එය ආකාර කිහිපයකම දැකිය හැක.
කොලොම්බියා අජටාකාශ ෂටලයේ ඛේදවාචකයට ප්‍රතිචාරයක් ලෙස
නාසා මානව අභ්‍යවකාශ තරණ පනත ලෙස
අභ්‍යවකාශ ගවේෂණයට ප්‍රජා උද්‍යෝගය යලි ලබා ගැනීමේ ආකාරයක් ලෙස

මෙම දැක්ම මගින් අභ්‍යවකාශ වැඩසටහනට දන්වා සිටින්නේ
·	අන්තර් ජාතික අභ්‍යවකාශ නැවතුම් පොළ 2010 වන විට සම්පුර්ණ කිරීමට
·	අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටලය  2010 වන විට විශ්‍රාම ගත් විට 2008 වන විට ඔරියන් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානය සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට (මින් පෙර හඳුනාගෙන සිටියේ සමුහ අභ්‍යවකාශ රථය ලෙස) හා එහි පළමු මානව අභ්‍යවකාශතරණය මෙහෙයුම 2014 වන විට සිදුකරන ලෙස
·	ෂටලයෙන් අත්කරගත් ගොඩබැස්සුම් රථ සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට
·	රොබෝ අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා මෙහෙයුම් සමග චන්ද්‍රයා 2008 වන විට ගවේෂණය කිරීමට හා 2020 වන විට සමුහනය කිරීම
·	අගහරු හා වෙනත් යායුතු ස්ථාන රොබෝ හා සමුහනය කල මෙහෙයුම් මගින් ගවේෂණය කිරීමට.

මෙම දැක්ම 2004 දී නිවේදනය කල විට එක්සත් ජනපද කොංග්‍රසය හා විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රජාව ධනාත්මක හා සෘණාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර ලබාදුනි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස නියෝජිත ඩේව්වෙල්ඩන් "මාසිතන ආකාරයට අභ්‍යවකාශ වැඩ පිලිවෙලට පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තිස්සේම සිදු වු හොඳම දෙය එයයි" ලෙස පැවසීය. මේ අතරතුර භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු හා අවංක කතාකරන සුළු අජඨාකාශ තරණ ප්‍රතිවාදී රොබට් L පාර්ක් රොබෝ අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා ඉතා හොදින් වැඩකටයුතු කරන බැවින් මිනිසකු යැවීම සධාරණීය කරණය කිරීමට අපහසු බව පවසන ලදී.

අඟහරු සමාජය වැනි සෙස්සන් චන්ද්‍රයා වෙත ආපසු යෑම වලක්වා අගහරු වෙත අවධානය යොමු කිරීම වඩා උචිතයැයි හැ‍ෙඟන බව පවසන ලදී.

සඳට අනන්‍යවු කර්මාන්ත පිලිබඳ දැනීම සංවර්ධනය හා හදුනාගැනීම වෙනුවෙන් සඳට ආපසු යාම ඉහල පුරෝගාමීත්වයකින් යුතු අභ්‍යවකාශ වැඩපිලිවෙලක් ලෙස සැලකිය යුතු බව ජාතික අභ්‍යවකාශ සමාජය (NSS) නිකුත් කල පුවත්පතක එක් තැනකදී සඳහන් වේ. NSS විශ්වාස කරන අන්දමට සඳ අතීතයේ ගබඩාව මෙන්ම අප ග්‍රහලෝකයේ අනාගතයද වේ. එමෙන්ම ඇපලෝ යානා 6 මෙම වටිනා නිධානයේ මතුපිටින් අතගා බැලිමෙන් පමණක් සිදු කරන ලද බවද පවසයි.

NSS ට අනුව චන්ද්‍රයාගේ විරුද්ධ පෘෂ්ටය කලබලකාරී පෘතුවියෙන් මුළු මනින්ම ආවරණය වීඇති අතර අනාගත විකිරණ අජටාකාශ විද්‍යාව සඳහා තෝතැන්නක් වේ.

චන්ද්‍රයා මත අන්තික රික්තය තත්ව යටතේ සුවිශේෂි නිපදවීම් සිදු කල හැකි අතර එහි දුරස්ථ භාවය නිසා හා හුදකලා භ‍ාවය නිසා ජීවයට හානිකර විය හැකි පර්යේෂණ පැවැත්වීමට ද හැක.

චන්ද්‍ර සම්පත් පෘථිවිය මත ඇති අමුද්‍රව්‍ය සියල්ලේම හෝ නැතිනම් බහුතරයක් අඩංගු වේ. පුළුල් පරිමාණයේ අභ්‍යවකාශ මෙහෙ‍යුම් හා වැඩ කටයුතු සදහා මෙන්ම ස්ථානීය සම්පත් භාවිතය හෙවත් භූමියෙන් පිටත ජීවත් වීමට තුලින් ස්ථිර මානව ජනාවාස ඇති කිරීම සඳහා සඳ තෝතැන්නක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. මෙයින් ප්‍රතිලාභ රාශියක් ඇත. එක්සත් ජනපද ජනාධිපති යෝජනා කල පරිදි ආරම්භක ආපසු පැමි‍ණීමේ මෙහෙයුම් ෂටලය හා අන්තර් ජාතික අභ්‍යවකාශ නැවතුම් පොල වැඩසටහන මගින් සංවර්ධනය කල දැනට පවතින ගොඩබැස්සවීම් (ලෝන්ච් කිරීම්) යටිතල පහසු කම් හා සම්පත් තුලින් සිදු කල හැක. අමතරව අවශ්‍ය වන්නේ අවම මට්ටමේ නව සොයා ගැනීම් හා සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහන් හා ඉවත දමන සුළු ලොන්ච් රථ පමණි.

ISS ගොඩ නැගීමේ හා මෙහෙයුම් තුලින් ඉගෙන ගත් පාඩම් වැඩිදියුණු කොට අඟහරුගේ හා සඳේ මානව මෙහෙයුම් දක්වා ව්‍යාප්ත කළ හැක.

අභ්‍යවකාශ ගවේෂණය සදහා නාසා අයවැය ප්‍රතිපාදන

ආරම්භක මෙහෙයුම් මගින් සඳමත විද්‍යාත්මක උපකරණ පිහිට වීමට හා ධ්‍රැව ප්‍රදේශ වැනි ගවේෂණ නොකල ප්‍රදේශ තුළින් සාම්පල රැගෙන ඒමට හැක. එමෙන්ම අවශ්‍ය ජල ප්‍රමාණය හා චන්ද්‍ර කර්මාන්ත සදහා අවශ්‍ය ද්‍රවශීලි ද්‍රව්‍ය ප්‍රමාණය නිගමනය කල හැක. අනාගතයේදී ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීය කරණය කල හැකි ලොන්ච් පද්ධිති මෙහෙයුම් ඇයේටා වියදම් අඩුවීම, පියාසැරි සීඝ්‍රතා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමට ඉඩ සැලසීම නිසා පෘථිවි - චන්ද්‍ර චාරිකා දෛනික කටයුත්තක් බවට පත්වනු ඇත. යලිත් සඳට මිනිසුන් යැවීම තුලින් නාසා අභ්‍යවකාශ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නව ප්‍රබෝධයක් ලබනු ඇතිවාක් මෙන්ම ප්‍රජා රුචියද දිනාගනු ඇත.

2004 වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක්ම එක්සත් ජනපද කොන්ග්‍රසය අභ්‍යවකාශ ගවේෂණය සදහා දැක්ම "අනුමත කොට ප්‍රතිපාදන ලබාදීමට කැමැත්තෙන් සිටීද යන්න අපැහැදිලි වූවකි.

නමුත් 2004 නෙවැම්බරයේදී කොන්ග්‍රසය වියදම් බිල්පත් වෙළුමක් අනුමත කල අතර එය ජනාධිපති බුෂ් විසින් (දැක්ම ආරම්භ කිරීමට) සොයමින් සිටි. ඩෙලර් බිලියන 16.2 නාසා ආයතනයට ලබාදුනි. එවකට නාසා ප්‍රධානි සීන්ඕකී‍ෆ් පවසන පරිදි "එය ඕනෑම අයකුට අපේක්ෂා කල හැකි උපරිම දිරිගැන්වීමයි" 2005 දී දැක්ම සඳහා පැහැදිලි දිරිගැන්වීමක් ලබාදුන් 2005 නාසා අධිකාරි පනත කොන්ග්‍රසය විසින් අනුමත කරන ලදී.

2005 දී වැඩ භාරගත් නාසා බලධාරි මයිකල් ග්‍රිෆින් මෙම දැක්ම සඳහා විශාල සහයෝගයක් ලබා දුන්නද අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටලය විශ්‍රාම ගැන්වීම හා සමුහ ගවේෂණ රථයේ පලමු මානව මෙහෙයුම අතර ඇති සිව් වසරක පරතරය පියවීමට තමාට අවශ්‍ය බව පවසමින් එය යම් ආකාරයකින් විකරණය කර ඇත.

අභ්‍යවකාශ විද්‍යාව

අභ්‍යාවකා‍ශ ගවේෂණයෙහි දැක්ම


Ollolai (sardisk: Ollolài) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Nuoro i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 960 meters højde og har 1.291 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 27,24 km² og grænser til kommunerne Gavoi, Mamoiada, Olzai, Ovodda, Sarule og Teti.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Nuoro

Ollolai


OpenCores is a community developing digital open-source hardware through electronic design automation (EDA), with a similar ethos to the free software movement. OpenCores hopes to eliminate redundant design work and significantly reduce development costs. A number of companies have been reported as adopting OpenCores IP in chips, or as adjuncts to EDA tools. OpenCores is also sometimes cited as an example of open source in the electronics hardware community.

OpenCores has always been a commercially owned organization. In 2015, its core active users established the independent Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation (FOSSi Foundation), and created another directory on the librecores.org website as the basis for all future development, independent of commercial control. It has been shut down to redirect to a post on the FOSSi Foundation website seven years later in favor of a simple web search, reasoning that "free and open source silicon is no longer a dream".

History
Damjan Lampret, one of the founders of OpenCores, stated on his website that it began in 1999. The new website and its objectives were reported publicly by EE Times in 2000 and CNET News in 2001. Through the following years it was supported by advertising and sponsorship, including by Flextronics.

In mid-2007 an appeal was put out for a new backer. That November, Swedish design house ORSoC AB agreed to take over maintenance of the OpenCores website.

EE Times reported in late 2008 that OpenCores had passed the 20,000 subscriber mark. In October 2010 it reached 95,000 registered users and had approximately 800 projects. In July 2012 it reached 150,000 registered users.

During 2015, ORSoC AB formed a joint venture with KNCMiner AB to develop bitcoin mining machines. As this became the primary focus of the business, they were able to spend less time with the opencores.org project. In response to the growing lack of commitment, the core OpenRISC development team set up the Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation (FOSSi), and registered the librecores.org website as the basis for all future development, independent of commercial control.

Licensing
In the absence of a widely accepted open source hardware license, the components produced by the OpenCores initiative use several different software licenses. The most common is the GNU LGPL, which states that any modifications to a component must be shared with the community, while one can still use it together with proprietary components. The less restrictive 3-clause BSD license is also used in some hardware projects, while the GNU GPL is often used for software components, such as models and firmware.

The OpenCores library
The library will consist of design elements from central processing units, memory controllers, peripherals, motherboards, and other components. Emerging semiconductor manufacturers could use the information and license designs for free.

The emphasis is on digital modules called "cores", commonly known as IP Cores. The components are used for creating both custom integrated circuits (ASICs) and FPGAs.

The cores are implemented in the hardware description languages Verilog, VHDL or SystemC, which may be synthesized to either silicon or gate arrays.

The project aims at using a common non-proprietary system bus named Wishbone, and most components are nowadays adapted to this bus.

Among the components created by OpenCores contributors are:

 OpenRISC – a highly configurable RISC central processing unit
 Amber (processor core) – an ARM-compatible RISC central processing unit
 A Zilog Z80 clone
 USB 2.0 controller
 Tri Ethernet controller, 10/100/1000 Mbit
 Encryption units, for example DES, AES and RSA
 HyperTransport Tunnel
 A PIC16F84 core
 Zet – an x86 compatible core

OpenRISC ASIC
In April 2011 OpenCores opened donations for a new project to develop a complete system on a chip design based on the OpenRISC processor and implement it into an ASIC-component. OpenCores affiliated with OpenCores, for example OpenSPARC and LEON.

See also
 Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation
 Free content
 Open content
 Open-source hardware
 Wishbone

References

External links

Open hardware organizations and companies
Electronic design
Open hardware electronic devices
Technology websites

OpenCores


Le Bud and Jackie Sellick Bowl, est un stade omnisports américain (servant principalement pour le football américain et le soccer) situé dans la ville d'Indianapolis, en Indiana.

Appartenant à l'Université Butler, le stade, doté de  places, sert d'enceinte à domicile pour l'équipe universitaire des Bulldogs de Butler (pour ses équipes de football américain et de soccer).

Histoire

Le stade ouvre ses portes en  sous le nom de Butler Bowl, et est au départ doté de  assises, réduites à  en .

En , le stade change de nom pour Bud and Jackie Sellick Bowl, son nom actuel.

Galerie

Notes et références

Équipement sportif achevé en 1928
Stade multifonction aux États-Unis
Stade de football américain en Indiana
Stade de soccer en Indiana
Stade portant le nom d'une personnalité
Sport à Indianapolis
Bulldogs de Butler

Bud and Jackie Sellick Bowl


(Strogi) parcijalni uređaj je binarna relacija ako je antirefleksivna i tranzitivna.

Relacija  na skupu A je strogi parcijalni uređaj

ako vrijedi

(antirefleksivnost)

i ako vrijedi

  &  (tranzitivnost)

Izvori

Binarne relacije

Parcijalni uređaj


Pop-Tarts (stylized as pop•tarts) is a brand of toaster pastries produced and distributed by Kellanova (formerly Kellogg's) since 1964, consisting of a sweet filling sealed inside two layers of thin, rectangular pastry crust. Most varieties are also frosted. Although sold pre-cooked, they are designed to be warmed inside a toaster or microwave oven. They are usually sold in pairs inside Mylar (previously foil) packages and do not require refrigeration.

Pop-Tarts is Kellogg's most popular brand to date in the United States, with millions of units sold each year. They are distributed mainly in the United States, but are also available in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.

Pop-Tarts are produced in dozens of flavors, plus various one-time, seasonal, and "limited-edition" flavors that appear for a short time.

History

In the early 1960s, Kellogg's biggest competitor, Post, invented a process for dehydrating food and enclosing it in foil to keep it fresh—first used for dog food—and adapted it to its new toaster-prepared breakfast pastry.  Intended to complement its cold cereals, Post announced its new product to the press in 1964 before they went to market, calling them "Country Squares".

Because Post had revealed Country Squares before they were ready for the marketplace, Kellogg was able to develop its version in six months, being created by a former Keebler employee named Bill Post. Initially called Fruit Scones, the name was soon changed to Pop-Tarts as a pun on the then popular Pop Art movement. The product, advertised by an animated, anthropomorphic toaster named Milton, became so popular that Kellogg could not keep up with demand. The first shipment of Pop-Tarts to stores sold out in two weeks, and Kellogg's ran advertisements apologizing for the empty shelves. This only increased demand for the new product.

The first Pop-Tarts came in four flavors: strawberry, blueberry, brown sugar cinnamon, and apple currant, which was soon renamed apple-berry. Originally unfrosted when first introduced in 1964, it was later determined that frosting could withstand the toaster, and the first frosted Pop-Tarts were released in 1967.  As of 2021, there are over 20 standard Pop-Tart flavors, including hot fudge sundae, s'mores, raspberry, and grape.

Pop-Tarts were introduced with fairly substantial marketing to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. Chocotastic and Strawberry Sensation are available in most major UK supermarkets.

The United States military airdropped 2.4 million Pop-Tarts in Afghanistan during the initial attack in 2001.

A temporary Pop-Tarts store opened in New York City in 2010; it was operational until December 31 that year.

, sales of Pop-Tarts had increased for 32 straight years.

In 2023, Pop-Tarts became a product of Kellanova following the spinoff of Kellogg's breakfast cereal operations into WK Kellogg Co.

Products

Kellogg's keeps between 20 and 30 flavors in production at any time, and is constantly testing and trying new flavors to meet shifting consumer tastes.

Standard flavors
Pop Tart's core flavors have been unchanged for over 30 years and include favorites such as frosted strawberry and brown sugar cinnamon. In addition, Kellogg's is constantly introducing new flavors into regular production and removing ones that do not sell well. In 2020, they introduced three new Pretzel flavors while ceasing production of most of the 'wild' flavor line.

Seasonal flavors
Kellogg's produces some flavors for a short time every year, to coincide with seasonal or holiday events. Some examples include Pumpkin Pie, released every Fall since 2011, and Red White and Blueberry, brought back every summer since 2012.

Limited flavors
Limited flavors are produced for a short time, a few months or less, and usually have a "Limited Edition" banner on the box. They are sometimes made in cooperation with another food brand. Dunkin Donuts, Jolly Rancher, and A&W Root Beer have collaborated with Kellogg's to create limited-edition branded Pop-Tart flavors. They have also worked with other Kellogg's brands to make Froot Loops and Eggo flavored Pop-Tarts.

Occasionally a limited flavor will sell so well that Kellogg's will keep producing it longer or make it a regular flavor. Red Velvet was initially released as a limited flavor in 2013, but sold so well that it was kept in production until 2017 and returned as a standard flavor in 2021.

At least one flavor, Mister-E, was discontinued shortly after its two-month marketing in summer 2021 as Kellogg's pulled the plug on the flavor after receiving numerous complaints. It was confirmed to be known as "Everything Bagel" on the Pop-Tart website prior to its conclusion.

Outside the United States
A much more limited number of flavors are available outside the US. This is due to local laws that may prohibit the use of specific food dyes, or the use of high fructose corn syrup.

Only three flavors are available in Europe:
 Frosted Apple Blast
 Frosted Chocotastic
 Frosted Strawberry Sensation

Related products
Presto Pizza was a pizza flavored toaster pastry produced by Kelloggs in 1971, and retired less than a year later.

Pastry Swirls were introduced in the mid-1990s and were similar to a competitor Pillsbury's Toaster Strudels. Pastry Swirls were bigger and thicker than regular Pop-Tarts and had less icing. Flavors included Cherry Cheese Danish and Cinnamon Cream. Sales were disappointing, and the products were discontinued in 2001.

Snak-Stix, a portable break-apart version intended as an after-school snack for children, was introduced in 2002. The new product was launched with a massive media tie-in with the American Idol TV show and live tour. It did not sell well and was discontinued a year later.

Go-Tarts were another attempt at a snack-sized product, released in 2006. These were thicker, narrow, and wrapped individually (instead of in packages of two). Go-Tarts were discontinued in 2008.

Mini Crisps were introduced in 2011 as a bite-sized, cracker-like pastry with no filling. They originally sold in 60-calorie pouches but were discontinued after poor sales. They were brought back in a larger size in 2018, as Pop Tart Crisps. The newer version is a larger bar-sized crispy pastry with filling and frosting.

Pop-Tarts Bites are a smaller, bite-sized version sold in pouches. They were originally introduced in 1994 but ceased production the next year. Kellogg's brought them back in 2018 in Frosted Strawberry and Brown Sugar Cinnamon flavors and has announced plans to expand to more flavors.

Pop Tarts Cereal was originally made in 1994, and sold through the early 2000s. Kellogg's brought it back in 2019 with two flavors: strawberry and brown sugar cinnamon.

In popular culture
In June 2021, Jerry Seinfeld announced he would produce and star in a movie about the creation of the Pop-Tart. The film, Unfrosted: The Pop-Tart Story, will be released on Netflix in 2023.

The History Channel series The Food That Built America has two episodes that include Pop Tarts. The first episode of the first season includes the rivalry between the Kellogg and Post companies, and mentions the invention of the Pop-Tart. The first episode of season four goes into more detail about the creation of the Pop Tart and the rival Country Squares from Post.

The TV show Family Guy featured a song about Pop-Tarts, and how good they taste with butter.

Advertising

Industry trade groups have raised issues with Pop-Tarts advertising. In 2003, the Produce for Better Health Foundation (PBH) and the United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association told the Food and Drug Administration's Obesity Working Group that:

Pop-Tarts introduced a new advertising campaign, "Crazy Good", in 2004.  Characters that appeared often were a singing lizard and a group of children, dubbed "crazy-good kids", who commonly frightened the Pop-Tarts and caused them to be eaten or chased away. The sound design and signature "TaDa" opening and closings were created by Kamen Entertainment Group, Inc. The ads employ squiggly animation, surrealist humor, and non sequitur, all of which bear a strong resemblance to the signature work of animator Don Hertzfeldt. One "crazy-good kid" in particular bears strong resemblance to Billy in Hertzfeldt's Billy's Balloon. However, Hertzfeldt was not involved in any way with these advertisements and in 2006 was considering possible litigation for stealing his work.

In 2006, the Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, prompted by a customer complaint, "recommended that Kellogg modify packaging, eliminate the phrase 'made with real fruit'."  Kellogg agreed to do so, and redesigned packages for the Pop-Tarts line accordingly; they assured CARU that the "claim does not appear on television or print advertising" and offered to "participate in CARU's self-regulatory process" and "take CARU's focus areas into consideration" as Kellogg proceeds with its "future child-directed advertising."

Cable in the Classroom has used a Pop-Tarts television commercial as an example in its media literacy program for children. They ask adults to watch a Pop-Tarts commercial with their children or students and "have them look at how much product information is presented and how much is really about lifestyle or attitude."

Lawsuits
Thomas Nangle filed a lawsuit in 1992, suing Kellogg for damages after his Pop-Tart became stuck in his toaster and caught fire. The case gained wider notoriety when humorist Dave Barry wrote a column about starting a fire in his own toaster with Pop-Tarts. Texas A&M University Corpus Christi professor Patrick Michaud performed a 1994 experiment showing that when left in the toaster too long, strawberry Pop-Tarts could produce flames to about  high. The discovery triggered a number of lawsuits. Since then, Pop-Tarts carry the warning: "Due to possible risk of fire, never leave your toasting appliance or microwave unattended."

In October 2021, a woman in New York sued Kellogg's for $5 million over what she claimed was misleading advertising about Strawberry Pop-Tarts. Her suit alleged, "The strawberry representations are misleading because the Product has less strawberries than consumers expect based on the labeling." This lawsuit was dismissed in March 2022, with US District Judge Marvin Aspin writing "The word 'Strawberry,' combined with a picture of half of a strawberry and a Pop-Tart oozing red filling, does not guarantee that there will be a certain amount of strawberries in the product's filling."

Recalls

Pop-Tarts have been the subject of recalls when mislabeling could lead to serious allergic reactions. On August 4, 1995, it was announced that 94,500 cartons of Smucker's Real Fruit Frosted Strawberry pastries actually contained the Chocolate Fudge variety. In 2002, Kellogg alerted the public that egg was an undeclared ingredient in its Frosted Brown Sugar Cinnamon Pop-Tarts. In 2006, they alerted the public that some Frosted Blueberry Pop-Tarts contained milk as an undeclared ingredient.

See also

 Convenience food
 Pastries

References

External links

Brand name snack foods
Pastries
Kellogg's brands
Products introduced in 1964
Convenience foods
American snack foods

Pop-Tarts


Parisio de Treviso (1160-1267) fue un monje de la Orden de la Camáldula italiano. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica

Biografía

Se cree que nació en 1160, en Treviso o Bolonia. A los doce años, Parisio entró en la orden Camaldolense. Poco después de ser ordenado sacerdote en 1191, Parisio fue designado como el director espiritual de la orden en el Monasterio de Santa Cristina en Treviso. Permaneció en este ministerio los setenta de su vida.

Durante su vida, muchos milagro se le han acreditado en su intercesión y se dice que tenía el don de la profecía. Después de su muerte, fue enterrado en la catedral de Treviso

Nunca fue formalmente canonizado por la Iglesia católica, pero, por tradición, es venerado como un santo por los monjes y monjas de la Orden Camaldolese. Su festividad se celebra el 11 de junio

Referencias

Santos católicos de Italia del siglo XIII
Benedictinos de Italia del siglo XII
Camaldulenses
Religiosos de Italia del siglo XIII
Santos benedictinos
Nacidos en Treviso
Fallecidos en Treviso
Benedictinos de Italia del siglo XIII

Parisio de Treviso


Offshoring is the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a company business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.

Offshoring and outsourcing are not mutually inclusive: there can be one without the other. They can be intertwined (offshore outsourcing), and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, involving terms such as reshoring, inshoring, and insourcing.

Offshoring is when the offshored work is done by means of an internal (captive) delivery model, sometimes referred to as in-house offshore.

Imported services from subsidiaries or other closely related suppliers are included, whereas intermediate goods, such as partially completed
cars or computers, may not be.

Motivation
Lower cost and increased corporate profitability are often the motivation, economists call this labor arbitrage. More recently, offshoring incentives also include access to qualified personnel abroad, in particular in technical professions, and decreasing the time to market.

Jobs are added in the destination country providing the goods or services and are subtracted from the higher-cost labor country. The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe experienced less offshoring than the United States due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.

Destinations
After its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the People's Republic of China emerged as a prominent destination for production offshoring. Another focus area has been the software industry as part of global software development and developing global information systems. After technical progress in telecommunications improved the possibilities of trade in services, India became one prominent destination for such offshoring, though many parts of the world are now emerging as offshore destinations.

Frequently used terms
Offshoring is defined as the movement of a business process done at a company in one country to the same company in another country.

It is not the same as outsourcing, which is the movement of internal business processes to an external organizational unit. This is done under restrictions and strategies in order to establish consistency with the offshore outsourcing organizations. Many companies nowadays outsource various professional areas in the company such as e-mail services, payroll and call center. These jobs are being handled by other organizations that specialize in each sector allowing the offshoring company to focus more on other business concerns.

Subcontracting in the same country would be outsourcing, but not offshoring. A company moving an internal business unit from one country to another would be offshoring or physical restructuring, but not outsourcing. A company subcontracting a business unit to a different company in another country would be both outsourcing and offshoring: Offshore outsourcing.

Related terms include
 nearshoring, - relocation of business processes to (typically) lower cost foreign locations, but in close geographical proximity (e.g., shifting United States-based business processes to Canada, Mexico or Latin America)
 inshoring, - picking services within a country
 bestshoring or rightshoring, picking the "best shore" based on various criteria
 Business process outsourcing (BPO) refers to outsourcing arrangements when entire business functions (such as finance, accounting, and customer service) are outsourced. More specific terms can be found in the field of software development - for example Global Information System as a class of systems being developed for / by globally distributed teams.
 Bodyshopping is the practice of using offshored resources and personnel to do small disaggregated tasks within a business environment, without any broader intention to offshore an entire business function.

Offshoring can be seen in the context of either production offshoring or services offshoring, and refers to substitution of a service from any company-owned foreign source for one formerly produced in the company's home country, whether or not outsourcing is involved.

Production offshoring
Production offshoring, also known as physical restructuring, of established products involves relocation of physical manufacturing processes overseas, usually to a lower-cost destination or one with fewer regulatory restrictions.

Physical restructuring arrived when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) made it easier for manufacturers to shift production facilities from the US to Mexico.

This trend later shifted to China, which offered cheap prices through very low wage rates, few workers' rights laws, a fixed currency pegged to the US dollar, (currently fixed to a basket of economies) cheap loans, cheap land, and factories for new companies, few environmental regulations, and huge economies of scale based on cities with populations over a million workers dedicated to producing a single kind of product. However, many companies are reluctant to move high value-added production of leading-edge products to China because of lax enforcement of intellectual property laws.

IT-enabled services offshoring
Growth of offshoring of IT-enabled services, both to subsidiaries and to outside companies (offshore outsourcing) is linked to the availability of large amounts of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following the telecommunication and Internet expansion of the late 1990s.

Much of the job movement, however, was to outside companies - offshore outsourcing.

Re-shoring
Reshoring, also known as onshoring, backshoring  or inshoring, is the act of reintroducing domestic manufacturing to a country. It is the reverse process of offshoring.

John Urry, professor of sociology at Lancaster University, argues that the concealment of income, the avoidance of taxation and eluding legislation relating to work, finance, pleasure, waste, energy and security may be becoming a serious concern for democratic governments and ordinary citizens who may be adversely affected by unregulated, offshore activities. Further, the rising costs of transportation could lead to production nearer the point of consumption becoming more economically viable, particularly as new technologies such as additive manufacturing mature.

The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on the future of work considers the potential for automation to drive companies to reshore production, reducing the role of labor in the process, and offers suggestions as to how governments can respond. A similar movement can be seen related to Robotic Process Automation, called RPA or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0 based on artificial intelligence, where the incentive to move repetitive shared services work to lower cost countries is partially taken away by the progression of technology.

Melanie Rojas et al in a 2022 Deloitte's report commend adopting a combination of re-shoring and friendshoring - "working with other nations and trusted supply sources" - as a business practice and policy initiative aiming to promote supply chain resilience.

United States
Since the 1980s American companies have been "offshoring" and outsourcing manufacturing to low cost countries such as India, China, Malaysia, Pakistan and Vietnam.

Government response
President Obama's 2011 SelectUSA program was the first federal program to promote and facilitate U.S. investment in partnership with the states. This program and website helps companies connect with resources available on a Federal, State and local level. In January 2012, President Obama issued a call to action to "invest in America" at the White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum.

Success stories
Advances in 3D printing technologies brought manufacturers closer to their customers.

There have been several very successful stories of companies. In most cases hundreds if not thousands of jobs were created or reinstated. In the case of Starbucks, in 2012 it saved American Mug and Stein Company in East Liverpool, Ohio from bankruptcy.

Avoiding failure
Some cases of reshoring have not been successful. Otis Elevators' reshoring effort did not go well. Otis says it failed to consider the consequences of the new location and tried to do too much at once, including a supply-chain software implementation. This is not an uncommon reshoring scenario. Bringing manufacturing back to the United States isn't so simple, and there are a lot of considerations and analyses that companies must do to determine the costs and feasibility of reshoring. Some companies pursue reshoring with their own internal staff. But reshoring projects are complicated and involve engineering, marketing, production, finance, and procurement. In addition, there are real estate concerns, government incentives and training requirements that require outreach to the community. To help with these projects, companies often turn to consultants that specialize in reshoring.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, companies have used the reintroduction of domestic call centres as a unique selling point. In 2014, the RSA Insurance Group completed a move of call centres back to Britain. The call centre industry in India has been hit by reshoring, as businesses including British Telecom, Santander UK and Aviva all announced they would move operations back to Britain in order to boost the economy and regain customer satisfaction.

R&D offshoring
Product design, research and the development (R&D) process is relatively difficult to offshore because R&D, to improve products and create new reference designs, requires a higher skill set not associated with cheap labor.

Transfer of intellectual property
There is a relationship between offshoring and patent-system strength. Companies under a strong patent system are not afraid to move work offshore because their work will remain their property. Conversely, companies in countries with weak patent systems have an increased fear of intellectual property theft from foreign vendors or workers, and, therefore, have less offshoring.

Offshoring is often enabled by the transfer of valuable information to the offshore site. Such information and training enables the remote workers to produce results of comparable value previously produced by internal employees. When such transfer includes protected materials, as confidential documents and trade secrets, protected by non-disclosure agreements, then intellectual property has been transferred or exported. The documentation and valuation of such exports is quite difficult, but should be considered since it comprises items that may be regulated or taxable.

Debate
Offshoring to foreign subsidiaries has been a controversial issue spurring heated debates among economists. Jobs go to the destination country and lower cost of goods and services to the origin country.

On the other hand, job losses and wage erosion in developed countries have sparked opposition. Free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.

Currency manipulation by governments and their central banks cause differences in labor cost. On May 1, 2002, Economist and former Ambassador Ernest H. Preeg testified before the Senate committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that China, for instance, pegs its currency to the dollar at a sub-par value in violation of Article IV of the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement which state that no nation shall manipulate its currency to gain a market advantage.

U.S. labor market
In 2015, IT employment in the United States has recently reached pre-2001 levels and has been rising since.

The number of jobs lost to offshoring is less than 1 percent of the total US labor market. According to a study by the Heritage foundation, outsourcing represents a very small proportion of jobs lost in the US. The total number of jobs lost to offshoring, both manufacturing and technical represent only 4 percent of the total jobs lost in the US. Major reasons for cutting jobs are from contract completion and downsizing. Some economists and commentators claim that the offshoring phenomenon is way overblown.

Impact on jobs in western countries
The Economist reported in January 2013 that "High levels of unemployment in Western countries after the 2007-2008 financial crisis have made the public in many countries so hostile towards offshoring that many companies are now reluctant to engage in it." Economist Paul Krugman wrote in 2007 that while free trade among high-wage countries is viewed as win-win, free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.

Two estimates of the impact of offshoring on U.S. jobs were between 150,000 and 300,000 per year from 2004 to 2015. This represents 10-15% of U.S. job creation.

The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe experienced less offshoring than the U.S. due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.

In the area of service research has found that offshoring has mixed effects on wages and employment.

The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on the future of work  highlights how offshoring can shape the demand for skills in receiving countries and explores how increasing automation can lead to reshoring of production in some cases.

Public opinion
U.S. opinion polls indicate that between 76-95% of Americans surveyed agreed that "outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people aren't being hired."

Effects of factor of production mobility
According to classical economics, the three factors of production are land, labor, and capital. Offshoring relies heavily on the mobility of labor and capital; land has little or no mobility potential.

In microeconomics, working capital funds the initial costs of offshoring. If the state heavily regulates how a corporation can spend its working capital, it will not be able to offshore its operations. For the same reason the macroeconomy must be free for offshoring to succeed.

Computers and the Internet made work in the services industry electronically portable. Most theories that argue offshoring eventually benefits domestic workers assume that those workers will be able to obtain new jobs, even if by accepting lower salaries or by retraining themselves in a new field. Foreign workers benefit from new jobs and higher wages when the work moves to them.

Labor scholars argue that global labor arbitrage leads to unethical practices, connected to exploitation of workers, eroding work conditions and decreasing job security.

History
In the developed world, moving manufacturing jobs out of the country dates to at least the 1960s while moving knowledge service jobs offshore dates to the 1970s and has continued since then. It was characterized primarily by the transferring of factories from the developed to the developing world. This offshoring and closing of factories has caused a structural change in the developed world from an industrial to a post-industrial service society.

During the 20th century, the decreasing costs of transportation and communication combined with great disparities on pay rates made increased offshoring from wealthier countries to less wealthy countries financially feasible for many companies. Further, the growth of the Internet, particularly fiber-optic intercontinental long haul capacity, and the World Wide Web reduced "transportation" costs for many kinds of information work to near zero.

Impact of the Internet
Regardless of size, companies benefit from accessibility to labor resources across the world. This gave rise to business models such as Remote In-Sourcing that allow companies to tap into resources found abroad, without losing control over security of product quality.

New categories of work such as call centres, computer programming, reading medical data such as X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging, medical transcription, income tax preparation, and title searching are being offshored.

Ireland
Before the 1990s, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in the EU. Because of Ireland's relatively low corporate tax rates, US companies began offshoring of software, electronic, and pharmaceutical intellectual property to Ireland for export. This helped create a high-tech "boom" which led to Ireland becoming one of the richest EU countries.

NAFTA
In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect, and it increased the velocity of physical restructuring.

The plan to create free trade areas (such as Free Trade Area of the Americas) has not yet been successful. In 2005, offshoring of skilled work, also referred to as knowledge work, dramatically increased from the US, which fed the growing worries about threats of job loss.

Offshore outsourcing
There are four basic types of offshore outsourcing:
 Information technology outsourcing (ITO) is where outsourcing related to technology or internet such as computer programming.
 Business process outsourcing (BPO) involves contracting out of operational functions to a third party service provider.
 Offshore software development
 Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) is a type of outsourcing which involves or requires a more advanced technical skill and a higher level of expertise.
 Customer support outsourcing (CSO) involves delegating customer service functions to offshore call centers or service providers to handle inquiries, complaints, and assistance.

Criteria
The general criteria for a job to be offshore-able are:
 There is a significant wage difference between the original and offshore countries;
 Remote work is possible in the job;
 The work can be transmitted over the Internet;
 The work is repeatable.

Source of conflict
The opposing sides regarding offshoring, outsourcing, and offshore outsourcing are those seeking government intervention and Protectionism versus the side advocating Free Trade.

Jobs formerly held by U.S. workers have been lost, even as underdeveloped countries such as Brazil and Turkey flourish. Free-trade advocates suggest economies as a whole will obtain a net benefit from labor offshoring, but it is unclear if the displaced receive a net benefit.

Some wages overseas are rising. A study by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics found that Chinese wages were almost tripled in the seven years following 2002. Research suggests that these wage increases could redirect some offshoring elsewhere.

Increased training and education has been advocated to offset trade-related displacements, but it is no longer a comparative advantage of high-wage nations because education costs are lower in low-wage countries.

See also

 Anti-globalization movement
 Borderless selling
 Call center security
 Decline and Fall of the American Programmer
 Domestic sourcing
 Follow-the-sun
 Free trade controversy
 Friendshoring
 Global delivery model
 Global labor arbitrage
 Global sourcing
 Globality
 Globally integrated enterprise
 Guest worker
 Labor shortage
 List of international trade topics
 Low-cost country sourcing
 Nearshoring
 Offshore company
 Offshoring Research Network
 Programmers Guild
 Restructuring
 Runaway production
 Tax haven

By sector:
 Information technology consulting
 Offshore custom software development

References

External links

 An Atlas of Offshore Outsourcing by David E. Gumpert (BusinessWeek online)

Further reading
 Consulate General of the Kingdom of The Netherlands Guangzhou (2011). Outsourcing Comparison Study South-East Asia: China, India, Vietnam 2011-2012.

 Alan S. Blinder, "Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?" in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 2 (March/April 2006), pp. 113–128.

 Thomas L. Friedman, The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (2005).

 Catherine L. Mann & Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C., Peterson Institute for International Economics (June 2006).
 Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini & Arie Y. Lewin, A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 3 (October 2008), pp. 35–54.

Business terms
Business management
Economic globalization
International business
International trade
Offshore finance

Offshoring


Marko Križevčanin sau Marco Križevčanin sau Marko Krizin, iar în  (Križevci, circa 1589 – Cașovia, 7 septembrie 1619) a fost un preot croat romano-catolic, profesor de teologie și misionar, care a activat în secolul al XVII-lea. În contextul Războiului de Treizeci de Ani, a fost torturat și ucis, împreună cu Ștefan Pongrácz și Melchior Grodziecki de soldați ai lui Gábor Bethlen, principe al Transilvaniei. Toți trei au fost beatificați în 1905 de papa Pius al X-lea și sanctificați de papa Ioan Paul al II-lea în 1995.

Sărbătoarea lor a fost stabilită pentru 7 septembrie, în fiecare an.

Galerie de imagini

Legături externe
Sv. Marko Križevčanin
 http://www.krizevci.eu/en_GB/kri%C5%BEevci/personage/st+mark+of+kri%C5%BEevci/
 http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienM/Markus_Stephan_Crisinus.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120427204834/http://www.zupa-svkriz.hr/kalendar/novi/opis.php?dat=marko_krizevcanin97.htm

Nașteri în 1589
Decese în 1619
Decese pe 7 septembrie
Croați
Sfinți romano-catolici
Oameni executați prin decapitare
Martiri creștini
Cașovia
Războiul de Treizeci de Ani

Marko Križevčanin


Francis-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval,  commonly referred to as François de Laval (30 April 1623 – 6 May 1708), was a French prelate of the Catholic Church. Consecrated a bishop in 1658, he led the Apostolic Vicariate of New France from 1658 to 1674 and then became the first bishop of the Diocese of Quebec from its erection in 1674 until he retired because of poor health in 1688. He continued to work in New France until his death in 1708. Among his accomplishments was the founding of the Séminaire de Québec in 1663. Laval was a member of the Montmorency family, but renounced his rights as heir so he could pursue his ecclesiastical career.

He was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 June 1980 and Pope Francis declared him a saint on 3 April 2014.

Early life
Laval was born on 30 April 1623 in Montigny-Sur-Avre in the ancient Province of Perche, now the Department of Eure-et-Loir. His father Hugues de Laval, a member of the House of Laval, was the Seigneur of Montigny, Montbaudry, Alaincourt and Revercourt. His mother Michelle de Péricard was from a family of hereditary officers of the Crown in Normandy. Despite his family's heritage, his parents were not considered to be wealthy. Montigny was considered equivalent to a good-sized market-town. Laval had five brothers and two sisters. His youngest brother Henri entered the Benedictine Order and his sister Anne Charlotte entered the Congregation of Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament.

Laval's mother served as an example of piety and encouraged him to be charitable to those who were less fortunate. Often described as destined for an ecclesiastical lifestyle, Laval was recognized as a clear-sighted and intelligent boy and he was admitted into the "privileged ranks of those who comprised the Congregation of the Holy Virgin." This was a society founded by the Jesuits, who aimed to inspire young people to adopt religious lifestyles, and encouraged regular prayer and spiritual practices. At the age of eight, Laval received the tonsure and took minor orders, which then allowed him to enter the College of La Flèche in 1631, an institution that educated the sons of the elite families and guaranteed him a good education. There Laval came into contact with reports of the Jesuit missions to the Huron in Canada, which inspired him to become a missionary, like his patron saint Francis Xavier.

In 1637, Laval was appointed a canon of the Cathedral of Évreux by the Bishop of Évreux. The death of Laval's father in September 1636 left his family in a precarious financial situation. François received revenue from the prebend attached to his position as a canon, which allowed him to continue his education. Once he completed his classical education at the age of nineteen, Laval left La Flèche to study philosophy and theology at the College de Clermont in Paris.

However the death of his two eldest brothers in the battles at Nördlingen in 1634 and Freiburg in 1644 made him the head of the family. His mother, the Bishop of Évreux, and his cousin all argued he should abandon his ecclesiastical career. Instead Laval helped his mother settle the family's affairs and renounced his rights of primogeniture, which then passed to his brother Jean-Louis.

Laval returned to his studies in Paris and on 1 May 1647 he was ordained a priest. The Bishop of Évreux, regretting his earlier attempt to persuade Laval to change his career path, appointed him archdeacon of his diocese in December 1647. In this post Laval oversaw 155 parishes and four chapels. Laval was said to approach this task with fervour and enthusiasm. In the following years, he devoted himself to establishing order in the parishes, providing relief for the poor, caring for the sick, and engaging in various charitable activities. In 1654, presented with the possibility of serving as a missionary in Asia, he resigned as archdeacon, but the project was abandoned and he was left without a clerical position.

Freed of all responsibility, Laval spent three years at a spiritual retreat near Caen known as the Hermitage, founded by Jean de Bernières de Louvigny, a lay leader in the reform of the Catholic Church in France. There he also made the acquaintance of the founder's nephew, Henri de Bernières, who became an invaluable assistant in later years. In addition to prayer and charitable work, he took on the responsibility of reforming a monastery whose morals were thought to be too lax and became the administrator of two monasteries of nuns.  His dedication to these projects earned him commendation from François de Servien, Bishop of Bayeux, who described him as a priest "of great piety, prudent and of unusually great competence in business matters, [who had set] fine examples of virtue".

New France

Background

New France had no bishop for the first 50 years of its European settlement. Colonial religious officials, either Recollects or Jesuits, managed spiritual affairs. In 1646, under pressure from Rome, the Archbishop of Rouen was recognized as the authority over the Church in New France, but his authority was limited to granting faculties to clergy traveling to the colony. Yet no one denied the need for an established  ecclesiastical presence.

Appointing a bishop was a contentious issue disputed between the Jesuits and the newly arrived Sulpicians. The former were quite accustomed to working independently and they believed a Sulpician bishop would make the Church in the colony subordinate to the Crown. The Sulpicians proposed one of their own, Gabriel Thubières de Levy de Queylus, as bishop, while the Jesuits supported Laval and gained royal approval easily with the support of the queen mother, Anne of Austria. Securing papal confirmation was another challenge.

The Holy See remained reserved regarding Laval's nomination, as the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith wanted to assert papal authority in the colony rather than allow the Jesuits to exercise control in a new diocese that was part of the ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church in France. Instead of naming Laval bishop of the diocese of New France, he was made a bishop of a newly created apostolic vicariate, a type of jurisdiction directly managed by the Holy See through the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith: the Apostolic Vicariate of New France.

Vicariate of New France
On 3 June 1658, the papal bulls were signed appointing Laval vicar apostolic of New France and titular bishop of Petra in Palestina. On 8 December 1658, in the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, Laval received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Celio Piccolomini, Apostolic Nuncio to France, assisted by Bishop Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont of Rodez and Bishop André du Saussay of Toul as co-consecrators. Laval took an oath of loyalty to the French king and sailed from La Rochelle for New France on 13 April 1659. On 16 June he arrived at Quebec. He began work immediately and on the day he arrived he baptized a young Huron and gave a dying man his last sacraments.

While small in size, the colony still provided a number of challenges to Laval. He found himself having to make concessions where he never thought to before to a population that, while scarce, was spread out, and was less inclined to continue under strict church discipline. Additionally, he had to deal with the Sulpician de Queylus, who had been managing Church affairs in the colony as vicar general under the authority of the Archbishop of Rouen, who continued to claim ecclesiastical jurisdiction over New France. De Queylus continued to assert his authority for nearly two years, while Laval repeatedly appealed to the king and the Holy See for support.

Laval struggled a great deal throughout his career to defend the church's power against state intrusion. Upon his arrival, Laval was adamant in asserting his primacy over the governor.  He was immediately in opposition with Governor d'Argenson, particularly regarding ceremony and protocol. Also, the issue of selling alcohol to the natives further fueled their feud. Laval believed that intoxicated natives were an embarrassment to the colony and endangered the lives of those around them. He quickly imposed the threat of excommunication on those who continued to deal in this trade. Governor D'Argenson abhorred this action, deeming it an intrusion of church into state affairs.  D'Argenson soon resigned and was replaced by d'Avaugour, who, in order to avoid any conflict with Laval, decreed harsh penalties against anyone caught selling alcohol to the natives.  Again, Laval was displeased, believing that excommunication was a far more humane consequence. When alcohol was again being sold freely to natives, in a moment of despair over the state of New France, Laval departed for France in August 1662 to consult with Louis XIV on the matter.  Laval succeeded in bringing about d'Avaugour's recall the following year.

When Laval returned to New France he had increased powers. King Louis XIV had assured Laval that he would have a future appointment as bishop, requested that he establish a Sovereign Council in Quebec, and even asked Laval to choose New France's next governor. For governor, Laval chose Chevalier de Mézy, a friend from his time at the Hermitage of Caen.  In the developing Sovereign Council, which held its first session 18 September 1663, Mézy represented the first figure of authority, followed by Laval, and Gaudais-Dupon, commissioner. Laval appointed Mézy hoping to have an ally among high-ranking state official. In the trade of alcohol to the natives he did find in Mézy an ally; together the two forbade the trading of alcohol.  However, constituting the Sovereign Council revealed that the two represented conflicting interests in matters of church and state. Soon, another conflict between Laval and governor ensued, leading Laval to take to the streets with drums to tell his version of the feud. Upon Mézy's death, the Sovereign council was reorganized. Intendant Jean Talon was added, and immediately assumed the functions previously exercised by Laval.  With this change in the council Laval began to attend the council's meetings less frequently; from then on Laval retreated somewhat from state affairs and focused purely on ecclesiastical matters.

One of Laval's principal projects as apostolic vicar was the education and training of priests and church administrators. The Major Seminary of Quebec opened on 26 March 1663. Affiliated with the Séminaire des Missions Étrangères, in Paris. In October 1668, Laval added a minor seminary to train boys It was meant to train boys who might have priestly vocation both of French and indigenous origins. It opened with eight French students and six Huron, but grew quickly as French missionaries, especially Sulpicians, arrived to serve as teachers. Laval wanted these teachers to spread the word that his institution was to establish a sense of charity and love for religion in the colony and not another source of law or authority.

Laval's view of the Grand Séminaire was greater than a mere teaching academy. He hoped that it would become a home for all parochial priests. Laval encouraged them to see it as their true home and as a place to which they may turn to in sickness or old age.  Furthermore, he wanted the seminary to become a paymaster for all priests and parishes, which meant that it had to be well funded. In order to accomplish this feat, Laval donated most of his own fortune to the seminary since it had now become his home as well. He also convinced the king, Louis XIV, to give him the income of three different abbeys in France. Moreover, since his institution was expected to pay off all priests, Laval thought it would be normal to receive the incomes levied by their parishes. This idea was however met with a lot of resistance from the population, which was not accustomed to contributing to the upkeep of religious institutions. His original goal of demanding a tax worth one-thirteenth of the produce of farms was met with violent resistance, which forced him to reduce it to one-twenty-sixth.

Laval shared a large part of his administrative work with other clerics to develop their experience. To lead the seminary he appointed his companion from France, Henri de Bernière, linking this role with Bernière's other assignment a pastor of the parish of Quebec. Furthermore, he also appointed five other directors who would form the bishop's advisory body. In 1668 he appointed the previously troublesome de Queylus as the first Superior of a new seminary in Ville-Marie.

Laval also took interest in practical education for craftsmen and farmers, founding a school of arts and crafts at Saint-Joachim.

Diocese of Quebec
In 1674, fifteen years after his arrival in New France, Laval asked that the vicariate be promoted to a diocese. The Holy See established the Diocese of Quebec on 1 October 1674, naming Laval as its first bishop.

He revisited the issue of alcohol sales to the indigenous peoples. In 1675, Laval, over the objections of Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, excommunicated all who sold alcohol to them. On 24 May 1679 Laval succeeded in obtaining a royal decree banning the trade.

In 1678, he obtained a royal edict stating that permanent curacies would be established in the colony. In 1681, he drew up the boundaries of parishes.

Retirement
Laval eventually realised that his health was declining and that he could no longer run his large diocese, which extended from Acadia to Lake Michigan. In 1688, he passed on his responsibilities as bishop to Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier.

Laval continued to collaborate with the colony's high religious authorities, until his last days. He helped the poor with his presence and his gifts of charity. He never missed a Mass or a day of fasting, despite his ever declining health. By 1707, he had developed an ulcer which eventually took his life on 6 May 1708. His body was placed in a coffin in the cathedral; however his heart was kept in the chapel of the seminary to which he had dedicated most of his life and fortune.

Veneration

Laval's remains have been entombed in a shrine for personal veneration in the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec. His cause was formally opened on 24 September 1890, granting him the title of Servant of God. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1980. He was granted Equivalent canonization on 3 April 2014 by Pope Francis.

Université Laval, founded 1852, was named in his honor. The city of Laval, Quebec, north of Montreal, is also named after him.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Saint Francis of Laval, First Bishop of Québec
 Centre d'animation François de Laval, Québec (in English)

1623 births
1708 deaths
People from Eure-et-Loir
Francois
University of Paris alumni
Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
Roman Catholic missionaries in New France
French Roman Catholic bishops in North America
Roman Catholic bishops of Quebec
17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in New France
Deaths from ulcers
Burials at the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
French Roman Catholic saints
Canadian Roman Catholic saints
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Canonizations by Pope Francis
17th-century Christian saints
18th-century Christian saints

François de Laval


Filme sovietice din: 1974 — 1975 — 1976

Aceasta este o listă de filme produse în Uniunea Sovietică în 1975.

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Filme sovietice din 1975 la Internet Movie Database

1975
Sovietică, Uniunea
Filme

Listă de filme sovietice din 1975


Abdellah Dschaballah (; * 2. Mai 1956 in Skikda) ist ein islamistischer Politiker in Algerien und Vorsitzender der Bewegung für Nationale Reform (Islah) – einer Partei, die sich von der Partei der Wiedergeburt abgespalten hat; er war auch Gründer der Wiedergeburtspartei, verlor jedoch seine Kontrolle über sie.

Dschaballah trat 1999 und 2004 als Präsidentschaftskandidat an. 1999 zog er sich wenige Stunden vor der Wahl gemeinsam mit allen anderen Oppositionskandidaten zurück. Bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 2004 kam er mit 5 % der Stimmen auf den dritten Platz.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Algerien)
Muslimbrüder
Geboren 1956
Mann

Abdellah Dschaballah


Son of India é um filme de romance pré-código americano de 1931, dirigido por Jacques Feyder e estrelado por Ramón Novarro e Madge Evans. O filme é baseado no romance de 1882 Mr. Isaacs escrito por Francis Marion Crawford.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1931
Filmes de romance dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em língua inglesa

Son of India


عبد الكبير بن العربي بن هاشم العلوي المدغري (1942، مكناس - 19 أغسطس 2017) محام وأستاذ وعالم مغربي متبحر في العلوم الشرعية له مؤلفات عديدة، شغل منصب وزير الأوقاف والشؤن الإسلامية لمدة تسعة عشر عاما. وهو من تلى خطاب البيعة اثر جلوس الملك محمد السادس عرش المغرب بعد وفاة والده الحسن الثاني. وهو مدير عام لوكالة بيت مال القدس الشريف التابعة للجنة القدس التي يترأسها ملك المغرب. توفي في 19 أغسطس 2017 وعمره 75 سنة.

نشأته
بعد حصوله على شهادة الباكلوريا من جامعة القرويين التحق بكلية الآداب العلوم الإنسانية بفاس وحصل على شهادة الإجازة تلتها شهادة الإجازة في العلوم القانونية من كلية الحقوق بالرباط وشهادة دبلوم الدراسات العليا في العلوم الإسلامية من دار الحديث الحسنية بالرباط. ودكتوراه الدولة في العلوم الإسلامية من دار الحديث الحسنية. وقدم بحثاً عن الناسخ والمنسوخ في القرآن الكريم، وكان من قدماء الخريجين.

مسيرته المهنية
شغل كأستاذ التعليم العالي باحث بكلية الشريعة جامعة القرويين بفاس. وأستاذ محاضر بكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بفاس. وأستاذ بالمعهد المولوي بالرباط، وهو معهد تابع للقصر الملكي يدرس به الأمراء والأميرات.

نشاطه العلمي والثقافي
له عضوية بالمجلس الاستشاري لحقوق الإنسان وبالمجلس العلمي بفاس ورابطة علماء المغرب. كما هو عضو بأكاديمية آل البيت للفكر الإسلامي بالأردن.

وله دور كبير في اعداد صيغة نص البيعة.

في الثمانينات عندما كان وزيرا للأوقاف أشرف على جامعة الصحوة الإسلامية، بضوء أخضر من الحسن الثاني الذي كان يريد إدماج جزء من الإسلاميين في المجال السياسي.

مؤلفاته
له عدة مؤلفات، أبرزها:

 المرأة بين أحكام الفقه والدعوة إلى التغيير.
 ظل الله.
 الحكومة الملتحية دراسة نقدية مستقبلية.
 ثورة زنّو

مراجع

كتاب وكاتبات مغاربة
مواليد 1942
مواليد في مكناس
وزراء أوقاف مغاربة
وفيات 1438 هـ
وفيات 2017

عبد الكبير العلوي


Det springende punkt er en dansk ungdomsfilm fra 1989 med instruktion og manuskript af Claus Bjerre.

Handling
Novellefilm om to søskende i pubertetsalderen, der finder ud af hvor dejligt de kan have det, når deres forældre ikke er hjemme. De beslutter sig derfor for at slå forældrene ihjel, så de omsider kan råde egenhændigt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ungdomsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1989

Det springende punkt


Giovanni Battista Zauli (Faenza, 25 de novembro de 1743 - Roma, 21 de julho de 1819) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Faenza em 25 de novembro de 1743. Filho do Conde Rodolfo Zauli e Anna Montecuccoli.

Educação
(Nenhuma informação encontrada).

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 1785. Cavaleiro da Soberana Ordem de Malta. Prelado doméstico e referendário, 27 de janeiro de 1785. Canonista da Penitenciária Apostólica, janeiro de 1785. Cônego do capítulo da patriarcal basílica vaticana, janeiro de 1785. Assessor do tribunal penal de Roma, janeiro de 1787. Relator da Sagrada Consulta . Vice-governador de Roma, 13 de fevereiro de 1798. Após a ocupação francesa de Roma, assumiu as responsabilidades do cardeal Francesco Saverio de Zelada, grande penitenciário. Preso pelos franceses em 16 de maio de 1798 e encarcerado no Castello Sant'Angelo, Roma; exilado oito dias depois, em 24 de maio. Após a restauração do governo papal em Roma, foi nomeado datário da Penitenciária Apostólica e secretário da SC de Imunidade Eclesiástica, antes de 5 de novembro de 1800. Cônego altarista e custodiante da Confissão de Santo Pedro, antes de 11 de agosto de 1802. Forçado a deixar Roma após a ocupação napoleônica da cidade; após a restauração papal, retomou seus cargos, que manteve até sua promoção ao cardinalato. Assessor do tribunal criminal do governador de Roma, 18 de janeiro de 1815.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 8 de março de 1816; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 11 de março de 1816; e o título de S. Onofrio, 29 de abril de 1816.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 21 de julho de 1819. Exposto na basílica de Ss. XII Apostoli, e enterrado em seu título.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII

Giovanni Battista Zauli


Jor-El, originally known as Jor-L, is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, Jor-El first appeared in a newspaper comic strip in 1939 with Superman.

Jor-El is Superman's biological father, the husband of Lara, and a leading scientist on the planet Krypton before its destruction. He foresees his planet's fate but is unable to convince his colleagues in time to rescue most of Krypton's inhabitants. Jor-El is able to save his infant son Kal-El (Superman) by launching him towards Earth in a homemade spaceship just moments before Krypton explodes. When Superman later constructs his headquarters, the Fortress of Solitude, he honors his biological parents with the inclusion of a statue of Jor-El and Lara holding up a globe of Krypton, the fortress also holds a holographic copy of Jor-El's consciousnesses, letting Superman interact with his father for advice and knowledge.

Jor-El was portrayed by Marlon Brando in the films Superman and Superman II. Archival footage cut from the prior films was used with the permission of Brando's estate to insert the deceased Brando into 2006's Superman Returns in a reprise of the role. The character was then portrayed by Russell Crowe in the DC Extended Universe film Man of Steel. Angus Macfadyen portrayed the character in the first season of the television series Superman & Lois.

Fictional character biography

Precursor (New Adventure Comics)
Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, the creators of both Superman and Jor-L, first introduced a character named "Jor-L" in 1936, more than a year before the first Superman story was published. The original "Jor-L" appeared in New Adventure Comics (released in 1936, cover-dated January 1937), a re-titled issue #12 of the previous New Comics, which would be re-titled again, starting with issue #32, as the 45-year-long Adventure Comics series.

Featured in the four-page Shuster and Siegel strip Federal Men, this "Jor-L" is not an extraterrestrial but, instead, a far-future "ace sleuth" in the service of "Interplanetary Federation Headquarters". The character battles "Nira-Q", the outer-space-faring "bandit queen", in the year 3000 A.D. The 1936 "Jor-L" exists as part of a story within a story, as Shuster and Siegel's strip presents the tale as a scientist's forecast of future crime-fighting told to the contemporary 1930s-era G-man heroes of Federal Men.

"Golden Age" and "Silver Age" versions
Jor-El was first referred to indirectly in Action Comics #1 in 1938, which only mentioned a scientist who sends his son to Earth. He made his first full-fledged appearance in the Superman newspaper comic strip in 1939, where his name was spelled as "Jor-L". His name first appeared as being spelled "Jor-el" in the Superman novel The Adventures of Superman (1942) written by George Lowther. Later comic books capitalized the "E" in "El." Jor-El's first appearance in a comic book was in More Fun Comics #101.

In the 1960s, now known as part of the Silver Age of Comic Books, DC Comics introduced to its superhero stories the fictional concept of different versions of characters from real-world publication history existing in separate "universes" that could communicate with each other. As DC developed this concept through further stories, the version of Superman's father during the previous Golden Age of Comic Books was identified as "Jor-L", matching the original spelling of the character's name, who lived on the Krypton of the Earth-Two "universe" (derived from the versions of characters and stories that appeared during the earlier "Golden Age" period of publication history). In contrast, the concept presented "Jor-El" as no longer another spelling of the same name but a different character entirely: the father of the then-contemporary "Silver Age" version of Superman, who lived on the Krypton of the Earth-One "universe" (used to describe the setting for then-current "Silver Age" stories and characters, some of which had been substantially changed from their "Golden Age" versions).

A retelling of Superman's origin story in 1948 first delved into detail about Jor-El. However, his formal and more familiar Silver Age aspects were firmly established starting in the late 1950s. Over the course of the next several decades, there was a definitive summarization in the miniseries World of Krypton in 1979 (not to be confused with the similarly-named post-Crisis on Infinite Earths late-1980s comic miniseries).

His accomplishments
As presented in the World of Krypton miniseries and other stories from the Silver Age of Comic Books, Jor-El is Krypton's leading scientist, inventing, among other devices, the "Jor-El," a hovercar. He also discovers a parallel plane of existence which he calls the Phantom Zone and invents a device by which it can be entered, which he calls the Phantom Zone Projector. This device gets him a seat on the Science Council, Krypton's ruling body. He lives in Krypton's major city of Kryptonopolis.

Even before Jor-El's birth, the El family is renowned across Krypton for its various contributions to Kryptonian society. Ancestors of Jor-El include Val-El, a famous explorer; Sul-El, the inventor of Krypton's first telescope; Tala-El, the author of Krypton's first planetary constitution; Hatu-El, the inventor of Krypton's first electromagnet and first electric motor; and Gam-El, the father of modern Kryptonian architecture.

Family life

Jor-El has two brothers: Zor-El, who lives in Argo City and eventually becomes the father of Kara, alias Supergirl, and an identical twin brother named Nim-El, who lives in Kandor. In several stories, Jor-El's father is established as Jor-El I, and his mother as Nimda (nee An-Dor). Jor-El eventually meets and marries Lara, the daughter of Lor-Van and a young astronaut in Krypton's fledgling space program (which is soon permanently grounded after Jax-Ur blows up one of Krypton's inhabited moons, leading to his banishment to the Phantom Zone); the two have an infant son, Kal-El.

Jor-El's warnings of Krypton's doom
When Krypton begins experiencing a series of earthquakes, Jor-El investigates. He soon discovers, to his horror, that Krypton's core is extremely unstable and radioactive, and will eventually reach critical mass and explode, taking the entire planet and its populace with it. Jor-El tries to convince the members of the Science Council of this impending disaster and urges re-establishing Krypton's space program so giant spacecraft can be built to carry the populace to another habitable world. However, the Council is dismissive of Jor-El's findings and refuses to comply with his plan. Some even accuse him of treachery, trying to cause chaos so he can take over. This had been a plot of General Zod's, which having failed, caused his banishment to the Phantom Zone. Thus the Council is wary of Jor-El's motives.

Around the time he discovers Krypton's impending doom, Jor-El meets his own son Kal-El without realizing it (after Kal-El accidentally travels back in time). There are supporters of Jor-El's theory, but when a ship is constructed to evacuate them, the city of Kandor is shrunken and stolen by Brainiac, removing the people who believe in Jor-El's work.

Frustrated, Jor-El continues his work on space travel on his own, hoping to build a spacecraft to save his own family. This work includes launching several smaller test rockets; one of these rockets includes the family dog, who responds to the name of Krypto. However, as time runs short, Jor-El soon finds that he will only have enough time to build a spacecraft to save his son Kal-El. He decides to send Kal-El to Earth, realizing he will gain superhuman powers under Earth's more intense yellow sun and lower gravity. As Krypton finally goes through its final destructive stages, Jor-El and Lara place their son in the rocket and launch him toward Earth, before they themselves are killed along with almost all the rest of the planet's population. Lara could have fit inside the rocket as well, but she chose to stay behind to improve Kal-El's chances of reaching Earth.

Post-Crisis
After the 1985-1986 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths and John Byrne's 1986 miniseries The Man of Steel rewrote Superman's origins, details about Jor-El's background and character were changed. In Byrne's version, Jor-El inhabits a cold and emotionally sterile Krypton where even bodily contact is forbidden. Indeed, Jor-El himself is considered a "throwback" for actually expressing emotions toward his mate Lara and favoring the less sterilized days of past Kryptonian eras. Another change in this version is Jor-El genetically altering his son's fetus (gestating in a "birthing matrix") to allow him to leave Krypton (in this version of the mythos, Kryptonians are genetically "bonded" to the planet itself, not allowing them to leave) and merely attaching a warp engine to the matrix instead of constructing a ship wholesale. The result is that Kal-El is "born" when the birthing matrix opens on Earth.

In the 1990s series Starman Jor-El meets a time-traveling Jack Knight and Mikaal Tomas, two individuals who both bear at various points the name "Starman", and are accidentally sent 70 years back in time and hurled across space. Jor-El thereby first learns of Earth's existence; in return, Jor-El helps Knight and Tomas escape from his overbearing father Seyg-El.

In the 2004 miniseries Superman: Birthright, Jor-El, along with Krypton and Lara, was, more or less, reinstated to his Silver Age versions, though with such updated touches as Lara contributing equally to the effort of sending Kal-El, once again an infant while on Krypton, to Earth. In this version, Jor-El discovers Earth moments before launching his son's spacecraft. Also, the conclusion of the miniseries has the adult Superman, on Earth, seeing his parents through Lex Luthor's time-space communicator, and on Krypton, seconds before its destruction, Jor-El and Lara see their son alive and well on Earth and know that their efforts are successful. As with Byrne's conflicting view of Krypton, the Birthright origins of Jor-El, Krypton, and Luthor have recently been retconned, and, following Infinite Crisis, they are no longer valid in comics canon.

However, a more recent storyline co-written by Geoff Johns and Superman director Richard Donner presented yet another version of Jor-El and Krypton which reintroduced General Zod and the Phantom Zone criminals. With art by Adam Kubert, Jor-El is depicted for the first time with a beard and the design of Kryptonian society is distinct yet again from Birthright and Man of Steel, incorporating elements of Donner's work on the first two Christopher Reeve films, in particular the notion of Krypton's Council threatening Jor-El with harsh penalty of exile to the very Phantom Zone he himself discovered if he is to make public his predictions of their planet's imminent doom or otherwise attempt to "create a climate of panic."

Jor-El is shown here to have been mentored by friend and noted scientist Non, who corroborates Jor-El's findings regarding Krypton's impending destruction, when the two are arrested and brought to trial before the Council by Zod and Ursa. When Non defies the Council's dire prohibitions and elects to spread the word of the coming apocalypse, he is abducted by Council agents and apparently lobotomized, thus explaining the character's mute simple-mindedness, brutality and destructiveness in line with Jack O'Halloran's performance as Non in the first two Reeve films. Appalled, Zod and Ursa propose to Jor-El that they band together and overthrow the Council, but Jor-El will have none of it. When their murderous insurrection fails, the Council forces Jor-El to exile them to the Phantom Zone and never speak of his findings again, lest he face the same fate. For this perceived betrayal, Zod declares that he will escape and conquer Krypton (confident that Jor-El will actually discover some way to save the planet) and force the scientist and his son to kneel before him one day.

Having been re-built via a Kryptonian crystal during the One Year Later story arc, the current version of the Fortress of Solitude, which is also designed to essentially be visually identical to the Donner and Bryan Singer films, now contains an advanced interactive "recording" of Jor-El which, although visually dissimilar to Marlon Brando, is otherwise identical in function to that featured in Superman Returns.

Superman/Batman #50 presents Jor-El sending a probe to Earth that makes contact with Thomas Wayne while he is on a drive with a pregnant Martha, the probe holographically transmitting Thomas' consciousness to Krypton so that Jor-El can better learn what kind of world Earth is to help him decide which of many possible candidates he should send his son to. Thomas tells Jor-El that the people of Earth are not perfect, but are essentially a good and kind race who will raise the child right, convincing Jor-El to send Kal-El there. Thomas records his encounter in a diary, which is discovered by his son Bruce Wayne in the present day.

"The New 52" and "DC Rebirth"

Following two line-wide revisions of DC superhero comic books, branded by DC Comics as "New 52" and "DC Rebirth", the character Jor-El was revised to be still alive within the books' fictional setting. The 2017-19 miniseries Doomsday Clock presented his survival as the act of Doctor Manhattan, who whisks Jor-El away as Krypton crumbles and takes him to Earth, where he crashes in a war-torn nation. After being nursed back to health by locals (his own superpowers developing in a delayed manner as he is hidden in a basement away from sunlight), Jor-El sees firsthand the atrocities of man, as a dictator usurpes all of what the people own, causing them to starve. After witnessing these atrocities, Jor-El is forced to watch the horrors of mankind over the centuries and is represented as Mister Oz, who monitores Superman since his pre-"Flashpoint" counterpart appears during storylines of "The New 52", a line-wide revision of DC superhero comic books. Jor-El becomes dissatisfied with humanity and attempts to force his son and his family to leave in the belief that Earth cannot be saved, but when Superman forces him to acknowledge that he is attacking his own son, he withdraws. It is later established that Jor-El is a member of the "Circle", a clandestine organization composed of five powerful cosmic beings and intergalactic rulers including Appa Ali Apsa, Sardath of Rann and Rogol Zaar, the being who destroyed Krypton.

Other versions

Elseworlds
In the Elseworlds series Superman: The Last Family of Krypton, Jor-El is able to save himself and Lara and accompany Kal-El to Earth, where Jor-El sets up the corporation JorCorp while Lara establishes the self-help movement Raology.

Superman Adventures
In Superman Adventures (based on the animated series), the story arc "Family Reunion" sees Superman accidentally travel to a parallel universe where a single Kryptonian city survived Krypton's destruction, with its natives including Jor-El and Lara. Unfortunately, this version of Lara has been driven insane by Krypton's destruction, and plans to lead the city in the conquest of Earth, to the extent that she has already brainwashed the "local" Superman and Supergirl after killing the Kents. Jor-El and the displaced Superman are able to rally Superman's foes, such as Luthor and Metallo, to force Lara's forces back to the city, at which point Jor-El sacrifices himself to destroy the city and the rest of his people to generate a powerful explosion that will send Superman back to his home reality.

In other media

Television

Live-action
 Jor-El appears in the Adventures of Superman episode "Superman on Earth", portrayed by an uncredited Robert Rockwell.
 Jor-El was "played" by George Lazenby, who was actually playing the role of an alien disguised as Jor-El, in the late 1980s television program Superboy.
 Jor-El appears in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman episode "The Foundling", portrayed by David Warner. From a small Kryptonian globe in the spacecraft that carried him to Earth, Clark Kent begins to see holographic messages from him. Jor-El details Krypton's destruction and how he saved his son by sending him to Earth in a small experimental spaceship. Jor-El also appears briefly in a flashback in the episode "Never on Sunday", played by an unknown actor. François Giroday played Jor-El in the episode "Big Girls Don't Fly", where Clark learns that he was married, at birth, to Zara, which was apparently a common ritual on Krypton prior to its destruction.

 In Smallville, Terence Stamp voiced the disembodied spirit of Jor-El in 23 episodes from Season 2 to Season 10. Jor-El first appears to Clark as a voice emanating from the spaceship that brought Clark to Earth. Tom Welling portrays the character in Season 3's "Relic" which depicts Jor-El visiting Smallville in the 1960s. Apart from Welling's portrayal of the character, Jor-El himself, with the exception of one glimpse during a flashback in the episode "Memoria", was not seen until Season 9's "Kandor", when Julian Sands portrays him. Sands reprised the role of Jor-El in the episode "Abandoned".
 Jor-El appears in the 2015 pilot episode of Supergirl, portrayed by an uncredited actor.
 A holographic version of Jor-El appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Angus Macfadyen. This version is an advisor to Superman who is ultimately destroyed by Tal-Rho following Superman's refusal to join him.

Animation

 Jor-El appears in the Super Friends franchise:
 Jor-El first appears in the Super Friends (1973) episode "The Planet Splitter", voiced by Casey Kasem.
 Jor-El appears in the Challenge of the Superfriends episode "Secret Origins of The Super Friends," voiced by G. Stanley Jones.
 Jor-El appears in the Super Friends (1980) episode "The Krypton Syndrome", voiced by Philip L. Clarke.
 Jor-El appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Christopher McDonald:
 Jor-El first appears in Superman: The Animated Series. This version attempted to convince Krypton's leaders of its incoming destruction but was denounced by Brainiac, who knew of the planet's fate and, instead of finding a solution, downloaded himself into a satellite to escape and preserve Krypton's knowledge.
 Jor-El appears in a photograph in the Justice League two-part episode "Twilight".
 A dream world incarnation of Jor-El appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "For the Man Who Has Everything".
 Jor-El makes a non-speaking appearance in a flashback in the Legion of Super Heroes episode "Message in a Bottle". This version was initially able to prevent Krypton's destruction with a device called the Messenger, which can convert anything to crystal and thus replace unstable matter. The Messenger was housed in a temple in Kandor, and when Brainiac shrunk and stole the city, he took the Messenger with it, dooming Krypton to destruction.
 Jor-El appears in the animated web series Kara and the Chronicles of Krypton, a spin-off of the television series Smallville.
A hologram of Jor-El appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Jason Marnocha.

Films

Live-action
 Jor-El is portrayed by Nelson Leigh in "Superman Comes to Earth," the first chapter of the 1948 Superman movie serial. Portions of this depiction appear in flashback as Lex Luthor recounts the story of Krypton's destruction in "At the Mercy of Atom Man!", the seventh chapter of the 1950 serial Atom Man vs. Superman.

1978 series
 Jor-El appears in the 1978 film Superman, portrayed by Marlon Brando. The film originated the idea of Superman's iconic "S"-shield symbol originally being the family crest of the House of El, which resembles an Earth "S" by coincidence. Originally conceived by Brando himself and suggested on-set, this origin of the famous Superman symbol has been used in many stories since. In the current comics, however, the shield is the Kryptonian symbol for "hope," and not only is it worn by Jor-El in a similar manner to Brando of the first feature film, but it adorns all manner of Kryptonian flags, clothing, spaceships, and equipment.
 Brando filmed additional footage for the sequel Superman II, before differences behind the scenes caused his footage to be cut. However, it was later restored for the 2006 revised version, Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut. In the Richard Donner Cut, Jor-El again appears as an image, posthumously attempting to guide and inform Kal-El. Jor-El's historical crystals reveal to Lex Luthor the existence of the three Phantom Zone criminals General Zod, Ursa and Non, which makes Luthor realize just who and what they are (and that it was Superman who caused their release). Jor-El is asked by Clark if he can live a life as a human with Lois, and he tries to persuade Clark not to wish so, but Clark is firm in his wish. Jor-El then reveals the crystal chamber with the rays of Krypton's red sun which will make Clark human forever. Later, Clark returns to find all the crystals and information regarding Krypton destroyed, but finds the original crystal and is able to bring back Jor-El. Jor-El sacrifices his remaining life-force to restore his son's powers so that Superman can save Earth from Zod. Superman later destroys the Fortress after it has been breached by Luthor and the Phantom Zone criminals, but then goes back in time, where it remains normal.
 In 2006, two years after Brando's death, he "reprised" the role of Jor-El in Superman Returns through archival footage and audio. In the film, Lex Luthor, having retained vague memories of the place, returns to the Fortress of Solitude during Superman's absence to learn the power of the crystals. After stealing them, he uses one in a kryptonite tube to create a new continent that threatens to destroy the United States. Superman manages to throw the "New Krypton" island out of the atmosphere and into space.

DC Extended Universe

 Russell Crowe portrays Jor-El in Zack Snyder's reboot Man of Steel. This version stole the Kryptonian genetic codex to preserve the Kryptonian race and provide his son with the distinction of choosing his own destiny, creating Kal-El, who is then sent to Earth. Following a 33-year imprisonment in stasis for an attempted coup in which he murdered Jor-El, General Zod and his lieutenants pursue the infant to Earth, where Clark Kent first encounters his father via an interactive computer hologram that simulates his father's personality and knowledge. The AI of Jor-El was later destroyed by General Zod.

Animation
 Jor-El is referenced in the first episode of the Superman theatrical cartoons as one of Krypton's "leading scientists sensing the approach of doom." He then placed Kal-El into a rocket and blasted it off toward Earth just as Krypton exploded.
 Jor-El makes a non-speaking appearance in All-Star Superman.
 An alternate version of Jor-El appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal. Before he could implant his genetic code onto the ship that would have formed Kal-El, General Zod shows up and shoots him to implant his genetic code on it instead, leading that version of Superman to grow up to look and behave more like Zod.
 Jor-El appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version is based on the Marlon Brando version from the 1978 film.
 Jor-El appears in Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse, with Fred Tatasciore reprising his role.
 Jor-El appears in Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons, voiced by Nolan North.
 Jor-El appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Alfred Molina.

Video games

 In the Superman Returns video game, Jor-El appears in the cutscene when Lex Luthor breaks into the Fortress of Solitude and takes the Kryptonian crystals of the Fortress. Jor-El also teaches the player how to use the controls in the beginning of the game.
 Jor-El appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by William Price.
 A large statue of Jor-El and Lara can be seen in the Fortress of Solitude stage in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe.
 The Man of Steel versions of Jor-El appear as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Nolan North. In the Man of Steel DLC map, Jor-El had to fight through General Zod's forces to make sure that baby Kal-El and the Codex can be launched off of Krypton and far away from General Zod's forces. After beating Tor-An, Faora, and General Zod, Jor-El, Kara, and Kelex were able to send baby Kal-El off of Krypton.
 Jor-El is mentioned in the 2017 video game Injustice 2.

Novels

Superman: Last Son of Krypton
In the Elliot S! Maggin 1978 novel Superman: Last Son of Krypton, Jor-El is shown as having sent a navigation probe ahead of Kal-El's spaceship, to find a suitable foster parent on his new planet. In Kryptonian society, scientific achievement was a preeminent virtue, so Jor-El's probe was programmed to seek out the leading scientific mind on Earth, presumably to adopt Kal-El. The probe landed (in the early 1950s, although the date is non-specific) in Princeton, New Jersey, where it soon appeared outside the window of Albert Einstein and communicated its mission to him through telepathy, along with precise details of where Kal-El's rocket would land (near Smallville, Kansas), several days later.

The Last Days of Krypton
In the 2007 novel The Last Days of Krypton by Kevin J. Anderson, Jor-El is shown as a science hero who is respected and admired by all of the people of Krypton and has a standing offer of a place on the Council. Yet his clashing with this conservative Council over new discoveries supplies much of the tension in the book. General Zod and his two minions make a bid to take over Krypton, first posing as Krypton's saviors.

Parodies

 Jor-El appears in the Pinky and the Brain episode "Two Mice and a Baby", voiced by Jeff Bennett.
 In "The Delivery", an episode of Dilbert, Dilbert gives birth to a "half-alien, half-hill-billy, and half-robot" baby that Dogbert sends into outer space at the end of the climax. The baby's destination is revealed to be Krypton, where a depressed Jor-El and Lara are embarrassed by their proven false claims of their planet's destruction and the loss of their son over a false alarm. However, they eventually get over it when Dilbert's baby arrives, as foretold to them by Dogbert.
 Jor-El appears in The Looney Tunes Show episode "Best Friends", voiced by Jeff Bergman. Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny decide to enter a game show where two best friends test their knowledge of each other, during which Bugs states that he is from the planet Krypton, with his parents cast in a parody of Jor-El and his wife. In the episode "SuperRabbit," Jor-El prosecutes the criminals General Zod (portrayed by Daffy Duck), Faora, and the robot Thunkian for their crimes with the council quoting "guilty" before Jor-El can finish asking for their decision. Jor-El then banishes General Zod and his followers to the Phantom Zone.

See also
 Superman dynasty

References

External links

 Jor-El at Smallville Wiki
 Jor-El (Kryptonian) at Smallville Wiki
 Jor-El (clone) at Smallville Wiki
 Supermanica bio on the pre-Crisis Jor-El
 Superman Homepage bio on the post-Crisis Jor-El

Characters created by Jerry Siegel
Characters created by Joe Shuster
Comics characters introduced in 1939
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics film characters
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics scientists
Fictional aerospace engineers
Fictional ghosts
Fictional identical twins
Fictional inventors
Kryptonians

Jor-El


Eddie Conde Gil (7. veljače 1944.) je filipinski političar, biznismen i pjevač, poznat po tome što je bio kandidat za predsjednika Filipina na predsjedničkim izborima 2004. godine. Međutim, Izborna komisija ga je diskvalificirala jer je, očito, nije bio u mogućnosti organizirati izbornu kampanju na području cijele zemlje i da je kao kandidat ružan. Gil je izjavio žalbu Ustavnom sudu na takvu odluku. Samoproglašeni milijunaš, Gil je obećao sugrađanima Filipincima da će platiti nacionalni dug svojim osobnim imovinama. No, nakon predizbornog skupa na otoku Mindanao, Gil nije imao novca ni da plati hotelski smještaj. Mnogi su kritizirali njegovu predsjedničku kandidaturu, optužujući ga da je to više marketinški trik za njegov sljedeći glazbeni album nego pokušaj političkog angažmana. Godine 2010. je u Mauricijusu osuđen na tri godine zatvora zbog financijske prijevare.

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Vanjske poveznice
 Why I am voting for Eddie Gil, artikal Fred de la Rosa-a u The Manila Times

Filipinski glazbenici
Pjevači
Filipinski političari
Političari nakon 1989.
Poduzetnici
Gospodarstvo Filipina

Eddie Gil


Thomas Beckington (also spelt Beckynton; c. 139014 January 1465) was the Bishop of Bath and Wells and King's Secretary in medieval England under Henry VI.

Life

Beckington was born at Beckington in Somerset, and was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. Having entered the Church he held many ecclesiastical appointments, and became dean of the Arches in 1423; and Archdeacon of Buckingham in 1424. After that he devoted his time to secular affairs and was sent on an embassy to Calais in 1439 and to John IV, Count of Armagnac in 1442.

At this time Beckington was acting as secretary to Henry VI, and soon after his return in 1443 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, an office he held until 1444. He was consecrated Bishop of Bath and Wells on 13 October 1443. The bishop erected many buildings in Wells and elsewhere, probably altering the rectory at Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), an early preferment. The most important results of Beckington's missions to France were one Latin journal, written by himself, referring to the embassy to Calais; and another, written by one of his attendants, relating to the journey to Armagnac. He died at Wells on 14 January 1465.

Beckington is buried at Wells Cathedral and has an unusual monument there: his effigy is depicted twice; one above the other in a two tier arrangement, the bottom effigy depicting his decaying corpse whilst unwrapped from its shroud, and the effigy above depicting him in what is assumed to be his bishop's attire. When his tomb was opened during Victorian times he was found to be buried very simply (as depicted on his tomb) with just one ornament: his bishop's ring. This was removed and is now in a museum.

Beckington played a leading role as architect of the legal aspects of Henry VI's foundation of Eton College in 1440; he is commemorated in the name of the school's central dining hall, 'Bekynton'.

In a letter from 1449, Beckington remarked of Bath mentioning that the healing waters of Bath has been turned into abuse by the shamelessness of the inhabitants of the city. Further mentioning:

Bekynton's architecture is marked with a symbol depicting a barrel and a flame. This is a pun on his name, being "beacon tun". One of the easiest to be viewed is in Penniless Porch Wells.

Works
Beckington's own journal was published in the Proceedings of the Privy Council, vol. v., edited by Nicholas Harris Nicolas (1835); and the other journal in the Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, edited by George Williams for the Rolls Series (1872), which contains many interesting letters. This second journal was translated into English by Nicolas (1828).

See also
 Secretary of State (England)

Citations

References

External links
 Royal Berkshire History: Thomas Beckington (1390–1465)

1390 births
1465 deaths
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Archdeacons of Buckingham
Bishops of Bath and Wells
15th-century English diplomats
Lords Privy Seal
People educated at Winchester College
People from Mendip District
People from Sutton Courtenay
Burials at Wells Cathedral

Thomas Beckington


Belmore may refer to:

People
 Bertha Belmore (1882–1953), British stage and film actress
 Lionel Belmore (1867–1953), English actor and film director
 Rebecca Belmore (born 1960), inter-disciplinary Anishinaabekwe artist

Places
 Belmore Falls, a waterfall in southern New South Wales, Australia
 Belmore, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 Belmore Sports Ground, a football field in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 Belmore, Ohio, a town in Ohio, United States
 Belmore, Washington, an unincorporated community
 Belmore, Ontario, an area of Huron County, Ontario, Canada
 Belmore Park, a park in central Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Other uses
 Belmore Mountain, a hill in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 Earl Belmore, a title in the Irish peerage

See also
 Bellmore (disambiguation)

Belmore


Živanj je planina u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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Nalazi se u općini Gacko. Najviši vrh planine je na 1696 m.

Između Živnja i Lebršnika je prijevoj Čemerno.

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Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini
Gacko

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