Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme (born October 22, 1948) is an American criminal who was a member of the Manson family, a cult led by Charles Manson. Though not involved in the Tate–LaBianca murders for which the Manson family is best known, she attempted to assassinate President Gerald Ford in 1975. For that crime, she was sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled from prison on August 14, 2009, after serving approximately 34 years. She published a book about her life in 2018.

Early life
Fromme was born on October 22, 1948, in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of Helen (née Benzinger) and William Millar Fromme, an aeronautical engineer. As a child, Fromme performed with a popular dance group called the Westchester Lariats, which began touring the United States and Europe in the late 1950s, and had an appearance on The Lawrence Welk Show and at the White House.

In 1963, the family moved to Redondo Beach, and Fromme began using alcohol and drugs. Her grades dropped at Redondo Union High School, but she graduated in 1966. She moved out of her parents' house for a few months before her father convinced her to enroll at El Camino College. She returned home for two months before her father kicked her out following an argument, rendering her homeless.

Charles Manson and Manson Family involvement
By 1967, at the age of 19, Fromme had dropped out of college. She went to Venice Beach after her parents threw her out of the family house. Suffering from depression, she sat on a curb and watched a bus arrive, and Charles Manson exited. Manson stopped and looked at her and said, "Your parents threw you out, didn't they?" Fromme immediately decided Manson was a psychic. Manson walked away and Fromme picked up her belongings and followed him. Manson had recently been released from the federal prison at Terminal Island, and Fromme became the second member of what would become the Manson Family.

Fromme found Manson's philosophies and attitudes appealing, and the two became friends and traveled together with other young people, including Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins. She lived with the Manson Family at Spahn Ranch where they worked for their keep, and at the Barker Ranch in Death Valley, which was owned by the grandmother of one of the  Family members. Ranch owner George Spahn gave her the nickname "Squeaky" because of the sound that she made when he touched her.

Manson and some of his followers were arrested for the Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca murders in 1969, and Fromme and the remaining Manson Family camped outside the trial. Manson and fellow defendants Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Leslie Van Houten carved Xs into their foreheads, as did Fromme and her compatriots. They proclaimed Manson's innocence and preached his apocalyptic philosophy to the news media and to anyone else who would listen. Fromme was not charged with involvement in the murders but was convicted of attempting to prevent Manson's imprisoned followers from testifying, as well as contempt of court when she refused to testify herself. She was given short jail sentences for both offenses.

Fromme and Sandra Good moved into an older attic apartment in downtown Sacramento, as they wanted to be near Manson after he was moved to Folsom Prison. She and Good lived in the third-floor apartment at 1725 P Street in Sacramento. ()

Around 1973, Fromme started work on an extensive 600-page book about the Manson Family, including intricate drawings and photos; other family members had contributed to it as well. Fromme sent it to publishers, but she dropped it after discussing it with Clem Grogan, deciding that the project was too incriminating. The book, titled Reflexion, was eventually published in 2018 by the Peasenhall Press.

Murder in Stockton, California
Fromme traveled to Stockton in 1972 with Nancy Pitman, Priscilla Cooper, and Aryan Brotherhood members Michael Monfort and James Craig, in order to follow through with Manson's deal with the Brotherhood. This group met James and Lauren Willett at a cabin. In November 1972, Monfort and Craig forced James Willett to dig his own grave and then shot him because he was going to tell the authorities about a series of robberies that they had committed after they were released from prison. His body was found with his hand still sticking out of the ground. The housemates were arrested on suspicion of murder, after which Lauren Willett's body was discovered in the basement. She had been shot to death. The Willetts' eight-month-old daughter, Heidi, was found alive in the house. Fromme was released for lack of evidence.

The Sonoma County coroner's office concluded that James Willett was killed sometime in September 1972, although his decapitated body was not found until the beginning of November. He had been buried near Guerneville. On the night of November 11, 1972, the Stockton Police responded to information that a station wagon owned by the Willetts was parked in front of 720 W. Flora St. Sergeant Richard Whiteman forced his way into the house: "All the persons subsequently arrested were in the house except for Fromme. She telephoned the house while police were there, asking to be picked up, and officers obliged, taking her into custody nearby. Police found a quantity of guns and ammunition in the house along with amounts of marijuana and noticed freshly dug earth beneath the building."

Fromme later told reporters that she had been traveling in California trying to visit "brothers" in jail and to visit Manson. She said that she came to Stockton on November 10 to visit William Goucher, who was in jail on a robbery charge, when Lauren died. When Fromme left the jail after visiting Goucher, she called the house on Flora Street to have someone pick her up, and the Stockton Police traced the call and arrested her at a phone booth.

The Stockton Police exhumed the body of Lauren Willett the following day. Cooper told investigators that she had been shot accidentally, contending that Monfort was "demonstrating the dangers of firearms, playing a form of Russian roulette with a .38 caliber pistol" and had first spun the gun cylinder and shot at his own head, and then pointed it at the victim, when it fired. The police determined that Lauren had been with them voluntarily. Fromme was held in custody for 2½ months but never charged; she said she was innocent of any wrongdoing. The other four people involved were convicted.

After leaving Stockton, Fromme moved into a Sacramento apartment with Sandra Good. The two wore robes on occasion and changed their names to symbolize their devotion to Manson's new religion, Fromme becoming "Red" in honor of her red hair and the California redwoods, and Good becoming "Blue" for her blue eyes and the ocean; both nicknames were originally given to them by Manson.

Attempt to contact Jimmy Page
Prior to a Led Zeppelin concert in Long Beach in 1975, Fromme knocked on the hotel door of Danny Goldberg, vice president of the band's record label, Swan Song Records. Fromme, described as frantic and with a nervous tic marring her face, asked to meet with Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page to warn him, claiming to have foreseen the future and wishing to warn Page of imminent "evil" which she believed might take place that night at the concert. Goldberg stated that she could not see Page until the following night, to which Fromme responded "tomorrow night will probably be too late". After a long discussion, Goldberg agreed to deliver a message to Page if she wrote it down. Fromme was subsequently escorted away against her will and the note was ultimately burned and never read. Goldberg later saw Fromme on the television news after she had attempted to assassinate President Gerald Ford.

Assassination attempt on President Ford

On the morning of September 5, 1975, Fromme went to Sacramento's Capitol Park, ostensibly to plead with President Gerald Ford about the plight of the California redwoods, dressed in a red robe and armed with a Colt M1911 .45-caliber semi-automatic pistol. The pistol's magazine was loaded with four rounds, but there was no round in the chamber. When Fromme pointed the gun at Ford she was immediately restrained by Secret Service agent Larry Buendorf. She managed to say a few sentences to the on-scene cameras while being handcuffed, emphasizing that the gun "didn't go off". In 1980, Fromme told The Sacramento Bee that she had deliberately ejected the round from her weapon's chamber before leaving home that morning, and investigators later found a round on her bathroom floor.

Fromme refused to cooperate with her own defense during her trial. Despite claiming that "I was not determined to kill the guy", Fromme was eventually convicted of the attempted assassination of the president and received a life sentence under a 1965 law that made attempted presidential assassinations a federal crime. Attorney Dwayne Keyes recommended severe punishment because she was "full of hate and violence"; Fromme threw an apple at him, hitting him in the face and knocking off his glasses. She told the press that she "came to get life. Not just my life but clean air, healthy water, and respect for creatures and creation."

Aftermath
In 1979, Fromme was transferred out of Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, California, for attacking fellow inmate Julienne Bušić with a hammer. On December 23, 1987, she escaped from Federal Prison Camp Alderson in West Virginia in an attempt to meet Manson. She was captured two days later and incarcerated at the Federal Medical Center, Carswell, in Fort Worth, Texas.

Fromme continued to profess total allegiance to Manson. Vincent Bugliosi wrote in Helter Skelter that she and Good were the only members of the Manson Family who had not renounced him. She once told an Associated Press reporter, "The curtain is going to come down on all of us, and if we don't turn everything over to Charlie immediately, it will be too late."

Fromme first became eligible for parole in 2005. She waived her right to request a hearing and was required by federal law to complete a parole application before one could be considered and granted. She was granted parole in July 2008, but was not released because of the extra time added to her sentence for the 1987 prison escape.

She was released on parole from Federal Medical Center, Carswell, on August 14, 2009, and moved to Marcy, New York, where she and her boyfriend Robert Valdner live in a house decorated with skulls. In a 2019 televised interview, Fromme said about Manson, "Was I in love with Charlie? Yeah, [...] I still am."

In popular culture
 Fromme was portrayed by Laraine Newman on Saturday Night Live, Season 1, Episode 3 (October 25, 1975), in a skit titled "Dangerous but Inept", in which she is interviewed on a talk show of that title by its host, Jane Curtin.
 Fromme is a character in Stephen Sondheim's Assassins (1990), a musical about nine people who attempted to assassinate a U.S. president.
 Fromme is played by Kayli Carter in the 2018 Mary Harron-directed autobiographical drama film Charlie Says.
 Fromme is portrayed by Dakota Fanning in Quentin Tarantino's film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019).

Books
Squeaky: The life and times of Lynette Alice Fromme, 1997, Jess Bravin, St Martin's Press
Reflexion: Lynette Fromme's Story of Her Life with Charles Manson 1967–1969, 2018

See also
Sara Jane Moore, also tried to assassinate Ford

References

External links
Official website (ATWA)

1948 births
20th-century American criminals
American failed assassins
American people convicted of attempted murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from California
Escapees from United States federal government detention
Failed assassins of presidents of the United States
Fugitives
Gerald Ford
Living people
Manson Family
People from Oneida County, New York
People from Redondo Beach, California
People from Santa Monica, California
People paroled from life sentence
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Redondo Union High School alumni

Squeaky Fromme


The King River is a major perennial river in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.

Location and features

Formed by the confluence of the Eldon and South Eldon rivers, the King River rises near Eldon Range on the slopes of the West Coast Range between Mount Huxley and Mount Jukes. The river flows generally south and then west, joined by nine tributaries including the Tofft, Governor, Nelson, Princess, and Queen rivers before emptying into Macquarie Harbour near , and merging with the Southern Ocean. The river descends  over its  course.

The upper section of the river lies in a glaciated valley, with glacier scouring scars high up on the upper parts of the mountains of the West Coast Range.  Also small glacial lakes occur on and north of Mount Sedgwick. Lake Beatrice for instance lies on the eastern slope of Mount Sedgwick. The upper portion of the King River valley was first surveyed for damming in 1917 by the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company.

King River Power Development Scheme
The river is impounded by the Crotty Dam to form Lake Burbury, covering  over the former valley and named after the first Australian born Governor of Tasmania, Stanley Burbury. Water drawn from the lake is used to supply the conventional hydroelectric John Butters Power Station, operated by Hydro Tasmania. Below the dam wall, the river flows through a narrow channel as it flows west towards , in the last  of the river, where extensive silting from the mine tailings that have been carried down from Queenstown, has created such a resource that at least one mining company has in the past proposed the mining of the deposits at the edge of the river, as well as the delta formed out into Macquarie Harbour due to the amount of economically viable materials in the silt.

The small timber mill community adjacent to the old alignment of the Lyell Highway was submerged, as was a significant portion of the old railway alignment of the North Mount Lyell Railway between Linda and Pillinger.  The site of the townsite of Crotty, and the smelters of Crotty were also submerged.

Queen River

The King River was considered to be Australia's most polluted river. Mining started in the 1880s, with the Queen River, a major tributary of the King River, being used for waste water disposal from the Mt Lyell copper mine.

Between 1922 and 1995 low grade ore was concentrated on site and the tailings (ore-washing residue) dumped in the river also.

About 1.5 million tonnes of sulfidic tailings entered the river system each year up to 1995, along with huge volumes of acidic, metal-rich water flowing from the workings. This 'acid mine drainage' is derived from water leaching through the exposed and oxidised sulfide rocks. When it was in operation, the fumes from the ore smelter produced acid rain which also leached minerals from the bare Queenstown hills.

In 1992 the King River was dammed above the confluence with the Queen River to generate hydroelectric power at the Crotty Dam. This changed the flow regime in the King River, and affected the way tailings were transported through the river system. The tailings in the river greatly affect the water quality.

About 100 million tonnes of tailings have been deposited on the banks and bed of the King River and in a delta at the mouth of the river where it enters Macquarie Harbour.

Since the closure of the mine in late 1995, and the construction of a tailings dam by the new operators, tailings no longer enter the river system. However, acid water continues to enter the river due to mine dewatering and run-off from the waste rock dumps. Without the buffering previously provided by the alkaline tailings, the acidity in the Queen and King rivers has increased, and dissolved metal concentrations have greatly increased-to levels highly toxic to aquatic life.

Abt Railway route
The north bank (except for the  Teepookana to Quarter Mile Bridge section which was on the south bank) of the lower portion of the King River valley was the route for the old "Abt" rack railway to Queenstown. In 1962 the original builder and owner, the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company closed and removed the line. This has been since restored in early 2002 for tourism purposes. The new line follows exactly the same route and is known as the West Coast Wilderness Railway.

See also

 Rivers of Tasmania

References

Sources

External links

http://www.deh.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/120.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20060125030537/http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/soer/casestudy/16/index.php
https://web.archive.org/web/20060918150455/http://www.hydro.com.au/home/Tourism+and+Recreation/King+Catchment/
https://web.archive.org/web/20060819123555/http://www.hydro.com.au/Storages/Storage.pdf

Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company
West Coast Range
Macquarie Harbour
King River power development scheme

King River (Tasmania)


Besser Kirke er en kirke i landsbyen Besser på Samsø. Kirken lå tidligere i Besser Sogn, men dette blev 1. maj 2014 slået sammen med de øvrige sogne på Samsø til Samsø Sogn.

Interiør

Eksterne henvisninger

Kirker i Samsø Kommune
Kirker i Århus Stift
Kirker i Holbæk Amt

Besser Kirke


Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (Berlín, 11 de diciembre de 1806-Viena, 1 de julio de 1886) fue un mineralogista, geólogo, profesor y botánico alemán.

Vida y obra
En 1842 fue nombrado profesor de mineralogía en la Universidad de Dorpat (Tartu). Sus estudios se centran en la geología y en la mineralogía del Cáucaso.

Algunas publicaciones
 Vues illustratives de quelques phenomenes geologiques, prises sur le Vesuve et l'Etna, pendant les annees 1833 et 1834. Berlín, 1836

 «Erläuternde Abbildungen von geologischer Erscheinungen, beobachtet am Vesuv und Aetna 1833 und 1834» Berlín, 1837 (traducido al francés)

 Erläuternde Abbildungen geologischer Erscheinungen, beobachtet am Vesuv und Ätna 1833 und 1834. Berlín 1836

 Über die Natur und den Zusammenhang vulkanischer Bildungen. Braunschweig 1841

 Über die geologische Natur des armenischen Hochlands. Dorpat 1843

 Über die Natronseen auf der Araxesebene. 1846 & 1849

 Über Orographie von Daghestan. 1847

 Meteorologische Beobachtungen in Transkaukasien. 1848 & 1850, u. a.

 «Sur les derniers tremblements de terre dans la Perse septentrionale et dans le Caucase» 1855

 Vergleichende chemische Untersuchungen des Wassers des Kaspischen Meers, des Urmia und Wansees. Petersburg 1856

 Beiträge zur Paläontologie des asiatischen Rußland. Petersburg 1858

 Vergleichende geologische Grundzüge der kaukasisch armenischen und nordpersischen Gebirge. Petersburg 1858

 Über das Steinsalz und seine geologische Stellung im russischen Armenien. Petersburg 1857

 Sur la structure et la. géologie du Daghestan. Petersburg 1862

 Über eine im Kaspischen Meer erschienene Insel, nebst Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Schlammvulkane der Kaspischen Region. Petersburg 1863

 Geologische Beobachtungen auf Reifen zwischen Kur und Araxes. Petersburg 1867

 «Über krystallinischen Hagel im unteren Kaukasus» Viena, 1879

 Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Ländern. 3 v. Viena, 1878, 1882 y 1887

Honores

Epónimos
Mineral
 Abichita

Especies
 (Chenopodiaceae) Halocharis abichii K.Koch

Referencias

  (en inglés)

Enlaces externos

Geólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Botánicos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Alumnado de la Universidad Humboldt de Berlín
Profesores de la Universidad de Tartu
Escritores en alemán del siglo XIX
Miembros de la Academia Prusiana de las Ciencias
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia
Nacidos en Berlín
Fallecidos en Viena

Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich


El AraAppaloosa es una raza de caballo formada por el cruce del caballo árabe con el caballo Appaloosa.

El aspecto exterior combina las formas refinadas de la raza árabe con el pelaje leopardo de los Appaloosa. Son caballos muy resistentes que resultan muy adecuados para raids, como caballos vaqueros y para concursos en pista.

La organización responsable de la raza es la AraAppaloosa and Foundation Breeders' International (AAFB ).

Historia
Los caballos Appaloosa originales, tal como los criaban los Nez percé y antes de recibir el nombre actual, eran caballos con un tipo muy característico y refinado. El fundador del registro Appaloosa, Claude Thompson, empleó los caballos árabes para mejorar algunos detalles de la cabaña inicial formada a partir de caballos recuperados. Los descendientes formaron la línea de los caballos Appaloosa "fundadores". Posteriormente, al ser un registro abierto, la mayoría de los caballos Appaloosa cambiaron el tipo original por un aspecto de Quarter horse.
La asociación AAFB considera que la raza AraAppaloosa es un intento de preservar o recrear los tipos de caballos criados por Nez percé en los siglos XVIII y XIX.

Características
El pelaje de los AraAppaloosa es leopardo o pecoso. La altura varía entre 142 y 152 cm. El tipo es muy parecido al del caballo árabe, con una cabeza pequeña y refinada, la cola es alterosa y los movimientos son elegantes. Comparado con un caballo Appaloosa del tipo Quarter horse, el caballo AraAppaloosa es más ligero y refinado.

Referencias
 F. Lynghaug. Horses of Distinction: Stars of the Pleasure Breeds with Exceptional Shine. Horses of Distinction, 1 de enero de 2006, 25–. ISBN 9780977894703 [Consulta: 1 February 2011].
 International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press, August 2007, 37–. ISBN 9780806138848 [Consulta: 1 February 2011].
 Sarah Maass. The Appaloosa Horse. Capstone Press, 1 September 2005, 14–. ISBN 9780736843720 [Consulta: 1 February 2011].

Véase también
 Appaloosa
 Caballo árabe
 Nez percé

Enlaces externos
Página web con detalles y un vídeo de un caballo AraAppaloosa

Razas de caballo originarias de Estados Unidos

AraAppaloosa


روابط إضافية

 Tenniscorner.net profile for Marc Gicquel
 Yahoo! Sports profile for Marc Gicquel
 Gicquel Recent Match Results
 Gicquel World Ranking History

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من مدينة تونس
فائزون بميداليات الألعاب الجامعية في كرة المضرب
لاعبو كرة مضرب فرنسيون
مواليد 1397 هـ
مواليد 1977
مواليد في مدينة تونس
فائزون بميداليات برونزية في الألعاب الجامعية لفرنسا
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الجامعية الصيفية 1999

مارك جيكيل


An Festuca chuquisacae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stancík ngan Stephen Andrew Renvoize. An Festuca chuquisacae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca chuquisacae


|}

Tramvaiul 44 din București este o linie de tramvai a STB care pornește din cartierul bucureștean 16 Februarie și se termină la stația "Vasile Pârvan" de pe Calea Plevnei. Traseul tur al tramvaiului are 16 stații, iar cel retur 18 . Traseul a fost înființat în anul 1982, la sfârșit și capătul inițial era la Gara Basarab, însă în anul 1990 a fost extinsă până la capătul actual. Linia 44 are o parte din traseu identică cu vechiul traseu 2 înainte de modificarea datorată desființării liniilor de pe Bd Uranus.

Traseu și stații

Descrierea traseului
Tramvaiele liniei 44 circulă din stația "Cartier 16 Februarie", situată în proximitatea intersecției cu sens giratoriu a Căii Giulești cu Drumul Săbăreni. În acest sens giratoriu a fost realizată o buclă de întoarcere care le permite tramvaielor 44 să circule după aceea în sens invers pe traseu. Tramvaiele rulează apoi în lungul Căii Giulești până la stația "Spitalul Panait Sârbu" și opresc în 10 stații de pe această arteră. Pe aproximativ toată lungimea parcursă pe Calea Giulești, tramvaiul 44 are traseu și stații comune cu tramvaiul 11.

Tramvaiele liniei 44 circulă apoi pe Șoseaua Orhideelor și Bulevardul Dinicu Golescu și opresc în stații situate în zona unor obiective importante precum Gara Basarab, Gara de Nord și Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune (SRR). Din stația "Radio România", care deservește SRR, tramvaiele 44 circulă în lungul străzii Berzei până în stația următoare, "Vasile Pârvan", care este terminus. Spre deosebire de capătul din Cartierul 16 Februarie, la "Vasile Pârvan" nu există buclă de întoarcere, așa că tramvaiele pornesc în sens invers pe un traseul modificat, pe străzile Sfântul Constantin și Grigore Cobălcescu, până la stația "Radio România", de unde reintră pe vechiul traseu. În porțiunea de întoarcere de pe străzile Sfântul Constantin și Grigore Cobălcescu au fost adăugate două stații, "Cișmigiu" și "Ostașilor", disponibile deci doar pe direcția de mers "Vasile Pârvan" → "Cartier 16 Februarie". Pe traseul buclă "Radio România"–"Vasile Pârvan"–"Cișmigiu"–"Ostașilor"–"Radio România", tramvaiele 44 circulă pe cale de rulare și cu stații comune cu linia 24.

Schema traseului

Exploatarea liniei
Linia 44 este exploatată de Societatea de Transport București. Ea este parcursă de tramvaie în circa 30 de minute.

Materialul rulant
Pe această linie au circulat, până pe 24 mai 2021, tramvaie Tatra T4. În perioada construirii Pasajului Basarab, bucla de întoarcere a fost desființată și a fost nevoie de introducerea unor tramvaie bidirecționale, cu capătul de linie la Trezoreria Giulești. Din acest motiv, pe traseu au circulat tramvaie V3B și V2B. Această linie a fost, de asemenea, ultima linie utilizată de tramvaiele V2B, retrase în 2010, după doar 26 de ani de utilizare. Inițial linia a fost deservită de către Depoul Giulești, însă după anul 1990 a primit ture de la diverse depouri printre care Victoria, Bucureștii-Noi, Alexandria și în prezent Victoria și Bucureștii noi. Cel mai recent, a fost deservită de tramvaie V3A-93 în urma unui incident în martie 2019, ce a dus la retragerea temporară (inițial permanentă) a tramvaielor Tatra.

Începând cu 25 mai 2021, linia este deservită de tramvaiele V3A-93 ale depoului Victoria, deoarece linia de tramvai de pe Bulevardul Vasile Milea este închisă pentru reabilitare, ceea ce previne accesul tramvaielor Tatra în Giulești. Cu această ocazie, pe linie circulă ocazional tramvaie V3B care sunt alocate depoului Victoria, după 11 ani de absență.

Începând cu anul 2023, linia este deservită de către depoul Bucureștii Noi, cu tramvaie V3A, V3A 93 PPC, dar și V3A-CH-PPC și V3A-CA-PPC, acestea din urmă deoarece Bucureștii noi nu mai are așa multe ture în linia 41 cu aceste tramvaie, și ocazional sunt trimise pe linia 44, astfel facilitând accesul persoanelor cu dizabilități.

Lucrări
Traseul tramvaiului 44 a fost suspendat parțial sau modificat în câteva rânduri din cauza unor reparații, modernizări sau investiții în infrastructura rutieră. Astfel, în aprilie 2005, linia a fost suspendată pentru efectuarea unor lucrări de modernizare a căii de rulare de pe Calea Giulești, fiind înlocuită cu linia de autobuz 644. Lucrările au trenat, constructorul a fost schimbat, iar linia 44 a fost reînființată abia în septembrie 2006.

Pe 26 august 2010, linia 44 a fost din nou suspendată, pentru a permite continuarea construcției Pasajului Basarab, fiind înlocuită cu linia navetă 644. O nouă suspendare a survenit ca urmare a lucrărilor la diametrala Nord-Sud – Buzești-Berzei-Uranus. Tramvaiul 44 a fost reînființat pe 13 ianuarie 2014, după finalizarea lucrărilor din prima etapă de construcție a diametralei.

Pe 15 aprilie 2015, traseul liniei 44 a fost scurtat temporar ca urmare a reparării unei conducte de apă pe Bulevardul Dinicu Golescu. În perioada lucrărilor, tramvaiele au circulat doar între stația "Cartier 16 Februarie" și Gara Basarab, restul traseului fiind parcurs de linia navetă de autobuze 644.

Referințe

Legături externe
Harta liniei 44 pe Google Maps

Tramvaiul din București
București

Linia 44 de tramvai din București


The Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle (, named after Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori which initially produced it) is a Swedish developed  caliber man-portable shoulder-fired recoilless rifle, initially developed by the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration during the second half of the 1940s as a close-range anti-tank and support weapon for infantry, which has seen great export success around the globe and is today a popular multi-purpose support weapon in use by many nations. The Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle is a lightweight, low-cost weapon that uses a wide range of ammunition, which makes it extremely flexible and suitable for a wide variety of roles.

Development of the initial model started from 1946 as one of the many recoilless rifle designs of that era, based on the experience from the earlier Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle and the success of man-portable rocket launchers during World War II, such as the Bazooka and Panzerschreck. Production of the initial model was handled by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori led by Försvarets Fabriksverk (FFV) and the weapon received the designation 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, (8,4 cm grg m/48 – "8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 1948) in Swedish service. FFV would continue to further develop the weapon for the international market, later being merged into Saab Bofors Dynamics which handles development and export today. While similar weapons have generally disappeared from service, the Carl Gustaf is still in production and remains in widespread use today.

Name
The weapon goes under many names around the globe. It is most frequently called the "Carl Gustaf" or similar for short. British troops, for example, refer to it as the "Charlie G", while Canadian troops often refer to it as "Carl G". In Australia, it is irreverently known as "Charlie Gutsache" (guts ache, meaning stomach pain), or "Charlie Swede".

In U.S. military service, it is officially known as the M3 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System (MAAWS) or Ranger Antitank Weapons System (RAWS), but is often simply called the "M3 Carl Gustaf" or just "Gustaf".

In Swedish military service, it is officially known as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, m/86 and m/18, depending on the model (M1, M3, M4), but is often simply referred to as the "GRG" (gé-er-gé) after their type designation abbreviation (from granatgevär, meaning "grenade rifle"), since all models  fire the same general ammunition and are used in much the same way (although the 84 mm grg m/18 can use programmable and guided ammunition).

Description

The basic weapon consists of the main tube with the breech-mounted Venturi recoil damper, with two grips near the front and a shoulder mount. The weapon is fitted with iron sights, but is normally aimed with the attached 3× optical sight with a 17 degree (300 mil) field of view. The most modern variants fielded by Swedish rifle companies have been fitted with the Swedish Aimpoint sighting system. Luminous front and rear sight inserts are available for the iron sights when aiming at night, and an image intensification system may also be used.

The Gustaf can be fired from the standing, kneeling, sitting or prone positions, and a bipod may be attached in front of the shoulder piece. An operating handle called the "Venturi lock" is used to move the hinged breech to one side for reloading.

Operation
The weapon is normally operated by a two-man crew, a gunner who carries and fires the weapon and a loader, carrying two canisters for a total of four rounds of ammunition. One or two extra ammunition carriers can be assigned if heavy use is expected.
In the firing procedure it is the loader's responsibility to check the area behind the weapon for people and for obstacles that can interfere with the back-blast; this is needed due to the inherent dangers of the back-blast.  Any person within the back-blast cone can suffer severe burn injuries and solid objects closely behind can reflect the blast back onto the crew.

Safety precautions

The overpressure, or blast wave, generated by the Gustaf will cause blast- and burn-related injuries to those behind the weapon, and is dangerous to  and hazardous to about . Repeatedly firing the Gustaf can also cause related shock wave injuries to gunners and those nearby.

Gunners are only allowed to fire six rounds a day during training. The assistant gunners would also often move away from the overpressure zone, so that they too can fire six rounds a day. Sweden, the first user of Carl-Gustaf, has the regulation that both gunner and assistant gunner are allowed to have 20 full caliber rounds each day.

Development history

1946 – M1 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/48)

The Carl Gustaf M1 was developed around 1946 by Hugo Abramson and Harald Jentzen at the Royal Swedish Army Materiel Administration (Kungliga Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning) and produced at Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori from where it derives its name. Development of the weapons system was preceded by a line of other recoilless developments between 1940 and 1946, featuring relatively small-bore ammunition:
Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle – 1942 (Swedish designation: 20 mm pansarvärnsgevär m/42)
Carl Gustaf 37 mm recoilless rifle – 1943 (Swedish designation: 37 mm granatgevär fm/43)
Carl Gustaf 47 mm recoilless rifle – 1945 (Swedish designation: 47 mm granatgevär fm/45)
Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless rifle – 1948 (Swedish designation: 84 mm granatgevär m/48)

Despite advances in recoilless rifle technology introduced by the development family, it was quickly discovered that small-bore solid steel penetrators were obsolete for shoulder-fired antitank weapons, thus caliber was gradually increased to focus on multirole shell-type ammunition and the recent advances in shaped charge projectiles. By 1946 a caliber of 84 mm was decided upon (although larger calibers were proposed and tested).

The 84 mm weapon was first introduced into Swedish service in 1948 as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/48, filling a similar role as the U.S. Army's bazooka, British PIAT and German Panzerschreck, albeit with a higher focus on multirole and fire support than pure anti-tank warfare. Unlike the aforementioned weapons, however, the 84 mm Carl Gustaf used a rifled barrel for spin-stabilising its rounds, as opposed to fins used by the other systems. Sweden did, however, also adopt a true man-portable anti-tank system around the same time, the 8 cm raketgevär m/49 (fixed) and 8 cm raketgevär m/51 (foldable) rocket launchers, only featuring anti-tank ammunition.

The use of the recoilless firing system allowed the Gustaf to use ammunition containing considerably more propellant, firing its rounds at , as opposed to about  for the Panzerschreck and Bazooka and about  for the PIAT. The result was superior accuracy at longer ranges. The Gustaf can be used to attack larger stationary targets at up to , but the relatively low speed of the projectile restricts attacks on moving targets to a range of  or less.

The Gustaf was soon sold around the world and became one of the primary squad-level anti-tank weapons for many West European armies.

1964 – M2 export

The Carl Gustaf M2 was introduced in 1964 as an improved, lighter and slightly shorter version of the original M1 for the export market. It quickly replaced the original version.

The German Bundeswehr maintains a small number of M2s for battlefield illumination.

1986 – M3 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/86)

The Carl Gustaf M3 started development in the 1980s and initially entered service with the Swedish Armed Forces as the \8,4 cm granatgevär m/86 ("8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 1986). While similar to the export M3, it shares some spare parts with the original 1948 M1 model. It reduced the weight even further by replacing the forged steel tube with a thin steel liner containing the rifling, strengthened by a carbon fibre outer sleeve. The external steel parts were also replaced with plastics and aluminium alloys.

1991 – M3 export
The current export Carl-Gustaf M3 version was introduced in 1991. In recent years, the M3 has found new life in a variety of roles. The British Special Air Service, United States Army Special Forces and United States Army Rangers use M3s in bunker-busting and anti-vehicle roles. Many armies continue to use it as a viable anti-armour weapon, especially against 1950s- and 1960s-era tanks and other armoured vehicles still in use worldwide.

2011 – M3 in USA (M3 MAAWS)
In the late 1980s, the Special Operations Forces Modernization Action Plan indicated need for a Ranger Anti-Armor/Anti-Personnel Weapon System (RAAWS) to replace the M67 recoilless rifle in use by the 75th Ranger Regiment. A market survey in 1987 indicated that the Carl Gustaf M3 was the best candidate for satisfying RAAWS requirements. On 29 September 1988, the M3 was selected as the RAAWS from candidate proposals submitted in response to the market survey compiled by ARDEC. A subsequent review of the contractor-supplied fatigue test data determined that the data did not meet U.S. Army requirements. Benét Laboratories conducted fatigue tests of two tubes to establish an interim safe service life for the weapon. Tests were conducted in 1993. The manufacturer's recommended life for the weapon was 500 rounds, but bore surfaces showed no indications of erosion until 2,360 rounds. The U.S. Navy SEALs became interested in the program and moved it to a Joint Integrated Product Team. The program name subsequently changed from the RAAWS to the Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System (MAAWS).

The M3 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System is the U.S. military designation for the Carl-Gustaf M3 recoilless rifle. It is primarily used by United States Special Operations Command such as the Army Rangers, Army Special Forces, Marine Raiders, Navy SEALs, and JSOC operators. When used by the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment, the M3 is known as the Ranger Anti-tank Weapons System (RAWS).

Army Rangers found the M3 was best employed using a two-man team. One person would carry the launcher and be armed with a pistol for personal protection, and the other would carry 5–6 rounds of ammunition and act as a spotter for the gunner. Although the single-shot AT4 is lighter and can be carried by one person, a Gustaf team with the heavier recoilless rifle can reload and fire more rounds.

The M3 MAAWS fires the following ammunition:
 High explosive (HE 441/441B) round
 High-explosive anti-tank (HEAT/751) round
 High-explosive anti-tank – rocket assisted projectile (HEAT-RAP/551) round
 High-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP/502) round
 Area defense munition (ADM/401) round
 Anti-structure munition (ASM/509) round
 Smoke (Smk/469) round
 Illumination (Illum/545) round
 Target practice, tracer(TPT/141) round
 Target practice rocket assisted projectile (TP RAP/551) round

2014 – M4 export

While the M3 MAAWS provided enhanced effectiveness over other launchers, its  weight burdened troops. On 28 March 2013, USSOCOM announced a call for sources to develop a kit to lighten the weapon and reduce overall length without affecting handling or ruggedness. By that time, Saab was developing a weight-reduced version prior to the SOCOM release that demonstrated no decrease in performance, no increase in recoil, and nearly equivalent barrel life that could be ready for government testing in 2014. Saab has also developed a new high explosive round that has a direct fire range of 1,500 meters when using a fire control system.

The Carl Gustaf M4 was revealed by Saab at Association of the U.S. Army 2014. Compared to the M3 MAAWS, the M4 is  lighter, weighing , and shorter with a  overall length. The shorter length was in response to the need to wield the weapon in urban terrain, and weight savings were achieved through using lighter components whenever possible including a carbon fibre tube with titanium liner, and a new venturi design. Other new features include a red-dot sight, a travel safety catch to allow the M4 to be carried while loaded, an adjustable shoulder rest and forward grip for improved ergonomics, a shot counter to keep track of how many rounds have been fired to manage the weapon's 1,000-round barrel life, double that of the M3, picatinny rails for grips and sight mounts, and a remote round management function so intelligent sights can communicate with programmable rounds.

2017 – M4 in USA (M3E1 MAAWS)

Following its reveal in 2014, the US Defence Department agreed to evaluate the shorter and lighter M4 version over the next two years; testing and qualifications were planned to be completed in spring 2017, and the weapon type classified as the M3E1 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System in fall 2017, making the system available for procurement to all Department of Defence services. The first unit was planned to be equipped with the M3E1 in 2018.

In April 2019, a contract of SEK 168 million (US$18.1 million) was approved to supply the Australian Army with ammunition for the Carl-Gustaf M4 84 mm multipurpose weapon systems ordered by the service in September 2018.

M3 was the name used for decades worldwide for the basic weapon. For the new, improved, lighter, titanium-employing weapon first displayed in 2014, most used the name M4, except for the US. In the US, the Army designation for the US version of the improved M4 mentioned above is M3E1.

In 2017, the U.S. Army approved a requirement for 1,111 M3E1 units to be fielded to soldiers as part of an Urgent Material Release. The M3E1 is part of the Product Manager Crew Served Weapon portfolio. A key benefit of the M3E1 is that it can fire multiple types of rounds, giving soldiers increased capability on the battlefield. By using titanium, the updated M3E1, based on the M3A1 introduced in 2014, is more than six pounds lighter. The M3E1 is also 2.5 inches shorter and has an improved carrying handle, shoulder padding and an improved sighting system that can be adjusted for better comfort without sacrificing performance. The wiring harness was included in the M3E1 configuration that provides a foregrip controller and programmable fuze setter for an interchangeable fire control system. For added safety and cost savings, an automatic round counter enables soldiers and logisticians to accurately track the service life of each weapon. The M3E1 uses the same family of ammunition as the M3, which has been successfully tested. In November 2017, the U.S. Marine Corps announced they planned to procure the M3E1 MAAWS. 1,200 M3E1s would be acquired with one fielded to every infantry squad. In addition to infantry use, the Marines are considering it to replace the Mk 153 SMAW in combat engineer squads. The weapons perform similar functions and the improvements incorporated into the new M3E1 place it in the same size and approximate weight class as the SMAW. While the SMAW weighs  less when loaded, the MAAWS has a greater variety of ammunition available and a maximum effective range of 1,000 meters, twice that of the SMAW. The Marines plan to test both weapons' effectiveness against bunkers to inform their decision.

2018 – M4 in Sweden (8,4 cm grg m/18)
In 2018 the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (, FMV) signed a contract with Saab to purchase the Carl Gustaf M4 as the 8,4 cm granatgevär m/18 ("8,4 cm grenade rifle", model 2018), often written without the "m/" to distinguish it from older m/18 (model 1918) systems (8,4 cm granatgevär 18, abbr. 8,4 cm grg 18). The M4 will replace the old M1 models (8,4 cm grg m/48) models still in service as some units are pushing 70+ years in service. The 8,4 cm grg 18 will feature an advanced laser rangefinder and will be acquired with new programmable ammunition (preliminary name HE 448), and a new, improved HEAT shell.

2024 – M4 in India
Saab announced in September 2022 that it would establish a manufacturing facility to produce the Carl-Gustaf M4 weapons system in India. It will be the company's first facility producing the M4 system outside Sweden. The facility is expected to open in 2024 and will produce weapons for the Indian Armed Forces as well as export components to users worldwide. Previous versions of the Carl Gustaf system have been in service with India since 1976.

Combat history

1961–1964: Congo Crisis

As part of the Congo Crisis 1960–1965, Swedish troops were sent to Congo as ONUC peacekeepers in mid to late 1960. They initially lacked any heavy weaponry, but due to rising threat levels they received tgb m/42 KP infantry fighting vehicles and heavy weaponry such as the M1 Carl Gustaf in time for the violent fighting in Elisabethville in 1961.

The weapon proved its worth as a man-portable multi-purpose weapon and came to great use during the conflict. One famous incident happened on 14 September 1961, when Swedish soldier Torsten Stålnacke, then part of a M1 Carl-Gustaf squad, had his two squadmates shocked in connection with repelling a Gendarmerie armoured car attack on a refugee camp and their nearby depot, forcing him to operate the M1 on his own. Stålnacke advanced by himself against an enemy firing position, meanwhile managing to take out an enemy armoured car and a number of enemies before his jaw was shot to pieces. His chin hung down to his chest and he was suffocating. With his fingers he cleared the throat from bone fragments and pulled the tongue up, thereby able to breath again. During the retreat, and with whistling bullets around him, Stålnacke kept his chin up with one hand and held the M1 with the other and managed with hand gestures and kicks get his two badly shocked comrades with him from the battlefield.

2011–2021: War in Afghanistan
In November 2011, the U.S. Army began ordering the M3 MAAWS for regular units deployed in Afghanistan. Soldiers were being engaged with RPGs at 900 meters, while their light weapons had effective ranges of 500–600 meters. The Gustaf allows airburst capability of troops in defilade out to 1,250 meters, and high explosive use out to 1,300 meters.

In late 2012, the Army fielded 58 M3s and 1,500 rounds of ammunition to units deployed to Afghanistan to destroy enemy targets out to 1,000 meters. This was because RPG and machine gun teams could attack 900 meters away, while existing weaponry such as the M141 Bunker Defeat Munition, M72 LAW, M136 AT4, and MK153 SMAW have effective ranges of only 500 meters. The AT4 is lighter and cheaper but is made of reinforced fiberglass, while the M3's rifled metal/carbon fiber launch tube allows for reloading. Employing the 22 lb M3 is easier than the 50 lb FGM-148 Javelin with its launcher with missile and reusable command launch unit, is faster than waiting on mortars, and is cheaper than the Javelin and artillery shells for engaging targets in hard cover. Although Special Operations forces had been using the M3 since the early 1990s, light infantry unit commanders in Afghanistan had to submit operational needs statements to get the weapon. The M3 became an official Program of Record in the conventional Army in 2014, and a conditional materiel release was authorized in late 2015 to equip all brigade combat teams with one M3 launcher per infantry platoon.

2022–: Russo-Ukrainian War
Since 2022, the Carl Gustaf has been used in combat in the Russian invasion of Ukraine by Ukrainian forces, being used to target both tanks and infantry. According to Ukraine's Ministry of Defense, a Carl Gustaf was used to destroy the first Russian T-90M main battle tank of the war.

Ammunition

The Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless gun fires a 84 × 245 mm rimmed recoilless (84×245R RCL) cartridge  with a blowout base for propellant gas ventilation. Ammunition initially consisted of high-explosive (HE), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), airburst (HE-TF) and smoke shells, not counting target-practice (TP) ammunition, but improvements to the ammunition family have been continual. While the older HEAT rounds are not particularly effective against modern tank armor, the weapon has found new life as a bunker-buster with a high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) round. Also, improved HEAT, high explosive (HE), smoke and illumination (star shell or flare) ammunition is also available. For full effectiveness, illumination rounds must be fired at a very high angle, creating a danger for the gunner who can be burned from the backblast. For this reason, several armies have retired the illumination rounds, while the U.S. Army requires that they be fired from a standing position.  AEI Systems Ltd., a British defence products manufacturer headquartered in Ascot, Berkshire, offers a variant of the platform dubbed the AE84-RCL designed to fire the M540/M550 line of 84×245 mm R ammunition manufactured in Belgium by Mecar.

Note that the following are the Swedish manufacturer designations (other countries use similar terminology, replacing the "FFV - Försvarets Fabriksverk")
 FFV401 is an Area Defence Munition designed as a close-range anti-personnel round. It fires 1100 flechettes over a wide area.
 FFV441 is an HE round, useful in a "lobbed" trajectory to 1,000m, which can be fused to either detonate on impact or as an airburst.
 FFV441B is an HE round with an effective range against personnel in the open of 1,100 m. The round arms after 20 to 70 m of flight, weighs 3.1 kg, and is fired at a muzzle velocity of 255 m/s.
 FFV469 is a smoke round fired like the FFV441, with a range of about 1,300 m. The 3.1 kg round is also fired at 255 m/s.
 FFV502 is an HEDP round with the ability to be set to detonate on either impact or one-tenth second later. Effective range is 1,000 m against dispersed soft targets such as infantry in the open, 500 m against stationary targets and 300 m against moving targets. Minimum range is 15 to 40 m to arm the warhead. Penetration exceeds 150 mm of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA). Ammunition weight is 3.3 kg and muzzle velocity is 230 m/s.
 FFV509 is an ASM (Anti-Structure Munition), designed especially to destroy buildings and other types of urban constructions. The fuse has two modes: impact or a delayed function.
 FFV545 is an illuminating star shell, fired up to 2,300 m maximum range, but with an effective envelope of 300 to 2,100 m. Suspended by parachute, the star shell burns for 30 seconds while producing 650,000 candela, providing a 400 to 500 m diameter area of illumination.
 FFV551 is the primary HEAT round and is a rocket-assisted projectile (RAP). Effective range is up to 700 m (400 m against moving targets) and penetration up to 400 mm of RHA. Ammunition weight is 3.2 kg and muzzle velocity is 255 m/s.
 FFV552 is a practice round with the same ballistics as the 551.
 FFV651 is a newer HEAT round using mid-flight rocket assistance for ranges up to 1,000m. In theory, it has less penetration than the FFV551, but it includes a stand-off probe for the fuse to improve performance against reactive armour.
 HEAT 655 CS (Confined Spaces) "high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round that can be fired by the 84 mm Carl Gustaf recoilless weapon from within small enclosures."
 FFV751 is a tandem-warhead HEAT round with an effective range of 500 m and ability to penetrate more than 500 mm of armour. Weight is 4 kg.
 FFV756 is an MT (Multi Target) ammunition, designed for combat in built-up areas and for incapacitating an enemy under cover inside a building or some type of fortification. The MT 756 uses a tandem charge.
 Guided Multipurpose Munition (GMM) is a laser guided projectile developed between Saab and Raytheon, featuring a multipurpose warhead capable of defeating bunkers and moving light armored vehicles at a range of 2,500 m and can be fired from enclosed spaces.

Comparison to similar weapons

Users

 : M2 replaced by M3 variant. M4 on order.

 : M1 officially called M/65, M2 called M/79, M3 called M/85. M4 to be delivered in 2022. With each new variant, older variant phased out. All variants have commonly been referred to as "Dysekanon" in the Danish army.
 : M2, M3 variants. Purchased 250 M4s in 2021 for $12.7 million to replace M2 variants.

 : M4

 : A modified version has also been developed by the DRDO which is significantly lighter due to use of advanced composites.
 : Used by the Komando Pasukan Katak (Kopaska) tactical diver group and Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) special forces group.
 : Iraqi Kurdistan received 40 launchers and 1,000 projectiles in 2014
 : Defence Forces specialist units, including Army Ranger Wing (ARW).

 : M2 called 84 mm Recoilless Rifle, M3 called '

 .
: M4 on order.

: M2, M3 and M4.
 : M2 and M3 variant in service. 110 new units of M4 variant ordered in 2021.
 : Used by divisional heavy weapon companies in bunker busting/infantry support/light artillery role for counter-insurgency campaigns. Clones made as BA-84(MA-84) MK and MK-II.

 : M2, M3, M4
 : Used by special forces.
 : M2 and M3 variants used by Portuguese Army and Portuguese Marine Corps.

 : M3, launch customer for the M4 variant, which became operational in July 2017.
 : M2, M3. M4 on order will replace all old M2, M3 between 2020 and 2023.
Tamil Eelam: Used by the Tamil Tigers during the Final Eelam War.

  100 units with 2000 rounds of ammunition donated by the Government of Canada due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

 : M2 variant was used as the L14A1 Infantry Anti-Tank Gun or Medium Anti-Tank Weapon from the 1960s until the early 1990s, when it was replaced by LAW 80. Procurement of M4 variant was announced in 2023 to replenish munitions granted to Ukraine.
 : Used by USSOCOM, U.S. Army Ranger battalions, and some regular U.S. Army infantry units in the War in Afghanistan. In February 2014, the M3 MAAWS was designated as a Program of Record within the U.S. Army and became standard-issue in Army Light Infantry units.

Former users
 : The M2 was in service with the Royal Netherlands Army since 1964, known as the Terugstootloze vuurmond (TLV) 84 mm, Carl Gustaf M-2. It is used in combination with the Kijker, richt, recht, 2x12 Wöhler scope. The same model was also used in the Dutch Marine Corps, where it was known as the Terugstootloze vuurmond (TLV) van 84 mm, Carl Gustaf, M2. It was replaced by the Panzerfaust 3.
 : Replaced by MATADOR in 2013.

Wars

Congo Crisis
Falklands War
Lebanese Civil War
Gulf War
Kargil War
Chiapas conflict
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Mexican drug war
Eelam War IV
2011 Libyan Civil War
2013 Lahad Datu standoff
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

See also

 55 S 55 (Finland, 1955, 55 mm, man-portable)
 M40 recoilless rifle (United States, 1955, 105 mm, tripod mounted)
 RPG-2 (USSR, 1954, man-portable)
 B-10 recoilless rifle (USSR, 1954, 82 mm, tripod mounted)

References

External links

 Saabs Bofors – manufacturer's product page
 Saab Bofors – official manufacturer's brochure
 Video of loading and firing drill for Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle
 Video of a Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle being fired
 Carl Gustaf anti-tank recoilless rifle (Sweden) – Modern Firearms
 U.S. Army Armament Research, Development & Engineering Center FCT and SOCOM Shoulder Fired Weapons May 2005

Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1948
Anti-tank weapons
Recoilless rifles
Firearms of Sweden

Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle


Annie Perreault, née le , à Saint-Hubert, devenu Longueuil, en Montérégie, est une nouvelliste et une romancière québécoise.

Biographie
Annie Perreault a passé les dix-huit premières années de sa vie à Saint-Hubert, une ville ayant fusionné en 2006 pour former l'agglomération de Longueuil. Elle a fait des études russes et en littérature française à l'Université McGill, en plus d'étudier au Doctorat en études et pratiques des arts, profil recherche-création, à l'Université du Québec à Montréal.

Dans son recueil de nouvelles, L'occupation des jours, l'écrivaine dépasse le cadre du genre pour créer une œuvre à la « structure atypique ». Séparé en dix parties, où chacune des parties est ensuite redivisée en plus courts textes, le recueil cherche à occuper les lieux et à se réapproprier l'espace et le temps. D'ailleurs, l'exploration « de l'absence, de l'inoccupé, de la vacuité » et du vide dans L'occupation des jours est parfois comparé à La vie mode d'emploi de Georges Perec.

Son premier roman, La femme de Valence, a comme point de départ un drame vécu par l'écrivaine. L'ouvrage raconte l'histoire d'une mère et de sa fille, tout en laissant une grande place à la course, une activité pratiquée par les deux femmes. Remplie de questionnements, de non-dits et de mystères, l'œuvre laisse « au spectateur la possibilité de prendre sa place ». L'écriture permet à l'autrice « d'éclaircir les mystères qui entourent certains événements de nos vies ou encore de donner suite aux récits inachevés ».

Les grands espaces est le dernier ouvrage de l'autrice. Polyphonique, son roman aborde les quêtes d'Anna, de Gaby, d'Eleonore, de l'Ours, du Lac et de « celle qu'on ne voit pas », qui tient des réflexions sur le processus de création du manuscrit. La course à pied tient également une place importante dans ce second roman, puisque la traversée du lac Baïkal, effectuée par l'écrivaine dans le cadre d'un marathon en Sibérie, est aussi l'endroit où le récit prend place. Si La femme de Valence était davantage écrit sous forme de fragments, l'autrice se tourne ici quelque part entre le récit de voyage, l'autobiographie et l'encyclopédie. Originellement un travail de recherche-création au Doctorat en études et pratiques des arts à l'Université du Québec à Montréal, Les grands espaces est une exploration du processus de création de l'écrivain en mouvement et des liens entre la course et l'écriture. Grâce aux nombreux personnages, l'autrice s'intéresse également à la distance entre les gens, ces froids qui surviennent parfois après une rupture ou un changement.

En 2000, elle remporte le Prix de la nouvelle Radio-Canada.

Œuvres

Romans
 .
 La femme de Valence, Longueuil, Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille, 2020, 348 p.
 The woman in Valencia, traduction par Ann Marie Boulanger, Montréal, QC Fiction, 2021, 211 p. .
 Les grands espaces, Québec, Alto, 2021, 240 p. .

Nouvelles

 .

Prix et honneurs

 2000 : lauréate du Prix de la nouvelle Radio-Canada
 2015 : finaliste du Prix de poésie Radio-Canada
 2022 : liste préliminaire du Prix des Libraires du Québec pour Les grands espaces

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Éditions Alto

Liens externes

 Site de l'autrice

Femme de lettres québécoise
Naissance en 1974
Naissance à Longueuil
Romancière québécoise
Étudiant de l'Université du Québec à Montréal
Étudiant de l'Université McGill
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Annie Perreault (écrivaine)


Alectryon diversifolius, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las  sapindáceas. Se encuentra en  Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 3 m de altura. Las hojas son simples, a menudo agrupadas en ramitas cortas, variables en forma y tamaño, en su mayoría oblanceoladas, de 1.5-6 cm de largo, 5-15 mm de ancho, coriáceas, rígidas y glabras, el ápice obtuso o mucronado, base ± atenuada, los márgenes dentados o en forma irregular con pocos dientes espinosos (sobre todo en el crecimiento juvenil), el pecíolo de 2-4 mm de largo. Las flores solitarias, en pequeños grupos o racimos <25 mm de largo. Pétalos ausentes. El fruto con 1  o 2 lóbulos, por lo general de 5-10 mm de largo,  glabros o finamente peludos; semillas negras y el arilo rojo.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los matorrales en los distritos del interior norte de Warialda o en la bosque seco en la zona de Acacia Creek, en Nueva Gales del Sur.

Taxonomía
Alectryon diversifolius fue descrita por (F.Muell.) Reynolds   y publicado en Austrobaileya 2: 335, en el año 1987.
Sinonimia
 Heterodendrum diversifolium F.Muell. basónimo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

diversifolius

Alectryon diversifolius


Esta é uma lista de municípios do Brasil por taxa de homicídios intencionais, segundo dados do Atlas da Violência 2021, do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea) e pelo Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, do Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública (FBSP).

A taxa de homicídios no Brasil, correspondente a Mortes Violentas Intencionais (MVI)1. Em 2021 foi 22,3 mortes a cada 100 mil habitantes2, ou 47,503 homicídios em números absolutos.3

O Brasil é um país grande e diverso, com diferenças socioeconômicas significativas entre as diferentes regiões. Segundo o FBSP, no ano de 2021, as cidades mais populosas4 com as maiores taxas de homicídios do Brasil foram Camaçari com 82,1 homicídios, (similar a taxa da cidade de Irapuato, México 81,4), seguida de Feira de Santana (66,4), Macapá (63.6), Salvador (55,5) e Manaus (53,6).

As cidades menos populosas5 com as maiores taxas de homicídios do Brasil foram São João do Jaguaribe, Ceará com 224,0 homicídios a cada 100 mil pessoas, seguido de Jacareacanga, no Pará (199,2), Aurelino Leal, Bahia (144,2), Santa Luzia D'Oeste, Rondônia (139,0), São Felipe D'Oeste, Rondônia (138,3).

Cidades brasileiras por taxa de homicídios em 2021
A tabela a seguir lista as cidades brasileiras acima de 250 mil habitantes (capitais em negrito) por mortes violentas intencionais em ordem alfabética pelas unidades federativas de acordo com o levantamento do Monitor do Homicídio baseado nos dados do FBSP e IPEA e populacionais do IBGE.

Homicídios absolutos e taxa por 100 mil hab. anual

Ranking das cidades mais violentas do Brasil
A tabela a seguir lista as cidades brasileiras com até 30.000 habitantes por MVI de acordo com o Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública entre 2019 a 2021.6

Nota
1 Mortes Violentas Intencionais (MVI) corresponde à soma das vítimas de homicídio doloso, latrocínio, lesão corporal seguida de morte e mortes decorrentes de intervenções policiais. A categoria MVI representa o total de vítimas de mortes violentas com intencionalidade definida.

2 A taxa de homicídios é normalmente expressa em unidades de mortes por 100.000 habitantes por ano.

3 O Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crime - UNODC relatou uma taxa média global de homicídios intencionais de 6,1 por 100.000 habitantes em 2019 em seu relatório intitulado "Estudo Global sobre Homicídios 2019". A UNODC considera violência epidêmica uma taxa superior a 10 homicídios por 100 mil habitantes.

4 Cidades classificadas acima de 250.000 habitantes dentro dos limites dos municípios, não considerando as regiões metropolitas,  com projeção da população para o ano de 2021.

5 Cidades classificadas com população até 30.000 habitantes, dentro dos limites dos municípios, não considerando as regiões metropolitas, com projeção da população para o ano de 2021.

6 O levantamento do Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, do FBSP considera um recorte de três anos, entre 2019 a 2021 para evitar distorções. Assassinatos registrados em apenas um ano são insuficientes para indicar o fenômeno em cidades de pequeno porte.

Ver também
 Lista de unidades federativas do Brasil por taxa de homicídios
 Lista de unidades federativas do Brasil por números totais de homicídios
 Criminalidade no Brasil

Ligações externas
 Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública (ABSP)

Municípios do Brasil por taxa de homicídios
Taxa de homicídios
Taxa de homicídios
Taxa de homicídios no Brasil

Lista de municípios do Brasil por taxa de homicídios


Dem vi var er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2016 instrueret af Sine Skibsholt.

Handling
Det ligner et liv som så mange andre: Kristian og Mette Line har været sammen i 12 år. Det begyndte med forelskelse, rejser og karriereræs, og senere voksede livet som "dig og mig" til en familie. Sammen har de børnene Celeste og Cyron, og for to år siden købte de drømmehuset i Kongens Lyngby. Her skulle de udleve deres mange drømme og forestillinger om livet. Men en dag falder den 39-årige Kristian pludseligt om med en fatal blodprop, som ødelægger 1/3 af hans hjerne. Skaden er uoprettelig og livet, som de kendte det, er for evigt ovre.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016

Dem vi var


Kosmos 2266, ruski navigacijski i komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Parus.
Lansiran je 2. studenoga 1993. godine u 12:10 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 949 km u perigeju i 1019 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,95°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 22888. COSPARova oznaka je 1993-070-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,77 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 825 kg.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2266


Natasja Burgers (født 19. juni 1975) er en tidligere hollandsk håndboldspiller, som senest i 2012 spillede for VOC Amsterdam og Hollands håndboldlandshold.

Hun har tidligere optrådt i danske storklubber, som GOG, Viborg HK, Randers HK og Aalborg DH.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Nederlandene

Natasja Burgers


Philippe Hababou Solomon, parfois également connu sous les noms de Philippe Hababou ou de Haim Solomon, est un homme d'affaires franco-israélien né en 1955 en Tunisie.

Personnalité discrète, il est révélé au public en 2018 lors de l'affaire Benalla. Par la suite, ses liens avec plusieurs chefs d'État africains questionnent de nombreux journalistes, qui y voient une forme de « diplomatie privée », mais aussi de possibles liens avec la Françafrique.

Jeunesse et premières entreprises
Philippe Hababou naît en 1955 en Tunisie. Au cours des années 1980, il s'installe comme joailler sur la place Vendôme à Paris. Il dépose le bilan en 1991, et est poursuivi pour faillite.

Par la suite, il déménage aux États-Unis, où il se lance dans la finance. Il finance illégalement la campagne de Robert Torricelli lors des élections sénatoriales américaines de 1996, ce qui lui vaut de purger une peine de prison en Amérique.

En 2002, il prend la tête d'une petite compagnie aérienne régionale, AéroLyon, mais il est condamné neuf mois plus tard pour faux, usages de faux et escroquerie, ce qui lui vaut trois années fermes de prison.

À la suite de ces déboires, Philippe Hababou décide d'émigrer en Israël où il prend le nom de Haim Solomon ainsi que la nationalité israélienne.

En 2007, une vaste escroquerie est révélée à propos de la société ATI Petroleum. Cette société vietnamienne cherche à s'internationaliser, et Solomon profite de ses contacts africains pour permettre la signature de contrats en Tunisie, au Niger, au Congo, en Centrafrique. L'escroquerie consistait en une vente des actions d'ATI à un prix unitaire supérieur de 18 centimes d'euros au prix d'introduction.

Liens avec des chefs d'État africains
En 2013, Philippe Hababou Solomon se met en relations avec Jacob Zuma. Il cherche en effet à savoir si le mythique « trésor de guerre » de Mouammar Kadhafi serait bien, comme l'affirment les rumeurs, localisé en Afrique du Sud. Au passage, il use de son influence sur plusieurs chefs d'État africains pour faire élire Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma à la tête de l'Union africaine.

Il est également proche d'Umaro Sissoco Embaló, chef d'État de Guinée-Bissau, qu'il conseille à l'occasion et qui lui a fourni un passeport diplomatique.

Il est brièvement consul de la République centrafricaine en Israël.

En 2014, le  est arraisonné par l'émir autoproclamé  ; Philippe Hababou Solomon est sollicité pour servir d'intermédiaire entre l'équipage, les autorités libyennes et divers chefs d'État, notamment Jacob Zuma et Vladimir Poutine.

Liens avec Alexandre Benalla
En 2018, Philippe Hababou Solomon prend sous son aile Alexandre Benalla à la suite de l'affaire dans lequel ce dernier est impliqué. C'est notamment lui qui présente Benalla à Idriss Déby et Denis Sassou-Nguesso ; il l'emmène participer à la signature de contrats au Cameroun et au Tchad.

Notes et références

Homme d'affaires français
Naissance en Tunisie
Naissance en 1955

Philippe Hababou Solomon


The Scientists are a post-punk band from Perth, Western Australia, led by Kim Salmon, initially known as the Exterminators and then the Invaders. The band had two primary incarnations: the Perth-based punk band of the late 1970s and the Sydney/London-based swamp rock band of the 1980s.

In October 2010, Blood Red River (1983) was included in the list in the book 100 Best Australian Albums.

History

1976–1977: formation
Kim Salmon had formed a punk band, the Cheap Nasties, in August 1976. He left in December 1977 and the remainder, with Robbie Porritt joining as lead vocalist, continued as the Manikins. Salmon replaced Mark Demetrius in the Exterminators, who then became known as the Invaders. The lineup included Roddy Radalj (guitar, vocals), Boris Sujdovic (bass) and John Rowlings (drums).

1978–1981: Perth
The Invaders became the Scientists in May 1978, when James Baker from the Victims replaced Rowlings. Sujdovic left the band in August 1978 (later recording with the Rockets). The songwriting partnership that ensued, with Baker writing lyrics which Salmon would put to music, naturally favoured a melodic, pop-infused style of punk.

The band started playing again in January 1979 with Dennis Byrne on bass. This lineup recorded the band's first single, "Frantic Romantic"/"Shake (Together Tonight)", released in June 1979 on the D.N.A. Records label.

Radalj and Byrne left in April 1979, replaced by Ben Juniper (guitar) and Ian Sharples (bass). This lineup recorded the band's second release, The Scientists EP (released February 1980 by White Rider Records) and did two tours of Melbourne and Sydney, in December 1979 and February/March 1980. In Melbourne, the band appeared on pop TV show Countdown, performing "Last Night" from the EP.

Juniper left the band in May 1980, and Salmon, Baker and Sharples continued as a trio. The band broke up in January 1981 after recording their debut album, The Scientists (commonly referred to as The Pink Album), released in August 1981 by EMI Custom Records. In Sydney, Baker had joined Radalj to form Le Hoodoo Gurus with Dave Faulkner (ex-the Victims) and Kimble Rendall in January 1981.

Salmon then formed Louie Louie with Kim Williams (bass) and Brett Rixon (drums), though this band broke up in August 1981.

1982–1987: Sydney and London
In September 1981, Salmon and Sujdovic reformed the band, with Rixon on drums and Tony Thewlis (ex-Helicopters) on guitar, and prepared to move to Sydney. For this version of the band, the musical direction of the band turned more towards swampy, psychedelic-tinged rock and roll, incorporating the influence of bands such as The Gun Club, the Cramps, Suicide, the Stooges and Captain Beefheart.

The band was signed by Au Go Go Records, who released "This Is My Happy Hour"/"Swampland" (December 1982), the influential Blood Red River mini-LP (September 1983) and "We Had Love"/"Clear Spot" (December 1983).

By the end of 1983, the Scientists were one of the most popular Australian independent bands. Deciding to move on to new horizons, they left Australia and relocated to London in March 1984. In October 1984, the band supported the Gun Club on their European tour. Meanwhile, Au Go Go had issued the darker, harsher mini-album This Heart Doesn't Run on Blood, This Heart Doesn't Run on Love (September 1984).

The band released a 12" EP, Demolition Derby, in Belgium in February 1985, and their first full overseas album Produced by The Fall and Birthday Party producer, Richard Mazda , You Get What You Deserve, in the UK in July 1985 on their manager's Karbon label, followed by the "You Only Live Twice"/"If It's The Last Thing I Do" 7" in September. Owing to contractual disputes with Au Go Go, different mixes of some tracks appeared in Australia as the mini-album Atom Bomb Baby, with the "Atom Bomb Baby/Backwards Man" 7" and a compilation LP Heading For a Trauma (comprising Demolition Derby with rare, radio and live tracks) being released with it in July 1985.

Rixon left the band in February 1985 to be replaced by Phillip Hertz, who was replaced in December 1985 by Leanne Chock. The band signed a new deal with Big Time Records, who asked them to prepare a best-of compilation to introduce them to the market. The band rerecorded 11 of their songs with producer Richard Mazda as Weird Love, released in April 1986.

Sujdovic had to leave the UK after the recording due to visa problems, and was replaced by Joe Presedo of Silver Chapter. Presedo and Chock left in December 1986, Salmon shifted to bass and Nick Combe joined on drums. The Salmon/Thewlis/Combe lineup recorded the album Human Jukebox in December 1986.

This lineup returned to Australia in April 1987 for the Human Jukebox tour. Salmon moved back to Perth with his wife Linda Fearon (co-writer of "Blood Red River") and son. Human Jukebox was released on Karbon in October 1987. The band toured Australia in November 1987, with a lineup of Salmon, Thewlis, Combe on drums and Rixon rejoining on bass. Their last show was at the Shenton Park Hotel in Perth on 27 November 1987.

1987–2006: after the Scientists
In Perth between the 1987 tours, Salmon formed Kim Salmon and the Surrealists with Brian Hooper on bass and Tony Pola on drums. He lived in Perth until the early 1990s, playing live solo, with the Surrealists or with "Kim Salmon's Human Jukebox", formed with Kim Williams and Pola to promote the 1991 Scientists compilation Absolute. He also played with the second incarnation of the Beasts of Bourbon from 1988 until 1993. Salmon's music continued in a similar direction to his work with the Scientists.

After the Scientists, Thewlis formed the Interstellar Villains, exploring a musical direction much more rooted in '60s rock, psychedelia and surf music. He then joined Diggory Kenrick and Robert Coyne in Venus Ray, and later played with the Scoundrelles.

2006–present: reformation
In May 2006, the Scientists (with a line-up of Thewlis, Salmon, Sujdovic and Chock) were invited by Mudhoney to play at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival in the UK. They also supported Mudhoney at a performance at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London on 11 May 2006. In 2007, a live recording of that performance, Sedition, was released on the ATP Recordings label. The same lineup played in London in April 2007 and at the ATP festival the same month. In February 2008, they supported Sonic Youth for their Australian Daydream Nation shows, performing the mini album Blood Red River in its entirety as part of the ATP-curated Don't Look Back series.

In September 2010, the group played their first ever U.S. show at the ATP New York music festival in Monticello, where they performed Blood Red River in its entirety.

In 2018 and 2019 the Scientists (with a line-up of Salmon, Cowie (née Chock), Sujdovic and Thewlis) toured in Europe and North America, and said that they would soon release a new recording.

In April 2021, the band confirmed the release of a new studio album titled Negativity scheduled for June 2021 and released single "Outsiders". "I Wasn't Good at Picking Friends" was released in May 2021.

The current line-up features singer-guitarist Kim Salmon, lead guitarist Tony Thewlis, drummer Leanne Cowie and bassist Boris Sujdovic. They toured Australia in 2022 promoting "Negativity", and in 2023 in UK, Spain and Italy.

Use in film
The song "Last Night" was used in Corey Duffel's part in the Foundation Skateboards' movie That's Life, and the song "We Had Love" was used in the movie RocknRolla.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Awards

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards are annual awards celebrating achievements for Western Australian music. They commenced in 1985.

|-
| 2019 || The Scientists|| Hall of Fame ||
|-

References

External links
ATP Recordings Page
Kim Salmon interview (Noise For Heroes)
www.perthpunk.com, which contains an extensive history of the earliest Perth punk rock scene, including references to The Cheap Nasties, Kim Salmon, Victims, Geeks, Manikins, Dave Warner and Pus, and written contributions by Rod Radalj and Mark Demetrius.
www.fromthearchives.org, which has a complete discography.

1978 establishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups reestablished in 2007
Punk blues musical groups
Musical groups from Perth, Western Australia
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
Australian punk rock groups
Australian alternative rock groups
Timberyard Records artists
Au Go Go Records artists

The Scientists


الفصيلة الكرنبية أو الخردلية (الاسم العلمي:Brassicaceae)  أو الفصيلة الصليبية (الاسم العلمي:Cruciferae) هي  نباتية تتبع  الكرنبيات من  ثنائيات الفلقة. هي إحدى أهم الفصائل النباتية، إذ يبلغ عدد الأنواع التي تتبع هذه الفصيلة حوالي 3000 نوع معظمها أعشاب حولية أو معمرة. تضم هذه الفصيلة الكثير من محاصيل الخضراوات مثل الملفوف والفجل واللفت والقنبيط والقنبيط الأخضر والكرنب والجرجير والسلجم.

أصل التسمية

يعود سبب التسمية للفصيلة بالصليبية (سابقا) إلى شكل أزهارها التي تحوي أربع بتلات مرتبة على شكل صليبي. يتكون الكأس من أربع كأسيات في محيطين. أما الطلع فيتكون من ست أسدية إثنتان منها في محيط خارجي والأربع الأخرى في محيط داخلي. يتركب المتاع من خبائين ملتحمين وتكون البويضات مرتبة داخل المبيض في وضع جداري وتخرج جميع الأوراق الزهرية من أسفل المبيض.

الأهمية الاقتصادية

تستعمل بعض نباتات الفصيلة الصليبية لاستخلاص الزيت النباتي مثل السلجم وتستعمل نباتات أخرى مثل المنثور  للزينة بينما تستعمل بعض أنواعها في أغراض صناعية مثل الكاميلينا  التي يستخلص منها زيت الكاميلينا الذي يستخدم في صناعة الصابون.

التصنيف

 القبيلة العرباوية
 العربية
 الدرابة

من أجناسها

 الأبرياسية
 البراسيكا
 الفجيلة
 الكاميلينا
 الكرنب

مراجع

كرنبية
فصائل الكرنبيات
فصائل نباتية
وردانيات
ورداوايات

كرنبية


Grijota es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Palencia, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Dispone de servicios de Media Distancia operados por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 5,755 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Venta de Baños con Gijón a 747 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Becerril y Palencia. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado. Históricamente la estación pertenecía a la línea Palencia-La Coruña.

Historia
La estación fue abierta al tráfico el 8 de noviembre de 1863 con la puesta en marcha del tramo León-Palencia de la línea que pretendía unir Palencia con La Coruña. La Compañía de los Ferrocarriles del Noroeste de España constituida en 1862 fue la encargada de la construcción y explotación del trazado. En 1878, apremiada por el Estado para que concluyera sus proyectos en marcha Noroeste se declaró en quiebra tras un intento de fusión con MZOV que no prosperó. Fue entonces cuando la estación pasó a manos de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Asturias, Galicia y León creada para continuar con las obras iniciadas por Noroeste y gestionar sus líneas. Sin embargo la situación financiera de esta última también se volvió rápidamente delicada siendo absorbida por Norte en 1885. En 1941, la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España supone la desaparición de esta última y su integración en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Los servicios de Media Distancia de Renfe que tienen parada en la estación enlazan León con Valladolid a razón de dos trenes diarios. En sentido contrario solo se detiene uno de los trenes que proviene de Valladolid.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Grijota
Grijota
Grijota
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Grijota


Giovanni Battista Chiaramonti, né à Brescia le  et mort dans cette même ville le , est un littérateur et jurisconsulte italien.

Biographie
Giovanni Battista Chiaramonti naquit a Brescia le . Jeune encore, il fut admis dans les réunions de savants et de littérateurs que Giammaria Mazzuchelli formait chez lui. À l'âge de vingt-trois ans, il y lut une dissertation érudite : Sul Paterno Impero degli antichi Romani, qui fut imprimée dans le  de la Nuova Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filosofici, Venise, 1759. Encouragé par ce succès, Chiaramonti lut dans la même société, en 1756, une autre dissertation de sa composition : Sopra il commercio, qui fut bientôt suivie d'une autre : Sulle accademie letterarie Bresciane. Il lit en outre plusieurs autres opuscules, qui furent imprimés, les uns à part, et les autres dans les deux volumes des Dissertazioni istoriche, scientifiche ed erudite, recitate nell'adunanza del Mazzuchelli, que Chiaramonti lui-même publia, en 1765, à Brescia. C'est à son zèle pour les lettres qu'on doit l'édition faite dans la même ville, en 1763, 2 vol. in-8°, de deux cent quarante-trois morceaux précieux de littérature du chanoine Paolo Gagliardi. La plume de Giovanni Battista Chiaramonti donna au public, indépendamment de ces productions, des Notizie intorno a Luigi Marcello, patrizio Veneto ; d'autres relatives au P. Gian Pietro Bergantini, au P. Francesco Lana de Terzi : celles qui ont rapport à ce dernier sont suivies d'une lettre sur la fameuse barque volante de ce jésuite, projet dans lequel on a cru voir un prélude de l'invention des aérostats.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance à Brescia
Écrivain italien du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en mars 1731
Décès en octobre 1796
Décès à 65 ans
Décès à Brescia

Giovanni Battista Chiaramonti


Stephen Sprouse (September 12, 1953 – March 4, 2004) was an American fashion designer and artist credited with pioneering the 1980s mix of "uptown sophistication in clothing with a downtown punk and pop sensibility".

Career
Stephen Sprouse's initial Day-Glo bright, sixties-inspired, graffiti-printed fashion collections for men and women caught the attention of fashion editors, store buyers, and fashionistas, garnering much media coverage. His initial collections (1983–1985) were huge critical hits, sold at only the "best" stores (his 1983 collections were sold exclusively at Bergdorf Goodman and Henri Bendel in New York City on a small scale). To much surprise in the fashion and retail communities, Sprouse declared bankruptcy in June 1985 (even though his base of influential fashion editors and high-end stores were firmly in place).  Sprouse cited production, late deliveries, and financial problems in an interview with Women's Wear Daily shortly after he closed his initial business.

Sprouse informally showed a Fall 1985 collection to buyers and the press at his new showroom in Union Square on Broadway - the last location of Andy Warhol's infamous "Factory" lofts.  A runway presentation at Club USA in NYC was initially planned (and largely promoted) for its grand opening.  Subsequently, the show was cancelled; a Stephen Sprouse Incorporated representative stated at the time that the show was cancelled due to the company relocating to their new Union Square location.  The apparel shown were "finished samples."

Sprouse referred to his Fall 1985 collection as being "more hippie weird" and early seventies-inspired, with bell-bottom trousers, psychedelic prints, and maxi skirts, but the company lacked the funds and staff to produce the apparel.

Sprouse was initially noted by fashion magazines and retailers for using high-quality, expensive, custom-dyed fabrics (his woolens were largely sourced by the high-end Italian textile house Agnona).  Sprouse personally did the graffiti that adorned many of his very early, expensive garments (1983, early 1984), which added to their desirability.

In September 1987, with financial backing from high-end furniture manufacturer Knoll International (then known as GFI/General Felt Industries), Sprouse opened a three-level store on Wooster Street in New York City; a second (smaller) store was opened in Los Angeles in the spring of 1988 at the Beverly Center shopping complex.  He partly abandoned his signature sixties silhouettes, instead drawing inspiration from the mid-seventies London-based punk rock scene. For his Fall 1987 and Spring 1988 collections, he was given permission to use one of Andy Warhol's "Camouflage" screen-prints to utilize as textile designs (Sprouse created a secondary print, based on Warhol's original). For his Fall 1988 "Signature" collection, he collaborated with artist Keith Haring to create several abstract prints of Jesus with graffiti, and Haring's "squibbles." His company, CSI ({Andrew} Cogan Sprouse Incorporated) also wholesaled the various collections ("Stephen Sprouse," "Sprouse," and "S") to retailers (commencing with his Spring 1988 collection), but he lost his financial backing due to poor sales and production/quality issues, closing again in December 1988, shortly after the company shipped their "Holiday" line.

In 1992, Sprouse designed an exclusive men's and women's "capsule collection" (i.e.: 32 pieces in whole) for Bergdorf Goodman, dubbed "CyberPunk," which featured Velcro in lieu of traditional buttons. Sprouse (again) largely sourced custom made textiles from Agnona for his fall 1992 collection.  The production of the collection was done entirely on a couture level, leading to extremely high-priced garments (e.g.: $500 for a pair of men's nylon underwear - that being one of the lowest priced items available).  Bergdorf Goodman sold the line for two seasons (Fall 1992 & Spring 1993), with very limited success, despite wide media coverage, and featuring Sprouse's garments in their window displays.

Sprouse showed a collection ("CyberGlitter") at Club USA in NYC for Fall 1993, but it never went into full production, despite orders being placed from retail buyers.

In 1995, Barneys New York handled the production of an exclusive women's spring/summer line. Vogue magazine featured the moderately priced garments in its pages, but it sold poorly.  That same year, Sprouse also served as the costume curator for the new Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, and designed the staff's uniforms.

In 1996, Sprouse designed the logo and cover for New York Glam outfit Psychotica's self-titled album, released under American records.
In 1998, with full production and backing from Italian manufacturer Staff International, he was briefly back in business, but the clothes sold poorly and were largely ignored by the fashion press and retailers that adored him in the 1980s.

Despite such ups and downs, Sprouse's apparel is still coveted - his clothing continues to fetch high prices in vintage stores and online (e.g.: eBay) for his most iconic pieces.

The graffiti logo bags he designed in collaboration with Marc Jacobs for Louis Vuitton in 2001 made the fashion world take notice once again.

In 2002, he created a vast collection of men's and women's apparel, home accessories, sports gear, etc. for the Target discount chain (dubbed "AmericaLand") - mostly rendered in a graffiti patriotic motif.

In 2003, Sprouse collaborated with fashion brand Diesel on a take over of its Union Square Store for September's New York Fashion Week. As part of the collaboration, Sprouse designed a series of limited edition jeans, T-shirts and hats, and made a complete makeover of the Diesel store, which meant adding his renowned Day-Glo design to windows, interiors, and outer building exteriors. At the launch of the event Diesel's founder and President, Renzo Rosso, explained the project as "first and foremost a tribute that we wish to pay to one of the most groundbreaking and far-reaching artists of our time, someone who went beyond categorizations, means of expressions, and gender- a common approach at Diesel."

For both Fall 2006 and 2008, Marc Jacobs utilized Sprouse's 1987 graffiti leopard images for handbags, shoes, and scarves for Louis Vuitton, which sold-out instantly.

Sprouse designed clothes for Blondie's Debbie Harry (his one-time downstairs neighbor in the Bowery section of NYC) in the late 70s/early 80s, prior to becoming a commercial designer.  Sprouse worked extensively with the band Duran Duran in the late 1980s, designing the clothes for their 1989 tour for the album Big Thing, as well as the cover for their greatest hits album Decade of the same year.  Additionally, he styled and dressed Billy Idol in the early 1990s for Idol's "comeback" (which garnered little interest).

Sprouse launched himself as a commercial fashion designer when he competed in a fashion show contest of young designers in the spring of 1983 (at the suggestion of photographer and friend Steven Meisel), sponsored by the Polaroid Corporation (he previously worked as a design assistant to Halston in the 1970s for three years). Based upon the favorable editorial reaction he received, he soon after formed his first company, Stephen Sprouse, Inc., and set up a showroom and production space at 57th Street and Fifth Avenue, launching his initial commercial collections for retail (prior to this, production of his early 1983 apparel, done on a small scale, was produced by Dianne Phelp's company "Triad").

Sprouse soon formed an in-house production staff for the small runway collection he showed in his silver-painted showroom (in homage to the Andy Warhol Factory loft of the sixties) in December 1983.  The show garnered much attention and favorable reviews (notably from The New York Times Fashion Editor, John Duka).  Sprouse's subsequent runway show, held at the NYC club The Ritz in May 2004 was the "must see" show of the season.

Financial backing was provided by his parents, Norbert and Joanne Sprouse, for Sprouse's initial business.

Sprouse died at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in New York City of heart failure, after a closely guarded diagnosis of lung cancer a year before. He was 50.

A book on the career of Sprouse, The Stephen Sprouse Book, by Roger Padilha and Mauricio Padilha (with a foreword by Tama Janowitz), was released by Rizzoli on January 13, 2009.

In July 2022, an exhibition titled "Stephen Sprouse: Rock, Art, Fashion" opened at the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

See also

 Andy Warhol
 Keith Haring
 Duran Duran

References

External links
The Stephen Sprouse Book
Marc Jacobs tribute to Stephen Sprouse
New York Times, March 5, 2004 "Stephen Sprouse, Design Pioneer, Dies at 50", by William Norwich
Obituary in Traverse City Record Eagle, his Michigan home town newspaper
Deborah Harry of Blondie wearing a Stephen Sprouse creation
Interview with some of Stephen Sprouse biggest collectors in the US

1953 births
2004 deaths
American fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
American LGBT artists
Artists from Dayton, Ohio
20th-century American LGBT people

Stephen Sprouse


HD 84406 est une étoile se situant approximativement à  dans la constellation de la Grande Ourse. Il s'agit d'une étoile de type spectral G et avec un mouvement propre élevé.

Le 4 février 2022, HD 84406 fut la première étoile observée par le télescope spatial James Webb. L'étoile étant isolée dans le ciel, elle est utilisée pour tester et aligner la focale des 18 miroirs primaires du télescope. Le 11 février 2022, The New York Times annonça que les "premiers photons" des images de HD 84406 du JWST avaient été publiés - ainsi que la vidéo associée de la NASA.

Galerie

Références

Constellation de la Grande Ourse
Étoile de type spectral GV
Objet du Bonner Durchmusterung
084406
048034

HD 84406


Juan Ramón Francisco González (Bonao, 24 de junho de 1987) é um jogador de beisebol dominicano, que joga na posição de primeira-base (first baseman).

Carreira

Francisco compôs o elenco da Seleção Dominicana de Beisebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, onde conquistou a medalha de bronze após derrotar a equipe sul-coreana na disputa pelo pódio.

Beisebolistas olímpicos da República Dominicana
Beisebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do beisebol

Juan Francisco


Hrvatska čitaonica Trsat je hrvatska kulturna ustanova u Rijeci, na Trsatu, Šetalište Joakima Rakovca 33.

Osnovni podatci
Ponajprije je knjižničarska ustanova čija knjižnica sadrži oko 4500 raznih naslova beletristike, čiji znatan udio je namijenjen školskoj djeci. Čitaonica uz knjižnične prostore ima veliku salu s pozornicom, ozvučenjem, rasvjetom i grijanjem koja je pogodna za manifestacije, izložbe i priredbe te srednju i malu salu za sastanke.

Povijest
Događaji koji su prethodili osnivanju sežu u sredinu 19. stoljeća. Zaredao je niz događaja kojim su Trsaćani iskazali hrvatstvo. Godine 1871. obilježili su 200. godišnjicu smaknuća Zrinskih i Frankopana. Godine 1876. obilježili su 800. obljetnicu krunjenja hrvatskog kralja Zvonimira. U tom duhu rodila se zamisao o čitaonici. Ugledniji Trsaćani su 1876. godine sastavili prva Pravila družtva narodne čitaonice Trsatske" i od te godine čine se konkretni koraci na osnivanju. Čitaonica je formalno uređena 1887. godine.

Osnovana je 1877. godine. Utemeljena je da bi se u njoj okupljali rodoljubi i da bi bila sjedište hrvatskoga nacionalnog pokreta protiv tadašnje opasnosti od mađarskog imperijalizma. U Hrvatskoj čitaonici su se izdavale knjige, omogućavalo čitanje novina i organizirana su predavanja.
Od osnutka je čitaonica djelovala u školskoj zgradi. Prostor nije bio prikladan za tu namjernu pa se razmišljalo o vlastitom domu. Josip Linić je predložio na skupštini Društva od 15. siječnja 1893. godine da se sagradi vlastita zgrada. Dvije godine poslije Eugen Matković predložio je skupštini osnivanje građevnog odbora. Pristupilo se prikupljanju novca za gradnju. Pribavili su ga izdavanjem zadužnica (dionica). Članovi su se dogovorili da će dom podići na zemljištu Tonke Kućel i Josipa Linića. Toma Matković izradio je osnovu nacrta, a Mate Glavan troškovnik gradnje. Do skupštine 6. siječnja 1896. članovi su izviješćeni o napredovanju procesa i ocijenjeno je da su povoljni izgledi za osiguranje financijskih sredstava. Na skupštini 3. svibnja iste godine prihvaćeno je izvješće upravnog i Građevnog odbora o pripremama za gradnju. Donesena je odluka o pristupanju gradnji. Dioničari su potom potpisali i isplatili upisane dionice. Radi pomaganja financijskoj konstrukciji, odrekli su se svojih udjela u korist Čitaonice, a preostala financijska sredstva nabavljena su zajmom od Hrvatske hipotekarne banke u Sušaku. Zgrada čitaoničkog doma otvorena je 31. listopada 1897. godine. Djelo je domaćeg arhitekta Mate Glavana. Prvi predsjednik bio je mjesni trgovac i hrvatski rodoljub od mladih dana Josip Linić (Pepić), rođeni Trsaćanin. Hrvatski rodoljubi grupirani oko Čitaonice dovele su na Trsat mladoga i ambicioznog novinara i političara Frana Supila, koji je u Rijeci ostvario uspješnu karijeru. 1941. većina članova prišla je pokretu otpora talijanskoj okupaciji.

U prostorijama Hrvatske čitaonice osnovana je 17. prosinca 2018. godine udruga Primorski Hrvat iz grada Rijeke koja se bavi promicanjem hrvatske baštine, i čija je misija očuvanje i promicanje hrvatske tradicijske kulture, posebice u Rijeci, Hrvatskom primorju i Gorskom kotaru te prezentacija i popularizacija hrvatske baštine u domaćim, ali i europskim okvirima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatska čitaonica Trsat
Facebook

Knjižnice u Rijeci

Hrvatska čitaonica Trsat


Alegerile parlamentare din Ungaria 1905 au avut loc între 26 ianuarie și 4 februarie 1905 în Transleithania. O nouă majoritate a ocupat Dieta Ungariei (în ).

Sistemul electoral
Începând cu 1867, în Regatul Ungariei avea validitate dreptul electoral pe clase. În Transleithania, privilegiile în funcție de starea socială și de avere erau în mod semnificativ mai pronunțate decât în Cisleithania.

Rezultatele alegerilor

Câștigarea alegerilor a revenit Partidului Independenței și al 48-iștilor. Rezultatul a avut ca efect faptul că, pentru prima dată după 1875, Partidul Liberal nu a putut participa la guvernare. Această situație a dus la Criza maghiară (1905) și la noi alegeri cerute de regele Franz Joseph (Francisc Iosif I).

Bibliografie
 Szabó Pál Csaba (szerk): A Magyar állam története 1711-2006 (Bölcsész konzorcium, Budapest, 2006) ISBN 963-9704-08-3 (MEK online – 373-376. o.)
 Magyarország történeti kronológiája III. Főszerkesztő: Benda Kálmán. Budapest, 1993.

Note

Alegeri în 1905
Alegeri în Ungaria
Politica Transleithaniei

Alegerile parlamentare din Ungaria, 1905


Fingerprints ist eine Heptalogie der amerikanischen Schriftstellerin Melinda Metz, die Bücher für junge Erwachsene schreibt. Sie erscheint in deutscher Übersetzung beim Egmont Schneider-Verlag. Das erste Buch erschien in Originalsprache (englisch) im Jahr 2001. Darauf wurde es von Dorothee Haentjes übersetzt und erschien 2002 auf Deutsch.

Die Bücher

 Tödliche Gedanken      (Originaltitel: Gifted Touch)
 Eiskaltes Spiel        (Originaltitel: Haunted)
 Dunkles Erbe           (Originaltitel: Trust Me)
 Gefährliches Geheimnis (Originaltitel: Secrets)
 Mörderischer Verrat    (Originaltitel: Betrayed)
 Grausame Erkenntnis    (Originaltitel: Revelations)
 Bittere Vergeltung     (Originaltitel: Payback)

Handlung
Fingerprints ist eine Buchreihe über die Gymnasiastin Rachel "Rae" Voight, die eine spezifische psychische Fähigkeit entwickelt: Wenn sie einen Fingerabdruck berührt, kann sie die Gedanken der Personen "hören", die diese in dem Moment denken, in dem sie den Fingerabdruck hinterlassen. Als Rae entdeckt, dass jemand versucht, sie zu töten, muss sie Fakten über die Vergangenheit finden, um sich zu schützen. Sie hat nur die Hilfe ihrer Freunde Anthony, der ihre mysteriösen Fähigkeiten kennt, und Yana, die keine unangenehmen Fragen stellt.

Einzelnachweise

Romanzyklus
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)

Fingerprints