Shrewsbury Town Football Club is a professional association football club based in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. The team competes in League One, the third tier of English football. The club plays its home games at New Meadow, having moved from the Gay Meadow in 2007. They have won the Shropshire Senior Cup a record 67 times and are the only club from the county to ever play in the Football League.

Founded in 1886, the club were inaugural members of the Shropshire & District League in 1890 and then joined the Birmingham & District League five years later. Crowned champions in 1922–23, they switched to the Midland League in 1937 and won the Midland League title in 1937–38, 1945–46 and 1947–48. Shrewsbury were admitted into the Football League in 1950 and won promotion out of the Fourth Division at the end of the 1958–59 season. They were promoted again in 1974–75 after being relegated the previous year, and went on to win the Third Division title in 1978–79. They returned to the fourth tier following relegations in 1989 and 1992, where they won another league title in 1993–94. The club lost in the 1996 Football League Trophy final and dropped into non-League football after suffering relegations in 1997 and 2003.

Shrewsbury immediately regained their Football League status after winning the 2004 Conference play-off final. They subsequently lost League Two play-off finals in 2007 and 2009 before they won automatic promotion in 2011–12 and again in 2014–15 after relegation in the previous season. They finished as runners-up in the 2018 EFL Trophy final and 2018 League One play-off final.

History

Early history

The first club in the town was the Shrewsbury Football Club, founded in 1868, which in the 1877-78 football season won both the Birmingham Senior Cup and Shropshire Senior Cup, and was captained by John Hawley Edwards. It disbanded in around 1880.

The present Shrewsbury Town were formed in 1886, following the demise of first Shropshire Wanderers and later indirectly Castle Blues. The Blues were a rough team, leading to their demise after several games were marred by violence. The new team hoped to be as successful but without the notoriety. Press reports differ as to the date the new club was formed, The Eddowes Shropshire Journal of 26 May 1886 reported the birth of the club at The Lion Hotel, Wyle Cop, Shrewsbury. The Shrewsbury Chronicle reported the club being formed at the Turf Hotel, Claremont Hill, Shrewsbury. It may be both accounts are true, with a get-together at The Lion being finalised at the Turf.

After friendlies and regional cup competitions for the first few seasons, Shrewsbury were founder members of the Shropshire & District League in 1890–91, later admitted to the Birmingham & District League in 1895–96. Many of the teams Town faced in the early days have vanished, however Shrewsbury met many of today's Football League and Conference teams, including Crewe Alexandra, Coventry City, Stoke City, Kidderminster Harriers and Stafford Rangers.

In 1910, Shrewsbury looked to move to a new ground, having spent early years at locations across the town, notably near Copthorne Barracks west of the town. The club moved to Gay Meadow on the edge of the town centre, within sight of Shrewsbury Abbey, and stayed 97 years.

Shrewsbury's Birmingham League days were mostly mid-table, with a few seasons challenging near the top, the club being league champions in 1922–23.

A move to the Midland Champions League in 1937–38 saw the club enjoy one of its most successful seasons, winning a league and cup treble. Shrewsbury were league champions, scoring 111 goals . In addition, the Welsh Cup was won following a replay, the team enjoyed a run in the FA Cup, and won the Shropshire Senior Cup.

After a run of good seasons in post-war years, Shrewsbury were admitted, alongside Scunthorpe United to the old Division 3 (North) of the Football League in 1950, after being Midland League champions in 1949–50, following the decision to expand from 88 to 92 clubs.

Football League history
Elevation to the football league in 1950 saw the club play one season in the Northern section of the third division, followed by a further seven in the Southern section, this before they became founder members of the newly formed fourth division in 1958/59, gaining immediate promotion as runners-up to Mansfield Town at the first attempt. Shrewsbury gained their first promotion, to the Third Division, in 1958–59. They remained in the third tier 15 years, slipping back to Division Four at the end of 1973–74.

1960–61 season saw Shrewsbury Town reach the Semi Final of the League Cup. After beating Everton in the quarter-finals, they narrowly lost over two legs 4–3 on aggregate to Rotherham United. This era was also remembered for Arthur Rowley. He arrived from Leicester City in 1958, the club's first player/manager. During his playing and managerial career, he broke Dixie Dean's goal-scoring record, scoring his 380th league goal against Bradford City at Valley Parade on 29 April 1961. Retiring from playing in 1965 he remained manager until July 1968.

Shrewsbury were promoted to the Third Division in 1974–75 as runners-up, before another successful season in 1978–79, when they were league champions under Ritchie Barker and later Graham Turner.  Over 14,000 fans packed Gay Meadow on 17 May 1979 to see Shrewsbury seal promotion with a 4–1 win over Exeter City. In addition, the club had their first run to the FA Cup quarter-finals, before a replay defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Turner is the team's most successful manager, winning the Third Division Championship in 1978–79 – his first season in charge – to take the club into the Second Division for the first time. They remained for ten years, although Turner departed for Aston Villa in 1984. Shrewsbury repeated their 1979 feat of reaching the quarter-final in 1981–82, defeating UEFA Cup holders Ipswich Town in the fifth round before defeat away to Leicester City.

The 1980s saw many big teams defeated by Shrewsbury, whose period in the old Second Division coincided with some of the current Premier League clubs. During the 1980s, Fulham, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United and Chelsea lost to Shrewsbury Town. Middlesbrough were defeated at Gay Meadow at the end of 1985–86, Shrewsbury winning 2–1, relegating Middlesbrough, who went out of business and almost out of existence.  The match was marred by violence from Middlesbrough fans, with many of them later having to return to Shrewsbury for court appearances.

In the early to mid-1980s the club enjoyed its most successful Football League run. Shrewsbury survived through the sale of players, with some to have played for Shrewsbury including Steve Ogrizovic, David Moyes, John McGinlay and Bernard McNally. They were relegated at the end of 1988–89 after ten years. In the Third Division, on 22 December 1990, Gary Shaw scored the quickest Town hat trick – 4 minutes and 32 seconds – against Bradford City at Valley Parade.  At the end of 1991–92, three years after relegation to the Third Division, the club was relegated to the Fourth – the first time since 1975.
However, two seasons later Shrewsbury won the new (fourth tier) Division Three championship under Fred Davies in 1993–94, and remained in Division Two (third tier) three seasons. Shrewsbury were not to rise any further, remaining mid-table before slipping down again at the end of 1996–97.

The 1990s saw Shrewsbury make their first appearance at Wembley as finalists in the 1995/96 Football League Trophy final. Shrewsbury lost 2–1 to Rotherham United; future Shrewsbury striker Nigel Jemson scoring both Rotherham goals. Despite promotion, a trip to Wembley and overall good results up until the disappointing 1996/97 season when relegation back to the basement division was tasted. Davies was sacked at the end of the season making way for former club captain Jake King to return to the club from where he began his career, following a successful reign at local rivals Telford United in May 1997.

Kevin Ratcliffe era and Conference

In the 1999–2000, Shrewsbury endured a poor season, with King failing to impress and in mid November 1999 was sacked as the club near relegation. Former Everton captain and Welsh international Kevin Ratcliffe fresh from four and a half seasons in charge of Chester City was appointed manager and saved them from relegation to the Conference on the final day of the season with a 2–1 victory away to Exeter City, the season known as the 'Great Escape'.

Town make steady progression and in the 2001/02 season they missed the playoffs thanks to a final day defeat at the hands of Luton Town. The next season saw Town hit the highs and lows, FA Cup victory over Everton and a LDV Northern final against Carlisle, but this was all over shadowed by a poor league form and relegation to the Conference.

Ratcliffe worked on improving the side. Former youth team and reserve player Luke Rodgers emerged as a regular goal-scorer, and with big names arriving at Shrewsbury, the team looked on the up, narrowly missing the 2001–02 league playoffs despite 70 points. The 2002–03 saw Shrewsbury enjoy an FA Cup run. After dispatching non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Barrow, they hit the headlines after Nigel Jemson struck twice to beat an Everton team featuring a young Wayne Rooney 2-1 at Gay Meadow in round three of the FA Cup in front of 7,800.

Chelsea were the fourth round visitors, in a televised match on BBC's Match of the Day. Town lost 0–4, with Gianfranco Zola the man of the match. A near capacity crowd of 7,950 turned up for Chelsea, but from then on, the side's form disappeared, picking up just two wins in the league thereafter. Seven points adrift at the bottom and having conceded 92 goals, the club contemplated the end of their 53 years in the league. Following angry demonstrations from fans, Ratcliffe resigned, and Mark Atkins took temporary charge for the club final League game, a 2–1 defeat to Scunthorpe United, who were coincidentally the first League opponents for Shrewsbury Town back in 1950.

Northwich Victoria manager Jimmy Quinn was appointed Shrewsbury manager in May 2003, with the aim of getting them promoted back to the Football League at the first attempt. With most of the previous year's players released, Quinn assembled a whole new squad, with experienced non-league players such as Darren Tinson and Jake Sedgemore being joined by Colin Cramb, Scott Howie and former League Cup finalist Martin O'Connor. The league title went to Chester City, but with 74 points, Shrewsbury finished third in the league and defeated Barnet in the playoff semi-finals to set up a playoff final against Aldershot Town, at the neutral venue of the Britannia Stadium, home of Stoke City. The two teams played out a 1–1 draw which went to a penalty shootout. Shrewsbury goalkeeper Scott Howie saved three consecutive Aldershot penalties and defender Trevor Challis scored the winning penalty. Difficult times were just around the corner again which eventually culminated in relegation from the Football League in 2003, a painful 3-2 Gay Meadow defeat against Carlisle United sending the club down to the Football League.

Return to Football League

Quinn departed 14 league games into the season, being replaced by former Preston manager Gary Peters, who preserved Shrewsbury's Football League status in the 2004–05 League Two campaign. The club's time in the Conference proved shortlived as Shrewsbury bounced straight back up thanks to a penalty shootout victory over Aldershot in the play-off final at Stoke City's Britannia Stadium with goalkeeper Scott Howie the hero. Back in the Football League, the club took a little time to find their feet once again, although they did unearth two talented local lads in Joe Hart and Dave Edwards who would both go on to become experienced internationals. Shrewsbury's plans to move ground came to fruition, as chairman Roland Wycherley ceremoniously cut the first sod of soil at New Meadow in the summer of 2006, moving it to the Greenhous Meadow on the southern edge of Shropshire's county town in 2007.

Despite the departure of a then talented young goalkeeper and future England number 1 Joe Hart to Manchester City, Shrewsbury went on a 14-match unbeaten run in the 2006–07 season; following a 2–2 draw against Grimsby Town in the final League match to be held at Gay Meadow, they finished in seventh place and thus qualified for the play-offs, where they defeated Milton Keynes Dons in the semi-finals. The team lost to Bristol Rovers in the League Two play-off final on 26 May 2007 at the new Wembley Stadium in front of a record crowd for any 4th tier game of 61,589.

The club moved to New Meadow for the 2007–08 season. Peters left the club on 3 March 2008 by mutual consent, replaced by Paul Simpson, who led the club to an eventual 18th-place finish in the league. After the season, the kit manufacturer Prostar earned the naming rights of the stadium.

The 2008–09 season saw Shrewsbury reach the play-offs again with victory over Dagenham and Redbridge on the final day of the season. They faced Bury in the playoff semi-finals, winning on penalties with goalkeeper Luke Daniels making two saves to send Shrewsbury through 4–3 on aggregate. Shrewsbury lost 0–1 to Gillingham in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 23 May in front of 53,706, with a goal in the 90th minute by Gillingham's Simeon Jackson. On 30 April 2010, after a disappointing 2009–10 season, Simpson was dismissed as manager with two games remaining.

Graham Turner returned to Shrewsbury Town as manager in June 2010. The club finished the 2010–11 season in 4th place, finishing with 79 points and qualifying for the playoffs, missing automatic promotion by only 1 point. They lost 2–0 on aggregate in the playoff semi-final to Torquay United. The following 2011–12 season they finished 2nd on 88 points. They won 1–0 over Dagenham & Redbridge from a James Collins header on the penultimate game of the season to achieve promotion to League One after a 15-year absence. Shrewsbury also enjoyed a notable run in the League Cup during the 2011-12 season, beating Derby County at Pride Park and top flight Swansea City before James Collins headed them in front at the Emirates, only for Arsenal to eventually run out 3-1 winners. Shrewsbury exceeded expectations the following 2012–13 season and ultimately managed to seal League One safety with two games to spare of their first season back finishing 16th, a 1–0 win at home to Oldham Athletic. The beat relegated Portsmouth 3–2 on the final day to finish 16th on 55 points. Completing the double over Coventry City and Preston North End among the highlights. The following season, a disappointing first half of the season saw Turner quit in January and relegation was confirmed after a 2–4 home defeat against Peterborough United.

In May 2014 ex-Fleetwood Town boss Micky Mellon was appointed manager. Town were promoted back to League One on 25 April 2015 with a 0–1 victory away to Cheltenham Town via Jean-Louis Akpa Akpro's goal. Mellon left for Tranmere Rovers in October 2016, and he was replaced by Grimsby Town manager Paul Hurst, with Shrewsbury bottom. In 2017–18, Hurst led Shrewsbury to the EFL Trophy Final, ultimately losing to Lincoln. He also led the team to the League One play-offs, but lost to Rotherham after extra time. Hurst left to join Ipswich Town on 30 May 2018. He was replaced by former Macclesfield boss John Askey, but he was sacked later that year in November having won just 5 of their opening 21 games. His successor, Sam Ricketts was appointed manager in December. A highlight of the 2019–20 season under Ricketts was a fourth round FA Cup tie against the holding European champions Liverpool which Shrewsbury drew 2–2. Town narrowly lost the replay 1–0 at Anfield in front of an attendance of 52,399. However, following disruption to the season in March 2020 due to COVID-19, final League One standings were decided on a points per game basis with Shrewsbury finishing in 15th place. In November 2020, Ricketts was sacked with Shrewsbury in 23rd place and was replaced by Steve Cotterill.

Stadiums

Racecourse Ground
The Racecourse Ground was used in Monkmoor between 1886 and 1889. Town's first ground hosted 51 matches over 3 years. The majority of these were friendlies as Town were not members of any league. Their first game was a 5–2 victory over Wellington Town on 16 October 1886 at the Racecourse Ground.

Ambler's Field
Copthorne 1889–1893
Town spent 4 seasons at Ambler's Field, Copthorne between 1889 and 1893. Here they were founder members of the Shropshire and District League started in 1890. 22 February 1890 saw town's record victory which was 18–0 against Wellington Town (Bowdler 8, Phasey 3, Rowlands 2 Gosson 3 Aston and Murphy). Town played 44 times at this ground.

Sutton Lane
Sutton Farm 1893–1895
Town played 47 times in 2 seasons at Sutton Lane, Sutton Farm and when they moved from here, they also moved up to the Birmingham League. This ground is now allotments.

Barracks Ground
Town played at Barracks Ground, Copthorne for 15 years, over 300 matches between 1895 and 1910 against more classier opposition of reserve teams like Aston Villa and Wolves. In 1909–10 they reached the first round of the FA Cup.

Gay Meadow

Shrewsbury played at Gay Meadow, Abbey Foregate between 1910 and 2007. For many years, Shrewsbury coracle maker Fred Davies achieved some notability amongst football fans, by a unique service he and his coracle provided. He would sit in his coracle during Shrewsbury Town home matches, and retrieve any stray footballs that went into the River Severn. Although Davies died long ago, his legend is still associated with the club.

New Meadow

A new stadium was opened in July 2007 on Oteley Road, Meole Brace. It features a 9,875 all-seater capacity in four separate stands for football.

Capacity for concerts at the stadium is 17,000.

The ground has conference facilities, a function area, snack bars, licensed bars, a club shop and a restaurant. Within the stadium confines are training facilities for the club and a 5-a-side football complex which is run The Shrewsbury Town Foundation.

The first match at the stadium was 4–0 win against A-line Allstars featuring Gianfranco Zola on 14 July 2007. The first league match was a 1–0 win against Bradford City with Dave Hibbert scoring the winner. Shrewsbury's record victory at this ground is 7–0 against Gillingham on 13 September 2008 in League Two. The record attendance at New Meadow is 10,210 vs. Chelsea in the 2014–15 Football League Cup. The record league attendance at New Meadow was 9,510 for a League One tie against Wolverhampton Wanderers in September 2013.

The England under-18s, under-19s, under-20s,under-21s    and England women's senior team have all played at the stadium. The England Women's team have played three matches at New Meadow. For sponsorship reasons, the stadium has been named The Croud Meadow since June 2023.

Club colours

The club's colours have always featured blue. However, blue has not always been the most dominant colour. Early kits included blue and white stripes, quartered shirts and all-blue shirts, which were worn with either white or amber trim until 1978. In 1978 Shrewsbury's most famous kit was introduced – the blue and amber stripes, which they wore as they were promoted in successive seasons, up to the old second division (now the Football League Championship). This was the design worn by character Derek Smalls in the movie This Is Spinal Tap.

The club was not loyal to the stripes for long, and in 1982 reverted to a blue shirt, then used a blue body with amber sleeves, later reverting to an amber body with blue sleeves. In 1987 the shirts radically changed to white shirts for four seasons before reverting to stripes in 1991–92. After a flamboyant abstract pattern on the shirts in 1992–93, Shrewsbury's kits have stayed mostly blue, with amber stripe(s) of some description evident since 1999.

The shirt sponsors have, since their introduction in 1982 until 2017, all been local companies. As of the 2017–18 season, the current shirt sponsor is The Energy Check, a South Shields-based Energy management company.

Club crest

The first crest to appear on the shirt of Shrewsbury Town was the town's coat of arms, The Loggerheads in 1907. The crest was used intermittently on shirts until 1960 through to 1970, when a generic football design was used. During this time, The Loggerheads continued to be used on other merchandise, such as match-day programmes. The Loggerheads returned in 1970, and in various guises continued to be used until 1986, when a "Shrew" cartoon was introduced as the club's crest in an attempt to rebrand "Salop" as "The Shrews". During this time, the club's kit was also changed to predominantly white. A campaign by fanzine "A Large Scotch" eventually led to the return of The Loggerheads crest in 1992. The crest changed once in again in 2007 to coincide with Salop's move to New Meadow, the new badge featured a single lion's head in a circle. The club stated that the new badge was necessary as any design incorporating The Loggerheads could not be copyrighted.

Kit suppliers
Over the years the club has had many different kit suppliers, the most recent being Umbro at the start of the 2021/22 season. It marked the return to the famous double diamond after the supplier manufactured the clubs kits during the most successful period in its history which was from 1973 to 1982

Supporters and rivalries
The club has many supporters groups from different areas of the nationally and internationally, including locally throughout Shropshire, Wales, Scotland, London and internationally in Italy(where there is a team called Shrewsbury Town in a league in Milan). Most recently there is a large supporters group in Portland, Oregon where there are ties with MLS side Portland Timbers. In 2019, a group named South Stand Flags was set up after the opening of New Meadow's safe standing section in order to "improve atmosphere at home games". The group, usually based in block 9 of the South Stand, organise choreography and flag displays. Their first fundraiser raised over £1000 which funded the purchase of 50 new flags. The group has gained a lot of praise from players and managers, including ex Shrewsbury boss Sam Ricketts.

An unofficial fanzine and forum named Blue & Amber was introduced in 2005.

In late 2019 the club started attracting fans from the small Caribbean island nation of Grenada. The support stemmed from the club having two Grenada internationals, Aaron Pierre and Omar Beckles, who helped the nation to a six-match unbeaten run in qualifying for the CONCACAF Gold Cup.  The president of the Grenada Football Association, Cheney Joseph, adopted The Shrews as his team, stating "I have fallen in love with Shrewsbury. I'm serious. I believe they can become a dream story, a Cinderella story". In November 2019, Joseph sent a partnership offer to the club, as well as a formal invitation for Town chairman Roland Wycherley to visit the country. On 9 November, Oliver Norburn became the third Town player to be called up by Grenada, whom he qualified for through his paternal grandfather. On 26 January 2020, Joseph made his first visit to his adopted club, where he witnessed The Shrews come back from 0–2 down to draw 2–2 with Premier League leaders and European and World champions Liverpool, setting up a replay at Anfield.

Rivals

The club maintains various fierce rivalries. The rivalry with near-neighbours Hereford United was ranked nineteenth in The Daily Telegraphs Twenty fiercest rivalries in English football in 2015. Known as the 'A49 derby' due to the road that connects Shrewsbury with Hereford, it has not been played since Hereford United went out of business and reformed as Hereford FC, who now play in the National League North, 3 divisions below The Shrews. This is similar to the rivalry with the now defunct Chester City. In 2010, a new club was formed named Chester FC who, like Hereford, also compete in the National League North and are yet to meet Shrewsbury in any competition.

The club also maintains a fierce cross-border rivalry with Wrexham, however, this fixture is now also very rarely competed due to Wrexham's relegation from the Football League in 2008.

The club's other main rivals include Walsall, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Port Vale and Shropshire rivals AFC Telford United.

Attendance records
The record for a Shrewsbury Town home fixture came on 26 April 1961 swelled by a large travelling contingent from Walsall, when 18,917 turned up in a Football League Third Division fixture.

The record attendance for a fixture at New Meadow came on 28 October 2014 when 10,210 attended a Football League Cup fourth round tie against Chelsea. The capacity was expanded from 9,875 to 10,360 with the introduction of temporary stands in two corners of the ground.

A list of the top ten attended fixtures in matches involving Shrewsbury Town.

Club, first team & academy staff

Club officials
As of 26 October 2023

First-team coaching & support staff
As of 8 September 2023

 Academy coaching & support staff
As of 1 August 2023

Players
Current squad
As of 1 September 2023

Out on loan

Notable former players

Record holders
Mickey Brown holds the club record for most league appearances 418, accumulated during three spells. However Colin_Griffin_(footballer) holds the record number of total appearances with 497. Centre half turned centre forward Alf Wood scored 5 goals in the 7–1 victory against Blackburn Rovers in 1971 and became the first player since Dixie Dean to score four headed goals in one match.

Famous names

Several Shrewsbury players have gone onto, or came from prominent top-flight careers. These include current and former top-flight managers David Moyes, Nigel Pearson, Gordon Lee, David Pleat and Gary Megson. International stars John McGinlay, Jim Holton, Jimmy Quinn, Michael Gulla (American footballer), Jimmy McLoughlin, Mickey Thomas, Carl Robinson and Neville Southall all spent time at Shrewsbury. Doug Rougvie won the European Cup Winners' Cup with Aberdeen in 1983 and played for Shrewsbury later in the decade after a spell at Chelsea.

More recently, Premier League winner Mark Atkins spent later seasons of his career at Shrewsbury, as did Sheffield Wednesday's Nigel Jemson and former Nottingham Forest player Ian Woan. Coventry City stalwart Steve Ogrizovic was previously a Shrewsbury player. Two notable recent departees are local-born youth products, England goalkeeper Joe Hart and Wales midfielder David Edwards, both of whom have been capped at U21 and senior international levels. Edwards went on to play in the Premier League with Wolverhampton Wanderers and the Wales national team and returned to Shrewsbury in January 2019. Hart was a regular in the England senior team and is one of only two men to win every major domestic trophy in both England and Scotland.

Local players
In addition to Hart and Edwards, Shrewsbury have given opportunities to many young local players, who have forged successful professional careers. Norman Hobson was a local Shrewsbury born defender in the mid to late 1950s and made 224 appearances. Bernard McNally was a local star in the 1980s, with two other local players, Kevin Seabury and Peter Wilding being fan favourites at the club in the 1990s. Veteran striker Andy Cooke was born and raised in Shrewsbury, and supported the club as a boy, but forged his career elsewhere after being rejected as a trainee. Tom Bradshaw is a recent Shrewsbury-born talent to have emerged from the Youth Team, and Mason Springthorpe signed for Everton prior to making an appearance for the Shrews, for £125,000.

Cult heroes
In 2004, the BBC's Football Focus ran polls to determine club's cult heroes, and Dean Spink was named as Shrewsbury's cult hero, ahead of Steve Anthrobus and Austin Berkley.

 Foundation
The Shrewsbury Town FC Foundation is the clubs official charity that carries out community work in the local community and surrounding areas. The foundation helps provide opportunities to many people by offering many different programmes. These include health & wellbeing, education, and employability. The foundation also provides football and participation opportunities which consists of walking football, disability football and soccer schools. It also runs the Shrewsbury Town development centres which provides advanced coaching to help progress players into academy football. Women's football and a Girls Emerging Talent Centre is also organised and supported by the foundation.

Managerial history

 W. Adams (1905–1912)
 S. Wilcox (1912–1934)
 Jack Roscamp (1934–1935)
 Stan Ramsay (1935–1936)
 Ted Bousted (1936–1940)
 Leslie Knighton (1945–1949)
 Harry Chapman (1949–1950)
 Sammy Crooks (1950–1954)
 Walter Rowley (1955–1957)
 Harry Potts (1957–1958)
 Johnny Spuhler (1958)
 Arthur Rowley (1958–1968)
 Harry Gregg (1968–1972)
 Maurice Evans (1972–1974)
 Alan Durban (1974–1978)
 Richie Barker (1978)
 Graham Turner (1978–1984)
 Chic Bates (1984–1987)
 Ken Brown (1987)
 Ian McNeill (1987–1990)
 Asa Hartford (1990–1991)
 John Bond (1991–1993)
 Fred Davies (1993–1997)
 Jake King (1997–1999)
 Chic Bates (1999)
 Kevin Ratcliffe (1999–2003)
 Mark Atkins (2003)
 Jimmy Quinn (2003–2004)
 Chic Bates (2004)
 Gary Peters (2004–2008)
 Paul Simpson (2008–2010)
 Graham Turner (2010–2014)
 Michael Jackson (2014)
 Micky Mellon (2014–2016)
 Danny Coyne (2016)
 Paul Hurst (2016–2018)
 John Askey (2018)
Sam Ricketts (2018–2020)
Steve Cotterill (2020–2023)
Matt Taylor (2023–present)

Club records
 Best FA Cup performance: Quarter-finalists, 1978–79, 1981–82
 Best League Cup performance: Semi-finalists, 1960–61
 Record attendance at Gay Meadow: 18,917 vs. Walsall, Third Division, 26 April 1961
 Record attendance at New Meadow: 10,210 vs. Chelsea, League Cup fourth round, 28 October 2014
 Record attendance for a Shrewsbury Town match: 61,589 vs. Bristol Rovers (at Wembley Stadium), 2007 Football League Two play-off final, 26 May 2007.
 Record victory: 21–0 vs. Mold Alyn Stars, Welsh FA Cup 1st round, 27 October 1894.
 Record League victory: 12–1 vs. Hereford City, Shropshire & District League, 20 October 1894.
 Record defeat: 0–13 vs. Small Heath, Birmingham League, 25 December 1895.
 Most league goals in a season  38: Arthur Rowley (1958–59)
 Most league goals in total  152: Arthur Rowley (1958–65)
 Most league appearances  418: Mickey Brown (1986–91, 1992–94, 1996–2001)
 Most appearances  497: Colin Griffin (1976–1988)

Honours and achievementsLeague Third Division (level 3)
Champions: 1978–79
 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
Champions: 1993–94
Runners-up: 1974–75, 2011–12, 2014–15
Promoted: 1958–59
 Conference (level 5)
Play-off winners: 2004Birmingham & District LeagueChampions: 1922–23
Runners-up: 1913–14, 1923–24, 1936–37
Midland League
Champions (3): 1937–38, 1945–46, 1947–48Cup Football League Trophy / EFL Trophy
Runners-up: 1995–96, 2017–18Welsh CupWinners (6): 1890–91, 1937–38, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1983–84, 1984–85
Runners-up:  1930–31, 1947–48, 1979–80Minor'
Shropshire and District League
Runners-up: 1890–91
Mid Wales League
Winners (2): 1934–35, 1935–36
Central League
Winners (2): 2009, 2013
Central League Cup
Winners: 2006
Shropshire Senior Cup
Winners (67) - A Record
Herefordshire Senior Cup
Winners (3): 1951, 1986, 1998
Runners up: 1973, 1987
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners (3): 1924. 1925, 1926
Shropshire Mayors Charity Cup
Winners (7): 1890, 1893, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1925
Runners up: 1889, 1895, 1898, 1899, 1905, 1906, 1923, 1939, 1948
Keys Cup
Winners (2): 1924, 1937

source:

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Official Supporters Club
 Shrewsbury Town Supporters Trust
 Shrewsbury Town play-off record
 Shrewsbury Town Res. win Mid Wales League
 Shrewsbury Town Supporters Club Scandinavian Branch

Football clubs in England
Sport in Shrewsbury
Football clubs in Shropshire
Association football clubs established in 1886
English Football League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
1886 establishments in England

Shrewsbury Town F.C.


مؤشر شدة الجوائح هو مقياس تصنيف مقترح للإبلاغ عن شدة أوبئة الأنفلونزا في الولايات المتحدة. رافق مؤشر شدة الجوائح مجموعة من المبادئ التوجيهية التي تهدف إلى المساعدة في توصيل الإجراءات المناسبة للمجتمعات المحلية لمتابعة الحالات الوبائية المحتملة. أصدرت وزارة الصحة والخدمات الإنسانية بالولايات المتحدة المؤشر لتشابهه بالمخطط مقياس الأعاصير سفير - سمبسون في 1 شباط/ فبراير 2007.

التطويرات
طورت مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها مؤشر شدة الجوائح كأداة جديدة للتخطيط؛ لكي تستخدمها الدول والمجتمعات والشركات والمدارس كجزء من حملة لتوفير التدابير الوقائية أكثر تحديداً على المستوى المحلي. فعلى الرغم من إن المؤشر مصصم لتنفيذ المحلي، إلا ان وزارة الصحة والخدمات الإنسانية بالولايات المتحدة لم تستبعد تقاسم مؤشر المبادئ التوجيهية مع الأطراف الدولية المهتمة.

تم تطوير المؤشر والمبادئ التوجيهية من خلال تطبيق علم الأوبئة على البيانات من خلال آخر ثلاث أوبئة رئيسية للأنفلونزا وانتقال الأنفلونزا الموسمية ونماذج رياضية ومدخلات من الخبراء مجموعات تركيز المواطنين. تم الجمع بين العديد من الممارسات «المجربة والحقيقية» بطريقة أكثر تنظيماً :نحن ندرك وننظر إلى الوراء أيضاً من خلال التاريخ وما فعلته المدن الأربع والأربعون هو أن العديد من هذه المعايير اعتمدت من قبل كل مدينة خلال مرحلة ما أو أخرى، والفرق هو في اختلاف توقيت استخدام المعايير وما إذا كانت منسقة بطريقة فعالة بالنسبة لنا للاستفادة منها. — الدكتور مارتن سيترون، مدير قسم الهجرة العالمية والحجر الصحي في مركز الأمراض.

السياق
خلال ظهور أوبئة متنامية، لا يمكن للمجتمعات المحلية أن تعتمد على توافر الأدوية المضادة للفيروسات واللقاحات على نطاق واسع (انظر أبحاث الإنفلونزا). الهدف من المؤشر هو تقديم إرشادات بشأن المعايير التي يمكن للمنظمات المختلفة أن تسنها والتي من شأنها أن تبطئ تطور الأوبئة، وتخفف من عبء الإجهاد على موارد المجتمع المحلي، في حين يمكن تقديم حلول محددة من أجل التأثير على الوضع مثل الأدوية واللقاحات. تتوقع مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها اعتماد مؤشر شدة الوباء سيسمح بالاستخدام المنسق المبكر لمعايير التخفيف المجتمعية للتأثير على تطور الأوبئة.

الارشادات
يركز المؤشر بشكل أقل على مدى احتمال انتشار المرض في جميع أنحاء العالم – أي أن يصبح وباءًا – وأكثر على مدى شدة الوباء المعيار الرئيسي المستخدم لقياس شدة الوباء سيكون نسبة الوفيات والنسبة المئوية للوفيات من مجموع الحالات المرضية المبلغ عنها.

من المتوقع أن يحدث التنفيذ الفعلي لتنبيهات مؤشر شدة الوباء بعد أن تعلن منظمة الصحة العالمية عن المرحلة السادسة من انتقال الإنفلونزا (من إنسان إلى آخر) في الولايات المتحدة، وهذا من شأنه أن يؤدي على الأرجح إلى الإعلان الفوري عن وضع الوباء من مستوى 3 - 4.

تم تقديم تشبيه مستويات ' الفئة ' لتوفير صلة مفهومة بمخططات تصنيف الأعاصير، مع الإشارة بوجه خاص إلى الآثار التي حدثت مؤخراً لإعصار كاترينا. مثال على ذلك مقياس إعصار سفير- سمبسون؛ إذ تراوح مؤشر شدة الوباء من 1 إلى 5، مع كون الأوبئة من الفئة 1 هي الأكثر اعتدالاً (أي ما يعادل الإنفلونزا الموسمية) والمستوى الخامس المحجوز لسيناريو الأوبئة الأكثر سوءاً (مثل الإنفلونزا الإسبانية 1918).

المؤشر البياني لخطورة الأمراض الوبائية لمراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها:

ويوصي التقرير باتخاذ أربعة تدابير رئيسية للتباعد الاجتماعي لإبطاء انتشار الوباء:
 عزل وعلاج الأشخاص الذين يشتبه أو تم التأكد إصابتهم بالإنفلونزا الوبائية
 الحجر الصحي المنزلي الطوعي للأشخاص المؤكدة أو المشتبه بإصابتهم بإنفلونزا الوبائية
 فصل الفصول الدراسية وإغلاق مراكز الرعاية النهارية
 تغيير مواعيد العمل وإلغاء التجمعات العامة الكبيرة

ويمكن أن يكون لهذه الإجراءات، عند تنفيذها، أثراً عام للحد من عدد الحالات الجديدة للمرض؛ لكنها يمكن أن تحمل عواقب سلبية محتملة من حيث الاضطرابات المجتمعية والاجتماعية. فينبغي أن يكون لهذه التدابير تأثيراً واضحاً إذا نفذت بشكل موحد من قبل المنظمات والحكومات في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة.

الاستجابة
أثناء إزاحة الستار عن مؤشر شدة الجوائح، أفاد الدكتور مارتن سيترون، مدير شعبة الهجرة العالمية والحجر الصحي في مركز مكافحة الأمراض، بأن التغذية المرتدة المبكرة لفكرة مقياس تصنيف الأوبئة كانت ايجابية بشكل موحد.

أفاد مركز البحوث والسياسات المتعلقة بالأمراض المعدية التابع لجامعة منيسوتا بأن مؤشر شدة الوباء رسم بشكل عام علامات عالية من مسؤولي الصحة العامة وغيرهم، لكنهم يقولون إن الخطة تنطوي على عبء عمل ضخم للمخططين المحليين. وأشاد أحد المديرين بأن بسبب مؤشر شدة الوباء كان هناك ' تحسناً كبيراً مقارنةً بالتوجيهات السابقة ' ؛ في حين كان خبير الإنفلونزا التاريخي والمؤلف جون إم. باري أكثر انتقاداً لهذا المؤشر، قائلاً لم يتم التركيز بما فيه الكفاية على المبادئ الصحية الأساسية التي يمكن أن يكون لها تأثير على مستوى المجتمع، مضيفاً كنت أشعر بالراحة أكثر مع الكثير من البحوث (دعمها).

خلال النشرات الصحفية الأولية في عام 2007 أقرت مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها بأن مؤشر شدة الوباء والمبادئ التوجيهية المصاحبة لها هو قيد التقدم ومن المرجح أن يخضع للمراجعة في الأشهر التالية فور إصدارها.

انظر أيضاً
 جائحة إنفلونزا الخنازير 2009
 نظام الإنذار المبكر والاستجابة
 مراحل الوباء لمنظمة الصحة العالمية

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 2017 في الولايات المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 2007 في الولايات المتحدة
جائحة الإنفلونزا
جوائح
صحة عالمية
مراكز منع الأمراض والوقاية منها
مؤشرات الأرقام
وبائيات

مؤشر شدة الجوائح


Anna Katarzyna Schmidt-Rodziewicz (nascida a 11 de novembro de 1978) é uma deputada e política polaca. Ela foi eleita para o 9.º Sejm, representando o círculo eleitoral de Krosno.

Mulheres da Polônia na política
Membros da Sejm 2015-2019
Membros da Sejm 2019-2023
Membros da Sejm 2023-2027
Nascidos em 1978
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Anna Schmidt-Rodziewicz


Vesna Teršelič, née en 1962 est une militante pour la paix qui a fondé la campagne contre la guerre de Croatie. En 1998, elle est co-récipiendaire du Right Livelihood Award avec  du Centre pour la paix, la non violence et les droits humains à Osijek.

Biographie
Teršelič est slovène et elle nait à Ljubljana en 1962. Elle vit à Zagreb, où elle travaille comme militante pour la paix.

Vesna Teršelič organise la campagne contre la guerre en Croatie en 1991 pour empêcher les conflits de guerre sur les territoires de l'ex-Yougoslavie. Selon ses propres mots : « Nous avons lancé la [campagne] anti-guerre le 4 juillet 1991, ce qui signifie que nous l'avons fait trop tard, car toute l'année précédente... s'est passée dans l'espoir que les politiciens feraient certainement quelque chose pour parvenir à un accord de manière diplomatique, en parvenant à une nouvelle forme d'arrangement entre les Croates et les Serbes en Croatie.» Elle lance avec ses amis le magazine Arkzin en septembre 1991 pour faire campagne pour la paix et lancer des recherches sur les conflits liés à la guerre.

Elle devient directrice de Documenta - Centre pour analyser le passé.

En 2017, Teršelič signe la  des Croates, Serbes, Bosniaques et Monténégrins.

Références

Liens externes

 (en Croate) "Vježbanje nasilja, vježbanje samouništenja" — une interview avec Vesna Teršelič publié dans Zarez 66

Personnalité liée à Zagreb
Naissance en 1962
Militant pacifiste
Lauréat du Right Livelihood Award
Personnalité féminine croate
Naissance à Ljubljana
Militant croate
Militant slovène

Vesna Teršelič


مخادمة بلدية بولاية بسكرة الجزائرية تبعد عن مقر الولاية بحوالي خمسين كيلومتر تقع في الجنوب الغربي من الولاية يحدها من الشمال بلدية ليشانة وبوشقرون ومن الغرب بلدية ليوة ومن الشرق بلدية أورلال ومن الجنوب بلدية اسطيل (وادي سوف)، مخادمة بلدية فلاحية تشتهر بالنخيل والبيوت البلاستكية والفلاحة الموسمية بمحيط السارق.

مراجع

مخادمة

مخادمة


El río Abazinka  es un río de los raiones de Beloréchensk y Apsheronsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia afluente del río Bélaya, tributario del Kubán.

Nace en la frontera entre el krai y la república de Adiguesia. Su cuenca hidrográfica es de 96.1 km². En su curso de 28 km de longitud, discurre predominantemente en dirección noroeste. Las únicas localidades en los alrededores del río (en arroyos que son sus afluentes) son Ternovi y Fadéyevski. Desemboca en el Psheja a la altura de la stanitsa Pshejskaya.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Абазинка (приток Пшехи).
Algunos datos sobre el río .

Ríos de la cuenca del Kubán
Ríos del krai de Krasnodar

Río Abazinka


Sveta Marija Dominika Mazzarello (tal. Maria Domenica Mazzarello) (Mornese, Piemont, 9. svibnja 1837. – Nizza Monferrato, 14. svibnja 1881.), talijanska katolička redovnica i svetica, suosnivačica Družba sestara Kćeri Marije Pomoćnice. Blaženom ju je proglasio papa Pio XI. 20. studenoga 1938., svetom Pio XII. 24. lipnja 1951. godine. Spomendan joj je 13. svibnja. Simbol joj je ljiljan.

Životopis
Rodila se u talijanskoj pokrajini Piemontu, u selu Morneseu, kao najstarije od trinaestero djece Josipa i Magdalene. Do 12. godine s obitelji je živjela u zaselku "Mazzarellli odavde", u zajedničkom kućanstvu u kojem su živjela i očeva braća sa svojim obiteljima. Tad se odselila na unajmljeni posjed imenom Valponasca. Odmalena je otkrivala svijet i vjeru razmišljajući o njima. Odgovore je najčešće tražila od svoga oca. Na Valponasci maloj Mariji Dominici Maìn znatno promijenio. Ocu se pridružila u težačkim poslovima, najradije radeći u vinogradima i poljima. U njima je doživljavala otajstvo Božje ljepote i mudrosti. Sa 16. godina aktivna članica laičkog udruženja Kćeri Bezgrješne. Pomagala je unutar tog udruženja ženama i obiteljima u selu. S 21. godinu obitelj joj se ponovno seli u selo. Dvije godine zatim tifus se proširio selom. Marija je pošla njegovati bolesnu obitelj svoga strica, na župnikovu molbu. Rekla je tad "Ako Vi želite, idem, ali sigurna sam da ću se zaraziti". Sama se zarazila. Preživjela je tešku bolest, ali je izgubila fizičku snagu za rad u poljima i vinogradima i dugo se oporavljala. Stoga se odlučila posvetiti brizi za siromašne djevojčice. Skupa s prijateljicom izučila je krojački zanat i otvorila radionicu gdje je poučavala djevojčice šivati, moliti i rasti u kršćanskim krjepostima.

Don Bosco i Marija Dominika prvi put su se sreli 1864. godine. Don Ivan je prepoznao jezgru redovničke družbe u njoj i njezinim kolegicama, baš onakve koju je htio osnovati. Tako je 5. kolovoza 1872. postala prva sestra novoosnovane Družbe Kćeri Marije Pomoćnice i njezina poglavarica. Posvećeni život prvih je godina provela u rodnom Morneseu. Ondje je sagrađen zavod za školovanje siromašnih djevojčica.

Marija Dominika je pridonijela salezijanskoj duhovnosti, udarivši temelj ženskom izrazu unutar nje. Osnovala je zajednice u Europi i Americi promičući dostojanstvo djevojčica i žena. Ostavila je veliki trag u svom kratkom životu. Umrla je sa samo 45 godina, a već je iza nje bilo 166 sestara i 28 zajednica. 68 pronađenih pisama sv. Marije Dominike svjedoči profinjenu nutrinu ove svetice, ponajviše njen dubok odnos s Bogom.

Vidi
 Maìn - La casa della felicità

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  Santa Maria Domenica Mazzarello, in Santi, beati e testimoni - Enciclopedia dei santi, santiebeati.it.

Talijanski sveci
Talijanske katoličke redovnice

Sveta Marija Dominika Mazzarello


Mahmud Hanlar oğlu Kurbanov (Azerice: Mahmud Xanlar oğlu Qurbanov, d. 10 Mayıs 1973, Gence), Azerbaycanlı eski millî futbolcu ve antrenör. 17 Eylül 1992 günü Azerbaycan millî takımıyla ilk karşılaşmasına çıkarken, o günden sonra Ocak 2006'ya kadar 70 kez millî formayı giydi.

Kariyerine Kepez'de başladı. Neftçi, Kepez (ikinci dönem) ve FK Şemkir'de oynadıktan sonra yurt dışında bir İran takımı olan Fulad FK ve Ukrayna takım olan FC Tavriya Simferopol'de oynadı. Daha sonra Neftçi'ye geri dönen tecrübeli orta saha oyuncusu buradan Hazar Lenkeran'a geçti. 2007 yılında Azerbaycan'da Yılın Futbolcusu seçilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 AzeriFootball

1973 doğumlular
Gence doğumlular
Azeri futbolcular
Azerbaycan millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Orta saha futbolcuları
Neftçi PFK futbolcuları

Mahmud Kurbanov


O Campeonato Sul-Americano de Rugby sevens Feminino de 2021 foi um torneio classificatório para a Copa do Mundo de Rugby Sevens de 2022, na África do Sul. O torneio foi realizado em Montevidéu, Uruguai, de 11 a 12 de novembro. Brasil e Colômbia se classificaram para a Copa do Mundo após terminarem em primeiro e segundo, respectivamente.

Equipes

Fase de grupos

Grupo A

Pool B

Final e Playoffs

Semifinais

Playoffs
9º lugar

7º lugar

5º lugar

3º lugar

Final

Classificação final

References

2021 no rugby
Competições de rugby sevens na América do Sul


O Voo TransAsia Airways 791 (ICAO: TNA 791) era um voo de carga regular entre o Aeroporto Internacional de Chiang Kai Shek e o Aeroporto Internacional de Macau. Às 01h52min, hora local, em 21 de dezembro de 2002, o ATR-72 que operava o voo caiu no mar a 17 quilômetros a sudoeste de Magong, Penghu, Taiwan. Os dois tripulantes a bordo morreram.

Ver também

 Lista de acidentes aéreos

Acidentes e incidentes aéreos em Taiwan
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2002
Acidentes e incidentes envolvendo o ATR-72
2002 em Taiwan
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por erro do piloto
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por gelo

Voo TransAsia Airways 791


Melanismo industrial é um fenômeno em que houve o aumento da população de mariposas de coloração escura em relação a população de coloração clara durante a época da Revolução Industrial na Inglaterra. O fenômeno é dado como um exemplo de seleção natural.

A coloração das mariposas escuras favorecia a camuflagem contra predadores naturais nas árvores cobertas pela poluição das indústrias, por isso tinham maior probabilidade de se reproduzirem e transmitir esta característica para as próximas gerações. Isso aumentava a frequência dos genes responsáveis por esta coloração.

Biologia

Melanismo industrial


L'hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne, de nos jours hôtel de ville annexe de Pontoise, est un bâtiment de la fin du  situé à Pontoise, en France. Il a autrefois accueilli un établissement bancaire, pour lequel il a été construit.

Situation et accès
L'édifice est situé au  de la rue Alexandre-Prachay, dans le centre-ville de Pontoise, et plus largement au sud et vers le centre du département du Val-d'Oise.

Histoire

Concours
Le , un concours pour la construction d'un hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne est ouvert jusqu'au  à tous les architectes de l'arrondissement, à condition que ceux-ci exercent leur profession avant la publication de l'avis (justifiable par la production d'un extrait du rôle des patentes). Le jury est notamment composé des architectes Honoré Daumet, Victor Laloux et Victor-Auguste Blavette.

Adjudications
L'adjudication des travaux de maçonnerie a lieu le , à , à l'hôtel de ville. Cette dernière est ouverte aux entrepreneurs patentés de l'arrondissement, à l'exclusion des entrepreneurs des cantons de cet arrondissement où il existe une Caisse d'épargne particulière. Puis, l'adjudication en six lots des travaux de construction a lieu le  de la même année, à , également à l'hôtel de ville.

Fondation
L'édifice est élevé à partir du , sur le lieu de l'ancien hôtel des Postes.

Inauguration et mise en service
La cérémonie d'inauguration a lieu le , à , sous la présidence du sous-préfet de Pontoise, Antoine Marty. L'Harmonie municipale vient se produire à la cérémonie et un grand banquet clôture cette dernière. Les bureaux de la Caisse d'épargne sont transférés le  dans ce nouvel hôtel, qui est alors sis 36 Grande-Rue.

Structure
L'édifice s'élève sur trois niveaux et comprend un sous-sol et des caves. Sa façade principale se compose de trois travées. L'entrée principale est surmontée d'un bas-relief de ruche — symbole des caisses d'épargne françaises, à l'époque de sa construction. Les trois fenêtres centrales du premier étage sont surmontées de l'inscription de la raison sociale « CAISSE D'ÉPARGNE » et au-dessus, au deuxième étage, une horloge est incrustée dans un cadre ornementé.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographique
  (plans de l'édifice)

Articles connexes
 Musée Camille-Pissarro
 Palais de justice de Pontoise

Liens externes

Pontoise
Pontoise
Architecture du XIXe siècle en France

Hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne de Pontoise


Deux croiseurs de la marine impériale russe, soviétique ou russe ont porté le nom d'Otchakov :
 l'Otchakov, un croiseur protégé de la classe Bogatyr lancé en 1902 et démantelé en 1933 ;
 l'Otchakov, un croiseur lance-missiles de la classe Kara lancé en 1971 et coulé volontairement le 5 mars 2014.

Otchakov

Otchakov (croiseur)


Atomic Heart é um jogo de tiro em primeira pessoa desenvolvido pela Mundfish e publicado pela Focus Entertainment e 4Divinity. O jogo foi lançado para Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 5 , Xbox One e Xbox Series X/S em 21 de fevereiro de 2023. O jogo recebeu críticas geralmente positivas após o lançamento

Jogabilidade
Atomic Heart é um jogo de tiro em primeira pessoa com elementos de RPG e furtividade.. O combate consiste em atirar e cortar com armas improvisadas. Uma grande variedade de inimigos são apresentados, que podem ser mecânicos, biomecânicos, biológicos e alguns dos quais são aéreos. Um sistema de fabricação permite ao jogador montar armas a partir de peças de metal que podem ser retiradas de robôs ou retiradas de eletrodomésticos. As armas podem ser atualizadas por meio de uma mecânica chamada "casettes".  A munição no jogo é escassa e há uma opção furtiva.  Eventos rápidos são apresentados no jogo. O jogador usa uma luva especial, a Polymer Glove, que concede poderes como telekinesis, congelamento e eletricidade para derrotar os inimigos. Seus poderes podem ser combinados com armas corpo a corpo e de longo alcance.

A munição pode ser atualizada com vários efeitos elementares usando "vasilhas".  Essas vasilhas podem ser saqueadas e fabricadas e equipadas pelo jogador em armas corpo a corpo e de longo alcance.  Se a vasilha acabar, ela é descartada do inventário do jogador.

Trama

Contexto
Atomic Heart ocorre no terreno da Facility 3826, o principal centro de pesquisa científica da União Soviética em uma história alternativa em 1955. Em 1936, o cientista Dmitry Sechenov desenvolveu um módulo programável liquidificado chamado Polymer, provocando grandes avanços tecnológicos nos campos de energia e robótica na URSS e libertando grande parte da população do trabalho manual. Quando a Segunda Guerra Mundial estourou, os soviéticos rapidamente ganharam vantagem, mas pouco antes da Alemanha nazista ser derrotada em 1942, eles desencadearam o vírus da Peste Marrom, deixando milhões de mortos e criando uma demanda internacional por robôs soviéticos. para compensar a escassez de mão de obra resultante.  Como parte do programa de reconstrução pós-guerra da União Soviética, o Dr. Sechenov criou uma inteligência artificial em rede sem fio chamada "Kollektiv 1.0" que ligava seus robôs para maior eficiência.

Mais recentemente, Sechenov desenvolveu um neuro conector THOUGHT, um dispositivo que integra o Polymer ao corpo humano e permite que os humanos interajam remotamente com robôs.  THOUGHT será lançado junto com o Kollektiv 2.0, e Sechenov se gaba de que dará início a uma verdadeira era pós-trabalho para o mundo inteiro. No entanto, o lançamento oficial do Kollektiv 2.0 em 13 de junho de 1955 dá errado, mergulhando a Instalação 3826 no caos.

Sinopse
Agente P-3 é um veterano da Segunda Guerra Mundial com problemas de memória. Ele é convidado para ajudar no lançamento do Kollektiv 2.0 na Instalação 3826, mas descobre que os robôs massacraram a maioria dos humanos. Sechenov explica que Petrov sabotou o nó Kollektiv 1.0 e pede ao P-3 para prender Petrov. Com seu parceiro de IA CHAR-les (apelidado de "Charles") preso à sua luva, P-3 deve enfrentar robôs homicidas e experimentos biomecânicos fracassados enquanto lida com a crescente instabilidade mental.

P-3 rastreia Petrov e descobre que ele está trabalhando com Filatova.  Petrov foge e é aparentemente morto por um robô.  Enquanto isso, o Politburo começa a suspeitar do que está acontecendo.  Molotov, um membro do Politburo, ameaça encerrar o projeto "Coração Atômico" de Sechenov. Charles explica ao P-3 que Sechenov e o Politburo estão em uma luta sobre quem controlará Kollektiv.  Sechenov ordena que P-3 intercepte Molotov, mas assim que P-3 faz contato, ele desmaia e acorda para encontrar Molotov assassinado.

Enquanto o P-3 continua a perseguir Petrov, que reclama sobre como Sechenov planeja escravizar o mundo. Ele diz a P-3 que os robôs desonestos tinham um modo de combate instalado de antemão.  Viktor então dá a P-3 um par de anéis e comete suicídio.  Quando Sechenov pergunta sobre os anéis, P-3 mente e conclui que o projeto "Coração Atômico" de Sechenov e do Politburo envolve a distribuição de robôs de combate disfarçados de robôs civis para tomar usinas nucleares.  P-3 leva a cabeça de Petrov a um laboratório para extrair suas memórias, mas Filatova destrói a máquina e nocauteia P-3.

Quando P-3 acorda, Filatova revela a ele que Kollektiv é um meio de controlar a mente das pessoas. Chocado, P-3 trabalha com Filatova para descobrir a verdade de Sechenov. No laboratório, P-3 descobre que Charles não é uma IA, mas a mente de Chariton Zakharov, amigo de Sechenov e colega pesquisador presumivelmente assassinado por Sechenov.  Usando a autorização de segurança de Zakharov, eles descobrem mais sobre o passado de P-3.  P-3 descobre que, para consertar sua lesão cerebral, Sechenov instalou um implante de polímero, apagando as memórias de sua falecida esposa Ekaterina e dando a Sechenov a capacidade de controlá-lo. Furioso, P-3 decide enfrentar Sechenov.

No entanto, P-3 desmaia novamente e acorda sob os cuidados de sua sogra. Ela revela que P-3 matou Filatova enquanto desmaiava.  Neste ponto, P-3 pode optar por deixar a Instalação 3826 ou confrontar Sechenov, resultando em finais diferentes.

Desenvolvimento e lançamento
Atomic Heart é desenvolvido pela Mundfish, que se autodenomina um estúdio internacional com sede em Chipre, e tem escritórios em Moscou e São Petersburgo. Os sites de notícias russos se referiram repetidamente a ele como um jogo russo., enquanto os investidores incluem capital GEM, cujo fundador atuou como diretor da divisão Gazprom.

A equipe já havia desenvolvido o jogo VR Soviet Lunapark, mas interrompeu o desenvolvimento e retirou o jogo da lista no final de 2018 para se concentrar no Atomic Heart. O estúdio usa a Unreal Engine 4 e foi anunciado para oferecer suporte às tecnologias Nvidia RTX e DLSS para as placas gráficas GeForce RTX. No entanto, RTX não foi implementado na versão de lançamento do jogo. Mundfish afirmou que adicionará o recurso "pós-lançamento", sem dar mais detalhes.

Em fevereiro de 2022, um trailer da história mostrou que Atomic Heart será lançado em "#######BER", sugerindo o lançamento do jogo em algum momento no quarto trimestre de 2022. No entanto, no final de novembro, foi anunciado que o jogo seria lançado em 21 de fevereiro de 2023., publicado por VK Play no CIS, co-publicado por 4Divinity na Ásia, e publicado pela empresa francesa Focus Entertainment em outros lugares.

Controvérsia
Mundfish foi acusado de coletar dados de usuários baseados na Rússia e fornecê-los aos serviços de segurança da Rússia. O desenvolvedor negou as acusações. Embora a própria Mundfish não esteja intimamente ligada a Putin, seu editor e alguns de seus investidores estão.

O jogo tornou-se objeto de controvérsia devido em parte à sua data de lançamento antecipada, que quase coincide com o aniversário do primeiro ano da invasão russa da Ucrânia em 2022 e Dia do Defensor da Pátria. Os críticos questionaram o momento do lançamento de um jogo com temas militares soviéticos e russos.  Mundfish afirmou que a empresa é neutra em assuntos mundiais e "não comenta política ou religião" e o estúdio é "inegavelmente uma organização pró-paz contra a violência contra as pessoas". A Ucrânia criticou a declaração por sua imprecisão, dizendo que "os desenvolvedores do jogo não fizeram uma declaração pública condenando o "regime de Putin" e a invasão russa da Ucrânia."

Independente dessas críticas, o compositor da música do jogo Mick Gordon divulgou um comunicado condenando a guerra e também doando sua taxa do projeto para o apelo da Crise da Cruz Vermelha na Ucrânia.

Recepção

O Atomic Heart recebeu críticas "geralmente favoráveis" para a versão para Windows, enquanto as versões para Xbox Series X/S e PlayStation 5 receberam críticas "mistas ou médias", de acordo com o agregador de análises Metacritic.

IGN deu 8 de 10, dizendo "Atomic Heart é uma tentativa altamente imaginativa, inspirada no atompunk, de continuar de onde BioShock parou.." A PC Gamer deu uma pontuação de 78, afirmando que o jogo é "Um belo, imperfeito e profundamente estranho Westworld soviético.."

Outros críticos apontaram que Atomic Heart tenta capturar muitos temas sem ser capaz de desenvolver cada tema suficientemente, resultando em um jogo que inicialmente cria uma forte impressão, mas desmorona à medida que continua.

Referências

Ligações externas

  (em inglês)

Jogos eletrônicos de 2023
Jogos eletrônicos de tiro
Jogos eletrônicos com Unreal Engine
Jogos para Windows
Jogos para PlayStation 4
Jogos para PlayStation 5
Jogos para Xbox One
Jogos para Xbox Series X e Series S
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos na Rússia

Atomic Heart (jogo eletrônico)


Castle Story es un juego independiente, de estrategia en tiempo real, basado en el sistema de voxel. En desarrollo por parte de Sauropod Studios. El juego fue lanzado el 17 de agosto de 2017, para Windows, Linux y Mac OS X.

Historia
En Castle Story el jugador tiene el control de unos personajes, llamados "Bricktrons", que serán sus trabajadores para obtener recursos, construir castillos y destruir a los enemigos. El reto está en construir tu propio castillo, lo suficientemente seguro como para defenderte de las criaturas que pueblan las islas flotantes y de otros enemigos. El juego tiene lugar en el cielo, en un conjunto de islas flotantes. El motor del juego es el sistema Unity, que añade físicas a todos los objetos, convirtiéndose en destructibles y vulnerables a las físicas.

Desarrollo
Una demostración de 11 minutos fue subida por Sauropod Studios el 24 de diciembre de 2011. El vídeo muestra el funcionamiento básico del juego, aparecen los "Bricktron" unos personajes amarillos que construyen y recolectan minerales. Al final del vídeo demuestran el motor de físicas explotando un castillo.

Una demo del juego fue mostrada el 31 de enero de 2011. En el International Game Developers Association Montréal DemoNight.

El 6 de febrero de 2012 dieron a conocer otro vídeo mostrando los ciclos de día y noche, así como un nuevo recurso, la madera.

Actualmente, a mediados de 2019 todavía no se ha lanzado ninguna actualización a pesar de que el juego sigue en un estado de desarrollo cercano al inicial. Sauropod Studios parece haber abandonado Castle Story en favor de su otro título Mirador.

Versión actual

1.1.10a

Véase también

 Minecraft
 Dwarf Fortress

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de los desarrolladores
 Primera demostración en Youtube
 Comunidad oficial Española
 Foro oficial inglés

Videojuegos independientes
Videojuegos desarrollados en Canadá
Videojuegos de estrategia en tiempo real
Proyectos de Kickstarter
Videojuegos de supervivencia
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

Castle Story


Pedro María Jordán de Urriés y Fuenbuena  (Zaragoza, 13 de octubre de 1770-Lerín, Navarra,  24 de octubre de 1810), III  marqués de Ayerbe, fue un aristócrata español que sirvió en la Real Casa.

Vida y familia

Fue hijo de Pedro Vicente Jordán de Urriés y Pignatelli, II marqués de Ayerbe, y de María Ramona Fuembuena y Monserrat, III marquesa de Lierta. Su padre, Teniente de Granaderos zaragozano, había sido Regidor perpetuo de la ciudad de Zaragoza y luego, ya en la Corte, ocupó un puesto de Capitán de la Reales Guardias Españolas. Ello permite a su hijo Pedro contraer ventajoso matrimonio en 1789 con María Nicolasa de Palafox y Silva, hija del marqués de Ariza, que había sido caballerizo mayor de la Princesa de Asturias María Luisa de Parma.

Recomendado por su suegro y, luego, por su cuñado Ariza, consigue introducirse en el círculo del Príncipe de Asturias Fernando, quien le convierte en uno de sus íntimos amigos.

Su esposa fallece en 1797 y dos años más tarde vuelve a contraer matrimonio con María Juana de Bucarelli y Bucarelli, hija de los condes de Santa Coloma, sobrina de Francisco de Paula Bucarelli y Ursúa y, al fallecer su padre, hereda los títulos familiares.

El rey lo nombra ese año mayordomo mayor de su hijo el príncipe y, desde esa posición interviene activamente en el complot que da lugar al Proceso de El Escorial, siendo absuelto en el mismo. Al ser proclamado rey Fernando VII en marzo de 1808 nombra como su mayordomo mayor al duque de San Carlos, si bien, no es este, sino Ayerbe quien lo acompaña a Bayona y luego, también arrestado,  al Castillo de Valençay. Allí le nombra el rey su nuevo  Mayordomo mayor.

Los franceses tratan de atraérselo a su campo y le liberan bajo la promesa de que irá a España y actuará como agente suyo, pero, tan pronto está en España se fuga y acude a Sevilla, reclamando a la Junta Suprema Central ayuda para liberar al rey cautivo. En la ciudad andaluza polemiza también con el liberal Lorenzo Calvo de Rozas acusándole de traidor.

La Junta le encomienda poner en marcha el plan de liberación, para lo cual viaja junto a Mariano Renovales a Cataluña, Cádiz y Galicia recabando apoyos. Sale a mediados de septiembre de 1810 disfrazado de campesino junto a un capitán igualmente disfrazado hacia Navarra. En Lerín ambos son asaltados por dos guerrilleros que, tras robarles, los asesinan. Años después, y en el lugar donde cayó abatido, su familia mandó colocar un monumento conmemorativo que aún se conserva en un estado bastante aceptable.

Referencias

Bibliografía
  Archivo General de Palacio (AGP). Patrimonio Nacional. Sección Personal

Grandeza de España
Nobles de España del siglo XVIII
Nobles de España del siglo XIX
Mayordomos mayores del rey


Erector spinae er en gruppe af muskler der retter og roterer ryggen.

Struktur
Erector spinae består af en række muskelstrøj der alle sammen har et nogenlunde fælles udspring fra fascia thoracolumbalis og de nærliggende ryghvirvlers torntap, samt os sacrum. Den deler sig i tre tydeligt differentierede muskler omkring starten af brystkassen. Selv efter adskilning er musklerne er de omkringliggende fascier kun delvist adskilt fra hinanden og musklerne fastholder tæt sammenhold igennem det meste af deres forløb.

Musculus spinalis

Den mest mediale muskel i gruppen består af tynde søjler af muskel der forløber fra torntapperne de øverste thorakale hvirvler nedad til torntapperne af T11-L02. Musklens strøj er af varierende længde og de krydser hyppigt hinanden på vej ned mod bækkenet.

Musklen har et intimt forhold med dens nabo, longissimus, som den ofte udifferentierbart sammenløber med langs dens forløb.

Spinalis opdeles hyppigst i to grupper, de thorakale spinalis thoracis og de cervikale spinalis capitis.

Longissimus

Longissimus er det centrale strøj, samt det største i gruppen. Den har en række forskellige segmenter som opdeles efter hvilken højde på kroppen de incererer i.

 Longissimus capitis, som danner en tynd muskelplade forløbende imellem tværtapperne af C03 til T04, samt med en afgrening der insererer på processus mastoideus på tindingebenet.
 Longissimus cervicis, et langt, tyndt muskelstrøj forløbende fra T01 til T05; opad for at inserere på C02 til C06. Under dens forløb snor den sig imellem capitis og thoracis.
 Longissimus thoracis, som i sig selv har to dele. Overordnet set er det en stor muskel med udspring i de lumbale tværtrapper samt fascia thoracolumbalis og insertion i spidserne af de thorakale tværtapper samt costa 9 og 10.

Iliocostalis

Illiocostalis er den mest laterale af musklerne og interaggerer hovedsageligt med ribbenene ved at danne en takket masse muskelstrøj der insererer på disse. Den er også delt op i dele:

 Iliocostalis lumborum, som forløber fra erector spinaes fælles sene nede i lænden og hæfter sig til undersiden af de nederste 6-7 ribben.
 Iliocostalis thoracis, som udspringer fra oversiden af de samme ribben som lumborum insererer på. Den bevæger sig opad og hæfter sig til oversiden af den øverste 6 ribben samt bagsiden af C07's tværtap.
 Iliocostalis cervicis, som udspringer fra ribben 3-6, med insertion på tværtapper af C04-C06.

Træning
Eksempler på øvelser, hvorved erector spinae kan blive styrket for terapeutiske eller atletiske formål, inkluderer blandt andet:
Foroverbøjet ro
Dødløft
Hyperekstension
Good-morning
Pull-up (øvelse)
Rowing
Squat
Utkatasana
Bro (øvelse)

Referencer

Muskelsystemet
Dybe rygmuskler

Erector spinae


IRCA steht für:

Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration, englische Bezeichnung der isländischen Straßenverwaltung Vegagerðin
International Research Center for the Arts an der Kyoto University of Art and Design
IRradiateur de CAdarach, eine Anlage im Cadarache
International Railways of Central America
Immigration Reform and Control Act der Vereinigten Staaten von 1986
 International Register of Certified Auditors, siehe Chartered Quality Institute
Institut royal de la culture amazighe
International Ragdoll Cat Association

Abkürzung

IRCA


Reklam sarmalı, bir reklamcılık kavramıdır. Reklam spirali olarak da bilinir. Özellikle marka planlaması yapılırken, reklam aşamalarının belirlenmesinde kullanılır.

Reklamcılık

Reklam sarmalı


Jacob Johannes Matras (født 29. april 1890 på Viðareiði, død 12. marts 1978) var en færøsk bonde og politiker (SF). Han var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Viðareiðis kommuna 1922–1934, og var en periode også borgmester. Matras var valgt til Lagtinget fra Norðoyar 1928–1932.

Referencer
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 312. (PDF )

Landmænd fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Sjálvstýrisflokkurin
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Personer fra Norderøerne

Jacob Johannes Matras


An Leymus lanatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Sergei Ivanovitsch Korshinsky, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Leymus lanatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leymus

Leymus lanatus


OBJ (oder .obj) ist ein offenes Dateiformat zum Speichern von dreidimensionalen geometrischen Formen. Das von Wavefront Technologies entwickelte Format wird von vielen 3D-Grafikprogrammen unterstützt und ist daher geeignet für die programm- und plattformübergreifende Weitergabe von 3D-Modellen.

Das OBJ-Format speichert geometrische Eigenschaften eines Objekts oder gruppierter Objekte, d. h. Ecken, Textur-Koordinaten, Normalen, Flächen und Glättungen. Optische Materialeigenschaften (z. B. Spiegelung, Transparenz, Glanzlicht usw.) werden in einer separaten Materialdatei definiert, die auch Angaben zu Texturierungen enthalten kann. Die Materialdatei besitzt in der Regel die Dateiendung .mtl (von engl. material template library) und kann in der eigentlichen OBJ-Datei referenziert werden.

Aufbau
 optionaler Kommentar
 ggf. Einbindung des material template library.
 ggf. Objektbenennung
 Liste der Eckpunkte (Vertices)
 Liste der Textur-Koordinaten
 Liste der Normalen
 Beschreibung der Flächen (Mit Gruppierung)
 ggf. Gruppenname für folgende Flächen
 ggf. Name des zu verwendenden Materials
 ggf. Nummer der Glättungsgruppe
 Beschreibung der Flächen

Details
Obj-Dateien werden zeilenweise ausgelesen, jeder Befehl benötigt eine neue Zeile.

Ein gültiger Eckpunkt-Index stimmt mit dem entsprechenden Eckpunktelementen der zuvor definierten Vertexliste überein. Ist der Index positiv, dann bezieht er sich auf die Stelle in der Eckpunktliste, welche mit 1 beginnt. Ist ein Index negativ, dann bezieht er sich auf das Ende der Eckpunktliste. Wobei -1 sich auf den letzten Punkt bezieht.

Oben genannte Befehle:

"# <string Kommentar>" Kennzeichnung eines Kommentars – Alles in derselben Zeile nach der Raute wird ignoriert.
  # Dies ist ein Kommentar
"mtllib <string Path>" Einbindung einer Materialbibliothek – In der Datei beschriebene Materialien sind nun verwendbar.
  mtllib Cube.mtl
"o <string Name>" Benennung des Objekts.
  o CubeIstMeinName
"v <float X> <float Y> <float Z> [ <float W> ]" Beschreibung eines Eckpunktes (engl. vertex).
  v 1.000000 1.000000 -0.999999
"vt <float X> <float Y>" Beschreibung eines Texturkoordinatenpunktes.
  vt 0.500000 0.500000
"vn <float X> <float Y> <float Z>" Beschreibung einer Normale.
  vn 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000
"g <string Name>" Benennung einer Gruppierung (Alle folgenden Flächen werden dieser Gruppierung zugeordnet).
 g HierKommtEinGruppennameHin
"usemtl <string Material_Name>" Alle folgenden Flächen erhalten das in der Materialbibliothek mit diesen definierte Material.
  usemtl DiesesInDerMTLDateiDefinierteMaterialWirdGenutzt
"s <integer Glättungsgruppe>" Alle folgenden Flächen erhalten eine definierte zwischen 1 und 32 liegende Glättungsgruppennummer. Die Kanten nebeneinander liegende Flächen mit derselben Glättungsgruppennummer werden glatt dargestellt (Die Kante zwischen beiden Flächen wird unsichtbar), nebeneinanderliegende Flächen mit unterschiedlicher Glättungsgruppennummer werden normal dargestellt (Die Kante zwischen beiden Flächen wird sichtbar).
  s 32
"s off" Abschaltung der Glättung.
  s off
"f <integer A_V> <integer B_V> <integer C_V>..." Beschreibung einer Fläche. (Möglichkeit 1 – anhand von Eckpunkten)
  f 1 2 3
"f <integer A_V> / <integer A_VT> <integer B_V> / ..." Beschreibung einer Fläche. (Möglichkeit 2 – anhand von Eckpunkten und Texturkoordinaten)
  f 2/1 3/1 4/1
"f <integer A_V> // <integer A_VN> <integer B_V> // ..." Beschreibung einer Fläche. (Möglichkeit 3 – anhand von Eckpunkten und Normalen)
  f 2//1 3//1 4//1
"f <integer A_V> / <integer A_VT> / <integer A_VN> <integer B_V> / ..." Beschreibung einer Fläche. (Möglichkeit 4 – anhand von Eckpunkten, Texturkoordinaten und Normalen)
  f 2/3/1 3/4/1 4/6/1

Zudem können auch noch Grad, Basis Matrix, "Schritt Größe" und anstatt Flächen Linien, Punkte und Kurven beschrieben werden.

Beispiel
 # Blender v2.71 (sub 0) OBJ File:
 # www.blender.org
 mtllib Cube.mtl
 o Cube
 v 1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000
 v 1.000000 -1.000000 1.000000
 v -1.000000 -1.000000 1.000000
 v -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000
 v 1.000000 1.000000 -0.999999
 v 0.999999 1.000000 1.000001
 v -1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
 v -1.000000 1.000000 -1.000000
 vn 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000
 vn 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000
 vn 1.000000 -0.000000 0.000000
 vn -0.000000 -0.000000 1.000000
 vn -1.000000 -0.000000 -0.000000
 vn 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000
 g Cube_Cube_Material
 usemtl Material
 s off
 f 2//1 3//1 4//1
 f 8//2 7//2 6//2
 f 1//3 5//3 6//3
 f 2//4 6//4 7//4
 f 7//5 8//5 4//5
 f 1//6 4//6 8//6
 f 1//1 2//1 4//1
 f 5//2 8//2 6//2
 f 2//3 1//3 6//3
 f 3//4 2//4 7//4
 f 3//5 7//5 4//5
 f 5//6 1//6 8//6

Verwandte Dateiformate
 PLY – Polygon File Format
 STL – Standard Triangulation/Tesselation Language
 OFF – Object File Format
 Collada (.dae)

Weblinks
 Wavefront OBJ File Format Summary. In: Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats. 2nd Edition, lizenziert vom O'Reilly Verlag, bereitgestellt von fileformat.info.
 OBJ-Spezifikation (englisch)
 mtl-Spezifikation (englisch)
 Beispieldateien

Einzelnachweise

Grafikformat
Offenes Format

Wavefront OBJ


Partido Comunista Sírio (Bakdash) (, Al-Hizb Al-Shuyū'ī Al-Sūrī) é um partido comunista da Síria.  Foi formado por Khalid Bakdash e sua facção anti-Perestroika do antigo Partido Comunista Sírio, dissolvido em 1986. Khalid Bakdash liderou o partido até sua morte em 1995, sendo sucedido por sua viúva, Wisal Farha Bakdash. Com o avanço da Guerra Civil Síria, o partido junto de outros membros da Frente Progressista Nacional manteve o apoio ao presidente Bashar al-Assad. Atualmente o secretário-geral é Ammar Bakdash, que sucedeu sua mãe na liderança do partido.

Ligações Externas

 Site oficial (pnf.org.sy)
 Página no Facebook

Política da Síria

Partido Comunista Sírio (Bakdash)


An Lepanthopsis acuminata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Lepanthopsis acuminata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthopsis

Lepanthopsis acuminata


An Mormodes orinocoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerardo A. Salazar ngan Gustavo Adolfo Romero. An Mormodes orinocoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mormodes

Mormodes orinocoensis


بردية برلين هي أحد المصادر الأساسية للرياضيات والطب في مصر القديمة. بما في ذلك أول توثيق معروف بشأن إجراءات اختبار الحمل، تشير إحدى مسألتين الرياضيات الموجودتين في البردية إلى أن المصريين القدماء كانوا يعرفون نظرية فيثاغورس بالإضافة إلى أنها تحتوي على أقدم حل لمعادلة تربيعية.

الوصف والتاريخ والمصدر
بردية برلين رقم 6619 هي وثيقة بردية مصرية قديمة من المملكة المصرية الوسطى، النصف الثاني من الأسرة الثانية عشر (حوالي 1990 - 1800 قبل الميلاد) أو الأسرة الثالثة عشر (حوالي 1800 قبل الميلاد - 1649 قبل الميلاد). نشر هانز شاك شاكينبرج الجزأين المقروئين في عامي 1900 و 1902.

تعتبر أحد الشواهد الباقية التي وصلتنا والتي توضح معرفة المصريين بطرق حل بعض المعادلات التربيعية.

مصادر

أدب طبي
برديات مصرية
رياضيات مصرية
مخطوطات

بردية برلين


Teemu Pukki (n. 29 martie 1990) este un fotbalist finlandez care joacă pe postul de atacant pentru Norwich City și echipa națională a Finlandei.

El și-a început cariera la KTP și s-a transferat la Sevilla în 2008, unde a jucat doar un meci în La Liga pentru prima echipă înainte de a se întoarce în Finlanda la HJK. A jucat apoi în diviziile de top la Schalke 04, Celtic și Brøndby. În 2018 el a semnat cu Norwich City ca jucător liber de contract și a fost numit jucătorul sezonului  2018-2019 de EFL. Pukki și-a făcut debutul la naționala Finlandei în 2009 pentru care a strâns 72 de meciuri, marcând 15 goluri.

Note

Atacanți
Fotbaliști ai lui Celtic
Fotbaliști ai FC Schalke 04
Fotbaliști ai FC Sevilla
Fotbaliști internaționali finlandezi
Fotbaliști finlandezi
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1990

Teemu Pukki


Društvo južnih željeznica ili puno ime Carsko kraljevsko povlašteno društvo južnih željeznica (njem.: Kaiserlich-königliche privilegierte Südbahn-Gesellschaft) je najveće privatno željezničko društvo u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji konstituirano 23. rujna 1858. sa sjedištem u Beču, a kao Društvo južnih željeznica poslovalo je od 18. studenog 1876. Velik udio u njemu imale su Rothschildove banke.

Veliki udio u Društvu južnih željeznica koje su sagradile prvu željezničku prugu u Hrvatskoj je imala dinastija Rothschild.

U početku se zvalo Carsko kraljevsko povlašteno društvo austrijskih južnih lombardijsko-venecijanskih i centralno talijanskih željeznica, a izmjenom statuta 1862. nosi naziv "Carsko kraljevsko povlašteno društvo južnih željeznica" ili kraće "Društvo južnih željeznica".

Imalo je važnu ulogu u prometnom životu Hrvatske, bilo je glavni arbitar u planiranju i izgradnji željezničkih pruga, u vođenju tarifne politike na njima, a izravno i u razvoju pojedinih krajeva i gospodarske djelatnosti. Izgradilo je neke važne pruge u Hrvatskoj (npr. Zagreb – Karlovac, 1865.), posjedovalo najveći broj pruga o kojima je ovisio promet s Trstom i Rijekom (pruge Beč – Trst, Pivka – Rijeka), pa je svojom tarifnom politikom utjecalo na preusmjeravanje prometa iz Mađarske i Hrvatske na tršćansku luku, što je štetilo razvoju Rijeke i Senja. Nakon 1918. pojedine države sljednice Austro-Ugarske otkupile su pruge na svom području (1924.), pa je željezničko poduzeće prestalo postojati, no ono je i dalje postojalo kao pravna osoba.

Povijest
Isprva je obuhvaćalo željeznice u Austriji, Lombardiji, Veneciji, središnjoj Italiji, Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji i drugdje (ukupno 1396 km izgrađenih željezničkih pruga). Planovi za razvoj željezničke mreže bili su veliki pa se u tom trenutku gradilo 1105 km nove željezničke mreže, a projektirano je 632 km novih pruga koje je tek trebalo izgraditi. Bilo je najveće takvo društvo u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji. Koncesiju za uporabu željeznice prvo je dobilo na 20 godina, a potom je koncesija produžena do 1968.

Društvo južnih željeznica imalo je važnu ulogu u željezničkoj povijesti Hrvatske. Bilo je pokretač planiranja i izgradnje željezničkih pruga te je izravno utjecalo na gospodarski razvoj pojedinih krajeva (npr. potaklo je izgradnju hotela Kvarner i razvoj turizma u Opatiji). S druge strane, svojom tarifnom politikom preusmjerilo je promet iz Mađarske i Hrvatske prvo na venecijansku, a potom na tršćansku luku (od 1866.), što je naštetilo razvoju Rijeke i Senja. Društvo je imalo monopol na promet i izgradnju željeznica prema Jadranu. Sukladno tomu, upravljalo je prugama Beč–Trst, Pivka–Rijeka, Divača–Pula. Izgradilo je neke važne pruge u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj: Zidani Most–Zagreb–Sisak, 1862. i Zagreb–Karlovac, 1865. (potonju su otkupile Mađarske državne željeznice 1880.).

Raspadom Austro-Ugarske Monarhije (1918.) društvo se raspalo prema državama sljednicama, koje su otkupile pruge na svom području i međusobno razdijelile vozni park. Austrijski dio poduzeća nacionaliziran je 1923. i od tada rad je nastavilo pod nazivom Društvo željeznica Dunav–Sava–Jadran. Iako više nije djelovalo kao željezničko poduzeće i dalje je postojalo kao pravna osoba. Predstavnici društva su 1942. na Brijunima s Italijom, Njemačkom, Mađarskom i NDH potpisali sporazum kojim je ono gotovo ukinuto, no mirovnim ugovorom 1947. u Parizu taj je sporazum proglašen ništetnim. Jugoslavija je za svoje pruge posljednju ratu odštete isplatila 1967. i od tada prestaju prava Društva južnih željeznica na prugama na njezinu teritoriju. Likvidacija poslovanja započela je 1970., a dovršena je 1982. <LZMK>

Na istarskom je području upravljalo prugom Beč-Trst, koju je pod povoljnim uvjetima kupilo od države, a izgradilo je i Riječku prugu. U početku prometovanja upravljalo je i prugom Divača-Pula. Osobito je zaslužno za razvoj turizma u Opatiji. Direktor Friedrich Schüler izgradio je prvi opatijski hotel Kvarner, a organizirali su i promet vagona za spavanje iz Beča do Rijeke i Pule. Društvo južnih željeznica imalo je monopol na promet i izgradnju željeznica prema Jadranu. Raspadom Austro-Ugarske Monarhije i Društvo se raspalo prema državama sljednicama, ali je nastavilo s radom kao Društvo željeznica Dunav-Sava-Jadran. Na Brijunima su predstavnici Društva s Italijom, Njemačkom, Mađarskom i Nezavisnom Državom Hrvatskom 10. kolovoza 1942. potpisali sporazum kojim su ga gotovo ukinuli. Mirovnim ugovorom 1947. u Parizu taj je sporazum proglašen ništetnim. Jugoslavija je za pruge na svom teritoriju morala platiti odštetu, a posljednja je rata bila plaćena 1. siječnja 1967. i od tada prestaju prava Društva južnih željeznica na tim prugama.

Izvori

Željezničke tvrtke

Društvo južnih željeznica


La Puerta de Jaffa (, Sha'ar Yaffo), Puerta del Amigo (Jalil en árabe, que significa Hebrón) o Puerta de la Torre de David es una antigua entrada de la fortificación de la Ciudad Vieja de Jerusalén. Se trata de la única puerta abierta en el lado occidental de la Ciudad Vieja y es también el lugar donde se unen los caminos a Jaffa y Hebrón, lo que le da el nombre tanto en árabe como en hebreo. El nombre en árabe se refiere a Hebrón indirectamente: Puerta del Amigo, en referencia a Abraham (el amigo de Dios), que según la tradición fue enterrado en Hebrón. Justo al lado de la puerta se encuentra el lugar más alto de la Ciudad Antigua, la ciudadela, conocida por el nombre Torre de David, que alberga un museo.

Los otomanos perforaron una entrada en la parte derecha de la muralla para permitir el paso del cortejo oficial del emperador Guillermo II en 1898. En 1917 el general Edmund Allenby realizó su entrada oficial por la puerta de Jaffa. La puerta tenía montada una "Torre del Reloj" entre 1908 y 1917, que desmontaron los británicos, así como todas las construcciones que se encontraban delante de las murallas. La puerta de Jaffa, al igual que toda la Ciudad Vieja, fue conquistada por Jordania en la Guerra del 48, luego conquistada por Israel en la Guerra de los Seis Días en 1967. El patriarcado latino de Jerusalén se encuentra justo al lado.

Arquitectura

Al igual que la piedra utilizada para el resto de la muralla de la Ciudad Antigua, las piedras de la puerta de Jaffa son de gran tamaño, talladas y con bloques de color arena. La entrada tiene una altura de unos 8 metros y la muralla 20 metros más.

Torre de David / la Ciudadela
La Torre de David (en hebreo: מגדל דוד, Migdal David, en árabe: برج داود, Burj Daud) es una antigua ciudadela situada cerca de la puerta de Jaffa.

Se construyó para reforzar un punto débil para la defensa estratégica de la villa, la ciudadela actual se encuentra en una fortaleza construida en el siglo II a.C.. destruida para ser reconstruida sucesivamente por los cristianos, musulmanes, mamelucos y otomanos, todos ellos conquistadores de Jerusalén. Contiene importantes vestigios arqueológicos de una antigüedad de hasta 2700 años y es un sitio popular para eventos benéficos, muestras de artesanía, conciertos y espectáculos de luz y sonido.

Kilómetro cero de Israel
A partir del  se utilizó el muro junto a la puerta de Jaffa como kilómetro cero. Durante el mandato británico se instaló un puesto elevado para un guardia de tráfico, donde estaba la apertura que crearon otomanos para el paso del emperador Guillermo II. Ese punto se eligió como referencia para medir la distancia a otras localidades desde Jerusalén.

Pabellón Bezalel
El pabellón Bezalel, junto a la puerta de Jaffa, era una estructura de madera con un techo de zinc que se construyó en la parte exterior de los muros para albergar un taller y una exposición de productos de la Academia Bezalel de Arte y Diseño. El pabellón fue destruido 6 años después de su creación.

Torre del Reloj
En 1907 los habitantes de Jerusalén construyeron una torre con un reloj sobre la puerta de Jaffa. Esta fue una de las 100 que se construyeron en el Imperio Otomano como conmemoración de los 25 años de reinado del sultán Abdul Hamid II. La torre sólo duró una década, dado que fue destruida por los británicos cuando conquistaron la ciudad. La construcción de la puerta costó aprox. 20.000 francos y tardó 5 años dada la dificultad para recaudar fondos entre los pobres habitantes del barrio. Israel sólo tiene siete torres que se construyeron en Safed, Acre, Haifa, Nazaret, Nablus, Jerusalén y la famosa Torre de Jaffa. El hecho de que se seleccionara esta puerta para la construcción de la torre es muestra de su importancia en su época, mayor incluso que la puerta de Damasco.

La Torre del Reloj se construyó en piedra caliza extraída de una cueva cerca de Sedequías. Tenía una altura de 13 pies con cuatro relojes, uno en cada dirección del viento. El reloj occidental y oriental mostraban la hora habitual ("zona europea"), mientras que los otros dos relojes mostraban la hora local ("zona temporal"). Se añadieron más relojes a modo de decoración en la campana, junto a los símbolos de la dominación otomana, la luna crecienta y la estrella.

Fuente turco-otomana
En la entrada de la puerta, cerca del pabellón Bezalel se creó una fuente ("sebil") por orden del sultán.

Imágenes históricas

Panorama

Enlaces externos

 Murallas y Puertas de Jerusalén
 Jerusalén Intramuros

Jaffa

Puerta de Jaffa


Vaalermoor er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Schenefeld i den nordvestlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Vaalermoor ligger omkring 12 km vest for Itzehoe. Få kilometer mod vest løber Kielerkanalen, mod nordvest går Bundesstraße B431 fra Itzehoe mod Heide.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Vaalermoor


جسر أنتيوك جسر يقع في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وهو يصل بين مدينتي أنتيوك ومقاطعة ساكرامينتو.

مراجع

أنتيوك
جسور اكتملت في سنة 1930
جسور اكتملت في سنة 1978
جسور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
جسور طرقات في كاليفورنيا
جسور عبور برسوم في كاليفورنيا
جسور في مقاطعة ساكرامينتو (كاليفورنيا)
جسور في مقاطعة كونترا كوستا (كاليفورنيا)
جسور في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
خليج سان فرانسيسكو

جسر أنتيوك


Anomaloglossus breweri es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Aromobatidae. Esta especie fue descubierta por un grupo de científicos mientras exploraban el inaccesible y remoto tepuy Aprada al sur de Venezuela. La rana está llamada en honor a su identificador, Charles Brewer-Carías.

Los científicos distinguieron A. breweri de especies similares por su particular patrón de piel, con ausencia de franjas en los dedos, las características de su lengua, y la coloración amarilla y naranja en su parte inferior.

Es una rana de movimientos rápidos que vive cerca de quebradas y en pozass tranquilas a lo largo de torrentes que fluyen por las vías inclinadas de las cuevas del tepuy.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

breweri

Anomaloglossus breweri


Partidul Laburist se poate referi la:

Partidul Laburist (Regatul Unit)
Partidul Laburist (Australia)
Partidul Laburist (Israel)
Partidul Laburist al Insulelor Solomon

Vezi și
 Partidul Muncii (Republica Moldova)
 Partidul Muncii din Israel
 Partidul Muncitoresc Albanez
 Partidul Muncitoresc German
  Partidul Muncitoresc German Național-Socialist
 Partidul Muncitoresc Norvegian
 Partidul Muncitoresc Polonez
 Partidul Muncitoresc Român
 Partidul Muncitoresc Unit Polonez
 Partidul Muncitorilor din Kurdistan
 Partidul Social-Democrat al Muncii din Rusia
 Partidul Socialist al Muncii

Partidul Laburist


Stephen Noteboom (* 31. Juli 1969 in Geldrop, Nordbrabant) ist ein ehemaliger niederländischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Noteboom begann im Alter von sechs Jahren mit dem Tennissport. Zwischen 1987 und 1991 besuchte er die Florida State University, im darauf folgenden Jahr wurde er Tennisprofi. 1993 gewann er zwei Doppeltitel auf der ATP Challenger Tour. Zusammen mit seinem Landsmann Fernon Wibier erhielt er 1994 eine Wildcard für das ATP Turnier in Rosmalen, welches sie völlig unerwartet gewinnen konnten. Seinen zweiten und letzten ATP-Doppeltitel errang er 1996 in München. Auf der ATP Challenger Tour gewann er im Laufe seiner Karriere zudem insgesamt sieben Doppeltitel. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennis-Weltrangliste erreichte er 1993 mit Position 333 im Einzel sowie 1997 mit Position 52 im Doppel.

Im Einzel konnte er sich nie für ein Grand-Slam-Turnier qualifizieren. In der Doppelkonkurrenz stand er jeweils in der dritten Runde der Australian Open, der French Open und von Wimbledon. 1995 stand er zudem in der zweiten Runde des Mixed-Wettbewerbs von Wimbledon.

Turniersiege

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Niederlande)
Geboren 1969
Mann
Niederländer

Stephen Noteboom


معركة لونغ تان (18 أغسطس 1966) معركة نشبت أثناء الحرب الفيتنامية في مزرعة شجرِ مطاط قرب مدينة لونغ تان في إقليم فوك توي بجنوب فيتنام، بين فيت كونغ (الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير جنوب فيتنام) ووحدات جيش الشعب الفيتنامي، وبين عناصر «فرقة العمل الأسترالية الأولى». وصلت فرقة العمل الأسترالية الأولى بين إبريل ويونيو 1966، وأَسَّست قاعدة في نوي دات.

كانت استخبارات الإشارات الأسترالية قد تتبعت الفوج 275 التابع لجيش الشعب الفيتنامي وهو يتحرك إلى مركز قرب شمال لونغ تان. بحلول 16 أغسطس كان جيش الشعب الفيتنامي متركِّزًا قرب لونغ تان خارج نطاق مدفعية نوي دات. وفي مساء 16-17 أغسطس هاجمت مدافع الهاون والبنادق العديمة الارتداد منطقة نوي دات من على بعد كيلومترين (1.2 أميال) شرقًا، مدمِّرة القاعدة ومُسقِطةً 24 مصابًا وقتيلًا واحدًا، قبل أن تضطرها النيران المضادة للمدفعية إلى التوقف. في الصباح التالي خرجت «سرية بي» والكتيبة السادسة والفوج الأسترالي الملكي السادس من نوي دات لتحديد مواقع إطلاق النار واتجاه انسحاب العدو، وعُثر على وهدات أسلحة، منها وهدات مدافع هاون وبنادق عديمة الارتداد. وفي منتصف 18 أغسطس اشتبكت سرية دي مع الجيش الفيتنامي. وجدت سرية دي أنها تواجه قوة أكبر، فطلبت دعم القوة المدفعية أثناء الأمطار الموسمية. وتبع ذلك قتال عنيف حينما حاولت فيت كونغ والجيش الفيتنامي تطويق الأستراليين والقضاء عليهم. وبعد عدة ساعات وصلت مروحيتان «يو إتش-1 إركويس» من الأسطول التاسع «للقوات الجوية الملكية الأسترالية» لتموينهم. ثم بدعم نيران المدفعية صَدت سرية دي هجومًا فوجيًّا، قبل أن تغيثهم قوات فرسان ومشاة من نوي دات قبل حلول المساء. انسحبت القوات الأسترالية لإجلاء مصابيها، واتخذت في المساء موقعًا دفاعيًا. وفي اليوم اللاحق اجتاحت القوات الأسترالية المنطقة، وإن كانت قوات فيت كونغ وجيش الشعب الفيتنامي قد انسحبت. انتهت العملية في 21 أغسطس. في البداية ظنت فرقة العمل الأسترالية الأولى أنها انهزمت، لكن لاحقًا رؤي انتصار في عرقلة قوات الجيش الفيتنامي وفيت كونغ عن التحرك ضد نوي دات.

كانت نتيجة المعركة عند الفوج 275 التابع للجيش مختلفةً عنها عند كتيبة دي 445 التابعة لفيت كونغ. رأتها كتيبة دي 445 انتصارًا، فقد كان الهدف من قصف المدافع في البداية جرّ وحدات الفوج الأسترالي الملكي إلى كمين، وبنجاح الكمين الأولي واحتفاظ الكتيبة بمركزها حتى اليوم التالي، كان هذا انتصارًا سياسيًّا، إذ أمَّنت المناطق المحيطة بقرية لونغ تان. وأما الفوج 275 فرأى أنه خسر إذ فشل في القضاء على السرية كلها، لكنه في الوقت نفسه رأى أنه أحرز انتصار سياسيًّا إذ فَرض الانسحاب حتى الصباح التالي، وزاد دعم شعب فوك توي له. وأما كون المعركة أضعفت الفوج 275 فمَحل نظر، لأنه بعد أسبوع واحد شن هجومًا على الفرقة الثامنة عشر التابعة للجيش الجمهوري الفيتنامي. ومحل نظر أيضًا تأثير المعركة في القدرة القتالية لكتيبة دي 445، إذ أُعيد نشرها بعد شهر واحد ضد فرقة عمل الفوج الفرساني المدرع الحادي عشر.

مراجع

فيتنام في 1966
أحداث أغسطس 1966
حروب فيتنام
معارك حرب فيتنام تشمل أستراليا
معارك حرب فيتنام تشمل الولايات المتحدة
معارك حرب فيتنام تشمل نيوزيلندا
معارك فيتنام
معارك وعمليات حرب فيتنام 1966
نزاعات في 1966
تاريخ محافظة با ريا فنغ تاو

معركة لونج تان


L'Observatoire de Saint-Pétersbourg, ou Observatoire astronomique de l'Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg est l'un des premiers observatoires astronomiques de Russie. Fondé en 1725 dans les étages supérieurs de la Kunstkamera, il est inauguré en 1735.

Histoire

Ayant visité l'observatoire de Greenwich dès 1698, le tsar Pierre le Grand qui décide de la fondation de l'Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg en 1724 et dote en même temps cette institution d'un observatoire. Occupant trois étages dans une tour octogonale au sommet de l'édifice construit pour l'académie, l'observatoire est d'abord dirigé par Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, astronome français qui arrive en 1726, accompagné de son frère Louis Delisle de la Croyère et d'un artiste nommé Vignon. En 1734, un second astronome, Gottfried Heinsius, de Leipzig, est appelé à Saint-Pétersbourg.

En 1738, Johann Friedrich Weidler donne la liste des instruments dont est doté l'observatoire, dont une ligne méridienne, un sextant mural de  de rayon, une lunette des passages, trois télescopes newtoniens, un sextant mobile, plusieurs pendules fabriquées à Paris et à Londres, deux globes de trois pieds de diamètres, deux lunettes de Giuseppe Campani de 15 et 25 pieds de longueur, une machine parallactique avec micromètre, deux quart-de-cercles mobiles, etc. Des instruments météorologiques sont établis sur la galerie extérieure du côté nord.

En , un incendie majeur ravage le bâtiment de l'Académie et l'observatoire est détruit à l'exception des murs. À la même époque, Heinsius puis Delisle quittent l'observatoire, qui sera ensuite dirigé par S.A. Braun et N. Popov. Rénové et équipé de nouveaux instruments, l'observatoire est fonctionnel dès l'année suivante.

L'astronome  en prend bientôt la direction. Il fait l'acquisition d'instruments de grande qualité dont un quart-de-cercle de 8 pieds et un instrument des passages de 5 pieds, tous deux construits par . Mais ces derniers ne sont pas utilisés, car Grichov a fait le projet de déménager l'observatoire pour échapper à la pollution urbaine.

On y observe le transit de Vénus devant le Soleil en 1761. En 1763, la direction de l'observatoires est confiée à Stepan Roumovski, qui y observe le passage de Vénus de 1769. Anders Lexell y travaille aussi à cette époque, de même que Leonhard Euler.

En 1796, l'abbé Henry de Mannheim entre à l'Académie et prend en charge l'observatoire où il installe les instruments de Bird, maintenant obsolètes.

En 1803,  prend la direction de l'observatoire et en modernise les installations. Il peut ainsi fournir de très précises observations des astéroïdes Cérès et Junon.

Tout au long de son histoire, l'observatoire remplit un rôle très important dans l'exploration géographique de l'Empire russe et coordonne notamment de nombreuses expéditions en Sibérie.

En 1827, l'Académie prépare un plan détaillé pour la constructions d'un nouvel observatoire en dehors de la ville. En 1833, l'empereur donne l'ordre de construire le nouvel observatoire de Poulkovo.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Saint-Pétersbourg
Saint-Pétersbourg

Observatoire de Saint-Pétersbourg


එක්සත් ජනපදය වෙත විදේශ ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් ඇතුළුවීම වෙතින් දේශය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම යනු,   2017 ජනවාරි 27 දිනදී එ.ජ. ජනාධිපති ඩොනල්ඩ් ට්‍රම්ප් විසින් අත්සන් තැබුණු සහ විධායක නියෝගය 13769   ලෙසින් ෆෙඩරල් ලේඛනයෙහි ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කෙරුණු  විධායක නියෝගයකි.  මැද පෙරදිග සහ අප්‍රිකාවෙහි රටවල් කිහිපයක ජනයා විසින් එක්සත් ජනපදය වෙත චාරිකාව සහ එය වෙත ආගමනය යන දෙකම එය විසින් සීමා කෙරිණි. එ.ජ. සරණාගත ප්‍රතිග්‍රහණ වැඩසටහන (යූඑස්ආර්ඒපී) දින  120 ක කාලසීමාවක් තුලදී අත්හිටුවීමත්  වීසා බලපත්‍ර තිබීම නොසලකමින් ඉරාකය, ඉරානය, ලිබියාව, සෝමාලියාව, සුඩානය, සහ යේමනය වෙතින් ජනයා ඇතුළුවීම දින  90 ක කාලසීමාවක් තුලදීත් සිරියාව වෙතින් ජනයා ඇතුළුවීම දින නියමයක් නොමැති කාලසීමාවක් තුලදීත් අත්හිටුවීම මෙම නියෝගය විසින් සිදුකෙරිණි.

ජනවාරි 28 දින තුලදී, ඇස්තමේන්තු ගත  සංචාරකයන් 100–200 සංඛ්‍යාවක් එ.ජ. ගුවන්තොටුපොළ වල රඳවා තබා ගැනුණු අතර, සිය ගණනක ජනයා  එ.ජ. වෙත පැමිණීමට නියමිත පියාසැරි තුලට ගොඩවීම වැලැක්විණි. මෙම නියෝගය නිසා ජාත්‍යන්තර විවේචනය එල්ලවුණු අතර, ප්‍රශ්නයට තුඩුදී ඇති රටවල් හත තුලම බහුතර ලෙසින් මුස්ලිම් ජනගහණය පවතින බව සටහන් කරන පුද්ගලයන් විසින් නිව්යෝර්ක් හී  ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළෙහි සහ අනෙකුත් එ.ජ. ගුවන්තොටුපොළ තුලදී විරෝධතාවන් සංවිධානය කෙරිණි. නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම වාරණය කිරීමේ අදහස ඇතිව,  ඩාර්විෂ් එරෙහි ට්‍රම්ප් නමැති නඩුවක් ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් නිදහස් සංගමය (ඒසීඑල්යූ) විසින් ගොනු කෙරිණි.

විධායක නියෝගය 13769


Tahkim, taraflar arasında çıkan uyuşmazlıkların devletin resmi yargı organları yerine, kendileri tarafından belirlenen hakemlerce çözümlendiği bir uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemidir. Kimi görüşlere göre bir alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümü yöntemi olan tahkim, kimilerine göre doğrudan yargısal bir faaliyettir.

Tahkim yargılamasında hakemler iki veya daha fazla tarafın uyuşmazlığını çözmekle sorumludurlar.

Ülkelere göre tahkim

Türkiye
Tarafların tahkime gitme iradesi, uyuşmazlık çıkmadan veya çıktıktan sonra aralarında yaptıkları tahkim anlaşmasına dayanır. Tahkim aslında bir özel hukuk kavramı olmasına rağmen 1999 yılında gerçekleşen Anayasa değişikliğiyle İdare Hukukunda da uygulanmaya başlanmıştır.

Türk hukukuna göre, uyuşmazlığın tahkim yoluyla çözülmesi için, uyuşmazlık konusunun tahkime elverişli olması gerekir. Tarafların üzerinde serbestçe tasarruf edemeyecekleri konuda tahkime gidilemez. Örneğin, bir boşanma davası tahkim yoluyla çözülemez. Tahkim iç tahkim ve uluslararası tahkim olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Eğer bir ilişkide hiçbir yabancı unsur yoksa böyle bir ilişkiden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıklar için uluslararası tahkime gidilemez .

4686 sayılı Milletlerarası Tahkim Kanunu uyarınca sayısı tek olmak kaydıyla, taraflar tahkim yargılamasında hakem sayısını belirlemekte serbesttirler. Hakemlerin sayısı taraflarca kararlaştırılmamışsa üç hakem seçilir.. 4686 sayılı Milletlerarası Tahkim Kanunu'nun uygulanabilmesi için de uyuşmazlık konusunun yabancılık vasfına sahip olması, tarafların farklı devletlerde bulunuyor olması gerekir

Ayrıca bakınız
 Birleşik Hakemler Kurumu
 Spor Tahkim Mahkemesi
 Maldivler Uluslararası Tahkim Merkezi
 Vancouver Denizcilik Hakemleri Birliği

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 ICC Türkiye
 Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümleri Derneği
 Türk Tahkim Sitesi
 International Chamber of Commerce - ICC
 American Arbitration Association - AAA
 Chartered Institute of Arbitrators

Uyuşmazlık çözümleme
Özel hukuk
Medeni usul hukuku
Hukukî prosedür
Hukuk terimleri
Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Tahkim


Nowhere Man er en kortfilm fra 2008 instrueret af Sune Lykke Albinus efter manuskript af Sune Lykke Albinus, Eva Maria H. Lund.

Handling
En film om, hvor umuligt det er at modtage kærlighed fra andre, når man ikke selv tror på, at man fortjener den. Det har været vigtigt for os, at skildre en generation på godt og ondt og være ærlig omkring begge dele.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008

Nowhere Man


غينارو ييزو  (مواليد 8 يونيو 1973 في كاستيلاماري دي ستابيا - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى نابولي الإيطالي منذ 2006 في مركز حارس مرمى .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من محافظة نابولي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو نابولي
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
مواليد 1973
مواليد في كاستيلاماري دي ستابيا
لاعبو نادي أفيلينو
لاعبو نادي يوفيا ستابيا الرياضي
لاعبو جمعية نوسرينا الرياضية للشباب
لاعبو كرة قدم من كامبانيا

غينارو ييزو


Vincent Voiture (født 23. februar 1597 i Amiens, død 26. maj 1648 i Paris) var en fransk forfatter.

Voiture, der var søn af en vinhandler, studerede i Paris og fik trods sin borgerlige herkomst indpas i de fineste kredse i kraft af sit vid og sine muntre indfald. Han blev fremragende medlem af Hôtel-de-Rambouilletsalonen og tjente først hertug Gaston af Orléans, senere Richelieu, til sidst kongen selv. I deres tjeneste foretog han rejser til Spanien og Italien og skrev derfra breve hjem til Paris og fra Paris breve til venner, der drog i felten eller i diplomatisk mission. I levende livet fik Voiture intet udgivet, han brød sig alene om at glimre i selskabslivet, at være galant, frivol og spirituel til salonbrug, at improvisere sonetter og epigrammer, rondeaux og madrigaler over døgnets små intriger og pointer. Heller ikke hans breve er betydelige af indhold, men udtryksmåden spiller i en let kauserende og smidig form og opdyrker sproget til en yndefuld og behændig udtryksfinhed, der indvarsler den kommende tids, særlig Voltaires, glimrende prosa. Først efter hans død samledes hans Œuvres af hans nevø Martin Pinchêne (1650). Senere udgaver skyldes Abdolonyme Ubicini (1855), Amédée Roux (1856) og Octave Uzanne (1880).

Kilder

  af Sophus Michaëlis

Digtere fra Frankrig
Fransksprogede forfattere
Franskmænd i 1600-tallet
Personer fra Amiens

Vincent Voiture


Tindisch ist die Sprache der Einwohner von Tindi. Sie wird von etwa 5.000–6.000 Menschen in mehreren Aulen (Dörfern) des Rajons Zumada im westlichen Bergdagestan nahe Georgien und Tschetschenien gesprochen: in Tindi, Angida, Aknada, Etscheda und Tissi.

Es gibt keine Selbstbezeichnung der Sprecher für ihre Sprache; die Einwohner nennen sich nach ihrem jeweiligen Aul. Die Tindisch-Sprecher sind alle zweisprachig und beherrschen neben Tindisch auch Awarisch. Es wurde ein Alphabet auf der Grundlage des Kyrillischen ausgearbeitet.

Weblinks

 Wörterbuch Tindisch-Russisch
 Karte der kleinen Ando-Awaro-Didoischen Sprachen im Westen Dagestans, Tindisch: 9.

Nordostkaukasische Sprachen

Tindische Sprache


Taiki Nakashima (født 17. januar 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Blaublitz Akita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Taiki Nakashima