Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most basic sense, drug design involves the design of molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the biomolecular target with which they interact and therefore will bind to it. Drug design frequently but not necessarily relies on computer modeling techniques. This type of modeling is sometimes referred to as computer-aided drug design. Finally, drug design that relies on the knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the biomolecular target is known as structure-based drug design. In addition to small molecules, biopharmaceuticals including peptides and especially therapeutic antibodies are an increasingly important class of drugs and computational methods for improving the affinity, selectivity, and stability of these protein-based therapeutics have also been developed.

The phrase "drug design" is to some extent a misnomer. A more accurate term is ligand design (i.e., design of a molecule that will bind tightly to its target). Although design techniques for prediction of binding affinity are reasonably successful, there are many other properties, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., that first must be optimized before a ligand can become a safe and efficacious drug. These other characteristics are often difficult to predict with rational design techniques. Nevertheless, due to high attrition rates, especially during clinical phases of drug development, more attention is being focused early in the drug design process on selecting candidate drugs whose physicochemical properties are predicted to result in fewer complications during development and hence more likely to lead to an approved, marketed drug.  Furthermore, in vitro experiments complemented with computation methods are increasingly used in early drug discovery to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological profiles.

Drug targets

A biomolecular target (most commonly a protein or a nucleic acid) is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signaling pathway that is associated with a specific disease condition or pathology or to the infectivity or survival of a microbial pathogen.  Potential drug targets are not necessarily disease causing but must by definition be disease modifying. In some cases, small molecules will be designed to enhance or inhibit the target function in the specific disease modifying pathway. Small molecules (for example receptor agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, or modulators; enzyme activators or inhibitors; or ion channel openers or blockers) will be designed that are complementary to the binding site of target. Small molecules (drugs) can be designed so as not to affect any other important "off-target" molecules (often referred to as antitargets) since drug interactions with off-target molecules may lead to undesirable side effects. Due to similarities in binding sites, closely related targets identified through sequence homology have the highest chance of cross reactivity and hence highest side effect potential.

Most commonly, drugs are organic small molecules produced through chemical synthesis, but biopolymer-based drugs (also known as biopharmaceuticals) produced through biological processes are becoming increasingly more common. In addition, mRNA-based gene silencing technologies may have therapeutic applications.

Rational drug discovery

In contrast to traditional methods of drug discovery (known as forward pharmacology), which rely on trial-and-error testing of chemical substances on cultured cells or animals, and matching the apparent effects to treatments, rational drug design (also called reverse pharmacology) begins with a hypothesis that modulation of a specific biological target may have therapeutic value. In order for a biomolecule to be selected as a drug target, two essential pieces of information are required.  The first is evidence that modulation of the target will be disease modifying. This knowledge may come from, for example, disease linkage studies that show an association between mutations in the biological target and certain disease states. The second is that the target is "druggable". This means that it is capable of binding to a small molecule and that its activity can be modulated by the small molecule.

Once a suitable target has been identified, the target is normally cloned and produced and purified. The purified protein is then used to establish a screening assay. In addition, the three-dimensional structure of the target may be determined.

The search for small molecules that bind to the target is begun by screening libraries of potential drug compounds. This may be done by using the screening assay (a "wet screen"). In addition, if the structure of the target is available, a virtual screen may be performed of candidate drugs.  Ideally the candidate drug compounds should be "drug-like", that is they should possess properties that are predicted to lead to oral bioavailability, adequate chemical and metabolic stability, and minimal toxic effects. Several methods are available to estimate druglikeness such as Lipinski's Rule of Five and a range of scoring methods such as lipophilic efficiency. Several methods for predicting drug metabolism have also been proposed in the scientific literature.

Due to the large number of drug properties that must be simultaneously optimized during the design process, multi-objective optimization techniques are sometimes employed.  Finally because of the limitations in the current methods for prediction of activity, drug design is still very much reliant on serendipity and bounded rationality.

Computer-aided drug design

The most fundamental goal in drug design is to predict whether a given molecule will bind to a target and if so how strongly.  Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics is most often used to estimate the strength of the intermolecular interaction between the small molecule and its biological target.  These methods are also used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it.  Semi-empirical, ab initio quantum chemistry methods, or density functional theory are often used to provide optimized parameters for the molecular mechanics calculations and also provide an estimate of the electronic properties (electrostatic potential, polarizability, etc.) of the drug candidate that will influence binding affinity.

Molecular mechanics methods may also be used to provide semi-quantitative prediction of the binding affinity.  Also, knowledge-based scoring function may be used to provide binding affinity estimates.  These methods use linear regression, machine learning, neural nets or other statistical techniques to derive predictive binding affinity equations by fitting experimental affinities to computationally derived interaction energies between the small molecule and the target.

Ideally, the computational method will be able to predict affinity before a compound is synthesized and hence in theory only one compound needs to be synthesized, saving enormous time and cost. The reality is that present computational methods are imperfect and provide, at best, only qualitatively accurate estimates of affinity. In practice it still takes several iterations of design, synthesis, and testing before an optimal drug is discovered. Computational methods have accelerated discovery by reducing the number of iterations required and have often provided novel structures.

Drug design with the help of computers may be used at any of the following stages of drug discovery:
 hit identification using virtual screening (structure- or ligand-based design)
 hit-to-lead optimization of affinity and selectivity (structure-based design, QSAR, etc.)
 lead optimization of other pharmaceutical properties while maintaining affinity

In order to overcome the insufficient prediction of binding affinity calculated by recent scoring functions, the protein-ligand interaction and compound 3D structure information are used for analysis. For structure-based drug design, several post-screening analyses focusing on protein-ligand interaction have been developed for improving enrichment and effectively mining potential candidates:
 Consensus scoring
 Selecting candidates by voting of multiple scoring functions
 May lose the relationship between protein-ligand structural information and scoring criterion
 Cluster analysis
 Represent and cluster candidates according to protein-ligand 3D information
 Needs meaningful representation of protein-ligand interactions.

Types

There are two major types of drug design.  The first is referred to as ligand-based drug design and the second, structure-based drug design. Both of these strategies can be explored using Cresset's software Flare.

Ligand-based

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design) relies on knowledge of other molecules that bind to the biological target of interest. These other molecules may be used to derive a pharmacophore model that defines the minimum necessary structural characteristics a molecule must possess in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of the biological target may be built based on the knowledge of what binds to it, and this model in turn may be used to design new molecular entities that interact with the target. Alternatively, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), in which a correlation between calculated properties of molecules and their experimentally determined biological activity, may be derived. These QSAR relationships in turn may be used to predict the activity of new analogs.

Structure-based

Structure-based drug design (or direct drug design) relies on knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the biological target obtained through methods such as x-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. If an experimental structure of a target is not available, it may be possible to create a homology model of the target based on the experimental structure of a related protein. Using the structure of the biological target, candidate drugs that are predicted to bind with high affinity and selectivity to the target may be designed using interactive graphics and the intuition of a medicinal chemist.  Alternatively various automated computational procedures may be used to suggest new drug candidates.

Current methods for structure-based drug design can be divided roughly into three main categories. The first method is identification of new ligands for a given receptor by searching large databases of 3D structures of small molecules to find those fitting the binding pocket of the receptor using fast approximate docking programs.  This method is known as virtual screening.  A second category is de novo design of new ligands. In this method, ligand molecules are built up within the constraints of the binding pocket by assembling small pieces in a stepwise manner. These pieces can be either individual atoms or molecular fragments. The key advantage of such a method is that novel structures, not contained in any database, can be suggested.  A third method is the optimization of known ligands by evaluating proposed analogs within the binding cavity.

Binding site identification

Binding site identification is the first step in structure based design.  If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homolog is determined in the presence of a bound ligand, then the ligand should be observable in the structure in which case location of the binding site is trivial.  However, there may be unoccupied allosteric binding sites that may be of interest.  Furthermore, it may be that only apoprotein (protein without ligand) structures are available and the reliable identification of unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity is non-trivial. In brief, binding site identification usually relies on identification of concave surfaces on the protein that can accommodate drug sized molecules that also possess appropriate "hot spots" (hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, etc.) that drive ligand binding.

Scoring functions

Structure-based drug design attempts to use the structure of proteins as a basis for designing new ligands by applying the principles of molecular recognition.  Selective high affinity binding to the target is generally desirable since it leads to more efficacious drugs with fewer side effects. Thus, one of the most important principles for designing or obtaining potential new ligands is to predict the binding affinity of a certain ligand to its target (and known antitargets) and use the predicted affinity as a criterion for selection.

One early general-purposed empirical scoring function to describe the binding energy of ligands to receptors was developed by Böhm. This empirical scoring function took the form:

where:
 ΔG0 – empirically derived offset that in part corresponds to the overall loss of translational and rotational entropy of the ligand upon binding.
 ΔGhb – contribution from hydrogen bonding
 ΔGionic – contribution from ionic interactions
 ΔGlip – contribution from lipophilic interactions where |Alipo| is surface area of lipophilic contact between the ligand and receptor
 ΔGrot – entropy penalty due to freezing a rotatable in the ligand bond upon binding

A more general thermodynamic "master" equation is as follows:

where:
 desolvation – enthalpic penalty for removing the ligand from solvent
 motion – entropic penalty for reducing the degrees of freedom when a ligand binds to its receptor
 configuration – conformational strain energy required to put the ligand in its "active" conformation
 interaction – enthalpic gain for "resolvating" the ligand with its receptor

The basic idea is that the overall binding free energy can be decomposed into independent components that are known to be important for the binding process. Each component reflects a certain kind of free energy alteration during the binding process between a ligand and its target receptor. The Master Equation is the linear combination of these components. According to Gibbs free energy equation, the relation between dissociation equilibrium constant, Kd, and the components of free energy was built.

Various computational methods are used to estimate each of the components of the master equation.  For example, the change in polar surface area upon ligand binding can be used to estimate the desolvation energy.  The number of rotatable bonds frozen upon ligand binding is proportional to the motion term. The configurational or strain energy can be estimated using molecular mechanics calculations.  Finally the interaction energy can be estimated using methods such as the change in non polar surface, statistically derived potentials of mean force, the number of hydrogen bonds formed, etc. In practice, the components of the master equation are fit to experimental data using multiple linear regression. This can be done with a diverse training set including many types of ligands and receptors to produce a less accurate but more general "global" model or a more restricted set of ligands and receptors to produce a more accurate but less general "local" model.

Examples

A particular example of rational drug design involves the use of three-dimensional information about biomolecules obtained from such techniques as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Computer-aided drug design in particular becomes much more tractable when there is a high-resolution structure of a target protein bound to a potent ligand.  This approach to drug discovery is sometimes referred to as structure-based drug design.   The first unequivocal example of the application of structure-based drug design leading to an approved drug is the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide, which was approved in 1995.

Another important case study in rational drug design is imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor designed specifically for the bcr-abl fusion protein that is characteristic for Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias (chronic myelogenous leukemia and occasionally acute lymphocytic leukemia). Imatinib is substantially different from previous drugs for cancer, as most agents of chemotherapy simply target rapidly dividing cells, not differentiating between cancer cells and other tissues.

Additional examples include:

 Many of the atypical antipsychotics
 Cimetidine, the prototypical H2-receptor antagonist from which the later members of the class were developed
 Selective COX-2 inhibitor NSAIDs
 Enfuvirtide, a peptide HIV entry inhibitor
 Nonbenzodiazepines like zolpidem  and zopiclone
 Raltegravir, an HIV integrase inhibitor
 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), a class of antidepressants
 Zanamivir, an antiviral drug

Case studies

 5-HT3 antagonists
 Acetylcholine receptor agonists
 Angiotensin receptor antagonists
 Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
 Cannabinoid receptor antagonists
 CCR5 receptor antagonists
 Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
 HIV protease inhibitors
 NK1 receptor antagonists
 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
 Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
 PDE5 inhibitors
 Proton pump inhibitors
 Renin inhibitors
 Triptans
 TRPV1 antagonists
 c-Met inhibitors

Criticism
It has been argued that the highly rigid and focused nature of rational drug design suppresses serendipity in drug discovery.

See also

 Bioisostere
 Bioinformatics
 Cheminformatics
 Drug development
 Drug discovery
 List of pharmaceutical companies
 Medicinal chemistry
 Molecular design software
 Molecular modification
 Retrometabolic drug design

References

External links

Design of experiments
Drug discovery
Medicinal chemistry

Drug design


Patrick Lavon Mahomes II (rođen 17. rujna 1995.) je igrač američkog nogometa koji trenutno igra u NFL ligi na poziciji quarterbacka za momčad Kansas City Chiefsa. S Chiefsima je osvojio naslov za sezonu 2019., kada je u finalnoj utakmici proglašen za MVP-a Super Bowla.

Karijera

Mahomes se 2017. nakon tri provedene godine na sveučilištu Texas Tech odlučio prijaviti na draft. Na njemu su ga izabrali Kansas City Chiefsi kao 10. izbor prve runde drafta, te je s njima u srpnju 2017. potpisao četverogodišnji ugovor. Sezonu 2017. Mahomes je proveo kao rezerva iza Alexa Smitha, te je samo jedanput započeo utakmicu u cijeloj sezoni. Iduću sezonu Chiefsi razmjenjuju Smitha i Mahomes postaje prvi izbor na mjestu quarterbacka, na što on uzvraća rekordnom sezonom. Izabran je u Pro Bowl i proglašen za MVP-a sezone uz 50 postignutih touchdowna dodavanjem u sezoni (drugi rezultat svih vremena iza 55 touchdowna Peytona Manninga iz 2013.) i preko 5000 jardi dodavanja. Chiefsi predvođeni Mahomesom su se tada plasirali u doigravanje, gdje su u konferencijskom finalu ispali od New England Patriotsa.

Mahomes s dobrim igrama nastavlja i 2019., kada je ponovno izabran u Pro Bowl, a Chiefsi petu sezonu zaredom dolaze do doigravanja. Tamo pobjeđuju Houston Texanse i Tennessee Titanse, te kao prvaci AFC konferencije u Super Bowlu LIV igraju protiv San Francisco 49ersa. Chiefsi nakon preokreta u posljednjoj četvrtini, kojeg predvodi Mahomes, pobjeđuju rezultatom 31:20, a Mahomes osvaja nagradu za MVP-a Super Bowla.

Statistika

Regularni dio sezone

Napomena: Ut. - odigranih utakmica, Yds - jardi dodavanja, TD - postignutih touchdowna, Int - izgubljenih lopti

Vidi još

Kansas City Chiefs
Super Bowl LIV

Izvori

Američki igrači američkog nogometa
Životopisi, Teksas

Patrick Mahomes


Biserica de lemn din Rugi, comuna Turcinești, județul Gorj, a fost construită în anul 1691. Are hramul "Sfântul Mare Mucenic Gheorghe". Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica, cu hramul Sfântul Gheorghe, din partea de nord, de deal, a satului, a fost construită în anul 1691, ctitori fiind Vasile Hortopan, Ion Vlad și Ion Romanescu, fiecare reprezentând un întreg neam. Vârsta bisericii, "leat 7200", este săpată în dreapta intrării, alte inscripții, mai ample, au dispărut între timp.

Biserica are formă de navă, cu un turn-clopotniță deasupra prispei și absida altarului decroșată, poligonală, cu cinci laturi. Pantele acoperișului sunt învelite în tablă, în timp ce elevația interioară cuprinde o boltă semicilindrică peste navă, boltă în leagăn pe traveea de vest a altarului, ce se intersectează, prin îmbinări crestate, cu cele trei fâșii curbe dinspre est.

Prispa de pe latura de vest a fost adăugată în secolul XIX; are fruntarele în acoladă, stâlpi cu brățări la capitel și bază, și o clopotniță scundă, cu foișor.

Lucrări majore de renovare au avut loc în anii 1821, 1939 (refăcute temelia, acoperișul, pictura, după care biserica a fost resfințită, la data de 1 noiembrie) și 1968, când a fost refăcut acoperișul, atunci de șindrilă, de enoriașii satului. Unul dintre momentele renovării este consemnat pe panourile mobile de la proscomidie: "pomelnicu fericiților ctitori la biserica veche a satului Rugi, leat 1833 mai 21, Ion, Dragotă, Stanca, Safta, Nicolae, Sanda, Ioan, Vasile, Paraschiva ...".

Tâmpla veche a bisericii de lemn din Rugi a dispărut în timpul reparațiilor din 1939, când a fost executată o altă tâmplă de pictorul Bazaban. Icoane mai vechi sunt cele din pronaos, realizate de Gheorghe zugravul, prezent la Rugi cu prilejul preînnoirilor de la 1833.

În Rugi a mai existat o biserică de lemn, în partea de sud a satului, cu hramul "Înălțarea Domnului". Încă mai exista în anul 1909, dar a dispărut curând după aceea, locul fiindu-i luat de o biserică de zid, în anul 1912, care a păstrat hramul bisericii anterioare.

Ușile împărătești ale bisericii dispărute, dar și icoane provenite de la ambele lăcașuri de lemn din Rugi, se păstrează în inventarul colecției muzeale de la Mănăstirea Polovragi.

Note

Bibliografie
Studii regionale

Vezi și
 Rugi, Gorj

Legături externe
 CIMEC  Fișă de monument
Monumente istorice din România Fișă de monument

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Rugi
Monumente istorice din județul Gorj
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Gheorghe

Biserica de lemn din Rugi


Mohammed Ghani Hikmat () fue un artista y escultor iraquí, nacido el año 1929 en Bagdad y fallecido el 12 de septiembre de 2011. Es el autor de algunos de los monumentos y esculturas más representativos de la ciudad de Bagdad.

Datos biográficos

Entre sus trabajos más conocidos se incluyen las Manos de la Victoria y dos estatuas de la reina Scheherezade y el rey Shahryar, localizadas en la calle Aby Nuwas. Hikmat también lideró la recuperación de las piezas de arte robadas del Museo Nacional de Irak a raíz de la invasión de Irak de 2003 y la caída de Saddam Hussein.

Hikmut había nacido el año 1929 en el barrio Kadumiya de Bagdad.· Se graduó en el Instituto de Bellas Artes de Bagdad el año 1953, posteriormente completó sus estudios en 1957 en la Academia de Bellas Artes de Roma, Italia. Hikmut se unió al Grupo de Arte Moderno de Bagdad el año 1953 y al grupo Al-Zawiya (traducido como La Esquina) en 1967.

Mohammed Ghani Hikmat falleció en Amán, Jordania, donde estaba recibiendo asistencia médica, el 12 de septiembre de 2011, a la edad de 82 años.

Notas y referencias

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Erica Goode en New York Times en línea: La escultura de Sherezade en Bagdad (27 de agosto de 2008) : "Artículo sobre el monumento, con imagen." (en inglés)
 iraqiart.com: Biografía e imágenes de esculturas de Mohammed Ghani Hikmat, entre ellas la de Sherezade rellenando las vasijas de los 40 ladrones" (en árabe e inglés - Aquí se apunta que completó su formación como fundidor de bronce en Florencia)
 artiraq.org: Obras de Hikmat - "Escultura de Alí Babá frente al Genio saliendo de la vasija"
 Charlotte McDonald-Gibson en The Independent (7 de febrero de 2011): Reparación de las Manos de la Victoria (en inglés).
 Relieve de la Casa de té, talla en madera. Biografía e imágenes.

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Irak
Escultores del siglo XX
Nacidos en Bagdad
Escultores de Irak en Italia
Iraquíes del siglo XX

Mohammed Ghani Hikmat


NGC 7725 je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7725
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7725 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7725 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7700 - 7749

7725

NGC 7725


Horné Otrokovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Hlohovec din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 866 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Horné Otrokovce este atestată documentar din 1113.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Horné Otrokovce


As Congregações Reformadas na Holanda (desconectadas) ou Congregações Reformadas nos Países Baixos (desconectadas) (CRPBd) — em holandês: Gereformeerde Gemeenten in Nederland (buiten verband) — formam uma denominação reformada continental conservadora na Holanda, desde 1980, por igrejas que se separaram das Congregações Reformadas na Holanda. A principal causa da divisão foi o conflito entre pastores de sete igrejas e a denominação de origem. Consequente, as 7 igrejas se separaram e formaram a CRPBd.

História

Em 1953, as Congregações Reformadas (CR) debateram sobre a doutrina da oferta bem intencionada do Evangelho. A denominação apoiou a doutrina, mas um grupo de igrejas se opôs ao posicionamento. Consequentemente, algumas igrejas se separaram da denominação e formaram as Congregações Reformadas na Holanda ou Congregações Reformadas nos Países Baixos (CRPB).

Todavia, em 1980, conflitos entre pastores de 7 igrejas e a denominação levou à uma divisão. As 7 igrejas se separaram e formaram Congregações Reformadas na Holanda (desconectadas) ou Congregações Reformadas nos Países Baixos (desconectadas) (CRPBd).

Em 2004, a denominação tinha 7 igrejas e 3.000 membros. Todavia, desde então, alguns de seus pastores faleceram e algumas igrejas foram fechadas. Em 2020, restavam 3 igrejas e cerca de 1.500 membros.

Doutrina
A denominação subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos, Credo de Atanásio, Credo Niceno e o Catecismo de Heidelberg.

Denominações reformadas continentais na Holanda


Kup Svetog Duje organizira MK Split.

Od 2006. godine turnir za seniorke u disciplini mač te od 2008. godine turnir za seniore u disciplini mač postaju službena natjecanja Svjetske mačevalačke federacije (FIE) i nose oznaku FIE Satelita i ostvareni rezultati boduju se za Svjetski kup.

Organiziran je na poticaj Gradskog poglavarstva Splita koje je pozvalo sve splitske sportske udruge na obilježavanje 1700. obljetnice urbanog življenja u Splitu. Organizaciji sportskog natjecanja uz Dan grada - blagdan Sv. Dujma, 1995. godine odazvao se i splitski mačevalački klub s ovim natjecanjem.

Mač
http://www.split-macevanje.hr/rezultati/

Statistika (FIE satelit; 2018.)

Vidi
 Hrvatski mačevalački savez
 Memorijal Vladimira Mažuranića
 Kup Jadrana (od 1981.), Split, drugo najstarije mačevalačko natjecanje u Hrvatskoj

Izvori

Mačevanje u Hrvatskoj
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Splitu

Kup Svetog Duje


Auto klub Župa dubrovačka, hrvatski automobilistički klub iz Mlina. Godine 2018. klub je bio četvrti na prvenstvu Hrvatske. Od uspješnih članova tu je Mario Barović, višestruki državni prvak u više disciplina, Mladen Đajić, Mario Jurišić, Denis Nišević, Deni Kmetović, Ivan Jaranović, Ivan Petrušić, Antonio Hernaut i dr.
2016. godine bili su drugi u prvenstvu Hrvatske. Godine 2019. osvojili su naslov klupskog prvaka Hrvatske na brdskim stazama, a bodove su donijeli Mario Barović, Denis Nišević i Mario Jurišić. Mario Barović je uz taj naslov osvojio te godine i pojedinačnog državnog prvaka na brdu, te je vjerojatno jedini vozač koji je postao prvak u četiri discipline krug (tri puta), a po jednom autoslalom, kronometar te grupe A. Natječe se u automobilu Rover MG 105 ZR.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook AK Župa dubrovačka
Racing.hr

Hrvatski automobilistički klubovi

AK Župa dubrovačka


Michiaki Kakimoto (født 6. oktober 1977) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Oita Trinita og Shonan Bellmare.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Michiaki Kakimoto


En almenpraktiserende læge, også kaldet (alment) praktiserende læge, familielæge eller i et konkret patientforløb egen læge, er en speciallæge i almen medicin med overenskomst med sygesikringen, som modtager patienter med alle slags dagligdags symptomer og sygdomme. Arbejdsområdet kaldes også almen praksis. Den almenpraktiserende læge fungerer som indgangen til det danske sundhedsvæsen og er den eneste type læge som alle slags borgere har kontakt med.

Betegnelsen "praktiserende læge" er ikke helt præcis, da speciallæger i andre specialer end almen medicin også er praktiserende speciallæger, hvis de har egen praksis.

Uddannelse

Almenpraktiserende læger er speciallæger i almen medicin, hvilket indebærer en femårig speciallægeuddannelse. Efter gennemførelse af medicinstudiet opnår man lægetitlen. Derefter følger 12 måneders klinisk basisuddannelse (tidligere kaldet turnus), hvoraf halvdelen i reglen foregår som praktik på en sygehusafdeling og halvdelen hos en almenpraktiserende læge. Derefter er man læge med ret til selvstændigt virke, og de fleste arbejder i nogle år som yngre læge, dvs. læge uden speciale, hvorefter man kan søge en etårig introstilling og derefter den 4-5 årige speciallægeuddannelse i et af de 39 specialer. Almenpraktiserende læger har altså lige så lang uddannelse som andre speciallæger. Forskellen er blot at deres faglige speciale er meget bredt og målrettet de sygdomme og problemstillinger man møder i almen praksis.

Stillingsbetegnelser inden for sundhed

Almenpraktiserende læge


Dactylogyridea este un ordin de platelminți paraziți din clasa Monogenea.

Familii
Amphibdellatidae Carus, 1885
Ancylodiscoididae Gusev, 1961

Ancyrocephalidae Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1968 ("nume temporar")

Calceostomatidae Parona & Perugia, 1890
Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933
Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903
Fridericianellidae Gupta & Sachdeva, 1990
Neocalceostomatidae Lim, 1995
Neotetraonchidae Bravo-Hollis, 1968
Protogyrodactylidae Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
Pseudodactylogyridae
Tetraonchidae Bychowsky, 1937
Urogyridae Bilong Bilong, Birgi & Euzet, 1994

Referințe

Monopisthocotylea

Dactylogyridea


Mokrance este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.358 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Mokrance este atestată documentar din 1317.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Mokrance


Erkekler

Erkekler Müsabakaları

200 m Serbest

400 m Serbest

1500 m Serbest

100 m Sırtüstü

200 m Sırtüstü

100 m Kurbağalama

200 m Kurbağalama

100 m Kelebek

200 m Kelebek

200 m Ferdi Karışık

400 m Ferdi Karışık

4x100 m Serbest Bayrak

4x200 m Serbest Bayrak

4x100 m Karışık Bayrak

Bayanlar

50 m Serbest

100 m Serbest

200 m Serbest

400 m Serbest

800 m Serbest

100 m Sırtüstü

200 m Sırtüstü

100 m Kurbağalama

200 m Kurbağalama

100 m Kelebek

200 m Kelebek

200 m Ferdi Karışık

400 m Ferdi Karışık

4x100 m Serbest Bayrak

4x100 m Karışık Bayrak

Senkronize yüzme

Ferdi

Çiftler

Olimpiyatlarda yüzme
yüzme
Yaz Olimpiyatları

1992 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda yüzme


Frank Leander Sundstrom (* 5. Januar 1901 in Massena, St. Lawrence County, New York; † 23. Mai 1980 in Summit, New Jersey) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1943 und 1949 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New Jersey im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Frank Sundstrom besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Zwischen 1918 und 1920 war er als Zeitungsreporter und Verleger tätig. Bis 1924 studierte er an der Cornell University in Ithaca; in diesem Jahr wurde er Footballtrainer an der Indiana University in Bloomington. Zwischen 1925 und 1969 war Sundstrom in New York City im Bankgewerbe und an der Börse tätig. Dabei lebte er im benachbarten New Jersey. Politisch war er Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei. Von 1940 bis 1946 führte er den Parteivorsitz in East Orange.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1942 wurde Sundstrom im elften Wahlbezirk von New Jersey in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1943 die Nachfolge von Albert L. Vreeland antrat. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1949 drei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In seine Zeit im Kongress fielen das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges und der Beginn des Kalten Krieges. 1948 unterlag Sundstrom dem Demokraten Hugh Joseph Addonizio. Zwischen 1954 und 1969 war er neben seinen Tätigkeiten an der Börse und im Bankgewerbe auch Vizepräsident der Firma Schenley Industries, Inc. Von 1969 bis 1976 war er Vizepräsident des Tobacco Institute; von 1976 bis 1980 fungierte er als Berater in der Destilleriebranche. Frank Sundstrom starb am 23. Mai 1980 in Summit.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für New Jersey
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1980
Mann

Frank Sundstrom


Câmpul Pâinii (în , în , în ) este o regiune în sud-vestul Transilvaniei (România), între Orăștie și Sebeș, în apropiere de râul Mureș. Așezarea cea mai importantă este Cugir (în , în , în ).

Vechiul nume maghiar al râului Cugir este Kenyér (pâine), care a dat naștere la numele Câmpul Pâinii. Regiunea se învecinează la sud cu Munții Șureanu, la nord cu Mureșul, la vest cu județul Hunedoara și la est cu râul Sebeș.

Zona este o câmpie fertilă. Anterior, populația din zonă a fost în mare parte formată din sași, dar astăzi majoritari sunt românii. În anul 1479 ardelenii au marcat o victorie asupra armatei otomane în Bătălia de la Câmpul Pâinii (lângă Șibot). În amintirea victoriei, Ștefan al V-lea Báthory a construit o capelă.

Localități aflate în zonă
 Vințu de Jos (magh. Alvinc, ger. Unterwintz sau Winzendorf)
 Pianul de Jos (magh. Alsópián, Szászpián, română Chian, ger. Deutschpien sau Deutschpian)
 Săliștea (magh. Tartaria, mai târziu Alsótatárlaka,, în 1310 Oláhárkos și Szászárkos sau -erkes, în 1488 Grebencsin)
 Săliștea (un oraș diferit de așezările menționate mai sus; cândva Cioara, magh.Alsócsóra)
 Balomiru de Câmp (magh. Balomir)
 Șibot (magh.Alkenyér sau Zsibotalkenyér, ger. Unterbrodsdorf)
 Vinerea (magh. Felkenyér, ger. Oberbrodsdorf)
 Cugir
 Aurel Vlaicu (anterior Binținți, magh. Bencenc, ger. Benzendorf,  locul  Bătăliei de pe Câmpul Pâinii)
 Pișchinți (magh.Piskinc)
 Vaidei (magh.Vajdej, ger. Weidendorf)
 Romos (magh.Romosz, ger. Rumes)
 Gelmar (magh.Gyalmár)

Legături externe
  Reminiscențe din Câmpul Pâinii
  Mic lexicon - Câmpul Pâinii
  Lexicon Etnic Maghiar

Geografia Transilvaniei

Câmpul Pâinii


Residualvolumen (RV) er den luftmængde, som findes i lungerne efter forceret ekspiration, dvs den mængde luft som det er fysisk umuligt at udånde. FRC = functional residual capacity dækker over residualvolumen og den ekspiratoriske reservevolumen, det er den mængde luft der er tilbage i lungerne efter afslutning af normal ekspiration, dvs. i lungernes hvilestilling.

Kilder

https://www.medicin.wiki/residualvolumen/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500007/

Lægevidenskab

Residualvolumen


Valerie Sinason britanska je pjesnikinja i psihoanalitičarka. Kao psihoterapeut, Sinason je poznata po tvrdnji da se sotonističko obredno zlostavljanje zbiva diljem Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.

Sotonističko zlostavljanje
Godine 1994., Sinason je uredila kolekciju eseja nazvanu Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. Prema esejima, sotonističko je zlostavljanje stvarno te je Sinason pružala psihoterapiju žrtvama zlostavljanja. Danas je uobičajeno mišljenje u zajednici psihologa i psihologica da je obredno zlostavljanje moralna panika.

Izvori

Psihoterapija

Valerie Sinason


Blackboard Jungle is a 1955 American social drama film about an English teacher in an interracial inner-city school, based on the 1954 novel The Blackboard Jungle by Evan Hunter and adapted for the screen and directed by Richard Brooks. It is remembered for its innovative use of rock and roll in its soundtrack, for casting grown adults as high school teens, and for the unique breakout role of a black cast member, film icon Sidney Poitier, as a rebellious yet musically talented student.

In 2016, Blackboard Jungle was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Factual background
Hunter's novel was based on his early job as a teacher at Bronx Vocational High School, now known as Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx. Hunter, then known as Salvatore Lombino, took the teaching job in 1950 after graduating from Hunter College. He was quickly disillusioned and quit in frustration after two months.

Plot

In the mid-1950s, Richard Dadier is a new teacher at North Manual Trades High School, an inner-city school of diverse ethnic backgrounds.  Led by student Gregory Miller, most engage in anti-social behavior. The school principal, Mr. Warneke, denies there are discipline issues, but the school faculty, particularly Mr. Murdock, warn Dadier otherwise. Dadier befriends two other new teachers, Joshua Edwards and Lois Hammond.

Dadier's class includes Miller and Artie West, a rebellious bully and gang leader. The class shows no respect for Dadier.  Dadier encourages Miller to lead the class in the right direction.  After Dadier subdues a student who attacks Miss Hammond, the class gives Dadier the silent treatment and are even more uncooperative. Dadier and Edwards are mugged by a gang that includes West.

Reluctant to quit, Dadier seeks advice from his former teacher, Professor Kraal, the principal of an academically superior school with disciplined students. Kraal offers Dadier a job, but he declines. After chastising his class for calling each other racially divisive names, Dadier is himself falsely accused by Mr. Warneke of using racial epithets in the classroom. West encounters Dadier during his gang's robbery of a newspaper truck. West tells Dadier his classroom is on the streets and to leave him alone. Several students, led by West, assault Edwards in his classroom and destroy his music record collection.

Dadier's wife, Anne, who is pregnant, begins receiving anonymous letters and phone calls telling her Dadier and Miss Hammond are having an affair. Dadier discovers Miller can play piano and sing, and wonders why Miller can show such talent but also be so rebellious. Dadier shows his class an animated film about "Jack and the Beanstalk" which sparks discussion about moral choices. Anne goes into premature labor caused by the stress of the phone calls about Dadier's alleged affair. When a neighbor shows Dadier the anonymous letters, he angrily decides to quit. Mr. Murdock encourages him to stay telling Dadier he is making progress and has inspired him too. Anne apologizes for doubting Dadier's loyalty in their marriage and says she was wrong for telling him to quit. Their premature baby boy, though weak, eventually thrives.

When Dadier observes West openly copying from another student, he demands that West bring his paper to the front to have it docked five points. West rebuffs his repeated request, but Dadier is unrelenting.  The conflict quickly escalates, and West pulls out a switchblade.  Dadier does not back down.  Miller stops Belazi from jumping Dadier from behind.  The rest of West's gang fails to assist.

Dadier accuses West of the false allegations made to both Mr. Warneke and Anne. Dadier subdues West, and the other students join in to subdue classmate Belazi, who has picked up the knife to escape. Miller then leads the class in helping Dadier take West and Belazi to the principal's office. In the final scene, Miller and Dadier ask if the other is quitting at the end of the school year. Miller said no, because the two of them had a pact that neither would quit if the other stayed, and Dadier's expression makes clear he has no intention of breaking the agreement.

Cast

Cast notes:
 This was the debut film for Campos, Morrow, and Farah, and one of Poitier's earliest. Farah later changed his name to Jamie Farr, best known for playing Corporal Maxwell Q. Klinger in the M*A*S*H TV series.

Critical reception

Positive reviews

In a positive review, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote:

Variety called it: "...a film with a melodramatic impact that hits hard at a contemporary problem. The casting, too, is exceptionally good." Harrison's Reports called the film: "...a stark, powerful melodrama, sordid, tense, and disturbing. The picture no doubt will stir up considerable controversy, but at the same time it probably will prove to be a top box-office grosser."

John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote:

Negative reviews
Not all reviews were positive. Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post slammed the film as "so sensationalized as to negate any laudable purpose its supporters claim", further explaining:

The Monthly Film Bulletin delivered a mixed to negative assessment:

Popular culture
The song "Rock Around the Clock" was included in the film, making the recording an anthem for rebellious 1950s youth. It was Number 1 on the pop charts for two months and went to Number 3 on the R&B chart.

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a "fresh" rating of 76%. On their best of Sidney Poitier list, it says:

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $5,292,000 in the US and Canada and $2,852,000 elsewhere.

Awards and honors

In 2010, Turner Classic Movies (TCM) listed the soundtrack of the movie on its list of the Top 15 Most Influential Movie Soundtracks of all time. TCM described the impact and the influence of the movie:

Cultural impact
The film marked the rock and roll revolution by featuring Bill Haley & His Comets' "Rock Around the Clock", initially a B-side, over the film's opening credits (with a lengthy drum solo introduction, unlike the originally released single), as well as in the first scene, in an instrumental version in the middle of the film, and at the close of the movie, establishing that song as an instant hit. The record had been released the previous year, gaining only limited sales. But, popularized by its use in the film, "Rock Around the Clock" reached number one on the Billboard charts and remained there for eight weeks. In some theaters, when the film was in the first release, the song was not heard at all at the beginning of the film because rock and roll was considered a bad influence. Despite this, other instances of the song were not cut.

The music led to a large teenage audience for the film, and their exuberant response to it sometimes overflowed into violence and vandalism at screenings. In this sense, the film has been seen as marking the start of a period of visible teenage rebellion in the latter half of the 20th century. The film was banned in Memphis, Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia, with the Atlanta Review Board claiming that it was "immoral, obscene, licentious and will adversely affect the peace, health, morals and good order of the city".

The film marked a watershed in the United Kingdom and was originally refused a cinema certificate before being passed with heavy cuts. When shown at a south London cinema in Elephant and Castle in 1956 the teenage Teddy Boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats and dancing in the aisles. After that, riots took place around the country wherever the film was shown.

The 1982 crime action thriller film Class of 1984 serves as a loose remake of The Blackboard Jungle, with Perry King, Timothy Van Patten and Michael J. Fox in the roles of Glenn Ford, Vic Morrow, and Sidney Poitier, respectively.

In 2007, the Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture published an article that analyzed the film's connection to crime theories and juvenile delinquency.

In 2015, the Journal of Transnational American Studies published a study with a focus on the film's reception in West Germany and Japan.

The influential Jamaican reggae album Blackboard Jungle Dub (1973) by The Upsetters references the film's title.

The film touches on the still-current issue of teacher pay. The dialog states that in 1955, the pay for teachers was US$2.00 an hour (), or about US$4,000 a year salary (), as compared with congressmen and judges at US$9.25 (), policemen and firemen at US$2.75 (), carpenters at US$2.81 (), plumbers at US$2.97 (), and plasterers at US$3.21 an hour ().

In March 2005, the 50th anniversary of the release of the film, which had influenced the subsequent upsurge in the general popularity of rock and roll, was marked by a series of "Rock Is Fifty" celebrations in Los Angeles and New York City, involving the surviving members of the original Bill Haley & His Comets.

In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

Home media
The film was released on DVD in North America on May 10, 2005, by Warner Home Video.

See also

 List of American films of 1955
 In the 1967 film To Sir, with Love and its 1996 sequel, Sidney Poitier plays a teacher in a difficult school.
 List of hood films

References

Bibliography

External links

1955 films
1950s coming-of-age drama films
1950s teen drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
American teen drama films
American high school films
American rock music films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Films about educators
Films about juvenile delinquency
Films about teacher–student relationships
Films based on American novels
Films set in New York City
Bill Haley
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Richard Brooks
Films produced by Pandro S. Berman
Films with screenplays by Richard Brooks
United States National Film Registry films
1955 drama films
Censored films
1950s American films
Films based on novels by Evan Hunter

Blackboard Jungle


Carlos Manuel Santos Fortes ()

Note

Nașteri în 1994
Atacanți
Fotbaliști ai CSU Craiova
Fotbaliști ai CS Gaz Metan Mediaș
Oameni în viață
Fotbaliști portughezi

Carlos Fortes


Alexander Martin "Al" Barr  (* 21. Januar 1968 in Hanover, New Hampshire) ist ein US-amerikanischer Sänger und Frontmann der Dropkick Murphys.

Seine erste Band nannte sich D.V.A. (Direct Vole Assault). Zusammen mit späteren Mitgliedern von Scissorfight, The Radicts, L.E.S. Stitches, und U.S. Bombs gründete er die Band 5 Balls of Power.
Anschließend war er Mitbegründer und Sänger der Bruisers, einer in den Staaten bekannten Streetpunk/ Oi!- Band.
Diese trat häufig mit den Dropkick Murphys aus Boston auf, und als deren Frontsänger, Mike McColgan, die Band verließ, nahm Barr kurzerhand dessen Posten ein. Das erste Album, welches die Murphys zusammen mit Barr produzierten, war das 1999 erschienene The Gang's All Here.

Anders als die anderen Mitglieder der Band, die allesamt irische Wurzeln haben, ist Barrs Vater aus Schottland und seine Mutter eine Deutsche. Er spricht zudem auch deutsch und nutzt dies für Ansagen während Konzerten im deutschsprachigen Raum.
Er hat einen Sohn mit dem Namen Strummer, den er nach dem britischen Punkrockmusiker Joe Strummer benannte.

Weblinks

Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
Dropkick Murphys
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1968
Mann

Al Barr


How Do I var en dansk rock- og electronicagruppe fra Hørsholm, der blev dannet i 1985. De udgav fire albums mellem 1988 og 1994 inden de opløstes i 1995. Musikalsk bevægede de sig fra støjende og guitar-baseret indie rock frem mod et dansevenligt og elektronisk udtryk.

Historie

Rainfakedrumfake
Anders Remmer (trommer) og Peter Fjeldberg (keyboards) dannede i 1982 elektro-duoen Én-Gule-Ét inspireret af engelsk technopop og den tyske elektroniske scene. De fik året efter følgeskab af Thomas Petersen (vokal, guitar) og Jesper Arentoft (vokal, bas, senere guitar) under navnet Critical Mass. Med indskiftning af Thomas Bo Jensen (guitar) på Thomas Petersens plads i 1985 skiftede gruppen navn til The Gallery of How Do I og koncertdebuterede november samme år. Året efter tiltrådte sidste medlem Hans Holten Hansen (bas), hvorefter gruppen flyttede til København, forkortede navnet og debuterede som How Do I i 1987 med singlen "Can't Explain" på SAM Records. Udgivelsen fulgtes op af albummet Rainfakedrumfake i 1988, der fik gode anmeldelser af den danske presse. Musikken var påvirket af indie rock og støjpop i stil med The Jesus and Mary Chain og The Woodentops. Samme år optrådte gruppen på Roskilde Festival - en af mange koncerter de spillede det år. Deriblandt var også supportjobs for bl.a. Disneyland After Dark, The Woodentops, The Mission og Gene Loves Jezebel. How Do I fik i denne periode ikke rigtigt fodfæste i Danmark og i mellemtiden gik deres pladeselskab SAM Records konkurs.

Submarine
How Do I brugte efterfølgende halvandet år på at lede efter et nyt pladeselskab og skrev i 1990 kontrakt med Garden Records. Første udgivelse var en coverversion af ABBA-nummeret "Knowing Me, Knowing You", der udkom som single samme år. 12" versionen var remixet af Kenneth Bager, som også tilføjede houserytmer, Remee på rap og sangerinden Chris Christiansen. Anders Remmer: "...som så mange andre synes vi, at det fedeste i tiden sker inden for dansemusikken. Hvis der er nogen, der gider at sætte dansable rytmer under mine trommer, bliver jeg glad." Singlen blev inkluderet på gruppens andet album Submarine, der udkom i februar 1991. Støjpoppen fra debuten var stadig intakt, mens popmelodien i gruppens sange trådte tydeligere frem. Samtidig signalerede Submarine begyndelsen til en mere luftig og elekronisk lyd, der skulle komme til at præge de efterfølgende udgivelser. How Do I havde samtidig et anspændt forhold til deres tekster og i følge Anders Remmer forsøgte gruppen i deres musik bevidst at nedtone ordene. "De har ikke noget med sagen at gøre. Vi har ikke noget, vi skal kommunikere eller fortælle."

Pluto
How Do I's uheld med pladeselskaber viste sig at fortsætte; under indspilningerne til gruppens tredje album måtte også Garden Records dreje nøglen om. Indspilningerne lå i næsten et år før pladeselskabet Cloudland trådte til og albummet kunne færdiggøres. Det udkom i 1993 med titlen Pluto. Keyboards og computere var nu blevet en væsentlig del af gruppens musikalske udtryk. Jesper Arentoft: "...vi elsker computere og teknik, og hver gang vi kan skifte et af vores mekaniske instrumenter ud med en computer, er vi lykkelige." Anders Remmer betegnede albummet som en slags ambientpop med "en hel del space i musikken". Fra albummet blev singlen "You and the Moon" et mindre hit. Samme efterår forlod Peter Fjeldberg gruppen for at hellige sig ambient-soloprojektet Double Muffled Dolphin.

Super
I 1994 optrådte How Do I atter på Roskilde Festival og i efteråret udkom gruppens fjerde album Super, der stilmæssigt fortsatte hvor forgængeren Pluto slap. Med dens pop-minimalistiske og nærmest ambient musik var Super i følge Anders Remmer "anti-rock'n'roll". Albummet indeholdt fortolkninger af Savage Roses "Dear Little Mother" og Paul McCartneys "Venus and Mars". I 1995 medvirkede How Do I på Hip ... en hyldest til Steppeulvene med deres fortolkning af "0-0-0", hvorefter gruppen gik i opløsning.

Anders Remmer har efterfølgende lavet elektronisk musik i grupper som Future 3, System og People Press Play, samt i soloprojekterne Dub Tractor, Sølvpil og Jet. Han udgav allerede i tiden med How Do I sit første soloalbum Discrete Recordings (1994, Flex Records) under navnet Dub Tractor. Hans Holten Hansen har spillet med bl.a. Nikolaj Nørlund, Rhonda Harris og Olesen-Olesen.

How Do I blev - uden Peter Fjeldberg - gendannet for en enkelt aften den 23. september 2017 på det genopståede spillested Barbue i København.

Diskografi

Albums
 Rainfakedrumfake (1988, SAM Records)
 Submarine (1991, Garden Records)
 Pluto (1993, Cloudland)
 Super (1994, Cloudland)

Singler
 "Can't Explain" (1987, SAM Records)
 "Knowing Me, Knowing You" (1990, Garden Records)
 "Guess You Know"[A] (1991, Guiding Lights Records)
 "You and the Moon" (1993, Cloudland)
 "Do You?" (1994, Cloudland)
 "0-0-0"[B] (1995, Exlibris)

Andre optrædender
 Hip ... en hyldest til Steppeulvene (1995, Exlibris) – "0-0-0"
 Cloudland Christmas Compilation[C] (1995, Cloudland) – "Painted Rain"

Noter
 A ^ Split single med Trains And Boats And Planes, givet væk gratis med magasinet Adventure. "Guess You Know" er indspillet i Teen Town Studio februar 1990 og produceret af 4-Eyed Thomas.
 B ^ Split single med Peter Belli. "0-0-0" er indspillet i DéFilm Studio juli 1995 og produceret af How Do I.
 C ^ Promotion CD givet væk gratis ved Cloudland-event den 15. december 1995. "Painted Rain" er optaget af Danmarks Radio i 1987 og produceret af Jan Borges.

Referencer
 Bille, Torben (1997): Dansk Rock Leksikon. København: Politikens Forlag
 Rubusch, Per (2000): "How Do I - How did they?". Artikel, Geiger.dk (16-04-2017)
 Christensen, Robert & Steffen B. Pedersen (2002) "Dansetrin under vandspejlet". Artikel, Geiger.dk (16-04-2017)
 Westergaard, Nanna (2017) "Her er weekendens 11 essentielle koncerter". Artikel, Gaffa.dk. (24-09-2017)

Noter

Musikgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1985
Ophørt i 1995
Har spillet på Roskilde Festival

How Do I


جامعة القدس هي جامعة فلسطينية تقع في مدينة القدس وضواحيها، ويقع حرمها الرئيسي في بلدة أبوديس، ولها فروع ومبانٍ في الشيخ جراح، وبيت حنينا، والبيرة، تأسست في عام 1984م، وتم الإعلان عن تأسيسها بشكل رسمي عام 1995م بعد أن تحقق الاندماج الرسمي للكليات وإقرار القانون الأساسي للجامعة.

وكانت جامعة القدس قد انضمت إلى اتحاد الجامعات العربية عام 1984م بعد توحيد أربع كليات كانت تعمل في مدينة القدس وهي كلية الدعوة وأصول الدين والتي تأسست عام 1978م والكلية العربية للمهن الصحية التي تأسست عام 1979م وكلية العلوم والتقنية التي تأسست عام 1979م وكلية هند الحسيني للبنات التي تأسست عام 1982م، ثم تبعها إنشاء كلية الحقوق عام 1992م وكلية الطب التي تأسست عام 1994م وتعد أول كلية طبية في فلسطين، ومن ثم كلية طب الأسنان التي تأسست عام 2000م.

نظرة عامة
نشأت فكرة إنشاء مؤسسة للتعليم العالي في ضواحي القدس في أوائل عام 1957م، وذلك عندما تم تشكيل مجلس أمناء في الكويت، حيث قام المجلس بانتخاب لجنة تنفيذية وكلفها بإنجاز المشروع، وكلفت اللجنة رئيس بلدية القدس الشرقية في ذلك الوقت روحي الخطيب بمهمة البدء بأعمال البناء عام 1965م. ولكن بعد سنتين في عام 1967م توقف العمل في الموقع بسبب اندلاع حرب الأيام الستة بين الإسرائيليين والعرب.

وقد تم لاحقاً الانتهاء من بناء قسم كبير من المباني في الحرم الجامعي وتم استخدامها كمدرسة ابتدائية وثانوية وقد خدمت بشكل كبير الأيتام الفلسطينيين. وفي أكتوبر عام 1979م، أُنشئت كلية العلوم، والتي سرعان ما تم إغلاقها بالقوة بأمر عسكري إسرائيلي. وأعيد فتحها في أكتوبر عام 1981م باسم «كلية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا».

وتم فيما بعد تأسيس عدد من الكليات، فبالإضافة إلى كلية العلوم والتكنولوجيا تم تأسيس كلية العلوم الطبية، وكلية الفنون وكلية الدراسات الدينية. وكانت كلية الطب التابعة لها مرتبطة مع مستشفى المقاصد في المدينة، وتعد كذلك أول كلية طبية فلسطينية.

أدار جامعة القدس مجلس أمناء ترأسه محمد نسيبة، ومفتي مدينة القدس عكرمة صبري، وعدنان الحسيني، وصائب عريقات، وغيرهم من الأعضاء. ويعد حاتم الحسيني أول رئيس له، تبعه سري نسيبة ثم الرئيس الحالي عماد أبو كشك.

تقدم الجامعة فرصة للتعليم العالي والخدمات المجتمعية في منطقة القدس وفي البلدات والقرى ومخيمات اللاجئين المجاورة لها في الضفة الغربية، وتحتوي الجامعة على خمس عشرة كلية أكاديمية موزعة على أربعة مواقع، وهي: كلية الآداب، وكلية العلوم والتكنولوجيا، وكلية الطب البشري، وكلية طب الأسنان، وكلية الحقوق، وكلية القرآن والدراسات الإسلامية، وكلية الدعوة وأصول الدين، وكلية المهن الصحية، وكلية الهندسة، وكلية هند الحسيني للبنات، وكلية العلوم التربوية، وكلية الأعمال والاقتصاد، وكلية القدس-بارد، وكلية الصيدلة، وتستوعب هذه الكليات أكثر من ثلاثة عشر ألف طالباً وطالبة من منطقة القدس ومن مناطق بيت لحم والخليل وجنين وأريحا ونابلس ورام الله وطولكرم وقلقيلية وقد تم نقل العديد من المحاضرات والصفوف بعد الانتفاضة الثانية إلى حرم بلدة أبو ديس، وإلى مواقع أخرى في البيرة بالقرب من رام الله وطوباس، وفي الأول من أكتوبر عام 2003م، شنت الجامعة حملة احتجاج واسعة على المسار المخطط للجدار العازل الإسرائيلي الذي كان سيخترق حرم الجامعة ما اضطر إسرائيل إلى تغيير مساره بعد ضغوط من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية واجتماعات مع محامي الجامعة.

كليات الجامعة

كانت وما زالت الجامعة الفلسطينية والعربية الوحيدة في منطقة القدس وتضم الجامعة الكليات التالية:

 كلية الطب البشري
 كلية طب الأسنان
 كلية الصيدلة
 كلية المهن الصحية - العلوم الطبية المساندة
 كلية الهندسة
 كلية العلوم والتقنية
 كلية الصحة العامة
 كلية الحقوق
 كلية التجارة
 كلية الدعوة واصول الدين
 كلية الدراسات العليا
 كلية الآداب
 الكلية الشرفية «بارد»
 كلية العلوم التربوية
 كلية القرآن والدراسات الإسلامية

مراكز ومعاهد الجامعة
تمتلك جامعة القدس 24 مركزاً ومعهداً
.

أهم مراكز الأبحاث
 مركز علوم وتقنية الأشعاع
 مركز البحوث الطبية
 مركز التحاليل الكيميائية والبيولوجية
 مركز أبحاث النانوتكنولوجيا.

شراكة الجامعة

جامعة برانديز (Brandeis University)
بدأت الشراكة بين جامعة برانديز وجامعة القدس عام 1998م وانتهت عام 2013م. وقد كان التعاون العلمي أساس هذه الشراكة، وفي عامي 2008م و2009م، اجتمعت جامعتا برانديز والقدس في إسطنبول لمناقشة مفهوم «مجتمع جيد» من خلال الأدب، والوثائق السياسية، والرحلات. وفي شهر مايو سنة 2009م، زار وفد من جامعة برانديز مكون من أربعة طلاب وثمانية أعضاء تدريس جامعة القدس لتقوية علاقات الشراكة واكتشاف مصير ومستقبل هذا التعاون.

انتهت الشراكة في 2013م، وذكرت جامعة القدس أسباب ذلك مع انتقاد واسع من قبل إدارة الجامعة.

كلية بارد
في فبراير عام 2009م، أعلنت كلية بارد عن برنامج الدراسات الثنائية بين جامعة فلسطينية ومعهد أمريكي للتعليم العالي. وكان من برامج هذا التعاون دراسات الإعلام، والحقوق، والأدب، والدراسات الحضارية، والأحياء، وعلم الحاسوب، والكيمياء، والاقتصاد، والعلوم السياسية.

حصل العديد من الطلاب على فرصة المشاركة ببرامج التبادل الطلابي لفصل أو فصلين مع كلية بارد أو أحد شركائها إلى جانب جامعات أخرى، كما ويحصل طلاب كلية بارد لدى جامعة القدس على شهادتين مصدقتين لدرجة البكالوريوس: واحدة من جامعة القدس في فلسطين، والأخرى من كلية بارد في نيويورك. بالإضافة إلى أنه يمكن لطلاب الكلية تسجيل مساقات من جامعة القدس ومن ثم تقوم الكلية بمعادلتها.

جدار الفصل العنصري
تأسست جامعة القدس عام 1984م، وبسبب جدار الفصل العنصري بُنيت بشكلها النهائي في عام 2004م، وبعد أن أُسّستْ الجامعةُ بشكل كامل وانتظم التعليم فيها، أثّر بناءُ هذا الجدار على العملية التعليمية. وكذلك فإنه بسبب وجود الاحتلال الإسرائيلي، ووجود هذا الجدار تحدث الاشتباكات بشكل متكرر، ويواجه الطلاب الغازات المسيلة للدموع، إلى جانب بعض عمليات اطلاق النار، وقد عانى الطلاب الأجانب في كلية بارد في جامعة القدس أيضاً من هذه الاشتبكاكات ومن إطلاق الغازات المسيلة للدموع، لكون كليتهم تقع على مقربة من باب الجامعة الرئيسي.

البرامج

العلوم الطبيعية

الأحياء
يتضمن برنامج الأحياء كل من الجانبين التجريبي والنظري، ويعطى طلبة هذا البرنامج مساقات في كل جانب فيما يعرف بالمتطلبات الأساسية، وتشتمل المتطلبات الأساسية على كل من الأحياء الخلوية والأحياء الجزيئية والكائنات الحية والأحياء البيئية، والتي تساعد الطلاب في التعرف على العالم الحيوي والعمليات الحيوية الرئيسية، يتعلم طلبة برنامج الأحياء كيفية التعامل مع الأحياء وفهمه بناء على وجهات نظر مختلفة ومتنوعة. فضلاً عن ذلك، يتناول الطلبة مساقات أخرى كالكيمياء الحيوية والكيمياء العضوية؛ مما يكسبهم القدرة على الربط بين مادتي الأحياء والكيمياء.

الكيمياء
يتضمن برنامج الكيمياء أيضاً كلّاً من الجانبين التجريبي والكيميائي النظري، ويقضي الطلبة مدة لا بأس بها في دراسة مساقات الكيمياء العضوية إلى أن يصبحوا متمكنين منها في إشارةٍ إلى أهمية الكيمياء العضوية كونها تشكّل رابطاً قوياً بين الكيمياء والأحياء. وكما ويفسر هذا السبب في جعل الكيمياء الحيوية متطلباً أساسياً لطلاب الأحياء والكيمياء على حد سواء، ويصبح طلبة هذا البرنامج أكثر وعياً بالعمليات الحيوية والتغيرات البيئية والابتكارات الصناعية.

علم الحاسوب
يتضمن برنامج علم الحاسوب الأفكار الأساسية في النظريات والتطبيقات الحاسوبية، ويركز على الأفكار الهامة في علم الحاسوب واللغات البرمجية المتنوعة. يُدرَّس الطلبة كيفية الانخراط في المساقات والمشاريع البحثية التي يتم إجراؤها مخبرياً. وتعتبر كل من العلوم الاستعرافية والفنون الإلكترونية والرياضيات والفيزياء بأنها ذات صلة وثيقة بعلم الحاسوب. يصبح طلبة هذا البرنامج على دراية بالمعلومات الأساسية في كل من المحيطات الصناعية والتجارية والحكومية والجامعية.

العلوم الاجتماعية

العلوم السياسية
يتضمن برنامج العلوم السياسية المناقشاتَ التي تعتمد على التفكير العميق والتعليل الناقد، كما ويشمل مدىً واسعاً من المناظرات والتعليل والمشاركة في مختلف سياقات العلوم السياسية. فضلاً عن ذلك، يركز هذا البرنامج على القضايا السياسية العامّة منها والعالمية، وعلى الطلبة إدراك هذه القضايا جيداً على المستوى المحلي والوطني والعالمي، ويتعلم الطلبة كيفية استكشاف حقول السياسة على تنوعها حول العالم.

حقوق الإنسان والقانون الدولي
يعتبر هذا البرنامج الأول من نوعه في فلسطين، ويركز على المفهوم الأساسي لحقوق الإنسان، إن الهدف الرئيسي من البرنامج هو جعل طلبته على وعي بقدرتهم الفريدة على صنع التغيير في محيطهم وفي المناطق الخارجية، حيث يعتبر مفهوم حقوق الإنسان ضرورة ملحة لبدء التغيير في العالم. إضافة إلى ذلك، يكتسب الطلبة القدرة على الدفاع عن حقوقهم الخاصة إلى جانب حقوق الآخرين بهدف تحقيق السلام، ويتعلم الطلبة أيضاً كيفية تبرير وإثبات جدالاتهم بأسلوب قوي وفعال.

الاقتصاد
يركز برنامج الاقتصاد على المنهجيات النظرية التي تقود للمبادئ الأساسية في الاقتصاد، ويتناول طلبة هذا البرنامج بدايةً مقدمات تعريفية بكل من الاقتصاد الجزئي والاقتصاد الكلي وأحياناً مساقاتٍ في الرياضيات، يعتبر هذين المساقين التعريفيين ضرورة إذا رغب الطالب في متابعة الاقتصاد كتخصص أساسي أو فرعي، ويحصل الطلبة على المقدار المناسب من المعرفة في مجال الاقتصاد ويتعلمون كيفية الانخراط باقتصادهم والاقتصاد الخارجي.

الدراسات الحضرية والممارسات المكانية
يعتبر هذا البرنامج حلقة وصل ما بين المناطق الحضرية وتفاعلاتها مع التنظيم الاجتماعي للمجتمع، ويتضمن دراسة الحقول الأخرى وعلاقتها مع البيئة المكانية، ويتعلم الطلبة استكشاف التأثير الهام للبيئات المكانية على الناس في المجتمع وكيف تؤثر تفاعلات هذه البيئات المكانية مع بعضها على البيئة الحضرية وسكانها، كما ويكتسب الطلبة تجارباً عديدة كالأنشطة الفيزيائية والفعاليات المباشرة في الاماكن الحضرية. هذه الدراسة تتضمن التواجد في منطقة ما وتعلم الاندماج فيها.

كلية بارد

برامج الكلية

العلوم الإنسانية والفنون
 الأدب والمجتمع: يركز هذا البرنامج على تحديد أنواع الأدب من خلال دراسة تحليل الباحث ورواياته وتاريخ كل مجتمع من خلال النظر في العلاقة بين الأدب والعرق والجنس والمساواة وحقوق الإنسان والطبقة وتحديدها. وهذا يجعل الطلاب على بينة من الأنشطة التي تحدث من حولهم بمعنى وصفي ومفصل، كما أن دراسة الأدب والمجتمع تجعل الطلاب قادرين على توضيح ومقارنة فترات الحركات وتصنيفها إلى أشكال وأنواع، ويتوقع من الطلاب بعد الخوض في هذا البرنامج التعرف على الأدوات المنهجية المستخدمة، ومعرفة كيفية إعادة كتابة وتصنيف الأوراق التحليلية وصياغة المهارات التي من شأنها أن تجعلهم يدخلون هذه المهنة بسهولة في الشرق الأوسط والخارج.
 الدراسات الإعلامية: يشمل برنامج الدراسات الإعلامية كيفية تعلم الطلاب عن وسائل الإعلام الرقمية المعبرة وطرق استخدامها بطريقة تلبي الاحتياجات الطبيعية للناس والطريقة التي يعبرون عنها، يصبح الطلاب في هذا البرنامج قادرين على التفكير النقدي للأثر الذي تتركه وسائل الإعلام علينا وعلى المجتمع من حولنا، ويعدّ كلٌّ من الإعلام الوثائقي، وكتابة السيناريو، والبث الإذاعي، وكتابة المدونات من بعض الجوانب والمهارات التي يتعلمها الطلاب. وعلى الرغم من أن الطالب يمكنه التخصص في بعد واحد من استخدامات وسائل الإعلام، إلا أنه عليه أخذ دورات في التاريخ، والأدب، وغيرها من الدورات من أجل أن يكون قادراً على النجاح في حياته المهنية في اختيار الدراسات الإعلامية باعتبارها التخصص الرئيسي أو الفرعي. وتساهم مجالات أخرى في دراسة وسائل الإعلام بطريقة إيجابية بنفس الطريقة التي تساهم بها وسائل الإعلام في مجالات أخرى من الدراسات. حيث يمكن لوسائل الإعلام مساعدة الطلاب على تعلم كيفية التعبير عن أنفسهم بحرية باستخدام طرق مختلفة من الصور وأشرطة الفيديو وغيرها.

ماجستير في آداب التدريس
الهدف الرئيسي لبرنامج الماجستير في كلية بارد هو تغيير الطريقة العامة للتعليم، حيث يعلم خريجو الماجستير الطلاب كيفية تقرير المصير، وتطوير أفكارهم، إن الحصول على درجة الماجستير من كلية القدس - بارد يعني الحصول على شهادتين، واحدة من كلية بارد في نيويورك والأخرى من جامعة القدس في فلسطين، كما ويحتوي برنامج الماجستير خمسة برامج مختلفة وهي الرياضيات واللغة الإنجليزية وعلم الأحياء والتاريخ والعلوم.

نظام الساعات المعتمدة
 ابتداء من خريف 2016م، بدأت كلية القدس بارد بتخصيص 4 ساعات معتمدة لكل مساق - بدلا من 3-.

الخريجون تمكن طالب  من إنشاء سيارة تتحرك عن طريق الماء دون الحاجة إلى المحروقات، وتمكن شكوكاني من الحصول على براءة اختراع من السلطة الفلسطينية.

الرسوم الدراسية
الرسوم الدراسية الأساسية لبرنامج البكالوريوس هي 1200 ديناراً في الفصل الدراسي لمدة تصل إلى 18 ساعة معتمدة، وتقدم المنح الدراسية السخية على أساس الجدارة والحاجة.

شخصيات بارزة

أساتذة
 زهير الكرمي
 سري نسيبة
 عماد أبو كشك
 حسام الدين عفانة
 عماد البرغوثي
 عبد الستار قاسم

خريجون
 الشيخ حسن يوسف، قائد سياسي فلسطيني، والناطق الرسمي باسم حركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس) في الضفة الغربية.
 أسامة أحمد النجار ، نَقيب نَقابة الطِب المِخبري الفلسطينية.
 محمود أبو هنود، (1967-2001) كان القائد العام لكتائب القسام في الضفة الغربية، درس في كلية الشريعة.
 صلاح الدين دروزة، (1966-2001) قائد سياسي وعسكري في حماس، ومؤسس الكتلة الإسلامية في الجامعة، تخرج من كلية العلوم.
 محيي الدين الشريف،(1966-1998)المهندس الثاني في كتائب القسام، وخليفة يحيى عياش، تخرج من كلية الهندسة.
 محمود موسى عيسى، أسير في سجون الاحتلال الإسرائيلي محكوم بالسجن 3 مؤبدات و49 سنة، كان قائداً ميدانياً قسامياً في القدس قبل اعتقاله.
 علاء الريماوي، إعلامي وكاتب فلسطيني، مدير قناة القدس الفضائية بالضفة الغربية، وعضو مجلس بلدي منتخب في بيت ريما.
 نزيه أبو السباع
 لمى خاطر

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة الجامعات والكليات الفلسطينية
 التعليم في فلسطين
 الكتلة الإسلامية في فلسطين
 مدرسة المعهد العربي

روابط خارجية
 موقع الجامعة الرسمي

 صفحـة جامعـة الـقـدس الرسـميـة على لينكد إن

مصادر ومراجع

ق
القدس
تأسيسات سنة 1984 في فلسطين
جامعات وكليات في القدس
مدارس تمريض في فلسطين
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1970
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1984

جامعة القدس


Der Gull River ( für "Möwen-Fluss") ist ein Fluss in der kanadischen Provinz Ontario.

Der Fluss durchfließt Algonquin Highlands und Dysart et al im Haliburton County sowie das Gebiet der City of Kawartha Lakes in Südzentral-Ontario.
Der Gull River gehört zum Einzugsgebiet des Trent River, der in den Ontariosee mündet.
Er fließt aus dem südlichen Teil des Algonquin Provincial Parks zum Balsam Lake, durch welchen der Trent-Severn-Wasserweg verläuft.

Flusslauf
Der Gull River hat seinen Ursprung im Longboot Lake im südlichen Teil des Algonquin Provincial Parks und unweit des Einzugsgebietes des York River.
Von dort fließt er zum Percy Lake.
Er setzt seinen Lauf nach Westen fort und durchfließt eine Reihe von Seen, bis er in den Boshkung Lake mündet.
Er verlässt diesen an dessen Südende und fließt nun in südlicher Richtung weiter.
Er passiert Minden und erreicht schließlich, nachdem er weitere Seen durchflossen hat, den Balsam Lake.

Geschichte
Das Einzugsgebiet des Gull River bildet einen wichtigen Wasserlieferanten für den Trent–Severn Waterway. Viele Seen wurden im 19. Jahrhundert aufgestaut, um einen ganzjährigen Mindestabfluss des Gull River sicherzustellen. Dies diente anfangs dem Flößen von Baumstämmen nach Trenton. 1873 wurden die Schleusen zwischen Balsam Lake und Cameron Lake fertiggestellt und stellten eine Verbindung zwischen Coboconk und Trenton her. Der Wasserspiegel des Balsam Lake wurde um 5 m erhöht, so dass Dampfschiffe die Schleusen passieren konnten. Seitdem bildet der Gull River einen integralen Bestandteil des Trent-Severn-Wasserweg.

Geologie
Silver Lake, der letzte See vor seiner Mündung in den Balsam Lake, welchen der Gull River durchfließt, liegt am Übergang zwischen dem Granit-haltigen Kanadischen Schild und
den südlich davon gelegenen Kalkstein-Bereichen.

Die Seen und Flüsse im Bergland nördlich des Silver Lake sind das Resultat der zurückschreitenden Gletscher während des Endes der letzten Eiszeit.
Der Ontario Highway 35 verläuft durch diese reizvolle Landschaft.

Freizeit
Ein künstlich angelegter Wildwasserabschnitt befindet sich bei Minden. Dieser ist bei Kajakfahrern sehr beliebt.

Wasserkraft
Am Gull River bei Minden wurde 1935 ein Wasserkraftwerk fertiggestellt. Die beiden Turbinen liefern eine Leistung von 3,6 MW.

Weblinks
 Images of Highway 35 as it passes through the Gull River system

Einzelnachweise

Haliburton County
Kawartha Lakes (Ontario)

Gull River (Balsam Lake)


Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration.

Hypovolemia is caused by a variety of events, but these can be simplified into two categories: those that are associated with kidney function and those that are not. The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases. Immediately or shortly after mild fluid loss (from blood donation, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding from trauma, etc.), one may experience headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, or thirst. Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock. Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pale or cold skin, and altered mental status. When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore the lost volume.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume.

Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache, fatigue, weakness, thirst, and dizziness. The more severe signs and symptoms are often associated with hypovolemic shock. These include oliguria, cyanosis, abdominal and chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, cold hands and feet, and progressively altering mental status.

Causes
The causes of hypovolemia can be characterized into two categories:

Kidney
 Loss of body sodium and consequent intravascular water (due to impaired reabsorption of salt and water in the tubules of the kidneys)
 Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys
 Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics
 Impaired response to hormones controlling salt and water balance (see mineralocorticoids)
 Impaired kidney function due to tubular injury or other diseases

Other
 Loss of bodily fluids due to:
 Gastrointestinal losses; e.g. vomiting and diarrhea
 Skin losses; e.g. excessive sweating and burns
 Respiratory losses; e.g. hyperventilation (breathing fast)
 Build up of fluid in empty spaces (third spaces) of the body due to:
 Acute pancreatitis
 Intestinal obstruction
 Increase in vascular permeability
 Dysautonomia such as Vasovagal Syncope or POTS Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
 Hypoalbuminemia
 Loss of blood (external or internal bleeding or blood donation)

Pathophysiology

The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia are primarily due to the consequences of decreased circulating volume and a subsequent reduction in the amount of blood reaching the tissues of the body. In order to properly perform their functions, tissues require the oxygen transported in the blood. A decrease in circulating volume can lead to a decrease in bloodflow to the brain, resulting in headache and dizziness.

Baroreceptors in the body (primarily those located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch) sense the reduction of circulating fluid and send signals to the brain to increase sympathetic response (see also: baroreflex). This sympathetic response is to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in peripheral vasoconstriction (reducing size of blood vessels) in order to conserve the circulating fluids for organs vital to survival (i.e. brain and heart). Peripheral vasoconstriction accounts for the cold extremities (hands and feet), increased heart rate, increased cardiac output (and associated chest pain). Eventually, there will be less perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in decreased urine output.

Diagnosis

Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead, lips and nail beds.  The patient may feel dizzy, faint, nauseated, or very thirsty.  These signs are also characteristic of most types of shock.

In children, compensation can result in an artificially high blood pressure despite hypovolemia (a decrease in blood volume). Children typically are able to compensate (maintain blood pressure despite hypovolemia) for a longer period than adults, but deteriorate rapidly and severely once they are unable to compensate (decompensate). Consequently, any possibility of internal bleeding in children should be treated aggressively.

Signs of external bleeding should be assessed, noting that individuals can bleed internally without external blood loss or otherwise apparent signs.

There should be considered possible mechanisms of injury that may have caused internal bleeding, such as ruptured or bruised internal organs. If trained to do so and if the situation permits, there should be conducted a secondary survey and checked the chest and abdomen for pain, deformity, guarding, discoloration or swelling.  Bleeding into the abdominal cavity can cause the classical bruising patterns of Grey Turner's sign (bruising along the sides) or Cullen's sign (around the navel).

Investigation
In a hospital, physicians respond to a case of hypovolemic shock by conducting these investigations:
 Blood tests: U+Es/Chem7, full blood count, glucose, blood type and screen
 Central venous catheter
 Arterial line
 Urine output measurements (via urinary catheter)
 Blood pressure
 SpO2 oxygen saturation monitoring

Stages
Untreated hypovolemia can lead to shock (see also: hypovolemic shock). Most sources state that there are 4 stages of hypovolemia and subsequent shock; however, a number of other systems exist with as many as 6 stages.

The 4 stages are sometimes known as the "Tennis" staging of hypovolemic shock, as the stages of blood loss (under 15% of volume, 15–30% of volume, 30–40% of volume and above 40% of volume) mimic the scores in a game of tennis: 15, 15–30, 30–40 and 40. It is basically the same as used in classifying bleeding by blood loss.

The signs and symptoms of the major stages of hypovolemic shock include:

Treatment

Field care
The most important step in treatment of hypovolemic shock is to identify and control the source of bleeding.

Medical personnel should immediately supply emergency oxygen to increase efficiency of the patient's remaining blood supply. This intervention can be life-saving.

Also, the respiratory pump is especially important during hypovolemia as spontaneous breathing may help reduce the effect of this loss of blood pressure on stroke volume by increasing venous return.

The use of intravenous fluids (IVs) may help compensate for lost fluid volume, but IV fluids cannot carry oxygen the way blood does—however, researchers are developing blood substitutes that can. Infusing colloid or crystalloid IV fluids also dilutes clotting factors in the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding. Current best practice allow permissive hypotension in patients with hypovolemic shock, both avoid overly diluting clotting factors and avoid artificially raising blood pressure to a point where it "blows off" clots that have formed.

Hospital treatment
Fluid replacement is beneficial in hypovolemia of stage 2, and is necessary in stage 3 and 4. See also the discussion of shock and the importance of treating reversible shock while it can still be countered.

The following interventions are carried out:
 IV access
 Oxygen as required
 Fresh frozen plasma or blood transfusion
 Surgical repair at sites of bleeding

Vasopressors (such as dopamine and noradrenaline) should generally be avoided, as they may result in further tissue ischemia and don't correct the primary problem. Fluids are the preferred choice of therapy.

History
In cases where loss of blood volume is clearly attributable to bleeding (as opposed to, e.g., dehydration), most medical practitioners prefer the term exsanguination for its greater specificity and descriptiveness, with the effect that the latter term is now more common in the relevant context.

See also
 Hypervolemia
 Non-pneumatic anti-shock garment
 Polycythemia, an increase of the hematocrit level, with the "relative polycythemia" being a decrease in the volume of plasma
 Volume status

References

Blood disorders
Medical emergencies

Hypovolemia


Tasmannia lanceolata es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia Winteraceae nativa de Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 2 m de altura. Las hojas son lanceoladas a angosto-elípticas u oblanceoladas, generalmente de 5-8 cm de largo, y 7.20 mm de ancho, glabras, las dos superficies verdes, pero un poco más pálida en la superficie inferior, con venas secundarias formando ángulos  con el nervio medio, poco pecioladas. Los 4 pétalos en su mayoría de 3-5 mm de largo, de color blanco. Las flores femeninas en su mayoría con 1, rara vez 2 o 3, carpelos sésiles. El fruto en forma de bayas ± globosas, de 5 mm de diámetro. Purpúreo, sésiles y solitarias por lo general en el pedúnculo de 7-15 mm de largo.

Distribución y hábitat
Crece en los bosques de eucaliptos y el bosque templado húmedo en Australia.

Usos
Polygodial ha sido identificado como un principio activo primario de Tasmannia lanceolata, y también el responsable de su sabor picante.

Las hojas y el fruto se usan como especia, generalmente seca. Se usó como sustituto de la pimienta en tiempos de la colonia. Actualmente se ha popularizado como condimento. Puede añadirse al curry, quesos y bebidas alcohólicas. Se exporta a Japón para dar sabor al wasabi. Las bayas son dulces al principio con un sabor picante. Las bayas secas de Tasmannia lanceolata y las hojas tienen una fuerte actividad antimicrobiana contra el deterioro de alimentos. También tiene gran actividad antioxidante. Se cultivan en plantaciones para uso comercial, el safrol se considera un antioxidante.

Utilizado en la medicina colonial como un sustituto de Drimys winteri, un estomacal . También fue utilizado para el tratamiento del escorbuto. También puede ser utilizado como veneno para peces.

Cultivo
Puede cultivarse como planta de jardín, sus bayas atraen a las aves, Currawongs están entre los que se alimentan de ellas. Puede propagarse por estacas o semillas, y puede crecer en un suelo ácido con buen drenaje y con algo de sombra, pero es sensible a la Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Taxonomía
Tasmannia lanceolata fue descrita por (Poir.) A.C.Sm. y publicado en Taxon 18: 287 287, en el año 1969.
Sinonimia
Drimys aromatica (R. Br. ex DC.) F. Muell.
Drimys lanceolata (Poir.) Baill.
Tasmannia aromatica R. Br. ex DC.
Winterana lanceolata Poir. 	basónimo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

lanceolata
Plantas medicinales
Flora de Australia
Plantas descritas en 1969
Plantas descritas por Poiret
Plantas descritas por A.C.Sm.

Tasmannia lanceolata


Georg Johann Luger () a fost un proiectant austriac de arme, care a creat celebrul pistol Luger și cartușele 9×19mm Parabellum.

Primii ani și serviciul militar
Georg Luger s-a născut în Steinach am Brenner, Tirol, în familia chirurgului dr. Bartholomaeus von Luger. După nașterea lui Georg, familia lui s-a mutat în Italia, unde dr. Luger a predat la Universitatea din Padova. Georg a crescut acolo, având italiana ca a doua limbă maternă, și a absolvit Grundschule (școala primară) și Gimnaziul (școală preuniversitară) în orașul Padova stăpânit atunci de austrieci. După absolvire, părinții lui l-au trimis la Viena, unde a studiat la Wiener Handelsakademie (Academia Comercială din Viena), predecesoarea actualei Școli de Afaceri din Viena.

În octombrie 1867, Luger s-a oferit voluntar pentru serviciul militar ca ofițer în rezervă în Regimentul 78 Infanterie. El a fost promovat la gradul de Cadett-Caporal (cadet caporal) la 1 iunie 1868 și Faehnrich (stegar) la 1 octombrie 1868. Priceperea de țintaș a lui Luger l-a adus în atenția superiorilor săi; el a fost trimis la Școala Militară din Camp Bruckneudorf, unde a devenit curând instructor. Acolo, a început să manifeste un interes pentru sistemele de încărcare automată a armelor. În 1871 Luger a fost promovat Leutnant der Reserve (locotenent) și a fost trecut în rezervă.

Familie
Luger s-a căsătorit cu Elisabeth Josefa Dufek în 1873. S-a mutat cu ea la Viena și au avut trei copii (în ordine):

 Georg Franz Luger
 Julius Wilhelm Bartholomaeus Luger (născut pe 16 martie 1880)
 Friedrich Alexander Georg Luger (născut pe 26 aprilie 1884)

Primul fiu al lui Luger, Georg Franz, a devenit inginer civil și i s-a alăturat tatălui său în activitatea de proiectare a armamentului. Cel de-al doilea fiu a lupta cu gradul de Hauptmann d.R. (căpitan rezervist) în Primul Război Mondial, căzând pe frontul din Galiția în 1915.

După demobilizare
După ce a părăsit armata, Luger a lucrat pe post de contabil și mai târziu în administrarea Jockey Club, unul dintre principalele locuri de întâlnire ale elitei vieneze.

El l-a întâlnit pe Ferdinand von Mannlicher în preajma anului 1875 și cei doi au colaborat la proiectarea magaziilor puștilor, ceea ce a evidențiat talentul latent al lui Luger în proiectarea armelor de foc.

În 1891 Luger a fost angajat de compania Ludwig Loewe & Company (Berlin, Germania) și a devenit, treptat, proiectant consultant.

În 1894 a fost trimis pentru a demonstra calitățile unei arme proiectate de Hugo Borchardt, fabricate de Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken (DWM) (care era o succesoare a companiei lui Loewe, apărută după moartea fondatorului) unor ofițeri ai Armatei SUA. Reprezentanții militari americani au respins pistolul, dar, atent la critici, Luger a îmbunătățit arma, creând pistolul Parabellum (numit în mod popular Luger), pe care l-a brevetat în 1898. Acest pistol a reprezentat un succes atât pentru Luger, cât și pentru DWM.

Contractul lui Luger cu DWM a fost anulat în anul 1919, iar el a dat în judecată compania pentru plata redevențelor generate de brevet, având succes Cu toate acestea Luger și-a pierdut toate economiile în acest proces.

Bibliografie
  Imperial Lugers by Jan C. Still (Still's Books - 1994)
  Third Reich Lugers by Jan C. Still (Still's Books - 1988)
  Weimar Lugers by Jan C. Still (Still's Books - 1993)
  Lugers at Random by Charles Kenyon (Hand Gun Press - 1990)
  La Luger Artiglieria by Mauro Baudino (Editoriale Olimpia - 2004)
  The Complete Handgun by Ian V Hogg (Peerage Books - 1984)
  The Parabellum is Back! 1945 - 2000 by Mauro Baudino & Gerben van Vlimmeren (Simpson Ltd- 2010)

Legături externe
 Biographical history
 History of the Luger pistol
 Luger Artillery and Mauser Parabellum - Original Luger handwritten letter to Paul Mauser
 "The Parabellum is back! 1945 - 2000" First book focused on the post World War II Luger pistol production
 "NEW DATA ABOUT GEORG LUGER CONCERNING MAXIM MACHINE GUNS AND HIS PISTOL" http://www.smallarmsoftheworld.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=485

Nașteri în 1849
Decese în 1923
Proiectanți de arme

Georg Luger


Gastromyzon embalohensis este o specie de Actinopterigieni în genul Gastromyzon.

Legături Externe

Actinopterygii

Gastromyzon embalohensis


Nadeem Aslam (* 11. Juli 1966 in Gujranwala, Pakistan) ist ein pakistanisch-britischer Schriftsteller.

Biografie
In Pakistan aufgewachsen, kam Nadeem Aslam mit vierzehn Jahren nach England. Sein Vater, Kommunist, Literat und Filmregisseur, musste aus politischen Gründen Pakistan verlassen, um einer Verhaftung zu entgehen. Die Familie ließ sich in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire nieder. Aslan studierte an der Manchester University Biochemie. Im dritten Studienjahr verließ er die Universität um Schriftsteller zu werden. Das Manuskript seines ersten Romans sandte er unverlangt ein. Es wurde sofort akzeptiert und 1993 unter dem Titel Season of the Rainbow veröffentlicht. Nadeem Aslan hat seitdem weitere Bücher veröffentlicht und zahlreiche Preise und Auszeichnungen gewonnen. Er lebt und arbeitet in London.

Werk
Nadeem Aslam veröffentlichte seine erste Kurzgeschichte in Urdu in einer pakistanischen Zeitschrift. Mit seinem ersten Roman gewann er den Betty Trask Award und den The Autors Club First Novel Award. Für sein zweites Buch, Maps for Lost Lovers, benötigte Aslam über zehn Jahre um es fertigzustellen. Während dieser Zeit lebte er von Preisgeldern aus dem ersten Roman und verschiedenen anderen Zuwendungen. Es wurde 2004 veröffentlicht und mit dem Encore Award und dem Kiriyana Pacific Rim Book Prize ausgezeichnet. Das Buch handelt von den unterschiedlichen Kulturen, von Identitäts- und Religionskonflikten und von Ehrenmord, Rache und Gewalt. Sein nächster Roman The Wasted Vigil, erschienen 2008, beschreibt das heutige Afghanistan mit seiner Zerrissenheit zwischen Taliban und Westen. Auf Deutsch sind im Rowohlt Verlag Atlas für verschollene Liebende (Maps for Lost Lovers) und Das Haus der fünf Sinne (The Wasted Vigil) erschienen.

Werke (Auswahl)
 The Blind Man's Garden. 2013
 Der Garten des Blinden. Übersetzung Bernhard Robben. München : DVA, 2014
 The Golden Legend. Faber, 2017

Weblinks

 Book Browse Interview über The Waste Vigil
 Maps for Lost Lovers, Interview, in The Independent

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Urdu)
Kurzgeschichte
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schriftsteller (London)
Emigrant
Brite
Pakistaner
Geboren 1966
Mann

Nadeem Aslam


Diplomatik nota, dış politikada bir devletin başka bir devlete siyasi sorunlar, iş birliği önerileri, anlaşma teklifleri, bilgilendirme ve benzeri konularla ilgili olarak yolladığı yazılara denir.

Türleri

 Sözlü Nota, Şifahi Nota (Note Verbale): Üçüncü şahıstan üçüncü şahsa yazılan ve imza bulunmayan nota türüdür. Bu notalarda yalnızca paraf bulunur. Bilgi istemek üzere bir büyükelçilikten bulunduğu ülkenin Dışişleri Bakanlığına yazılan notalar, devletin belli konularda bilgi vermek için gönderdiği memorandum ve bir ülke tarafından kabul edilen büyükelçi için verilen agreman note verbale biçiminde kaleme alınır.
 Yazılı Nota (Note Signee): Birinci şahıstan birinci şahsa gönderilen ve gönderen tarafından imzalanan nota türüdür. Bir büyükelçiye atandığı ülkenin devlet başkanına sunulmak üzere verilen güven mektubu, nota değişimi yoluyla yapılan anlaşmalar ve taraflardan birinin bir konu üzerindeki nihai pozisyonunu ortaya koyan ültimatom niteliğindeki notalar note signee biçiminde yazılır.

Uluslararası ilişkiler
Dış politika

Diplomatik nota


Ninčevića pećina je pećina u Radošiću kod Trogira.

Opis
Vrijeme nastanka nalaza je iz 10. st. pr. Kr. do 9. st. pr. Kr. Ninčevićeva pećina nalazi se u udolini sjeverno od brda Gradina i sjeveroistočno od zaseoka Galići. Tijekom preliminarnih istraživanja pećinskog prostora pronađeni su tragovi ljudskog boravka iz razdoblja prapovijesti (ulomci keramike i tragovi gorenja i kosti). Ovaj lokalitet predstavlja potencijalno značajnog nalazišta iz prapovijesti. Jasno su vidljivi ostaci keramike, tragovi gorenja, kao i ostaci životinjskih i ljudskih kostiju.

Izvori

Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Špilje u Hrvatskoj

Ninčevića pećina u Radošiću


The Manistee National Forest is a national forest located in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It has a total area of . It was established in 1938, and combined with the Huron National Forest in 1945 for administrative purposes, creating the Huron-Manistee National Forests. However, they are two separate forest units, as they are not connected. The area is popular for hiking, fishing, camping, boating, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing and hunting. The North Country Trail passes through it, and connects with the 11-mile Manistee River Trail to form a 23-mile loop. The highest point in the lower peninsula, Briar Hill (1,706 ft), is located here. The Manistee National Forest is not one continuous mass, but is a "mosaic" broken by private property and towns. The headquarters for the forest is in Cadillac, Michigan.

History

Unique among National Forests in its creation, the Manistee National Forest was created from tax-forfeited lands and purchases after the logging era had ended. The large areas of cutover timber were not very suitable for farming, and much of the burned over forest land had still not yet regenerated to trees by the 1930s.

Around the 1920s when reforestation and conservation was taking off in Michigan, there was a movement across the United States for the conservation of the remaining forests and wildlife, including on the federal level under the leadership of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1938, Franklin D Roosevelt established the Manistee National Forest. One of his primary goals was to replant the cutover areas, which was done by his recently created Civilian Conservation Corps, which employed young men during the Great Depression and was responsible for replanting most of Michigan's barren lands.

Geography
The terrain is mostly forest underlain by sedimentary rocks, covered by a mantle of glacial drift as much as 1,000 feet thick. Glacial moraines, outwash plains, deltas, lacustrine deposits, and old shorelines are common. Soils originating from these landscapes are predominately sand. Aquifers within glacial deposits are common and feed thousands of miles of cold water streams at a relatively constant rate throughout the year.

The forest consists of a mix of hardwoods and pines, with red pine (pinus resinosa) as the most dominant species. A common feature of all Michigan National Forests are the large straight rows of planted red pines, which were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Today many are over 75 ft tall and constitute a significant source of revenue from timber sales. The largest contiguous red pine plantation in North America is in the Manistee National Forest, called the Kellog Plantation.

In descending order of land area the Manistee National Forest lies in parts of Lake, Newaygo, Wexford, Manistee, Mason, Oceana, Muskegon, Mecosta, and Montcalm counties. There are local ranger district offices located in Baldwin and Manistee.

The Lumberjack 100, a 100-mile ultra-endurance mountain bike race is held annually within its bounds.

Dispersed camping is free on National Forest lands, as long as you follow the guidelines found on the USFS website. However, some rustic campgrounds do require a reservation or camping fee. A wood permit is required to cut firewood. Wood permits are valid for the Manistee National Forest only, and exclude the Huron National Forest.

Features
The Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness is a unique feature of the Manistee National Forest. This relatively small area of , situated on the east shore of Lake Michigan is one of the few wilderness areas in the U.S. with an extensive lake shore dunes ecosystem. Most of the dunes are 3500 to 4000 years old and some stand about  higher than the lake. The Nordhouse Dunes are interspersed with woody vegetation such as juniper, jack pine and hemlock. There are many small water holes and marshes dotting the landscape and dune grass covers many of the dunes. The beach is wide and sandy.

Briar Hill is the highest point in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, at 1,706 ft. It is of glacial origin and consists of mostly second growth hardwoods. There are no marked trails to the summit, which provides limited views of the surrounding area. The footings of the old steel firetower still remain, as well as a USGS survey marker, in which it misspells the hill as "Brier Hill".

Caberfae Peaks Ski & Golf Resort is located in the Manistee National Forest, in the Caberfae Hills region that receives large amounts of lake-effect snow. The official opening was in January, 1938, making it one of the oldest ski resorts in the US.

Several rivers flow through its boundaries, most notably the Manistee, Pere-Marquette, Pine, Muskegon, and the Little Manistee. These were important for transporting logs to the mills during the lumber boom, and now serve as popular destinations for canoeing, fishing, hunting, and hiking.

Among the many areas to hike is a 23-mile loop trail, which is formed with the Manistee River Trail and the North Country Scenic Trail. This loop can be accessed from the Red Bridge and Seaton Creek accesses (Manistee River Trail) and the Marilla and Upper River Road Trailheads (North Country Scenic Trail). Many backpackers plan 2–3 days to hike the complete loop, setting up backcountry campsites overnight.

References

External links

National Forests of Michigan
1938 establishments in Michigan
Important Bird Areas of Michigan
Northern Michigan
Protected areas of Lake County, Michigan
Protected areas of Newaygo County, Michigan
Protected areas of Wexford County, Michigan
Protected areas of Manistee County, Michigan
Protected areas of Muskegon County, Michigan
Landmarks in Michigan

Manistee National Forest


Akort, bir enstrümanın çalındığında istenen notayı vermesi için enstrümanın ayarlanması işlemidir.

Standart akort düzenleri

Yaygın telli enstrümanların standart akort düzenleri şöyledir:

Akort terimleri

Düşürülmüş (downtuned) ve yükseltilmiş (uptuned) akort
Standart gitar akordundaki tellerin her birinin belirli bir ses kadar düşürülmesine downtuning, yükseltilmesine ise uptuning denir. Yani bir gitar, standart akort olan E-A-D-G-B-E şeklinde değil de D-G-C-F-A-D şeklinde ayarlanırsa buna 1 adım düşürülmüş (downtuned) akort denir.

Müzik terimleri

Akort


André David (Argel, 2 de febrero de 1922 - París, 5 de junio de 2007) es un compositor francés.

Biografía
Su padre fue Maurice David. Diplomado en el Conservatorio Nacional de Montpellier (primerpremio de piano por unanimidad) (1942). Doctor en Medicina (París) (1949). Alumno de Maurice Le Boucher y Noël Gallon, estudió piano y escritura musical. André David se casó con Monique David y Pierrette Germain. Está enterrado en Soumensac, en el departamento de Lot y Garona.

Lenguaje musical
Su lenguaje se articula sobre unos bloques armónicos que valoran los recursos técnicos de los instrumentos. Se caracteriza por una diversidad de colores sonoros, se pone de relieve por las oposiciones y las alternancias de tensiones, los ritmos, los matices. Adoptó los principios de la atonalidad sin renunciar a la eficacia de ciertos recursos tradicionales (fuente: France-Yvonne Bril).

Escribió numerosas obras para piano y música de cámara : Expression2, Ecart, Madiganae, Quadrimania, Trois petites pièces (una Soumen, evocación de su pueblo de Soumensac), unos agrupamientos originales, como pianoy armónica, quinteto de viento, cuarteto de guitarras o 10 instrumentos (Décan), de la música sinfónica Ortive cuya primera audición tuvo lugar en los Estados Unidos, una cantata le Chêne de lumière sobre texto de Pierrette Germain y una ópera Rodolphe (libreto de Jacques Grasswill), representado en La Rochelle y Niort en 2002.

Obras
Trois mélodies Piano y voz: Humnos (Poème d'Eva Norvska) (1975), Le pas passé, Regard d'aube (Poemas de Pierrette Germain) (1978).
Expression 2 piano a cuatro manos) Éditions Fuzeau (1981).
Écart piano solo Éditions Choudens (1984).
Anaglyphe Piano et Violon Éditions Fuzeau (1985).Ballade à deux Piano y fagot Éditions Billaudot - (Collection Panorama) (1985).Décan piano a cuatro manos, cuarteto de cuerdas, flauta, clarinete en si bemol, contrabajo, percusión (1986).Trois petites pièces (Soumen. Graine. Granitelle) Éditions CPEA (1987).Trio à cordes (1987).Naufrage ondas Martenot, piano, percusión y solista ad lib. (Texto de Henri Heine traducido por G. de Nerval) (1988).Naufrage órgano, violín y solista ad lib. (1988).Ortive orquesta sinfónica (22.214.171.124/ 184.108.40.206/ timb. - perc.) (1988)Monisme Violín solo (1989) Estrenado por Alexis Galpérine Paris.Sciophonie Quatuor à cordes et piano (1990).
Madiganae piano solo Éditions CPEA (1990).
Rai piano y violonchelo (1991).
Rai versión para orquesta de cuerdas (1991).
Panlogue piano y armónica de concierto (o flauta) Éditions Notissimo (1991).
La mère et le roi soprano, piano y cuarteto de cuerdas (texto de Pierrette Germain) (1993).
Quinterna cinco guitarras, violín, contrabajo y percusión (1994).
Eunode concierto para piano y conjunto instrumental (cl. en si, saxo en si, trompa en fa, quinteto de cuerda) (1994).
Heliades piano, trompeta, saxo en mi y percusión (1995).
Rai II versión para orquesta sinfónica ( 1996).
Le chêne de lumière cantata para soprano, barítono y solista, orquesta sinfónica, órgano y coro (Texto de Pierrette Germain) (1996).
Quadrimania piano a cuatro manos Éditions Notissimo (1997).
Quaterna cuatro guitarras (1997).
Spinelle Piano y flauta dulce alto Éditions Billaudot - (Collection Panorama) (1997).
Eoly Quinteto de metal Éditions Notissimo (1998).
Tempo del trio Piano, violín y violonchelo Éditions Notissimo (1999).
Profil d'orgues trois orgues (1999).Rodolphe ópera en tres actos para solo, coros y orquesta (Libreto de Jacques Grasswill) (2001).Impromptu (Aparté, Saynète) piano Ed.  Henry Lemoine 2004.Fil à fil coro sobre un texto de Pierrette Germain (2007).Foliane órgano y solista sobre un texto de Pierette Germain (2007).

 Grabaciones Expression II  vinilo 33 tours REM 11016.XTAnaglyphe ; Rai ; Ecart et Naufrage Annie Jodry (violín); Jacques Wiederker (violonchelo); Geneviève Ibanez y André David piano, conjunto 3/2 (Ch. Simonin, J. Henri-Dufresnois, J. Fessard) y Pierrette Germain, solista. CD REM311235 (1994).
Le Chêne de lumière Fusako Kondo, soprano ; Hervé Hennequin, barítono; Rodrigue Souweine, solista ; Françoise Levéchin, órgano, coros y orquesta del E.N.M. de Fresnes, dirección: Jean-Jacques Werner (compositor) CD REM311324 (1998).
"Musique de chambre avec clavier": Décan ; Héliades ; Profils d'orgues Geneviève Ibanez, piano ; F Levéchin-Gangloff, órgano; solistas de la orquesta Léon Barzin, dirección Jean-Jacques Werner (compositor) ; Pascal Clarhaut, trompeta; Marc Sieffert, saxofón alto; Christine Marchais, piano; Jean Fessard, percusión; Pierrick Antoine, pequeño órgano; André David, órgano de coro CD MA051201 (2005).

Bibliografía
 Jacques Amblard: en Le Monde de la musique, número de noviembre de 2006: crítica del CD "Musique de chambre avec clavier".
Jacques Chailley, Cours d'Histoire de la musique (Tomo IV) Paris Éditions Leduc.
 Lucette Descaves, Un nouvel art du piano Paris Éditions G. Billaudot.
 Pierrette Germain Un demi-siècle de musique française 1950-2000 . Paris Ed. Zurfluh 2004
 Jean-Claude Gens y Pierre Rodrigo, Puissances de l'image Éditions Universitaires de Dijon 2007
 Mireille Gaudin André David Les Amis de la Musique Française 2007.
 Marcelle Benoit, Norbert Dufourcq, Bernard Gagnepain, Pierrette Germain Les grandes dates de l'histoire de la musique Paris 2008 Ed. PUF. Collection Que sais-je ?

Condecoración
 Caballero de las Artes y las Letras

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 CDMC André David
 Blog André David

Compositores de música clásica de Francia del siglo XX
Personas de Argel
Compositores de ópera de Francia
Nacidos en Argel
Fallecidos en París

André David