ප්‍රභාකරන් යනු 2008 වර්ෂයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තිරගත වූ, තුෂාර පීරිස් මහතා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද චිත්‍රපටයකි.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකීය සිනමාව

චිත්‍රපටි - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
2008 චිත්‍රපටි

ප්‍රභාකරන් (චිත්‍රපටිය)


Anastasia Vlasova (en ) est une photojournaliste ukrainienne, connue pour sa couverture de la révolution ukrainienne de 2014 et de la guerre dans le Donbass.

Parcours
En 2015, elle obtient une maîtrise en journalisme à l'Université nationale Taras-Chevtchenko de Kiev. Elle est une ancienne photojournaliste du Kyiv Post et collabore avec l'agence européenne Pressphoto. Ses photographies ont été publiées dans The Guardian, NBC, Newsweek, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post et d'autres médias.

Elle commence sa carrière professionnelle en tant que photographe en décembre 2013 lors des manifestations d'Euromaïdan. Elle travaille pour le site Web svidomo.com et obtient une mission pour prendre des photos des manifestations. Elle s'est ensuite rendue en Crimée pour couvrir le référendum de Crimée de 2014, et, après le début de la guerre dans le Donbass, elle voyage entre Kiev et l'est de l'Ukraine.

Récompenses
Elle reçoit une mention honorable en 2015 de l'International Women's Media Foundation, et le 2015 Anja Niedringhaus Courage in Photojournalism Award. La citation inclut "la qualité de la lumière et de la texture qui crée un lien avec les gens et l'étendue des souffrances qu'ils endurent" dans ses photos et permet de "découvrir la vérité sur les crimes de guerre des deux côtés" par l'activité de photojournaliste. Une de ses photographies est sélectionnée par le Time parmi les 100 meilleures photos de 2015.

Elle est boursière 2015 de la Fondation Magnum pour la photographie et les droits de l'homme à l'Université de New York et a participé à l'atelier Eddie Adams en 2015.

Références

Photojournaliste ukrainien

Anastassia Vlassova


Parti des Travailleurs may refer to:

Workers' Party (Algeria)
Workers' Party (France)
Workers' Party (Togo)
Tunisian Workers Party

Parti des Travailleurs


Babatha (* um 104; † 132) war eine Frau jüdischen Glaubens, die zu Beginn des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in der Hafenstadt Maoza am südlichen Ende des Toten Meeres lebte. Der Ort liegt heute in Jordanien.

Entdeckung und Bedeutung
Die Existenz von Babatha wurde durch ihre persönlichen Dokumente bekannt, die der Archäologe Yigael Yadin 1960 bei Untersuchungen der Höhle der Briefe in einem Lederbeutel fand. In der Höhle am Westufer des Toten Meeres nahe der Oase En Gedi wurden noch weitere Funde aus antiker Zeit gemacht, wie Schriftstücke des jüdischen Rebellen Bar Kochba. Bei den Dokumenten der Babatha handelt es sich vor allem um Verträge über Heiraten, Vermögensübertragungen und Vormundschaften. Diese Dokumente aus den Jahren 96 bis 134 n. Chr. bieten ein lebendiges Bild vom Leben einer Frau aus der oberen Mittelschicht in der römischen Provinz Judäa zur Wende vom 1. zum 2. Jahrhundert. Eine besondere rechtshistorische Bedeutung kommt ihnen zudem zu, da sie Einblicke in die Auswirkungen des römischen Rechts auf die alltäglichen Geschäftstätigkeiten der damaligen Menschen bieten.

Lebensdaten

Babatha wurde um 104 geboren, vermutlich als einziges Kind oder als älteste Tochter, so dass sie die Dattelplantage ihres Vaters erben konnte. 124 war sie bereits verwitwet und hatte einen jungen Sohn namens Jesus. Ein Jahr später heiratete sie erneut, einen gewissen Judah. Dieser war Eigentümer dreier Dattelplantagen in En Gedi und hatte eine Tochter aus einer Ehe mit einer anderen Frau. Da die Vielehe nach damaligem Recht erlaubt war, ist nicht klar, ob Babatha zusammen mit ihrem Mann und dessen weiterer Frau zusammenlebte oder ob Judah zwei Haushalte besaß, zwischen denen er wanderte.

Babatha-Archiv
Die Dokumente über ihre zweite Heirat bieten Einblick in ihren Status innerhalb dieser Beziehung. So weist etwa der Umstand, dass in ihrem Ehevertrag festgehalten wurde, dass Judahs Schulden Teil ihrer Verpflichtungen werden, darauf hin, dass sie ihm finanziell gleichgestellt war. Ein Rechtsdokument von 128 n. Chr. belegt, dass Judah bei ihr ein zinsfreies Darlehen nahm, ein deutlicher Beleg für ihre Kontrolle über ihr eigenes Vermögen. Bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 130 nahm sie seine Besitzungen in En Gedi als Pfand für seine Schulden, die sie, wie im Ehevertrag vereinbart, gedeckt hatte.

Ein weiteres Dokument betrifft die Vormundschaft ihres Sohnes. So zog sie 125 n. Chr. gegen die Betreuer ihres Sohnes mit der Anschuldigung vor Gericht, dass diese ihre Mittel nicht hinreichend ausgezahlt hätten. Das Dokument beinhaltet dabei eine Petition, dass die volle Verantwortung über ihren Sohn und dessen Eigentum auf sie übergehen solle.

Tod
Das jüngste Dokument im Lederbeutel betrifft eine Vorladung nach En Gedi, wo Judahs erste Frau, Miriam, wegen des Eigentums des verstorbenen gemeinsamen Gatten gegen sie geklagt hatte. Es wird daher vermutet, dass Babatha im Jahr 132 bei En Gedi war, wo sie mitten in den Bar-Kochba-Aufstand geraten wäre. Es ist daher wahrscheinlich, dass sie mit Miriam und ihrer Familie aus dem Kampfbereich floh. Aus dem Umstand, dass die Dokumente sich noch im Beutel befanden und in ihrem Umfeld Knochenreste gefunden wurden, schlossen Historiker, dass Babatha wahrscheinlich ums Leben kam, während sie in der Höhle Zuflucht suchte.

Literatur
 Richard A. Freund: Secrets of the Cave of Letters. Rediscovering a Dead Sea Mystery. Humanity Books, Amherst 2004, ISBN 1-59102-205-3, S. 199–207.
 Martin David Goodman: Babatha. In: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4. Aufl. Oxford 2012, S. 218.
 Tiziana J. Chiusi: Babatha vs. The Guardians of Her Son. A Struggle for Guardianship - Legal and Practical Aspects of P. Yadin 12-15, 27. In: Ranon Katzoff, David Schaps (Hrsg.): Law in the Documents of the Judean Desert. Brill, Leiden 2005, ISBN 90-04-11357-6.
 Tiziana J. Chiusi: Zur Wechselwirkung zwischen römischem Recht und provinzialen Rechten anhand von Dokumenten aus dem Archiv der Babatha. In: Thomas Gergen (Hrsg.): Vielfalt und Einheit in der Rechtsgeschichte. Festgabe für Elmar Wadle zu seinem 65. Geburtstag. Heymanns, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-452-25711-8.
 Jacobine G. Oudshoorn: The Relationship between Roman and local law in the Babatha and Salome Komaise archives: General analysis and three case studies on law of succession, guardianship and marriage. Reihe: Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Band 69. Brill, Leiden 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-14974-8.
 Andrea Rottloff: Lebensbilder römischer Frauen. Von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-3546-6.

Weblinks
 Informationen zu Babathas Leben und ihrer Zeit (engl.)
 Literatur über Babatha
 Transkriptionen der Texte des Babatha-Archivs

Anmerkungen

Antike Rechtsgeschichte
Jude (Altertum)
Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer
Geboren im 2. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 2. Jahrhundert
Frau

Babatha


Kaptajn Nemo er en af hovedpersonerne i Jules Vernes roman, En verdensomsejling under havet og biperson i en anden af hans romaner, Den hemmelighedsfulde ø. Nemo betyder "ingen", og han er i det hele taget en gådefuld figur. Han har været meget rig og veluddannet og har kunnet bygge en undervandsbåd, Nautilus hvor han har kunnet trække sig tilbage fra verden og leve af havets dyr og planter. Han støtter undertrykte grækere med værdier fra sunkne skibsvrag, og han hader Storbritannien, det antydes at han har haft frygtelige oplevelser i et land med engelsk kolonistyre.

I den hemmelighedsfulde ø er alle hans mænd døde og han er alene tilbage i Nautilus, til sidst lader han Nautilus med ham selv om bord gå til grunde i et vulkanudbrud.

Eksterne henvisninger

Litterære personer

Kaptajn Nemo


Gasland (2010) es un documental estadounidense escrito y dirigido por Josh Fox. El documental se centra en comunidades de los Estados Unidos que se han visto afectadas por la extracción de gas natural "no convencional" o "de esquisto", concretamente mediante un método de extracción denominado "fracturación hidráulica" (del inglés, hidraulic fracturing o gas fracking).

Sinopsis
En mayo de 2008, Josh Fox recibe una carta de una compañía de gas natural ofreciéndole 100 000 dólares a cambio de su permiso para explotar su terreno familiar en Milanville, Pensilvania, para la extracción de gas natural.

Tras la recepción de dicha oferta, Josh Fox estuvo consultando información sobre la extracción de gas natural en las formaciones geológicas de esquisto que se encuentran bajo vastas regiones de los estados de Pensilvania, Nueva York, Ohio y Virginia Occidental. Fox visitó Dimock, en el condado de Susquehanna, Pensilvania, donde ya se estaba realizando la extracción de gas natural mediante fracturación hidráulica. Allí conoció a familias que podían prender fuego al agua del grifo de sus casas, a la vez que padecían diversos problemas de salud (neuralgia, mareos, falta de apetito), que achacaban a que sus pozos de agua habían sido contaminados por los procedimientos de extracción del gas.

Secuela
Una secuela de Gasland, titulada Gasland II, en el que Fox repasa los acontecimientos sucedidos en torno al fracking desde su primer documental, se estrenó en el Festival de Cine de Tribeca, en Nueva York el 23 de abril de 2013.

Referencias

Documentales sobre energía

Gasland


Vladimir Valentinovič Varankin (Nižnji Novgorod, 12. studenog 1902. – Moskva, 3. listopada 1938.) bio je ruski književnik, povjesničar, sveučilišni predavač i esperantist.

U književnim i esperantističkim krugovima postao je poznat po svojem romanu Metropoliteno, koji se smatra jednim od najvećih djela esperantske književnosti.

Život i djelo

Obitelj
Rođen je 1902. u Nižnjem Novgorodu u ruskoj časničkoj obitelji. Otac Valentin Jegorovič Varankin (umro 1921.) bio je bankarski službenik unovačen u Crvenu armiju tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata. Majka Nina Aleksejevna (umrla 1953.) bila je knjižničarka. Varankin je imao dva mlađa brata, Jurja (r. 1906.) i Vjačeslava (r. 1916.)

Prvi doticaji s Esperantom
U četvrtom razredu srednje škole (1919.) počeo je učiti Esperanto s nekolicinom prijatelja. Isprva je s njima utemeljio gradski, a kasnije i pokrajinski krug esperantista i učenika esperanta. U prvoj godini rada, održao je šest tečajeva učenja esperanta u gradu i osnovao nekoliko ogranaka u okolnim mjestima. Esperanto je kao jezik ubrzo stekao toliku popularnost, da se u školama Nižnjeg Novgoroda učio kao strani jezik. Pokrenuo je i vlastiti časopis Ruĝa Esperantisto (Crveni Esperantist) u kojem je objavljivao svoje radove i radove svojih kolega, pisao o raznim događanjima, esperantistici i pozivao međunarodnu zajednicu esperantista za pomoć "mladoj sovjetskoj republici."

Početkom 1920.,s s nekolicinom prijatelja pokušava organizirati treću Sverusku esperantističku konvenciju, ali ne uspijeva zbog loše gospodarske situacije u kojoj se nalazi grad. Konvencija je održana godinu kasnije u Petrogradu, te je na njoj osnovana Sovjetska esperantistička zajednica, u čiji je centralni komitet bio izabran i Varankin.

Rad u Esperantskoj administraciji
Nakon škole mladi Vladimir se zapošljava u gradskom elektroprivrednom poduzeću. Obnašao je i kratkotrajnu dužnost gradskog vijećnika, nakon čega ga majka zapošljava u gradskoj knjižnici, gdje je bio voditelj čitateljskog i književnog kluba. U jesen 1922. seli se u Tver, gdje se potpuno posvećuje Esperantu.

Godine 1923. biva izabran u Međunarodno vijeće esperantista, u kojem vrši dva jednogodišnja vijećnićka mandata. Dvije godine kasnije, osniva list  Mejxdunarodnyj Jazyk (Međunarodni jezik), u kojem u serijama članaka objavljuje materijale za učenje i podučavanje Esperanta. List je izlazio do kraja 1926., kada je ugašen zbog novčanih poteškoća. Krajem 1927. seli se u Moskvu te sudjeluje na 19. Svjetskoj konvenciji esperantista u Danzigu.

U međuvremenu je diplomirao na Fakultetu društvenih znanosti Moskovskog državnog sveučilišta i bio ravnatelj Instituta za vanjske poslove. Na Tehničkom učilištu stranih jezika predavao je zapadnoeuropsku povijest. 1929. piše knjigu Teorio de Esperanto i priručnik Esperanto por laboristoj (Esperanto za radnike). Iste godine postaje punopravni član Esperantske Akademije.

Nasilna smrt
U noći sa 7. na 8. veljače 1938. uhićuju ga pripadnici komunističkih vlasti, koje su ga osudile za špijunažu i pokušaj sabotaže, širenje protusovjetske propagande i pokušaj atentata na Josifa Staljina. Iako su sve optužbe bile lažne, osuđen je na smrt strijeljanjem. Kazna je bila izvršena iste noći.

Visoki vojni sud Vojne akademje u Moskvi naknadno se ponovno pozabavio istraživanjem Varankinovog slučaja. Istraga je otkrila kako je Varankin bio osuđen bez ikakva utemeljenja. Ponovljenim suđenjem 11. svibnja 1957. oslobođen je svih optužbi, a izvršenje kazne proglašeno je nezakonitim djelom.

Izvori

Ruski književnici
Ruski povjesničari
Esperantisti
Esejisti

Vladimir Varankin


Bam Gölü, Burkina Faso'nun Kongoussi kentinde bir göldür. Yüzölçümü 30 kilometrekare olan göl her geçen gün kuruma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Göl çevresinde yaşayan insanlar için hayatî öneme sahiptir. Mango yetiştiricilerinin sulama ihtiyacı gölden karşılanır. Bunun yanında balıkçılık ve büyükbaş hayvanlara su sağlanması da gölden karşılanır.

Burkina Faso'daki göller

Bam Gölü


Baron Sackville, of Knole in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1876 for the Honourable Mortimer Sackville-West, with remainder, failing heirs male of his body, to his younger brothers the Hon. Lionel and the Hon. William Edward. Sackville-West was the fourth son of George Sackville-West, 5th Earl De La Warr and Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr and 1st Baroness Buckhurst, younger daughter and co-heir of John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset.  On the death of the latter's cousin, Charles Sackville-Germain, 5th Duke of Dorset, in 1845, the dukedom and its subsidiary titles became extinct and the Sackville estates passed through Elizabeth to the West family who assumed the additional surname of Sackville by Royal licence. By arrangement, Mortimer Sackville-West succeeded to a substantial part of the estates, including Knole in Kent, which is still the seat of the Barons Sackville.

He was succeeded in the barony according to the special remainder by his brother Lionel, who became the second Baron. He had no legitimate male issue and, on his death, the title passed to his nephew, the third Baron. He was the son of the aforementioned William Edward.  He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He was a major-general in the army.  On his death the title passed to his son, the fifth Baron, and then to the latter's cousin, the sixth Baron.  He was the eldest son of the Hon. Bertrand George Sackville-West, youngest brother of the fourth Baron.  the title is held by his nephew, the seventh Baron, who succeeded in 2004. He is the son of Hugh Rosslyn Inigo Sackville-West, younger brother of the sixth Baron.

The poet Vita Sackville-West was the daughter of the third Baron and his wife Victoria Sackville-West, daughter of the second Baron.

Barons Sackville (1876)
Mortimer Sackville-West, 1st Baron Sackville (1820–1888)
Lionel Sackville-West, 2nd Baron Sackville (1827–1908)
Lionel Edward Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville (1867–1928)
Charles John Sackville-West, 4th Baron Sackville (1870–1962)
Edward Charles Sackville-West, 5th Baron Sackville (1901–1965)
Lionel Bertrand Sackville-West, 6th Baron Sackville (1913–2004)
Robert Bertrand Sackville-West, 7th Baron Sackville (b. 1958)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Arthur George Sackville-West (b. 2000).

Arms

See also
Earl De La Warr
Duke of Dorset
Baroness Buckhurst
Vita Sackville-West
Victoria Sackville-West
Orlando: A Biography
Transactions involving actual peppercorns

Notes

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1876
Baron
Baron
 Baron
Peerages created with special remainders

Baron Sackville


Linus Benedict Torvalds (d. 28 Aralık 1969, Helsinki, Finlandiya) Finlandiya asıllı Amerikalı bir bilgisayar bilimci ve yazılım mühendisidir. Linux işletim sistemi çekirdeğinin geliştiricisi ve proje yöneticisi olup, ABD'de yaşamaktadır. Transmeta'daki görevinden ayrıldığından beri OSDL'de (Açık Kaynak Geliştirme Laboratuvarları) tam zamanlı olarak Linux çekirdeği üzerinde çalışmaktadır. Helsinki Üniversitesi'nde bilgisayar bilimleri bölümünden mezun olmuştur.

Linus, Andrew S. Tanenbaum tarafından geliştirilen Minix işletim sisteminin ihtiyacını karşılayamaması üzerine bu sisteme eklemeler yapmak için geliştirmeye başlamış ancak yazmaya başladığı programı zamanla Unix tarzında kişisel bilgisayarlarda çalışabilecek bir işletim sistemi çekirdeğine dönüştürmüştür. Linux adı verilen bu çekirdek günümüzde pek çok farklı bilgisayar mimarisinde ve tüm GNU/Linux dağıtımlarında kullanılmaktadır. Linus Torvalds, 2012 Milenyum Teknoloji Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür.

Özgeçmiş
Linus Torvalds 1969 yılında Helsinki'de Finlandiya'daki İsveççe konuşan azınlığa mensup bir ailede doğmuştur, annesi ve babası gazetecidir. Bilgisayarla tanışması 1981 yılında iktisat profesörü olan büyükbabasına ait Commodore VIC-20 ile olmuştur. 1988 Yılında Helsinki Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Bilimleri bölümüne başlamıştır. Ancak üniversitenin ikinci yılı askerlik hizmeti için eğitimine ara vermiştir. Askerliğini teğmen rütbesi ile balistik hesaplama ofisinde yapmıştır.

Üniversite eğitimine devam ettiği yıllarda Intel-80386 işlemcili bir IBM PC satın almış ve Minix işletim sistemini kullanmıştır. 1991 Yılında Minix sisteminde memnun olmadığı özellikleri kendisi geliştirmeye başlamıştır. Daha sonra bu çalışması kendisini Dünyaca üne kavuşturacak Linux çekirdeği olarak anılacaktır.

1996 Yılında Kaliforniya, ABD'de bulunan Transmeta şirketinin iş teklifini kabul ederek buraya yerleşmiştir. 2004 Yılında buradan ayrılarak Linux Vakfında çalışmak üzere Dunthorpe, Oregon, ABD'ye yerleşmiştir. Halen burada eşi Tove Torvalds (6 kez Finlandiya ulusal karate şampiyonu) ve Patricia, Daniela ve Celeste adlı üç çocukları ile yaşamaktadır.

Linus'un Linux'u yazma hikâyesi
Linus, Linux çekirdeğini kodlamaya başladığı 1991 yılında 22 yaşındaydı ancak bunu yapmasına neden olan şey tam olarak çocukça bir meraktı. Bazı çocuklar oyuncakları öylece oynamak yerine içini açıp kurcalamaya meyillidir, Linus da bilgisayarlar konusunda böyle karaktere sahip bir çocuktu. Daha 12 yaşındayken Helsinki Üniversitesi'nde iktisat profesörü olan büyük babasının hesaplamalar için kullandığı bilgisayarının başına geçip onun kâğıt üzerine yazdığı yazılım kodlarını bilgisayara geçirerek ona yardım ediyordu. Çünkü o dönemlerde bilgisayarlara işlem yaptırabilmek için hazır yazılımlar neredeyse hiç yoktu ve kullanıcılar aynı zamanda yazılımcı olmalıydı. Zamanla bu bilgisayarın kullanım kılavuzundaki örnek yazılımları yazmaya başlayan Linus, bir süre sonra kendi küçük yazılımlarını da yazmaya başladı. Linus, diğer çocuklar gibi çeşitli sportif oyunlar oynamak yerine uzun saatler ve günler boyunca kendisini bir bilgisayarla aynı odaya kapatıp yazılım yazmaktan keyif duyan bir kişiliğe sahipmiş. Linus, ilerleyen yıllarda da bilgisayarlara olan bu çocukça merakını ve yazılıma olan ilgisini hiç kaybetmemiş ve kendi yazdığı küçük yazılımlar her zaman hayatının en büyük eğlencesi olmuş.

1990 Yılında öğrencisi olduğu Helsinki Üniversitesi UNIX işletim sistemi kullanmaya ve ders olarak C programlama dili ile birlikte okutmaya karar verir. UNIX, tarihi 1960'lara kadar dayanan, akademik ve askeri alanlarla kamu hizmetlerinde yaygın kullanılan, gücünü sadeliği, temizliği ve basitliğinden alan bir işletim sistemidir. Linus bu dersin kitabı olan ve Hollandalı profesör Andrew Tanenbaum'un işletim sistemleri ile ilgili yazdığı kitabı bir dönem önceden alıp okumaya başlamış. Kitap aynı zamanda Tanenbaum tarafından yazılmış Unix benzeri bir akademik çalışma sistemi olan Minix'i anlatmaktadır. Bu sayede Linus Unix'in gerisindeki felsefeyi ve bu işletim sisteminin neler yapabileceğini öğrenerek hayran olmuş. Ancak evindeki bilgisayar Minix çalıştıramadığından bir yıl boyunca para biriktirip Intel-386 işlemcili bir IBM PC almış. Tabii ki ilk yaptığı şey yeni bilgisayarına Minix kurarak bir taraftan i386 işlemcisini ve PC mimarisini anlamaya çalışmış bir taraftan da Minix sayesinde Unix'e olan merakını giderdiği bir döneme girmiş.

Minix son kullanıcıya hitap etmeyen akademik bir sistem olduğundan kullanıcının araştırıp öğrenmesini teşvik etmek amacıyla bilinçli olarak bazı noktalarda sakatlanmış veya eksik bırakılmış bir yapıya sahiptir. Üzerindeki bazı yazılımlar da Linus'a hiç kullanışlı gelmemiş, bunlardan en önemlisi Üniversitedeki Unix sistemine bağlanmasını sağlayan uçbirim benzetme (Terminal Emulator) yazılımıydı. İşte bu yazılımı beğenmeyen Linus'un kendi uçbirim benzetme yazılımını yazmaya karar vermesiyle Linux'un tarihi başlamış oluyor. Ancak buradaki can alıcı nokta Linus'un sadece yeni bir uçbirim benzetme yazılımı yazmaya başlaması değil bu yazılımı Minix'den ayrı olarak doğrudan donanım kaynaklarını kullanarak yazmaya karar vermesidir. Bunu yapmasındaki amaç da yeni aldığı bilgisayarın nasıl çalıştığını anlamaktı.

Bir süre sonra Linus, üniversite bilgisayarına artık kendi uçbirim benzetme yazılımı ile ulaşıyor olacaktı. İstediğini yapmıştı, yazdığı yazılımın çalışması için bir işletim sistemine ihtiyacı yoktu, bilgisayarını Minix ile değil disketteki yazılımından açtığında kolayca bağlantıyı sağlıyordu ancak bir eksik vardı. Bilgisayara kaydetmek istediği belgeler olduğunda bunu yapamıyordu. Bir yardımcı yazılım ile bir işletim sistemi arasındaki ayrım noktasına işte bu anda geldi. Ancak yaptığının bir işletim sistemine yöneldiğini anlaması yazılımını Minix dosya sistemini okuyup yazabilecek şekilde geliştirdikten sonra oldu. Artık o basit bir uçbirim benzetme yazılımı değildi, kendini aşmıştı ve Linus daha iyisini yapmanın çok eğlenceli olacağını düşünmeye başladı.

Linus sonunda Minix'in kötü ve eksik yönlerinden kurtulmak için radikal bir karar verdi ve kendi disk sürücüsü ve dosya sistemi olan bir sistem yazmaya girişti. Bu gerçekten korkutucu bir karardı çünkü yapmayı planladığı şey teknik açıdan çok ağırdı ve uzun aylar boyunca neredeyse insan üstü bir çalışma temposu gerektiriyordu. Sonuçta Linus 1991 yılının yaz aylarını (ki Finlandiya'da yılın en güzel, insanların güneşin sıcaklığını biraz olsun hissedebildiği kısacık bir dönemdir) evinde pencereye siyah bir perde çekilmiş olarak bilgisayar başında geçirdi. Gece ile gündüzün birbirine karıştığı, yemek-uyku-kodlama ile geçen aylar boyunca Linus karanlık odasında kendi deyimiyle çok tatmin olduğu çok eğlenceli bir dönem geçirdi.

1991'in Eylül ayı geldiğinde artık Linus'un "Freax" adını verdiği işletim sistemi çalışır haldeydi. Aslında yaptığı iş bir işletim sistemi için gerekli olan temel prensipleri ve kuralları kodlamaktı, henüz sistem üzerinde sadece kullanıcı girişi yapıp komut girmenizi sağlayan bir kabuk yazılım ve bir C yazılım dili derleyicisi çalışıyordu. Aslında C derleyicisi olması demek pek çok yazılımın derlenip kullanılabilmesi anlamına geliyordu ancak sistem oldukça kararsızdı, bir süre sonra kendiliğinden çöküyordu. Bu nedenle Linus geliştirme için hala Minix'i kullanıyordu. Linus iyileştirme ve geliştirme önerileri almak için Freax'ı üniversitenin bilgisayarı üzerinden internette yayınlamaya karar verdi. Bu konuda üniversiteden kendisine yardım eden Ari Lemke Freax adını beğenmeyerek tasarının diğer adı olan Linux'u kullandı ve tasarı Linux adıyla yayınlandı.

Birkaç ay içinde Linus'a birçok düzeltme önerisi ve hata bildirimi gelmeye başladı. Bir süre bu düzeltmeleri yaptı ancak yazılımdan hata  ayıklamak pek eğlenceli bir uğraş değildi ve Linus tasarıya ilgisini yitirmeye başlamıştı ki kendi yaptığı bir hata nedeniyle bilgisayarındaki Minix kurulu olan bölüm zarar gördü. Elinde tek çalışan sistem Linux kalmıştı ve bu noktada büyük bir radikal karar daha verdi ve Minix'i tekrar kurmak yerine tüm geliştirme işlemleri ile günlük işlerini Linux ile yapmaya başladı. Artık 1992 yılının ilk aylarında Minix'te olmayan bazı özellikler de Linux'a eklenince o güne kadar Minix kullanan pek çok uzman artık özgürce değiştirip geliştirebilecekleri Linux kullanmaya başladı.

Bir yıl geçmeden Linux yüzlerce uzmanın katkısı ve sayısı tahmin edilemeyen kullanıcı kitlesiyle bir üniversite öğrencisinin eğlencesi olmaktan çıkmıştı. Artık ticari Unix sistemlerin sularında gezinmeye başlamıştı ve tamamen özgürce dağıtılıp kopyalanabiliyordu. Birisinin çıkıp Linux kodlarını ticari bir üründe kullanıp kodlarını gizleme tehlikesine karşı Linus 0.12 sürümünü Genel Kamu Lisansı (GPL) ile dağıttı. Bu radikal bir karardı çünkü bu sayede Linux kodlarını ticari olarak kullanmak isteyenler yaptıkları değişiklikleri ve geliştirmeleri herkesin göreceği şekilde açmak zorunda kalacaktı, bu da Linus'un tam olarak istediği şeydi. Çünkü özgür bir yazılımın gelişimi, onunla ilgili kaynakların özgürce ulaşılabilir olmasıyla doğrudan bağlantılıydı. Bu kararla birlikte Linux (Linux çekirdeği) bugünlere kadar olan gelişim çizgisine oturmuş oluyordu.

Münakaşa

Muhtemel NSA (Ulusal Güvenlik Dairesi) Yanaşımı

Eylül 2013'te, LinuxCon konferansında Torvalds bir ABD devlet dairesi tarafından Linux'a arka kapılar eklemesi için yanaşılmış olup olmadığı sorulduğunda, şifahi "hayır" diyerek başını "evet" şeklinde sallayarak cevap verdi. Sonrasında apaçık bir şaka olduğunu ifade etti. Fakat, Linus'un babası Nils belirtti:

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

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 Biyografisi

1969 doğumlular
Fin bilgisayar bilimcileri
Linux kişileri
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Amerikalı ateistler
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Yaşayan insanlar
Helsinki doğumlu yazarlar
Helsinki Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Helsinki Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Amerikalı blogcular
Fin blogcular
Amerikalı bilgisayar programcıları
Amerikalı yazılım mühendisleri
Fin bilgisayar programcıları
Özgür yazılım geliştiricileri
Finlandiya İsveçlileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Fin göçmenler
Çekirdek programcıları

Linus Torvalds


Hippeastrum correiense é uma planta bulbosa herbácea perene florida, da família Amaryllidaceae, nativa do Brasil.

Descrição
Grandes bulbos e flores em forma de trombeta .

Taxonomia
Descrito sob seu nome atual por Arthington Worsley em The Gardeners' Chronicle (ser. 3, 85: 377) em 1929.

Etimologia
Hippeastrum: nome genérico que deriva do grego e significa "estrela do cavaleiro", foi eleito pelo reverendo William Herbert em 1821 para descrever a primeira espécie do género, Hippeastrum reginae. A etimologia não parece ser neste caso de muita ajuda para descrever alguma característica particular da espécie ou do género em questão. A conexão "equina" na denominação deste género foi realizada pela primeira vez pelo botânico sueco Carlos Linneo quem denominou "Amaryllis equestris" a uma espécie que hoje chamamos Hippeastrum, já que a via sumamente parecida às espécies africanas do género Amaryllis. Que é o que pensou Linneo quando denominou "amarylis do cavalo" a esta espécie quiçá nunca saber-se-á, não obstante, uma nota na descrição da mesma numa revista de botânica de 1795 pode dar alguma luz sobre o tema. William Curtis nessa revista, ao descrever as duas partes da espata que cobrem os pimpolhos comentou que os mesmos "se levantam num verdadeiro período da floração da planta, como se fossem orelhas, dando a toda a flor um grande parecido com a cabeça de um cavalo". Aparentemente Linneo esteve totalmente de acordo com a observação de Curtis quando decidiu baptizar a espécie. Anos depois, o Dean William Herbert, um botânico e clérigo do  que foi uma autoridade nas amarilidáceas, se deu conta de que —apesar de que são superficialmente similares— estas plantas sulamericanas não estavam estreitamente relacionadas com as açucenas de janeiro ou açucenas do Cabo (Amaryllis belladonna). Por esta razão, Herbert separou-as do género Amaryllis e alcunhou um novo nome genérico que mantinha a conexão equestre de Linneo, apesar de que de um modo um tanto complicado. Herbert escreveu em 1821: "Denominei-as Hippeastrum ou Lírio estrela do cavaleiro, continuando com a ideia que deu origem ao nome equestris". Não obstante o esforço de Herbert em distinguir ambos géneros, a maioria dos aficionados às plantas ornamentais continuam denominando amarilis tanto às plantas do Velho como às do Novo Mundo.

correiense: epíteto

Sinônimos

 Amaryllis correiensis Bury, Select. Hexandr. Pl.: 9 (1832). (Basônimo)
 Amaryllis aulica var. glaucophylla Hook., Robô. Mag. 57: t. 2983 (1830).
 Hippeastrum aulicum var. glaucophyllum (Hook.) Erva., Amaryllidaceae: 136 (1837).
 Hippeastrum organense Herb., Bot. Mag. 67: t. 3803 (1840).
 Hippeastrum organense var. compressum Herb., Bot de Edwards. Reg. 28 (Misc.): 39 (1842).
 Amaryllis gardneri Seub. in CFPvon Martius et auct. suc. (ed. ), fl. Bras. 3(1): 149 (1847).
 Hippeastrum gardneri (Seub.) Hoehne, Araucarilândia: 30 (1930).
 Amaryllis organensis (Herb.) Traub et Uphof, Herbertia 5: 129 (1938).
 Amaryllis organensis var. compressa (Herb.) Traub, Pl. Vida 7: 35 (1951).

Referências

Fontes

 List of Species of the Brazilian Flora. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro  (Search for Hippeastrum correiense)

correiense
Flora da América do Sul

Hippeastrum correiense


Jymmy França (født 15. april 1984) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Jymmy França


Kampen mod tuberkulosen kan henvise til:

 Kampen mod Tuberkulosen (dokumentarfilm fra 1943) – dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1943 instrueret af Mogens Skot-Hansen
 Kampen mod tuberkulosen (dokumentarfilm fra 1953) – dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1953 instrueret af Carl Otto Petersen

Kampen mod tuberkulosen


Direktna bojila ili supstantivna bojila fizikalno se vežu izravno na celulozno vlakno. Direktna bojila koriste neutralne ili slabo lužnate sredine blizu ili na točki vrelišta otopine natrijevog klorida ili natrijevog sulfata. Koriste se za bojanje pamuka, papira, kože, vune, svile i najlona. Uporabu nalaze i kao indikatori pH vrijednosti, te kao bojila u mikroskopiji.

Objašnjenje
Supstantivna (direktna) bojila bojaju celulozna vlakna (pamuk i druga prirodna i regenerirana biljna vlakna) direktno, bez prethodnog obrađivanja močilima. Ta su bojila ponajčešće topljiva u vodi zbog prisutnosti sulfonskih grupa –SO3H u molekuli, te se i bojanje provodi vrlo jednostavno. Najveći je broj direktnih bojila iz reda dis-, tris- i poliazo-bojila, a relativno mali broj iz redova monoazobojila, stilbenskih, oksazinskih, tiazolskih i ftalocijaninskih bojila. U pogledu postojanosti na svjetlu mnogo se među sobom razlikuju; ima ih od slabo postojanih do naročito postojanih. Mokre su im postojanosti (na vodu, pranje, znoj) općenito vrlo slabe. Stoga su se razvile metode za naknadnu obradu supstantivnih bojila na materijalu koje znatno poboljšavaju naročito mokre postojanosti.

Metoda obrade zavisi od kemijske strukture bojila, pa se supstantivna bojila mogu podijeliti u ove podgrupe:
 bojila za naknadnu diazotaciju; sadrže slobodnu amino grupu koja se tek na vlaknu diazotira, a zatim se kopulira s odabranom komponentom za kopulaciju (na primjer β-naftolom, m-fenilendiaminom);
 bojila koja se lako kopuliraju; obrađuju se odabranim diazonijevim solima (najčešće diazotiranim p-nitranilinom). U oba slučaja se molekula bojila povećava, smanjuje se njena topljivost, a nijansa boje se znatno produbljuje;
 bojila za naknadnu obradu metalnim solima (najčešće bakarnim, rjeđe kromnim solima); imaju po svojoj kemijskoj građi močilni karakter, pa na vlaknu naknadno nastaju odgovarajući metalkompleksi.

Sva direktna bojila mogu se naknadno obrađivati na materijalu kation-aktivnim preparatima, ali ta obrada daje različite rezultate u pogledu povećanja postojanosti. Osim za celulozni tekstil upotrebljavaju se direktna bojila i za bojanje papira, kože, svile, vune, lika, poliamidnih vlakana, poluvune i ostalih miješanih vlakana, također za pripremu metalnih lakova koji se upotrebljavaju kao pigmenti.

Umjetna bojila

Umjetna bojila ili sintetska bojila pojavljuju se nakon sinteze mauveina iz anilina (W. H. Perkin, 1856.). Njihova se tržišna primjena temeljila na proizvodnji velikih količina anilina iz katrana kamenog ugljena kao sirovine (otuda naziv katranske, odnosno anilinske boje). Nakon otkrića diazotacije i alizarinske sinteze u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, ostvarena je industrijska sinteza indiga, kongo-crvenila, indantrena i mnogih drugih bojila. Disperzijska bojila uvedena su 1923., a reakcijska 1956. Bojila za tekstil u Hrvatskoj proizvodi od 1950. zagrebačka tvornica "Chromos – Organske boje". Umjetna bojila su jeftinija i velike učinkovitosti, stoga danas drže vodeći položaj u proizvodnji.

Sintetska bojila mogu se podijeliti prema materijalu koji se njima bojaju na bojila za tekstil, za kožu, za papir, za plastične mase, za hranu, za ulja, masti, voskove, tekuća goriva i maziva, za premazna sredstva i naliče i za druge specijalne svrhe. Bojila za tekstil mogu se podijeliti na bojila za biljna vlakna, za životinjska vlakna, za sintetička vlakna i za miješana vlakna ili tkanine. Među bojila za specijalne svrhe idu bojila za mikroskopiju, za fotografiju, za kozmetiku, za pirotehniku, za farmaceutske svrhe, za kemijsku analizu (indikatori).

Prema svojstvima bojanja dijele se bojila u ove grupe:
 bojila topljiva u vodi:
 bazna,
 kisela,
 močilna,
 metalkompleksna,
 supstantivna (direktna),
 reaktivna,
 leukoesteri reduktivnih bojila (indigosoli);
 bojila topljiva u alkoholu;
 bojila netopljiva u vodi:
 bojila koja se redukcijom mogu prevesti u leukospojeve topljive u vodi (reduktivna i sumporna bojila),
 disperziona bojila,
 bojila topljiva u mastima i uljima,
 pigmentna bojila,
 bojeni lakovi;
 bojila koja se grade na vlaknu (materijalu):
 naftol-AS bojila,
 acetatna bojila za razvijanje,
 oksidaciona bojila,
 bojila koja nastaju u diazotipiji,
 bojila za višeslojnu fotografiju u bojama.

Izvori

Pigmenti

Direktna bojila


Claudia Amengual () este o romancieră și o traducătoare uruguayană.

Opera
 La rosa de Jericó, 2000 (roman)
 El vendedor de escobas, 2002 (roman)
 Desde las cenizas, 2005 (roman)
Más que una sombra, 2007 (roman)
 Nobleza obliga, 2010 (articole în revista Galería)
 Diez años de Arquitectos de la Comunidad, 2010 (institucional)
 Falsas ventanas, 2011 (roman)
 Rara avis. Vida y obra de Susana Soca, 2012 (eseuri)
 El rap de la morgue y otros cuentos, 2013 (povestiri)
 Cartagena, 2015 (roman)
 Una mirada al periodismo cultural: Jaime Clara y "Sábado Sarandí", 2016 (eseuri)
 Viajar y escribir: nueve destinos que inspiran, 2017 (eseuri)
El lugar inalcanzable, 2018 (roman)
Juliana y los libros, 2020 (roman)

Note

Legături externe

 Claudia Amengual  - Autores.uy

Nașteri în 1969
Nașteri pe 7 ianuarie
Absolvenți ai Universității Republicii
Scriitori uruguayeni
Romancieri uruguayeni
Oameni din Montevideo
Uruguayeni în viață
Traducători uruguayeni
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XXI-lea

Claudia Amengual


Tse, (Ц, ц) Rus Kiril Alfabesi'nin yirmidördüncü harfidir. Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl patlamalı sürtünmeli ünsüz  () sesini göstermek için kullanılır.

Gagavuzca'da bu ses Ț harfi ile karşılanmıştır. Sert bir T sesidir. Türkçede bulunmayan bir ses değeridir. TS (ʦ: T+S) olarak da seslendirilir. Moğolca'da ve Rusça'da, Slav dillerinde, ayrıca Kiril alfabesini kullanan pek çok dilde Ç harfinin türevi olan bir sestir. Bu harfin ses değerini en güzel gösteren sözcüklerden birisi Gagavuzcadaki Soţial şeklinde yazılan  (Sosyal, "Sotsyal" gibi okunur) kelimesidir. Gagavuzca'da ve diğer Türk dillerinde Slav kökenli kelimelerde yer alır (Örneğin: Prezentaţiya, Redakţiya). Ancak öz Moğolca sözcüklerde de sık sık kullanılır. Örneğin: Moğolcadaki Цаг (Ţag: Çağ, "Tsag" okunur), Цэцэг (Ţeţeg: Çiçek, "Tsetseg" gibi okunur).

Belarus'ta yaşayan Lipka Tatarlarının alfabesinde ise TS sesini tam olarak karşılamak için  şeklinde bir harf üretilmiştir. Kazaklar ve Kırgızlarla birlikte yaşayan Çin kökeli Dungan halkı Sad harfinden biraz daha farklı olan ama yakın kaynaklardan çıkan bu sesi gösterebilmek için ڞ harfini kullanmıştır. Örneğin: Maţdar (Mastar: "Matstar" okunur).

Ц

Ц


Gara Lespezi este o stație de cale ferată care deservește comuna Lespezi, județul Iași, România.

Lespezi

Gara Lespezi


A weapons platform is generally any structure, vehicle or mechanism on which a weapon can be installed (via various mounting mechanisms) for optimal stability and performance. The mounted weapons, the platform and all other associated supporting equipments together form the weapon system.

In more general use, a weapons platform could be structured around a gun, such as a gun turret on a ship, or bracing on an aircraft. For example, a jet aircraft is a weapons platform for missiles, bombs or autocannons, and the resultant weapon system is the fighter jet; a motorboat can serve as a weapons platform for automatic weapons, torpedoes and flamethrowers, resulting in weapon systems such as gunboats and fast attack crafts. Land vehicles, either wheeled, tracked or mixed, are also considered weapons platforms for grenade launchers, machine guns, recoilless guns and some missile launchers, which transform the vehicles into weapon systems such as armored cars (such as the Humvee), IFVs and technicals (improvised from civilian pickup trucks). In addition, artificial satellites have been proposed as potential space weapon platforms. These satellites could carry an arsenal of weapons, such as to threaten other countries with the possibility of an orbital nuclear strike (see Rods from God).

The earliest weapons platforms were chariots, followed by war wagons. The ancient Greek Helepolis, a massive siege tower which mounted catapults, could also be considered a weapons platform. The next attempt to mount weapons on platforms was made at sea, with catapults and eventually cannon mounted on their final form as ships of the line before the advent of ironclad warships mounting turrets.

On land, the attempt to mount weapons on mobile platforms in the modern period was first made with railway guns. These, as forms of artillery, were the last vestiges of development of the super-weapon thinking before the advent of the tanks that changed the use of weapons platforms in warfare, although the largest railway guns were still used during the Second World War on the Eastern Front.

References

Weapons platform


Ķegums (în ) este un oraș (din 1993) în partea centrală a Letoniei, centru administrativ al municipalității Ķegums. Situat la 46 km sud-est de Riga, pe malul drept al râului Daugava, între orașele Lielvārde și Ogre, pe ambele părți ale liniei de cale ferată Riga-Krustpils și pe autostrada A6. Până în 2009 a făcut parte din Raionul Ogre.

Note

Vezi și
 Lista orașelor din Letonia
 Lista așezărilor de tip urban din Letonia

Orașe din Letonia

Ķegums


Procopiu Benția (n. 30 iulie 1878, comuna Hurez, comitatul Făgăraș, Regatul Ungariei – d. 30 decembrie 1943, Făgăraș, Regatul României) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Procopiu Benția a fost Comandantul Secției Avrig a Legiunii române din județul Sibiu. În anul 1919 a intrat în armata română și a luat parte în gradul de sublocotenent la campania contra Ungariei. A rămas în cadrele active ale armatei servind în Regimentul 90 Inf. Sibiu și Corpul 7 Armată ajungând până la gradul de locotenent colonel.

A fost membru pe viață al Astrei. A fost președinte de onoare al Reuniunii Meșterilor români din Avrig și membru în comitetul de ridicare a bustului lui Gheorghe Lazăr din Avrig. A fost și colaborator permanent al ziarului Cuvântul poporului și Puiul calicului, a publicat versuri în Crai Nou, Cosânzeana, Foaia poporului și Cuvântul poporului.

Activitate politică
În Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat comuna Hurez ca delegat de drept.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1878
Decese în 1943
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Învățători români
Transilvăneni
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Procopiu Benția


Pentium D, Intel'in ilk çift çekirdekli işlemcisidir. Pentium D, Pentium 4'e göre daha yüksek performans sunan LGA775 platformunda çalışan bir işlemcidir.

Pentium D 8XX serisi 90 nm teknolojisi ile üretilmişken, yeni Pentium D 9XX serisi 65 nm teknolojisine sahiptir ve bu nedenle daha az enerji harcayarak daha yüksek performans verebilmektedir. Yerini Core 2 Duo işlemciye bırakmıştır. Pentium D'lerin en büyük sorunu ısıdır. 2006 yılından sonra Pentium D serisi işlemciler üretilmemektedir. Isınmasından dolayı overclock konusunda iyi değildir. Rakibi AMD Athlon X2'dir.

Pentium D işlemciler 945G, 945P, 955X, 975X, nForce4 Intel Edition ve VIA'nın bazı yonga setlerini kullanan anakartlarda çalışabilir.

Intel işlemciler
2005 tanıtımları

Pentium D


Spiked may refer to:
 A drink to which alcohol, recreational drugs, or a date rape drug has been added
Spiked seltzer, seltzer with alcohol
Mickey Finn (drugs), a drink laced with a drug
 Spiked (hairstyle), hairstyles featuring spikes
 Spiked (magazine), a British Internet-based magazine
 Spike*D, stage name of German DJ Marcel Stephan, part of German DJ duo Gestört aber GeiL
 Spiked (film), a film starring Aidan Quinn
 Spiked!, a Hardy Boys novel

See also
 Spike (disambiguation)
 Spicata (disambiguation), a Latin word with the same meaning

Spiked


Sjakalen (orig: The Day of the Jackal) er en britisk-fransk thriller fra 1973 instrueret af Fred Zinnemann. De ledende roller spilles af Edward Fox og Michael Lonsdale. Filmen er baseret på Frederick Forsyths bog The Day of the Jackal fra 1971.

Medvirkende
 Edward Fox som Sjakalen
 Michael Lonsdale som Lebel
 Alan Badel som Minister
 Tony Britton som Inspektør Thomas
 Michel Auclair som Oberst Rolland
 Terry Alexander som Lloyd
 Cyril Cusack som Våbensmed
 Delphine Seyrig som Colette
 Eric Porter som Oberst Rodin
 Philippe Léotard
 Adrien Cayla-Legrand som Charles de Gaulle

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske film fra 1973
Dramafilm fra Frankrig
Kriminal Thrillere
Franske film fra 1973
Thrillerfilm fra Storbritannien
Thrillerfilm fra Frankrig

Sjakalen (film fra 1973)


Tetracera tigarea  est une espèce américaine d'arbustes appartenant à la famille des Dilleniaceae.

Protologue

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant pour Tigarea aspera Aubl. (synonyme de Tetracera tigarea) :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Dilleniaceae
Espèce de Dilleniales (nom scientifique)
Plante à fleurs en Guyane
Plante décrite par Aublet

Tetracera tigarea


Johann Friedel (* 17. August 1755 in Temesvar; † 31. März 1789 in Klagenfurt) war ein österreichischer Dichter, Journalist, Theaterschauspieler, Soldat und schließlich Theaterleiter.

Seine Bedeutung für die Kulturgeschichtsforschung bezieht sich auf sein Werk "Briefe über die Galanterien von Berlin, auf einer Reise gesammelt von einem österreichischen Offizier", erschienen in Gotha 1782.

Briefe über die Galanterien von Berlin
In seinem Buch beschreibt Friedel das sexuelle Verhalten der Berliner Bevölkerung, vor allem heterosexuelle Prostitution, Ehebruch und Ehescheidung. Außerdem gilt sein Buch als erste bekannte Beschreibung der Anfänge einer Subkultur homosexueller Männer in Berlin. Das Buch erschien anonym. Nach Erscheinen mehrerer gleichfalls anonymen Pamphlete zur "Widerlegung" des Buches bekannte sich Friedel 1784 als Autor und rechtfertigte sich mit der Bemerkung, dass "Schilderungen dieser Art für den Menschenforscher wichtig wären".

Eine Rezeption Friedels erfolgte Anfang der 1970er Jahre in Westdeutschland und in Westberlin im Zusammenhang mit der Emanzipationsbewegung Homosexueller. 1987 wurde im Ostberliner Eulenspiegel-Verlag eine Neuausgabe gedruckt, es folgte eine weitere im Ullstein-Verlag, sowie ein Reprint der Ausgabe von 1782, 2010 bei Kessinger Publishing, USA. Innerhalb der Schwulenbewegung wird die Glaubwürdigkeit Friedels gelegentlich in Frage gestellt. So schreibt Derks: "Ein Beweis für die Existenz einer homosexuellen Subkultur in Berlin wird damit nicht geliefert."

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Briefe aus Wien verschiedenen Inhalts an einen Freund in Berlin. Leipzig u. Berlin [: s. ed.] 1. Aufl. 1783, 2. u. 3. verb. Aufl. 1784
 Briefe aus Berlin über verschiedene Paradoxe dieses Zeitalters. An den Verfasser der Briefe aus Wien an einen Freund in Berlin. Berlin u. Wien [: s. ed.] 1784.
 Vertraute Briefe zur Charakteristik von Wien. Hermsdorf und Anton, Görlitz 1793
 Briefe über die Galanterien von Berlin, auf einer Reise gesammlet von einem österreichischen Offizier. Gotha 1782. (=, , )
 Johann Friedel's gesammelte kleine gedruckte und ungedruckte Schriften. Den Freunden der Wahrheit gewidmet, 1784

Literatur

 Gustav Gugitz: Johann Friedel. Ein literarisches Porträt aus der josephinischen Aufklärungszeit. In: Jahrbuch der Grillparzer-Gesellschaft, Jahrgang 15. 1905, S. 186–250.
 Karl Goedecke: Grundrisz zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung. Buch 6, 3. Aufl., Leipzig 1910, S. 606 (Dort eine Auswahlbibliografie der Werke Friedels)
 Friedel, Johann, Theaterdirektor, Schriftsteller, in: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, 2. CD-ROM-Edition, KG Saur Verlag 2004.

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Autor
Homosexualität in der Literatur
Literatur (Deutsch)
Person (Habsburgermonarchie vor 1804)
Geboren 1755
Gestorben 1789
Mann

Johann Friedel (Schauspieler)


Street Fight est un film américain réalisé par Marshall Curry, sorti en 2005.

Synopsis
Le film suit Cory Booker lors de la campagne municipale de 2002 à Newark dans laquelle il est outsider.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Street Fight
 Réalisation : Marshall Curry
 Scénario : Marshall Curry
 Musique : James Baxter
 Photographie : Marshall Curry
 Montage : Marshall Curry, Rachel Kittner et Mary Manhardt
 Production : Marshall Curry
 Société de production : Marshall Curry Productions
 Société de distribution : Argot Pictures (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Documentaire
 Durée : 83 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé à l'Oscar du meilleur film documentaire en 2006.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2005
Film documentaire américain
Film documentaire sur la politique américaine

Street Fight


Millenium Falcon, Yıldız Savaşları filminde Han Solo'nun kullandığı uzay gemisinin adıdır.

Han Solo bu gemiyi kumarbaz olan Lando Carlissian'dan Sabacc oyununda kazanmıştır. Han Solo Jabba the Hutt için kaçakçılık yapmaktadır. Bir keresinde imparatorluk gemisine yakalanmamak için malları bıraktığı için Jabba the Hutt ile başı belaya girer. Han Solo borcunu ödeyebilmek için Obi-Wan Kenobi ile anlaşır. Daha sonra da Han Solo, Luke Skywalker ile Cumhuriyet direniş birliklerine katılır. Millenium Falcon bundan sonra Cumhuriyet donanmasındadır. Donanmanın en hızlı gemisidir. Millenium Falcon'un onarımını kaptanı Han Solo ve yardımcısı olan Chewbacca kendileri yapmayı tercih ederler. Millenium Falcon ışık hızına çıkabilmektedir.Serinin 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. ve 9. filmlerinde yer almaktadır.

Yıldız Savaşları
Kurgusal uzay araçları
Kurguda ışıktan hızlı yolculuk
Yıldız savaşları araçları

Millennium Falcon


Andrews Thazhath (Puthukkad, 13 de dezembro de 1951) é um prelado indiano da Igreja Católica. Ele é o terceiro e atual arcebispo metropolitano da Arqueparquia Católica Siro-Malabar de Thrissur desde 2007. Ele foi nomeado arcebispo que sucedeu a Mar Jacob Thoomkuzhy em 22 de janeiro de 2007 e foi empossado no cargo em 18 de março de 2007 pelo Cardeal Mar Varkey Vithayathil. Também é, desde 30 de julho de 2022, administrador apostólico sede plena de Ernakulam-Angamaly e desde 11 de novembro do mesmo ano, presidente da Conferência dos Bispos Católicos da Índia.

Biografia
Recebeu sua formação sacerdotal no St. Joseph Pontifical Seminary de Alwaye, onde obteve o bacharelado em teologia. Foi ordenado padre em 14 de março de 1977. Em Roma, no Pontifício Instituto Oriental, obteve a licenciatura e depois o doutorado em direito canônico.

Assim, foi vigário paroquial e pároco em várias paróquias, prefeito no seminário menor, Notário e Juiz do Tribunal Eparquial, vice-chanceler e chanceler eparquial; sincelo da Arquieparquia de Trichur e presidente da Associação de Direito Canônico Oriental da Índia.

Em 18 de março de 2004, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou bispo auxiliar em Thrissur. Foi consagrado como bispo titular de Aptuca em 1 de maio do mesmo ano, na Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora de Lourdes de Thrissur, pelo arcebispo de Thrissur, Jacob Thoomkuzhy, coadjuvado por Jacob Manathodath, bispo de Palghat, e James Pazhayattil, bispo de Irinjalakuda.

Em 22 de janeiro de 2007, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou arquieparca de Thrissur. A entrada solene ocorreu em 18 de março do mesmo ano.

Fundou em 2009 a Legião de Famílias Apostólicas (LOAF), associação leiga de famílias consagradas.

Em 30 de julho de 2022, além de suas funções atuais, foi nomeado administrador apostólico sede plena da Arquieparquia Maior de Ernakulam-Angamaly. Foi nomeado pois Mar Antony Kariyil, vigário-geral da Arquieparquia Maior, foi expulso por levantar uma rebelião contra o cardeal George Alencherry, por conta do método uniformizado de missa, que foi introduzido na Igreja Católica Siro-Malabar em dezembro de 2021, e desafiou a diretiva do cardeal. Kariyil apoiou os sentimentos de uma grande parte dos padres e de uma seção de leigos na arquidiocese, onde o cardeal é considerado como uma persona non grata.

Em 11 de novembro de 2022, foi eleito presidente da Conferência dos Bispos Católicos da Índia (CBCI).

Ordenações episcopais
Mar Andrews Thazhath foi o principal consagrador de:
 Raphael Thattil (2010)
 Paul Alappatt (2010)
 Tony Neelankavil (2017)

Foi também co-ordenante de:
 Franco Mulakkal (2009)
 Bosco Puthur (2010)
 Sebastian Vaniyapurackal (2017)
 Joseph Thykkattil (2019)

Ligações externas

Naturais de Querala
Arcebispos católicos da Índia
Igreja Católica Siro-Malabar

Andrews Thazhath


David Van Cortlandt Crosby (14. ágúst, 1941 – 18. janúar, 2023) var bandarískur tónlistarmaður sem spilaði þjóðlagatónlist, rokk og djass. Hann var stofnandi The Byrds sem risu til frægðar árið 1965 með ábreiðu Mr. Tambourine Man eftir Bob Dylan. Árið 1968 myndaði Crosby þríeykið Crosby, Stills & Nash með Stephen Stills og Graham Nash. Hann kom meðal annars Joni Mitchell á framfæri og átti í samstarfi við Neil Young. Crosby var áberandi í hippa og andmenningarhreyfingunni á 7. áratug 20. aldar.

Árið 2018 hélt Crosby tónleika í Háskólabíói.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir tónlistarmenn

David Crosby


Willamette University is a private liberal arts college with locations in Salem and Portland, Oregon. Founded in 1842, it is the oldest college in the Western United States. Originally named the Oregon Institute, the school was an unaffiliated outgrowth of the Methodist Mission. The name was changed to Wallamet University in 1852, followed by the current spelling in 1870. Willamette founded the first medical school and law school in the Pacific Northwest in the second half of the 19th century.

The college is a member of the NCAA's Division III Northwest Conference. Approximately 2,400 students are enrolled at Willamette between the graduate and undergraduate programs.

History
The college was founded as the Oregon Institute by the missionary Jason Lee, who had arrived in what was then known as the Oregon Country in 1834 and had founded the Indian Manual Labor Institute for the education of the local Native Americans. Lee requested additional support for his mission, and received 53 additional volunteers in 1839, who arrived on the ship Lausanne. After a series of meetings in Lee's home, the by-laws were adopted and board of trustees elected and the institute was officially established on February 1, 1842. The Oregon Institute officially opened on August 13, 1844 with a total of five students and one teacher, Mrs. Chloe Clarke Willson. Lee served as the first President of the Board of Trustees, followed by David Leslie after Lee's death in 1845. Leslie would serve until his death in 1869. The original purpose of the institute was the education of the missionaries' children.

The original building of the institute was a three-story frame structure first occupied in 1844. At the time, it was one of the largest structures in the Pacific Northwest. It housed the first session of the state legislature to meet in Salem after the capital was moved there in 1851. The building burned down in 1872. In 1867, a new brick building was finished to house the school and named University Hall. The building was renamed as Waller Hall in 1912 to honor the Reverend Alvin F. Waller, and is now the oldest university building west of the Mississippi River still in use. The first president was Francis S. Hoyt, who served in that position from 1853 until 1860 and was replaced by Thomas Milton Gatch who is the only president of the school to serve as president two different times.

The name of the institution was changed to "Wallamet University" in 1852. The following year, the Oregon Territorial Legislature granted a charter to the university. The first graduate was Emily J. York, who received a degree as Mistress of English Literature in 1859. In 1866, the university established the first school of medicine in the Pacific Northwest. The current spelling of the university was adopted in 1870. In 1883, the university established the first law school in the Pacific Northwest during the presidency of Thomas Van Scoy. The school of medicine then merged with the University of Oregon in 1913 and is now Oregon Health and Science University.

In December 1941, the institution's football team traveled to Hawaii to play the University of Hawaii. Many students accompanied the team by passenger ship to Oahu. The game was played on December 6. The following day, many of the Willamette students witnessed the bombing of Pearl Harbor from their hotels on Waikiki Beach.  Their return trip was delayed by many weeks, and some of the students returned to Oregon by helping on ships transporting the wounded to the mainland. Many of the team members stayed with football players from Punahou School.

During World War II, Willamette was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. Lausanne Hall, previously a women's residence, served as a "ship" for trainees between 1943 and 1945.

In 1965, Willamette and the Tokyo International University entered a sister-college relationship. The Tokyo International University in America, on Willamette University's campus, was completed in 1989.

Elizabeth Heaston, of the class of 1999, became the first female to play in a collegiate football game in 1997. In 2013, the Willamette community broke the world record for largest game of Red Light/Green Light with 1,060 players, and reclaimed the record in August, 2015, with 1,203 players.

Campus

The  Salem campus is directly south of the Oregon State Capitol, affording students access to internships in the institutions of Oregon government. Much of downtown Salem, including the Capitol, is on land once owned by the college. Railroad tracks are located directly east of the institution, with the Salem Amtrak Station near the southeastern edge of campus. South of the school is Salem Hospital, with Bush's Pasture Park and the school's McCulloch Stadium opposite the hospital.

Willamette's core area in Salem lies between State Street on the north, Bellevue Street on the south, Winter Street to the west, and 12th Street on the east. On the west side of Winter Street lie the university's graduate programs in business and law. Additional properties outside of the core area are the Hallie Ford Museum of Art, the Oregon Civic Justice Center, the Tokyo International University of America campus, and several residential buildings. Willamette owns several other properties along State Street west of the main campus. The institution plans to redevelop portions of the west end of campus in order to better tie the campus to downtown Salem.

Academic buildings on campus include Eaton Hall and Smullin/Walton Hall, which are primarily used by humanities departments. Science classes are generally held in the Collins and Olin buildings. Willamette's music program is housed by the G. Herbert Smith Auditorium and Fine Arts building, as well as the Mary Stuart Rogers Music Center. Administrative offices are found in the Putnam University Center and Waller Hall, Willamette's oldest building. Waller Hall was built using bricks made of clay from the campus quad. Willamette's newest buildings, including the Goudy Commons, Kaneko Commons (a residential college opened in the Fall of 2006), and Rogers Music Center have all been designed by the Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects. Ford Hall, near Gatke Hall on State Street, is a new academic building completed in the Fall of 2009.

In addition to Greek housing, eleven residence halls exist on the Willamette campus. Undergraduate students are under contract to live on campus for two years, after which they may move into private residence or one of the university's apartment complexes. Lausanne Hall, originally home of the university's Women's College, is now one of the university's undergraduate dormitories. The building commemorates the ship that brought the reinforcements to Lee in 1839. York Hall commemorates the university's first graduate.

The Mill Stream runs through the middle of the campus. Starting across 12th Street and flowing through the length of the campus, it passes by the Martha Springer Botanical Garden, the Hatfield Library, Hudson Hall, the University Center, Smith Auditorium and Goudy Commons. This artificial stream, commonly referred to as the Mill Stream, was once known as the Mill Race. It forms a "W" shape when viewed from the University Center. Biology and environmental science classes utilize the Mill Stream as an authentic research venue. As part of the freshman matriculation ceremony, new students place a lit candle into the Mill Stream and watch it float downstream.

On-campus athletics facilities are located in the southeast portion of the campus. These include a soccer field, tennis courts, and the Sparks Center. Softball, football, and baseball stadiums are located outside of the main campus.

Academics

Undergraduate admissions
For the Class of 2026 (enrolling fall 2022), Willamette received 3,993 applications, admitted 3,218, and enrolled 537 students. For the freshmen who enrolled, the average high school weighted grade point average was 3.96.

For the 2022-2023 academic year, tuition, housing, and fee charges were $65,047.  Willamette awarded about $30.2 million in need-based aid to its students in 2015, with the average financial aid package equal to $35,204. In terms of merit-based aid, the majority of Willamette scholarships and grants are awarded to students with demonstrated financial need.

Willamette University is a Common Application-exclusive school and is test-optional. All students who apply for admission are automatically considered for merit-based scholarships, which start at $22,000 per year. The university accepts the FAFSA to determine financial aid packages.

Programs and resources
The institution's College of Arts and Sciences offers 35 majors, six minors and seven special programs, including pre-law, pre-med and a BA/MBA program. The most popular undergraduate majors, by number out of 393 graduates in 2022, were:
Economics (40)
Psychology (33)
Biology/Biological Sciences (30)
Environmental Science (28)
Political Science and Government (24)
Exercise Science and Kinesiology (23)

Learning takes place both in and outside of the classroom. For example, students earn credit as political interns at the Oregon State Capitol, across the street from campus; study the effects of climate change at the nearby research forest; or conduct epidemiology surveys for the local health department.

Students in service-learning courses base papers and projects on their community service experience, and more than half of Willamette's undergraduate students study abroad, choosing from programs in 40 countries. Co-located with Tokyo International University of America, Willamette offers opportunities for students interested in Japanese language and culture, and connections to Asia and the Pacific Rim.

Carson Grants offer undergraduates the opportunity to undertake a scholarly, creative, or professional research project during the summer, and the Lilly Project provides grants, internships and programs to help students discern their "calling in life" and create meaningful professional paths. Sustainability mini-grants also provide students with opportunities to initiate contributions to campus sustainability efforts. Five academic Centers of Excellence provide opportunities for student-faculty collaboration and research. Eleven faculty members have been named Oregon Professor of the Year by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) since 1990.

Graduate programs

Located on the western side of the campus are the university's two graduate level schools. The College of Law is the oldest and largest of the programs, with the Atkinson Graduate School of Management being smaller and newer. The College of Education at Willamette closed in 2014. Atkinson and the College of Law offer a joint-degree program that allows students to earn both an MBA and Juris Doctor.

Campus life

The institution's weekly newspaper, the Willamette Collegian, began publishing in 1875. It also has over 100 student organizations ranging from sport clubs, political groups, and social clubs to religious groups and honor societies. Willamette University has many active club and intramural sports on its campus, including rugby, poi spinning, ultimate frisbee, basketball, and others. The Outdoor Program organizes around 120 trips each year, and more than half of students participate in trips like kayaking, camping, skiing, hiking, whale-watching, and more.

Greek life
There are five fraternities and two sororities at Willamette. The sororities are Alpha Chi Omega and Alpha Phi. The fraternities are Phi Delta Theta, Kappa Sigma, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Beta Theta Pi, and Sigma Chi.

Greek life at Willamette began in the 1920s. In 1942, G. Herbert Smith, a member of Beta Theta Pi, became President of Willamette, and invited more fraternities and sororities onto campus. Pi Beta Phi became the first national sorority at Willamette in 1944, and Beta Theta Pi, Sigma Chi, and Phi Delta Theta were installed in 1947.

Chi Omega was transformed into a multicultural oriented residence known as WISH (Willamette International Studies House). Pi Beta Phi closed in 2021. In the spring of 2014, Alpha Phi accepted an invitation from the university's Panhellenic Council to reorganize their chapter on Willamette's campus. In the fall of 2014, Beta Theta Pi began recolonization of its chapter on Willamette's campus with the consent of the university's Inter-Fraternity council.

Greek life at Willamette came under national scrutiny in 2013 when Facebook messages from one fraternity, Sigma Chi, were leaked. The messages were sexist in nature and included demands for Sigma Chi brothers to "invite any girl who has a pulse" to an upcoming party and that "women's [sic] rights are the biggest joke in the US." The messages included sexually threatening language about a Willamette administrator. The fraternity lost its house and was forced to move off campus. Sigma Chi's National Executive Director Mike Dunn said that the fraternity "completely support[s] what the school has done." Twelve members of the fraternity were punished by being forced to leave the group. In the aftermath, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Sigma Chi at Willamette fifth on its list of "The Most Out of Control Fraternities in America".

Athletics

The Willamette University Bearcats compete at the NCAA Division III level. Willamette fields teams in baseball, basketball, cross-country, golf, football, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field, lacrosse and volleyball. In 2021, Willamette will begin the first women's varsity triathlon program in the Pacific Northwest and the 23rd program nationally.

Willamette is a founding member of the Northwest Conference league. The football team plays home games at McCulloch Stadium south of the main campus, while basketball, swimming, and volleyball teams use the Lestle J. Sparks Center for home events. At or adjacent to McCulloch are the Charles Bowles Track used for track meets and Roy S. "Spec" Keene Stadium where baseball plays its home games.

In 1991, the institution started the Willamette University Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1993, the school earned its only team sport national championship when the men's basketball team earned the NAIA Division 2 title.

Notable athletes
As an undergraduate, Olympian Nick Symmonds won the 800 NCAA championship race all four years and the 1,500 NCAA championship race as a freshman, junior, and senior. Symmonds later went on to place fifth in the 800 meter run at the 2012 Olympic Games.

In 2007, Sarah Zerzan won the NCAA Division III title in cross country.

In 1997, Liz Heaston became the first woman to ever play in a college football game when the Bearcats beat rival Linfield College. She kicked two extra points in the game. Also that year, the football team finished its best season losing in the NAIA National Championship game to the University of Findlay 14–7.

In 2014, Conner Mertens became the first active college football player to come out about his bisexuality. Mertens generated international headlines when he publicly addressed being bisexual.

In 2017, the Willamette Men's Soccer team won their first NCAA division III title.

On Dec. 7, 1941, Willamette's football team was in Honolulu, Hawaii, for the Shrine Bowl when Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor. Team members and fans who had made the trip volunteered for 10 days following the attack as guards at Punahou School and nurses at the U.S. Navy hospital. The 1941 team, known today on Willamette's campus as "the Pearl Harbor Football Team," was inducted into the Willamette University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997.

Notable faculty
Chloe Clark Willson
Charles Bowles
Mark Hatfield
Willis C. Hawley
Robert Hess
John Lowden Knight
Susan M. Leeson
Orlando Plummer
Bill Smaldone
Kim Stafford
Symeon C. Symeonides
Olympia Vernon
Danielle Cadena Deulen
Chris Smith
John Doan
Wendi Warren Binford

Notable alumni

Notable alumni from Willamette include a range of people involved in business, government, education, science, sports, art and entertainment.

Perhaps the most notable Willamette graduate is Dale T. Mortensen, the 2010 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Business leaders include James Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, and Alex J. Mandl, the executive chairman of digital security company Gemalto. Those in the arts include Marie Watt, a contemporary artist whose work centers on Native American themes.

Thomas A. Bartlett, president of American University in Cairo attended Willamette for two years before completing his bachelor of arts at Stanford University. In his career, he has served as president of the Association of American Universities, president of Colgate University and chairman of the board of trustees of the United States–Japan Foundation. Another alum involved in the education arena is Norma Paulus. Paulus served as Oregon's superintendent of public instruction. Prior to this, she was the first woman to hold statewide elected office in Oregon as secretary of state.

Government officials who have graduated from Willamette include members from both the judicial and legislative branches of government. Oregon Supreme Court's first Hispanic American chief justice, Paul De Muniz, graduated from the College of Law, as did his predecessor, Wallace P. Carson, Jr. Recent Oregon State Supreme Court justice Virginia Linder also received her J.D. from Willamette. California Democratic congressman Sam Farr who served from 1993 through 2017, successfully introduced the 2007 "Oceans Conservation, Education and National Strategy for the 21st Century Act." He attended Willamette for his undergraduate studies. Mark O. Hatfield, Oregon's former governor and the longest serving Oregon senator, graduated from Willamette and later returned as a professor at his alma mater. Bob Packwood, former Republican senator graduated from Willamette University in 1954. Robert Freeman Smith, a Republican, was a state House member from 1960-1972, then served as a United States Congressman from Oregon's 2nd congressional district from 1983 to 1995. After a brief retirement, he returned to Congress in 1997, for a single term. Washington Governor Jay Inslee earned his J.D. degree from Willamette University. Lisa Murkowski, a Republican senator from Alaska, also received her J.D. from Willamette University College of Law.

Notable alumni in science include Gerald L. Pearson (Physics 1926), and Daryl Chapin (Physics 1927), both of whom were co-inventors of the silicon solar cell at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1954.

Notable alumni involved in athletics include Cal Lee, linebackers coach for the University of Hawaii football team, who graduated from Willamette in 1970. A graduate of the class of 1999, Liz Heaston, made history at Willamette as the first female to play and score in a men's NAIA college football game in 1997. Tony Barron was a former Major League Baseball. Barron played for the Montreal Expos from 1995-1996, and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1997. Nick Symmonds won seven NCAA Division III 800-meter championships during his undergraduate years at Willamette before going on to win the 2008 Olympic Track and Field Trials.

References

Further reading

External links

Official website
Salem History site on Willamette University

Liberal arts colleges in Oregon
Educational institutions established in 1842
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
1842 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Salem, Oregon
Private universities and colleges in Oregon
Methodist universities and colleges in the United States

Willamette University


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção ao patrimônio cultural do mundo, através da Convenção sobre o Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade, cujo processo de implementação teve início em 1997 e foi oficializado em 2003. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial existente na Argentina, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO visando catalogar e proteger manifestações da cultura humana no país. A Argentina ratificou a convenção em 9 de agosto de 2006, tornando suas manifestações culturais elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

A manifestação cultural Tango foi a primeira manifestação da Argentina incluída na lista do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da UNESCO por ocasião da 4.ª Sessão do Comitê Intergovernamental para a Proteção do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade, realizada em Abu Dhabi (Emirados Árabes Unidos) em 2009. Desde a mais recente adesão à lista, a Argentina totaliza 3 manifestações culturais classificadas como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial.

Bens imateriais
A Argentina conta atualmente com as seguintes manifestações declaradas como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial pela UNESCO:

Ver também
 Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Argentina
 Cultura da Argentina

Argentina
Conservação na Argentina
Cultura da Argentina

Lista do Património Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade na Argentina


Carl Thorvald Malling (født 23. maj 1905 i København, død 18. december 1993 i Maglegårds Sogn) var en dansk hockeyspiller, der deltog på det danske landshold ved OL 1928 i Amsterdam samt 1936 i Berlin. Carl Malling spillede for Københavns Hockeyklub og opnåede i alt 14 landskampe i perioden 1926-1936.

Ved OL i 1928 blev Danmark delt nummer fem blandt de ni hold efter sejre i indledende runde over Schweiz og Østrig samt nederlag til Indien og Belgien. Dette var ikke nok til at komme med i slutkampene. Malling spillede alle fire kampe uden at score.

Ved OL i 1936 blev Danmark delt nummer syv blandt de elleve deltagende hold efter nederlag i indledende runde til Tyskland og uafgjort mod Afghanistan samt i nederlag i to placeringskampe mod henholdsvis Schweiz og Japan. Her spillede Malling kampene mod Tyskland og Japan, igen uden at score.

Referencer

Hockeyspillere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1928
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1936

Carl Malling


A Liga das Nações de Voleibol Feminino de 2023 foi a quinta edição deste torneio anual organizado pela Federação Internacional de Voleibol (FIVB). O torneio ocorreu de 30 de maio a 16 de julho, com as finais sendo realizadas na cidade de Arlington, nos Estados Unidos.

Atual campeã da Liga das Nações, a seleção da Itália não conseguiu defender o seu título e foi eliminada pela Turquia nas quartas de final. O Brasil pela primeira vez ficou de fora das semifinais ao ser superado pela China. China e Turquia protagonizam a segunda final inédita do torneio, que terminou com uma vitória turca por 3 sets a 1 e o primeiro título da seleção europeia a nível internacional. A Polônia conquistou a sua primeira medalha ao vencer os Estados Unidos por 3 sets a 2 na disputa pelo bronze. A seleção polonesa não subia ao pódio de uma competição à nível internacional desde o mundial de 1962, quando conquistou a sua última medalha em um torneio deste estilo.

Participantes
Segue-se o quadro com as dezesseis seleções qualificadas para a Liga das Nações de 2023. Entre parênteses está a posição de cada equipe no ranking da FIVB antes do início da competição.

A Croácia por ser atual vencedora da Challenger Cup de 2022, garantiu o acesso ao torneio nessa edição, substituindo a seleção da Bélgica – última equipe desafiante na classificação geral na Liga das Nações de 2022.

Somente as equipes desafiantes podem ser rebaixadas para a Challenger Cup.

Fórmula de disputa
Fase preliminar
A Liga das Nações de 2023 é disputada com base na mesma fórmula de competição da edição de 2022. As 16 equipes participantes foram classificadas do 1º ao 16º lugar no ranking mundial da FIVB após o término da última edição, e cada equipe joga um total de 12 partidas durante a fase preliminar ao longo de três semanas, contra adversários igualmente fortes – três partidas contra equipes classificadas do 1º ao 4º, três partidas contra equipes classificadas do 5º ao 8º, três partidas contra equipes classificadas do 9º ao 12º e três partidas contra equipes classificadas do 13º ao 16º.

Fase final
A fase final será disputada em sistema eliminatório, composta pelas sete melhores equipes da fase classificatória além da equipe do país anfitrião.

Calendário
A tabela dos grupos foi anunciada em 11 de novembro de 2022.

Locais

Fase preliminar

Fase final

Critérios de classificação
 Número de vitórias;
 Pontos;
 Razão de sets;
 Razão de pontos;
 Resultado da última partida entre os times empatados.

 Placar de 3–0 ou 3–1: 3 pontos para o vencedor, nenhum para o perdedor;
 Placar de 3–2: 2 pontos para o vencedor, 1 para o perdedor.

Fase preliminar

Tabela

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 Primeira semana
 Grupo 1
 Local:  Antália, Turquia
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+03:00).

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 Grupo 2
 Local:  Nagoia, Japão
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+09:00).

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 Segunda semana
 Grupo 3
 Local:
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+08:00).

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 Grupo 4
 Local:  Brasília, Brasil
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC−03:00).

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 Terceira semana
 Grupo 5
 Local:  Suwon, Coreia do Sul
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+09:00).

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 Grupo 6
 Local:  Tailândia, Bancoque
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+07:00).

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Fase final
 As partidas seguem o horário local (UTC−06:00).

 Quartas de final

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 Semifinais

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 Terceiro lugar

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 Final

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Classificação final

Prêmios individuais
A seleção do campeonato foi composta pelas seguintes jogadoras:

 MVP (Most Valuable Player):  Melissa Vargas

Ver também
 Liga das Nações de Voleibol Masculino de 2023
 Challenger Cup de Voleibol Feminino de 2023

Ligações externas

Liga das Nações de Voleibol Feminino
2023 no voleibol
Desporto na Turquia em 2023
Desporto no Japão em 2023
Desporto na China em 2023
Desporto na Coreia do Sul em 2023
Desporto na Tailândia em 2023
Desporto nos Estados Unidos em 2023
Esporte no Brasil em 2023


The Ho-Am Prize was established in 1990 by Kun-Hee Lee, the Chairman of Samsung, with a vision to create a new corporate culture that continues the noble spirit of public service espoused by the late Chairman Byung-chull Lee, founder of Samsung. Awarded since 1991, it is funded by Samsung and named after their former chairman, Lee Byung-chul (Ho-Am is his pen name which means filling up a space with clear water as lakes do, and being unshakeable as a large rock). The Ho-Am Prize is currently awarded in five fields: Science, Engineering, Medicine, Arts and Community Service.  The Ho-Am Prize in the Arts was established in 1994.

Prizewinners of Ho-Am Prize in the Arts

See also
 Ho-Am Prize
 Ho-Am Prize in Science
 Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
 Ho-Am Prize in Medicine
 Ho-Am Prize in Community Service

References

Arts awards in South Korea
Korean art
Awards established in 1994
Samsung
Annual events in South Korea
1994 establishments in South Korea

Ho-Am Prize in the Arts


DBU Pokalen finalen 2016-17 var den 63. finale i DBU Pokalen. Den fandt sted den 25. maj 2017 i Telia Parken i København. Finalen var mellem rivalerne FC København og Brøndby. FC København vandt kampen 3-1 og vandt deres 8. titel.

Vinderen skulle have trådt ind i 2. kvalifikationsrunde i UEFA Europa League 2017-18. Men da både FC København og Brøndby var kvalificerede til en europæisk turnering via den hjemlige liga. Dette betød, at 2. pladsen i Superligaen 2016-17 trådte ind i 2. kvalifikationsrunde i Europa League 2017-18, hvilket i dette tilfælde var Brøndby.

Finalen var en gentagelse af DBU Pokalfinalen 1998. Kampen blev sendt direkte på TV af TV3+.

Vejen til finalen

FC København

Da FC København sluttede blandt de fire øverste i Superligaen 2015-16 trådte de ind i 3. runde. Her skulle de møde Jammerbugt FC fra 2. division. Kampen blev rykket til Nordjyske Arena i Aalborg, og her vandt FC København 6-1. Målene blev scoret af Aboubakar Keita, Rasmus Falk, Mads Rasmussen, Julian Kristoffersen og Nicklas Røjkjær, hvor sidstnævnte scorede to gange.

I 4. runde gjaldt det B93 fra 2. division. Her blev kampen rykket til FC Københavns hjemmebane Telia Parken, hvor FC København vandt 3-0. Her scorede Kasper Kusk to mål og Julian Kristoffersen et enkelt.

I kvartfinalen skulle FC København op imod AGF fra Superligaen. Kampen blev spillet i Telia Parken, hvor FC København vandt 2-1 takket være mål af Andrija Pavlovic og Ludwig Augustinsson.

I semifinalen var modstanderen Vendsyssel FF fra 1. division. Kampen blev spillet på Bredbånd Nord Arena i Hjørring. Her spillede FC København sig i finalen med en 2-0 sejr, hvor målene blev scoret af Jan Gregus og Kasper Kusk.

Brøndby

Brøndby sluttede ligesom FCK blandt de fire øverste i Superligaen 2015-16, og trådte derfor også ind i 3. runde. Her skulle de møde Frem fra 2. division. Kampen blev spillet i Valby Idrætspark, og her vandt Brøndby 2-1. Målene blev scoret af Christian 'Greko' Jakobsen og Teemu Pukki.

I 4. runde gjaldt det Marienlyst fra 2. division. Her blev kampen rykket til Brøndbys hjemmebane Brøndby Stadion, hvor Brøndby vandt 4-1. Her stod Rodolph Austin, Svenn Crone, Kamil Wilczek og Zsolt Kalmar for målene.

I kvartfinalen skulle Brøndby op imod Randers FC fra Superligaen. Kampen blev spillet på BioNutria Park i Randers, hvor Brøndby vandt 4-2, efter forlænget spilletid, takket være mål af Kamil Wilczek, Hany Mukhtar, der scorede to mål, og Zsolt Kalmar.

I semifinalen var modstanderen FC Midtjylland fra Superligaen. Kampen blev spillet på MCH Arena i Herning. Her spillede Brøndby sig i finalen med en 2-1 sejr, hvor målene blev scoret af Teemu Pukki og Christian Nørgaard.

Kampen

Referat
I en højlydt og festklædt ramme fik kampen en meget intens åbning, hvor der var masser af dueller og gode fremadrettede intentioner fra begge hold. Det lykkedes for Brøndbys Kamil Wilczek at få bolden i mål, men målet blev annulleret pga. offside. Men der var muligheder til begge hold i 1. halvleg, der dog sluttede målløst.

I 2. halvleg skulle der blot gå fem minutter før der kom mål. Andreas Cornelius bragte FC København foran 1-0. Ti minutter senere bragte Teemu Pukki balance i regnskabet, da han var først over en returbold og fik udlignet. Men på 2-3 minutter fik FC København scoret to gange. Først ved Federico Santander og derefter ved Andreas Cornelius, der dermed blev dobbelt målscorer i kampen.

Detaljer

Referencer

2016-17
Fodbold i 2017
Fodboldsæson 2016-17

DBU Pokalen finalen 2016-17


Rosenthal ist ein Weiler von Leutenberg im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Rosenthal liegt in kupiertem Gelände im westlichen Sormitztal.

Geschichte
Am 30. April 1417 wurde der Weiler erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Der Name besagt, dass es sich hier um eine ehemalige Bergbausiedlung mit Verhütten von Erzen handelt. Rosenthal ist aber auch eine bäuerliche Siedlung. Der Ort gehörte zur Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Leutenberg und nach dessen Erlöschen von 1564 bis 1918 zur Oberherrschaft der Grafschaft bzw. des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Leutenberg)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1417
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1957

Rosenthal (Leutenberg)


1840 දී ප්‍රංශයේ අධිරාජ්‍යා බවට පත්වූ නැපෝලියන් සෙනෙවියාගෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව පැවති ආක්‍රමණික තර්ජනය නිසා 1790 දශකය අගදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය  රාජ්‍ය ආර්ථිකය ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් පිරිහෙන්නට විය.ඊට තාවකාලික පිළියමක් වශයෙන් රටේ යමක් කමක් අැති ජනතාවගේ දායකත්වය රජයට ලබාගැනී එක් උපාය මාර්ගයක් වශයෙන්
1799 දී ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් වරට ආදායම් බද්ද හදුන්වා දී තිබේ.*ලංකාවේ ආදායම් බද්ද අාරම්භ වී තිබෙන්නේ 1932 වර්ෂයේදීය. එනම් ඉංග්‍රීසි පාලන සමයේදීය. වචනයේ අර්ථයෙන්ම ආදායම් බද්ද අයකරනු ලබන්නේ පුද්ගලයන්ගේ ආදායම මතය. එය තවත් කෙනෙකුට විතැන්කළ නොහැක.ඒ නිසා එය ඉතාමත් සංවේදී බද්දකි. ආදායම් බද්ද තනි පුද්ගලයන්පමණක් නොව  ආයතනික පුද්ගලයන් ද අයත්වේ.(සංස්ථා,සමාගම්) තනි තනි පුද්ගලයන් ගෙවනු ලබන ආදායම් බදු පෞද්ගලික ආදායම් බදු වශයෙන් හැඳින්වේ. ඊට හොඳම උදාහරණය නම් උපයන විට ගෙවීමේ බද්දයි.අනෙකුත් ආයතනිකපුද්ගලයන්ගේ අයකරන බදු සාමූහික ආදායම් බදු වශයෙන් හැඳින්වේ. මේ කොටස් දෙකහිම  ආදායම් බදු අනුපාතය එක සමාන නොවේ.

ආදායම් මත අයකරන, කලින් කලට ඇති නැති වන වෙනත් බදු වර්ගද අපට දැකිය හැකිය.  අප රටේ මෑතක් වන තුරැ පැවති ජාතිය රැකගැනීමේඅරමුදලද පුද්ගලයාගේ  ආදායම් මත අයකරගත්  බද්දකි. එසේම 2002 වසරේ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පොලී මත අයකරන බදු ද  ආදායම් බද්දකි. රඳවා ගැනීමේබද්දද ආදායම් බද්දකි. සමාජයේ ආදායම් විෂමතාව අවම කිරීමට ආදායම් බද්ද හොඳ මාර්ගයක් වුවත් එය තනි පුද්ගලයන්ගේ ආදායම් ඉපදවීම මන්දෝත්සාහී කිරීමට බලපායි.

යොමුව
 සටහන සගරාව

ආදායම් බද්දේ අතීතය


Le dème d'Achelóos, en  / Dímos Achelóou, est un ancien dème du district régional de Kardítsa, en Thessalie, Grèce. En 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Argithéa.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Le nom de l'ancien dème fait référence au fleuve Achelóos, l'un des principaux cours d'eau de la Grèce.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Thessalie
Ancien dème en Grèce

Dème d'Achelóos


Pandora's Box () is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, and starring Louise Brooks, Fritz Kortner, and Francis Lederer. The film follows Lulu, a seductive young woman whose uninhibited nature brings ruin to herself and those who love her. It is based on Frank Wedekind's plays Erdgeist ("Earth Spirit", 1895) and Die Büchse der Pandora ("Pandora's Box", 1904).

Dismissed by critics on its initial release, Pandora's Box was later rediscovered by film scholars as a classic of Weimar German cinema.

Plot

Lulu is the mistress of a respected, middle-aged newspaper publisher, Dr. Ludwig Schön. One day, she is delighted when an old man, her "first patron", Schigolch, shows up at the door to her highly contemporary apartment. However, when Schön also arrives, she makes Schigolch hide on the balcony. Schön breaks the news to Lulu that he is going to marry Charlotte von Zarnikow, the daughter of the  Minister of the Interior. Lulu tries to get him to change his mind, but when he discovers the disreputable-looking Schigolch, he leaves. Schigolch then introduces Lulu to Rodrigo Quast. Quast wants her to join his new variety act.

The next day, Lulu goes to see her best friend Alwa, who happens to be Schön's son. Schön is greatly displeased to see her, but comes up with the idea to have her star in his son's musical production to get her off his hands. However, Schön makes the mistake of bringing Charlotte to see the revue. When Lulu refuses to perform in front of her rival, Schön takes her into a storage room to try to persuade her otherwise, but she seduces him instead. Charlotte finds them embracing.

A defeated Schön resigns himself to marrying Lulu. While the wedding reception is underway, he is disgusted to find Lulu playfully cavorting with Schigolch and Quast in the bedchamber. He gets his pistol and threatens to shoot the interlopers, but Lulu cries out not to, that Schigolch is her father. Schigolch and Quast thus escape. Once they are alone, Schön insists his new wife take the gun and shoot herself. When Lulu refuses, the gun goes off in the ensuing struggle, and Schön is killed.

At her murder trial, Lulu is sentenced to five years for manslaughter. However, Schigolch and Quast trigger a fire alarm and spirit her away in the confusion. When Alwa finds her back in the Schön home, he confesses his feelings for her and they decide to flee the country. Countess Augusta Geschwitz, herself infatuated with Lulu, lets the fugitive use her passport. On the train, Lulu is recognized by another passenger, Marquis Casti-Piani. He offers to keep silent in return for money. He also suggests a hiding place, a ship used as an illegal gambling den.

Casti-Piani sells Lulu to an Egyptian for his brothel. Lulu, Geschwitz, Alwa, Schigolch, and Quast are now passengers on the gambling ship. Quast blackmails Lulu for financing for his new act. Desperate for money to pay the Egyptian off, Alwa cheats at cards and is caught. Having turned to Geschwitz for help, Lulu now asks Schigolch. He persuades a reluctant Geschwitz to lure Quast to a stateroom, where she kills him. Lulu, Schigolch, and Alwa flee in a rowboat as the police swarm the ship.

They end up in squalor, in a drafty London garret. On Christmas Eve, driven to prostitution, Lulu has the misfortune of picking a remorseful Jack the Ripper. Though he protests he has no money, she likes him and invites him to her lodging anyway. Jack is touched and secretly throws away his knife. Schigolch drags Alwa away before they are seen. Although he genuinely likes her, Jack spots a knife on a table as they embrace and cannot resist his urge to kill. Unaware of Lulu's fate, Schigolch celebrates with a group of revelers and fulfills his lifelong wish to eat Christmas pudding while a broken Alwa (who sees Jack leave) follows a passing Salvation Army parade.

Cast

 Louise Brooks as Lulu
 Fritz Kortner as Dr. Ludwig Schön
 Francis Lederer as Alwa Schön
 Carl Goetz as Schigolch
 Krafft-Raschig as Rodrigo Quast

 Alice Roberts as Countess Augusta Geschwitz
 Daisy D'ora as Charlotte Marie Adelaide von Zarnikow
 Gustav Diessl as Jack the Ripper
 Michael von Newlinsky as Marquis Casti-Piani
 Sigfried Arno as The Stage Manager

Themes
The title is a reference to Pandora of Greek mythology, who upon opening a box given to her by the Olympian gods released all evils into the world, leaving only hope behind. In the film this connection is made explicitly by the prosecutor in the trial scene.

The film is notable for its lesbian subplot in the attraction of Countess Augusta Geschwitz (in some prints Anna) to Lulu. The character of Geschwitz is defined by her masculine look, as she wears a tuxedo. Roberts resisted the idea of playing a lesbian.

Production

Development
Pandora's Box had previously been adapted for the screen by Arzén von Cserépy in 1921 in Germany under the same title, with Asta Nielsen in the role of Lulu. As there was a musical, plays and other cinema adaptations at the time, the story of Pandora's Box was well known. This allowed writer-director G. W. Pabst to take liberties with the story.

Casting
Pabst searched for months for an actress to play the lead character of Lulu. After seeing American actress Louise Brooks portray a circus performer in the 1928 Howard Hawks' film A Girl in Every Port, Pabst tried to get her on loan from Paramount Pictures. His offer was not made known to Brooks by the studio until she left Paramount over a salary dispute. Pabst's second choice was Marlene Dietrich; Dietrich was actually in Pabst's office, waiting to sign a contract to do the film, when Pabst got word of Brooks' availability. In an interview many years later, Brooks stated that Pabst was reluctant to hire Dietrich, as he felt she was too old at 27, and not a good fit for the character. Pabst himself later wrote that Dietrich was too knowing, while Brooks had both innocence and the ability to project sexuality, without coyness or premeditation.

Filming

In shooting the film, Pabst drew on Brooks' background as a dancer with the pioneering modern dance ensemble Denishawn, "choreographing" the movement in each scene and limiting her to a single emotion per shot. Pabst was deft in manipulating his actors: he hired tango musicians to inspire Brooks between takes, coached a reluctant Alice Roberts through the lesbian sequences, and appeased Fritz Kortner, who did not hide his dislike for Brooks. During the first week or two of filming, Brooks went out partying every night with her current lover, George Preston Marshall, much to Pabst's displeasure. When Marshall left, a relieved Pabst imposed a stricter lifestyle on his star.

Tensions rose between the performers as well, with Fritz Kortner refusing to speak to Brooks on the set. Per Brooks' own recollection, "Kortner, like everybody else on the production, thought I had cast some blinding spell over Pabst that allowed me to walk through my part...  Kortner hated me. After each scene with me, he would pound off the set to his dressing room." Despite these tensions, Brooks reflected that Pabst used the actors' personal animosities and dispositions toward one another to the benefit of the film's character dynamics, subtly urging them to sublimate their frustrations, and recalled his direction as masterful.

Release

Reception and censorship
Upon the film's release in Germany, Pabst was accused of making a "scandalous version" of Wedekind's plays, in which the Lulu character is presented as "a man-eater devouring her sexual victims." Critics in Berlin particularly dismissed the film as a "travesty" of its source material. The film's presentation of the Countess as a lesbian was also controversial, and Brooks was castigated as a "non-actress." According to film historians Derek Malcolm and J. Hoberman, the ire Brooks received for her performance was largely rooted in her being an American.

The film underwent significant censorship in various countries: In France, the film was significantly re-edited from its original cut, making Alwa's secretary and the countess become Lulu's childhood friends, eliminating the lesbian subplot between the countess and Lulu; furthermore, in the French cut, Lulu is found not guilty at her trial, and there is no Jack the Ripper character, as the film ends with Lulu joining the Salvation Army. This cut was also released in the United Kingdom. Significantly truncated cuts of the film were screened in the United States, ranging various lengths, and concluding the same as the French and British cuts, with Lulu escaping to join the Salvation Army.

U.S. reviews
In the United States, the film screened in New York City beginning 1 December 1929, also in a truncated version. Film critic Irene Thirer of the New York Daily News noted that the film suffered greatly from the edits made to what "must have been ultra-sophisticated silent cinema in its original form." On 8 December 1929, the widely read New York-based trade paper The Film Daily also published a review; that assessment, written by Jack Harrower, was based too on his viewing a heavily censored version of the film, a version identified to have a running time of only 66 minutes. Harrower describes what he saw as a "hodgepodge" that offers "little entertainment" due to the film being "hacked to pieces by the censors":
Variety, the American entertainment industry's leading publication in 1929, characterizes Pandora's Box as incoherent or "rambling" in its 11 December review. That review, attributed to "Waly", was based on the film's presentation at the 55th Street Playhouse in Manhattan, which apparently screened a longer version of the motion picture than the one seen by Harrower. Variety'''s critic estimated the duration of the film he saw at 85 minutes; nevertheless, he also recognized the ruinous effects of extensive cuts to the film. "Management at this house [theater]", notes Waly, "blames the N.Y. censor with ending everything with Pandora and boy friends joining the Salvation Army."The New York Times reviewed the film as well in December 1929. The newspaper's influential critic Mordaunt Hall also saw the picture at Manhattan's 55th Street Playhouse. Hall in his review judges it to be "a disconnected melodramatic effusion" that is "seldom interesting". He notes that Brooks is "attractive" and "moves her head and eyes at the proper moment", but he adds that he finds her facial expressions in portraying various emotions on screen "often difficult to decide". Hall then concludes his remarks by indirectly complimenting the film's cinematography, asserting that the German production was "filmed far better than the story deserves".

Rediscovery and restoration
Though it was largely dismissed by critics upon initial release, Pandora's Box was rediscovered by film scholars in the 1950s, and began to accrue acclaim, eventually earning the reputation of being an unsung classic. It is now considered one of the classics of Weimar Germany's cinema, along with The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Metropolis, The Last Laugh, and The Blue Angel. Brooks' talent as an actress, which had been criticized upon the film's initial release (specifically by German critics), was also subject to international reappraisal and acclaim from the likes of European critics such as Lotte H. Eisner, Henri Langlois, and David Thomson.

Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film in 1998 with great praise, and remarked of Brooks' presence that "she regards us from the screen as if the screen were not there; she casts away the artifice of film and invites us to play with her". He included the film on his list of The Great Movies. , the film has a 92% approval rating on internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 36 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.82/10.

In 2009, Hugh Hefner funded a restoration of the film. This restoration was screened at the 2012 San Francisco Silent Film Festival. In their program, the festival noted: "As a heavily censored film that deals with the psychological effects of sexual repression, Pandora's Box meets two of Hefner's charitable objectives: artistic expression and a pristine new film, both finally unfurled after decades of frustration."

Quentin Tarantino listed the movie among his 10 greatest films of all time.

Home media
In the United Kingdom, Pandora's Box was released on DVD on 24 June 2002, by Second Sight Films.

In North America, Pandora's Box'' was released on a two-disc DVD set on 28 November 2006, by The Criterion Collection. Four soundtracks were commissioned for the film's DVD release: an approximation of the score cinema audiences might have heard with a live orchestra, a Weimar Republic-era cabaret score, a modern orchestral interpretation, and an improvisational piano score.

See also
 List of German films 1919–1933
 News for Lulu (Jazz album)
 Pandora's Box (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song)

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Pandora's Box at SilentEra

   Full plot summary and cast and crew biographies.

1920s German films
1920s LGBT-related films
1929 drama films
1929 films
Banned films in Nazi Germany
Films about Jack the Ripper
Films about prostitution in Germany
Films based on works by Frank Wedekind
Films directed by G. W. Pabst
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films produced by Seymour Nebenzal
Films set in Berlin
Films set in London
Films set in the 1880s
German black-and-white films
Silent German drama films
German films based on plays
German silent feature films
Lesbian-related films
Melodrama films
1920s German-language films
The Salvation Army in fiction

Pandora's Box (1929 film)


El mochuelo tamaulipeco (Glaucidium sanchezi) es una especie de búho de la familia Strigidae, endémica de México. Es uno de los búhos más pequeños del mundo con una longitud de 13,5 cm. Sin embargo, con un peso de 53 gramos, es un poco más pesado que el mochuelo peludo y el mochuelo de los saguaros. Su hábitat natural consiste de bosque montano húmedo subtropical y tropical.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

sanchezi
Aves endémicas de México

Glaucidium sanchezi