Povijest nogometa u Rijeci počinje službeno u listopadu 1873. godine.

Povijest

U tvornici Whitehead & Co, iliti tvornica torpeda Stabilimento tecnico fiumano, već 1872 radi nekoliko engleskih inženjera i tehničara. Englezi su u Rijeku sobom donijeli i svoj način života, svoje običaje i navike, stil rada, odmora i zabave. U slobodno vrijeme rado su igrali cricket i tenis, jahali te igrali nogomet.

Engleski inženjeri i tehničari uskoro će biti angažirani i na izgradnji željezničkih pruga Rijeka – Sv. Petar (Pivka) i Rijeka – Karlovac – Budimpešta. U listopadu 1873., u povodu puštanja u promet dionice Rijeka – Karlovac, odigrana je u Rijeci prva nogometna utakmica u kojoj su igrali inženjeri i tehničari angažirani od strane mađarskih željeznica te inženjeri i tehničari i ostalo tehničko osoblje zaposleno u tvornici torpeda. U igru su bili uključeni i Riječani  (domaći strojarski radnici koji su ipak činili nukleus Whiteheadove tvornice torpeda). Prema do danas dostupnim, a zabilježenim podacima, bila je to uopće prva nogometna utakmica odigrana na tlu današnje Hrvatske.

U veljači 1877. uspostavljena je stalna trgovačka brodska linija između Liverpoola i Rijeke. Liniju je održavala kompanija John Glynn and Son sa svojim brodovima Zancla, Zero, Zena, Zaripha i Sabrina. Engleski pomorci s tih brodova koristili su svoje slobodno vrijeme tijekom boravka u riječkoj luci također za igranje nogometa Tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća 19. stoljeća i u prvim godinama 20. stoljeća u Rijeku su, osim engleskih trgovačkih parobroda, često dolazili i brodovi engleske ratne mornarice. Čim bi se usidrili, odmah su nastojali dogovoriti korištenje nekog pogodnog terena kako bi već sljedeći dan mogli igrati Football Association, kako se tada nogomet nazivao. U dogovorima oko korištenja igrališta kao i u uključivanju riječkih sportaša u igru obično bi posredovali britanski konzulat u Rijeci te Istituto dello Sport  H. Wilhelma Stillera. Pojedine momčadi tih brodova igrale su međusobno, ali su se također dogovarali s riječkim mladićima da im se priključe te bi često igrali u kombiniranim sastavima momčadi.

1890. godine mađarska vlada donosi odluku o uvođenju tjelovježbe kao obvezatnog predmeta u svim školama, pa time, dakle, i u Rijeci, a u okviru tog programa i nogometa. Uskoro je ta igra počela sve više oduševljavati školsku mladež pa se po školama Rijeke i Sušaka počinju okupljati klubovi. To nisu bili javni klubovi, odnosno registrirane udruge građana, već prije neke vrste neformalnih školskih klubova koji su znali međusobno razigravati. U sveučilišnim središtima Monarhije, Beču i Budimpešti, nogomet se već organizirano igra, a riječki studenti se također njime oduševljavaju te svoj entuzijazam prenose i u svoj grad.

Prema zapisima mladih riječkih sportaša iz tog vremena nogomet je u Rijeci već dobro poznat i poprima moderniji način igranja zahvaljujući upravo engleskim pomorcima koji često dolaze i igraju nogomet.

Prvi registrirani nogometni klub u Rijeci je bio Club Atletico Fiumano - Fiumei Atletikai Club (Riječki Atletski Klub). Club atletico fiumano  osnovan je 20. veljače 1905. te je odmah imao 43 aktivna člana. Na osnivačkoj skupštini  za predsjednika je izabran dr. Eugenio Pazmany, a za tajnika Biagio Dorigo. Dana 14. travnja Odjel javne sigurnosti Gradskog magistrata odobrava akt o registraciji, i to za bavljenje gimnastikom, plivanjem, lakom i teškom atletikom te nogometom.

Konačno je za nedjelju 23. travnja 1905. dogovorena prva utakmica s nogometnom momčadi engleskog parobroda Slavonia, firme Cunard Line. Bila je to prva službena nogometna utakmica koja je ikada odigrana u Rijeci, a ujedno i međunarodna. Za Club atletico fiumano, tog povijesnog dana za riječki nogomet, igrali su: Debello, Kniff, Bob, Hojos, Forward, Szemes, Mestre, Hajnal, Kertesz, Mathiasko, Brillante te  kasnije još Diamant, Schoen i Fink. Utakmicu je pratilo između 500 i 600 gledatelja a čast izvođenja početnog udarca pripala je plemenitoj gospođici kćerci štovanog engleskog konzula gospodina Fabera. Utakmica je završila 2:0 za Engleze.

Club Sportivo Olimpiu su 1904. osnovali  Carlo Colussi, budući gradonačelnik Rijeke, braća Mitrovich, Antonio Marchich, Aristodemo Susmel i Agesilao Satti. Klub, međutim, nije odmah imao nogometnu sekciju nego će ova svoje prvo zasjedanje imati tek 25. studenoga 1906.

Od 1907. godine više se ne spominje da je Club Atletico Fiumano igrao nogometne utakmice. Zadržao je tek aktivnosti u gimnastici, plivanju i hrvanju. U Rijeci nogometni primat preuzima CS Olimpia, koja svoju prvu utakmicu protiv Engleza (FC Carpathia), 8.lipnja 1908. u Martinšćici, gubi s 3:1, ali već tjedan dana kasnije pobjeđuje momčad engleskog parobroda FC Brescia s 1:0, što je i prva pobjeda jedne riječke nogometne ekipe nad Englezima uopće.

Krajem lipnja iste te godine CS Olimpia ponovno pobjeđuje Engleze, ovaj puta momčad broda FC Ultonia,  i to s 2:1. Igralo se na igralištu Ex Vitich na Banderovu. Mjesec dana poslije, u Martinšćici Olimpia remizira (1:1) protiv Engleza iz FC Pannonia. Prvog dana kolovoza 1909. prvi put u povijesti riječkog nogometa jedan sušački i jedan riječki klub izveli su kombiniranu momčad i suprotstavili se gotovo nepobjedivim Englezima. U Martinšćici su igrači iz Primorca i Olimpijepobijedili FC Carpathiu s 3:1 (1:1). Supilov Novi list naveo je da je "bilo prisutno mnogo ljudi, a jedan gol za naše pao je iz jedanaesterca". Prvi put su Riječani i Sušačani međusobno odigrali jednu nogometnu utakmicu 7. listopada 1906. godine. Igrali su riječka CS Tarsia i sušački Primorac, ali je rezultat, nažalost, ostao nepoznat.  Uz to, u riječkim su klubovima još u to doba igrali i stranci: Amerikanac Fiorello La Guardia za Club atletico fiumano, Argentinci Baller i Batilino 1911.godine za CS Olimpia te Englez prof. Ch. Cowie, najprije za Club atletico fiumano, a kasnije za sušačku Victoriju

Klubovi tih godina u Rijeci prisutni i: Arx, Concordia, Esperia, Edera, Juventus Enea, Libertas, Tarsia, Veloce, Iride, Aurora, Abbazia, Cantrida FC, CS Cantrida, Ricreatorio, Borgomarina, Leonida, Audace, Atlantica, Carnaro, Oratorio Salesiano, Circolo Impiegati, Aziendale, Toretta, Drenova, ASPM, Italia, Enea, Libia, Elettra, Eneo, GUF, Lignum, Dinamo, Romsa, Portuale, Torpedo, Cantieri Navali, Jadran (Kantrida), Metallurgica, KIC, Titania, Sempre Uniti, Edison, Giovine Mlacca, Giovine Fiume, Istranin.

16. veljače 1919. počinje se igrati KUP Grazioli koji će se još godinama kasnije održavati. Ustvari, to je kup grada Rijeke. Susretima s Juventusom (Olympia - Juventus  2:1, Rim 23. ožujka 1919.), Ederom (Trieste),  Milaneseom, Vrstus Venezijom riječki klubovi počinju igrati međunarodne utakmice do 1924. godine kad je Italija anektirala Slobodnu državu Rijeka,  pa se utakmice s talijanskim klubovima više nije moglo smatrati međunarodnim. Poznat je bio i Božićni turnir riječkih klubova.

Od 1920. g. osim kupa Grazioli, kupa Milano igraju se i prvenstva Venezia Giulia, i to u kategorijama III. i IV. lige, a posebna je IV. liga – Riječka skupina. Klubovi koji nastupaju jesu: Edera (Trieste), Olympia, Monfalcone, Gloria, Grion (Pula), Edera (Pula), Edera (Gorizia), Triestina, Ponziana, Monfalcone, Virtus (Venezia), Dolo, Petrarca PD, Udinese. Riječki klubovi igraju solidno u svim ligama, a prvi uspjeh postiže CS Olympia u prvenstvu 1923. – 1924. godine. Prvak Olympia kvalificirala se za finale Lige Nord u kojoj igraju: Reggiana, Olympia, Sestrese, Juventus Italia, Mantova. Pobjednik je Derthona, a Olympia se bori za prvu ligu u kvalifikacijama s klubovima: Novara, Fratellanza, Spezia, Mantova i završava na trećem mjestu. Monfalcone i Edera ispadaju, a Edera je isključena zbog nesportskih aktivnosti.

Godina 1926. je godina kada se osniva U.S. Fiumana. U prvenstvu 1928./29. Fiumana igra u SERIE A (Prva liga), a završava kao četrnaesta s Ambrosianom Inter,  Cremoneseom, Napolijem, Bielleseom, Veneziom, Pistoieseom, Veronom, Reggianom, Juventusom, Fiorentinom. Bilo je i senzacionalnih rezultata u tom prvenstvu: 1:8 protiv Ambrosiane Inter, 0:10 u Torinu protiv Juventusa kao i pet domaćih poraza. Na gostovanjima dva neriješena rezultata (Pistoia 1:1 i Reggio 1:1). Na domaćem terenu bilo je nešto bolje: 4 pobjede (2:1 Biellese, 2:1 Verona, 4:0 Reggiana i 4:2 Fiorentina). Rezultat tih igara bio je ispadanje iz lige.

1929. g. dolazi do strmoglavog pada i Fiumana iz druge lige odmah odlazi u treću ligu. Tridesetih godina mnogi igrači odlaze iz Rijeke u velike talijanske klubove. U Rijeci se i dalje igraju kupovi, prvenstvo Rijeke i prijateljske utakmice, ali ono što su željeli navijači – prva liga nikako da se ostvari. U samo jednoj sezoni dovodi je u Serie B. Šest puta Fiumana pobjeđuje Serie C (do 1940-41), i 1937/38 se bori za Serie B. U kvalifikacijama Fiumana pobjeđuje Pescaru, Ternanu i Audace San

Michele i ulazi u drugu ligu. Posljednje prevenstvo u Italiji bilo je prvenstvo Serie C 1942/43. godine. Bilo je to i posljednje prvenstvo tijekom rata, a Fiumana je u tom prevenstvu bila treća.

Celebrativna prijateljska utakmica između zvijezda nekada ljutih rivala Olympije i Glorije odigrana je 15. lipnja 1944. Za vrijeme utakmice iz neposredne okolice Rijeke čulo se savezničko bombardiranje.

nekoliko mjeseci poslije ulaska u grad Jugoslavenske vojske, vlasti gase Fiumanu i u toj godini igrači igraju za obnovljenu Reprezentaciju Rijeku (poslijeratni status grada je u početku bio upitan, jer je tek počela Mirovna Konferencija u Parizu). Na tim temeljima se 29. srpnja 1946 stvara novi prihvatljiviji novoj vlasti klub, S.D. Kvarner, odnosno S.S. Quarnero.

Kronologija riječkih klubova
1904. - 25. stiudenoga otvorena je nogometna sekcija u Club Sportivo Olimpia.

1905. - 20. veljače osnovan Club Atletico Fiumano / Fiumei Atletikai Club.

1906. - u siječnju je osnovano društvo Circolo Giovine Fiume (Mlada Rijeka),a polovicom rujna osniva svoju nogometnu sekciju.

-  krajem kolovoza osnovan je  prvi nogometni klub na Sušaku, H.N.I.Š.K. Primorac, a u rujnu C.S.Tarsia –Rijeka.

1907. Izvršni odbor Mađarske državne željeznice MAV (Magyar AllamVasutak) dao je inicijativu i potporu za osnivanje kluba Toerekves SEu Rijeci (Toerekves znači trud, težnja, ambicija).

- 29. lipnja "Lega Sportiva Fiumana" održava svoj prvi generalni kongres. Iste godine, na Sušaku osnivaju SK Velebit.

1908. - u srpnju nastaju još dva kluba: Giovine Mlacca u Rijeci i H.Š.K.  Sparta (ponekad se koristi i naziv Šparta)na Sušaku. Krajem kolovoza reorganiziran je H.N.I.Š.K. Primorac (Sušak).

Na Sušaku osnovana je, ali tek kao srednjoškolski klub, Victoria, koja će se kasnije proslaviti kao sportsko društvo (posebno s uspjesima u plivanju i vaterpolu), čijim se sljednikom danas smatra S.D. "Primorje". Victoria će se registrirati kao udruga građana, odnosno klub, 1911. godine.

Da je nogomet u Rijeci uzeo maha, potvrđuje osnivanje još dva kluba te iste godine: Club Sportivo Edison i Club SportivoFolgore (Munja, grom).

1910. Prvi put spominje se nogometni klub Unione sportiva fiumana  (9. rujna), ali nije ni u kakvoj vezi s klubom istog imena koji će se registrirati petnaestak godina kasnije.

C.S. Olimpia je na svojoj skupštini,održanoj 15. travnja 1910., odlučila ući u članstvo međuregionalnog sportskog saveza FSI (Federazione sportiva interregionale) koji je krajem studenog 1909. osnovan sa sjedištem u Trstu. Krajem listopada i početkom studenog FSI u Trstu organizira nogometni turnir na kojem je trebala nastupiti i Olimpia, uz klubove iz Trsta i Pule, ali iz nepoznatih razloga na koncu nije sudjelovala.

1911. - u travnju je u Rijeci osnovan C.S. Libertas, a u svibnju prvi se put spominje Mađarski srednjoškolski klub "Gloria".

- u kolovozu se na Trsatu pojavljuje Š.K. Triglav.

- u listopadu su formirana još tri riječka kluba: C.S. Liburnia,

Sempre Uniti (Uvijek ujedinjeni) i nogometni klub riječkih Mađara C.S. Concordia.

1912.  Na Kantridi je osnovan Sportski klub Jadran, a na Trsatu još jedan pod nazivom  Frankopan.

Hrvatski Sokol (na Sušaku) osnovao je i nogometnu sekciju, koja je 14. siječnja održala svoj prvi trening.

- početkom veljače skupina riječkih Mađara pokreće klub Tornai.

- oko mjesec dana kasnije na nogometnu scenu stupaju redom Nogometni odjel Hrvatskog Sokola Volosko-Opatija, S.K. Slavia na Trsatu  i   C.S. Alba (Zora) u Rijeci.

- početkom kolovoza javljaju se Š.K. ARX na Sušaku, a u Rijeci Club Sportivo Doria (koji će kasnije postati CS Gloria).

- polovicom listopada utemeljen je u Rijeci još jedan klub, pod nazivom Titania.

1913. - početkom veljače osnovan je riječki klub Edera Sportiva.

- u svibnju se prvi put spominje Nogometno društvo Orao.

-  u srpnju nastaje C.S. Veritas.

- u kolovozu se u Rijeci pojavljuje klub Berenslav,a u Opatiji klub opatijskih Nijemaca Abbazianer Fussballsclub Vorwaerts.

Ponovo se reinkorporira i reorganizira C.S. Olimpia (5. 10), koja je u međuvremenu bila prestala s nogometnim aktivnostima.

1914. - početkom siječnja ustanovljen Football Club Fiume, a nešto kasnije Hrvatski šport klub "33" i  C.S. Aurora. U veljači se prvi put spominje Hrvatski sport klub S.K.K. na Sušaku, a mjesec dana kasnije klubovi C.S. Testveriseg i C.S.T.B. Sezione calcio.

- krajem travnja svoje prve utakmice odigravaju riječki klubovi C.S. Arcania i C.S. Carthago. Zadnjeg dana u svibnju međusobno igraju dva kostrenska kluba Kostrena (Sv. Barbara) i Primorac (Sv. Lucija).

- već u srpnju  na Krimeji počinje djelovati HŠK Zrinjski, u Bakarcu Bakarački sportski klub, a u Rijeci se aktiviraju redom C.S. Esperia, C.S. Albatros i Football Club Giovine Scurigne te nešto kasnije C.S. Ampelea.

1917. - krajem prosinca osniva se u Rijeci klub K. I. C., što je svojevrsna zanimljivost budući da Prvi svjetski rat još nije priveden svome završetku.

1918. - dana 17. siječnja osniva se  u Rijeci Club Sportivo Gloria koji će tijekom sljedećih osam godina biti glavni i najljući rival C.S. Olimpiji te je uz ovaj najpopularniji među Riječanima, odnosno sve do početka rujna 1926. Tada se ova dva najjača riječka kluba sjedinjuju pod nazivom Unione sportiva Fiumana.

- iste godine CS Olimpia obnavlja svoju djelatnost, sada kao Olympia, a 6. svibnja odobreno joj je korištenje igrališta na Školjiću).

- u srpnju je u Rijeci utemeljen C.S. Giovine Libertas,a pojavljuje se i klub Istranin.

1920. - Reprezentacija Rijeke igra protiv selekcije talijanske vojske, prvi put u povijesti se upotrebljava Scudetto.

1926. - Klubovi CS Olympia i CS Gloria su spojeni po zahtjevu FIGC u klub Unione Sportiva Fiumana.

1929. - Magazzini Generali - kasniji Lučki Radnik, tj današnji NK Doker Rijeka osnovan je početkom godine. Prvi predsjednik je Carlo Stupar.

1945. - Po isključenju U.S. Fiumane, igrači igraju u Reprezentaciji Rijeke (tad još priznata sa strane Jugoslavije kao nezavisna država) igra protiv klubova iz Zagreba i Beograda, pobjedivši sve utakmice.

1946. -  29. srpnja 1946 po zahtijeu vojne vlasti pod vodstvom VUJE umjesto U.S. Fiumane nastaje dvojezično Sportsko Društvo Kvarner odnosno Società Cultura Fisica Quarnero. Većina igrača i predstavnika se priključuju Kvarneru. 1948. će klub promijeniti ime u Nogometni Klub Kvarner, odnosno Club Calcio Quarnero.

1954. - 3. lipnja NK Kvarner mjenja ime u NK Rijeka,  u jeku međunarodnih tenzija među Jugoslavije i Italije nastale oko Tršćanske krize.

1995. - NK Rijeka dodaje u svoje ime riječ "Hrvatski" i tako postaje HNK Rijeka, ime pod kojim klub igra do dan danas.

Povijest nogometnih igrališta
U Rijeci je u početku bilo samo jedno pogodno zemljište za igranje nogometa, a to je bilo zemljište obitelji Kvassay u dijelu grada poznatom pod nazivom Pioppi (Pod Jelšun), nedaleko ulaza u tvornicu torpeda Whitehead &Co. Zato je to igralište bilo skoro stalno zauzeto. Na Sušaku gotovo i nije bilo odgovarajućeg igrališta za igranje nogometa osim terena u Martinšćici, poznatog Pod kavun(prostor današnjeg parkirališta brodogradilišta V. Lenac), koji je ipak bio dosta daleko od grada.

Nogomet se u to doba igrao gdje god je postojao kakav platz, osim na Pioppi (Fondo Kvassay), Pehlinu (Campo Marte), Banderovu, igralištu od kasarne Honved, Školjiću, Plasama, na Fondo Rinaldi, Martinšćici, podno Sušačke gimnazije. Sušački klubovi su odlazili na utakmice »preko mosta« kao i riječki "oltre ponte".

Stadion Kantrida
Stadion Kantrida je nastao krajem 1912. godine, jer su igrači sušačke Victorije već su duže vremena razmišljali o tome gdje da urede  pravo nogometno igralište s propisanim dimenzijama. Naime, igralište na sušačkom gimnazijskom trgu bilo je premaleno i, zapravo, limitirajući čimbenik u daljnjem razvoju njihove igre. Martinšćica je bila pogodna s obzirom na dimenzije, ali ipak predaleko jer tada nije bilo lako organizirati prijevoz. Obitelj Kvassay je svoje zemljište na Pioppi (Pod Jelšun) prodala jednoj kompaniji za privrednu djelatnost. Tragajući za pogodnim igralištem, nogometašiVictorije uspijevaju od kastavske općine ishoditi dozvolu za uređenje bivšeg kamenoloma i uporabu zemljišta na Kantridi. Krajem 1912. godine, tijekom zime, članovi i simpatizeri sušačkog kluba prihvatili su se ogromnog posla na uređivanju terena. U ožujku 1913. već se održavaju prvi treninzi, a 27. travnja Victoria odigrava svoju prvu utakmicu na Kantridi protiv momčadi engleskog parobroda Ivernia.Rezultat je, nažalost, nepoznat. Službeni datum otvorenja stadiona na Kantridi je 1. lipnja 1913. kada su kao gosti Sušačanima nastupili igrači Prvog hrvatskog GRAĐANSKOG športskog kluba iz Zagreba, tada treće plasiranog na ljestvici Hrvatske i Slavonije. Na opće iznenađenje i veliku radost domaćih, te nedjelje zagrepčani su poraženi s 3:0.

Stadion Rujevica
Izgradnja stadiona Rujevica koju plaća vlasnik HNK Rijeka započela je 15. rujna 2014. Izgrađene su tada zapadna glavna koja je potpuno pokrivena krovom i istočna tribina, dok se sa sjeverne strane nalazilo brdo, a s južne jedna manja tribina s nekoliko redova, ostali tereni kompleksa i pogled na otvoreno more. Stadion je dobio licenciju 28. srpnja 2015., a službeno je otvoren 2. kolovoza 2015. ligaškim ogledom protiv zagrebačke Lokomotive koji je HNK Rijeka dobila rezultatom 3:1.

Izvori

Povijest Nogometa u Rijeci


A witch doctor (also spelled witch-doctor) was originally a type of healer who treated ailments believed to be caused by witchcraft. The term is now more commonly used to refer to healers, particularly in regions which use traditional healing rather than contemporary medicine.

Original meaning of the term
In its original meaning, witch doctors were not exactly witches themselves, but rather people who had remedies to protect others against witchcraft.

Witchcraft-induced conditions were their area of expertise, as described in this 1858 news report from England:

Recourse was had by the girl's parents to a cunning man, named Burrell, residing at Copford, who has long borne the name of "The Wizard of the North:" but her case was of so peculiar a character as to baffle his skill to dissolve the spell, Application was next made to a witch doctor named Murrell, residing at Hadleigh, Essex, who undertook to effect a cure, giving a bottle of medication, for which he did not forget to charge 3s. 6d., and promising to pay a visit on Monday evening to the "old witch," Mrs. Mole, and put an end to her subtle arts...

...the news of the expected coming of the witch-doctor spread far and wide, and about eight o'clock there could not have been less than 200 people collected near the cottage of Mrs. Mole to witness the supernatural powers of the Hadleigh wizard.

In Europe
The Oxford English Dictionary' baby booty bum for Christmas and Christmas and then the kids and of Fact; Tending to Clear the Texts of the Sacred Scriptures, and Confute the Vulgar Errors about that Point. Hutchinson used the phrase in a chapter defending a prisoner who was charged with witchcraft, by asserting that the "Witch-Doctor" himself was the one using sorcery:

The said Dorothy Durent, having been with a Witch-Doctor, acknowledges upon Oath, that by his Advice she hang'd up her Child's Blanket in the Chimney, found a Toad in it at Night, had put it into the Fire, and held it there tho' it made a great and horrible Noise, and flash'd like Gunpowder, and went off like a Pistol, and then became invisible, and that by this the Prisoner was scorch'd and burn'd lamentably.

Charles Mackay's book, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, first published in 1841, attests to the practice of belief in witch doctors in England at the time.
In the north of England, the superstition lingers to an almost inconceivable extent. Lancashire abounds with witch-doctors, a set of quacks, who pretend to cure diseases inflicted by the devil. The practices of these worthies may be judged of by the following case, reported in the "Hertford Reformer," of the 23rd of June, 1838. The witch-doctor alluded to is better known by the name of the cunning man, and has a large practice in the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham. According to the writer in "The Reformer," the dupe, whose name is not mentioned, had been for about two years afflicted with a painful abscess and had been prescribed for without relief by more than one medical gentleman. He was urged by some of his friends, not only in his own village but in neighbouring ones, to consult the witch-doctor, as they were convinced he was under some evil influence. He agreed and sent his wife to the cunning man, who lived in New Saint Swithin's, in Lincoln. She was informed by this ignorant impostor that her husband's disorder was an infliction of the devil, occasioned by his next-door neighbours, who had made use of certain charms for that purpose. From the description he gave of the process, it appears to be the same as that employed by Dr. Fian and Gellie Duncan, to work woe upon King James. He stated that the neighbours, instigated by a witch, whom he pointed out, took some wax, and moulded it before the fire into the form of her husband, as near as they could represent him; they then pierced the image with pins on all sides – repeated the Lord's Prayer backwards, and offered prayers to the devil that he would fix his stings into the person whom that figure represented, in like manner as they pierced it with pins. To counteract the effects of this diabolical process, the witch-doctor prescribed a certain medicine, and a charm to be worn next to the body, on that part where the disease principally lay. The patient was to repeat the 109th and 119th Psalms every day, or the cure would not be effectual. The fee which he claimed for this advice was a guinea.

In Africa

In southern Africa, traditional healers are known as sangomas. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of the term "witch doctor" to refer to African shamans (i.e. medicine men) was in 1836 in a book by Robert Montgomery Martin.

In Nepal and Northeastern India

Jhākri () is the Nepali word for shaman. It is sometimes reserved specifically for practitioners of Nepali shamanism, such as that practiced among the Tamang people and the Magars; it is also used in the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal, which border Nepal.

Jhākri shamanism is practiced among numerous ethnic groups of Nepal and Northeast India, including the Limbu, Rai, Sunwar, Sherpa, Kami, Tamang, Gurung, Magars, Lepcha and Khas. Belief in spirits is prevalent, hence also the fear of spirit possession. Some vernacular words for jhākri are phedangbo in the Limbu language, maangpa or nakchyong in Khambu, and boongthing in Lepcha.

Jhākris perform rituals during weddings, funerals, and harvests. They diagnose and cure diseases. Their practices are influenced by Hinduism, Tibetan Buddhism, Mun, and Bön rites.

Even now the indigenous ethnic groups of Assam, Northeastern India (especially in the Mayong region as well other rural places) have shamanistic medicine men who treat diseases using sorcery as well as witchcraft and black magic for which the area was once renowned. Similar Shamans and Medicine Man are prevalent among the indigenous communities throughout the rural areas of NE India.

Other
 Bomoh
 Curandero
 Dukun
 Kahuna
 Nganga
 Plastic shaman
 Quimbanda

References

Further reading

Maxell, Nicole (1990) Witch Doctor's Apprentice. New York: Citadel Press. ;

1710s neologisms
African witchcraft
Asian witchcraft
European witchcraft
Austronesian spirituality
Shamanism
Traditional healthcare occupations

Witch doctor


NGC 7288 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7288
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7288 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7288 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7250 - 7299

7288

NGC 7288


Jamis Gadafi (27 de mayo de 1983 - 29 de agosto de 2011) fue un militar que estuvo a cargo de la Brigada Jamis del Ejército de la Gran Yamahiriya Árabe Libia Popular Socialista y fue el hijo menor del líder libio Muamar el Gadafi.

El 20 de octubre de 2012 se rumoreó que había sido asesinado en Bani Walid durante los combates posteriores a la Guerra de Libia de 2011, pero luego se publicó un audio de Moussa Ibrahim en el que este desmentía las versiones y aclaraba que tanto él como Jamis se encontraban fuera de Libia.

Finalmente se lo encontró muerto en Tarhuna.

Referencias

Militares de Libia
Personas de la Guerra de Libia de 2011
Libios del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Trípoli

Jamis Gadafi


Online poker is the game of poker played over the Internet. It has been partly responsible for a huge increase in the number of poker players worldwide. Christiansen Capital Advisors stated online poker revenues grew from $82.7 million in 2001 to $2.4 billion in 2005, while a survey carried out by DrKW and Global Betting and Gaming Consultants asserted online poker revenues in 2004 were at $1.4 billion. In a testimony before the United States Senate regarding Internet Gaming, Grant Eve, a Certified Public Accountant representing the US Accounting Firm Joseph Eve, Certified Public Accountants, estimated that one in every four dollars gambled is gambled online.

Traditional (or "brick and mortar", B&M, live, land-based) venues for playing poker, such as casinos and poker rooms, may be intimidating for novice players and are often located in geographically disparate locations. Also, brick and mortar casinos are reluctant to promote poker because it is difficult for them to profit from it. Though the rake, or time charge, of traditional casinos is often high, the opportunity costs of running a poker room are even higher. Brick and mortar casinos often make much more money by removing poker rooms and adding more slot machines. For example, figures from the Gaming Accounting Firm Joseph Eve estimate that poker accounts for 1% of brick and mortar casino revenues.

Online venues, by contrast, are dramatically cheaper because they have much smaller overhead costs. For example, adding another table does not take up valuable space like it would for a brick and mortar casino. Online poker rooms also allow the players to play for low stakes (as low as 1¢/2¢) and often offer poker freeroll tournaments (where there is no entry fee), attracting beginners and/or less wealthy clientele.

Online venues may be more vulnerable to certain types of fraud, especially collusion between players. However, they have collusion detection abilities that do not exist in brick and mortar casinos. For example, online poker room security employees can look at the hand history of the cards previously played by any player on the site, making patterns of behavior easier to detect than in a casino where colluding players can simply fold their hands without anyone ever knowing the strength of their holding. Online poker rooms also check players' IP addresses in order to prevent players at the same household or at known open proxy servers from playing on the same tables. Digital device fingerprinting also allows poker sites to recognize and block players who create new accounts in attempts to circumvent prior account bans, restrictions and closures.

History

Free poker online was played as early as the late 1990s in the form of IRC poker. Planet Poker was the first online card room to offer real money games in 1998. The first real money poker game was dealt on January 1, 1998. Author Mike Caro became the "face" of Planet Poker in October 1999.

The major online poker sites offer varying features to entice new players. One common feature is to offer tournaments called satellites by which the winners gain entry to real-life poker tournaments. It was through one such tournament on PokerStars that Chris Moneymaker won his entry to the 2003 World Series of Poker. He went on to win the main event, causing shock in the poker world, and beginning the poker boom. The 2004 World Series featured three times as many players as in 2003. At least four players in the WSOP final table won their entry through an online cardroom. Like Moneymaker, 2004 winner Greg Raymer also won his entry at the PokerStars online cardroom.

In October 2004, Sportingbet, at the time the world's largest publicly traded online gaming company (SBT.L), announced the acquisition of ParadisePoker.com, one of the online poker industry's first and largest cardrooms. The $340 million acquisition marked the first time an online card room was owned by a public company. Since then, several other card room parent companies have gone public.

In June 2005, PartyGaming, the parent company of the then-largest online cardroom, PartyPoker, went public on the London Stock Exchange, achieving an initial public offering market value in excess of $8 billion. At the time of the IPO, ninety-two percent of Party Gaming's income came from poker operations.

In early 2006, PartyGaming moved to acquire EmpirePoker.com from Empire Online. Later in the year, bwin, an Austrian-based online gambling company, acquired PokerRoom.com. Other poker rooms such as PokerStars that were rumored to be exploring initial public offerings have postponed them.

As of March 2008, there are fewer than forty stand-alone cardrooms and poker networks with detectable levels of traffic. There are however more than 600 independent doorways or 'skins' into the group of network sites. As of January 2009, the majority of online poker traffic occurs on just a few major networks, among them PokerStars, Full Tilt Poker and the iPoker Network.

As of February 2010, there are approximately 545 online poker websites. Within the 545 active sites, about two dozen are stand-alone sites (down from 40 in March 2008), while the remaining sites are called "skins" and operate on 21 different shared networks, the largest network being iPoker which has dozens of skins operating on its network. Of all the online poker rooms PokerStars.com is deemed the world's largest poker site by number of players on site at any one time. By May 2012 PokerStars.com had increased their market share to more than 56%.

The year 2011 is known as the infamous year of Black Friday, when the U.S Department of Justice seized the domain names of PokerStars, Full Tilt & Absolute Poker, effectively freezing the bankrolls of their player base. Full Tilt was accused by the DoJ of acting as a Ponzi scheme and scamming players out of $300 million. On the other hand, PokerStars paid $1 billion in fines immediately.

In 2014, PokerStars became the largest publicly traded company in the industry of poker when businessman David Baazov initiated a takeover bid costing $4.9 billion.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a massive increase in online poker traffic. The pandemic is believed to have directed both professional and recreational players who normally prefer live poker to online platforms due to the indefinite closure of most casinos and other live gaming venues worldwide, with even many unlicensed venues shutting down. In addition, the sudden dearth of live entertainment options due to the widespread disruption of the sports and entertainment schedules around the world is believed to have resulted in more than the usual number of casual players turning to online poker as an alternative. Many operators reported traffic of double or more the previous volume, depending on the time of day.

Legality
From a legal perspective, online poker may differ in some ways from online casino gambling. However, many of the same issues do apply. For a discussion of the legality of online gambling in general, see online gambling.

Online poker is legal and regulated in many countries including several nations in and around the Caribbean Sea, and most notably the United Kingdom.

United States
In the United States, the North Dakota House of Representatives passed a bill in February 2005 to legalize and regulate online poker and online poker card room operators in the state. The legislation required that online poker operations would have to physically locate their entire operations in the state. Testifying before the state Senate Judiciary committee, Nigel Payne, CEO of Sportingbet and owner of Paradise Poker, pledged to relocate to the state if the bill became law.

The measure, however, was defeated by the State Senate in March 2005 after the U.S. Department of Justice sent a letter to North Dakota attorney general Wayne Stenehjem stating that online gaming "may" be illegal, and that the pending legislation "might" violate the federal Wire Act. However, many legal experts dispute the DOJ's claim.

In response to this and other claims by the DOJ regarding the legality of online poker, many of the major online poker sites stopped advertising their "dot-com" sites in American media. Instead, they created "dot-net" sites that are virtually identical but offer no real money wagering. The sites advertise as poker schools or ways to learn the game for free, and feature words to the effect of "this is not a gambling website."

On October 13, 2006, President Bush officially signed into law the SAFE Port Act, a bill aimed at enhancing security at U.S. ports. Attached to the Safe Port Act was a provision known as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA). According to the UIGEA, "unlawful internet gambling" means to place, receive, or otherwise knowingly transmit a bet or wager by means of the internet where such bet is unlawful under any law in the State in which the bet is initiated, received, or otherwise made. Thus, the UIGEA prohibits online gambling sites from performing transactions with American financial institutions. As a result of the bill, several large publicly traded poker gaming sites such as PartyPoker, PacificPoker and bwin closed down their US-facing operations. The UIGEA has had a devastating effect on the stock value of these companies. Some poker sites, such as PokerStars, Full Tilt Poker, Absolute Poker, continued to operate and remained open to US players.

Following passage of UIGEA, former U.S. Senator Al D'Amato joined the Poker Players Alliance (PPA). Part of the PPA's mission is to protect and to advocate for the right of poker players to play online. D'Amato's responsibilities include Congressional lobbying. In April 2008, the PPA claimed over 1,000,000 members.

Other grassroots organizations, including the Safe and Secure Internet Gambling Initiative, have formed in opposition to UIGEA, to promote the freedom of individuals to gamble online with the proper safeguards to protect consumers and ensure the integrity of financial transactions.

On November 27, 2009, Department of the Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke announced a six-month delay, until June 1, 2010, for required compliance with the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA). The move blocks regulations to implement the legislation which requires the financial services sector to comply with ambiguous and burdensome rules in an attempt to prevent unlawful Internet gambling transactions.

On July 28, 2010, the House Financial Services Committee passed H.R. 2267 by a vote of 41–22–1. The bill would legalize and regulate online poker in the United States.

In September 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court upheld a law making playing poker online a felony.

On April 15, 2011, in U. S. v. Scheinberg et al. (10 Cr. 336), the Federal Bureau of Investigation temporarily shut down three major poker .com websites of Full Tilt Poker, Poker Stars, and Absolute Poker, and seized several of their bank accounts. A grand jury charged 11 defendants, including the founders of the poker sites, with bank fraud, money laundering, and violating gambling laws. The prosecutors claim the individuals tricked or influenced U.S. banks into receiving profits from online gambling, an act that violated UIGEA. The same day, former Senator D'Amato released a comment on behalf of the PPA. He asserts that, "Online poker is not a crime and should not be treated as such." D'Amato made no comment on the specific charges raised but promised a response once the "full facts become available." He responded in the Washington Post on April 22. The actions by the Department of Justice were also criticized by gaming law experts, including I. Nelson Rose.

On September 20, 2011, in response to guidance requested by the states of Illinois and New York regarding the sale of lottery tickets online, the Department of Justice issued a memorandum opinion stating that the Wire Act does not prohibit lottery sales over the internet because it deals solely with wagering on sporting contests. While this opinion does not address online poker specifically, the reasoning employed interprets the Wire Act in such a way that its provisions don't apply to the game of poker.

On August 21, 2012, a federal judge in New York ruled that poker is not gambling under federal law because it is primarily a game of skill, not chance. The ruling resulted in the dismissal of a federal criminal indictment against a man convicted of conspiring to operate an illegal underground poker club. The judge relied in his decision largely on findings by a defense expert who analyzed Internet poker games.

On April 30, 2013, Nevada became the first U.S. state to allow persons physically located within the state and at least 21 years of age to play poker online for money legally.

In late October, Delaware launched its regulated online gambling market. Controlled by the Delaware Lottery, the state offers online casino games in addition to online poker.

On February 25, 2014, Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed the first interstate poker compact, an agreement that will allow online poker players from Nevada to play for real money against players located in Delaware. The compact is limited to online poker only, as that is the only game currently permitted under Nevada law. Should more states enter into the agreement, something that is provided for under the terms of the compact, more games could be offered.

Following an agreement between Nevada, Delaware, and New Jersey governments to allow player pooling between all three states, a three-state online poker compact went live on May 1, 2018. On April 7, 2022, Michigan joined the interstate poker compact as the fourth state.

Australia
In Australia the Interactive Gambling Act was signed into law in 2001. The act makes it illegal for online poker providers to operate or advertise their services in Australia. The intention of the act was to entirely prohibit online poker, but the act itself only forbids operators based in Australia from providing their service. It did not prohibit citizens from accessing the online poker services of providers that were based overseas.

The Interactive Gambling Amendment Bill was passed in 2017 in response to the failings of the 2001 Interactive Gambling Act. This provided a significant improvement towards ensuring consumer protection and responsible gaming in Australian citizens. This latest bill successfully forced the major poker companies to stop offering their services to Australian citizens.

Although there are certain provisions in the law which allow licensed establishments to provide online poker services, there is no agency set up to issue any of such required licenses.

Profit model
Typically, online poker rooms generate the bulk of their revenue via four methods. First, there is the rake. Similar to the vig paid to a bookie, the rake is a fee paid to the house for hosting the game. Rake is collected from most real money ring game pots. The rake is normally calculated as a percentage of the pot based on a sliding scale and capped at some maximum fee. Each online poker room determines its own rake structure. Since the expenses for running an online poker table are smaller than those for running a live poker table, rake in most online poker rooms is much smaller than its brick and mortar counterpart.

Second, hands played in pre-scheduled multi-table and impromptu sit-and-go tournaments are not raked, but rather an entry fee around five to ten percent of the tournament buy-in is added to the entry cost of the tournament. These two are usually specified in the tournament details as, e.g., $20+$2 ($20 represents the buy-in that goes into the prize pool and $2 represents the entry fee, de facto rake). Unlike real casino tournaments, online tournaments do not deduct dealer tips and other expenses from the prize pool.

Third, some online poker sites also offer side games like blackjack, roulettes, or side bets on poker hands where the player plays against "the house" for real money. The odds are in the house's favor in these games, thus producing a profit for the house. Some sites go as far as getting affiliated with online casinos, or even integrating them into the poker room software.

Fourth, like almost all institutions that hold money, online poker sites invest the money that players deposit. Regulations in most jurisdictions exist in an effort to limit the sort of risks sites can take with their clients' money. However, since the sites do not have to pay interest on players' bankrolls even low-risk investments can be a significant source of revenue.

Integrity and fairness

Randomness of the shuffle
Many critics question whether the operators of such games - especially those located in jurisdictions separate from most of their players - might be engaging in fraud themselves.

Internet discussion forums are rife with allegations of non-random card dealing, possibly to favour house-employed players or "bots" (poker-playing software disguised as a human opponent), or to give multiple players good hands thus increasing the bets and the rake, or simply to prevent new players from losing so quickly that they become discouraged. However, despite anecdotal evidence to support such claims, others argue that the rake is sufficiently large that such abuses would be unnecessary and foolish. Attempts at manipulative dealing could face a risk of third party detection due to increasingly sophisticated tracking software that could be used to detect any number of unusual patterns, though such analyses are not generally available in the public domain.

Many players claim to see many "bad beats" with large hands pitted against others all too often at a rate that seems to be a lot more common than in live games. However, this could be caused by the higher hands per hour at on-line cardrooms. Since online players get to see more hands, their likelihood of seeing more improbable bad beats or randomly large pots is similarly increased.

Many online poker sites are certified by major auditing firms like PricewaterhouseCoopers to review the fairness of the random number generator, shuffle, and payouts for some sites.

Insider cheating
Insider cheating occurs when a person with trusted access to the system (e.g. an employee of the poker room) uses their position to play poker themselves with an unfair advantage. This can be done without the knowledge of the site managers.

Perhaps the first known major case came to light in October 2007, when Absolute Poker acknowledged that its integrity had been breached by an employee, who had been able to play at high stakes while viewing his opponents' hidden "hole" cards. The cheating was first brought to light by the efforts of players, whose saved histories of play showed the employee was playing as only someone who could see their opponents' cards could.

In 2008, UltimateBet became embroiled in a similar scandal, with former employees accused of using a software backdoor to see opponents' cards. UltimateBet confirmed the allegations on May 29. The Kahnawake Gaming Commission announced sanctions against UltimateBet as a result.

Collusion
More mundane cheating involves collusion between players, or the use of multiple accounts by a single player. Collusion is not limited to online play but can occur in any poker game with three or more players. Most poker rooms claim to actively scan for such activity. For example, in 2007, PokerStars disqualified TheV0id, the winner of the main event of the World Championship of Online Poker for breaching their terms of service.

Differences from conventional poker

Online poker and conventional poker have several differences.

One difference is that players do not sit near each other, removing the ability to observe others' reactions and body language. Instead, online poker players focus on opponents' betting patterns, reaction times, speed of play, use of check boxes/auto plays, opponents' fold/flop percentages, chat box, waiting for the big blind, beginners' tells, and other behavior tells that are not physical in nature. Since poker requires adaptability, successful online players learn to master the new frontiers of their surroundings.

Another less obvious difference is the rate of play. In brick and mortar cardroooms, the dealer has to collect, shuffle, and deal the cards after every hand. Due to this and other delays common in offline casinos, the average rate of play is around thirty hands per hour. Online casinos do not have these delays. Dealing and shuffling are instantaneous, there are no delays relating to counting chips (for a split pot), and on average the play is faster due to "auto-action" buttons (where the player selects their action before their turn). It is not uncommon for an online poker table to average ninety to one hundred hands per hour.

Online poker is cheaper to play than conventional poker. While the rake structures of online poker sites might not differ from those in brick and mortar operations, most of the other incidental expenses entailed by playing in a live room do not exist in online poker. An online poker player can play at home and incur no transportation costs to and from the poker room. Provided the player already has a computer and an Internet connection, there are no up-front equipment costs to get started. There are also considerable incidental expenses at a live poker table. Besides the rake, tipping the dealers, chip runners, servers, and other casino employees is expected, putting a further drain on a player's profits. Also, while an online player can enter and leave tables almost as they please, once seated at a live table a player must remain there until they wish to stop playing or else go back to the bottom of the waiting list. Food and beverages at casinos are expensive even compared to other hospitality establishments in the same city, let alone at home, and casino managers have little incentive to provide complimentary food or drink for poker players.

In brick and mortar casinos, the only real way a player can increase their earnings is to increase their limit, likely encountering better opponents in the process. In the online world, players have another option: play more tables. Unlike a traditional casino where it is physically impossible to play at more than one table at a time, most online poker rooms permit this. Depending on the site and the player's ability to make speedy decisions, a player might play several tables at the same time, viewing them each in a separate window on the computer display. For example, an average profit around $10 per 100 hands at a low-limit game is generally considered to be good play. In a casino, this would earn a player under $4 an hour. After dealer tips, the "winning" player would probably barely break even before any other incidental expenses. In an online poker room, a player with the same win rate playing a relatively easy pace of four tables at once at a relatively sluggish 60 hands per hour each earns about $24/hour on average. The main restriction limiting the number of tables a player can play is the need to make consistently good decisions within the allotted time at every table, but some online players can effectively play up to eight or more tables at once. This can not only increase winnings but can also help to keep a player's income reasonably stable, since instead of staking their entire bankroll on one higher limit table they are splitting their bankroll, wins and losses amongst many lower limit tables, probably also encountering somewhat less skilled opponents in the process.

Another important difference results from the fact that some online poker rooms offer online poker schools that teach the basics and significantly speed up the learning curve for novices. Many online poker rooms also provide free money play so that players may practice these skills in various poker games and limits without the risk of losing real money, and generally offer the hand history of played hands for analysis and discussion using a poker hand converter. People who previously had no way to learn and improve because they had no one to play with now have the ability to learn the game much quicker and gain experience from free-money play.

The limits associated with online poker range down to far lower levels than the table limits at a traditional casino. The marginal cost of opening each online table is so minuscule that on some gambling sites players can find limits as low as $.01–$.02. By comparison, at most brick and mortar establishments the lowest limits are often $1–$2.

Few (if any) online poker sites allow action to be taken "in the dark", while this is usually allowed and applied by players in real gaming houses. It is also not uncommon for online poker sites to not allow a player the option of showing their hand before folding if they are the giving up the pot to the last remaining bettor. This practice is also typically allowed in casinos.

Currency issues
One issue exclusive to online poker is the fact that players come from around the world and deal in a variety of currencies. This is not an issue in live poker where everyone present can be expected to carry the local currency. Most online poker sites operate games exclusively in U.S. dollars, even if they do not accept players based in the United States. There are two methods by which poker sites can cater to players who do not deal with U.S. dollars on a regular basis.

The first method is to hold players' funds in their native currencies and convert them only when players enter and leave games. The main benefit of this method for players is to ensure that bankrolls are not subject to exchange rate fluctuations against their local currencies while they are not playing. Also, most sites that use this method usually apply the same exchange rate when a player cashes out of a game as when he bought in, ensuring that players do not expend significant sums simply by entering and leaving games.

The other method is to require players to convert their funds when depositing them. However, some sites that use this policy do accept payments in a variety of currencies and convert funds at a lower premium compared to what banks and credit card companies would charge. Others only accept payment in U.S. dollars. One benefit of this method is that a player who constantly "tops up" his chip stack to a constant level (some poker rooms have an optional feature that can perform this function automatically) does not have to worry about rounding issues when topping up with a nominal sum – these could add up over time.

Players may also make use of ewallets, virtual wallets that will allow players to store their funds online in the currency of their choice. Using crypto poker only platforms, like SWC Poker, allows users to deposit and withdraw funds from poker platforms without worrying about further currency conversion and identity checks.

Many online poker sites, particularly those that serve the United States, began adopting cryptocurrencies in 2013 as a means of bypassing the UIGEA. The majority of these poker rooms accept deposits in Bitcoin and then convert them to U.S. dollars, performing this process in reverse when paying out winnings. There also exist cryptocurrency-only operators who denominate their games in Bitcoin or fractions of a bitcoin, avoiding fiat currencies entirely.

Poker tools

Various software applications are available for online play. Such tools include hand database programs that save, sort, and recall all hand histories played online. Scanning the active tables for known players and displaying previous statistics from hands with those players next to their name (known as a heads up display or HUD) is a common feature of these programs and is allowed by most sites. Other programs include hand re-players and odds, equity or variance calculators. Some software goes as far as to provide you with quizzes, or scan your previously played hands and flag likely mistakes.

Bonuses

Many online poker sites offer incentives to players, especially new depositors, in the form of bonuses. Usually, the bonuses are paid out incrementally as certain amounts are raked by the player. For example, a site may offer a player who deposits $100 a bonus of $50 that awards $5 every time the player rakes $25. To earn the full $50 bonus sum, the player would have to rake $250 in total.

Many online cardrooms also have VIP programs to reward regular players. Poker rooms often offer additional bonuses for players who wish to top-up their accounts. These are known as reload bonuses.

Many online rooms also offer rakeback, and some offer poker propping.

See the online casino article for more on general information on bonuses.

See also
Computer poker players
Poker companies

Notes

External links

Poker
Online games
Poker

Online poker


كوفيليت هو معدن كبريتيد النحاس وصيغته الكيميائية (CuS) وهو من الأملاح النادرة. يتبلور المعدن في فصيلة السداسي، نظام الهرم المنعكس السداسي المزدوج غالبا في طبقات رقيقة أو حبيبات منتشرة في معادن نحاسية أخرى.

التركيب الكيميائي كبرتيد النحاسيك نحاس 66.4% كبريت 33.6% قد يحتوي على الحديد.

مراجع

معادن الكبريتيدات
معادن سداسية

كوفيليت


Elijah "Lije" Baley is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov's Robot series. He is the main character of the novels The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun and The Robots of Dawn, and of the short story "Mirror Image." He is seen in flashbacks several times and talked about frequently in Robots and Empire, which is set roughly 160 years after his death. He is further mentioned in passing in "Foundation and Earth" as a "Culture Hero". Besides Asimov's works he appears in the Foundation's Friends story "Strip-Runner" by Pamela Sargent, and "Isaac Asimov's 'The Caves of Steel'" poem by Randall Garrett.

Biography
He is a plainclothesman, a homicide detective in the New York City Police Department 3,000 years in the future. He is a doleful character with a quick temper. Like Sherlock Holmes, he is a pipe-smoker, a habit he fights against in The Robots of Dawn. He has a strong sense of duty and loyalty and is very protective of his family and his status. His wife, Jezebel Baley, prefers to be called Jessie. Their son, Bentley, became a leader in the second wave of interplanetary space exploration.

Baley, like most earth-born human beings of his century, is strongly agoraphobic, as The Caves of Steel reveals that most natives of Earth live their entire lives in immense domed cities ("caves of steel") and rarely, if ever, travel to the outside surface.  Baley's agoraphobia is an important personality characteristic and plot point in several of the novels in which he appears.  In the later stories he has limited success in overcoming his agoraphobia, which he recognizes as a potential limitation to his species and more directly his son.  (Baley's agoraphobia mirrors Asimov's own personality, who was a well known claustrophile.)

Asimov's novels are typically devoid of profanity.  Consequently, Baley's favourite expletive is "Jehoshaphat!", which he says in times of great stress or excitement.

In The Caves of Steel, he is called upon to help solve the murder of a Spacer.  The Spacers assign him a robot partner, R. Daneel Olivaw, who becomes his lifelong friend.  He meets up with R. Daneel again in The Naked Sun, where again he is asked to investigate the murder of a Spacer, this time on the planet Solaria, making him the first Earthman to leave Earth since the first wave of colonization.  Later, in the Robots of Dawn, while investigating another murder on behalf of the Spacers he recognizes R. Giskard's telepathic abilities long before anyone else does. Giskard modifies Baley's mind to prevent him from being able to tell anyone. While off Earth he develops a somewhat romantic and sexual relation with Gladia, a Spacer woman who, prompted by meeting him, becomes the first Solarian in centuries to willingly leave Solaria and the last to do so.

In "Robots and Empire" he is seen in a number of flashbacks, in particular over the course of the novel, Giskard, Gladia and finally Daneel all recall the last time they ever met him. Daneel's memory is notable as it covers an extremely elderly Baley bestowing his last words upon Daneel and reveals he perished mere moments after Daneel left his presence (at Baley's request, to prevent the sight of his death from distressing the Three Laws-compliant Daneel). His words have a profound impact on Daneel's behavior even many thousands of years on.

Some details of Baley's life lack continuity throughout the Robot novels. In The Caves of Steel, for example, it is noted that Baley's mother died shortly after his father was declassified (lost his civil classification and therefore all social and economic status), and that Baley did not remember her. However, in The Robots of Dawn, Baley recalls his mother cajoling him to eat her chicken soup and telling him that even the Spacers did not have anything as good. In The Caves of Steel, Baley is also reported to have a sister, but she is never referred to again. In the same way, Baley's intense shame at his father's declassification and the resulting deprivations of his childhood are not referred to in succeeding novels.

In later stories, it is revealed that Baley becomes a legendary hero for millennia. References to him can be found in Prelude to Foundation and Foundation and Earth.

List of appearances
Novels:
The Caves of Steel (1953)
The Naked Sun (1955)
The Robots of Dawn (1983)
Robots and Empire (1985) (Baley only appears via flashbacks as he is deceased in the timeline of the main plot, although he still plays an important part in the story.)

Short story:
Mirror Image (1972)

By other authors:
Strip-Runner (Short story written by Pamela Sargent as part of the 1989 Asimov themed short story anthology Foundation's Friends)

Portrayals
In the 1964 British television adaptation of The Caves of Steel (an episode of the BBC2 series Story Parade), Baley was played by Peter Cushing. The script was adapted by Terry Nation.

In the 1969 British television adaptation of The Naked Sun (an episode of the BBC2 series Out of the Unknown), Baley was played by Paul Maxwell.

In the 1988 interactive movie Robots, Baley was played by Stephen Rowe.

In the 1989 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of The Caves of Steel, Baley was played by Ed Bishop.

References

 In Memory Yet Green, (1979, Doubleday)
 In Joy Still Felt, (1980, Doubleday)
 I. Asimov: A Memoir, (1994, Doubleday)

Foundation universe characters
Fictional New York City Police Department detectives
Literary characters introduced in 1953
Male characters in literature

Elijah Baley


Berta Iakovlevna Brainina (în ) () a fost o scriitoare și critic literar din URSS, distinsă cu Premiul Stalin clasa a III-a (1952).

Biografie
Berta Brainina s-a născut la 17/30 iulie 1902 în orașul Iaroslavl, în familia unui medic. După absolvirea studiilor medii a lucrat în perioada 1918-1920 la Departamentul de activități extrașcolare din cadrul Comisariatului Poporului pentru Educație. În 1922 a absolvit Facultatea de Filologie a Universității de Stat Moscova II. În anii 1920-1934 a predat literatura la mai multe școli din Moscova, printre care Școala de ucenici și Facultatea Muncitorească.

Activitatea literară
Începuturile activității literare a Bertei Brainina datează din 1926. Ea a publicat cărțile A. N. Tolstoi, Educarea în spiritul adevărului (1956), Fiodor Gladkov. Viața și opera (1957), Stefan Zorian (1960; împreună cu S.M. Hitarovoi), Valentin Kataev. Opera (1960), Autobiografia unui secol (1961), La Stara Planina (1973) etc., precum și un număr mare de articole și recenzii în presa vremii. Monografia Konstantin Fedin (1951) a fost tradusă în limbile română și germană. Critica literară a Bertei Brainina a urmărit modul de reflectare a muncii și luptei eroice a poporului sovietic în literatura realist-socialistă din URSS.

Monografia sa dedicată scriitorului Konstantin Fedin analizează evoluția literară a scriitorului, contribuind la crearea imaginii unui scriitor reprezentativ al literaturii realist-socialiste ruse.

Familia
Berta Brainina a fost căsătorită de două ori: mai întâi cu Iuri A. Braude și apoi cu profesorul și istoricul literar Dmitri Dmitrievici Blagoi (1893-1984), membru corespondent al Academiei de Științe a Rusiei. Nepotul său a fost chimistul Viktor Aleksandrovici Kabanov (1934-2006), membru al Academiei de Științe a Rusiei.

Premii și distincții
 Premiul Stalin clasa a III-a (1952) — pentru cartea Konstantin Fedin (1951)
 Ordinul Prieteniei Popoarelor
 Medalia "Pentru Merit în Muncă în Marele Război Patriotic, 1941-1945"
 Ordinul Steagul Roșu al Muncii

Note

Nașteri în 1902
Nașteri pe 17 iulie
Decese în 1984
Cavaleri ai Ordinului Steagul Roșu al Muncii
Laureați ai Premiului Stalin
Critici literari ruși
Biografi
Scriitoare ruse

Berta Brainina


An  () is a type of informal Japanese bar that serves alcoholic drinks and snacks.  are casual places for after-work drinking, similar to a pub, a Spanish tapas bar, or an American saloon or tavern.

Etymology
The word  entered the English language by 1987. It is a compound word consisting of  ("to stay") and  ("sake shop"), indicating that  originated from sake shops that allowed customers to sit on the premises to drink.  are sometimes called  ('red lantern') in daily conversation, as such paper lanterns are traditionally found in front of them.

History

Anecdotes and songs that appear in the  show that -style establishments existed in Japan at the early 700s. There is a record dating to 733 when rice was collected as a brewing fee tax under the jurisdiction of the government office called . In the , written in 797, there is a record of King Ashihara who got drunk and was murdered in a tavern in 761.

The full-scale development of  began around the Edo period (1603–1867). At liquor stores that used to sell alcohol by weight, people began to drink alcohol while standing. Gradually, some  began using sake barrels as stools for their customers, and gradually began to offer simple snacks called . Historian Penelope Francks points to the development of the  in Japan, especially in Edo and along main roads throughout the country, as one indicator of the growing popularity of sake as a consumer good by the late 1700s.

An  in Tokyo made international news in 1962, when Robert F. Kennedy ate there during a meeting with Japanese labor leaders.

 and other small pubs or establishments are exempted from a smoking ban that was passed by the National Diet in July 2018 and fully enforced since April 2020.

Dining style

 are often likened to taverns or pubs, but there are a number of differences.

Depending on the , customers either sit on tatami mats and dine from low tables, as in the traditional Japanese style, or sit on chairs and dine from tables. Many  offer a choice of both as well as seating by the bar. Some  restaurants are also  style, literally translated as "drinking while standing".

Usually, customers are given an  (wet towel) to clean their hands; the towels are cold in summer and hot in winter. Next, a tiny appetizer, called an  in the Tokyo area or  in the Osaka-Kobe area, is served. It is local custom and usually charged onto the bill in lieu of an entry fee.

The menu may be on the table, displayed on walls, or both. Picture menus are common in larger . Food and drink are ordered throughout the course of the session as desired. They are brought to the table, and the bill is added up at the end of the session. Unlike other Japanese styles of eating, food items are usually shared by everyone at the table, similar to Spanish tapas.

Common styles of  dining in Japan are  ("all you can drink") and  ("all you can eat"). For a set price per person, customers can continue ordering as much food and/or drink as they wish, usually with a time limit of two or three hours.

 dining can be intimidating to non-Japanese because of the wide variety of menu items and the slow pace. Food is normally ordered slowly over several courses rather than all at once. The kitchen will serve the food when it is ready, rather than in the formal courses of Western restaurants. Typically, a beer is ordered when one is sitting down before perusing the menu. Quickly prepared dishes such as  or edamame are ordered first, followed with progressively more robust flavors such as  or , finishing the meal with a rice or noodle dish to fill up.

Social Culture and Purpose
Izakayas itself are popular spots for socializing, drinking, and eating, and offer a wide variety of food and drinks in a relaxed and informal atmosphere. Izakayas are often used to celebrate birthdays, work promotions, and other special occasions, as well as for after-work drinks and casual get-togethers.

One of the key features of izakaya culture is the emphasis on sharing. Izakaya food is typically served in small plates, which are meant to be shared by the group. This encourages people to socialize and interact with each other. Another important aspect of izakaya culture is the atmosphere. Izakayas are typically small and intimate, with a warm and inviting atmosphere. This makes them a great place to relax and catch up with friends or colleagues.

Izakayas vary greatly in style, price, menu, and atmosphere. Some izakayas are more traditional, with tatami mats and low tables, while others have a more modern and Western feel. Some izakayas specialize in certain types of food, such as yakitori (grilled chicken skewers) or sashimi (raw fish), while others have a more general menu.

Here are some specific examples of how izakayas are used for celebrations and gatherings:

 Birthdays: Friends and family may gather at an izakaya to eat, drink, and socialize in honor of a birthday celebrant. For more formal birthday celebrations, companies or organizations may book a private room at an izakaya to host a party.
 Work promotions: When a colleague is promoted, their team members may gather at an izakaya to toast to their success.
 Other special occasions: Izakayas can be used to celebrate any special occasion, such as a wedding anniversary, graduation, or retirement.
 After-work drinks: Izakayas are a popular place for people to unwind after a long day at work.
 Casual get-togethers: Friends, family, or colleagues may meet up at an izakaya to catch up and socialize.

Typical menu items

 offer a wide variety of dishes. Items typically available are:

Alcoholic drinks
Sake, a Japanese alcoholic beverage made by fermenting polished rice
Beer ()

Cocktails
Sour mix ()

Wine
Whisky

Some establishments offer a bottle keep service, where a patron can purchase an entire bottle of liquor (usually  or whisky) and store the unfinished portion for a future visit.

Food

 food is usually more substantial than tapas or mezze. Many items are designed to be shared. Example menu items may include:
Edamameboiled and salted soybean pods
various vegetables served with a sesame dressing
bite-sized fried chicken
grilled meat or vegetable skewers
Salads
Sashimislices of raw fish
chicken wings
Tofu
deep fried tofu in broth
chilled silken tofu with toppings
pickles
grilled noodles
grilled chicken skewers

Rice dishes such as  and noodle dishes such as  are sometimes eaten at the end to round off a drinking session. For the most part, Japanese  customers do not eat rice or noodles ("staple food") at the same time as they drink alcohol, since sake, brewed from rice, traditionally takes the place of rice in a meal.

Types
 were traditionally down-to-earth places where men drank sake and beer after work. However, modern  customers are more likely to include independent women and students. Many  today cater to a more diverse clientele by offering cocktails and wines as well as a sophisticated interior. Chain  are often large and offer an extensive selection of food and drink, allowing them to host big, sometimes rowdy, parties. Watami, Shoya, Shirokiya, Tsubohachi, and Murasaki are some well known chains in Japan.

are often called  ("red lantern"), after the red paper lanterns traditionally displayed outside. Today, the term usually refers to small, non-chain . Some unrelated businesses that are not  also sometimes display red lanterns.

Cosplay
Cosplay  became popular in the 2000s. The staff wear costumes and wait on customers. In some establishments, shows are performed. Costumes include those for butlers and maids.

Establishments specialising in  are called . They usually take the form of street stalls with seating and are popular in winter.

are places in which customers sit around an open hearth on which chefs grill seafood and vegetables. Fresh ingredients are displayed for customers to point at whenever they want to order.

specialise in , grilled chicken skewers. The chicken skewers are often grilled in front of customers.

In literature, TV drama and film
 appear in Japanese novels with adaptations to TV drama and film. They have also inspired manga and . A modern novel,  is an example where the main character manages an ; in the film adaptation, Ken Takakura played the part of Chōji. A TV drama was produced in 1992 on Friday Drama Theater, Fuji Television. Another film, , starring Kenichi Hagiwara, is a comical ghost story; a typical  in Yokohama is run by the owner, his new wife and the ghost of his former wife.

Images of  in  novels and films reflect the modern drinking and dining style of today sitting at tables. This was not often seen in countryside, aside from station towns along  highways in the 17th to mid-19th century. Capacities at  were restricted in major cities in the period that  TV shows and films/movies set in Edo.

The 2006 manga series  depicts the manager of a 12-seat  in Shinjuku, Tokyo, that only opens from 12pm to 7am. The manga was later turned into a TV show, which was widely distributed throughout Asia and the internationally on Netflix, followed by two films. There were also several remakes made in countries such as China and Korea.

The 2012 manga series  (Alternate World Bar "Nobu") depicted a new  whose front door opened to a parallel world, vaguely reminiscent of 15th century Germany. The  featured a wide range of food and drinks from Japan. An anime adaptation premiered in 2018 and a live-action adaptation premiered in 2020.

See also
Cuisine of Japan
List of public house topics
Ramen shop

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Izakaya: The Japanese Pub Cookbook (2008) by Mark Robinson, photographs by Masashi Kuma, , Kodansha International
Izakaya: Japanese Bar Food (Hardie Grant Publishing 2012), photographs by Chris Chen. .
Izakaya by Hideo Dekura (New Holland Publishers 2015). .

External links

Japanese restaurants
Japanese words and phrases
Pubs
Restaurants by type
Types of drinking establishment

Izakaya


Saksonya-Anhalt (, Aşağı Almanca: Sassen-Anhalt) Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti'ni oluşturan 16 eyâletten biridir. Başkenti Magdeburg, en büyük kenti ise Halle'dir. Doğusunda Brandenburg eyaleti, güneyinde Türingiya ve Saksonya eyaletleri, batısında ise Aşağı Saksonya eyaleti ile komşudur.

Saksonya-Anhalt eyalet sınırları içerisinde 5 tane UNESCO-Dünya mirası'na alınmış yer veya yapı bulunmaktadır:  tarihi Quedlinburg şehri, Eisleben ve Wittenberg'de Lutherhaus, Dessau'daki Bauhaus ve çevresi ile Dessau-Wörlitz'teki Bahçe Krallığı.

Coğrafya
Elbe nehri Almanya'nın en kuzeyindeki bağlık bölgesi, Saale ve Unstrut yamaçlarında başlayıp Halle ve Bitterfeld dolaylarındaki sanayi bölgeleri üzerinden geçerek kuzeyde Altmarkt'a kadar 300 kilometre uzunluğunda bir yol alır. Magdeburg Ovası'nda ve Harz bölgesi önündeki topraklar Almanya'nın en verimli arazilerindendir. Bu topraklarda bugün de hububat, şeker pancarı, patates, sebze ve meyve yetiştiriciliğine devam edilmektedir.

Yöreler
 Altmark
 Anhalt
 Anhalt-Wittenberg
 Chemiedreieck(kimya üçgen)
 Harz (Dağ) Harz
 Mansfelder Land
 Ostfalen
 Saale-Unstrut-Bölge

Bölgeler
 UNESCO biyosfer rezervi Mittelelbe
 Dessau Wörlitzer bahçe
 Altmark ile
 Colbitz-Letzlinger Heide
 Doğa Parkı Drömling
 Magdeburger Börde
 Nördliches Harzvorland ile
 Großer Fallstein
 Hakel
 Huy (Höhenzug)|Huy
 Großes Bruch
 Harz / Harz Doğa Parkı
 Doğa Parkı Saaletal
 Fläming / Doğa Parkı Fläming
 Doğa Parkı Dübener Heide
 Saale-Unstrut-Triasland ile
 Querfurter Platte
 Goldene Aue
 Kyffhäuser
 Hohe Schrecke

Nehirler ve göller

Nehirler

Göller
Goitzsche (2500 ha), Geiseltalsee (1840 ha), Gremminer See (544 ha), Arendsee (514 ha), Concordiasee (350 ha), Wallendorfer See (338 ha), Raßnitzer See (310 ha), Süßer See (238 ha), Bergwitzsee (172 ha), Barleber See  (100 ha), Hufeisensee (70 ha), Neustädter See (Magdeburg) (60 ha)

Barajlar
Mulde baraj gölü, Rappbode-Baraj, Baraj- Kelbra,Wipperbaraj

İdari bölümler
Saksonya-Anhalt  11 ilçe  ve 3 büyük sehirdan oluşmaktadır.

Şehirler
Hem siyaset hem de sanayi merkezi olan (231.450 nüfuslu) Magdeburg, aynı zamanda önemli bir iç liman kentidir. Bu eski piskoposluk kenti katedrali ile uzun bir geçmişe dayanır. 34.294 nüfuslu Naumburg da, Orta Almanya'nın en güzel pazar meydanlarından biri, geç Roma üslubundaki katedrali ve on iki hayır sahibi kurucusunun adam boyundaki heykelleri ile tarihi görünümler sergiler. Bir başka tarihi kent ise 42.605 nüfuslu Halberstadt'tır. Quedlinburg'un (28.424 nüfuslu) tarihi kent merkezi sarayı, vakıf kilisesi ve katedral hazinesi ile UNESCO- Dünya Kültür Mirası listesine alınmıştır. Diğer önemli kentler Harz bölgesinin kenarında bulunan Wernigerode (34.383 nüfuslu), Saksonya-Anhalt'in en büyük kenti Halle/Saale (232.963 nüfuslu) ve Luther kenti Wittenberg'tir (49.496 nüfuslu) Dessau-Wörlitz bahçeler bölgesinin ortasında yer alan (86.906 nüfuslu) Dessau'da UNESCO- Dünya Kültür Mirası listesine alınmış olan ünlü "Bauhaus" bulunur.

Kaynak: Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt

Ekonomi

Saksonya-Anhalt, birleşmeden sonra iktisadî bakımdan, yerli ve yabancı pek çok firma için cazip hale geldi. Bayer'in dünyaca ünlü aspirin tabletleri Bitterfeld'te üretilmektedir. Doğu federe eyaletleri arasında Saksonya-Anhalt, en çok doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yapıldığı bölgedir. Bu eyalette ekonomik büyümeye hizmet eden branşlar özellikle geleneksel kimya, yiyecek sanayii ve otomobil yedek parça imalatıdır. Bu sanayi dallarının üretim tesisleri tüm dünyada en modern tesislerdendir. Saksonya ile birlikte Halle-Leipzig bölgesi biyo ve gen teknolojisi merkezi haline gelmiştir. Saksonya-Anhalt'te modern enformasyon ve haberleşme teknolojilerinden gittikçe daha çok faydalanılmaktadır.

Eğitim

Magdeburg'ta 1993 yılında kurulan Otto-von-Guericke Üniversitesi Almanya'nın en yeni yüksekokuludur. Eyalette ayrıca, Halle-Wittenberg'te 300 yıl önce kurulan Martin-Luther Üniversitesi ve Halle'de Giebichenstein Kalesi'ndeki Sanat ve Tasarım Yüksekokulu vardır.
Köthen şehrinde 1991 yılında kurulan Hochschule Anhalt üniversitesi yaklaşık 8000 öğrenciye ev sahipliği yapar, okulun ayrıca Dessau-Roßlau ve Bernburg(Saale) şehirlerinde kampüsü bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Almanya'nın yeni eyaletleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Resmi web sitesi

Saksonya-Anhalt


Pontiac, bir Amerikan otomobil markası. İsmini Kızılderili Şefi Pontiac Obwandiyag'dan almıştır (1720 –  20 Nisan, 1769). General Motors tarafından, ABD'de 1906'dan 2009 yılına kadar üretilmiştir. 2009 krizinde alınan bir kararla üretimi durdurulmuştur. 80'li yıllarda Kara Şimşek adlı dizide kullanılan 1982 model Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, KİTT olarak bu firma tarafından yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Transformers filmindeki Jazz adlı karakter Pontiac Solstice'dir.

Modelleri
 Pontiac 2+2 (1964–1970)
 Pontiac 1000 (1983–1987)
 Pontiac 2000 (1983)
 Pontiac 2000 Sunbird (1983–1984)
 Pontiac 6000 (1982–1991)
 Pontiac Acadian (1976–1987, rebadged Chevrolet Chevette/Pontiac T1000/1000, Kanada)
 Pontiac Astre (1975–1977; 1973–1977 Kanada)
 Pontiac Aztek (2001–2005)
 Pontiac Bonneville (1957–2005)
 Pontiac Catalina (1959–1981)
 Pontiac Chieftain (1949–1958)
 Pontiac Custom S (1969)
 Pontiac De-Lux (1937)
 Pontiac Executive (1967–1970)
 Pontiac Fiero (1984–1988)
 Pontiac Firebird (1967–2002)
 Pontiac Firefly (1985–2001, rebadged Chevrolet Sprint/Geo Metro/Suzuki Cultus, Kanada)
 Pontiac G3 (2006–2009 (Meksika), 2009 (US), rebadged Chevrolet Aveo/Daewoo Gentra)
 Pontiac G4 (2005–2009, rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt, Meksika)
 Pontiac G5 (2007–2009, rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt)
 Pontiac G6 (2004–2010)
 Pontiac G8 (2008–2009, rebadged Holden VE Commodore, Avustralya)
 Pontiac GT-37 (1970-1971)
 Pontiac Grand Am (1973–1975, 1978–1980, 1985–2005)
 Pontiac Grand Prix (1962–2008)
 Pontiac Grand Safari (1971–1978)
 Pontiac Grand Ville (1971–1975)
 Pontiac Grande Parisienne (1966–1969, Kanada)
 Pontiac GTO (1964–1974)
 Pontiac GTO (2004–2006, rebadged Holden Monaro, Avustralya)
 Pontiac J2000 (1982)
 Pontiac Laurentian (1955–1981, Kanada)
 Pontiac LeMans (1962–1981, 1988–1993)
 Pontiac Matiz (1998–2005, rebadged Chevrolet Matiz, Meksika)
 Pontiac Matiz G2 (2006–2010, rebadged Chevrolet Matiz, Meksika)
 Pontiac Montana (1999–2005)
 Pontiac Montana SV6 (2005–2006)
 Pontiac Parisienne (1983–1986; 1958–1986, Kanada)
 Pontiac Pathfinder (1955–1958, Kanada)
 Pontiac Phoenix (1977–1984)
 Pontiac Pursuit (later G5 Pursuit) (2005–2006, rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt, Kanada)
 Pontiac Safari (1955–1989)
 Pontiac Silver Streak
 Pontiac Solstice (2006–2009)
 Pontiac Star Chief (1954–1966)
 Pontiac Star Chief Executive (1966)
 Pontiac Strato-Chief (1955–1970, Kanada)
 Pontiac Streamliner (1942-1951)
 Pontiac Sunbird (1975–1980, 1985–1994)
 Pontiac Sunburst (1985–1989, rebadged Chevrolet Spectrum/Isuzu Gemini, Kanada)
 Pontiac Sunfire (1995–2005)
 Pontiac Sunrunner (1994–1997, rebadged Geo Tracker/Suzuki Escudo, Kanada)
 Pontiac Super Chief (1957–1958)
 Pontiac T1000 (1981–1982)
 Pontiac T-37 (1970-1971)
 Pontiac Tojan (1985 -1991)
 Pontiac Tempest (1961–1970; 1987–1991, rebadged Chevrolet Corsica, Kanada)
 Pontiac Torpedo (1940-1948)
 Pontiac Torrent (2006–2009)
 Pontiac Trans Am (1969–2002)
 Pontiac Trans Sport (1990–1998)
 Pontiac Ventura (1960–1970 full-size, 1973–1977 compact)
 Pontiac Ventura II (1971–1972)
 Pontiac Vibe (2003–2010, rebadged Toyota Voltz)
 Pontiac Wave (later G3 Wave) (2004–2010, rebadged Chevrolet Aveo/Daewoo Gentra, Kanada)

Konseptler
 1988   Banshee
 1999   Rageous
 2002   Solstice

General Motors markaları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
1926'da kurulan oluşumlar
Otomobil markaları

Pontiac


Vaginismul este disfuncție sexuală feminină caracterizată prin contracția involuntară a treimii inferioare a mușchilor vaginali și a mușchilor din jurul vaginului, al mușchiului ridicător anal, al mușchiului pubococcigian, în cazuri severe fiind implicat și mușchiul drept abdominal.

Aceste spasme involuntare ale musculaturii vaginale pot duce la imposibilitatea penetrării și a realizării actului sexual. Concomitent poate apărea contracția mușchilor planșeului pelvian, anticiparea durerii și implicit fobia (aversiunea) față de actul sexual. În absența altei disfuncții sexuale asociate, dorința, lubrefierea și orgasmul clitoridian pot fi normale.

Vaginismul este involuntar, femeia nu are nici-un control asupra mecanismului care-l declanșează. Se întâmplă involuntar, fără ca ea sa-l poată controla și fără ca ea sa fie conștientă de ceea ce se întâmplă. Cauzele care provoacă vaginismul sunt variate, de obicei este o combinație de factori fizici și emoționali. Faptul că aceste cauze nu sunt ușor de detectat creează stres și frustrare mărită pentru cei doi parteneri.

Vaginismul se poate manifesta în orice moment al ciclului sexual al femeii în timpul unui act sexual, dar apare în special în faza de excitație. Contracția reflexă a musculaturii vaginale face ca raporturile sexuale să fie dureroase sau chiar imposibile. Pentru a pune diagnosticul de vaginism, clinicianul trebuie să evalueze și alte tulburări apropiate ca manifestare, ținând cont inclusiv de procesul de somatizare.

Simptome
Cele mai întâlnite simptome sunt reprezentate de usturime și durere în timpul penetrării (introducerea penisului în vagin), dificultatea sau imposibilitatea penetrării, penetrare dureroasă, durerea în timpul actului sexual fără o cauză evidentă; durere în timpul actului sexual după naștere, după apariția diverselor boli cu transmitere sexuală, după infecția cu candida sau alte infecții urinare, după histerectomie, cancer sau diverse intervenții chirurgicale în zona genitală, viol, menopauză; dificultatea introducerii unui tampon sau dificultate de a avea un control ginecologic; spasme musculare apărute în alte zone ale corpului (picioare, zona lombara) însoțite de respirație agitată în tentativele de a avea un act sexual; evitarea contactelor sexuale datorită durerii sau fricii de eșec, mergând pana la fobia(aversiunea) față de actul sexual și de penetrare.

Vaginismul poate fi primar, dacă apare chiar la începutul vieții sexuale sau poate să fie secundar, dobândit la un moment dat. Dacă există de la începutul vieții sexuale, femeia nu a putut avea niciodată un act sexual cu penetrare fără durere. Se consideră că vaginismul este secundar (dobândit) atunci când femeia și-a pierdut capacitatea de a avea un act sexual cu penetrare fără durere.

Vaginismul poate să fie generalizat sau conjunctural. Cel generalizat se manifestă indiferent de partener, de tipul de stimulare, sau de situație. Cel conjunctural apare doar în anumite situații, în cazul anumitor tipuri de stimulare sexuală sau cu anumiți parteneri.

Cauze
LoPiccolo J. susține că vaginismul poate fi cauzat de frica de penetrare și adesea este o tulburare relaționată cu o anumită situație specifică. În țările cu o mentalitate sexuală mai conservatoare, s-a observat o prezență mai crescută a vaginismului, frecvența variind între 0,4-6% dintre femeile active sexual.

Cauzele vaginismului nu sunt pe deplin cunoscute. Diverse conflicte intrapsihice legate de actul sexual și de penetrare, o mentalitate mai restrictivă din punct de vedere sexual, lipsa educației sexuale, abuzul sexual, frica față de pierderea virginității, absența unor modele adecvate pot determina apariția vaginismului primar. În cazul vaginismului secundar pot fi implicate diverse afecțiuni inflamatorii (vulvovaginite, candida, boli cu transmitere sexuala), diverse intervenții chirurgicale în zona genitală sau poate apărea secundar unei disfuncții masculine sau a problemelor din cuplu.

Tratament
Este responsabilitatea sexologului să recomande pacientelor un consult ginecologic pentru a scoate din calcul eventualele disfuncții fiziologice care ar putea cauza durere la penetrare (infecții vaginale, malformații sau obstrucții ale vaginului). Consultul ginecologic este necesar pentru a se putea determina procentul de participare al cauzelor de natură fiziologică versus psihologică, ce determină apariția simptomelor de vaginism. Femeile care în copilărie sau în adolescență au fost molestate, violate, au suferit incest sau au avut anumite traume de natură sexuală sunt mai mult predispuse la prezența simptome de vaginism.

Cercetările efectuate de psihologul american Lo Piccolo J., indică eficiența următoarelor metode pentru tratarea vaginismului:
 Tehnici de relaxare, tehnici pentru reducerea anxietății;
 Dilatare vaginala;
 Desensibilizare progresivă;
 Hipnoza;
 Terapie sexuala orientată pe tratamentul vaginismului.
În ciuda faptului că vaginismul este involuntar și i se poate întâmpla oricui, multe femei sunt atât de stresate și rușinate datorită faptului că nu pot avea un act sexual normal încât de cele mai multe ori își ascund această problemă și se simt vinovate, evită să vorbească cu oricine despre această problemă. Vaginismul este disfuncția sexuală feminină cu o rată de vindecare de 80-100 % din cazuri.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 www.sexolog-bucuresti.ro
 Yitzchak M. Bink, Kaththryn S.K. Hall, Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, ed. Guilford Press 2014, New York

Ginecologie
Sănătate sexuală
Vagin
Sexualitate umană
Relații intime
Viață privată

Vaginism


Daniel S. Aegerter (* 20. Juli 1969 in Bern; heimatberechtigt in Gurzelen) ist ein Schweizer Unternehmer; er leitet sein Family-Office Armada Investment Group AG in Zürich.

Vita
1988 gründete Aegerter während seiner Banklehre beim Schweizerischen Bankverein die Schweizer Import- und Distributionsfirma Dynabit, um Apple-Produkte zu handeln. 1995 lancierte er ein Internet-Einkaufssystem für die Kunden und Lieferanten von Dynabit, welches die Grundlage für die Tradex-Plattform bot. 1996 gründete Aegerter aus Dynabit heraus die Firma Tradex Technologies in den USA. Die Software Tradex war eine E-Commerce-Lösung für virtuelle Marktplätze und bediente den rasch wachsenden B2B-Markt. Aegerter besitzt noch heute Anteile an Target Distribution in Österreich, einem Grosshändler von Apple-Produkten.

Aegerter verkaufte im März 2000 seine B2B-Software-Firma Tradex Technologies für 5.6 Milliarden US-Dollar an Ariba. Er gelangte so auf die Top-40-Liste der weltweit Reichsten unter 40 Jahren der Zeitschrift Fortune.

Aegerter engagiert sich seit 2014 als Co-Founder in der Lobbying-Organisation Energy for humanity für den weltweiten Ausbau der Kernenergie.

Aegerter ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Er wohnt in Zumikon.

Vermögen
Im Jahr 2017 schätzte die Bilanz sein Vermögen auf 500 bis 600 Millionen Schweizer Franken.

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (Dienstleistung)
Unternehmer (Informationstechnik)
Unternehmer (Schweiz)
Unternehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Unternehmer (21. Jahrhundert)
Schweizer
Geboren 1969
Mann

Daniel Aegerter


An Zeuxine diversifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Paul Ormerod. An Zeuxine diversifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zeuxine, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zeuxine

Zeuxine diversifolia