21 Grams is a 2003 American psychological drama film directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu from a screenplay by Guillermo Arriaga, based on a story by Arriaga and Iñárritu. The film stars Sean Penn, Naomi Watts, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Danny Huston and Benicio Del Toro. The second part of Arriaga's and Iñárritu's "Trilogy of Death", preceded by Amores perros (2000) and followed by Babel (2006), 21 Grams interweaves several plot lines in a nonlinear arrangement.

The film's plot is about the consequences of a tragic hit-and-run accident. Penn plays a critically ill mathematician, Watts plays a grief-stricken mother, and Del Toro plays a born-again Christian ex-convict whose faith is sorely tested in the aftermath of the accident. The three main characters each have "past", "present" and "future" story threads, which are shown as non-linear fragments that punctuate elements of the overall story, all imminently coming toward each other and coalescing as the story progresses. Critics gave the film generally favorable reviews, praising Iñárritu's direction, Arriaga's screenplay, and Watts' and Del Toro's performances. 21 Grams made $60.4 million at the box office on a $20 million budget. Watts and Del Toro were nominated for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor at the 76th Academy Awards.

Plot
The story is told in a nonlinear manner. The following is a chronological summary of the plot:

Jack Jordan is a former convict who is using his new-found religious faith to recover from drug addiction and alcoholism. Paul Rivers is a mathematics professor with a dedicated wife, Mary, and has a  fatal heart condition. Unless he receives a new heart from an organ donor, he will not live longer than a month. Mary wants him to donate his sperm so she can have his baby even if he dies. Cristina Peck is a recovering drug addict and now lives a normal suburban life with a supportive husband and two children. She is a loving mother and active swimmer who has left behind her days of drugs and alcohol. These three separate stories/characters become tied together one evening when Jack kills Cristina's husband and children in a hit-and-run accident. Cristina's husband's heart is donated to Paul, who begins his recovery.

Cristina is devastated by the loss and returns to drugs and alcohol. Paul is eager to begin normal life again, but he hesitantly agrees to his wife's idea of artificial insemination as a last-ditch effort to get pregnant. During consultations with a doctor before the procedure, Paul learns about an abortion that Mary had undergone after they had separated in the past. Angered, Paul ends the relationship. He becomes very inquisitive about whose heart he has. He learns from a private detective that the heart belonged to Cristina's husband and begins to follow the widowed Cristina around town.

Jack is stricken with guilt following the accident and starts using drugs again. Despite his wife's protests to keep quiet and conceal his guilt, Jack tells her that his "duty is to God" and turns himself in. While incarcerated, he clashes verbally with a pastor who had helped him after his last incarceration, claims that God had betrayed him, loses his will to live, and attempts suicide. He is released after Cristina declines to press charges against him, as she realizes that incarcerating Jack will not bring her family back. When Jack is released, he is unable to reincorporate himself into normal family life, and instead leaves home to live as a transient, working as a manual laborer.

Paul finds an opportunity to meet Cristina and eventually reveals how the two of them are connected. She is initially furious and forces him out, but soon reconsiders. Desperately needing each other, they continue their relationship. Though Paul has a new heart, his body is rejecting the transplant and his outlook is grim. As Cristina begins to dwell more on her changed life and the death of her family, she becomes obsessed with taking revenge against Jack. She goads Paul into agreeing to murder him.

Paul meets with the private detective who had found Cristina for him. The detective tells Paul that Jack is living in a motel and sells Paul a gun. Paul and Cristina check into the motel where Jack is staying. When Jack is walking alone, Paul grabs him and leads him out into a clearing at gunpoint intending to kill him. However, Paul is unable to kill Jack, who himself is confused, shaking and pleading during the event. Paul fires three shots into the ground and tells Jack to "just disappear," then returns to the motel and lies to Cristina about Jack's death. Later that night, while they are sleeping, Paul and Cristina are awakened by a noise outside their door. It's Jack, who, still consumed by guilt, orders Paul to actually kill him and end his misery. A struggle ensues, during which Cristina blind-sides Jack and starts beating him with a wooden lamp. Paul collapses, gets hold of the gun, and accidentally shoots himself.

Jack and Cristina rush Paul to the hospital. Still believing he deserves to be punished for his hit-and-run, Jack tells the police that he was the one who shot Paul, but is released when his story cannot be confirmed. Paul dies, and the conflict between Cristina and Jack remains unresolved (they meet in the waiting room after Paul's death; if they have a conversation, it is not shown). When Cristina offers to donate blood for Paul in the hospital, she learns that she is pregnant; the doctor urges Cristina to quit using drugs. After Paul's death, Cristina is seen tentatively preparing for the new child in one of her daughter's bedrooms, which she had previously been unable to enter after her daughter's death. Jack is shown returning to his family.

Cast
 Sean Penn as Paul Rivers
 Naomi Watts as Cristina Peck
 Benicio del Toro as Jack Jordan
 Charlotte Gainsbourg as Mary Rivers
 Melissa Leo as Marianne Jordan
 Danny Huston as Michael
 Pamela Blair as Doctor
 John Rubinstein as Gynecologist
 Clea DuVall as Claudia
 Eddie Marsan as Reverend John

Cinematic technique
The distinctive stylistic elements of the film's cinematography are its gritty, hand-held shots, the extensive use of the bleach bypass process, and the use of color casts. All these techniques were used to distinguish each character's storyline, to describe the development of the stories, and to mark changes in the character's life balance. Given the non-linear presentation of the events and the interweaving of the three narratives, these elements serve as visual hints to help the viewer collocate the events chronologically. In an interview on American Cinematographer, Rodrigo Prieto pointed out that "there were cues [in the script] to help you understand where you were in the chronology of each story, but I felt we should [have supported] that visually."

Paul's story is pictured with cool colors, Jack's story uses warm colors, and Cristina's story is presented neutrally. In addition, the stories were shot with different film stocks to obtain different grain structures through their progression: "when things were looking up for the characters, we'd use a finer-grained stock", while "as things get more complex, we go to a heavier grain", explained Prieto. Thorough experimentation had been necessary to understand how to achieve the desired effects with color palettes, lighting and wardrobe, and how each of these elements interacted with the bleach bypass process. "We kept making tests, and we arrived at the final scheme through discovery, not design ... We couldn't take anything for granted—we were surprised by the test results every time!" recalled Prieto.

Both Iñárritu and Prieto wanted to accomplish a spontaneous, instinctive, yet transparent camerawork "to create the feeling that the camera was present with the actors, moving, reacting and breathing with them". Handheld camera was always used, even on static shots. Camerawork becomes more unstable and frame composition becomes deliberately unbalanced to reflect the character's life steadiness: "sometimes we wanted to have too much or too little headroom in the frame", explained Prieto. In their most difficult moments, characters are depicted in wide shots and placed in the corners of the frame to appear small and lonely. Prieto refers to these shots as "abandoning angles".

Title
The title refers to an experiment in 1907 which attempted to show scientific proof of the existence of the soul by recording a loss of body weight (said to represent the departure of the soul) immediately following death. Referred to as the 21 grams experiment as one subject lost "three-fourths of an ounce" (21.3 grams), the experiment is regarded by the scientific community as flawed and unreliable, though it has been credited with popularizing the concept that the soul weighs 21 grams.

Reception

Critical response

The film holds an 81% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 182 reviews with an average rating of 7.50/10. The critical consensus states that "Alejandro González Iñárritu deftly weaves an uncommonly structured narrative with panache in 21 Grams, a stylish, haunting drama full of fine performances." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert, for example, questioned the use of non-linear narrative, but praised the acting and said of the film overall: "It grips us, moves us, astonishes us." Elvis Mitchell also praised the acting and called the film "an extraordinarily satisfying vision" that "may well be the crowning work of this year."

Box office
The film had a worldwide gross of approximately $60 million on a budget of an estimated $20 million.

Accolades
Naomi Watts and Benicio del Toro received several awards and nominations for their performances in the film, including Academy Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor. Sean Penn received many dual nominations in the Best Actor category for his roles in both this film and Mystic River.

See also
 Hyperlink cinema – the film style of using multiple inter-connected story lines.
 List of films about mathematicians

References

External links

  – archived from the original on March 31, 2019

 Cinematography of 21 Grams from American Cinematographer
 The science behind 21 Grams at ABC Online

2003 films
2003 crime drama films
2003 crime thriller films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
Films with screenplays by Guillermo Arriaga
American anthology films
Films about grieving
Films about mathematics
Films about suicide
Films shot in New Mexico
Films shot in Tennessee
American nonlinear narrative films
2003 independent films
Focus Features films
Icon Productions films
Films scored by Gustavo Santaolalla
Hyperlink films
2000s American films

21 Grams


Vitor de Paula Oliveira Braga, mais conhecido simplesmente como Vitor Braga ou Vitor (Pedro Leopoldo, 23 de novembro de 1953) é um ex-futebolista brasileiro, que atuava como goleiro.

Carreira
Filho de Maria de Lourdes Braga e Alberto Braga, um pintor que estudou na Escola Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro.

Chegou ao Cruzeiro com 13 anos. Em 1971, subiu ao profissional e fez sua primeira partida em 16 de dezembro, contra o River do Piauí.

Integrou a Seleção Brasileira de Juniores na França, onde conquistou o título. Estava também na Seleção Olímpica nos Jogos de Munique de 1972.

Atuando pelo Cruzeiro, foi vice-campeão do Campeonato Brasileiro de 1974.

Foi contratado pelo Santos junto ao Cruzeiro em 1978. Pelo clube, foi Campeão Paulista em 1978.

Em dezembro de 1979, brigou com os dirigentes do clube e pagou uma operação no joelho do próprio bolso. No total, atuou em 67 jogos pelo clube. Em 1980, abandonou temporariamente o futebol para se dedicar a obras de arte.

Depois de um bom tempo parado, em 1981, o Cruzeiro comprou seu passe por 5 milhões de cruzeiros.

Em agosto de 1982, depois de brigar com o técnico Iustrich, foi emprestado ao Taubaté até o fim do ano. Voltou como titular em 1983, com o técnico Orlando Fantoni.

Ficou até 1985 no clube e, ao todo, fez 175 jogos, contando as duas passagens.

Passou ainda uma temporada no Avaí e no Vila Nova de Goiás.

Títulos
Cruzeiro

 Copa Libertadores da América: 1976
 Campeonato Mineiro: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977 e 1984
 Taça Minas Gerais: 1973, 1982, 1983 e 1984

Santos

 Campeonato Paulista: 1978

Referências

Naturais de Pedro Leopoldo
Nascidos em 1953
Goleiros de Minas Gerais
Goleiros do Cruzeiro Esporte Clube
Goleiros do Santos Futebol Clube
Goleiros do Esporte Clube Taubaté
Goleiros do Avaí Futebol Clube
Goleiros do Vila Nova Futebol Clube

Vitor de Paula Oliveira Braga


ألكسندر فزنين (بالروسية: Александр Александрович Веснин ؛ بالإنجليزية: Alexander Vesnin) معماري روسي (1883-1959) أحد رموز البنائية الروسية. كما كان معروف بأنه معماري، كان أيضا مصمم مسارح ورسام. اشتهر مع أخيه تحت اسم الأخوين فزنين في كثير من المشاريع المشتركة كان أهمها مشروع قصر العمال في موسكو.

حياته المهنية

أسلوبه الفني والمعماري
بدأ فزنين وأنصاره بالابتعاد تدريجيا عن القضايا الشكلية بالفن، مؤثرين توجيه اهتمامهم نحو «الإنتاج الفعلي» للأشياء التي يمكن أن تعود بالنفع العام، وفي مقدمتها العمارة. وكانوا مؤمنين بأن الارتقاء بمستوى هذا الناتج الفعلي لايمكن أن يأتي، كما هو تقليديا، بطريق الحدس، اذيتوجب برأيهم التعامل مع التصميم بصورة اجرائية.

بالرغم من أن فزنين لم يتخل عن إهمامه بالقضايا الشكلية الفنية، إلا أن اعتماده هو وأنصاره للمنهج «الوظيفي» بشكل علني وصريح، أصبح السمة المميزة لمجموعته، المجموعة المعمارية المستقلة "OSA" التي أسسها عام 1924، والتي أصبحت النواة الرئيسية لما يعرف باسم الحركة البنائية.

اعتبر فزنين والبنائيون بشكل عام، أن عمل المعماري البنائي هو البحث وتطوير الأشكال التي يمكن بواسطتها تحديد الحيوز الفراغية التي يمكنها تسهيل تنظيم العمليات الحيوية الإنسانية (الاجتماعية) ضمن الشروط الإنتاجية التي تحكم اختيار المواد ونظم الإنشاء. ولكن أهمية ألكسندر فزنين تتعدى قدراته الأكاديمية والإدارية والتظيرية، إذ كان لمبانيه كثير من الطلبة إلى مرسمه في «فوتيماس» وفي «أنكوك»، والتحاقهم بالمجموعة المعمارية "OSA" التي أسسها لاحقا لتكون نواة للحركة البنائية.

أعماله
من أهم تصماميم فزنين التصميم الذي قدمه لمسابقة تصميم قصر العمال في موسكو عام 1922، وقد كان من شروط المشروع أن يكون التصميم خاليا تماما من الاستعارات أو الإشارات التاريخية، وبالتالي لم يشترك بها كثير من المعماريين التقليديين، كما أحجم العقلانيون عن ذلك، بلغ اجمالي عدد التصاميم التي قدمت بالمسابقة خمسين تصميم، وبالرغم من عدم فوز تصميم فزنين بالجائزة الأولى بيد أن تأثيره على الطلبة وعلى المعاريين الطليعيين كان قويا.

تكون تصميم الأخوة فزنين من مجموعة من الحجوم البسيطة أهمها المدرج الرئيس الذي يستع لحوالي عشرة الآف شخص ضمن شكل إهليجي ضخم يعتمد إنشاؤه على الهياكل الإنشائية الخرسانية المسلحة وواجاهته من الجدران الستارية المستمرة المكونة من الحديد والزجاج. قدم فزنين بهذا المشروع حلا اجتماعيا جديدا يتجسدفي طريقة تنظيمه لفراغات المبن ككل متكامل بما من شأنه تأكيد «الخواص الرئيسية للبنائية السوفيتية».

أعمال مختارة
 1934 Commissariat of Heavy Industry Project
 1930 Oilworkers' Club, Baku
 1930-36 Likachev Palace of Culture, Moscow
 1928 House of Film Actors, Moscow
 1926 Mostorg department store, Moscow
 1924 Leningradskaya Pravda project
 1922-23 Palace of Labor project.

مراجع

فنانون وفنانات روس
مدفونون بمقبرة نوفوديفيتشي
معماريون حداثيون
معماريون روس
معماريون سوفيت
معماريون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
مواليد 1883
مواليد في يورييفيتس
وفيات 1959
وفيات في موسكو

ألكسندر فزنين


San Salvador (koordinatlar 13°41′N 89°11′W) El Salvador'un başkentidir. Kentte 2004 sayımına göre 1.3 milyon kişi yaşar.

Kent, Orta Amerika'daki ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki öteki kentleri birbirine bağlayan Pan American Karayolu'nun üzerindedir.Kentte; bira, tütün ürünleri, sabun üretiminin yanı sıra dokumacılık da gelişmiştir.

16. yüzyılda kurulan San Salvador'da izleyen yüzyıllarda önemli depremler olmuştur. Bunların en kötüsü 1854 yılında olanıdır. 2001 yılında olan en son deprem, kentin özellikle Las Colinas dolayında etkin olarak çok zarara yol açmıştır.

1980'lerde ülkedeki iç savaş, kentteki birçok kişinin kentten ayrılmasına yol açmıştır.

Belediye

1964 yılından bu yana belediye başkanları
José Napoleón Duarte (1964–1970)
Carlos Antonio Herrera Rebollo (1970–1974)
José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1974–1976)
José Napoleón Gómez (1976-1978)
Norman Duarte (1982–1985)
José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (1985–1988)
Armando Calderón Sol (1988–1994)
Mario Valiente (1994–1997)
Hector Silva Arguello (1997–2003)
Carlos Rivas Zamora (2003–2006)
Violeta Menjívar (2006–2009)
Norman Quijano (2009–2012, 2012-2015)

İlçeler
Birinci Bölge- Historic Downtown, Colonia Layco, Colonia La Rabida, Colonia Manzano. (Nüfus: 118,325)
İkinci Bölge- Colonia Centro América, Colonia Miralvalle, Colonia Flor Blanca, Colonia Miramonte. (Nüfus: 110,475)
Üçüncü Bölge- Colonia Escalón, Colonia San Benito, Colonia La Mascota, Colonia Maquilishuat. (Nüfus: 51,325)
Dördüncü Bölge- Colonia San Francisco, Colonia La Cima, Colonia La Floresta. (Nüfus: 68,465)
Beşinci Bölge- Colonia Monserrat, Colonia Modelo, Centro Urbano Candelaria. (Nüfus: 126,290)
Altıncı Bölge - Barrio San Esteban. (Nüfus: 92,908)

Ayrıca bakınız
San Salvador (departman)

San Salvador


La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Dolores es un templo colombiano de culto católico, dedicado a la Virgen María bajo la advocación de la Virgen de las Angustias o de los Dolores, está localizado en el barrio La América de Medellín y pertenece a la jurisdicción eclesiástica de la Arquidiócesis de Medellín.

El edificio es de estilo Neobizantino, su planta es rectangular, su interior está dividido en tres naves y fue diseñado por Agustín Goovaerts.

Historia

En 1869, el señor Rafael Velásquez habitante del corregimiento de La América solicitó permiso para edificar una capilla, ya que las parroquias existentes (Belén y Robledo) quedaban muy distantes. El permiso le fue concedido el 14 de abril de 1869 por el obispo Valerio Antonio Jiménez.

La construcción del templo se inició en un terreno donado por el mismo Velaśquez, localizado en lo que es hoy la calle 44 con la carrera 84. La capilla era de tapias con 24 metros de largo por 7,20 de ancho debidamente enladrillada, con sacristía, presbiterio, púlpito, y coro. Los párrocos de Belén y Robledo se alternaban para celebrar en el templo la misa cada 8 días.

Por varios años los habitantes de La América estuvieron tratando de obtener su propia parroquia. La primera petición aparece el 26 de diciembre de 1886. Existen un informe extenso favorable del cura de Belén, Baltazar Vélez v., sin embargo, el obispo de la época, Bernardo Herrera Restrepo era muy exigente para la erección de parroquias, y contestó diciendo que el cura de Belén atendiera el sector de La América

El 15 de diciembre de 1890 fue enviada una nueva petición al obispo, diciéndole que La América era un sitio que por sus «magníficas condiciones topográficas y climáticas» estaba llamada a «ser una de las más importantes poblaciones que rodean a Medellín» y alegan la distancia que había con las parroquias de Belén y Robledo.

En 1892 empezó la administración episcopal del obispo Joaquín Pardo Vergara, ante quien insistieron los habitantes de La América para que la capilla se erigiera en parroquia.

El 26 de marzo de 1898, fueron encargados para inspeccionar el lugar, los canónigos Jesús María Marulanda y Eladio J. Jaramillo, asesorados por el laico Tomás Bernal, quienes rindieron un informe favorable. Con base en lo anterior el obispo Pardo Vergara, dictó un decreto que permitía la creación de la parroquia de La América y designaba como patrona a Nuestra Señora de los Dolores; además se dio permiso para la construcción de un cementerio y se nombraba como primer párroco al presbítero Félix Antonio Urrea H.

Con el paso del tiempo se vio la necesidad de construir un nuevo templo más amplio y cómodo. Finalmente, el 26 de octubre de 1916 el presbítero José María Gómez bendijo y coloco la primera piedra del templo actual, localizado justamente al frente de la capilla construida por Rafael Velásquez. Esta obra se logró poco a poco con los planos del arquitecto belga Agustín Goovaerts. En sus inicios se tuvieron que vencer grandes dificultades principalmente de tipo económico, teniéndose incluso que suspender por algunos años. Sin embargo, pudo más la gran voluntad de los feligreses y de los sacerdotes, quienes incansablemente lucharon por la construcción del templo.

Los primeros tapiadores de lo que es hoy el templo de La América fueron los Álvarez, Bernardino y Antonio, ayudados por los Arangos. Muchos habitantes del sector colaboraron cargando piedras y arena. Los niños de la escuela, por ejemplo, a la hora del descanso los llevaban a la quebrada de donde sacaban materiales para la construcción. Las amas de casa realizaban empanadas cada 8 días para recoger fondos para el templo, para lo cual en la semana pedían de casa en casa los ingredientes con el fin de que toda la ganancia le quedara a la iglesia. Dichas empanadas se vendían a un centavo.

En 1979 hubo un temblor de tierra que afectó seriamente la estructura del templo y le correspondió al presbítero Alfonso Vásquez B. la reconstrucción de la iglesia. Asesorado una junta obtuvo un préstamo que le otorgó el Instituto de Acción Pastoral de la Arquidiócesis y comenzó los trabajos, sostenido por el interés de todos sus feligreses, felices de ver que el templo iba adquiriendo consistencia con columnas y vigas. Sin embargo, una vez terminadas las obras y en vísperas de elecciones presidenciales para el periodo 1982-1986 colocaron una bomba en el templo, ocasionándole nuevamente daños en las columnas de la entrada, en el coro y destruyendo también algunas imágenes, cuyos arreglos costaron más de 1 000 000 pesos de la época.

En 1985, fecha en la cual el templo cumplía 87 años, monseñor Alfonso López Trujillo arzobispo de Medellín, lo consagró solemnemente, estando en esa época como párroco Rafael Henao R. Previa a esta fecha se hicieron nuevas reformas con el fin de embellecer aún más el templo.

Véase también
 La América
 Arquidiócesis de Medellín
 Medellín

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de la Arquidiócesis de Medellín.

Nuestra Senora de los Dolores de Robledo
Iglesias de la Arquidiócesis de Medellín
Obras de Agustín Goovaerts
La América
La America Medellin
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores
Iglesias neobizantinas de Colombia

Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (Medellín)


Velika nagrada Brazila (Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Heineken do Brasil 2018) je bila dvadeseta utrka prvenstva Formule 1 2018. Trkači vikend vožen je od 9. studenog do 11. studenog na stazi Interlagos, a pobijedio je Lewis Hamilton u Mercedesu.

Sudionici utrke

* Zamjena, treći vozač

Izvještaj

Treninzi
Prvi slobodni trening

Tijekom prvog treninga pojedine momčadi su napravile nekoliko promjena u vozačkim postavama. Antonio Giovinazzi je zamijenio Marcusa Ericssona u Sauberu, Nicholas Latifi je zamijenio Sergija Péreza u Force Indiji, dok je Fernando Alonso prepustio svoje mjesto Landu Norisu. Upravo je Norris bio najaktivniji na početku treninga. Britanac je nizao krugove na soft gumama. Tek nakon pola sata svi vozači su izašli na stazu. Sve tri top momčadi koristile su supersoft gume. Od sredine poretka, najbolje su izgledali Haasovi vozači na sedmom i osmom mjestu. Iz Mercedesa su javili da su primijetili curenje ulja W09 bolidu Valtterija Bottasa. Petnaestak minuta prije kraja treninga Bottas se uspio vratiti na stazu nakon problema s bolidom. Do kraja treninga nije bilo većih promjena u poretku jer su se momčadi okrenule simulaciji utrke. Najbrži je bio Max Verstappen s četiri stotinke ispred Sebastiana Vettela.

Drugi slobodni trening

Za drugi slobodni trening očekivala se kiša.  U svoje su se bolide vratili Alonso, Pérez i Ericsson. Verstappen nije mogao na stazu jer se radilo na njegovom RB14. Nakon desetak minuta označena je crvenu zastavu. Nico Hülkenberg je izgubio kontrolu nad bolidom nakon što je otišao preširoko u 13. zavoju. Šteta na bolidu bila je poprilično velika i to je značilo kraj sesije za Renaultovog vozača. Trening se nastavio nakon nekoliko minuta i vozači su odmah krenuli u simulaciju kvalifikacija. Ferrari je držao 1-2 na najmekšim gumama, a Mercedesov dvojac ih je pratio s minimalnim zaostacima. Lewis Hamilton je zatim zasjeo na vrh s najbržim vremenom na soft gumama koje su odradile devet krugova. Britanac je na kraju stigao do druge pozicije, samo 3 tisućinke iza momčadskog kolege. Prve kapljice kiše pojavile su se pola sata prije kraja treninga, ali bilo ih je premalo za izlazak na intermediate gumama.

Treći slobodni trening

Oblačno vrijeme bilo je prisutno na Interlagosu i na trećem slobodnom treningu, a momčadi nisu žurile sa slanjem bolida na stazu. Tijekom prvih 15 minuta vremena su postavili samo Kimi Räikkönen, Lance Stroll i Sergej Sirotkin. Nakon prvih pravih brzih krugova Vettel je bio najbrži ispred Bottasa i Raikkonena. Hamilton je nakon instalacijskoga kruga morao ostati u garaži duže od planiranog. Mehaničari su radili na njegovom bolidu zbog problema s hidraulikom. Britanac se na polovici treninga vratio na stazu i u prvom brzom krugu stigao do druge pozicije. Red Bullov dvojac je bio posljednji koji je izašao na stazu. Vettel je bio prvi koji se spustio ispod 1:08 i tako napravio veliku prednost u odnosu na ostale. Najviše mu se približio Hamilton koji je zaostajao dvije desetinke.

Kvalifikacije

Utrka

Najbrža vremena treninga

Rezultati kvalifikacija

Rezultati utrke

Zanimljivosti

Vozači
 72. pobjeda i 82. najbolja startna pozicija za Lewisa Hamiltona.
 21. postolje za Maxa Verstappena.
 103. postolje za Kimija Räikkönena.

Konstruktori
 5. naslov prvaka za Mercedes.
 86. pobjeda i 100. najbolja startna pozicija za Mercedes.

Poredak nakon 20 od 21 utrke

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 2018 Brazilian Grand Prix StatsF1

Brazil-2018
Brazil

Velika nagrada Brazila 2018.


Nina Josu () este o poetă și ziaristă din Republica Moldova.

S-a născut într-o familie de intelectuali. A studiat la  din Moscova în anii 1971-1976.

Nina Josu colaborează la săptămânalul "Literatura și arta", după o scurtă activitate la "Glasul Națiunii".

Lucrările sale includ volumele de poezie La șezători (1975), Trecere în alb (1980), Stare totală (1986), Dorul (1991), Steaua de dimineață (2000).

Criticul literar Mihai Cimpoi remarca în operele autoarei "o poezie a ingenuității, marcată de blândețe și fraternitate blândă cu o iubire fără margini și cu o predispoziție extatică spre lumină, liniște... într-un cuvânt, spre tot ce dă «ideea de gingășie»".

În 1993, Nina Josu a reactivat Asociația pentru Literatură și Cultură Română Astra "Onisifor Ghibu", devenind președinta acesteia. Este membră a Uniunii Scriitorilor din Moldova din 1977.

Printre distincțiile primite se numără premiul "Iancu Flondor" (Rădăuți, 1992) și premiul "Dimitrie Bolintineanu" (Gârgu Jiu, 1994). În 2017, a fost decorată cu Medalia Jubiliară "70 de ani ai AȘM".

Referințe

Bibliografie

Poeți moldoveni
Nașteri în 1953
Nașteri pe 17 februarie
Oameni în viață
Femei din Republica Moldova
Decorați cu Ordinul Gloria Muncii al Republicii Moldova

Nina Josu


M. F. A. (René) van Diessen (født 1952) er en nederlandsk politiker og fungerende borgmester af Gemert-Bakel kommune. Van Diessen er medlem af VVD og arbejdede på vegne af den pågældende parti, blandt andre, som rådmand i Tilburg (1995-2002) og medlem af bestyrelsen for provinsregeringen i de provinser Gelderland og Flevoland. Han har studeret økonomi på Universitetet i Tilburg.

Fra september 2013 til februar 2015 var han fungerende borgmester i Dongen, direkte efterfulgt af en periode som fungerende borgmester i Geldrop-Mierlo. Siden marts 2016 er han fungerende borgmester i Gemert-Bakel.

Referencer

Politikere fra Nederlandene

René van Diessen


نزف داخلي أو نزيف داخلي هو نزيف يحدث داخل الجسم. يمكن أن يكون حالة طبية طارئة وجدية حسب المكان الذي تحدث فيه مثل (دماغ، معدة، رئتين) ويمكن أن يُسبب الموت فعلاً أو السكتة القلبية إذا لم يتم معالجة النزيف بما يستلزمه بأسرع وقت ممكن.

الأسباب

النزف الداخلي قد يكون سببه الجرحِ المؤلم الذي يمكن أن يتسبب بإبطاء السرعة العاليِ أو الإيقاف المباغت في حادث سيارة، أَو بتمزق الوعاء الدموي نتيجة لضغط الدم العالي. أيضاً النزيف الداخلي يمكن أن يكون سببه الضرب أَو السير ضد جسم حادّ في تلك المنطقة المصابة .بعض الأمراضِ قد تسبب نزف داخلي أيضاً، مثل فيروس إيبولا . هذه العدوى بالإضافة إلى الإصابات المماثلة مثل فيروس ماربيرغ هي نادرة لحسن الحظ. إنّ السببَ الأكثر شيوعاً للنزف الداخليِ هو (carcinoma) السرطان السليلاني (نوع من أنواع السرطان)، أمّا في المنطقةِ المعوية أَو الرئة، أَو نادراً في الأعضاء الأخرى مثل البروستات أو البنكرياس أو الكلية.الأمراض الأخرى المرتبطة بالنزف الداخليِ تتضمّن داء أسقربوط، الهيباتوما(hepatoma)، سرطان الكبد،
(Thrombocytopenia) قلة الصفيحات المناعية، حمل منتبذ، انخفاض درجة حرارة خبيث (malignant hypothermia) ، أكياس مبيضية، نقص فيتامين كي، والهيموفيليا (hemophilia). بعض تفاعلات الدواء قد تسبب نزف داخلي أيضاً.>

التشخيص
النزف الداخلي يمكن أن يكون جدّي لسببين:

 الدم يمكن أن يضغط الأعضاء ويفقدهم وظيفتهم (كما يمكن أن يحدث في الودمة (haematoma)).
 عندما لا يَتوقّف النزيف آنياً، فقدان الدم سيسبّب صدمة نزفية، ما يمكن أن يؤدي إلى ضررِ وموت الدماغ.

المصطلح

النزف الداخلي يُدعى نزيف عادة، بالرغم من أنَّ التعبير عامُّ ويُستخدم للإشارة إلى كُلّ أنواع النزف.

أي حالة بسيطة من النزف الداخليِ تُؤدّي إلى كدمة( ecchymosis)، حيث يتوسع الدم تحت الجلد، يُسبّبُ تغيير لونه.

التشخيص

التحقيق الطبي ضروري لتمييز النزف الداخليِ. إنّ الإشارات الخارجية إشارات عامّة لصدمة (hypovolemic) (انظر مقالة صدمة نقص حجم الدم لمزيد من المعلومات).

المصادر

 التشخيصات الخاطئة للنزيف الداخلي

إصابات
جراحة
طوارئ طبية
نزف

نزف داخلي


Always Be Good To Your Enemies je prvi nosač zvuka bosanskohercegovačkog pjevača Davora Matoševića. Veličine je EP-a. Objavljen je na CD-u. Sve su skladbe autorsko djelo Davora Matoševića. Zvučni inženjer na izradi albuma bio je Krešimir Jukić, masterirao i miksao je Goran Martinac. Sve su skladbe na engleskom jeziku.

Davor Matošević je za ovaj EP dobio prvu nagradu stručnoga ocjenjivačkog suda Nagrade Indexi.

Pjesme
 Footsteps 	5:00
 Colors 	5:28
 The Truth 	3:39
 We (Something For Us) 4:14

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.) Discogs

Bosanskohercegovački glazbeni albumi

Always Be Good To Your Enemies


برتلسمان  هي شركة ألمانية متعددة الجنسيات مقرها في غوترسلوه،شمال الراين-وستفاليا، ألمانيا. وهي واحدة من أكبر شركات وسائل الإعلام في العالم، وأيضا نشطة في قطاع الخدمات والتعليم. تم تأسيس بيرتلسمان كمكتب للنشر من قبل كارل بيرتلسمان في عام 1835. بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، تحولت بيرتلسمان، تحت قيادة رينهارد مون من كونها مؤسسة متوسطة الحجم إلى تكتل رئيسي، لا تقدم فقط خدمات في مجال الكتب ولكن أيضا التلفزيون والإذاعة والموسيقى والمجلات والخدمات التجارية.  بيرتلسمان هي شركة غير مدرجة وموجهة نحو سوق رأس المال،  والتي لا تزال تسيطر عليها أساسا عائلة مون. منذ عام 2016، الأقسام الرئيسية من بيرتلسمان هي مجموعة أر تي إل، بينغوين راندوم هاوس، غرونر + يار، بي إم جي، أرڤاتو، مجموعة بيرتلسمان للطباعة، مجموعة بيرتلسمان للتعليم وبيرتلسمان للاستثمارات.

مراجع

بيرتلسمان
شركات إعلامية أسست في 1835
شركات نشر أسست في 1835
شركات مقرها في شمال الراين-وستفاليا
علامات تجارية ألمانية
غوترسلوه
شركات قابضة في ألمانيا
شركات متعددة الجنسيات مقرها في ألمانيا
دور نشر متعددة الجنسيات
شركات ألمانية أسست في 1835
شركات إعلامية ألمانية
شركات القطاع الخاص في ألمانيا
شركات قابضة أسست في 1835

شركة برتلسمان


Blockley is a village, civil parish and ecclesiastical parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, about  northwest of Moreton-in-Marsh. Until 1931 Blockley was an exclave of Worcestershire.

The civil and ecclesiastical parish boundaries are roughly coterminous, and include the hamlets of Draycott, Paxford and Aston Magna, the residential development at Northwick and the deserted hamlets of Upton and Upper Ditchford.

Blockley village is on Blockley Brook, a tributary of Knee Brook. Knee Brook forms the northeastern boundary of the parish and is a tributary of the River Stour.

History

Manor
In AD 855 King Burgred of Mercia granted a monastery at Blockley to Ealhhun, Bishop of Worcester for the price of 300 solidi. In 1086 the Domesday Book recorded that the Bishop of Worcester held an estate of 38 hides at Blockley. The Bishops of Worcester retained the estate until 1648, during the English Civil War, when the Parliamentary Trustees sold it. After the restoration of the English monarchy the estate was restored to the Bishop of Worcester, whose successors held the manor until at least 1781.

Churches

The Church of England parish church of St. Peter and St. Paul is late Norman, built in about 1180. The ecclesiastical parish now forms part of the Vale and Cotswold Edge team of Church of England churches, with the Team Vicar remaining responsible for Blockley and its outlying villages of Paxford, Draycott and Aston Magna, as well as the parish of Bourton-on-the-Hill.

The church is used as St Mary's Roman Catholic church in the Father Brown television series and the vicarage as the presbytery, Father Brown's residence.

The Baptist Chapel was built in 1835.

Economic and social history
In 1715 the Vicar, the Rev. Dr. Erasmus Saunders, had a new school built for the parish. Blockley still has a Church of England primary school.

Much of the parish was farmed under an open field system until 1772, when an Act of Parliament provided for the enclosure of the remaining common lands.

The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway, built between 1845 and 1851, passes through the parish. Blockley railway station was more than  northeast of the village and nearer to Paxford. British Railways closed Blockley railway station in 1966 but the railway remains open as part of the Cotswold Line. The nearest railway station still open is .

Blockley is home to Watsonian Squire, the largest UK manufacturer of sidecars and trailers for motorbikes. It has been based in the village since 1984.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward has the same area and population as the civil parish.

Amenities

Blockley has two public houses. The Crown Inn and Hotel is a former coaching inn. The Great Western Arms belongs to the Hook Norton Brewery.

Blockley Sports & Social Club is the local sports club which has Hockey, Cricket and Football sections. The post office closed in 2007. In May 2008, under a co-operative agreement, the village residents opened a new local not for profit store that is a grocer, newsagent, post office, off-licence and café.

References

Sources

External links

Villages in Gloucestershire
Cotswold District
Cotswolds

Blockley


Skok je slovensko i hrvatsko prezime, koje se najčešće pojavljuje u Zagrebu, Varaždinu, Ravnoj Gori i u Jastrebarskom.

Osobe s prezimenom Skok
Joža Skok (1931. – 2017.), hrvatski povjesničar književnosti, kritičar, antologičar, književni esejist
Matevž Skok (rođ. 1986.), slovenski rukometni vratar
Petar Skok (1881. – 1956.), hrvatski jezikoslovac

Vidi također
Josip Skoko (rođ. 1975.), australski umirovljeni nogometaš

Izvori

Hrvatska prezimena
Prezimena
Slovenci

Skok (prezime)


17446 Mopaku este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17446 Mopaku este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kavalur de R. Rajamohan. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,43 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 6,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

17446 Mopaku


"Reelin' In the Years" (por vezes intitulada "Reeling In the Years") é uma canção de rock da banda estadunidense Steely Dan, lançada como o segundo single de seu álbum de estreia de 1972, Can't Buy a Thrill. Ele alcançou a posição # 11 na parada Billboard Hot 100 dos EUA.

A canção é notória por conta de seu aclamado solo de guitarra, tocado pelo guitarrista Elliott Randall, que  foi classificado como o 40º melhor solo de guitarra de todos os tempos pelos leitores da revista Guitar World magazine e o oitavo melhor pela Q4 Music.

Escrita e Recepção crítica
A canção foi escrita por Donald Fagen e Walter Becker e apresenta Fagen nos vocais. Em 2009, a revista Rolling Stone descreveu a faixa como "um excelente exemplo inicial do que se tornaria a marca registrada do Steely Dan, casando uma despedida sardônica com um ex com um ritmo agitado e aleatório e adicionando um deslumbramento de guitarra em brasa, cortesia de Elliott Randall para trazer tudo para casa".

No The Guardian, Alexis Petridis afirmou que a canção é "excelente e provou ser altamente influente". Dan Weiss, da Billboard, classificou-a em 1º lugar nas 15 melhores canções de Steely Dan, escrevendo: "A música de rock'n'roll mais direta que Steely Dan já fez é um de seus sucessos mais reconhecidos, um embaralhamento implacavelmente feliz com um tango de duplo solos de guitarra que poderiam ter vindo do Thin Lizzy." Dominique Scappucci chamou-a de "uma canção pop magistral" e acrescentou: "As letras contêm tons sombrios, a música é imaculada e consegue balançar enquanto soa bem sem esforço."

Solo de guitarra
O solo de guitarra na versão original, gravada pelo guitarrista Elliott Randall, foi gravado em apenas uma tomada. Foi classificado pelo guitarrista do Jimmy Page, como seu solo favorito de todos os tempos, ao qual ele deu uma 12 de 10. Em 2016, o solo foi classificado como o 40º melhor solo de guitarra de todos os tempos pelos leitores da revista Guitar World.

A mixagem quadrifônica de quatro canais da gravação tem preenchimentos de guitarra solo extras não ouvidos na versão estéreo de dois canais mais comum.

Regravações e trilhas-sonoras
A canção foi usada nas trilhas-sonoras dos filmes For Love of the Game e The Devil's Rejects e na série de televisão The Wonder Years.

Créditos Musicais
 Steely Dan
 Donald Fagen – piano, vocal principal e vocal de apoio
 Denny Dias – guitarra base
 Walter Becker – baixo
 Jim Hodder – bateria
 Músicos convidados
 Elliott Randall – guitarra solo
 Jeff Baxter – guitarra base
 Victor Feldman – percussão

Desempenho nas Paradas Musicais

Desempenho Mensal

Desempenho Anual

Certificação

Regravações
A canção foi regravada por Donny e Marie Osmond.

Singles de 1972

Reelin' in the Years


Grønlands indlandsis er det flere kilometer tykke isskjold, der dækker hovedparten af øen.

Grønlands samlede areal udgør 2.175.600 km2, heraf dækker indlandsisen 1.726.400 km2 og lokale iskapper uden for indlandsisen (Sukkertoppen Iskappe og Flade Isblink) 76.000 km2, hvorfor det isfrie areal udgør 383.000 km2.

Indlandsisen på Grønland dækker et areal svarende til omkring 81 % af Grønlands totale areal. Den indeholder ca. 2,8 millioner km3 is, som, hvis den smeltede, ville medføre en stigning af vandstanden i verdenshavene på 7,2 meter . Indlandsisen flyder mod kysterne i 22 større gletsjere.

Grønlands indlandsis har en negativ vandbalance, dvs. mister mere om sommeren end der gendannes om vinteren. På 14 år fra 2002 til 2016 har tendensen været at indlandsisen mister is i størrelsesordnen 269 Gigaton pr år svarende til 15.824 km2 pr år hvilket er syv gange mere end observeret 1990'erne. "Point of no return" er nået i 2000-erne.

Topografi

Den grønlandske indlandsis består af to kupler adskilte af en lavning tværs over Grønland fra den sydlige del af Disko Bugt mod sydøst til lavlandet syd for Ammasalik. Den mindre, sydlige kuppel når en højde af 2850 meter over havet, den nordlige, på omkring 72°n.br., når over 3.200 meter over havet. Isens højdeakse ligger forskudt mod øst.  Omkring 65% af indlandssisens overflade liggere mere end 2000 meter over havet. Ved randen er indlandisen forholdsvis stejl, men længere inde på isen er stigningen ringe.
Randen af indlandsisen er navngivet med mange gletsjere, se engelsksproget liste over gletsjere.

Tykkelsen er flere steder på mere end 2 kilometer og på det tykkeste mere end 3 km. Middeltykkelsen er 2.135 meter.  Omkring en trediedel af isen ligger under havets overflade, så Grønlands indlandsis minder om en skål, hvis rand dannes af kystbjerge, fyldt til randen med is og med to flade toppe midt på.

Det viser sig nu at flydende vand er en permanent del af Grønlands indlandsis, idet man har konstateret et stort vandreservoir under isens overflade i Sydgrønland.
Issøer er almindeligt forekommende og der er fundet mere end 50 subglaciale søer (isdækkede søer). Smeltevandet danner issøer på overfladen af indlandsisen, hvilket medfører yderligere smeltning af indlandsisen. Hydrofrakturer er revner i isen, der på kort tid kan tømme en overfladesø for vand.

Klima

Den laveste registrerede temperatur er ÷66 °C (målt ved den britiske overvintringsstation Northice, mens den laveste temperatur ved stationen Centrale er ÷65 °C). Ved en overvintring i 1949-1950 havde man kun 6 dage med temperaturer under ÷60 °C. De laveste temperaturer forekommer i februar eller marts. Dette skyldes forholdet mellem ind- og udstråling. I hele mørketidem, fra november til februar, er der ingen indstråling, kun udstråling, og overfladen bliver derfor stærkt afkølet. Når solen vender tilbage, begynder indstrålingen, men efter som 70-90% af denne tilbagekastes fra den hvide sneoverflade, vil udstrålingen fortsat være større end indstrålingen. I juli når temperaturen sit højeste med ca. ÷10 °C. Kun undtagelsesvis når temperaturen op til frysepunktet.

Snebalance

Den altovervejende nedbør falder som sne. I randområderne kan det regne i sommerperioden, men denne regn vil enten løbe af eller fryse til is ved kontakt med den kolde is. Snepålejringen varierer betydeligt, stigende mod syd.

Nedgang i ismængden skyldes dels afsmeltning, dels kælvningen ved kysten (afbrækningen af isbjerge). Det er skønnet, at nettopålejning sker på over 1.439.800 km2 eller 83,5% af indlandsisen, og afsmeltningszonen omfatter 286.600 km2 eller 16,5% af indlandsisen.

Bevægelsen i de gletsjere, som fra indlandsisen, varierer meget: den hurtigste er Jakobshavn Isbræ, der flytter sig ca. 30 meter i døgnet, de hurtigste gletsjere bevæger sig 20-30 meter i døgnet, mindre aktive 3-10 meter i døgnet og de langsommeste kun 30 meter om året (ca. 8 cm i døgnet). Det er beregnet, at der "produceres" isbjerge af i alt 240 km3 is om året, heraf 120 km3 ved vestkysten og 90 km3 ved østkysten.  I perioden 2000-2015 har Grøndlands indlandsis mistet ca. 739 gigaton is, hvor 30% kom fra Jakobhavns Isbræ og fire andre gletsjere, deraf 17,5 km3 i august måned 2015.

Der er gjort flere forsøg på at lave en samlet vandbalanceberegning for indlandsisen, men resultaterne har været vidt forskellige og vidner om den store usikkerhed, der knytter sig til sådanne beregninger.

Dannelse

Indlandsisen på Grønland er omtrent 110.000 år gammel. . Den blev formentlig dannet gennem en sammensmeltning af flere isolerede iskapper og gletsjere dannede som højlandsgletsjere i israndsområderne både mod vest og øst i sidste del af Pliocæn eller omkring begyndelsen af Pleistocæn som følge af en klimaændring, hvor den globale gennemsnitstemperatur faldt; under denne epoke var der flere istider. På Grønland skete nedisningen hurtigt. Undersøgelser af fossilt DNA fra bunden af indlandsisen viser stor biodiversitet af den forhistoriske grønlandske fauna og flora. Danske forskere har taget nye metoder i brug til undersøgelse af små mængder DNA i isborekernerne fra bunden af indlandsisen.

Afsmeltningen

I de sidste årtier har den grønlandske indlandsis mistet noget af sit volumen. Det er for nylig blevet estimeret gennem målinger af ændringen af isens totale masse, at indlandsisen årligt mistede omkring 239 km³ i begyndelsen af det 21. århundrede. Disse målinger kom fra NASA's satellit GRACE opsendt i 2002. . Afsmeltningen er i 2013 steget til ca. 430 km³ ifølge DTU Space, der også har beregnet det største tab på en enkelt dag til 12 km³ (25. juli 2013). En anden opgørelse viser at afsmeltningen i 2013 var på 600 km³. Dette tal er fremkommet ved nøjagtige studier af ændringer af gletsjerne. DMI, GEUS og DTU Space formidler de seneste observationer og den nyeste viden om is- og klimaudviklingen i Arktis.

Det frygtes at det ferske smeltevand kan bremse eller standse Grønlandspumpen og dermed interferere med den termohaline cirkulation og standse Golfstrømmen.

Isstrømningerne i indlandsisen er uforudsigelig og gør afsmeltningen til en stor klimajoker. Afsmeltningen af Grønlands indlandsis er ansvarlig for 0,7 millimeter af de 3 millimeter, som havet stiger på et år, som i 2016.

Under isen

Nogle af de spor, som indlandsisen dækker i det nordligste Grønland, er to subglaciale nedslagskratere, Hiawatha-krateret efter en kilometer-stor jernmeteorit og et andet noget ældre nedslagskrater kun 183 km fra Hiawatha-krateret.

Se også

 Grønlands gletsjere
 Gletsjere på Island
 Ilulissat Isbræ

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Polar Portal. Is- og klimaovervågning i Arktis
 Portræt af isen ved Ilulissat
 Webcamera viser Jakobshavn Isbræ
 Gletsjer-tab i 00-erne var historisk stort
 Jakobshavn Isbræ flygter
 New maps chart Greenland glaciers' melting risk. NASA 2016
 Richard B. Alley, Peter U. Clark, Philippe Huybrechts, Ian Joughin: "Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level Changes" (Science 21 October 2005 Vol 310)
 Børge Fristrup: "Hvad ved vi om indlandsisen?" (Tidsskriftet Grønland 1963. Nr. 2).
 Børge Fristrup: "Further Investigations of the Greenland Ice Cap" (Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bind 63; 1964)

Indlandsis
Glaciologi
Vandis

Grønlands indlandsis


مقاطعة نيشيتاما  هي مقاطعة في طوكيو، اليابان. تبلغ مساحتها  375.96 كم مربع وتضم البلدات والقرى التالية:
 هينوهارا
 هينودا
 ميزوهو
 أوكوتاما

في السابق كانت مدن أومه، فوسا، هامورا، وأكيرونو جزءاً من مقاطعة نيشيتاما لكنها الآن انفصلت عن المقاطعة وأصبحت مدن مستقلة.

تشتهر هذه المقاطعة ببحيرة أوكوتاما الصناعية، التي تعتبر أكبر بحيرة في اليابان.

مراجع

جغرافيا طوكيو
مقاطعات اليابان

مقاطعة نيشيتاما (طوكيو)


زاور كالوييف، من مواليد 24 مارس 1931، وتوفي في 1997، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
أوسيتيون
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1960
كالوييف
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية من جورجيا
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم من تبليسي
لاعبو لوكوموتيف موسكو
لاعبو نادي دينامو تبليسي
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1931
مواليد في تبليسي
وفيات 1997
وفيات في تبليسي

زاور كالوييف


La révolte ʻUrabi, également connue comme la révolution ʻUrabi (), est un soulèvement nationaliste en Égypte de 1879 à 1882. Il est dirigé par le colonel Ahmed ʻUrabi (également orthographié Orabi et Arabi) qui cherche à destituer le Khédive Tewfik Pacha et à mettre fin à l'influence britannique et française sur le pays. Le soulèvement s'achève par la guerre anglo-égyptienne et la prise de contrôle du pays. Ainsi commença l'Histoire de l'Egypte sous les Britanniques.

Prologue
L'Égypte dans les années 1870 est sous influence étrangère, la corruption, le mauvais gouvernement et dans un état de ruine financière. Les énormes dettes contractées par son dirigeant Ismaïl Pacha ne peuvent plus être remboursées et sous la pression des banques européennes qui détiennent la dette, les finances du pays sont contrôlées par des représentants de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne. Lorsque Ismaïl Pacha essaye de soulever le peuple égyptien contre cette intervention étrangère, il est détrôné par les Britanniques et remplacé par son fils plus tolérant Tewfik Pasha.

Les échelons supérieurs de la fonction publique, de l'armée et du monde des affaires deviennent dominés par les Européens, mieux payés que les Égyptiens indigènes. En Égypte, un système juridique parallèle pour poursuivre les Européens séparément des autochtones est mis en place. Cela met en colère les Égyptiens instruits et ambitieux dans l'armée et la fonction publique qui estiment que la domination européenne des postes les plus élevés empêche leur propre avancement. Les paysans égyptiens, lourdement taxés, sont également agacés par le fait que leurs impôts vont aux Européens qui vivent dans une relative richesse.

Les Égyptiens en veulent non seulement à la domination de l'Europe occidentale, mais aussi aux Turcs, aux Circassiens et aux Albanais d'Égypte qui contrôlent la plupart des autres postes d'élite au sein du gouvernement et de l'armée. Les troupes albanaises étaient venues en Égypte avec Muhammad Ali et l'avaient aidé à prendre le contrôle du pays, et elles étaient très favorisées par le Khédive. Le turc est toujours la langue officielle de l'armée et les Turcs ont plus de chances d'être promus. Dans le cabinet au pouvoir sous le Khédive Tawfiq, chaque membre est un Turco-Circassien. La crise fiscale croissante dans le pays force le Khédive à réduire drastiquement l'armée. D'une hauteur de 94 000 soldats en 1874, l'armée est réduite à 36 000 en 1879, avec des plans de réduction accrues. Cela créé une grande classe d'officiers de l'armée au chômage et mécontents dans le pays. La désastreuse guerre éthiopienne-égyptienne en 1875-1876 met également en colère les officiers, estimant que le gouvernement les avait envoyés imprudemment dans le conflit.

Une prise de conscience publique se développe dans le pays au cours de cette période, l'alphabétisation se répand, de nombreux journaux sont publiés dans les années 1870 et 1880 tels que le journal influent Abu Naddara Zarqa. Publié par Yaqub Sannu, un juif d'origine italienne et égyptienne, cette publication basée à Paris est un magazine de satire politique qui se moque souvent de l'establishment sous contrôle européen, et la publication irrite de plus en plus les pouvoirs au pouvoir ainsi que les Européens car elle favorise la réforme et mouvements révolutionnaires. Ce document a une large portée, contrairement à de nombreuses autres publications, Abu Naddara Zarqa est écrit en arabe égyptien plutôt qu'en arabe classique, ce qui rend ses textes satiriques et politiques compréhensibles pour les masses, pas seulement pour l'élite instruite. Yaqub Sannu affirme que son magazine a atteint un tirage de 10 000 exemplaires, ce qui est un chiffre conséquent pour l'époque.

Pendant ce temps, Ahmed Urabi, un officier de l'armée natif non européen, s'élève dans l'armée au rang de colonel. En raison de son éducation paysanne et de sa formation traditionnelle, il en vient à être considéré par beaucoup comme la voix authentique du peuple égyptien. Pour eux, il représente une population paysanne frustrée par les étrangers exonérés d'impôts et les riches propriétaires locaux. Urabi impose le respect et le soutien non seulement de la paysannerie, mais aussi d'une grande partie de l'armée égyptienne.

La prise de pouvoir d'Urabi
La tension monte au cours de l'été 1881 alors que le Khédive et les officiers égyptiens, maintenant dirigés par Urabi, recherchent des partisans et rassemblent des alliés. En septembre, le Khédive ordonne au régiment 'Urabi de quitter le Caire. Celui-ci refuse et ordonne la destitution des généraux turco-circassiens et la création d'un gouvernement élu. Incapable de s'opposer à la révolte, Tewfiq accepte et une nouvelle chambre des députés et un gouvernement sont établis contenant un certain nombre d'alliés d'Urabi. En janvier 1882, Urabi devient ministre de la Guerre.

Intervention étrangère
Le 8 janvier 1882, les Français et les Britanniques envoient une note commune affirmant la primauté de l'autorité du Khédive. La note rend furieux les parlementaires et Urabi. Le gouvernement s'effondre et un nouveau gouvernement est créé avec à sa tête Urabi en tant que ministre de la Guerre. Ce nouveau gouvernement menace les positions des Européens dans le gouvernement et commence également à licencier un grand nombre d'officiers turco-tcherkesse.

Ce vaste effort de réforme s'heurte aux intérêts européens et à de nombreux grands propriétaires terriens, à l'élite turque et circassienne, aux oulémas de haut rang, aux chrétiens syriens et à la plupart des membres les plus riches de la société. En revanche, il a le soutien de la plupart du reste de la population égyptienne, y compris les oulémas de niveau inférieur, le corps des officiers et les dirigeants locaux.

Les Coptes sont divisés : leur étroite affiliation avec les Européens provoque beaucoup de colère et en fait parfois une cible, mais la profonde rivalité entre les coptes et les chrétiens syriens en conduit beaucoup à s'aligner sur d'autres rebelles égyptiens. Le patriarche copte apporte son soutien à la révolte lorsqu'elle est à son apogée, mais affirme plus tard qu'il avait subi des pressions pour le dire. Urabi et d'autres dirigeants de la révolte reconnaîtront les Coptes comme des alliés potentiels et travailleront pour empêcher tout ciblage de la minorité par les musulmans nationalistes, mais ceux-ci échoueront dans leur objectif.

Un effort pour courtiser le sultan ottoman Abdülhamid  est mis en place. Tewfik Pacha l'appelle à réprimer la révolte, mais le sultan ottoman hésite à employer des troupes contre les musulmans s'opposant à la domination coloniale étrangère. Urabi demande au sultan de déposer Tewfiq, ne recevant aucune réponse.

Invasion britannique
Dans l'après-midi du 11 juin 1882, la tourmente politique explose en violence dans les rues d'Alexandrie. Des émeutiers attaquent des entreprises grecques, maltaises et italiennes et des batailles éclatent dans les rues. Une cinquantaine d'Européens et 250 Égyptiens sont tués. La cause exacte de la révolte est incertaine ; le Khédive et Urabi sont blâmés pour l'avoir déclenché, mais il n'existe aucune preuve de l'une ou l'autre allégation.

Alors que la garnison de la ville entretient les batteries de défense côtière, un ultimatum est envoyé exigeant le démantèlement des batteries sous la menace d'un bombardement. L'ultimatum est ignoré et la flotte britannique au large d'Alexandrie commandée par l'amiral Beauchamp Seymour bombarde la ville, provoquant une riposte des batteries côtières. La flotte française, également à Alexandrie, refuse d'y prendre part. Une importante force navale britannique tente alors de s'emparer de la ville. Malgré une forte résistance, les forces britanniques réussissent, forçant les Égyptiens à se retirer.

Alors que les révoltes se répandent dans toute l'Égypte, la Chambre des communes britannique vote en faveur d'une intervention plus conséquente. L'armée britannique lance une attaque d'exploration/scoutisme à la bataille de Kafr El Dawwar pour déterminer si le Caire pouvait ou non être avancé depuis Alexandrie. Constatant des défenses égyptiennes importantes, une armée britannique est débarquée dans la zone du canal en septembre. La motivation de l'intervention britannique est toujours contestée. Les Britanniques craignaient particulièrement qu'Urabi ne fasse défaut sur l'énorme dette égyptienne et qu'il puisse tenter de prendre le contrôle du canal de Suez. Le 13 septembre 1882, les forces britanniques battent l'armée d'Urabi à la bataille de Tel-el-Kebir. Urabi est capturé et finalement exilé dans la colonie britannique de Ceylan (aujourd'hui Sri Lanka).

Conséquences
Alors que l'intervention britannique est censée être de courte durée, elle persistera en fait jusqu'en 1954. L'Égypte devient une colonie jusqu'en 1952. Tant les Britanniques que le gouvernement Khédival firent de leur mieux pour discréditer le nom de Urabi et la révolution, bien qu'il soit resté une figure populaire au sein de la société. Le gouvernement utilisa les médias d'État et le système éducatif pour dénoncer Urabi comme un traître et la révolution comme une simple mutinerie militaire. L'historien égyptien Mohammed Rif'at fut l'un des premiers à qualifier les événements de thawrah, ou « révolution », mais il affirma qu'il manquait de soutien populaire. D'autres historiens en Égypte ont soutenu cette thèse, et l'ont même développée, subissant parfois la censure du gouvernement. Au cours des dernières années de la monarchie, les auteurs devinrent plus critiques à l'égard de l'ancien régime et en particulier des Britanniques, et Urabi est parfois présenté comme un héros de la liberté et du constitutionnalisme.

La révolte d'Urabi a eu une signification durable en tant que premier exemple du nationalisme anticolonial égyptien, qui jouera plus tard un rôle très important dans l'Histoire égyptienne. Surtout sous Gamal Abdel Nasser, la révolte serait considérée comme une « lutte glorieuse » contre l'occupation étrangère. La révolution Urabi est considérée par le mouvement des officiers libres comme un précurseur de la révolution de 1952, et Nasser et Muhammad Neguib seront comparés à Urabi. Les manuels nasseristes qualifient la révolte Urabi de « révolution nationale », mais le leader est accablé de grandes erreurs stratégiques et ne représente pas autant un « homme du peuple » que Nasser. Au cours de l'expérience avec le socialisme arabe, la révolte Urabi a aussi parfois été replacée dans un contexte marxiste. Également pendant la période d'infitah (libéralisation économique) du président Sadate, au cours de laquelle subsistait une libéralisation économique croissante, contrôlée et des liens croissants avec le bloc occidental, le gouvernement a exagéré le désir des ʻUrabistes de rédiger une constitution et d'organiser des élections démocratiques. Après la révolution de 1952, l'image d'Urabi, du moins officiellement, s'est globalement améliorée, avec un certain nombre de rues et une place du Caire portant son nom indiquant la place honorifique qu'il occupe dans l'histoire officielle.

Opinions des historiens
Les historiens sont en général divisés, un groupe considérant la révolte comme une poussée pour le libéralisme et la liberté sur le modèle de la Révolution française et d'autres affirmant qu'il ne s'agit que d'un coup d'État militaire, similaire à ceux du mouvement de 1952. Parmi les historiens occidentaux, en particulier britanniques, il y a une vision traditionnelle selon laquelle la révolution Urabi n'est rien de plus qu'une « révolte » ou une « insurrection » et non une véritable révolution sociale. De loin l'Anglais le plus influent d'Egypte, Lord Cromer, écrit une évaluation cinglante des 'Urabistes dans son livre Modern Egypt. Bien que ce point de vue soit encore partagé par beaucoup, il y a eu une tendance croissante à appeler la révolution Urabi comme une véritable révolution, en particulier parmi les historiens les plus récents ayant tendance à mettre l'accent sur l'histoire sociale et économique et à examiner les sources indigènes plutôt qu'européennes.

Le premier ouvrage publié d'Isabella Augusta Gregory, qui embrassa plus tard le nationalisme irlandais et joua un rôle important dans la vie culturelle de l'Irlande, fut Arabi and His Household (1882), un pamphlet (à l'origine une lettre au journal The Times) à l'appui de Ahmed Urabi et sa révolte. Juan Cole, professeur à l'Université du Michigan à Ann Arbor, a récemment publié une évaluation de la révolte Urabi.

Les historiens ont également été divisés sur les raisons de l'invasion britannique, certains affirmant que c'était pour protéger le canal de Suez et empêcher « l'anarchie », tandis que d'autres soutiennent que c'était pour protéger les intérêts des investisseurs britanniques ayant des actifs en Égypte (voir Guerre anglo-égyptienne de 1882).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire de l'Égypte
 Bataille de Tel el-Kebir
 Guerre anglo-égyptienne de 1882

Bibliographie
 Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. "The Transformation of the Egyptian Élite: Prelude to the 'Urābī Revolt." Middle East Journal (1967): 325–344.
 Cole, Juan. Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's ʻUrabi Movement (Princeton University Press, 1993)
 Huffaker, Shauna. "Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882." Victorian Periodicals Review 45.4 (2012): 375-405 online.
 Mayer, Thomas. The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982 (University Presses of Florida, 1988).
 Ozan, A. Ş. I. K. "On Philip Abrams and a Multi-Faceted 'Historical Event': The Urabi Movement (1879-1882) in Egypt." Mavi Atlas 6.1: 170–184. online
 Reid, Donald Malcolm. "The Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879-1882." in M. W. Daly, ed. The Cambridge History of Egypt (Volume 2) (1999) pp 217–238.

Égypte au XIXe siècle
Histoire militaire de l'Égypte
Révolte ʻUrabi
Résistance égyptienne à la colonisation britannique
Bataille de 1882
Bataille de 1881
Bataille de 1880
Bataille de 1879
Révolte ʻUrabi
Rébellion du XIXe siècle

Révolte ʻUrabi


مصطفى أحمد سلامة هو إعلامي ومخرج أردني، دخل موسوعة غينس العالمية عام 2010، وأسس حوالي 10 قنوات تلفزيونية وعليه فقد لقب بصانع القنوات التلفزيونية.
يشغل حالياً منصب الأمين العام لاتحاد المنتجين العرب في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، الذي يعمل من خلال مجلس وزراء الإعلام العرب، وتحت مظلة جامعة الدول العربية.
بدأ مشواره الفني بإخراج المسرحيات، وتميز بمسرحية «العدالة الراحلة» التي نال عليها جائزة أفضل إخراج وعمل متكامل في المهرجان المسرحي الأردني الثالث. أسس شركة الوان للإنتاج الفني في عمان بداية عام 1991، وقام بإنتاج وإخراج الكثير من الاعلانات والبرامج الوثائقية لعدة محطات تلفزيونية. وفي عام 1996 انتقل للعمل في دبي وأسس فرع للشركة هناك، حيث أصبحت هي المقر الرئيسي. وهو مستشار إعلامي لثلاث جهات حكومية  في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. نال عدة جوائز تقديرية ومنها جائزة أفضل مؤسسة ترعى إبداعات الطفولة من جائزة الشيخة لطيفة بنت محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم من 2002 ـ 2007 عن مجمل أعماله تلفزيونية.

القنوات التلفزيونية
اسس حوالي 10 قنوات فضائية هي: قناة إنفنيتي الفضائية، قناة السفر العربي، قناة ديرة، ليبرا، حواس، الاقتصادية، قناة شام، لطيفة، المملكة.

سطور مميزة في تاريخه

انجازات
أحد مؤسسي مسابقات السيتي لاين وهو أول شركة اتصالات تلفزيونية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة تقوم على مبدأ خدمات الهاتف1998.
 مستشار إعلامي لأهم ثلاث جهات حكومية وخاصة في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة ابتداء من 1997.
مؤسس ومالك لشركة إنتاج تلفزيونية متخصصة بالبرامج والأفلام الوثائقية والإعلانات (ألوان للإنتاج الفني) حاصلة على عدة جوائز منها (أفضل مؤسسة ترعى الطفولة في الإمارات – أفضل أداء متميز لعام 2002 من لندن).
 أحد مؤسسي ملتقى القلم العربي أبو ظبي.
مدرس لمادة الاتصال الجماهيري في جامعة عين شمس ـ فرع الإمارات.
الرئيس الفخري مجلس أمناء جامعة الحياة الجديدة.
تأسيس وتنفيذ وثيقة الإبداع التي وقع عليها حكام الإمارات وقدمت للمغفور له الشيخ زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان 2003.
 مؤسس حملة الأيادي البيضاء، أكبر حملة إعلامية لخدمة قضايا المراة 2008.
 تأسيس وتنفيذ حملة «أنا أحب الإمارات»، أكبر حملة وطنية إعلامية لخدمة الهوية الإماراتية برعاية من رئيس الدولة 2007.
 مدير ملتقى المنتجين العرب الذي عقد في جامعة الدول العربية 2008.
مؤلف كتاب صناعة النجوم.

التعليم وجوائز
 الحصول على أكثر من 500 شهادة تقدير من جهات مختلفة.
حاصل على جائزة أفضل إخراج مسرحي عام 1991.
حاصل على جائزة أفضل إخراج مسرحي عام 1991.
 حاصل على الدكتوراة الفخرية في الإعلام من الجامعة الأمريكية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا ـ 2011.

تميزه
أصغر معيد في كلية الفنون التي تخرج منها 1990.
أول شخص في العالم العربي ينتج برنامج كرتوني ويبث على الهواء مباشرة (75) حلقة مع قناة دبي الفضائية عام 1999 بعنوان (مدهش أستاذ المفاجآت).
أحد وأصغر مكرم من الاتحاد العام والرابطة الوطنية لتربية الطفل بالمساهمة في ثقافة الأطفال في الأردن على مر عشر سنوات، وقد صدر كتاب يؤرشف هذه الشخصيات تحت رعاية الملكة نور وهو من ضمن الأسماء المكرمة في هذا الكتاب أما بقية الشهادات والجوائز فهي موجودة في السيرة الذاتية 1990.
غلاف لمجلات عالمية لـ4 مرات.

مناصب
 الأمين العام لإتحاد المنتجين العرب لأعمال التلفزيون ـ جامعة الدول العربية.
رئيس المجلس العربي للإعلام السياحي ـ المنظمة العربية للسياحة.
 رئيس الشبكة العربية للبث المشترك.

سجل غينيس 2010
تم تسجيل سلامة كصاحب رقم قياسي في موسوعة غينيس للأرقام القياسية كأول إعلامي يقوم بعمل برنامج يبث على 70 قناة عربية 2010.، حيث استطاع تحطيم رقم قياسي في الموسوعة ببثه برنامج «المرأة النموذج»، الذي بدأ بثه في 7 أبريل عام 2010، على 70 قناة عربية، تضم أهم المحطات الفضائية الحكومية والخاصة من أجل مناصرة المرأة وقضاياها.

المصادر

إعلاميون أردنيون

مصطفى أحمد سلامة


In mathematics, the look-and-say sequence is the sequence of integers beginning as follows:

 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, 1113213211, 31131211131221, ... .

To generate a member of the sequence from the previous member, read off the digits of the previous member, counting the number of digits in groups of the same digit.  For example:

 1 is read off as "one 1" or 11.
 11 is read off as "two 1s" or 21.
 21 is read off as "one 2, one 1" or 1211.
 1211 is read off as "one 1, one 2, two 1s" or 111221.
 111221 is read off as "three 1s, two 2s, one 1" or 312211.

The look-and-say sequence was analyzed by John Conway
after he was introduced to it by one of his students at a party.

The idea of the look-and-say sequence is similar to that of run-length encoding.

If started with any digit d from 0 to 9 then d will remain indefinitely as the last digit of the sequence. For any d other than 1, the sequence starts as follows:
 d, 1d, 111d, 311d, 13211d, 111312211d, 31131122211d, …
Ilan Vardi has called this sequence, starting with d = 3, the Conway sequence . (for d = 2, see )

Basic properties

Growth
The sequence grows indefinitely. In fact, any variant defined by starting with a different integer seed number will (eventually) also grow indefinitely, except for the degenerate sequence: 22, 22, 22, 22, ...

Digits presence limitation
No digits other than 1, 2, and 3 appear in the sequence, unless the seed number contains such a digit or a run of more than three of the same digit.

Cosmological decay
Conway's cosmological theorem asserts that every sequence eventually splits ("decays") into a sequence of "atomic elements", which are finite subsequences that never again interact with their neighbors. There are 92 elements containing the digits 1, 2, and 3 only, which John Conway named after the 92 naturally-occurring chemical elements up to uranium, calling the sequence audioactive.  There are also two "transuranic" elements (Np and Pu) for each digit other than 1, 2, and 3. Below is a table of all such elements:

Growth in length
The terms eventually grow in length by about 30% per generation. In particular, if Ln denotes the number of digits of the n-th member of the sequence, then the limit of the ratio  exists and is given by

where λ = 1.303577269034...  is an algebraic number of degree 71. This fact was proven by Conway, and the constant λ is known as Conway's constant. The same result also holds for every variant of the sequence starting with any seed other than 22.

Conway's constant as a polynomial root
Conway's constant is the unique positive real root of the following polynomial :

This polynomial was correctly given in Conway's original Eureka article,
but in the reprinted version in the book edited by Cover and Gopinath the term  was incorrectly printed with a minus sign in front.

Popularization
The look-and-say sequence is also popularly known as the Morris Number Sequence, after cryptographer Robert Morris, and the puzzle "What is the next number in the sequence 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221?" is sometimes referred to as the Cuckoo's Egg, from a description of Morris in Clifford Stoll's book The Cuckoo's Egg.

Variations

There are many possible variations on the rule used to generate the look-and-say sequence. For example, to form the "pea pattern" one reads the previous term and counts all instances of each digit, listed in order of their first appearance, not just those occurring in a consecutive block. So beginning with the seed 1, the pea pattern proceeds 1, 11 ("one 1"), 21 ("two 1s"), 1211 ("one 2 and one 1"), 3112 ("three 1s and one 2"), 132112 ("one 3, two 1s and one 2"), 311322 ("three 1s, one 3 and two 2s"), etc. This version of the pea pattern eventually forms a cycle with the two "atomic" terms 23322114 and 32232114.

Other versions of the pea pattern are also possible; for example, instead of reading the digits as they first appear, one could read them in ascending order instead. In this case, the term following 21 would be 1112 ("one 1, one 2") and the term following 3112 would be 211213 ("two 1s, one 2 and one 3").

These sequences differ in several notable ways from the look-and-say sequence. Notably, unlike the Conway sequences, a given term of the pea pattern does not uniquely define the preceding term. Moreover, for any seed the pea pattern produces terms of bounded length: This bound will not typically exceed  (22 digits for decimal: ) and may only exceed  (30 digits for decimal radix) in length for long, degenerate, initial seeds (sequence of "100 ones", etc.). For these extreme cases, individual elements of decimal sequences immediately settle into a permutation of the form  where here the letters  are placeholders for digit counts from the preceding sequence element.

Since the sequence is infinite, and the length of each element is bounded, it must eventually repeat, due to the pigeonhole principle. As a consequence, pea pattern sequences are always eventually periodic.

See also
 Gijswijt's sequence
 Kolakoski sequence
 Autogram

Notes

References

External links
 Conway speaking about this sequence and telling that it took him some explanations to understand the sequence.
 Implementations in many programming languages on Rosetta Code

 Look and Say sequence generator p

 A Derivation of Conway's Degree-71 "Look-and-Say" Polynomial

Base-dependent integer sequences
Algebraic numbers
Mathematical constants
John Horton Conway

Look-and-say sequence


Villarreal Club de Fútbol, SAD., Villarreal merkezli İspanyol futbol kulübü. La Liga'da mücadele etmektedir. 1923'te kurulmuş olup, iç saha maçlarını 24.890 kişilik Seramik Stadyumu'nda oynamaktadır.

2003-04 sezonunda UEFA Kupası'nda yarı final oynamışlardır. 2004-2005 sezonunda La Liga'yı 3. bitirmiş, bir sonraki sezon UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde Arsenal karşısında son dakikada atamadığı penaltı golü yüzünden, yarı finalde elenmişlerdir. 2006 yılında Intertoto Kupası'na katılmış ve NK Maribor takımına elenmişlerdir.

1997-98 sezonu sonuna kadar, İspanya 2. Ligi, 3. Ligi ve Amatör Liglerinde mücadele eden Villarreal, 1998-99 sezonunda ilk defa çıktığı La Liga'da, 18. olduktan sonra tekrar 2. Lige düşmüş ve 2000-01 sezonunda tekrar yükseldiği La Liga'da, 2011-12 sezonuna kadar mücadele ederek hem ligde hem de Avrupa'da başarılar elde etti.

Başarılı dönemlerden sonra başarısızlıklar yaşayıp sürekli olarak teknik direktör değiştiren takım, 2011-2012 sezonunda La Liga'da kalma savaşı verse de küme düşmekten kurtulamadı. Ancak takımın Segunda Liga'ya düşmesi sadece A takımı etkilemedi. Segunda'da sezonu 12. sırada tamamlayan Villareal B takımı, "Aynı ligde aynı kulüpten iki takım mücadele edemez." kuralı nedeniyle 3. Lig'e düşürüldü.

Kadrosunda bir dönem Martin Palermo, Sonny Anderson, Riquelme, Diego Forlán ve Nihat Kahveci gibi önemli oyuncular bulundu. Gol rekorları ise, Bölgesel Lig takımlarından Navata'yı, 2009'da 27-0 yenmeleri oldu.

Başarıları
 UEFA Intertoto Kupası : 2003, 2004
 UEFA Avrupa Ligi : 2020-21
 UEFA Süper Kupası (ikinci) : 2021

Takım Kadrosu

Kaynakça

İspanya'daki futbol kulüpleri

1923'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri
La Liga kulüpleri
UEFA Avrupa Ligi şampiyonları

Villarreal CF


أييوس ييورييوس (Άγιος Γεώργιος) هي مدينة في فويوتيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1917   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

أغيوس غيوريوس (بويوتيا)


Esta é uma lista de freguesias da subregião da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, ordenadas alfabeticamente dentro de cada município e por população dos anos de 2011 e 2021, através dos censos.

A sub-região da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa pertence à região com o mesmo nome, que registou, através dos censos de 2021, uma população de 2.871.133 habitantes, dividido entre 18 municípios e em 118 freguesias.

Freguesias por município
A Área Metropolitana de Lisboa é uma sub-região dividido entre 18 municípios, sendo o município de Lisboa com o maior número de fregesias da subregião, tendo 24 freguesias, e os munícipos de Sesimbra e Alcochete com o menor número de fregesias da sub-região, ambas com 3 freguesias.

Lista de freguesias
Esta é uma lista de todas as 118 freguesias da sub-região da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa.

Freguesias_de_Portugal

Lista de freguesias da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa


Nogometni klub Brusje je bivši hrvatski nogometni klub iz Brusja na otoku Hvaru. Natjecao se je u Hvarskoj nogometnoj ligi, u sklopu koje je odigrao sve svoje službene ligaške utakmice. Svoje utakmice kao domaćin igrao je u Hvaru.

Izvori

Bivši hrvatski nogometni klubovi
Nogomet na Hvaru
Nogometni klubovi u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Brusje

NK Brusje


Marea mahmureală (titlu original: The Hangover) este un film american de comedie din 2009 regizat de Todd Phillips.  Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis și Bradley Cooper. Scenariul este scris de Jon Lucas și Scott Moore.

Prezentare

Cu două zile înainte de nuntă, Doug Billings, un burlac petrecăreț, dar atent, călătorește la Las Vegas împreună cu cei mai buni prieteni ai săi Phil Wenneck, un profesor sarcastic de școala primară, și Stu Price, un medic stomatolog temător. Îl aduce și pe Alan Garner, viitorul său cumnat care este imatur și excentric. Sid, tatăl logodnicei sale, Tracy, îi permite lui Doug să conducă un Mercedes-Benz W111 de epocă din Los Angeles până la Las Vegas. Ei închiriază un apartament penthouse la hotelul/cazinoul Caesars Palace și sărbătoresc furișându-se pe acoperișul hotelului unde beau Jägermeister. A doua zi, Phil, Stu și Alan se trezesc și descoperă că nu au nicio amintire despre noaptea precedentă. Doug nu este nicăieri, dintele lui Stu lipsește, apartamentul este un dezastru, un tigru bengalez este în baie și un bebeluș într-un dulap. Ei văd salteaua lui Doug aruncată pe o statuie de afară și când cer să li se aducă mașina (Mercedesul), valetul le aduce o mașină de poliție LVPD.

Cei trei încearcă să facă reconstituirea a ceea ce s-a întâmplat, găsesc pe mâna lui Phil dovada că a fost internat, se duc la spital, unde descoperă că au fost drogați cu Rohypnol, ceea ce le-a provocat pierderea memoriei. De la medic cei trei află  că au venit la spital de la o capelă în noaptea precedentă. La capelă, ei află că Stu s-a căsătorit cu o damă de companie pe nume Jade, în ciuda faptului că este într-o relație de lungă durată cu iubita lui dominatoare, Melissa, care l-a înșelat. În afara capelei, sunt atacați de gangsteri care cer să știe unde este "el". Nedumeriți, ei fug și o caută pe Jade, mama copilului.

Apoi sunt arestați de polițiști pentru că au furat mașina de poliție. După ce li s-a spus că Mercedes-ul a fost confiscat, cei trei sunt eliberați când se oferă, fără să vrea, să fie ținte pentru o demonstrație cu  pistolul cu electroșocuri. În timp ce conduc Mercedesul, ei descoperă în portbagaj un chinez gol pe nume Leslie Chow, care îl bate pe cei trei cu o rangă și fuge. Alan mărturisește că el este cel care le-a pus droguri în băutură pe acoperișul hotelului pentru a se asigura că au o noapte bună, crezând că drogul este ecstasy.

Când se întorc în apartamentul lor, îl găsesc pe Mike Tyson, care îl lasă pe Alan inconștient și le ordonă să-i aducă acasă tigrul, la conacul său. Stu droghează tigrul, îl urcă în Mercedes și conduc spre conacul lui Tyson. Cu toate acestea, tigrul se trezește la jumătatea drumului și îi atacă, zgâriindu-l pe Phil pe gât și stricând interiorului mașinii. Ei împing mașina până la conac și îi livrează cu succes tigrul lui Tyson, care le arată imagini de la camera de securitate care arată că nu l-au pierdut pe Doug până s-au întors la hotel. În timp ce conduc înapoi, mașina lor este lovită de un Cadillac Escalade negru condus de gangsterii de la capelă și de Chow, care este șeful lor. Chow îi acuză că l-au răpit și că i-au furat 80.000 de dolari în jetoane de poker. Pe măsură ce ei neagă, el le spune că îl are ostatic pe Doug și amenință că îl va ucide dacă nu i se dau banii înapoi. Incapabil să găsească jetoanele lui Chow, Alan, cu ajutorul lui Stu și Jade, își folosește cunoștințele de numărare a cărților pentru a câștiga 82.400$ la blackjack.

A doua zi, se întâlnesc cu Chow în deșertul Mojave pentru a schimba jetoanele contra lui Doug, doar pentru a descoperi că este un alt Doug, un traficant de droguri de culoare care i-a vândut droguri lui Alan în noaptea precedentă. Având în vedere că nunta adevăratului Doug va avea loc peste cinci ore, Phil o sună pe Tracy pentru a-i spune că nu-l găsesc. În același timp, remarcile celuilalt Doug că cineva care se droghează este mai probabil să ajungă pe podea decât pe acoperiș îl fac pe Stu să realizeze brusc unde este Doug (pe acoperișul hotelului).

Ei călătoresc înapoi la Caesars Palace unde îl găsesc pe Doug buimac și ars de soare pe acoperiș. Cei trei l-au mutat acolo, cu saltea, noaptea precedentă, ca o glumă, dar au uitat de el; Doug a aruncat apoi salteaua pe statuie în încercarea de a cere ajutor. Înainte de a pleca, Stu aranjează să se întâlnească cu Jade săptămâna următoare la o cină. Fără nici un avion disponibil, cei patru merg acasă cu Mercedesul stricat. În ciuda sosirii lor târzii, Doug și Tracy se căsătoresc. La nuntă, Stu ia atitudine în cele din urmă și se desparte de Melissa. Alan găsește camera digitală a lui Stu care conține fotografii cu desfrânarea din noaptea din Las Vegas, iar cei patru sunt de acord să se uite la imagini înainte de a le șterge.

Distribuție
 Bradley Cooper: Phil Wenneck
 Ed Helms: Dr. Stuart "Stu" Price
 Zach Galifianakis: Alan Garner
 Justin Bartha: Doug Billings
 Heather Graham: Jade
 Sasha Barrese: Tracy Garner
 Rachael Harris: Melissa
 Jeffrey Tambor: Sid
 Ken Jeong: Mr. Leslie Chow
 Mike Tyson: Rolul său
 Mike Epps: Black Doug
 Jernard Burks: Leonard
 Rob Riggle: Officer Franklin
 Cleo King: Officer Garden
 Bryan Callen: Eddie
 Matt Walsh: Dr. Valsh
 Murray Gershenz: Felix
 Ian Anthony Dale: Mr. Chows Gefolgsmann

Lansare și primire
A avut încasări de 30 milioane $.

Marea mahmureală a avut în parte recenzii pozitive:

Rotten Tomatoes - 78%
Metacritic - 73%
Roger Ebert - 4,5 stele din 5

Note

Legături externe

 The Hangover on FilmAffinity

 The Hangover – Behind-the-Scenes Secrets

Filme din 2009
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Todd Phillips
Filme de comedie americane

Marea mahmureală


Vitanová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Tvrdošín din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.319 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vitanová este atestată documentar din 1550.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vitanová


An Festuca wolgensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pavel Aleksandrovich Smirnov. An Festuca wolgensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca wolgensis


Events from the year 1838 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: Victoria

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 15th (until March 27)
Parliament of Upper Canada: 13th

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

January to June
January – Samuel Lount captured.
January 13 – Navy Island evacuated.
January 13 – Lord Eldon, Lord Chancellor under three kings, dies.
January 14 – The rebels, under Mackenzie, evacuate Navy Island.
January 17 – Lord John Russell introduces a bill to suspend the Constitution of Canada. Lord Brougham says, "You propose to punish a whole Province, because it contains a few malcontent parishes; thus, by your indiscriminating prescriptions, you chastise those, even, who have helped you to stifle the insurrection.
February – Border raids begin: Lake Champlain, Hickory, Fighting and Pelee Islands.
April 12 – Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews hanged in Toronto.
May to July – Guerrilla actions: roasting of the Sir Robert Peel.
May 27 – As governor general and high commissioner of British North America, Lord Durham arrives to investigate the circumstances behind the Rebellions of 1837.
June 21–23 – Short Hills Raid near Pelham, Ontario

July to December
July 30 – James Morreau hanged at Niagara.
August 16 – Lord Durham's ordinance is disallowed.
November 1 – Lord Durham leaves Quebec.
November 3 – Second Rebellion in Canada.
November – Uprising in Lower Canada. Battle of the Windmill at Prescott, Upper Canada.
November 9 – Battle of Odelltown.
November 10 – The rebels gain a victory at Beauharnois.
November 16 – Invaders under Von Shoultz are defeated, at Prescott.
December – Battle of Windsor (Patriot War).
December 13 – Sir John Colborne, Governor General, Messrs. Moffat, Stuart and Badgley go to England, to represent British Canadian views.

Full date unknown
 Lord Howick declares "If I thought the great mass of people were hostile to Britain, I should say that what ought to be done would be to see how a final separation between them and us could be effectuated without sacrificing British interests; but I do not think that British Canadians are opposed to British domination, for our alliance is more necessary to them than their connection is important to us."
Of the French Canadians, he says, "If it be only for their laws and particular usages that they are struggling, surrounded, as they are, by people of other races, they must be aware that they would be made to undergo, if they lost British protection, a much more violent change than any which they have yet had to endure; and certainly, greater and more general than any which we may mean to prescribe for them." He adds that "Unlimited executive responsibility is irreconcilable with the relations which ought to exist between a colony and the metropolitan power. Mr. Grote says, "If the violation, in part, of the Constitution determined the Canadians to arm in defence of their rights, how will they endure the suspension of the Constitution entirely and the confiscation of popular freedom?"
Conflict over the New Brunswick-Maine border begins in the Aroostook River area.
During December 1838 and January 1839, 30 rebels hanged in London, Kingston and Montreal.
The Custom House, at Montreal, is finished.
The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000.
Insurgents are amnestied.
The governors of New York and Vermont forbid interference with Canadian difficulties.

Births
January 9 – John Arthur Fraser, artist (died 1898)
March 25 – Thomas Greenway, politician and 7th Premier of Manitoba (died 1908)
April 5 – George-Édouard Desbarats, printer and inventor (died 1893)
April 28 – François-Xavier-Anselme Trudel, politician (died 1890)
May 12 – James McMillan, United States Senator from Michigan from 1889 till 1902. (died 1902)
June 22 – James William Bain, politician (died 1909)
August 15 – Daniel Webster Marsh, businessman and Mayor of Calgary (died 1916)
August 30 – Peter White, politician (died 1906)

Deaths

March 21 – George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie (born 1770)
July 8 – Peter Robinson, politician, Peterborough, Ontario renamed in his honour (born 1785)
August 17 – Michel-Louis Juchereau Duchesnay, army and militia officer, seigneur, jp, and office holder (born 1785)

References

Years of the 19th century in Canada
Canada
1838 in North America

1838 in Canada


Les maluns sont un plat traditionnel des Grisons, essentiellement constitué de pommes de terre.

Recette

Les maluns sont préparés à partir de pommes de terre cuites en robe des champs (généralement la veille), pelées et râpées, puis mélangées à un peu de farine en proportion variant selon la recette. Le mélange obtenu est ensuite rôti lentement dans du beurre et remué constamment jusqu'à ce qu'il forme des petites boulettes ou miettes dorées. Le plat est généralement servi avec une compote de pommes, ou d'autres fruits selon la saison, ainsi que divers fromages régionaux et, éventuellement, des salaisons, comme le Salsiz (saucisse sèche) ou la viande des Grisons. Ils sont aussi traditionnellement accompagnés de café au lait.

Bien qu'en apparence aisée, la préparation des maluns demande de la patience, en particulier la partie finale qui peut demander plus de 40 minutes de présence constante selon la qualité des pommes de terre. L'écrivain et journaliste Hanns U. Christen recommande, dans son livre Das Kochbuch aus der Schweiz, de cuisiner au moins deux fois des maluns avant d'en proposer à des invités. Les maluns sont généralement servis en tant que plat principal car ils fournissent un repas riche même sans l'ajout de viande.

Histoire

La pomme de terre (ainsi que le maïs) a été introduite dans les terres grisonnes par Johann Gubert Rudolf von Salis au XVIIIe siècle, au château de Marschlins, situé près de Landquart.

Les premières pommes de terre furent plantées en tant que plantes ornementales à Marschlins en 1717. C'est seulement en 1758 que des pommes de terre y auraient été servies pour la première fois lors d'un dîner au château, mais avec un succès très mitigé. Cependant, un peu plus d'une décennie plus tard, une famine favorisa sa consommation, si bien que dès la fin du siècle, la pomme de terre était cultivée dans toutes les régions propices des Grisons. À cette époque, l'habitude de cuisiner les maluns se répandit parmi les paysans du canton, au point que certains d'entre eux se virent attribuer le sobriquet de « Magliamaluns » ou « Malauner », ce qui signifie « mangeurs de maluns ».

Le mot romanche « maluns » vient du latin micula/miculones : « petites miettes ». Les maluns sont également connus sous le nom de Bündner Kartoffelribel en allemand.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Capuns, un autre mets typique des Grisons
Rösti, un autre mets suisse à base de pommes de terre

Liens externes

La recette des maluns selon le chef Andreas Caminada (avec vidéo) sur le site finedininglovers.com

Cuisine suisse
Spécialité à base de pommes de terre
Canton des Grisons

Maluns


Der Oberleitungsbus Poti war der Oberleitungsbus-Betrieb der georgischen Stadt Poti.

Geschichte
Der Betrieb wurde am 9. Mai 1981 eröffnet und bestand zunächst aus einer Linie. Später folgte eine zweite, womit das Netz mit 18 Kilometern seine größte Ausdehnung erreichte. Im Oktober 2004 wurde der Oberleitungsbus Poti schließlich stillgelegt. Anschließend wurde das Depot zurückgebaut und die Fahrleitung vollständig demontiert.

Fahrzeuge
Eingesetzt wurden Fahrzeuge der Typen Škoda 9Tr, Škoda 14Tr und ZiU-9, zeitweise befanden sich zwölf Wagen im Bestand. Zuletzt verkehrten drei vom Oberleitungsbus Athen/Piräus stammende ZiU-9 mit den Betriebsnummern 20 bis 22. Die Fahrzeuge wurden nach der Einstellung alle verschrottet.

Weblinks
 Der Oberleitungsbus Poti auf www.trolleymotion.com

Einzelnachweise

Poti
Poti

Oberleitungsbus Poti


Coifi or Cofi was the priest of the temple at Goodmanham in the Kingdom of Northumbria in 627.

Bede's description of Coifi is that of the chief of priests in Northumbria; the fact that he is the chief priest suggests that there was some sort of organised pagan priesthood in existence during Coifi's time. Whilst we know very little about Coifi we do at least know of some of the aspects of his priestly life. Bede informs us of some of the restrictions placed upon Coifi as a priest, such as not being allowed to bear arms or ride a stallion.

Coifi was one of the people King Edwin of Northumbria sought for advice on whether to convert to Christianity as preached by Paulinus, chaplain to his Christian queen Ethelburga. It is worth noting that Coifi was a member of the council, the witan, consulted by the king. Coifi declared that the pagan religion he had followed had no advantage, and that he had followed it in ignorance.

Coifi mounted a stallion and rode from the king's council (which according to local tradition was held at the royal summer encampment at Londsborough), to the pagan temple at Goodmanham, where he cast a spear into the altar before setting the building on fire, as the people watched.

Coifi and the Conversion of King Edwin

Holding a council with the wise men King Edwin asked of every one in particular what he thought of the new doctrine and the new worship that was preached.

To which the chief of his own priests, Coifi, immediately answered: O king, consider what this is which is now preached to us; for I verily declare to you that the religion which we have hitherto professed has, as afar as I can learn, no virtue in it. For none of you people has applied himself more diligently to the worship of our gods than I; and yet there are many who receive greater favors from you, and are more preferred than I, and who are more prosperous in all their undertakings. Now if the gods were good for anything, they would rather forward me, who have been more careful to serve them. If follows, therefore, that if upon examination you find those new doctrines which are now preached to us better and more efficacious, we should immediately receive them without any delay.

Another of the king's chief men, approving of Coifi's words and exhortations, presently added: "The present life of man, O king, seems to me, in comparison with that time which is unknown to us, like to the swift flight of a sparrow through the room wherein you sit at supper in winter amid your officers and ministers, with a good fire in the midst, whilst the storms of rain and snow prevail abroad; the sparrow, I say, flying at one door and immediately out at another, whilst he is within is safe from the wintry storm; but after a short space of fair weather he immediately vanishes out of your sight into the dark winter from which he has emerged. So this life of man appears for a short space, but of what went before or what is to follow we are utterly ignorant. If, therefore, this new doctrine contains something more certain, it seems justly to deserve to be followed."

The other elders, and king's counselors, by divine inspiration, spoke to the same effect. But Coifi added that he wished more attentively to hear Paulinus discourse concerning the God whom he preached. So the bishop having spoken by the king's command at greater length, Coifi, hearing his words, cried out: I have long since been sensible that there was nothing in that which we worshipped, because the more diligently I sought after truth in that worship, the less I found it. But now I freely confess that such evident truth appears in this preaching as can confer on us the gifts of life, of salvation, and of eternal happiness. For which reason I advise, O king, that we instantly abjure and set fire to those temples and altars which we have consecrated without reaping any benefits from them.

In short, the king publicly gave his permission to Paulinus to preach the gospel, and, renouncing idolatry, declared that he received the faith of Christ; and when he inquired of the high priest who should first profane the altars and temples of their idols, with the inclosures that were about them, the high priest answered, I; for who can more properly than myself destroy those things which I worshipped through ignorance, for an example to all others, through the wisdom which has been given me by the true God?

- the Venerable Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

References

 Arthur Mee's 1000 Heroes, Page 611 (Vol.1), Pages 1323-1326 (Vol.2)

External links

7th-century clergy
7th-century deaths
7th-century English people
Anglo-Saxon pagans
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Clergy from Yorkshire
History of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Northumbria
People from Market Weighton
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
7th-century Christian clergy

Coifi


Violetta Tarnowska Bronner (* 1938; † 2017), auch Violetta Bronner oder Violetta Tarnowska-Bronner, war eine polnische Schauspielerin.

Wirken
Violetta Tarnowska-Bronner war neben ihren Filmrollen auch als Oma Violetta, ein Sidekick aus der Late-Night-Show neoParadise des Fernsehsenders ZDFneo, bekannt. Ihre Hauptaufgabe war es hier zunächst, "die Band aus dem Schrank" wieder in diesen zurückzutreiben. Später bekam sie eine eigene Kolumne namens Violetta wills wissen, in der sie unter anderem H. P. Baxxter und Money Boy interviewte.

Von 2013 bis 2015 wirkte sie bei der neoParadise-Nachfolgesendung Circus HalliGalli auf ProSieben mit. Ihre eigene Rubrik wurde dort unter dem Namen Günther Jauch 2 fortgeführt.

Im Podcast Baywatch Berlin berichtete Klaas Heufer-Umlauf im Juni 2020, dass Bronner etwa drei Jahre zuvor verstorben sei.

Filmografie
 1985: Otto – Der Film
 1987: Drei Damen vom Grill (Fernsehserie, Folge Herzlichen Glückwunsch)
 1990: Die Hallo-Sisters
 1994: Alles auf Anfang
 1999: Nachtgestalten
 2004: Die Bourne Verschwörung (The Bourne Supremacy)
 2005: SOKO Wismar: Brautvater
 2008: Braams – Kein Mord ohne Leiche (Fernsehfilm)
 2010: Pfarrer Braun (Fernsehserie, Folge Kur mit Schatten)
 2011: Polnische Ostern

Fernsehsendungen
 2011–2013: neoParadise
 2013–2015: Circus HalliGalli

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Person (ProSieben)
Pole
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 2017
Frau

Violetta Tarnowska Bronner