The Territory South of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Southwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 26, 1790, until June 1, 1796, when it was admitted to the United States as the State of Tennessee. The Southwest Territory was created by the Southwest Ordinance from lands of the Washington District that had been ceded to the U.S. federal government by North Carolina. The territory's lone governor was William Blount.

The establishment of the Southwest Territory followed a series of efforts by North Carolina's trans-Appalachian residents to form a separate political entity, initially with the Watauga Association, and later with the failed State of Franklin. North Carolina ceded these lands in April 1790 as payment of obligations owed to the federal government. The territory's residents welcomed the cession, believing the federal government would provide better protection from Indian hostilities. The federal government paid relatively little attention to the territory, however, increasing its residents' desire for full statehood.

Along with Blount, a number of individuals who played prominent roles in early Tennessee history served in the Southwest Territory's administration. These included John Sevier, James Robertson, Griffith Rutherford, James Winchester, Archibald Roane, John McNairy, Joseph McMinn and Andrew Jackson.

Background

During the colonial period, land that would become the Southwest Territory was part of North Carolina's land patent. The Blue Ridge Mountains, which rise along the modern Tennessee-North Carolina border, hindered North Carolina from pursuing any lasting interest in the territory. Initially trade, political interest, and settlement came mostly from Virginia and South Carolina, though refugees from the Regulator War began arriving from North Carolina in the early 1770s.

The Watauga Association was a semi-autonomous government created in 1772 by frontier settlers living along the Watauga River in what is present day Elizabethton, Tennessee. The colony was established on Cherokee-owned land in which the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers had negotiated a 10-year lease directly with the Indians. Fort Watauga was established on the Watauga River at Sycamore Shoals as a trade center of the settlements.

In March 1775, land speculator and North Carolina judge Richard Henderson met with more than 1,200 Cherokees at Sycamore Shoals. Included at the gathering were Cherokee leaders such as Attacullaculla, Oconostota, and Dragging Canoe. The meeting resulted in the "Treaty of Sycamore Shoals", in which Henderson purchased from the Cherokee all the land situated south of the Ohio River and lying between the Cumberland River, the Cumberland Mountains, and the Kentucky River. This land, which encompassed roughly 20 million acres (80,000 km2), became known as the Transylvania Purchase. Henderson's land deal was found to be in violation of North Carolina and Virginia law, as well as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which had prohibited the private purchase of American Indian land.

Both North Carolina and Virginia considered the trans-Appalachian settlements illegal, and refused to annex them.  Nevertheless, at the onset of the American War for Independence in 1776, the settlers, who vigorously supported the Patriot cause, organized themselves into the "Washington District" and formed a committee of safety to govern it.  In July 1776, Dragging Canoe and the faction of the Cherokee opposed to the Transylvania Purchase (later called the Chickamaugas) aligned with the British and launched an invasion of the Watauga settlements, targeting Fort Watauga at modern Elizabethton and Eaton's Station near modern Kingsport.  After the settlers thwarted the attacks, North Carolina agreed to annex the settlements as the Washington District.

In September 1780, a large group of trans-Appalachian settlers, led by William Campbell, John Sevier and Isaac Shelby, assembled at Sycamore Shoals in response to a British threat to attack frontier settlements.  Known as the Overmountain Men, the settlers marched across the mountains to South Carolina, where they engaged and defeated a loyalist force led by Patrick Ferguson at the Battle of Kings Mountain.  Overmountain Men would also take part in the Battle of Musgrove Mill and the Battle of Cowpens.

In 1784, North Carolina ceded control of the Overmountain settlements following a hotly contested vote.  The cession was rescinded later that year, but not before some of the settlers had organized the State of Franklin, which sought statehood. John Sevier was named governor and the area began operating as an independent state not recognized by the Congress of the Confederation. Many Overmountain settlers, led by John Tipton, remained loyal to North Carolina, and frequently quarreled with the Franklinites. Following Tipton's defeat of Sevier at the "Battle of Franklin" in early 1788, the State of Franklin movement declined.  The Franklinites had agreed to rejoin North Carolina by early 1789.

Territory formation
North Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on November 21, 1789. On December 22, the state legislature voted to cede the Overmountain settlements as payment of its obligations to the new federal government.  Congress accepted the cession during its first session on April 2, 1790, when it passed "An Act to Accept a Cession of the Claims of the State of North Carolina to a Certain District of Western Territory". On May 26, 1790, Congress passed an act organizing the new cession as the "Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio", which consisted of modern Tennessee, with the exception of later minor boundary changes. However, most of the new territory was under Indian control, with territorial administration initially covering two unconnected areas—the Washington District in what is now northeast Tennessee, and the Mero District around Nashville. The act also merged the office of territorial governor with the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department.

The new territory was essentially governed under the same provisions as the Northwest Ordinance, a 1787 act enacted for the creation of the Northwest Territory north of the Ohio River. The Northwest Ordinance's provision outlawing slavery was not applied to the Southwest Territory, however. Along with rules of governance, the Ordinance outlined steps a territory could take to gain admission to the Union. The first step involved the organization of a territorial government. The next step, which would take place when the territory had at least 5,000 adult males, was to organize a territorial legislature, with a popularly elected lower chamber and an upper chamber appointed by the president. The final step, which would take place when the territory had a population of at least 60,000, was to write a state constitution and elect a state government, at which time the territory would be admitted to the Union.

Several candidates were put forth for governor of the new territory. William Blount (1749–1800), a Constitutional Convention delegate and former state legislator who had championed the causes of western settlers, was supported by key North Carolina politicians such as Hugh Williamson, Timothy Bloodworth, John B. Ashe and Benjamin Hawkins. Blount, an aggressive land speculator, had extensive land holdings in the new territory. Virginia's Patrick Henry called for his friend, General Joseph Martin, to be appointed governor. A small group of ex-Franklinites convened in Greeneville to push for the appointment of John Sevier.

On June 8, 1790, President George Washington chose Blount as the territory's new governor. He also appointed Daniel Smith (1748–1818) the territory's Secretary, and named two of the territory's three judges, John McNairy and David Campbell (Joseph Anderson would eventually be chosen as the third judge). John Sevier was appointed brigadier general of the Washington District militia, and James Robertson was appointed brigadier general of the Mero District militia.

In September 1790, Blount visited Washington at Mount Vernon, and was sworn in by Supreme Court justice James Iredell. He then moved to the new territory, where he set up a temporary capital at Rocky Mount, the home of William Cobb in Sullivan County. He recruited North Carolina publisher George Roulstone to establish a newspaper, the Knoxville Gazette (initially published at Rogersville). He spent most of October and November issuing appointments to lower-level administrative and militia positions. In December, he made the dangerous trip across Indian territory to the Mero District, where he likewise issued appointments, before returning to Rocky Mount by the end of the year.

Blount initially wanted the permanent territorial capital to be located at the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee rivers (in the vicinity of modern Kingston), where he had extensive land claims, but was unable to convince the Cherokee to relinquish ownership of these lands. He therefore chose James White's Fort, an outpost located further upstream along the Tennessee.  In 1791, White's son-in-law, Charles McClung, platted the new city, and lots were sold in October of that year. Blount named the new city "Knoxville" after his superior in the War Department, Henry Knox.

In the 1790 United States census, 7 counties in the Southwest Territory reported the following population counts:

Indian hostilities

Residents of the Southwest Territory initially welcomed federal control, believing the federal government would provide better protection from hostile Indians than North Carolina's distant government to the east.  However, the Federal government was already more focused on critical affairs in the old Northwest Territory.  Most of the land in the "Old Southwest" was still either Indian territory or had already been claimed by speculators or settlers, and thus there was little money to be made from land sales.  President Washington issued a proclamation forbidding the violation of the Treaty of Hopewell (which had set Indian boundaries), and Secretary of War Knox frequently accused settlers of illegally encroaching on Indian lands.  Blount was consistently torn between placating angry frontiersmen and appeasing his superiors in the Federal government.

In the Summer of 1791, Blount negotiated the Treaty of Holston with the Cherokee at the future site of Knoxville. The Treaty brought lands south of the French Broad River and east of the divide between Little River and the Little Tennessee River (essentially modern Cocke, Sevier and Blount counties) under U.S. control, and guaranteed the Territory use of a road between the Washington and Mero districts, as well as the Tennessee River.  The following year, Blount negotiated an agreement clarifying land boundaries with the Chickasaw, who controlled what is now West Tennessee.

In spite of these agreements, continued encroachment by settlers onto Indian lands prompted reprisals, which primarily came from hostile Chickamauga Cherokee and Creek Indians.  The Spanish, who controlled Florida along the Gulf of Mexico coast and still disputed the southern borders of the United States, fifteen years after the end of the Revolutionary War, encouraged and armed the southern tribes.  These attacks persisted throughout 1792 and 1793, with the Mero settlements bearing the brunt of the hostilities. Ziegler's Station near modern Hendersonville was destroyed, and Mero defenders had to rally to thwart a large invasion at Buchanan's Station near Nashville.  In spite of growing impatience from frontiersmen, Secretary of War Knox refused to authorize an invasion of Indian territory.

In September 1793, while Blount was away in Philadelphia, a large group of Cherokee invaders overran Cavet's Station west of Knoxville, and was planning to march on Knoxville before the invading force dissolved due to infighting among chiefs.  Territorial Secretary Daniel Smith, who was Acting Governor in Blount's absence, summoned the militia and ordered an invasion of Cherokee territory.  Militia General Sevier led the militia south and destroyed several Chickamauga villages.  While Blount supported Smith's decision, the invasion angered Knox, who refused to issue pay for the militiamen.  In September 1794, Robertson, without authorization from Knox, dispatched a mounted American force under James Ore which destroyed the Chickamauga towns of Nickajack and Running Water. Robertson resigned as brigadier general shortly afterward.

The defeat of northern tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, the destruction of Nickajack and Running Water, and the resolving of boundary disputes between the United States and Spain led to a decline in hostile Indian attacks.  In November 1794, Blount negotiated an end to the Cherokee–American wars at the Tellico Blockhouse, a federal outpost south of Knoxville.

Statehood

A census in the summer of 1791 showed the territory's population to be 35,691. There were 6,271 free adult white males, more than the 5,000 needed for the territory to organize a legislature.  Blount, however, waited until 1793 to call for elections. Members of the territorial House of Representatives (the lower chamber of the legislature) were elected in December 1793, and the first House session convened on February 24, 1794. The representatives nominated ten individuals for appointment to the territorial council (the legislature's upper chamber), five of whom—Griffith Rutherford, John Sevier, James Winchester, Stockley Donelson and Parmenas Taylor—were eventually appointed by President Washington.  Rutherford was chosen as the council's president.

The assembly first convened on August 26, 1794, and called for immediate steps to be taken to achieve full statehood. The assembly appointed Dr. James White (not to be confused with Knoxville's founder) as its non-voting representative in Congress, making the Southwest Territory one of the first U.S. territories to make use of this power. A special session of the assembly on June 29, 1795, called for a census to be taken the following month to determine if the territory's population had reached the 60,000 threshold required for statehood. The census revealed a population of 77,262 inhabitants.

After the census, the territory moved swiftly to form a state government. In December 1795, counties elected delegates for the state constitutional convention. This convention met in Knoxville in January 1796, and drafted a new state constitution. The name "Tennessee", which had been in common use since 1793 when Secretary Smith published his "Short Description of the Tennassee Government", was chosen as the new name for the state.

The Northwest Ordinance was vague on the final steps to be taken for a state to be fully admitted to the Union, so Tennessee's leaders proceeded to organize a state government. John Sevier was elected governor, the first Tennessee General Assembly convened in March 1796, and Blount notified the Secretary of State, Timothy Pickering, that the territorial government had been terminated. A copy of the state constitution was delivered to Pickering by future governor Joseph McMinn. Blount and William Cocke were chosen as the state's U.S. Senators, and Andrew Jackson was elected the state's representative. As the Southwest Territory was the first federal territory to petition to join the Union, there was confusion in Congress about how to proceed. Nonetheless, Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796, as the 16th state.

Government and law

The Southwest Territory was governed under an act of Congress, "An Act for the Government of the Territory of the United States, South of the River Ohio" (Southwest Ordinance), passed May 26, 1790.  This act essentially mirrored the earlier Northwest Ordinance, the key difference being over slavery, which was prohibited by the Northwest Ordinance, but not the Southwest Ordinance.  Both ordinances provided for freedom of religion and the sanctity of contracts, barred legal primogeniture, and encouraged the establishment of schools and respect for the liberty of the Indians.

The supreme power in the territory rested in the governor, who was appointed by the President of the United States.  He was assisted by the Secretary, also appointed by the President.  Legislative powers rested in a bicameral territorial assembly consisting of the House of Representatives (lower chamber) and the Territorial Council (upper chamber).  Representatives were popularly elected, whereas councilors were appointed by the President.  Judicial power rested in three judges appointed by the President.  Brigadier generals of the territorial militia were also appointed by the President. Lower administrative, judicial and military officers were appointed by the governor.

Executive

The Governor of the Southwest Territory had supreme authority in the territory.  The governor could decree ordinances, propose and enact new laws, create towns and counties, and license lawyers.  Though the territorial assembly held legislative powers, the governor held veto power over all proposed laws.  The governor was responsible for appointing the lower territorial administrative officers, including attorneys general, justices of the peace, registers, and court clerks.  He recommended candidates for brigadier general to the President, and appointed lower militia officers. The governor also served as the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department, the federal government's chief diplomat to the Southern tribes. To serve as governor, an individual had to own at least  of land in the territory. William Blount (1749–1800) served as Governor of the Southwest Territory throughout the territory's existence.

The Secretary of the Southwest Territory was the official record-keeper of the territory.  The Secretary also served as acting governor if the governor was absent or incapacitated.  To serve as Secretary, an individual had to own at least  of land in the territory. Daniel Smith (1748–1818) served as Secretary throughout the territory's existence.

Legislature

Legislative power in the Southwest Territory initially rested with the governor, who consulted with the three territorial judges on new laws.  After the territory's population of white males reached 5,000, the territory could form a legislative assembly (the power to summon the assembly rested with the governor).  The assembly consisted of an upper chamber, the Territorial Council (the role of which was similar to that of a state senate), and a lower chamber, the House of Representatives.  While the assembly could propose new laws, the governor could still veto any bill. To serve on the council, an individual had to own at least  of land in the territory.

The territorial House of Representatives consisted of thirteen popularly elected members.  These members elected a speaker from their own ranks.  The House first convened at Knoxville on February 24, 1794.  Its members were John Tipton (Washington), George Rutledge (Sullivan), Joseph Hardin (Greene), William Cocke (Hawkins), Joseph McMinn (Hawkins), Alexander Kelly (Knox), John Beard (Knox), Samuel Wear (Jefferson), George Doharty (Jefferson), David Wilson (Sumner), Dr. James White (Davidson) and James Ford (Tennessee County).  Wilson, of Sumner County, served as Speaker from 1794 to 1795.  Hardin, of Greene, served as Speaker from 1795 to 1796.  Hopkins Lacy was elected clerk.

Members of the territorial council were appointed by the President from a list of candidates submitted by the territorial House of Representatives.  At its first session in February 1794, the House submitted ten candidates for the council: James Winchester, William Fort, Stockley Donelson, Richard Gammon, David Russell, John Sevier, Adam Meek, John Adair, Griffith Rutherford and Parmenas Taylor.  From this list, President Washington appointed Winchester, Donelson, Sevier, Rutherford and Taylor.  Rutherford was chosen as council president (a role similar to speaker).

The Northwest Ordinance allowed a territory's assembly to elect a representative to the United States Congress. This representative could consult with congressmen on legislation, but could not vote.  In 1794, the Southwest Territory's assembly chose Dr. James White as its non-voting representative to Congress.  The Southwest Territory was the first U.S. territory to exercise this power, and White's efforts in Congress set a precedent for future territorial delegates.

Judiciary

The territory's supreme judicial power rested in three judges, each appointed by the President. The governor appointed court clerks, attorneys general and lower judicial offices, as well as justices of the peace. Along with their judicial powers, the judges could consult with the governor on new legislation, though the governor held final veto power over any proposed laws.  To serve as a judge, an individual had to own at least  of land in the territory.  The judges appointed by President Washington in 1790 were John McNairy (1762–1837), David Campbell (1750–1812), and Joseph Anderson (1757–1837).  Blount appointed Francis Alexander Ramsey clerk of the Washington District's superior court of law, Andrew Russell clerk of the Washington District's court of equity, David Allison clerk of Mero's superior court of law, and Joseph Sitgreaves clerk of Mero's court of equity.

The courts of the Southwest Territory were generally more highly regarded than other branches of government.  Frontiersmen had for years relied on county courts to settle disputes, and upon being appointed governor, Blount left the existing county courts largely intact.  These courts generally followed old North Carolina laws when rendering decisions, relying heavily on James Iredell's Revisal of the Laws of North Carolina (1791).  Along with hearing criminal and civil cases, courts were responsible for licensing ferries, regulating taverns, and designating public gristmills.  Courts occasionally rendered financial assistance for internal improvements and relief for the destitute.  County sheriffs were responsible for collecting taxes.

Lawyers were licensed by the governor to practice in the territory's courts.  Notable individuals licensed to practice in the territory included future president Andrew Jackson, future governor Archibald Roane, future congressman John Rhea, and Blount's younger half-brother, future governor Willie Blount. Jackson served as a district attorney for the territory.

Land details

The Southwest Territory covered , consisting of what is now Tennessee, with the exception of a few minor boundary changes resulting from later surveys. To its north was Virginia's District of Kentucky, which became the 15th U.S. state in 1792. The lands to the territory's south were at the time either still claimed by Georgia, or disputed with Spain, but subsequently consolidated into the Mississippi Territory.

At its creation in 1790, the Southwest Territory's administration oversaw two unconnected districts—the Washington District in the northeast, and the Mero District in the area around and north of Nashville. The remainder of the territory remained under Indian control, with the Cherokee being the dominant tribe in the east, and the Chickasaw controlling the western part of the territory.  Other important tribes included the Creeks and Choctaw.

The Washington District initially included lands north of the French Broad River and northeast of the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee rivers (near modern Kingston).  The 1791 Treaty of Holston pushed the boundary south of the French Broad and southeast to the divide between Little River and the Little Tennessee River (in what is now southern Blount County). The Washington District originally included Washington, Sullivan, Greene and Hawkins counties. Knox and Jefferson were created by Governor Blount in 1792. In 1793, Blount organized these two new counties into a separate district, called the "Hamilton District". Blount and Sevier counties would be added to this new district during territorial administration.

The Mero District included the lands around Nashville and along the Cumberland River, north to the modern Kentucky border. It included three counties—Davidson, Sumner and Tennessee. The Mero and Washington districts were connected by a road, generally known as Avery's Trace, which traversed Indian lands.

The population of the Southwest Territory in 1791 was 35,691. This included 3,417 slaves and 361 free persons of color. The population of the Washington District was 28,649, while the population of Mero was 7,042. The territory's 1795 census showed a total population of 77,262 inhabitants, including 10,613 slaves and 973 free persons of color. The population of the Washington and Hamilton districts was 65,338, and the population of Mero was 11,924.

See also

 Indian Reserve (1763)
 Overhill Cherokee
 United States Attorney for the District of Tennessee

References

Further reading

External links
 Southwest Ordinance of 1790
 "Southwest Territory; 1790–1796" at Tennessee GenWeb.com
''"Journal of the proceedings of the Legislative council of the territory of the United States of America, South of the river Ohio: begun and held at Knoxville, the 25th day of August, 1794"; at archives.org.

1790 establishments in the United States
1796 disestablishments in the United States
Pre-statehood history of Tennessee

Southwest Territory


O Classe Colossus foi uma classe de couraçados operada pela Marinha Real Britânica, composta pelo  e . Suas construções começaram em julho de 1909 nos estaleiros da Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company e Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, sendo lançados ao mar em 1910 e comissionados na frota britânica em 1911. O projeto da classe era em essência uma repetição do predecessor , com apenas algumas pequenas mudanças, incluindo redistribuição de blindagem de locais não expostos a disparos inimigos para aqueles considerados mais vulneráveis e instalação de novos e maiores tubos de torpedo de 533 milímetros.

Os couraçados da Classe Colossus eram armados com uma bateria principal de dez canhões de 305 milímetros montados em cinco torres de artilharia duplas. Tinham um comprimento de fora a fora de 166 metros, boca de 26 metros, calado de oito metros e um deslocamento carregado de mais de 23 mil toneladas. Seus sistemas de propulsão eram compostos por dezoito caldeiras mistas de carvão e óleo combustível que alimentavam dois conjuntos de turbinas a vapor, que por sua vez giravam quatro hélices até uma velocidade máxima de 21 nós (39 quilômetros por hora). Os navios também tinham um cinturão principal de blindagem que ficava entre 203 e 279 milímetros de espessura.

Os três tiveram carreiras tranquilas em tempos de paz na Frota Doméstica. Após o início da Primeira Guerra Mundial em 1914 atuaram na Grande Frota, porém pouco fizeram e passaram a maior parte do tempo realizando treinamentos no Mar do Norte e surtidas para tentar encontrar a Frota de Alto-Mar alemã. A única ação de suas carreiras foi a Batalha da Jutlândia em 1916. Depois disso realizaram mais surtidas infrutíferas à procura dos alemães. Ambos foram considerados obsoletos ao final do conflito em 1918 e colocados na reserva no ano seguinte. O Hercules foi desmontado em 1921, já o Colossus foi brevemente usado como navio-escola e desmontado em 1928.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classes de couraçados
Classes de navios da Marinha Real Britânica

Classe Colossus (couraçados)


Sillota Belén ist eine Ortschaft im Departamento Oruro im südamerikanischen Andenstaat Bolivien.

Lage im Nahraum
Sillota Belén ist zentraler Ort des Kanton Sillota Belén im Municipio Caracollo in der Provinz Cercado. Die Ortschaft liegt auf einer Höhe von  am Südrand der Salzpfanne Huancaroma, die sich mit einer Größe von etwa 100 km² östlich des Río Desaguadero erstreckt.

Geographie
Sillota Belén liegt auf dem bolivianischen Altiplano zwischen den Anden-Gebirgsketten der Cordillera Occidental im Westen und der Cordillera Central im Osten. Das Klima der Region ist ein typisches Tageszeitenklima, bei dem die mittleren Temperaturen im Tagesverlauf stärker schwanken als im Jahresverlauf.

Die mittlere Durchschnittstemperatur der Region liegt bei knapp 11 °C (siehe Klimadiagramm Oruro), die Monatsdurchschnittswerte schwanken nur unwesentlich zwischen 6 °C im Juni/Juli und 13 bis 14 °C im November/Dezember. Der Jahresniederschlag beträgt etwa 400 mm, die mittleren Monatsniederschläge liegen zwischen unter 10 mm in den Monaten Mai und August und etwa 80 mm von Januar bis Februar.

Verkehrsnetz
Sillota Belén liegt in einer Entfernung von 26 Straßenkilometern nordwestlich von Oruro, der Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Departamentos.

Von Oruro aus führt die nicht asphaltierte Nationalstraße Ruta 31 in nordwestlicher Richtung und über Belén weiter nach La Joya und Huayllamarca und weiter über Totora nach Curahuara de Carangas, wo sie auf die Ruta 4 trifft, die westwärts zur chilenischen Grenze führt.

Bevölkerung
Die Einwohnerzahl von Sillota Belén ist in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten auf mehr als das Doppelte angestiegen:

Aufgrund der historisch gewachsenen Bevölkerungsstrukturen ist in Belén die Aymara-Bevölkerung vorherrschend, im Municipio Caracollo sprechen 72,2 Prozent der Bevölkerung die Aymara-Sprache.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Municipio Caracollo - Übersichtskarten Nr. 40102
 Municipio Caracollo - Detailkarte und Bevölkerungsdaten (PDF; 695 kB) (spanisch)
 Departamento Oruro - Sozialdaten der Municipios (PDF; 5,86 MB) (spanisch)

Sillota Belén


La gare de Jytomyr (en ) est une gare ferroviaire située dans la ville de Jytomyr.

Situation ferroviaire

La gare est exploitée par Pivdenno-Zakhidna zaliznytsia, partie de Ukrzaliznytsia.

Histoire

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte
Zhytomyr - Korosten
Vinnytsia - Korosten
Zhytomyr - Korostyshiv
Korosten - Koziatyn
Zhytomyr - Koziatyn
Zhytomyr - Novohrad-Volynskyi
Zhytomyr - Fastiv

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Ukraine,
 Transport ferroviaire en Ukraine.

Liens externes

Gare dans l'oblast de Jytomyr
Gare
Gare mise en service en 1896

Gare de Jytomyr


Uluabat, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Uluabat, Karacabey, Bursa ili Karacabey ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Uluabat Gölü, Marmara Bölgesi'nde yer alan bir göl
 Ulubatlı Hasan, İstanbul'un fethi sırasında Bizans surlarına ilk sancağı diken yeniçeri
 Ulubatlı Hasan Anadolu Lisesi, Bursa'nın Yıldırım ilçesi'ndeki ilk Anadolu lisesi

Uluabat


Ora Regelui este o emisiune istorică unde publicul poate descoperi ce a însemnat monarhia pentru români și cum Familia Regală a României a influențat istoria țării, fiind invitați oameni de știință, de artă, diplomați, scriitori precum și analiști români și străini. Telespectatorii mai pot vedea imagini de arhivă cu și despre toți regii și reginele României din trecut până în prezent. Emisiunea este difuzată în fiecare sâmbătă la ora 15:00.

"Românii nu știu nici astăzi care este adevărul despre perioada monarhiei, despre rolul Regilor României în societatea românească, despre care, se știe, a început să se dezvolte și să se modernizeze mai ales în perioada respectivă. Sunt multe aspecte de lămurit... Să nu uităm că și anul trecut au apărut neadevăruri legate de abdicarea Regului Mihai sau că nici acum lumea nu știe dacă Regele Mihai a plecat cu un tren încărcat cu bogății, o informatie falsă propagată de comuniști încă din 1948. Vom încerca să lămurim multe alte aspecte legate de Coroana Română, vom readuce istoria susținută de dovezi și mărturii", promite Camelia Csiki, cea care a dat naștere acestui proiect, unul dintre realizatorii emisiunii Ora Regelui de la TVR 1.

Redactori: Lorelei Mihală, Cristina Rădulescu

Realizatori: Camelia Csiki, Ruxandra Țuchel, Bogdan Șerban-Iancu

Producător: Lidia Voicu

Referințe
 http://www.tvrplus.ro/emisiune-ora-regelui-1645
 https://www.facebook.com/Ora-Regelui-389716261087758/
 http://www.familiaregala.ro/
 http://www.romaniaregala.ro/

Emisiuni de televiziune din România

Ora Regelui


Leopold Anton Joseph Schlik zu Bassano und Weißkirchen, auch Schlick oder Šlik (* 10. Juli 1663; † 10. April 1723) war ein kaiserlicher Generalkriegskommissar, Botschafter, Feldmarschall und böhmischer Hofkanzler während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges.

Leben

Šlik war in zweiter Ehe mit Maria Josepha Wratislaw, einer Schwester von Johann Wenzel Wratislaw von Mitrowitz, verheiratet. Zu seinen Vorfahren gehörte Heinrich Schlick zu Passaun und Weißkirchen, Hofkriegsratspräsident von 1644 bis 1648. Von Anfang Oktober 1698 bis 26. Januar 1699 vertrat Generalmajor Šlik mit Wolfgang von Oettingen-Wallerstein Kaiser Leopold I. bei den Verhandlungen zum Frieden von Karlowitz. Šlik gehörte zu den Kriegsgewinnern in Südungarn, er erhielt Latifundien in den ungarischen, neoacquistischen Gebieten von der Neoacquistischen Kommission.

Am 26. Januar 1683 unterzeichneten Wenzel Ferdinand Popel von Lobkowitz und Max II. Emanuel von Bayern ein Verteidigungsabkommen gegen Frankreich und gegen das Osmanische Reich. Max Emanuel verpflichtete sich, gegen jährliche Subsidien von 250.000 Gulden im Frieden und 450.000 Gulden im Krieg, 8000 Mann zu stellen; darüber hinaus übernahm er mit 15.000 Mann die Deckung gegen einen französischen Angriff auf Vorderösterreich und Tirol. Im März 1692 ging Max Emanuel als spanischer Generalgouverneur der Spanischen Niederlande nach Brüssel. Am 20. Juni 1692 wurde Šlik Generalfeldwachtmeister. Am 6. Februar 1699 starb der Sohn von Max Emanuel, Joseph Ferdinand von Bayern, in Brüssel. Bei diesem Tod stand eine Vergiftung durch Agenten des Kaisers im Raum. In der Folge wurde Max Emanuel in der Erfüllung seiner Pflichten als Condottiere gegenüber dem Kaiser säumig und kehrte Ende April 1701 nach Baiern zurück. Leopold I. beförderte Šlik am 23. Januar 1700 zum Feldmarschallleutnant und sandte ihn 1702 zu Therese Kunigunde von Polen nach München. Max Emanuel ließ von September 1702 bis Dezember 1703 das reichsunmittelbare Ulm durch Überrumpeln besetzen. Im März 1703 überquerte General Šlik von Salzburg die bayrische Landesgrenze und ging gegen die Landmilizen des offenbar abtrünnigen Max Emanuel in Baiern vor. Im Juni 1703 eroberte Max Emanuel mit 12.600 Mann Kufstein und scheiterte an der Pontlatzer Brücke, was als Bayrischer Rummel in Tirol bezeichnet wird. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars, der Botschafter Ludwigs XIV., bei Max Emanuel der Gegenspieler von Šlik im Kabinettskrieg.

Anfang Oktober 1703 ernannte Kaiser Leopold I. den Generalleutnant Šlik zum Oberbefehlshaber der kaiserlichen Heere in Ungarn. Ab 9. Oktober 1703 ließ Šlik in Preßburg (heute Bratislava) Truppen gegen den Aufstand von Franz II. Rákóczi ausheben. Am 2. Mai 1704 wurde Šlik General der Kavallerie.

Am 13. August 1704 fand die Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt statt, nach der Maximilian Emanuel aus Baiern flüchtete. In der Folge hoben die kaiserliche Truppen unmittelbar Truppen in Baiern aus, was zum Braunauer Parlament am 25. Dezember 1705 zur Sendlinger Mordweihnacht und zur Schlacht von Aidenbach führte.

Kaiser Joseph I. übertrug mit Zustimmung von Prinz Eugen von Savoyen 1705 Šlik das Amt des Generalkriegskommissars. In dieser Funktion wechselte Šlik vom Lager von Karl Theodor von Salm zu dem seines Schwagers Johann Wenzel Wratislaw von Mitrowitz. Für die Stationierung von kaiserlichen Truppen in den Spanischen Niederlanden beantragte Prinz Eugen, die Stationierungslasten auf das gesamte Reich zu verteilen. Diese Inanspruchnahme der kaiserlichen Finanzen veranlasste aber den General-Kriegs-Commissär Šlik zu erwidern, dass eine Million Francs zur Verpflegung der kaiserlichen Truppen für die sechs Wintermonate genügen müsste und der Prinz trachten möge, die Holländer zur Übernahme der Deckung des ganzen Bedarfes zu bewegen; dass übrigens kein Grund vorliege, weshalb die kaiserlichen Truppen in den Niederlanden besser bezahlt werden sollten als in den übrigen Ländern. Unter Kaiser Karl VI. setzte Prinz Eugen die Ablösung Sliks durch.

Am 15. Juni 1707 wurde Šlik Feldmarschall. Von 1713 bis 1723 war er oberster Kanzler der Länder der Böhmischen Krone und damit Stellvertreter von Joseph I. in Böhmen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Generalkriegskommissar
Botschafter (Habsburgermonarchie vor 1804)
Gesandter in Bayern
Ritter des Ordens vom Goldenen Vlies (Österreich, 18. Jahrhundert)
Leopold
Geboren 1663
Gestorben 1723
Mann

Leopold Schlik zu Bassano und Weißkirchen


PC-Write was a computer word processor and was one of the first three widely popular software products sold via the marketing method that became known as shareware. It was originally written by Bob Wallace in early 1983.

Overview
PC-Write was a modeless editor, using control characters and special function keys to perform various editing operations. By default it accepted many of the same control key commands as WordStar while adding many of its own features. It could produce plain ASCII text files, but there were also features that embedded control characters in a document to support automatic section renumbering, bold and italic fonts, and other such; also, a feature that was useful in list processing (as used in Auto LISP) was its ability to find matching open and closed parenthesis "( )"; this matching operation also worked for the other paired characters: { }, [ ] and < >.

Lines beginning with particular control characters n

and/or a period (.) contained commands that were evaluated when the document was printed, e.g. to specify margin sizes, select elite or pica type, or to specify the number of lines of text that would fit on a page, such as in escape sequences.

While Quicksoft distributed copies of PC-Write for $10, the company encouraged users to make copies of the program for others in an early example of shareware. Quicksoft asked those who liked PC-Write to send it $75. The sum provided a printed manual (notable for its many pictures of cats, drawn by Megan Dana-Wallace), telephone technical support, source code, and a registration number that the user entered into his copy of the program. If anyone else paid the company $75 to purchase an already-registered copy of the software, the company paid a $25 commission back to the original registrant, and then issued a new number to the new buyer, thereby giving a financial incentive for buyers to distribute and promote the software.

A configuration file allowed customizing PC-Write, including remapping the keyboard. Later versions of the registered (paid for) version of the program included a thesaurus (which was not shareware) along with the editor. In addition, there was vocabulary available in other languages, such as in German. Utilities were also provided to convert PC-Write files to and from other file formats that were common at the time. One limitation of the software was its inability to print directly from memory - because the print function was a separate subprogram, a document must be saved to a file before it could be printed.

Bob Wallace found that running Quicksoft used so much of his time he could not improve the PC-Write software. In early 1991, he sold the firm to another Microsoft alumnus, Leo Nikora, the original product manager for Windows 1.0 (1983–1985). Wallace returned to full programming and an updated version of PC-Write was released in June 1991.

One unusual feature of PC-Write was its implementation of free form editing: it could copy and paste a block of text anywhere.  For instance, if one had a block of information, one per line, in the format Name (spaces) Address, one could highlight only the addresses section and paste that into the right-hand part of a page. Today, Emacs and jEdit are also capable of performing this function.

When the market changed to multi-program software (office suites combining word processing, spreadsheet, and database programs), Quicksoft went out of business in 1993.

The first Trojan horse (appearing in 1986), PC-Write Trojan, masqueraded as "version 2.72" of the shareware word processor PC-Write. Quicksoft did not release a version 2.72.

PC-Write had one of the first "as you type", in "real-time mode" spell checker; earlier spell checkers only worked in "batch mode".

The Brown Bag Word Processor
is based on
PC-Write's source code,
licensed by Brown Bag Software,
with some minor modifications and additions.

Reception
PC Magazine stated that version 1.3 of "PC-Write rates extremely well and compares favorably with many word processors costing much more". It cited very fast performance, good use of color, and availability of source code as advantages, while lack of built-in support for printing bold or underline and keyboard macros was a disadvantage. Compute! complimented the software's "clean implementation of standard editing features", cited its "truly staggering" level of customization, and after mentioning a few flaws stated that they should be "viewed in context of the program's overall excellence".

See also
Andrew Fluegelman
Jim Knopf, also known as Jim Button
PC-File
PC-Talk

References

External links
PC-WRITE: Quality Word Processing at a Price That's Hard to Beat Review of PC-Write in COMPUTERS and COMPOSITION 2(4), August 1985, page 78.

1983 software
Shareware
Word processors
DOS text editors

PC-Write


Aceasta este o listă de filme românești din 2003:

Lista

Note

Legături externe
Filme românești din 2003 la IMDb.com
Filme românești din 2003 la Cinemagia.ro

Filme din 2003Filme românești
România
Liste de filme românești

Listă de filme românești din 2003


A Challenger Cup de Voleibol Feminino de 2022 foi a 3.ª edição deste torneio anual com promoção da Federação Internacional de Voleibol (FIVB) para a Liga das Nações. O torneio foi sediado em Zadar, na Croácia, de 28 a 31 de julho.

Após vitória por 3 sets a 1 sobre a Bélgica, a seleção anfitriã conquistou seu primeiro título da competição e substituirá as próprias belgas — última equipe desafiante na Liga das Nações de 2022 — na edição de 2023. Na disputa pelo terceiro lugar, Porto Rico venceu a Colômbia por 3 sets a 1.

Participantes
As seguintes seleções foram qualificadas para a Challenger Cup de 2022.

Regulamento
O torneio foi disputado em sistema eliminatório, em partidas únicas, composto por quartas de final, semifinais, disputa pelo terceiro lugar e final. A seleção anfitriã do torneio teve vaga garantida para o torneio e ficou na primeira posição. As sete equipes restantes foram alocadas da 2ª à 8ª posições de acordo com o ranking mundial da FIVB em 3 de julho de 2022.

Os perdedores das quartas de final foram eliminados e ordenados de 5º a 8º na classificação final de acordo com os critérios de desempate entre as equipes.

A equipe campeã garantiu vaga para a Liga das Nações de 2023.

Local

Resultados
Todas as partidas seguem o horário local (UTC+2).

 Quartas de final

|}

 Semifinais

|}

 Terceiro lugar

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 Final

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Classificação final

Ver também
 Liga das Nações de Voleibol Feminino de 2022
 Liga das Nações de Voleibol Masculino de 2022
 Challenger Cup de Voleibol Masculino de 2022

Ligações externas

Challenger Cup de Voleibol Feminino
Desporto na Croácia em 2022
2022 no voleibol


, parfois connu sous le titre français Toto dans la lune, est une comédie de science-fiction italienne réalisée par Steno et sortie en 1958.

Synopsis
Achille Paoloni est un employé de Soubrette, une petite maison d'édition appartenant au chevalier Pasquale Belafronte. Achille a écrit un roman de science-fiction qu'il espère en vain faire publier avec l'aide du chevalier hostile.

Entre-temps, les scientifiques américains apprennent qu'Achille possède dans son sang une substance adaptée aux vols spatiaux, le glumonium, héritage de l'allaitement inhabituel au lait de singe qu'il a connu lorsqu'il était bébé. Lorsque deux émissaires du FBI viennent au bureau pour proposer une mission spatiale à Achille, il pense qu'il s'agit de représentants de la rédaction venus publier son roman à l'étranger. Lorsque le chevalier Pasquale l'apprend, il désire se racheter des années d'insultes et d'hostilité envers le pauvre Achille et fait tout pour publier le roman à ses frais, acceptant même un mariage entre le jeune homme et sa fille Lidia. Achille accepte d'épouser Lidia, mais il se rend vite compte qu'il s'agit d'une erreur : les États-Unis ne veulent pas lancer  ( « La fusée vers l'espace », c'est-à-dire publier le roman), mais lancer une véritable fusée dans l'espace, c'est-à-dire faire atterrir le jeune homme lui-même sur la Lune. La voyage sur la lune fait d'ailleurs l'objet d'une concurrence sans merci menée par une mystérieuse puissance étrangère dirigée par le scientifique interplanétaire allemand Von Braut et la belle espionne Tatiana.

Les plans des deux puissances rivales sont contrecarrés par d'étranges extraterrestres (les Annélides) qui envoient sur Terre deux « cosons », des sosies de Pasquale et Achille. Ce sont eux qui sont envoyés sur la Lune afin d'empêcher que la conquête de l'espace par les humains ne mette en péril l'équilibre pacifique entre les peuples extraterrestres. Pasquale et le « coson » d'Achille sont enlevés par les Allemands, placés dans un caisson d'hibernation et lancés dans l'espace dans une fusée, mais ils en perdent le contrôle. Pasquale est sauvé par les Annélides, qui parviennent à prendre le contrôle de la fusée et à la faire atterrir sur la Lune.

Un Annélide apparaît à Pasquale, qui demande à être ramené pour pouvoir rassurer ses proches. L'Annélide lui montre que sur Terre, le véritable Achille a fait fortune en Amérique en écrivant des récits de science-fiction et qu'il a fondé une famille avec Lidia, et que Pasquale ne manque à personne puisque son « coson » a pris sa place et drague la bonne à sa place. Contraint de rester sur la Lune pour le reste de sa vie, Pasquale parvient au moins à convaincre l'Annélide de transformer le « coson » d'Achille en une femme séduisante.

Fiche technique
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Steno
 Scénario : Lucio Fulci, Sandro Continenza, Ettore Scola
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Musique : Alessandro Cicognini
 Décors :
 Maquillage : Goffredo Rocchetti
 Production : Mario Cecchi Gori
 Société de production : Maxima Film Compagnia Cinematografica, Montfluor Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,96:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 94 minutes
 Genre : Comédie de science-fiction
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :  (Turin) ;  (Rome) ;  (Milan)

Distribution
Totò : Chevalier Pasquale da Poggio Mirteto
Sylva Koscina : Lidia, la fille
Ugo Tognazzi : Achille Paoloni
Luciano Salce : Von Braut
Sandra Milo : Tatiana
Agostino Salvietti : comptable Iannutti
Renato Tontini : Vladimiro
Giacomo Furia : Commandant Santoni
Jim Dolen : O'Connor
Richard McNamara : Campbell
John Karlsen : Dr. John Forrester
Anna Maria di Giulio : Teodolinda Cancellotti (alias Doris Isgrid)
Rodolfo Lodi : Dr. Cardone
Toni Ucci : le médecin qui soigne Achille
Lambert Antinori : Docteur Crespi
Piera Arico : l'infirmière.
Francesco Mulè : l'agent de circulation
Marco Tulli : un créancier
Ignazio Leone : un policier à vélo
Salvo Libassi : l'autre policier à vélo
Ivy Holzer : la « coson » / la nouvelle bonne des Paoloni.

Clins d'œil
Le film est une parodie des films de genre sur la conquête de l'espace - dont Destination... Lune ! (1950) - et a été considéré comme une réponse comique à Le danger vient de l'espace de Paolo Heusch et Mario Bava, sorti la même année, généralement considéré comme le premier film de science-fiction italien, car il a été réalisé avec une intention dramatique plutôt que burlesque.

Les « cosons » que l'on voit dans le film ont la forme de haricots en train de germer, une référence parodique aux « gousses » du classique américain de science-fiction L'Invasion des profanateurs de sépultures (1956) de Don Siegel, distribué en Italie l'année précédente (1957) par Lux Film.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Alberto Anile, Sulla Luna con Tognazzi, in I film di Totò (1946-1967). La maschera tradita, Le Mani - Microart's, Recco, 1998, pp. 267–68.
 Intervista di Lello Bersani sul set [testo intervista radiofonica dal programma "Ciak", Radio Rai, 27 settembre 1958], in: Marco Giusti (a cura di), Antonio de Curtis. Totò si nasce, Mondadori, Milano, 2000, pp. 149–50.
 Riccardo F. Esposito, Totò, le pin-up e la fantaschifezz..., in Mystero, n. 29, Mondo Ignoto, Roma, ottobre 2002, pp. 57–59.

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1958
Comédie italienne de science-fiction
Film italien en noir et blanc
1958 en science-fiction
Film en italien
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant sur la Lune
Film se déroulant dans l'espace
Film mettant en scène un extraterrestre
Film réalisé par Steno
Film produit par Mario Cecchi Gori
Film scénarisé par Lucio Fulci
Film scénarisé par Ettore Scola
Film scénarisé par Sandro Continenza
Film avec une musique composée par Alessandro Cicognini

Totò nella luna


Braskereidfoss Station (Braskereidfoss stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Solørbanen, der ligger ved byområdet Braskereidfoss i Våler kommune i Norge. Den er forsynet med en stationsbygning i træ, der er opført efter tegninger af Harald Kaas.

Stationen åbnede 4. december 1910. Oprindelig hed den Braskerudfoss, men stavemåden blev ændret til Braskereidfoss 1. september 1922. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 29. august 1994. Stationen blev imidlertid genåbnet til brug for godstrafik i 1995 og er fortsat bemandet for ekspedition af de cirka fire daglige tømmertog, der kører fra skovbrugene i Østerdalen til bearbejdningsstederne i Sverige og Sarpsborg. Den tidligere station har status som tømmerterminal og har sporforbindelse til en spånpladefabrik.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Glomdalen.no – Går på skinner Artikel om stationen. (Udgivet 3. oktober 2006)

Noter

Stationer på Solørbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1910

Braskereidfoss Station


Leute, Leute! war eine boulevard-satirische Fernsehsendung, die vom deutschen Fernsehsender ZDF ausgestrahlt und von Monika Gruber moderiert wurde. Die Erstausstrahlung erfolgte am 2. Februar 2012, die letzte und achte Folge fand am 11. Dezember 2012 statt. Monika Gruber warf in jeder Ausgabe einen satirisch-humorvollen Blick auf die Boulevard-Themen der vorherigen Wochen. Dabei traten verschiedene Gäste auf und diskutierten mit ihr. Die Sendung zeichnete sich durch ihre derbe Ausdrucksweise aus.
Der Name der Sendung wurde gewählt in Anlehnung an das Boulevardmagazin Leute heute, welches ebenfalls im ZDF ausgestrahlt wird.

Episodenliste

Frühes Ende
Am 16. Dezember 2012 wurde bekannt, dass es zu Unstimmigkeiten zwischen Gruber und dem ZDF über die Sendung kam. Wie das Magazin Der Spiegel berichtete, ist man unterschiedlicher Auffassung, wie boulevardesk die Show ausgerichtet sein soll. Grubers Vertrag beim ZDF lief ohnehin Ende 2012 aus. ZDF-Unterhaltungschef Oliver Fuchs erklärte aber: "Wir würden uns freuen, weiterhin mit Frau Gruber zusammenzuarbeiten". Ob weiterhin mit Leute, Leute! oder anderen Formaten ließ er offen.

Feedback
 DWDL.de (Thomas Lückerath): "So bissig und böse ist sonst kaum jemand im deutschen Fernsehen. (...) Monika Gruber, aber auch ihre Gäste wie etwa Oliver Kalkofe, nahmen kein Blatt vor den Mund und feuerten neben allerlei gut abgehangenen Zoten auch so manch treffsichere Medienkritik.".
 Süddeutsche Zeitung (Carolin Gasteiger): "Die Gags wirken sehr platt und konstruiert - Heidi und Seal trennen sich, Demi Moore und Ashton Kutcher, Lothar Matthäus und sein Haupthirn. Haha. Auf der Kabarettbühne mag das funktionieren, mit der typisch Gruberschen bayerischen Schnauze. Hier aber wirkt Gruber ein wenig verloren, ihre Pointen zu einstudiert."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kabarett (Deutschland)
Comedy-Fernsehsendung
Fernsehsendung (ZDF)
Fernsehsendung der 2010er Jahre

Leute, Leute!


Christopher Mhlengwa Zikode (nascido em 1975), também conhecido como o Assassino em Série de Donnybrook (Donnybrook Serial Killer) é um estuprador e assassino em série sul-africano que foi condenado em 1995 por oito assassinatos, cinco estupros, cinco tentativas de assassinato e dois atentados ao pudor. Zikode é, no entanto, considerado responsável por pelo menos 18 homicídios e 11 tentativas.

Ele é considerado um dos assassinos em série mais notórios da África do Sul.

Os crimes

Zikode atuou na pequena cidade rural sul-africana de Donnybrook, na província de KwaZulu-Natal, onde ao longo de dois anos, entre 1993 e 1995, atacou famílias e mulheres desacompanhadas que encontrava nas ruas. De modo geral, seu modus operandi era forçar a entrada em uma casa e atirar em todos os membros masculinos da família. Ele então levava as mulheres para campos ou plantações próximas e as estuprava repetidamente, às vezes durante várias horas. Vítimas que não cooperassem eram baleadas antes dele praticar necrofilia. Quanto às mulheres desacompanhadas, quando ele as via sozinhas, começava uma conversa e acabava convencendo a vítima a acompanhá-lo até um lugar afastado, onde elas eram atacadas e mortas geralmente por estrangulamento.

Segundo o IOL, no que chamou de "apenas algumas das muitas atrocidades que Zikode cometeu", "em 24 de junho de 1995, ele estuprou repetidamente uma mulher e sua filha de nove anos na mesma cama. No mês seguinte, ele invadiu o quarto de Zanele Khumalo enquanto ela dormia. Ele atirou na cabeça dela, depois a arrastou para uma plantação próxima e a estuprou".

Prisão e pena
Zikode foi preso pela primeira vez em julho de 1995 pela tentativa de assassinato de Beauty Zulu. Enquanto estava sob fiança, cometeu outros crimes, incluindo um assassinato e duas tentativas. Foi preso definitivamente em 29 de setembro de 1995 e condenado em 7 de janeiro de 1997 a 140 anos de prisão.

O criminoso foi condenado com a ajuda do psicólogo sul-africano e criador de perfis criminais Micki Pistorius, com o juiz dizendo na sentença que o assassino não tinha absolutamente nenhuma consideração pela vida humana e sua atitude em relação às mulheres era "desprezível".

Veja também

 Assassino em série
 Lista de assassinos em série por número de vítimas
 Elifasi Msomi
 Moses Sithole

Referências

Sumário

Assassinos em série
Criminosos da África do Sul
Nascidos em 1975

Christopher Mhlengwa Zikode


مقبس 7 الممتاز  وهو مقبس طورته شركة إي أم دي من مقبس 7, ويستخدم من قبل معالجات إي أم دي كي 6 2 وإي أم دي كي 6 III من شركة إي أم دي ومعالجات سيركس أم II وغيرها، وباستطاعة المعالجات القاديمة المستخدمة لمقبس 7 أن تستخدم هذا المقبس. أم المعالجات الجديدة المستخدمة لهذا المقبس ليس باستطاعتها استخدام المقابس القديم. وباستطاع المعالجات المستخدمة لمقبس 5 أن تعمل على هذى المقبس إذا قامت الشركة المصنعة للوحات الأم بتوفير الجهد الكهربائي المستلزم لهذه المعالجات.

وبينما كانت شركة إي أم دي تستخدم مقابس من إنتاج شركة إنتل, كان مقبس 7 آخر مقبس إستخدمته من تلك الشركة. وبإيقاف تطوير إنتل لمقبس 7 تأملت أن تبقى إي أم دي متأخرة عنه لعدم استخدامها لشق 1 لتصبح معالجات شركة إنتل بلا منافس. فبتطوير سرعة الأف أس بي من 66 هرتز و 100 MHz أمنت إي أم دي الحال المطلوب في حين إنتاجها لشق إي الخاص بها.

و لأن كانت هذه التكنولوجيا رخيصة، قامت شركات المنتجة لمجموعة الشرائح مثل فيا تكنولوجيز وسيس (SiS) بإنتاج مجموعات شرائح لهذا المقبس ذات جودة منخفضة خاصة في ما يتعلق بمنفذ الرسوميات السريع, مما حثّ إي أم دي أن تبدأ ببرنامج تأمين الجودة لمعالجاتها الجديدة من نوع آثلون.

مراجع

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس 7 الممتاز


Hoya macgillivrayi ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung der Wachsblumen (Hoya) aus der Unterfamilie der Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Die Art ist endemisch in den Iron- und McIlwraith Ranges der östlichen Kap-York-Halbinsel im Norden des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. Das Artepithet ehrt den Arzt und Naturwissenschaftler William David Kerr Macgillivray (1867–1933).

Merkmale
Hoya macgillivrayi ist eine epiphytisch, selten auch auf Steinen wachsende, windende Pflanze mit zylindrischen, 5 mm im Durchmesser messenden, kahlen Trieben. Alle Teile der Pflanze enthalten einen weißen Milchsaft. Die eiförmigen bis lanzettlichen Blattspreiten sitzen auf einem 2 bis 3,5 cm langen und 2 bis 5 mm dicken Stiel. Die Basis der Blattspreite ist herzförmig, das äußere Ende zugespitzt. Sie messen 15 bis 20 cm in der Länge und 2,5 bis 8 cm in der Breite. Die Blätter sind gegenständig angeordnet, kahl und sukkulent. Junge Blätter sind kupferfarben, ältere Blätter dunkelgrün. Die Internodien messen etwa 20 cm.

Der Blütenstand enthält bis zu 12 Einzelblüten (6 bis 10). Er bildet sich an den Internodien aus. Die grünen bis gelblichen Blütenstandstiele sind 4 bis 20 cm lang bei einer Dicke von 1 bis 2 Millimetern. Die tassenförmigen Blüten haben einen Durchmesser von 5,5 bis 8 cm. Sie sitzen auf 5,4 bis 8,5 mm langen, grünen, kahlen Stielen. Die Kelchblätter sind spitz auslaufend, 3 bis 4 mm lang und an der Basis ca. 2 mm breit. Die Blüten sind einheitlich dunkelrot oder auch im Zentrum weiß. Die Kronblattzipfel sind 2 bis 2,5 cm lang und 1,9 bis 2,3 mm breit. Die laufen spitz aus, die Ränder sind stark umgebogen. Die Nebenkrone hat etwa 1,8 bis 2,4 cm im Durchmesser und ist etwa 1 cm hoch. Sie ist dunkelrot und kahl. Die staminalen Nebenkronzipfel sind 10 bis 12 mm lang und 2 bis 3 mm breit. Der innere, spitze Fortsatz ist 5 – 10 mm lang und aufsteigend. Der äußere Fortsatz ist breieiförmig bis spitz und nur schwach aufsteigend. Die Fortsätze der Staubblätter sind 2,5 mm lang und zugespitzt. Der Griffelkopf misst rd. 3 mm im Durchmesser. Die länglichen Pollinien messen 1,4 mm in der Länge und 0,45 mm in der Breite. Das Corpusculum hat die Maße: 0,8 mm Länge, 0,5 mm Breite; die Caudiculae messen 0,4 mm in der Länge und 0,2 mm in der Breite. Die Blüten duften intensiv und halten etwa zehn Tage. Die paarigen Früchte hängen und werden 15 bis 19 cm lang (bis zu 25 cm) und haben einen Durchmesser von 1,5 cm.

Ähnliche Arten
Hoya macgillvrayi ist nahe mit drei Arten: Hoya archboldiana C. Norman, Hoya megalaster Warburg und Hoya onychoides P. I. Forster D. J. Liddle & I. M. Liddle aus Neuguinea verwandt. Alle vier Arten haben sehr große Blüten, sie unterscheiden sich jedoch etwas in der Blütengröße und vor allem der Blütenform.

Geographische Verbreitung und Lebensraum
Die Art ist endemisch im  Iron-Range-McIlwraith-Range-Gebiet (Nationalpark) der Kap-York-Halbinsel im Norden des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. In den dortigen Monsun-Regenwäldern klettert sie bis in das Kronendach oder auch in Bäume entlang offener Bäche.

Taxonomie
Hoya macgillivrayi wurde 1914 von Frederick Manson Bailey (1827–1915) im Queensland Agricultural Journal, Neue Serie, Band, S. 190 erstmals publiziert. Als Typlokalität wurde der Claudie River nahe seiner Einmündung in die Lloyd Bay (Queensland, Australien) angegeben. Das Typusexemplar war von dem Arzt Dr. William David Kerr Macgillivray gesammelt worden. Synonyme sind keine bekannt. Ihre spektakulären Blüten gehören zu den größten Blüten in der Gattung der Wachsblumen. Sie ist bereits seit einiger Zeit in Kultur, und im Handel sind neben einigen in der Natur vorkommenden Klonen auch eine ganze Reihe von Cultivaren erhältlich.

Belege

Literatur
 Focke Albers, Ulli Meve (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon Band 3 Asclepiadaceae (Seidenpflanzengewächse). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3982-0 (S. 155).
 Anders Wennström und Katarina Stenman: The Genus Hoya - Species and Cultivation. 144 S., Botanova, Umeå 2008 ISBN 978-91-633-0477-4 (S. 90)
 David Liddle: Preliminary observations on Hoya and Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae) in Australia. In: Paul Forster (Hrsg.): Hoya in Australia. S. 2–37, 1987 (S. 18, 22)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Hoya macgillivrayi auf der Website der Australian National Botanic Gardens

 growinghoyas.com - Website von Jeanette Karlsen

macgillivrayi
macgillivrayi

Hoya macgillivrayi


Jens Hartvig Jakobsen (født 1892 i Ålborg, død 1952 i København) var dansk jurist, og hans forfatterskab er af juridisk art. Hartvig Jacobsen havde en stor interesse for forfatteres og udøvende kunstneres faglige, organisationsmæssige og retslige forhold.

Han blev først juridisk konsulent for Dansk Forfatterforening og sidenhen formand.

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Hartvig Jacobsen