رسالة المنظمة  هي بيان مقتضب مكتوب يوضح الهدف من الشركة أو المؤسسة. ومن الناحية المثالية، تقوم رسالة المنظمة بتوجيه أنشطة المنظمة، وتحديد هدفها الرئيسي، وتوفير الإحساس بالاتجاه، وتوجيه عملية صنع القرار على جميع مستويات الإدارة.

المحتوى

حل نزاع أصحاب المصلحة
يمكن لرسالة المنظمة أن تستخدم في حل الخلافات بين أصحاب المصالح التجارية. ويدخل في أصحاب المصلحة: الموظفين - بما في ذلك من المديرين والمديرين التنفيذيين - والمساهمين ومجلس الإدارة والعملاء والموردين والموزعين والدائنين والحكومات (المحلية والدولية والاتحادية، الخ)، والنقابات، والمنافسين، والمنظمات غير الحكومية، وعامة الجمهور. ويؤثر أصحاب المصلحة ويتأثرون باستراتيجيات للمنظمة.

ووفقا لفيرن ماكجينز، ينبغي أن تكون الرسالة:

تحدد ماهية الشركة.
تحدد ما تتطلع الشركة إلى تحقيقه.
محدودة لاستبعاد بعض المشاريع.
واسعة بما يكفي للسماح بالنمو الخلاق.
تميز الشركة من جميع الشركات الأخرى.
تكون بمثابة الإطار لتقييم الأنشطة الحالية.
واضحة بحيث تكون مفهومة للجميع.

الصياغة
بعض رسائل المنظمات تكون معقدة وطويلة وواسعة جدا، على سبيل المثال :

{{اقتباس خاص|'منذ إنشائها في عام 1982، ولوس انجليس لاتينا بيزو ظلت في طليعة التمكين السياسي والمجتمعي المحلي من خلال تطوير القيادات المؤثرة التي تسعى إلى ممارسة المعرفة والقوة إلى نظرائها من أجل تحقيق النجاح المتبادل. لوس انجليس لاتينا بيزو ملتزمة بالتفوق الدراسي، وتنمية المهارات القيادية والتنوير الثقافي، ومعززة بعضوية مدركة متنوعة. وتسعى لوس انجليس لاتينا بيزو إلى صون وتعزيز بيئة قكرية شاملة لجميع أعضائها، بالإضافة إلى المجتمع العام.}}

وفي المقابل، بعض رسائل المنظمات تكون بسيطة ومباشرة، على سبيل المثال :

 انظر أيضًا

 رسالة الإيمان

 قراءة إضافية
 هيوز ك. آخرون. 2005  أساسيات تكنولوجيا المعلومات. '' التعليم العالي الصحافة. كرويدون، فيكتوريا. ردمك 0-86458-488-1.
 قلها وعشها : الـ 50 رسالة منظمة التي أصابت الهدف. باتريشيا جونز ولاري كاهنر. العملة دووبلدي. نيويورك، 1995. ردمك 9780385476300

إدارة إستراتيجية
تقارير
مصطلحات الأعمال
مصطلحات تجارية

رسالة المنظمة


Karlı, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahalle, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Karlı; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 73 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Karlı, Alaçam


Indeks predavanja i vježbi studentska je isprava, javni dokument, u kojoj profesori potvrđuju uredno pohađanje upisanih kolegija, a dekanat pregledava semestre i upisuje uspjeh postignut na ispitima. Ima ulogu učeničke svjedodžbe.

Osim ocjena, seminara i vježbi, u studentsku se knjižicu upisuju osobni podaci, naziv fakulteta, studijske skupine, nastavni predmeti te upisuju drugi podatci važni za studij i status studenta.

Izvori

Visoko obrazovanje

Indeks (svjedodžba)


An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth. Open vowels are sometimes also called low vowels (in U.S. terminology ) in reference to the low position of the tongue.

In the context of the phonology of any particular language, a low vowel can be any vowel that is more open than a mid vowel. That is, open-mid vowels, near-open vowels, and open vowels can all be considered low vowels.

Partial list
The open vowels with dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

 open front unrounded vowel
 open front rounded vowel
 open back unrounded vowel
 open back rounded vowel

There also are central vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the IPA:
 open central unrounded vowel  or  (commonly written  as if it were front)
 open central rounded vowel

There is no unambiguous way of transcribing the open central vowels (but see obsolete/nonstandard IPA ᴀ). The diaeresis indicates centralization, so  could mean near-front and  could mean near-back. However, in practice the diaeresis is assumed to mean central, while  and  are used for the front and back articulations, respectively.

The extremely rare contrast between open front, central and back unrounded vowels has been reported to occur in the Hamont-Achel dialect of Limburgish, which features long versions of these sounds, as well as short versions of the open front and back vowels. The short versions do not contrast directly with the open central vowel, which can only be long.

See also
Close vowel

References

Bibliography

Vowels by height

Open vowel


Feđa Borozan (Split, 1920. — Šibenik, 22. svibnja 1942.), hrvatski pripadnik pokreta otpora u Drugome svjetskom ratu i komunist.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Splitu. Bio je dijete zatvorene naravi. Radio je u knjižnici. Aktivan u sindikatima. Godine 1939. Učlanio se je u Komunističku partiju i SKOJ i 1939. godine odbornik je u Mjesnom komitetu SKOJ-a. Živio je u očuhovoj kući u Velom Varošu, skupa s braćom Nebojšom i Braslavom, sestrom Sekom, polubratom Ivicom Jelaskom i materom Zorom.

Nakon kapitulacije Jugoslavije, poput mnogi pripadnika pokreta otpora, sakupljao je oružje. Donosio ga je kući bez roditeljskog znanja, ali mati je to primijetila i nije zabranila, nego se je cijela obitelj uključila u prihvat i raznošenje oružja. Poslije pušaka, kući su donosili i bombe, revolvere i ino te skrivali na sva moguća mjesta. Protiv talijanskih okupatora djelovao u brojnim akcijama. Potkraj kolovoza strijeljan mu je u Ruduši kod Sinja brat Nebojša. Mati se je onesvijestila dok je nazočila suđenje sinu Nebojši na ustaškom sudu u Sinju. Pod injekcijama su ju doveli u Split. Nisu prestali s ilegalnom djelatnošću, nego su nastavili još intenzivnije. Feđina aktivnost ilegalca kao organizatora i motora nije prošla nezapaženo. Policija je dobila prijavu da je sudionik bombaških akcija. Opreznost im je popustila. Uobičajeno je bilo da im ljudi donose oružje u kuću i nisu obraćali pozornost. Koncem 1941., nakon bombaškog napada na talijansku vojnu glazbu u Tartaglinoj ulici, talijanski policajci ubacili su im agenta provokatora koji je donio oružje u kuću, koji su karabinjeri i agenti već opkolili kuću. U malo minuta uspjeli su skriti oružje, tako da ga talijanski organi ni nakon dana pretrage nisu pronašli. Na pretresu mu je talijanska policija podmetnula paket s bombama, temeljem čega ga je uhitila. Poput mnogih, mučen je na ispitivanju ali ništa nije priznao. Bio je u zatvoru u Šibeniku. Mati je uhićena ožujka 1942. i osuđena na tri godine zatvora u Italiji. 18. svibnja 1942. iz zatvora u Splitu brodom Ammiraglio Viotti (bivša Topola) u Šibenik odvedeno je na suđenje 66 pripadnika pokreta otpora.  Ujutro 20. svibnja brod je pristao u Šibeniku. Kad je mati došla do Feđe u šibenskom zatvoru, lagao ju je da ga vode na odsluženje kazne u Italiju, da ju ne bi dotukla bol zbog neminovna gubitka drugog sina. Nepoštenost skorog suđenja najavljivalo je što su mrtvački sanduci već bili naručeni. Na suđenju pred Specijalnim sudom u Šibeniku, kojim je predsjedavao general Maggiore Vergano, osuđen je sa skupinom pripadnika pokreta otpora, partizana i ilegalaca, među kojima je bio i Rade Končar, na smrt. Osuđena 26-oricu strpali su u pet ćelija. Svećenik je osuđenicima dao papir za pisanje posljednjih pisama svojim najbližima, ali fašističke vlasti zaplijenila su pisma već prije nego što su izašla iz zatvora. Na dana strijeljanja osuđenike na smrt utrpali su u dva kamiona, u svaki po trinaest ljudi. Feđa Borozan je strijeljan 1942. u Šibeniku sa skupinom pripadnika komunističkog pokreta otpora u kojoj je bio i Rade Končar. Presuda je izvršena oko 7-7.30 na Šubićevcu. Presudu su izvršili vojnici iz bataljuna Toscana, postrojba iz Zadra. Osuđenici su bili strijeljani u dvjema skupinama po 13 osoba. Izvikivali su parole protiv fašizma, Mussolinija i klicali slobodi. Nakon vojničkog strijeljanja, časnik je svakom strijeljanom osuđeniku pucao iz pištolja u glavu.

U Splitu se je po Feđi Borozanu i bratu Nebojši bila zvala jedna ulica, braće Borozan.
Ime mu je uklesano u Spomen-parku Šubićevcu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Split
Pripadnici pokreta otpora u Drugome svjetskom ratu

Feđa Borozan


ඊලෝන් මස්ක් (/ˈiːlɒn ˈmʌsk/; උපත ලබන්නේ 1971, ජුනි, 28. ඔහු උපතින් ලද නම ඊලෝන් රීව් මස්ක්) යනු දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ උපත ලද කැනේඩියානු ව්‍යාපාරික බලාධිපතියෙකි, ආයෝජකයෙකි, ඉන්ජිනේරුවෙකි, නිමැවුම්කරුවෙකි.මස්ක් කැනේඩියානු මවකට සහ දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු පියෙකුට දාව උපත ලැබූ අතර හැදී වැඩුණේ දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ප්‍රිටෝරියා හි ය.

මස්ක් ස්පේස් එක්ස්, ටෙස්ලා,නියුරොලින්ක්  හි  ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිළධාරි වෙයි .

References

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1971 උපත

ඊලෝන් මස්ක් යනු ලොව දනවත්ම පුද්ගලයා වන අතර ඔහු TESLA,SPACEX වැනි සමාගම් වල ප්‍රධානියා වේ

ඊලෝන් මස්ක්


Matysová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Stará Ľubovňa din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 73 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Matysová este atestată documentar din 1408.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Matysová


Warrior Run may refer to:

Warrior Run, Pennsylvania
Warrior Run School District
Warrior Run Generating Station
Warrior Run Presbyterian Church
Warrior Run (West Branch Susquehanna River)

Warrior Run


A commitment scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows one to commit to a chosen value (or chosen statement) while keeping it hidden to others, with the ability to reveal the committed value later. Commitment schemes are designed so that a party cannot change the value or statement after they have committed to it: that is, commitment schemes are binding. Commitment schemes have important applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation.

A way to visualize a commitment scheme is to think of a sender as putting a message in a locked box, and giving the box to a receiver. The message in the box is hidden from the receiver, who cannot open the lock themselves. Since the receiver has the box, the message inside cannot be changed—merely revealed if the sender chooses to give them the key at some later time.

Interactions in a commitment scheme take place in two phases:

 the commit phase during which a value is chosen and committed to
 the reveal phase during which the value is revealed by the sender, then the receiver verifies its authenticity

In the above metaphor, the commit phase is the sender putting the message in the box, and locking it. The reveal phase is the sender giving the key to the receiver, who uses it to open the box and verify its contents. The locked box is the commitment, and the key is the proof.

In simple protocols, the commit phase consists of a single message from the sender to the receiver. This message is called the commitment. It is essential that the specific value chosen cannot be known by the receiver at that time (this is called the hiding property). A simple reveal phase would consist of a single message, the opening, from the sender to the receiver, followed by a check performed by the receiver. The value chosen during the commit phase must be the only one that the sender can compute and that validates during the reveal phase (this is called the binding property).

The concept of commitment schemes was perhaps first formalized by Gilles Brassard, David Chaum, and Claude Crépeau in 1988, as part of various zero-knowledge protocols for NP, based on various types of commitment schemes. But the concept was used prior to that without being treated formally. The notion of commitments appeared earliest in works by Manuel Blum, Shimon Even, and Adi Shamir et al. The terminology seems to have been originated by Blum, although commitment schemes can be interchangeably called bit commitment schemes—sometimes reserved for the special case where the committed value is a bit. Earlier to that, commitment via one-way hash functions was considered, e.g., as part of, say, Lamport signature, the original one-time one-bit signature scheme.

Applications

Coin flipping

Suppose Alice and Bob want to resolve some dispute via coin flipping. If they are physically in the same place, a typical procedure might be:

 Alice "calls" the coin flip
 Bob flips the coin
 If Alice's call is correct, she wins, otherwise Bob wins

If Alice and Bob are not in the same place a problem arises. Once Alice has "called" the coin flip, Bob can stipulate the flip "results" to be whatever is most desirable for him. Similarly, if Alice doesn't announce her "call" to Bob, after Bob flips the coin and announces the result, Alice can report that she called whatever result is most desirable for her. Alice and Bob can use commitments in a procedure that will allow both to trust the outcome:

 Alice "calls" the coin flip but only tells Bob a commitment to her call,
 Bob flips the coin and reports the result,
 Alice reveals what she committed to,
 Bob verifies that Alice's call matches her commitment,
 If Alice's revelation matches the coin result Bob reported, Alice wins

For Bob to be able to skew the results to his favor, he must be able to understand the call hidden in Alice's commitment. If the commitment scheme is a good one, Bob cannot skew the results.  Similarly, Alice cannot affect the result if she cannot change the value she commits to.

A real-life application of this problem exists, when people (often in media) commit to a decision or give an answer in a "sealed envelope", which is then opened later. "Let's find out if that's what the candidate answered", for example on a game show, can serve as a model of this system.

Zero-knowledge proofs

One particular motivating example is the use of commitment schemes in zero-knowledge proofs. Commitments are used in zero-knowledge proofs for two main purposes: first, to allow the prover to participate in "cut and choose" proofs where the verifier will be presented with a choice of what to learn, and the prover will reveal only what corresponds to the verifier's choice. Commitment schemes allow the prover to specify all the information in advance, and only reveal what should be revealed later in the proof.
Second, commitments are also used in zero-knowledge proofs by the verifier, who will often specify their choices ahead of time in a commitment. This allows zero-knowledge proofs to be composed in parallel without revealing additional information to the prover.

Signature schemes
The Lamport signature scheme is a digital signature system that relies on maintaining two sets of secret data packets, publishing verifiable hashes of the data packets, and then selectively revealing partial secret data packets in a manner that conforms specifically to the data to be signed. In this way, the prior public commitment to the secret values becomes a critical part of the functioning of the system.

Because the Lamport signature system cannot be used more than once, a system to combine many Lamport key-sets under a single public value that can be tied to a person and verified by others was developed. This system uses trees of hashes to compress many published Lamport-key-commitment sets into a single hash value that can be associated with the prospective author of later-verified data.

Verifiable secret sharing
Another important application of commitments is in verifiable secret sharing, a critical building block of secure multiparty computation. In a secret sharing scheme, each of several parties receive "shares" of a value that is meant to be hidden from everyone. If enough parties get together, their shares can be used to reconstruct the secret, but even a malicious cabal of insufficient size should learn nothing. Secret sharing is at the root of many protocols for secure computation: in order to securely compute a function of some shared input, the secret shares are manipulated instead. However, if shares are to be generated by malicious parties, it may be important that those shares can be checked for correctness. In a verifiable secret sharing scheme, the distribution of a secret is accompanied by commitments to the individual shares. The commitments reveal nothing that can help a dishonest cabal, but the shares allow each individual party to check to see if their shares are correct.

Defining the security

Formal definitions of commitment schemes vary strongly in notation and in flavour. The first such flavour is whether the commitment scheme provides perfect or computational security with respect to the hiding or binding properties.  Another such flavour is whether the commitment is interactive, i.e. whether both the commit phase and the reveal phase can be seen as being executed by a cryptographic protocol or whether they are non-interactive, consisting of two algorithms Commit and CheckReveal. In the latter case CheckReveal can often be seen as a derandomised version of Commit, with the randomness used by Commit constituting the opening information.

If the commitment C to a value x is computed as C:=Commit(x,open) with open being the randomness used for computing the commitment, then CheckReveal (C,x,open) reduces to simply verifying the equation C=Commit (x,open).

Using this notation and some knowledge about mathematical functions and probability theory we formalise different versions of the binding and hiding properties of commitments. The two most important combinations of these properties are perfectly binding and computationally hiding commitment schemes and computationally binding and perfectly hiding commitment schemes. Note that no commitment scheme can be at the same time perfectly binding and perfectly hiding – a computationally unbounded adversary can simply generate Commit(x,open) for every value of x and open until finding a pair that outputs C, and in a perfectly binding scheme this uniquely identifies x.

Computational binding
Let open be chosen from a set of size , i.e., it can be represented as a k bit string, and let   be the corresponding commitment scheme. As the size of k determines the security of the commitment scheme it is called the security parameter.

Then for all non-uniform probabilistic polynomial time algorithms that output  and  of increasing length k, the probability that  and  is a negligible function in k.

This is a form of asymptotic analysis. It is also possible to state the same requirement using concrete security: A commitment scheme Commit is  secure, if for all algorithms that run in time t and output  the probability that  and  is at most .

Perfect, statistical, and computational hiding

Let  be the uniform distribution over the  opening values for security parameter k. A commitment scheme is respectively perfect, statistical, or computational hiding, if for all  the probability ensembles  and  are equal, statistically close, or computationally indistinguishable.

Impossibility of universally composable commitment schemes

It is impossible to realize commitment schemes in the universal composability
(UC) framework. The reason is that UC commitment has to be extractable, as shown by Canetti and Fischlin and explained below.

The ideal commitment functionality, denoted here by F, works roughly as follows. Committer C sends value m to F, which
stores it and sends "receipt" to receiver R. Later, C sends "open" to
F, which sends m to R.

Now, assume we have a protocol π that realizes this functionality. Suppose that the committer C is corrupted. In the UC framework, that essentially means that C is now controlled by the environment, which attempts to distinguish protocol execution from the ideal process. Consider an environment that chooses a message m and then tells C to act as prescribed by π, as if it has committed to m. Note here that in order to realize F, the receiver must, after receiving a commitment, output a message "receipt". After the environment sees this message, it tells C to open the commitment.

The protocol is only secure if this scenario is indistinguishable from the ideal case, where the functionality interacts with a simulator S. Here, S has control of C. In particular, whenever R outputs "receipt", F has to do likewise. The only way to do that is for S to tell C to send a value to F. However, note
that by this point, m is not known to S. Hence, when the commitment is opened during protocol execution, it is unlikely that F will open to m, unless S can extract m from the messages it received from the environment before R outputs the receipt.

However a protocol that is extractable in this sense cannot be statistically hiding. Suppose such a simulator S exists. Now consider an
environment that, instead of corrupting C, corrupts R instead. Additionally it runs a copy of S. Messages received from C are fed into S, and replies from S are forwarded to C.

The environment initially tells C to commit to a message m. At some point in the interaction, S will commit to a value m′. This message is handed to R, who outputs m′. Note that by assumption we have m' = m with high probability. Now in the ideal process the simulator has to come up with m. But this is impossible, because at this point the commitment has not been opened yet, so the only message R can have received in the ideal process is a "receipt" message. We thus have a contradiction.

Construction

A commitment scheme can either be perfectly binding (it is impossible for Alice to alter her commitment after she has made it, even if she has unbounded computational resources); or perfectly concealing (it is impossible for Bob to find out the commitment without Alice revealing it, even if he has unbounded computational resources); or formulated as an instance-dependent commitment scheme, which is either hiding or binding depending on the solution to another problem. A commitment scheme can not be both perfectly hiding and perfectly binding at the same time.

Bit-commitment in the random oracle model

Bit-commitment schemes are trivial to construct in the random oracle model. Given a hash function H with a 3k bit output, to commit the k-bit message m, Alice generates a random k bit string R and sends Bob H(R||m). The probability that any R′, m′ exist where m′ ≠ m such that H(R′||m′) = H(R||m) is ≈ 2−k, but to test any guess at the message m Bob will need to make 2k (for an incorrect guess) or 2k-1 (on average, for a correct guess) queries to the random oracle. We note that earlier schemes based on hash functions, essentially can be thought of schemes based on idealization of these hash functions as random oracle.

Bit-commitment from any one-way permutation

One can create a bit-commitment scheme from any one-way function that is injective. The scheme relies on the fact that every one-way function can be modified (via the Goldreich-Levin theorem) to possess a computationally hard-core predicate (while retaining the injective property).

Let f be an injective one-way function, with h a hard-core predicate. Then to commit to a bit b Alice picks a random input x and sends the triple

to Bob, where  denotes XOR, i.e., bitwise addition modulo 2. To decommit, Alice simply sends x to Bob. Bob verifies by computing f(x) and comparing to the committed value. This scheme is concealing because for Bob to recover b he must recover h(x). Since h is a computationally hard-core predicate, recovering h(x) from  f(x) with probability greater than one-half is as hard as inverting f. Perfect binding follows from the fact that f is injective and thus f(x) has exactly one preimage.

Bit-commitment from a pseudo-random generator

Note that since we do not know how to construct a one-way permutation from any one-way function, this section reduces the strength of the cryptographic assumption necessary to construct a bit-commitment protocol.

In 1991 Moni Naor showed how to create a bit-commitment scheme from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. The construction is as follows. If G is a pseudo-random generator such that G takes n bits to 3n bits, then if Alice wants to commit to a bit b:

Bob selects a random 3n-bit vector R and sends R to Alice.
Alice selects a random n-bit vector Y and computes the 3n-bit vector G(Y).
If b=1 Alice sends G(Y) to Bob, otherwise she sends the bitwise exclusive-or of G(Y) and R to Bob.

To decommit Alice sends Y to Bob, who can then check whether he initially received G(Y) or G(Y)  R.

This scheme is statistically binding, meaning that even if Alice is computationally unbounded she cannot cheat with probability greater than 2−n. For Alice to cheat, she would need to find a Y', such that G(Y') = G(Y)  R. If she could find such a value, she could decommit by sending the truth and Y, or send the opposite answer and Y'. However, G(Y) and G(Y''') are only able to produce 2n possible values each (that's 22n) while R is picked out of 23n values. She does not pick R, so there is a 22n/23n = 2−n probability that a Y' satisfying the equation required to cheat will exist.

The concealing property follows from a standard reduction, if Bob can tell whether Alice committed to a zero or one, he can also distinguish the output of the pseudo-random generator G from true-random, which contradicts the cryptographic security of G.

A perfectly binding scheme based on the discrete log problem and beyond

Alice chooses a ring of prime order p, with multiplicative generator g.

Alice randomly picks a secret value x from 0 to p − 1 to commit to and calculates c = gx and publishes c. The discrete logarithm problem dictates that from c, it is computationally infeasible to compute x, so under this assumption, Bob cannot compute x. On the other hand, Alice cannot compute a x <> x, such that gx = c, so the scheme is binding.

This scheme isn't perfectly concealing as someone could find the commitment if he manages to solve the discrete logarithm problem. In fact, this scheme isn't hiding at all with respect to the standard hiding game, where an adversary should be unable to guess which of two messages he chose were committed to - similar to the IND-CPA game. One consequence of this is that if the space of possible values of x is small, then an attacker could simply try them all and the commitment would not be hiding.

A better example of a perfectly binding commitment scheme is one where the commitment is the encryption of x under a semantically secure, public-key encryption scheme with perfect completeness, and the decommitment is the string of random bits used to encrypt x. An example of an information-theoretically hiding commitment scheme is the Pedersen commitment scheme, which is computationally binding under the discrete logarithm assumption.

Additionally to the scheme above, it uses another generator h of the prime group and a random number r. The commitment is set .

These constructions are tightly related to and based on the algebraic properties of the underlying groups, and the notion originally seemed to be very much related to the algebra. However, it was shown that basing statistically binding commitment schemes on general unstructured assumption is possible, via the notion of interactive hashing
for commitments from general complexity assumptions (specifically and originally, based on any one way permutation) as in.

A perfectly hiding commitment scheme based on RSA

Alice selects  such that , where  and  are large secret prime numbers. Additionally, she selects a prime  such that  and . Alice then computes a public number  as an element of maximum order in the  group. Finally, Alice commits to her secret  by first generating a random number  from  and then by computing .

The security of the above commitment relies on the hardness of the RSA problem and has perfect hiding and computational binding.

Additive and Multiplicative Homomorphic properties of commitments

The Pedersen commitment scheme introduces an interesting homomorphic property that allows performing addition between two commitments. More specifically, given two messages  and  and randomness  and , respectively, the it is possible to generate a new commitment such that: . Formally:

To open the above Pedersen commitment to a new message , the randomness  and  has to be added.

Similarly, the RSA-based commitment mentioned above has a homomorphic property with respect to the multiplication operation. Given two messages  and  with randomness  and , respectively, one can compute: . Formally:
.

To open the above commitment to a new message , the randomness  and  has to be added. This newly generated commitment is distributed similarly to a new commitment to .

Partial reveal
Some commitment schemes permit a proof to be given of only a portion of the committed value. In these schemes, the secret value  is a vector of many individually separable values.

The commitment  is computed from  in the commit phase. Normally, in the reveal phase, the prover would reveal all of  and some additional proof data (such as  in simple bit-commitment). Instead, the prover is able to reveal any single value from the  vector, and create an efficient proof that it is the authentic th element of the original vector that created the commitment . The proof does not require any values of  other than  to be revealed, and it is impossible to create valid proofs that reveal different values for any of the  than the true one.

Vector hashing

Vector hashing is a naive vector commitment partial reveal scheme based on bit-commitment. Values  are chosen randomly. Individual commitments are created by hashing . The overall commitment is computed as

In order to prove one element of the vector , the prover reveals the values

The verifier is able to compute  from  and , and then is able to verify that the hash of all  values is the commitment .
Unfortunately the proof is  in size and verification time. Alternately, if  is the set of all  values, then the commitment is  in size, and the proof is  in size and verification time. Either way, the commitment or the proof scales with  which is not optimal.

Merkle tree
A common example of a practical partial reveal scheme is a Merkle tree, in which a binary hash tree is created of the elements of . This scheme creates commitments that are  in size, and proofs that are  in size and verification time. The root hash of the tree is the commitment . To prove that a revealed  is part of the original tree, only  hash values from the tree, one from each level, must be revealed as the proof. The verifier is able to follow the path from the claimed leaf node all the way up to the root, hashing in the sibling nodes at each level, and eventually arriving at a root node value that must equal .

KZG commitment
A Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg commitment uses pairing-based cryptography to build a partial reveal scheme with  commitment sizes, proof sizes, and proof verification time. In other words, as , the number of values in , increases, the commitments and proofs do not get larger, and the proofs do not take any more effort to verify.

A KZG commitment requires a predetermined set of parameters to create a pairing, and a trusted trapdoor element. For example, a Tate pairing can be used. Assume that  are the additive groups, and  is the multiplicative group of the pairing. In other words, the pairing is the map . Let  be the trapdoor element (if  is the prime order of  and ), and let  and  be the generators of  and  respectively. As part of the parameter setup, we assume that  and  are known and shared values for arbitrarily many positive integer values of , while the trapdoor value  itself is discarded and known to no one.

Commit

A KZG commitment reformulates the vector of values to be committed as a polynomial. First, we calculate a polynomial such that  for all values of  in our vector. Lagrange interpolation allows us to compute that polynomial

Under this formulation, the polynomial now encodes the vector, where . Let  be the coefficients of , such that . The commitment is calculated as

This is computed simply as a dot product between the predetermined values  and the polynomial coefficients . Since  is an additive group with associativity and commutativity,  is equal to simply , since all the additions and multiplications with  can be distributed out of the evaluation. Since the trapdoor value  is unknown, the commitment  is essentially the polynomial evaluated at a number known to no one, with the outcome obfuscated into an opaque element of .

Reveal

A KZG proof must demonstrate that the revealed data is the authentic value of  when  was computed. Let , the revealed value we must prove. Since the vector of  was reformulated into a polynomial, we really need to prove that the polynomial , when evaluated at  takes on the value . Simply, we just need to prove that . We will do this by demonstrating that subtracting  from  yields a root at . Define the polynomial  as

This polynomial is itself the proof that , because if  exists, then  is divisible by , meaning it has a root at , so  (or, in other words, ). The KZG proof will demonstrate that  exists and has this property.

The prover computes  through the above polynomial division, then calculates the KZG proof value

This is equal to , as above. In other words, the proof value is the polynomial  again evaluated at the trapdoor value , hidden in the generator  of .

This computation is only possible if the above polynomials were evenly divisible, because in that case the quotient  is a polynomial, not a rational function. Due to the construction of the trapdoor, it is not possible to evaluate a rational function at the trapdoor value, only to evaluate a polynomial using linear combinations of the precomputed known constants of . This is why it is impossible to create a proof for an incorrect value of .

Verify

To verify the proof, the bilinear map of the pairing is used to show that the proof value  summarizes a real polynomial  that demonstrates the desired property, which is that  was evenly divided by . The verification computation checks the equality

where  is the bilinear map function as above.  is a precomputed constant,  is computed based on .

By rewriting the computation in the pairing group , substituting in  and , and letting  be a helper function for lifting into the pairing group, the proof verification is more clear

Assuming that the bilinear map is validly constructed, this demonstrates that , without the validator knowing what  or  are. The validator can be assured of this because if , then the polynomials evaluate to the same output at the trapdoor value . This demonstrates the polynomials are identical, because, if the parameters were validly constructed, the trapdoor value is known to no one, meaning that engineering a polynomial to have a specific value at the trapdoor is impossible (according to the Schwartz–Zippel lemma). If  is now verified to be true, then  is verified to exist, therefore  must be polynomial-divisible by , so  due to the factor theorem. This proves that the th value of the committed vector must have equaled , since that is the output of evaluating the committed polynomial at .

Additionally, a KZG commitment can be extended to prove the values of any arbitrary  values of  (not just one value), with the proof size remaining , but the proof verification time scales with . The proof is the same, but instead of subtracting a constant , we subtract a polynomial that causes multiple roots, at all the locations we want to prove, and instead of dividing by  we divide by  for those same locations.

Quantum bit commitment
It is an interesting question in quantum cryptography if unconditionally secure'' bit commitment protocols exist on the quantum level, that is, protocols which are (at least asymptotically) binding and concealing even if there are no restrictions on the computational resources. One could hope that there might be a way to exploit the intrinsic properties of quantum mechanics, as in the protocols for unconditionally secure key distribution.

However, this is impossible, as Dominic Mayers showed in 1996 (see for the original proof). Any such protocol can be reduced to a protocol where the system is in one of two pure states after the commitment phase, depending on the bit Alice wants to commit. If the protocol is unconditionally concealing, then Alice can unitarily transform these states into each other using the properties of the Schmidt decomposition, effectively defeating the binding property.

One subtle assumption of the proof is that the commit phase must be finished at some point in time. This leaves room for protocols that require a continuing information flow until the bit is unveiled or the protocol is cancelled, in which case it is not binding anymore. More generally,  Mayers' proof applies only to protocols that exploit quantum physics but not special relativity. Kent has shown that there exist unconditionally secure protocols for bit commitment that exploit the principle of special relativity stating that information cannot travel faster than light.

Commitments based on physical unclonable functions
Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) rely on the use of a physical key with internal randomness, which is hard to clone or to emulate. Electronic, optical and other types of PUFs have been discussed extensively in the literature, in connection with their potential cryptographic applications including commitment schemes.

See also
 Oblivious transfer
 Accumulator (cryptography)
 Key signing party
 Web of trust
 Zerocoin
 Anagrams — used by 17th-century natural philosophers to establish priority of a discovery without revealing it to others

References

External links
Quantum bit commitment on arxiv.org
Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg (KZG) Constant-Sized Polynomial Commitments - Alin Tomescu
Kate polynomial commitments

Public-key cryptography
Zero-knowledge protocols
Secret sharing
Cryptographic primitives

Commitment scheme


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na República do Congo, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. A República do Congo, país do Golfo da Guiné cujo legado cultural é marcado pela presença histórica dos povos bantu, ratificou a convenção em 10 de dezembro de 1987, tornando seus locais históricos elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

O sítio Trinacional Sangha (compartilhado com os Camarões e República Centro-Africana) foi o primeiro local da República do Congo incluído na lista do Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO por ocasião da 36ª Sessão do Comitè do Património Mundial, realizada em São Petersburgo (Rússia) em 2012. Desde a mais recente adesão à lista, a República do Congo totaliza dois sítios declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade, sendo ambos estes locais de classificação Natural.

Bens culturais e naturais
A República do Congo conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Lista Indicativa
Em adição aos sítios inscritos na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, os Estados-membros podem manter uma lista de sítios que pretendam nomear para a Lista de Patrimônio Mundial, sendo somente aceitas as candidaturas de locais que já constarem desta lista. Desde 2008, a República do Congo possui 4 locais na sua Lista Indicativa.

Ligações externas

Conservação na República do Congo
Congo, República do

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na República do Congo


Marcel Edouard Mongin (* 6. November 1897; † 12. Mai 1972 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) war ein französischer Automobilrennfahrer.

Karriere
Marcel Mongin bestritt Sportwagenrennen in den 1920er- und 1930er-Jahren und erzielte seine größten Erfolge bei Langstreckenrennen. 1924 gab er sein Debüt beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans. Gemeinsam mit seinem Landsmann Roland Coty pilotierte er einen Oméga Six. Der leichte und wendige 2-Liter-Wagen fiel schon nach elf Runden durch einen technischen Defekt aus. Es folgten weitere 24-Stunden-Rennen, sowohl in Le Mans, als auch in Spa. Obwohl er keines der beiden Rennen jemals gewinnen konnte, gehört er mit vier zweiten Plätzen zu den erfolgreichsten Startern dieser Rennen vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.

In Le Mans erreichte er den ersten zweiten Rang 1926. Im Ziel fehlten ihm und Gérard de Courcelles eine Runde auf die Sieger Robert Bloch und André Rossignol. Neun Jahre später, 1937, wurde er erneut Zweiter. Diesmal gemeinsam mit Joseph Paul auf einem Delahaye 135CS. Auch in Spa blieb ihm ein Gesamtsieg verwehrt. 1928 und 1936 musste er sich mit dem zweiten Gesamtrang zufriedengeben.

Statistik

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Literatur
 R. M. Clarke: Le Mans. Die Bentley & Alfa Years 1923–1939. Brocklands Books, Cobham 1999, ISBN 1-85520-465-7.

Weblinks

 Rennergebnisse bei Racing Sports Cars
 Marcel Mongin bei 24-h-en-piste

Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Rennfahrer (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1897
Mann
Gestorben 1972

Marcel Mongin


Friedrich getur átt við eftirfarandi:
 Friedrich Schiller
 Friedrich Hayek
 Friedrich Nietzsche
 Friedrich Ebert
 Friedrich Engels
 Friedrich Blass

Sjá einnig
 Frederick
Ættarnöfn
Mannanöfn

Friedrich


Caravana cinematografică (în ) este un film româno-german din 2009, regizat de Titus Muntean după un scenariu inspirat din nuvela omonimă din 1985 a lui Ioan Groșan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Mircea Diaconu, Dorian Boguță, Iulia Lumânare și Alexandru Georgescu.

Rezumat

Mogoș, un sat izolat din Transilvania, în anul 1959. Sătenii duc vieți liniștite sub îndrumarea lui Tanasie, președintele Sfatului Popular. O caravană cinematografică, de care este răspunzător tânărul și ambițiosul activist de partid Tavi, ajunge în sat având misiunea să proiecteze filme de propagandă. E prima sarcină importantă a lui Tavi și tânărul vrea să obțină rezultate cât mai bune, doar că ploaia cade fără oprire, iar inerția sătenilor îi sabotează încontinuu planurile…

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Mircea Diaconu — Ion M. Tanasie, președintele Sfatului Popular al comunei Mogoș, fiu de țărani chiaburi
 Dorian Boguță — Tavi, activistul cultural de partid trimis cu caravana cinematografică, tânăr orfan îmbâcsit cu ideologie leninist-stalinistă
 Iulia Lumânare — Corina, tânăra bibliotecară a satului, absolventă a Institutului Pedagogic de la Blaj
 Alexandru Georgescu — Anton, șoferul camionului caravanei cinematografice, care s-a iubit mai demult cu fiica grofului Teleki
 Niculae Urs — dl Benea, învățător, directorul școlii (menționat Nicolae Urs)
 Melania Ursu — Veturia Benea, învățătoare, soția directorului școlii
 Maria Seleș — Ilca, soția președintelui Tanasie
 Cristian Szekeres — plutonierul Gică Atanasiu, șeful postului comunal de miliție
 Mihai Motoiu — Darcleu, hoț de găini, țigan alcoolist care are un frate emigrat în America
 Ovidiu Ghiniță — Plopu, podarul satului
 Eduard Cîrlan — Pișta, văcarul satului, tânăr orfan epileptic și cam nătâng

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 3.942 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Vezi și
 2009 în film

Legături externe

Filme din 2009
Filme regizate de Titus Muntean
Filme românești
Filme germane
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Ecranizări de opere literare românești

Caravana cinematografică (film)


Vuelen, vuelen es un juego de prendas que se desarrolla de la siguiente manera.

La reunión o tertulia de varias personas se sienta formando círculo alrededor del que lleva el juego, que se llama director. Este pone las manos sobre sus rodillas y los demás hacen lo mismo. Cuando el director dice vuelen, vuelen las palomas o cualquiera otra clase de animal volátil y levanta los brazos en ademan de volar, todos los jugadores deben imitarle. Pero cuando aquel nombra un cuadrúpedo o cualquier otro animal incapaz de volar, deben de guardarse de hacerlo porque entonces pagarán una prenda. El director, para hacer caer en falta a los demás, puede levantar los brazos para todos los animales que nombre, sean o no volátiles o permanecer inmóvil si le acomoda. Por consiguiente, los jugadores no deben atender a su acción sino a lo que diga.

Una persona de viveza e ingenio puede animar mucho este juego nombrando rápida y alternativamente un ave, un pescado, un reptil, etc.; mezclando con ellos los objetos que no vuelan sino accidental o figuradamente, como una hoja, una paja, el viento, una flecha, una palabra, el pensamiento, etc. Entonces hay dudas: unos levantan los brazos, otros permanecen quietos; todos quieren tener razón, se debate, se ríe y se paga prenda si procede.

Para evitar cuestiones sobre si levantaron o no los brazos, debe advertirse que han de alzarlos de manera que las manos lleguen por lo menos a la altura del pecho, pues muchos se contentan con un movimiento tan pequeño, que se duda si los levantan o no.

Referencias
Juegos de prendas, 1853

Juegos infantiles

Vuelen, vuelen


A zookeeper, sometimes referred as animal keeper, is a person who manages zoo animals that are kept in captivity for conservation or to be displayed to the public. They are usually responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of their routine, the zookeepers may clean the exhibits and report health problems. They may also be involved in scientific research or public education, such as conducting tours and answering questions.

Background
Animal collections requiring wild animal care takers or zookeepers have existed since about 3,000 B.C.

Early civilizations in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq), Egypt, China and Pakistan / Northwest India allowed rulers and the wealthy class citizens to keep collections of wild animals. These civilizations had individuals who caught and cared for wild animals such as fish and birds. King Hammurabi (Babylonia, 1728-1686 BC) established the first known Code of Laws, which included fees that could be charged by "ox and ass doctors" or what we know today as veterinarians.

Some ancient collections of animals were very large and contained a wide variety of species, although specific details of these collections were not recorded.  Many cultures such as the Chinese, Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, Arabian, and India collected. Little is known about how or where they kept these animals, or even what the animals were. Our knowledge comes from when these animals appeared in the processionals (parades) or in the arena fights. However, there is proof that large elephant exhibits were maintained outside of Rome. There is also proof of people who cared for the sick animals (veterinarians).

In the areas known as the New World, Aztec and Inca societies also maintained large animal collections. While these were only discovered in the early 16th century, they were much older than that. Montezuma (Mexico City) had the largest known collections. One collection consisted of birds and required some 300 keepers. Another collection consisted of mammals and reptiles requiring another 300 keepers. There were also fresh and salt water fish ponds.

Duties and responsibilities

A zookeeper's responsibilities usually include feeding, maintaining and cleaning the animals, diet preparation, behavioral observation, record keeping, exhibit maintenance and providing environmental enrichment for the animals in their care. Some also conduct behavioral or reproductive research on a species and participate in public education through talks, programs or shows. They are expected to clean enclosures every day. They look for any signs of injuries or illness in the animals, and in the case of sickness or injury, the keeper is responsible for contacting a veterinarian, and sometimes a zookeeper will assist a veterinarian.

Some zookeepers train the animals to make caring for them easier. For example, a zookeeper can train an elephant to lift their feet so that a veterinarian can check them more easily. Some zookeepers are responsible for informing an audience, in an exhibit or presentation, about certain types of animals and their behavioral characteristics. They also talk about experiences with the animal, and answer questions. The keeper is also responsible for lecturing the visiting public on how to behave responsibly toward the exhibited animals.

Depending on the zoo structure, keepers may be assigned to work with a broad group of animals, such as mammals, birds, or reptiles, or they may work with a limited collection of animals such as primates, large cats, or small mammals. Traditionally, the live exhibits were often organized by taxonomy, resulting in clusters of carnivores cages, bird aviaries, primate exhibits, and so on, which led to sections within a zoo cared for by specialized staff. Some keepers can become highly specialized such as those who concentrate on a specific group of animals like birds, great apes, elephants or reptiles.

Modern habitat exhibits attempt to display a diversity of species of different animal classes within one enclosure to represent ecosystem concepts. Groups of enclosures are organized by themes, relating to, for example, zoogeography and bioclimatic zones, rather than taxonomy. The shift in exhibit arrangements is changing the scope of work for animal keepers, as they become habitat keepers, with a necessary working knowledge of living environment care, including landscape maintenance, plant care, climate control, and expanded knowledge of animals husbandry for many more species across taxonomic classes.

Educational requirements

The educational requirements for an entry level zoo keeper vary.

In the USA they are often required  to have completed a college degree in zoology, biology, wildlife management, animal science, or some other animal-related field. Some colleges offer programs oriented towards a career in zoos. Job advancement is also possible but more limited than in some other careers requiring a college degree. In other institutions keepers are required to have finished a full apprenticeship as craftsmen, before receiving special training for their task as animal keeper. In fact in many European countries, people intending to keep or take care of wild animals need to be licensed. This license will only be given if they can prove sufficient knowledge and practical abilities (evidence of competence). Of course in the vast array of zoos in the world, some of them are still privately owned amateur facilities with a lack of well-trained personnel.

In contrast, some zoos in Australia have a strong reliance on dedicated part-time volunteer workers, who assist zookeepers in the simpler tasks such as preparation of foods and medicines, and cleaning of animal enclosures.

Internships and volunteer work

In the USA, in addition to good academic preparation, most zoos prefer to hire people for zookeeping positions who have prior animal-handling experience. There are a wide variety of internships that aspiring zoo keepers can take both during and after college.  Many of these internships can be found by going to a local zoo or aquarium. Other internships can be found in an animal-related facility, including vet hospitals, humane society shelters, wildlife rehabilitation centers, farms and stables. Internships are an opportunity for individuals who are considering a career in animal welfare to learn more about companion animals and their behaviors.

Occupational hazards
There are several occupational hazards associated with zookeepers including allergens, zoonoses, bite injuries, slips, trips, and falls, chemicals, stress, and noise. These exposures have been associated with increased rates of alergic diseases, skin infections, bite-related infections, intestinal diseases, tuberculosis and psychological stress. The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians publishes guidelines to identify and control risks associated with contact with animals in public settings.

Notes and references

External links

American Association of Zookeepers website
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
International Congress of Zookeepers website
Veterinary Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Zookeeper


Este artigo é uma lista de primazes da Igreja Ortodoxa na América ().

História

Antes do início da década de 1920, todos os cristãos ortodoxos russos no continente norte-americano estavam sob a jurisdição direta da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. Esta diocese norte-americana (conhecida por vários nomes ao longo de sua história) foi governada por um bispo ou arcebispo designado pela Igreja russa.

Após a Revolução Bolchevique de 1917, a comunicação entre a Igreja Ortodoxa Russa e as Igrejas da América do Norte foi quase completamente cortada. Em 1920, o patriarca Ticônio de Moscou ordenou que todas as Igrejas ortodoxas russas fora da Rússia se governassem de forma autônoma até que a comunicação e as viagens regulares pudessem ser retomadas. Além disso, um punhado de comunidades ortodoxas que estavam sob o domínio dos russos, mas com antecedentes não russos, recorreram às Igrejas ortodoxas em suas respectivas pátrias para cuidado pastoral e governança.

Depois de declarar a autonomia da diocese norte-americana (conhecida como "metrópole") em fevereiro de 1924, o arcebispo Platão (Rozhdestvenski) tornou-se o primeiro metropolita de toda a América e Canadá. Desde então, o primaz da OCA é conhecido como Metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá, além de seu papel como arcebispo de uma diocese da OCA. Quando a OCA (então conhecida como Igreja Greco-Católica Ortodoxa Russa na América do Norte) recebeu autocefalia pela Igreja russa em 1970, ela foi renomeada para Igreja Ortodoxa na América, e o metropolita governante foi concedido o título adicional de Sua Beatitude.

Bispos de Kodiak
Bispo do vicariato de Kodiak, diocese de Irkutsk da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 Joasaf (Bolotov) (1799) - Bispo vigário de Kodiak, auxiliar da diocese de Irkutsk. Joasaf foi eleito bispo em 1796, mas as notícias não chegaram a ele até 1798. Ele retornou a Irkutsk e foi consagrado em 1799, mas morreu durante sua viagem de volta ao Alasca.

Bispos de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas
Bispo da diocese de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 Inocêncio (Veniaminov) (1840–1850) - Bispo de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas;

Arcebispos de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas
Arcebispo da arquidiocese de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa
 Inocêncio (Veniaminov) (1850–1868) - Arcebispo de Kamchatka, Ilhas Curilas e Aleutas.

Bispo de Novoarkhangelsk
Bispos do vicariato de Novoarkhangelsk, diocese de Kamchatka da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 Pedro (Ekaterinovski) (1859–1866) - Bispo vigário de Novoarkhangelsk, auxiliar da diocese de Kamchatka;
 Paulo (Povo) (1866-1870) - Bispo vigário de Novoarkhangelsk, auxiliar da Diocese de Kamchatka. Com a compra do Alasca em 1867, o Alasca tornou-se território dos Estados Unidos.

Bispos das Aleutas e Alasca
Bispos da diocese das Aleutas e Alasca da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 João (Mitropolski) (1870–1877) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca;
 Nestor (Zass) (1878–1882) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca. Após a morte do bispo Nestor em 1882, a diocese das Aleutas e do Alasca ficou sob a jurisdição do metropolita de São Petersburgo até 1887;
 Vladimir (Sokolovski-Avtonomov) (1887–1891) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca;
 Nicolau (Adoratski) (1891) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca. O bispo Nicolau foi transferido para outra sé antes de viajar para a América do Norte para assumir suas funções como bispo governante.
 Nicolau (Ziorov) - (1891–1898) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca. Em 1898, o bispo Nicolau foi transferido para a Rússia, para servir como arcebispo da diocese de Tver e Kashin.
 Ticônio (Bellavin) (1898–1900) - Bispo das Aleutas e do Alasca.

Bispos das Aleutas e da América do Norte
Bispo da diocese das Aleutas e da América do Norte da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 Ticônio (Bellavin) (1900–1905) - Bispo das Aleutas e América do Norte. O bispo Ticônio introduziu muitas mudanças na estrutura diocesana, inclusive renomeando-a para diocese das Aleutas e América do Norte.

Arcebispos das Aleutas e da América do Norte
Arcebispos da arquidiocese das Aleutas e da América do Norte da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
 Ticônio (Bellavin) (1905–1907) - Arcebispo das Aleutas e América do Norte. O bispo Ticônio foi elevado a arcebispo quando a diocese se tornou arquidiocese em 1905. Ele retornou à Rússia em 1907;
 Platão (Rojdestvenski) (1907–1914) - Arcebispo das Aleutas e América do Norte;
 Evdokim (Mescherski) (1914-1918) - Arcebispo das Aleutas e América do Norte. O arcebispo Evdokim retornou à Rússia e foi nomeado arcebispo de Nizhegorod em 1919.
 Alexandre (Nemolovski) (1919–1922) - Arcebispo das Aleutas e América do Norte. O arcebispo Alexandre deixou os Estados Unidos em 1922 e foi substituído pelo metropolita Platão.

Metropolitas de Toda América e Canadá (autônomos)
Primazes da metrópole autônoma da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa (também conhecida como Igreja Greco-Católica Ortodoxa Russa na América do Norte).
 Platão (Rojdestvenski) (1922-1934) - Metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá;
 Teófilo (Pashkovski) (1934-1950) - Arcebispo de São Francisco, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Teófilo foi eleito metropolita após a morte de metropolita Platão em 1934.
 Leôncio (Turkevich) (1950-1965) - Arcebispo de Nova Iorque, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá.

Metropolitas de Toda América e Canadá (autocéfalos)
Primazes da Igreja Ortodoxa na América.
 Irineu (Bekish) (1965–1977) - Arcebispo de Nova Iorque, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Em 1970, a metrópole russa (também conhecida como Igreja Greco-Católica Ortodoxa Russa na América do Norte) recebeu autocefalia e foi renomeada como Igreja Ortodoxa na América;
 Silvestre (Haruns) (1974–1977) - Arcebispo de Montreal e Canadá, administrador temporário da Igreja Ortodoxa na América. O arcebispo Silvestre foi nomeado administrador temporário em 1974 e cuidou dos negócios do dia-a-dia da Igreja para o metropolita Irineu, cuja saúde estava falhando.
 Teodósio (Lazor) (1977-1980) - Arcebispo de Nova Iorque, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá;
 Teodósio (Lazor) (1981–2002) - Arcebispo de Washington, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Entrou na aposentadoria após sofrer uma série de derrames em 2 de abril de 2002;
 Germano (Swaiko) (2002–2005) - Arcebispo de Washington, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá;
 Germano (Swaiko) (2005–2008) - Arcebispo de Washington e Nova Iorque, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Renunciou voluntariamente a pedido do Comitê Especial de Investigação da OCA em 4 de setembro de 2008. O arcebispo Dmitri de Dallas serviu como lugar-tenente até que um sucessor fosse nomeado;
 Jonas (Paffhausen) (2008–2009) - Arcebispo de Washington e Nova Iorque, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá;
 Jonas (Paffhausen) (2009–2012) - Arcebispo de Washington, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Renunciou em 6 de julho de 2012;

 Ticônio (Mollard) (2012–Presente) - Arcebispo de Washington, metropolita de Toda a América e Canadá. Ticônio é o segundo metropolita da OCA que não foi criado como cristão ortodoxo.

Ver também

 Igreja Ortodoxa Russa
 Igreja Ortodoxa Russa no Exterior
 Paróquias Patriarcais Ortodoxas Russas nos EUA

Referências
Listas de cristianismo
Igreja Ortodoxa Russa
Cristianismo na América do Norte

Primazes ortodoxos

Lista de primazes da Igreja Ortodoxa na América


Jeg er levende - Søren Ulrik Thomsen, digter er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1999 med instruktion og manuskript af Jørgen Leth.

Handling
Filmen er et portræt af et af Danmarks store lyriske talenter, Søren Ulrik Thomsen. I et klassisk formsprog overlader instruktøren lærredet til sin hovedperson, der lige så lysende og klart fortæller om sit liv og sin digteriske praksis. Søren Ulrik Thomsen fortæller om sin opvækst på Stevns og om oplevelser fra sin barndom, der har haft betydning for hans kunstneriske udvikling. I sin lejlighed i København læser Søren Ulrik Thomsen digte op og reflekterer over poesien, der formår at tænke og sanse i ét nu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Jørgen Leth
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1999


Cedar Falls ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status "City") im Black Hawk County im mittleren Nordosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2020 hatte Cedar Falls 40.713 Einwohner.

Cedar Falls ist neben Waterloo eine der beiden Kernstädte der Waterloo – Cedar Falls metropolitan area.

Geographie
Cedar Falls liegt beiderseits des Cedar River, dem größten Nebenfluss des Iowa River, einem rechten Zufluss des Mississippi. Die Stadt liegt auf 42°31′40″ nördlicher Breite und 92°26′44″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 74,8 km2, die sich auf 73,3 km2 Land- und 1,5 km2 Wasserfläche verteilen.

Nachbarorte sind Waterloo (11,5 km flussabwärts in südöstlicher Richtung), Hudson (16,2 km südlich), Dike (20,1 km südwestlich), New Hartford (16,9 km westnordwestlich) und North Cedar (2,7 km nördlich).

Die nächstgelegenen größeren Städte neben Waterloo sind Rochester in Minnesota (187 km nördlich), Dubuque an der Schnittstelle der Staaten Iowa, Wisconsin und Illinois (159 km östlich), Cedar Rapids (99,9 km südöstlich) und Iowas Hauptstadt Des Moines (182 km südwestlich).

Verkehr
Durch die nördlichen Stadtteile von Cedar Falls führt der zum Freeway ausgebaute U.S. Highway 218, der parallel zum Cedar River verläuft. Im Zentrum der Stadt trifft er auf die Ioway Highways 27, 57, 58 und 934. Den südlichen Stadtrand bildet der zum Freeway ausgebaute U.S. Highway 20.

In Cedar Falls kreuzen mehrere Bahnlinien der Iowa Northern Railway und der Canadian National Railway.

Der nächstgelegene Flughafen ist der Waterloo Regional Airport, von wo aus durch Zubringerflüge mehrerer Fluggesellschaften Anschluss an die Großflughäfen Chicago O'Hare und Minneapolis-Saint Paul hergestellt wird.

Demografische Daten

Nach der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 lebten in Cedar Falls 39.260 Menschen in 13.978 Haushalten. Die Bevölkerungsdichte betrug 535,6 Einwohner pro Quadratkilometer.

Ethnisch betrachtet setzte sich die Bevölkerung zusammen aus 93,4 Prozent Weißen, 2,1 Prozent Afroamerikanern, 0,2 Prozent amerikanischen Ureinwohnern, 2,3 Prozent Asiaten sowie aus anderen ethnischen Gruppen; 1,7 Prozent stammten von zwei oder mehr Ethnien ab. Unabhängig von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit waren 2,0 Prozent der Bevölkerung spanischer oder lateinamerikanischer Abstammung.

In den 13.978 Haushalten lebten statistisch je 2,41 Personen.

17,3 Prozent der Bevölkerung waren unter 18 Jahre alt, 70,3 Prozent waren zwischen 18 und 64 und 12,4 Prozent waren 65 Jahre oder älter. 51,9 Prozent der Bevölkerung war weiblich.

Das jährliche Durchschnittseinkommen eines Haushalts lag bei 47.339 USD. Das Prokopfeinkommen betrug 23.730 USD. 21 Prozent der Einwohner lebten unterhalb der Armutsgrenze.

Bekannte Bewohner
 Fred C. Gilchrist (1868–1950) – Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1931–1945) – besuchte die Schule und studierte in Cedar Falls
 C. William Ramseyer (1875–1943) – Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1915–1933) – studierte in Cedar Falls
 Roger Jepsen (1928–2020) – Senator von Iowa (1979–1985) – geboren in Cedar Falls
 Gerald Guralnik (1936–2014) – Physiker – geboren in Cedar Falls
 David R. Nagle (* 1943) – Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1987–1993) – studierte und arbeitete mehrere Jahre in Cedar Falls
 Nancy Jo Powell (* 1947) – Diplomatin – geboren in Cedar Falls
 Gil Gutknecht (* 1951) – Abgeordneter des US-Repräsentantenhauses (1995–2007) – geboren in Cedar Falls
 Gary Kroeger (* 1957) – Schauspieler
 Brad Penrith (* 1965) – ehemaliger Vizeweltmeister im Ringen – studierte in Cedar Falls
 Bill Stewart (* 1966) – Jazzmusiker – studierte in Cedar Falls
 Marc Andreessen (* 1971) – Mitbegründer von Netscape Communications – geboren in Cedar Falls
 Tolly Thompson (* 1973) – ehemaliger WM-Dritter im Ringen – geboren in Cedar Falls
 John Little (* 1984) – Basketballspieler – studierte in Cedar Falls
 Tim Dodd (* 1985) – Webvideoproduzent und angehender Raumfahrer – aufgewachsen in Cedar Falls

Siehe auch
 University of Northern Iowa

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Tourismusbüro von Cedar Falls
 Handelskammer Cedar Falls - Waterloo
 www.city-data.com - Cedar Falls, IA

Hochschul- oder Universitätsstadt in den Vereinigten Staaten

Gemeindegründung 1845

Cedar Falls (Iowa)


Rimantas Sinkevičius (* 3. April 1952 in Jūsiškės, Rajongemeinde Anykščiai) ist ein litauischer sozialdemokratischer Politiker. Von 2008 bis 2020 war er Mitglied des Seimas und von Juli 2020 bis November 2020 Wirtschaftsminister Litauens, von 2012 bis 2016  Verkehrsminister Litauens und bis 2008 Abteilungsmanager der Unternehmensgruppe UAB "Koncernas Achemos grupė".

Ausbildung und Karriere
Nach dem Abitur 1970 an der Mittelschule Kavarskas bei Anykščiai absolvierte Sinkevičius 1975 das Studium der Chemietechnologie am Polytechnischen Institut in Kaunas und wurde Ingenieur. Ab 1980 arbeitete er im Staatsbetrieb "Azotas" in Jonava und war leitender Ingenieur und Schichtleiter. Von 2005 bis 2008 war er Entwicklungsdirektor von UAB "Koncernas Achemos grupė".

Politik

Von 1995 bis 2003 und von 2007 bis 2011 war und seit 2023 ist Rimantas Sinkevičius Mitglied im Rat der Rajongemeinde Jonava. Von 2000 bis 2004  und von 2008 bis 2020 war er Seimas-Mitglied, ausgewählt im Wahlkreis Jonava. Er war Mitglied des Wirtschaftsausschusses.

Von 2012 bis zum 13. Dezember 2016 war Sinkevičius Verkehrsminister Litauens. Vom  26. August bis zum 7. September 2014 war er auch kommissarischer Energieminister Litauens. Vom 30. Juni 2020 bis November 2020 war er Wirtschaftsminister Litauens im Kabinett Skvernelis, ernannt von Präsident Gitanas Nausėda. Davor war auch sein Sohn Mindaugas Sinkevičius als Wirtschaftsminister im Kabinett von Saulius Skvernelis tätig.

Rimantas Sinkevičius war Mitglied von LSDDP. Davor war er Mitglied der LDDP und LSDP, Sektionsleiter in Jonava.

Familie
Rimantas Sinkevičius ist verheiratet. Seine Frau Ligita Sinkevičienė (* 1958) war Technologin von "AB Achema".

Seine Tochter Rūta Sinkevičiūtė-Jasilionė (* 1987) ist Rechtsanwaltsgehilfin in der Wirtschaftskanzlei "Valiūnas ir partneriai Ellex".

Sein Sohn Mindaugas Sinkevičius (* 1984) ist  Bürgermeister von Jonava und kurzzeitiger Wirtschaftsminister Litauens.

Einzelnachweise

Seimas-Mitglied (20. Jahrhundert)
Seimas-Mitglied (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des Ausschusses für Entwicklung der Informationsgesellschaft (Litauen)
Mitglied des Wirtschaftsausschusses (Litauen)
Wirtschaftsminister (Litauen)
Verkehrsminister (Litauen)
Politiker (Rajongemeinde Jonava)
Chemieingenieur
Industriemanager
Manager (Litauen)
Absolvent der Technischen Universität Kaunas
LSDP-Mitglied
LDDP-Mitglied
Person (Achemos grupė)
Person (Rajongemeinde Anykščiai)
Sowjetbürger
Litauer
Mann
Geboren 1952

Rimantas Sinkevičius


Ihrowyzja (;  bzw. älter Ihrowice) ist ein Dorf im Rajon Ternopil der Oblast Ternopil im Westen der Ukraine etwa 19 Kilometer nördlich der Oblasthauptstadt Ternopil am Flüsschen Ihra (Ігра) gelegen.

Am 27. Juli 2018 wurde das Dorf ein Teil der neugegründeten Landgemeinde Bila (Білецька сільська громада/Bilezka silska hromada), bis dahin bildete es die gleichnamige Landratsgemeinde.

Der Ortsname leitet sich vom ruthenischen Wort ihreć ab, was so viel wie Wind bedeutet.

Der Ort entstand im 16. Jahrhundert und lag zunächst in der Woiwodschaft Ruthenien als Teil der Adelsrepublik Polen. Von 1772 bis 1918 gehörte er unter seinem polnischen Namen Igrowiza zum österreichischen Galizien und war von 1854 bis 1867 Sitz einer Bezirkshauptmannschaft, danach wurde er dem Bezirk Tarnopol zugeschlagen.

Nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges kam der Ort zu Polen (in die Woiwodschaft Tarnopol), wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg kurzzeitig von der Sowjetunion und dann 1941 bis 1944 von Deutschland besetzt, hier wurde der Ort in den Distrikt Galizien eingegliedert.

Nach dem Ende des Krieges wurde der Ort der Sowjetunion zugeschlagen, dort kam das Dorf zur Ukrainischen SSR und ist seit 1991 ein Teil der heutigen Ukraine.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Ternopil
Rajon Ternopil
Gegründet im 16. Jahrhundert

Ihrowyzja


was a town located in the former Shima District, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,154 and a density of 632.09 persons per km2. The total area was 12.90 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Daiō, along with the towns of Shima (former), Ago, Hamajima and Isobe (all from Shima District), was merged to create the city of Shima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Shima

Dissolved municipalities of Mie Prefecture

Daiō, Mie


Olaylar

 1244 - Papa 4. Innocent, Lyon'un Birinci Konseyi için Lyon'a geldi.
 1409 - Leipzig Üniversitesi kuruldu.
 1697 - Büyük Londra Yangını'nın ardından Sir Christopher Wren'in tasarımına göre yeniden inşa edilen St. Paul Katedrali kutsanarak yeniden açıldı.
 1763 - Rhode Island'daki Touro Sinagogu, kullanıma tahsis edildi. (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde faaliyet gösteren, bilinen ilk sinagog.)
 1766 - İsveç meclisi, İsveç Basın Özgürlüğü Yasasını onaylar ve bunu bir temel yasa olarak uyguladı. (konuşma özgürlüğü konusunda dünyada bir ilk adım olarak varsayılır.)
 1804 - Napolyon Bonapart, Paris'teki Notre Dame Katedrali'nde, Papa'nın da katıldığı törende taç giydi ve Fransa İmparatoru oldu.
 1805 - Üçüncü Koalisyon Savaşı - Austerlitz Savaşı: Napolyon yönetimindeki Fransız askeri birlikleri, ortak bir Rus-Avusturya ittifakını kararlı bir şekilde yendi.
 1823 - Monroe Doktrini: 'Birlik Durumu' mesajında, ABD Başkanı James Monroe, gelecekteki Avrupa çatışmalarında ABD'nin tarafsızlığını ilan ediyor ve Avrupalı güçleri Amerika'ya müdahale etmemeleri konusunda uyarıyordu.
 1848 - Franz Joseph, Avusturya İmparatoru oldu.
 1852 - III. Napolyon, Fransa'da İmparator ilan edildi.
 1873 - Türkiye'nin ilk borsası sayılan Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası açıldı.
 1901 - King Camp Gillette tarafından jiletin patenti alındı.
 1908 - Çin'de çocuk İmparator Puyi, 2 yaşındayken tahta çıktı.
 1909 - Leo Hendrik Baekeland, ilk yapay plastik "bakalit"in patentini aldı.
 1909 - Fransız Baron Cathers, Osmanlı'daki ilk uçak gösterisini yaptı. Uçak, Şişli Hürriyeti Ebediye Tepesinden , Bulgar Hastanesine indi.
 1914 - Avusturya, Belgrad'ı işgal etti.
 1918 - Ermenistan, Osmanlı Devletinden bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1918 - Trakya-Paşaeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti, Mehmed Talat Paşa tarafından Edirne 'de kuruldu. Türk Ulusal Hareketi yanlısı olan cemiyet, Talat Paşa'nın da üyesi bulunduğu Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa tarafından desteklenmiştir.
 1920 - Türkiye ile Ermenistan arasında Gümrü Antlaşması imzalandı. Kars , Ermenistan'dan alındı.
 1928 - Celâl Sahir Erozan 'ın hazırladığı "İmla Lügatı" yayımlandı.
 1942 - Chicago 'lu bilim adamları, ilk kontrollü zincirleme atomik reaksiyonu gerçekleştirdiler.
 1943 - Yüzde 87'si gayrimüslim azınlıklar olan Varlık Vergisi'ni ödeyemeyen mükellefler, borçlarını "bedenen çalışarak ödemeleri" için çalışma kamplarına gönderilmişti. Kamplarda bulunanların serbest bırakılmasına karar verildi.
 1949 - Yunanistan'dan gelen bir tiyatro topluluğu, İstanbul'da Cevat Fehmi Başkut'un Paydos adlı oyununu sahneledi.
 1956 - Fidel Castro, Granma yatıyla Küba'ya çıktı.
 1956 - Ankara'nın 120 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Sarıyar Barajı açıldı.
 1961 - Küba lideri Fidel Castro, kendisini Küba'yı komünizme taşıyacak bir Marksist-Leninist olarak ilan etti.
 1963 - Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon'da açıldı.
 1963 - Türkiye'nin ilk koalisyon Hükûmetinin Başkanı İsmet İnönü, 24 yıl sonra ilk kez üstlendiği Başbakanlık görevinden istifa etti.
 1965 - Ankara'da hava kirliliği tehlikeli boyutlarda: Bilim çevreleri Ankara'da 20 yıl yaşayan birinin kanser riskinin çok yüksek olduğunu açıkladı.
 1971 - Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1974 - Keban ve Gökçekaya Hidroelektrik Santralleriyle, Seyitömer Termik Santrali'nin üç ünitesinin birden aynı anda arızalanması üzerine, tüm Türkiye'de her gün 1,5 saatlik elektrik kısıtlamasına başlandı.
 1981 - İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'nden 450 öğretim üyesi Yükseköğretim Kanunu'na karşı açıklama yaptı.
 1981 - Hülya Koçyiğit, Fransa'da düzenlenen 3 Kıta Film Festivali'nde, "Kurbağalar" filmindeki rolüyle "En iyi kadın oyuncu" ödülünü aldı.
 1982 - Dr. Robert K. Jarvik tarafından geliştirilen ilk yapay kalp, Barney Clark adlı hastaya takıldı.
 1988 - Benazir Butto, Pakistan Başbakanı olarak yemin etti.
 1993 - Kolombiyalı uyuşturucu taciri Pablo Escobar, Medellín'de güvenlik güçlerince öldürüldü.
 2002 - Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK), 3 Kasım 2002'de Siirt'te yapılan milletvekili seçimini iptal etti. Seçim işlemlerindeki eksikliğin seçim sonuçlarında etkili olduğu sonucuna varan YSK, Siirt'teki seçimin yenilenmesine oy birliğiyle karar verdi.
 2003 - Yargıtay 11. Ceza Dairesi, kayıp trilyon davasında kapatılan Refah Partisi'nin Genel Başkanı Necmettin Erbakan'a, "özel belgede sahtecilik" suçundan verilen, 2 yıl 4 ay hapis cezasını oy birliğiyle onayladı.
 2015 - Rusya, Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti'nin petrol üretimi sonucu üretilen petrolün Türkiye tarafından satın alındığını açıkladı. Açıklamada ayrıca Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ve ailesinin de bu ticaretin içinde olduğunu da bildirildi.

Doğumlar
 1612 - Janusz Radziwiłł, Litvanya Büyük Dükü (ö. 1655)
 1710 - Carlo Antonio Bertinazzi, İtalyan oyuncu ve yazar (ö. 1783)
 1816 - Amedeo Preziosi, Maltalı ressam (ö. 1882)
 1817 - Heinrich von Sybel, Alman bilim insanı ve politikacı (ö. 1895)
 1825 - II. Pedro, Brezilya İmparatorluğu'nun ikinci ve son hükümdarı (ö. 1891)
 1842 - Charles William Alcock, İngiliz sporcu, gazeteci, yazar ve spor yöneticisi (ö. 1907)
 1846 - René Waldeck-Rousseau, Fransız politikacı (ö. 1904)
 1859 - Georges Seurat, Fransız ressam (ö. 1891)
 1876 - Yusuf Akçura, Türk yazar ve siyasetçi (ö. 1935)
 1884 - Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Türk yazar, siyasetçi ve diplomat (ö. 1958)
 1885 - George Minot, Amerikalı tıp araştırmacısı ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1950)
 1891 - Otto Dix, Alman ressam ve gravürcü (ö. 1969)
 1894 - Warren William, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1948)
 1897 - İvan Bagramyan, Ermeni asıllı SSCB'li asker ve Sovyetler Birliği Mareşali (ö. 1982)
 1901 - Raimundo Orsi, Arjantinli-İtalyan eski millî futbolcu (ö. 1986)
 1901 - Angel Planells, İspanyol Katalan sürrealist ressam
 1915 - Takahito, Japonya prensi (ö. 2016)
 1923 - Maria Callas, Yunan soprano (ö. 1977)
 1924 - Jonathan Frid, Kanadalı oyuncu (ö. 2012)
 1924 - Vilgot Sjöman, İsveçli senarist ve film yapımcısı (ö. 2006)
 1925 - Julie Harris, Amerikalı tiyatro ve film oyuncusu (ö. 2013)
 1925 - William Lacy Carter, Amerikalı politikacı ve iş insanı (ö. 2017)
 1930 - Gary Becker, Amerikalı sosyolog ve ekonomist (ö. 2014)
 1931 - Masaaki Hatsumi, Bujinkan Organizasyonu'nun kurucusu ve eski Togakure-ryū Sōke
 1934 - Tarciso Bertone, Cenova Katolik Başpiskoposu ve kardinal
 1944 - İbrahim Rugova, Kosova Cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 2006)
 1944 - Cathy Lee Crosby, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1945 - Zihni Göktay, Türk oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1946 - Ahmet Telli, Türk öğretmen ve yazar
 1946 - Gianni Versace, İtalyan modacı ve iş insanı (ö. 1997)
 1948 - T. C. Boyle, Amerikalı yazar
 1948 - Antonín Panenka, Eski Çek futbolcu
 1949 - Catherine David, Fransız-Amerikalı romancı, deneme yazarı ve edebiyat eleştirmeni (ö. 2023)
 1950 - Paul Watson, Kanadalı çevreci eylemci
 1954 - Ahmet Uluçay, Türk yazar ve yönetmen (ö. 2009)
 1956 - Steven Bauer, Kübalı oyuncu
 1960 - Rick Savage, İngiliz bas gitaristi
 1965 - Ioan Drăgan, Rumen futbolcu (ö. 2012)
 1968 - Lucy Liu, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1968 - Nate Mendel, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1968 - Rena Sofer, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1970 - Yang Hyun-suk, Güney Koreli müzik yöneticisi, rapçi, dansçı ve prodüktör
 1971 - Francesco Toldo, İtalyan futbolcu
 1972 - Gökçe Özyol, Türk oyuncu
 1972 - Sergejs Žoltoks, Rus asıllı Leton profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu (ö. 2004)
 1973 - Monica Seles, Macar-Amerikalı tenis oyuncusu
 1973 - Jan Ullrich, Emekli Alman yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1974 - Sermiyan Midyat, Türk oyuncu, yönetmen ve senarist
 1974 - Reina Leone, Amerikalı pornografik film oyuncusu
 1976 - Erik Everhard, Kanadalı oyuncu ve yönetmen
 1978 - Nelly Furtado, Kanadalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1978 - Maëlle Ricker, Kanadalı eski kadın snowboardcu
 1978 - Christopher Wolstenholme, İngiliz müzisyen ve şarkıcı
 1979 - Yvonne Catterfeld, Alman kadın şarkıcı, söz yazarı, aktris ve Tv sunucusu
 1980 - Benjamin Mako Hill, Amerikalı bilişimci ve yazar
 1981 - Danijel Pranjić, Hırvat futbolcu
 1981 - Britney Spears, Amerikalı şarkıcı, dansçı ve oyuncu
 1982 - Christos Karipidis, Yunan futbolcu
 1983 - Ana Lucía Domínguez, Kolombiyalı oyuncu
 1983 - Daniela Ruah, Portekizli televizyon sunucusu
 1984 - Natalya Mammadova, Azeri voleybolcu
 1985 - Dorell Wright, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu
 1986 - Adam le Fondre, İngiliz futbolcu
 1986 - Claudiu Keșerü, Rumen millî futbolcu
 1986 - Tal Wilkenfeld, Rock, caz, funk ve jazz-funk türlerinde müzik yapan Avustralyalı basist
 1988 - Alfred Enoch, İngiliz oyuncu
 1989 - Matteo Darmian, İtalyan futbolcu
 1990 - Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu, Ganalı millî futbolcu
 1990 - Gastón Ramírez, Uruguaylı millî futbolcu
 1991 - Charlie Puth, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1993 - Kübra Demirel Öztürk, Türk mimar
 1993 - Kostas Stafilidis, Yunan futbolcu
 1994 - Karim Rekik, Hollandalı futbolcu
 1995 - Inori Minase, Japon seslendirme sanatçısı ve şarkıcı
 1998 - Anna Kalinskaya, Rus profesyonel tenisçidir
 1998 - Juice Wrld, Amerikalı rapçi (ö. 2019)

Ölümler
 537 - Silverius, 8 Haziran 536 - 19 Mart 537 arasında Papalık yapmıştır (d. ?)
 1348 - Hanazono, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 95. imparatoru (d. 1297)
 1510 - Şibani Han, Şeybanî Hanlığı'nın Özbek hanı (d. 1451)
 1547 - Hernán Cortés, İspanyol denizci ve kaşif (d. 1485)
 1594 - Gerardus Mercator, Belçikalı haritacı ve matematikçi (d. 1512)
 1694 - Pierre Puget, Fransız ressam, heykeltıraş, mimar ve mühendis (d. 1622)
 1814 - Marquis de Sade, Fransız romancı (d. 1740)
 1849 - Adelaide, Kral IV. William'ın eşi olarak Birleşik Krallık Kraliçesi ve Hannover Kraliçesi (d. 1792)
 1859 - John Brown, Amerikalı kölelik karşıtı isyancı (d. 1800)
 1881 - Jenny von Westphalen, Karl Marx'ın eşi (d. 1814)
 1888 - Namık Kemal, Türk şair, siyaset ve fikir insanı (d. 1840)
 1918 - Edmond Rostand, Fransız oyun yazarı (d. 1868)
 1923 - Tomás Bretón, İspanyol besteci, kemancı ve piyano virtüözü (d. 1850)
 1926 - Gérard Cooreman, Belçikalı siyasetçi (d. 1852)
 1941 - Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Polonya Silahlı Kuvvetleri Başkomutanı, siyasetçi, ressam ve şair (d. 1886)
 1944 - Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, İtalyan şair (d. 1876)
 1969 - Kliment Voroşilov, Sovyet asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1881)
 1980 - Roza Eskenazi, Türk-Yunan şarkıcı (d. 1890'lar)
 1980 - Romain Gary, Fransız yazar ve siyasetçi (d. 1914)
 1981 - Wallace Harrison, Amerikalı mimar (d. 1895)
 1982 - Marty Feldman, İngiliz komedyen, oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1933)
 1982 - Giovanni Ferrari, Eski İtalyan futbolcu (d. 1907)
 1985 - Philip Larkin, İngiliz şair ve yazar (d. 1922)
 1987 - Luis Leloir, Arjantinli doktor ve biyokimyacı (d. 1906)
 1990 - Robert Cummings, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1908)
 1990 - Aaron Copland, Amerikalı klasik müziğinin öncüsü ve besteci (d. 1900)
 1993 - Pablo Escobar, Kolombiyalı uyuşturucu imparatoru (d. 1949)
 1994 - Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Türk edebiyat tarihi ve dil araştırmacısı ve şair (d. 1902)
 1995 - Kemal Sülker, Türk sendikacı, gazeteci ve araştırmacı yazar (d. 1919)
 2002 - Ivan Illich, Avusturyalı filozof ve toplum eleştirmeni (d. 1926)
 2002 - Mehmet Emin Toprak, Türk oyuncu (d. 1974)
 2004 - Mona Van Duyn, Amerikalı şair (d. 1921)
 2008 - Henry Molaison, Amerikalı hasta (d. 1926)
 2009 - Eric Woolfson, İskoç müzisyen, şarkı ve söz yazarı, prodüktör ve piyanisti (d. 1945)
 2011 - Howard Tate, Amerikalı Soul müzik şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı (d. 1939)
 2013 - Pedro Rocha, Uruguaylı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1942)
 2013 - Christopher Evan "Chris" Welch, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1965)
 2015 - Ferenc Juhasz, Macar şair (d. 1928)
 2015 - Luz Marina Zuluaga, Kolombiyalı model (d. 1938)
 2016 - Coral Atkins, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1936)
 2016 - Gisela May, Alman oyuncu ve müzisyen (d. 1924)
 2017 - Necdet Levent, Türk besteci (d. 1923)
 2017 - Mekkavi Said, Mısırlı kadın kısa hikâye yazarı ve romancı (d. 1956)
 2017 - Hannes Schiel, Avusturyalı aktör (d. 1914)
 2018 - Perry Robinson, Amerikalı caz klarnetçisi ve besteci (d. 1938)
 2018 - Paul Sherwen, İngiliz profesyonel bisiklet yarışçısı ve spor gazetecisi (d. 1956)
 2019 - George Atkinson III, Amerikan futbolu oyuncusu (d. 1992)
 2019 - Francesco Janich, İtalyan millî futbolcu (d. 1937)
 2019 - Johann Baptist Metz, Alman Katolik ilahiyatçı (d. 1928)
 2020 - Mohamed Abarhoun, Faslı futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2020 - Warren Berlinger, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1937)
 2020 - Hugh Keays-Byrne, İngiliz-Avustralyalı aktör ve film yönetmeni (d. 1947)
 2020 - Zaferullah Han Cemali, Pakistanlı siyasetçi ve spor yöneticisi (d. 1944)
 2020 - Pierre Clermont ya da bilinen adıyla: Pat Patterson, Kanadalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1941)
 2020 - Boris Plotnikov, Sovyet-Rus aktör (d. 1949)
 2020 - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Fransa'da Beşinci Cumhuriyeti'nin üçüncü cumhurbaşkanı olan merkez-sağ siyasetçi (1974-1981) (d. 1926)
 2020 - Pamela Tiffin Wonso, Amerikalı aktris ve model (d. 1942)
 2021 - Aldo Giordano, Katolik Kilisesi'ne bağlı İtalyan papalık elçisi (d. 1954)
 2021 - Darlene Hard, Amerikalı profesyonel tenisçi (d. 1936)
 2021 - Richard Lerner, Amerikalı kimya araştırmacısı (d. 1938)
 2021 - Antony Sher, Güney Afrika doğumlu İngiliz aktör, senarist, oyun yazarı ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1949)
 2022 - İmran Aslam, Pakistanlı gazeteci, senarist ve televizyoncu (d. 1952)
 2022 - Mahmud Beyati, İranlı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktördür (d. 1928)
 2022 - Carolyn Grace, İngiliz asıllı Avustralyalı pilot ve uçak restoratörü (d. 1952)
 2022 - Necma Hamid, Pakistanlı siyasetçi (d. 1944)
 2022 - Yoshio Kikugawa, Japon eski millî futbolcudur (d. 1944)
 2022 - Dominique Lapierre, Fransız yazar ve tarihçi (d. 1931)
 2022 - Al Strobel, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1939)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Dünya Köleliğin Kaldırılması Günü
 Fırtına: Ülker Dönümü Fırtınası

1202
02

2 Aralık


Die Center Grove Township ist eine von 12 Townships im Dickinson County im Nordwesten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa.

Geografie

Die Center Grove Township liegt im Nordwesten von Iowa inmitten der Iowa Great Lakes. Der West Okoboji Lake liegt zu einem Teil und der East Okoboji Lake nahezu vollständig innerhalb der Center Grove Township. Die Grenze zu Minnesota befindet sich knapp 10 km nördlich der Township.

Die Center Grove Township erstreckt sich über 93,63 km², die sich auf 81,28 km² Land- und 12,35 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Die Center Grove Township grenzt an die Spirit Lake Township im Norden, die Superior Township im Nordosten, die Richland Township im Osten, die Lloyd Township im Südosten, die Milford Township im Süden, die Okoboji Township im Südwesten, die Lakeville Township im Westen und die Diamond Lake Township im Nordwesten. Alle Nachbartownships liegen ebenfalls im Dickinson County.

Verkehr
Durch die Center Grove Township verläuft von Nordosten nach Südwesten der U.S. Highway 71, der im Norden der Township auf den Iowa Highway 9 trifft.

Im Norden der Center Grove Township führt eine Bahnlinie der Union Pacific Railroad durch den Ort Spirit Lake.

Am westlichen Rand der Township befindet sich mit dem Airport Okoboji ein kleiner Flugplatz.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 8048 Einwohner.

In der Center Grove Township gibt es eine Reihe selbstständiger Kommunen:

 Arnolds Park
 Milford1
 Okoboji2
 Spirit Lake3
 West Okoboji

1 – überwiegend in der Okoboji und der Milford Township

2 – zu einem kleineren Teil in der Lakeville Township

3 – zu einem kleineren Teil in der Spirit Lake Township

4 – überwiegend in der Lakeville Township

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Center Grove Township

Center Grove Township (Iowa)


Agony es una banda de thrash metal formada en Bogotá (Colombia) en 1992.

Sus fundadores fueron Ernesto Robayo guitarra rítmica y Andrés Jaramillo guitarra líder. Posteriormente se unieron Alfonso Pinzón a la batería, Héctor Lozano al bajo y Ernesto Velasco a la voz. Su primer sencillo fue producido en 1994.

Ernesto Robayo y Ernesto Velazco salen de la banda a finales de 1994, siendo reemplazados por Carlos Marín y César Botero, respectivamente. En el año 1995 grabaron su primer álbum en vivo, Live All The Time, y realizaron una gira nacional.

El primer álbum de estudio del grupo, titulado Millennium, fue grabado en los estudios Audiovisión en Bogotá y fue lanzado en 1996 y más tarde relanzado en 2006, con César Botero en la voz, Andrés Jaramillo y Carlos Marín en guitarras, Carlos Reyes en el bajo y Alfonso Pinzón en la batería. Tras la edición de su segundo álbum realizaron una segunda gira nacional promocionando el Millennium en la ciudad de Villavicencio antes de su lanzamiento oficial.

Su segundo álbum, Reborn, fue grabado en los estudios Cornerstone con el productor Tom Fletcher, y lanzado en 2002 a través de Sum Records.

El tercer álbum de la banda, The Devil's Breath, con Cello Diaz en el bajo y mezclado por Logan Mader, fue publicado en línea en 2009. Hasta la fecha, su último espectáculo fue el 6 de diciembre de 2009, en Bogotá, junto Venom en el Teatro Metropol.

Discografía

Demo tape
Agony (demo, 1994).

Álbum en vivo
Live All the Time (álbum en vivo, Bizarre Gods, 1995).

Álbumes de estudio
Millennium (Cinismo Records, 1996).
Reborn (Sum Records, 2002).
The Devil's Breath (Cinismo Records, 2009).

Videoclip
 Die Alone en Youtube.

Referencias

Grupos de speed metal
Grupos de thrash metal de Colombia
Grupos de hard rock de Colombia
Grupos de música formados en 1992

Agony


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za kemiju:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

 Izašao prvi broj Kemije u industriji.

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemija u 1952.


Alev sanatı, sıcak cam çalışma tekniklerinden biridir. Boncuk yapımında ve küçük cam objelerin yapımında kullanılır. Gaz, gaz + oksijen, oksijen + hidrojen ya da gaz + hava kullanılan şalümolar ile 800-1200 derece arasında çubuklar halindeki cam eritilir, çevirme hareketi ve yerçekiminden faydalanılarak istenen şekil ve desen çalışılır. İngilizcesi "Flameworking" olarak geçer.

Teknik eski Yunan'a ve Mısır'a kadar dayanmaktadır, günümüzde çalışma metodu çok değişmemiş, kulanılan aletler modernleşmiştir. Ateşten çıkan sıcak camın soğumaya bırakılmadan önce tavlanması, termal şoka maruz kalmaması için önemlidir. Bu teknikte ağrlıklı olarak kullanılan cam sodalı cam dediğimiz, kolay ısınan ve çabuk soğuyan bir cam türüdür.

Çalışma ortamında sağlık ve güvenlik kurallarına dikkat edilmesi şarttır.

El sanatları
Cam

Alev sanatı


Pompiliu Dan (n. 1871, Zărnești, Comitatul Făgăraș, Regatul Ungariei – d. secolul al XX-lea) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
S-a născut la 2 februarie 1871 în Zărnești, Comitatul Făgăraș, din tată învățător și mamă fată de preot. Școala primară românească de confesiune ortodoxă a făcut-o în comuna natală, studiile secundare și bacalaureatul la liceul român din Brașov în anul 1888. A absolvit facultate de litere și filosofie la universitățile din Cluj și Viena și a luat diploma de capacitate la școala normală română ortodoxă din Sibiu.

A funcționat 5 ani ca profesor la școlile secundare ortodoxe române din Brașov, 1 an ca redactor la ziarele "Tribuna" și "Foaia Poporului" din Sibiu, 2 ani ca rector al internatului ortodox de pe lângă liceul unit din Beiuș, iar de la 1904 ca învățător-director al școalei confesionale române din Zărnești. La 1 februarie 1919 a fost numit de Consiliul Dirigent din Sibiu ca cel dintâi inspector școlar al județului Brașov și în această calitate a funcționat 7 ani. La 1 februarie 1926 a fost înaintat ca inspector școlar al regiunii Oradea, unde a funcționat până la finea anului 1930, când a fost scos la pensie.

După pensionare a dezvoltat o febrilă activitate de propagandă culturală în cadrele "Astra" ca membru pe viață, în calitate de fondator și președinte timp de 9 ani al Asociației Pensionarilor din Oradea, județul Bihor, în calitate de președinte al societății culturale religioase "Oastea domnului" din Oradea și , în calitare de casier și secretar general al Casei Naționale a județului Bihor etc. A mai contribuit la consolidarea românești de la hotarul de vest al țării, , până în ziua fatală din 31 august 1940, când a trebuit să ia toiagul refugiului.

Revine din Oradea la Zărnești în 1940, după Dictatul de la Viena. Ulterior, se stabilește în București, unde și moare în 1954.

Activitate politică
Pompiliu Dan a votat unirea la 1 Decembrie 1918 ca delegat ales al cercului Făgăraș, Comitatul Făgăraș, fiind ales de marea adunare la 1 Decembrie 1918, ca membru al Marelui Sfat Național, care și-a ținut ședințele la Sibiu în anul 1919, unde a votat legea electorală și agrară pentru Ardeal.

Ca student universitar și mai târziu a luat parte la luptele pentru emanciparea națională a neamului românesc din Ardeal, la redactarea "Replicei", la procesul Memorandului, la congresul studenților români din Roman (1893), la redactarea corespondenței universitarilor români din Europa "Charta Rotundă" (1893), la congresul naționalităților etc. Pentru ținuta lui corectă românească a suferit multe persecuții, iar în 22 octombrie 1915 a fost pus în lanțuri și târât prin temnițele grele ale Brașovului, Clujului și Oradei timp de 3 ani și 3 zile, fiind condamnat la spânzurătoare prin sentința tribunalului honvenesc din Cluj. A scăpat din temniță la 25 octombrie 1918. Peste câteva zile a fost ales din circumscripția Zărnești ca președinte al Sfatului Național și în această calitate a condus destinele poporului până la 1 februarie 1919

Operă

Dintre lucrările sale literare au fost publicate înainte de unire: "Geografia școalelor primare", "Mișcarea literară pedagogică la români", "Patronajiile Școlare", "Burghezimea Românească", "Monografia comunei Vlădeni" și numeroase articole în ziarele "Tribuna", "Gazeta Transilvaniei" și "Foaia Poporului", "Tribuna Poporului", "Telegraful Român" etc.

După unire a publicat "Situația învățâmântului din județul Brașov" (1919-1920), "Problema unificării învățământului românesc", precum și manualele didactice de curs primar și supraprimar apărute în editura "Scrisul Românesc" din Craiova. A fost unul din întemeietorii și principalii colaboratori externi ai cotidianului "Gazeta de Vest" din Oradea.

Recunoaștere

Este decorat cu Ordinul Regele Ferdinand I la gradul de ofițer.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1871
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Educatori români
Inspectori școlari români
Învățători români
Oameni din Zărnești
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Pompiliu Dan


Gustinja je hrid nenaseljeni otočić uz zapadnu obalu Istre, oko 7 km južno od Rovinja, oko 1000 metara od obale. U blizini su uvale Palud i Sv. Pavao te Ornitološki rezervat Palud.

Površina otoka je 5244 m2, duljina obalne crte 271 m, a visina 4 metra.

U Državnom programu zaštite i korištenja malih, povremeno nastanjenih i nenastanjenih otoka i okolnog mora Ministarstva regionalnoga razvoja i fondova Europske unije, svrstana je pod "manje
nadmorske tvorbe (hridi različitog oblika i veličine)". Pripada Gradu Rovinju.

Izvori

Rovinjsko otočje

Gustinja


An Dendrocalamus peculiaris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chi Ju Hsueh ngan De Zhu Li. An Dendrocalamus peculiaris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrocalamus

Dendrocalamus peculiaris


Lupta de la Călugăreni a fost o acțiune militară de nivel tactic, desfășurată pe Frontul Român, în timpul campaniei din anul 1916 a participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Ea s-a desfășurat în perioada 16/29 noiembrie 1916 - 17/30 noiembrie 1916 și a avut ca rezultat stoparea înaintării forțelor Puterilor Centrale, în ea fiind angajate forțe române din Divizia 7 Infanterie și Divizia 18 Infanterie și forțe ale Puterilor Centrale din Divizia 1 Infanterie bulgară. A făcut parte din acțiunile militare care au avut loc în operația de pe Argeș și Neajlov.

Contextul operativ strategic

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române

Dispozitivul forțelor inamice

Comandanți

Comandanți români
Colonel Grigore Bunescu

Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
General Hristo Nedialkov

Planurile de luptă

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Lupta de la Călugăreni (1916)


Kafacakaplancık, Muğla ilinin Yatağan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Yatağan'a 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Yatağan'ın mahalleleri

Kafacakaplancık, Yatağan


Slentekeler. Vücutları Gastrula safhasında kalmış ve hepsi de suda yaşayan hayvanlardır. Genel olarak ışınsal simetrileri vardır. Vücutları dışderi ve içderi olmak üzere iki tabakadan yapılmıştır. Bir kısmı suda serbest olarak yüzer. En önemli tipleri medüz ve polip'tir.

İlkin ağızlılar

Slentekeler


Laukaa (Laukas en sueco) es un municipio de Finlandia, ubicado en la región de Finlandia central. Tiene  18 823 habitantes y un área de 825,59 km², de los cuales 177,19 km² es agua. El municipio se fundó en 1593. Laukaa es un municipio con muchas redes de drenaje y lagos.

Nokkakivi, el parque de atracciones, está ubicado en el pueblo de Lievestuore en Laukaa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios de Finlandia Central

Laukaa


Big Boy, jetzt wirst Du ein Mann! ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 1966 von Francis Ford Coppola. Es handelt sich um die Verfilmung des Romans You're a Big Boy Now von David Benedictus.

Handlung
Bernard "Big Boy" Chanticleer arbeitet seit einem Monat in der Bibliothek. Aber aus der Sicht seines Vaters, I. H. Chanticleer, demütigt er sich permanent selbst vor ihm, weswegen er ihn auffordert, dass er sich von seinem eigenen Geld ein eigenes Apartment sucht. Und so liefert seine Mutter Margery ihn in seiner neuen Wohnung ab und wünscht ihm alles Gute. Schnell lernt er das New Yorker Nachtleben voller Pornokinos, Sexzeitschriften, Aktbilder und Erotikshops kennen. Während eines Missgeschicks mit einem Automaten, der Erotikfilme zeigt, lernt er die junge Amy Partlett kennen, mit der er den Rest seiner ersten Nacht verbringt. Am nächsten Morgen erzählt ihm sein Arbeitskollege Raef del Grado, dass Amy sich sehr für ihn interessiert. Doch Bernard hat nur Augen für die schöne Schauspielerin Barbara Darling, der er immer wieder durch Zufall begegnet. Und unglücklicherweise muss auch Amy bei ihrem Date mit Bernard erfahren, dass dieser sie absolut ignoriert, um sich komplett auf Barbara zu konzentrieren. Zwar versucht Amy dies damit zu bekämpfen, dass sie sich ihm für eine gemeinsame Liebesnacht anbietet, aber dazu kommt es nach einem Missgeschick mit dem Haustier von Bernards Vermieterin Miss Nora Thing nicht mehr.

Margery ist entsetzt, als sie erfährt, dass sich ihr Bernard jungen Mädchen zuwendet, weswegen sie von ihm fordert, dass er mehr Zeit mit seiner Familie verbringen soll. Doch bereits beim gemeinsamen Theaterbesuch trifft er erneut Barbara und verliebt sich umso mehr in die schöne Unbekannte, sodass er ihr einen romantischen Liebesbrief schreibt. Barbara fühlt sich geschmeichelt und antwortet ihm darauf ebenfalls mit einer Einladung, sie bei der Aftershowparty zum Neujahr zu treffen. Anschließend geht es in Barbaras Garderobe, die auch gleichzeitig ihre Wohnung ist. Während sie mit Bernard flirtet und spielt, ist er jungfräulich, ungeschickt und so schüchtern, dass es nicht zum Sex kommt. Aber das hält ihn nicht davon ab, tags darauf bei ihr einzuziehen und um ihre Hand anzuhalten. Doch das Glück hält nicht lange, denn er muss schnell feststellen, dass Raef mit ihr schlief und nun ihr fester Freund ist.

Schlimmer als das findet Bernard allerdings die ständigen Kontrollbesuche seiner Mutter, die, seitdem Miss Thing die Sache mit Amy und den Liebesbrief an Barbara verriet, ständig auf der Suche nach ihm ist. Bernard kehrt zu seiner Familie zurück, wo er vor lauter Wut darüber, immer bevormundet zu werden, eine wertvolle Gutenberg-Bibel stiehlt und damit durch die Stadt flüchtet. Barbara hält ihn in einem Kaufhaus auf und so landet er im Gefängnis. Nachdem er über 20 Jahre lang von seinen Eltern nur "Selbstzweifel", "Frustration" und "immer währende Schuld" erhielt, will er dort verbleiben. Aber da Amy sich weiterhin loyal zu ihm zeigt und ihm die Kaution zahlt, verlässt er das Gefängnis und verbringt eine glückliche Zeit mit ihr.

Kritik

Soundtrack
Alle Lieder sind von John Sebastian.
 You're a Big Boy Now
 Lonely (Amy's Theme)
 Wash Her Away (From the Discotheque)
 Kite Chase
 Try and Be Happy
 Peep Show Percussion
 Girl, Beautiful Girl (Barbara's Theme)
 Darling Be Home Soon
 Dixieland Big Boy
 Letter to Barbara
 Barbara's Theme [From the Discotheque]
 Miss Thing's Thang
 March
 Finale

Auszeichnungen
 eine Nominierung bei der Oscarverleihung 1967 für Geraldine Page als Beste Nebendarstellerin
 drei Nominierungen bei den Golden Globe Awards 1967 (Bester Film – Komödie oder Musical, Hartman als Beste Hauptdarstellerin – Komödie oder Musical, Page als Beste Nebendarstellerin)
 eine Nominierung des WGA Awards in der Kategorie Best Written American Comedy für Coppola
 eine Nominierung der Goldenen Palme für Coppola bei den Internationalen Filmfestspielen von Cannes 1967

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Francis Ford Coppola
Filmtitel 1966
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmkomödie
Literaturverfilmung

Big Boy, jetzt wirst Du ein Mann!