Waterloo County was a county in Canada West in the United Province of Canada from 1853 until 1867, then in the Canadian province of Ontario from 1867 until 1973. It was the direct predecessor of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

Situated on a subset of land within the Haldimand Tract, Waterloo County consisted of five townships: Woolwich, Wellesley, Wilmot, Waterloo, and North Dumfries. The major population centres were Waterloo, Kitchener (known as Berlin prior to 1916), Preston, Hespeler, Blair, and Doon in Waterloo township; Galt in North Dumfries; Elmira in Woolwich; and New Hamburg in Wilmot. All are now part of the Regional Municipality.

History

Background

Waterloo County was once one of the most densely wooded sections in North America. Oak trees three to four feet in diameter, maple, beech, elm, ash oak and great pines were common. The county, located in the northerly edge of Attawandaron land, was excellent for hunting and fishing.

Haldimand Proclamation (1784–1800)

In 1784, by way of the Haldimand Proclamation, the British Government granted the Grand River valley to Iroquois confederation refugees from central and western New York State, indigenous peoples who served as allies during the American Revolution. The area was from Lake Erie to the Elora falls, and the width being six miles on each side of the river. The First Nations soon offered almost half of the upper area for sale. It was divided into four blocks. Blocks 1, 2 and 3 were sold by 1816; this large area became the townships of Waterloo, Woolwich and Dumfries.

The western part of this area was initially settled by Mennonites of German extraction from Pennsylvania; most settled the area that would become Kitchener, St. Jacobs, Elmira and surroundings.  The southern part (now Cambridge) – as well as areas that would become Fergus and Elora, just outside Waterloo County – were settled by Scots. Except for grist, woolen and saw mills, there was little industry in any of these area until about 1870.

Early arrivals from Pennsylvania (1800–1819)

Settlement of the what later became the Township of Waterloo started in 1800 (in an area that is now a part of Kitchener) by Joseph Schoerg (later called Sherk) and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. At the time, the upper part of the Grand River Valley was considered deep in the wilderness, and was difficult to penetrate into with wagons due a lack of roads. One Waterloo County historian, W. H. Breithaupt, believed that Schoerg and Betzner, after arriving in Upper Canada, travelled from Ancaster westward through Beverley Township to a point on the Grand River near where Paris would later be founded, using a road cut through the wilderness the previous year by two Englishmen named Ward and Smith. They then followed the Grand River northward. Joseph Schoerg and his wife settled on Lot 11, B.F. Beasley Block, S.R., on the bank of the Grand River opposite Doon, and Betzner and his wife settled on the west bank of the Grand, on a farm near what would become the village of Blair.

The homes built by the next generation of these families still stand as of March 2021, on what is now Pioneer Tower Road in Kitchener, and have been listed as historically important; the John Betzner homestead (restored) and the David Schoerg farmstead (not yet restored) were erected circa 1830.

The German Company, represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker, had gotten into financial difficulties after buying the land in 1796 from Joseph Brant who represented the Six Nations. The payment to Beasly, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, carried in a wagon surrounded by armed guards.

Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons.
Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a  section of Block Two from the German Company from Richard Beasley who had acquired a massive territory. The tract had originally been purchased from the Six Nations Indians by the British Crown in 1784; it was acquired in 1798 by Richard Beasley and two partners who decided to resell land, in smaller parcels. The Tract included most of Block 2 of the previous Grand River Indian Lands. Many of the first farms were least four hundred acres in size.

At this time, many Mississauga people still frequented the area. Recorded history documents that the relationship between the Mississaugas and early settlers could sometimes be strained. In one case, a John Erb (likely the same John Erb who built the first mills at Preston) was shot and wounded by a Mississauga man in Haldimand County in 1804. Ezra E. Eby, whose history of Waterloo Township was based on oral family histories of early settlers as well as written history, highlights positive social relationships between early settlers and indigenous people, describing frequent trade between them, that settlers' children and indigenous children would play together, and that indigenous people would sometimes stay overnight in settlers' houses. However, in one surviving document from the period, a group of settlers in "Beasley's Township" (the name used before Waterloo Township was adopted) petitioned the Upper Canada legislature in 1808 to ban the sale of spirits to indigenous people, citing social disorder and "bad behaviour" including the shooting of another settler. Another, later historian, Angus S. Bauman, points out in his own history that Ezra Eby may have been aware of these incidents, highlighting Eby's comment that "[i]n those early times the Indians were very numerous and if kindly treated would never injure anyone," noting that "perhaps these men did inadvertently displease the Indians."

The majority of the settlers of the Lower Block along the Grand River (including areas such as the current Freeport and Hespeler) were also Mennonites from Pennsylvania often called Pennsylvania Dutch although they were actually Deutsch or Deitsch, German. Others immigrated from the British Isles and directly from Germany, producing a mix of cultures.

The first school opened in 1802 near the village of Blair, then known as Shinglebridge and now part of Cambridge, Ontario. The first teacher's name was Mr. Rittenhaus.

By the early 1800s, a corduroy road had been built along what is now King Street in Waterloo; its remains were unearthed in 2016. The road was probably built by Mennonites using technology acquired in Lancaster County Pennsylvania, between the late 1790s and 1816. The log road was buried in about 1840 and a new road built on top of it. A historian explained that the road had been built for access to the mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".

Later declared the founder of the city of Waterloo, Abraham Erb, a German Mennonite from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, bought 900 acres of bush land in 1806 from the German Company; (this would later be part of Waterloo Township). He built a sawmill in 1808 and a gristmill in 1816; the latter operated continuously for 111 years. Other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small.

By 1804, the cemetery in the village of Blair (now part of Cambridge) was already in use. The next cemetery to be started is the one next to Pioneer Tower in Doon; the first recorded burial at that location was in 1806. The cemetery at First Mennonite church at 800 King St. East in Kitchener is not as old, but contains the graves of some notable citizens, including Bishop Benjamin Eby who died in 1853, Joseph Schneider, and Rev. Joseph Cramer, founder of the House of Friendship social service agency.

In 1807,  of Block 3 (Woolwich) was purchased by Pennsylvanians John Erb, Jacob Erb and others.

Later named the founder of Kitchener, Benjamin Eby (made Mennonite preacher 1809, and bishop in 1812) arrived from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1806 and purchased a very large tract of land consisting of much of what would become the village of Berlin (named about 1830). The settlement was initially called Ebytown and was at the south-east side of what would later become Queen Street. (Eby was also responsible for the growth of the Mennonite church in Waterloo County; he built the first church in 1813.) Abram Weber settled on the corner of what would become King and Wilmot Streets and David Weber in the area of the much later Grand Trunk Railway station. Benjamin Eby encouraged manufacturers to move to the village. Jacob Hoffman came in 1829 or 1830 and started the first furniture factory.

Almost as important as Benjamin Eby in the history of Kitchener, Joseph Schneider of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (son of immigrants from southern Germany) bought lot 17 of the German Company Tract of block 2 in 1806. While farming, he helped to build what became "Schneider's Road" and by 1816 built a sawmill. Years later, Schneider and Phineas Varnum would help form the commercial centre of Ebytown.

The War of 1812 interrupted settlement. The Mennonite settlers refused to carry arms so were employed in non-combatant roles in camps and hospital and as teamsters in transport service during the war.

William Dickson of Niagara purchased land in the township of North Dumfries and South Dumfries. With his land agent, Absolom Shade, he located a town site on the Grand River.  Settlers were attracted, largely from Scotland with the price of land being about four dollars an acre. Years later (1827), this village would be named Galt for John Galt, the British author and then Superintendent of the Canada Company headquartered in Guelph. Galt was a friend of William Dickson.

Rural development (1819–1852)

During and shortly after the War of 1812, government expenditures on roads increased dramatically, leading to the improvement and extension of a number of roads in Upper Canada. By 1819, a new road had been constructed, which ran diagonally across Beverley Township from Dundas to Galt. The new road gave pioneers in Dumfries Township (and by extension, Waterloo Township) a direct route to urban centres near Lake Ontario, although it was over a difficult track which passed through many swamps. This "Beverley Road" was the predecessor to the later . Before commercial mills were constructed in the Waterloo area, settlers had to bring their grain in wagons along the road to Dundas to be milled. By the 1830s, the government had adopted a new strategy: the creation of toll roads maintained by private companies. The first such company, incorporated in 1829, was the Dundas and Waterloo Turnpike Company. It had a capitalization of CA£25,000, almost double the government's expenditure on roads the following year, and was committed to improve and maintain the Galt–Dundas road to a width of . Despite these funds, the company struggled financially, and a debenture of another £25,000 was requested and authorized in 1837. A further £8,000 was authorized two years later, in 1839, for macadamization.

The earliest recorded proposal for a railway in Waterloo County was in January 1836; at the time, no public railways existed in Canada, as the first, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, was still under construction and would only open later that year. This first proposal was for a long-distance route from Dundas to Goderich, going through Preston. A similar proposal for a "Toronto and Lake Huron Railway" was made in August, which was intended to pass through the townships of Dumfries and Waterloo. However, an economic crisis in 1837 delayed railway development, and it wouldn't be until the railway fever of the 1840s that new proposals would emerge.

John Eby, druggist and chemist, arrived from Pennsylvania in about 1820 and opened a shop to the west of what would later be Eby Street. At the time, it was common for settlers to form a building "bee" to help newcomers erect a long home. Immigration from Lancaster county continued heavily in the 1820s because of a severe agricultural depression in Lancaster County. Joseph Schneider also settled in that area and built a frame house in 1820 on the south side of the future Queen Street after clearing a farm and creating a rough road. A small settlement formed around "Schneider's Road" which later became the nucleus of Berlin. The home was renovated over a century later and still stands.

The village centre of what would become Berlin (and later, Kitchener) was established in 1830 by Phineas Varnum who leased land from Joseph Schneider and opened a blacksmith shop on the site where a hotel would be built many years later, the Walper House. A tavern was also established here at the same time and a store was opened. At the time, the settlement of Berlin was still considered to be a hamlet.

By 1830 the village of Preston was a thriving business centre with Jacob Hespeler, a native of Württemberg and a prominent citizen. He would later move to the village of New Hope that was renamed Hespeler in 1857 in recognition of his public service and the industries he started there. Jacob Beck from the Grand Duchy of Baden founded the village of Baden in Wilmot Township and started a foundry and machine shop. Jacob Beck was the father of Sir Adam Beck.

The first newspaper of the county (first issue dated August 27, 1835) was the Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung, printed mostly in German and partly in English. It was published for only five years.

The land which now makes up the township of Woolwich, including communities such as St. Jacobs and Elmira, were first settled in the early 1800s. The early settlers were primarily from England or Ireland but after 1830, Mennonites from Pennsylvania formed a significant proportion of the population. The area still retains much of its traditional character. Old Order Mennonites can still be seen on the local roads using their traditional horse and buggy transportation.

By 1835, many immigrants to Waterloo County were not from Pennsylvania. Many settler came from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany to areas such as New Germany in the Lower Block of Block Two. In 1835, approximately 70% of the population was Mennonite but by 1851, only 26% of the much larger population were of this religion. This was due to the large wave of new German migrants from Europe, particularly between 1830 and 1850.

The Wellington District and Waterloo County were formed in June 1840 from territory transferred from certain other districts:

The district town was Guelph.

Records indicate a population of 13,782 in 1841. The Smith's Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 states that the Township of Waterloo (smaller than Waterloo County) consisted primarily of Pennsylvanian Mennonites and immigrants directly from Germany who had brought money with them. At the time, many did not speak English.  There were eight grist and twenty saw mills in the township. In 1841, the population count was 4424. In 1846 the village of Waterloo had a population of 200, "mostly Germans". There was a grist mill and a sawmill and some tradesmen. Berlin (Kitchener) had a population of about 400, also "mostly German", and more tradesmen than the village of Waterloo.

Reorganization of the county (1852–1853)
At the beginning of 1852, the County was divided into three, forming the United Counties of Wellington, Waterloo and Grey:

The County of Waterloo was withdrawn from the United Counties in January 1853.

Urbanization and centralization around Berlin (1853–1894)

There had been some contentious debate between Galt and Berlin (later, Kitchener) as to where the county seat would be located. At the time, Berlin was a hamlet with a population of only 700, as opposed to Galt's population of 2,200. one of the requirements for founding was the construction of a courthouse and jail. When the local Berlin hotelier Friedrich Gaukel donated a small parcel of land he owned (at the current Queen and Weber streets), this secured the county seat for Berlin. The courthouse at the corner of the later Queen Street North and Weber Street and the county gaol were built within a few months. The first county council meeting was held in the new building on 24 January 1853, as the county officially began operations. The new county council included 12 members from the five townships and two villages; Doctor John Scott was appointed as the first warden (reeve). Though the courthouse has since been replaced with a modern structure, the gaol and adjacent governor's house remain to this day under historical designation; they have been repurposed for further legal capacities (courtrooms and prosecutors' offices). In the following years, various County institutions and facilities would be created, including roads and bridges, schools, a House of Industry and Refuge, agricultural societies and local markets.

The Grand Trunk Railway reached Berlin in 1856 and that accelerated the growth of industry. In the next decade factories and the homes of labourers and wealthy owners replaced the early settlers' log houses. A rail line did not reach St. Jacobs or Elmira until 1891. The Grand Trunk and the Canadian Pacific railways provided useful transportation and as a result, furniture manufacturing and other industries began to open in Elmira.

After about 1850, settlers direct from Germany began arriving to all parts of the county, including Woolwich Township. Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876 and the City of Waterloo in 1948.

The population was 38,750 by 1861. In 1864, there were two grammar schools in the county, at Galt and Berlin, three Roman Catholic Separate Schools in the township of Wellesley, and two others in the township of Wilmot.

By 1871, the largest ethnic groups in the county were Scots (18 per cent of the population), Irish (8 per cent), English (12.6 per cent), and German. At that time, those with German roots (direct from Europe or from Pennsylvania) made up nearly 55 per cent of the population. That was much higher than the 10 percent typical in the rest of Ontario.

The first hospital in Waterloo County opened in 1890 as Galt General Hospital. Additional buildings and facilities were added in the early 1900s. By 1918, the facility had an X-ray room, a 27-room nurses' residence and was also a nurse training school.

By 1911, there were nearly three times as many Lutherans as Mennonites in that area, for example.

Nascent urban hierarchy

In urban studies, a metric called the "functional unit" is sometimes used as a measure for the complexity of a settlement. A functional unit is a measure of a type of economic activity, such as milling, banking, or retailing. A single establishment could contain multiple functional units; one example, common in pioneer settlements, is the general store/post office, which would constitute two functional units. For Waterloo County, statistics on functional units are possible for 1864 onward using contemporary data sources. In 1864, Galt was clearly at the top of the county's urban hierarchy, with  of all functional units, while Berlin had only . Waterloo, Preston, Ayr, and New Hamburg all followed with between  and  each; no other community in the county had more than  of the county's functional units.

By 1871, Galt still held the lead, but several small and mid-sized settlements in the county had dramatically increased in total number of functional units, overtaking others. In particular, New Hamburg, Elmira, and Ayr pulled ahead of Preston, while St. Jacobs and Hespeler more than doubled and tripled respectively. From 1871 to 1881, the county entered an era described by the geographer Fred Dahms as one of "competition and centralization". Between 1871 and 1881, the rural population decreased while the urban share of total population increased by nearly , despite a total population growth of only . The total number of settlements with functional units increased between 1864 and 1881, reaching an all-time peak of 44, and communities were widely dispersed. The result of this was numerous hamlets with one or two functional units (often a hotel, general store, or smithy) which had developed at road intersections, and a road system which allowed anyone with access to a horse and carriage the easy ability to return from a day trip. Economic functions, however, had already begun to centralize amongst a handful of major settlements.

House of Industry and Refuge

In 1869, the County built a large poorhouse with an attached farm, the House of Industry and Refuge that accommodated some 3,200 people before being closed down in 1951; the building was subsequently demolished. It was located on Frederick St. in Kitchener, behind the now Frederick Street Mall and was intended to minimize the number of people begging, living on the streets or being incarcerated at a time before social welfare programmes became available. A 2009 report by the Toronto Star explains that "pauperism was considered a moral failing that could be erased through order and hard work".

A research project by the Laurier School of Social Work has amassed all available data about the House and its former residents, digitized it and made the archive available on-line at WaterlooHouseOfRefuge.ca. According to Sandy Hoy, a director of research projects, the "inmates" included not only the poor, "but folks with disabilities, women, children. Some were single women who had been servants and became pregnant; in fact, many were single mothers of all types. The archives also indicate that in addition to food and shelter for "inmates", in return for labour in the house and on the attached farm, the House also donated food, clothing and money for train tickets to enable the poor to reach family that might be able to support them. There were also two cemeteries for the poor nearby, including "inmates" of the House who had died.

Later railway development (1894–1955)

Street railways

Although railways had arrived in Waterloo County in the 1850s, street railways only arrived several decades later. Urban railways offered a number of advantages to developing communities, but required a serious infrastructure investment which often fell to local municipalities or private businessmen. Street railways tended to lead to the development of the "streetcar strip" – highly developed urban commercial corridors – in contrast with older downtowns, which were usually less linear in form. With King Street already dominant as a linear commercial corridor, it was natural that early street railway development would connect two of the county's urban centres (Berlin and Waterloo) along this established route. This came about in 1888 in the form of the Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway. It initially started operations with horsecar service before later owners electrified the line and began using electric streetcars.

The next street railway system to be constructed in the county was the Galt and Preston Street Railway in 1894, which, similarly to the Berlin and Waterloo, connected the existing urban centres of Galt and Preston. It soon became the Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway after a branch line was built which connected Preston and Hespeler along the east bank of the Speed River. This system hosted not just passengers and mail, but also full carload freight. In 1904, the railway's Galt–Preston mainline was effectively extended with the construction of the Preston and Berlin Street Railway which, despite its name, took on many of the characteristics of an interurban. It featured two new freight yards, one in Berlin and one in Waterloo. These systems were gradually consolidated over several years and by 1914, they were known under the unified name of the Grand River Railway, which dispensed with street railway nomenclature. The Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway, in contrast, never lost its street railway traits and continued to operate similarly in the 20th century under Kitchener Public Utilities Commission management as it had in the 19th century, until its eventual shutdown in 1946.

Interurban railways

By the turn of the 20th century, interurban railways had begun to spread throughout North America. These were a natural evolution from street railways, but represented a more substantial commitment to regional rail infrastructure. The Grand River Railway was noted by rail historian John M. Mills as one of the earliest interurbans in Canada, and "for many years one of the most energetic and progressive." While plans for a northern extension of the mainline never resulted in new construction, a succession of lines provided connections to the south. These were the Grand Valley Railway, built as an extension of the Brantford Street Railway and extended north to Galt in 1903, and the Lake Erie and Northern Railway, a more modern successor to the Grand Valley Railway which opened in 1916.

Taken as a sum, these interurban lines created direct rail connections between Waterloo County, Brant County, and Norfolk County, as well as freight interchange with significant Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, and Michigan Central Railroad lines and intercity stations. In fact, both lines were indirectly controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway, and starting in 1931, they were managed together as a single entity known as the Canadian Pacific Electric Lines. Ridership on passenger trips declined, and services began to be cut starting in the late 1930s with the cancellation of trips to Waterloo, though the system had a brief swan song in ridership during the Second World War. Regular passenger service ended in 1955. Freight service continued, though the line was extensively relocated to make room for highway expansion in south Kitchener during the 1960s.

German heritage
While German-speaking settlers from Pennsylvania were the most numerous until about 1840, a few Germans from Europe began arriving in as 1819, including Friedrich Gaukel, a hotel keeper, being one of the firsts. He would build what later became the Walper House in Berlin. Two streets in present-day Kitchener, Frederick and Gaukel streets, are named after him. Other German-speaking immigrants from Europe arrived in Waterloo County during the 1830s to 1850s, bringing with them their language, religion and cultural traditions. Waterloo County soon became recognized throughout Canada for their Germanic heritage. The German community became industrial and political leaders, and created a German-Canadian society unlike any other found in Canada at the time. They established German public schools and German language churches.

Both the immigrants from Germany and the Mennonites from Pennsylvania spoke German of course, though with different dialects such as Low German or the incorrectly called Pennsylvania Dutch, actually Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch (German). (This dialect is different from Standard German with a simplified grammatical structure, some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation and a greater influence of English.) The combination of various types of German-speaking groups was a notable factor in the history of Waterloo County. The two groups of Germanics were able to understand each other quite easily and there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.

Some sources estimate that roughly 50,000 Germans directly from Europe settled in a large area of Southern Ontario, in and around Waterloo County, between the 1830s and 1850s. Unlike the predominantly Mennonite settlers from Pennsylvania, the majority of Germans from Europe were of other denominations: most in the first groups were Catholic and those who arrived later were primarily Lutheran.

In 1862, German-speaking groups held The Sängerfest, or "Singer Festival" concert event that attracted an estimated 10,000 people and continued for several years. Eleven years later,
the over 2000 Germans in Berlin, Ontario started a new event, Friedenfest, commemorating Prussian victory Franco-Prussian war. This annual celebration continued until the start of WWI. In 1897, they raised funds to erect a large monument, with a bronze bust of Kaiser Wilhelm 1, in Victoria Park. (The monument would be destroyed by townspeople just after the start of WWI.)

By 1871, nearly 55 percent of the population had German origins, including both those of Pennsylvania Mennonite and European Germans. This group greatly outnumbered the Scots (18 per cent), the English
(12.6 per cent) and the Irish (8 per cent). Berlin, Ontario was a bilingual town with German being the dominant language spoken. More than one visitor commented on the necessity of speaking German in Berlin.

Immigration from continental Germany slowed by 1880. First and second-generation descendants now comprised most of the local German population, and while they were proud of their German roots, most considered themselves loyal British subjects. The 1911 Census indicates that of the 15,196 residents in Berlin, Ontario, about 70% were identified as ethnic German but only 8.3% had been born in Germany. By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, Berlin and Waterloo County were still considered to be predominantly German by people across Canada. This would prove to have a profound impact on local citizens during the war years. During the first few months of the war, services an activities at Lutheran churches in Waterloo County continued on as they always had. However, as anti-German sentiment increased throughout Waterloo County, many of the churches decided to stop holding services in German.

By the early 1900s, North Waterloo County (the Kitchener, Waterloo and Woolwich Township areas) exhibited a strong German culture and those of German origin made up a third of the population in 1911, with Lutherans as the primary religious group. The Mennonites at that time primarily resided in the rural areas and small communities.

The governor general of Canada, the Duke of Connaught, while visiting Berlin, Ontario, in May 1914, discussed the importance of Canadians of German ethnicity (regardless of their origin) in a speech: "It is of great interest to me that many of the citizens of Berlin are of German descent. I well know the admirable qualities – the thoroughness, the tenacity, and the loyalty of the great Teutonic Race, to which I am so closely related. I am sure that these inherited qualities will go far in the making of good Canadians and loyal citizens of the British Empire".

Nonetheless, before and during World War I, there was some Anti-German sentiment in Canada and some cultural sanctions on the community, particularly in Berlin, Ontario. However, by 1919 most of the population of what would become Kitchener, Waterloo and Elmira were "Canadian"; over 95 percent had been born In Ontario.
Those of the Mennonite religion were pacifist so they could not enlist and the few who had immigrated from Germany (not born in Canada) could not morally fight against a country that was a significant part of their heritage.
 The anti-German sentiment was the primary reason for the Berlin to Kitchener name change in 1916. News reports indicate that "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house ... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period.". A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."

The Waterloo Pioneer Memorial Tower built in 1926 commemorates the settlement by the Pennsylvania 'Dutch' (actually Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, or German) of the Grand River area of Waterloo County.

This county is still home to the largest population of Old Order Mennonites in Canada, particularly in the areas around St Jacobs and Elmira.

Running for nearly 50 years now, the Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest has been a remembrance of the Region's German Heritage. The event includes beer halls and German entertainment, as well as a major parade,  The second largest Oktoberfest in the world, the event is based on the original German Oktoberfest and is billed as Canada's Greatest Bavarian Festival. In recent years, it has been attracting an average of 700,000 people to the county. During the 2016 Oktoberfest parade, an estimated 150,000 people lined the streets along the route.

Successor

Created in 1853, Waterloo County consisted of five townships: Woolwich, Wellesley, Wilmot, Waterloo, and North Dumfries, including the cities, towns and villages in each area.

The county was dissolved in 1973 and the new Regional Municipality of Waterloo, was formed, consisting of the cities of Kitchener, Cambridge, and Waterloo and the townships of Wellesley, Woolwich, Wilmot, and North Dumfries. In addition, a small portion of Beverley Township, in the former Wentworth County (now City of Hamilton), was added to North Dumfries and the Waterloo Region.

More specifically, the cities of Galt, Kitchener, and Waterloo were previously independent single-tier municipalities prior to joining the newly formed regional municipality. In the 1973 reorganization, the fifteen towns and townships of the county were reduced to just seven in the new Region of Waterloo. The new city of Cambridge was created by the amalgamation of the city of Galt, the towns of Preston and Hespeler, the village of Blair, and various parcels of township land. One township vanished when the former Waterloo Township was divided among Woolwich Township and the three cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge. The community of Bridgeport was annexed to the city of Kitchener. Erbsville was annexed to the city of Waterloo. The former county government was given broader powers as a regional municipality.

The Region of Waterloo, with Jack A. Young as its first chairman, took over many services, including Police, waste management, recreation, planning, roads and social services.

The Region is 1,369 square kilometres in size and its regional seat of government is in Kitchener. The Region's population was 535,154 at the 2016 census. The former village, town and city councils joined into the council of a new township or city. An overseeing regional council handles the former county-level responsibilities, as well as now providing police and other service for the Region as a whole.

See also
 Former counties of Ontario
 List of townships in Ontario
 Anti-German sentiment

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Former counties in Ontario
History of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Populated places established in 1853
Populated places disestablished in 1973

Waterloo County, Ontario


تشكلتس  شركة أمريكية متخصصة في صناعة العلكة، ولها العديد من المصانع في العديد من دول العالم، ولبان تشكلتس هو اللبان الأشهر والأكثر مبيعًا في العالم.

مراجع

صمغ طبيعي
علامات تجارية لمجموعة موندليز الدولية
علك
منتجات عرضت في 1900

تشكلتس


Ti slips og et hjerte er en kortfilm fra 1967 instrueret af Henning Ørnbak efter manuskript af Leif Petersen.

Handling
Med instruktørens egne ord: "Ti slips og et hjerte" er den diplomatiske titel på et paradoks. Det urkomiske ved alvoren i vor tid. I filmens centrum står hun, pigebarnet, ungdommen. Ikke at nogen skal tro, den er anderledes - ungdommen - men omgivelserne er unægtelig mere forvirrende end tidligere; de vælter anmassende ind over de unge med klichéer og symboler og popidyl, der spidsfindigt beretter om, hvordan man skal være moderne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1967

Ti slips og et hjerte


هواني هي إحدى قرى جزر القمر. وتقع على جزيرة موحيلي.

والقرية مكان بارز لتكاثر السلحفاة الخضراء.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في موهيلي

هواني


Ashfield () is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England.
The population of Ashfield was
127,200 in 2018. The district is mostly urban and forms part of both the Nottingham and Mansfield Urban Areas. There are three towns in the district; Sutton-in-Ashfield, Kirkby-in-Ashfield and Hucknall. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by the merger of urban districts of Hucknall, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield and parts of Basford Rural District, namely the parishes of Annesley, Felley and Selston.

The largest settlement is Sutton-in-Ashfield. Towns and villages in the district include the following:
 Annesley
 Annesley Woodhouse
 Hucknall
 Huthwaite
 Jacksdale
 Kirkby-in-Ashfield
 Selston
 Skegby
 Sutton-in-Ashfield
 Stanton Hill
 Teversal
 Underwood

Politics

Elections to the district are held every 4 years, with currently 35 councillors being elected from 23 wards. Since 2018 the council has been led by Jason Zadrozny of the Ashfield Independents. At the 2019 elections the Ashfield Independents won 30 of the 35 seats on the council, increasing their hold to 32 seats at the 2023 election.

Premises
The council is based at the Council Offices on Urban Road in Kirkby-in-Ashfield, completed in 1986 on a site behind the old headquarters (built 1933) of one of the council's predecessors, the Kirkby-in-Ashfield Urban District Council, with the old building now being known as Ada Lovelace House. The new building was officially opened in October 1986 by Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester.

References

External links
Ashfield District Council

Non-metropolitan districts of Nottinghamshire

Ashfield District


කෝට්ටේ කෞතුකාගාරය () ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ පිහිටුවා ඇති පුරාවිද්‍යා කෞතුකාගාරය වේ. එය බොරැල්ල-පිටකෝට්ටේ ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයේ, ඇතුල් කෝට්ටේ පිහිටි බංගලා හන්දිය ආසන්නයේ පිහිටා ඇත. කෞතුකාගාරය, බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කලාපීය පුරාවිද්‍යා කෞතුකාගාරය ලෙස, පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලැබේ.

1992 වර්ෂයේ ඊ.ඩබ්. පෙරේරා අණුස්මරණ කෞතුකාගාරය ලෙස කෝට්ටේ කෞතුකාගාරය, ඉහල වලව්ව ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද අතර එය 1995 වර්ෂයේදී මහජනයා සදහා විවෘත කරන ලදී.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කෞතුකාගාර ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කෞතුකාගාර
වලව්

කෝට්ටේ කෞතුකාගාරය


Skt. Jørgen Trappe forbinder Flensborgs indre by med den på en bakke beliggende bydel Jørgensgaard. Trappen har navn efter de vejfarendes helgen Sankt Jørgen. Den består af i alt 149 trin. Ved siden af trappen findes små vildtvoksende lunde og byhaver med frugttræer og frugtbuske. Ved trappens øverste ende er der et udsigtspunkt, hvor man har et frit blik øst ind over byen. Der oppe ligger også Goethe-Skolen med sin markante bygning. Ved trappens nederste parti ligger det gamle fisker- og kaptajnskvarter Sankt Jørgen.

Lokaliteter i Flensborg
Trapper

Skt. Jørgen Trappe


Olay, Türkiye'nin Bursa ilinde yayınlanmakta olan yerel gazetedir. "Türkiye'nin en büyük şehir gazetesi" sloganı ile yayınını sürdürür. Bursa'da Olay Medya Grubu'na bağlı Olay Medya Center tesislerinde basılır. Sahibi Olay Basın Yayıncılık A. Ş. adına Cavit Çağlar'dır. Bünyesinde Olay TV, Olay FM ve Olay Trend dergisini barındırır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Olay gazetesi
 Bursa Gazeteciler Cemiyeti

Kaynakça

Bursa gazeteleri
Türkçe gazeteler
1987'de kurulan yayınlar
Türkiye gazeteleri
Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler

Olay (gazete)


Las lenguas sudánicas o hipótesis sudánica fue una propuesta del lingüista Diedrich Westermann en su clasificación de las lenguas africanas que postulaba el parentesco filogenético la mayoría de lenguas del Sahel. Actualmente se considera que en realidad las lenguas sudánicas incluyen lenguas pertenecientes a dos grupos de lenguas diferentes. El trabajo de Westermann, aunque considerado exacto globalmente, fue muy importante, y en él se basó Greenberg para establecer su clasificación de las lenguas africanas, ampliamente aceptada a pesar de ciertas dificultades prácticas.

El propio Westermann consideraba que dicha familia tenía dos ramas: el sudánico oriental y el sudánico occidental. Actualmente, el sudánico oriental de Westermann (divido modernamente en sudánico central y sudánico oriental propiamente dicho) se sigue considerando una unidad filogenética válida perteneciente a las lenguas nilo-saharianas. Por otra parte, las lenguas sudánicas occidentales se clasifican actualmente entre las lenguas Níger-Congo y las lenguas saharianas (incluidas dentro de las lenguas nilo-saharianas).

Véase también
 Lenguas nilo-saharianas: sudánico central, sudánico oriental.
 Lenguas Níger-Congo (incluyen al antiguo sudánico occidental)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Westermann, Diedrich H. (1911) Die Sudansprachen [Las lenguas sudánicas].

Sudanicas

Lenguas sudánicas


Olaylar
 Mielec kenti kuruldu.
 Resûlîler kuruldu (dağılışı 1454).

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Yâkût el-Hamavî, gezgin, coğrafya ve tarih bilgini (d. 1178 / 1179)

1229


Nordsamisk Wikipedia blev lanceret 20. juli 2004.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikipedia efter sprog
Etableret i 2004
Nordsamisk sprog

Nordsamisk Wikipedia


Reichenbach kan henvise til:

Steder

Østrig
 Reichenbach, Litschau, en del af Litschau
 Reichenbach, Rappottenstein, en del af Rappottenstein

Tyskland
 Sachsen
 Reichenbach, Oberlausitz, i Landkreis Görlitz
 Reichenbach im Vogtland, i Vogtlandkreis

 Baden-Württemberg
 Reichenbach am Heuberg, i Landkreis Tuttlingen
 Reichenbach an der Fils, i Landkreis Esslingen
 Reichenbach, Hornberg, bydel ved Hornberg i Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg
 Reichenbach, Waldbronn, en del af Waldbronn

 Bayern
 Reichenbach am Regen, i Landkreis Cham
 Reichenbach, Oberfranken, i Landkreis Kronach

 Thüringen
 Reichenbach, Thüringen i Saale-Holzland-Kreis

 Rheinland-Pfalz
 Reichenbach, Birkenfeld, i Landkreis Birkenfeld
 Reichenbach-Steegen i Landkreis Kaiserslautern

 Hessen
 Reichenbach, en del af Hessisch Lichtenau, Hessen
 Reichenbach, en del af Lautertal, Hessen

 andre
 Oberreichenbach, Schwarzwald, en by i Landkreis Calw, Baden-Württemberg
 Oberreichenbach, Mittelfranken, en by i Landkreis Erlangen-Höchstadt, Bayern
 Unterreichenbach, en by i Landkreis Calw, Baden-Württemberg

Floder
 Reichenbach, Kahl, Bayern, biflod af Kahl
 Reichenbach, Kocher, Baden-Württemberg, biflod af Kocher
 Reichenbach, Liederbach, Hessen, øvre del af Liederbach
 Reichenbach, Zahme Gera, Thüringen, biflod af Zahme Gera

Schweiz
 Reichenbachtal, en alpe dal Oberhasli, Kanton Bern
 Reichenbachfall, en serie af vandfald på floden Aar nær Meiringen i Kanton Bern
 Reichenbach im Kandertal, en kommune i Verwaltungskreis Frutigen-Niedersimmental Kanton Bern
 Schloss Reichenbach, i Zollikofen i Kanton Bern

Andet
 Reichenbach, månekrater – månekrater

Reichenbach


Joe Preston es un bajista estadounidense, exmiembro de las bandas Earth, The Melvins, Men's Recovery Project, The Need y High on Fire. Preston también ha tocado con Sunn O))), y tiene un proyecto solista llamado Thrones. En 2007, ingreso a la banda  Harvey Milk y registro Life...The Best Game in Town. Joe es tío del actor Dominic Janes.

Discografía

Earth
Extra-Capsular Extraction (1991 Sub Pop)
10 1990
Sunn Amps and Smashed Guitars  (1995 No Quarter)

Melvins
Salad of a Thousand Delights VHS (1991 Box Dog Video)
Lysol CD/LP (1992 Boner Records)
"Night Goat" single (1992 Amphetamine Reptile Records)
Joe Preston CD/EP (1992 Boner Records)

Thrones
Untitled demo cassette (1994 Punk In My Vitamins? Records)
Alraune CD (1996 The Communion Label)
"The Suckling" 7" (1998 Kill Rock Stars)
"Reddleman" 7" (1999 Punk In My Vitamins? Records)
"Senex" 7" (1999 Soda Girl Records)
Split 7" with Behead the Prophet, No Lord Shall Live (1999 Voice of the Sky Records)
White Rabbit 12" EP (1999 Kill Rock Stars)
Sperm Whale 12" EP (2000 Kill Rock Stars)
Sperm Whale/White Rabbit CD (2000 Kill Rock Stars)
Day Late, Dollar Short compilation CD (2005 Southern Lord Records)

Harvey Milk
Life... The Best Game in Town (2008 Hydra Head Records)

The Need
"Jacky O' Lantern" 7" single (1997 Outpunk Records)
The Need CD/LP (1997 Chainsaw Records)
The Need w/Joe Preston & DJ Zena 10" EP (1998 Up Records)
The Need Is Dead CD (2000 Chainsaw Records)

Men's Recovery Project
Grappling With the Homonids CD/LP (1998 Vermiform Records)
Resist The New Way CD/LP (1999 Vermiform Records)

Sunn O)))
White1 CD/2xLP (2003 Southern Lord Records)
White2 CD/2xLP (2004 Southern Lord Records)
Altar (collaboration with Boris, CD 2006, 2xCD ltd. 5000 2006, 3xLP 2007 Southern Lord Records)
Oracle 2xCD/LP (2007 Southern Lord Records) (appears on "Belülrol Pusztít" playing Jackhammer)

High on Fire
Blessed Black Wings (2005 Relapse Records)
Split with Ruins 7"/comic book (2005 Skin Graft Records/Relapse Records)

Witchypoo
Public Works CD/LP (5 Rue Christine)
Everybody Looks Good in a Helmet CD/LP (Kill Rock Stars)
Pitching Woo CD (Vermiform Records)
Witchypoo Salutes the Space Program 7" (Vermiform Records)
Olympia Must Die 7" (Thin the Herd Records)

Otros
C-Average – C-Average CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)
Godheadsilo – The Scientific Supercake CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)
Godheadsilo – Skyward in Triumph CD/LP
Godheadsilo – Booby Trap 7"
Godheadsilo – Thee Friendship Village EP
The Hoodwinks – Stab, Stab, Stab CD/LP ( Thin the Herd Records)
Loud Machine 0.5 – Loud Machine 0.5 7" ( Yoyo Records)
Snakepit – "Wait" b/w "Disease" 7" ( Self Release)
Snakepit – "Waste" b/w "Million" 7" (Self Release)
Sue P. Fox – Light Matches, Spark Lives CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)
Superconductor – Touring bassist
The Whip – "Freelance Liaison" b/w "Sheep and Goat" 7" ( Wantage Records)
Joe Preston and Daniel Menche - Cerberic Doxology ( Anthem Records)

Referencias

Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos
Cantantes de heavy metal de Estados Unidos
Bajistas de heavy metal
Tecladistas de Estados Unidos
Músicos de grunge
Cantantes de Oregón

Joe Preston


Der Inner City Bypass (ICB) ist eine Stadtautobahn in Brisbane im Südosten des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. Der 4,5 km lange Bypass liegt nordwestlich des Stadtzentrums. Er verbindet den Pacific Motorway (ebenfalls M3) und die Go Between Bridge im Südwesten an der Hale Street mit dem Kingsford Smith Drive (S25), dem Clem Jones Tunnel (M7) und der Lutwyche Road (A3) im Nordosten. Auf dem größten Teil der Strecke folgt er dabei der Exhibition Railway Line.

Der südwestliche Teil des ICB bis zur Kreuzung mit der Horace Street wurde als M3 ausgewiesen.

Die Stadtautobahn kostete AU-$ 220 Mio., ist sechsspurig ausgebaut, besitzt 4 Tunnel und 18 Brücken und war das größte Infrastrukturprojekt in Queensland seit Jahrzehnten. Die Nutzung ist gebührenfrei.

Der ICB, dessen Bau vom Stadtrat von Brisbane in Auftrag gegeben wurde, gilt als eines der erfolgreichsten Straßenprojekte in der Stadt. Er wurde deutlich früher als geplant fertiggestellt, blieb im Budgetrahmen und ist heute eine der meistbefahrenen Straßenzüge in Brisbane. Zu Stoßzeiten gibt es längere Staus auf den Fahrspuren Richtung Hale Street, was in der Bevölkerung zum Spottnamen Inner City Car Park geführt hat.

Bau
Der ICB entstand in drei Baustufen:
 Stufe 1 – Hale Street bis Campbell Street (fertiggestellt im November 2001)
 Stufe 2 – Campbell Street bis Abbotsford Road (fertiggestellt im Februar 2002)
 Stufe 3 – Abbotsford Road bis Kingsford Smith Drive (fertiggestellt im Juli 2002)

Ausfahrten und Kreuzungen

Künftige Straßenverbindungen
Obwohl nicht Teil des TransApex-Projektes, ist der ICB ein unverzichtbarer Teil der zukünftigen Tunnelverbindung und anderer, geplanter Stadtautobahnen. Der Inner City Bypass soll an den Airport Link angeschlossen werden. Der Airport Link soll Mitte 2012 fertiggestellt werden.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Queensland
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien
Stadtautobahn in Australien

Inner City Bypass


الاتحاد الدولي لكرة اليد  هو الهيئة المنظمة لرياضة كرة اليد وكرة اليد الشاطئية وكرة اليد على الكرسي المتحرك في العالم. وهو المسؤول عن تنظيم مسابقات كرة اليد الكبرى مثل بطولة العالم لكرة اليد للرجال وبطولة العالم لكرة اليد للسيدات.

تأسس الاتحاد الدولي لكرة اليد سنة 1946 في كوبنهاغن (الدنمارك) ويقع مقره في بازل، سويسرا. يضم الآن في عضويته 204 اتحاد وطني من خمس اتحادات قارية.

التنظيم
يتكون الاتحاد الدولي لكرة اليد من خمسة إتحادات قارية هي: الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة اليد، الاتحاد الإفريقي لكرة اليد، الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة اليد، الاتحاد الأوقيانوسي لكرة اليد، اتحاد الأمريكتان لكرة اليد.

آسيا

أفريقيا

أوروبا
وفيها دوري الأبطال أوروبا لكرة اليد للرجال

الأمريكتان

أوقيانوسيا

البطولات
 بطولة العالم لكرة اليد للرجال
 بطولة العالم لكرة اليد للسيدات
 بطولة العالم للأندية لكرة اليد رجال 2010

روابط إضافية
 IHF website

مراجع

اتحادات دولية معترف بها
اتحادات رياضية دولية
تأسيسات سنة 1946
تأسيسات سنة 1946 في الدنمارك
مقرات رياضية دولية في سويسرا
منظمات رياضية أسست في 1946
منظمات مقرها في بازل
هيئات تنظيم كرة يد

الاتحاد الدولي لكرة اليد


Vladimir Viktorovici Saharov (în ) (n. 20 mai 1853 – d. august 1920, Bilohirsk, Uniunea Sovietică) a fost unul dintre generalii Armatei Țariste Ruse din Primul Război Mondial.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Armatei de Dunăre rusă în campania acesteia din România, având gradul de general de cavalerie.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Armata de Dunăre rusă

Nașteri în 1853
Decese în 1920
Generali ruși
Comandanți ruși pe frontul românesc (1916-1918)
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Vladimir Saharov


Bosiljak (lat. Ocimum), biljni rod iz porodice usnača kojemu pripada 65 vrsta jednogodišnjeg aromatičnog raslinja raširenog po svim kontinentima. U Hrvatskoj raste pitomi poznat pod još brojnim nazivima, a koristi se kao začin i u pučkoj medicini kao antiseptik i lijek protiv glista. i limunski bosiljak (O. americanum),

Naziv Ocimun dolazi od grčke riječi ozo u značenju 'mirišem'. Vrsta limunski bosiljak ima aromu limuna i koristi se za slastice, kao začin i za čajeve. Druge poznate vrste su tulsi (O. sanctum) i sitni bosiljak (O. minimum)

Vrste

 Ocimum × africanum Lour.
 Ocimum albostellatum (Verdc.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum americanum L.
 Ocimum amicorum A.J.Paton
 Ocimum angustifolium Benth.
 Ocimum basilicum L.
 Ocimum burchellianum Benth.
 Ocimum campechianum Mill.
 Ocimum canescens A.J.Paton
 Ocimum carnosum (Spreng.) Link & Otto ex Benth.
 Ocimum centraliafricanum R.E.Fr.
 Ocimum circinatum A.J.Paton
 Ocimum coddii (S.D.Williams & K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum cufodontii (Lanza) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum dambicola A.J.Paton
 Ocimum decumbens Gürke
 Ocimum dhofarense (Sebald) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum dolomiticola A.J.Paton
 Ocimum ellenbeckii Gürke
 Ocimum empetroides (P.A.Duvign.) ined.
 Ocimum ericoides (P.A.Duvign. & Plancke) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum filamentosum Forssk.
 Ocimum fimbriatum Briq.
 Ocimum fischeri Gürke
 Ocimum formosum Gürke
 Ocimum forskoelei Benth.
 Ocimum fruticosum (Ryding) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum grandiflorum Lam.
 Ocimum gratissimum L.
 Ocimum hirsutissimum (P.A.Duvign.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum irvinei J.K.Morton
 Ocimum jamesii Sebald
 Ocimum kenyense Ayob. ex A.J.Paton
 Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gürke
 Ocimum labiatum (N.E.Br.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.
 Ocimum masaiense Ayob. ex A.J.Paton
 Ocimum mearnsii (Ayob. ex Sebald) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum metallorum (P.A.Duvign.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum minimum L.
 Ocimum minutiflorum (Sebald) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum mitwabense (Ayob.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum monocotyloides (Plancke ex Ayob.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum motjaneanum McCallum & K.Balkwill
 Ocimum natalense Ayob. ex A.J.Paton
 Ocimum nudicaule Benth.
 Ocimum nummularia (S.Moore) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum obovatum E.Mey. ex Benth.
 Ocimum ovatum Benth.
 Ocimum pseudoserratum (M.R.Ashby) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum pyramidatum (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum reclinatum (S.D.Williams & K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum serpyllifolium Forssk.
 Ocimum serratum (Schltr.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum spectabile (Gürke) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum spicatum Deflers
 Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
 Ocimum transamazonicum C.Pereira
 Ocimum tubiforme (R.D.Good) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum urundense Robyns & Lebrun
 Ocimum vandenbrandei (P.A.Duvign. & Plancke ex Ayob.) A.J.Paton
 Ocimum vanderystii (De Wild.) A.W.Hill
 Ocimum verticillifolium Baker
 Ocimum viphyense A.J.Paton
 Ocimum waterbergense (S.D.Williams & K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Ocimeae

Bosiljak


Scribble Jam era um festival anual de Hip Hop realizado em Cincinnati, Ohio, EUA. Conhecido como o maior festival de hip hop da América, parecido com o Woodstock. O festival foi criado em 1996 por "Fat" Nick Accurso e Jason Brunson, fundadores da revista de graffiti Scribble, e o DJ Mr Dibbs, no estacionamento de uma boate local. O evento do ano seguinte se beneficiou de melhor publicidade e incluiu um evento de Batalha de Rap, DJ e breakdance pela primeira vez.

Em 2000, com a adição de novos parceiros Tony Heitz e Pase Rock, o festival cresceu consideravelmente em popularidade, com dezenas de milhares de fãs de hip hop lotando seus campos no início de agosto. O festival Scribble Jam chegou a atrair até 20.000 fãs. No início de abril de 2010, o organizador do Scribble Jam, Kevin Beacham, confirmou o encerramento do evento, citando problemas na economia e a dificuldade em garantir recursos para realizar o evento como motivos principais.

Durante a maior parte de sua existência, o Scribble Jam recusou patrocínios corporativos, o que a Accurso explicou como uma tentativa de impedir que o festival fosse dirigido por "aqueles que não entendem a verdadeira cultura Hip Hop", acrescentando que marketing ou promoção externa iriam "derrotar o propósito" do festival. Em 2003, entretanto, o festival começou a aceitar alguns patrocinadores corporativos, sendo que o evento daquele ano foi apoiado pela Toyota / Scion.

História

O Scribble Jam tinha cinco competições, quatro das quais são projetadas para destacar os principais elementos da cultura hip hop. Eles incluem a competição de Batalha de Rap, a batalha de DJ ou competição de scratching, a batalha de B-boy ou competição de breakdance, o batalha dos grafiteiros ou competição de graffiti, e a competição de beatbox.

Historicamente, a competição mais popular é a modalidade de Batalha de Rap, embora todos os aspectos da cultura hip hop estejam bem representados. O festival expandiu suas competições iniciais de MC e B-boy de 1996 para incluir a competição de DJs em 1998.

Em 2003, a competição de beatbox foi adicionada à programação.

Nos últimos cinco anos do festival, uma competição de Beatmaker foi adicionada à programação do festival.

O festival Scribble Jam já teve participações na modalidade de Batalha de Rap de MCs como: Eminem, MC Juice, Eyedea, Slug, Adeem, Sage Francis, Brother Ali, entre outros.

Vencedores

Batalha de Rap
1996 - Vendetta
1997 - MC Juice
1998 - Adeem
1999 - Eyedea
2000 - Sage Francis
2001 - Adeem
2002 - Mac Lethal
2003 - Rhymefest
2004 - Illmaculate
2005 - Justice
2006 - The Saurus
2007 - Nocando
2008 - The Saurus

Batalha de DJs
1998 - DJ Precyse
1999 - DJ Precyse
2000 - DJ Precyse
2001 - DJ Sprite
2002 - DJ Skwint
2003 - Skratch Bastid
2004 - Skratch Bastid
2005 - Spare Change
2006 - I-Dee
2007 - Skratch Bastid
2008 - DJ T-Lo

Batalha de B-boys
1996 - Forrest Getemgump (individual)
1997 - Self-Explanatory
1998 - Phase II
1999 - Midwest Junkie Cats (grupo com os Junkwartz e os Battlecats)
2000 - Junkwartz
2001 - Motion Disorderz
2002 - Motion Disorderz
2003 - Motion Disorderz
2004 - Motion Disorderz
2005 - Brickheadz
2006 - Brickheadz
2007 - Motion Disorderz
2008 - Brickheadz

Batalha de Beatbox
2003 - A Train
2004 - A Train
2005 - J.Beetz (de SICK.SOUND.SYNDROME)
2006 - DJ Snuggles
2007 - Poizunus
2008 - Scott Jackson

Batalha de Beatmakers
2007 - X:144
2008 - Optiks

Ligações Externas
 História do Scribble Jam

Hip hop

Scribble Jam


Trine Christensen (26. oktober 1971, København) er generalsekretær for Amnesty International Danmark.

Hun er uddannet cand.merc.int. fra Handelshøjskolen i København, 1998.
Fra 1999 til 2010 var hun researcher hos Amnesty International i USA.
I 2010 kom hun til den danske afdeling, først som policychef og derefter i 2013 som vicegeneralsekretær.
I 2016 afløste hun Lars Normann Jørgensen som generalsekretær for den danske afdeling.

Henvisninger

Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Trine Christensen


Koenigia, biljni rod iz porodice dvornikovki dio je podtribusa Koenigiinae. Rod je raširen po gotovo čitavoj Euroaziji i velikim dijelovima Sjeverne Amerike

Postoji tridesetak vrsta, od kojih biljka poznata kao alpski dvornik, pripada ovom rodu, a raste i u Hrvatskoj. Rod je opisan 1767.

Vrste

 Koenigia alaskana (Small) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia alpina (All.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia campanulata (Hook.f.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia cathayana (A.J.Li) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia chuanzangensis Z.Z.Zhou & Y.J.Min
 Koenigia coriaria (Grig.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia cyanandra (Diels) Mesícek & Soják
 Koenigia davisiae (W.H.Brewer ex A.Gray) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia delicatula (Meisn.) H.Hara
 Koenigia divaricata (L.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia × fennica (Reiersen) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia fertilis Maxim.
 Koenigia filicaulis (Wall. ex Meisn.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia forrestii (Diels) Mesícek & Soják
 Koenigia hedbergii Bo Li & W.Du
 Koenigia hookeri (Meisn.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia islandica L.
 Koenigia jurii (A.K.Skvortsov) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia lichiangensis (W.W.Sm.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia limosa (Kom.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia mollis (D.Don) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia nepalensis D.Don
 Koenigia nummulariifolia (Meisn.) Mesícek & Soják
 Koenigia ocreata (L.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia panjutinii (Kharkev.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia phytolaccifolia (Meisn. ex Small) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia pilosa Maxim.
 Koenigia polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia relicta (Kom.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia rumicifolia (Royle ex Bab.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia songarica (Schrenk) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia tortuosa (D.Don) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia tripterocarpa (A.Gray) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia weyrichii (F.Schmidt) T.M.Schust. & Reveal
 Koenigia yatagaiana (T.Mori) T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung

Sinonimi
 Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb.
 Macounastrum Small
 Pleuropteropyrum H.Gross
 Rubrivena M.Král

Izvori

Persicarieae

Koenigia


Kærlighedens dualisme er en dansk kortfilm fra 2008 med instruktion og manuskript af Barbara Topsøe-Rothenborg.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Laura Christensen - Kristina
 Thure Lindhardt - Emil
 Charlotte Munck - Freja
 Claus Riis Østergaard - Eros
 Baard Owe - Kristian

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Kærlighedens dualisme


A III Cúpula das Américas foi realizada na Cidade de Quebec, Quebec, Canadá entre 20 e 22 de abril de 2001.

Esta reunião internacional representou uma rodada de negociações sobre uma proposta de Área de Livre Comércio das Américas. As negociações são talvez mais conhecidas pelos preparativos de segurança e manifestações (conhecidas como o protesto da cidade de Quebec) que as cercaram do que pelo andamento das negociações.

Conferências diplomáticas no Canadá
2001 nos Estados Unidos
2001 na América do Norte
2001 nas relações internacionais
Conferências diplomáticas do século XXI
Política da América
Organização dos Estados Americanos
Cúpula das Américas

3.ª Cúpula das Américas


Amanoa, biljni rod iz porodice filantusovki (Phyllanthaceae). Pripada mu 16 vrsta iz tropske Amerike i Afrike

Vrste
 Amanoa almerindae Leal
 Amanoa anomala Little
 Amanoa bracteosa Planch.
 Amanoa caribaea Krug & Urb.
 Amanoa congesta W.J.Hayden
 Amanoa cupatensis Huber
 Amanoa glaucophylla Müll.Arg.
 Amanoa gracillima W.J.Hayden
 Amanoa guianensis Aubl.
 Amanoa marapiensis Secco
 Amanoa nanayensis W.J.Hayden
 Amanoa neglecta W.J.Hayden
 Amanoa oblongifolia Müll.Arg.
 Amanoa sinuosa W.J.Hayden
 Amanoa steyermarkii Jabl.
 Amanoa strobilacea Müll.Arg.

Izvori

Filantusovke

Amanoa


Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis Windsor (born 6 April 1979) is a member of the British royal family. He is a British financial analyst, and the only son of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. He is married to British actress Sophie Winkleman. He is currently 53rd in the line of succession to the British throne.

Early life and education
Lord Frederick Windsor was born on 6 April 1979 at St Mary's Hospital, London, and christened on 11 July 1979 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, Westminster. A first cousin once removed of the late Queen Elizabeth II, a first cousin twice removed of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a second cousin of King Charles III and his siblings, he is 53rd in the line of succession to the British throne.

Lord Frederick and his sister, Lady Gabriella, were brought up in the Church of England.

He was educated at Wetherby School, Sunningdale, and Eton College, where he was an Oppidan Scholar, then at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a 2:1 degree in Classics.

Career
After graduation, Lord Frederick worked as a fashion model for a campaign by Burberry and for the designer Tomasz Starzewski and also as a music journalist, notably for Tatler magazine. He planned to become a solicitor specializing in entertainment law, but by September 2006, according to The Times, he was working as an analyst in the wealth management arm of JP Morgan in London.
He is now a banker and executive director at JPMorgan Chase and is a CFA charterholder, having received his charter in 2013.

Personal life
On St Valentine's Day (14 February) 2009, Lord Frederick became engaged to the actress Sophie Winkleman. The Queen consented to the marriage, as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772, and they were married at Hampton Court on 12 September 2009.

The couple's first child, Maud Elizabeth Daphne Marina, was born at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on 15 August 2013 in Los Angeles. She was baptised at St James's Palace in December 2013 and has Princess Eugenie among her godparents. Maud acted as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank in 2018.

On 20 January 2016, it was announced Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor had become parents to a second daughter, Isabella Alexandra May, born on 16 January 2016 at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London. She was baptised at Kensington Palace in June 2016 with Jamie Oliver, a close friend of her mother, serving as one of the godparents.

From September 2016 until its closure in 2023, Lord Frederick was president of the charity Soldier On!, which supported vulnerable, disadvantaged, or socially isolated people by participating in archaeology and heritage projects as well as personal development workshops.

On 21 February 2017, Lord Frederick was inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats charitable fraternity.

Titles and styles
Under letters patent issued in 1917 and still in force today, Lord Frederick's father is entitled to the dignity of prince and the style His Royal Highness as the son of a son of George V. Although these letters do not bestow these royal dignities beyond grandchildren of monarchs (except in the case of the children of the Prince of Wales), they allow the children of sons of sons of a British monarch to be styled as the children of a duke, with the honorific courtesy style of Lord or Lady before their given names. Since Lord Frederick is not a peer in his own right, his style is not hereditary and his children are not entitled to any distinctions, including the prefix The Honourable.

Honours
  6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
  6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
  6 February 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal
 6 May 2023: King Charles III Coronation Medal

References

1979 births
Living people
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Frederick Windsor
British people of German descent
English financial analysts
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Sunningdale School
People educated at Wetherby School
People from Paddington

Lord Frederick Windsor


An Kniphofia reflexa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Hutchinson ngan Leslie Edward Wastell Codd. An Kniphofia reflexa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kniphofia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kniphofia

Kniphofia reflexa


Dušan Cvetković (en ), né en 1924 est un footballeur yougoslave. Il évoluait au poste de gardien de but.

Biographie

Il évolue sous les couleurs de l'OFK Belgrade de 1945 à 1977.

Il remporte la Coupe yougoslave à deux reprises avec son club en 1953 et en 1955. Il est également vice-champion de Yougoslavie en 1955.

Il fait partie de l'équipe yougoslave médaillée d'argent aux Jeux olympiques de 1952, mais ne dispute aucun match durant le tournoi.

Palmarès

Références

Liens externes

Médaillé d'argent olympique yougoslave
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952
Joueur de l'OFK Belgrade
Gardien de but au football
Footballeur serbe
Footballeur yougoslave
Naissance en 1924
Décès en 1952

Dušan Cvetković


Objetivo: Banco de Inglaterra (The League of Gentlemen) es una película británica policiaca de 1960, protagonizada por Jack Hawkins, Nigel Patrick y Richard Attenborough. Está basada en la novela homónima de 1958, escrita por John Boland, y adaptada para la película por Bryan Forbes. Fue realizada en dos meses por Allied Film Makers, y distribuida por Organización Rank.

En 2006, una versión restaurada de la película fue lanzada al mercado en una edición especial en DVD en el Reino Unido, y en 2008 una edición restaurada fue lanzada al mercado en España.

Argumento

Un teniente coronel que ha sido expulsado del Ejército Británico reúne a un grupo de oficiales retirados, todos ellos expertos en diversas materias, para llevar a cabo un robo en un banco inglés.

Reparto

 Jack Hawkins: Teniente coronel Norman Hyde
 Nigel Patrick: Mayor Peter Race
 Roger Livesey: Capitán Mycroft
 Richard Attenborough: Teniente Edward Lexy
 Bryan Forbes: Capitán Martin Porthill
 Kieron Moore: Capitán Stevens
 Terence Alexander: Mayor Rupert Rutland-Smith
 Norman Bird: Capitán Frank Weaver
 Robert Coote: Brigadier "Bunny" Warren
 Melissa Stribling: Peggy
 Nanette Newman: Elizabeth Rutland-Smith
 Lydia Sherwood: Hilda
 Doris Hare: Molly Weaver
 David Lodge: Sargento mayor
 Patrick Wymark: Wylie
 Gerald Harper: Capitán Saunders

Notas

Enlaces externos

   Análisis de la película (en inglés)
   Ficha de la película en Film affinity

Películas en inglés
Películas basadas en novelas

Objetivo: Banco de Inglaterra


Eßlinger Städtische Straßenbahn, abgekürzt ESS, steht für:
 die bis 1944 gültige Bezeichnung des Städtischen Verkehrsbetriebs Esslingen am Neckar (SVE)
 die von diesem Verkehrsunternehmen betriebene ehemalige Straßenbahn Esslingen am Neckar, die von 1912 bis 1944 verkehrte.

Eßlinger Städtische Straßenbahn


Herpestes is a genus of the මුගටි කුලයේ (Herpestidae). It is the type genus of the family. It contains the following ten species, with a number of subspecies, and one extinct species:

 Short-tailed mongoose, Herpestes brachyurus
 H. b. brachyurus
 H. b. hosei
 H. b. javanensis
 H. b. palawanus
 H. b. parvus
 H. b. sumatrius
 අළු මුගටියා, Herpestes edwardsi
 H. e. edwardsi
 H. e. ferrugineus
 H. e. lanka
 H. e. montanus
 H. e. nyula
 බොර මුගටියා, Herpestes fuscus
 H. f. fuscus
 H. f. flavidens
 H. f. maccarthiae
 H. f. rubidior
 H. f. siccatus
 Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon
 H. i. ichneumon
 H. i. angolensis
 H. i. cafra
 H. i. centralis
 H. i. funestus
 H. i. mababiensis
 H. i. numidicus
 H. i. parvidens
 H. i. sabiensis
 H. i. sangronizi
 H. i. widdringtonii
 Small Asian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus
 H. j. javanicus
 H. j. auropunctatus
 H. j. exilis
 H. j. orientalis
 H. j. pallipes
 H. j. palustris (Bengal mongoose)
 H. j. peninsulae
 H. j. perakensis
 H. j. rafflesii
 H. j. rubrifrons
 H. j. siamensis
 H. j. tjerapai
 Long-nosed mongoose Herpestes naso
 Collared mongoose, Herpestes semitorquatus
 H. semitorquatus semitorquatus
 H. s. uniformis
 හෝතම්බුවා, Herpestes smithii
 H. smithii smithii
 H. s. thysanurus
 H. s. zeylanius
 Crab-eating mongoose, Herpestes urva
 H. u. urva
 H. u. annamensis
 H. u. formosanus
 H. u. sinensis
 මහ මුගටියා, Herpestes vitticollis
 H. v. vitticollis
 H. v. inornatus
 † Herpestes lemanensis (†=extinct)

මූලාශ්‍ර

Herpestes

මුගටි ගණය


Jack Branning, es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders, interpretado por el actor Scott Maslen del 29 de octubre de 2007 hasta el 15 de octubre de 2013. Scott regresó el 24 de diciembre del 2015 y desde entonces aparece en la serie.

Antecedentes
Jack es el hijo más pequeño de Jim y Reenie Branning, sus hermanos son April, Carol, Derek, Suzy y Max Branning. Habiendo crecido en una familia grande en un barrio pobre del este de Londres, con regularidad Jack luchaba con Max por las atenciones de su padre, quien era alcohólico. De adolescente Jack robó la medalla de la segunda guerra mundial de su abuelo, sabiendo que era la posesión más presiada de su padre (ya que su padre había muerto en combate cuando Jim apenas tenía seis años), luego acusó a Max, lo que ocasionó que Max y Jim tuvieran una gran pelea y Max decidiera irse del hogar en 1989.

A pesar de los problemas Jack se mantuvo en contacto con Jack, estuvo presente en su boda con Tanya en 1994 y vio crecer a sus sobrinas, Lauren y Abi. Más tarde en 1997 Jack se casó con Selina y un año después tuvieron una hija Penelope "Penny" Branning. Poco después Jack construyó una carrera como oficial de policía, sin embargo comenzó a involucrarse en actividades ilícitas lo que terminó ocasionando que uno de sus informantes golpeara a Selina y a Penny en venganza por haber sido arrestado; la agresión ocasionó que la médula espinal de Penny fuera cortada y la dejara en silla de ruedas, Como consecuencia Jack y Selina se divorciaron y él se retiró de la policía.

Biografía
Más tarde en el 2012 a la llegada de Sharon Watts, Jack se siente atraído por ella y terminan teniendo relaciones, poco después comienzan a salir en secreto.

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes se encuentran: haberse acostado con las hermanas Ronnie y Roxy y la prima de estas Sam Mitchell y haber tenido hijos con las tres, haber descubierto que James el hijo que tuvo con Ronnie murió y que esta lo cambió por otro bebé y por haberse enterado por Roxy que Ronnie había pedido los papeles de divorcio.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 EastEnders Official Website > Character > Jack Branning
 EastEnders > Who's Who > Character > Jack Branning

 Jack Branning

Branning, Jack
Personajes ficticios con discapacidad

Jack Branning


Rue de la Pompe () is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro, named after the Rue de la Pompe.  The station opened on 8 November 1922 with the opening of the first section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.

This Passy street is mentioned in the archives of 1730 as a way of skirting the walls of the Château de la Muette.  It led to one of the gates in the wall surrounding the Bois de Boulogne.  It was called the old path, but was transformed at the end of the 18th century into a street and was named after the pump (French: pompe) that supplied water to the Château de la Muette.

Nearby are the Lycée Janson de Sailly (a prestigious high school) and the town hall of the 16th arrondissement.

Station layout

References

Paris Métro stations in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1922

Rue de la Pompe station


Die Communauté de communes Brame-Benaize ist ein ehemaliger französischer Gemeindeverband mit der Rechtsform einer Communauté de communes im Département Haute-Vienne in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Sie wurde am 23. Dezember 2004 gegründet und umfasste 15 Gemeinden. Der Verwaltungssitz befand sich im Ort Mailhac-sur-Benaize.

Historische Entwicklung
Mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 2017 fusionierte der Gemeindeverband mit
 Communauté de communes de la Basse Marche sowie
 Communauté de communes du Haut Limousin
und bildete so die Nachfolgeorganisation Communauté de communes Haut Limousin en Marche.

Ehemalige Mitgliedsgemeinden
 Arnac-la-Poste
 Cromac
 Dompierre-les-Églises
 Droux
 Jouac
 Les Grands-Chézeaux
 Lussac-les-Églises
 Magnac-Laval
 Mailhac-sur-Benaize
 Saint-Georges-les-Landes
 Saint-Hilaire-la-Treille
 Saint-Léger-Magnazeix
 Saint-Martin-le-Mault
 Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles
 Villefavard

Brame Benaize
Gegründet 2004
Aufgelöst 2016

Communauté de communes Brame-Benaize


Dorothy Dix ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Dorothy Dix (Journalistin) (eigentlich Elizabeth Merriwether Gilmer; 1861–1951), US-amerikanische Journalistin
 Dorothy Dix (Schauspielerin) (1908–2000), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin

Dorothy Dix


30785 Greeley este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte.

Descriere
30785 Greeley este un asteroid care intersectează orbita planetei Marte. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,20 ua, o excentricitate de 0,35 și o înclinație de 5,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi care intersectează orbita planetei Marte

30785 Greeley


Ferranti-Packard Ltd. était la division canadienne du conglomérat Ferranti, formé par la fusion en 1958 de Ferranti Electric et Packard Electric . Pendant plusieurs années dans l'après-guerre, l'entreprise a connu une expansion spectaculaire et a connu plusieurs succès sur le marché de l'informatique. Le groupe a par la suite abandonné ces activités et s'est recentré  sur son métier de fournisseur de réseau électrique. La société Ferranti-Packard a été rachetée en 1998 par la société autrichienne VA TECH . Le 23 juillet 2005, Siemens PTD a acheté le groupe Transmission and Distribution Division (T&D) de VA Tech pour les transformateurs et l'appareillage de commutation.

Histoire

Archives de l'entreprise
Les Archives publiques de l'Ontario détiennent de nombreux documents Ferranti-Packard qui ont été transférés par Rolls Royce en 1991, y compris des documents textuels, des photographies, des dessins techniques, des bobines audio, des films et des vidéocassettes. Il contient également du matériel donné en 2002 par M. Paul Coleman et en 2006 par Siemens Canada.

Le St. Catharines Museum and Welland Canals Centre possède également une collection de documents sur Ferranti-Packard.

Les références

Liens externes

 De la DATAR au FP-6000
 Temps partagé sur le système informatique Ferranti-Packard FP6000
 Le système informatique Ferranti Orion

Entreprise informatique ayant son siège au Canada

Ferranti-Packard


Robert Israel Jewett, né le  à Providence (Rhode Island) et mort le , est un mathématicien américain, spécialisé en  combinatoire et Analyse.

Biographie
Jewett a obtenu son baccalauréat au California Institute of Technology et son Ph.D.  (Partial Differentiation on Abelian Groups) avec Karl Stromberg à l'université de l'Oregon en 1963. En 1963/64 il est à l'Institute for Advanced Study. Depuis 1970, il est professeur à l'université Western Washington.

Jewett est connu pour le théorème de Hales-Jewett avec Alfred W. Hales en théorie de Ramsey, prouvé lorsqu'il était encore étudiant. Le théorème affirme l'existence de structures régulières dans des dimensions suffisamment élevées; il a été considéré et prouvé par ses auteurs comme exemple d'un jeu généralisé de type tic-tac-toe :  si l'on joue le jeu sur un cube de dimension suffisamment grande, avec une longueur de côté et un nombre de joueurs donnés, il y a toujours une solution gagnante (ligne, colonne ou diagonale de la même couleur).

Jewett a également travaillé en théorie du codage, en théorie de la mesure et en théorie ergodique.

En 1971, il est parmi les premiers récipiendaires du prix George-Pólya avec Hales, Ronald Graham, Klaus Leeb et Bruce Lee Rothschild.

Notes

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1937
Décès en juillet 2022
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Lauréat du prix Georges-Polya
Naissance à Providence (Rhode Island)
Décès à 84 ans

Robert I. Jewett


Michael E. Levin (23. svibnja 1943.) američki je filozof.

Životopis
Završio njujoršku elitnu srednju školu Stuyvesant. Diplomirao na Michiganskom državnom sveučilištu 1964. godine. Doktorirao filozofiju na Sveučilištu Columbia 1969. godine. Iste godine zapošljava se na Gradskom sveučilištu New Yorka gdje radi do umirovljenja nakon čega postaje profesor emeritus.

Bibliografija

Knjige

Autorske knjige
 Metaphysics and the Mind-Body Problem, Oxford: Oxford University Press, (1969).
 Feminism and Freedom, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, (1987).
 Why race matters, Westport: Praeger Publishers, (1997).
 Sexual orientation and human rights (s Laurenceom Thomasom), Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, (1999).

Članci

 Fine, Mathematics and Theory Change, Journal of Philosophy 31, (1968).
 Length Relativity, Journal of Philosophy 68, (1971).
 Descartes' Proof that He is Not His Body, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 51, (1973).
 On Explanation in Archeology, American Antiquity 38, (1973).
 Wittgenstein in Perspective, Social Research 40, (1973).
 Kant's Derivation of the Formula of Universal Laws as an Ontological Argument, Kant-Studien 65, (1974).
 Predicting Discoveries and the Rule-Description Argument, Logique et Analyse 17 (1974).
 When Is It 12 O'Clock on the Sun?, Southern Journal of Philosophy 12, (1974).
 Quine on Analyticity in L, Mind 84, (1975).
 A Definition of A Priori Knowledge, Journal of Critical Analysis 6 (1975).
 Relativity, Spatial and Ontological, Nous 9, (1975).
 Kripke's Argument against the Identity Thesis, Journal of Philosophy 78, (1975).
 The Extensionality of Causation and Causal-Explanatory Contexts, Philosophy of Science 43, (1976).
 On the Ascription of Functions to Objects, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 6, (1976).
 Comments on the Paradoxicality of Zen Koans, Journal of Chinese Philosophy 3. (1976).
 Reply to Benfield, Journal of Critical Analysis 6, (1976).
 Flagpoles, Shadows and Deductive Explanation (s Margaretom Levin), Philosophical Studies 32, (1977).
 Lavoisier's Slow Burn (s Margaretom Levin), Philosophy of Science 45, (1978).
 The Independence Results of Set Theory (s Margaretom Levin), Synthese 38, (1978).
 The Universalizability of Moral Judgments Revisited, Mind 88, (1979).

 Ahab as Socratic Philosopher, American Transcendental Quarterly 41, (1979).
 Explanation and Prediction in Grammar (and Semantics), Midwest Studies in Philosophy 2, (1979).
 On Theory-Change and Meaning-Change, Philosophy of Science 46, (1979).
 Forcing and the Indeterminacy of Translation, Erkenntnis 14, (1979).
 A Note on p = mv, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 20, (1979).
 A Modal Confusion in Rawls' Original Position (s Margaritom Levin), Analysis 39, (1979).
 Reverse Discrimination, Shackled Runners and Personal Identity, Philosophical Studies 37, (1980).
 Yes, Our Beliefs Could Be..., Journal of Philosophy 77, (1980).
 Phenomenal Properties, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 41, (1981).
 Is Racial Discrimination Special?, Journal of Value Inquiry 15, (1981).
 Equality of Opportunity, Philosophical Quarterly 31, (1981).
 Opportunity--Right, Philosophical Quarterly 32, (1982).
 Women's Studies in America, ACES Review 9, (1982).
 A Hobbesian Minimal State, Philosophy and Public Affairs 11 (1982).
 Hippie Socialism, Society 20, (1983).
 Why We Believe in Other Minds, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44, (1984).
 Negative Liberty, Social Philosophy and Policy 2, (1984).
 Why Homosexuality is Abnormal, The Monist 67, (1984).
 Reply to Pennock, Philosophy and Public Affairs 13, (1984).
 Women as Soldiers--The Record So Far'', The Public Interest 76, (1984).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Levinova akademska stranica na Gradskom sveučilištu u New Yorku
Snimka Levinovog predavanja "Current Fallacies About Race" održanog na konferenciji Američke renesanse 1996. godine.

Američki filozofi
Analitički filozofi
Filozofi 20.-21. stoljeća

Michael Levin


Pompeo Vizzani, né le  à Bologne et mort dans cette même ville le , est un écrivain italien.

Biographie

Œuvres
Pompeo Vizzani est principalement connu par la Storia di Bologna, en douze livres. Les dix premiers, imprimés à Bologne, en 1596 et 1602, in-4°, finissent à l'année 1530 : les deux suivants, qui renferment la continuation jusqu'en 1599, ne furent publiés qu'après la mort de l'auteur, en 1608. Elle a été réimprimée à Milan, en 1611, in-4°. Le sixième livre, dans lequel Vizzani traite de l'origine de la famille Bentivoglio, présente, dans toutes les éditions, des différences notables. L'abbé de Rothelin communiqua cette remarque à Lenglet-Dufresnoy, qui l'a consignée dans la Méthode pour étudier l'Histoire, édition, in-12, , . On doit encore à Pompée Vizzani une traduction italienne de L'Âne d'or d'Apulée, Bologne, 1607, in-8° ; Venise, 1612, même format et souvent réimprimée depuis (voy. Paitoni, Bibl. degli Volgarizzatori, , ). Un Abrégé de philosophie naturelle, 1609; enfin, suivant Orlandi, c'est à Pompée que l'on doit attribuer une Description anonyme de la ville de Bologne, publiée en 1602 (voy. les Notizie degli scrittori Bolognesi, ).

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1540
Naissance à Bologne
Décès en août 1607
Décès à Bologne
Écrivain italien du XVIe siècle
Décès à 67 ans

Pompeo Vizzani


Festival bunjevački' pisama 2008. bio je osmo izdanje tog festivala.

Festival se održao od 24. do 26. rujna, u svečanoj dvorani Hrvatskog kulturnog centra "Bunjevačko kolo".
24. i 25. rujna se održala Smotra dječjih pjevača i zborova iz Subotice i okolnih mjesta, a u pratnji Dječjeg tamburaškog orkestra kojim je ravnala Mira Temunović.
26. rujna su nastupali odrasli, uz goste iz Hrvatske i Mađarske (tamburaški orkestar Vizin iz Pečuha). Izvođače je pratio tamburaški orkestar iz Tavankuta i Festivalski orkestar.
Predsjednik organizacijskog odbora: prim. dr. Marko Sente

Izabrano je 16 izvođača. Marko Stipić, Anett Balažić, Jasmina Milodanović, Boris Magoč, Josipa Krajninger-Parčetić, Boris Godar i Tamburaški orkestar HKPD »Matija Gubec«, Tamara Babić,
Mladen Crnković, Martina Dulić, TA »Ravnica«, Tatjana Pakrac Zvonar i prateći vokali
Elizabeta Balažević i Kristina Kovačić, Tomislav Halasević, Marija Jaramazović, Marinko Rudić
Vranić, Klapa »Klas«, Ivan Mamužić, Boris Vujković Lamić, prateći vokali unučad Marija Kuga,
Kristina Vojvnić Purčar, Petar Skenderović i Lidija Ivković.
Skladbe sudionice bile su:

Po ocjeni strukovnih sudaca, najbolja je pjesma A oj ženo u izvedbi pjevača Borisa Godara, uz pratnju Tamburaškog orkestra HKPD »Matija Gubec« iz Tavankuta i festivalskog orkestra (tekst: prim. dr. Marko Sente - glazba: Nikola Jaramazović - aranžman: Stipan Jaramazović).

Najbolja pjesma po izboru nazočnih gledatelja i gledatelja Televizije K23 (glasovanje SMS-om i telefonom) je bila pjesma Ej dida, dida (Stipan Bašić Škaraba - Vojislav Temunović - Vojislav Temunović) u izvedbi dida Ivana Mamužića i dječje pratnje (unuk Boris Vujković Lamić i unučad Marija Kuga, Kristina Vojnić Purčar i Petar Skenderović). Drugu nagradu stručnog žirija za najbolje izvođenje te drugu nagradu dobila je pjesma u izvedbi klape "Klas" za Ostavljeno more (Marjan Kiš - Marjan Kiš - Filip Čeliković/Nela Skenderović); klapu Klas čine Gabrijel Lukač, Boris Dević, Novica Miljački i Darko Temunović, a idejni tvorac je Marjan Kiš. Kiš je pjesmu posvetio Duji Runji. Treću nagradu žirija je dobila skladba Pisma za bracu u izvedbi u izvedbi tamburaškog ansambla "Ravnica" (tekst i glazba: Nikola Jaramazović-aranžman: sastav Ravnica).

Najboljom debitant je bio Boris Magoč, koji je izveo skladbu Jesenji dani (Vladislav Nađ Mićo-Vladislav Nađ Mićo-Julijan Ramač).

Suci su nagradili za najbolju interpretaciju klapu "Klas" za izvedbu pjesme Ostavljeno more (Marjan Kiš - Marjan Kiš - Filip Čeliković/Nela Skenderović).

Nagradu za najbolji neobjavljeni tekst je dobio Marjan Kiš za pjesmu Zasvirajte tamburaši, koju je izvela Lidije Ivković.

Nagradu za najbolji aranžman je dobio Vojislav Temunović za skladbu Usamljeni salaš (Stipan Bašić Škaraba-Marinko Rudić Vranić-Vojislav Temunović), izvođačice Josipe Krajninger Parčetić.

Suci za tekstove su bili Katarina Čeliković, Tomislav Žigmanov, Milovan Miković i Ljiljana Dulić.

Suci za glazbeni dio, tj. za ocjenjivanje izvođača, debitanata, skladba i aranžmana su bili Đuro Parčetić, Nataša Kostadinović, Marijana Crnković, Antonija Piuković i Milan Predraški.

Izvor
Hrvatska riječ Ž. Vukov: Održan VIII. festival bunjevački pisama, 3. listopada 2008.

Vanjska poveznica
Radio Subotica  «A oj ženo» pobjednička pjesma VIII. Festivala bunjevački pisama

2008.

Festival bunjevački’ pisama 2008.


Flugslysið í Smjörfjöllum varð þann 22. september 1980 þegar TF-RTO, tveggja hreyfla flugvél af gerðinni BN-2 Islander, flaug í bratta fjallshlíð norð-vestan megin í suðurenda Smjörfjalla þegar hún var í áætlunarflugi frá Bakkafirði til Egilsstaða. Allir þrír um borð létu lífið.

Flugvélin
Flugvélin var af gerðinni Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander, 2 hreyfla háþekja með pláss fyrir 9 farþega. Flugvélin var í rekstri fyrir Flugfélag Austurlands en í eigu Norsk Leasing og Faktoring A/S. Flugvélin var smíðuð 25. mars 1970. Hún var skráð á Íslandi 2. júni 1977. Hún var til áætlunar- og leiguflugs frá Egilsstöðum í rekstri hjá Flugfélag Austurlands Hf.

Slysið og björgunaraðgerðir
TF-RTO lagði af stað í áætlunarflug frá Egilsstaðaflugvelli klukkan 13:20 mánudaginn 22. september 1980. Flugáætlunin gerði ráð fyrir flugi frá Egilsstöðum til Vopnafjarðar, þaðan til Bakkafjarðar síðan aftur til Egilsstaða með viðkomu á Vopnafirði. Flugáætlunin gerði einnig ráð fyrir sjónflugi og 1 klukkustund og 40 mínútur í flugi. Flugið gekk sinn vanagang en þegar hún fór frá Bakkafirði var ákveðið að stoppa ekki á Vopnafirði og fljúga þá beint frá Bakkafirði til Egilsstaða. Klukkan 14:20 lagði vélin af stað frá Bakkafirði með 2 farþega. Áætlað var að hún myndi lenda á Egilsstöðum kl 14:50. Klukkan 15:00 var vélin ekki komin til Egilsstaða og hafði ekkert heyrst frá henni síðan hún tók á loft frá Bakkafirði. Reynt var að hafa samband við hana án árangurs. Ákveðið var þá að setja leit í gang og var leit úr lofti hafin kl 15:42. TF-SYN flugvél Landhelgisgæslunnar var á flugi yfir Egilsstöðum á þessum tíma og fór hún að leita milli Vopnafjarðar og Egilsstaða. Klukkan 16:08 heyrði TF-SYN í neyðarsendi og var upprunni þess rakin með svokölluðu LORAN kerfi og staðfesti hnit í Smjörfjöllum. Mikil þoka var þá á svæðinu og var þá ákveðið að bíða eftir betri skilyrðum til að leita úr lofti. Í kringum 16:30 lögðu af stað tvær björgunarsveitir frá Vopnafirði og hinsvegar frá Egilsstöðum. Slæmt veður var á svæðinu og snéru þær við í kringum klukkan 21:00. Snemma þriðjudagsmorgunin 23. september klukkan 4:53 lagði af stað þyrla og eldsneytisflugvél frá varnarliðinu á Keflavíkurflugvelli af stað til leitar þar sem veður fór batnandi. Klukkan 6:11 lagði af stað TF-RTR, Piper PA-31 flugvél frá Flugfélag Austurlands, af stað frá Egilsstöðum til leitar. Hún staðsetti flakið af TF-RTO í snævi þaktri og brattri hlíð Smjörfjalla klukkan 6:33 á þeim stað sem TF-SYN hafði numið neyðarmerki. Klukkan 7:15 lenti þyrlan frá varnarliðinu um einum og hálfum kílómeter norðvestan og neðan við flakið. Læknir um borð í þyrlunni náði að klifra að flakinu og staðfesti að allir um borð væru látnir. Aðstæður á vettvang voru mjög hættulegar þar sem hún lá í snarbrattri hlíðinni.

Orsök
Flugvélin flaug beint inní fjallshlíðina um 20 metrum fyrir neðan fjallsbrúnina. Rannsókn á vegum rannsóknarnefndar flugslysa taldi að flugmaðurinn hefði skyndilega lent í mikilli þoku og ekki verið í nægilegri flughæð til að komast yfir fjallið. Nefndin segir einnig að loftþrýstingsmælir í vélinni sem segir til um hæð vélarinnar hafi verið verið stilltur svo að hann hafi sennilega sýnt aðeins of mikla hæð og að niðurstreymi gæti hafa dregið vélina neðar.

Heimildir

1980
Flugslys á Íslandi

Flugslysið Í Smjörfjöllum 1980


هنا قائمة ببطولات أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1994:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 بيت سامبراس هزم  تود مارتن, 7-6, 6-4, 6-4

فردي سيدات

 شتيفي غراف هزم  أرانتكسا سانشيز فيكاريو, 6-0, 6-2

زوجي رجال

 جاكو إلتنجه و بول هارهويس هزم  بايرون بلاك و جوناثن ستارك, 6-7, 6-3, 6-4, 6-3

زوجي سيدات

 غيغي فيرنانديز و ناتاليا زفريفا هزم  باتي فينديك و ميرديث ماكغراث, 6-e, 4-6, 6-4

زوجي مختلط
 أندريه أولهوفيسكي و لاريسا سافشينكو نايلاند هزم  هيلينا سوكوفا و تود وودبريدج, 7-5, 6-7, 6-2

مراجع

أحداث يناير 1994 الرياضية في أستراليا
بطولات أستراليا المفتوحة حسب السنة
ملبورن في عقد 1990
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1994
أحداث يناير 1994 الرياضية في أوقيانوسيا

أستراليا المفتوحة 1994


El baron Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg, también conocido con el nombre ruso de Piotr Kárlovich Klodt (en idioma ruso: Пётр Карлович Клодт), (San Petersburgo, 8 de junio de 1805 - Gran Ducado de Finlandia, 20 de noviembre 1867, fue un escultor ruso que trabajó para el zar Nicolás I de Rusia.

Biografía
Descendiente de una familia aristocrática de los alemanes del Báltico, los Clodt von Jürgensburg, Klodt comenzó su carrera como oficial de artillería. También fue al mismo tiempo un escultor aficionado, que tomó cursos en la Academia Imperial de las Artes, donde su capacidad para representar caballos, finalmente le valió el grado de académico y el elogió del zar. Según la leyenda, Nicolás I le había dicho que «sus caballos eran más hermosos que los mejores sementales.»

Las esculturas más célebres de Klodt —Les Dresseurs de chevaux— se instalaron en el Puente Aníchkov en 1851. También es el autor de la estatua de bronce de Iván Krylov en el Jardín de Verano (1848-1855), el primer monumento erigido a la memoria de un poeta en todo el Imperio Ruso. Klodt realizó en colaboración con Vasili Demuth-Malinovski, la estatua de san Vladímir en Kiev y las estatuas del Arco del Triunfo de Narva en San Petersburgo. También esculpió la cuadriga de encima del pórtico del Teatro Bolshói de Moscú.

La última obra de importancia de Klodt fue un homenaje póstumo a su protector, la estatua del monumento de Nicolás I de Rusia en la Plaza de San Isaac en San Petersburgo, que tiene la particularidad de ser la primera estatua ecuestre del mundo con sólo dos puntos de apoyo en las patas traseras del caballo.

Klodt murió en sus propiedades de Finlandia, el 20 de noviembre de 1867. Su hijo Mijaíl Petróvich y su sobrino Mijaíl Konstantínovich, siguieron la tradición familiar artística y se convirtieron en pintores del movimiento  realista de los Peredvízhniki.

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Escultores de Rusia del siglo XIX
Nacidos en San Petersburgo
Alumnos de la Academia Imperial de las Artes
Caballeros de tercera clase de la Orden de San Vladimiro
Caballeros de primera clase de la Orden de Santa Ana
Caballeros de segunda clase de la Orden de Santa Ana
Pour le Mérite
Galardonados con la Orden del Águila Roja
Pintores de Rusia del siglo XIX

Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg


Claudia Mihaela Bobocea () este o atletă română specializată în alergare de semifond.

Carieră
A început să practice atletismul de performanță în anul 2007 la CSȘ Ilfov, sub îndrumarea lui Anghel Valentin, apoi s-a legitimat la CS Farul în paralel cu studiile la Facultatea de Educație Fizică și Sport a Universității "Ovidius" din Constanța.

În anul 2014 s-a clasat pe locul 4 cu echipa feminină a României la proba de 4×1500 m din cadrul Campionatului Mondial de Ștafete (IAAF World Relays) de la Nassau. În octombrie din același an s-a transferat la CSM Sfântu Gheorghe. A participat la Universiada de vară din 2015 de la Gwangju, unde a terminat ultima (locul 12) în finala probei de 1500 m. În anul 2016, timpul de 4:09,64 realizat în Luxemburg i-a obținut calificarea la Campionatul Mondial de Atletism în sală de la Portland, dar nu a putut ajunge în finala probei de 1500 m.

În iunie 2016 și-a îndeplinit baremul de calificare pentru proba de 800 m la Jocurile Olimpice din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro cu un timp de 2:01,49, recordul său personal, realizat la Gouden Spike din Leiden.

În anul 2019 s-a clasat pe locul 7 la Campionatele Europene de Atletism în sală de la Glasgow în proba de 1500 m. În 21 mai 2019 și-a îndeplinit baremul pentru Campionatul Mondial de la Doha cu un timp de 4:05,10, stabilind un nou record personal. Două luni mai târziu a reușit un timp de 4:02,27 la meeting-ul de la Londra, îndeplinind baremul de calificare pentru Jocurile Olimpice din 2020 de la Tokio.

La Campionatul Mondial în sală din 2022 sportiva s-a clasat pe locul 9. În același an a ocupat locul 11 la Campionatul European de la München. În februarie 2023, a stabilit un nou record național la 1000 m în sală cu timpul de 2:35,35 minute, depășind performanța Doinei Melinte. O săptămână mai târziu a cucerit medalia de argint la 1500 m la Campionatul European în sală de la Istanbul în urma recordmenei Laura Muir, reușind cel mai bun timp din carieră, 4:03,76 minute. În același an a câștigat medalia de aur la Jocurile Europene.

Realizări

Recorduri personale

Note

Legături externe

  Claudia Bobocea  la olympics.com

Nașteri în 1992
Nașteri pe 11 iunie
Atleți olimpici români
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020
Alergători români
Campioni naționali de atletism ai României

Claudia Bobocea


ماريوس سوفوس لي  (17 ديسمبر 1842 - 18 فبراير 1899) رياضياتي نرويجي.

سيرته الذاتية
درس في كريستيانا التي أصبحت اليوم أوسلو. تحصل على دبلوم التخرج عام 1865 وكان في البداية مترددا بشأن مستقبله المهني.

نشر أول أعماله في الرياضيات عام 1869، بعدها سافر رفقة صديقه عالم الرياضيات الألماني فيليكس كلاين إلى باريس واشتغلا مع بعض في دراسة نظرية المجموعات التحويلية. في عام 1872 عاد إلى أوسلو وأصبح أستاذًا للرياضيات في كريستيانا حيث نشر عدة أعمال تتعلق بالمعادلات التفاضلية، وقام أيضا بتطوير نظرية المجموعات التحويلية. سافر عام 1886 إلى لايبزغ، ألمانيا حيث تولى كرسي فيليكس كلاين في مادة الرياضيات. عاد مرة أخرى عام 1898 إلى جامعة كريستيانا حيث قامت حكومة النرويج بإنشاء قسم دراسي جامعي لنظرية المجموعات التحويلية.

ماذا ورث

كتب كتبها سوفوس لي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 مشتقة لي،

أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية
أعضاء الأكاديمية الروسية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة لايبتزغ
خريجو جامعة أوسلو
رياضياتيو القرن 19
رياضياتيون نرويجيون
عاملون في نظرية الزمر
مواليد 1842
وفيات 1899
رياضياتيون نرويجيون في القرن 19

سوفوس لاي


Alastair Charles Ralphs (Bahía de Placentia, Terranova; 22 de mayo de 1977), más conocido como A-1, a veces escrito como A1, es un luchador profesional canadiense y ex culturista.

En lucha
 Movimientos finales
 Royal Flush (Arm trap hangman's neckbreaker)
 Pumphandle powerbomb

 Movimientos de firma
 Brainbuster
 Powerbomb
 Running powerslam
 Spear

 Mánager
 Jade Chung
 Scott D'Amore

Campeonatos y logros
 Border City Wrestling
 BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 A1's Official MySpace Profile

Luchadores profesionales de Canadá
Culturistas de Canadá

Alastair Ralphs


corpului uman sau capacitate electrică a corpului uman este proprietatea fizică a corpului uman, care îl face să acționeze ca un condensator. Ca orice alt obiect conductor electric, un corp uman pot stoca sarcină electrică dacă este izolat. Valoarea actuală a capacitanței variază cu mediul înconjurător; poate fi redusă atunci când este în picioare în vîrful unui stâlp fără nimic în apropiere, sau mare atunci când stă rezemat de un suprafață metalică mare legată la împământare dar izolată, cum ar fi un frigider de uz casnic, sau un perete de metal dintr-o fabrică.

Țesăturile sintetice și frecarea poate încărca electric un corp uman la aproximativ 3 kV. Potențiale electrice mai mici nu pot avea nici un efect notabil, dar unele dispozitive electronice pot fi deteriorate de tensiuni modeste de 100 de volți. Fabricile de aparate electronice sunt foarte atente pentru a preveni ca oamenii să se încarce. O întreagă ramură a industriei electronice se ocupă cu prevenirea acumulării electricității statice și protejarea produselor împotriva descărcărilor electrostatice.

În special, o combinație de încălțăminte cu unele tipuri de soluri, umiditate scăzută, și un uscat covor ( în special) poate provoca ca mersul să încarce capacitanța corpului unei persoane până la câțiva zeci de kilovolți față de pământ. Omul și împrejurimile constituie atunci un condensator foarte încărcat. O apropiere de orice obiecte bune conductoare electrice, conectat la pământ (sol), poate crea un șoc electric, chiar și o scânteie vizibilă.

Capacitanța corpului a fost un inconvenient semnificativ atunci când se acordau aparatele vechi de radio; atingerea butonului de acord cuplu capacitanța corpului în circuitul de acord, schimbându-i ușor frecvența de rezonanță. Cu toate acestea, capacitanța corpului este foarte util în , un instrument muzical în care se provoacă o ușoară schimbare de frecvență a oscilatoarelor interne ale instrumentului. Unul din ele  schimbă frecvența, și celălalt face ca intensitatea (volumul) să se schimbe lin între volum slab și maxim.

Capacitanța unui corp uman în conditii normale este de obicei de zeci la câteva sute de picofarazi, care este o valoare mică conform standardelor electronice. În timp ce oamenii sunt mult mai mari decât componentele electronice, ei sunt de asemenea, cea mai mare parte separate printr-o distanță semnificativă de alte obiecte conductoare. Deși uneori șocul electrostatic poate fi surprinzător și chiar neplăcut, cantitatea de energie este relativ scăzută, și nu va afecta o persoană sănătoasă.
Modelul Corpului Uman pentru capacitanță, așa cum este el definit de Asociația de Descărcare Electrostatică (ESDA) este reprezentat de un condensator de 100pF în serie cu un rezistor de 1,5 kΩ

Senzor de atingere
Capacitanța corpului poate fi folosită pentru a acționa întrerupătoarele cu apăsare, lifturi, sau robinete. Anumite detectoare de tensiune se bazează pe capacitanța corpului.
Un senzor tactil capacitiv răspunde la apropierea (dar nu la forță sau atingere) unei părți a corpului uman, de obicei un deget. Capacitatea dintre dispozitiv și degetului este sesizată. Ecranele tactile capacitive nu necesită aplicarea forței pe suprafețele lor, ceea ce le face mai ușor de utilizat și de proiectat în unele privințe. În plus, datorită capacitanței corpului, oamenii se comportă la fel de bine ca și antene, și unele televizoare mici folosesc oamenii pentru a-și îmbunătăți recepția. [necesită citare]
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Vezi și
 Efectul Triboelectric

Referințe

Legături externe
 Downloadable electrostatic BEM module în MATLAB pentru auto-capacitate de un corp uman și relevante corpul uman ochiuri

Biotehnologie
Condensatoare electrice
Stocarea energiei

Capacitanța corpului uman