Goddard College is a progressive education private liberal arts low-residency college with three locations in the United States: Plainfield, Vermont; Port Townsend, Washington; and Seattle, Washington. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs. With predecessor institutions dating to 1863, Goddard College was founded in 1938 as an experimental and non-traditional educational institution based on the idea of John Dewey that experience and education are intricately linked.

Goddard College uses an intensive low-residency model. First developed for Goddard's MFA in Creative Writing Program, Goddard College operated a mix of residential, low-residency, and distance-learning programs starting in 1963. When it closed its Residential Undergraduate Program in 2002, it switched to a system of 100% low-residency programs. In most of these, each student designs a unique curriculum. The college uses a student self-directed, mentored system in which faculty make narrative evaluations of students' progress as they fulfill their program's degree criteria. Goddard offers a Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), along with several concentrations and licensures. It enrolls approximately 364 students, 30% of whom are undergraduates. It employs 64 faculty and 50 staff.

The college is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

History
Goddard College began in 1863 in Barre, Vermont, as the Green Mountain Central Institute. In 1870, it was renamed Goddard Seminary in honor of  (1811–1868) and his wife Mary (1816–1889). Goddard was a prominent merchant in Boston, and was one of the school's earliest and most generous benefactors.

Founded by Universalists, Goddard Seminary was originally a four-year preparatory high school, primarily affiliated with Tufts College. For many years the Seminary prospered. But the opening of many good public high schools in the 20th century made many of the private New England academies obsolete. To attempt to save it, the trustees added a Junior College to the Seminary in 1935, with a Seminary graduate, Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin, as President.

Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin was a progressive educator and follower of John Dewey, William Heard Kilpatrick and other, similar proponents of educational democracy. In 1936, under his leadership, the Seminary concluded that in order for Goddard to survive, an entirely new institution would need to be created. A number of prominent educators and laymen agreed with him. Pitkin was supported by Stanley C. Wilson, former governor of Vermont and chairman of the Goddard Seminary Board of Trustees; Senators George Aiken and Ralph Flanders, and Dorothy Canfield Fisher.

Pitkin persuaded the Board of Trustees to embrace a new style of education, one that substituted individual attention, democracy, and informality for the traditionally austere and autocratic educational model. On March 13, 1938, Goddard College was chartered. In July 1938 the newly formed Goddard College moved to Greatwood Farm in Plainfield, Vermont.

The new Goddard was an experimental and progressive college. For its first 21 years of operation, Goddard was unaccredited and small, but it built a reputation as one of the most innovative colleges in the country. Especially noteworthy were Goddard's use of discussion as the basic method in classroom teaching; its emphasis on the whole lives of students in determining personal curricula; its incorporation of practical work into the life of every student; and its development of the college as a self-governing learning community in which everyone had a voice.

In 1959 Goddard College was accredited. One of the founding principles of Goddard was that it should provide educational opportunities for adults. There was a great need for a program for adults who had not completed college, to obtain degrees without disrupting their family lives or careers. The Adult Degree Program (ADP), created by Evalyn Bates, was established in 1963. It was the first low-residency adult education program in the country.

Over the years many experimental programs were designed at Goddard. These programs included the Goddard Experimental Program for Further Education, Design Build Program, Goddard Cambridge Program for Social Change, Third World Studies Program, Institute for Social Ecology, Single Parent Program and many others.

Based on its use of narrative transcripts instead of traditional letter grades, as well as learner-designed curricula, Goddard was among the founding members of the Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities. These included Franconia, Nasson, Antioch, and others.

In 2002, after 54 years, the college terminated its residential undergraduate degree program and became an exclusively low-residency college. Three years later, the college expanded to the West Coast and established a residency site in Port Townsend, Washington. In July 2011 Goddard began to offer their education program (non-licensure only) in Seattle, Washington.

Goddard was placed on probation in 2018 by the New England Commission of Higher Education because of a perceived "[lack of] stability of executive leadership" and concerns about the college's financial resources. The probation was lifted in 2020 after the college satisfied the commission that it had rectified those issues.

Campuses

Main campus, Greatwood: Plainfield, Vermont
The campus in Plainfield was founded in 1938 on the grounds of a late 19th-century model farm: The Greatwood Farm & Estate consists of shingle-style buildings and gardens designed by Arthur Shurcliff. The Village of Learning, consisting of eleven dormitory buildings, was constructed adjacent to the ensemble of renovated farm buildings in 1963 to accommodate an increasing student population. The Pratt Center & Library, designed to be at the heart of a larger campus, was constructed in 1968.

No other significant new construction has been added to the campus since that time. On March 7, 1996 the Greatwood campus was recognized for its historic and architectural significance by its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.

Fort Worden State Park, Port Townsend, Washington campus
A US Army post from 1902 to 1953, much of the fort has been renovated and adapted as a year-round, multi-use facility dedicated to lifelong learning. It houses several organizations that comprise Fort Worden State Park. The fort is located on a bluff overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet near Port Townsend, Washington.

Columbia City, Seattle campus

The MA in Education program, originally held in the Plainfield-based low-residency program, expanded in 2011 into Columbia City, one of Seattle's most ethnically and racially diverse neighborhoods.

The program is unique in that it trains students in bilingual preschool education. Students can focus on such areas as intercultural studies, dual language, early childhood, cultural arts, and community education, and create their plan of studies for each semester. The program is designed to serve students who cannot leave their families and communities for the residency. The "community campus" is housed in different buildings in the area.

Academics
Each Goddard student designs their own curriculum in accordance with their program's degree criteria.

In addition to fulfilling academic criteria in the subjects of the arts, the humanities, mathematics, natural sciences and social sciences, undergraduate students must also demonstrate critical thinking and writing, understanding of social and ecological contexts, positive self-development, and thoughtful action within their learning processes.

The college uses a student self-directed, mentored system in which faculty issue narrative evaluations of student's progress instead of grades. The intensive low-residency model requires that students come to campus every six months for approximately eight days. During this period, students engage in a variety of activities and lectures from early morning until late in the evening, and create detailed study plans. During the semester, students study independently, sending in "packets" to their faculty mentors every few weeks. When low-residency education began at Goddard, packets were made up of paper documents sent via the mail.

Since advances in the internet and related technology, in the 21st century most packets are sent electronically. They may contain artwork, audio files, photography, video and web pages, in addition to writing. The schedule and format of these packets differ from program to program, and content varies with each student-faculty correspondence. The focus is generally on research, writing, and reflection related to each student's individualized study plan.

At regular intervals students compile their work into "learning portfolios" to submit as part of a Progress Review before a cross-program board of faculty. The board ensures that all students' work is in compliance with the college's degree criteria. Undergraduates must complete a yearlong Senior Study, accompanied by final graduating presentations of work, before being awarded a degree.

Facilities

Eliot D. Pratt Center and Library
The Eliot D. Pratt Center and Library, located in Plainfield, Vermont, serves the entire Goddard College community. It is also open to the public. Its holdings contain over 70,000 physical items and access to over 20 electronic databases. The building also houses several administrative offices, an Archives room with artifacts from the 1800s to present, an Art Gallery, and WGDR (91.1 FM), a college/community radio station serving Central Vermont since 1973.

Goddard College Community Radio (WGDR and WGDH)
Goddard is home to Goddard College Community Radio, a community-based, non-commercial, listener-supported educational radio station. It has nearly 70 volunteer programmers who live and work in central and northern Vermont and who range in age from 12 to 78 years. WGDR, 91.1 FM, is licensed to Plainfield, Vermont. Its sister station, WGDH, 91.7 FM, is licensed to Hardwick, Vermont. Goddard College Community Radio is the largest non-commercial community radio station in Vermont; it is the only non-commercial station in the state other than the statewide Vermont Public Radio network, which receives funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Haybarn Theatre
This structure was originally built as a barn in 1868 by the Martin Family and was one of the largest barns in Central Vermont. The Haybarn was originally used to store hay, grain and livestock. In 1938, when Goddard College purchased Greatwood Farm, they began the process of adapting the farm buildings into academic and student spaces. The Haybarn was renovated to provide a space for the performing arts.

For almost 75 years the Haybarn Theatre has been a place where the local community and the College come together to enjoy and appreciate the arts. The Haybarn hosts educational conferences, student and community performances, and the ongoing Goddard College Concert Series.

Notable events

Alternative Media Conference
In June 1970 Goddard hosted the Alternative Media Conference; it attracted more than 1,600 radio DJs and others involved in independent media from all over the United States. Featured presenters included Yippie founder Jerry Rubin, spiritual leader Ram Dass, Larry Yurdin, and Danny Fields, Bob Fass and Paul Krassner from The Realist.

A music roster of up-and-coming bands was curated by Atlantic Records and included Dr. John and the J. Geils Band. The conference embodied both the political activism and the free-love atmosphere of the time: a coalition affiliated with the Panther 21, The Guardian, Newsreel, Radio Free People, Liberation News Service, Media Women, and The New York Rat put together a packet highlighting the political side of alternative media.

A second Alternative Media Conference was held on campus in 2013 to commemorate the college's 150th anniversary. Thom Hartmann and Ellen Ratner were featured speakers.

2014 undergraduate commencement
In 2014, the graduating class of the college's undergraduate program selected convicted murderer and Goddard alumnus Mumia Abu-Jamal as commencement speaker. Abu-Jamal, who had attended Goddard as an undergraduate in the 1970s, completed his Goddard degree from prison via mail while serving a sentence for the 1982 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. Faulkner's widow criticized the selection of Abu-Jamal as a speaker, as did US Senator Pat Toomey, the Vermont Troopers Association, the Vermont Police Chiefs Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. The college's interim President, Bob Kenny, supported the right of students to select a commencement speaker of their choice.

On October 5, the school released Abu-Jamal's pre-recorded commencement speech. Philadelphia police protested against his being given a chance to speak.

Notable people associated with the college

Alumni

 Alan Briskin – organizational consultant
 Ann Gillespie – actor (Beverly Hills, 90210)
 Anna Lee Walters — author
 Archie Shepp – saxophonist
 Blakeley White-McGuire – Principal dancer of Martha Graham Dance Company
 Bradford Graves – sculptor, musician, professor (fine arts, sculpture)
 Cara Hoffman – novelist
 Caroline Finkelstein – poet
 Charlie Bondhus – poet
 Chris Spirou — politician
 Christopher Dell - historian, author, literary critic, and employee at the Library of Congress
 Conrad Herwig – jazz trombonist
 Daniel Boyarin – professor of Jewish Studies
 David Gallaher – graphic novelist
 David Helvarg – journalist and environmental activist
 David Mamet – writer, director, Pulitzer prize winner in drama (Glengarry Glen Ross)
 Deborah Tall — poet
 Donald Kofi Tucker – politician
 Ed Allen – American short story writer
 Elaine Terranova – poet
 Ellen Bryant Voigt – MacArthur Genius, former State Poet of Vermont
 Ellen Ratner — White House correspondent
 Ellis Avery – novelist and poet
 Esther Wertheimer – sculptor
 Evalyn Bates – progressive educator, developed the first low-residency American adult degree program
 Frances Olsen – professor of law at UCLA
 Geraldine Clinton Little – poet
 Helen Landgarten – art therapy pioneer
 Howard Ashman – actor, playwright (Little Shop of Horrors), lyricist (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast)
 J. Ward Carver – Vermont Attorney General, 1925–1931
 Jacqueline Berger — poet
 James Gahagan – abstract artist
 Jane O'Meara Sanders – former president of Burlington College, wife of Senator Bernie Sanders
 Jane Shore – poet
 Jared Carter – poet
 Jared Pappas-Kelley – curator, writer, and artist
 Jay Craven – Vermont film director, screenwriter, and professor
 Jeff McCracken — film and television actor, director, writer, and producer
 Jennifer McMahon — novelist
 Jerri Allyn — performance artist
 John Kasiewicz – guitarist
 Jon Fishman – rock band member (Phish)
 Jonathan Katz – comedian, writer, actor, producer (Dr. Katz)
 Judith Arcana — writer
 Karen Essex — author, journalist, screenwriter
 Kenneth R. Timmerman – correspondent, author, activist
 Kiara Brinkman — author
 Kris Neely – artist and educator
 Larry Feign – cartoonist (The World of Lily Wong)
 Laura McCullough – poet and writer
 Linda McCarriston – poet and professor
 Linnea Johnson – poet
 Lisa Brooks – historian of New England's Native American history
 Lucia Capacchione — art therapist
 Madeline Stone — songwriter
 Mark Doty – poet, National Book Award winner, 2008
 Martin Hyatt — author
 Mary Johnson – author and director of A Room of Her Own Foundation
 Mary Karr – author
 Matthew Quick – American author of young adult and fiction novels
 Mayme Agnew Clayton – librarian, and the founder of the Western States Black Research and Education Center
 Michael Lent – visual artist and curator
 Miriam Hopkins — film and television actor
 Monica Mayer – Mexican artist
 Mumia Abu Jamal – journalist, former Black Panther Party member, convict, author
 Neil Landau – (former faculty) screenwriter, playwright, television producer
 Norman Dubie – poet
 Oliver Foot – British actor, philanthropist, charity worker
 Page McConnell – rock band member (Phish)
 Pamela Stewart – poet
 Paul Zaloom – puppeteer, host of television show Beakman's World
 Peter Hannan – artist, writer, producer (CatDog)
 Philip Zuchman – American painter
 Piers Anthony – English American author
 Robert Louthan — poet
 Robert M. Fisher – abstract artist
 Ronnie Burrage — jazz percussionist
 Roo Borson —poet
 Russell Potter – Arctic historian, author
 Stephen C. Smith – economist, professor, author
 Sue Owen — poet
 Susan Tichy — poet
 Susie Ibarra – contemporary composer and percussionist
 Suzi Wizowaty – author and politician
 Taina Asili — musician
 Tim Costello (1945–2009), labor and anti-globalization advocate and author
 Tobias Schneebaum – artist, anthropologist, AIDS activist
 Tom Griffin – playwright of The Boys Next Door
 Tommie Smith – athlete, activist, educator, gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics who set seven individual world records
 Tony Curtis (Welsh poet) (born 1946) – Welsh poet and author
 Trey Anastasio – guitarist, singer, songwriter, member of the band Phish
 Walter F. Scott – (Goddard Seminary) Vermont State Treasurer
 Walter Klenhard — film director, writer and actor
 Walter Mosley – author
 Wayne Karlin – author
 William H. Macy – actor
 William L. White – addiction studies
 William Wildman Campbell — United States House of Representatives
 Yadira Guevara-Prip — stage and television actor.

Faculty, staff and administration

 Arisa White – current faculty advisor in the BFA Creative Writing Program
 Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg – American writer and third Kansas Poet Laureate who founded Goddard's Transformative Language Arts program
 David Mamet – American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and film director
 Donald Hall — poet and literary critic
 Ellen Bryant Voigt — helped found Goddard's first low-residency program before starting a similar program at Warren Wilson College
 Ernie Stires — composer
 Frank Conroy — author
 Geoffrey Wolff — author
 Hameed Sharif "Herukhuti" Williams – African-American sociologist, cultural studies scholar, sex educator, playwright/poet, and award-winning author
 Heather McHugh — poet
 James Gahagan — sculptor, chairman of Goddard's art department from 1971–79
 Jane O'Meara Sanders – served one year as interim president of Goddard
 John Irving — author
 John Froines – one of the Chicago Seven, taught chemistry in the early 1970s
 Lisel Mueller – poet
 Louise Gluck — Nobel Laureate, poet, winner of the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
 Marilyn Salzman Webb — activist and journalist who founded Goddard's women's studies program
 Marvin Bell — first Poet Laureate of the State of Iowa
 Michael Ryan — poet
 Murray Bookchin (1921–2006) – American anarchist author, orator, and philosopher
 Peter Schumann and his Bread and Puppet Theater were the theatre-in-residence at Goddard College from 1970–1974
 Raymond Carver — author
 Richard Ford — author
 Richard Grossinger — author, publisher - taught interdisciplinary studies (including alchemy, Melville, Classical Greek, Jungian psychology, and ethnoastronomy), 1972-1977
 Robert Hass — poet
 Stephen Dobyns — poet and novelist
 Thomas Yamamoto – art instructor
 Tobias Wolff — author
 Walter Butts – American poet and the Poet Laureate of New Hampshire.

See also
 List of colleges and universities in the United States

References

External links

1863 establishments in Vermont
Alternative schools in the United States
Buildings and structures in Plainfield, Vermont
Education in Washington County, Vermont
Universities and colleges established in 1863
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Vermont
Private universities and colleges in Vermont
Progressive colleges
Tourist attractions in Washington County, Vermont

Goddard College


Saeb Muhammad Salih Erekat ( Ṣā'ib ʻUrayqāt; also ʻRēqāt, Erikat, Erakat, Arekat; 28 April 195510 November 2020) was a Palestinian politician and diplomat who was the secretary general of the executive committee of the PLO from 2015 until his death in 2020. He served as chief of the PLO Steering and Monitoring Committee until 12 February 2011. He participated in early negotiations with Israel  and remained chief negotiator from 1995 until May 2003, when he resigned in protest from the Palestinian government. He reconciled with the party and was reappointed to the post in September 2003.

Personal life and education
Erekat was born in Abu Dis. He was a member of the Palestinian branch of the Erekat family, itself a branch of the Howeitat tribal confederation. Erekat was one of seven children, with his brothers and sisters living outside of Israel or the Palestinian territories. He was 12 years old when the Israelis occupied the West Bank, and was detained by them a year later for writing anti-occupation graffiti, posting fliers and throwing stones.

In 1972, Erekat moved to San Francisco, California, to attend college. He spent two years at City College of San Francisco, a two-year community college. He then transferred to San Francisco State University. There, Erekat received a BA in international relations (in 1977) and an MA in political science (in 1979). He completed his PhD in peace and conflict studies at the University of Bradford in England (in 1983).

Erekat was married to Neameh, and was the father of twin daughters Dalal and Salam; and two sons, Ali and Muhammad.

Career
After gaining his doctorate in England, Erekat moved to the West Bank town of Nablus to lecture in political science at An-Najah National University and also served for 12 years on the editorial board of the locally widely circulated Palestinian newspaper, Al-Quds.

Politics
In 1991, Erekat was deputy head of the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid Conference and the subsequent follow-up talks in Washington D.C. between 1992 and 1993. In 1994, he was appointed the Minister for Local Government for the Palestinian National Authority and also the Chairman of the Palestinian negotiation delegation. In 1995, Erekat served as Chief Negotiator for the Palestinians during the Oslo period. He was then elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council in 1996, representing Jericho. As a politician, Erekat was considered to be a Yasser Arafat loyalist, including the Camp David meetings in 2000 and the negotiations at Taba in 2001. Erekat was also, along with Arafat and Faisal Husseini, one of the three high-ranking Palestinians who asked Ariel Sharon not to visit Al-Aqsa in September 2000, an event which was followed by the Second Intifada. He also acted as Arafat's English interpreter. When Mahmoud Abbas was nominated to serve as Prime Minister of the Palestinian Legislative Council in early 2003, Erekat was slated to be Minister of Negotiations in the new cabinet, but he soon resigned after he was excluded from a delegation to meet Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. This was interpreted as part of an internal Palestinian power struggle between Abbas and Arafat. Erekat was later reappointed to his post and participated in the 2007 Annapolis Conference, where he took over from Ahmed Qurei during an impasse and helped hammer out a joint declaration.

He resigned from his post as chief negotiator on 12 February 2011 citing the release of the Palestine Papers. In July 2013, however, he was still holding the function. In 2015, he became the secretary-general of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization. He later promoted a plan for the basis for new talks with international diplomats including Jared Kushner, President Donald Trump's son-in-law and special adviser.

Legacy
Erekat was one of the more prominent Palestinian spokespeople in the Western media. He wrote extensively in the media about Palestinian statehood, and was a vocal critic of the Trump administration's peace plan.

During the Second Intifada, he loudly criticized Israeli actions and characterized the IDF's 2002 assault in the Palestinian town of Jenin as a "massacre" and a "war crime", alleging that Israel has killed more than 500 Palestinians in the Jenin refugee camp. After the incident was over, however, and the Palestinian death toll was actually recorded at between 53 and 56, mostly combatants, Erekat faced strong criticism in the United States.

Erekat at one time maintained good relations with his counterpart negotiators, in which Israeli justice minister Tsipi Livni mentioned that her talks with Erekat were always honest, and there was mutual respect despite frequent disagreements. In addition, Erekat  took his American counterpart, Martin Indyk, on a tour of Hisham's Palace near Jericho.

Health issues and death
On 8 May 2012, Erekat was hospitalized in Ramallah after suffering a heart attack.

On 12 October 2017, he had a lung transplant at Inova Fairfax Hospital in northern Virginia, United States.

Erekat, who was suffering from pulmonary fibrosis, tested positive for COVID-19 on 9 October 2020. On 18 October, he was sent to the Israeli Hadassah Ein Karem hospital in Jerusalem in critical condition. On 21 October, his daughter said on Twitter that he underwent a bronchoscopy to examine the condition of his respiratory system. Erekat died of complications from COVID-19 on 10 November 2020, at the age of 65. He was interred in the cemetery in Jericho.

Works

 Imam Ali Bin Abi Taleb and Negotiations (2015)

See also
Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Foreign relations of Israel

References

External links

 Saeb Erekat debates Dan Meridor at the International Peace Institute, June 25, 2010 (video)
 San Francisco State University magazine interview with Saeb Erekat

1955 births
2020 deaths
People from Abu Dis
Fatah members
Palestinian diplomats
Members of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council
Members of the 1996 Palestinian Legislative Council
Academic staff of An-Najah National University
City College of San Francisco alumni
State ministers of Palestine
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
People from Jericho
San Francisco State University alumni
Alumni of the University of Bradford
Palestinian people imprisoned by Israel
Lung transplant recipients
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine
Members of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization
Central Committee of Fatah members
Erekat family
21st-century Palestinian diplomats
20th-century Palestinian diplomats
21st-century Palestinian politicians
20th-century Palestinian politicians

Saeb Erekat


Acer floridanum er hlyntegund sem er ættuð frá suðaustur og mið Bandaríkjunum. Hún er stundum talin undirtegund af sykurhlyni. Hún verður um 15-25 m há.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer floridanum


19129 Loos este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19129 Loos este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Antonín Mrkos. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 5,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

19129 Loos


Livingston F.C. er en skotsk fodbold klub der spiller i den skotske liga .
Klubben blev grundlagt i 1943, og ligger i Livingston, West Lothian.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Noter

Etableret i 1943
Fodboldklubber i Skotland

Livingston FC


este o mănăstire budistă din Japonia, situată pe vârful muntelui Hiei la hotarul a două prefecturi, Shiga și Kyoto. Complexul monastic a fost înființat la sfârșitul perioadei Heian de către călugărul budist Saichō (767–822), cunoscut de asemenea sub numele Dengyō Daishi, care a introdus învățăturile școlii budiste chineze Tiantai, cunoscută în Japonia ca Tendai. Enryaku-ji este templul principal al școlii Tendai și una dintre cele mai însemnate mănăstiri din istoria Japoniei. Fondatorii școlilor budiste Jōdo-shū, Sōtō Zen și Nichiren au fost călugări la Enryakuji. În 1994 această mănăstire a fost înscrisă în lista de Partimoniul Cultural Mondial UNESCO ca parte a complexului "Monumente istorice ale vechiului Kyoto (orașele Kyoto, Uji și Otsu)".

Etimologia
Denumirea inițială a templului a fost Hieizan (Hieizan-ji), adică "Templul Muntelui Hiei". Denumirea actuală a templului provine de la Era Enryaku (782 -- 806), perioada de domnie a împăratului Kammu.  se traduce ca "calendar prelungit".

Istoric
Muntele Hiei a fost locul de venerare a zeităților șintoiste (kami) Ōmiwa Myōjin și , și sanctuarele (jinja) dedicate acestor kami au existat înainte de apariția mănăstirii. Un astfel de sanctuar este . Conform cronicii japoneze Kojiki (sec. VIII), în anul 7 al domniei împăratului Suijin, altarul shitoist de pe vîrful muntelui Hie (Hiei) ar fi fost mutat la poalele muntelui (clădirea Higashi Hongū a sanctuarului Hiyoshi Taisha în orașul Otsu de astăzi).

Enryaku-ji a fost întemeiat de către călugărul Saicho, fondatorul școlii budiste Tendai, ca templu de gardă a , capitala Japoniei de pe atunci, de la influențele negative care se credea că vin de la nord-est. Astfel, în 788 au fost puse bazele clădirii, care urma să găzduiască statuia lui  și se afla pe locul actualei clădiri Konponchudo.

Pe parcursul secolului IX importanța templului crește, el devenind unul dintre cele patru mari temple-protectorare ale capitalei (celelalte trei fiind Mii-dera, Tōdai-ji și Kōfuku-ji). Astfel, în 833 călugării Gishin și Ennin, discipolii lui Saichō, obținând permisiunea imperială de a hirotoni preoți și călugări, au petrecut prima ceremonie independentă.

După moartea lui Enchin, al cincilea stareț al Enryaku-ji, în urma conflictului dintre urmașii lui Ennin și urmașii lui Enchin, cei din urmă coboară de pe munte și se stabilesc la templul Mii-dera (Onjo-ji), la poalele muntelui Hiei. Secta Tendai se divizează în Tendai Sammon, cu centrul la Enryaku-ji, și Tendai Jimon, cu centrul la Mii-dera. Deși rivalitatea dintre Sammon și Jimon nu a avut bazată divergențe doctrinale, ea uneori a căpătat forme violente (de exemplu, călugării unei denominații opunându-se numirii starețului provenit din cealaltă denominație). Deși autoritatea de a numi stareți aparținea împăratului, unele numiri au cauzat proteste. Actele de nesupunere deseori aveau formă de "parade" (demonstrații de forță) petrecute la capitală cu scop de a manifesta dezacordul cu deciziile curții imperiale.

Treptat, Enryaku-ji a evoluat într-un centru monastic budist, care a produs numeroși călugări de renume, fondatori de școli proprii, așa ca: Hōnen (școala Jōdo-shū), Eisai (școala Rinzai), Shinran (școala Jōdo Shinshū), Dogen (școala Sōtō), Nichiren (școala Nichiren) și Ryōnin (școala Yuzu Nembutsu). La vârful puterii sale Enryaku-ji cuprindea circa 3.000 de temple subordonate.

Pe timpul lui Ryōgen (912–985), al 18-lea stareț al Enryaku-ji, au fost puse bazele armatei de călugări-războinici, . Inițial reprezentând un grup de mercenari, angajați temporar să apere templul, ei treptat s-au transformat într-o armată permanentă, alcătuită din călugări. Către sfârșitul secolulu X, Enryaku-ji a devenit o importantă forță militară și, datorită faptului că stareții deseori aveau origine nobilă (unii făcând parte din familia imperială), o forță politică. Sōhei de la Enryaku-ji au participat în lupte cu alte templuri și în conflicte feudale.

Puterea politică și militară a templului coate fi ilustrată prin următorul citat, atribuit  (1053-1129):

Pe parcursul perioadelor Kamakura și Muromachi, templul și-a menținut importanța de putere spirituală și independența față de shogunat.

Către a doua jumătate a secolului X, Enryaku-ji deja s-a format ca un complex monastic vast, cu clădiri grupate în trei zone separate (Todo, Saito și Yokawa), planul căre în mare parte se păstrează până în prezent. De câteva ori templul a suferit incendii, dar de fiecare dată a fost reconstruit și restabilit.

În secolul XVI, în perioada de fărâmițare feudală și de războaie continue între clanuri, templul Enryaku-ji, la fel ca și multe alte școli budiste, a participat la conflicte feudale cu armata sa de sōhei. Astfel, în timpul răscoalei Hokke (1534–1536), Enryaku-ji s-a implicat activ în conflictul dintre sectele Ikkō-ikki și Nichiren, sōhei coborând de pe munte și incendiind 21 de temple Nichiren în Kyoto. Mai târziu, în 1570, în războiul dintre feudalul Oda Nobunaga și clanurile Asakura și Asai, Enryaku-ji a luat partea celor din urmă. După ce Enryaku-ji a ignorat ordinul lui Nobunaga de a se abține de la alianță formală cu Asakura și Asai, acesta a înconjurat muntele Hiei la 29 septembrie 1571 și a atacat mănăstirea. În urma incendiului cauzat de soldații lui Nobunaga, au fost arse aproape toate clădirile mănăstirii. Kakujo, al 166-lea stareț al mănăstirii (și fratele împăratului Ōgimachi), a fost forțat să plece în provincia Kai (în regiunea Kantō), unde a primit protecția nobilului Shingen Takeda. După asasinarea lui Nobunaga la putere a ajuns Toyotomi Hideyoshi, care a permis reconstruirea mănăstirii. Unii călugări s-au întors pe munte, însă timp de 11 ani Enryaku-ji nu a avut stareț.

După instaurarea shogunatului Tokugawa, călugărul Tenkai, care a servit drept consilier la trei shoguni, a inițiat restaurarea mănăstirii. Deși guvernarea militară (bakufu) a impus reglementări stricte asupra activității templelor budiste (în special se interzicea implicarea instituțiilor religioase în activități politice), Enryaku-ji și-a recăpătat vechea influență. Tenkai a instaurat cultul sincretic (budist-șintoist) de venerare a shogunilor, prin care shogunul decedat se declara gongen (o manifestare a lui Buddha în forma unui kami). În prima jumătate a secolului XVII mai multe clădiri de pe muntele Hiei au fost reconstruite, iar școala Tendai și-a extins influența în Edo (reședința shogunilor și centrul administrativ al Japoniei de atunci) într-atât că Iemitsu, al treilea shogun din clanul Tokugawa, a fost înmormântat într-un templu Tendai (Rinnō-ji în prefectura Tochigi).

Arhitectură
Teritoria templului este împărțită în trei zone: ,  și .

Tōdō

Konponchūdō

 este construcția principală a întregului complex monastic. Ea reprezintă o reconstrucție mediavală a unei clădiri mai vechi, , intemeiate de Saicho în anul 788. Principalul obiect de venerare este statuia lui , care a fost sculptată de însuși Saicho și care se păstrează aici. Lanternă din fața lui Buddha, conform călugărilor, a fost aprinsă de Saicho și arde în continuu timp de 1200 de ani (după incendiu și reconstrucția ulterioară lanterna a fost aprinsă din nou cu focul adus din templul Risshaku-ji din Yamagata). Denumirea de  provide de la poziția relativă a Yakushi-dō față de celelalte două clădiri întemeiate de Saicho:  și . Cu timpul cele trei clădiri au fost reconstruite, lărgite și în fine unite într-una singură.

În anul 1443 membrii clanului Hino, urmărind reinstaurarea dinastiei de Sud, au pătruns în interiorul Palatului Imperial de la Kyoto (pe atunci reședința  din dinastia de Nord) și au furat una dintre cele Trei Regalii Imperiale. O parte dintre rebeli s-au retras pe muntele Hiei și s-au ascuns în Konponchudo, unde au fost omorâți.

Clădirea originală a Konponchudo a fost distrusă în 1571 de armata lui Oda Nobunaga, iar cea actuală reprezintă o reconstrucție, efectuată între anii 1634 și 1641 sub conducerea călugărului Tenkai, la ordinul shogunul Iemitsu Tokugawa. Întreaga construcție a fost executată din lemn de , arbore endemic din Japonia, Coreea și Taiwan. Împreună cu curtea interioară și galeria din partea de sud formează o structură tipică în stil arhitectural Shinden-zukuri.

Interiorul Konponchudo este împărțit în trei părți. Partea interioară (cea mai sacră parte, în care se află statuia lui Buddha) este situată cu circa 3 m mai jos decât celelalte zone și este pavată cu piatră. Datorită amplasării sali și faptului că anume aici are loc închinarea călugărilor, ea este numită "Vale a învățăturii". Datorită acestei diferențe de înălțime, statuia lui Buddha (aflată în partea interioară) se află la aceeași nivel cu capurile credincioșilor (aflați în partea de mijloc). Această structură neobișnuită a devenit o particularitate a templelor școlii Tendai. Podul în partea mijlocie a Konponchudo este acoperit cu flori desenate în culori naturale. Tot în această parte a sălii este expus textul , scris de mână de către împăratul Shōwa. La 31 martie 1953 Konponchudo a fost declarat Tezaur Național.

Monjurō

 este o cladire cu două etaje, în formă de poartă. Ambii pereți ai acestei porți au înăuntru scări abrupte, respectiv pentru urcare la etajul de sus și pentru coborâre. Sus se află un altar cu statuia lui bodhisattva Manjusri. După amplasarea sa (la est de Konponchudo) Monju-rō corespunde porților principale a altor temple.

Clădirea originală a Monju-rō a fost construită în 866, al optulea an al erei , adică în relativ scurt timp după fondarea templului. După dezastrul din perioada statelor beligerente a fost reconstruit împreună cu Konponchudo și Daikodo, însă a fost ars în întregime în urma incendiului din februarie 1668, după care în scurt timp a fost reconstruit din nou. În comparație cu construcția originală, clădirea actuală a fist micșorată și decorată mai puțin, însă a menținut însemnătatea sa inițială ca loc de venerare a lui Manjusri.

Daikō-dō

 se află la vest de Komponchudo, cu fațada orientată spre sud. Prima clădire pe acest loc  fost construită în 824 de către  (781–833), primul stareț al mănăstirii. Clădirea a fost reconstruită în 1634 (al unsprezecelea an al erei Kanei, după calendarul tradițional japonez) și a existat peste trei sute de ani, până când a fost distrusă în urma incendiului din 1956. Clădirea actuală reprezintă templul , construită inițial în orașul Sakamoto, aflat la poalele de est ale muntelui Hiei, și transportată la Enryakuji în 1964. În timpul relocării a fost găsită o inscripție care a confirmat anul fondării a vechii clădiri Daikō-dō.

Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui Buddha Vairocana. În afara de Buddha, aici sunt expuse portretele marilor călugări, cum ar fi Nichiren, Dogen, Eisai, Enchin, Honen, Shinran, Ryōnin și Shinsei. Toți acești călugări în tinerețe au primit inițiere budistă la Enryakuji și au fondat școli proprii. Portretele au fost donate de sectele respective ca semn de recunoștință. În prezent, spațiul interior al Daikō-dō servește drept sală pentru ceremonii și întâlniri religioase. La 3 iunie 1987 Daikō-dō a fost declarat Patrimoniu Cultural Important.

Kaidan-in

Clădirea  se află în partea de nord a drumului dintre Daikō-dō și Amida-dō, cu fațada orientată spre sud. Este o reconstrucție a unei structuri mai vechi. Peste o săptămână după moartea lui Saichō în 822, împăratul Saga a ordonat construirea templului. Construcția a fost întreprinsă de către călugărul , urmașul lui Saicho și primul stareț (zasu) al școlii Tendai, și a fost finalizată în 828. Anume aici se petrecea ceremonia de confirmare (abhișeka) a călugărilor Tendai.

Clădirea actuală a fost ridicată în 1678. Situată pe un fundament masiv din piatră, clădirea are un singur etaj și este compusă din trei secții de-a lungul și trei secții de-a latul. Privită dinafară, însă, clădirea pare a avea două etaje, cel de jos având cinci secții. Înăuntru se află un altar din piatră și statuiele lui Buddha (Shaka Nyorai), Manjusri și Maitreya. La 2 august 1901 Kaidan-in a fost declarat Patrimoniu Cultural Important.

Pagoda de Est

, denumirea completă . Clădirea originală a fost construită în 862 de starețul Ennin, după modelul  din  (actualmente orașul Xi'an). Pagoda a suferit incendii în anii 970, 1323 și 1435. În 1571 a fost arsă de armata lui Nobunaga și distrusă în totalitate, nemaifiid restabilită timp de peste 400 de ani. Clădirea actuală este o reconstrucție modernă, efectuată în 1980 pentru a comemora 1200 de ani de la ordonarea lui Saichō. Clădirea este o pagodă de tip , care sunt deseori întâlnite la templele școlilor Tendai și Shingon și se deosebesc prin numărul impar de nivele/etaje (două în loc de trei sau cinci). Însă, spre deosebire de alte pagode tahōtō, nivelul de sus al cărora este cilindric (rotund sau octogonal în plan), pagoda Tōdō este dreptunghiulară. Nivelul de jos este dedicat venerării lui Dainichi Nyorai, iar nivelul de sus reprezintă o stupă și conține o mie de manuscrise a Sutrei Lotusului.

Amida-dō

 a fost construită în 1937 pentru a marca aniversarea a 1150 de ani de la fondarea Enryakuji. Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui Buddha Amida (Amitābha), creată de către meșterul Koseki Naitō. În Sala lui Buddha Amida se petrec ceremoniile  pentru adepții școlii Tendai și pentru publicul larg. Tot aici se petrec riturile budiste în timpul festuvalului  (legate de sărbătorirea echinocțiilor de primăvară și de toamnă) și festivaului . La intrare în Amida-dō se găsește un vas cu apă pentru purificare (chōzubachi) în jurul căruia a fost creată o grădină mică, principala atracție a căreia este un suikinkutsu. Clopotnița din fața Amida-dō, inițial construită la poalele muntelui și transportate la Enryaku-ji împreună cu Daikō-dō, are statut de Patrimoniu Cultural al prefecturii Shiga.

Jōdo-in

 se află la o distanță de circa 15 minute de mers de la Konponchūdō. Este considerat cel mai sacru loc din toată mănăstirea, deoarece aici se află mormântul lui Saichō. Clădirea originală a fost construită în 854 de către Enshin, după modelul templului Zhulin de pe  în China.

Aici locuiesc călugării în timpul celor 12 ani de instruire. Călugării îl consideră Saichō drept un "Buddha viu" și îi aduc ofrande (mâncare) ca și cum ar fi fost în viață. O parte a instruirii o constituie îngrijirea "grădinii aride" din curtea Jōdo-in—curățarea și greblarea pietrișului din curte pentru a înlătura frunzele căzute și pentru a menține liniile trasate în valuri și cercuri.

Alte clădiri din Tō-dō

Saitō

Tenbōrindō

, sau , este clădirea principală din zona Saitō. Clădirea originală a fost arsă în 1671 de către armata lui Oda Nobunaga. În 1596 alt conducător militar, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, într-o confruntare cu mănăstirea Mii-dera (o altă mănăstire a școlii Tendai), a ordonat dezasamblarea clădirii principale ("Miroku-dō") a acesteia și transportarea ei la Enryaku-ji. Astfel, clădirea actuală, construită la Mii-dera în 1347, este cea mai veche construcție din întregul complex monastic. Clădirea reasamblată a fost numită Tenbōrindō.

Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui , cioplită de către Saicho. Din acest motiv clădirea este deseori numită .

Pilonii de suport împart clădirea în șapte secții (numite  în arhitectura traditională japoneză) frontal și în șapte secții lateral. Interiorul este împărțit lateral în două zone: cea "exterioară" (2×7 ken), care este accesibilă publicului larg, și cea "interioară" (5×7 ken), unde se află statuia lui Buddha și care este accesibilă doar călugărilor.

La 7 aprilie 1900 Tenpōrindō a fost declarat Patrimoniu Cultural Important.

Ninaidō

 este denumirea comună a două clădiri de aceeași formă, Jōgyōdō și Hokkedō, construite una lângă alta cu fațada orientată spre sud și unite printr-o galerie acoperită. Clădirile originale au fost construite de Ennin, al treilea stareț al Enryaku-ji, în anul 851 și au fost distruse de către Oda Nobunaga în 1571. Clădirile actuale reprezintă o reconstrucție efectuată în 1595.

În cultura populară clădirile Ninaidō se asociază cu  (? -- d. 15 iunie 1189), un sōhei medieval care într-adevăr a petrecut o parte din viață ca călugăr la Enryaku-ji, înainte de a se înrola în armata nobilului Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Legenda îl descrie pe Benkei drept om puternic și uriaș, care odată ar fi ridicat ambele clădiri cu un umăr folosind galeria drept cumpănă.

Interiorul Ninaidō nu este accesibil publicului. La 22 iunie 1955 Ninaidō a fost declarat Patrimoniu Cultural Important.

Jōgyōdō

 este aripa dreaptă a Ninaidō. Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui Amida Nyorai, sau Buddha Amida. Clăderea este folosită pentru practicarea tehnicii Jōgyō-zanmai ("meditație prin mersul continuu"), care constă în mersul zilnic în jurul statuii lui Amida timp de 90 de zile și recitarea continuă a rugăciunii nembutsu (repetarea numelui lui Amida) cu scopul de a-l vizualiza pe Buddha. Este una din cele patru tehnici de meditare a școlii Tendai.

Hokkedō

 este aripa stângă a Ninaidō. Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui Fugen Bosatsu, sau bodhisattva Samantabhadra. Clădirea este folosită pentru practicarea tehnicii Hokke-zanmai ("meditație prin recitirea Sutrei Lotosului") de către călugării școlii Tendai.

Eryō-dō

 a fost construit la începutul perioadei Edo. Clădirea este dedicată venerării călugărului Eryō (800-859), din curentul lui Ennin, cunoscut ca maestru în practici budiste ezoterice și exoterice ("maestru a două învățături") și ca fondator al templului  în Kyōtō.

Ruri-dō

 este cea mai veche clădire a mănăstirii Enryaku-ji și unica, dintre cele existente în prezent, care a nu a fost distrusă de armata lui Oda Nobunaga în 1571. Anul construirii nu este cunoscut, dar judecând după inscripțiile în cronica mănăstirii, Ruri-dō există cel puțin din perioada Muromachi. De-a lungul secolelor a fost reparată de mai multe ori, de la clădirea originală păstrându-se doar forma arhitecturală.

Ruri-dō este pătrată în plan, având trei secții lateral și trei secții frontal. Acoperișul în stilul japonez "", are influențe chinezești, foarte neobișnuit pentru arhitectura clădirilor Enryaku-ji.

Obiectul de venerare este Buddha-Vindecătorul.

La 8 februarie 1912 Ruri-dō a fost declarat Patrimoniu Cultural Important.

Tsubaki-dō

 este o clădire mică, situată în fața Ninaidō cu fațada orientată spre sud. Obiectul de venerare este statuia lui . Denumirea Tsubaki-dō, adică "Sala cameliilor", provine de la o legendă veche, potrivit cărea prințul Shōtoku, în timpul călătoriei la muntele Hiei, ar fi înfipt în pământ toiagul său, făcut din copac de camelie ("tsubaki", camelia japonica), și acest toiag ar fi prins rădăcini și ar fi crescut, răspândindu-se prin toată zona. În prezent, în jurul clădirii într-adevăr cresc camelii.

Data construirii nu este cunoscută, însă conform cronicilor mănăstirii un templu dedicat zeiței Kannon și asociat cu prințul Shōtoku a existat cel târziu din perioada Kamakura.

Yokawa

Yokawa-chūdō

 este templul principal din zona Yokawa. Clădirea originală a fost distrusă în 1942 de o lovitură de fulger. Clădirea actuală reprezintă o reconstrucție, efectuată pe o fundație din beton armat. Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara.

Eshin-in

, sau , este legat de viața și activitatea călugărului Genshin (942-1017). Denumirea Eshin-in provine de la , titlul onorific al lui Genshin. Anume aici el a practicat tehnica Nenbutsu-zanmai (meditarea prin vizualizarea continuă a chipului lui Buddha Amida) și în 985 a scris , care a influențat gândirea școlilor Pământul Pur. Interiorul clădirii nu este accesibil publicului.

Shikikōdō

, sau  a fost construită în 967 la ordinul împăratului Murakami ca loc unde de patru ori pe an să se petreacă discursuri publice despre Sutra Lotusului. Clădirea actuală este o reconstrucție, efectuată în 1652, la ordinul împăratului Go-Mizunoo. Clădirea are formă de careu, altarul fiind situat în partea din mijloc, iar compartimentele din dreapta și stânga fiind rezervate ca locuri de meditație a câlugărilor sihastri.

Alte clădiri

Seiryū-ji
 este un templu situat în Kurodani, la cca 1,5 km de la Shakadō. Deși administrativ Seiryū-ji se află în prefectura Kyoto (hotarul dintre prefecturile Shiga și Kyoto trece peste muntele Hiei), adresa poștală este aceeași cu restul mănăstirii: prefectura Shiga, municipiul Ōtsu, Sakamoto-honmachi 4220.

Denumirea de  provine de la zeitatea , cărei inițial a fost dedicat templul. Clădirea originală a fost construită pe timpul starețului Ryōgen. Templul este cunoscut ca locul de instruire a călugărului Hōnen, întemeietorul școlii Jōdo-shū. La vârsta de 13 ani Hōnen a venit la Hiei pentru a studia budismul, iar la 18 ani s-a retras la Kurodani unde a devenit discipolul călugărului . Clădirea a fost distrusă în 1571 de armata lui Nobunaga.

Clădirea actuală este o reconstrucție, efectuată în 1967 de către călugării de la , templul de reședință al școlii Jōdo-shū. Cu toate că templul aparține de școala Tendai, în prezent responsabilitatea pentru gestionarea clădirii a asumat-o templul Chion-in. Seiryū-ji este cea de-a 13-cea stație de pe ruta de pelerinaj "". Clădirea este folosită ca loc de inițiere a tinerilor călugări în practicile . Obiectul principal de venerare este statuia lui Buddha Amida. Alte două obiecte de venerare din Seiryū-ji (statuia lui  din sec. IX și statuia starețului Ryogen, ambele cu statut de Patrimoniu Cultural Important) actualmente se păstrează în Sala Tezaurului Național al Enryakuji.

Mudō-ji

 este un templu situat în Mudojidani, la cca 1,5 km de la Konpon-chūdō. Clădirea originală a fost construită în 865 de către călugărul  (831-918), fondatorul practicilor kaihōgyō. Templul este dedicat venerării deităților budiste Acala și .

Practici spirituale
La baza doctrinei Tendai stă ideea buddhismului universal, adică ideea că diferite învățături și curente (ezoterice, tantrice, zen etc.) nu se contrazic, ci pot fi unite într-un sistem universal. Deaceea practicile spirituale ale acestei școli sunt foarte variate.

Pregătirea călugărilor
Călugării mănăstririi, după ce au primit ordinarea la Kaidan-in, se retrag la Jōdo-in, unde se dedică practicii . Pe lângă pregătirea de ofrande pentru Dengyō Daishi (Saichō) pe care îl consideră drept "Buddha viu", activitățile zilnice ale călugărilor includ meditația în șezut (zazen) și studierea sutrelor, precum și menținerea curățeniei în curte și în sala de exerciții (dojo). Astfel călugării petrec 12 ani, fără să părăsească muntele Hiei, locuind departe de grijile lumești.

Kaihōgyō

Cea mai importantă parte a practicilor ascetice de la Enryaku-ji este . Aceste practici au o istorie lungă și sunt tradițional trasate până la călugărul Sōō (831-918), cunoscut pentru autoizolarea sa pe panta sudică a muntelui Hiei (în prezent templul Mudo-ji) și pentru pelerinajul său prin munții Hira la nord de Hiei. De-a lungul secolelor, aceste practici au fost preluate de către alți călugări, modificate și sistematizate. Cu toate că se cunoaște foarte puțin despre practicarea de kaihōgyō până la distrugerea mănăstiri în 1571, după această dată doar 48 de călugări au completat Sennichi kaihhōgyō (mersul de 1000 de zile).

Fapte remarcabile
 Călugărul Ennin de la templul Enryaku-ji l-a însoțit pe savantul Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu în misiunea sa diplomatică la curtea împăraților Chinei din dinastia Tang.

Vezi și
 Kaihōgyō
 Sōhei

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
  Situl oficial al templului Hieizan Enryakuji.

Temple budiste
Patrimoniul mondial în Japonia
Prefectura Kyoto
Prefectura Shiga

Enryaku-ji


Milliyet, Demirören Holding'in sahibi olduğu günlük gazetedir.

Türkiye'nin en önemli günlük gazetelerinden biri olan Milliyet, önceleri Doğan Grubu bünyesinde yayımlanmaktayken, 2011 yılı başlarında Karacan-Demirören ailelerinin sahibi olduğu DK Gazetecilik'e satılmıştır. Ali Karacan ve Ömer Karacan kardeşler ile Demirören ailesi arasındaki ortaklığın bozulması yüzünden bir süre kayyım tarafından yönetilen gazete, son olarak Karacan ailesinin hisselerini devretmesi ile Demirören ailesinin mülkiyetine geçmiştir.

Milliyetin internet sitesi milliyet.com.tr, Haziran 2011'de 8,8 milyon ziyaretçisiyle Avrupa'da en çok ziyaret edilen beşinci haber sitesi oldu.

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Kuruluş yılları

Milliyet gazetesinin ilk sayısı 11 Şubat 1926 tarihinde Atatürk'ün izniyle Siirt Milletvekili Mahmut Soydan tarafından yayımlanmaya başladı. 1 Aralık 1928 yılına kadar Osmanlı Arap harfleriyle basılan gazete, 1935 yılında Ali Naci Karacan tarafından satın alınarak Tan adıyla yayımına devam etti. Ancak Tan Olayı nedeniyle kapatılarak 3 Mayıs 1950 tarihinde tekrar Milliyet adıyla yayımlanmaya başladı. Gazetenin yazarları arasında Refik Halid, Bedii Faik, İsmail Hami Danişmend, Ulunay bulunmuştur. Abdi İpekçi 1954'te Yazı İşleri Müdürü olunca Milliyet gazetesi Türkiye'nin en etkili siyasi gazetelerinden biri hâline geldi. Peyami Safa, Reşat Ekrem, Çetin Altan gibi yazarlar da Milliyette yazmaya başladı.

Milliyet kurulduğu ilk zamanlar Demokrat Parti'yi destekliyordu, daha sonra giderek sola kaydı. Tirajı 20 binlerden, 100 binlere çıktı. Batı tarzı gazetecilik, Abdi İpekçi'nin dengeli başyazıları, haftalık röportajları, Ali Gevgilili'nin entelektüel yazıları ve açık oturumları Milliyeti Babıali'de saygın bir gazete durumuna getirdi. 1960'larda yazı kadrosunda; Burhan Felek, Talat Halman, Refik Erduran, Bülent Ecevit, Kemal Bisalman, İsmail Cem, Metin Toker, Hasan Pulur, Sami Kohen, Ümit Deniz, Bedri Koraman, Mümtaz Soysal, Örsan Öymen ve Yılmaz Çetiner yer aldı.

1970'lerde gazete sosyal demokrat bir çizgiye oturdu ve tirajı 200 binlere çıktı. CHP'ye yakın görünmesine rağmen başta Adalet Partisi olmak üzere sağa da yer verdi. 1970'lerin terör ortamında gazetenin Başyazarı ve Yönetmeni Abdi İpekçi siyasi amaçlı bir suikasta hedef oldu. 1 Şubat 1979'da, İstanbul Nişantaşı'nda bugün adını taşıyan caddede otomobilinin içinde silahlı bir saldırıya uğrayarak öldürüldü. Suikasttan sorumlu olduğu belirlenen Mehmet Ali Ağca, 25 Haziran 1979'da yakalandı. Ancak 23 Kasım 1979'da tutuklu bulunduğu askeri ceza evinden kaçan Ağca 13 Mayıs 1981'da Papa II. Ioannes Paulus'a karşı yaptığı suikast girişimiyle kendisini ve Milliyet gazetesini dünya gündemine soktu. Abdi İpekçi suikastı Türkiye'yi 12 Eylül darbesi'ne götüren önemli şiddet eylemlerinden biri olarak anılmaktadır.

Abdi İpekçi suikastı sonrası
20 Temmuz 1979 tarihinde Ercüment Karacan, gazetenin çoğunluk hisselerini Aydın Doğan'a sattı. Aydın Doğan, 6 Ekim 1980 tarihinde gazetenin sahibi olarak gazetenin künyesine girmiştir. Milliyet, 12 Eylül askeri darbesinden sonra zor günler yaşadı. Başyazarlığı bir süre Ali Gevgilili yaptı, bir süre de Mehmet Barlas aynı görevi üstlendi. Çok sık Genel Yayın Yönetmeni değiştiren Milliyet, okuyucu kaybetti, çizgisi belirsizleşti. Ancak, promosyon savaşları döneminde, ansiklopedi ve karton oyuncaklarla tekrar tiraj ve gelir artışı sağladı. Eş zamanlı olarak yapılan halka arz ile Milliyet büyük bir gelir elde etti ve güçlenme olanağı buldu.

Milliyet, Sedat Ergin'in 2005 yılında Genel Yayın Yönetmenliği görevini üstlenmesinden sonra soldaki siyasi çizgisini tekrar sabitleştirdi. İktidara 'muhalif' diye nitelenebilecek haberler yayımlamaya başladı. Sedat Ergin genç yazarları öne çıkardı ve Milliyeti hem okur hem de fikir olarak gençleştirme çabasına girdi.

Meyhane baskısı adı verilen akşam baskısı, 1990'lı yıllarda kaldırılıncaya kadar gazetenin son sayfası spora ayrılıyordu. Bugünkü Milliyet spordaki öncülüğünü kaybetmiş olmakla birlikte, genç futbol yazarlarına verdiği destek ile dikkat çekmektedir. Milliyet gazetesi DPC tesislerinde, diğer Doğan Yayın Holding gazeteleriyle birlikte basılmaktadır. Her ayın son haftası Kitap eki verir. Hafta sonları iki-üç ek yayınlar.

 Son durum
Milliyet Genel Yayın Yönetmenliğini 4,5 yıldır sürdüren Sedat Ergin, 1 Ekim 2009 tarihinden itibaren yerini Vatan gazetesi eski Yayın Yönetmeni Tayfun Devecioğlu'ya bırakmıştır.

Eylül 2012 istatistiklerine göre Milliyetin internet haber sitesi Türkiye genelinde en çok ziyaret edilen siteler sıralamasında 5. sıradadır. Dünya genelinde ise 323. sıradadır.

Milliyet, Doğan Holding tarafından Nisan 2011'de Karacan ve Demirören gruplarının ortaklaşa oluşturdukları konsorsiyuma, Vatan ile birlikte 79 milyon dolar karşılığında satıldı. Sancılı bir sürecin ardından gazetenin sahipliği Demirören ailesine geçti. Demirören Medya Grubu'na geçen diğer gazete ve kanallarda olduğu gibi, Milliyet'te de birçok isim tasfiye edildi. Başta Yazı İşleri olmak üzere çok sayıda isim Milliyet ile yollarını ayırmak zorunda kaldı. Ayrılan isimler şöyle:

 Tayfun Devecioğlu - Genel Yayın Yönetmeni
 Emre Oral - Yayın Koordinatörü
 Cem Dizdar - Yazı İşleri Müdürü
 Ali Acar - Görsel Yönetmen
 Ümit Aslanbay - Genel Yayın Danışmanı
 Hakan Oktay - Haber Müdürü
 Yasemin Saraç - Yazı İşleri -  Editör
 Naki Özkan - Yazı İşleri - Editör
 İsmail Şahin - Yazı İşleri  - Editör
 İlke Gürsoy - Yazı İşleri Editör - Ek Yayınlar Koordinatörü
 Murat Sabuncu - Ekonomi Müdürü
 Nevin Donat - Ekonomi Muhabiri
 Nuray Mert - Köşe Yazarı

Mart 2012'de Milliyet ve Vatandan sorumlu Medya Grup Başkanlığı'na Akif Beki getirildi. Son olarak, Kanal 24'ün Genel Yayın Yönetmenliği görevini yürüten Beki, daha önce Başbakan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın basın danışmanlığını da yapmıştı. Ancak Beki ile Demirören ailesi anlaşamadı ve Beki görevi başlamadan bırakmak zorunda kaldı.

Ekim 2012'de Milliyet Genel Yayın Yönetmenliği görevine Derya Sazak getirildi.

Hasan Cemal'in 2013 yılında yazdığı yazılarından dolayı Milliyet gazetesindeki işine son verildi.

2013 yazında köşe yazarı Can Dündar ve Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Derya Sazak görevden alındı. Bu görevden almaların sebebi olarak Gezi Parkı olaylarına verdiği desteğin patron Demirören tarafından hoş karşılanmaması gösterildi. Derya Sazak'ın bıraktığı Genel Yayın Yönetmenliği görevine Fikret Bila getirildi.

2015 yılında,  gazetenin patronu Erdoğan Demirören hakkında yazdığı bir yazı sebebiyle köşe yazarı Aslı Aydıntaşbaş'ın da işine son verildi.

2016'nın Haziran ayının başında Fikret Bila, 3 yıldır Genel Yayın Yönetmenliğini yürüttüğü ve 30 yıldır çalıştığı Milliyet gazetesinden istifa etti.

 Köşe yazarları
 Abbas Güçlü (Diyalog)
 Ali Eyüboğlu (Alice)
 Asu Maro (Parçalı Bulutlu)
 Çağdaş Ertuna (Son Durum)
 Filiz Aygündüz (Bir Kahve İçimi)
 Güneri Cıvaoğlu (Bugün)
 Mehmet Tez (Hafif Müzik Hafif Başka Şeyler)
 Melih Aşık (Açık Pencere)
 Nihat Ali Özcan (Eksen)
 Sami Kohen (Yorum)
 Selva Demiralp (İkinci El)
 Serpil Çevikcan (Satır Arası)
 Tunca Bengin (Sokaktaki İnsan)

 Eski köşe yazarları
 Hasan Cemal
 Taha Akyol (Objektif)
 Hurşit Güneş
 Rıza Türmen
 Ahmet Altan (Kum Saati) 1994/1995
 Yavuz Donat (Vitrin) 1992/1998
 Osman Ulagay (Makro Bakış)
 Meliha Okur (Okur İçin)
 Zülfü Livaneli (Dünya Değişirken) 1994/1998
 Ali Sirmen (Dünyada Bugün) 1992/1998
 Yalçın Doğan (Günlük)
 Mümtaz Soysal (Açı)
 Uğur Mumcu (Gözlem) 1992
 Umur Talu (Dipsiz Kuyu) 1995/2001
 Mehmet Ali Birand (Köşe)
 Altan Öymen (Bugün)/ (Bu Köşeden)
 Yasemin Çongar (Yıldızlar, Çizgiler ve Ötesi) 1994/2007
 Hikmet Bila (Milliyet'ten)
 Mehmet Barlas (Bugün)
 Nagehan Alçı (Ansızın)
 Ufuk Güldemir 1994/1995
 Atilla Özsever
 Mehmet Yakup Yılmaz
 Tamer Heper (Avukatınız)
 Metin Toker (Not Defterimden)
 Talat Halman
 Şahin Alpay
 Yılmaz Çetiner (Haberiniz Var Mı?)
 Nilgün Cerrahoğlu
 Ece Temelkuran (Kıyıdan)
 Şeref Oğuz (Öneri Yorum)
 Duygu Asena
 Mete Akyol
 Abdi İpekçi
 Halit Çapın
 Turhan Aytul
 Zeynep Oral (Esintiler)
 Can Dündar (Ada)
 Derya Sazak (Siyaset Günlüğü)
 Yaman Törüner (Çözüm)
 Serpil Yılmaz (Sobe)
 Metin Münir
 Murat Sabuncu
 Nail Güreli (Onuncu Ses)
 Baver Ergun (Baver'in Günlüğü)
 Ayşegül Sönmez (Sanat Sepet)
 Fuat Keyman  (Yeni Akıl)
 Aslı Perker
 Mirgün Cabas (Her Şey)
 Yaprak Aras
 Pelin Batu (Revnak)
 Çetin Altan (Şeytanın Gör Dediği)
 Hasan Pulur (Olaylar ve İnsanlar)
 Aslı Aydıntaşbaş
 Kadri Gürsel
 Meral Tamer (Eko Gündem)
 Mehveş Evin (Jurnal)
 Fikret Bila (Yön)
 Doğan Heper (Not)
 Güngör Uras (Olayların İçinden)
 Tolga Şardan (Büyüteç)
 Gökçer Tahincioğlu (Yüzleşme)
 Mehmet Tezkan (Aslında Ne Oldu)

Arşiv
Milliyet gazetesinin yayına başladığı 3 Mayıs 1950 ile 31 Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasındaki baskılarını içermektedir. Milliyet Gazete Arşivi sayesinde; tarih belirterek o tarihte yayımlanmış Milliyet sayfalarına ve sözcük belirterek belirttiğiniz sözcüklerin geçtiği tüm haberlere ulaşabilirsiniz. Bu özelliği ile Milliyet Gazete Arşivi Türkiye'de bir ilk olma özelliği göstermektedir.

Arşivi kullanabilmek için milliyet.com.tr üyeliği yeterlidir. Üyelikten ücret alınmamaktadır.

Sözcük araması ile sözcüğü içeren haber kupürlerine ve sayfalara; tarih ve sayfa numarası belirterek ise doğrudan aranan gazete sayfalarına ulaşılabilir. Sitede bulunan Yardım bağlantısından, arşiv sisteminin kullanımı hakkında bilgi edinilebilir.

Arşiv kullanımı ücretsizdir. Okunan haber ve sayfa sayılarında günlük sınırlar uygulanmaktadır.

 Milliyet Kitap Milliyet Kitap', Milliyet Gazetesi'nin her ayın 20'sinde çıkan kitap ekidir. Yayın Yönetmeni, Filiz Aygündüz'dür. İlavenin kapak dosyaları genellikle edebiyat tarihine geçmiş yazarların ölüm ve doğum yıllarını konu edinir. Çok sayıda genç yazar ilavede eleştiri ve tanıtım yazılarıyla yer alır. Aralık 2006'dan itibaren her sayısında yeni çıkan kitaplar hakkında yazılar ve hazırlanan dosyalarla okurlarla buluşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri
 Milliyet Sanat Dergisi
 Milliyet Türkiye Liselerarası Müzik ve Halk Oyunları Yarışması
 Milliyet Roman Ödülleri

Dış bağlantılar

 Milliyet gazete arşivi
 Milliyet resmî Facebook sayfası
 Milliyet resmî Twitter sayfası
 İstanbul Üniversitesi Merkez Kütüphanesi basın arşivinde bulunan 1929-1935 sayıları
 gastearsivi.com sitesinde bulunan 1929-1935 sayıları

Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
Demirören Holding kuruluşları
1926'da kurulan yayınlar
İstanbul gazeteleri
Türkçe gazeteler
Türkiye gazeteleri
Milliyetçi yayınlar

Milliyet (gazete)


Sarah Ellen Polley  (born January 8, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, writer, political activist and retired actress. She first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books. This subsequently led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea (1990–1996). She has starred in many feature films, including The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Exotica (1994), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), Guinevere (1999), Go (1999), The Weight of Water (2000), No Such Thing (2001), My Life Without Me (2003), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Splice (2009), and Mr. Nobody (2009).

Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her (2006), for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Polley's second film, Take This Waltz (2011), premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by her first documentary film, Stories We Tell (2012). She also wrote the miniseries Alias Grace, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. In 2022, Polley wrote and directed the film Women Talking, based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Early life
Polley was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of five children born to Diane Elizabeth Polley (née MacMillan). Her siblings are Susy and John Buchan from Diane's first marriage to George Deans-Buchan, and Mark and Joanna Polley from her second marriage to Michael Polley (1933–2018), a British-born actor who became an insurance agent after starting a family with Diane. Her uncle was the Buffalo Sabres play by play caller Ted Darling.

Her mother was an actress (best known for playing Gloria Beechham in 44 episodes of the Canadian TV series Street Legal) and a casting director. She died of cancer the week of Polley's 11th birthday.

Polley suffered from severe scoliosis as a child and underwent a spinal operation at 15 that required her to spend the next year in bed recovering.

Polley was raised by Diane and Michael. During her childhood, Polley's siblings teased her because she bore no physical resemblance to Michael. Polley discovered as an adult that her biological father was actually Harry Gulkin, with whom her mother had an affair (as chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell). Gulkin, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, was a Quebec-born film producer who produced the 1975 Canadian film Lies My Father Told Me, and had met Diane after attending a play in which she acted in Montreal in 1978. When Polley turned 18, she decided to follow up on suggestions from her mother's friends that her biological father might be Geoff Bowes—one of three castmates from her mother's play in Montreal. Meeting with Gulkin as just someone who could provide information about Diane in Montreal, he informed Polley of his affair with Diane. Gulkin's paternity was later confirmed by a DNA test.

Polley attended Subway Academy II, then Earl Haig Secondary School, but dropped out at age 15. By the age of 15 she was living on her own and credits the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty for housing her and developing her work with activism.

Career

Early career
Her first appearance on screen was at the age of four, as Molly in the film One Magic Christmas. She was in the pilot episode for Friday the 13th – The Series and appeared in a small role in William Fruet's sci-fi horror film Blue Monkey, both in 1987.  At age of eight, she was cast as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books.

That same year, she played one of the lead characters in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Polley burst into the public eye in 1990 as Sara Stanley on the popular CBC television series Road to Avonlea. The series made her famous and financially independent, and she was hailed as "Canada's Sweetheart" by the popular press. The show was picked up by the Disney Channel for distribution in the United States. At the age of 12 (around 1991), Polley attended an awards ceremony while wearing a peace sign to protest the first Gulf War. Disney executives asked her to remove it, and she refused. This soured her relationship with Disney, but she continued on Road to Avonlea until 1994. The show ran until 1996; Polley did return as Sara Stanley for an episode in 1995 and for the series finale.

In 1994 Polley made her theatre debut at the Stratford Festival playing Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's book of the same name. Polley ended her run early, claiming complications from scoliosis. In 2022 she revealed she had in fact been suffering from intense stage fright, something that continued to plague her into adulthood.

Transition into more adult roles
Polley appeared as Lily on the CBC television series Straight Up, which ran from 1996 to 1998, winning the Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for her role. Polley's subsequent role as Nicole Burnell in the 1997 film The Sweet Hereafter brought her considerable attention in the United States; she was a favourite at the Sundance Film Festival. Her character in the film was an aspiring singer, and on the film's soundtrack, she performed covers of The Tragically Hip's "Courage" and Jane Siberry's "One More Colour" and sang the film's title track, which she co-wrote with Mychael Danna.

In 1998, Polley appeared in the critically acclaimed film Last Night. The following year, she starred as part of the ensemble cast in the film Go. She was cast in the role of Penny Lane in the big-budget 2000 film Almost Famous, but dropped out of the project to return to Canada for the low-budget The Law of Enclosures. Her role in the 2003 film My Life Without Me garnered the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in 2004. In the same year, she starred in a lead role in the remake of Dawn of the Dead, which was a departure from her other indie roles.

In 2005, she starred in The Secret Life of Words, opposite Tim Robbins and Julie Christie. She was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her role as Hanna.

In 2006, Polley took a role on the acclaimed series Slings and Arrows during its third and final season. Polley's father, Michael Polley, was a regular on the show during its entire three-season run. She served as a member of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival jury.

In 2008, Polley appeared as Nabby Adams in the HBO miniseries based on the life of John Adams. Polley played Elise in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr. Nobody, which was released in 2010. Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Polley's acting.  Later that year, she also appeared in a cameo role in Bruce MacDonald's film Trigger.

Though Polley never officially announced her retirement from acting, she has not taken an acting role since 2010, transitioning into a writing and directing career.

Directing career
In 1999, Polley made her first short film, The Best Day of My Life, for the On the Fly 4 Film Festival. She also made a second short film that year, Don't Think Twice. Polley attended the Canadian Film Centre's directing program in 2001, and won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama in 2003 for her short film I Shout Love. She made her feature-length film directing debut with Away from Her, which Polley adapted from the Alice Munro short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain. The movie, starring Julie Christie (with whom she had played in No Such Thing, 2001, and The Secret Life of Words, 2005), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2006, as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase.

Away from Her was acquired by Lionsgate for release in the US for the sum of $750,000. It drew rave reviews from Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, and the three Toronto dailies, both for the performances of Christie and her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and for Polley's direction. It also earned Polley a 2007 Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, and won the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction. At the 2008 Genies, she was also awarded the Claude Jutra Award, which recognizes outstanding achievement by a first-time feature film director.

Polley wrote and directed her second feature, Take This Waltz starring Michelle Williams, Luke Kirby, Seth Rogen, and Sarah Silverman, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011.

Her documentary film Stories We Tell premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in competition in the Venice Days category, and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival. The critically acclaimed documentary examined family secrets in Polley's own childhood. She was awarded the CAN$100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association. In 2017, Polley executive produced the film A Better Man (2017),

In late 2012, Polley announced that she would be adapting Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace. Polley first wrote to Atwood asking to adapt the novel when she was 17. They held off for 20 years until she was ready to make the show. In August 2014, during a profile of her work as a director, Polley announced that Alias Grace was being adapted into a six-part miniseries. In June 2016, the series was confirmed with Polley writing and producing. The series premiered in 2017 on CBC Television in Canada; it streams on Netflix globally, outside of Canada. It received positive reviews from critics.

In June 2014, it was announced that she would be writing and directing an adaptation of John Green's Looking for Alaska. In March 2015, Polley was hired to write the script for a new adaptation of Little Women, as well as potentially direct; however, Polley's involvement in the project never went beyond initial discussions, despite reports. In her 2022 essay collection Run Towards the Danger, Polley revealed she had been working on a second draft of the Little Women screenplay when she had a traumatic head injury resulting in post-concussion syndrome that left her with symptoms for four years so she was temporarily unable to work. It was subsequently announced in June that, due to scheduling conflicts, Polley would no longer be directing Looking for Alaska.

In an interview, Polley stated that she takes pride in her work and enjoys both acting and directing, but is not keen on combining the two:I like the feeling of keeping them separate. I find that really gratifying. I can't imagine combining those. For me, I love the feeling of using different parts of my brain separately. In a 2015 retrospective of the movie Go, Mike D'Angelo of The A.V. Club commented that Polley's decision to go into directing had "deprived the world of many potentially great performances", calling her a "superb actor". In December 2020, it was announced Polley would direct Women Talking based upon the novel of the same name by Miriam Toews for Orion Pictures. It premiered at the 49th Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022, and went into wide release on December 23, 2022. It was released to widespread acclaim, with 90% of critics giving it a positive review on Rotten Tomatoes. Shirley Li of The Atlantic called it "vibrant cinema," while Anna Bogutskaya of Time Out said that it "imagines female emancipation as an honest, raging, caring experience." Polley won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 95th Academy Awards, and the film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.
In 2023, Polley was revealed to be in talks to direct Disney's live action adaptation of Bambi.

Writing career
Polley has written numerous essays over the years about her experiences as a child star. In 2022, she released her first book of essays, the autobiographical, Run Towards the Danger which contains six essays that examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film, detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea. The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28.

Political and social activism

Following the row with Disney as a twelve-year-old for wearing a peace sign to protest against the Gulf War, Polley dedicated more of her efforts to politics, becoming a prominent member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP), where Ontario legislator Peter Kormos was her political mentor. In 1996, she gave a nomination speech for Kormos at the ONDP leadership convention which she later referred to as the "proudest moment in [her] life".

In 1995, she lost two back teeth after being struck by a riot police officer during a protest against the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris in Queen's Park. She was subsequently involved with the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty. She subsequently scaled back her political activism.
She was part of a group in 2001 which opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. The 3rd Summit of the Americas was held in Quebec City in April 2001. In 2003, she was part of former Toronto mayor David Miller's transition advisory team.

In 2009, Polley directed a two-minute short film in support of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. In advance of the film's airing in Canada during the 82nd Academy Awards, and following news reports that characterized the film as a marketing exercise for the margarine company Becel, Polley withdrew her association with the film. "In December 2009, I made a film to be aired during the Academy Awards that I believed was to promote the Heart and Stroke Foundation. When I agreed to make this film ["The Heart"], I was thrilled, as I was proud to be associated with the work of this incredible organization. However, I have since learned that my film is also being used to promote a product. Regretfully, I am forced to remove my name from the film and disassociate myself from it. I have never actively promoted any corporate brand, and cannot do so now." In response, Becel said it was a "founding sponsor" of the Heart Truth campaign and had commissioned the film "to put heart health on the radar of Canadian women".

In January 2012, Polley endorsed Toronto MP Peggy Nash in the 2012 New Democratic Party leadership race to succeed Jack Layton.

On October 15, 2017, Polley wrote an op-ed piece in The New York Times detailing her experience with Harvey Weinstein and with Hollywood's treatment of women generally, and making a connection between Hollywood's gendered power relations and Polley's not having acted in years.

Personal life

Paternity revelations
In 2007, Polley discovered that her father, Michael Polley, who had raised her, was not her biological father. The story of her mother's affair and her biological father Harry Gulkin, producer of the film Lies My Father Told Me (1975), was chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell (2012).

Marriages and children
On September 10, 2003, Polley married Canadian film editor David Wharnsby, her boyfriend of seven years. They divorced five years later, in 2008.

On August 23, 2011, Polley married David Sandomierski, who at the time was working on his SJD degree (equivalent to a PhD in law) at the University of Toronto, which he would complete six years later, in 2017. They have three children together.

Alleged sexual assault by Jian Ghomeshi
In 2022, Polley said that she had been sexually assaulted by then Moxy Früvous singer Jian Ghomeshi while on a date when she was 16 and he was 28. She was dissuaded by family and friends from coming forward with her experiences, but ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection Run Towards the Danger.

Religious views
Polley is an atheist.

Filmography
Short film

Feature film

Acting roles

Television

Executive producer
 Secret Path (2016) (TV movie)
  (2017) (Documentary)

Acting roles

Awards and nominations
On October 16, 2010, it was announced that she would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. In June 2013, she received the National Arts Centre Award recognizing achievement over the past performance year at the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, where she was the subject of a short vignette by Ann Marie Fleming entitled Stories Sarah Tells. Polley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2013.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian actresses
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
21st-century Canadian women writers
Actresses from Toronto
Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best First Feature Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Canadian Screen Award winners
Canadian atheists
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian Comedy Award winners
Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian film actresses
Canadian Film Centre alumni
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Canadian television actresses
Canadian television directors
Canadian voice actresses
Canadian women documentary filmmakers
Canadian women film directors
Canadian women screenwriters
Canadian women television directors
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Live Action Short Drama
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Documentary Film
Film directors from Toronto
Jewish atheists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Screenwriters from Toronto
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Governor General's Award winners
Earl Haig Secondary School alumni

Sarah Polley


Gelemiş, Antalya ilinin Kaş ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir. Antik Patara harabelerinin ve ünlü Patara plajının yakınında kuruludur. 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren hızla gelişmeye başlamış son yıllarda da geleneksel taş evler rağbet görmeye bağlamıştır. Özellikle İngiliz turistiler köye yoğun ilgi göstermektedir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı Yunanca kalamis ("sazlık" veya "kamışlık") sözcüğünden Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 236 km, Kaş ilçesine 45 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Turızm acısından kuçuk pansıonlar ve campıng alanları bulunmakta bölgede aktivite olarak kano ve at turlarıda yapılabılmekte

Kaş'ın mahalleleri

Gelemiş, Kaş


إيوانيس داماناكيس ، من مواليد 2 أكتوبر 1952 ، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من خانية
رياضيون من خانية
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باوك تسالونيكي
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
مواليد 1952
مواليد في خانية
لاعبو كرة قدم من خانية

إيوانيس داماناكيس


An Carex orbicularinucis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lun Kai Dai. An Carex orbicularinucis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex orbicularinucis


Benito Jacovitti (Termoli, Molise, Italija 19. ožujka 1923. – Rim, 3. prosinca 1997.) bio je talijanski crtač stripa.

Benito Jacovitti rođen je u mjestu Termoli, u talijanskoj regiji Moliseu, kao sin željezničara. Još kao dijete je počeo crtati po pločniku seoske ulice. Benito s 11 godina kreće u umjetničku školu Macerati, te diplomira na Firenzeovom likovnom institutu pet godina kasnije. Ovdje je, zbog svoje tanke figure, dobio nadimak lisca di pesce ( riblja kost), a nadimak će kasnije, tijekom karijere, koristiti u svojem potpisu.

Godine 1939. Jacovitti je počeo raditi za florentinski satirični časopis Il Brivido, a godinu dana kasnije započinje skoro 30 godina dugu suradnju s Il Vittorioso, katoličkim stripovskim časopisom namijenjenim tinejdžerima i mladima koji su objavljivali samo radove talijanskih umjetnika. Ondje je stvorio nekoliko likova: Pippo, Pertica e Palla, Oreste il guastafeste, Chicchiricchì, Cip l'arcipoliziotto i njegovog neprijatelja Zagara, Giacinto corsaro dipinto, Jack Mandolino, La signora Carlomagno, adaptacije klasika poput Ali Babe i Don Quixotea i parodije poznatih stripova kao što su L'onorevole Tarzan i Mandrak. U tom je razdoblju također crtao za satirični tjednik Il Travaso delle idee.

Počevši od 1949., Jacovitti je napisao seriju crtanih filmova za školske dnevnike, nazvan I Diari Vitt (skraćeno za Vittorioso), koje je objavio A.V.E. Te su ga knjige učinile poznatim širem sloju čitatelja, a proizvodio ih je sve do 1980. godine.

Godine 1956. počinje raditi za novine Il Giorno, tada u vlasništvu Enrica Matteija, gdje je stvorio svojeg najpoznatijeg lika, kauboja Cocco Billa, kao i privatnog detektiva Toma Ficcanasoa.

Deset godina kasnije Jacovitti je napustio Il Giorno kako bi se pridružio slavnoj Il Corriere dei Piccoli, tada najpopularnijoj tjednoj publikaciji za djecu, za koju je obnovio stare likove kao Cip l'Arcipoliziotto i Zagar, i stvorio nove kao Zorry Kid, Tarallino Tarallà i drugi.

Godine 1973. objavio je kontroverznog Gionnija Peppea u lijevo orijentiranom časopisu Linus, a nakon toga 1981. objavljuje Joe Balordo.

Jacovittijev jedinstveni umjetnički stil na prvi je pogled privlačan i djeci i odraslima: njegovi likovi bacaju ogromne nosove i stopala, njegove su stranice prepune detalja i svakakvih predmeta i čudnih stvorenja rođenih iz njegovog neobuzdanog talenta (poput salame, često crtane s malim nogama ili nasmiješenim licem).

Iako je većina njegove produkcije bila usmjerena na humor i parodiju, Jacovitti se nije ustručavao i nešto kontroverznijih tema, poput erotske knjige Kamasultra (temeljene na Kama Sutri) i političkih crtanih filmova.

Tijekom svoje karijere Jacovitti je stvorio više od 60 likova i producirao oko 150 knjiga, što ga čini jednim od najplodnijih i originalnijih umjetnika u povijesti stripa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice
 Cocco Bill and other characters bibliography
 article from Lambiek Comiclopedia

Talijanski crtači stripa

Benito Jacovitti


المهرجان العالمي للعلوم  هو مهرجان علمي يقام في مدينة نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وبدأ التخطيط له كحدث سنوي ابتداءً من العام 2008.

افتتح المهرجان في 28 مايو 2008، واستمر لمدة خمسة أيام، وتضمن بشكل رئيسي حلقات مناقشة ومحادثات على المسرح مصحوبة بالعروض متعددة الوسائط. كما تضمن المهرجان برنامجين أحدهما للشباب والآخر للعائلة، وناقشا مواضيعَ مثل الألعاب الرياضية من منظور علمي، كما تضمّن البرنامج معرضًا شاملاً أقيم في الهواء الطلق (معرض شارع)، وتضمن كافة مواضيع المهرجان.

أدار البرنامج الثقافي الممثل والكاتب ألن ألدا الذي ركّز على كيفية استلهام الفن للعلم في مواضيعه المختلفة. كما تضمّن المهرجان أيضًا قمّة عالمية للعلوم، واجتماعا للمشاركين رفيعي المستوى من كافة مجالات العلوم والسياسة والإدارة والأعمال.

نشأة المهرجان ورعايته
كانت فكرة تدشين المهرجان من بنات أفكار الفيزيائي العامل في جامعة كولومبيا براين غرين الأستاذ في جامعة كولومبيا ومؤلف كتب علمية مبسطة مثل الكون الرائع، وزوجته تريسي داي الصحفية العاملة في التلفزيون والفائزة بجائزة إيمي. تولى رعاية المهرجان شراكة من مؤسسات مدينة نيويورك الرئيسية (الثقافية والأكاديمية) مثل جامعة كولومبيا وجامعة نيويورك ومتحف المتروبوليتان للفنون.

أعلن ألن ألدا وتريسي داي وبراين غرين (مؤسس المهرجان) في مؤتمر صحفي عن بدء فعاليات المهرجان العالمي للعلوم في عام 2008. استلهمت فكرة المهرجان بعد المشاركة في مهرجان ديللا ساينزا في جنوا عام 2005م، حيث كان غرين مدعوًا لإلقاء خطاب، واتفق الزوجان على تأسيس مهرجان مماثل في مدينة نيويورك، لتكون فرصة فريدة لإثراء المجال العلمي ونشر المواد العلمية لجمهورِ أوسع.

وكما تصوّروه، فإن مهرجانًا كهذا سيسمح لهم بدمج مهارات غرين كعالم وكناشر للعلم وبين داي كصحفية ومنتجة، حيث كان المقصود أن تكون الأحداث متجذّرة في العلم وعن العلم، لكن أيضًا بالتوافق مع المعاييرِ الإنتاجية التلفزيونية الاحترافية أو الإنتاجات المسرحية.

طرح داي وغرين فكرتهم على عدد كبير من العلماء، ومن معارفهم لاستشارتهم في فكرة المهرجان، ثمّ عقدوا اجتماعات مع رؤساء جامعات المدينة الرئيسية ومؤسساتها الثقافية والعلمية، لعرض الشراكات المنظمة للمهرجان. وفقًا لغرين، فإن الفكرة لاقت القبول والاستحسان أينما ذهبوا، والتعجّب من أن مهرجانًا كهذا لم يكن موجودًا في الأساس في مدينة كنيويورك. وفي أوائل عام 2006، بدأ مؤسسو مؤسسة مهرجان العلم (SFF)، وهي منظمة لا ربحية مقرّها مدينة نيويورك، بتنظيم الأحداث الاحتفالية المرتبطة بالمهرجان العالمي للعلوم، واختير غرين رئيسًا لمجلس إدارة المؤسسة، كما تم اختيار ألن ألدا رئيس جامعة كولومبيا ولي بولينجير رئيس مؤسسة جوديث كوكس وجون سيكستون رئيس جامعة نيويورك وترايسي داي أعضاءً في مجلس الإدارة، على أن تتولى داي منصب المدير التنفيذيِ للمهرجان.

بعد ذلك، بدأ تجميع المنتجين الذين سينظمون أحداث المهرجان، وخاصةً كايل جيبسن، المنتج الحائز على جائزة إيمي والمنتج الرسمي لبرنامج خط الليل مع تيد كوبيل، والذي انضمَّ إلى المهرجان كمنتج برامج أول، بينما تولّى روبن ريردون إنتاج برنامج الشباب والعائلية وهو المنتج الرسمي السابق لوالت ديزني ونائب رئيس سابق لإستوديوهاتها العالمية، والذي أصبح مديرًا لإدارة المهرجان أيضًا.

نظّمت المؤسسة المهرجان العالمي للعلوم (WSF) بالشراكة مع جامعة كولومبيا وجامعة نيويورك وجامعة مدينة نيويورك وجامعة روكفلر واتحاد كوبر، بالإضافة إلى المؤسسات الثقافية مثل متحف المتروبوليتان للفنون ومتحف سولومون غاغينهايم ومتحف الفن الحديث. تلقّت المؤسسة الدعم المالي من أفراد ومؤسسات عديدة. ومن الضامنين والرعاة كشركات لمهرجان عام 2008، مؤسسة سلون ومؤسسة عائلة سايمون ومؤسسة تيمبيلتن ومؤسسة روكفيلر ومؤسسة كولمان وكريديت سويس. ووفقًا لموقع المؤسسة الألكتروني، فقد تحدّد لمهرجان عام 2009 العالمي أن يتم في الفترة من 10 يونيو/حزيران إلى 14 يونيو/حزيران 2009.

المهرجان الافتتاحي
انعقد المهرجان العالمي للعلوم الأول في الفترة من الأول من 28 مايو/آيار إلى 1 يونيو/حزيران 2008، في 22 مكانًا في كافة أنحاء مدينة نيويورك، وتضمّن 46 حدثًا أو فعالية أو معرض شارع، وفي يومه الأول، أقيمت قمّة عالمية للعلوم في جامعة كولومبيا. وقد حضر المهرجان أكثر من 120,000 شخص. وتم عرض أنواع مختلفة من العروض كأحداث علمية للعامة، وبرنامج ثقافي تركز على الفن الذي ألهمه العلم، وبرنامج شبابي وعائلي.

القمة العالمية للعلوم
أقيمت القمة العالمية للعلوم في 28 مايو 2008، وافتتحها رئيس بلدية مدينة نيويورك مايكل بلومبيرغ، وتفاعل الجمهور المدعو في القمة ودخل مع العلماء في عدّة حلقات مناقشة حيث تضمّن المشاركون نينا فيديروف - مستشارة وزيرة الخارجية الأمريكية كوندليزا رايس للعلوم والتقنية -، وعالم الأحياء ديفيد بالتيمور والباحث في أمراض السرطان هارولد فرموس.

كجزء من القمة، تم الإعلان عن أسماء الفائزين بجوائز كافيل الأولى في إذاعة مدينة نيويورك وإذاعة أوسلو، حيث كانت جائزة كافيل الأولى للفيزياء الفلكية من نصيب مارتين شميت ودونالد ليندن بيل لعملهم الرائد في مجال النجوم الزائفة. أما جائزة علم النانو، فقد تقاسمها لويس أي برس وسوميو لجيما مناصفةً لمساهماتهم الكبيرة في مجالي النقاط الكمية والأنابيب النانوية الكربونية على التوالي، وتم منح كلاً من باسكو راكيك وتوماس جيسيل وستين جرينلر جائزة علم الأعصاب لبحثهم في كيفية تطور واتصال الشبكات العصبية البيولوجية.

أحداث الاحتفالية

غطت الأحداث مجموعة متنوعة من المواضيع العلمية، تم عرض حلقة مناقشة بعنوان «ماذا يعني أن تكون إنساناً؟» ضمن أحداث المهرجان العالمي للعلوم لعام 2008، وقدمت الحلقة نوعًا مختلفًا من المواضيع العلمية، حيث تضمنت محادثات ومناقشات مشتركة وعروض فيديو.

تضمنت قائمة المناقشين في هذه الحلقة قائمة من العلماء من ضمنهم الفيزيائي ويليام فيليبس والفيلسوفة باتريسيا تشيرجلاند وعالم الأعصاب أنطونيو داماسيو والفيلسوف دانيال دينيت والعالم الإدراكي مارفن مينسكي وباحث السرطان هارولد فرموس، حيث ناقشوا جميعًا موضوعًا بعنوان «ماذا يعني أن تكون إنساناً؟» في حلقة مناقشة قدمها تشارلي روز. كما تضمن المهرجان أيضًا أحداثه مجموعة من الفعاليات تم تسميتها بـ «أسئلة كبيرة».

أما العنصر المسيطر على أحداث الاحتفالية، فكان ردود الأفعال الواسعة والقوية للنتائج العلمية لعلم الجينومينات الشخصيِة، والتي شارك فيها المتخصص في الكيمياء الحيوية بول نرس وعالم الاجتماع نيكولاس روز وقائد مشروع الجينوم البشري فرانسيز كولينز.

ركزت عدد من الأحداث أيضًا على استكشاف الصلة بين العلم والفنون؛ مثل تشكيل لجنة ركّزت على الدراسة العلمية للإبداع تضمنت العالمة النفسية نانسي سي. آندريسين والراقص تي جونز والممثل والكاتب مايكل يورك الذين ركزوا على دراسة علمية للإبداع.

أما الجزء الآخر من الجمهور، فقد حضروا حديثًا للفيزيائي لورنس كراوس استضافته الإذاعية آيرا فلاتو حيث قدموا موضوعًا عن علم الكون الحديث. بينما قدم عالم الدراسات القديمة ريتشارد ليكي نظريته عن الانقراض السادس، وناقش الصيدلاني فرانك شيروود رولاند مع رئيسة معهد رينسلير متعدد التقنيات شيرلي آن جاكسون طرقًا جديدة للوفاء باحتياجات الإنسانية من الطاقة.

كما تم إنتاج عدد من الأحداث عبر عمليات تعاون مع شركاء المهرجان، مثل المناقشة التي تمت بين الصحفي روبرت كرولويتش وطبيب الأعصاب والمؤلف أوليفير ساكس، والتي أقيمت في متحف المتروبوليتان للفنون وعرض الموسيقار مارك أوليفير إفيريت مجموعة التراث العلمي الخاصة بوالده هيو إفيريت، في متحف الفن الحديث.

أما برنامج المهرجان الثقافي، فقد تم تنظيمه بناءً على نظرية الأوتار، والتي تم تمثيلها بواسطة أداء رقص تعبيري لكارول آرميتاج، وتنوعت الفعاليات فضمت ندوة رواية قصصية تم تنظيمها بالتعاون مع ذا موث - مجموعة غير ربحية في مدينة نيويورك تدعو إلى متعة الفن ورواية القصص -، وعرض الندوة الصحفي والكاتب لوسي هوكنك والفيزيائي جيم جايتس والكاتب سام شيبارد.

وأدى ألن ألدا ثانية دوره كريتشارد فيمان في مسرحيّة بيتر بارنيل التي أداها قبلاً على مسرح ميلير في جامعة كولومبيا، كما انضمت الجوقة الموسيقية للكنيسة المعمدانية الحبشية إلى أوليفر ساكس في عرض بعنوان استكشاف الموسيقى والعلم. تضمن المهرجان أيضًا افتتاحًا لعرض «عزيزي ألبرت» وهي قراءة نصوصية كتبت من قبل آلان ألدا مستندة على رسائل ألبرت آينشتاين، ومن بطولة الممثل أنتوني لاباجليا في دور آينشتاين.

بالنسبة إلى الجمهور الأصغر سنًا، فقد تم تخصيص عدد من الفعاليات لهم تضمّنت استكشاف علم الألعاب الرياضية مع عالم الألعاب الرياضية توم كراوفورد وعالم الأعصاب ديفيد إيجلمان ورياضيون مثل برايفن نايت وليسا ويليس وليلياني ميتشيل. ومن أجل الحدث الأول الذي تم في المهرجان، فقد استطاع طلاب ثانوية مدينة نيويورك مقابلة الخبيرة في الروبوتات سينثيا بريزيل والفيزيائي ليون ليدرمان في لقاء تم على المسرح برعاية محطة إم تي في التلفزيونية. حدث آخر تم قدمته ديزني، الذين عرضوا بوضوح علم المؤثرات الخاصّة وتقنيات مدن الملاهي المستخدمة في الألعاب مثل الأفعوانيات والألعاب النارية وصولاً إلى الضباب الاصطناعي.

معرض الشارع

أقيم معرض الشارع التابع للمهرجان في متنزه ميدان واشنطن وحوله، والواقع في الحرم الجامعي لجامعة نيويورك في السبت 30 مايو/آيار 2008. وبالرغم من حدوث عاصفة رعديّة وقت إقامة المعرض، فقد حضره أكثر من 100,000 شخص، وفقًا لتقديرات مديرية شرطة نيويورك.

تضمنت الأحداث التي أقيمت على المسرح أداءً حيًا لساحر الرياضيات آرثر بنجامين، كما تضمنت عروضًا لمغني الراب العلمي، بالإضافة إلى فرقة تدعى سحرة الرياضيات. احتوى المعرض على تطبيقات علمية مقدمة من قبل فرق ومجموعات من المؤسسات والمعاهد مثل مركزِ الحرية العلمي ومعهد فرانكلين، وعروض مقدمة من قبل الصحفي والمؤلف لوسي هوكنك والفنان الشامل سكوت درايفز.

شهد المعرض ظهورًا جميلاً للديناصورِ المتحرك من ديزني، كما شهد ظهور شخصيات معروفة من برامج تلفزيونية متعلقة بالتعليم والعلوم عامةً، مثل برنامج سايبر تشايس  وبرنامج إنه عالم كبير كبير! وبرنامج الكلب الأحمر الكبير كلفورد وبرنامج دورية زولا، بالإضافة إلى عدة شروح توضيحية قدمها بعض الأشخاص المشاركين في المنافسة الأولى للروبوتات. كما تم تقديم هدية لهذا المعرض عبارة عن متحف متحرّك مقدم من المتحف الأمريكي للتاريخ الطبيعي، بالإضافة إلى حافلة مدرسية سحرية.

حفل الاستقبال
تضمنت التغطية الإعلامية للمهرجان قبل بدئه عام 2008 نشر مقالات في كبريات الصحف المهمة، بالإضافة إلى تعريف ونبذات عن الأحداث والنشاطات الرئيسية من قبل ألدا وجرين في البرامج التلفزيونية النهارية والمسائية في الولايات المتحدة مثل برنامج ريجس وكيلي النهاري الذي يعرض على قناة (WABC-TV) والبرنامج المسائي تقرير كولبيرت الذي يتم عرضه على قناة كوميدي سنترال الأمريكية، حيث تم التركيز على تقديم مفهوم المهرجان والمنظمين والأحداث، وعلى أهمية جلب حدث من هذا النوع إلى نيويورك. وإذا تغاضينا عن بعض الأخطاء التنظيمية الصغيرة، فإن التغطية الإعلامية لأحداث المهرجان كانت إيجابية عمومًا. برنامج صباح الخير أمريكا ومجلة الأخبار العلمية ركّزا على إمكانية إلهام المهرجان للجيل القادم من العلماء، و«جعل المهووسين بالعلم أنيقين» بدلاً من اعتبارهم معقدين اجتماعيًا على مدى عقود من الزمن. كما وصفت صحيفة النيويورك بوست دور المهرجان في المشهد الثقافي لمدينة نيويورك، كالنسخة العلمية المثقفة من أسبوع الأزياء وجوائز توني.

أما قناة العلم التلفزيونية، فتميّزت تغطيتها للمهرجان بقولها أنه «مُلهم بشكل رائع» و«غني بالمعلومات المفيدة»، كما لاحظت النيويورك تايمز، أنّ المهرجان نجح في خلق «مؤسسة ثقافية جديدة»؛ وأعلنت مقالات أخرى في وسائل الإعلام الأخرى عن نجاح شباك التذاكر المهرجان.

ركّزت التغطية على الإنترنت على أحداث معيّنة للمهرجان، ففي الوقت الذي غطت فيه كلاً من مجلة العلوم ومجلة ويرد وصحيفة يو إس إيه توداي المهرجان في اليوم نفسه، أو في أخبار اليوم التالي، إلا أنهم ركّزوا على تغطية الأحداث المتعلقة بالمدن المستقبلية وحلقة مناقشة (ماذا يعني أن تكون إنساناً؟).

الدورات التالية
أقيم المهرجان عام 2009 في الفترة من 9 يونيو إلى 14 يونيو. كانت ليلة الافتتاح احتفالاً بعيد الميلاد الثمانين لعالم الأحياء الأمريكي إدوارد ويلسون. اشترك في رئاسة المهرجان كلاً من ألن ألدا وغلين كلوز وهاريسون فورد، كما ضم المهرجان عروضًا حصرية لكل من يويو ما وجوشوا بيل وغيرهم.

احتوى المهرجان في نسخته الثانية على أكثر من 30 فعالية رئيسية، وتضمنت فعاليات المهرجان أمسية حول الوقت مع عالم الأعصاب أوليفر ساكس والمتخصص في علم النفس دانيال غيلبرت، أما ألن ألدا، فقد استكشف طبيعة بعض الاكتشافات المبتكرة مع المخترع دين كامين ومدير مختبر معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا لهندسة ميكاترونيات هيو هير.

واحدة من أبرز الأحداث، كانت حلقة نقاش حول الآلات الذكية بحضور أعضاء فريق حرب نجوم غالاكتيكا مايكل هوغان وماري مكدونيل، بالإضافة إلى الباحث في علم الروبوتات هود ليبسون والمتخصص في علم التحكم في الأحياء أو السبرانية كيفن وارويك. وفي عام 2010، أقيم المهرجان في الفترة من 1 يونيو إلى 6 يونيو، وتضمن فعاليات كثيرة منها عرض لتلسكوب. وفي مهرجان 2011، تقرر إقامته في الفترة من 1 يونيو إلى 5 يونيو، وستتضمن نسخة المهرجان في هذه السنة عرضًا مفصلاً عن علم التشفير.

مصادر
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وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الألكتروني لمهرجان العالمي للعلوم
 مدونة المهرجان العالمي للعلوم

العلوم والتقنية في ولاية نيويورك
تأسيسات سنة 2008 في ولاية نيويورك
ثقافة نيويورك
مهرجانات أسست في 2008
مهرجانات علمية
مهرجانات في مدينة نيويورك
العلوم والتكنولوجيا في مدينة نيويورك

المهرجان العالمي للعلوم


Peștera Gura Dobrogei sau Peștera Liliecilor este un monument al naturii aflat în nord-estul satului Gura Dobrogei, făcând parte din Rezervația naturală Gura Dobrogei, județul Constanța, România.

Istorie

Existența peșterii a fost semnalată în 1926 de către istoricul și arheologul Vasile Pârvan. Geologul E. Jekelius a apreciat că vechimea formării acesteia se situează la începutul Cuaternarului sau sfârșitul Pliocenului, iar săparea ei s-a realizat la limita dintre două categorii de calcare — unele mai compacte și altele mai moi — reprezentând planul de minimă rezistență bogat în fisuri.

Așezare

La 50 de km de Constanța, în nord-estul satului Gura Dobrogei, la sud-vest comuna Târgușor. Peștera "Gura Dobrogei" are 3 intrări și mai multe galerii, lungimea galeriilor fiind de peste 480 m. În această peștera au fost atestate numeroase mărturii ale activității umane, unelte de silex paleolitic și neolitic, fragmente de ceramică neolitică, cât și obiecte mai recente din metal aparținând epocii fierului. Peștera oferă condiții optime pentru coloniile de lilieci, care au dat și numele peșterii, Peștera Liliecilor. Astfel, cele mai multe galerii și încăperi ale peșterii sunt zone de adăpostire a liliecilor în timpul verii și de hibernare în timpul iernii. Marile colonii de lilieci aparțin speciei mediteraneene Rhinolophus mehelyi și Myotis mistacinus.

Referințe

 Geografia Dobrogei
Gura Dobrogei
Județul Constanța

Peștera Gura Dobrogei