The changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) or crested hawk-eagle is a large bird of prey species of the family Accipitridae. More informal or antiquated English common names include the marsh hawk-eagle or Indian crested hawk-eagle. It is a member of the subfamily Aquilinae, with signature feathers, absent in tropical raptors from outside this subfamily, covering the tarsus. It was formerly placed in the genus Spizaetus, but studies pointed to the group being paraphyletic resulting in the Old World members being placed in Nisaetus and separated from the New World species. It is a typical "hawk-eagle" in that it is an agile forest-dwelling predator and like many such eagles readily varies its prey selection between birds, mammals or reptiles as well as other vertebrates. Among the members of its genus, the changeable hawk-eagle stands out as the most widely distributed, adaptable and abundant species. Individuals show a wide range of variation in plumage from pale to dark, varying with moult and age giving rise to the name "changeable".

Taxonomy
The changeable hawk-eagle was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the eagles, hawks and relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco cirrhatus. Gmelin's description was based on the "crested Indian falcon" or the Falco Indicus cirratus that had been first described in 1676 by the English naturalists Francis Willughby and John Ray from a live bird kept in the Royal Aviary in St James's Park, London. The changeable hawk-eagle was formerly placed in the genus Spizaetus but it and nine other Old World hawks were moved to the resurrected genus Nisaetus following the publication in 2005 and 2007 of two molecular phylogentic studies. The genus Nisaetus had been introduced in 1836 by the English naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. The genus name Nisaetus combines the Medieval Latin nisus for a sparrowhawk with the Ancient Greek aetos meaning "eagle". The specific epithet cirrhatus is from Latin cirratus meaning "curly-headed".

The taxonomy of the wide-ranging changeable hawk-eagle is complex and confusing, with few authorities agreeing on whether the species in fact houses a species complex. Gamauf et al. (2005) analyzed mtDNA cytochrome b and control region sequence data of a considerable number of specimens of the crested hawk-eagle and some relatives. Despite the large sample, even the most conspicuous dichotomy - that between the crested and crestless groups - was not as well resolved as it might have been expected to be. At least one widely accepted genetic study has resulted in a recent revision to the recognition of a new species, as the Flores hawk-eagle has traditionally been treated as a subspecies of the changeable hawk-eagle, but it is now often treated as a separate species, N. floris. The Flores and changeable hawk-eagles are regarded as sister species.  The three small-island taxa (N. c. andamanensis, N. c. vanheurni, and N. floris) as a whole each appear as monophyletic lineages. Their placement is even more unresolved, with N. floris being apparently a very ancient lineage. The other two seem quite certainly to derive from N. c. limnaeetus. The latter taxon has a confusing phylogeny. Different lineages exist that are apparently not stable in space and time, are best described as polytomy, from which the similar island taxa derive. Obviously, N. c. limnaeetus does not represent a monophyletic lineage. Neither the biological nor the phylogenetic species concepts, nor phylogenetic systematics can be applied to satisfaction. The crested group apparently is close to becoming a distinct species. The island taxa derived from N. c. limnaeetus appear to have undergone founder effects, which has restricted their genetic diversity. In the continental population, genetic diversity is considerable, and the evolutionary pattern of the two studied genes did not agree, and neither did the origin of specimens show clear structures. N. c. limnaeetus thus is best considered a metapopulation.

Gamauf et al. (2005) therefore suggest the island taxa which are obviously at higher risk of extinction are, for conservation considered evolutionary significant units regardless of their systematic status. This case also demonstrates that a too-rigid interpretation of cladistics and the desire for monophyletic taxa, as well as universal application of single-species concept to all birds will undermine correct understanding of evolutionary relationships. It would even not be inconceivable to find mainland lineages to group closely with the western island taxa, if little genetic drift had occurred in the initial population. nonetheless, the divergence of this species' lineages seems to have taken place too recently to award them species status, as compared to the level of genetic divergence at which clades are usually considered distinct species. N. c. limnaeetus appears for all that can be said with reasonable certainty basal pool of lineages in the crestless group that, despite not being monophyletic, should be considered a valid taxon as long as gene flow is possible through its range. In addition, as ancient DNA from museum specimens was used extensively, the possibility of ghost lineages must be considered. If it is assumed that all or most of the ancient lineages still exist today, considerable recombination must have taken place as the two genes' phylogenies do not agree much, indicating a healthy level of gene flow. Whether this still holds true today remains to be determined.

Two distinct groups exist in the changeable hawk-eagle; one with crests and one without or with hardly visible crests. A 2020 study found that the reproductive isolation between the two groups was weak and recommended treating the two groups as conspecific. Dark morphs exist for some populations.

Subspecies

Changeable hawk-eagle group
 N. c. cirrhatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) : The nominate subspecies is found in the peninsular India, from the Gangetic plain southwards throughout the remainder of the country.  It is monomorphic in colour with no dark morph. The nominate subspecies is relatively pale above compared to other races, with a slightly more rufous hue to the head. It tends to be less extensively streaked below down to the lower breast below compared to other races, with dark wing lings and a strongly barred tail. In the juvenile plumage, the nominate race has a strongly buffy headed and has underparts that are flecked and spotted. The crest tends to be longest in this race, with common measurements of  in length, therefore the race is commonly referred to as the crested hawk-eagle. It is one of the two larger subspecies. Wing chord length ranges from  in males and from  in females. In both sexes, the tail commonly measures  and tarsus from .
 N. c. ceylanensis (Gmelin, JF, 1788): This race is endemic to Sri Lanka but some authorities also include Travancore in the southern tip of India as part of this race's range. This race has a proportionally longer crest on average than the nominate race, with a similar crest length to it at about . It is monomorphic as is the nominate race, averaging paler and less streaky, but a similar appearance has been noted to birds from southernmost India are rather similar in appearance. The differences represented in this race from the nominate race are largely clinal. It is rather smaller than the nominate race. Wing chord length ranges from  in males and from  in females.  Furthermore, in both sexes tail length is from  and tarsus length from .

Crestless changeable hawk-eagle group

 N. c. limnaeetus (Horsfield, 1821): This race is found through the Himalayan foothills from Nepal, northeast India, via Burma to much of southeast Asia including the Malay Peninsula along Wallace Line to Philippines and the Greater Sunda Islands. This race can appear similar in size and build to the nominate race but unlike it is rather polymorphic and this is the most widely found of subspecies. This race's polymorphism is the source for the species being referred to as the changeable hawk-eagle. The pale morph of this race is still darker than the nominate race found further south in India. However, pale morphs from the Philippines tend to have a paler head and neck. Characteristically, this race is heavily streaked below, while juveniles look quite different as their head and underparts are largely white. Dark morph individuals tend to be chocolate-brown all over, although the tail base might appear lighter in flight. Some birds of this race do have a vestigial crest of merely  in length but many appear to completely lack the crest. This race is generally similar in size to the nominate race but is more variable in size over its large distribution within the southernmost island birds averaging smallest while those found in the Himalayan foothills are arguably the largest hawk-eagles known in the species. Wing chord length ranges from  in males and from  in females. In limited samples, tail length was reported as  and tarsus length from . A sample of 6 females averaged  in the length of the rear hallux-claw, the main killing apparatus of most accipitrids, while 7 males averaged .
 N. c. andamanensis (Tytler, 1865): This race is found in the Andaman Islands. The subspecies is darker than the nominate subspecies and more similar to N. c. limnaeetus in hue but does not appear to have a full dark morph as is known in that race. Andamanian juveniles tend to have a  rather white head and underpart colour. A crest may variably be present but is usually only up to . This race is small, a little smaller even than N. c. ceylanensis. Wing chord length ranges from  in males and from  in females.
 N. c. vanheurni (Junge, 1936): This race is native to Simeulue Island. It is similar in appearance to N. c. limnaeetus, but apparently lacks a dark morph. The subspecies is also much less heavily blotched black on its whiter looking breast and never bears a crest. It is the smallest accepted subspecies of the changeable hawk-eagle, considerably smaller than N. c. limnaeetus. Wing chord was measured as  in a single male and  in a small sample of females.

Description

The changeable hawk-eagle is a largish but slender eagle. They fall near the middle of sizes among the currently accepted species in the genus Nisaetus. As in most birds of prey, females are larger than males with an average overall size difference of 7% but this can individually range to an 18-22% difference, with island races apparently thought to be less dimorphic on average.  Size is quite variable and total length has been reported in the past to vary from  and wingspan from , however these figures appear to include the much more massive hawk-eagles from Flores that are currently considered their own separate species by modern authorities. Nonetheless, total lengths of up to  have been listed for N. c. limnaeetus in Nepal. Ali & Ripley (1978) estimated these average total lengths for the following subspecies: N. c. cirrhatus at , N. c. limnaeetus at  and N. c. andamanensis at . Legge (1880) measured the length of Sri Lankan changeable hawk-eagles (N. c. ceylanensis) without including the beak as . The average length of birds from the Philippines (N. c. limnaeetus) was measured as  in males and  in females. Weights in this species have been reported from  but the source of this is unclear and it probably underrepresents the size variation known to occur in the species. The only precise body masses known for the species are derived from the Philippine population, where males average  and females average  but they could weigh in excess of .

Adult changeable hawk-eagles are typically dark brown above and boldly streaked below with a strong bill, a variably sized, often floppy crest or no crest, rather short wings, a quite long, thinly-barred tail and long feathered legs. This species tends to perch "bolt" upright, and may perch in various places from somewhat secluded spots to also quite open area as well. When perched, their wings reach only about one-third to halfway down tail. Pale morph adults are mainly dark brown above with very faint paler edges that are usually only conspicuous on the wing-coverts. They tend to have an evenly black-streaked and somewhat rufous-tinged head and neck, with a blackish crest (if present). The tail tends to be paler brown than the back with a thin whitish tip, a broad, blackish subterminal band (both the whitish tip and the subterminal band are also visible from tail underside) and 3 to 4 narrower, brown and often rather obscure bars. On the pale morph hawk-eagle's underside, the base colour is white to buff overlaid with bold black to dark brown streaking; the streaking tends to be more subtle on abdomen but more obvious on the legs. Beyond the typical pale morph, some subspecies but especially N. c. liminaeetus tend to have a further intermediate and a dark morph. The intermediate morph is somewhat similar to pale morph adults but is heavily grey-brown below with little to no paler base colour showing and more obscure streaking, with the area from belly down to the crissum usually being unpatterned. Meanwhile, the dark morph adult can range from all dark chocolate brown to almost pure black with variable browner edges, relieved only by the greyish inner half of tail as well as some greyish tail bars. Most juvenile changeable hawk-eagles are dark brown above but with far more conspicuous white edges on mantle and wings than the adults, in some cases, the median coverts are largely white and greater and even lesser coverts are largely scaled with white. The juvenile has a light brown tail with about seven thin dark bars and a whitish tip. The young hawk-eagle's head varies from buff with white-tipped black crest (as is the case in peninsular India and Sri Lanka) through entirely whitish, but almost always the young birds are spotted and streaked with black or dark brown about the rear crown and nape. As is the head, the underparts are variable with juveniles in much of India and in Sri Lanka showing thin brown streaks on chest or small spots on breast, with obscure tawny barring on thigh, legs and crissum. Juveniles elsewhere are often nearly all pure whitish below. By the time the young hawk-eagles reaches their 2nd to 3rd year, they tend to show less white above and more brown or black below. Their tail starts to molt to resemble that of adults in the 3rd year but in the 2nd year in N. c. limnaeetus (or at least in Philippines). Changeable hawk-eagles may attempt to breed at 3 years of age but full adult plumage is not obtained until the 4th year. Adults have yellow to orange yellow eyes, while those of the juvenile are grey-brown to pale greenish. Adult have a cere that's grey to pale greenish yellow and juveniles' ceres are dull greyish, while all ages have yellow feet.

In flight, the changeable hawk-eagles is a large raptor with a prominent head, rather short rounded and broad wings, longish squarish or rounded tail, but has somewhat slenderer wings and straighter trailing edges than sympatric species of hawk-eagles. The species tends to fly with a fast agile flight, showing powerful shallow beats interspersed with glides on flat or bowed wings with their carpals well forward (above level of bill) and primaries swept back. When soaring, the wings are gently lowered or sometimes held level, with the carpals again well forward. In pale morph adults in flight, their hand in flight may be variously dark brownish buff (as in peninsular India) to a much paler buff or whitish. On the flight feathers, the area from wingtips extending to the primary and secondary feathers often have blackish barring, forming ragged lines from the carpals to rear axillaries with variable other dark marks elsewhere. Adult intermediate morph hawk-eagles have similar flight feathers but have grey-brown underparts with a less distinct, contrasting underpattern. Meanwhile, in both juvenile and adult dark morph, the blackish-brown colour of the body extends to the hand but the base of their tail, their primaries and, less so, their secondaries are a much paler, contrasting grey with streaking similar to other changeable hawk-eagles. Typical juveniles show large areas of whitish streaking or mottling seen from above in flight. Juveniles from much of India and Sri Lanka show extensive darker tawny but obscure barring above and below, while other races are much whiter. Much like adult, the juvenile has dark tips to primary and greater coverts produce thin ragged diagonal bars but the barring tends to be thinner.

Voice

The changeable hawk-eagle is often largely silent but in breeding season it may readily call, both from their perch or on the wing. Like many diurnal raptors, their calls are a form of high-pitched scream. The shrill ringing and loud call of the changeable hawk-eagle is various described in pattern of yeep-yip-yip-yip, rising kwip-kwip-kwip-kwee-ah and penetrating klee-leeuw (for birds from the Sunda islands). Ascending kri-kri-kri-kree-ah and kreeee-krit with much stress on the elongated first syllable are similar. From western birds  from India and Sri Lanka, the call is a slightly different ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-ki-keee, beginning short, rising in crescendo and ending in long, drawn-out scream. In northern India and Malaysia, the calls of this species have variously been compared to those of the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquatus) and the crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela).

Confusion species

The changeable hawk-eagle is almost always the most common and/or most widely spread Nisaetus species anywhere in their range. Their distribution overlaps with the entirety of the distribution of the (newly recognized) Legge's hawk-eagle (N. kelaarti), most of the range of the Javan (N. bartelsi), Blyth's (N. alboniger) and Wallace's hawk-eagle (N. nanus) and partially overlaps with the ranges of the mountain hawk-eagle (N. nipalensis), the Philippine hawk-eagle (N. philippinus) (on Mindoro and possibly Palawan) and Pinsker's hawk-eagle (N. pinskeri) (on Mindanao). Only two species of the genus Nisaetus are outside the changeable hawk-eagle's normal distribution (including their own former subspecies, the Flores hawk-eagle). In range with most other Nisaetus species (such as the islands or mainland of southeast Asia), the changeable hawk-eagle is more likely to be almost crestless. Other species tend to have proportionately broader wings with more bulging secondaries, relatively shorter tails and, as adults, more barred underbody and unique tail patterns. Adult colour patterns can range from somewhat different to boldly distinct (especially in the black-and-white Blyth's hawk-eagle). Juveniles tend to be more difficult to distinguish but usually most other Nisaetus have less white showing than relevant changeable hawk-eagles and the changeable tends to show a slightly stronger V while in flight. The mountain hawk-eagle, Flores hawk-eagle (which is the only hawk-eagle in its small-island range) and Legge's hawk-eagle, in decreasing magnitude of size, are all are larger and bulkier than the changeable hawk-eagle whereas other Nisaetus species are smaller to varying degrees, distinctly so in the Wallace's hawk-eagle and Blyth's hawk-eagle. As many honey buzzards are thought to mimic more powerful raptors to protect themselves from predation, the crested honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) is thought to mimic the general appearance of Nisaetus hawk-eagles but has a distinctly smaller head and longer and narrower wings than changeable hawk-eagles. Adult crested honey buzzards are barred but the juvenile is streaked rather like the changeable hawk-eagle, however if seen well the honey buzzard generally looks much more solidly orange-buffy as a base colour rather than whitish below. The flight actions of the honey buzzard are also distinct, with a more robotic even flap during flights. Juvenile crested serpent eagles, which are unlikely to be mistaken for the changeable other than at a distance and in flight, appear chunkier and less rangy with a bigger head, slightly longer wings and a substantially shorter tailed with fewer bars (these differences in proportions are generally applicable to various island serpent-eagle species that may be found with changeable hawk-eagles as well). Juvenile rufous-bellied eagles (Lophotriorchis kienerii) are rather smaller and more compact with a relatively longer winged and shorter tailed appearance. The rufous-bellied juvenile when compared to the juvenile changeable is generally purer white looking below which contrasts more strongly with their sparse blackish streaks. Dark morph changeable hawk-eagles may be confused with the similarly sized but even more slender black eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis). However, the latter is much longer winged with distinctly pinched-in bases, a uniformly dark tail and has small light feather bases only to primaries. Also dark morph can be told from dark morph booted eagles (Hieraeetus pennatus) by the latter being rather smaller, much shorter tailed and having relatively longer and more rectangular wings. Dark morph booted eagles are also grey-brown or cinnamon from below on the tail and have pale wedges on the underside of the primaries.

Distribution and habitat

The extensive range of the changeable hawk-eagle includes much of the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. Their distribution includes nations and areas such as Sri Lanka, Himalayan foothills (Garhwal to Assam), southern Nepal and Bhutan east through Myanmar, Burma, western Laos, southern Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and peninsular Malaysia. In India, they may found almost continuously from the peninsular tip north to Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. Its island distribution includes the Andamans, Sumatra (including Simeulue and Mentawai off the west side and Riau, Bangka and Belitung off of the east), Java, Borneo and the western and southern Philippines (including Palawan, Calamians, Lubang, Mindoro, Mindanao and apparently recently Bohol). Like most tropical raptors, the changeable hawk-eagle is largely residential, but stragglers from peninsular India have roamed to northeastern Burma and southeastern Thailand and some records in the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Palau and Lombok) may be from vagrants from Java. The species may live in savannah woodland, cultivation with trees, timbered watercourses, tea plantations, forest villages and even suburban edge. Beyond these often degraded haunts they range as well as any of the more forest-clinging Nisaetus into fairly open or less dense parts of undisturbed vast evergreen (including tropical rainforest) or deciduous forests (their deciduous ranges mainly occurring in India and the Sunda islands), but also second growth and wetlands. In elevation, they may be found anywhere from sea level to  but mainly live below . It is not uncommon in foothills of Sri Lanka but again does not usually exceed  elevation there.

Behaviour and ecology

Changeable hawk-eagles are at home in a variety of wooded and semi-open habitats. Their physical form and flight style is typical of forest-dwelling raptors in general and is often compared to the features of true hawks or Accipiters in particular larger species such as goshawks. Like most other forest raptors, changeable hawk-eagles (and Nisaetus species in general) have a long tail, short broad wings and relatively long but powerful legs, all of which impart greater maneuverability and quicker strike times in denser wooded hunting grounds than other raptorial body plans. The common name hawk-eagle is apparently in reference to their similar adaptations to true hawks. Even compared to the variable prey of large goshawks, the prey selection of changeable hawk-eagles appears to be somewhat indiscriminate and opportunistic. Unfortunately, compared to tropical raptors from the neotropics and especially Africa, the life histories of raptors from tropical Asia are generally quite poorly-known, even in the case of easily observed raptors such as changeable hawk-eagles. Therefore, what is known of changeable hawk-eagles dietary biology is largely drawn together based on reliable eye-witness and anecdotal accounts, photographic evidence and wide-ranging bird census surveys, rather than direct, extensive study. The changeable hawk-eagle can show a slight preference for birds as prey, but also freely takes various mammals, reptiles and some other vertebrates whenever they opportune upon them. Although little quantitative analysis has gone into their dietary habits, many prey items taken are relatively small. On the other hand, Brown & Amadon (1986) description of this species as "not a very rapacious bird" is not entirely justified as extremely large prey relative to the hawk-eagle's size may also be readily taken. Like many tropical forest raptors, they are primarily ambush predators who use concealing foliage to still-hunt from hidden branch or open branch with a leafy background, pouncing fast to take most of their prey on the ground. Like goshawks, changeable hawk-eagles often perch-hunts which are short, low-level flights from perch to perch interspersed with brief pauses, during which they scan for potential prey. Perch-hunting lends them the greatest success when hunting birds that they will capture in the trees. At least a few cases have been observed of changeable hawk-eagles watching for and then dropping on prey directly from their own nest.

One of the only general analysis of the quantitative food preferences of the changeable hawk-eagle (although detailed prey analysis, including prey species, was not specified), was a study of this species in contrast with five other raptor species in the Maharashtra of India. This showed that they had a preference for birds as prey, with nearly equal number of birds classified as small or large making up nearly half of their diet in 14 active territories. Furthermore, their prey selection was found to be somewhat similar by class to that of Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), an eagle of much more open and rocky habitats, but the changeable hawk-eagle took the highest class diversity of prey of any of the six raptors studied and was the only one to hunt near heavily wooded areas. Primary prey by class differed in West Java, where 62% of prey selected was reptiles, 24% birds and 12% mammals. Elsewhere in India, prey selection at the nest showed what prey species were selected by changeable hawk-eagles but lacked any quantitative data or studies on prey biomass. One study in Gujarat showed several rather small prey species largely being taken such as the Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus), Oriental garden lizard (Calotes versicolor), other lizards, common myna (Acridotheres tristis), red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), other birds (including unidentified parakeets and gamebirds), Indian bush rat (Golunda ellioti) and a palm squirrel. The identified prey would vary in size only from  for a garden lizard to  for a myna with the small lizards and chameleons reportedly the most often delivered prey. In Mudumalai National Park, only three prey types were specified to genera which consisted of black-hooded oriole (Orolus xanthornus), common bronzeback snake (Dendrelaphis tristis) and an unidentified giant squirrel. Not all nests have relatively small prey, as one nest in northern India showed a prey composition of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), large woodpeckers such as flamebacks and larger parakeets. Alongside various junglefowl and the domestic chicken derived from them, virtually any gamebird seem to be nearly ideal prey for changeable hawk-eagles and several species, including peafowl, bush quail, spurfowl and francolins, are known to be hunted, including both young and adults. Many other birds with partial terrestrial habits seem to be taken quite widely including various pigeons and doves, rails and other water birds.

The upper size limit for changeable hawk-eagle prey seems to be fairly liquid and the species is quite the equal of various other booted eagles in making bold attacks on prey of their own size or larger. Many of the mammals reported as preyed upon by changeable hawk-eagles are quite large. Mammalian prey taken as adults has included hispid hares (Lepus hispidus) with a median estimated weight of , Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis) with a median mass of ,  Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) and nearly any species of giant squirrel, which can vary in weight between . Even more impressive accounts and photos show that changeable hawk-eagle can hunt and kill adult mammals with formidable defenses such as felids and primates, although it cannot be ruled out that they will usually attack infirm or injured specimens rather than healthy ones. Furthermore, most accounts of attacks on Old World monkeys show juveniles are by far the most vulnerable members of their troops to hawk-eagle attacks. Cases of either verified, likely or potential predation have been reported on northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina), crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), toque macaque (Macaca sinica) and lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), including specimens potentially to weigh up to an estimated . A case of predation was photographed by a changeable hawk-eagle on an estimated  juvenile banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) while possible cases have been reported of predation on juveniles of other langurs as well as additional larger primates such as gibbons and proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). While their predator-prey relationship is even more nebulous, the peculiar, smaller but toxic nocturnal primates known as slow lorises are known to fall prey as well to changeable hawk-eagles. There are several accounts of predation by changeable hawk-eagles on domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus), though largely kittens, in addition to a case of a large adult jungle cat (Felis chaus), with an estimated median weight of , being attacked and killed by one of these hawk-eagles. Apparently, the changeable hawk-eagle is also counted among the predators of young calves of Indian gazelles (Gazella bennetti) as well. Adults of large monitor lizards of a few species may be also included in their prey spectrum. Impressive avian kills have included adult Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), of an estimated weight of up to , and the species is considered a threat as well to the similar green peafowl (Pavo muticus). Attempted predation on both  adult and young giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea) have been recorded but all known attacks were unsuccessful. Cases of scavenging on carcasses of various deer and monkey have been reported as well, in one case a hawk-eagle was filmed apparently dominating and displacing an adult yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) from a carcass.

Food and feeding
The habitat selection and overall distribution of the changeable hawk-eagle is largely concurrent with other largish raptors such as the crested serpent eagle and the crested honey buzzard, apparently the three species are largely tolerant and non-aggressive towards each other, perhaps surprisingly given the otherwise aggressive habits of hawk-eagles. Unsurprisingly, these species have quite discrepant ecological niches, especially in terms of their dietary habits. Although nest predators are probably profuse, parent changeable hawk-eagles are likely to aggressive displace most potential threats. No verified accounts of predation are known in the wild and the species often likely fulfills the role of an apex predator. They are presumably able to persist alongside larger cousins such as mountain hawk-eagles and with Legge's hawk-eagle by focusing more so on reptiles and birds rather than the mammalian prey likely preferred by the larger species (as well as perhaps focusing primarily on a smaller class of prey), although it is somewhat more adaptable in habitat than both other species. They are also found living alongside the much larger Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) and are likely to similarly take smaller prey and avoid direct encounters with the much less numerous giant eagle. In turn, changeable hawk-eagles are likely avoided in encounters with smaller forest raptors such as other, smaller Nisaetus species, which often focus slightly less on birds than the changeable, and Accipiter hawks, which all subsist largely on rather smaller classes of prey. Apparently, changeable hawk-eagle are considered likely predators (on fledglings?) of the slightly smaller Indian spotted eagles (Clanga hastata). However, on the contrary, one case of predation was reported in captivity when a barred eagle-owl (Bubo sumatranus), which is found in the wild with changeable hawk-eagles in southeast Asia, killed a changeable hawk-eagle in an aviary.

Breeding
The changeable hawk-eagle is, like many raptorial birds, a largely solitary bird otherwise but during breeding, stays in a dedicated pairs that often mate for life. Each pair engages in a territorial display over the fringes of their home range. This aerial display is usually engaged in by a male but sometimes the female or both members of the pair will engage in displays, often starting with their wings and tail arched upwards in exaggerated poises. During the display, the shoot up vertically and nose-diving or stooping, if the rival hawk-eagle continues to engage the defending individual, they will fly at each other at "lightening speed" doing a complete loop-the-loop turn in air. They often call loudly throughout the display. The breeding season of changeable hawk-eagles falls from November to May in southern India, peaking January–March, while it is more confined to January–April in the more temperate climate of the Himalayan foothills. The breeding season from India is comparable in Sri Lanka but is slightly more prolonged in the latter country, continuing at times into June. However, peak laying dates fall earlier, around January–February, in Sri Lanka. In the equatorial Greater Sunda islands, eggs have been recorded in 8 different months at any time from December to October with peak activity falling usually between February and August. Apparently, the highest volume of eggs laid here fall in two separate periods, February–March and July–August. Thus, the breeding season is more elastic in tropical forests areas but in northern part of range the breeding season centers around the cooler dry season.  This species builds a largish stick nest. Typical dimensions of their nest is  across while nest depth can range from  the latter after repeated uses and additions. Some nests are very large relative to the size of these eagles. One nest reached an diameter on the inside of  and a circumference of . Active nests are lined with green leaves. Both members of the pair participate in building new nests and take part in repairs. Nests are often solidly built and resilient, more so than those of other medium-sized eagles, against high winds and monsoons. Nest height is often from  in the crown or high fork of a large tree, but is usually not less than  off the ground. Nest height in the Indian subcontinent was typically around , averaging  in the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary and  in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and could be in a wide diversity of trees. Nesting sites are often near a stream, or otherwise perhaps near a ravine with wide view but sometimes varies from deep forest to isolated trees on village edges. In the peri-urban green spaces of Singapore, changeable hawk-eagles nested mostly on Albizia trees, which are among the fastest-growing and tallest trees in these secondary forests. The parents tend to allow closer approach by humans when living in vicinity of villages.

Only one egg is known to be laid by changeable hawk-eagles. The egg tends to be coarse and glossless, largely white but sparely and faintly speckled or blotched with light reddish. Egg sizes were reportedly measured in the nominate subspecies (sample of 40) as ranging from  in height with an average of  by a diameter of  with an average of . In the race N. c. ceylanensis, a sample of 24 eggs averaged . In N. c. limnaeetus from northern India, 18 eggs averaged . In the same subspecies, eggs from Java and Borneo ranged from  in height and from  in diameter. In the race N. c. andamanensis, the average was reportedly  but the sample size is unknown. Apparently, the female alone incubates, for a period estimated at 40 days. After the nestling hatches, the female will brood intensively for about 25 days. An Indian nestling was found to weigh  at 14 days and grew to  by 20 days, having developed a vocabulary of cheep notes to express hunger and alarm. The eaglet may be preening, standing more and wing flapping by 4 to 5 weeks old, and may also be encouraged to eat at by its mother, however consuming a single food item may take up to 6 hours at this point. At 35 days, the nestling may be brooded progressively less and feather and body size growth accelerates. Within a couple of weeks, prey is delivered (often by both parents at this stage) to nearby branches rather than directly to the nest with the parents calling as they approach, apparently encouraging the young eaglet to venture out of the nest. By 52 days of age, the eaglet is fully-grown but does not fledge until about 60–68 days. The total nest dependency was recorded as 81 days in India. However, the total breeding cycle was recorded as lasting about 112 days in West Java.

Status

The changeable hawk-eagle apparently ranges over 13 million square kilometers across its range. An average of only 1 pair to every  of its distribution would put the population well into five figures but their density is likely rather higher. This species is an exceptionally adaptable one not only by the standards of its genus but also by the standards of its subfamily. While deforestation has depleted the populations of their fellow Nisaetus species, resulting in four being classified as Endangered species, the changeable hawk-eagle has been shown to be remarkably resilient in the face of cutting and habitat degradation. This trend, holding steady in population or even increasing while other hawk-eagle species have declined, has been reported in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Java and the Philippines as well as elsewhere in southeast Asia. In Java, the changeable hawk-eagle was found to persist in all seven habitat types available on the islands, whereas the Javan hawk-eagle was confined to only four habitat types: the deeper, primary forested areas. However, their adaptability can be overstated and this species requires tall trees (though secondary growth forest is acceptable), appropriate habitat composition and ample prey populations to flourish. It is likely they can persist in most variety of high grade forestry and urbanization but complete deforestation is the only major threat to this species. A more secondary concern, but potentially depleting populations in India at least, is that it will not infrequently hunt chickens (especially during breeding when such easy prey is hard to resist), which has in turn resulted in changeable hawk-eagles being locally persecuted.

References

External links
 BirdLife Species Factsheet

changeable hawk-eagle
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
changeable hawk-eagle
Eagles
changeable hawk-eagle
Articles containing video clips

Changeable hawk-eagle


is a Japanese anime television series created by Gonzo. It featured a production team led by director Koichi Chigira, character designer Range Murata, and production designer Mahiro Maeda. The three had previously worked together in Blue Submarine No. 6, one of the first CG anime series. It aired on TV Tokyo from April to September 2003. A sequel series, , aired from October 2011 to March 2012. A film adaptation of the series, Last Exile -Fam, the Silver Wing-: Over the Wishes, was released in February 2016.

The story is set on the fictional world of Prester, where its inhabitants use aerial vehicles known as vanships as a means of transportation. On this world which is divided in eternal conflict between the nations of Anatoray and Disith, sky couriers Claus Valca and Lavie Head must deliver a girl who holds the key to uniting the two factions. Although Prester itself is not a representation of Earth, it features technology reminiscent of nineteenth century Europe at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Many of its designs were also inspired by Germany's technological advances during the interwar period.

The series was licensed in North America by Geneon Entertainment in June 2003, two months after the first episode aired in Japan. Funimation began licensing the series after Geneon ceased production of its titles, later licensing the sequel series. It was also licensed for English releases in the United Kingdom, originally by ADV Films until its closure in 2009, and is now licensed by Manga Entertainment, and in Australia by Madman Entertainment. Other published media included two soundtracks, two manga, and artbooks.

Last Exile has received widespread critical acclaim, it is considered as one of the best works of Gonzo with praise for its narrative, visuals, themes, soundtrack and production values.

Setting
Last Exile is set on the fictional world of Prester. Prester's two nations of Anatoray and Disith are separated by a turbulent region of the sky known as the Grand Stream and are engaged in conflict according to the code of chivalric warfare. A superior faction known as the Guild enforces these rules. It also provides the two nations with technology but, unknown to them, has dishonorable intentions, to preserve the status quo and enforce its dominance of both sides. Although the story is set in the future, the technology employed differs from that in a typical space opera. Instead, the show's retro-futuristic setting resembles nineteenth-century Europe at the height of the Industrial Revolution. Inhabitants of Prester operate aerial vehicles known as vanships in the world's Golden Age of Aviation; although the technology is primitive, the aerial vehicles use a form of antigravity (developed by the Guild) and lighter-than-air methods of flight rather than the use of wings.

Various scenes in the series also show existing tension between the upper and lower classes. Anatoray's nobility and military officers generally believe that commoners do not understand their codes of chivalry. On the other hand, the lower class also despise the aristocracy for their monopoly on resources. This tension extends to the accessibility of clean water, which varies in price according to purity grades. In the larger story, the advanced Guild society is portrayed as degenerate and lazy, while the people of Anatoray and Disith are creative and industrious.

The series introduces viewers to a wide range of naval and military vocabulary. More primitive navigational methods such as dead reckoning and instruments such as the sextant are also used in the series.

Plot

Last Exile
The story revolves around fifteen-year-old pilot Claus Valca and navigator Lavie Head, who fly their vanship as sky couriers in the nation of Anatoray. Although they usually take up missions of relatively low difficulty, they are one day asked to complete the mission of a dying courier. The mission, rated seven stars out of ten, is to deliver a young girl named Alvis Hamilton to the mysterious battleship Silvana. Despite their fears, Claus and Lavie deliver Alvis to the battleship but decide to remain aboard to keep her safe. Claus and Lavie are initially treated as intruders but eventually befriend the crew of the Silvana. They learn that the Guild intends to capture Alvis for reasons unknown to them. In the first battle between the Silvana and Guild forces, Guild member Dio Eraclea takes an interest in Claus's flying skills and his signature move, the Immelmann turn. Wanting to learn more about Claus, Dio willingly allows himself to be captured. He reveals to the Silvana's captain, Alex Row, the existence of one of four Mysteria which act as a key to something known as Exile.

When the Silvanas executive officer, Sophia Forrester, is revealed to be the Emperor's daughter and heir, she returns to Anatoray at the request of the prime minister. Sophia assumes the throne after the Emperor is killed during a surprise attack at the capital by the Disith nation and pleads for an alliance with Disith in order to capture Exile and end the Guild's control. Sophia reveals to Claus that Alvis is linked to the Mysteria, but as preparations for the assault are made, Alvis is captured by the Guild.

Delphine Eraclea, the Maestro of the Guild, reveals that Exile is a colony ship used by those who first settled their world, and she intends to use Alvis and the Mysteria to take control of it. However, Claus and Alvis escape the Guild stronghold and are reunited with Lavie when the alliance fleet attacks. As the fleet follows Exile past the Grand Stream and enters Disith, it is able to destroy Delphine's forces. After Claus and Alvis recite the four Mysteria, Exile reveals itself as a starship that will carry people back to their old home world.

Last Exile: Travelers from the Hourglass
A manga set right after the events of Last Exile and before Fam, the Silver Wing, Travelers from the Hourglass continues the story of Claus, Lavie, Alvis, and the others who left Prester and settled on Earth, their ancestors' home world. As they get used to their new home, Al is pursued by the Earth Guild.

Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing
Taking place two years after the events of Last Exile, Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing is set on Earth, the original home world of the colonists of Prester. The new story focuses on Fam Fan Fan and Giselle Collette, two vespa vanship pilots who work as Sky Pirates, capturing and selling battleships for a living. Fam and Giselle get into an adventure when they and the Sky Pirates rescue Liliana il Grazioso Merlo Turan and her younger sister, Millia Il Velch Cutrettola Turan, Princesses of the Turan Kingdom, from the clutches of the mighty Ades Federation. The Federation, led by Empress Sārā Augusta and Premier Luscinia Hāfez, is on an all out war against nations who descended from immigrants who came back to Earth by Exile ships.

As Ades was the only nation to stay on Earth when it was in a state of chaos and ruin, Luscinia believes that the Exile immigrants have no right to return to Earth since their ancestors abandoned Earth when it was in chaos only to return when Earth was viable to live on again and force the original inhabitants of Earth off their lands to form their own nations. To return these lands to their original inhabitants, Luscinia leads the Ades Federation to conquer the immigrant nations and destroy their armies, with Turan being one of them. After Luscinia kidnaps Liliana, who has the ability to control an Exile, Luscinia summons an Exile to destroy Iglasia, the capital of Turan, killing its soldiers and the King of Turan, leading to the surrender of Turan to Ades. With everything she cared for lost, Millia is given refuge by the Sky Pirates, where Fam promises to help Millia regain her kingdom.

Production
Last Exile was created by Gonzo in celebration of the company's 10th anniversary. It featured a production team led by director Koichi Chigira, character designer Range Murata, and production designer Mahiro Maeda. The three had previously worked together to create Blue Submarine No. 6, one of the first CG anime series.

Art design

Conceptual designs were created by Range Murata, who was given complete freedom to create the setting. He began drawing detailed sketches of machines and everyday objects from a daily newspaper. His research was given no constraints with the exception of production deadlines. Gonzo initially intended for Last Exile to be shown in a space setting, but producers did not want the characters to wear sterile space suits. Murata believed the design took "the course the story had laid out". His character conceptualization included a great amount of time spent on costume design. Wanting to portray each character's personality more fully, he "tried to draw in the kind of material that would have been used in creating their clothes and try to represent the stitches connecting the fabric." In contrast to crewmembers of the battleship Silvana who wear modern and utilitarian uniforms, other characters wear traditionally aristocratic attire. High amount of attention was given to character animation. Animators especially experienced difficulties with Alex Row's hair and flowing cape.

Production of Last Exile relied heavily on 3D computer animation. Of the 350 shots used in the first episode, more than 200 included computer-generated animation. In comparison, Gonzo's previous work, Vandread, used an average of 40 to 50 computer-generated shots per episode. Animation was also supplemented with Victorian era flourishes. In order to combine hand-drawn animation with computer-generated ones, the production team used a technique for non-photorealistic rendering, which could not be used for Blue Submarine No. 6 because of a stylistic conflict. At the 2003 Anime Expo, Maeda, who also worked with Studio Ghibli's production of Castle in the Sky, commented that "[Last Exile] is very advanced in how it will incorporate the two mediums".

Historical references
Real-world historical designs were also adapted for the fictional world. Flying battleships of the Anatoray and Disith nations included components of Japanese dreadnoughts in commission at the turn of the twentieth century. Uniform designs for Anatoray's musketeers were based on Napoleon Bonaparte's army and American Civil War soldiers. On the other hand, Soviet Red Army fur coats provided the basis for Disith uniforms. Another inspiration for creators came from a silent film of the airship Hindenburg, which depicted the aircraft's UFO-like silver-plated design in contrast to the traditional buildings below. This imagery was reproduced in the series.

Producers selected a specific historical time frame to serve as a point of reference.

Several characters were also named after historical figures. The name of Claus Valca's father was derived from Hamilcar Barca, the leading commander of Carthaginian forces during the First Punic War and father of the talented tactician Hannibal. An Anatoray general was named after Vitellius, who led the Roman Empire for several months during the Year of the Four Emperors.

Media

Anime

Last Exile premiered in Japan on April 8, 2003, and aired on TV Tokyo until the airing of its final episode on September 30. A total of 13 DVD compilations were released by Victor Entertainment from July 23, 2003 to July 21, 2004. A complete seven-disc boxed set was released on November 21, 2004. The deluxe edition of this set included a model of Tatiana's and Alister's red vanship, a short story on the fictional Battle of Otranto; unpublished articles on the series, and illustrations by character designer Range Murata.

Pioneer Entertainment (later Geneon Entertainment) licensed the series in June 2003, two months after the first episode aired in Japan; and the first compilation DVD was released on November 18. TechTV premiered the series in English during its Anime Unleashed programming block on March 8, 2004. The first thirteen episodes aired nightly until March 14; and remaining episodes premiered on December 6 after channel was merged into G4techTV, with new episodes airing each weeknight until the series concluded on December 22. All 26 episodes were also aired in a marathon broadcast on Christmas Day. AZN Television and G4techTV Canada also broadcast the series in 2007. After Geneon ceased distribution of its licensed titles in North America, rights to the series were transferred to Funimation; and a four-disc boxed set was released on May 5, 2009; and again on June 14, 2011, under the "Anime Classics" line.

ADV Films originally owned the license for the series' English release in the United Kingdom until its parent company's shutdown in 2009. It was then relicensed by Manga Entertainment, while distribution rights in Australia and New Zealand are owned by Madman Entertainment. Last Exile is also licensed for regional language release in France; Germany; Sweden; Russia; and Taiwan. It has been hosted at the streaming media website Crunchyroll.

On February 1, 2011, Gonzo revealed that a new Last Exile anime was planned titled Last Exile -Fam, the Silver Wing-; described as "a new series of Last Exile [with] new story, [main] characters, and mechanical designs." Koichi Chigira and Hitomi Kuroishi returned to direct and score the anime, respectively. The series aired in Japan from October 15, 2011 to March 24, 2012 and was also simulcasted on the same day in Asia by Animax Asia, making it the fifth anime to be simulcasted the same time as its Japanese premiere on the channel, after Tears to Tiara, Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, Inuyasha: The Final Act, and Maid Sama!. Funimation licensed the series for streaming and home video release and simulcast the series as it aired. A film adaptation of the series, titled Last Exile -Fam, the Silver Wing-: Over the Wishes, was released in theaters on February 6, 2016. The film recompiles the events of the television series with some newly animated footage.

Soundtracks
Two pieces of theme music were used for the series. "Cloud Age Symphony", performed by Shuntaro Okino, was used as the opening theme for all 26 episodes. It was released by Victor Entertainment as a maxi single on May 21, 2003, and remained on the Oricon music charts for six weeks, where it peaked at 52nd position. Hitomi Kuroishi's "Over the Sky" was used as the ending theme. Music trio Dolce Triade, which includes Kuroishi, produced two CD soundtracks for the series. Last Exile O.S.T. was released by Victor Entertainment on June 21, 2003, and remained on the Oricon music charts for seven weeks, where it peaked at 52nd position. It includes both theme songs and 17 additional instrumental tracks. The second soundtrack, Last Exile O.S.T. 2 was released on September 3, 2003, and remained on the Oricon music charts for five weeks, where it peaked at 55th position. It includes an alternate version of the ending theme song and 19 additional instrumental tracks.

Geneon Entertainment licensed both soundtracks for release in North America. The first soundtrack was released on February 17, 2004; and the second was released on April 13. Both soundtracks are out of print in North America after Geneon ceased production of its licensed titles in 2007.

Art book
A 136-page art book titled Last Exile Aerial Log, was released in February 2005. It was published in Japanese and was never translated for English-language release. The book contains detailed character sketches and descriptions as well as technical manuals for aircraft that appeared in the series. It also includes exclusive interviews with members of the production staff.

Manga
There is two manga series published in Japan. The first, is an adaptation of Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing written by Gonzo and illustrated by Robo Miyamoto, serialized in Young Ace magazine and published by Kadokawa. The second, titled , tells what happened to the Claus and his friends after the events of Last Exile and before the events of Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing. The manga was written by Gonzo and illustrated by Minoru Murao, one of the original animators of the Last Exile anime. Last Exile – Travelers from the Hourglass was serialized in Newtype Ace and published by Kadokawa.

Live-action film
On February 11, 2005, a report on Anime News Network mentioned a possible live-action Last Exile film. It was based on a blog post by Patrick Macias, writer for Animerica and author of several books on Japanese pop culture and anime, which noted that while he was attending the Tokyo International Anime Fair, a Gonzo employee suggested that an unnamed New Line Cinema producer was interested in adapting the series for a live-action production. On July 8, 2009, a concept art image was leaked on the Internet but was removed at the request of filmmakers. However, as of 2013, there has been no new news about the film, suggesting it has been canceled.

Reception
After receiving a respectable amount of attention in the United States, the series was licensed to Pioneer Entertainment (later Geneon Entertainment) in June 2003, only two months after the first episode aired in Japan. It received numerous praises for its artwork and production, placing it as one of Gonzo's best work. By integrating music and sounds of a European theme, the soundtrack contributed to the series' unique flavor. Divers Allen of Anime News Network gave it an A, and describes the series as "Last Exile is filled with breathtaking scenery, non-stop action and intriguing characters that will keep even the most casual anime fans glued to the edge of their seats. It is a stunning series that leaves viewers craving for more, it continues to shine as a TV series that has the production values of a theatrical animated film. A visual masterpiece with the story to back it up".

Last Exile has been likened to Hayao Miyazaki's classic work Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and the early steampunk novel trilogy A Nomad of the Time Streams.

Enoch Lau of THEM Anime Reviews gave the anime series 5 out of 5 stars. Lau praised the series for its great story, outstanding animation and characters. Saying that "resembling something from Miyazaki more than Gonzo, Last Exile looks different. From the faces of the characters down to the stylings of the battleships, it evokes a classic feel but all the while look entirely new. The vanships and battleships are rendered in CG, and so are the myriad of battle effects and the plot is quite solid and intriguing. Last Exile has one of the most interesting settings that I have come across in recent anime. It is a time of war, and chivalry dictates how the opposing forces battle. But instead of using horses and chariots, they use battleships". When Geneon's compilation DVDs were released, reviewers such as IGN praised them despite the use of Dolby Digital 2.0 audio mix over a 5.1 mix. "The separation is masterfully taken care of with voices, music, and sound effects leveled off very cleanly for both the Japanese and English audio tracks." In an interview with director Koichi Chigira given in July 2004, he was surprised to find that the series had reached a great level of popularity among fans in the United States.

TechTV vice president Laura Civiello stated that Last Exile "had more universal appeal than other types of anime shown on the network, which often contained lots of references recognizable only by hard-core fans." When the series premiered on the network, The New York Times recommended it for young audience as well with the headline "An Anime Marathon, and It is Not Just for Adults." The network moved its Anime Unleashed programming block into prime time to take advantage of the quality of the series; eventually launching it into a top ten position on the Nielsen VideoScan anime survey in the middle of 2004. Sony Pictures Entertainment selected Last Exile, Blood+, Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo, and R.O.D the TV as part of its promotional campaign throughout 2007 and 2008 targeting a bigger audience. It streamed the four series throughout Europe, Latin America, and other parts of Asia on Animax and Animax Asia through various 3G mobile phone services.

Notes

References
 General

 Specific

External links
 Last Exile at JVC Music official website
 Last Exile at Funimation Entertainment official website
 Last Exile at Madman Entertainment official website

 Last Exile -Fam, the Silver Wing at Gonzo's official website

2003 anime television series debuts
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Anime with original screenplays
Aviation television series
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Kadokawa Shoten manga
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Seinen manga
Shōnen manga
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Last Exile


Avalon Hill er et amerikansk brætspilsforlag, som p.t. indgår i Hasbro-koncernen. Avalon Hill har udgivet klassikere som Diplomacy, Advanced Civilization, Advanced Squad Leader og Empires in Arms.

Avalon Hill udviklede også nogle af deres brætspil til computerspil i 1980'erne.

Produktion
 1830: Railroads and Robber Barons, 1986
 PC-version af 1830: Railroads and Robber Barons, 1994, (udviklet af SimTex)
 5th Fleet, 1995, (udviklet af Stanley Associates)
 Achtung Spitfire!, 1997, (udviklet af Big Time Software)
 Advanced Civilization, 1996
 Afrika Corp
 Age of Renaissance
 Air Assault on Crete
 Aquire
 ASL
 Atlantic Storm
 Attack Sub
 Battle of The Bulge (65)
 Battle of The Bulge (81)
 Battle of The Bulge (91)
 Bismark
 Bitter Woods
 Blackbeard
 Blitzkreig
 Breakout Normandy
 Britannia
 By Fire & Sword, 1984
 Candidate
 Cavewars 1996
 Caesar at Alesia
 Circus Maximus
 Civil War, 1985
 Civilization, 1980
 Computer Acquire, 1984
 Computer Circus Maximus, 1985
 Computer Diplomacy, 1984
 Conquistador
 D-Day
 D-Day: America Invades, 1993, (udviklet af Atomic Games)
 Defiance, 1997, (udviklet af Visceral Productions)
 Diplomacy
 Dr. Ruth's Game of Sex, 1985
 Dune
 Empire ind i Arms
 Flat Top
 Flight Commander 2, 1995, (udviklet af Big Time Software)
 Football Strategy
 For the People
 Fortress Europa
 Freedom in the Galaxy
 Fuedal
 Gettysburg '64
 Gettysburg '88
 Gladiator
 Guerrilla
 Gulf Strike, 1984
 Guns of August
 Gunslinger
 Hannibal
 Hexagony
 History of the World, 1997
 Incunabula, 1986
 Jutland
 Kingmaker, 1994
 Kremlin
 London's Burning
 Maharaja
 Midway '64
 Midway '92
 Monsters Ravage America
 Naval War
 New World
 Operation Crusader, 1993, (udviklet af Atomic Games)
 Over the Reich, 1997, (udviklet af Big Time Software)
 PanzerBlitz
 Princess Ryan's Star Marines
 Rail Baron
 RAM, 1985
 Richthofen's War
 Robin Hood
 Russian Campaign
 Russian Front
 Samurai
 Slapshot
 Source of the Nile
 Speed Circuit
 Squad Leader
 Stalingrad, 1993, (udviklet af Atomic Games)
 Starship Troopers
 Stellar Conquest
 Storm over Arnhem
 Successors
 Super Football Sunday, 1982
 TacOps Classic, 1998
 Tactics II
 Third Reich, 1995
 Titan: The Arena
 Turning point Stalingrad
 Twixt
 UFO
 Under Fire, 1985
 Up Front
 Up Front - Banzaii
 Up Front - Desert War
 Victory in the Pacific
 War and Peace
 War at Sea
 We the People
 Win, Place, Show
 Wizard's Quest
 Wooden Ships & Iron Men, 1996, (udviklet af Stanley Associates)

Eksterne henvisninger

Brætspil
Forlag fra USA
Hasbro

Avalon Hill


Kastorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 6,9 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1146 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wolfgang Wiedenhöft tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-berkenthin.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Kastorf (Lauenburg)


Héctor Luis Ríos Ereñú (Rosario, 19 de octubre de 1930-Buenos Aires, 20 de junio de 2017) fue un militar argentino que alcanzó el grado de teniente general y sirvió como jefe del Estado Mayor General del Ejército durante el gobierno de Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín.

Carrera

Inicios

Luego de haber finalizado sus estudios secundarios, en 1948, Ríos Ereñú ingresó al Colegio Militar de la Nación. Egresó de la formación militar en 1951 con la jerarquía de subteniente, especializado en infantería. Realizaría el Curso de Oficial de Estado Mayor en la Escuela Superior de Guerra, donde se graduó.

Proceso de Reorganización Nacional

Cuando en 1976 aconteció el golpe de Estado encabezado por el Jorge Rafael Videla, el brigadier general Orlando Ramón Agosti y el almirante Emilio Eduardo Massera contra el Gobierno constitucional de María Estela Martínez de Perón, Ríos Ereñú ostentaba la jerarquía de teniente coronel. Estuvo al frente del Regimiento de Infantería de Monte 28 en Tartagal, Provincia de Salta. Durante ese período se lo acusó de la desaparición de personas.

Titular del Ejército

Luego de que su predecesor, el general de división Ricardo Pianta, fuera pasado a retiro por el ministro de Defensa por no poder controlar a sus subordinados, se designó a Ríos Ereñú como jefe del Ejército Argentino el 4 de marzo de 1985.

En su primer discurso como jefe del Ejército, hizo referencia a que las fuerzas militares deben estar subordinadas al poder civil y afirmó que el país dejaba atrás una etapa dolorosa. Aprobó que se creara la CONADEP, que se llevara adelante el Juicio a las Juntas Militares de Gobierno y la aplicación del principio de obediencia debida.

En sus días como jefe del Ejército se destacaron episodios de turbulencia como una visita que realizó Alfonsín el 19 de mayo de 1986 al III Cuerpo de Ejército en Córdoba, en la cual la policía de esa provincia detectó un artefacto explosivo en una parte del recorrido que el presidente debía realizar. Ante esta situación, Ríos Ereñú solo atinó a decir que «el artefacto explosivo carecía de detonador», dejando de lado la gravedad de la situación en la cual la vida del presidente pudo haber corrido serios riesgos.

En septiembre del mismo año por orden del presidente, fue pasado a retiro del servicio activo el comandante del II Cuerpo de Ejército Jorge Eduardo Gorleri, quien se había apersonado en el Ministerio de Defensa para manifestar que no iba permitir que ninguno de sus subordinados fuera juzgado por la represión ilegal desatada en Argentina. Ríos Ereñú designó a Ernesto Alais en reemplazo de Gorleri. Alais era cuñado del general de división Guillermo Suárez Mason y hermano de un integrante de la Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, además en el acto de asunción del nuevo comandante del II Cuerpo de Ejército, Ríos Ereñú resaltó los valores de la «lucha antisubversiva».

La relación entre Ríos Ereñú y Alfonsín fue muy buena en comparación con la de los dos anteriores jefes, se logró una continuidad y una estabilidad que ni Jorge Arguindegui, ni Ricardo Pianta habían logrado conseguir.

Sublevación carapintada y pase a retiro

Sin embargo, en la Semana Santa de 1987 un grupo de militares, cuyo principal referente era el teniente coronel Aldo Rico, se sublevó contra el gobierno y pidió la suspensión de los juicios contra integrantes de las fuerzas armadas y de seguridad por los crímenes cometidos durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional. Si bien los insurrectos depusieron su actitud, consiguieron la sanción de las leyes de Obediencia Debida y el pase a retiro de Ríos Ereñú. Alfonsín también determinó que pasarían a retiro doce generales más.

El lugar que dejó vacante el general de división Ríos Ereñú, fue ocupado por el teniente general José Segundo Dante Caridi el miércoles 22 de abril de 1987.

Fue promovido el 2 de diciembre de 1987 a teniente general con fecha retroactiva al 31 de diciembre de 1986.

Enjuiciamiento

Está en prisión preventiva por crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, debido a su debilitado estado de salud se encuentra en detención domiciliaria.

El 20 de diciembre de 2013, en el marco de una megacausa por 34 crímenes de lesa humanidad en la provincia de Salta a partir de 1975, fue condenado a prisión perpetua por el delito de homicidio culposo agravado por alevosía en perjuicio del médico Pedro Urueña y el gremialista René Santillán, hechos ocurridos en Tartagal y General Mosconi.

Referencias

Egresados del Colegio Militar de la Nación
Nacidos en Rosario (Argentina)
Titulares del Ejército Argentino
Condenados por crímenes contra la humanidad en Argentina
Almirantes, generales y brigadieres del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
Generales de Argentina del siglo XX

Héctor Ríos Ereñú


Gregory Parks (* 25. März 1967 in Edmonton, Alberta; † 16. Juni 2015 ebenda) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, -trainer und -funktionär, der in seiner aktiven Zeit von 1983 bis 2004 unter anderem für die New York Islanders in der National Hockey League sowie den Krefelder EV in der Deutschen Eishockey Liga spielte.

Karriere
Greg Parks begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Alberta Saints, für die er von 1983 bis 1985 in der Alberta Junior Hockey League aktiv war. In der Saison 1984/85 wurde er zum wertvollsten Spieler der AJHL gewählt. Von 1985 bis 1989 besuchte er die Bowling Green State University, für deren Eishockeymannschaft er parallel zu seinem Studium in der Central Collegiate Hockey Association spielte. Mit seiner Universitätsmannschaft gewann er 1987 die Meisterschaft der CCHA. Die Saison 1989/90 begann der Center bei Kärpät Oulu in der I-divisioona, der zweiten finnischen Spielklasse, und beendete sie bei den Johnstown Chiefs aus der ECHL sowie den Springfield Indians aus der American Hockey League. Mit Springfield gewann er auf Anhieb den Calder Cup. Im August 1990 unterschrieb er einen Vertrag als Free Agent bei den New York Islanders, bei denen er sich jedoch nicht durchsetzen konnte. Innerhalb von drei Jahren absolvierte er nur insgesamt 25 Spiele für die Islanders in der National Hockey League. Während seiner ersten beiden Jahre bei den New York Islanders lief er parallel für deren Farmteam Capital District Islanders aus der AHL auf.

Von 1992 bis 1994 spielte Parks überwiegend für Leksands IF in der Elitserien, der höchsten schwedischen Spielklasse. Die Saison 1994/95 verbrachte er beim Krefelder EV in der neu gegründeten Deutschen Eishockey Liga. Für die Rheinländer bestritt er jedoch nur insgesamt elf Spiele, in denen er zwei Tore und sieben Vorlagen erzielte. Zur Saison 1995/96 schloss sich der Kanadier Brynäs IF aus der Elitserien an. Von 1996 bis 1999 stand er beim SC Langnau unter Vertrag. Mit den Schweizern erreichte er nach zwei Jahren in der zweitklassigen Nationalliga B 1998 den Aufstieg in die Nationalliga A. Zur Saison 1999/2000 kehrte der Olympiateilnehmer von 1994 zu Leksands IF in die Elitserien zurück. Nach eineinhalb Jahren wechselte er innerhalb der Saison 2000/01 zu Fribourg-Gottéron aus der NLA. Während der Saison 2001/02 stand er für IF Björklöven in der zweiten schwedischen Spielklasse, der Allsvenskan, auf dem Eis. Mit der Mannschaft scheiterte er erst in der Kvalserien am Aufstieg in die Elitserien. Zuletzt trat er von 2002 bis 2004 für die Ōji Eagles in der Japan Ice Hockey League an. Mit den Japanern nahm er in der Saison 2003/04 zudem am Spielbetrieb der erstmals ausgetragenen multinationalen Asia League Ice Hockey teil.

Von 2010 bis 2012 war er als Cheftrainer und General Manager für die St. Albert Steel aus der Alberta Junior Hockey League tätig. Seit der Saison 2012/13 war er GM und Director of Hockey Operations bei den Whitecourt Wolverines, ebenfalls in der AJHL.

International
Für Kanada nahm Parks an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1994 in Lillehammer teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1985 Wertvollster Spieler der AJHL
 1987 CCHA-Meisterschaft mit der Bowling Green State University
 1989 CCHA First All-Star Team
 1989 NCAA West First All-American Team
 1990 Calder-Cup-Gewinn mit den Springfield Indians
 1998 NLB-Meister und Aufstieg in die NLA mit SC Langnau

International
 1994 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Statistik

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeyspieler (Bowling Green Falcons)
Eishockeyspieler (Springfield Indians, 1975–1994)
Eishockeyspieler (Johnstown Chiefs)
Eishockeyspieler (Capital District Islanders)
Eishockeyspieler (New York Islanders)
Eishockeyspieler (Oulun Kärpät)
Eishockeyspieler (Leksands IF)
Eishockeyspieler (Krefeld Pinguine)
Eishockeyspieler (Brynäs IF)
Eishockeyspieler (SCL Tigers)
Eishockeyspieler (Fribourg-Gottéron)
Eishockeyspieler (IF Björklöven)
Eishockeyspieler (Ōji Eagles)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1994
Eishockeytrainer (Kanada)
Eishockeyfunktionär (Kanada)
Kanadier
Geboren 1967
Gestorben 2015
Mann

Greg Parks


Să visăm aripi este un film românesc din 1971 regizat de Ștefan Munteanu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1971 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1971

Să visăm aripi


La Copa Ciudad de La Serena 2011 fue la séptima edición de este torneo amistoso. Se disputó el 21 de diciembre de 2011, en un partido único, entre las selecciones de Chile y Paraguay, siendo la primera vez que era animada por selecciones nacionales. Chile se adjudicó el torneo tras imponerse por 3-2 sobre Paraguay, destacándose en el encuentro, el jugador chileno Sebastián Pinto, quien anotó una tripleta.

En Chile, el encuentro fue transmitiro en vivo por el canal local de televisión abierta Chilevisión.

El partido

Referencias

Copa Ciudad de La Serena

Copa Ciudad de La Serena 2011


Aida Oulmou, née le , est une chanteuse algérienne.

Biographie
Elle rejoint le conservatoire de sa ville dès son enfance où elle apprend le solfège et le chant. Elle se consacre à la musique et à la danse durant son adolescence à travers différentes associations culturelles et artistiques.

En 2019 elle remporte la demi-finale de l'émission MBC The Voice Ahla Sawt.

En 2023 elle a participé à la nouvelle saison de l'émission Coke Studio, où deux chansons seront lancées avec une nouvelle approche musicale.

Émissions télévisées
 Raïna Hak (animatrice).
 The Voice (demi-finale).

Cinéma
 Héliopolis : Chanteuse

Prix artistiques
 Prix de la Révélation de l'année en 2015

Références

Chanteuse algérienne
Naissance en avril 1990
Naissance à Béjaïa

Aida Oulmou


Erik Manuel Lamela (n. 4 martie 1992, Buenos Aires, Argentina) este un fotbalist argentinian care joacă ca mijlocaș ofensiv sau ca extremă dreaptă la Sevilla în La Liga din Spania.

A început în categoriile inferioare la River Plate, și a avut o frustantă trecere la FC Barcelona, când avea doisprezece ani. Clubul catalan i-a oferit 120.000 de euro pe an, dar părinții tânărului au respins oferta. În 2009 și-a făcut debutul în prima divizie, și a jucat trei sezoane, dar în acest ultim a avut loc explozia lui ca jucător. În 2011 a fost transferat pe suma de 18 milioane de euro la as Roma, deși nu a obținut niciun titlu. La mijlocul anului 2013, este transferat la Tottenham Hotspur din Anglia.

Referințe

Fotbaliști ai lui AS Roma
Fotbaliști ai Tottenham Hotspur FC
Nașteri în 1992
Fotbaliști argentinieni
Fotbaliști internaționali argentinieni
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai FC Sevilla
Fotbaliști ai Premier League

Erik Lamela


La voz antipasiva es un tipo de voz gramatical que o bien no incluye el objeto o bien incluye el objeto en un caso oblicuo. Esta construcción es análoga (en las  lenguas ergativas) a la voz pasiva en las lenguas acusativas, en tanto disminuye la valencia del verbo en un argumento: el pasivo al eliminar el sujeto de la voz activa y promover el objeto de la activa a la función de sujeto de la pasiva; la antipasiva al eliminar el objeto de la construcción activa y convertir al agente de la oración transitiva en sujeto de la antipasiva.

Ejemplo (Dyirbal; lengua australiana con morfología y sintaxis ergativa, pero con split acusativo en el sistema pronominal; en el ejemplo se ha simplificado el sistema de marcadores del nombre de un modo que no afecta al fenómeno considerado)

Activa:
ɲana (nosotros-NOM) ñurra-na (vosotros-AC) bura-n (ver-NO FUT)
"Nosotros(A) os(P) vimos"

Antipasiva:
ɲana (nosotros-NOM) bural-ɲa-ñu (ver-ANTIPAS-NO FUT) ñurra-ngu (vosotros-DAT)
"Nosotros(S) os(DAT) vimos"

La voz antipasiva es característica de las lenguas ergativas, y se da sólo excepcionalmente en lenguas acusativas. Algunas lenguas que utilizan normalmente la voz antipasiva son las aborígenes de Australia y las indígenas de América.

Funcionamiento de la voz antipasiva
La voz antipasiva de las lenguas ergativas con flexión puede focalizar al agente a la posición habitual del paciente, marcándolo con caso absolutivo y marcando el verbo con una marca de antipasivo. Así cuando el paciente de una acción es desconocido o no se quiere mencionar se usa la forma antipasiva del verbo y se coloca al agente en caso absolutivo.

Un ejemplo de esto son las lenguas mayas, en donde las marcas de antipasivo intrasitivizan el verbo. Por ejemplo, en tz'utujil la marca de antipasivo es -oon:
(activa)
(1) x-in-aa-ch'ey (COMPLETIVO-1ªABS-2ªERG-golpear) = "(Tú) Me golpeaste"
(antipasiva)
(2) x-at-ch'ey-oon-i = (COMPLETIVO-2ªABS-golpear-ANTIPAS-INTR) = "(Tú) Golpeaste"
En la primera de las oraciones anteriores la marca de segunda persona (-aa-) está en ergativo como corresponde normalmente a un agente, pero en la segunda la marca de segunda persona (-at-) está en absolutivo (que es la marca normalmente usada en la voz activa para marcar el paciente). Junto con estas dos formas el Tz'utujil tiene también una voz pasiva genuina cuando el agente no se conoce o no se menciona, siguiendo con la misma serie de ejemplos:
(activa)
(1) x-in-aa-ch'ey (COMPLETIVO-1ªABS-2ªERG-golpear) = "(Tú) Me golpeaste"
(pasiva)
(3) x-in-ch'e-j-y-i (COMPLETIVO-1ªABS-golpear(ch'e)-PAS-golpear(y)-INTR) = "(Yo) Fui golpeado"
En esta última oración la marca de primera persona (-in-) resulta idéntica (1), pero el agente no se expresa. La marca que permite reconocer que el verbo tiene un sentido pasivo es (-j-) infijada en el verbo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
What is Antipassive Voice? en SIL
Antipassive voice bibliography en Ethnologue
"Asymmetries between Passivization and Antipassivization in the Tarramiutut Subdialect of Inuktitut" por Matthew Beach (MS-Word)

Verbo

Voz antipasiva


Hans Hermann Kürsteiner ( - ) est un espérantiste suisse.

Biographie
Hans Kürsteiner naît le  à Saint-Gall, en Suisse.

Hans Kürsteiner apprend l'espéranto en 1908 et cofonde, l'année suivante, le groupe espérantiste de Saint-Gall. Il y est actif pendant plusieurs dizaines d'année et occupe les postes de président et de secrétaire, avant de finir président honoraire. Durant cette période, il donne de nombreux cours d'espéranto.

En 1936, lors de la crise de gouvernance de l'association universelle d'espéranto, Hans Kürsteiner décide de rester au sein de l'association, malgré le fait que la plupart des membres partent et fondent la ligue internationale d'espéranto. Il devient membre du comité de direction en 1939, puis président de l'association universelle d'espéranto entre 1940 et 1947 Ligue internationale d'espéranto.

Hans Kürsteiner meurt le  à Saint-Gall.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Association universelle d'espéranto

Liens externes

Espérantiste suisse
Espérantisation en 1908
Naissance en novembre 1885
Naissance à Saint-Gall
Décès en août 1968
Décès à 82 ans
Décès à Saint-Gall

Hans Kürsteiner


André Ducasse, né le  à Bordeaux et mort le  à Langon, est un joueur de rugby à XIII évoluant au poste d'ailier ou de demi d'ouverture.

Il débute sous les couleurs du club de Bordeaux, y remportant le Championnat de France en 1954 et dispute la finale de la Coupe de France en 1956, aux côtés de Raymond Contrastin, Paul Bartoletti et André Carrère. Il côtoie également l'équipe de France où se trouve Puig-Aubert, Élie Brousse et Jacques Merquey.

Biographie

Palmarès

En tant que joueur

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur du Championnat de France : 1954 (Bordeaux).
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1956 (Bordeaux).

Détails en sélection

En club

Notes et références

Lien externe

International français de rugby à XIII
Naissance en janvier 1930
Naissance à Bordeaux
Décès à 70 ans
Décès en octobre 2000
Décès à Langon

André Ducasse (rugby à XIII)


Teodor Radu a fost un general român care a luptat în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

A fost reintegrat în serviciul activ, deși era invalid.

Generalul de brigadă Teodor Radu a fost trecut din oficiu în rezervă pentru limită de vârstă de la data de 27 februarie 1945, prin decizia ministerială nr. 1.659 din 22 septembrie 1944.

Note

Legături externe

Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial

Teodor Radu


The Kashubian-Pomeranian Association (Kashubian-Pomeranian: Kaszëbskò-Pòmòrsczé Zrzeszenié, Polish: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie) is a regional non-governmental organization of Kashubians (Pomeranians), Kociewiacy and other people interested in the regional affairs of Kashubia and Pomerania in northern Poland. Its headquarters are in Gdańsk, Poland.

The Kashubian Language Council (Kashubian: Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka; Polish: Rada Języka Kaszubskiego) is a body of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association that oversees and promotes the Kashubian language.

"Pomerania" is a monthly journal founded in 1963 which publishes in Polish and Kashubian.

Presidents of the Association:
 1956–59: Aleksander Arendt
 1959–71: Bernard Szczęsny
 1971–76: Jerzy Kiedrowski
 1976–80: Stanisław Pestka
 1980–83: Izabella Trojanowska
 1983–86: Szczepan Lewna
 1986–92: Józef Borzyszkowski
 1992–94: Stanisław Pestka
 1994–98: Jan Wyrowiński
 1998–04: Brunon Synak
 2004–10: Artur Jabłoński
 2010–16: Łukasz Grzędzicki
 2016–19: Edmund Wittbrodt
 2019–present: Jan Wyrowiński

References

External links
ZK-P official site

Kashubians
Pomerania
Polish regional societies

Kashubian-Pomeranian Association


Brodersdorf er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Probstei i den nordlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Brodersdorf er beliggende omkring 12 km nordøst for Kiel og omkring 2 km sydøst for Laboe der ligger ved Kielerfjordens udmunding i Østersøen. Brodersdorf ligger ved Bundesstraße 502 der fører fra Kiel over Schönberg til Lütjenburg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Brodersdorf


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1960-1961, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 14 juin 1961 au  à La Haye.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour la Coupe des coupes 1961-1962.

Finale
L'Ajax Amsterdam bat le NAC Breda 3 à 0 et remporte son troisième titre, Henk Groot marque les trois buts de son équipe en dix minutes.

Notes et références

1960-1961
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Brígido Ibanhes (Bela Vista/MS, 08 de outubro de 1947) é um escritor sul-mato-grossense, cuja vertente literária transita na fronteira entre dois países: Brasil e Paraguai. Por meio das letras é o porta-voz de contos, lendas, culturas e memórias fronteiriças de sua infância, ora no Paraguai, ora no Brasil. Literatura sul-mato-grossense de preservação do meio ambiente, dos direitos humanos e da conscientização política.

Biografia e carreira
Filho dos brasileiros Aniceto Ibanhes e Affonsa Christaldo de Ibanhes, Brígido Ibanhes nasceu no Paraguai na cidade de Bella Vista Norte/PY, porém, foi registrado em Mato Grosso do Sul no Distrito Nunca-te-vi pertencente à Bela Vista/Brasil, local que passou a fazer parte de sua infância e onde absorveu a cultura e a língua guarani juntamente com a tradição dos seus antepassados
No Brasil, em 1956, estudou no Colégio Perpétuo Socorro, ocasião em que aprendeu a Língua Portuguesa, pois até então falava somente o Espanhol e a Língua Guarani. Depois, cursou o Seminário Redentorista em Ponta Grossa/PR, onde aprendeu diferentes idiomas: o latim, a Língua Inglesa, a  língua francesa e o grego. Foi nesse período que teve acesso às Literatura Clássica, tanto as internacionais, quanto as nacionais

No ano de 1960 ganhou um concurso de poesia no Seminário do S.S. Redentor, em Ponta Grossa (PR), o que o impulsionou à vida literária. Anos mais tarde, publicou seu primeiro livro: "Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros", 1ª Edição em 1986. Desde então, dedicou-se à vida literária publicando diversas obras ao longo de sua existência.

Escritor regionalista que busca retratar em sua escrita literária alguns acontecimentos da história do Centro Oeste brasileiro e em suas produções literárias trata da violência e das relações na fronteira Brasil e Paraguai, bem como a convivência fronteiriça em que diferentes grupos migratórios trouxeram à linguagem comum hibridismos entre a língua portuguesa, castelhana e guarani.

Na vida literária filiou-se à União Brasileira de Escritores [UBE] em novembro de 1989 e à Associação dos Novos escritores do MS desde maio de 1991. Além de membro, foi também, um dos fundadores da Academia Douradense de Letras [ADL] em 1991, e seu primeiro presidente eleito em novembro de 1992. Posteriormente, foi eleito novamente em 2008 e, sucessivamente, reeleito em 2011. Nesta gestão, no segundo semestre de 2011, criou a ADL/Jovem., que na ocasião contou com 12 cadeiras para os novos membros que eram estudantes entre 12 a 16 anos de idade que cursavam escolas públicas e particulares.
Membro da União Brasileira de Escritores desde 1990, sua literatura foi, também, membro da Executiva do FESC - Fórum Estadual de Cultura do Mato Grosso do Sul em 2005.

Em entrevista à Thales Schmidt ao "Jornal Sputnik News", o escritor relatou que na noite de 14 de maio de 2006, sofreu um ataque a bomba incendiária que destruiu parte da sua residência causando ferimentos nele e na sua esposa. Naquele Dia das Mâes, como articulista, publicou em jornal local uma matéria em que se manifestava sobre a sua experiência como fiscal rural do Banco do Brasil, fazendo grave denúncia de esquema de corrupção, o que lhe valeu, segundo ele, perseguições e sançoes dentro da instituiçao financeira, sendo transferido para o Nordeste. De retorno ao Mato Grosso do Sul, foi eleito delegado sindical e por suas prerrogativas, se opôs à realização de horas extras não remuneradas, o que, ao final, lhe valeu a demissão. O inquérito policial do atentado,  foi arquivado, e todas essas questões foram relatadas à Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos da OEA de quem passou a receber proteção.  Tendo a liberdade de expressão como bandeira de luta, bem como a busca pelos direitos humanos em prol das minorias, e,levando em conta esse atentado sofrido em 2006, o escritor foi indicado, por ofício, em janeiro de 2007, pela Federação das Academias de Letras e Artes do Mato Grosso do Sul (FALA), para o Prêmio Nobel de Literatura.

Mudou-se para Bela Vista/MS em 2005, para auxiliar sua mãe que estava idosa e doente. Na ocasião, o prefeito da cidade o nomeou para realizar a I Conferência Municipal de Cultura que aconteceu no anfiteatro do quartel. Ainda, coordenou o processo de implantação da Fundação de Cultura em Bela Vista Foi eleito, no ano de 2006,  representantes de MS para a Câmara Nacional de Artes em Literatura no Fórum Estadual de Cultura de Mato Grosso do Sul (FESC/MS). Em 2007, foi nomeado membro titular do Conselho Municipal de Cultura na representação da classe "Literatura e Jornalismo", no município de Dourados. Foi o escritor regionalista do Mato Grosso do Sul, através do livro "Silvino Jacques - o último dos bandoleiros", destacado em 2016 no Atlas das Representações Literárias de Regiões Brasileiras/IBGE que retratou o tema: "Sertões Brasileiros".

Prêmios
 Honra ao Mérito - Placa do CEFRON [Centro Educacional da Fronteira], em Bela Vista [MS], entregue dia 23.11.1994, com os dizeres: "Personalidade belavistense que enaltece nossa cultura";

 Honra ao Mérito- Placa da AAFBB [Associação dos Antigos Funcionários do Banco do Brasil], entregue em 1986, pela publicação da relevante obra "Selvino Jacques, o Último dos Bandoleiros";

 Prêmio Marçal de Souza Tupã'Y (2004), pela obra "Kyvy Mirim, a lenda do pé de tarumã e do pombero";

 Comenda "Medalha do Mérito Excelência e Qualidade Brasil" (2016) pela Câmara Municipal de Dourados;

 Prêmio Ildefonso Ribeiro da Silva  (2021) pela Câmara Municipal de Dourados.

Livros
Dentre suas obras, destacam-se: Silvino Jacques - o último dos bandoleiros, com a primeira edição em 1986 e a oitava e última (até presente momento) em 2019 é um marco na literatura do autor. No ano da sua publicação o escritor fez o lançamento do livro sob proteção policial, vítima de ameaças de morte Nesta ocasião, o escritor foi, adotado pelo Pen Club Internacional Assim, Brígido Ibanhes está sob proteção do Pen Club, organização ligada à ONU, em cerimônia realizada no Copacabana Palace Hotel, no Rio de Janeiro (RJ).  A pendenga judicial "teve origem quando, na véspera do lançamento do livro, o autor recebeu a visita de dois homens que reivindicavam os direitos autorais, das diversas citações das Décima Gaúcha, trovas de autoria de Silvino Jacques, que Brígido havia colocado em sua obra. Depois de muita discussão, os homens, de forma velada, passaram a ameaçar o escritor" e sob proteção policial ocorreu o lançamento do livro que, em seguida, foi apreendido pela justiça e liberado para o público pelo Tribunal do Estado somente em 1992 Este livro tem sido objeto de pesquisas acadêmicas nas Universidades Estaduais e Federais de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) e (UFGD), tanto nos cursos de graduação, quanto em cursos com  dissertações de Mestrado e Teses de Doutorado. A Morada do Arco-Íris – a história do maior tesouro das Américas (1993), com uma segunda edição em 2006, relata as aventuras da descoberta de suas escavações arqueológicas em Volta Grande/SC, o que provocou muita polêmica entre os estudiosos dessa área. Kyvy Mirim - a lenda do pé de tarumã e do pombero, livro infanto-juvenil que aborda a Mitologia Guarani, inclusindo a criação do mundo por Tupã. Nesta publicação, na contramão das demais, não contém relatos da vida real. Chão do Apa – contos e memórias da fronteira (2010), nele, o escritor traz à tona suas memórias pessoais e "revela o viver de um fronteiriço que vai e vem, de uma margem à outra, de um país ao outro, buscando sua própria identidade. São relatos de histórias orais de seus antepassados sobre a Guerra do Paraguai e sobre os contos e lendas ditos nas rodas de tererê durante sua infância e juventude", sendo, portanto, pontos marcantes na obra. Semelhantemente à obra "Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros", esta, também, compõe o cenário de pesquisas de Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, bem como, Dissertações de Mestrado e Teses de Doutorado nas Universidades UEMS e UFGD/MS.

 Publicações

 1986 Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - Ed. Independente, Dourados/MS, 1ª Edição
1988 - Che Ru - o Pequeno Brasiguaio Ed. Independente. Campo Grande/MS;
1993 - A Morada do Arco-Íris – a história do maior tesouro das Américas - Ed. Independente. Chapecó/SC, 1ª Edição
1995 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros – São Paulo: Ed. Scortecci, 2ª Edição;
1997 - Kyvy Mirim - a lenda do pé de tarumã e do pombero - Ed. Independente, Curitiba/PR
1997 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - Ed. UFMS, Campo Grande/MS  3ª Edição
2001 - Ética na Política: entre o sonho e a realidade - Ed. Independente, Dourados/MS
2003 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - Ed. Independente, Dourados/MS 4ª Edição
2006 - A Morada do Arco-Íris – a história do maior tesouro das Américas - 2ª Edição
2007 - Marti - sem a luz do teu olhar - Ed.Independente, Dourados/MS
2007 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - Ed. Dinâmica, Dourados/MS - 5ª Edição
2010 - Chão do Apa – Contos e Memórias da Fronteira - Gráfica Rosário, Dourados/MS
2012 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros -  - 6ª Edição
2015 - Marangatu – dois mitos guaranis - Editora Cortêz, São Paulo/SP – 1ª edição,
2016 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - 7ª Edição
2017 - O maior tesouro das Américas – em Volta Grande no Canyon do rio Uruguai - Ed.Independente, Dourados/MS
2019 - Silvino Jacques: o último dos bandoleiros - Ed. Brazil Publishing, Dourados/MS - 8ª Edição
2019 - A sombra do véu: o poder da oração de uma mãe - Ed. Brazil Publishing, Dourados/MS.

Escritores de Mato Grosso do Sul
Naturais de Bela Vista

Brígido Ibanhes


كوستاس كاتسورانيس  ، من مواليد 21 يونيو 1979 في باتراس في اليونان ، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.

يلعب مع نادي بنفيكا البرتغالي منذ عام 2006.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم في عام 2003.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب كوستاس كاتسورانيس خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 8 أندية في اثنين وعشرين موسمًا وسجل خلالها 79 هدفًا ضمن 460 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس وفي موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض كوستاس كاتسورانيس مسيرته مع  في موسم 1996–97 ليلعب معه ستة مواسم، مشاركًا في 121 مباراة سجل خلالها 14 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أيك أثينا في موسم 2002–03 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 110 مباراة سجل خلالها 29 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي بنفيكا في موسم 2006–07 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 80 مباراة سجل خلالها 10 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي باناثينايكوس في موسم 2009–10 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 80 مباراة سجل خلالها 17 هدفًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي باوك في موسم 2012–13 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 38 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي مدينة بونه لكرة القدم ما بين عامي 2014 و2015 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 14 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف أيضًا. ليعود وينتقل من جديد، لكن هذه المرة إلى نادي أتروميتوس في موسم 2014–15 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 16 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى  ما بين عامي 2015 و2016 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أستراليا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باتراس
رياضيون من باتراس
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو أيك أثينا
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باناثينايكوس
لاعبو باوك تسالونيكي
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بنفيكا
لاعبو دوري السوبر الهندي
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أستراليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون يونانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أتروميتوس
لاعبو نادي مدينة بونه لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1979
مواليد في كالاندريتسا (أهيا)
نادي الفيفا المئوي
لاعبو كرة قدم من باتراس

كوستاس كاتسورانيس


En octubre del año 679 fue convocado en Roma un concilio por el Papa Agatón presidiendo a cincuenta obispos.

En él se trató del asunto de San Vilfrido, que se intitulaba obispo de Sajonia. Se le hizo entrar y se quejó de que se le había depuesto injustamente en Inglaterra, ordenando tres obispos en su lugar. El Concilio le restableció en su obispado y mandó que los que se habían puesto en él irregularmente fueran echados, pero que los obispos que él eligiera para ayudarle se ordenarían por el arzobispo con pena de nulidad, deposición y de anatema.

Considerándolo todo, dijeron los obispos, no le hallamos convencido canónicamente de ningún crimen que merezca la deposición.

Referencias
Diccionario portátil de los concilios, Pons-Augustin Alletz, 1782

Concilios de Roma

Concilio de Roma (679)


Mortierul de tranșee de 58 mm, model 1915 (clasificarea franceză  Mortier de 58 mm T N°2) a fost un mortier francez.

Mortierul s-a aflat în înzestrarea regimentelor de artilerie de câmp din Armata României, începând cu campania din anul 1917 din timpul Primului Război Mondial, când au fost primite din Franța un număr de 104 bucăți.

Principii constructive
Mortierul era destinat în principal pentru distrugerea fortificațiilor pasagere și a forței vii adăpostite a inamicului pe câmpul de luptă. Țeava era lisă și scurtă, fiind construită din oțel forjat. Ca muniție folosea bombăbombe cu ampenaj de diferite greutăți. Obuzierul era montat pe un afet fix din lemn, pentru transport folosindu-se o platformă tractată.

Dezvoltarea

Primul Război Mondial

Note

Bibliografie
 Stroea, Adrian (colonel); Băjenaru Gheorghe (lt. col.), Artileria română în date și imagini, Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei, București, 2010. ISBN 978-606-524-080-3

Vezi și
 Armamentul Armatei României în Primul Război Mondial

Legături externe

Manual for Trench Artillery. Part V. The 58 No. 2 Trench Mortar. US Army, March 1918. Translated from French manual.

Armata României
Armamentul de artilerie al Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial
 Arme din Primul Război Mondial
Mortiere
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Mortier de tranșee de 58 mm, model 1915