خربة خزعة (بالعبرية חרבת חזעה) هي رواية قصيرة من تأليف الكاتب الإسرائيلي يزهار سميلنسكي نشرت عام 1949.

تحكي الرواية قصة طرد سكان قرية باسم خربة خزعة، وهو اسم لقرية خيالية تمثل القرى العربية التي هجرت خلال نكبة 1948. القصة لا تترك مجالا للشك بلا أخلاقية جنود جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي خلال عملية الطرد. وهي أول قصة إسرائيلية تتناول هذا الموضوع.

عام 1978 تم إنتاج فيلم تلفزيوني عن هذه الرواية في بلدة المدية التابعة لمدينة رام الله
، وقد أثار ذلك ضجة في إسرائيل بسبب كونها من إنتاج التلفزيون الرسمي. قام وزير المعارف في حينها زفولون همر بمنع البث لكن الفيلم بث في نهاية الأمر بعد تدخل من سلطة البث الإسرائيلية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام الصراع الفلسطيني الإسرائيلي
حرب 1948
روايات 1949
روايات إسرائيلية
روايات إسرائيلية في القرن 20

خربة خزعة


Općinska nogometna liga Slavonska Požega za sezonu 1983./84. je predstavljala pretposljednji rang natjecanja, odnosno ligu šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije. Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvenstvo se igralo dvokružno. NK Slavija Pleternica je u kvlifikacijama izgubila od NK Mladost Cernik te se nije uspjela kvalificirati u Međuopćinsku ligu. NK BSK Biškupci,  NK Eminovci i  NK Slatina Komorica su ispali u niži rang natjecanja.

Tablica

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Međuopćinska liga – Jug 1983./84.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Đuro Mesić: NK Parasan Golobrdci (1956. – 2006.), Požega 2006.

1983-84
Slavonska Požega
1983-84 Slasvonska Požega

Općinska nogometna liga Slavonska Požega 1983./84.


Ensembles

Ensemble Hochfeld

Das Hochfeld ist ein Augsburger Wohnviertel, das ab der Zeit um 1910 im räumlichen Anschluss an die 1882–1884 errichtete Infanteriekaserne (Prinz-Karl-Kaserne) auf noch unbebautem Gelände im Süden Augsburgs kontinuierlich von genossenschaftlichen Wohnbauträgern angelegt worden ist und dementsprechend ein geschlossenes Bild von Siedlungsbauformen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts bietet.

Trageachsen des Quartiers sind die west-ost-gerichtete, an der Infanteriekaserne vorbeistreichende Schertlinstraße sowie die senkrecht dazu, also nordsüdlich verlaufenden Firnhaber- und Hochfeldstraße. Die Firnhaberstraße nimmt auf die Mittelachse der Kaserne Bezug, die Hochfeldstraße stellt am Kasernengelände vorbei die Verbindung mit der Innenstadt her. Aus diesem in der Anfangszeit der Bebauung festgelegten Senkrechtschema der Hauptstraßen ergibt sich für das Viertel in seinem nördlichen Teil ein Rastergrundriss. Darin umfasst das Ensemble lediglich die erste Blockreihe südlich der Schertlinstraße unter Einschluss der Nordseite dieser Straße östlich des Kasernengeländes. Es handelt sich um einen ungestörten Bereich, der zwischen 1910 und 1928 von verschiedenen Wohnbaugesellschaften bebaut worden ist, wobei die Abgrenzung nach Süden durch eine anschließende Störungszone mit Ersatzbebauung aus der Zeit nach 1945 diktiert ist.

Unmittelbarer Anlass für die Bebauung des Hochfelds war die Errichtung des Bahnbetriebswerks 1903-06, das 1910-11 die Anlage von Wohnhäusern für Eisenbahner an der Firnhaberstraße nach sich zog ("Baugenossenschaft des Verkehrspersonals Augsburg-Süd"). Aufgrund der großen Anstrengungen, die nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg unternommen werden mussten, um der drückenden Wohnungsnot zu begegnen, wuchs das neue Wohnviertel in den 1920er Jahren sprunghaft weiter. Die "Baugenossenschaft des Verkehrspersonals Augsburg-Süd" vervollständigte bis 1925 ihren Baublock bis zur Hochfeldstraße; östlich anschließend errichteten zwischen 1923 und 1928 jenseits der Hochfeldstraße das "Siedlungswerk des Mietervereins Augsburg und Umgebung" eine aus mehrgeschossigen Zeilen und Reihenhäusern mit steilen Ziergiebeln zusammengesetzte Mischbebauung und die Stadtgemeinde Augsburg die um einen Gartenhof angeordnete Dreiflügelanlage des Zeppelinhofs.

Während die Bauten aus der Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg noch die reduzierthistorisierende Formensprache des späten Jugendstils vortragen, zeigen die Wohnhäuser der 1920er Jahre eine nüchternere Gestaltung mit leicht expressionistischem Einschlag im Detail. Das Ensemble gewährt einen Einblick in die Bandbreite architektonischer Kompositionsweise im gemeinnützigen Wohnungsbau aus der Zeit der Weimarer Republik: die Anlage-Formen reichen vom allseits geschlossenen Wohnhof mit begrüntem, Gemeinschaftsgebäude einfassendem Binnenraum über den offenen Dreiflügelhof mit breitem Gartenparterre (Zeppelinhof) bis hin zur Parallelschaltung von mehrgeschossigen Wohnzeilen und zur Reihenhausabfolge. Dem Ensemble-Bereich östlich der Hochfeldstraße verleiht die hier allen Anlagen gemeinsame Handschrift des Architekten Gottfried Bösch außerdem eine besondere formale Geschlossenheit.

Aktennummer: E-7-61-000-21

Einzelbauwerke

|}

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

Augsburg

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Augsburg-Hochfeld


Alexander Rudolph Küntzel, né le  à Leslau et mort le  à Wolka, près de Löbau, est un homme politique prussien. Il est membre du Parlement de Francfort de 1848 à 1849.

Biographie
Küntzel naît le  à Leslau, alors dans la province de Prusse-Méridionale, d'un père propriétaire terrien et commissaire des douanes. Il étudie au collège Fridericianum de Königsberg de Pâques 1822 à Pâques 1824, d'où il sort avec le certificat de fin d'études secondaires. À l'université de Königsberg, il étudie le droit à partir de 1824 puis entre comme stagiaire dans l'administration. À partir de 1830, il travaille comme agriculteur sur le domaine de Wolka, près de Löbau en Prusse-Orientale, avant d'en devenir administrateur en 1839 puis propriétaire en 1847. Il est par ailleurs l'auteur de pamphlets et d'articles politiques, comme « Ce que veulent les libéraux en Prusse et ce que veut Monsieur von Lavergne-Peguilhen » (1846). En 1842, il est même condamné pour l'un d'eux où il critiquait les autorités de district à Löbau.

En 1848, Küntzel remplace Alexander von Lavergne-Peguilhen au Parlement de Francfort en tant que député de la  circonscription de la province de Prusse, représentant l'. Il prend ses fonctions le 7 octobre, siégeant avec la fraction Casino (centre-droit). En mars 1849, il vote pour l'élection du roi de Prusse Frédéric-Guillaume IV comme empereur des Allemands puis, le 24 mai, quitte le Parlement.

Par la suite, il s'occupe de plusieurs domaines agricoles : en 1862 à Osterode, dans la province de Prusse, de 1862 à 1867 à Mülheim an der Mosel, dans la province de Rhénanie, de 1867 à 1871 à Biebrich am Rhein, dans la province de Hesse-Nassau, puis, à nouveau, à partir de 1871, à Wolka où il meurt le , à 68 ans.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1804
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Méridionale
Décès en mai 1873
Décès dans la province de Prusse
Membre du Parlement de Francfort
Décès à 68 ans

Alexander Küntzel


Thomas Dieter Bethke (* 12. Dezember 1961 in Uetersen, Schleswig-Holstein) ist ein deutscher Mediziner, Klinischer Pharmakologe und Hochschullehrer. Bethke war an den Entwicklungen und Zulassungen von neuen Medikamenten wie dem Protonenpumpenhemmer Pantoprazol, dem inhalativen Steroid Ciclesonid sowie dem klinisch wirksamen Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 Inhibitor in der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD) Roflumilast beteiligt.

Bethke studierte Humanmedizin am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf. 1989 wurde er promoviert mit einer experimentellen Arbeit über inotrope Medikamente bei Herzversagen. Danach forschte er zwei Jahre über kardiovaskuläre Themen, bevor er sich auf dem Gebiet der Klinischen Pharmakologie spezialisierte. 1995 erwarb er seinen Facharztabschluss in Klinischer Pharmakologie. Klinisch-praktische und wissenschaftliche Erfahrungen sammelte er an der University of Virginia (USA) und der Yale University (USA).

Bethke ist außerplanmäßiger Professor der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen, Fachgebiet Klinische Pharmakologie.

Sein Forschungsschwerpunkt ist die experimentelle und klinische Pharmakologie sowie die therapeutische Anwendung von PDE-Hemmstoffen. Promotion (Hamburg 1989) und Habilitation (Tübingen 2009) beschäftigten sich mit diesen Themen.

Bethke schloss zusätzlich einen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Master of Business Administration (Kollegg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, und Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung Otto Beisheim, Graduate School of Management, Koblenz 1999;  Master-Thesis: "Knowledge Management in Clinical Drug Development") ab.

Bethke hatte verschiedene Leitungsfunktionen in der pharmazeutischen Industrie. 1996 bis 2001 leitete er die Humanpharmakologie bei Byk Gulden, danach von 2001 bis 2006 die Internationale Klinische Forschung bei Altana Pharma, wo er 2006/2007 Vizepräsident für  Klinische Entwicklungsstrategie war, und ab 2007 war er  Medical Director bei Nycomed.

2000 wurde er Fellow der Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine, London. Er ist Mitglied der Fortbildungskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pharmazeutische Medizin.

Schriften
 mit D. C. Grootendorst, S. A. Gauw, P. J. Sterk, J. J. Hospers, P. S. Hiemstra, K. F. Rabe: 4 weeks treatment with PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast does not change airway inflammation in sputum in patients with COPD. In: Targeting inflammation in asthma and COPD – Interventions beyond inhaled steroids. 149 161, Diana C. Grootendorst, 2003, ISBN 90-6734-207-6.
 mit H. Tenor, A. Hatzelmann, R. Beume, G. Lahu, K. Zech: Pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability of PDE4 inhibitors: Impact of human pharmacokinetics. In: S. H. Francis u. a. (Hrsg.): Phosphodiesterases as Drug targets, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-17968-6.
 mit A. Hatzelmann, R. Beume, C. Schudt, H. Tenor: Bedeutung und potentielle Möglichkeiten von Roflumilast als antiflammatorisches Wirkprinzip. In: O.C. Burghuber (Hrsg.): Komorbidität bei obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen – Entzündung und antiinflammatorische Therapie. Lehrbuch. UNI-MED Verlag AG, Bremen/ London/ Boston 2012, ISBN 978-3-8374-2231-3.

Weblinks

 Lebenslauf (PDF; 53 kB)

 Interview mit Thomas Bethke zur Allergenforschung, BIOPRO Baden-Württemberg GmbH, vom 18. März 2011

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Pharmakologe
Hochschullehrer (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Deutscher
Person (Uetersen)
Geboren 1961
Mann

Thomas Bethke


Kristjánssund er sveitarfélag í Mæri og Raumsdalur í Noregi. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu er 24.159 (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er borgin Kristjánssund. Sveitarfélögin innihalda einnig þéttbýlið Rensvik, Solsletta og Storbakken.

Austan Kristjánssund liggur Aure sveitarfélagið, suðaustan við Tingvoll og sunnan Gjemnes sveitarfélögin. Vestur af Bremsnesfirði liggur sveitarfélagið Averøy.

Sveitarfélög í Mæri og Raumsdal

Kristjánssund (sveitarfélag)


Joseph Karl Gottlieb Herrmann, häufig auch Hermann, (* 12. März 1800 in Dresden; † 7. November 1869 in Loschwitz) war ein deutscher Bildhauer.

Leben

Joseph Herrmann wurde am 12. März 1800 in Dresden geboren, sein Vater war der Bildhauer Joseph Dominik Herrmann. Von 1815 bis 1820 studierte er an der Dresdner Kunstakademie und war 1819 Schüler bei Christian Gottlieb Kühn. Im Jahr 1820 ging er mit Unterstützung des Sächsischen Königs Friedrich August I. nach Rom und schloss sich dort der Künstlergruppe um Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein und Ludwig Richter an und wurde Mitarbeiter im Atelier des Bildhauers Bertel Thorvaldsen, wo er über zehn Jahre blieb.

Im Februar 1821 gehörte er zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der deutschen (Künstler)bibliothek in Rom. Sein Skizzenbuch aus dem Jahre 1822 gehört heute zum Bestand des Dresdner Stadtmuseums. Im Jahr 1823 schuf Joseph Herrmann, nach einer Skizze von Bertel Thorvaldsen, die Statue des Apostel Andreas für die Reihe der 12 Aposteln in der Frauenkirche Kopenhagen und für das Giebelfeld der Frauenkirche fertigte er den gebeugt sitzenden greisen Schriftgelehrten (Zweite Figur von links).

Im Auftrag des Kronprinzen von Bayern schuf er 1825 eine Büste Johann III. von Dalberg, Bischof von Worms, für die Walhalla.

1828 empfahl ihn Bertel Thorvaldsen dem sächsischen Hofe zur Lieferung eines Brustbildes des König Friedrich August I. für die Aula der Tharandter Forstakademie.

Joseph Herrmann kehrte 1831 zurück nach Dresden. In dieser Zeit entstand das Relief der sitzenden Saxonia für den Vordergiebel der Altstädter Hauptwache und 1834 restaurierte er die Corradinischen Vasen am Eingang zum Großen Garten in Dresden.

Von 1835 bis 1852 folgte ein längerer Arbeitsaufenthalt in Sankt Petersburg. 1836 ehrte die Petersburger Kunstakademie Joseph Herrmann mit dem Künstlerdiplom. In Sankt Petersburg wirkte er an der künstlerischen Gestaltung des Winterpalais mit. Zum Tode von Friedrich Wilhelm III., 1840, fertigte er für die Petersburger Trauerfeierlichkeiten sieben Kolossalfiguren aus Alabastergips. Um 1844 schuf er die 24 Engel an der Kuppel der Isaakskathedrale in Sankt Petersburg. 1850 stellte er in Sankt Petersburg eine Büste seiner Gattin aus.

Nach 1852 siedelte er, in Russland zu Wohlstand gekommen, wieder nach Dresden-Loschwitz um und war bis zu seinem Tod freischaffend tätig. Sein Besitztum und 22 000 Taler vermachte er der Dresdner Künstlerschaft. Seine letzte Ruhestätte befindet sich auf dem Alten Katholischen Friedhof in Dresden.

Ein Bildnis Joseph Herrmanns (Kupferstich) vom Maler Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein von 1820 befindet sich im Kupferstichkabinett Dresden, eine Bleistiftzeichnung von Gustav Adolph Hennig (Rom 1823) befindet sich in Leipziger Privatbesitz und ein Bronzerelief von Carl Schlüter an Joseph Herrmanns Grabmal auf dem alten katholischen Friedhof zu Dresden.

Bildergalerie

Werke (Auswahl)
 1816: zwei Kinderköpfe in Gips
 1816: Hippokrates-Statue aus Ton bossiert und in Gips gegossen
 1816: Reliefbild eines naturalistischen Aktes
 1823: Apostels Andreas-Statue (nach einer Skizze von Bertel Thorvaldsen) für die Frauenkirche Kopenhagen
 1823: Marmorbüste George Washingtons
 1825: Büste des Johann von Dalberg für die Walhalla
 1828: Marmorbüsten von König Friedrich August I. und von König Anton von Sachsen
 1829: Marmorbüste vom späteren König Friedrich August II.
 1831: Giebel der Altstädter Wache mit der Saxonia in Dresden
 1844: 24 Engel an der Kuppel der Isaakskathedrale in Sankt Petersburg
 1869: Joseph-Herrmann-Denkmal in Dresden-Loschwitz, Denkmal für seinen Vater, der 1799 drei Fischer aus den Hochwasserfluten der Elbe rettete

Literatur

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Bildhauer (Dresden)
Geboren 1800
Gestorben 1869
Mann

Joseph Herrmann


Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4. It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, that dissolves in water as K+ and , an intensely pink to purple solution.

Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tons.

Properties
Potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of the tetrahedral transition metal oxo complex permanganate, in which four  ligands are bound to a manganese(VII) center.

Structure
 forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: a = 910.5 pm, b = 572.0 pm, c = 742.5 pm.  The overall motif is similar to that for barium sulfate, with which it forms solid solutions. In the solid (as in solution), each  centre is tetrahedral. The Mn–O distances are 1.62 Å.

Color
The purplish-black color of solid potassium permanganate, and the intensely pink to purple color of its solutions, is caused by its permanganate anion, which gets its color from a strong charge-transfer absorption band caused by excitation of electrons from oxo ligand orbitals to empty orbitals of the manganese(VII) center.

Medical uses

Mechanism of Action
Potassium permanganate functions as a strong oxidising agent. Through this mechanism it results in disinfection, astringent effects, and decreased smell.

Clinical use
Potassium permanganate is used for a number of skin conditions. This includes fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and tropical ulcers. For tropical ulcers it is used together with procaine benzylpenicillin.  Typically it is used in skin conditions that produce a lot of liquid. It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

It can be used in children and adults. It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath. Petroleum jelly may be used on the nails before soaking to prevent their discoloration. For treating eczema, it is recommended using for a few days at a time due to the possibility of it irritating the skin.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recommend its use in the crystal or tablet form. It should only be used in a diluted liquid form.

Historical Use
Potassium permanganate was first made in the 1600s and came into common medical use at least as early as the 1800s. During World War I Canadian soldiers were given potassium permanganate (to be applied mixed with an ointment) in an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections (resulting mostly in violet stained genitals.) Some have attempted to bring about an abortion by putting it in the vagina, though this is not effective. Other historical uses have included as an effort to wash out the stomach in those with strychnine or picrotoxin poisoning.

Side Effects
Side effects from topical use may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing. A harsh burn on a child from an undissolved tablet has been reported.  Higher concentration solutions can result in chemical burns. Therefore, the British National Formulary recommends 100 mg be dissolved in a liter of water before use to form a 1:10,000 (0.01%) solution.  Wrapping the dressings soaked with potassium permanganate is not recommended.

Potassium permanganate is toxic if taken by mouth. Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath may occur. If a sufficiently large amount (about 10 grams) is eaten death may occur.

Concentrated solutions when drunk have resulted in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome or swelling of the airway. Recommended measures for those who have ingested potassium permanganate include gastroscopy. Activated charcoal or medications to cause vomiting are not recommended. While medications like ranitidine and N-acetylcysteine may be used in toxicity, evidence for this use is poor.

Parmaceuticals
In the United States the FDA requires tablets of the medication to be sold by prescription. Potassium permanganate, however, does not have FDA approved uses and therefore non medical grade potassium permanganate is sometimes used for medical use.[citation needed]

It is available under a number of brand names including Permasol, Koi Med Tricho-Ex, and Kalii permanganas RFF. It is occasionally called "Condy's crystals".

Veterinary Medicine
Potassium permanganate may be used to prevent the spread of glanders among horses.

Industrial and Other Uses
Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties. As a strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO4 has many niche uses.

Water treatment
Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via a "manganese greensand" filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores and is used additionally to treat wastewater. Historically it was used to disinfect drinking water and can turn the water pink. Modern hiking and survivalist guides advise against using potassium permanganate in the field because it is difficult to dose correctly.  It currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such as zebra mussels in fresh water collection and treatment systems.

Synthesis of organic compounds

A major application of KMnO4 is as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds. Significant amounts are required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid, chloramphenicol, saccharin, isonicotinic acid, and pyrazinoic acid.

KMnO4 is used in qualitative organic analysis to test for the presence of unsaturation. It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent after the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer .  The reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds (-C=C- or -C≡C-) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a positive test.  The test is antiquated.

KMnO4 solution is a common thin layer chromatography stain for the detection of oxidizable functional groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, and ketones. Such compounds result in a white to orange spot on TLC plates.

Analytical use
Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry). As potassium permanganate is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of purple, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution. In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. For the standardization of KMnO4 solutions, reduction by oxalic acid is often used. In agricultural chemistry, it is used for estimation of active carbon in soil.

Aqueous, acidic solutions of KMnO4 are used to collect gaseous mercury in flue gas during stationary source emissions testing.

In histology, potassium permanganate was used as a bleaching agent.

Fruit preservation
Ethylene absorbents extend storage time of bananas even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing bananas in polyethylene together with potassium permanganate. By removing ethylene by oxidation, the permanganate delays the ripening, increasing the fruit's shelf life up to 4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.

Survival kits
Potassium permanganate is sometimes included in survival kits: as a hypergolic fire starter (when mixed with glycerol antifreeze from a car radiator); as a water sterilizer; and for creating distress signals on snow.

Fire service
Potassium permanganate is added to "plastic sphere dispensers" to create backfires, burnouts, and controlled burns. Polymer spheres resembling ping-pong balls containing small amounts of permanganate are injected with ethylene glycol and projected towards the area where ignition is desired, where they spontaneously ignite seconds later. Both handheld helicopter- unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or boat-mounted plastic sphere dispensers are used.

Other uses
Potassium permanganate is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to "age" props and set dressings. Its ready conversion to brown MnO2 creates "hundred-year-old" or "ancient" looks on hessian cloth (burlap), ropes, timber, and glass.

Potassium permanganate can be used to oxidize cocaine paste to purify it and increase its stability. This led to the Drug Enforcement Administration launching Operation Purple in 2000, with the goal of monitoring the world supply of potassium permanganate; however, potassium permanganate derivatives and substitutes were soon used thereafter to avoid the operation.

Potassium permangate is used as an oxidizing agent in the synthesis of cocaine and methcathinone.

Potassium permanganate is one of a number of possible treatments for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (commonly known as "ich"), a parasite that infects and usually kills freshwater aquarium fish.

History
In 1659, Johann Rudolf Glauber fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) which slowly shifted to violet and then finally red. The reaction that produced the color changes that Glauber observed in his solution of potassium permanganate and potassium manganate (K2MnO4) is now known as the "chemical chameleon". This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate. Just under 200 years later, London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants; he found that fusing pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolving it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as 'Condy's Fluid'. Although effective, the solution was not very stable. This was overcome by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than NaOH. This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as 'Condy's crystals' or 'Condy's powder'. Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture, so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation to stop competitors from marketing similar products.

Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder. It is now replaced with other oxidizers, due to the instability of permanganate mixtures.

Preparation
Potassium permanganate is produced industrially from manganese dioxide, which also occurs as the mineral pyrolusite. In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tonnes. The MnO2 is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another source of oxygen, like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate. This process gives potassium manganate:
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 -> 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O

(With sodium hydroxide, the end product is not sodium manganate but an Mn(V) compound, which is one reason why the potassium permanganate is more commonly used than sodium permanganate. Furthermore, the potassium salt crystallizes better.)

The potassium manganate is then converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in alkaline media:
2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O -> 2 KMnO4 + 2 KOH + H2

Other methods
Although of no commercial importance, potassium manganate can be oxidized by chlorine or by disproportionation under acidic conditions. The chlorine oxidation reaction is
2 K2MnO4 + Cl2 -> 2 KMnO4 + 2 KCl

and the acid-induced disproportionation reaction may be written as
3 K2MnO4 + 4 HCl -> 2 KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 KCl

A weak acid such as carbonic acid is sufficient for this reaction:
3 K2MnO4 + 2 CO2 -> 2 KMnO4 + 2 K2CO3 + MnO2

Permanganate salts may also be generated by treating a solution of Mn2+ ions with strong oxidants such as lead dioxide (PbO2), sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3), or peroxydisulfate. Tests for the presence of manganese exploit the vivid violet color of permanganate produced by these reagents.

Reactions

Organic chemistry
Dilute solutions of KMnO4 convert alkenes into diols. This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the initially purple permanganate solution and generates a brown precipitate (MnO2). In this context, it is sometimes called Baeyer's reagent. However, bromine serves better in measuring unsaturation (double or triple bonds) quantitatively, since KMnO4, being a very strong oxidizing agent, can react with a variety of groups.

Under acidic conditions, the alkene double bond is cleaved to give the appropriate carboxylic acid:
CH3(CH2)17CH=CH2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 -> CH3(CH2)17COOH + CO2 + 4 H2O + K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4

Potassium permanganate oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids, illustrated by the conversion of n-heptanal to heptanoic acid:
5 C6H13CHO + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 -> 5 C6H13COOH + 3 H2O + K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4

Even an alkyl group (with a benzylic hydrogen) on an aromatic ring is oxidized, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid.
5 C6H5CH3 + 6 KMnO4 + 9 H2SO4 -> 5 C6H5COOH + 14 H2O + 3 K2SO4 + 6 MnSO4

Glycols and polyols are highly reactive toward KMnO4. For example, addition of potassium permanganate to an aqueous solution of sugar and sodium hydroxide produces the chemical chameleon reaction, which involves dramatic color changes associated with the various oxidation states of manganese.  A related vigorous reaction is exploited as a fire starter in survival kits. For example, a mixture of potassium permanganate and glycerol or pulverized glucose ignites readily. Its sterilizing properties are another reason for inclusion of KMnO4 in a survival kit.

Ion exchange
Treating a mixture of aqueous potassium permanganate with a quaternary ammonium salt results in ion exchange, precipitating the quat salt of permanganate.  Solutions of these salts are sometimes soluble in organic solvents:
KMnO4 + R4NCl -> R4NMnO4 + KCl

Similarly, addition of a crown ether also gives a lipophilic salt.

Reaction with acids and bases
Permanganate reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give chlorine and manganese(II):
2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl -> 2 MnCl2 + 5 Cl2 + 2 KCl + 8 H2O

In neutral solution, permanganate slowly reduces to manganese dioxide (MnO2). This is the material that stains one's skin when handling KMnO4.

KMnO4 reduces in alkaline solution to give green K2MnO4:
4 KMnO4 + 4 KOH -> 4 K2MnO4 + O2 + 2 H2O
This reaction illustrates the relatively rare role of hydroxide as a reducing agent.

Addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to potassium permanganate gives Mn2O7. Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidizing power and rapidly oxidizes the alcohol, causing it to combust. As the reaction also produces explosive Mn2O7, this should only be attempted with great caution.

Thermal decomposition
Solid potassium permanganate decomposes when heated:
2 KMnO4 -> K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

Safety and handling
Potassium permanganate poses risks as an oxidizer. Contact with skin can cause skin irritation and in some cases severe allergic reaction. It can also result in discoloration and clothing stains.

References

Further reading

External links

Potassium compounds
Permanganates
Oxidizing agents
Disinfectants
Abortifacients
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Photographic chemicals
Articles containing video clips
World Health Organization essential medicines
X

Potassium permanganate


An Festuca bajacaliforniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gonz.-led. ngan Stephen D. Koch. An Festuca bajacaliforniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca bajacaliforniana


Krivolov ili lovni kriminal je protuzakoniti lov, ribolov ili hvatanje divljih životinja. Krivolovci koji se bave krivolovom su se povijesno nazivali i lovokradicama, kradljivcima divljači, lovcima-pljačkašima ili lukavcima (njem. Schwarzgeher).
Krivolov može biti nezakonit zbog:

 Lov ili ribolov izvan zakonom utvrđene sezone (lovostaj).
 Krivolovac nema dozvolu.
 Životinja se nalazi u zabranjenom području.
 Pravo na lov na tu životinju netko polaže.
 Naprava koja se koristi je nezakonita, ili
 Sredstva koja se koriste su nezakonita (npr. zamke, reflektori za omamljivanje ili paraliziranje jelena ili zečeva ili eksplozivi za ubijanje ribe).
 Životinja ili riba je zaštićena zakonom ili je navedena kao ugrožena vrsta.
 Životinju ili biljku označio je lovočuvar.

UN su u svom dokumentu "Petnaest ciljeva održivog razvoja" (Sustainable Development Goal 15 ili SDG 15) u članku 15.7 naglasili važnost održive uporabe lovišta, koje se sastoji i u "hitnom djelovanju za okončanjem krivolova i nezakonite trgovine zaštićenih vrsta flore i faune, kao i djelovanju na ponudu i potražnju nezakonito stečenih proizvoda divljine" kako bi se divljina osigurala za današnji i buduće naraštaje.
Hrvatski Zakon o lovstvu u dijelu "V. Uzgoj i zaštita divljači", članak. 54, točka 16., navodi kako "uzgoj i zaštita divljači obuhvaća i suzbijanje protuzakonitog lova".

Ilegalna trgovina divljim životinjama u svijetu procjenjuje se na od 10-20 milijardi dolara godišnje, prema Interpolu. No, teško je povući granicu između nelegalne i održive legalne trgovine divljim životinjama; neke vrste se mogu legalno prodavati sve do istrebljenja, dok je neke vrste moguće održivo nelegalno prodavati

Povijest

Prvotno je svatko imao pravo na lov, no sa sve većom ovisnošću seljaka/kmetova o svojim suverenima i sve većim otimanjem slobodne zemlje od strane plemstva, to je pravo sve više narušavano. U srednjem vijeku lov je postao privilegija rezervirana za veleposjednike i plemstvo, a krivolov na kraljevskoj zemlji bio je oblik lova za preživljavanje jedinstven za siromašne. U 16. stoljeću, u slučaju ubijanja jelena (koji se u mnogim dijelovima Europe smatrao kraljevskom životinjom) mogla se primijeniti i smrtna kazna.

Seljacima je još uvek bilo dozvoljeno da nastave lov na sitnu divljač, kao što su zečevi, koristeći zamke i sokolarstvo. U srednjem vijeku divlje životinje smatrane su glavnim izvorom hrane, zbog raznih gladi koje su uništile ostale rezerve hrane; što je povećalo krivolov. Istodobno su šumski službenici ili osobe ovlaštene od vladara preuzele zaštitu, brigu i nadzor nad lovištem. Od tada pa nadalje, svi lovci koji su zbog toga postali ilegalni nazivani su krivolovcima ili lovokradicama i smatrani kriminalcima, te progonjeni jer su zadirali u suverenu imovinu.

Krivolov je romantiziran u literaturi još od vremena "Balada o Robin Hoodu", gdje Robin Hood nudi kralju Rikardu Lavljem Srcu meso jelena koji je ilegalno ulovljen u Sherwoodskoj šumi. Mnoge tradicionalne engleske narodne pjesme veličaju ovu praksu (kao u Lincolnshire Poacher) ili posljedice hvatanja (na primjer, u "Van Diemen's Land" se spominje krivolov kao razlog protjerivanja u kažnjeničku koloniju na Tasmaniji). Zbog toga u nekim krajevima na krivolov gleda s prizvukom nostalgičnog romantizma, kao na plemeniti čin obrane prava siromašnih, a ne kao na problem ekosustava.

Pravo plemstva na lov je uglavnom ograničeno u 16. stoljeću i pravno je preneseno na zemljišni posjed. U 17. i 18. stoljeću ograničenja na lov i pravo pucanja na privatnom posjedu uspostavljali su lovočuvari i šumari. Na koncu je Revolucija 1848. – 1849. ukinula lovne povlastice plemstva u više europskih zemalja, ali to u početku nije dovelo do smanjenja krivolova, jer je pravo lova bilo vezano uz posjed ili stjecanje lovačke dozvole. Tako je u Bavarskoj reformom lovnog prava 1849. god. lov bio moguć samo onima koji su mogli platiti za skupe lovne dozvole, što je dovelo do nezadovoljstva puka, pa čak i sukoba dobro naoružanih lovokradica, poznatih kao "odvažne lovokradice" (njem. kecke Wilderer), s vojskom koja je poslana da uguši nemire. Neke lovokradice, tj. njihove nasilne smrti, postale su zloglasne i imale su snažan utjecaj na kontrakulturu koja je prisutna i danas.

Borba protiv krivolova
Danas komercijalni krivolov ugrožava populaciju mnogih životinjskih vrsta diljem svijeta. Posebno u zemljama u razvoju mnogi nacionalni parkovi pate od krivolova. Neki lovokradice ciljaju ritualno ili kulturološki značajne dijelove tijela (npr. tigrova koža, rog nosoroga, slonove kljove). Ostali lovokradice (uglavnom lokalno stanovništvo) love kako bi osigurali svoju hranu.

Borbu protiv krivolova obično provode nacionalni parkovi na javnom zemljištu i privatne zaštitarske tvrtke na privatnom zemljištu. Borba protiv krivolova ima mnogo oblika koji uglavnom ovise o staništu koje se štiti. Obično je to čin aktivnog patroliranja zemljom u nastojanju da se krivolovci spriječe da dođu do životinja.

Postoje mnoge nacionalne i međunarodne akcije poduzete protiv određenih vrsta krivolovaca. Lov na bjelokost zabranjen je 1989. god. i Međunarodna fundacija protiv krivolova (International Anti-Poaching Foundation, IAPF) savjetuje vojni pristup protiv krivolova na slonove, što su neke države poput Tanzanije, Bocvana i Namibije počele upražnjavati, dok je Kenija 2018. god. uvela smrtnu kaznu za lov na slonove. Britanska vojska pokrenula je "Operaciju Corded" 2018. god. kako bi pružila podršku šumarima i programima protiv krivolova u Južnoj Africi.

U Aziji se pokušava ograničiti potražnja za bjelokosti. Tako je u međunarodnoj akciji "Ivory crush" (Uništenje bjelokosti) na Filipinima 2013. uništena velika količina zapljenene ilegalne bjelokosti, a 2014. Kina je uništila 6 t kao simboličnu poruku protiv krivolova. Odista, postoje dokazi kako intervencije ograničenja potražnje mogu biti učinkovitije protiv krivolova od pojačanja policijskog lova na krivolovce

Vanjske poveznice
 Lovni kriminal u Hrvatskoj, prijatelji-zivotinja.hr, Pristupljeno 24. srpnja 2022.

Izvori

Lovstvo
Zaštita okoliša

Krivolov


Zvonimir Đuretić (Sarajevo, 3. studenoga 1924. – Zagreb, 3. veljače 1985.) - doajen hrvatskih spikera i začetnik novog spikerskog stila, takozvanog "govornog, pričalačkog jezika".

Životopis
Rodio se 3. studenog 1924. godine u Sarajevu kao drugi sin Emilije i Nikole Đuretića, ali s majkom i trojicom braće, starijim Stjepanom te mlađima Ivanom i Adolfom, odmah po završetku Drugog svjetskoga rata seli u Osijek. Spikerskim se zanimanjem počeo baviti 1952. na Radiju Osijek. Već godinu dana nakon toga prelazi na Radio Zagreb, gdje postaje nositelj "novoga spikerskog stila, takozvanoga govornog, pričalačkog jezika". Kako je godine 1985. u povodu smrti Zvonimira Đuretića pisao Ljubo Jelčić,

Bio je mentor mnogim budućim slavnim spikerskim imenima – Helgi Vlahović, Stjepanu Kardošu, Oliveru Mlakaru, Vladimiru Mahovliću, Vladimiru Levaku i mnogim drugima. Od 1965. radio je i na Televiziji Zagreb: u informativnim emisijama, obrazovnomu programu i programu za djecu (Mali svijet) te je sinkronizirao mnogobrojne domaće i strane dokumentarne filmove. Za svoj rad dobio je više nagrada i priznanja, među inima i plaketu u povodu četrdesete obljetnice radija i desete obljetnice televizije. Nositelj je i Ordena rada sa srebrnim vijencem. Umro je 1985. u šezdeset i prvoj godini.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Životopisi, Osijek
Životopisi, Zagreb
Voditelji na HTV-u
Voditelji na Hrvatskom radiju

Zvonimir Đuretić


Carlos Ernesto Gassols Eizaguirre (Lima, Perú, 6 de noviembre de 1929) es un  primer actor, escritor y director de cine peruano.

Reconocimientos
El 7 de agosto de 2009, recibió un homenaje en el XIII Festival de Cine de Lima.

El 30 de diciembre de 2010, Gassols fue condecorado con "La medalla de Lima" por su vasta trayectoria como artista en la Municipalidad de Lima.

En septiembre de 2011, Gassols ganó el premio al Mejor Actor en el Festival Internacional de Vladivostok "Pacific Meridian", desarrollado en Rusia.

En 2022 recibió un premio Luces a su trayectoria, mientras realizaba una serie de pódcast para Radio Nacional.

Filmografía

Televisión
Los hipócritas (1969)
Gorrión (1994) como Don Saravia.
Cosas del amor (1998) como Joaquín Casares.
Luz María (1998)
Pobre diabla (2000) como Doctor.
Divorcia2 (2005)
Por la Sarita (2007) como Ángel.
Magnolia Merino (2008–09) como Emilio.
Clave uno: médicos en alerta 2 (2009) Actor invitado.
Solamente milagros (2012), Episodio "Donde estás mamá" como Eleodoro Paredes.
Al fondo hay sitio (2015) como Sergio Estrada, padre.
Cumbia pop (2017) como Padre Juan.

Películas
Caídos del cielo (1990) como Lizardo.
Reportaje a la muerte (1993)
Tinta roja (2000) como Van Gogh.
El bien esquivo (2001) como Obispo.
Ojos que no ven (2003) como Don Lucho.
Paloma de papel (2003) como Padre de reo.
Jamás en línea recta (2003) como Abuelo (corto).
Los herederos (2005) (corto).
Interior bajo la izquierda (2008) como Viejo (corto).
Motor y motivo (2009)
Octubre (2010) como Don Fico.
El limpiador (2013)
Viejos amigos (2014)
Atacada: la teoria del dolor (2015)
Once machos (2017)
Patapúfete (1967). Como investigador. Actuó con Pepe Biondi.

Teatro
12 hombres en pugna (2013)
Vivír es Formidable (2018)
 Cita a ciegas (2007)
 Vallejo (1992)

Libros

Mi Vida en el teatro (2015)

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Lima
Actores de televisión de Perú
Actores de teatro de Perú
Actores de cine de Perú
Actores masculinos de Perú
Directores de televisión de Perú
Directores de teatro universitario

Carlos Gassols


Ernst August Eduard Jakob Elster (* 26. April 1860 in Frankfurt am Main; † 6. Oktober 1940 in Marburg) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller und Germanist. Von 1895 bis 1928 war er Professor an der Universität Marburg.

Leben
Elster legte das Abitur 1879 an der Thomasschule Leipzig ab. 1879 bis 1884 studierte er Rechtswissenschaften, Nationalökonomie, Kameralwissenschaft und Philologie in Tübingen, Jena, Leipzig und Berlin. 1884 erfolgte bei Friedrich Zarncke die Promotion zum Dr. phil. in Philologie an der Universität Leipzig zu Beiträge zur Kritik des Lohengrin. 1888 folgte die Habilitation für Deutsche Literatur und Sprache an der Universität Leipzig zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Don Carlos. Von 1886 bis 1888 arbeitete Elster als Lektor an der Universität Glasgow.

1888 bis 1892 war Elster Privatdozent für Deutsche Literatur und Sprache an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, 1892 bis 1895 dort außerordentlicher Professor für Deutsche Literatur und Sprache, 1895–1903 außerordentlicher Professor für Neuere Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Universität Marburg, 1904–1928 Ordinarius für Neuere Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Universität Marburg. Seit 1921 war Elster Ehrenmitglied der Wissenschaftlichen Verbindung Rheinfranken, der späteren Marburger Burschenschaft Rheinfranken. Eine Gastprofessur hatte er 1914 unmittelbar vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg an der Cornell University in Ithaca/USA. Einen Ruf nach London lehnte er 1903 ab. Schüler waren u. a. Hans Böttcher, Willi Flemming, Harry Maync, Rudolf Fahrner und Max Kommerell. Über die stellvertretende Leitung des Wissenschaftlichen Prüfungsamtes Marburg und den Vorsitz im Deutschen Germanistenverband (1912–1922) beeinflusste er stark die Lehrerbildung.

Im Ersten Weltkrieg trat er als Rektor der Universität Marburg 1915/16 auch als nationalistischer Redner auf, war aber nach 1918/19 republiktreu und als Herausgeber der maßgeblichen Heinrich-Heine-Ausgabe in Distanz zum Antisemitismus. Im November 1933 gehörte er zu den Unterzeichnern des Bekenntnis der Professoren an den deutschen Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat.

Forschung
Elster strebte eine Erfassung der literarischen Stilformen mit Hilfe der Wundt'schen Apperzeptionspsychologie an. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen veröffentlichte er im zweiten Band seines Werkes Prinzipien der Literaturwissenschaft.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 Prinzipien der Literaturwissenschaft. 2 Bde., Niemeyer, Halle 1897–1911.
 Deutschtum und Dichtung. Rede, gehalten beim Antritt des Rektorats der Philipps-Universität zu Marburg am 24. Oktober 1915. Elwert, Marburg, 1915. (= Marburger akademische Reden; Nr. 33).
 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Rede zur Zweihundertjahrfeier von Lessings Geburt gehalten in der Aula der Universität Marburg am Tage der Reichsgründungsfeier 1929. Elwert, Marburg, 1929. (= Marburger akademische Reden; Nr. 48).
 Die Heine-Sammlung Strauß, ein Verzeichnis. Elwert, Marburg 1929.

Herausgeberschaft
 (Hrsg.): Heinrich Heines sämtliche Werke. Kritisch durchgesehene u. erläuterte Ausgabe. 7 Bde., Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig u. Wien, 1887–1890. (= Meyers Klassiker-Ausgaben.)
 (Hrsg.): Beiträge zur deutschen Literaturwissenschaft. 40 Bde. (1907–1931).

Literatur
 Kai Köhler: Elster, Ernst August Eduard Jakob. In: Christoph König (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Birgit Wägenbaur u. a.: Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800–1950. Band 1: A–G. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2003, S. 430–432. ISBN 3-11-015485-4
 Uwe Maximilian Korn: Ernst Elster als Reihenherausgeber von 'Meyers Klassikerausgaben' 1888-1919. In: Die Präsentation kanonischer Werke um 1900. Semantiken, Praktiken, Materialität. Hrsg. von Philip Ajouri. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston, 2017. S. 107–119. (= Beihefte zu Editio. Bd. 42.)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Germanist
Literaturhistoriker
Literaturwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Universität Leipzig)
Rektor der Philipps-Universität Marburg
Deutscher
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1940
Mann
Burschenschafter (20. Jahrhundert)
Absolvent der Universität Leipzig

Ernst Elster (Germanist)


Faimosul paparazzo (sau Faimosul Paparazzo) este un film românesc din 1999 regizat de Nicolae Mărgineanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Marcel Iureș, Maria Ploae și Gheorghe Dinică.

Rezumat

Fotograf la o publicație de scandal, Gari primeste misiunea de a contribui la compromiterea unui om politic, banuit de relații cu o minoră. Ca să poata supraveghea camera de hotel a demnitarului, pe care urmează să-l surprinda în compania protejatei sale, Gari se instalează în mansarda lui Miss, o prostituată trecută de prima tinerețe, personaj tragic, care trăiește din amintiri și care va sfârși prin a se sinucide. Prins între interese politice divergente, Gari este arestat...

Distribuție

 Marcel Iureș — Gabriel Ionescu, poreclit "Gari", fotograf la ziarul de scandal Interesul național
 Maria Ploae — Ioana Iuga, poreclită "Miss", o prostituată trecută de prima tinerețe, care a fost aleasă mai demult Miss Erotica
 Gheorghe Dinică — procurorul care anchetează moartea lui Miss
 Alexandru Repan — directorul ziarului Interesul național
 Victoria Cociaș — Clara, economistă, soția lui Gari (menționată Victoria Cociașu)
 Valeriu Popescu — "Sfântul", deputatul urmărit de fotograf, președintele fondator al partiduui Unitatea Muncitorească
 Gheorghe Visu — Aurel Potcoavă, barmanul de la Barul Insula, informator al poliției
 Draga Olteanu-Matei — Elisaveta Bobu, pensionara surdă, vecina apartamentului de la mansardă al lui Miss
 George Alexandru — Constantin Stanca, avocatul lui Gari
 Adriana Trandafir — Sofia Bocioacă, poreclită "Sophie", prostituată, prietena lui Miss
 Valentin Teodosiu — liderul sindical care colaborează cu "Sfântul"
 Adriana Șchiopu — directoarea Căminului-spital pentru copii nr. 8
 Monica Ghiuță — mama Clarei
 Tudor Manole — băiatul lui Gari
 Armand Calotă
 Ion Pavlescu — președintele completului de judecată
 Miruna Birău — grefiera Tribunalului
 Vlad Ivanov — polițistul care-l aduce pe Gari la audieri
 Florin Anton — polițistul care-l arestează pe Gari
 George Ivașcu — grefierul Procuraturii
 Coca Zibilianu (menționată Coca Zibileanu)
 Marela Jugănaru (menționată Marilena Jugănaru)
 Mădălina Constantin
 Cerasela Iosifescu — asistenta medicală de la Clinica de chirurgie
 Daniel Iordan
 Elena-Cristina Marchisano (menționată Cristina Chirilă)
 Dan Chișu — șeful de sală al cazinoului
 Viorel Păunescu — omul furios care a fost buzunărit la mitingul electoral
 Adrian Dumitru
 Radu Stoenescu — pariorul chel și cu mustață de la cazinou
 Constantin Bărbulescu
 Dragoș Pârvulescu
 Șerban Pavlu — bodyguardul deputatului (menționat Pavlu Șerban)
 Liviu Timuș — generalul de securitate Stoicescu, implicat în înăbușirea evenimentelor revoluționare de la Timișoara
 Alexandru Lazăr — directorul Clinicii de chirurgie
 Carol Gruber
 Radu Dobre Basarab
 Rareș Pârlog
 Ivan Ionescu Andrei
 Gigel Andrabulea

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 8.268 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Lista filmelor românești propuse la Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin
 1999 în film

Filme din 1999
Filme regizate de Nicolae Mărgineanu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Filme de acțiune românești
Filme Ager Film

Faimosul paparazzo


Willi Overdieck (* 26. Oktober 1931 in Marl; † 25. Februar 2018) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Von 1954 bis 1963 hat er in der damals erstklassigen Fußball-Oberliga West als Aktiver von Westfalia Herne 225 Ligaspiele absolviert und dabei 70 Tore erzielt. In der Saison 1958/59 gewann er mit Herne die Westdeutsche Meisterschaft.

Laufbahn
Der Stürmer Willi Overdieck kam zur Runde 1953/54 von den Schwarz-Gelben aus dem Volkspark, von der SpVg Marl, zu Westfalia Herne in die 2. Liga West. Aus den Reihen des westfälischen Landesligisten wechselte 1962 auch Reinhold Wosab zu Borussia Dortmund in die Oberliga West. Overdieck erzielte an der Seite von Günter Grandt (28 Spiele/28 Tore) und Alfred Ilmer (30 Spiele/16 Tore) in 26 Spielen in der 2. Liga elf Tore. Die Mannschaft vom Stadion am Schloss Strünkede belegte den zweiten Platz und erreichte damit den Aufstieg in die Oberliga West. Entscheidende Bedeutung hatte der 2:1-Auswärtserfolg am 30. Mai 1954 bei der SG Wattenscheid 09. Im ersten Jahr in der Oberliga West, 1954/55, kam der Mann aus Marl auf 27 Einsätze und erzielte beim knappen Erreichen des Klassenerhalts sieben Tore. Ab der Runde 1955/56 übernahm mit Fritz Langner ein neuer Mann das Traineramt und mit Hans Tilkowski stand ein neuer Torhüter im Gehäuse der Westfalia. Mittelstürmer Overdieck erzielte 21 der 51 Rundentore der Westfalia und nahm damit den dritten Rang in der Torschützenliste im Westen hinter Alfred Niepieklo (24) und Alfred Kelbassa (22) ein. Dortmund gewann mit 78:36 Toren die Meisterschaft und Herne kam mit 51:60 Toren auf den 13. Rang. Am 6. November 1955 glückten dem Angreifer drei Treffer zum 4:2-Erfolg im Heimspiel gegen Rot-Weiss Essen. Sein direkter Gegenspieler war dabei Mittelläufer Heinz Wewers, ein ausgewiesener Könner in der Defensivzentrale. Als zweifacher Torschütze zeichnete er sich bei den Erfolgen gegen Preußen Münster (3:0) und den 1. FC Köln (3:1) sowie bei der 2:7-Niederlage beim FC Schalke 04 aus.

Als er mit seinen Mannschaftskameraden in der Serie 1958/59 die Meisterschaft im Westen feiern konnte, agierte aber der junge Mittelstürmer Gerhard Clement als erfolgreicher Torjäger (30 Spiele/28 Tore) im Angriffszentrum des Überraschungsmeisters und Overdieck überzeugte auf der rechten Verteidigerposition. Seine Partner in der Verteidigung waren Willi Kellermann (20 Spiele) und Erich Ketheler (10 Spiele). In den zwei Endrundenteilnahmen der Westfalia 1959 und 1960 (als Vizemeister im Westen) absolvierte der langjährige Leistungsträger alle 13 Spiele gegen den Hamburger SV, Kickers Offenbach, Tasmania 1900 Berlin, Karlsruher SC und Borussia Neunkirchen. Sein letztes Oberligaspiel absolvierte er am 28. März 1963, einem Nachholspiel gegen Viktoria Köln. Mit Torhüter Tilkowski, dem Verteidigerpaar Overdieck und Kellermann, sowie Mittelläufer Alfred Pyka war beim 3:3-Remis der Kern der Defensive formiert. Trainer war im letzten Jahr der alten Oberligaära, 1962/63, bis April 1963 Fritz Silken.

Willi Overdieck zählte jahrelang zu den unverzichtbaren Leistungsträgern bei den Blau-Weißen von Westfalia Herne. In seinen Anfangsjahren als torgefährlicher Mittelstürmer, später als leistungsstarker Verteidiger, der auch die Aufmerksamkeit von Bundestrainer Sepp Herberger gefunden hatte. Er sollte für das Länderspiel gegen Frankreich am 26. Oktober 1958 in Paris seine Chance erhalten. "Aber eine Woche vorher (19. Oktober: 3:0-Sieg im Heimspiel gegen den Tabellenvorletzten STV Horst Emscher) lieferte er unter den Augen Herbergers eine schwache Partie ab", erinnert sich sein damaliger Mitspieler Horst Wandolek. "Nach dem Spiel kam Herberger zu uns in die Kabine und begrüßte jeden einzelnen Spieler, nur an Willi ging er ohne Gruß und Handschlag vorbei. Im Klartext hieß das: 'Du bist ausgeladen.' So war das früher."

Ab 1963 ließ er seine Karriere beim Delbrücker SC ausklingen.

Literatur
 Hans Dieter Baroth: Jungens, Euch gehört der Himmel! Die Geschichte der Oberliga West 1947–1963. Klartext, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-88474-332-5.
 Hardy Grüne, Lorenz Knieriem: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 8: Spielerlexikon 1890–1963. AGON Sportverlag, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89784-148-7.
 Ralf Piorr (Hrsg.): Viel mehr als nur ein Spiel. 100 Jahre SC Westfalia Herne. FRISCHTEXTE Verlag, Herne 2004. ISBN 3-933059-38-0

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (SpVg Marl)
Fußballspieler (Westfalia Herne)
Fußballspieler (Delbrücker SC)
Deutscher
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Willi Overdieck


Beagle-sund (spænska: Canal del Beagle, yahganska: Onašaga) er sund á Eldlandi, syðst í Suður- Ameríku milli Síle and Argentínu. Sundið skilur að eyjar, annars vegar Stóru Eldlandsey og hins vegar nokkrar smærri eyjar: Picton, Lennox og Nueva, Navarino, Hoste, Londonderry og Stewart. Austurhluti sundsins er á landamærum Síle og Argentínu en vesturhlutinn er í Síle.

Beagle-sund, Magellansund í norðri og Drake-sund í suðri eru þrjár siglingaleiðir í Suður-Ameríku milli Kyrrahafsins og Atlantshafsins. Mestir eru flutningarnir um Drake-sund.

Beaglesundið er um 240 km langt og 5 km breitt þar sem það er þrengst. Það nær frá Nueva-eyju í austri til Darwinvíkur og Cook-flóa í Kyrrahafinu í vestri. Um 50 km frá vesturenda þess deilist það í tvær leiðir, norður og suður af Gordon-eyju. Suðvesturhluti sem er á milli Hoste-eyju og Gordon-eyju liggur í Cook-flóa. Norðvesturhluti sem er á milli Gordoneyju og Isla Grande liggur til Darwinvíkur, sem tengist Kyrrahafinu í gegnum  O'Brien og Ballenero. Stærsti þéttbýlisstaðurinn á leiðinni er Ushuaia í Argentínu og síðan Puerto Williams í Síle. Þessir staðir eru meðal suðlægustu þéttbýlisstaða í heiminum.

Samkvæmt goðsögunni um Selk'nam varð sundið til við Magellansund og Fagnanovatn á stöðum þar sem teygjubyssuskot féllu á jörðina í bardaga Taiyíns við norn sem var sögð er hafa haft vatn og mat í fórum sínum.

Siglingar
Þó sundið sé skipgengt fyrir stór skip eru öruggari leiðir í suðri um Drake-sund og í norðri um Magellansund. Samkvæmt friðar- og vináttusamningi frá 1984 milli Síle og Argentínu sigla skip annarra þjóða með síleskan hafsögumann milli Magellansunds og Ushuaia, þaðan í gegnum Magdalenusund og Cockburnsund til Kyrrahafsins. Eftir það í Ballenerosundi, O'Brien-sundi og í norðvesturhluta Beagle-sunds.

Eyjar
Beagle-sund er á milli eyja sem ná yfir miklu stærra svæði; í norðri er Argentínska/síleska Stóra Eldlandseyja, í suðri Hoste, Navarino og Picton og Nueva, sem Argentína gerði kröfu til árið 1984. Tvær síðasttöldu eyjarnar eru við austurbakka sundsins en vesturbakkinn er innan Síle. Vestasta hluta Beaglesunds er skipt af Gordon-eyju í tvær leiðir. Nokkrar smærri eyjar eru innan sundsins þar á meðal Snipe-eyja og Gable-eyja. Fyrir utan austurhluta Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego og Gable-eyju tilheyra allar eyjarnar sem hér eru nefndar Síle.

Saga

Yaghanarar settist að á eyjunum meðfram Murray-sundi fyrir um 10.000 árum. Það eru athyglisverðir minjastaðir sem benda til þess að Yaghanarar hafi búið á stöðum eins og Bahia Wulaia á Isla Navarino sem er á Bahia Wulia Dome Middens.

Heiti og heimsókn til Darwin
Sundið er nefnt eftir skipinu HMS Beagle sem fór fyrsta sjórannsóknarleiðangurinn við ströndina í suðurhluta Suður-Ameríku sem stóð frá 1826 til 1830. Í leiðangrinum, sem var undir stjórn Phillip Parker King, framdi skipstjóri Beagle, Pringle Stokes sjálfsmorð og  Robert FitzRoy tók við af honum sem skipstjóri. Skipið hélt könnuninni áfram í annarri ferð Beagle undir stjórn FitzRoy skipstjóra, sem tók Charles Darwin með í leiðangurinn sem sjálfstætt fjármagnaðan áhugamann í náttúrufræði. Darwin sá í fyrsta sinn jökla þegar þeir komu að sundinu 29. janúar 1833 og skrifaði í minnisbók sína: "Það er varla hægt að ímynda sér eitthvað fallegra en blámann af þessum jöklum sérstaklega í samanburði við dauðan hvítan snjóinn ofar".

Beagle-átökin
Nokkrar litlar eyjar, Picton, Lennox og Nueva, við Hornhöfða voru viðfangsefni langvarandi átaka milli Síle og Argentínu; samkvæmt skilmálum friðar- og vináttusamningsins frá 1984 milli Síle og Argentínu eru þær nú hluti af Síle. Frá 1950 til 1970 urðu nokkrir atburðir í Beagle-sundi þar sem sjóherir Síle og Argentínu komu að. Til dæmis Snipe-atvikið árið 1958, Cruz del Sur-atvikið 1967 og sprengjuárásin á Quidora sama ár.

Beagle-sund í listasögunni
 Sem listmálari skipsins teiknaði Conrad Martens og málaði vatnslitamyndir árin 1833 og 1834 í annarri ferð HMS Beagle til Tierra del Fuego.

Lífríki
Beaglesund er gott svæði til að fylgjast með sjaldgæfum höfrungum.  Dýralífið í sundinu er auðugt og þar finnast meðal annars:  Magellansgæs, nátthegri, flóaskarfi, gammfálki og rauðfálki.

Tilvísanir

Frekari lestur
 C. Michael Hogan (2008) Bahia Wulaia Dome Middens, Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham

 Sergio Zagier (2006) Patagonian & Fuegian Rásir Kort: Chilean Fjords Cruise Chart ታይ Cape Horn, Ushuaia, Magellan Strait, Zagier & Urruty Publishers
 (2006) Omora Ethnobotanical Park og Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve
Infobox snið án OpenStreetMap auðkennis á Wikidata

Landafræði Argentínu
Landafræði Síle

Beagle-sund


La Asociación de Críticos de Cine del Sur — (SEFCA)— es una organización conformada por cuarenta periodistas pertenecientes a algún medio informativo del Sur de Estados Unidos, vale decir, que tienen asiento en los estados de Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Misisippi, Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Tennessee, Virginia, y Virginia Occidental. En diciembre de cada año —y desde 1992—, sus asociados realizan una votación con el fin de entregar el denominado Southeastern Film Critics Association Award o SEFCA Award, que está destinado a premiar a las mejores películas estrenadas durante el último año calendario.

Categorías
Las categorías que considera el galardón son las siguientes:
 Mejor Película
 Mejor actor
 Mejor actriz
 Mejor película animada (desde 2005)
 Mejor Director
 Mejor película documental
 Mejor película extranjera (desde 1997)
 Mejor guion adaptado (desde 1997)
 Mejor guion original (desde 1997)
 Mejor actor de reparto
 Mejor actriz de reparto

Palmarés a la mejor película

Década de 1990

Década de 2000

Década de 2010

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la Southeastern Film Critics Association  (en inglés).

Premios de cine
Asociaciones de Estados Unidos
Asociaciones gremiales
Asociaciones de críticos de cine

Southeastern Film Critics Association


World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (Skammstafað sem WWE) er bandarískt atvinnuglímufyrirtæki og afþreyingarfyrirtæki. WWE hefur einnig tekið þátt í öðrum sviðum, þar á meðal kvikmyndum, amerískum fótbolta og fleira. Fyrirtækið tekur að auki þátt í að veita fyrirtækjum leyfi fyrir hugverkum sínum til að framleiða tölvuleiki og ofurhetjukallar. Fyrirtækið var stofnað þann 7. janúar 1953 sem Capitol Wrestling Corporation. Það er stærsta atvinnuglímufyrirtæki í heimi með starfsfólki sínu skipt í tvo aðalferðahópa og tvo þroskahópa. WWE er í boði fyrir 1 milljarð heimila um allan heim á 30 tungumálum. Höfuðstöðvar fyrirtækisins eru staðsettar í Stamford, Connecticut með skrifstofur í New York, Los Angeles, Mexíkóborg, Mumbai, Sjanghæ, Singapúr, Dúbaí og München.

Saga fyrirtækisins

Ekki er vitað hver stofnandinn var, sumar heimildir segja að það hafi verið Vincent J. McMahon á meðan aðrar heimildir segja að faðir hans McMahon, Jess McMahon, hafi verið stofnandi Capitol Wrestling Corporation. Fyrirtækið gekk síðar til liðs í National Wrestling Alliance (Skammstafað sem NWA) og hinn frægi New York verkefnisstjóri Toots Mondt gekk fljótlega til liðs við fyrirtækið. Vincent J. McMahon og Toots Mondt voru mjög farsælir og stjórnuðu fljótlega um það bil 70% af bókunarvaldi NWA. Árið 1963 lentu McMahon og Mondt í rifrildi við NWA vegna þess að Buddy Rogers var bókaður til að halda NWA World Heavyweight Championship. World Wide Wrestling Federation var endurnefnt í World Wrestling Federation (Skammstafað sem WWF) árið 1979.

Sonur Vincent J. McMahon, Vincent K. McMahon, og eiginkona hans Linda, stofnuðu Titan Sports, Inc. árið 1980 í South Yarmouth, Massachusetts og notuðu vörumerki fyrir upphafsstafina "WWF".

Árið 1982 keypti McMahon Capitol Sports móðurfyrirtæki WWF af föður sínum. Þegar McMahon tók við fyrirtækinu vann hann strax að því að fá WWF í sjónvarpi um öll Bandaríkin. Þetta vakti reiði annarra forvígismanna og truflaði rótgróin mörk mismunandi glímufyrirtæki Að auki notaði fyrirtækið tekjur af auglýsingum, sjónvarpssamningum og segulbandssölu til að tryggja hæfileika frá samkeppnisaðilum.

Capitol Sports stjórnaði þegar mestu norðaustursvæðinu, en McMahon vildi að WWF væri landsglímufyrirtæki, eitthvað sem NWA samþykkti ekki. Skömmu síðar yfirgaf hann fyrirtæki sitt frá NWA, líkt og American Wresting Alliance, sem stjórnaði Norður-Miðvesturríkjum Bandaríkjanna. Til að verða landsfyrirtæki þurfti WWF að vera stærra en nokkurt NWA fyrirtæki sem til var.

Tilvísanir

Bandarísk fjölmiðlafyrirtæki
Fyrirtæki í kauphöllinni í New York
Stofnað 1953
Bandarísk atvinnuglímufyrirtæki
Bandarísk afþreyingarfyrirtæki

WWE


Leslie Morgan Smith () é uma matemática, engenheira mecânica e física estadunidense, cuja pesquisa se concentra em dinâmica dos fluidos e turbulência. É professora de matemática e engenharia física na Universidade de Wisconsin-Madison.

Formação e carreira
Smith se formou cum laude com um diploma de bacharel em física pela Universidade Harvard em 1983. Obteve um Ph.D. em matemática aplicada no Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts em 1988, com a tese An upper bound with correct scaling laws for turbulent shear flows, orientada por Willem Van Rensselaer Malkus.

Após pesquisa de pós-doutorado na Universidade Stanford, na Université Libre de Bruxelles e na Universidade de Princeton, tornou-se professora assistente de engenharia mecânica na Universidade Yale em 1993, e mudou-se para a Universidade de Wisconsin em 1998, afiliando-se em conjunto com os departamentos de matemática e engenharia mecânica. Em 200, foi promovida a professora titular e passou da engenharia mecânica para a engenharia física. Atuou como catedrática de matemática de 2005 a 2008, e novamente de 2012 a 2014, tornando-se a primeira catedrática feminina do departamento.

Reconhecimento
Smith foi nomeada fellow da American Physical Society em 2008, "por contribuições importantes e perspicazes para a compreensão da turbulência na engenharia e nos fluxos geofísicos através da teoria e simulações numéricas". Foi nomeada fellow da American Mathematical Society, na classe de 2022, "por contribuições à matemática aplicada e particularmente à mecânica dos fluidos".

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Membros da American Mathematical Society
Membros da American Physical Society
Professores da Universidade Yale
Professores da Universidade do Wisconsin-Madison
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Matemáticas dos Estados Unidos
Engenheiros mecânicos dos Estados Unidos
Engenheiras dos Estados Unidos
Físicos dos Estados Unidos
Físicas dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade Harvard
Alunos do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts
Pessoas vivas

Leslie Morgan Smith


Bonjour Tristesse  é um filme britânico-estadunidense dirigido e produzido por Otto Preminger a partir de um roteiro de Arthur Laurents baseado no romance de mesmo nome de Françoise Sagan. O filme é estrelado por Deborah Kerr, David Niven, Jean Seberg, Mylène Demongeot e Geoffrey Horne, e apresenta Juliette Gréco, Walter Chiari, Martita Hunt e Roland Culver. Foi lançado em 15 de janeiro de 1958 pela Columbia Pictures.

Elenco
 Deborah Kerr ...Anne Larsen
 David Niven ...Raymond
 Jean Seberg ...Cécile, jovem
 Mylène Demongeot ...Elsa
 Geoffrey Horne ...Philippe
 Juliette Gréco ...ela mesma, cantando "Bonjour Tristesse"
 Walter Chiari ...Pablo
 Martita Hunt ...Mãe de Philippe
 Roland Culver ...Sr. Lombard
 Jean Kent ...Sra. Lombard
 David Oxley ...Jacques
 Elga Andersen ...Denise
 Jeremy Burnham ...Hubert

Filmes do Reino Unido de 1958
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1958
Filmes de drama do Reino Unido
Filmes de drama dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dirigidos por Otto Preminger
Filmes baseados em obras de Françoise Sagan
Filmes baseados em romances de autores da França
Filmes com trilha sonora de Georges Auric
Filmes gravados em Saint-Tropez
Filmes da Columbia Pictures
Filmes em língua inglesa

Bonjour Tristesse


Il n'y aura plus de nuit est un film français réalisé par Éléonore Weber et sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Les formes modernes de la guerre - « Celui qui filme tue » - décrites à l'aide d'enregistrements vidéo réalisés depuis des hélicoptères des armées françaises et américaines en Afghanistan, en Irak et en Syrie.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Il n'y aura plus de nuit
 Réalisation : Éléonore Weber
 Montage : Charlotte Tourrès, Fred Piet et Éléonore Weber
 Montage son : Carole Verner
 Société de production : Perspective Films
 Société de distribution : UFO Distribution
 Pays d'origine :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -  (festival Cinéma du réel) et  (sortie nationale)

Distribution
 Nathalie Richard : voix

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Mention spéciale (Prix de l'Institut français - Louis Marcorelles) au festival Cinéma du réel 2020
 Mention spéciale au Festival international du film d'Amiens 2020
 Prix du Syndicat français de la critique de cinéma et des films de télévision (film singulier francophone) 2021

Sélections
 Festival IndieLisboa 2020
 L'Étrange Festival 2020

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Slate, « Filmer pour tuer, l'inquiétant clair-obscur d'Éléonore Weber », 9 juin 2021
 Clarisse Fabre, « Il n'y aura plus de nuit : Éléonore Weber met en scène les images d'une guerre sans bruit », Le Monde, 16 juin 2021

Liens externes

 Dossier du film sur le site de la société de production Perspective Films

Film français sorti en 2020
Film documentaire français
Film documentaire sur la guerre

Il n'y aura plus de nuit


Jekaterina Fabina (  ; født 27. November 1989 i Volgograd, Rusland) er en kvindelig russisk håndboldspiller som spiller for Stavropol-SKFU og er inde omkring det russiske landshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Personer fra Volgograd

Jekaterina Fanina


Takumi Ogawa (født 27. april 1987) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Machida Zelvia og Fujieda MYFC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takumi Ogawa


Jorge Castro may refer to:

 Jorge Castro (boxer) (born 1967), Argentine boxer
 Jorge Castro (footballer) (born 1990), Costa Rican footballer
 Jorge Castro (athlete), see 2007 NACAC Championships – Results
 Jorge Castro (gymnast), Mexican Olympic gymnast
 Jorge Daniel Castro (born 1950), Colombian police office and business administrator
 Jorge Lara Castro (born 1945), Paraguayan lawyer, sociologist, and diplomat
 Jorge Castro Muñoz (born 1956), Chilean politician and former major of Valparaíso, Chile.

See also
Castro (disambiguation)

Jorge Castro


Cayo Inglés es el nombre de una isla del Mar Caribe o de las Antillas que pertenece a la República de Cuba. Se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas   entre Cayo Largo (oeste) y los Cayos de Dios y Cayo Trabuco (al este), mientras que por el norte se encuentra el Cayo Arenoso. Administrativamente pertenece a la provincia cubana de Matanzas.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Cuba
 Geografía de América

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Cuba

Cayo Inglés


Gilbert Marie Michel Méranville (Le Vauclin, Martinica, 4 de fevereiro de 1936) é Arcebispo Emérito de Fort-de-France e Saint-Pierre.

Michel Méranville estudou teologia na Pontifícia Universidade Urbaniana de Roma e contabilidade e ciência da computação no Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) em Paris. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 20 de dezembro de 1959 para a diocese de Saint-Pierre et Fort-de-France.

Depois do trabalho pastoral em várias paróquias da Martinica, trabalhou para o Ministério Ultramarino francês de 1966 a 1970. De 1974 a 1981 foi capelão militar e capelão prisional em Fort-de-France. De 1981 a 2004 foi pároco da Catedral de Fort-de-France.

Em 14 de novembro de 2003, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Arcebispo de Saint-Pierre et Fort-de-France. Seu predecessor Maurice Marie-Sainte deu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 18 de abril de 2004; Os co-consagradores foram o Bispo de Basse-Terre, Ernest Mesmin Lucien Cabo, e o Bispo de Caiena, Louis Sankalé.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 7 de março de 2015.

Ver também

Bispos católicos de Martinica
Arcebispos católicos de Martinica

Gilbert Marie Michel Méranville


Dirachma somalensis, jedena od dviju biljnih vrsta porodice Dirachmaceae koju čini rod Dirachma. D. somalensis raste samo u Somaliji, a otkrivena je i opisana tek 1991. godine.

Najpoznatija subpopulacija blizu Hobyoa, ima manje od 10 primjeraka. Područje gdje raste ova vrsta ostalo je nezaštićeno

Izvori

Dirachmaceae
Flora Somalije

Dirachma somalensis


Nørre Allé er et gadenavn, der findes i flere byer:

 Nørre Allé – i København
 Nørre Allé (Aarhus) – i Aarhus

Nørre Allé (flertydig)


Baron Forres, of Glenogil in the County of Forfar, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in the 1922 Birthday Honours for the businessman and Liberal politician Sir Archibald Williamson, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet of Glenlogil in 1909. Williamson was the son of Stephen Williamson. who represented St Andrews and Kilmarnock in the House of Commons.

 the titles are held by the first Baron's great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1978. He lives in New South Wales, Australia.

Barons Forres (1922)
Archibald Williamson, 1st Baron Forres, 1st Baronet of Glenlogil (1860–1931)
Stephen Kenneth Guthrie Williamson, 2nd Baron Forres, 2nd Baronet of Glenlogil (1888–1954)
John Archibald Harford Williamson, 3rd Baron Forres, 3rd Baronet of Glenlogil (1922–1978)
Alastair Stephen Grant Williamson, 4th Baron Forres, 4th Baronet of Glenlogil (b. 1946)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. George Archibald Mallam Williamson (b. 1972).

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1922
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Forres


Juan Miranda Salazar (Huanuni, Oruro, Bolivia, 20 de octubre de 1939) es un director de cine boliviano. En 1965 trabajó como asistente de cámara del largometraje Ukamau de Jorge Sanjinés, por aquel entonces director del Instituto Cinematográfico Boliviano (I.C.B)

Realizó estudios en cine en la Facultad de Cine de Vincennes, Francia, y trabajó como camarógrafo en varios documentales de Jorge Ruiz. También formó parte  del equipo de Antonio Eguino y luego produjo documentales en Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

En 1985 se estrenó su primer largometraje, Tinku, producido por Panamérica Films.

En 1989 su producción en vídeo La cruel Martina, basada en el cuento homónimo de Augusto Guzmán, recibió el premio Cóndor de Plata al mejor largometraje en la 16.ª edición del Festival Llama de Plata.

En 1991 se estrenó su segundo largometraje Los igualitarios, basado en la vida de Andrés Ibáñez, líder del levantamiento popular de 1876 ocurrido en Santa Cruz de la Sierra contra del régimen latifundista, feudal y esclavista.
Actualmente radica en Santa Cruz de la Sierra, como educador en el área de Cámara e Iluminación en la Escuela Superior de Comunicación Audiovisual Diakonía de la Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo

Filmografía
 Tinku, el encuentro (1985)
 La cruel Martina - vídeo (1989)
 Los igualitarios (1990)

Referencias

Directores de cine de Bolivia

Juan Miranda Salazar


Model uçak, uçak olarak tanımlanan cisimlerin belirli ölçeklerde küçültülerek oluşturulmuş uçma yeteneğine sahip kopyalarıdır.

Model uçaklar uçmak için gerekli özelliklere sahiptir ve çeşitli yöntemler ile uçurulurlar. Model uçaklar kontrol şekillerine göre "Radyo Kumanda Kontrollü", "Tel Kumanda Kontrollü" ve "Serbest Uçuş" modelleri olarak sınıflandırılırlar. Model uçakların uçurulmasında kullanılan en yaygın yöntem  "Radyo Kumanda Kontrolü" dür. Bu yöntemde uçağın içine yerleştirilmiş alıcı ile modelcinin elindeki kumanda cihazı yani verici radyo frekansları ile haberleşirler.  Radyo kumandada ki düğme ve çubuklar kullanılarak model uçağa komutlar radyo sinyalleri ile gönderilir. Model uçağın içindeki alıcı bu gönderilen radyo sinyallerini alıp işleyerek uçağın kontrol yüzeyini hareket ettirecek komutları oluşturur. Bu komutlar kontrol yüzeylerine bağlı olan servo motorları çalıştırır ve bu uçağın verilen komuta göre kontrol edilmesini sağlar. Model uçaklar sadece radyo kontrolü ile uçmazlar. Tel kontrol olarak geçen model ile modelci arasındaki tel ile kontrol edilen modellerde vardır. Modelle modelci arasındaki bu tel model uçağın kontrol yüzeylerini yöneterek model uçağın manevra yapmasını sağlar. Bir diğer uçuş yöntemi de serbest uçuştur. Bu yöntemde model uçağın ayarları sadece yerde yapılır. Yani model havada iken hiçbir şekilde kumanda verilmeden uçağın tek başına uçmasıdır. Bu üç şekilde uçurulan modeller motorlu ya da motorsuz olabilmektedir.

Belirli ve çeşitli standartlara sahip olan model uçakların yapımı ve uçurulabilmesi için gerekli eğitimin alınması ve belli bir bilgi birikimine sahip olunması gerekmektedir. Bu eğitimler "THK(Türk Hava Kurumu)"  başta olmak üzere çeşitli "Havacılık Ve Model Uçak Kulüpleri" tarafından verilmektedir. Model uçak hobisine başlamak isteyenlerin kendilerini ve uçuş yaptıkları alanda bulunan diğer insanlara zarar vermemeleri için yukarıda yazılan kurum ve kuruluşlardan eğitim almaları tavsiye edilmektedir.

Model uçak kavramı ile maket uçak kavramı genellikle karıştırılmaktadır. Maket uçaklar yine gerçeğine benzer şekilde ve çok detaylı olarak yapılır. Boyanır ve vitrine konularak sergilenirler. Yani maket uçakların sadece görüntüsü ile yetinilir ve uçma yetenekleri yoktur.

Uluslararası Hava Modelciliği Komisyonu (CIAM) tarafından alınan karara göre bir model uçağın genel özellikleri aşağıdaki gibi sınırlandırılmıştır.

 Yakıtla birlikte max uçuş ağırlığı: 25 kg
 Max yüzey alanı: 500 dm2
 Max yük: 250 g/dm2
 Piston motorunun max. silindir hacmi: 250 cm²
 Elektrik motoru max güç kaynağı yük voltajı olmaksızın: 42 volt

Dış bağlantılar

Kulüp siteleri
 PilotTR  (Türkçe)
 Ankara Model Uçak Kulübü (Türkçe)
 ESHAVK: Eskişehir Havacılık Kulübü (Türkçe)
 Bumok: Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Modelcilik Kulübü (Türkçe)
  Bolu Sportif Havacılık ve Doğa Sporları Derneği (Türkçe)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kumandalı helikopter
 Telerobotik

Model uçak


8206 Masayuki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8206 Masayuki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Ōizumi de Takao Kobayashi. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,18 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 1,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

8206 Masayuki


Shauit est un auteur-compositeur-interprète canadien qui mélange la musique traditionnelle des Premières Nations, principalement en langue Innu-aimun, avec la musique pop-rock et reggae.

Biographie
Originaire de Maliotenam, au Québec, il est le fils d'un père acadien et d'une mère innue. Il a été élevé en tant que francophone. Il n'avait pratiquement aucune connaissance de la langue innue jusqu'à ce qu'il l'apprenne à l'adolescence dans le but de renouer avec son héritage autochtone. Il s'est d'abord fait connaître en tant que collaborateur fréquent du rappeur Samian, apparaissant comme interprète invité vedette sur plusieurs chansons de Samian. Il a sorti son premier EP en tant qu'artiste solo en 2016, et son premier album complet Apu Peikussiaku en 2017.

Récompenses
 En 2018, il a remporté un prix de la Indigenous Music Awards pour le meilleur album en langue autochtone.
 Il a également remporté le prix de l'auteur-compositeur autochtone de l'année lors de la 14e édition des Prix de musique folk canadienne.

Discographie

 2014 : Shauit (EP)
 2017 : Apu Peikussiaku (Album)

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Musique nomade
 Matiu (musicien)

Personnalité innue
Auteur-compositeur-interprète québécois
Musicien des Premières nations
Naissance sur la Côte-Nord

Shauit


මරණය - 1640 මැයි 30 ඇන්ට්වර්ප්, දකුණු නෙදර්ලන්තය

බලපෑමට ලක් වූවන් - ඇන්ටොයින් වැටෝ, ඉයුජීන් ඩෙලක්‍රොයික්ස්

පීටර් පෝල් රූබන්ස් (1577 ජුනි 28 – 1640 මැයි 30 ) යනු 17 වන සියවසට අයත් සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ෆ්ලෙමිෂ් බැරොක් චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියෙකු වේ. එමෙන්ම ඔහු ඉතා අලංකාර බැරොක් සම්ප්‍රදායට අයත් චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණය කළ ශිල්පියෙකු වන අතර බැරොක් සම්ප්‍රදාය තුළ දී චලන, වර්ණ සහ ඉන්ද්‍රියන් පිනවීම අරමුණු කොට ගෙන චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණය කිරීම සිදු විය. පෝල් රූබන්ස් ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයට එරෙහිව නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අල්තාර මණ්ඩල චිත්‍ර, ආලේඛ්‍ය චිත්‍ර, භූමි දර්ශන සිතුවම් සහ ඉතිහාසය නිරූපණය වන සිතුවම් හේතුවෙන් සුප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇති අතර ඔහුගේ චිත්‍ර තුළ මිත්‍යා සහ රූපකමය වස්තූන් අන්තර්ගත විය.

යුරෝපය පුරා ජීවත් වූ චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණ එකතු කරන්නන් සහ උසස් සමාජය තුළ ප්‍රචලිත වූ චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණය කළ කලාගාරයක් පොල් රූබන්ස් සතු වූ අතර එය ඇන්ට්වර්ප් ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. මේ හැරුණු විට ඔහු උසස් ලෙස අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ මානවවාදී ප්‍රාඥයකු වූ අතර චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණ එකතු කරන්නෙකු සහ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රිකයකු ද විය. ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ හතරවැනි පිලිප් රජු සහ එංගලන්තයේ පළවැනි චාල්ස් රජු ඔහුට නයිට් පදවි පිරිනමන ලදී.

1577 උපත්
1640 මරණ
චිත්‍ර ශිල්පීන්

පීටර් පෝල් රූබන්ස්


Jan Józef Ignacy Łukasiewicz (; 8 March 1822 – 7 January 1882) was a Polish pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist. He was one of the most prominent philanthropists in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, crown land of Austria-Hungary. He was a pioneer who in 1856 built the world's first modern oil refinery.

His achievements included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep crude oil, the invention of the modern kerosene lamp (1853), the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe (1853), and the construction of the world's first modern oil well (1854).

Life

Youth and studies

Ignacy Łukasiewicz was born on 8 March 1822 in Zaduszniki, near Mielec, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the Austrian Empire (after the Partitions of Poland) as the youngest of five children. His family was of Armenian origin. His parents were Apolonia, née Świetlik, and Józef Łukasiewicz, a member of the local intelligentsia nobility entitled to use the Łada coat of arms and a veteran of Kościuszko's Uprising. The family rented a small manor in Zaduszniki, but soon after Ignacy's birth financial difficulties forced them to relocate to the nearby city of Rzeszów. There Ignacy entered the local secondary school (Konarski's Gymnasium), but failed to pass the examinations and left in 1836. In order to help his parents and financially support all the relatives, he moved to Łańcut, where he began work as a pharmacist's assistant. Toward the end of his life, Łukasiewicz often described his childhood as happy; the home atmosphere was patriotic and somewhat democratic, and he commonly recalled his first tutor, Colonel Woysym-Antoniewicz, who resided in their house.

Involvement in political movements

Upon moving to Łańcut, Łukasiewicz also became involved in several political organizations that supported the idea of restoring Polish sovereignty and independence and participated in many political gatherings around the area. In 1840 he returned to Rzeszów, where he continued working at Edward Hübl's private pharmacy. In 1845 he met diplomat and activist Edward Dembowski, who admitted Łukasiewicz to the illegal "Centralization of the Polish Democratic Society", a party that focused on radical policies and supported a revolt against the Austrian government. The organization's aim was to prepare an all-national uprising against all three partitioning powers. Since the movement was seen as a possible danger to the Austrian monarchy, on 19 February 1846 Łukasiewicz and several other members of the party were arrested by the Austrian authorities and imprisoned in the city of Lwów. However, on 27 December 1847 Łukasiewicz was released from prison due to lack of evidence, but for the rest of his life he was regarded as "politically untrustworthy" and often observed by local police that was in possession of his records. He was also ordered to remain in Lwów with his elder brother Franciszek.

Career as chemist
On 15 August 1848 he was employed at one of the biggest and best pharmacies in Austrian Galicia (so-called "Austrian Poland"); the Golden Star (Pod Złotą Gwiazdą) Pharmacy in Lviv, modern-day Ukraine, owned by Piotr Mikolasch. In 1850, a handheld pharmaceutical almanac and a precious document entitled manuskrypt, the joint work of Mikolasch and Łukasiewicz was published. Because of this achievement, the authorities granted him a permit to continue pharmaceutical studies at the Royal Jagiellonian University in Kraków. After several years of studies, financed mostly by Mikolasch, he passed all his university examinations except for that in pharmacognosy, which prevented him from graduating. Finally on 30 July 1852 Łukasiewicz graduated from the pharmacy department at the University of Vienna, where he earned a master's degree in pharmaceutics. As soon as he returned to the pharmacy of Piotr Mikolasch in Lviv he began a new phase of his life devoted to the studies of exploiting kerosene.

Petroleum industry and oil lamp
While oil was known to exist for a long time in the Subcarpathian-Galician region, it was more commonly used as an animal drug and lubricant, but Łukasiewicz, John Zeh and Mikolasch were the first to distill the liquid in Galicia and in the world and were able to exploit it for lighting and create a brand new industry. In autumn of 1852 Łukasiewicz, Mikolasch and his colleague John Zeh analyzed the oil, which was provided in a few barrels by traders from the town of Drohobych. After pharmaceutical methods and processes the purified oil was obtained and sold in the local pharmacies, but the orders were small due to high prices. In early 1854 Łukasiewicz moved to Gorlice, where he continued his work. He set up many companies together with entrepreneurs and landowners. That same year, he opened the world's first oil "mine" at Bóbrka, near Krosno (still operational as of 2020). At the same time Łukasiewicz continued his work on kerosene lamps. Later that year, he set up the first kerosene street lamp in Gorlice's Zawodzie district.  In subsequent years he opened several other oil wells, each as a joint venture with local merchants and businessmen. In 1856 in Ulaszowice, near Jasło, he opened an "oil distillery" — the world's first industrial oil refinery. As demand for kerosene was still low, the plant initially produced mostly artificial asphalt, machine oil, and lubricants. The refinery was destroyed in an 1859 fire, but was rebuilt at Polanka, near Krosno, the following year.

Later life and death

Łukasiewicz married, in 1857, his niece Honorata Stacherska and after losing their only daughter, Marianna, the couple adopted Walentyna Antoniewicz.

By 1863 Łukasiewicz, who had moved to Jasło in 1858, was a wealthy man. He openly supported the January 1863 Uprising and financed help for refugees. In 1865 he bought a large manor and the village of Chorkówka. There he established yet another oil refinery. Having gained one of the largest fortunes in Galicia, Łukasiewicz promoted the development of the oil industry in the areas of Dukla and Gorlice. He gave his name to several oil-mining enterprises in the area, including oil wells at Ropianka, Wilsznia, Smereczne, Ropa, and Wójtowa. He also became a regional benefactor and founded a spa resort at Bóbrka, a chapel at Chorkówka, and a large church at Zręcin.

As one of the best-known businessmen of his time, Łukasiewicz was elected to the Galician Sejm. In 1877 he also organized the first Oil Industry Congress and founded the National Oil Society. Ignacy Łukasiewicz died in Chorkówka, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, on 7 January 1882 of pneumonia and was buried in the small cemetery at the nearby (3 kilometers) Zręcin, next to the Gothic Revival church he had financed.

Quotes

See also
 Avunculate marriage
 List of Poles
 Petroleum
 The Petroleum Trail International Tourist Trail
 Timeline of Polish science and technology

Notes

External links
 The Petroleum Trail
Pressure Lamp website

1822 births
1882 deaths
People from Mielec County
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century Polish businesspeople
Deaths from pneumonia in Austria-Hungary
Founders of the petroleum industry
Petroleum engineers
Polish chief executives
Polish engineers
Polish inventors
Polish people of Armenian descent
Polish pharmacists
Polish philanthropists

Ignacy Łukasiewicz


Praz Coutant est une localité de France située en Haute-Savoie, sur la commune de Passy, au pied de la pointe de Platé et au-dessus de la vallée de l'Arve.

Histoire
Initialement à vocation agropastorale, l'activité de Praz Coutant connaît à partir du début du  une évolution avec l'installation de sanatoriums dont celui de Martel Janville et le centre médical de Praz-Coutant. Le site fut accessible par un téléphérique depuis Chedde.

C'est des rochers des Échines sur les hauteurs de Praz Coutant qu'est parti le glissement de terrain à l'origine de la catastrophe du plateau d'Assy en 1970 qui détruit en partie le sanatorium du Roc des Fiz.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Plateau d'Assy
 Plaine Joux

Liens externes

 Fiche « Désert de Platé, Plateau d'Assy » sur le site www.geol-alp.com.

Plateau en Haute-Savoie
Passy (Haute-Savoie)
Massif du Faucigny
Hameau ou lieu-dit en Haute-Savoie

Praz Coutant


Die Panamerikameisterschaften 2005 im Badminton fanden vom 28. März bis zum 1. April 2005 in Bridgetown, Barbados, statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 Einzeldisziplinen bei tournamentsoftware.com
 Teamwertung bei tournamentsoftware.com

2005
Badminton 2005
Badmintonwettbewerb in Barbados
Sport (Bridgetown)

Panamerikameisterschaft 2005 (Badminton)


İsrail-Mısır Barış Antlaşması (1979), (Arapça: معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية;) (İbranice: הסכם שלום ישראל-מצרים;)

ABD'nin Washington şehrinde 26 Mart 1979 tarihinde, Camp David Sözleşmesinde alınan kararları takiben imzalanmıştır.

Barış Antlaşması, Enver Sedat'ın, İsrail'e yaptığı ziyaretten 16 ay sonra ve yoğun pazarlıklar ertesinde imzalanmıştır. Camp David Sözleşmesinin imzalanmasına rağmen bu antlaşmanın imzalanacağı kesin değildi. Mısır, Arap Birliğindeki ülkelerin bu antlaşmayı imzalamaması yönünde ağır baskısı altında idi. Antlaşmanın ana maddeleri arasında: iki ülkenin karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini tanıması, 1948 Arap-İsrail Savaşı'ndan beri yürürlükte olan savaş halinin sona erdirilmesi, İsrail'in silahlı kuvvetlerini ve sivillerini, 1967 Altı Gün Savaşı'nda ele geçirdiği Sina Yarımadası'ndan çekmesi sayılabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İsrail tarihi
 İsrail-Ürdün Barış Antlaşması

İsrail-Mısır ilişkileri
Arap-İsrail ilişkileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri-İsrail ilişkileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin dış ilişkileri
Mısır tarihi
İsrail tarihi
Orta Doğu barış girişimleri
Mısır barış antlaşmaları
İsrail barış antlaşmaları
1979'da Mısır
1979'da İsrail

İsrail-Mısır Barış Antlaşması


Geniş ekran, görüntü Akademik orandan (:en:Academy ratio) daha geniş çerçeve oranına sahip film, bilgisayar ya da televizyon görüntüsüdür.

Tarihçe

Sessiz dönemde filmler 4:3 oranında (4 birim en, 3 birim boy olarak) perdeye yansıtılmaktaydı. Filmlere ses eklenmesinin ardından çerçeve oranları, 1932'de getirilen Akademik oranla (1.37:1 oranı) standart hale getirildi. Geniş ekran oranı, ilk kez 1920'lerde bazı kısa film ve haber filmlerinde kullanıldı. Bu formatta gösterilen ilk uzun metrajlı filmler müzikal türündeki Happy Days (1929) ve The Big Trail (1930) filmleriydi. Her iki film de o zamanlar "görkemli film" olarak bilinen 70 mm filmle çekilmişti. 1932 yılına gelindiğinde, Amerika'da yaşanan Büyük Bunalım film stüdyolarını en küçük masrafları dahi kısmaya zorladı; bu nedenle 1950'lere kadar geniş ekran oranları rafa kaldırıldı. 1950'lerde Cinerama'nın beklenmedik başarısı, televizyonun yaygınlaşmasıyla sinemadan ayağını kesen izleyicileri tekrar sinema salonlarına çekmek isteyen stüdyoların yeniden geniş ekran oranını benimsemelerine yol açtı.

Kaynakça

Sinema ve video terminolojisi

Geniş ekran


Les termes « Marajo » et « Marajó » peuvent faire référence à :

Patronyme

  (1946-2023), homme politique et médecin indonésien ;
 Johnny Marajo (né en 1993), footballeur français ;
 José Marajo (né en 1954), athlète français.

Toponyme

 l'île de Marajó, île brésilienne ;
 , quartier brésilien ;
 , district municipal brésilien ;
 le , écorégion brésilienne ;
 l', archipel brésilien ;
 la , baie brésilienne ;
 la mésorégion du Marajó, subdivision administrative brésilienne ;
 le , rivière brésilienne ;
 le , rivière brésilienne ;
 l', réserve naturelle brésilienne.

Autres

 la , modèle de voiture brésilien ;
 , concours de beauté brésilien ;
 le , modèle de navire brésilien ;
 la , circonscription ecclésiastique brésilienne ;
 le , fromage brésilien.

Voir aussi

Marajo


La Carretera Estatal de Idaho 28, y abreviada SH 28 (en inglés: Idaho State Highway 28) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Idaho. La carretera inicia en el este desde Salmon hacia el oeste en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 193,9 km (120.5 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera Estatal de Idaho 28 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Idaho por sus siglas en inglés ITD.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de ITD

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Idaho

Carretera Estatal de Idaho 28


නවතම විද්‍යාවේත්, උසස් ගණිතයේත්, නිදහස් හෘද සාක්ෂියේත්, සංකලනය වීමෙන් පැන නැගුණ නූතන දර්ශනයේ ආරම්භය ඩෙකාට් ගේ සංශය (Doubt) නම් විධික්‍රමය මගින් ආරම්භ විය. "තේරුම් ගැනීමට නම් සංශය (අවිශ්වාස) කරන්න" යයි ඔහු නිර්භීතව පැවසීය.ඔහුගේ මෙම විප්ලවීය සැකකිරීම (radical doubt) හුදු සැකකිරීමකින් පමණකින් නොනැවතී විධිමත් සන්දේහයක් (The Method of Doubt) ගොඩනගයි.

සංශය

අවිශ්වාස කරන්නේ කුමක්ද?
 තමා ගේ සිට දෙවියන් දක්වා සෑම මතයක්ම.
 ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයෙන් (ඉන්ද්‍රියන්  මගින්) ලැබෙන සෑම ඥානයක්ම.
 සෑම තර්කයක්ම.
 නින්දේදී සහ අවදියේදී ලැබෙන අනුභූතීන්.
 විද්‍යාඥයන් ගේ සහ දර්ශනවාදීන් ගේ අදහස්.

එසේ අවිශ්වාස කරන්නේ මන්ද?
ශීත සෘතුවෙහි එක් දිනෙක තම ගිනි උදුන අසල වූ සිද්ධියකින් ලැබුණු අත්දැකීමක්, "අවිශ්වාසයෙහි" හෙවත් "සංශයෙහි" උපත විය.

එය නම්, උදුන සමීපයෙහි තිබි ඉටිකැබැල්ලක් වේගයෙන් උණුවී යාමයි. ප්‍රථමයෙන් ම ඉටි කැබෙල්ල හා සම්බන්ධව තිබි ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයන් වන වර්ණය, සුවද හා හැඩය වේගයෙන් වෙනස්ව ගියේය.

ඉටිකැබැල්ලක් යනු කුමක්ද? ඉටි කැබැල්ලක් පවතීද? පවතීනම් දියවූ පසු එයට කුමක් වීද? දියවූ ඉටි ඝනවීමේදී සෑදෙන්නේ පෙරවූ ඉටි කැබැල්ලමද? ඉටි කැබැල්ලක් සත්‍ය වශයෙන් නොපවතීද? එසේනම් ඉන්ද්‍රියයන් මඟින් ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂකළේ කුමක්ද? (සමාන විස්තරයක් සඳහා බලන්න -පෙනීම හා තථ්‍යතාව)

මින් ඩෙකාට් නිගමනය කළේ, ක්ෂණයකින් වෙනස්වන ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය අත්දැකීම් මත දර්ශනයක් ගොඩ නො නැගිය හැකි බවයි.

මේ ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයන් පිළිබදව ඩෙකාට් මෙසේ පවසයි. එනම් "මා දන්නා අන්දමට මේවා සමහරවිට අප රවටති." යනුයි. එමනිසා ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ඥානය පරම නියත ස්වරූපයෙන් යුතු යැයි අවිශ්වාසයෙන් තොරව පිළිගත නොහැක. මේ හේතු කොට ගෙන ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ඥානය, දර්ශනයේ නියත පදනම විය නොහැක.එබැවින් ඩෙකාට් කිසිසේත් සැකකළ නොහැකි මූලික ප්‍රස්තූතයක් සොයාගනී. එයනම් "මා සිතමි, එබැවින් මම වෙමි" යන්නයි.

බුද්ධිවාදීන්

රෙනෙ ඩෙකාට් (දෙකාර්ත්)
නූතන බටහිර දර්ශනයේ ආරම්භකයා ලෙස ප්‍රංශජාතික දාර්ශනික  රෙනෙ ඩෙකාට් (1596-1650) - René Descartes  සලකනු ලැබේ.

ඔහුගේ දර්ශනය තුළ ප්‍රධාන පිළිගැනීම් දෙකකි.

පළමුව හේ ශරීරය සෑදීඇත්තේ ද්‍රව්‍ය හා රූප යන්ගෙන් ය යන්න බැහැරකරයි.

දෙවනුව හේ මරණයෙන් -ස්වහාවික හෝ දිව්‍යමය - සියල්ල අවසන් වේ යැයි පිළිනොගනී.

ඔහුගේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ දාර්ශනික ප්‍රකාශය වන්නේ "මා සිතමි, එබැවින් මම වෙමි" යන්නය.

ලයිබ්නිට්ස්
"පූර්වවිහිත ආනුරූප්‍යය" - ලෝකය සකස්වීමේදී කිසියම් නියත ක්‍රමයක් ඇතිබව.

ස්පිනෝසා
බුද්ධිවාදීහු හුදු තර්කමය බුද්ධිය ඇසුරෙන් සත්‍යය දැනගත හැකියයි විශ්වාස කළහ.

අනුභූතිවාදීන් තිදෙනෙක්:

ජෝන් ලොක්
බාහිර ලෝකය ඇසුරින් ලැබෙන අනුභූතින් ඇසුරින් අපි ඥානය ලබා ගනිමු.

උදා: රෝස මල: වර්ණය, ස්පර්ශය හා සුවද යන කරුණු එක්වීමෙන් රොසමල යන අදහස ඇතිවේ. මෙහි මූලික සංකල්ප (සරල සංකල්ප) කීපයක් එකතුවීමෙන් "සංකීර්ණ" සංකල්පයක් වේ. සරල සංකල්ප සංජානනය මගින් ලබාගනී.

සරල සංකල්ප දක්වා විශ්ලේෂණය කළ නොහැකි යම් සංකල්පයක් වේ නම්, එය අර්ථ ශුන්‍ය වූවකැයි ලෝක් නිගමනය කළේය.

ජෝර්ජ් බර්ක්ලේ
ද්‍රව්‍යයන් වැනි දේ අපේ අනුභූතියට ලක් නොවේ. අපට ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ වන්නේ ලක්ෂණ සමූහයක් පමණි. මලක සුවද වැන්නක් අනුභූතියෙන් තොරව පැවැතිය නොහැක. ඒවා පවතින්නේ ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ කරන විට පමණි. අපේ අනුභූතියෙන් පිටස්තර වූ ලෝකයක් මේ නිසා තිබිය නොහැක. "ද්‍රව්‍ය යනු සැබැවින්ම අදහස් රාශියක එකතුවක් පමණකි".

ඒ අනුව බාහිර ලෝකයක් කියා දෙයක් පවතින්නේ කෙනෙකුගේ මනසෙහි පමණක් යැයි නිගමනය වේ.

ඩේවිඩ් හියුම්
හේතුව හා ඵලය අතර අවශ්‍ය සම්බන්ධයක් නොපෙනේ. හෙවත් එක් සිද්ධියක් මුලින් ඇතිවේ, ඊට පසුව තවත් සිද්ධියක් ඇතිවේ. අපේ අනුභූතියට ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ වන්නේ එපමණකි. එම සිද්ධි දෙක අතර අවශ්‍ය සම්බන්ධයක් ඇත්තේ යැයි අපි සිතන්නේ නම් එය හුදු මනඃකල්පිතයක් පමණි.

ආත්මයක් තිබේදැයි බැලීමට 'අන්තර් අවලෝකනය' හෙවත් අපේ සිත තුළටම නැඹුරු වී බැලිය යුතුය. එසේ බැලූවිට අදහස් සිතුවිලි හා විවිධ චිත්තරූප ආදියට අමතරව යමක් නොපෙනේ. එහෙයින් ආත්මයක් නැත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 දර්ශනය
 යථාර්ථය

මූලාශ්‍ර

දර්ශනය
දර්ශනවාදය
සංකල්ප
දර්ශනික ගුරුකුල
දර්ශනවාදය ද්වාරය
දර්ශනවාදීන්
යුගය අනුව දර්ශනය
දර්ශන‍යේ ඉතිහාසය

ක්‍රි.ව. 17 වැනි සියවසේ දර්ශනය


Werner Fritschi (* 30. März 1933) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler.

Vom FC Rheinfelden wechselte der Mittelfeldspieler zum 1. FC Kaiserslautern, für den er ab 1951 in der Oberliga Südwest spielte. Nachdem Werner Fritschi ohne in der Deutschen Meisterschaftsendrunde 1953 eingesetzt zu werden mit dem FCK Deutscher Meister wurde, wechselte er zum in der Saison 1953/54 in der II. Division spielenden SSV Reutlingen 05. In seiner ersten Saison mit dem SSV gelang Fritschi der Aufstieg in die Oberliga Süd. Die Oberligasaison 1954/55 beendete Werner Fritschi mit dem SSV als Vizemeister. Dadurch erreichte Fritschi mit seinen Reutlingern die Teilnahme an der Qualifikationsrunde der Endrunde um die deutsche Meisterschaft 1955. Bei der 0:3-Niederlage gegen den SV Sodingen in der ersten Qualifikationsrunde fehlte Werner Fritschi dem SSV aufgrund einer Verletzung. In der zweiten Qualifikationsrunde gegen Wormatia Worms stand er in der Startelf des SSV Reutlingen und war dabei in der zweiten Halbzeit wegen einer erneuten Verletzung nicht mehr voll einsatzfähig. Am Ende der Oberligaspielzeit 1955/56 belegte Fritschi mit Reutlingen einen Abstiegsplatz und spielte somit in der Saison 1956/57 mit seiner Mannschaft in der II. Division. In dieser Spielzeit gelang ihm der direkte Wiederaufstieg in die Oberliga Süd. Darauf hielt Werner Fritschi bis zur Auflösung der erstklassigen Oberliga 1963 mit dem SSV Reutlingen die Klasse. Mit 192 Spielen für den SSV in der damals höchsten deutschen Spielklasse, in denen er 32 Tore erzielte, ist Fritschi der Rekordspieler des SSV Reutlingen in der Oberliga Süd. Nachdem sein Verein bei der Auswahl der Gründungsmitglieder der Bundesliga nicht berücksichtigt wurde, absolvierte Werner Fritschi für den SSV bis 1965 noch 7 Spiele in der damals zweitklassigen Regionalliga Süd.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Werner Fritschi auf kicker.de

Fußballspieler (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Fußballspieler (1. FC Kaiserslautern)
Deutscher
Deutscher Meister (Fußball)
Geboren 1933
Mann

Werner Fritschi (Fußballspieler)


ගණිතමය විශ්ලේෂණය යන ගණිතමය උප ඒකකයේ අන්තර්නිවේශණය යනු, දන්නා දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍යවල විවික්ත කුලක පරාසයක් තුළ නව දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය ගොඩ නැංවීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයයි.
ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ දී හා විද්‍යාවේ දී අයෙකුට සාම්පල මඟින් හෝ පර්යේෂණ මඟින් ගත් දත් ලක්ෂ්‍ය විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ඇති අතර ඔහු එම දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍යවලට සමීපව ගැලපෙන පරිදි ශ්‍රිතයක් ගොඩ නැංවීමට උත්සාහ කරයි. මෙය වක්‍ර අනුසීහුම හෝ ප්‍රතිපායන විශ්ලේෂණය ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. අන්තර් නිවේෂණය වක්‍ර අනුසීහුවෙහි විශේෂ කොටසක් වේ. ශ්‍රිතය හරියටම දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය තුළින් යා යුතුය.
අන්තර්නිවේෂණයට සමීපවම සම්බන්ධ වන වෙනත් ප්‍රශ්නයක් වන‍්නේ සංකීර්ණ වූ ශ්‍රිතයක් , සරල ශ්‍රිතයක් අනුසාරයෙන් සන්නිකර්ෂණය කිරීමයි. අපි ශ්‍රිතය දන්නා මුත්, එය ගණනය කිරීමට සංකීර්ණ වැඩි යයි සිතන්න. එවිට අපට සංකීර්ණ ශ්‍රිතයේ දන්නා දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය කිහිපයක් ගෙන , එම දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය අන්තර්නිවේෂණය කර සරල ශ්‍රිතයක් ගොඩ නැංවීමට උත්සාහ කළ හැක. සරල ශ්‍රිතය යොදා ගෙන නව දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය ගණනය කිරීමේ දී අපට මුල් ශ්‍රිතය භාවිතා කිරීමේ දී ලැබෙන ප්‍රතිඵලවලට සමානව ප්‍රතිඵල නොලැබේ. නමුත් ගැටලුවේ වසම හා සරලකරණයට යොදාගත් අන්තර් නිවේෂණ ක්‍රමය මත දෝශය අවම විය හැක.
"කාරක අන්තර් නිවේෂණය" ලෙස හඳුන්වන අතිශයින් වෙනස් ආකාරයක අන්තර්නිවේෂණයක් ද ගණිතයේ ඇති බව පැවසිය යුතු වේ. කාරක අන්තර් නිවේෂණය පිළිබඳ ආදි සම්භව්‍ය ප්‍රතිඵල , රෙයිස් - තෝරික් ප්‍රමේයය හා "මාර්සින් කිවිච්" ප්‍රමේයය වේ. තවත් අපර ප්‍රතිඵල බොහොමයක් ද වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation

අන්තර් නිවේශණය


Las elecciones presidenciales de Argentina de 1874 se llevaron a cabo para elegir al presidente de la República Argentina, que debía suceder a Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. En las mismas resultó elegido Nicolás Avellaneda, tras un acuerdo entre éste y Adolfo Alsina, que resultó en la fundación en marzo de ese año del Partido Autonomista Nacional (PAN), el cual gobernaría ininterrumpidamente el país hasta 1916, sin alternancia y bajo un virtual régimen de partido único. La presidencia de Avellaneda dio inicio a la llamada «república conservadora» o «república oligárquica».

Las elecciones se realizaron bajo el régimen de «voto cantado», caracterizado históricamente por el fraude electoral masivo, la violencia en los comicios, el voto venal (pago) y la baja participación, sin que se permitiera votar ni ser elegidas a las mujeres. Solo concurrió a votar el 1,2% de la población. La Constitución establecía que la elección del presidente y vicepresidente debía realizarse en forma indirecta y por separado, delegando la elección final de cada uno, en colegios electorales provinciales integrados por representantes elegidos en la elección primaria. Los electores se eligieron por el sistema de lista completa, siendo electos todos los candidatos más votados, en cada distrito electoral.

Avellaneda triunfó en las provincias de Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe y Tucumán. Su principal contrincante, el expresidente Bartolomé Mitre, triunfó en las provincias de Buenos Aires, San Juan y Santiago del Estero.

Candidaturas

Partido Autonomista Nacional

Partido Nacionalista

Resultados del Colegio Electoral

Resultados por Provincia

Véase también
 Elecciones legislativas de Argentina de 1874
 Elecciones al Senado de Argentina de 1874

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

1874
Elecciones en Argentina en 1874

Elecciones presidenciales de Argentina de 1874