The Jaredites () are one of four peoples (along with the Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites) that the Latter-day Saints believe settled in ancient America.

The Book of Mormon (mainly its Book of Ether) describes the Jaredites as the descendants of Jared and his brother, who lived at the time of the Tower of Babel. According to the Book of Mormon, they fled across the ocean on unique barges and established an ancient civilization in America. The Book of Ether's  mention of a "narrow neck of land" has led some to conclude that the civilization likely spanned from the Midwest to the Eastern United States such as New York, where fossils of ancient mammoths have now been discovered in abundance, and many Native American accounts describe Niagara as the narrow strip of land that literally translates to "the neck".  Others argue for a location still north of but nearer to the "necks of land" in Central America or Mexico.

Mainstream archaeology has found no evidence of the existence of Jaredites or any of the other three groups.

Book of Ether
According to the Book of Mormon, the Jaredites are the descendants of Jared, his brother, their immediate family, and their friends.  (Joseph Smith later identified the brother of Jared as Mahonri Moriancumer.)  At the time of the Tower of Babel, when the tongues of all nations were confounded, the Lord acceded to the desires of Jared, and his people's language was not confounded. The people were also granted a land of promise.

The Lord guided the people through the wilderness and were eventually directed to cross the sea in "barges". The vessels were sealed and watertight and able to be swamped by waves without sinking. Air was obtained from outside the vessels, as needed. They also brought with them animals and food. The recorded length of the miraculous trip was 344 days. Among other things they carried in their voyage were honeybees, which, in the language of the Jaredites were called "deseret". Additionally, they brought seeds.

Ether is the last in the royal line that began with one of the sons of Jared. From the time of the first king to the destruction of the Jaredites, there were only occasional periods of peace and prosperity. The times of peace were interrupted by intrigue over the throne, civil war, and the accession of wicked kings. The history of the Jaredites confirmed the fears of Jared and his brother that a monarchy would lead to evil.

The Book of Mormon claims that the Jaredites grew to become a civilization that exceeded two million people just before its destruction. They finally destroyed themselves about the time Lehi and the other refugees from Jerusalem arrived in America. A prophecy of Ether was fulfilled: the last Jaredite king, Coriantumr, lived to see both the total destruction of his entire house, the scattering of the remaining Jaredites, and the arrival of another people to inherit the land.

Other references in Book of Mormon
Outside the Book of Ether, the Book of Mormon relates that Coriantumr was found by the Mulekites. The Nephites later encountered the Mulekites and taught them the Nephite language. The Mulekites told them that Coriantumr had died some nine months after he had come to live with them. The Nephite prophet King Mosiah I was able to translate a large stone with engravings that gave an account of Coriantumr. Another record on twenty-four plates, discovered by the people of King Limhi, was translated by the Nephite King Mosiah II. An abridged account of the Jaredite records was later included by Moroni, as the Book of Ether, in the Book of Mormon.

Geography

The ocean crossed is not specified in the Book of Mormon. Hugh Nibley's There were Jaredites and The World of the Jaredites argue for the Pacific Ocean, but Milton R. Hunter argues for the Atlantic Ocean.

The location of the Jaredite civilization is also not specified in the Book of Mormon except that it was north of a narrow neck of land in what was called the "Land Northward" by the Nephites.  The New World location of the Jaredites and Nephites is a subject of disagreement among Mormons. Joseph Smith indicated that the Jaredites arrived in "the lake country of America" and that "the Nephites... lived about the narrow neck of land, which now embraces Central America, with all the cities that can be found."

Proposed relations

Descendants of Ham
Some early Latter Day Saints, including Apostle Parley P. Pratt believed the Jaredites were descendants of Ham, based on the group's origins near the Tower of Babel, and initial migration into the Valley of Nimrod, an area associated with the descendants of Ham.

Olmecs
Some Mormon apologists have argued for substantial parallels between the Jaredites and the Olmecs. For example, one scholar asserted that writings an ancient Native American historian, Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, wrote about a group of people who came from the great tower to Mesoamerica. Ixtlilxochitl wrote that the people lived in an area in the northern parts of the land, along the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Other LDS researchers, such as W. Vincent Coon, point to native legends and suggest that the earliest immigrants to Central America migrated by land and boat from "northern America". Phyllis Carol Olive compares Jaredite civilization to ancient cultures of the Great Lakes region.

References

Sources

External links
Jaredite chronology

Book of Mormon peoples
Book of Mormon words and phrases
Mormonism and Native Americans

Jaredites


Elizabeth Pierce Blegen, née le  à Allegheny, en Pennsylvanie, et morte le  à Athènes, en Grèce, est une archéologue, professeure d'université et autrice américaine. Fouillant en Grèce et à Chypre, elle publie dans l' de 1925 à 1952 les différentes découvertes archéologiques en Grèce. Elle s'engage auprès de plusieurs organisations promouvant l'évolution professionnelle des femmes en Grèce et aux États-Unis.

Biographie

Enfance
Elizabeth Denny Pierce, surnommée « Libbie », naît le  à Allegheny  en Pennsylvanie, de Flora McKnight et William Lemmex Pierce.

Études
Elizabeth Pierce fréquente le  de 1906 à 1910. Elle y rencontre , professeure du département d'études grecques et romaines, de qui elle devient proche ; c'est cette dernière qui fait naître chez Pierce un intérêt pour l'archéologie grecque et qui la présente différents classicistes et archéologues. Pierce est influencée par , une classiciste s'intéressant au monde romain, première femme siégeant à l' de Rome et à l'. Elle est aussi influencée par  et Catherine Saunders, professeures puis collègues de Pierce.

Elizabeth Pierce obtient, en 1912, un  puis, en 1922, un doctorat en latin à l'université Columbia, avec un mémoire puis une thèse sur Caius Asinius Pollio, consul et historien romain.

Carrière

Début de carrière et relation avec Ida Thallon

En 1915, elle retourne au  en tant que professeure, enseignant l'histoire de l'art, tout en étant assistante-conservatrice à la , jusqu'en 1922. Elle y retrouve Ida Thallon, avec qui elle commence à entretenir une aventure amoureuse, connue par leurs propres lettres et celles de leurs collègues. Les deux femmes vivent ensemble, dans une maison située sur le campus, et sont surnommées «  ».

Pendant l'été 1921, Elizabeth Pierce voyage en Grèce avec Ida Thallon ; elle part plus tard à Athènes pour suivre le programme annuel de l'école américaine d'études classiques à Athènes ( ou ASCSA) en 1922-1923.

Entre 1922 et 1924, Pierce se voit proposer plusieurs postes. Gisela Marie Augusta Richter lui propose un stage au  ; bien qu'elle refuse le poste, Pierce travaille pour Richter au printemps 1924. , président du comité de direction de l'ASCSA, lui propose également d'être secrétaire de l'école ou doyenne des étudiantes, ce qu'elle refuse.

Le
Elizabeth Pierce rencontre à Athènes  et Carl Blegen, son élève, deux archéologues reconnus. Pierce et Blegen finissent par tomber amoureux, et ce dernier la demande en mariage : elle accepte initialement, puis rompt et retourne aux États-Unis afin d'éviter de blesser Ida Thallon. Elle continue néanmoins à correspondre avec Carl Blegen.

Finalement, un plan est mis en place par Elizabeth Pierce, Carl Blegen, Bert Hodge Hill  et Ida Thallon : deux couples se forment, Pierce et Blegen d'une part, Hill et Thallon d'autre part. Les deux couples se marient en à l'été 1924 et prennent le nom de «  ». En 1929, ils s'installent dans la même maison à Athènes (au 9, rue de Plutarque), où ils vivent, travaillent, et invitent des archéologues et des étudiants de toutes nationalités.

L'arrangement permet à Ida Hill et Elizabeth Blegen de continuer à voyager ensemble, comme par exemple en 1938, où elles traversent les Balkans en voiture pour relier Athènes et Trieste.

En 1954, lors d'une traversée de l'Atlantique, Ida Hill meurt dans son lit, avec Elizabeth Blegen à ses côtés. Bert Hodge Hill meurt quant à lui en .

Travaux en tant qu'archéologue

Elizabeth Blegen fouille plusieurs sites en compagnie de son mari, comme  (de 1927 à 1928), Troie (de 1932 à 1938) et Pylos (en 1939 puis de 1952 à 1958). Elle travaille également avec les Hill à Lapithos (à Chypre) et à Corinthe. Sur les différents sites, elle fait l'inventaire des trouvailles et participe aux publications, en rédigeant des chapitres, des bibliographies et des index.

De 1925 à 1952, elle rédige la «  » de l', où elle présente les dernières fouilles archéologiques, de manière détaillée, grâce aux informations que les fouilleurs lui fournissent : son travail est grandement estimé par ses confrères archéologues et permet aux étudiants et aux chercheurs d'avoir accès à des découvertes plusieurs années avant leur publication.

Sa dernière saison de fouilles à Prosymna a lieu après un accident vasculaire cérébral en 1956 ; elle est hospitalisée plusieurs mois à Cincinnati et se retrouve en fauteuil roulant. Elle parvient néanmoins à s'en remettre et retourne sur le terrain à Pylos en 1958.

Engagement auprès d'organisations
Elizabeth Blegen s'engage au cours de sa vie dans plusieurs organisations, en lien avec l'archéologie et/ou les droits des femmes, comme l', l', l', la Société américaine d'histoire et l'Institut archéologique américain.

Mort

Elizabeth Blegen meurt le . Elle est enterrée dans la partie protestante du Premier cimetière d'Athènes où elle rejoint Ida et Bert Hodge Hill. Son mari Carl Blegen les rejoint en 1971.

Postérité
En 1963, Elisabeth Blegen lègue la maison du  à Athènes à l'école américaine d'études classiques à Athènes.

En 1975, le  annonce la fondation d'un poste d'enseignant-chercheur en l'honneur de Carl et Elizabeth Blegen. Ce poste est en partie financé par un fonds voulue par cette dernière et est nommé «  »

La  est, jusqu'en 2008, le lieu où se trouve le centre LGBTQ du . Après la crise de 2008, le centre est déplacé et la maison devient un logement de fonction.

Le , Robert Pounder, professeur émérite d'études grecques et romaines au , présente une conférence intitulée «  », revenant sur la liaison entre les deux femmes, la famille non conventionnelle que formait le  et leurs travaux en archéologie. Cette conférence fait suite à une autre, présentée par Pounder en 2009, sur les travaux des Blegen et des Hill.

Publications
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Archéologue américaine
Universitaire américain du XXe siècle
Naissance à Pittsburgh
Naissance en juin 1888
Décès à Athènes
Décès en septembre 1966
Décès à 78 ans
Personnalité liée aux thèmes LGBT

Elizabeth Pierce Blegen


In computational physics and chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.

The Hartree–Fock method often assumes that the exact N-body wave function of the system can be approximated by a single Slater determinant (in the case where the particles are fermions) or by a single permanent (in the case of bosons) of N spin-orbitals. By invoking the variational method, one can derive a set of N-coupled equations for the N spin orbitals. A solution of these equations yields the Hartree–Fock wave function and energy of the system. Hartree–Fock approximation is an instance of mean-field theory, where neglecting higher-order fluctuations in order parameter allows replacing interaction terms with quadratic terms, obtaining exactly solvable Hamiltonian.

Especially in the older literature, the Hartree–Fock method is also called the self-consistent field method (SCF). In deriving what is now called the Hartree equation as an approximate solution of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree required the final field as computed from the charge distribution to be "self-consistent" with the assumed initial field. Thus, self-consistency was a requirement of the solution. The solutions to the non-linear Hartree–Fock equations also behave as if each particle is subjected to the mean field created by all other particles (see the Fock operator below), and hence the terminology continued. The equations are almost universally solved by means of an iterative method, although the fixed-point iteration algorithm does not always converge.
This solution scheme is not the only one possible and is not an essential feature of the Hartree–Fock method.

The Hartree–Fock method finds its typical application in the solution of the Schrödinger equation for atoms, molecules, nanostructures and solids but it has also found widespread use in nuclear physics. (See Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov method for a discussion of its application in nuclear structure theory).  In atomic structure theory, calculations may be for a spectrum with many excited energy levels, and consequently, the Hartree–Fock method for atoms assumes the wave function is a single configuration state function with well-defined quantum numbers and that the energy level is not necessarily the ground state.

For both atoms and molecules, the Hartree–Fock solution is the central starting point for most methods that describe the many-electron system more accurately.

The rest of this article will focus on applications in electronic structure theory suitable for molecules with the atom as a special case.
The discussion here is only for the restricted Hartree–Fock method, where the atom or molecule is a closed-shell system with all orbitals (atomic or molecular) doubly occupied. Open-shell systems, where some of the electrons are not paired, can be dealt with by either the restricted open-shell or the unrestricted Hartree–Fock methods.

Brief history

Early semi-empirical methods
The origin of the Hartree–Fock method dates back to the end of the 1920s, soon after the discovery of the Schrödinger equation in 1926. Douglas Hartree's methods were guided by some earlier, semi-empirical methods of the early 1920s (by E. Fues, R. B. Lindsay, and himself) set in the old quantum theory of Bohr.

In the Bohr model of the atom, the energy of a state with principal quantum number n is given in atomic units as . It was observed from atomic spectra that the energy levels of many-electron atoms are well described by applying a modified version of Bohr's formula. By introducing the quantum defect d as an empirical parameter, the energy levels of a generic atom were well approximated by the formula , in the sense that one could reproduce fairly well the observed transitions levels observed in the X-ray region (for example, see the empirical discussion and derivation in Moseley's law). The existence of a non-zero quantum defect was attributed to electron–electron repulsion, which clearly does not exist in the isolated hydrogen atom. This repulsion resulted in partial screening of the bare nuclear charge. These early researchers later introduced other potentials containing additional empirical parameters with the hope of better reproducing the experimental data.

Hartree method

In 1927, D. R. Hartree introduced a procedure, which he called the self-consistent field method, to calculate approximate wave functions and energies for atoms and ions. Hartree sought to do away with empirical parameters and solve the many-body time-independent Schrödinger equation from fundamental physical principles, i.e., ab initio. His first proposed method of solution became known as the Hartree method, or Hartree product. However, many of Hartree's contemporaries did not understand the physical reasoning behind the Hartree method: it appeared to many people to contain empirical elements, and its connection to the solution of the many-body Schrödinger equation was unclear. However, in 1928 J. C. Slater and J. A. Gaunt independently showed that the Hartree method could be couched on a sounder theoretical basis by applying the variational principle to an ansatz (trial wave function) as a product of single-particle functions.

In 1930, Slater and V. A. Fock independently pointed out that the Hartree method did not respect the principle of antisymmetry of the wave function.
 The Hartree method used the Pauli exclusion principle in its older formulation, forbidding the presence of two electrons in the same quantum state. However, this was shown to be fundamentally incomplete in its neglect of quantum statistics.

Hartree–Fock
A solution to the lack of anti-symmetry in the Hartree method came when it was shown that a Slater determinant, a determinant of one-particle orbitals first used by Heisenberg and Dirac in 1926, trivially satisfies the antisymmetric property of the exact solution and hence is a suitable ansatz for applying the variational principle. The original Hartree method can then be viewed as an approximation to the Hartree–Fock method by neglecting exchange. Fock's original method relied heavily on group theory and was too abstract for contemporary physicists to understand and implement. In 1935, Hartree reformulated the method to be more suitable for the purposes of calculation.

The Hartree–Fock method, despite its physically more accurate picture, was little used until the advent of electronic computers in the 1950s due to the much greater computational demands over the early Hartree method and empirical models. Initially, both the Hartree method and the Hartree–Fock method were applied exclusively to atoms, where the spherical symmetry of the system allowed one to greatly simplify the problem. These approximate methods were (and are) often used together with the central field approximation to impose the condition that electrons in the same shell have the same radial part and to restrict the variational solution to be a spin eigenfunction. Even so, calculating a solution by hand using the Hartree–Fock equations for a medium-sized atom was laborious; small molecules required computational resources far beyond what was available before 1950.

Hartree–Fock algorithm

The Hartree–Fock method is typically used to solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation for a multi-electron atom or molecule as described in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Since there are no known analytic solutions for many-electron systems (there are solutions for one-electron systems such as hydrogenic atoms and the diatomic hydrogen cation), the problem is solved numerically. Due to the nonlinearities introduced by the Hartree–Fock approximation, the equations are solved using a nonlinear method such as iteration, which gives rise to the name "self-consistent field method."

Approximations
The Hartree–Fock method makes five major simplifications to deal with this task:
 The Born–Oppenheimer approximation is inherently assumed.  The full molecular wave function is actually a function of the coordinates of each of the nuclei, in addition to those of the electrons.
 Typically, relativistic effects are completely neglected.  The momentum operator is assumed to be completely non-relativistic.
 The variational solution is assumed to be a linear combination of a finite number of basis functions, which are usually (but not always) chosen to be orthogonal. The finite basis set is assumed to be approximately complete.
 Each energy eigenfunction is assumed to be describable by a single Slater determinant, an antisymmetrized product of one-electron wave functions (i.e., orbitals).
 The mean-field approximation is implied. Effects arising from deviations from this assumption are neglected. These effects are often collectively used as a definition of the term electron correlation. However, the label "electron correlation" strictly spoken encompasses both the Coulomb correlation and Fermi correlation, and the latter is an effect of electron exchange, which is fully accounted for in the Hartree–Fock method. Stated in this terminology, the method only neglects the Coulomb correlation. However, this is an important flaw, accounting for (among others) Hartree–Fock's inability to capture London dispersion.

Relaxation of the last two approximations give rise to many so-called post-Hartree–Fock methods.

Variational optimization of orbitals

The variational theorem states that for a time-independent Hamiltonian operator, any trial wave function will have an energy expectation value that is greater than or equal to the true ground-state wave function corresponding to the given Hamiltonian.  Because of this, the Hartree–Fock energy is an upper bound to the true ground-state energy of a given molecule. In the context of the Hartree–Fock method, the best possible solution is at the Hartree–Fock limit; i.e., the limit of the Hartree–Fock energy as the basis set approaches completeness. (The other is the full-CI limit, where the last two approximations of the Hartree–Fock theory as described above are completely undone. It is only when both limits are attained that the exact solution, up to the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, is obtained.) The Hartree–Fock energy is the minimal energy for a single Slater determinant.

The starting point for the Hartree–Fock method is a set of approximate one-electron wave functions known as spin-orbitals. For an atomic orbital calculation, these are typically the orbitals for a hydrogen-like atom (an atom with only one electron, but the appropriate nuclear charge).  For a molecular orbital or crystalline calculation, the initial approximate one-electron wave functions are typically a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO).

The orbitals above only account for the presence of other electrons in an average manner. In the Hartree–Fock method, the effect of other electrons are accounted for in a mean-field theory context. The orbitals are optimized by requiring them to minimize the energy of the respective Slater determinant. The resultant variational conditions on the orbitals lead to a new one-electron operator, the Fock operator. At the minimum, the occupied orbitals are eigensolutions to the Fock operator via a unitary transformation between themselves. The Fock operator is an effective one-electron Hamiltonian operator being the sum of two terms. The first is a sum of kinetic-energy operators for each electron, the internuclear repulsion energy, and a sum of nuclear–electronic Coulombic attraction terms. The second are Coulombic repulsion terms between electrons in a mean-field theory description; a net repulsion energy for each electron in the system, which is calculated by treating all of the other electrons within the molecule as a smooth distribution of negative charge.  This is the major simplification inherent in the Hartree–Fock method and is equivalent to the fifth simplification in the above list.

Since the Fock operator depends on the orbitals used to construct the corresponding Fock matrix, the eigenfunctions of the Fock operator are in turn new orbitals, which can be used to construct a new Fock operator. In this way, the Hartree–Fock orbitals are optimized iteratively until the change in total electronic energy falls below a predefined threshold. In this way, a set of self-consistent one-electron orbitals is calculated.  The Hartree–Fock electronic wave function is then the Slater determinant constructed from these orbitals. Following the basic postulates of quantum mechanics, the Hartree–Fock wave function can then be used to compute any desired chemical or physical property within the framework of the Hartree–Fock method and the approximations employed.

Mathematical formulation

Derivation

To derive Hartree-Fock we minimize the Energy functional

where  is the molecular Hamiltonian in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation,   is the one Slater determinant Hartree-Fock wave function and the second term is the sum over a Lagrange multiplier  and the constraint that the spin orbitals  of the Slater determinant

are orthonormal. Since we can choose the basis of , we choose a basis in which the Lagrange multiplier matrix  becomes diagonal, i.e. . Performing the variation, we obtain

The factor 1/2 in the molecular Hamiltonian drops out before the double integrals due to symmetry and the product rule. We find the Fock equation

where the Coulomb operator  and the exchange operator  are defined as follows

The exchange operator has no classical analogue and can only be defined as an integral operator.

The Fock operator

Because the electron–electron repulsion term of the molecular Hamiltonian involves the coordinates of two different electrons, it is necessary to reformulate it in an approximate way.  Under this approximation (outlined under Hartree–Fock algorithm), all of the terms of the exact Hamiltonian except the nuclear–nuclear repulsion term are re-expressed as the sum of one-electron operators outlined below, for closed-shell atoms or molecules (with two electrons in each spatial orbital). The "(1)" following each operator symbol simply indicates that the operator is 1-electron in nature.

where

is the one-electron Fock operator generated by the orbitals , and

is the one-electron core Hamiltonian. Also

is the Coulomb operator, defining the electron–electron repulsion energy due to each of the two electrons in the j-th orbital. Finally,

is the exchange operator, defining the electron exchange energy due to the antisymmetry of the total N-electron wave function. This "exchange energy" operator  is simply an artifact of the Slater determinant.  Finding the Hartree–Fock one-electron wave functions is now equivalent to solving the eigenfunction equation

where  are a set of one-electron wave functions called the Hartree–Fock molecular orbitals.

Linear combination of atomic orbitals

Typically, in modern Hartree–Fock calculations, the one-electron wave functions are approximated by a linear combination of atomic orbitals.  These atomic orbitals are called Slater-type orbitals.  Furthermore, it is very common for the "atomic orbitals" in use to actually be composed of a linear combination of one or more Gaussian-type orbitals, rather than Slater-type orbitals, in the interests of saving large amounts of computation time.

Various basis sets are used in practice, most of which are composed of Gaussian functions.  In some applications, an orthogonalization method such as the Gram–Schmidt process is performed in order to produce a set of orthogonal basis functions.  This can in principle save computational time when the computer is solving the Roothaan–Hall equations by converting the overlap matrix effectively to an identity matrix. However, in most modern computer programs for molecular Hartree–Fock calculations this procedure is not followed due to the high numerical cost of orthogonalization and the advent of more efficient, often sparse, algorithms for solving the generalized eigenvalue problem, of which the Roothaan–Hall equations are an example.

Numerical stability

Numerical stability can be a problem with this procedure and there are various ways of combatting this instability.  One of the most basic and generally applicable is called F-mixing or damping.  With F-mixing, once a single-electron wave function is calculated, it is not used directly.  Instead, some combination of that calculated wave function and the previous wave functions for that electron is used, the most common being a simple linear combination of the calculated and immediately preceding wave function.  A clever dodge, employed by Hartree, for atomic calculations was to increase the nuclear charge, thus pulling all the electrons closer together.  As the system stabilised, this was gradually reduced to the correct charge. In molecular calculations a similar approach is sometimes used by first calculating the wave function for a positive ion and then to use these orbitals as the starting point for the neutral molecule. Modern molecular Hartree–Fock computer programs use a variety of methods to ensure convergence of the Roothaan–Hall equations.

Weaknesses, extensions, and alternatives

Of the five simplifications outlined in the section "Hartree–Fock algorithm", the fifth is typically the most important. Neglect of electron correlation can lead to large deviations from experimental results. A number of approaches to this weakness, collectively called post-Hartree–Fock methods, have been devised to include electron correlation to the multi-electron wave function. One of these approaches, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, treats correlation as a perturbation of the Fock operator. Others expand the true multi-electron wave function in terms of a linear combination of Slater determinants—such as multi-configurational self-consistent field, configuration interaction, quadratic configuration interaction, and complete active space SCF (CASSCF).  Still others (such as variational quantum Monte Carlo) modify the Hartree–Fock wave function by multiplying it by a correlation function ("Jastrow" factor), a term which is explicitly a function of multiple electrons that cannot be decomposed into independent single-particle functions.

An alternative to Hartree–Fock calculations used in some cases is density functional theory, which treats both exchange and correlation energies, albeit approximately. Indeed, it is common to use calculations that are a hybrid of the two methods—the popular B3LYP scheme is one such hybrid functional method.
Another option is to use modern valence bond methods.

Software packages
For a list of software packages known to handle Hartree–Fock calculations, particularly for molecules and solids, see the list of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software.

See also

Related fields
 Quantum chemistry
 Molecular physics
 Quantum chemistry computer programs
 Fock symmetry

Concepts
 Roothaan equations
 Koopmans' theorem
 Post-Hartree–Fock
 Direct inversion of iterative subspace

People
 Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock
 Clemens Roothaan
 George G. Hall
 John Pople
 Reinhart Ahlrichs

References

Sources

External links
 The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part II. Some Results and Discussion by D. R. Hartree, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Volume 24, 111–132, January 1928
 An Introduction to Hartree-Fock Molecular Orbital Theory  by C. David Sherrill (June 2000)
 Mean-Field Theory: Hartree-Fock and BCS in E. Pavarini, E. Koch, J. van den Brink, and G. Sawatzky: Quantum materials: Experiments and Theory, Jülich 2016,

Electronic structure methods
Quantum chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Computational chemistry
Computational physics
1927 in science

Hartree–Fock method


Martenica (bugarski: mартеница; makedonski: мартинка; ; rumunjski: mărțișor; grčki: μάρτης) je rukotvorina izrađena od crvenih i bijelih vunenih niti te sadrži poruke dobrih i pozitivnih osjećaja i očekivanja. Ističe se 1. ožujka (u Bugarskoj "Dan Babe Marte") kada se nosi kao narukvica oko ruke, ali i vješa na grane stabala kao vjesnik proljeća i simbol plodnosti. Bijela boja pritom simbolizira čistoću, nevinost, sreću i ljepotu, a crvena boja vitalnost, zdravlje, ljubav i pobjedu.
Kulturni običaji povezani s 1. ožujkom obuhvaćaju tradicije koje se prenose od davnih vremena kako bi proslavile početak proljeća u Bugarskoj, Makedoniji, Rumunjskoj i Moldaviji, s time da je u Rumunjskoj malo drugačija praksa, te se smatra jedinstvenim običajem, poznat kao Martisor. Da li su, i kako su ovi običaji u svezi je i dalje predmet rasprave među etnolozima. No, oni su svi upisani na popis nematerijalne svjetske baštine 2017. godine kao "Kulturni običaji povezani s 1. ožujkom" jer "u ovim običajima sudjeluju svi pripadnici zainteresiranih zajednica bez obzira na njihovu dob, a običaji pridonose društvenoj koheziji, međugeneracijskoj razmjeni i interakciji s prirodom, poticanje različitosti i kreativnosti".

Odlike

Glavna praksa sastoji se od izrade, poklanjanja i nošenja crvene i bijele niti, koja se oslobađa kada se vide prvo procvjetalo stablo, lastavica ili roda. Nekoliko drugih lokalnih praksi također čine dio veće proljetne proslave, kao što su postupci pročišćavanja u Moldaviji. Predmeti se smatraju simboličnom zaštitom od opasnosti kao što su hiroviti vremenski uvjeti, pri čemu običaji osiguravaju siguran prijelaz iz zime u proljeće za pojedince, skupine i zajednice.

Bugarska

U nekim se područjima Bugarske koristi samo crveni konac, u nekima ima više boja, no uvijek dominira crvena; ponegdje se koncu dodavala zlatna ili srebrna kovanica. Samome izgledu martenice, ljepoti izrade, bogatstvu oblika, u narodnome se stvaralaštvu kasnije pridavao veći značaj, pa su se počele izrađivati od vune, svilenog ili pamučnog konca i bile su različitih oblika: u obliku kovanica, zviždaljki itd., a to je osobito vidljivo današnjih dana.

Prvog ožujka pazilo se da se ne dotakne crni kotao na lancu iznad ognjišta, da ne bi nevrijeme ili neka nepogoda uništila polja. Ostao je i običaj da se ispeku mali hljepčići koji bi se premazali medom i podijelili svim domaćinima uokolo, kako bi ih i oni također čuvali od bolesti. U Razgradskom području, domaćice u svitanje na stablo stavljaju crvenu tkaninu, ne bi li razveselile Babu Martu. U Trojanskom području žene prije svanuća okite crvenom vunom ulazna vrata, stabla voćaka, posuđe s mliječnim proizvodima, rogove stoke itd. A u Haskovu, baka koja rano, prije svitanja pravi martenice svojim unucima, oblači se sva u crveno. Otud i dolazi narodno vjerovanje da Baba Marta prvoga ožujka obilazi ljude i usjeve obučena u crvenu haljinu, s crvenom maramom na glavi i u crvenim čarapama.
Martenica se stavlja na lijevu stranu kaputa, pulovera, haljine, blizu srca, i tu ostaje sve do prvog susreta s lastavicom ili rodom, vjesnicima ponovnog buđenja prirode. Tada ih se skida i stavlja na rascvjetalo ili ozelenjelo drvo.

Povijest

Tradicija martenica se odnosi na drevnu pogansku povijest Balkanskog poluotoka i na sve poljoprivredne kultove prirode. Neke posebne značajke rituala, osobito vezanje upletenih bijelih i crvenih vunenih niti, rezultat su stoljetne tradicije i sugeriraju tračansko (paleo-balkansko) ili eventualno helensko ili rimsko podrijetlo.

Focije I. u svom "Leksikonu" spominje grčki običaj kroke (κρόκη), u kojemu su svećenici (μύσται) vezali crvenu nit (κρόκη) oko dječje desne ruke ili noge koja bi ih štitila od zlih duhova i vještica

Pučka legenda o martenicama, zapisana početkom 20. st., seže u doba velikih migracija naroda. Ona kaže da je jedan bugarski vladar (kan Asparuh?) imao sestru koju je veoma volio. Nakon jedne od bitki (Bitka kod Ongala 680. god.?) želio joj je poslati znak da zna da je živ i da je dobro. Privezao je golubu (orlu) oko noge bijeli konac, poprskan kapima svoje krvi (iz rane zadobivene na bojnom polju) i poslao ga sestri (u drugoj verziji konac biva poprskan krvlju kada stražari nehotice strijelama ubiju orla-glasnika). Kad je primila ovaj znak od svog brata, sestra ga je privezala oko svoje ruke.

Danas je još uvijek neformalno obrazovanje najčešće sredstvo prijenosa običaja; u ruralnim područjima se mlade djevojke poučavaju o tome kako napraviti niti od starijih žena, dok u urbanim sredinama učenici uče od učitelja, obrtnika i neformalnog obrazovanja. Još jednu prigodu za prijenos omogućavaju radionice Martenitsa/Martinka/Mărţişor koje organiziraju etnografski muzeji. Dotične zajednice aktivno su uključene u napore za popisivanje, istraživanje, dokumentiranje i promociju elementa, a u tijeku su brojni kulturni projekti usmjereni na njegovo očuvanje.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Ko je Baba Marta i zašto se nose vunene crveno-bele narukvice? Naissus.info 3. ožujka 2018.

Bugarska kultura
Sjevernomakedonska kultura
Moldavska kultura
Narodni običaji
Nematerijalna svjetska baština u Europi

Martenica


Flaskepost fra P er en dansk thriller fra 2016. Det er efterfølgeren til Fasandræberne (2014), den er ligeledes baseret på Jussi Adler-Olsens roman af samme navn.

Medvirkende
 Nikolaj Lie Kaas som Carl Mørck
 Fares Fares som Assad
 Johanne Louise Schmidt som Rose Knudsen
 Signe A. Mannov som Mona Karlsen
 Jacob Lohmann som Elias
 Amanda Collin som Rakel
 Søren Pilmark som Marcus Jacobsen
 Jakob Oftebro som Pasgård
 Pål Sverre Hagen som Johannes
 Lotte Andersen som Mia
 Maria Rossing som Johannes s søster Rebecca
 Louis Sylvester Larsen som Trygve
 Jack Moland som Poul
 Jaspar Møller Friis som Samuel
 Olivia Terpet Gammelgaard som Magdalena
 Jeanette Lindbæk Larsen som Johannes s mor
 August Moldestad Nypan Johannes som barn
 Mercedes Claro Schellin Rebecca som barn

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2016
Film baseret på værker af danske forfattere
Thrillerfilm fra Danmark
Kriminalfilm fra Danmark
Dansksprogede film

Flaskepost fra P (film)


Johan Andersson (* 29. September 1820 in Ödestugu; † 14. Juni 1894 in Växjö) war ein schwedischer evangelisch-lutherischer Bischof und literarischer Übersetzer.

Leben
Johan Andersson wurde als Sohn von Anders Anderson und dessen Ehefrau Eva Sofia Svalander in der historischen Provinz Småland in Südschweden geboren. Sein Vater war Dorfpfarrer in Åker im Bistum Växjö. Er heiratete im Jahre 1850 Elisabeth (Elise) Lindfors. Sein Bruder war der Dichter und Hochschullehrer Anders Anderson (1822–1892), sein Sohn der Lehrer, Pädagoge und Autor Hilding Andersson (1853–1918).

Andersson begann seine Studien 1838 an der Universität Lund, wo er 1844 mit dem Magister im Fach Philosophie abschloss. Von 1845 bis 1846 studierte er an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 1846 erhielt er eine Anstellung als Lehrer für Moderne Sprachen am Gymnasium Växjo. Ab 1849 war er dort Dozent für Philosophie, 1853 erhielt er den Posten des Schulleiters. 1861 studierte er im Rahmen eines staatlichen Akademiker-Programms das dänische und deutsche Schulsystem.

Anschließend wandte sich Andersson der Theologie zu. 1862 wurde er Pfarrer in Gränna in der historischen Provinz Småland. 1868 wurde er Mitglied der Generalsynode der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Schwedens. 1873 und 1878 war er Vertreter der Diözese Växjo bei der Synode. 1873 wurde er zum Propst (kontraktsprost) ernannt. 1877 folgte seine Promotion zum Doktor der Theologie. Im Jahre 1879 wurde er als Nachfolger von Henrik Gustav Hultman zum Bischof von Växjö ernannt.

Neben seiner Kirchentätigkeit war Andersson auch als literarischer Übersetzer tätig. Er übersetzte Werke Goethes ins Schwedische. Er übersetzte zunächst den Faust ins Schwedische; die Ausgabe erschien 1853 und fand große Beachtung. Als weitere Übersetzungen folgten Götz von Berlichingen (1854), Stella (1854), Die Geschwister (1855), Clavigo (1855) und Egmont (1855).

Am 30. November 1889 erhielt er den Nordstern-Orden (Kungliga Nordstjärneorden) in der Klasse eines Kommandeurs.

Literatur

Lutherischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Lutherischer Theologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Bischof von Växjö (Schwedische Kirche)
Übersetzer aus dem Deutschen
Übersetzer ins Schwedische
Träger des Nordstern-Ordens (Kommandeur)
Literatur (Schwedisch)
Schwede
Geboren 1820
Gestorben 1894
Mann

Johan Andersson (Bischof)


Gotthardhaus steht

 in der Bauernhausforschung und Volkskunde für den typischen zentralalpinen Hausbau, der die Holz- und die Steinbauweise verbindet
 als Name für das Gotthardgebäude in Luzern

Gotthardhaus


Pierre Daniel Huet ( ɛ]; ; 8 de fevereiro de 1630 – 26 de janeiro de 1721) foi um clérigo e estudioso francês, editor das obras latinas Delphin Classics, fundador da Académie de Physique em Caen (1662-1672) e bispo de Soissons de 1685 a 1689 e, na sequência, de Avranches.

Vida
P. D. Huet nasceu em Caen em 1630 e foi educado na escola jesuíta de lá. Huet também recebeu aulas de um pastor protestante, Samuel Bochart. Aos vinte anos, foi reconhecido como um dos estudiosos mais promissores de seu tempo. Em 1651, foi para Paris, onde fez amizade com Gabriel Naudé, curador da Biblioteca Mazarin. No ano seguinte, Samuel Bochart, sendo convidado pela rainha Cristina da Suécia para sua corte em Estocolmo, levou consigo seu amigo Huet. Esta viagem, em que conheceu Leiden, Amsterdã e Copenhague, bem como Estocolmo, resultou na descoberta de alguns fragmentos do Comentário sobre São Mateus, de Orígenes, na biblioteca real sueca. O achado inspirou Huet a editar e traduzir a obra de Orígenes para o latim, tarefa que completou em 1668. Eventualmente Huet brigou com Bochart, que o acusou de ter suprimido uma linha em Orígenes a respeito da controvérsia eucarística. Enquanto trabalhava no texto grego de Orígenes, Huet escreveu um tratado separado sobre história, teoria e prática da tradução, o "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("Sobre o melhor tipo de tradução") em dois livros (publicado pela primeira vez em 1660; 3ª e última edição, Amsterdã, 1683).

Huet também foi o cofundador da Académie de Physique em Caen, a primeira academia provincial de ciências a receber uma carta real (1668). Huet foi o patrono inicial da academia e, juntamente a Andre Graindorge, dirigiu o trabalho do grupo, que se concentrou no estudo empírico da natureza, com ênfase especial em anatomia e dissecações. A presença de Huet foi fundamental para o sucesso da academia, que fracassou sem sua permanência. Huet atuou como chefe do grupo de 1662 a 1667 e novamente em 1668, quando deixou Caen novamente para viajar a Paris. Ele também encerrou seu apoio financeiro à academia nesta época, pois ela começou a receber financiamento real e orientação do representante real na Normandia, Guy Chamillart.

Em Paris, Huet estabeleceu relações estreitas com Jean Chapelain. Durante a famosa querela entre Antigos e Modernos, Huet ficou do lado dos Antigos contra Charles Perrault e Jean Desmarets. Entre seus amigos neste período estavam Valentin Conrart e Paul Pellisson. Seu gosto pela matemática o levou ao estudo da astronomia. Em seguida, voltou sua atenção para a anatomia e, sendo míope, dedicou suas investigações principalmente à questão da visão e à formação do olho. No curso deste estudo, ele fez mais de 800 dissecações. Huet conduziu estudos em química e, finalmente, escreveu um poema emlatim sobre o sal.

Todo esse tempo, Huet foi um visitante frequente dos salões de Mlle de Scudéry e dos estúdios de pintores. Suas pesquisas científicas não interferiram em seus estudos clássicos, pois nessa época debatia com Bochart a origem de certas medalhas e estava aprendendo siríaco e árabe com o jesuíta Adrien Parvilliers.

Huet foi admitido na Academia Francesa em 1674. Recebeu as ordens sagradas em 1676 e, dois anos depois, foi nomeado abade de Aunay. Em 1685, tornou-se bispo de Soissons, mas, depois de esperar quatro anos pela instalação, assumiu o bispado de Avranches no lugar. Posteriormente, Huet trocou sua posição no bispado por um cargo mais fácil (ao menos, conforme ponderava) na Abadia de Fontenay, mas lá foi atormentado por contínuos processos legais. Por fim, retirou-se para a casa dos jesuítas na Rue Saint-Antoine em Paris, onde morreu em 1721. A sua grande biblioteca e manuscritos, após terem sido legados aos jesuítas, foram comprados pelo rei para a biblioteca real.

Obras

Huet traduziu as pastorais de Longus, escreveu um conto chamado Diane de Castro e, com seu Traitté de l'origine des romans (Tratado sobre a origem dos romances, 1670), serviu a primeira história mundial da ficção. Quando nomeado tutor-assistente do Delfim em 1670, editou, com a ajuda de Anne Lefêvre (depois Madame Dacier) e Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, a conhecida série de livros Delphin Classics (referido no original em latim como o série "Ad usum Delphini"). Esta série publicou edições abrangentes dos clássicos latinos em cerca de sessenta volumes, e cada obra foi acompanhada por um comentário latino, ordo verborum e índice verbal. Os volumes originais têm, cada um, uma gravura de Árion e um golfinho, e a apropriada inscrição in usum serenissimi Delphini.

Além da edição e tradução de Huet do antigo teólogo grego Orígenes, Huet publicou duas obras sobre a história e sobre o próprio processo da tradução, "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("Sobre o melhor tipo de tradução") e "De claris interpretibus" ( "Sobre tradutores famosos"; 3ª e última edição, 1683).

Huet publicou uma de suas principais obras, a Demonstratio evangelica, em 1679. Em Aulnay, escreveu Questiones Aletuanae (Caen, 1690), Censura philosophiae Cartesianae (Paris, 1689), Nouveau mémoire pour servir à l'histoire du Cartésianisme (Novas memórias para servir a história do cartesianismo, 1692) e suas discussões com Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux no Sublime.

Em Huetiana (1722) do abade d'Olivet é encontrado material a respeito dos prodigiosos trabalhos, a memória precisa e a ampla erudição de Huet. Outra obra póstuma foi Traité philosophique de la foiblesse de l'esprit humain (Amsterdã, 1723), que Huet considerava ser seu melhor trabalho. A autobiografia de Huet, encontrada em seu Commentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus (Paris, 1718), foi traduzida para o francês e para o inglês.

De acordo com Maurice Rat, Huet foi o melhor etimologista de seu tempo, depois de Ménage. Por exemplo, foi Huet quem entendeu que a partícula "bec" ao final de certos topônimos da Normandia francesa (como na palavra Houlbec) significa "riacho" e está relacionado à palavra alemã de mesmo significado "Bach", também presente no final de muitos topônimos.

Legado
O liceu em Hérouville-Saint-Clair, Calvados, era nomeado em homenagem a Huet, embora atualmente tenha recebido outro nome.

Referências

Fontes

 Pierre Daniel Huet. Contra a Filosofia Cartesiana (Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae). Amherst: Humanity Books, 2003.
 April G. Shelford. Transformando a República das Letras: Pierre-Daniel Huet e a Vida Intelectual Europeia, 1650-1720 (Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2007).
 James Albert DeLater. "Teoria da Tradução na Era de Luís XIV: O 'De optimo genere interpretandi' ('Sobre o melhor tipo de tradução') de Pierre-Daniel Huet (1630-1721) de 1683" (St. Jerome Publishing, Manchester Reino Unido, 2002).

Membros da Academia Francesa
Jesuítas de França
Mortos em 1721
Nascidos em 1630

Pierre Daniel Huet


ضغط الأرجل هو تمرين يقوم الفرد من خلاله بدفع وزن بعيدا عنه باستخدام الأرجل ويشير مصطلح ضغط الأرجل إلى الجهاز المستخدم للقيام بهذا التمرين. ويمكن أن يستخدم ضعط الأرجل لتقييم قوة الجزء السفلي من جسم الرياضي الكلية (من مفصل الركبة والورك والكاحل جزئيا)
هناك نوعان رئيسيان من ضغط الأرجل:

 ضغط الأرجل بشكل مائل أو عمودي 'مزلقة' الأوزان الحديدية الموجودة على شكل أقراص تكون ملصقة بشكل مباشر بالمزلقة والتي تكون بدورها ملصقة بالقضبان.يجلس اللاعب أسفل المزلقة ويدفعها إلى الأعلى باستخدام القدمين.وتشتمل هذه الآلات عادة على أقواس السلامة القابلة للتعديل والتي تحول دون إعاقة اللاعب تحت الأوزان.
 ضغط الأرجل باستخدام الكابل أو ما يغرف ب "القدم الجالسة"، وعادة ما تتاوجد في قاعات الرياضة. يجلس اللاعب بشكل مستقيم ويدفع الثقل المثبت للأمام باستخدام القدمين باتجاه اللوح الذي يغلق به الوزن باستخدام كابل حديدي طويل.

مجموعات العضلات
يحرك تمرين ضغط الأرجل العضلات التالية:
 عضلات الفخذ
 الأوتار (بشكل جزئي)
 عضلات المؤخرة
 عضلة الساق(بشكل جزئي)

اختلاف الزاوية الواقعة بين المزلجة والمسند وموقع القدمين على السطح يزيد الضغط على إحدى العضلات أو أكثر.هذا التمرين عبارة عن تمرين مركب أي أنه يؤدي إلى تحريك أكثر من مفصل في ذات الوقت.

الأوزان المستخدمة في تمرين ضغط الأرجل

بما أن هذا التمرين يثبت الرافع ويؤدي إلى تحريك الأوزان باتجاه غير عمودي، يمكن للمدرب استخدام أوزان ثقيلة (بالمقارنة مع الأوزان المستخدمة في تمارين أخرى) لاعب كمال الاجسام روني كولمان يظهر في شريط فيديو يؤدي هذا التمرين مستخدما وزن 2300 باوند(1043 كيلوغرام) هذا الرقم مقارنة مع الرقم العالمي المسجل ب 1213 باوند (550.5 كيلوغرام) حسب Monster Muscle Online.

عادة مل تكون قيمة الوزن المستخدم للتمرين عالية بشكلل مصطنع. على سبيل المثال، المقدم التلفزيوني بات روبرتسون يدعي أنه استخدم وزن 2,000 باوند(حوالي 900 كيلوغراما)، وفي وقت لاحق كما ادعى ان طبيبه كان قادرا على دفع 3,500 رطل (1588 كلغ). وفي مقالة نشرت على AskMen.com تقول بأنه من غير المألوف بالنسبة للرجال دفع وزن أكثر من 500 ياوند، إلا أن بعض الرجال تجاوزوا ال1000 باوند باستخدامحركة محدوة المدى وزيرة الخارجية الأمريكية السابقة مادلين أولبرايت تقول انها قادرة على دفع وزنا يتجاوز ال 400 باوند.
ومع ذلك، فإن تمرين ضغط القدمين يتطلب حركة كاملة المدى.عادة الشخص لا يستطيع أن يدفع أكثر من ضعف وزنه على معيار التكرار-1 ،المدى الكامل لضغط الساق عند المحاولة باستخدام قوة محدودة، على سبيل المثال، إذا كان قادر على دفع 500 باوند بالقوة الكاملة فلا يمكنه القيام بدفع ما يزيد عن 1,000 باوند لتدريب محدود المدى

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الروابط الخارجية
BodybuildingPro
 AskMen.com AskMen.com : ضفط الأرجل بأوزان تزيد عة 3000 باوند.
 http://youtube.com/watch?v=uSNvEpH2L1o&mode=related&search= Video of 2300 pounds leg press
 ممارسة تمرين ضغط الأرجل

مراجع

تمارين الوزن
تمارين تدريب الوزن
معدات تمارين الأثقال

ضغط الأرجل


Luchtmans ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Gijsbertus Luchtmans (1834–1912), niederländischer Offizier
 Pieter Luchtmans (1733–1800), niederländischer Mediziner

Luchtmans


An Cyrtococcum deltoideum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Cyrtococcum deltoideum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtococcum, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtococcum

Cyrtococcum deltoideum


Keelin Winters (* 9. Dezember 1988 in Cleveland, Ohio) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Fußballspielerin. Sie spielte zuletzt von 2013 bis 2016 für den Seattle Reign FC.

Karriere

Verein
Die Tochter des ehemaligen NBA-Basketballprofis Brian Winters wuchs in Kalifornien und Colorado auf und spielte für die Teams der Carondelet und Regis Jesuit High School. Zwischen 2001 und 2007 spielte Winters für die Nachwuchsteams Mustang Blast und Real Colorado. Im Jahre 2007 wechselte sie zu den Portland Pilots, dem Team der University of Portland. In der Collegeliga erzielte Winters in 83 Spielen sechs Tore und wurde im Jahre 2010 zur besten Spielerin der West Coast Conference gewählt. Neben den Portland Pilots war Winters zwischen 2007 und 2009 für Colorado Rush in der W-League aktiv.

2011 wurde Keelin Winters von den Boston Breakers aus der US-amerikanischen Profiliga Women's Professional Soccer gedraftet. Sie wurde für den Preis Rookie of the Year nominiert. Zur Saison 2012 wechselte Winters zu den Seattle Sounders Women, ehe sie zum 1. Juli 2012 beim deutschen Bundesligisten 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam wechselte. Aus gesundheitlichen Gründen wurde der Vertrag jedoch zum Jahresende wieder aufgelöst.

Anfang 2013 wurde sie in der neugegründeten National Women's Soccer League, der höchsten amerikanischen Profiliga im Frauenfußball, im Rahmen der sogenannten Player Allocation den Chicago Red Stars zugeteilt. Noch vor dem ersten Saisonspiel wechselte sie jedoch zum Ligakonkurrenten Seattle Reign FC und debütierte dort am 14. April bei einem 1:1-Unentschieden gegen Chicago. Ihren ersten Treffer in der NWSL erzielte Winters am 23. Juni 2013 gegen Western New York Flash. Ende 2014 und 2015 wechselte sie jeweils für mehrere Monate auf Leihbasis zum australischen Erstligisten Western Sydney Wanderers. Mit den Reign gewann Winters 2014 und 2015 den NWSL-Shield als beste Mannschaft der regulären Saison, unterlag aber im Meisterschaftsfinale jeweils dem FC Kansas City. Zum Saisonende 2016 beendete sie ihre Karriere.

Nationalmannschaft
Winters führte bei der U-20-Weltmeisterschaft 2008 in Chile ihre Mannschaft als Kapitänin zum Titelgewinn und lief später auch für die U-23-Mannschaft der Vereinigten Staaten auf. Im Januar 2013 wurde sie von Tom Sermanni erstmals in den Kader der A-Nationalmannschaft berufen, kam aber zu keinem Länderspieleinsatz.

Erfolge
 U-20-Weltmeisterin (1):  2008

Privates
Seit 2015 ist Winters mit Paige Pattillo verheiratet.

Weblinks

 Profil auf der Homepage der WPS

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Boston Breakers, 2008)
Fußballspieler (1. FFC Turbine Potsdam)
Fußballspieler (Seattle Reign FC)
Fußballspieler (Western Sydney Wanderers)
Fußballspieler (Chicago Red Stars)
Fußballspieler (Seattle Sounders Women)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1988
Frau

Keelin Winters


Dans un café, tableau d'Edgar Degas peint en 1875-1876.
 Dans un café, tableau de Gustave Caillebotte peint en 1880.

Dans un café


La Reserva de Flora y Fauna Dr. Rodolfo Talice (más conocida como Ecoparque Talice) es el resultado del proyecto "Flores por la vida", inaugurado el 30 de julio de 1991 en el departamento de Flores.

En la actualidad, dicha reserva está comprendida dentro del programa Geoparque Grutas del Palacio, área que junto a las pinturas ruprestes de Chamangá (localizadas al este de Trinidad) forman parte desde 2013 de la Red Global de Geoparques de UNESCO.

En una superficie de 75 hectáreas con un gran lago central, conviven 1.500 animales de 150 especies diferentes, entre ellos, mamíferos, aves y reptiles, tanto autóctonos, como provenientes de diversas partes del planeta.

El Ecoparque Tálice es un emprendimiento ejemplar, ubicado en el centro del país, que trasciende el interés departamental y nacional, posicionándose a nivel regional, entre otras cosas, por el alcance de la inversión en relación con su escala y por sus características que lo colocan a la altura de parques temáticos como Temaiken en Argentina y otros en el Caribe, Estados Unidos y Europa.

Historia y reinauguración
Cuando se creó la reserva se hizo un homenaje en vida al Dr. Rodolfo Tálice, quien fuera el primer parasitólogo académico uruguayo, profesor catedrático, investigador de vasta trayectoria con una contundente vertiente intelectual y promotor activo de las ciencias biológicas (especialmente de la epidemiología). Precisamente, Tálice trascendió en esta área, que luego lo destacó como figura científica referente de Uruguay durante varias décadas del 1900. En un nuevo siglo llegaron las perspectivas de sostenibilidad para esta reserva, que desde su creación, fue gestionada en la órbita municipal de la Intendencia de Flores, y es en 2016 que dicha municipalidad hizo un llamado a expresión de interés para el desarrollo turístico del departamento, entre los que se contaba la Reserva de Flora y Fauna Rodolfo Talice.

Actualmente, si de gestión se trata, este es un exitoso ejemplo de integración de las órbitas pública y privada. La propuesta ganadora fue adjudicada al primer proyecto público/privado (cuya sigla es PPP) en turismo de Uruguay. El proyecto, que dotaba a la reserva de más y mejores servicios, así como de entretenimientos de carácter lúdico educativo, fue aprobado de forma unánime por la Junta Departamental, y en enero de 2017 comenzaron las obras de cara a reinaugurar en setiembre de 2018.

Los niños son el mayor tesoro para este proyecto que está pensado para que concurran con sus familias, sus maestras o sus amigos. Son, sin dudas, quienes más aprecian la experiencia, pensada en el mundo en que les tocará transitar y enmarcada en un área privilegiada que les permite aprender jugando.

Esta es una gestión que beneficia a toda la sociedad uruguaya, y que además de posicionarse como un ejemplo en la región, como el segundo geoparque en Sudamérica en obtener el reconocimiento de la UNESCO. Ecoparque Talice, como se lo conoce hoy, fusiona historia y contemporaneidad, y se suma dentro de los cinco emprendimientos en la región reconocidos internacionalmente, siendo el único con ese estatus en Uruguay.

Cabe destacar que hasta 2015 la entrada al parque era gratuita pero sin embargo luego de su reinauguración en 2018 luego de ser adjudicada al proyecto público/privado pasó a cobrarse entrada y a tener un horario más restringido

Atractivos del parque
El ecoparque tiene una gran extensión con zonas restringidas a los peatones como el Valle de los Ciervos, un área de 35 hectáreas donde residen tres tipos de estos animales de indiscutida belleza, junto con pecaríes y decenas de aves. Aquí se hace necesario ingresar en los ómnibus eléctricos (que son silenciosos) para no perturbar a los animales. El recorrido se hace en formato de Safari Fotográfico desde el propio vehículo, pasando por todas las demás zonas de mayor importancia del ecoaparque. Otra de las atracciones preferidas por los chicos es el Rally Salvaje: autos a pedal de gran disfrute para niños y también para adultos, que permiten recorrer pistas con diferentes perspectivas del ecoparque, transitando por caminos que pasan muy cerca de muchos de los animales que lo habitan.

El mayor potencial del parque son las atracciones, pero de nada sirven si la secuencia no refleja un aprendizaje, característica sostenible que está presente en toda la experiencia. En esa curva de aprendizaje se encuentra también el equipo multidisciplinario que privadamente gestiona el parque, conscientes del éxito obtenido respecto a las expectativas planteadas antes de comenzar las obras. Hasta 2015 la reserva era visitada en promedio por unas 55 mil personas al año; ese número se ha triplicado en el primer año posterior a su apertura, realizada en setiembre del pasado año.

Una de las características que se busca es la constante renovación, que la gente encuentre cosas nuevas cada vez que lo visita, no solo en instalaciones y actividades, sino nuevos animales, cuya vida transcurre entre nacimientos y nuevas incorporaciones.
Una visitante de este ecoparque probó todas las atracciones para puntuarlas, salió totalmente satisfecha.

Enlaces externos

Cultura de Flores (Uruguay)
Áreas protegidas de Uruguay
Zoológicos de Uruguay
Edificios y estructuras de Flores

Reserva de flora y fauna Dr. Rodolfo Tálice


Ivan Hilje (Zagreb, 15. rujna 1992.), poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom Hiljson Mandela (ranije stilizirano i kao Hilj$on), hrvatski je hip-hop glazbenik, tekstopisac i pjevač, ujedno i član zagrebačke hip-hop grupe KUKU$. Sin je operne pjevačice Diane Hilje te je odmalena iskazivao zanimanje za glazbu. Godine 2008. osnovao je bend Prazna Lepinja, pjevajući i svirajući saksofon, a 2013. objavili su prvi studijski album Danasutra.

S dvojicom prijatelja – Ivanom Godinom (poznatiji kao Goca R.I.P) i Mislavom Kljenakom (poznatiji kao Iso Miki) – osnovao je 2013. godine u rodnom Zagrebu trap grupu KUKU$, tako postavši pionirima istog žanra glazbe u Hrvatskoj.

Debitantski samostalni album Mandela Effect, snimio je u suradnji s producentom Mihovilom Šoštarićem, poznatijim kao Lockroom, a objavio ga je u svibnju 2022. Album se ubrzo popularizirao zbog viralnih pjesama kao što su "Cura S Kvarta", "Mbappé", "McLaren" (snimljen u suradnji sa srpskim pjevačem i reperom Rastom), "Neće K***c" (s reperom Gršom), "Lova" i drugi.

Godine 2020. osvojio je nagradu Cesarice za suradnju sa pjevačicom Zsa Zsom za pjesmu "Ova ljubav". U rujnu 2022. objavio je suradnju s Miach "NLO" koja je dobila nominaciju za Cesaricu, po drugi put u njegovoj karijeri. Dobitnik je nagrade Zlatni studio 2023. kao "jedno od najboljih novih lica na glazbenoj sceni".

Nagrade i nominacije

Diskografija

Аlbumi
Prazna Lepinja
 Danasutra (2013.)
Kuku$ Klan
 Flexikon (2014)
 BMK — BogateМladeКmice (2015.)
 О kuku$ima se ne raspravlja (2015.)
 GameChanger (feat. Shira Rodbina) (2015.)
 Drugo Koljeno (feat. Shira Rodbina) (2016.)
 Тriestri — Gram Тurizlo (2017.)
 Аnđeli i Bomboni (2018.)
 Glupi tejp (2019.)
 X (2023.)
Solo
 Mandela Effect (2022.)

Singlovi
 "Dona flores" ft. Tone Tuoro (2015.)
 "Žene gazele" ft. High5 (2015.)
 "Katty Perry" ft. High5 (2015.)
 "95" ft. Klinac (2019.)
 "Tu sam" ft. Vekac (2019.)
 "Zvijezde" ft. Zembo Latifa (2020.)
 "Bebica" (2020.)
 "Ova ljubav" ft. Zsa Zsa (2020.)
 "Bog zna" ft. Stoka (2021.)
 "NLO" ft. Miach (2022.)

Izvori

Hrvatski hip hop glazbenici
Hrvatski pjevači
Životopisi, Zagreb

Hiljson Mandela


Bedford er grevskabshovedstad (County town) i Bedford-distriktet, Bedfordshire, England, med  indbyggere. Distriktet har et befolkningstal på 166.252 (pr. 2015). Byen ligger 74 km fra London. Den nævnes i Domesday Book fra 1086, hvor den kaldes Bedeford.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i England
County towns i Storbritannien
Bedfordshire

Bedford


Shane Wright (né le  à Burlington dans la Province de l'Ontario au Canada) est un joueur canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évolue à la position d'attaquant.

Biographie

En club
Lors de la Saison 2019-2020, Wright, âgé de 15 ans, obtient le statut de joueur d'exception. Ce dernier lui permet d'évoluer dans la Ligue de hockey de l'Ontario, une année avant l'âge standard requis. Il est le sixième joueur de l'histoire à obtenir ce statut après John Tavares, Aaron Ekblad, Connor McDavid, Sean Day et Joseph Veleno. Il est donc logiquement repêché à la première position du repêchage de la LHO, par les Frontenacs de Kingston.

Il fait ses débuts dans la LHO le , lors d'une rencontre face aux Generals d'Oshawa à Oshawa. Les Frontenacs perdent sur le score de 4-1 et Wright ne récolte aucun point. Le , les Frontenacs affrontent à nouveau les Generals, mais à Kingston. Ils perdent à nouveau sur le score de 1-4, Wright inscrit son premier but.

Le , les Frontenacs nomme Wright Assistant-capitaine. Il devient le plus jeune assistant-capitaine de l'histoire de la LCH.

Au terme de la saison, Wright dispute 58 rencontres, pour un total de 39 buts et 66 points. Il remporte le trophée du meilleur joueur recrue de la LHO, le Trophée de la famille Emms. Il est également nommé Recrue de la saison de la Ligue canadienne de hockey, qui regroupe toutes les ligues juniors du Canada.

La Saison 2020-2021 n'a pas lieu à cause de la pandémie de la pandémie de COVID-19.

Le , avant le lancement de la nouvelle saison de la LHO, les Frontenacs nomment Wright Capitaine de la formation. Ses assistants sont Jake Murray, Lucas Peric, Lucas Edmonds et Jordan Frasca.

En vue du repêchage 2022 de la LNH, Wright est classé parmi les meilleurs espoirs. Il est sélectionné au  rang par le Kraken de Seattle.

Le 13 juillet 2022, le Kraken lui accorde un contrat d'entrée de trois ans, d'une valeur de 2,85 millions de dollars. En début de saison, Wright joue soit peu, est laissé de côté ou est envoyé dans la LAH avec les Firebirds de Coachella Valley. Il compte son premier but dans LNH contre les Canadiens de Montréal le 6 décembre 2022 dans une défaite de 4 à 2.

Au niveau international
Lors du Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans de 2019, il représente le Canada, en étant le Capitaine de la formation noire. En cinq rencontres, il comptabilise sept points. Son équipe est sortie par la Russie en quart de finale et est classée huitième au terme du tournoi.

Lors du Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans en 2021, il est à nouveau nommé capitaine et conduit son équipe à la médaille d'or. Il termine le tournoi avec 14 points, comptabilisant deux buts et une aide lors de la finale face à la Russie.

Lors des Championnat du monde junior de 2022, il dispute deux rencontres pour l'équipe du Canada, avant que le tournoi ne soit annulé à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19, plusieurs équipes ayant de nombreux joueurs déclarés positifs.

Il est nommé capitaine de l'équipe du Canada pour le Championnat mondial junior de 2023.

Statistiques

En club
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

| 2016-2017 || Flyers de Don Mills U14 ||  || - || - || - || - || - ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Flyers de Don Mills U15 ||  || - || - || - || - || - ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Flyers de Don Mills U15 ||  || 8 || 7 || 8 || 15 || 6 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Flyers de Don Mills U16 ||U16 AAA || 72 || 66 || 84 || 150 || 18 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Flyers de Don Mills U16 ||  || 33 || 31 || 41 || 72 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Flyers de Don Mills U16 ||  || 7 || 8 || 6 || 14 || 2 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Team Ontario || Jeux du Canada || 6 || 6 || 6 || 12 || 8 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Team GTHL Red ||  || 7 || 8 || 10 || 18 || 2 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Flyers de Don Mills U15 ||  || - || - || - || - || - ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Flyers de Don Mills U15 ||  || - || - || - || - || - ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || Frontenacs de Kingston || LHO || 58 || 39 || 27 || 66 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Frontenacs de Kingston || LHO || 63 || 32 || 62 || 94 || 22 || 11 || 3 || 11 || 14 || 0
|-
| 2022-2023 || Kraken de Seattle || LNH || 8 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2022-2023 || Firebirds de Coachella Valley || LAH || 8 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 2 || 24 || 2 || 7 || 9 || 2
|-
| 2022-2023 || Spitfires de Windsor || LHO || 20 || 15 || 22 || 37 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4

Au niveau international

|-
| 2019 || align=left| noir U17 || Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans || 5 || 4 || 3 || 7 || 14 ||  place
|-
| 2021 || align=left| Canada U18 || Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans || 5 || 9 || 5 || 14 || 2 ||
|-
| 2022 || align=left| Canada U20 || align="left"|Championnat du monde U20 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || align="left"| Compétition annulée
|-

Références

Naissance en janvier 2004
Naissance à Burlington (Ontario)
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Choix de premier tour au repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH
Choix de repêchage du Kraken de Seattle
Joueur des Frontenacs de Kingston
Joueur des Spitfires de Windsor
Joueur des Firebirds de Coachella Valley
Joueur du Kraken de Seattle

Shane Wright


Friedrich Adam von Trott zu Solz foi um advogado e político alemão. Nasceu em 9 de agosto de 1909, em Potsdam, e morreu em 26 de agosto de 1944, em Berlim, executado devido à sua posição anti-nazista.

Advogados da Alemanha
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Adam von Trott zu Solz


Privremena vlada Francuske Republike (francuski: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française) je bila privremena vlada Francuske od 1944. do 1946. godine, od oslobođenja Francuske tijekom operacija Overlord i Dragoon pa do formiranja Četvrte Republike. Uspostava ove vlade označila je de facto ponovnu uspostavu (privremene) republike u Francuskoj, čime je nastavljen kontinuitet s ugaslom Trećom Republikom.

Privremena vlada je uslijedila kao nasljednica Komiteta narodnog oslobođenja (CFLN), koji je djelovao kao privremena vlada Francuske u prekomorskim posjedima te dijelovima Kontinentalne Francuske (Alžir i Korzika) koji su bili oslobođeni tijekom rata. U svojstvu ratne vlade, Privremena vlada je primarno bila zadužena za uređivanje odnosa nakon okupacije te nastavak ratovanja protiv Trećeg Reicha. U svojstvu civilne vlasti, primarna dužnost Privremene vlade je bila pripremanje okvira za donošenje novog ustava kojim bi se formirala Četvrta Republika. Uz to, Privremena vlada je donijela seriju važnih političkih i socijalnih odluka poput davanja prava glasa ženama, osnivanja École nationale d'administration i postavljanja temelja socijalne države u Francuskoj.

Privremena vlada je službeno ukinuta 27. listopada 1946., kada ju je zamijenila Četvrta Republika.

Francuska u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Hladni rat

Privremena vlada Francuske Republike


Colfontaine (en picardo Colfontinne) es un municipio belga de la provincia de Henao en la Región Valona.

Geografía

Se encuentra ubicada al sudoeste del país en el Borinage, cerca de la ciudad de Mons y la frontera con el departamento francés de Norte.

Secciones del municipio

El municipio comprende los antiguos municipios, que se fusionaron en 1977:

Demografía

Evolución
Todos los datos históricos relativos al actual municipio, el siguiente gráfico refleja su evolución demográfica, incluyendo municipios después de efectuada la fusión el 1 de enero de 1977.

Localidades de la provincia de Henao
Municipios de la provincia de Henao

Colfontaine


Honda Civic er en lille mellemklassebil fra Honda. Denne artikel omhandler den tredje modelgeneration, som blev fremstillet fra oktober 1983 til oktober 1987.

Modellen fandtes i fire karrosserivarianter, coupéen CR-X, tredørs hatchback, firedørs sedan og som den kompakte MPV Civic Shuttle (en forløber for nutidens kompakte MPV'ere). Designfirmaet Pininfarina deltog i designet af modelserien.

Udstyr
Denne generation fandtes ikke som klassisk stationcar, da denne rolle blev overtaget af MPV'en Civic Shuttle. Shuttle havde som standardudstyr forhjulstræk, men kunne også leveres med firehjulstræk som betjenes med en trykknap på instrumentbrættet. I 1987 blev firehjulstræksystemet modificeret til et nyt Real-Time-system med automatisk viskokobling, som efter behov automatisk fordelte kraften til baghjulene.

Motorer
Civic fandtes i den første tid med benzinmotorer på 1,3 liter med 52 kW (71 hk) og 1,5 liter med 63 kW (86 hk). Disse blev i 1984 suppleret af en 1,2-litersmotor med 40 kW (54 hk). Topmodellen hed 1,5 GT og havde 74 kW (101 hk). Den kunne fra modelår 1986 også leveres i en version med reguleret katalysator og 66 kW (90 hk).

Modeloversigt

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

3. generation
Små mellemklassebiler
Kompakte MPV'er
Forhjulstrukne biler
Biler introduceret i 1983
Biler fra 1980'erne

Honda Civic (3. generation)


Keegan Mitchell Murray, né le  à Cedar Rapids dans l'Iowa, est un joueur américain de basket-ball évoluant aux postes d'ailier et d'ailier fort.

Biographie

Carrière universitaire
Le 21 octobre 2019, il s'engage avec son frère Kris avec les Hawkeyes de l'Iowa. Après une première saison plutôt discrète, c'est lors de sa deuxième saison que Keegan Murray se montre aux yeux du pays : il fait partie des meilleurs marqueurs de la saison et, le 16 novembre 2021, inscrit 27 points, prend 21 rebonds et réalise quatre contres dans une victoire face aux Eagles de North Carolina Central. Il réalise son record en carrière en février 2022 avec 37 points inscrits lors d'une victoire face aux Cornhuskers du Nebraska. Lors de la March Madness 2022, les Hawkeyes se font éliminer au premier tour par les Spiders de Richmond malgré les 21 points de Keegan Murray. C'est après ce match qu'il se présente pour la draft 2022 où il est attendu parmi les dix premiers choix.

Carrière professionnelle

Kings de Sacramento (depuis 2022)
Il est choisi en  position par les Kings de Sacramento lors de la draft 2022. Il y signe son contrat le 2 juillet et marque le jour-même 26 points en Summer League dans une victoire face aux Warriors de Golden State. Titulaire indiscutable et joueur très polyvalent, l'ailier fort se distingue en battant le record du plus grand nombre de tirs à trois point inscrits par un rookie (précédemment détenu par Donovan Mitchell) sur sa première saison, avec 206 unités en 80 rencontres. Il termine cinquième au classement du rookie de l'année 2023, derrière notamment Paolo Banchero et Jalen Williams.

Durant la saison NBA 2022-2023, il est l'un des principaux artisans de la qualification des Kings de Sacramento en playoffs, après 17 ans d'absence.

Palmarès

NBA
 NBA All-Rookie First Team en 2023.
record du nombre de trois point inscrit dans une année rookie avec 206.
MVP de la Summer league de 2022.

Université
 Consensus first-team All-American en 2022
 First-team All-Big Ten en 2022
 Big Ten All-Freshman Team en 2021
 MVP du tournoi Big Ten en 2022

Statistiques

Universitaires

|-
| align="left" | 2020-2021
| align="left" | Iowa
| 31 || 4 || 18,0 || 50,6 || 29,6 || 75,5 || 5,10 || 0,50 || 0,80 || 1,30 || 7,20
|-
| align="left" | 2021-2022
| align="left" | Iowa
| 35 || 35 || 31,9 || 55,4 || 39,8 || 74,7 || 8,70 || 1,50 || 1,30 || 1,90 || 23,50
|-bgcolor=#e9d9ff
| align="left" colspan="2"| Carrière
| 66 || 39 || 25,4 || 54,3 || 37,3 || 74,9 || 7,00 || 1,00 || 1,10 || 1,60 || 15,80

Professionnelles

Saison régulière

|-
| align="left" | 2022-2023
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 78 || 76 || 29,8 || 45,4 || 41,6 || 76,5 || 4,60 || 1,20 || 0,80 || 0,50 || 12,20
|-bgcolor=#e9d9ff
| align="left" colspan="2"| Carrière
| 78 || 76 || 29,8 || 45,4 || 41,6 || 76,5 || 4,60 || 1,20 || 0,80 || 0,50 || 12,20

Playoffs

|-
| align="left" | 2023
| align="left" | Sacramento
| 7 || 7 || 27,7 || 44,8 || 37,5 || 66,7 || 6,30 || 0,70 || 0,60 || 0,30 || 9,70
|-bgcolor=#e9d9ff
| align="left" colspan="2"| Carrière
| 7 || 7 || 27,7 || 44,8 || 37,5 || 66,7 || 6,30 || 0,70 || 0,60 || 0,30 || 9,70

Vie privée
Son père ainsi que son frère Kris ont aussi joué pour les Hawkeyes de l'Iowa.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur américain de basket-ball
Joueur de basket-ball des Hawkeyes de l'Iowa
Joueur drafté par les Kings de Sacramento
Joueur des Kings de Sacramento
Naissance en août 2000
Naissance à Cedar Rapids

Keegan Murray


Baja California Sur er fámennasta fylki Mexíkó. Það er 73.909 km2 og eru íbúar tæplega 800.000. Höfuðborgin heitir La Paz. Nærri 40% lands fylkisins er verndað svæði. Fylkið er á skaganum Baja California og er Baja California-fylkið á syðri helmingi skagans.

Fylki Mexíkó

Baja California Sur


Die English-Billiards-Weltmeisterschaft oder auch World Billiards Championship ist ein internationales Turnier in der Disziplin English Billiards, im Englischen oft auch nur kurz "Billiards" genannt. 1870 erstmals ausgetragen, wird es seit 1980 jährlich gespielt und ist weltweit eine der ältesten sportlichen Weltmeisterschaften, deren Geschichte bis in die erste Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Die Veranstaltung war bis zum Jahr 2010 als World Professional Billiards Championship bekannt.

Geschichte
Die beiden prominentesten Spieler des Spiels English Billiards im frühen 19. Jahrhundert waren Jack Carr und Edwin Kentfield. Carr forderte Kentfield zu einem Meisterschaftsspiel heraus. Ironischerweise starb Carr am Vorabend des Spiels und Kentfield erhielt kampflos den Titel. Diesen behielt er 24 Jahre lang unangefochten. 1849 eroberte John Roberts Sr. den Titel, indem er Kentfield zu einem Spiel herausforderte. Es gab viel Streit um den Tisch und die Taschen und Kentfield beschloss zur Titelverteidigung nicht anzutreten. Er zog es vor, ein pensionierter Champion zu sein, als ein geschlagener. So fiel, in Ermangelung eines Gegners, Roberts Sr. der Titel des Weltmeisters zu. Er sollte ihn für 21 Jahre behalten.

Ende der 1860er Jahre machten die beiden Jünglinge William Cook und John Roberts Jr (Roberts' Sohn) in der Billardszene Furore. Cook schlug Roberts Jr. 1869 in einem Match und forderte anschließend Roberts Sr. zum Titelkampf heraus. Weil es das erste tatsächlich durchgeführte Spiel um eine Weltmeisterschaft war, einigten sich die Spieler auf eine Reihe spezieller Regeln. Roberts setzte durch die Taschenbreite auf 3 Zoll (≈ 76 mm) zu reduzieren (Originalgröße 3⅝ Zoll ≈ 92 mm). Das "D" und die Spots wurden so gelegt, dass sie Cooks Spielstärke vom Spot schwächten. Trotzdem war Roberts frühmorgens um 01:38 Uhr geschlagen. Cook gewann den Titel, den neu geschaffenen Pokal, £ 100 und einen Malteserkreuzorden. Sogar der Prince of Wales wohnte dem Spiel in der St. James' Hall bei. Dieses Match beendete die Vorherrschaft von Roberts Sr. und eine Generation neuer Spieler übernahm das Spiel.

Dieses Spiel war die Initialzündung regelmäßiger Weltmeisterschaften und führte zu zahlreichen Herausforderungen um den Titel. Roberts Jr. und Cook waren die dominierenden Spieler dieser Zeit. Gelegentlich wurden Herausforderungen nicht angenommen, wodurch der Herausforderer gemäß der Regeln nach zwei Monaten zum Weltmeister erklärt wurde. Es gab auch immer noch Unstimmigkeiten bezüglich der Regeln. Viele Spieler bevorzugten den "spot-barred"-Stil, andere die "all-in"-Regeln. Der "spot-barred"-Stil verhindert wiederholtes Versenken der Roten, eine Taktik der "all-in"-Variante, die das Spiel für Zuschauer langweilig machte. Diese Taktik war eine besondere Stärke von William Peall, und er stimmte natürlich zu Gunsten des "all-in"-Spiels.

Es gab drei "all-in"-Wettbewerbe abseits der Weltmeisterschaft, welche Roberts immer noch hielt. Sein Titel wurde nie herausgefordert. Billy Mitchell und Peall waren die erfolgreichsten Spieler der späten 1880er und frühen 1890er Jahren. Im Jahre 1892 versuchte die Billiards Association, die Situation unter Kontrolle zu bringen. Sie genehmigte zwei Meisterschaften, eine "spot-barred" und eine "all-in". Roberts ignorierte die beide Wettbewerbe, aber die Turniere fanden trotzdem statt. Der "Meisterschaftstisch", den Roberts Sr. entworfen hatte, wurde aufgegeben und stattdessen wurde wieder der normale Tisch verwendet. Peall hielt den "all-in"-Titel unangefochten, während Mitchell im "spot-barred" dominierte.

Nach 5 Jahren ohne Herausforderungen, änderte die Billiards Association 1899 erneut die Regeln. Nach zwei Stößen vom Spot aus musste die Rote zurück auf den Mittelpunkt gesetzt werden, um endlose Wiederholungen von "all-in"-Spielern entgegenzuwirken. Peall akzeptiert dies, obwohl die neue Regel zu Lasten seines Spielvermögens ging. Insgesamt förderte dies den Aufstieg der modernen Version des "English Billiards", wie es heute noch, mit geringfügigen Abweichungen, gespielt wird.

Bis 1910 gab es viele Herausfordererturniere, aber im Jahre 1911 wurde der Wettbewerb so verändert, dass ein jährliches Turnier stattfand, um den Zustrom neuer Profispieler zu bewältigen. 1934 gewann Walter Lindrum das Turnier. Danach wurde die Weltmeisterschaft für mehrere Jahrzehnte nur unregelmäßig als Herausforderungsspiele (1951 und 1968) gespielt. In den 1970er Jahren fanden diese Herausforderungsmeisterschaften wieder regelmäßig statt. Zeitweise gab es mit der Meisterschaft der World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association (WPBSA) und des Billiards and Snooker Control Council (BASCC) zwei konkurrierende Turniere. Die BASCC stellte ihre Meisterschaft aber Mitte der 1970er-Jahre ein. Dominierender Spieler jener Zeit war Rex Williams.

Seit 1980 wird das Turnier jährlich wieder im K.-o.-System ausgetragen. Die ersten beiden Ausgaben in diesem System gewann Fred Davis, der dadurch im Alter von 66 und 67 Jahren professioneller Weltmeister wurde. Die weiteren 1980er waren von den Spielern her recht offen. Neben Davis konnten nur Rex Williams und Norman Dagley zwei Weltmeistertitel in diesem Jahrzehnt gewinnen. Mit Robby Foldvari (Weltmeister 1986) und dem zweifachen Vize-Weltmeister Eddie Charlton hatten auch Australier in dieser Zeit Erfolge zu feiern. Ab den 1990er-Jahren prägten der Inder Geet Sethi und insbesondere der Engländer Mike Russell das Turnier. Nach und nach gesellten sich zu diesem Führungsduo mehrere weitere Spiele, darunter Peter Gilchrist sowie mehrere Inder. Die 2010er dominierten dann vor allem der mittlerweile für Singapur spielende Gilchrist sowie der Engländer David Causier. Neben Gilchrist wechselte auch Mike Russell für einige Zeit ins asiatische Katar.

Zwischen 2012 und 2014 war die Weltmeisterschaft eine Fusion der professionellen Weltmeisterschaft, nun vertreten durch den erst 2011 gegründeten Verband World Billiards, und der IBSF World Billiards Championship. Die IBSF beendete die Kooperation aber nach nur drei Jahren. Aus dieser Fusion entstammt auch die Idee, die Weltmeisterschaft in zwei verschiedenen Formaten auszutragen (dabei wurden "Punkte", "Zeit" und "Long-Up" gespielt). Seit 2018 beschränkt sich die Weltmeisterschaft auf das Zeitformat, wobei die Ausgaben 2020 und 2021 im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie entfielen.

Ergebnisse
Hauptquellen: English Amateur Billiards Association, A History of Billiards von Clive Everton, Cue Sports India

Anfänge als Herausforderungsturnier

Inoffizielle "All-in"-Weltmeisterschaft

"Championship of the World"-Turnier

Weltmeisterschaft der Billiard Association

Herausforderungs-WM der Billiard Association

Weltmeisterschaft des Billiard Control Club

Weltmeisterschaft des Billiards Association and Control Club/Council

Herausforderungsweltmeisterschaften der Nachkriegszeit

K.-o.-System-Weltmeisterschaften der WPBSA

Weltmeisterschaft als Kooperation zwischen World Billiards und IBSF

Weltmeisterschaft von World Billiards

Siehe auch
 English-Billiards-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen

Weblinks
 Siegerliste auf der Website der English Amateur Billiards Association (englisch)
 Siegerliste bei der Cue Sports India (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

English-Billiards-Turnier

English-Billiards-Weltmeisterschaft


ORF Sat war ein digitaler Sender des Österreichischen Rundfunks, welcher im Zeitraum von 1997 bis 2000 sein Programm ausstrahlte. Außerhalb Österreichs wurde der Sender oft nur ORF genannt, was dem im Programm eingeblendeten Logo entsprach und da im Ausland nur dieser einzige ORF-Sender empfangbar war. Manchmal wurde er auch als ORF Sat-Version bezeichnet. Dieses Fernsehangebot wurde zum öffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehen gezählt.

Der Sender
Da der ORF für Fremdproduktionen nur die Senderechte für Österreich erwirbt, wurden und werden die Sender ORF 1 und ORF 2 über DVB-S nur verschlüsselt ausgestrahlt. Die erforderliche Hardware zum Dekodieren ist nur innerhalb Österreichs verfügbar. Um Interessierten im Ausland dennoch die Möglichkeit zu bieten, ORF-eigene Produktionen zu empfangen, wurden diese über ORF Sat unverschlüsselt gesendet. Der Sender des ORF wurde über Satellit im Rahmen von ZDFvision, dem digitalen Fernsehprogrammbouquet des ZDF, ausgestrahlt und damit auch in die deutschen Kabelnetze eingespeist. Es existierte aber auch noch eine verschlüsselte Ausstrahlung auf dem ORF-Transponder, die wahrscheinlich als Zuführung des Signals zum ZDF diente. Nachdem der Sender vorwiegend aus urheberrechtlichen und finanziellen Gründen im Jahr 2000 eingestellt wurde, übernahm CNBC Europe den leeren Sendeplatz innerhalb des ZDF-Programmbouquets.

Die Aufgabe der Versorgung des Auslands übernimmt heute das 2004 gestartete und quasi als Nachfolger von ORF Sat fungierende ORF 2 Europe.

Programm
Ausgestrahlt wurde im Wesentlichen das Programm von ORF 2, welches bei Nichtverfügbarkeit von Sendungen aufgrund der Rechtesituation durch TW1, dem ehemaligen Tourismus- und Wetterkanal des ORF, ersetzt wurde.

Empfang
Der ehemalige Sender konnte digital über ASTRA empfangen werden.
 Satellit: Astra 19,2° Ost
 Transponder: 77
 Downlink-Frequenz: 11,953 GHz
 Symbolrate (MS/s): 27500
 Fehlerschutzrate (FEC): 3/4
 Polarisation: Horizontal

Einzelnachweise

ORF (Fernsehen)
Fernsehsender (Österreich)
Vollprogramm (Fernsehen)
Öffentlich-rechtlicher Fernsehsender
Deutschsprachiger Fernsehsender

ORF Sat


Sallerup er en lille landsby i Køng Sogn, Vordingborg Kommune, som ligger imellem Vordingborg og Næstved.

Byer i Vordingborg Kommune

Sallerup (Køng Sogn)


Mukluk sau Kamik este o cizmă moale, tradițională, realizată din piele de reni (caribou) sau din piele de focă și purtată inițial de oamenii aborigeni arcticii din Alaska, incluzând Inuiții, Iñupiat și Yupik. Termenul mukluk este adesea folosit pentru orice cizmă moale concepută pentru vreme rece. Cuvântul "mukluk" este de origine iñupiat și yupik, de la maklak, focă cu barbă, în timp ce "kamik" este un cuvânt inuit.

Un alt tip de cizmă, denumită uneori cizme inuite, originare din Groenlanda și din partea de est a Alaskăi, se realizează prin legarea acestora cu cartilajul animal și are o cusătură centrală care coboară până la baza cizmei.
Mukluk cântărește puțin și permite vânătorilor să se miște foarte liniștit. Ele pot fi împodobite cu pompoane și mărgele și pot fi căptușite cu blănuri cum ar fi de iepure, vulpe sau raton.

Un alt tip de mukluk, de obicei din lână sau amestec de lână, este tricotat cu o talpă din piele moale. Deseori numite "Șlapi-șosete", acestea erau mukluk-uri tradiționale purtate de oamenii din Munții Hindukuș.

Bibliografie
 kamik Inuktitut Living Dictionary
  John, Long (2000). The Complete Hiker. ISBN 0-07-135818-8.

Inuiți
Pantofi
Cizme

Mukluk


O Dream SMP (às vezes abreviado como DSMP e originalmente conhecido como Dream Team SMP) era um servidor Minecraft multiplayer de sobrevivência apenas para convidados  (SMP). Criados pelos Youtubers Dream e GeorgeNotFound, eles interpretaram ao lado de muitos outros criadores de conteúdo do Minecraft como versões fictícias de si mesmos dentro de um enredo amplo e abrangente. Transmitido ao vivo pelos participantes no Twitch e no YouTube, foi tema de uma das webséries de Minecraft mais populares.

História e enredo
O Dream SMP foi criado por Dream e GeorgeNotFound em abril ou maio de 2020  como um pequeno servidor para alguns amigos. Ele rapidamente ganhou popularidade, em parte devido à pandemia de COVID-19 e colaborações em vários canais do Twitch. Ele estrelou outros Youtubers do Minecraft, como Sapnap e TommyInnit, que interpretaram personagens vagamente baseados em si mesmos. Eles se envolveram em longos conflitos por poder político e artefatos raros.

A maior parte do conteúdo foi improvisado, exceto os principais pontos da trama que foram roteirizados com antecedência. Wilbur Soot, que planejou muitos dos primeiros arcos da história, disse em uma entrevista para o Insider, "Eu escrevo uma série de ganchos de enredo e pontos que devem se unir, no entanto, improvisamos diálogos e comédias para nos levar de ponto a ponto." O servidor tem mais de 20 "eras" em seu enredo e mais de 30 personagens em agosto de 2021. O enredo inicial do servidor foi inspirado em Hamilton, e o musical foi referenciado várias vezes pelos membros do servidor.

Dentro da trama, os personagens podem morrer até três vezes antes de morrerem permanentemente. Alguns membros interpretaram vários personagens, incluindo versões fantasmas de si mesmos.

A Saga do Disco, o arco de história mais antigo do servidor, foi uma série de eventos centrados em dois discos de música raros pertencentes a TommyInnit. Ao longo da saga, Dream e outros personagens lutaram pela posse dos discos, e os usaram como alavanca uns contra os outros. A Disc Saga foi concluída em janeiro de 2021, com Dream sendo preso. A transmissão dos eventos no Twitch de TommyInnit atingiu o pico de mais de 650.000 espectadores, tornando-se a terceira maior transmissão ao vivo de espectadores simultâneos de todos os tempos na plataforma.

Outro conflito estourou quando Wilbur Soot fundou L'Manberg, um estado separatista no jogo para jogadores não americanos. Separou-se da nação Greater Dream SMP e venceu uma guerra pela independência. L'Manberg mais tarde realizaria uma eleição presidencial, que envolveu acalorados debates de RPG entre os partidos políticos fictícios SWAG2020 e POG2020. Quando o companheiro de chapa do SWAG2020, GeorgeNotFound, não apareceu, Quackity, o candidato presidencial do partido, formou um partido de coalizão improvisado com Jschlatt, SchWAG2020. Esse partido de coalizão venceu a eleição com 46% dos votos. Em janeiro de 2021, L'Manberg seria invadido, destruído e dissolvido permanentemente.

Em novembro de 2022, TommyInnit e Tubbo fizeram quatro transmissões ao vivo consecutivas no Twitch, começando em 10 de novembro e terminando em 13 de novembro, descrevendo-as como o final da primeira temporada do Dream SMP. Esses quatro fluxos foram concluídos com o servidor sendo explodido por Tubbo e Jack Manifold. A última parte do stream apresentava Dream, Tommyinnit e Tubbo aparecendo em um novo mundo sem memórias do que havia acontecido no início do stream. Tubbo anunciou mais tarde que todos os fluxos finais subsequentes terminariam com a explosão do servidor, chamando-o de "O Evento". No mesmo fluxo, ele deu a entender que a 2ª temporada pode ter referências à 1ª temporada.

Em março de 2023, Dream anunciou que provavelmente não haveria uma segunda temporada; em resposta, CaptainPuffy carregou mais de 300 imagens tiradas de locais no servidor em vários estágios em seu site.

Lista de bandeiras Dream SMP

Impacto cultural
O Dream SMP conquistou muitos seguidores e um fandom popular, com centenas de milhares de espectadores aparecendo para eventos ao vivo. Suas histórias são analisadas em vídeos estilo documentário, como os de MatPat, que descreve a série como "uma narrativa narrativa através das lentes dos jogos". Broderick também atribui o sucesso sem precedentes do Dream SMP à forma como sua história é apresentada, descrevendo-a como sendo "uma ideia profunda [que] essencialmente transforma os espectadores em seus próprios diretores, pulando através dos streams para ver em qual versão da história eles querem se concentrar". Em setembro de 2021, Benjamin Herold do The Hechinger Report disse que o Dream SMP "ajudou milhões de crianças a permanecerem conectadas ao mundo social" durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

As histórias do servidor inspiraram fan art, fan fiction e musicais online. Embora incomum para um criador online, Dream encorajou a ficção de fãs a ser escrita sobre ele, afirmando que, em última análise, ajuda sua carreira. Um criador de fãs notável é SAD-ist, um animador das Filipinas que ilustra eventos da história do servidor com música e clipes de diálogo.

Uma postagem improvisada de piada no Tumblr feita às custas do fandom Dream SMP levou à criação de um servidor feito por fãs com seu próprio enredo e tradição, conhecido como "Penis SMP".

Em 24 de julho de 2021, a bandeira de L'Manberg foi flagrada em um protesto antivacina em Londres, ao lado de uma bandeira de Donald Trump.

Na cultura popular
The Verge descreveu o Dream SMP como um "fenômeno mundial", com os fãs do Dream SMP criando grandes quantidades de fan fiction, fan art e fan song. Um notável trabalho de fã, Heat Waves, que é uma série de ficção de fãs relacionada ao Dream SMP hospedada no Archive of Our Own, alcançou o top três em elogios no site. Recebeu o nome da música " Heat Waves " de Glass Animals e é considerada uma das razões pelas quais a música liderou a contagem regressiva Triple J Hottest 100 de 2020 na Austrália.

"Dream SMP" foi listado como um gênero no Spotify Wrapped no final de 2021. O gênero abrange música criada por fãs sobre os eventos do servidor, música feita por membros do Dream SMP e música usada em streams do Dream SMP, mas foi amplamente usada como um chamariz para "Youtuber Music". Os artistas que fazem parte do gênero incluem Glass Animals, Wilbur Soot, Toby Fox e Alec Benjamin. Foi recentemente renomeado para "Pixel".

O servidor foi visitado por várias estrelas convidadas notáveis, incluindo KSI, Vikkstar123, LazarBeam, Ninja, Lil Nas X, Pokimane, Corpse Husband e MrBeast. MrBeast encenou um jogo no servidor escondendo vales-presente no valor de $100,000 para os membros do Dream SMP encontrarem

Transmissão
Lista adaptada principalmente do Dot Esports.

Elenco principal
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Ex-membros
Aimsey (2022)
ItsAlyssa (2020)
Jikishi (2021)
Manatreed (2022)
Technoblade (2020–2022)

Aparições e convidados
 Andrea Botez
 Corpse Husband
 Dream's Sister (apelidada de "Drista" por TommyInnit)
 Iskall85
 JustVurb
 KSI
 A irmã de Tubbo, Lani (conhecida online como "LanuSky"; apelidada de "Trista", "Tubsta" e "Tubbling")
 Lil Nas X
 Michael Clifford
 MrBeast
 Ninja
 Pokimane
 Irmão de Karl Jacobs, Sean
 A assistente de Skeppy, Lya (que fingiu ser a irmã de Skeppy; apelidada de "Skepina")
 Spifey
 Zelk
 A esposa de Ph1LzA, Kristin (conhecida online como "Misstrixtin": apelidada de "Trixin" e "Mumza")

Ligações externas

 The Dream SMP - An Epic for the Modern Era | YouTube Culture & Trends Report

Servidores de Minecraft

Dream SMP