සීතා රාම් ගොයෙල් (1921 ඔක්තෝබර් 16 - 2003 දෙසැම්බර් 3) ඉන්දියානු ඉතිහාස ian යෙක්, ප්‍රකාශකයෙක් සහ කතුවරියක් විය. ඔහු ඉන්දියානු ඉතිහාසය, ආගම සහ දේශපාලනය පිළිබඳ පොත් සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. ඔහු කොමියුනිස්ට් විරෝධී සහ නේරුගේ විවේචකයෙකි. ඔහු ආගම විවේචනය කරන්නෙකු ද විය. රාම් ස්වාරුප් සමඟ එක්ව ඔහු වොයිස් ඔෆ් ඉන්ඩියා නම් ප්‍රකාශන ආයතනය ආරම්භ කළේය.

Bibliography

 The China debate; whom shall we believe?, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 50 p.
 Mind Murder in Mao-land, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 53 p.
 Communist Party in China: a study in treason., Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 106 p.
 China is red with peasants' blood, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 92 p.
 CPI conspires for civil-war: analysis of a secret document, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 56 p.
 Red brother or yellow slave ?, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1953, 82 p.
 Nehru's fatal friendship, New Delhi: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1955, 29 p.
 Netaji and the CPI, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1955, 72 p.
 In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon : a political biography of Pandit Nehru, New Delhi: Bharati Sahitya Sadan, 1963, 272 p. A reprint with changes would appear in 1993 as the Volume I of Genesis and growth of Nehruism.
 Hindu society under siege, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1981, 48 p. A revised edition released in 1994.
 How I Became a Hindu, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1982, 67 p. A third enlarged edition would appear in 1993, 106 p.
 The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1982, 126 p. A second enlarged edition would appear in 1994, 138 p.
 Defence of Hindu Society, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1983, 96 p. A second edition would appear in 1987 and a third enlarged one in 1994, 118 p.
 Muslim separatism : causes and consequences, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1983, 123 p. A second revised edition will appear in 1995, 128 p.
 Perversion of India's political parlance, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1984, 60 p.
 History of heroic Hindu resistance to Muslim invaders, 636 AD to 1206 AD, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1984, 48 p. Another edition would be released in 1994, 58 p.
 The emerging national vision, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1984, 15 p.
 St. Francis Xavier : the man and his mission, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1985, 16 p.
 Papacy, its doctrines and history, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 118 p.
 Catholic ashrams : adopting and adapting Hindu dharma, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1988, 100 p.
 History of Hindu–Christian Encounters, AD 304 to 1996,  New Delhi: Voice of India, 1989, 405 p. A second revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1996, 530 p.
 Hindus and Hinduism : Manipulation of meanings, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 24 p.
 Islam vis-a-vis Hindu temples, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 66 p.
 Genesis and growth of Nehruism. vol. 1, Commitment to Communism, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 231 p. Reprint with changes of the 1963 book In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon.
 Stalinist "historians" spread the big lie, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p.
 Jesus Christ : an artifice for aggression, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1994, 114 p.

 Hindu temples, what happened to them : Vol. I, A preliminary survey, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990, 191 p. With Arun Shourie et al. Volume II would be released in 1993, 440 p.
 Freedom of expression : secular theocracy versus liberal democracy, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 179 p. Mostly articles.
 Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar?, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p. Criticisms of the BJP and RSS, including their responses.
 Vindicated by time: the Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 1006 p. A reprint, with an introduction by Goel, of the official report on the missionaries' methods of subversion and conversion, from 1956.

 Introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1952, 56 p.
 Commentary of Mao Zedong's The conquest of China, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1954, 276 p.
 Preface to Chandmal Chopra's The Calcutta Quran Petition, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 71 p. A third revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1999, with more writing by Goel, 325 p.
 Preface to Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.
 Preface to the reprint of Mathilda Joslyn Gage's Woman, Church and State (1997, ca. 1880). A feminist critique of Christianity.

 Pathabhṛshṭa, 1960.
 Saikyularijma : deśadroha kā dūsrā nāma, 1983.Yashpal Sharma would translate it into English as India's secularism, new name for national subversion, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1999, 107 p.
 Udīyamāna raṣṭra-dṛṣṭi, 1983.
 Hindū samāja : saṅkeṭoṃ ke ghere meṃ, 1988.
 Saptaśīla, 1999.

Translator
 Satyakama Socrates, three dialogues of Plato : (Apology, Crito and Phaedo))
 Victor Kravchenko's I Chose Freedom
 Thomas Gray's poem Elegy.'
 Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's Ramayaner Alochona The God that Failed, a testimony on Communism by Arthur Koestler, André Gide and others.
 Ram Swarup's Communism and Peasantry
 George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
 Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel
 Panchjanya, Taslima Nasrin's Lajja''

About
 India's only communalist: In commemoration of Sita Ram Goel; Edited by Koenraad Elst; Voice of India, New Delhi. (2005)  (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S. Rajaram and others.)
 Elst, Koenraad. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel. In "Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya", Arvind Sharma (ed.) Palgrave 2001

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

Sita Ram Goel
Sita Ram Goel books

1921 උපත්

සීතා රාම් ගොයෙල්


Special Media SDL ist ein deutscher LGBTI-Zeitschriften- und -Onlinemedienverlag für die Zielgruppe LGBTI (Lesben, Schwule, Bi-, Trans* und Inter*). Die bekannteste Publikation des Verlags ist das Berliner Stadtmagazin Siegessäule, das seit 1984 besteht und das auflagenstärkste Stadtmagazin in Berlin und in ganz Deutschland ist. Es erscheint monatlich und wird mit einer durchschnittlichen Auflage von ca. 52.000 an circa 700 Stellen in Berlin kostenlos verteilt.

Im Jahr 2016 war die Siegessäule auch außerhalb Berlins im Zeitschriftenhandel für einen Preis von 3,50 € zu kaufen.

Außerdem erscheint im Verlag L-MAG – das Magazin für Lesben, welches seit 2003 besteht und bundesweit, sowie in Österreich, Schweiz und Luxemburg im Zeitschriftenhandel sowie im Abo und als E-Paper erhältlich ist.

Special Media SDL wurde im Mai 2012 von den beiden Journalistinnen Gudrun Fertig und Manuela Kay gegründet. Sie übernahmen mit dem neuen Verlag Medien des Jackwerth Verlags, dessen mittlerweile verstorbener Namensgeber Reiner Jackwerth sich beruflich zurückzog. Beide waren zuvor lange Zeit als Chefredakteurinnen im Jackwerth Verlag tätig und sind jetzt unter anderem Geschäftsführerinnen von Special Media SDL.

Der Firmensitz ist in Berlin-Kreuzberg.

Der Verlag versteht sich als klassisch journalistischer Special-Interest-Verlag mit klarer Trennung zwischen redaktionellen Inhalten und verkaufter Werbung, sowie einem klaren Bekenntnis zu den Werten von unabhängigem und nach bestem Wissen gemachten Journalismus.

Weblinks
 Special Media SDL Mediendaten 2019
 siegessaeule.de
 l-mag.de
 siegessaeule-kompass.de
 out-in-berlin.de

Einzelnachweise

Verlag (Berlin)
Zeitschriftenverlag (Deutschland)
LGBT-Medium
Homosexualität in Deutschland
Gegründet 2012

Special Media SDL


ملعب موبومبيلا (Mbombela) هو ملعب في مدينة نيلسبرويت في جنوب أفريقيا، وهو من الملاعب التي تم بنائها لاستضافة بعض مباريات كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010. سعته 43,500 متفرج.

مراجع

ملاعب رياضية في مبومالانجا
ملاعب كأس العالم 2010
ملاعب كرة قدم في جنوب إفريقيا
نيلسبرويت
ملاعب كرة القدم في جنوب إفريقيا

ملعب مبومبيلا


Le Hilfspolizei (abrégé en HiPo ou Hipo ; signifiant « police auxiliaire ») était une force de police auxiliaire mise en place par les nazis durant le Troisième Reich. Le terme est ensuite utilisé pour désigner diverses organisations rattachées à l'Ordnungspolizei mais également d'autres unités militaires et paramilitaires créées pendant l'occupation allemande.

Références

Organisation nazie sous le Troisième Reich

Hilfspolizei


Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela (Santafé de Bogotá, 10 de mayo de 1624-1711) fue un escritor neogranadino, autor de El desierto prodigioso y prodigio del desierto, una novela con elementos barrocos y manieristas escrita en Bogotá a mediados del . Ha sido considerado la primera del género en Hispanoamérica. Presenta un fuerte componente religioso, en el cual sobresalen como parámetros de la obra la vocación y el ascetismo de sus personajes, que asimismo presentan o cuentan momentos de libertinaje.El cual fue uno de los mejores escritores en esta época ya que dejó sus obras remarcadas .

Biografía
Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela nació el 10 de mayo de 1624 en Santafé de Bogotá, hijo del cirujano Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela y su esposa de Juana Vásquez de Solís, ambos oriundo de España. Él fue el segundo de siete hijos, cuatro mujeres de las cuales tres fueron religiosas y tres hijos, siendo el menor. Pedro que terminó siendo sacerdote católico además de escritor. Como su hermano mayor, Fernando estudió en el Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé. Este instituto tenía por tradición un viaje al Convento de Frailes Agustines, junto a su hermano y otros amigos visita el convento de frailes agustinos del desierto de la Candelaria, en el municipio boyacense de Ráquira, un viaje que inspiró su novela El desierto prodigioso y prodigio del desierto, su primera y principal obra escrita en Hispanoamérica. El desierto prodigioso y prodigio del desierto es la obra que destacó a Pedro sobre otros autores de esta época, ya que es considerada la primera novela latinoamericana y es una clara representación del barroco, como se puede observar desde el título, por el juego de palabras. Está basada en el viaje que él emprendió por el desierto con su hermano Fernando y su primo. El desierto prodigioso y prodigio del desierto presenta elementos fuertemente religiosos y describe también el trato al que se sometía a los indígenas.

Publicó asimismo otras obras, como el sermón de Panegýrlco sagrado, en alabanza del serafín de las soledades, San Bruno, Epítome breve de la vida y muerte del Ilustrísimo doctor don Bernardino de Almansa, Fénix cartuxana: Vida del gloriosíssimo Patriarca San Bruno y un Víctor y festivo parabién y aplauso gratvlatorio a la Emperatriz de los Cielos, Reyna de los Ángeles María Santissima Señora Nuestra, en la Victoria de su puríssima Concepción. Otros títulos que no se publicaron o que se limitaron a ser proyectos son Retórica cristiana, El despertador de la vida, Asombros de la muerte, y Madre Sor Ana de San Antonio.

Véase también
 Historia de Bogotá
 Literatura de Colombia

Bibliografía

Alumnado del Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé
Escritores de Bogotá
Novelistas de España del siglo XVII
Novelistas de España del siglo XVIII

Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela


The 2008 Rugby League World Cup was the thirteenth staging of the Rugby League World Cup since its inauguration in 1954, and the first since the 2000 tournament. The tournament was held in Australia from 26 October, culminating in the final between Australia and New Zealand on 22 November.

The tournament was the fourth time that the World Cup was held in Australia, the first being in 1957. The tournament was won by New Zealand, who defeated Australia 34–20 in the final in one of the greatest upsets in the history of the sport. The tournament featured the best ten teams around the globe which were split into three groups. A total of eighteen matches took place in twelve different venues across four Australian states. The tournament ended a year of celebrations commemorating the centenary of the game in the southern hemisphere and was part of the Festival of World Cups.

Host selection
The thirteenth Cup was scheduled to be held in Australia in 2004, however the lack of international success by Great Britain and New Zealand after the 2000 World Cup and the rise of the Tri-Nations tournament meant that it was delayed for a further four years. The Rugby League International Federation officially announced this tournament on 6 May 2006, with further details on scheduling and dates following on 19 April 2007.

Format

Qualification

The hosts, Australia, were given automatic entry into the World Cup, along with New Zealand, England, France and Papua New Guinea. The five remaining places in the World Cup were determined by qualification rounds. Two European rounds and Pacific, Atlantic and Repêchage rounds were scheduled.

Tonga and Fiji became the first two nations to qualify after Tonga defeated Samoa 18–10 in Leeds on 22 October, forcing Samoa to enter the repêchage. In the European Group Two, Ireland drew 16–16 with Lebanon to ensure qualification, while Lebanon were forced to enter the repêchage. The final automatic place went to Scotland, who defeated Wales 37–32 on aggregate after two legs. Wales then faced Lebanon in the repêchage semi-final, where they lost in a surprise 50–26 defeat, to knock them out of World Cup Qualifying. Lebanon then faced Samoa, who beat USA 42–10 in the first semi-final, on 14 November for the final qualifying position. The game was won by Samoa, 38–16, and so they booked the tenth and final place. Many qualification matches were broadcast live by Sky Sports in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, whilst BigPondTV broadcast matches online for other fans around the world.

Draw
The draw, after being confirmed by the RLIF on 19 April 2007, involved three groups. The first group was made up of four teams; Australia, England, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Whilst the other two groups involved three teams each. The semi finals were made up of the first three teams in the first group and the winner of a playoff between the winners of the second and third groups.

The draw was put into doubt after the Papua New Guinea team claimed that it was unfair to them and threatened to boycott the tournament should it not be changed. Marcus Bai, former Papua New Guinean winger and captain, said:

Fortunately for the tournament, this separate island competition did not eventuate. Papua New Guinea still remained upset with the draw, seeing it as a huge challenge but one which would have seen them be rewarded if they had won. The draw was finalised on 4 October 2007.

The first match took place in Townsville between England and Papua New Guinea, although the official opening ceremony of the competition occurred before the Australia and New Zealand match the following day in Sydney. The final took place at Lang Park (Suncorp Stadium) in Brisbane.

Teams received 2 points for a win, and 1-point for a draw. This meant that, unlike in the Australasian National Rugby League, there was no "golden point" rule enforced. In group stages, if two teams had the same number of points then positions were determined on points difference, the number of points scored minus the number of points conceded.

After group matches were completed, a match featuring the second placed teams in Group B and Group C took place with the winner receiving 7th place. Similarly the third placed teams in Group B and Group C played off for 9th place. It was believed that these results were to be taken into account in the 2009 RLIF World Rankings.

Squads

Each nation competing in the tournament named 24-man squads in the weeks prior to the group stage commencing.

Venues
Due to Rugby League World Cup rules prohibiting the use of commercial venue names, all venues were known by their non-commercial names, e.g. Suncorp Stadium was known as Lang Park during the tournament. Lang Park would also host the World Cup final.

Officiating
Six referees from four countries controlled matches in the tournament. These four nations also provided touch judges while England and Australia provided the video referees. In support of the Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation, the referees wore pastel pink shirts while officiating matches to raise awareness. The shirts, which carried the NBCF logo on the collar, were signed by the team captains at each World Cup game and were later auctioned off with the proceeds going to the NBCF.

Referees
  Thierry Alibert (France)
  Tony Archer (Australia)
  Steve Ganson (England)
  Shayne Hayne (Australia)
  Ashley Klein (England)
  Leon Williamson (New Zealand)

Video referees
  Steve Clark (Australia)
  Phil Cooley (Australia)
  Steve Ganson (England)
  Ashley Klein (England)
  Paul Simpkins (Australia)

Touch judges
  Adam Burns (New Zealand)
  Steve Chiddy (Australia)
  James Child (England)
  Tony De Las Hera (Australia)
  Paul Holland (Australia)
  Jose Perrara (France)
  Bernard Sutton (Australia)
  Gerard Sutton (Australia)
  Russell Turner (Australia)

Opening ceremony
On Sunday night, 26 October, the Sydney Football Stadium hosted the Opening Ceremony of the World Cup. It started with Greg Inglis reciting a speech about "Playing Fair". Following Inglis' speech there was an Aboriginal Smoking ceremony to welcome all the athletes and participants. This included a rather large sized Rainbow Serpent which represented the Aboriginal Dreamtime. The last part of the ceremony involved a performance of the Rugby League World Cup anthem "Hero" by Natalie Bassingthwaighte. A curtain raiser to the Australia vs. New Zealand match included an Indigenous Australian squad playing against New Zealand Māori which featured several prominent NRL players and rising stars, including Chris Sandow, Wairangi Koopu, Preston Campbell, Sam Thaiday, Shaun Kenny-Dowall and Carl Webb.

As part of the official opening of the World Cup on 26 October, an exhibition game was played between an Aboriginal selection and a New Zealand Māori side.

Group stage
The 2008 Rugby League World Cup's eighteen matches were played during October and November in various locations throughout the east coast of Australia. The tournament's teams were divided into three pool groups. The teams finishing highest amongst those groups progressed to the play-offs.

All teams from group A (shaded in green) with the exception of the bottom qualifying team progressed to the semi-finals, the other two groups the top finisher progressed to a playoff match, in which the winner would qualify to the semi-finals.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Knockout stage

The top three teams from pool A advanced to the semi-finals, while the top teams from pools B and C played off in the qualifying final to decide the fourth spot in the semi-finals.

7th place play-off

9th place play-off

Quarter-final

Semi-finals

Final: Australia vs New Zealand

Statistics

Try scorers
7 tries
  Billy Slater

6 tries
  Greg Inglis

5 tries
  Akuila Uate
  Damien Blanch

4 tries

  Joel Monaghan
  David Williams
  Lance Hohaia
  Jerome Ropati
  Manu Vatuvei

3 tries

  Scott Prince
  Johnathan Thurston
  Martin Gleeson
  Lee Smith
  Jarryd Hayne
  Jérôme Guisset
  Pat Richards
  Sam Perrett
  Michael Jennings

2 tries

  Israel Folau
  Anthony Laffranchi
  Darren Lockyer
  Brent Tate
  Rob Burrow
  Ade Gardner
  Danny McGuire
  Jayson Bukuya
  Semi Tadulala
  John Wilson
  Adam Blair
  Simon Mannering
  Benji Marshall
  George Keppa
  George Carmont
  Francis Meli
  Misi Taulapapa
  Ben Te'o
  Matt Utai
  Nigel Vagana
  Jon Steel
  Oliver Wilkes
  Etuate Uaisele

1 try

  Paul Gallen
  Anthony Tupou
  Jamie Peacock
  Mickey Higham
  James Roby
  Christophe Moly
  Sébastien Planas
  Sébastien Raguin
  Jared Taylor
  Iowane Divavesi
  Semisi Tora
  Wes Naiqama
  Liam Finn
  Simon Finnigan
  Sean Gleeson
  Scott Grix
  Michael Platt
  Greg Eastwood
  David Fa'alogo
  Nathan Fien
  Bronson Harrison
  Issac Luke
  Sika Manu
  Jason Nightingale
  Paul Aiton
  Jason Chan
  Rod Griffin
  Menzie Yere
  Joseph Paulo
  Frank Puletua
  Ben Roberts
  David Solomona
  Paddy Coupar
  Michael Robertson
  Tevita Leo-Latu
  Feleti Mateo
  Eddie Paea
  Fetuli Talanoa
  Esikeli Tonga
  Tony Williams

Attendances

Critical reception
Due to the generally poor response of the 2000 World Cup, there were several key criticisms of the tournament before any matches had kicked off. The RLIF were forced to defend the credibility of the tournament in October 2007 after New Zealand, one of the favourites for the competition, were heavily beaten in a Test match 58–0 in Wellington against Australia. Another concern was whether there would be enough competitiveness throughout the ten teams, with some fans worried about the possibility of too many one-sided matches, which was a common sight in the Group Stages of the 2000 tournament.

Ricky Stuart, coach of the Australian team, was reported to be so incensed by his team's defeat in the final that he verbally attacked Geoff Carr, the chief executive of Australian Rugby League, claiming that tournament organisers and match officials conspired to cause the Australian loss. The next morning he had a chance meeting with Ashley Klein, who refereed the final, and Stuart Cummings, the Rugby Football League's director of match officials, at their hotel. He reportedly abused both officials in front of a number of witnesses, calling Klein a cheat, and behaved in an aggressive and physically intimidating manner. Stuart later apologised for his behaviour and resigned from his post.

The tournament proved a commercial success, delivering a profit of over  and re-establishing the credibility of the competition.

Marketing

Branding

The World Cup's "Heroes Here 08" promotional campaign was launched at the Sydney Opera House on 6 May 2008. At the launch, Paul Kind, the World Cup Director of Marketing, explained, "Heroes Here 08 underlines that fact that the international game, and particularly this tournament, will bring out the best in every player who takes part. It will create heroes."

Natalie Bassingthwaighte recorded an "Australian version" of the Mariah Carey song "Hero" which accompanied the "Heroes 08" promotional video and other World Cup advertising. The World Cup Opening Ceremony featured a live performance of the song by Bassingthwaighte.

Filming of visuals for the promotional video began in Leeds during the worldwide ticketing launch for the event in November 2007.

Advertising agency MJW, celebrity photographer Garry Heery and production company Engine worked together to combine the latest digital animation with a dark and determined set that highlighted the passion players feel in representing their country on the international stage.

The Heroes campaign featured Mark Gasnier (Australia), Roy Asotasi (New Zealand), Rob Burrow (England), Keith Peters (PNG), Waisale Sukanaveita (Fiji), Nigel Vagana (Samoa), Jerome Guisset (France), Lee Paterson (Scotland), Stuart Littler (Ireland) and Lopini Paea (Tonga). Gasnier was later removed from some of the promotional material after he left the sport mid-season and was replaced by Darren Lockyer.

The video also appeared in the video game Rugby League 2: World Cup Edition, which featured a world cup mode based on the event.

Ticketing

Tickets for Australian residents went on sale 7 November 2007 and internationally on 18 February. However tickets were not distributed until 3 March. Ticketek were announced as the official ticketing agency for the competition, selling tickets for all matches. Ticketmaster and Pilbeam Theatre were selling tickets to the Telstra Dome and Browne Park matches respectively.

The World Cup final sold out months in advance.

Sponsorship
The Official Sponsors of the Rugby League World Cup 2008 were:
 Jetstar: Official Airline
 Foster's: Official Beer
 Bundaberg Rum: Official Spirit
 AAMI: Official referee sponsor
 Telstra: Official Telecommunications sponsor
 Gillette: Official Male products
 Holiday Inn: Official Accommodation Supplier
 Coca-Cola: Official Soft drink
 Harvey Norman: Official retailer
 Bic: Official stationery

Broadcasting

Television

The 2008 World Cup had 26 separate television deals taking coverage to 127 countries and generating more than $20 million income. A global television audience of 19.2 million made it the most widely broadcast event in the game's history.

Channel 9 broadcast all Group A matches and the Knockout Stage matches in Australia. Fox Sports broadcast all Group B and C matches plus Ranking Stage matches live. In the United Kingdom, Sky Sports broadcast all matches live, meaning that all were shown in the morning and some as early as 06:00 am with highlights being shown on the BBC. Sky Sport showed all games live across New Zealand. Mai TV broadcast all matches live in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Cook Islands and the Solomon Islands. Orange Sport provided coverage of all matches live in France.

Coverage of the competition also extended to countries not taking part. Showtime showed all matches live across the Middle East. G offered coverage of all games in many countries in Africa. Astro showed all matches in Malaysia, and ESPN360 showed all matches in the United States. In Brazil, some matches were broadcast by Bandsports.

The only participating country with no television coverage of the matches was Tonga; the RLIF were hoping to secure a deal before the World Cup started, but this never happened.

BigPondTV, an online television station, broadcast all matches live and also repeated matches. This service was available to everyone for free.

Radio

 UK – BBC Radio 5 Live and its sister station BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra broadcast selected games.
 UK – some non-rights holders used Australian freelance reporter Tim Stackpool to report on games for UK broadcasters. An extensive archive can be heard here: RLWC Archive
 AUS – ABC and 2GB Radio broadcast selected games.
 NZ – Radio Sport broadcast the Kiwi's games, including the Kiwi's victory in the final.

References

External links
 Official Website
 2008 World Cup at rugbyleagueproject.org
 2008 World Cup at 188-rugby-league.co.uk
 "World Cup Moved To End of Season", BBC website. Retrieved 4 May 2006.
 "RLIF Meeting", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
 "McDonald defends World Cup", BBC website. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
 "Lewis backs Australia for World Cup", telegraph.co.uk website. Retrieved 8 May 2006

2008 Rugby League World Cup


Venüs, Roma mitolojisinde aşkın ve güzelliğin koruyucusu olan tanrıça.  Genelde çıplak olarak resmedilir. Romen mitleri ve festivallerinde anahtar rol alan bir tanrıçadır. Yunan mitolojisindeki dengi Afrodit'tir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Venüs (anlam ayrımı) → gezegen, Venüs sembolü, vs.
 Diğer tanrıçalar, örneğin:
 Afrodit
 Suadela
 Astarte
 Etrüsk Uni-Astre (Pyrgi levhaları(en))
 Inanna
 Diana
 Hathor

Kaynakça

 Champeaux, J. (1987). Fortuna. Recherches sur le culte de la Fortuna à Rome et dans le monde romain des origines à la mort de César. II. Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le République. Rome: Ecole Française de Rome. (pp. 378–395)
 Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H. H. (eds.) (1970). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (p. 113)
 Lloyd-Morgan, G. (1986). "Roman Venus: public worship and private rites." In M. Henig and A. King (eds.), Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire (pp. 179–188). Oxford: Oxford Committee for Archaeology Monograph 8.
 Nash, E. (1962). Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome Volume 1. London: A. Zwemmer Ltd. (pp. 272–263, 424)
 Richardson, L. (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (pp. 92, 165–167, 408–409, 411)
 Room, A. (1983). Room's Classical Dictionary. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (pp. 319–322)
 Schilling, R. (1982) (2nd ed.). La Religion Romaine de Vénus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d'Auguste. Paris: Editions E. de Boccard.
 Scullard, H. H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. London: Thames and Hudson. (pp. 97, 107)
 Simon, E. (1990). Die Götter der Römer. Munich: Hirmer Verlag. (pp. 213–228).
 Weinstock, S. (1971). Divus Julius. Oxford; Clarendon Press. (pp. 80–90)
 Gerd Scherm, Brigitte Tast Astarte und Venus. Eine foto-lyrische Annäherung (1996), ISBN 3-88842-603-0

Dış bağlantılar

 'Venus Chiding Cupid for Learning to Cast Accounts' by Sir Joshua Reynolds at the Lady Lever Art Gallery

Antik kaynak referansları
 Ovid, Metamorphoses IV.171-189
 Cicero, De natura deorum II.20.53
 Lactantius, Divinae institutiones I.17.10
 Justine, Epitome Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi XVIII.5.4, XXI.3.2

Roma tanrıçaları
Aşk tanrıçaları
Ana tanrıçalar
Antik Roma'da cinsellik
Roma mitolojisi
Afrodit
Şarap ve bira ilahları
Bereket tanrıçaları
Şans tanrıçaları
Barış tanrıçaları

Venüs (mitoloji)


Nogometni klub "Šparta" (NK "Šparta"; "Šparta" Kalinovac; Šparta) je bio nogometni klub iz Kalinovca, Koprivničko-križevačka županija, Republika Hrvatska.

O klubu
NK "Šparta" je osnovana u lipnju 2001. godine, kao drugi nogometni klub uz postojeći NK "Kalinovac", čije je igralište koristila. Ime "Šparta" je dobila po prijašnjem kalinovačkom klubu HŠK "Šparta", koji je osnovan 1926. godine. Klub se od osnivanja natjecao u županijskim ligama Nogometnog saveza Koprivničko-križevačke županije (do sezone  u 4. ŽNL, a potom u 3. ŽNL – skupina Đurđevac.

Tijekom sezone 2009./10., klub je istupio iz ligaškog natjecanja, te se potom ugasio.

Uspjesi

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutarnje poveznice
 Kalinovac
 NK Kalinovac

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 kalinovac.hr, Povijest NK Šparta, wayback arhiva
 nogomet.lzmk.hr, "Nogometni leksikon", Koprivničko-križevačka županija, nogometni savez
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine – županijski tjednik", br. br., god. LXI., objavljeno 23. lipnja 2006., str. 25, preuzeto 26. svibnja 2021.
 Franjo Frntić, Dragutin Hripko i dr: Sto godina nogometa u Hrvatskoj : 1880-1980., Zagreb, 1983., UDK: 796.332(497.13)"1880/1980", str. 89-90
 fininfo.hr, NK "ŠPARTA" KALINOVAC

Nogometni klubovi u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji
Bivši hrvatski nogometni klubovi

NK Šparta Kalinovac


New York Film Academy – School of Film and Acting (NYFA) er en amerikansk drama- og filmskole, med hovedsæde i New York City.

NYFA blev grundlagt i 1992 af Jerry Sherlock, en tidligere film-, fjernsyns- og teaterproducent. I dag har skolen campus i blandt andet Los Angeles og Miami, samt lokaliteter i Sydney og omkring 15 andre byer rundt om i verden.

Eksterne henvisninger

 New York Film Academy officielle websted

Uddannelse i New York City
Etableret i 1992

New York Film Academy


Dette er en liste over Danmarks dronninger fra 800-tallet og frem til vor tid.
Af listen fremgår det også, hvem deres forældre var og hvem de var gift med. Listen indeholder to regerende dronninger; Margrete I og Margrethe II af Danmark.

Antallet af dronninger vi har kendskab til fra historisk tid lader sig ikke fastslå med absolut sikkerhed, idet svaret også afhænger af, hvem man vil regne med som egentlige dronninger, men ud fra forskellige måder at overveje svaret på, ligger det nok et sted mellem 58 og 66 dronninger i alt fra historisk tid.

Thyra Danebod er kendt fra diverse runesten, blandt andet Jellingstenene og selvom hun ikke er den første dronning, vi kender til, så betragtes hun nok ofte som den første, i det alle regerende monarker (på nær en enkelt) i Danmark, der kom efter Thyra Danebods ægtefælle Gorm den Gamle, nedstammer fra Thyra Danebod.
For nogle af dronningerne fra historisk tid er oplysningerne sparsomme. For enkelte af dem hersker der også usikkerhed om identiteten.

Dronningernes position og stilling har varieret gennem århundrederne. Flere af dem udøvede selv magt i større eller mindre grad, særligt i middelalderen.

Andre har levet mere tilbagetrukket som privatpersoner og er senere primært blevet kendt som mødre til diverse tronfølgere.
Størstedelen af ægteskaberne blev indgået af dynastiske årsager i forsøg på at danne nye politiske alliancer. Til trods for det kan man enkelte gange få små indblik i den enkelte dronnings ægteskab og personlighed. Som for eksempel med Elisabeth af Habsburg, som kom fra Holland, da hun blot var 15 år gammel for at gifte sig med den 34 år gamle Christian 2. i 1515 . Det er ikke vanskeligt at antage, at hun længtes hjem til livet som hun kendte det fra Holland. Hun savnede at have friske grøntsager på bordet og derfor inviterede kongen hollandske bønder til at slå sig ned i Store Magleby på Amager. Stedet omtales den dag i dag som "Hollænderbyen".

En dronning, som har sat et markant aftryk i den historiske erindring, er Caroline Mathilde, som giftede sig med Christian 7. i 1766. Kongens senere sindsygdom var på dette tidspunkt ikke fuldkomment i udbrud og deres første år sammen var karakteriseret af selskabelighed med dronningen som midtpunkt.
Senere kom livlægen Struensee ind i billedet og hendes liv ændrede sig herefter radikalt. Det hele endte et par år efter med at Struensee blev henrettet mens hun selv blev landsforvist til Celle uden muligheder til at se sine to børn igen. Hun døde ikke længe efter, bare 23 år gammel.

Dronningernes afstamning

Hvor danske var disse danske dronninger så af oprindelse, kan man spørge? Ja hovedparten kom fra andre lande end Danmark, men nogle havde dog rod i Danmark eller nær tilknytning til Danmark.

Ofte er der alene blevet set på, hvem der var far til de forskellige dronninger, eller hvor de var født, men hvis man i stedet vælger at se på, hvorvidt dronningerne havde mindst én forældre, der var dansk eller sønderjysk/slesvigsk, så viser det sig, at op til 15 af dronningerne fra Asfrid til Margrethe 2. var ud af et ægteskab, hvor i hvert fald mindst én af forældrene var af dansk/sønderjysk familie.

Andre måder at betragte dronningernes afstamning på kunne dels være, i hvilken udstrækning de forskellige dronninger er i familie med hinanden eller ligefrem nedstammer fra hinanden, eller alternativt hvor mange af de efterfølgende dronninger, der nedstammer fra dronning Thyra, den første danske dronning hvorom vi har et sikkert kendskab til efterkommere frem til vore dage. En del oplysninger herom kan man (for de ældre dronningers vedkommende) bl.a. finde i (eller uddrage fra) S. Otto Brenners kendte genealogiske værk fra 1965 Nachkommen Gorms des Alten (König von Dänemark -936-) I.-XVI. Generation. Også Europas fyrstehuse. En genealogisk nøgle (af Robert W. Harvest og Helga Tulinius) som Politikens Forlag udgav i 1977 leverer righoldigt med information til forståelse af de indbyrdes slægtsforhold dronningerne (og kongerne) imellem. Standardværket til oversigt over alle medlemmer af de nordiske landes kongeslægter (hvis vi taler om informationer om forhold der ligger før ca. 1850) er dog stadig J. P. F. Kønigsfeldts Genealogisk-historiske Tabeller over de nordiske Rigers Kongeslægter fra 1856.

Regerende dronninger
Indtil videre er der kun to dronninger i danmarkshistorien, der har regeret landet i eget navn nemlig Margrete 1. og Margrethe 2.. Med ændringen af tronfølgeloven i 2009 er der dog skabt øget mulighed for, at flere regerende dronninger kan komme til i fremtiden.

Adskillige dronninger har dog i kortere eller længere perioder fungeret som landets regenter - eller som en udøvende magt bag tronen, når den siddende konge var af svag natur, men gift med en kløgtig dronning, der var i stand til at vurdere, hvordan rigets sager kunne styres bedst muligt.

Dronninger fra 800-tallet
Der omtales flere dronninger eller ægtefæller til danske konger fra det 9. århundrede i forskellige krøniker og sagaer, men egentlig historisk sikre oplysninger om disse dronninger, kan være svære at udskille. Kun få udenlandske kilder omtaler danske dronninger fra denne periode. F.eks. skriver Notker Balbulus fra Sankt Gallen i 883 om kong Godfreds hustru, uden dog at nævne noget navn. Den mauriske poet og diplomat  blev i 845 af emiren af Córdoba sendt på en diplomatisk mission til nordboernes land, hvor han bl.a. havde adskillige møder med dronning "Nud". Der er ikke fuld enighed om, hvorvidt dette nordiske land sigter til Danmark (hvor kong Horik regerede i 845), eller om det sigter til en af vikingernes konger i Irland (f.eks. ). Skulle historien om "Nud" sigte til en dansk dronning (kong Horiks dronning) er Nud givetvis nok snarere et poetisk arabisk navn end det egentlige navn for dronningen. Al-Ghazāl beskrev indgående sit møde med dronning Nud i flere digte. Den dronning, vi kan være mest sikre på af 800-tallets danske dronninger, er Harald Klaks dronning. Ganske vist får vi ikke hendes navn at vide, man vi får detaljerede informationer om hendes dåb i 826.

Dronninger fra 900-tallet og indtil 1374
For flertallet af de konger, der regerede i 900-tallet, har vi ikke nogle efterretninger om, hvem de var gift med. Vi kender således ikke som udgangspunkt noget til navne på dronninger for kongerne Olaf, Hardeknud, Gurd, Sigtryg eller Toke. De første sikre dronninger, vi har efterretninger om, er dronningerne til kongerne Gnupa (Asfrid) og Gorm (Thyra). Begge disse dronninger kan bedst tidsfæstes til 930'erne.
En række af de senere konger var ikke gift, og vi har heller ikke efterretninger om, at de skulle have fået børn. Det gælder kongerne Harald 2., Hardeknud og Oluf Håkonsen.
For Magnus den Gode (konge af Norge og Danmark) ved vi, at han ikke var gift, men at han havde barn med en frille. For den skånske (mod)konge Oluf Haraldsen (nogle gange kaldet Oluf 2.), der regerede 1040-1043, har vi ingen efterretninger om hans giftemål, og altså heller ikke noget navn, på hans (eventuelle) dronning. Det antages dog, at Oluf havde en søn, der selv i 1182 forsøgte at blive konge i Skåne. Vi har dog heller ingen oplysninger om mødrene afstamning eller ægteskabelige forhold for denne tronprætendent.

Skånske dronninger 1335–1360
I 1332 (og de følgende år) solgte grev Johan af Holsten sit pant i Skånelandene til den svenske konge Magnus Eriksson. Denne blev i 1332 hyldet af skåningerne som konge, og Skånelandene blev i de næste 28 år et selvstændigt kongerige i personalunion med Sverige. Magnus Eriksson var selv konge af Skåne i årene 1332-1356/57 og 1359-1360. I den mellemliggende periode var det hans søn Erik Magnusson, der havde myndigheden som konge af Skåne. Da Magnus Eriksson først blev gift i oktober eller november 1335 begynder den selvstændige række af skånske dronninger også først fra dette tidspunkt.

Kalmarunionen 1375–1448

Huset Oldenborg 1448–1863

Den Glücksburgske slægt 1863–

Danmarks kronprinsesse – den formodet kommende dronning

Ægtefæller til danske monarker uden status som dronning eller majestæt

Den første kvindelig regent i Danmark til at regere i eget navn, Margrete I, havde selv været gift med monarken af et andet land, nemlig Haakon VI af Norge (der tillige i to år i 1360'erne var konge eller medkonge af Sverige).
En række andre danske monarker har derimod gennem tiden haft giftermål, hvor deres ægtefælle ikke har opnået status som dronning eller majestæt i Danmark. Dette kunne have flere årsager. I en del tilfælde bestod ægteskabet kun i en periode, hvor den pågældende monark (endnu) ikke var monark, hvorfor ægtefællen naturligt nok heller ikke var dronning. I en række andre tilfælde var ægteskabet af en sådan status, at monarkens ægtefælle aldrig blev tildelt rang af dronning eller majestæt.

Ægtefæller uden rang af dronning eller majestæt

Se også
 Kongerækken
 Danske sagnkonger
 Steder opkaldt efter danske kongelige
 Margrethe 2.s anetavle
 Oversigt over de dronninger, der var dronninger, men ikke regerende dronninger, af Danmark
 Frankrigs dronninger
 Englands dronninger og prinsgemaler
 Britiske dronninger og prinsgemaler

Henvisninger

Noter

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne links

 Stamtræer – Kongehuset.dk

Tidslinjer
Kongelige fra Danmark
Dronninger af Danmark
Dronninger

Danmarks dronninger


The Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy is a trilogy of novels by American writer Robert Anton Wilson consisting of The Universe Next Door (1979), The Trick Top Hat (1980), and The Homing Pigeons (1981), each illustrating a different interpretation of quantum physics. They were collected into an omnibus edition in 1988.

Wilson is also co-author of The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975), and Schrödinger's Cat is a sequel of sorts, re-using several of the same characters and carrying on many of the themes of the earlier work.

The name Schrödinger's Cat comes from a thought experiment in quantum mechanics. The first book, The Universe Next Door, takes place in different universes in accord with the many worlds interpretation of quantum physics; in the second, The Trick Top Hat, characters are unknowingly connected through non-locality, i.e., having once crossed paths they are joined in quantum entanglement; and the third book, The Homing Pigeons, places characters in an "observer-created universe" in which consciousness causes the collapse of the wavefunction.

Taking place in Unistat, which is the novel's parallel to the United States, the novels have intertwining plots involving a wide array of characters, including:

 Epicene Wildeblood, a.k.a. Mary Margaret Wildeblood, a transsexual woman who throws great parties
 Frank Dashwood, president of Orgasm Research
 Markoff Chaney, a prankster
 Hugh Crane, a.k.a. Cagliostro the Great, a mystic and magician
 Furbish Lousewart V, author and President of Unistat
 Marvin Gardens, author and cocaine addict
 Eve Hubbard, scientist and alternate President of Unistat

Series summary
In The Universe Next Door, the President of Unistat is Furbish Lousewart V; in that universe, a terrorist organization known as Purity of Essence (named after General Ripper's obsession in the film Dr. Strangelove) threatens to detonate nuclear devices in major cities all over Unistat. Also mirroring Dr. Strangelove, Unistat has an automated device that will send nuclear missiles to Russia in the event of such an attack. Russia has a similar device to bomb China, and so on.

In The Trick Top Hat, President Hubbard, promotes a scientific approach to the improvement of life: she offers rewards to anyone who can design a robot to do their job or develop methods to prolong life. Eventually Unistat becomes a Utopia. She makes the whole law system into three different laws: victimless crimes, which have no punishment; crimes against property, which involve debt and payment; and serious crimes, such as murder, which result in being sent to Hell, a place like jail but not quite. It's encased in laser shielding and is like a primitive world all its own. It is, in fact, the State of Mississippi. The original Pocket Books edition of The Trick Top Hat contains many passages, some sexually explicit, that are not included in later editions, including the Dell softcover. Much of this material first appeared in Wilson's earlier novel, The Sex Magicians, published as pornography by Sheffield House in 1973.

The third volume, The Homing Pigeons, features President Kennedy, although it has very little to do with the President. Near the end of the book it keeps switching universes, some of which contain President Kennedy, others which contain President Lousewort, and still others in which Hubbard is the president. Like The Trick Top Hat, The Homing Pigeons also has material in the Pocket Books edition that is not in later editions. Unlike The Trick Top Hat, however, the material that was cut out did not contain particularly sexually explicit content.

The main plots throughout these books are many. One follows Markoff Chaney, a midget, and his pranks played on the world that continuously screws him over. Most of his pranks are played on Dr. Dashwood, of Orgasm Research. However, the most important plot line follows the path of one Hugh Crane which may or may not be this Universe's Hagbard Celine; a character that is an obvious representation of Wilson himself.

Another follows an "Ithyphallic Eidolon", a penis removed from a transsexual woman named Epicene (post-surgery, Mary Margaret) Wildebloode. She puts it on display on her mantelpiece, where it gets stolen. It passes through the vicinity of almost every character in the series at least once.

There are dozens of conspiracy theories, strange loops, satire and paranoia included within those pages. In addition, there are numerous references to other works and occasional outright appropriation of characters from them (including cameos by Captain Ahab and Lemuel Gulliver, among others). Many of the character names are either puns ("Bertha van Ation," referring to the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation, "Juan Tootrego") or references to historical personages (Blake Williams refers to the poet William Blake, Francis Dashwood's name refers to Sir Francis Dashwood).

Tanstagi

"Tanstagi", an acronym standing for "There Ain't No Such Thing As Government Interference", is the motto of the Invisible Hand Society, an originally fictional organization invented in the Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy. The acronym was deliberately intended as a reference to Robert A. Heinlein's TANSTAAFL principle.

The Tanstagi principle is meant to imply that the invisible hand of the free market applies to government as well. In other words, contrary to traditional ideas of laissez-faire capitalism, government interference in the free market is impossible, since governments are inextricably a part of the market as a whole. 'Government' is not a separate institution—it is a word used to describe the actions of a large number of individuals subject to the same (at least qualitatively) pressures as everyone else. Both of these ideas are part of what is known as 'economic Taoism.'

While it was first introduced in a novel, people claiming to be members or know of chapters of the Invisible Hand Society have occasionally appeared in editorial pages and on the Internet.

Language and invented slang
The Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy is a fictional story, with much interpersonal dialogue between characters. This dialogue frequently makes use of slang words invented by the author, as a substitute for words that were, in the 1970s, typically taboo to speak about in modern western culture. In case a censorship case was brought against the book, Wilson made use of the names of Supreme Court Justices as "stand ins" for certain words. Examples include "Potter Stewarting", an expression used as a substitute for a common word that refers to the act of copulation, and "Burgering", referring to the act of voiding one's bowels (referring to Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986, Warren E. Burger), etc.

Reception
Greg Costikyan reviewed Schrödinger's Cat in Ares Magazine #2 and commented that "It deals with uncertainty, sub-nuclear physics; Oriental philosophy, violence, sex and nuclear war. If this description seems confusing to you, you will be more confused after reading the novel. Purchase it; you will either love it or despise it."

Greg Costikyan reviewed Schrodinger's Cat II: The Trick Top Hat in Ares Magazine #10 and commented that "Wilson is not a writer for the unware; the Schrodinger's Cat series is immensely enjoyable, but requires a reader who will think. Aficionados of space opera need not apply."

Greg Costikyan reviewed Schrodinger's Cat III: The Homing Pigeons in Ares Magazine #11 and commented that "Schrodinger's Cat III proves once again that Wilson is one of the best and most interesting writers of whom science fiction can boast."

Publication details
 Previously published in three separate volumes by Pocket Books.

References

Science fiction book series
Trilogy
Discordianism
Dystopian novels
Novels by Robert Anton Wilson
Fiction about trans-Neptunian objects
Novels about parallel universes
Quantum mechanics in fiction

Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy


El FC Torpedo Zhodino, llamado FC Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino por razones de patrocinio, es un club de fútbol bielorruso de la ciudad de Zhodino. Fue fundado en 1961 y juega en la Liga Premier de Bielorrusia.

Historia

Este equipo ha cambiado de nombre ya en varias veces:
 BelAZ Zhodino en 1989
 Torpedo Zhodino en 1993
 Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino en 2011

Estadio

Jugadores

Plantilla 2023

Palmarés

Participación en competiciones de la UEFA

Enlaces externos

FC Torpedo Zhodino

FC Torpedo Zhodino


Močvarna brusnica (mahovnica, cretna borovnica, lat. Vaccinium oxycoccos) zimzeleni vodeni žbunić puzave stabljike iz roda borovnice. Rasprostranjena je u hladnim, sjevernim regijama Europe, Azije i Sjeverne Amerike. Lišće je jajasto, gore zeleno i dolje sjajno sivo. Plod je sitna bobica, crvena, okrugla ili jajasta, sočna i kisela. Uglavnom se razmnožava vegetativno. Aljaski Indijanci su je koristili u kuhanju kitove masti i ikre.

Sinonimi

 Oxycoca vulgaris Raf.
 Oxycoccus europaeus Pers.
 Oxycoccus intermedius (A.Gray) Rydb.
 Oxycoccus ovalifolius (Michx.) A.E.Porsild
 Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) MacMill.
 Oxycoccus oxycoccos var. intermedius Farw.
 Oxycoccus palustris Pers.
 Oxycoccus palustris var. intermedius (A.Gray) Howell
 Oxycoccus palustris var. macrophyllus Gugn.
 Oxycoccus palustris var. melanocarpus Stepanov
 Oxycoccus palustris subsp. microphyllus (Lange) Á.Löve & D.Löve
 Oxycoccus palustris var. ovalifolius (Michx.) F.Seym.
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. bulbosus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. conicus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. deltoidaeus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. elongato-ovoidaeus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. guttatus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus var. microphyllus (Lange) Porsild
 Oxycoccus quadripetalus f. obovatus Lekav. & Butkus
 Oxycoccus vulgaris Bong.
 Schollera europaea (Pers.) Steud.
 Schollera oxycoccos (L.) Roth
 Schollera paludosa Baumg.
 Vaccinium oxycoccos var. hispidulum Castigl.
 Vaccinium oxycoccos var. intermedium A.Gray
 Vaccinium oxycoccos subsp. microphyllum (Lange) Feilberg
 Vaccinium oxycoccos var. microphyllum (Lange) J.Rousseau & Raymond
 Vaccinium oxycoccos var. ovalifolium Michx.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vaccinium oxycoccos
Plants pof the World online
Cranberry

Borovnica
Divlje voće
Ljekovito bilje

Močvarna brusnica


درويش القصَّاص (أبو مُحمد؛ 1895 - 1992) ويُشار إليه بلقب «شيخ مدرسي الرياضيات»، هو عالمٌ بالرياضيات ومن أعلام المربِّين في الشام، كما تُوضح المصادر أنهُ من .

لم تذكر المؤلفات كثيرًا عنه، ولعلَّ أشهرها بحثٌ بعنوان «المربي الأستاذ درويش القصَّاص» كان قد نشره الأستاذ أيمن بن أحمد ذوالغنى على شبكة الألوكة بتاريخ 22 نوفمبر (تشرين الثاني) 2008 ميلاديًا، والذي يُوضح فيه: . كما وردت ترجمةٌ أوسع عنه في قسم عائلة القصَّاص ضمن كتاب «موسوعة الأسر الدمشقية» للدكتور محمد شريف الصَّواف عام 2010 ميلاديًا، والذي يُوضح بأنه قد .

حياته
وُلد درويش بن محمود بن عبد الغني بن محيي الدين بن محمد بن بكري بن درويش القصَّاص في دمشق عام 1895 ميلاديًا الموافق 1312 هجريًا لعائلةٍ من . كان درويش قد حفظ القرآن في العاشرة من عمره. شاركَ درويش في الحرب العالمية الأولى مع الدولة العثمانية برتبة يوزباشي، حيث كان متواجدًا في وادي الصرار بفلسطين. حضر درويش مجالس الشيخ محمد أمين محملجي والشيخ سليم المسوتي، وتخرَّج بالشيخين كامل القصَّاب وإبراهيم الغلاييني، حيث أخذ عنه الطريقة النقشبندية. تذكر المصادر بأنَّ درويش .

التحق بعدها بالمدرسة الكاملية في حيفا للشيخ كامل القصَّاب، ونظرًا لتفوقه في الرياضيات، كلفهُ الشيخ كامل للتدريس فيها، وتشير المصادر لذلك . كان درويش يستعين بالمراجع الفرنسية والتركية والألمانية، كما كان مدرسًا للغة العربية والفرنسية. عمل مدرسًا أيضًا في مدرسة التجهيز الأولى والتجهيز الثانية بدمشق، كما درَّس في الكلية الشرعية التي أسستها جمعية العلماء بزُقاق النقيب في حي العمارة، ثم في ثانوية سعادة الأبناء التابعة للجمعية الغراء، ثم في دار الحديث، حيث كان عمرهُ آنذاك حوالي سبعين عامًا. تتلمذَ على يديه الشاعر نوح إبراهيم والشيخ محمد أديب صالح والشيخ محمد حسام الدين القدسي والشيخ علي الطنطاوي، حيث قال عنه الطنطاوي بأنهُ .

ألفَّ درويش في عام 1922 ميلاديًا كتابًا تحت عنوان «مبادئ الهندسة»، وتوضح المصادر بأنهُ وضع كتابًا في الفلك الوصفي كان يُدرسهُ لطلابه ولكنهُ لم يُطبع.

كان درويش متزوجًا، وله 5 أبناءٍ، هُم:
 فاطمة بنت درويش (وُلدت عام 1937 ميلاديًا): حاصلةٌ على بكالوريوس في الجغرافيا من كلية الآداب بجامعة دمشق، وهي متزوجةٌ من الأستاذ تيسير العيتي. قال عنه الطنطاوي .
 مُحمد فوزي بن درويش (وُلد عام 1940 ميلاديًا): كان مدرسًا للرياضيات، حيث حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في الرياضيات من كلية العلوم بجامعة دمشق عام 1963 ميلاديًا. عمل محاضرًا في جامعة دمشق ومدرسًا في ثانويتها. كان قد ترجم كتاب «الفراغات التوبولوجية» لمؤلفه كلود بيرغ، والذي يعد واحدًا من المراجع الجامعية الهامة.
 خديجة بنت درويش (وُلدت عام 1943 ميلاديًا وتُوفيت بتاريخ 21 آذار 2018 ميلاديًا): عملت في التدريس سنواتٍ طويلة، وهي حاصلةٌ على درجة البكالوريوس في الرياضيات من كلية العلوم بجامعة دمشق. كانت متزوجةٌ من الأستاذ محمد نجاح الكيلاني (أبو عمر).
إضافةً إلى محمود بن درويش وزينب بنت درويش، حيث ذكرت المؤلفات أسمائهم فقط.

وفاته
تُوفيَّ درويش القصَّاص في دمشق عام 1992 ميلاديًا الموافق 1312 هجريًا، عن عمرٍ ناهز 97 عامًا. كان قد نعاهُ حفيدهُ الطبيب ياسر العيتي في قصيدةٍ يقول بها:

المراجع

رياضياتيون سوريون
رياضياتيون عثمانيون
عسكريون عثمانيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
مواليد 1312 هـ
مواليد 1895
مواليد في دمشق
وفيات 1413 هـ
وفيات 1992
وفيات في دمشق
نقشبنديون

درويش القصاص


The Bayshore Freeway is a part of U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. It runs along the west shore of the San Francisco Bay, connecting San Jose with San Francisco. Within the city of San Francisco, the freeway is also known as James Lick Freeway, named after the California philanthropist. The road was originally built as a surface road, the Bayshore Highway, and later upgraded to freeway standards. Before 1964, it was mostly marked as U.S. Route 101 Bypass, with US 101 using the present State Route 82 (El Camino Real).

Route description
The Bayshore Freeway begins at the Blossom Hill Road interchange on US 101. The freeway curves north and northwest, bypassing downtown San Jose to the east, and then curves west-northwest, crossing I-880 and State Route 87, the latter just north of the San Jose International Airport. The portion of the highway from San Jose to South San Francisco is relatively straight and flat, running near the west edge of the San Francisco Bay. Junctions here include SR 237 in Sunnyvale, SR 85 in Mountain View, SR 84 in Menlo Park and Redwood City, SR 92 in San Mateo, and the San Francisco International Airport and I-380 in San Bruno. In South San Francisco, the freeway curves northeast around San Bruno Mountain, crossing its east edge at Sierra Point, and then heads north on a causeway across the former Candlestick Cove to the San Francisco city line.

In San Francisco, where the road is also known as the James Lick Freeway, it continues north-northwesterly between Bayview Park and McLaren Park, and crosses I-280 at the Alemany Maze. There it curves north-northeasterly around Bernal Heights and then northwest around Potrero Hill, meeting the Central Freeway at the border between the Mission District and South of Market. The Bayshore Freeway ends at the intersection of US 101 and Interstate 80, which, although signed as Interstate 80, is not officially Interstate 80 until the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. The freeway that goes from US 101 to the Bay Bridge that is signed as I-80 but not officially I-80 is called the San Francisco Skyway.

History

Initial construction
Before the Dumbarton and San Mateo-Hayward Bridges were built across the San Francisco Bay in the 1920s, San Francisco was bottled up at the north end of a long peninsula, with driving south on El Camino Real towards San Jose as the only reasonable alternative to the ferries for crossing the bay. The first of several highways built as an alternate to El Camino Real was the Skyline Boulevard, which was added to the state highway system in 1919. A second route, the Bay Shore Highway (Route 68), became a state highway in 1923, but only from the San Francisco city limits into San Mateo County, where the Dumbarton Bridge would begin. Just prior to the start of construction on the Dumbarton Bridge, San Francisco Supervisor Richard J. Welch noted that the Bay Shore Highway would need to be built all the way to San Jose as an escape valve for the additional traffic that the bridge would attract. Groundbreaking ceremonies were held in South San Francisco for the Bayshore Highway on September 11, 1924. The route used a right-of-way that was  wide with a four-lane undivided highway  wide.

The state legislature extended the highway in 1925, defining it to run from near the intersection of Army Street (Cesar Chavez Street) and San Bruno Avenue in San Francisco to a point in San Jose. The governor approved the bill with the stipulation that only the portion between the city limits of San Francisco and San Jose would be a state highway. Construction between South San Francisco and Burlingame had begun by 1924, funded by a $500,000 contribution from San Francisco, and was completed in 1928. A disconnected segment north of San Mateo was built by the state at the same time. It was not until February 1929 that the road was fully paved between San Francisco and Burlingame, and on October 20, 1929, the new highway was officially dedicated to San Mateo, several months after the connecting San Mateo-Hayward Bridge opened (at what is now Third Avenue). Even then, motorists had to wait until May 7, 1931, to reach Jefferson Avenue in Redwood City (near the west end of the four-year-old Dumbarton Bridge). The roadway was extended to Oregon Avenue in Palo Alto in mid-1932, Lawrence Station Road in mid-1933, and to Lafayette Street near Santa Clara, across the Guadalupe River from San Jose, by 1934. The final piece to Oakland Road (13th Street) in San Jose, which was then the main road - Legislative Route 5 and Sign Route 17 - between San Jose and Oakland, was dedicated on June 12, 1937, over ten years after the Dumbarton Bridge opened in January 1927.

Although the highway was designed and built to what were, at the time, high standards, with a 100-foot (30 m) wide right-of-way in most places, it was accident-prone because it lacked a median barrier. One segment of the so-called "Bloody Bayshore" was "Boneyard Hill", a steep grade through the Visitacion Valley near the San Francisco city line, running past a bone meal plant. Causes of the crashes included turning conflicts at intersections, and speeding drivers crossing the centerline to use the oncoming lanes as a passing lane. The roadway was entirely at-grade except for crossings of rail lines. It generally followed the present alignment of the Bayshore Freeway, but deviated in several places: Old Bayshore Highway in San Jose, Veterans Boulevard in Redwood City, Bayshore Highway in Burlingame, a destroyed section of road through San Francisco International Airport, and Airport and Bayshore Boulevards from South San Francisco through Brisbane into San Francisco. Within that city, the new highway continued three miles (5 km) along the present Bay Shore Boulevard to Army (Cesar Chavez) Street and Potrero Avenue.

When the Bayshore Highway was completed in 1937, U.S. Route 101 signs were moved to it from El Camino Real, and El Camino became U.S. Route 101 Alternate. Businesses along El Camino created the El Camino Real Association to protest the move and resulting loss of business, and by 1939 the main route had been moved back, with the Bayshore Highway becoming U.S. Route 101 Bypass. The two routes split in San Jose at the junction of First and Second Streets near Keyes Street, with the El Camino route mostly following the present SR 82 and the Bayshore route using locally maintained Second, Reed, and Fourth Streets to reach the state-maintained Bayshore Highway. In San Francisco, they rejoined at the present location of the Alemany Maze, with the El Camino route following Alemany Boulevard from near the city line; from there US 101 continued north on Bay Shore Boulevard, Potrero Avenue, and 10th and Fell Streets to Van Ness Avenue, meeting the Bay Bridge approach (US 40/US 50) at Bryant and Harrison Streets. The Bryant/Harrison one-way pair was added to Route 68 (which already included the bridge) in 1937 and removed in 1947 along with the bridge; in 1961 the new freeway approach became part of Route 68, which was extended back over the bridge to Route 5 at its Oakland landfall.

Construction of an extension to Route 115 (Santa Clara Street, now SR 130) at 30th Street in San Jose began in 1939, and was completed by late 1940. As with the portion between Fourth and 13th Streets, it was not marked as a numbered route. The state legislature authorized an extension beyond San Jose back to El Camino Real near Ford Road in 1947, which was already under construction, and was completed that year. This was the first segment built with interchanges, and included a median barrier. Despite this, most crossings were at-grade; only the two ends at Route 115 (Santa Clara Street) and regular US 101 included bridges, the former a diamond interchange and the latter a simple split with additional access to Ford Road. It also crossed over Coyote Road, though with no access, just south of the Coyote Creek bridge. The original 1947 bridge over Coyote Road remains, though widened in 1990, and is one of the oldest road-road grade separations on the present freeway.

Reconstruction

The Bayshore Highway through San Francisco and San Mateo counties was considered complete in 1940, at the dawn of the freeway era; that year, the California Department of Public Works announced plans to convert the Bayshore Highway into a six-lane divided freeway between San Francisco and Palo Alto. It was the first freeway planned for Northern California, and the second in the state, after the Arroyo Seco project. In general, the goals of the Bayshore Freeway project were to grade-separate the freeway from surface streets and railroad tracks to accommodate projected traffic and to reduce the rate of accidents. At the time, it was anticipated that traffic along the San Francisco Peninsula would reach the capacity of both El Camino Real and the Bayshore Highway within ten years. In addition, the accident rate along the Bayshore Highway was 2.9 per million vehicle miles, compared with the state-wide average of 1.4; current traffic on the Bayshore Highway was estimated at 30,000 vehicles per day and in 1939 alone, there were 276 accidents, resulting in 19 fatalities and 235 injuries. Twenty years later in 1959, the accident rate on the new Bayshore Freeway had dropped to 0.75 per million vehicle miles, carrying 59,000 vehicles per day.

The first segment rebuilt as a modern freeway was finished in 1947, stretching from Peninsula Avenue (then called Peninsular) at the San Mateo-Burlingame line to Broadway Avenue in Burlingame, including the overpass for Peninsula. Contracts in 1948 and 1949 extended the freeway north to South San Francisco, a distance of . This segment converted the existing two-way traffic on Bayshore Highway to a single three-lane one-way road and added a new three-lane roadway running parallel to it. The new roadway, intended for northbound traffic, was constructed east of the existing alignment, separated by a  wide median, permitting a future expansion to four lanes in each direction. This six-lane freeway followed the existing highway to Broadway in Burlingame, but then took a more inland alignment past the airport at Mills Field (now SFO), and crossed the old road at South San Francisco, running just east of it to near the south end of the cut at Sierra Point. The routing had been adjusted to the west to allow an additional  for airport expansion. Since this segment was being constructed on predominantly marshy land,  of fill was taken from the arm of San Bruno Mountain that extended into the water as Sierra Point; the hill was essentially levelled and the remaining fill was used for airport expansion.

Construction began in San Francisco in 1950 on a  segment north from Augusta to 25th at a contracted cost of $6.5 million, including the cost of the right-of-way (about half the total) and grade separations over Alemany and Army. This segment opened on June 1, 1951. Also in 1951, the state legislature renamed the portion within San Francisco after James Lick, a California pioneer and philanthropist. San Francisco construction included segments to the north, opened in 1953, and the south. The connection to the upper deck of the Bay Bridge opened in June 1955. Construction in San Francisco was completed by 1958.

A new causeway across Candlestick Cove connected the completed section in South San Francisco with San Francisco and opened on July 11, 1957. Planning began in 1951, when bids were taken for an experimental causeway  wide extending  south from Candlestick Point; rather than pumping out soft bay mud and back-filling with sand, fill dirt would be dumped directly into the Bay to see if the mud underneath could be displaced instead. This section of the Bay had water up to  deep, overlying soft mud  deep, which in turn was overlying harder, compacted mud. The compacted mud was deemed sufficiently strong to support the weight of the freeway, but it was hoped that excavation of the soft mud layer could be avoided by dumping fill at a sufficient rate, later calculated to be  per day. The experiment was deemed a success, and the remaining  of causeway was put out for bid in 1954, awarded in 1955 to Guy F. Atkinson Co. By that time, over  of fill had already been placed.

Meanwhile, construction had progressed south from San Mateo through San Carlos, with that segment completed in 1954, and continuing on into Redwood City (Marsh Road relocation, July 1958), Menlo Park (Willow Road Interchange, 1956), and Palo Alto (June 1958).

A movement to make the four-lane undivided "Bloody Bayshore" safer all the way to San Jose began in Palo Alto. As a temporary measure, the state lowered the speed limit, installed traffic signals, closed minor crossroads, and prohibited left turns in places. The community convinced the state to extend the six-lane freeway. Contracts for the projects in Santa Clara County had been awarded by 1959, and the Bayshore Freeway was completed to San Jose in 1962, officially opening on February 2 of that year. The total cost of freeway conversion was , including  to acquire right-of-way. The south end of the freeway was the old El Camino Real merge near Ford Road until the early 1980s, when the South Valley Freeway was built.

Exit list

See also

References

External links

 Bayshore Highway - City of South San Francisco Historical Articles

San Francisco Bay Area freeways
U.S. Route 101
Named freeways in California
Roads in Santa Clara County, California
Roads in San Mateo County, California
Roads in San Francisco
Transportation in San Jose, California
Santa Clara, California
Sunnyvale, California
Mountain View, California
Palo Alto, California
Menlo Park, California
Redwood City, California
San Carlos, California
San Mateo, California
Burlingame, California
Millbrae, California
San Bruno, California
South San Francisco, California
Brisbane, California

Bayshore Freeway


İzobar: Hava basıncının aynı olduğu yerleri birleştiren eğrilere izobar (eş basınç) eğrisi adı verilir. Basınç haritalarında bu değerler deniz yüzeyine indirgenmiş olarak gösterilir. Bunlar kullanılarak yapılan haritalara Eş basınç haritası (İzobar haritası) adı verilir.
 İzobar (parçacık fiziği), atom numarası farklı, kütle numarası aynı olan atomlara izobar atom denir. İzobar atomların fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri farklıdır. Na-24 ve Mg-24 birbirinin izobarıdır.

İzobar


O martelo a vapor criado por James Nasmyth em 1839, é uma ferramenta que tem como função principal moldar grandes peças de ferro forjado. O instrumento era muito utilizado nos processos industriais e possibilitava maior controle, eficiência e potência nessas atividades.

O principal problema da época era como forjar peças muito grandes de metal e a criação do martelo a vapor revolucionou o mercado, diminuindo custos e melhorando a qualidade do ferro forjado. Assim, a ferramenta passou a ser essencial em muitos processsos industriais.

Modo de funcionamento

No esboço inicial de Nasmyth é exibido uma bigorna que sustenta o material de trabalho, um bloco de ferro que funciona como um martelo e um cilindro de vapor invertido com um pistão preso ao martelo. O martelo funcionava através da aplicação de vapor no cilindro que atuava no pistão para erguer o martelo. Quando a pressão de vapor é liberada faz com que o martelo caia por ação da gravidade, golpeando o material da peça abaixo.

História

Em 1839, James Nasmyth criou o martelo a vapor com o objetivo de forjar peças grandes de ferro ou metal. Essa ferramenta foi um item revolucionário na época e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da indústria. Na década de 1830, os motores a vapor em locomotivas e barcos estavam se tornando cada vez maiores, o que exigia a fabricação de eixos maiores, que as ferramentas existentes não podiam forjar convenientemente. Um dos maiores problemas naquela época era encontrar uma maneira de processar peças de metal muito grandes. A melhor ferramenta disponível na época era o martelo a vapor, que girava para cima sob a pressão do vapor e depois descia em arco para desferir o golpe. Sua desvantagem era que havia pouco espaço entre o martelo e a bigorna para objetos grandes e só podia desferir golpes igualmente poderosos. Nasmyth produziu um tipo muito diferente de martelo a vapor, no qual o próprio martelo era levantado verticalmente acima da bigorna pelo vapor e depois caía verticalmente por seu próprio peso ou por um golpe controlado, cuja força era regulada pela pressão do vapor. Isso representou um enorme avanço que permitiu a construção dos enormes motores.

Nos primeiros martelos não era possível controlar a força aplicada sobre os objetos, mas estes foram posteriormente modificados, possibilitando maior controle sobre as peças. Antes da invenção do martelo a vapor de Nasmyth, grandes forjas, como âncoras de navios , eram produzidos de partes em partes, ou seja, cada pequena peça era produzida e forjada separadamente e por fim, finalmente soldadas entre si, formando o objeto completo. Várias melhorias foram feitas no projeto na década de 1840, sendo que uma das principais evoluções do martelo a vapor de Nasmyth era a adição de um mecanismo de ação automática que permitia ao operador ajustar a força do golpe do martelo. Em uma demonstração feita do martelo, o objeto produziu um golpe suave o suficiente para quebrar um ovo em uma taça de vinho, deixando a taça intacta e pesando o suficiente para sacudir um prato em uma casa a 400 metros de distância. As vantagens de sua criação logo se tornaram tão óbvias que em pouco tempo os martelos Nasmyth eram encontrados em todas as grandes oficinas da Inglaterra. Além dos martelos a vapor, James também fabricou mais de 100 locomotivas a vapor, muitos pequenos motores a vapor de alta pressão e uma variedade de bombas, prensas hidráulicas e outras máquinas.

Ver também

 Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company
 James Watt

Ligações externas

 Martelos
 A história do martelo a vapor
 Autobiografia James Nasmyth

Processos industriais
Mecanismos
1839 na Inglaterra
Metalurgia
Design
História do design
Design de produto

Martelo a vapor


Ahmet Hamdi Akseki (1887 - 9 Ocak 1951), Türk din bilgini, 3. Diyanet İşleri Başkanı.
1947'den vefatına değin Diyanet İşleri Başkanı olarak görev yaptı.

Akseki, Güzelsu'da 1302 (1887) yılında doğdu. Babası Mahmud Efendi, annesi Hatice Hanımdır. Kur'an'ı babasından öğrendi, Mecidiye Medresesi'nde okudu. Ödemiş'teki din ilimleri tahsil ettikten sonra İstanbul'a geldi. Fatih'te öğrenimine devam etti. Darülfünun Ulumi aliye-i Diniye'yi, Darülhilafetil Aliye'yi, Medresetül Mütehassısîn'i birincilikle bitirdi. Öğretmen oldu. Sebilürreşad, Selamet, Mahfil, Yeşilay, İslam-Türk Ansiklopedisi gibi mecmualarda yazdı. Kürsü Şeyhliği, muallimlik, medrese hocalığı yaptı. Balkan savaşı öncesi Sebilürreşad dergisinin muhabiri olarak Bulgaristan'a gitti, oradan mektuplar yazdı.

Millî Mücadele döneminde görevini bırakarak destek olmak için Ankara'ya geldi. 1923'te Darülhilafe'leri ıslah etti. Atatürk'ün övgüsüne mazhar oldu. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi hadis müderrisi ve diyanet azası, Mehmet Rifat Börekçi'nin yardımcısıydı.

1920 yılında kurulan Tarîkat-ı Salâhiyye Cemiyeti'nin üyesi olduğu ve bu cemiyetin faaliyetlerine katıldığı ithamıyla 1925'te Ankara İstiklâl Mahkemesi'nde Distolcular Davası'nda yargılandı. Cemiyetle ilgisi bulunan on bir kişinin idama, birçoğunun da ağır hapse mahkûm edildiği mahkemede suçsuz bulunarak beraat etti.

1947'de üçüncü Diyanet İşleri Başkanı oldu. 9 Ocak 1951'de görevi başında öldü, naaşı Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Eserleri

 Rûh ve Bekâ-yı Rûh
 Dini Dersler
 Yavrularımıza Din Dersleri
 İslam Dini Fıtridir
 Garanik Meselesi
 Mezâhibin Telfikı
 Çocuklara Armağan
 İslamda İktisat ve Tasarruf
 Tayyare ve Kuvvet
 Ahlak Dersleri
 Askere Din Dersleri
 Köylüye Din Dersleri
 Velasr Suresinin Tefsiri
 Peygamberimiz Hz. Muhammed ve Müslümanlık
 Peygamberimizin Vecizeleri
 Yeni Hutbelerim
 İslam Dini
 İslam fıtri, tabii ve umumi bir dindir
 İmam Gazali'nin Ruh Nazariyesi
 İman ve İrade Kudreti
 Tacu'l-arus Tercümesi
 İslamda ahlakın mahiyeti
 Medeni Dünyanın Dine Dönüşü
 İrade-i Cüziyye
 Akaid-i islamiye
 İbn-i Sina Felsefesi
 Namaz Surelerinin Türkçe Tercüme ve Tefsiri (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 18. Baskı, 2006)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı

1887 doğumlular
1951 yılında ölenler
Türk din adamları
Diyanet İşleri başkanları
İslam dini kişilikleri
Akseki doğumlular
Ankara'da ölenler
Resim aranan kişiler
Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
İstiklâl mahkemeleri sanıkları

Ahmet Hamdi Akseki


Armas Einar Leopold Lönnbohm, conocido como Eino Leino (6 de julio de 1878, Paltamo – 10 de enero de 1926, Tuusula) fue un escritor, poeta y periodista finlandés. Leino es considerado uno de los escritores más notables de Finlandia.

Escribió diferentes novelas, poemas y obras de teatro. El día 6 de julio es el día de Eino Leino en Finlandia y se iza la bandera en su honor.

Carrera como escritor

Al principio de su carrera, Eino Leino fue muy querido y elogiado por la crítica. Se unió a los círculos literarios y periodísticos y se convirtió en miembro del círculo de Jóvenes Finlandeses. Entre los amigos de Leino estaban el artista Pekka Halonen y Otto Manninen, quien ganó fama como poeta y traductor.

Ya en noviembre de 1917, Eino Leino había advertido con irritación en la revista Sunnuntai que el país estaba «al borde de la guerra civil», y criticó ferozmente a los socialistas cuando se propusieron «empujar su causa con sangre civil y los aguijones de un gobierno conquistador extranjero» (No. 40-41 / 1917). La situación política, que desembocó en la Guerra civil finlandesa, fue una amarga experiencia para Leino, quien siempre había escrito a favor de la tolerancia y también apreciaba el movimiento obrero en el que contaba con buenos amigos. Leino vivió los acontecimientos de la primavera de 1918 en la Helsinki conquistada por los rojos, y describió sus experiencias en la novela de reportaje La conquista de Helsinki (1918). Saludó a la División Alemana del Mar Báltico, que había invadido el sur de Finlandia y conquistado Helsinki, como un libertador. Pero, por otro lado, Leino luego impulsó una amnistía general para hombres y mujeres de la Línea Roja en las cárceles y exigió la abolición de la pena de muerte. En abril de 1918, la serie de seis artículos de Leino titulada «Para los trabajadores finlandeses» se publicó en la revista socialdemócrata Työn valta («El poder del trabajo»), en la que él, como escritor imparcial perteneciente a la «pobreza civilizada», hizo un llamamiento enérgico por la paz y el entendimiento mutuo.«La socialdemocracia ya no tendría futuro en Finlandia a menos que fuera capaz de interiorizar los ideales eternos de legitimidad, democracia y libertad civil», escribió.

Después de la Guerra Civil Finlandesa, la fe idealista de Leino por la unidad nacional colapsó y su influencia como periodista y polemista se debilitó. Se le concedió una pensión de escritor estatal en 1918 a la edad de cuarenta años. Aunque publicó prolíficamente, tuvo problemas económicos y su salud se deterioró. «La vida es siempre una lucha con fuerzas eternas», dijo Leino en una carta en 1925 a su amigo Bertel Gripenberg.
Leino publicó más de 70 libros de poemas e historias. Las más famosas son las dos colecciones de poemas Helkavirsiä (1903 y 1916), en las que utiliza ampliamente la mitología y el folclore finlandeses.

Además de escribir poesía, Eino Leino escribió en periódicos sobre teatro y cultura en general, y tradujo obras de importantes escritores como Runeberg y Goethe. Fue la primera persona en Finlandia en traducir la Divina Comedia de Dante al finlandés.

En el verano de 1921, Leino viajó a Estonia para una gira escrita organizada por los amigos estonios-finlandeses Aino y Gustav Suits. Con sus veladas de poesía, presentaciones y celebraciones en Tartu y Tallin, el viaje se convirtió en un éxito y Eino Leino fue recibido en todas partes como un poeta significativo. Después de su viaje a Estonia, firmó su tercer matrimonio con la empleada bancaria Hanna Laitinen. El intento desesperado por obtener apoyo y seguridad terminó casi de inmediato con la separación de los cónyuges. En 1921, Leino solicitó la exención de la ciudadanía finlandesa. Escribió cartas al presidente KJ Ståhlberg y al jefe de Estado de Estonia Konstantin Päts pidiendo convertirse en ciudadano estonio. Leino estaba cansado de la falta de becas y las críticas que recibió.

Leino se casó tres veces y tuvo una hija, Helka. Murió en 1926 a la edad de 47 años y más tarde fue enterrado en el cementerio de Hietaniemi en Helsinki. Ya en ese momento como un hombre famoso, fue enterrado a expensas del estado, y al funeral asistieron el presidente LK Relander y otros estadistas del país.

La biografía más detallada de Leino fue escrita en la década de 1930 por su amante y colega L. Onerva. En la historia dramática, Onerva también escribe sobre su propia vida.

No existe certeza sobre la causa de la muerte de Eino Leino. En el trabajo del escritor Hannu Mäkelä, Mestari, la causa de la muerte de Leino se describe como enfermedad avanzada de la médula espinal y calcificación de los vasos sanguíneos, razón por la cual la sangre se filtró al cerebro. Se dice que previamente había confundido las funciones abdominales de Leino. Según Mäkelä, tanto el Dr. Wasastjerna como el Dr. Lindén determinaron la causa de la muerte. Por otro lado, el médico personal de Leino, Väinö Lindén, también sugirió que la causa de la muerte de Leino fue la sífilis, basándose en el margen biográfico de L. Onerva.

Estilo e importancia literaria

Se considera que Leino es el primer y más importante modelador del romanticismo nacional en la literatura finlandesa. En realidad, Leino acuñó el término neoromanticismo nacional por sí mismo para caracterizar las obras de talentos de la joven Finlandia como el compositor Jean Sibelius, el pintor Akseli Gallen-Kallela y el arquitecto Eliel Saarinen.

El estilo de Leino se desarrolló durante sus 35 años de carrera. En sus primeras obras, incluida su colección más famosa, Helkavirsiä (1903), es visible la influencia de la epopeya nacional Kalevala.

A mitad de su carrera, Leino tradujo clásicos de la literatura mundial al finlandés. Al mismo tiempo, escribe sus propias obras en varios géneros: poesía, teatro, ensayo, reseñas y otras piezas periodísticas. Su trabajo abarca una amplia gama emocional, desde el amor profundo hasta la misantropía y la crítica mordaz.

En sus últimos años, luego de luchas en su vida personal, Leino volvió a los temas románticos nacionales de su juventud.

Referencias

Escritores de Finlandia del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Tuusula

Eino Leino


محمد بركة سياسي فلسطيني من عرب 48، رئيس لجنة المتابعة العليا للجماهير العربية في إسرائيل، عضو في الحزب الشيوعي الإسرائيلي وكان عضوا عربيا في الكنيست الإسرائيلي حتى 31 مارس 2015 ضمن كتلة الجبهة الديموقراطية للسلام والمساواة المكونة من الحزب الشيوعي الإسرائيلي وفئات يسارية أخرى.

حياته

ولد محمد سعيد بركة في الخامس والعشرين من يوليو 1955 في مدينة شفاعمرو، لوالدين وعائلة مهجرة من قرية صفورية، الواقعة على الطريق بين شفاعمرو وبين مدينة الناصرة، التي لجأ اليها شطر آخر من العائلة الموسعة. انضم بركة في صباه وبجيل الرابعة عشرة في العام 1969 إلى صفوف الشبيبة الشيوعية في مدينته شفاعمرو، نشط في صفوفها ضمن النشاط الطلابي الثانوي، لينتقل من هناك إلى النشاط الطلابي الجامعي.

في العام 1976 كان يوم الارض حدث مؤسس في حياته السياسية فكان بين جماهير الشباب التي أعدت ليوم الأرض الأول، ضد سياسة مصادرة الأراضي العربية. واصبح مطلوبًا للسلطات بعد مشاركته في المظاهرة الجبارة التي أحاطت بمبنى بلدية شفاعمرو في 18 مارس 1976، حيث حاولت السلطات الإسرائيلية في هذا الاجتماع كسر قرار الإضراب من خلال الإيعاز لبعض رؤساء السلطات المحلية المتماثلين مع حزب العمل الصهيوني، بالاعتراض على قرار الإضراب، وفي نهاية الاجتماع صوت معظم الرؤساء بالموافقة على إلغاء الإضراب عدا عن 11 رئيسًا أصروا على موقفهم ورفضوا إلغاء الإضراب وهم: توفيق زياد (الناصرة)، محمد محاميد (أم الفحم)، أسعد كنانة (يافة الناصرة)، جمال طربيه (سخنين)، محمود كناعنة (عرابة)، حنا مويس (الرامة)، حسن خطبا (الرينة)، أمين عساقلة (المغار)، محمد زيدان (كفر مندا)، د. أحمد مصالحة (دبورية) ويونس نصار (طرعان).

في هذه الواقعة احتشد مئات الشباب الغاضبين خارج مبنى بلدية شفاعمرو، وقاموا بالهتاف ضد السلطات الإسرائيلية وأعوانها، ومنعوهم من الخروج من المبنى الا بعد تدخل قوات الأمن الإسرائيلية التي اشتبكت مع الشبان واعتدت عليهم بالغاز المسيل للدموع، وسعت إلى اعتقال العديد ومن بينهم بركة، الا انه تمكن الهرب واللجوء لدى عائلات شيوعية رفيقة.

نشاطه السياسي

انطلق الطالب الجامعي محمد بركة، بعد يوم الأرض، في العمل السياسي ليكون لاحقا واحدا من قادة الحركة الطلابية العربية الوطنية، وكان رئيسا للجنة الطلاب العرب في جامعة تل أبيب ومن ثم رئيسا لاتحاد الطلاب الجامعيين العرب.

في العام 1982 كان من المبادرين لإقامة اللجنة الشعبية لمناهضة الحرب على لبنان، وضمت قوى يهودية تقدمية، وبعد الدراسة الجامعية، كرّس نفسه للعمل السياسي، فعمل في صفوف الحزب الشيوعي والجبهة الديمقراطية، ففي العام 1983 عمل مُركزا لعمل الجبهة الديمقراطية إلى جانب المفكر والمؤرخ الفلسطيني الراحل الدكتور إميل توما، وأيضا مُركزا لعمل لجنة الدفاع عن الأراضي، إلى جانب أحد قادتها البارزين، الراحل صليبا خميس. وفي أوائل سنوات التسعين، تم انتخابه سكرتيرا للجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة، وحتى العام 2002، بعد أن انتخبه مجلس الجبهة القطري رئيسا له، خلفا لرئيس المجلس الراحل المربي حسن بشارة، من قادة الجبهة في مدينة الطيرة. في العام 1999 انتخبه المجلس القطري للجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة على رأس قائمة الجبهة للانتخابات البرلمانية، وحظي بهذه الثقة لثلاث دورات. في 15 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016 تمّ انتخابه رئيسا للجنة المتابعة للجماهير العربية في الداخل.

مناصب وعضوية هيئات شعبية وحزبية

رئيس لجنة الطلاب العرب - جامعة تل أبيب. رئيس الاتحاد القطري للطلاب الجامعين العرب، حركة الكامبوس اليهودية-العربية، مركز عمل لجنة الدفاع عن الأراضي العربية في إسرائيل، عضو إدارة معهد إميل توما للأبحاث، عضو مجلس المركز الدولي للسلام في الشرق الأوسط، سكرتير الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة، عضو المكتب السياسي للحزب الشيوعي ورئيس مجلس الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة، رئيس لجنة المتابعة للجماهير العربية الفلسطينية في الداخل

انظر أيضاً
قائمة الأعضاء العرب في الكنيست

مراجع

قادة الجبهة الديمقراطية للسلام والمساواة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شفا عمرو
أعضاء الكنيست التاسعة عشرة (2013–15)
أعضاء الكنيست الثامنة عشرة (2009–13)
أعضاء الكنيست الخامسة عشرة (1999–2003)
أعضاء الكنيست السابعة عشرة (2006–09)
أعضاء الكنيست السادسة عشرة (2003–06)
أعضاء عرب في الكنيست الإسرائيلي
خريجو جامعة تل أبيب
سياسيون عرب في إسرائيل
سياسيون فلسطينيون
شيوعيون إسرائيليون
قادة أحزاب سياسية إسرائيليون
مسلمون إسرائيليون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1955
مواليد في شفا عمرو
نائبو رؤساء الكنيست

محمد بركة


Ventetid - en dag i Vestre Fængsel er en dokumentarfilm fra 1989 instrueret af Henrik Ledet efter manuskript af Henrik Ledet.

Handling
Ventetid - bag tremmer i Vestre Fængsel. Filmen skildrer nogle fanger, der deltager i undervisningen i 7.-8. klasse i Vestre Fængsels skole. Tre af fangerne fortæller deres historie: om baggrunden for deres kriminalitet, deres nuværende situation og deres stilfærdige drømme for fremtiden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fængsler i Danmark
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1989

Ventetid - en dag i Vestre Fængsel


Die Ligue 1 2012/13 war die 75. Spielzeit der höchsten französischen Spielklasse im Fußball. Sie begann am 11. August 2012 und endete am 26. Mai 2013. Titelverteidiger war der HSC Montpellier.

Mannschaften
Die Saison wurde von 20 Mannschaften bestritten; zu den 17 besten der Saison 2011/12 kamen die drei Aufsteiger der Ligue 2 2011/12.

Nicht mehr dabei waren die drei Absteiger der letzten Saison, SM Caen, FCO Dijon und AJ Auxerre. Der erstmalige Abstieg Auxerres aus der höchsten französischen Spielklasse beendete eine 32 Jahre andauernde Zugehörigkeit des Clubs zur Division 1/Ligue 1. Caen und Dijon kehrten nach zwei bzw. einem Jahr in die Ligue 2 zurück.

Aufsteiger aus der Ligue 2 waren der SC Bastia, Stade Reims sowie ES Troyes AC. Von den drei Aufsteigern beendete Reims die längste Serie ohne Erstligazugehörigkeit; der Verein war zum ersten Mal seit der Saison 1978/79 wieder in der höchsten französischen Spielklasse vertreten. Bastia kehrte nach sieben Jahren Abwesenheit und zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Aufstiegen in die erste Liga zurück. ESTAC schließlich stieg nach fünf Saisons in der zweiten und dritten Liga wieder auf, konnte die Klasse aber nicht über diese Spielzeit hinaus halten.

Abschlusstabelle
Die inoffizielle Herbstmeisterschaft sicherte sich der hohe Favorit Paris, allerdings nur dank des besseren Torverhältnisses gegenüber den punktgleichen Mannschaften aus Lyon und Marseille. Auf den letzten drei Plätzen gingen Sochaux, als einziger Aufsteiger Troyes sowie Nancy in die Rückrunde.Nach Abschluss des 36. Spieltages waren Paris der erste Platz und Marseille die Vizemeisterschaft rechnerisch nicht mehr zu nehmen, während das Schlusslicht Brest keinen Nichtabstiegsplatz mehr erreichen konnte. Vor dem letzten Spieltag stand auch für Nancy der sportliche Abstieg fest; diese beiden musste der Neuling aus Troyes begleiten.

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Meistermannschaft

* Mathieu Bodmer (4/-), Mohamed Sissoko (3/-), Adrien Rabiot (6/-), Nenê (9/1) und Guillaume Hoarau (6/1) haben den Verein während der Saison verlassen.

Saisonstatistiken

Torschützenliste

Torvorlagengeberliste
Bei gleicher Anzahl von Torvorlagen sind die Spieler alphabetisch nach Nachnamen bzw. Künstlernamen sortiert.

Siehe auch
 Ligue 2 2012/13
 Coupe de France 2012/13
 Division 1 Féminine 2012/13

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

2012/13
Fußballsaison 2012/13

Ligue 1 2012/13


EBN Banco es un banco español, especializado en banca corporativa. Su sede se encuentra en Madrid.

Historia
Fue constituido el 30 de abril de 1982 bajo la denominación de Ibérica de Descuento, S.A. (Descontiber, S.A.). Posteriormente, mediante escritura de 10 de septiembre de 1991, la Sociedad pasó a denominarse Bancaja, S.A.

El 18 de febrero de 1992, se modificó su denominación social, pasando a ser la de Sociedad Española de Banca de Negocios, S.A. (en anagrama EBN Banco).

El 25 de mayo de 2004, se modificó nuevamente su denominación social, pasando a denominarse EBN Banco de Negocios, S.A., manteniendo el mismo anagrama (EBN Banco).

En noviembre de 2013, los accionistas de EBN Banco (Unicaja Banco, Ibercaja Banco, Banco CEISS, Banco Mare Nostrum (BMN) y Banco Sabadell) encargaron su venta. Antes de cerrarse dicha venta, debía llevarse a cabo un proceso de segregación de los activos sindicados de la entidad, que posteriormente serían adquiridos por los propios accionistas a precios de mercado. EBN Banco quedaría reducido de esta forma a una plataforma con personal y una ficha bancaria.

El 15 de enero de 2014, EBN Banco y Banco Sabadell firmaron un acuerdo por el que este último vendía el 15,624% del capital de EBN Banco a esta entidad, el cual compraba para su autocartera.

En junio de 2014, cinco candidatos habían pasado el último corte y habían presentado oferta. Entre ellos, se encontraba el banco chino China Development Bank (CDB), la sociedad de valores española Auriga y el banco andorrano Morabanc. Este último lo descartó más tarde.

El 27 de noviembre de 2014, se anunció que los inversores José Gracia Barba y Santiago Fernández Valbuena habían firmado un acuerdo con Unicaja Banco, Ibercaja Banco, Banco CEISS y Banco Mare Nostrum (BMN) para adquirir el cien por cien de EBN Banco por unos 50 millones de euros. Dicho acuerdo se formalizó después de una segunda ronda de presentación de ofertas de entidades interesadas en el banco.

Finalmente, el 29 de septiembre de 2015, José Gracia Barba y Santiago Fernández Valbuena cerraron la compra de la entidad, repartiéndose la presidencia y vicepresidencia de la misma, respectivamente. Los dos inversores firmaron la escritura de compra, tras el visto bueno del BCE a la operación, cifrada en unos 47 millones de euros, y nombraron al nuevo consejo de administración. Más específicamente, la compraventa fue realizada por José Gracia Barba y Santiago Fernández Valbuena y su esposa; que adquirieron el 84,376% de las acciones, que presentaban el 100% de los derechos de voto efectivos por cuanto el restante 15,624% del capital formaba parte de la autocartera de la que era titular el banco a dicha fecha.

El 3 de marzo de 2016, se inscribió en el Registro Mercantil una reducción de capital social por amortización de acciones propias. Como consecuencia, José Gracia Barba y Santiago Fernández Valbuena y su esposa, pasaron a ostentar el 100% de las acciones del nuevo capital social.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de EBN Banco

Bancos de España
Empresas con sede en Madrid

EBN Banco de Negocios


La XXVI edición del Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino se llevó a cabo del 26 al 30 de septiembre de 2007 en la ciudad de Rancagua en Santiago de Chile, Chile. El torneo contó con la participación de 8 equipos nacionales sudamericanos que compitieron por un cupo para la Gran Copa de Campeones de Voleibol de 2008.

Equipos participantes

Grupos

Primera fase

Grupo A

Resultados

Grupo B

Resultados

Final 5° al 8° puesto

Resultados

Cuadro final

Semifinal
Las semifinales fueron disputadas de la siguiente manera: 1° Grupo A vs. 2° Grupo B; 1° Grupo B vs. 2° Grupo A.

Tercer lugar
Disputada por los equipos perdedores de la fase semifinal.

Final
Se enfrentaron los equipos ganadores de la fase semifinal.

Clasificación final

Distinciones individuales

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la CSV

2007
Voleibol en 2007

Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino de 2007


Carl Ivar Hagen (d. 6 Mayıs 1944, Oslo), Norveçli politikacı ve Norveç Parlamentosu Başkanvekili. Fremskrittspartiet (İlerleme Partisi)'in başkanlığını 1978 yılından 2006'ya kadar yapmıştır. 2006 yılında görevi Siv Jensen'e bırakmıştır. Eli Hagen'le evlidir.

1944 doğumlular
Oslo doğumlular
Norveçli siyasetçiler
Yaşayan insanlar
Siyasi parti liderleri

Carl I. Hagen


La Perizuela es un monte de Cantabria (España), de una altura de 850, situado entre el puerto del Portillón y la Espina del Gallego, entre los valles de Anievas y Toranzo.

A media altura, presenta un frondoso bosque caducifolio, típico en el paisaje cántabro. En su parte alta se encuentran escajeras y praderas que son aprovechadas por el ganado en los meses de verano.

Montañas de Cantabria
A fecha de octubre 2023 puede contactar con D.Jacinto Adrados, que sabe algo al respecto de Perizuela

Perizuela


The Later Zhao (; 319–351) was a dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China. It was founded by the Shi family of the Jie ethnicity. According to Alexander Vovin, the Jie were most likely a Yeniseian people and spoke next to Chinese one of the Yeniseian languages. However, according to most of other authors, they were a Turkic people. The Later Zhao was the second in territorial size to the Former Qin dynasty that once unified northern China under Fu Jian.

When Later Zhao was founded by former Han general Shi Le, the capital was at Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), but in 335 Shi Hu moved the capital to Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei), where it would remain for the rest of the state's history (except for Shi Zhi's brief attempt to revive the state at Xiangguo).

Rulers of the Later Zhao

Rulers family tree

See also
Jie people
Five Barbarians
Fotu Cheng
Canjunxi
Xie Fei (inventor)
Ran Wei–Later Zhao War

References

Later Zhao
319 establishments
351 disestablishments
Dynasties of China
Former countries in Chinese history
4th-century establishments in China

Later Zhao


Pedreira es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 22º44'31" sur y a una longitud 46º54'05" oeste, estando a una altitud de 584 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Su población estimada en 2010 era de 41.549 habitantes.

Iglesia Católica
El municipio pertenece a la Diócesis de Amparo.

Geografía

Área Territorial: 110 km²
Fuente: IBGE

Año de Instalación: 1896

Microrregión: Campinas

Mesorregión: Pedreira

Altitud de la Sede: 590 m

Distancia a la Capital: 93,5661Km

Fuente: Atlas de Desarrollo Humano/PNUD

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2008

Población total: 45.219
 Urbana: 44.132
 Rural: 1.087
 Hombres: 22.458
 Mujeres: 22.761
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 321,05

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 12,21

Expectativa de vida (años): 73,30

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,09

Tasa de alfabetización: 93,01%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,810
 IDH-M Salario: 0,757
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,805
 IDH-M Educación: 0,869
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Jaguari

Carreteras
 SP-95

Administración
 Prefecto: Hamilton Bernardes Júnior(2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Antonio Ganzarolli Hijo
 Presidente de la cámara: Flávio Ferraz Avezum(2011/2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Pedreira (São Paulo)


Influenzavaccine er vaccine, der beskytter mod influenza. En ny version af influenzavaccine udvikles to gange årligt eftersom at influenzavirus hurtigt forandrer sig. De fleste influenzavacciner giver begrænset til høj beskyttelse mod influenza, men alligevel skønnes det at op til 650 000 mennesker dør af luftvejssygdomme forbundet med sæsonbetinget influenza hvert år, og op til 72 000 af disse dødsfald forekommer i Europa.

Både verdenssundhedsorganisationen WHO og Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anbefaler at næsten alle mennesker over 6 måneder vaccineres en gang årligt mod influenza. Det er især relevant for gravide kvinder, børn mellem seks måneder og fem år, for dem med andre helbredsmæssige problemer, Amerikas oprindelige folk og personer der arbejder i sundhedssektoren.

Teknologisk

I dag fremstilles influenzavaccine ved at influenzavirus dyrkes i stor skala i levende celler eller kyllingæg, renses grundigt og behandles derefter for at inaktivere eller dræbe viruspartiklerne eller for at isolere de vigtige virusantigener. Det kan tage op til seks måneder, før der er tilstrækkelig vaccine til podning af hele befolkninger.

Influenzavaccine er generelt sikker. Hos børn opstår der feber blandt 5-10 % og der kan opstå muskelsmerter eller træthed. I bestemte år har vaccinen forårsaget Guillain Barre syndrom hos ældre i hyppigheden en til en million. Den bør ikke gives til personer med multiallergi overfor æg eller tidligere versioner af vaccinen. Vaccinen findes i versioner med svækkede eller inaktive vira. Versionen med inaktive vira bør benyttes af gravide. De findes i former der kan injiceres i en muskel, sprayes i næsen eller injiceres i huden.

Vaccination mod influenza begyndte i 1930'erne med storskala gennemførelse i USA i 1945. Det er på WHO's liste over essentiel medicin. Grossistprisen for en dosis var i 2014 på 5,25 amerikanske dollar. I USA koster en influenzavaccination mindre end 25 amerikanske dollar.

Beviserne på effekten af vaccination mod influenza blandt voksne over 65 år er dårlig. Vaccinationen får antallet af fraværsdage på arbejde til at falde med i gennemsnit 1/2 dag årligt. Vaccination af børn kan beskytte personer i børnenes omgivelser.

Se også

 Fugleinfluenza
 Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B
 Influenzapandemien 2009
 DNA-vaccine, mRNA-vaccine
 HPV Vaccine
 Hepatitis A-vaccine
 MFR-vaccine
 Poliovaccine

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Compelling Need for Game-Changing Influenza Vaccines  CIDRAP Comprehensive Influenza Vaccine Initiative (CCIVI)
 History of past WHO seasonal influenza vaccine composition recommendations
 World Health Organization's Initiative for Vaccine Research Influenza web page
 Influenza Strategies for Broad Global Access
 PATH's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources

 Health-EU portal EU response to influenza
 European Commission – Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

Vaccine
Vacciner

Influenzavaccine


Die Bulgarian International 2006 im Badminton fanden vom 13. bis zum 16. September 2006 in Sofia statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=FFAC86A2-A45B-4E61-A5DE-B6D2879BD639

2006
Badminton 2006
Badmintonwettbewerb in Sofia
EBU Circuit 2006/07

Bulgarian International 2006