungin, além de serem conhecidos como parte da classe média, eram a classe social de menor número da Coreia dinástica.

O jungin coreano, como classe social, era aproximadamente análogo à classe média na Europa. Os funcionários locais nas áreas rurais eram basicamente iguais aos pequenos burocratas.

Sistema de castas de Joseon

Referências

História da Coreia
Sistema de castas da Coreia

Jungin


Ristar é um jogo de plataforma desenvolvido e lançado pela Sega para o Mega Drive. O jogo é sobre um estrela antropozoomórfica que usa suas mãos e braços longos e extensíveis para se mover e combater os inimigos. A recepção do jogo foi geralmente positiva, mas o lançamento inicial do jogo foi ofuscado devido ao fim iminente do ciclo de vida do Gênesis e a sucessão do Sega Saturn e outros consoles de videogame de quinta geração.

Embora nunca tenha recebido nenhuma sequência, a Sega relançou o "Ristar" várias vezes via download e em compilações Sega-tema, incluindo a linha Sega Forever de lançamentos para dispositivos móveis. O personagem também recebeu vários cameos em outras propriedades da Sega. Um jogo Game Gear, também foi lançado, com diferentes níveis e mecânica de jogo.

Jogabilidade
Ristar é um jogo de plataforma 2D sidescrolling, similar a games da franquia Super Mario e Sonic the Hedgehog, mas focando menos nos saltos e na velocidade e mais no uso dos braços extensíveis de Ristar, que podem chegar em 8 direções diferentes. O jogador deve manobrar Ristar através do nível até seu fim, evitando ao mesmo tempo danos de obstáculos e inimigos. As armas extensíveis do Ristar são usadas como o principal meio de atacar os inimigos; através da extensão de seus braços, agarrando o inimigo e puxando-se em direção a eles em um movimento de "cabeçada" para derrotá-los. O mesmo movimento também permite abrir arcas de tesouro contendo vários itens, ou atingindo diferentes partes do ambiente, tais como derrubar árvores. Além disso, seus braços elásticos podem ser usados para agarrar e/ou lançar objetos também.

Além de atacar, os braços do Ristar também são usados como um método para projetá-lo através de níveis. Muitas estruturas semelhantes a postes estão presentes para balançar Ristar de um lado para o outro, através de aberturas ou para subir ou descer plataformas verticalmente. Ristar também é capaz de agarrar inimigos e objetos no meio do ar e balançar sobre eles. Além disso, "Star Handles" são colocados em níveis, onde o jogador deve ter Ristar agarrado e usar o impulso para balançá-lo em um círculo de 360 graus. Deixar ir o lança em uma determinada direção, dependendo do tempo de lançamento. Se o momento for ganho o suficiente, surgem brilhos atrás de Ristar e ele executa um movimento chamado "Meteor Strike", que o torna invencível e capaz de derrotar qualquer inimigo ao tocá-los. Quando se perde impulso suficiente, geralmente alguns segundos, o voo cessa, e ele cai no chão de volta ao seu estado normal, embora isto possa ser estendido ao saltar de paredes e tetos durante o voo.

Cada nível termina com um "Star Handle" especial, que é usado para lançar o Ristar até o final do nível. Os pontos de bônus são 9concedidos com base na altitude do Ristar ao voar fora da tela, semelhante a como os níveis terminam em Super Mario Bros. Além disso, cada nível também contém um cabo oculto que envia Ristar para uma etapa bônus, que envolve passar por uma pista de obstáculos dentro de um determinado limite de tempo. Completar o nível em um tempo particularmente rápido ganhará uma continuação, e depois que o jogo for concluído, códigos especiais são concedidos, dependendo de quantos foram concluídos. A saúde do Ristar é mostrada através de um sistema de saúde baseado em ícones que consiste em quatro estrelas no canto superior direito da tela. O dano remove uma estrela e a perda de todas as estrelas faz com que o Ristar perca uma vida. Quando Ristar localiza e agarra uma figura sua, ganha uma vida extra, enquanto que encontrar figuras estelares tradicionais repõe sua saúde; uma estrela amarela repõe uma estrela, enquanto que uma estrela azul repõe todas as quatro.

Enredo
Assim como outros jogos do mesmo período de tempo, a história do jogo variou entre o lançamento em japonês e seu homólogo em inglês. Em todas as versões do jogo, os eventos ocorrem em uma galáxia distante, onde um pirata do espaço do mal, Kaiser Greedy, usou o controle da mente para fazer os líderes dos planetas obedecerem a ele. Na versão japonesa, os habitantes do planeta Neer (Flora na versão internacional) rezam por um herói antes que o mineiro do controle mental da Ganância, Riho, arrebata o ancião do planeta. As orações desesperadas chegam à mãe das estrelas cadentes, Oruto. Ela desperta um de seus filhos, Ristar, com o único propósito de conceder os desejos do povo inocente. Ele deve parar a ganância e a lavagem cerebral dos líderes de cada mundo para restaurar a paz ao Sistema Valdi.

Na versão internacional, Oruto é omitido por completo. Em vez disso, Ristar tem um pai, o herói lendário, que é uma estrela cadente que protege a constelação de Valjee. Em vez de Oruto despertar Ristar, o herói lendário foi sequestrado pela Ganância, e cabe a Ristar resgatar seu pai também. A versão japonesa do jogo termina com Greedy e dois de seus subalternos, Inonis e Uranim, presos em um planeta deserto, com uma imagem de Ristar aparecendo no espaço, enquanto Greedy simplesmente olha para ela. A cena final na versão internacional mostra Ristar sendo reunido com seu pai mais uma vez.

Desenvolvimento
No início dos anos 90, a Sega pediu a suas equipes de desenvolvimento que criassem uma mascote para rivalizar com o Mario.Kennedy da Nintendo, Sam. Um dos caracteres propostos tinha orelhas longas de coelho que podiam se estender e pegar objetos, mas isto foi descartado como muito complexo. A equipe passou para os animais que poderiam rolar em uma bola, e se instalou em Sonic the Hedgehog.<ref name="Harris">{{citar livro|título=Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle That Defined a Generation'x|último=Harris|primeiro=Blake J.|publicado=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-227669-8|ano=2014|página=386}}</ref> Alguns anos depois, a Sega desenvolveu outro protótipo, Feel,Sega Magazine, 1994 um personagem que usava seus braços para pegar coisas em vez de orelhas.

Em uma entrevista mensal do Electronic Gaming Monthly de 1994, a equipe de marketing da Sega, composta por Lisa Best e Terry Tang, afirmou que Ristar não foi projetada pela mesma equipe de programação da Sonic, embora grande parte da equipe de jogo criasse mais tarde Nights into Dreams... para o Saturn, o próximo jogo a ser oficialmente creditado à equipe Sonic. Isto, juntamente com a inclusão da Ristar em várias compilações temáticas Sonic e relançamentos no ano seguinte, levaria os jornalistas do jogo a rotular retroativamente o jogo como sendo desenvolvido pela Equipe Sonic "Ristar". Hardcore Gaming 101.

 Localização
Foram feitas algumas pequenas mudanças na localização da versão lançada para os países de língua inglesa. A história foi ligeiramente alterada; na versão japonesa, uma estrela mãe, Oruto, convoca a ajuda de Ristar, onde na versão internacional, Oruto é completamente omitido, e o pai de Ristar, um "herói lendário", é referenciado em seu lugar.

O chefe do nível temático de gelo, Itamor, foi mudado de um grande robô gato para um robô tipo monstro de gelo. No jogo, o Ristar deve pegar pratos quentes de comida e jogá-los na boca do Itamor. No Japão, foi considerado inteligente usar "comida quente" para derrotar um gato, devido a uma referência cultural japonesa a respeito de uma "língua de gato" que não gosta de comida quente. Nas regiões de língua inglesa, essa referência é inexistente, portanto foi mudada para um "monstro de gelo frio" sendo derretido por ser derretido por "comida quente".

O resto das mudanças foram edições muito pequenas no esforço de apelar para o público ocidental, tais como pequenas mudanças gráficas para fazer os rostos de Ristar e de outros personagens parecerem mais sérios, renomeando níveis para nomes mais descritivos de sua aparência, e acrescentando algumas cenas não interativas para mostrar mais continuidade no jogo, tais como uma seqüência de esqui antes do nível temático de neve, ou calçar sapatos anti-gravidade para explicar por que Ristar está flutuando em um determinado nível.

 Recepção

Em 1994, a Sega originalmente havia lançado Ristar para ser o successor de Sonic the Hedgehog 3. Porém, o jogo nunca teve uma divulgação para para tal, principalmente pelo fato de sido lançado três meses antes do Sega Saturn, console sucessor do Genesis, que acabou ofuscando.

A maioria das avaliações sobre o jogo foram positivas. Sega Magazine'' deu uma avaliação de 87%, elogiando a jogabilidade, gráficos e a música, mas reclamando que faltou um pouco de originalidade ao pegar emprestado alguns elementos de outros jogos da época, como que ao jogo faltava alguma originalidade e Sonic the Hedgehog, Dynamite Headdy e Earthworm Jim. Sega Pro it avaliou as semelhanças e diferenças da série com Sonic the Hedgehog, afirmando "se você julgasse os jogos puramente pelo aspecto visual, então você seria perdoado por pensar que este Sonic the Hedgehog. Mas quando você realmente sentar e começar a jogá-lo, você descobrirá que este é um jogo muito mais lento e estratégico. Há um grande elemento de quebra-cabeça aqui, que deve fazê-lo sobressair das centenas de outros plataformas no mercado" O Sega Power fez uma série de pontos semelhantes, comparando a jogabilidade com uma mistura "entre Sonic e Dynamite Headdy", mas criticou seu curto comprimento e falta de originalidade, e só lhe deu uma classificação de 74: "...se você gosta de jogos Sonic, você vai gostar disto" mas que "...também não é tão bom quanto Sonic" GamePro também observou que Ristar se sente "lento" em comparação com Sonic, e criticou que Ristar tem poucas animações em comparação com outras estrelas de plataforma e que a baixa dificuldade do jogo o torna adequado apenas para jogadores iniciantes. Apesar disso, eles deram ao jogo uma recomendação geral baseada no visual colorido e na jogabilidade inteligente. A equipe de cinco críticos da Electronic Gaming Monthly deu ao jogo um 7,6 em 10, com Mike Weigand resumindo: "Um excelente novo personagem, Ristar requer mais técnica do que os típicos títulos de ação de correr e saltar". Um crítico da Próxima Geração, embora observando que Ristar pediu muito emprestado da Dynamite Headdy, argumentou que o personagem do jogador tem originalidade e versatilidade mais que suficiente para ir além de ser um mero clone. Citando o excelente design de palco, "transparências manhosas, chefes originais e ótima música", ele o considerou "um dos melhores jogos de plataforma até o momento". Apesar disso, ele deu apenas três de cinco estrelas. A revista Famitsu marcou o jogo como 29 de 40.

Ristar recebeu revisões consideravelmente mais positivas ao longo de uma década depois de ser relançada digitalmente e como parte de compilações de jogos temáticos da Sega. A IGN deu uma nota 8 de 10, elogiando os gráficos, a música e a jogabilidade do jogo, e fechou dizendo que "os fãs do jogo de plataforma fariam bem em dar uma olhada neste" GameSpot elogiou também o lançamento da Consola Virtual, especialmente seus gráficos, afirmando: "Visualmente, os desenvolvedores fizeram o melhor da limitada paleta de cores do sistema e empregaram todos os truques gráficos que puderam para fazer o jogo parecer maneiro. Ristar e seus inimigos têm uma boa variedade de animações, mas o que você provavelmente notará mais são os fundos coloridos e multicamadas que constantemente exibem detalhes animados sob a forma de nuvens em movimento, detritos em queda e criaturas agressivas que têm o hábito de atirar coisas para você à distância" O NintendoLife o pontuou em 9/10 e se referiu ao jogo como um dos melhores do sistema em termos de gráficos, animação e jogabilidade, escrita: "A Ristar prova que a abordagem radical do controle do jogo em um jogo de plataforma pode, às vezes, realmente valer a pena no final". Sonic Team não apenas criou um jogo que se diferencia facilmente de sua série Sonic the Hedgehog, mas também apresentou algumas das idéias de jogo mais singulares da era dos 16 bits e um jogo que é tão divertido de se jogar hoje quanto era há quase 15 anos quando foi lançado pela primeira vez" 1UP.com referiu-se ao jogo como "excelente" e referiu-se a ele como o "mais divertido" dos quatro jogos não-sônicos da Sonic Mega Collection. AllGame ecoou o sentimento, referiu-se a ele como "sendo tão bom se não melhor que qualquer um dos jogos Sonic incluídos na Sonic Mega Collection e como "uma jóia negligenciada" como parte da Sega Genesis Collection" Entertainment Weekly foi menos positivo em sua revisão, dando-lhe uma pontuação de revisão B devido à percepção de redundância e reciclagem de idéias da série Sonic.

Em uma peça retrospectiva de Levi Buchanan da IGN, ele elogiou os gráficos e a jogabilidade como sendo ótimos para o envelhecimento da Sega Genesis, mas também afirmou que a plataforma prejudicou a capacidade de sucesso do jogo com vendas e visibilidade: "A Ristar nunca teve uma chance. O jogo foi lançado no início de 1995, assim como o mundo dos videogames estava passando para a próxima geração de hardware. A Sega estava se concentrando no lançamento iminente do Saturn e o Sonic ainda era um sucesso monstruoso. E assim o Ristar foi colocado em pasto". Em 2017, a Gamesradar+ classificou o Ristar em 41º lugar em seus "Melhores jogos Sega Genesis/Mega Drive de todos os tempos".

Legado
Em uma entrevista de 2006, o designer de Ristar, Akira Nishino, disse:

Embora Ristar nunca tenha recebido nenhuma sequência, recebeu mais atenção em anos posteriores através de relançamentos em várias compilações Sonic e Sega-themed, incluindo Sonic Mega Collection, Sega Genesis Collection, Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection e Sega Forever. O jogo também foi disponibilizado para download digital na Virtual Console and Steam. Em 2021, foi lançado no serviço Nintendo Switch Online + Pacote de Expansão.

Ristar, como personagem, fez apenas algumas pequenas aparições fora de seus dois jogos originais em 1995. Nos dois jogos Shenmue da Sega para o Dreamcast, Shenmue e Shenmue II, o jogador pode escolher gastar dinheiro para comprar um 'Gachapons' colecionável (brinquedos em cápsulas) de uma máquina; uma das possibilidades em ambos os jogos é uma estatueta Ristar Ele também apareceu brevemente no vídeo introdutório do jogo Segagaga, de 2001, somente no Japão. Ristar não fez mais aparições até 2010, onde fez uma aparição em uma pista para download para Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing devido à alta demanda para que ele estivesse no jogo. Ele também fez uma aparição como um homem de bandeira na sequência, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, em 2012. Em 2012, Ristar foi citado pela GameSpot como um dos exemplos de jogos de vídeo perdidos dos anos 90 que mereciam retornar.

Jogos eletrônicos de 1995
Jogos para Virtual Console (Wii)
Jogos para Mega Drive
Jogos de plataforma com rolagem lateral
Jogos eletrônicos da Sega
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão

Ristar


Ma fille n'est pas un ange (Dear Brat) est un film américain réalisé par William A. Seiter, sorti en 1951. Il s'agit de la suite de Le Fiancé de ma fiancée et Le Démon du logis.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Dear Brat
 Titre français : Ma fille n'est pas un ange
 Réalisation : William A. Seiter
 Scénario :
 Photographie : John F. Seitz
 Musique :
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 82 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1951

Distribution
 Mona Freeman : Miriam Wilkins
 Billy De Wolfe : Albert
 Edward Arnold : Sénateur Wilkins
 Lyle Bettger :  Baxter
 Mary Philips :  Wilkins
 Natalie Wood : Pauline
 William Reynolds : Robbie
 Frank Cady : Creavy
 Lillian Randolph : Dora

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1951
Comédie américaine
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film réalisé par William A. Seiter
Film de Paramount Pictures
Suite de film américain

Ma fille n'est pas un ange


Bobslæde under vinter-OL 2018 blev holdt på Alpensia Sliding Centre nær Pyeongchang, Sydkorea. Konkurrencerne i bobslæde blev afholdt i perioden 18. februar til 25. februar.

Konkurrenceoversigt
Følgene er en oversigt over konkurrencerne i bobslæde.
Alle tider er i lokaltid (UTC+9).

Medaljeoversigt

Medaljetabel

Medaljevindere

Referencer

Sportsgrene under vinter-OL 2018

Bobslæde under vinter-OL 2018


Diana Ilina (în , n. 4 ianuarie 1996, în Gomel) este o handbalistă din Belarus care joacă pentru clubul românesc SCM Gloria Buzău și echipa națională a Belarusului. Ilina evoluează pe postul de centru.

Carieră
Ilina a început să joace handbal la Gandbolnîi Klub Gomel, clubul din localitatea sa natală. În vara anului 2014, ea s-a transferat la echipa rusească GK Astrahanocika, unde a jucat timp de două sezoane. În 2016, handbalista a fost cooptată de ŽRK Vardar, cu care a ajuns până în finala Ligii Campionilor.

În iunie 2017, Ilina a semnat un contract valabil un an cu clubul românesc HC Dunărea Brăila. După expirarea lui a trecut la nou-promovata în Liga Națională SCM Gloria Buzău., iar între 2019 și 2921, a evoluat la Gloria Bistrița. În 2021 ea s-a transferat la clubul croat RK Podravka Koprivnica. După un sezon la RK Podravka Koprivnica, Ilina s-a întors în România la SCM Gloria Buzău.

Palmares
Liga Campionilor EHF:
 Medalie de argint: 2017
Grupe: 2022

Cupa Cupelor:
Turul 3: 2013

Cupa EHF
Sfert-finalistă: 2015, 2016, 2020
Turul 3: 2014
Turul 2: 2018

Superliga Rusă
 Câștigătoare: 2016
Medalie de bronz: 2015

Campionatul Belarusului
Medalie de argint: 2014

Campionatul Croației:
 Medalie de argint: 2022

Cupa Croației:
 Câștigătoare: 2022

Referințe

Legături externe
Diana Ilina pe pagina GK Astrahanocika
Diana Ilina pe pagina EHF

Jucătoare de handbal din Belarus
Nașteri în 1996
Sportivi bieloruși în viață
Oameni din Gomel
Handbaliști expatriați
Bieloruși expatriați în Rusia
Bieloruși expatriați în Macedonia
Bieloruși expatriați în România

Diana Ilina


În Republica Moldova, ariile cu management multifuncțional sunt arii protejate, care reprezintă spații terestre și/sau acvatice (arii cu resurse gospodărite) în care, concomitent cu conservarea naturii, se efectuează valorificarea reglementată a florei, faunei, resurselor de apă și pășunilor, se practică turismul reglementat. Conform Legii nr. 1538 din 25.02.1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat, sunt înregistrate 32 astfel de arii: 5 sectoare reprezentative cu vegetație de stepă, 25 sectoare reprezentative cu vegetație de luncă și 2 perdele forestiere de protecție. Suprafața totală este  ha.

Lista

|-
| colspan="7" |

Sectoare reprezentative cu vegetație de stepă

|-
| colspan="7" |

Sectoare reprezentative cu vegetație de luncă

|-
| colspan="7" |

Perdele forestiere de protecție

|}

Referințe

Legături externe

  Harta ariilor cu management multifuncțional la Wikidata

Arii cu management multifuncțional

Lista ariilor cu management multifuncțional din Republica Moldova


جوف التامور أو جوف التأمور  هو مساحة بين التأمور الجداري والتأمور الحشوي ويحتوي على سائل مصلي يمنع احتكاك طبقتي التأمور ويسهل حركة القلب ويسمى السائل التأموري.

مراجع

صدر الإنسان
أجواف الجسم
تشريح القلب

جوف التامور


Mihail Tarieloviç Loris-Melikov (, Rusça: Михаил Тариелович Лорис-Меликов) (d. 1825 - ö. 1888) 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nda Kafkasya Cephesinin kumandanlığı yapmış bir Rus generalidir.

1825 doğumlular
1888 yılında ölenler
Rus İmparatorluğu'nun generalleri
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin şeref üyeleri
93 Harbi'nde kişiler
Ermeni asıllı Ruslar

Mihail Loris-Melikov


Boylam, başlangıç meridyeninin doğusundaki veya batısındaki herhangi bir noktanın açısal mesafesi. Boylam anlamında tul derecesi, tul dairesi ve uzunluk dairesi sözleri de kayıtlıdır. Boylamlar, doğu ve batı boylamları olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır; derece, dakika ve saniye cinsinden ifade edilir. Dünya üzerindeki aynı boylama sahip noktaların birleşmesi ile oluşan yarım daire şeklindeki varsayımsal yaylara ise meridyen denir. Meridyenler bir kutuptan diğerine uzanır ve Dünya'yı portakal dilimi gibi dilimlere ayırır.

Meridyenler, Ekvator'a dik açı yapacak şekilde yerküreyi 360 eşit parçaya bölen ve uçları kutuplarda birleşen, yay şeklindeki varsayımsal çizgilerdir. Her meridyen, bir büyük çemberin yarısıdır ve tüm meridyenler aynı uzunluktadır. Zaman zaman meridyen kavramı herhangi bir boylamdan ve kutuplardan geçen "tam" çember anlamında kullanılır. Karışıklıkları önlemek açısından bu yazıda meridyen sözcüğü her zaman yarım çember anlamında kullanılacaktır.

Başlangıç meridyeni ve antimeridyen

İngiltere'nin Greenwich gözlemevinden geçen meridyen, başlangıç meridyeni kabul edilir ve 0 derece olarak gösterilir. Doğusunda kalan yerlere doğu yarımküre, batısında kalan yerlere batı yarımküre denir. Başlangıç meridyeninin 179 doğusunda, 179 batısında ve tam karşısında (180. meridyen) olmak üzere toplam 360 meridyen yayı vardır. 0 (Greenwich) ve 180 derece meridyenleri karşı karşıyadır ve birbirini daireye tamamlar. Bu nedenle 180. meridyene "antimeridyen" de denir.

Özellikleri

 Her bir meridyen bir büyük dairenin yarısıdır.
 Tüm meridyenlerin uzunlukları aynıdır.
 Ekvator ve diğer paralelleri boylamasına keserler.
 Herhangi iki meridyen arası en uzun mesafe Ekvator üzerinde görülür (111 km). Bir enlemdeki meridyenler arası uzaklık; α enlem olmak üzere,    metreye eşittir.
 Her meridyen arasında 4 dakikalık zaman farkı vardır.
 Kutup noktalarında birleşirler.
 0 ve 180 derece meridyenleri karşı karşıyadır ve birbirini daireye tamamlar.

Mesafe ölçümü

Meridyenler "üzerindeki" (iki paralel arasındaki) her 1 dakikalık açı 1 deniz miline (1 852 m) eşittir.

Herhangi bir harita üzerinde iki nokta arasındaki mesafe ölçülürken, harita projeksiyonlardan kaynaklanan hataları minimum düzeye indirmek için, iki nokta arasındaki doğrunun uzunluğu, ortasından geçen bir meridyen üzerindeki açılar ile kıyaslanır. Örneğin iki nokta arasındaki mesafe bir pergel ile ölçülüp doğru üzerindeki bir meridyenle (mümkünse tam ortadaki) kıyaslandığında 10 dakikalık açıya denk geliyorsa, o iki nokta arasındaki gerçek mesafe yaklaşık olarak 10 deniz milidir. (18 520 m) Paraleller üzerindeki dakika aralıkları -ekvator haricinde- meridyenler ile aynı olmadığından mesafe hesaplaması için kullanılmaz.

Galeri

Kaynakça
 Pooley, Dorothy ve David Robson. The Air Pilot's Manual 3: Air Navigation. 6. baskı. Shoreham, West Sussex: Pooley's Air Pilot Publishing, 2010.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Enlem
 Koordinat
 Tarih değiştirme çizgisi

Boylam


Michael Denman Gambier-Parry ( - ) est un officier supérieur de l'armée britannique qui commanda brièvement la 2 division blindée pendant la guerre du Désert de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 Generals of World War II

Naissance en août 1891
Décès en avril 1976
Décès dans le Sussex
Décès à 84 ans
Prisonnier de guerre britannique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Élève du collège d'Eton
Personnel de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Titulaire de la croix militaire (Royaume-Uni)
Général de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Michael Gambier-Parry


Walid Kamal Jumblatt (; born 7 August 1949) is a Lebanese Druze politician and former militia commander who led the Progressive Socialist Party from 1977 until 2023. While leading the Lebanese National Resistance Front and allying with the Amal Movement during the Lebanese Civil War, he worked closely with Suleiman Frangieh to oppose Amine Gemayel's rule as president in 1983. After the civil war, he initially supported Syria but later led an anti-Assad stance during the start of the Syrian Civil War. He is still active in politics, most recently leading his party, the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) in the 2022 Lebanese general election.

Early life and education
Jumblatt was born in August 1949, the son of the PSP's founder Kamal Jumblatt. He is the maternal grandson of Emir Shakib Arslan. Walid Jumblatt graduated from the American University of Beirut with a bachelor's degree in political science and public administration in 1972.

Career
Upon graduation, Jumblatt worked as a reporter for An Nahar in Beirut. The BBC describes Jumblatt as "leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty based around the Progressive Socialist Party". Assem Qanso of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Lebanon accused Jumblatt of abandoning his father's beliefs. On 12 January 1982, he survived a car bomb explosion near his house in Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. In July 1983, after Amine Gemayel became president, Suleiman Frangieh, Rashid Karami and Walid Jumblatt formed a Syrian-backed National Salvation Front to challenge Gemayel's rule and the pact between Lebanon and Israel that was financially supported by the US. Jumblatt served as minister of public works, transport and tourism in the National Unity cabinet led by then prime minister Rashid Karami, which was formed in May 1984. His main ally during the war was Amal Movement's leader, Nabih Berri.In the 1996 Rafic Hariri cabinet, Walid Jumblatt was appointed Minister for Refugees. He was a supporter of Syria, but following the death of Syrian President Hafez Assad in 2000, he campaigned for Damascus to relinquish control. Jumblatt's close links with the Syrian old guard alienated him from the new presidency of Bashar al-Assad. This pitted him against then president Émile Lahoud and the Lebanese Shiite party Hezbollah of which he said: "Their fighters have done a good job defying and defeating the Israeli army, OK, but the question we ask is where their allegiance goes: to a Lebanese strong central authority or somewhere else?" In the 2009 general elections, Jumblatt won a seat from Shouf as part of the 14 March Alliance list. Following issues with Hezbollah's community, his son Taymour Jumblatt fled to France with his family after multiple death threats which prevented him from joining the local political scene.

With the onset of the Syrian civil war, Jumblatt and the PSP moved towards an anti-Assad stance. Jumblatt has been crucial in negotiations regarding the Syrian Druze during the Syrian Civil War, and has stated about al-Nusra Front "I cannot classify, like Western countries, Nusra as terrorist because most of Nusra are Syrians. The regime of Bashar obliged the Syrians to join Nusra". After al-Nusra Front allegedly killed 20 Druze villagers in Qalb Loze on 10 June 2015, Jumblatt responded that "Any inciting rhetoric will not be beneficial, and you should remember that Bashar Assad's policies pushed Syria into this chaos".

Jumblatt believes that the order to kill his father came from Hafez al-Assad. He said he would rather "commit a political suicide" than reconcile with his son Bashar al-Assad.

In 2014, Jumblatt declared himself in favor of the legalisation of cannabis in Lebanon. In 2015, he admitted hiding the Swedish spy Stig Bergling during the early 1990s in a remote place in Lebanon upon the request of Russian authorities. On 4–7 May 2015, Jumblatt testified at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon related to the investigations of the assassination of Rafic Hariri.

In May 2017, the trial of four men accused of conspiring to assassinate Walid Jumblatt began.

In late May 2023, Walid Jumblatt declared his resignation as leader of the Progressive Socialist Party after a 46-year tenure. Around 2,000 supporters gathered in Ain Zhalta, a Druze town in the Chouf mountains, where members of the Progressive Socialist Party named political heir, Taymour Jumblatt, as their new leader. Taymour was the sole contender.

Personal life
At the age of 20, Jumblatt married an Iranian actress, ten years his senior. His father did not endorse the marriage and the two became estranged. In 1981, after a divorce and his father's death, Jumblatt married Gervette, a Jordanian of Circassian descent. Together they had three children: Taymour, Aslan, and Dalia. Later he married Nora al-Sharabati, daughter of Ahmad al-Sharabati. In 2018, his son Taymur Jumblatt replaced him as a candidate for parliamentary elections.

Arts
Like many political leaders, Jumblatt has been the subject of photography since the late 1970s. The photographer Ziad Antar made a portrait of him using an old expired film, which produced a ghostly effect. The image is said to evoke the danger the Lebanese Druze leader faces after he had criticized Hezbollah and the Syrian government.

See also
 Cedar Revolution
 Druze in Lebanon
 Lebanese Civil War
 Lebanese National Movement
 Mountain War (Lebanon)
 People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
 Jumblatt family

References

External links

Walid Jumblatt, by Gary C. Gambill and Daniel Nassif, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol 3, No 5, May 2001
"It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq" quoted in Beirut's Berlin Wall, by David Ignatius, Washington Post, 23 February 2005

1949 births
Living people
People from Chouf District
Lebanese Druze
Lebanese people of Iranian descent
Progressive Socialist Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Lebanon
Warlords
Lebanese democracy activists
Lebanese left-wing activists
Walid
Lebanese politicians of Kurdish descent
American University of Beirut alumni
Tourism ministers of Lebanon
People of the Lebanese Civil War

Walid Jumblatt


Pujanikovke (pujanice, pujanici, lat. Osmundaceae), porodica pravih paprati koja čini samostalan red Osmundales, a ime je dobila po rodu pujanik (Osmunda).

Postoji 8 rodova, od toga dva hibridna. U Hrvatskoj ove su paprati rijetke, a poznata je Osmunda regalis ili kraljevski pujanik, koji raste na cretovima i močvarnim šumama johe.

Rodovi
 Claytosmunda (Y.Yatabe, N.Murak. & K.Iwats.) Metzgar & Rouhan, 1 vrsta
 Leptopteris  C. Presl, leptopteris, 6 vrsta
 Osmunda L., pujanik; 9 vrsta
 Osmundastrum, C. Presl, 1 vrsta
 Plenasium C.Presl, 4 vrste
 Todea  Willd. ex Bernh., tode; 2 vrste
 xOsmunasium Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid., 1 vrsta
 xOsmuntonia Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid., 2 vrste

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Papratnice

Pujanikovke


İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, Türkiye'de 6235 (7303) sayılı yasalarla kurulmuş olan kamu kurumu niteliğinde bir meslek örgütüdür. Mezun olan her inşaat mühendisinin (kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında çalışanlar hariç olmak üzere) üye olması zorunlu olan oda 19 Aralık 1954 günü kurulmuştur. Kısa adı İMO'dur. Öğrenci örgütlülüğünün adı da genç-imo'dur. Genel başkanı Taner Yüzgeç'tir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye merkezli mühendislik kuruluşları
TMMOB
1954'te kurulan kuruluşlar
1954'te Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
İnşaat mühendisliği kuruluşları

İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası


Tazzari GL S.p.A. ist ein italienischer Hersteller von Elektroautomobilen, der im Herbst 2018 vom deutschen Autohersteller Artega übernommen wurde.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Imola, das zur Tazzari Group gehört, begann 2007 mit der Entwicklung von Automobilen. Auf der Bologna Motor Show im Dezember 2009 wurden erstmals Fahrzeuge präsentiert. Der Dezember 2009 gilt auch als Beginn der Produktion. 2010 und 2011 wurden Fahrzeuge auf dem Genfer Auto-Salon ausgestellt. Tazzari war Entwicklungspartner für das Elektroauto Microlino von Micro Mobility Systems. Der Markenname des Unternehmens lautet Tazzari. Seit 2018 gehört Tazzari zum Autohersteller Artega.

Fahrzeuge

Das einzige Modell ist der zweisitzige Tazzari Zero mit einer Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 100 km/h. Der für das urbane Umfeld konzipierte Kleinstwagen wird auch in Deutschland angeboten.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Website der Tazzari GL Imola S.p.A.

Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Elektroautohersteller
Unternehmen (Imola)
Gegründet 1963

Tazzari


Pentru râul omolog, din bazinul râului Mureș, vedeți Râul Urlieșu, Sebeș,

Râul Urlieșu este un curs de apă, afluent de stânga al râului Olteț, care este - la rândul său - un afluent de dreapta râului Olt.

Generalități
Râul Urlieșu nu are afluenți semnificativi și nu trece prio nicio localitate.

Note

Bibliografie
 Administrația Națională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - București
 Institutul de Meteorologie și Hidrologie - Rîurile României - București 1971
 Comitetul Județean pentru situații de urgență Olt - Planul de Apărare împotriva Inundațiilor - 2006

Hărți
 Harta județului Olt - Județul Olt

Bazinul Olt
Sub-bazinul hidrografic Olteț
Geografia județului Gorj
Gospodărirea apelor
Râuri din județul Gorj
Râuri din România

Râul Urlieșu, Olteț


Marija Jović (Imotski, 29. studenoga 1973.) hrvatska je znanstvenica i novinarka.

Životopis

Osnovnu te potom srednju Ekonomsku školu završila je u Imotskom.  Diplomirala je 1998. na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Zagrebu, smjer novinarstvo, temom "Značaj i uloga modne fotografije na primjeru časopisa Svijet" te stekla zvanje diplomirane novinarke. Diplomirala je i bibliotekarstvo na Filozofskom fakultetu.  Doktorirala je 2012. na temu "Uloga diplomacije u razvoju turizma". Trenutačno je docentica na kolegijima turizma.

Radila je kao ravnateljica Pučkoga otvorenog učilišta u Imotskom od 2002. do 2006., od kada se, do danas nalazi na mjestu ravnateljice Gradske knjižnice "Don Mihovil Pavlinović" Imotski. Njezinim zalaganjem Imotski je dobio modernu knjižnicu koja se nalazi u zgradi nekadašnje Domljanove kuće u kojoj se rodio prvi predsjednik Hrvatskoga sabora dr. Žarko Domljan. Do kraja 2011. godine radila je u redakcijama dnevnih novina kao što su Večernji list i 24 sata te u redakcijama informativnog programa na županijskim televizijama, ATV-u i TV Jadran.

Od 2006. do danas sudjelovala je na više međunarodnih i domaćih znanstvenih i stručnih skupova iz oblasti humanističkih znanosti, medija i komunikacija te je objavila više znanstvenih i stručnih radova. Bila je članica uredništva časopisa Zbornik radova međimurskog veleučilišta iz Čakovca.

Na FDZMB, 2012., imenovana je u znanstveno-nastavno zvanje docentice na kolegijima turizma i diplomacije. Nakon knjige Uloga diplomacije u razvoju turizma nakladnika Školske knjige, objavila je 2018. novu knjigu Uloga ravnatelja u promicanju kvalitete knjižničnih usluga u nakladi Synopsis Zagreb-Sarajevo. Potom 2021. godine knjigu Knjižnice kao novi oblik pružanja usluga u hotelima V.B.Z. Zagreb. Objavljuje i opsežnu monografiju 150 godina Imotske knjižnice i čitaonice. U zborniku 120 godina od rođenja dr. Mate Ujevića - Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, jedna je od urednica.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Pregled po znanstveniku: Marija Jović (CROSBI)
 Noć knjige 2016.
 Otvoreni studio 16. 11. 2015.
 Detalji znanstvenika: Marija Jović (Tko je tko u hrvatskoj znanosti)

Životopisi, Imotski
Hrvatski novinari

Marija Jović