Palmiro Michele Nicola Togliatti (; 26 March 1893 – 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of Italy's Communist party for nearly forty years, from 1927 until his death. Born into a middle-class family, Togliatti received an education in law at the University of Turin, later served as an officer and was wounded in World War I, and became a tutor. Described as "severe in approach but extremely popular among the Communist base" and "a hero of his time, capable of courageous personal feats", his supporters gave him the nickname  ("The Best"). In 1930, Togliatti renounced Italian citizenship, and he became a citizen of the Soviet Union. Upon his death, Togliatti had a Soviet city named after him. Considered one of the founding fathers of the Italian Republic, he led Italy's Communist party from a few thousand members in 1943 to two million members in 1946.

Born in Genoa but culturally formed in Turin during the first decades of the 1900s, when the first Fiat workshops were built and the Italian labour movement began its battles, Togliatti's history is linked to that of Lingotto. He helped launch the left-wing weekly L'Ordine Nuovo in 1919, and he was the editor of Il Comunista starting in 1922. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d'Italia, PCd'I), which was founded as the result of a split from the Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI) in 1921. In 1926, the PCd'I was made illegal, alongside the other parties, by Benito Mussolini's government. Togliatti was able to avoid the destiny of many of his fellow party members who were arrested only because he was in Moscow at the time.

From 1927 until his death, Togliatti was the secretary and leader of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI), except for the period from 1934 to 1938, during which he served as representative to the Comintern, the international organisation of Communist parties, earning the il giurista del Comintern ("The Jurist of Comintern") nickname from Leon Trotsky. After the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 and the formation of the Cominform in 1947, Togliatti refused the post of secretary-general, offered to him directly by Joseph Stalin in 1951, preferring to remain at the head of the PCI, which was by now a mass-based party, the largest Communist party in western Europe. His relations to Moscow were a continuing subject of scholarly and political debate after his death.

From 1944 to 1945, Togliatti held the post of Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, and he was appointed Italian Minister of Justice from 1945 to 1946 in the governments that ruled Italy after the fall of Fascism. He was also a member of the Constituent Assembly of Italy. Togliatti inaugurated the PCI's peaceful and national road to socialism, or the "Italian Road to Socialism", the realisation of the communist project through democracy, repudiating the use of violence and applying the Italian Constitution in all its parts, a strategy that some date back to Antonio Gramsci, and that would since be the leitmotiv of the party's history; after his death, it helped to further the liberalisation among Communist parties and countries. He was the first Italian Communist to appear in television debates. Togliatti survived an assassination attempt in 1948, a car accident in 1950, and he died in 1964 during a holiday in Crimea on the Black Sea.

Early life and family
Togliatti was born in Genoa into a middle-class family, the third son of two elementary school teachers. His father Antonio was also an accountant in the public administration, while his mother Teresa Vitale was a teacher. His father's job forced the Togliattis to move frequently to different cities. Before his birth, they moved from Turin to Genoa. He was named Palmiro because he was born on Palm Sunday; Togliatti's parents were observant Roman Catholics. Togliatti had one sister, Maria Cristina, and two brothers, Enrico and Eugenio Giuseppe. Eugenio Giuseppe Togliatti became a mathematician and discovered Togliatti surfaces.

Education and military service
In 1908, Togliatti studied at the "Azuni" classics high school (classical lyceum) in Sassari, where he was recognised as the best student in the school. After a series of studies concluded with an average of 30, the highest vote, Togliatti graduated in November 1915 with the thesis Il regime doganale delle colonie ("The Customs Regime of the Colonies"), which was discussed with Luigi Einaudi. He also enrolled in the faculty of letters and philosophy. When his father died on 21 January 1911 of cancer, his family ended up in poverty; it was only thanks to a scholarship that Togliatti was able to graduate from the University of Turin with a degree in law in 1917. In 1914, Togliatti had entered politics by joining the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) prior to the First World War, but his studies prevented him from taking part in the party's daily life. The war and then political activity prevented him from obtaining a second degree: he dedicated himself to politics in 1923.

At the outbreak of the First World War, Togliatti declared himself in favour Italy's intervention on the side of the Entente powers, a minority view among socialists who distinguished, in the words of Battista Santhià, "between the imperialist war and the just national claims against the old imperialisms; they did not consider it right that some Italian provinces should remain under the dominion of a foreign state, moreover a reactionary one." According to Togliatti's brother Eugenio Giuseppe, Togliatti and Antonio Gramsci were "both hypercritical of the government's neutralist attitude and harshly anti-Giolittians".

The precise intellectual path of the young Togliatti is not clear. In the cultural climate of those years, the neo-idealistic and Hegelian currents were prevailing, and they ranged from the teaching of Benedetto Croce to the most exasperated expressions of nationalism and spiritualism. Togliatti would always declare that he remained a stranger to the latter; it is certain that Croce in particular, then La Voce of Giuseppe Prezzolini and Giovanni Papini, and Gaetano Salvemini and Romain Rolland had no small part in his youthful formation. The first approach to Marxism would have occurred all through the writings of Antonio Labriola; the decisive elements that led Togliatti to Marxist socialism were his friendship with Gramsci and the concrete social reality of Turin, which saw the development of a strong and organised workers' movement.

Initially permanently discharged from military service due to physical incapacity (a severe short-sightedness), Togliatti served as a volunteer army officer during the war, and he was later wounded in action and sent home to recuperate. In 1915, he had volunteered for the Red Cross, serving in various hospitals, including at the front. Meanwhile, wartime needs led the military commands to review the enlistment criteria, so he was declared able and enlisted in 1916; he was assigned to the 54th Infantry Regiment and then moved, at his request, to the 2nd Alpini Regiment. In 1917, Togliatti was admitted to the official cadet course in Caserta; he passed it but did not obtain the appointment as an officer due to a serious pleurisy that had occurred in the meantime. He gained the rank of caporale maggiore (major caporal) in health care, and he was discharged in December 1918 at the end of a long leave.

L'Ordine Nuovo
Returning at the end of the conflict, Togliatti was a part of the group around Gramsci's L'Ordine Nuovo paper in Turin, while working as a tutor. Like the other founders of L'Ordine Nuovo, Togliatti was an admirer of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and strongly supported the immediate creation of soviets in Italy. He believed that existing factory councils of workers could be strengthened so that they could become the basis of a communist revolution. Initially, the newspaper, which was founded with union backing, focused on cultural politics. In June 1919, the month following its founding, Gramsci and Togliatti pushed out Angelo Tasca and re-focused as a revolutionary voice. The newspaper reached a circulation of 6,000 by the end of the year and its reputation was heightened by its support of the April 1920 general strike, while the PSI and the affiliated General Confederation of Labour did not support it. On 1 January 1921, the paper began to be published daily.

Like Gramsci, Togliatti took an interest in association football, which was becoming a sport with massive following, and was said to have been a supporter of Juventus, as were other notable communist and left-wing leaders. Allegedly, Togliatti used to ask Pietro Secchia every Monday morning (according to others, the interlocutor was Luigi Longo) what Juventus had done the day before; if the interlocutor did not have an answer, Togliatti was said to reply: "And you, do you expect to make the revolution without knowing the results of Juventus?" Some alleged that "What did Juventus do?" was the first question Togliatti had asked upon awakening after his assassination attempt on 14 July 1948. That same year, he had been pictured at the stadium with Gianni Agnelli.

Communist Party of Italy
Togliatti was a member of the communist faction within the PSI, which was part of the Communist International, commonly known as the Comintern. On 21 January 1921, following a split in the PSI on their 17th Congress in Livorno, he was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I). The PCd'I was formed by L'Ordine Nuovo group led by Gramsci and the culturalist faction led by Angelo Tasca.

In the 1921 Italian general election held on 15 May, the PSI suffered losses but remained the largest party, while the PCd'I achieved 4.61% of the votes and 15 seats. In 1923, some members of the party were arrested and put on trial for alleged conspiracy against the state. This allowed the intense activity of the Comintern to deprive the party's left-wing of authority and give control to the minority centre, which had aligned with Moscow. In 1924 and 1925, the Comintern began a campaign of Bolshevisation that forced each party to conform to the discipline and orders of Moscow.

The policy of Bolshevisation moved Gramsci to write a letter in 1926 to the Comintern in which he deplored the opposition led by Leon Trotsky but also underlined some presumed faults of Joseph Stalin. Togliatti, who was in Moscow as a representative of the party, received the letter, opened it, read it, and decided not to deliver it. This caused a difficult conflict between Gramsci and Togliatti, one that they never completely resolved. According to the journalists Mario Pendinelli e Marcello Sorgi, Togliatti did this because he was aware that Gramsci's hegemony and war of maneuver theories contrasted with Stalin's Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy; he kept the letter along with Gramsci's  Prison Notebooks and gave them to a journalist.

Fascist regime

In October 1922, Benito Mussolini, leader of the National Fascist Party (PNF), took advantage of a general strike by workers and announced his demands to the government to give the PNF political power or face a coup d'état. With no immediate response, a small number of Italian fascists began a long trek across Italy to Rome that was called the March on Rome, and told Italians that they were intending to restore law and order. Mussolini himself did not participate until the very end of the march, with Gabriele d'Annunzio being hailed as leader of the march, until it was revealed that he had been pushed out of a window and severely wounded in a failed assassination attempt. This deprived d'Annunzio of the possibility of leading the coup orchestrated by an organisation he himself had founded. Under the leadership of Mussolini, the Fascists demanded Luigi Facta's resignation as prime minister of Italy and that Mussolini be named prime minister. Although the Italian army was far better armed than the Fascist paramilitaries, the Italian government under Victor Emmanuel III faced a political crisis. The King was forced to choose which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the government: Mussolini's Fascists, or the anti-monarchist PSI. He selected the Fascists and appointed Mussolini as the new prime minister.

Initially, Togliatti minimised the dictatorial aspects of the new Fascist government. In the same year, he said: "The fascist government, which is the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, will have no interest in getting rid of any of the traditional democratic prejudices." Upon taking power, attacks by the Blackshirts on communist militants increased, as did their arrests. In August 1923, Mussolini pushed through the Italian Parliament a new electoral law named after its drafter Giacomo Acerbo, the Acerbo Law, which assigned two-thirds of the seats to the list that had exceeded 25% of the votes. Togliatti wrote that "fascism gained power by dispersing the proletarians aggregates, preventing their unification on any terrain, and cause a unification around it in favour of the bourgeois political groups."

In the 1924 Italian general election, the National List of Mussolini (an alliance with liberals and conservatives) used intimidation tactics, resulting in a landslide victory and a subsequent two-thirds majority, while the CPd'I gained 3.74% of votes and 19 seats. In January 1926, Togliatti co-authored with Gramsci the thesis of the third congress of the PCd'I. Later that same year, the party was banned by the Fascist government, and Amedeo Bordiga and Gramsci were arrested and imprisoned on the island of Ustica. Togliatti was one of few leaders not to be arrested, as he was attending a meeting of the Comintern in Moscow. After Gramsci's arrest, Togliatti became the leader of the party, which moved to Paris.

In the 1930s, Togliatti was able to survive in the Soviet Union, having renounced Italian citizenship for a Soviet one, despite the Great Purge. While in Moscow, he made an analysis on fascism, including its rise in Italy, analysed the rise of fascism in Italy, and he began to construct a strategy that was based on broad alliances of middle-class categories. His partito nuovo (English: New Party), that would come into reality in 1943, had an interclassist dimension and was open to "the demands and mental structures of the middle classes". During World War II, he broadcast messages of resistance to Italy, and he also tried to appeal to fascist rank and file in order for them to join forces with liberal and left-wing anti-fascist elements.

Exile
In 1927, Togliatti was elected as the party's general-secretary in place of Gramsci. In exile during the late 1920s and the 1930s, he organised clandestine meetings of the party at Lyon (1926) and Cologne (1931). In 1927, he took the position of secretary of the party. In 1935, under the nom de guerre, he was named member of the secretariat of the Comintern, and he was later involved in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, he was arrested in France; upon being released, he moved to the Soviet Union and remained there during World War II, broadcasting radio messages on Radio Milano-Libertà to Italy, in which he called for resistance to Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic. While in Moscow, he was accused by critics of not doing enough to help fellow communists and others in Fascist Italy. He was aware that the party's clandestine organisation and resistance to fascism would not have been possible without Soviet support, and it was for this reason that he flattened to Stalinist positions.

In August 1936, the Comintern published a manifesto, titled "For the Salvation of Italy and the Reconciliation of the Italian People", which was allegedly written by Togliatti. It was addressed to "the blackshirt brothers" and appealed for unity between Communists and Fascists. It read: "We Communists have made ours the Fascist programme of 1919, which is a programme of peace, liberty and defence of the interests of the workers. ... The Fascist programme of 1919 has not been realised! Let's struggle united for the realisation of this programme." In March 1941, Togliatti told the Comintern that the strength of Fascism lay not only in violence. He said: "This dictatorship has done something – not just by means of violence. It has done something even for the workers and the young. We cannot deny that the introduction of social security is a fact." Those appeals to fascists were not limited to Togliatti. Giuseppe Di Vittorio wrote a letter to a Fascist union leader. He asked him: "Between communists and fascists in good faith, are there any possibilities of working together, for the well-being of the Italian people and for the progressive march of our country?" The context for those appeals dates back to an August 1936 party meeting in Paris, where Togliatti's brother-in-law Mario Montagnana said: "We must have the courage to say that we do not intend to overthrow fascism... we want to improve fascism today because we can't do more." The aforementioned appeal to the Blackshirts was written by Ruggero Grieco, Togliatti's successor as party leader during his time at the Comintern, and was published in Lo Stato Operaio in August 1936 with the apocryphal signature of Togliatti and all the main Communist leaders. In later years, Togliatti described the manifesto as "a coglioneria".

At the same time, the party and its militants were actively involved in the resistance to Mussolini's regime through clandestine action. They were well prepared for clandestine activity because of the structure of their organisation, and the fact that they had been victims of systematic repression by the authorities; more than three quarters of the political prisoners between 1926 and 1943 were communists. Throughout the dictatorship, the party was able to maintain and feed a clandestine network, distribute propaganda leaflets and newspapers, and infiltrate fascist unions and youth organisations. In 1935, the party led a campaign against the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The party and communist partisans, among others, then went on to play a major role in the Italian resistance movement that led to the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, and Togliatti became a revolutionary constituent and constitutionalist of the Italian Republic, of which he is considered a founding father.

On 15 May 1943, the party changed its official name to the Italian Communist Party. This change was not surprising as PCI started being used as the party's acronym around 1924–1925. This name change also reflected a change in the Comintern's role, as it increasingly became a federation of national Communist parties. This trend accelerated after Vladimir Lenin's death and its new name emphasised the party's shift from an international focus to an Italian one. At the time, it was a hotly contested issue for the two major factions of the party. On one side, the Leninist preferred the single world party as it was internationalist and strongly centralised, while on the other side the Italians wanted a party more tailored to their nation's peculiarities and more autonomy. Togliatti returned to Italy in March 1944, after 18 years of exile in Switzerland, France, Soviet Union, and Spain where, with the cover name of Alfredo, he represented the Comintern in the Garibaldi Brigades during the Spanish Civil War.

Secretary of the Italian Communist Party

Salerno Turn and national unity governments

In 1944, Togliatti returned from Moscow to Italy, and led the renamed Italian Communist Party (PCI) and other political forces to the Svolta di Salerno, variously referred to in English as the Salerno Turn, the Salerno Turning Point, and the U-turn at Salerno, the city where this took place. This was a compromise between anti-fascist parties, the monarchy of Italy, and the then prime minister Pietro Badoglio to set up a government of national unity and to postpone institutional questions. In doing so, he resolved the stall resulted from the Bari's congress back in January 1944. Togliatti also founded a political journal, Rinascita, following his return to Italy in 1944, which he edited until his death.

With the Salerno Turn, the PCI committed to supporting democracy and to abandon the armed struggle for the cause of socialism. In doing so, the U-turn had the effect to have moved the party to the right, in contrast with many demands from within; it also meant the disarmament of those members of the Italian resistance movement that had been organised by the PCI. During the resistance to fascism, the PCI became increasingly popular, as the majority of partisans were communists. The Garibaldi Brigades, promoted by the PCI, were among the more numerous partisan forces.

Starting with the second Badoglio government, the national unity government including the PCI, Togliatti held several positions in the Italian government. From April 1944 to June 1945, he was both a minister without portfolio and Deputy Prime Minister of Italy under Badoglio (April–December 1944) and Ivanoe Bonomi (December 1944–June 1945). From June 1945 to July 1946, he also served as the Italian Minister of Justice under Ferruccio Parri and Alcide De Gasperi. Adversaries not only on an ideological level, Togliatti and De Gasperi proved skilled mediators in a difficult moment for Italy. As the Italian Minister of Justice, Togliatti's pragmatism was put to the test when he approved, not without internal disapproval within the PCI, an amnesty.

The amnesty bearing Togliatti's name was controversial because, in addition to partisans, who were in less numbers compared to the fascists and their collaborators in terms of crimes, pardoned and reduced sentences for Italian fascists, excluding the most grave crimes, as well as those committed by high-ranking officials and crimes committed for material gain or carried out with excessive cruelty but did not include rape or sexual torture, which were still pardonable. The amnesty was considered necessary both for the unity of the country and for the rebuilding of the Italian nation after the war.

The result of the final draft for the amnesty law-decree was a compromise between the PCI, which wanted to keep the fascists imprisoned, and the DC, which wanted the fascists pardoned and accepted an amnesty for partisans as the compromise. In practice, the amnesty, which was supported by Allied Force Headquarters in Italy, led to an increase in prosecution of partisan crimes, while fascist crimes were treated more leniently; fascists and their collaborators benefited far more from the amnesty than imprisoned partisans, who were treated as common criminals. Later less publicised pardons and releases on parole between 1947 and 1953, when Togliatti was no longer the Italian Minister of Justice, further reduced sentences for political crimes committed during the war and turned Italy's amnesty into an amnesia.

Constituent Assembly and 1947 May crisis
At the 1946 Italian general election, which was held at the same time (2 June) as the 1946 Italian institutional referendum won by republican supporters, the PCI was the third political force behind the DC and the PSI, and obtained 19% of the votes and 104 seats in the new Constituent Assembly of Italy, where Togliatti was elected as a member. In 2015, historian Giuseppe Vacca recounted the significant role that Togliatti played in the work of the Constituent Assembly. Togliatti was the only Communist leader to participate in the foundation of a democratic republic according to the canons of a European constitutionalism. In the work of defining the republican Constitution of Italy, Togliatti collaborated with the jurist Giuseppe Dossetti.

On 24 September 1946, Togliatti gave a speech at the municipal theater of Reggio Emilia. In this speech, he argued the historical-political reasons that required the construction of a solid relationship with the middle classes. In doing so, Togliatti placed himself in many respects in the tradition of the Italian socialist movement, whose legacy he openly claimed, while at the same time he defined the originality and modernity of the new party with respect to the old reformism in the capacity to go beyond that particularist and classist system that had pushed the PSI to privilege the reasons of the labourers to the detriment of those of the sharecroppers and small owners, which helped to determine a social fracture in which fascism would have entered. According to Togliatti, the relationship with the middle classes was essential, both for the rooting of the PCI and for the realisation of that pact between producers that was at the heart of the economic policy proposal he launched in August 1946 in l'Unità with an explicit reference to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. This new course and its realisation were considered necessary to permanently overcome the social tensions that had crossed the country and for the success of the Salerno turning point.

In January 1947, Togliatti acknowledged De Gasperi as "the main exponent of the strongest among the popular and democratic parties on which the government will have to be based". In March 1947, in opposition to the dominant line in his own party, Togliatti voted for the inclusion of the Lateran Pacts in the Constitution of Italy, where it became its Article 7. Togliatti said the vote in favour of his party was more due to political responsibility than personal conviction. Communist ministers were evicted during the May 1947 crisis in both Italy and France after United States involvement. The same month also saw the Portella della Ginestra massacre of communist Sicilian peasants on 1 May. As in Italy, the French Communist Party (PCF) was a major party, taking part in the three-parties alliance known as Tripartisme, and became the largest party after scoring 28.26% at the November 1946 French legislative election. As was done by the United States in Italy, Maurice Thorez, head of the PCF, was forced to quit Paul Ramadier's government along with the four other party ministers. The crisis contributed to the start of the Cold War in western Europe. Under Togliatti, the PCI became the largest Communist party in western Europe.

Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt
In his 26 September 1947 speech at the Constituent Assembly calling for his vote of no confidence in the fourth De Gasperi government, Togliatti said: "Our goal is the creation in our country of a free and equal society, in which there is no exploitation by men of other men." In 1948, Togliatti led the PCI in the first democratic election after World War II. The 1948 Italian general election resulted in a loss to Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) after a highly confrontational campaign in which the United States, viewing him as a Cold War enemy, played a large part. Allied with the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front, the coalition achieved 31% of the votes, and the PCI returned 131 deputies to Parliament. Togliatti himself was elected to the country's Chamber of Deputies.

On 14 July 1948, at about 11:40 am, Togliatti was shot three times, being severely wounded by Antonio Pallante, a neo-fascist student, who had strong anti-communist views and was a militant of the Common Man's Front. Togliatti's life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy, with civil war and insurrection implications, which included a general strike called by the Italian General Confederation of Labour, as well as portraits of Togliatti being brought in during the celebration of the storming of the Bastille and a telegram from Stalin. Upon regaining consciousness, Togliatti himself was instrumental in calling for calm and a return to normalcy; from his hospital bed, he reassured his comrades and tried to pacify spirits, averting the danger of an armed insurrection. He preferred the "Italian Road to Socialism" over a violent revolution, and rejected the concept of an internationally-directed movement in favour of one that was both democratically and nationally oriented. Historian Sergio Turone described it as "the most complete and most extensive general strike ever in the history of Italy". In January 2023, it was publicly revealed that Pallante had died on 6 July 2022, aged 98, and that he never regretted the shooting.

1950s and 1960s

On 22 August 1950, a car accident caused Togliatti to crack the frontal bone and fracture a vertebra. As with the 1948 assassination attempt, the event caused an international sensation, and was followed by an investigation, which blamed the accident on "the unacceptable levity of fellow driver Aldo Zaia". At the time, no one was aware that in October 1950 he had lost consciousness and went into a coma; his doctor suspected that Togliatti had been poisoned. Togliatti was saved by brain surgery. During his period of convalescence in a Piedmontese clinic, it was reported that Togliatti had played chess with the Italian senator and fellow party member Cino Moscatelli. In December 1951, within the context of the birth of the Gladio anti-communist organisation, spy microphones were set up in Togliatti's house by the head of the Supervisory Commission, and were intended to also monitor his companion, Nilde Iotti, who was suspected of being in contact with Vatican circles.

Under Togliatti's leadership, the PCI became the second largest party in Italy and the largest non-ruling Communist party in Europe. Although permanently in the opposition at the national level during his lifetime, the party ran many municipalities and held great power at the local and regional level in certain areas. In 1953, Togliatti fought against the Scam Law, an electoral legislation passed by the DC-led majority of the time, which aimed at using first-past-the-post to augment its power. Ultimately, the law was to prove of no use for the government in the elections of that year, where the PCI won 22.6% of the vote and confirmed itself as the first party within the parliamentary opposition and the second biggest party after the DC. It was repealed in July 1954.

Togliatti was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and he remained a member of Parliament until his death in 1964. Despite his close relationship with the Soviet Union, Togliatti's leadership remained unscathed after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, which was in most countries a cause for major conflicts within the political left. He developed a theory of unity in diversity within the Communist parties in all countries, which he outlined in a Rinascita article in December 1961, and named polycentrism.

"Italian Way to Socialism"
After the Khrushchev Thaw in the Soviet Union, Togliatti was inspired by the new set of reforms and launched the party program of the "Italian Way to Socialism". He said: "We are democrats in that we are not only anti-fascists, but socialists and communists. There is no contradiction between democracy and socialism." The new policy proposed by Togliatti was opposed to any revolutionary means of gaining power and aimed at accompanying institutional action with the extension of social and trade union struggles, and supported the concept of peaceful coexistence. During this period, the PCI purged revolutionary and extremist factions opposed to the new openly reformist line. On 15 February 1956, Il Nuovo Corriere della Sera published on the front page a correspondence by Piero Ottone on the five-hour speech with which Khrushchev the previous day explained to the 1,400 Soviet delegates and the leaders of international Communism, including Togliatti and Mauro Scoccimarro, the new strategies of communism. The main points of Khrushchev's speech were the peaceful coexistence between the blocs, the prevention of war, and the forms of transition of the various countries to socialism that, in the words of Ottone, means "the forces of socialism can assert themselves without revolutions, without civil wars, through parliamentary processes", akin to Togliatti's "Italian Way to Socialism" that was first inaugurated with the Salerno turning point and that he reiterated in his speech of response.

In the 1958 Italian general election, the number of votes for the PCI was still on the rise. In the 1963 Italian general election, the PCI gained 25.2% of the votes but again failed to reach a relative majority. Nonetheless, the 1963 election ended the Centrism party system and resulted in the first centre-left government in the history of the Italian Republic, with the PCI giving its first external support, a system of government known as the Organic centre-left. In 1961, Togliatti said: "We are a party that is on the side of those who fight in defense of their freedom." During the early 1960s, Togliatti appealed to the Catholic world. In a 1963 speech in Bergamo, titled "The Destiny of Man", he called for a common front between the religious and communists against consumerism and the commodification of life, and that this opposition must act as a bridge between them. In August 1964, Togliatti went to the Soviet Union and wrote the Yalta Memorandum. Published after his death, Togliatti's memorandum that outlined his political doctrine strengthened the trend toward liberalisation withtin the international Communist movement and Communist governments. Additionally, he made various criticisms of the Soviet leadership, including the perceived slowness with which it was leaving behind the Stalinist legacy. The historian Giuseppe Vacca saw the memorandum as a generalised critique of the Soviet system.

Personal life
From 1924 to 1948, Togliatti was married to fellow party member and politician Rita Montagnana. Until his death, he was in a relationship with Nilde Iotti, also a fellow party member and politician. This relationship was controversial due to the fact that he was already married and the moralistic austerity that distinguished the PCI at the time. Iotti would become the first woman in the history of the Italian Republic to hold by the end of the 1970s one of the three highest offices of the state, namely the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies. Togliatti was a supporter of women's rights, with the Noi donne feminist magazine describing him at his death as "a great supporter of women's emancipation".

Death and funeral

Togliatti died as a result of cerebral haemorrhage, while vacationing with his companion Nilde Iotti in Yalta, then in the Soviet Union. The day before, he had been urgently hospitalised as a result of a stroke, for which he underwent surgery; he was 71. According to some of his collaborators, Togliatti was traveling to the Soviet Union to give his support to Leonid Brezhnev's election as Nikita Khrushchev's successor at the head of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Enrico Berlinguer, his favourite pupil, was later elected as his successor to the National Secretary of the PCI position; Berlinguer's time in office saw the Historic Compromise and the moral question. The news of Togliatti's death was first given by the country's leading agency ANSA. The party's newspaper l'Unità described him as "a great son of the Italian people, a brilliant leader of international communism, a fighter who spent his whole life in a hard and tireless struggle for socialism, for democracy, for peace."

The Soviet Russian city of Stavropol-on-Volga, where Togliatti had been instrumental in establishing the AutoVAZ (Russian: Lada) automobile manufacturing plant in collaboration with Fiat, was renamed after him  (in Russian: Tolyatti) in his honor in 1964, after his death; since 1991, it was renamed Tolyattigrad. One of the main town squares in the Croatian city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) was named after Togliatti while Croatia was part of SFR Yugoslavia, until it was renamed to Jadranski trg (Adriatic Plaza) in 1994. There is still a street in Belgrade named after him (Serbian: ulica Palmira Toljatija). Togliatti's funeral, held on 24 August 1964, was attended by a million and saw much popular participation, comparable to that of Berlinguer years later; about 500,000 people followed Togliatti's coffin making its way in Rome.

A 1972 painining by Renato Guttuso, titled I funerali di Togliatti, was made to recreate the event. The painting includes, in addition to Iotti, Brezhnev, and Berlinguer, notable global Communist movement figures and others whom Guttuso imagines being present at the funeral, such as Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Pablo Picasso, Pablo Neruda, Elio Vittorini, Angela Davis, Antonio Gramsci, Dolores Ibárruri, Anna Kuliscioff, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Curzio Malaparte described Togliatti as the thinking head of Italian Communism.

Legacy
The Salerno Turn anticipated the "Italian Way to Socialism" and the Eurocommunist trend. While its motives have been widely discussed and argued about by scholars, the national peculiarity of the PCI is not limited to Togliatti and is well-founded by the fact that it was a co-founder of the Italian Republic and its constitution, as well as its significant contribution to the resistance against Nazi–fascism and its mass base. The PCI under Togliatti and their attitude towards the Marshall Plan is placed within the context of the Cold War and anti-communism. After orchestrating the fall of the PCI and PSI from government, amid a crisis within the DC and fears that a left-wing coalition would take power, the United States and George Marshall had informed the Italian government that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid, and James Clement Dunn had directly asked Alcide de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI. Additionally, the United States provided support to anti-PCI groups in 1948, and reiterated that should the PCI win, the Marshall Plan and other aids could be terminated. According to one estimate, the United States spent about $10–20 million on anti-communist propaganda and other covert operations, much of it through the Economic Cooperation Administration of the Marshall Plan, and then laundered through individual banks. Fearful of a possible electoral victory for a left-wing coalition, the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court. For their part, the Soviets would fund the PCI until 1984, and the party relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other Communist party supported by Moscow. United States and Soviet interference and funding led to criticism of the other and accusing each other of going too far. United States government sources said that the PCI was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets when their investment in Italy was stated to be $5–6 million; declassified information showed this to be exaggerated.

Liberal and left-wing critics saw Togliatti's policy of the Salerno Turn as an example of frontism, or common front, that was orchestrated by Stalin to conform to his deals with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. In contrast to the long-time held historiography of the PCI, Elena Agarossi and Victor Zaslavsky argue in a revisionist account that Togliatti and the other leaders of the PCI were fundamentally subservient to Stalin, and did their best to promote Soviet interests. They argue that Togliatti was above all a Stalinist, and that he remained one for years after Stalin died in 1953 and the Soviet Union had repudiated much of his legacy. They argue that it was Stalin who ordered Togliatti to play a moderating role in Italian politics because the time was not yet ripe for a showdown with capitalism. Agarossi and Zaslavsky rely not only on Togliatti's papers but those of the Kremlin, especially the highly detailed reports sent in by the Soviet ambassador in Rome. Stalin forced the PCI to reject and work against the Marshall Plan, despite the loss of much support from Italian voters who wanted the American aid. First published in 1997, this view was criticised by Luciano Canfora. Canfora saw the Salerno Turn and 1944 as a rebirth of Italy's Communist party, and said that "the PCI had gradually followed a path which required it, as a historical task, to occupy the space of social democracy in the Italian political panorama." In the words of Franco Lo Piparo, Togliatti's "Italian Road to Socialism" entailed "social democracy using communist rhetoric".

In February 1992, during the electoral campaign for the imminent general election, the historian Franco Andreucci published an incomplete and manipulated version in the weekly news magazine Panorama, the excerpt of a holographic letter from Togliatti (then known as Ercoli, a Soviet citizen since 1930, member of the military commission of the executive committee of the Comintern) from the Moscow archives, in a correspondence sent from Ufa on 15 February 1943 and written in response to a letter from the PCI leader Vincenzo Bianco who asked Togliatti to intercede with the Soviet authorities to avoid death of prisoners of the Italian Army in Russia. The manipulation of some words and phrases of the text in the letter reported in the weekly was discovered only ten days later. Andreucci had corrected a photocopy that came badly and in part incomplete given to him by the historian Friedrich Firsov, dictating it via telephone to the director of Panorama from home of the journalist Francesco Bigazzi, correspondent in Moscow for the newspaper il Giorno, as a result of which he had to resign from the position of consultant held at the publishing house Il Ponte alle Grazie, which, due to the loss of credibility suffered, soon suffered a collapse in sales and was absorbed in 1993 by Edizioni Salani. The political result of the operation was partially achieved, as the attack on Togliatti, in addition to influencing the result of the 1992 Italian general election, also served to put Iotti out of the running from a possible election to the presidency of the Italian Republic.

Electoral history

Bibliography
Togliatti's Italian-language eight-volume collection of works was published by the Rome-publishing house Editori Riuniti. From 1964 to 2019, Togliatti's bibliography included 134 volumes in the most common bibliographic repertoires. Additionally, new biographies of Togliatti continues to be published.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. I, 1917–1926. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1967.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. II, 1926–1929. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. III, 1, 1929–1935. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1973.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. III, 2, 1929–1935. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1973.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. IV, 1, 1935–1944. Edited by Franco Andreucci and Paolo Spriano. 1979.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. IV, 2, 1935–1944. Edited by Franco Andreucci and Paolo Spriano. 1979.
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. V, 1944–1955. Edited by Luciano Gruppi. 1984. .
 Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. VI, 1956–1964. Edited by Luciano Gruppi. 1984. .

See also
 Eugenio Garin
 Galvano Della Volpe
 History of the Italian Republic
 Togliatti amnesty
 Tolyatti, a Russian city named after him

References

External links
 Palmiro Togliatti Archive at Marxists.org
 Lectures on Fascism delivered in 1935 at Internet Archive
 Togliatti on the cover of Time on 5 May 1947
 Palmiro Togliatt. Il Migliore at RAI (in Italian)

1893 births
1964 deaths
20th-century Italian politicians
Bonomi III Cabinet
Burials at Campo Verano
Executive Committee of the Communist International
Exiled Italian politicians
Italian anti-fascists
Italian Comintern people
Italian Communist Party politicians
Italian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Italian magazine founders
Italian Marxists
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian Ministers of Justice
Italian people of the Spanish Civil War
Italian resistance movement members
Marxist theorists
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
Politicians from Genoa

Palmiro Togliatti


Caroline Graham Hansen (født 18. februar 1995) er en norsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for FC Barcelona og Norges landshold. Hun har bl.a. vundet kvindernes Bundesliga med Wolfsburg tre gange og DFB-pokalen fem gange. I 2019 skiftede hun til Barcelona, hvor hun har vundet det spanske mesterskab, Supercopa de España, Copa Catalunya, Copa de la Reina og i 2021 hjalp hun Barcelona med at vinde UEFA Women's Champions League for første gang, da de vandt finalen 4-0 mod Chelsea.

Hæder
Stabæk
 Toppserien: Vinder 2010, 2013
 NM i fodbold for kvinder: Vinder 2011, 2012, 2013

VfL Wolfsburg
 Bundesliga: Vinder 2016–17, 2017-18, 2018-19
 DFB-Pokal: Vinder 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017-18, 2018-19

FC Barcelona
 Primera División: 2019–20, 2020–21
 UEFA Women's Champions League: 2020–21
 Copa Catalunya: 2019
 Supercopa de España: 2020
 Copa de la Reina: 2020

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 NFF Profil
 Stabæk Profil
 Wolfsburg Profil

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Norge
Fodboldspillere fra VfL Wolfsburg (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere fra FC Barcelona Femení
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Norge

Caroline Graham Hansen


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|paíslocal   = Estados Unidos
|resultado   = 3:0''' (1:0)
|visita      = Colombia
|paísvisita  = Colombia
|fecha       = 28 de julio de 2012, 17:00 (UTC+1)
|estadio     = Hampden Park
|ciudad      = Glasgow
|refe        =  Thalia Mitsi, (Grecia)
|asistencia  = 11,313
|goleslocal  = Rapinoe  Wamcach  Lloyd
|reporte     = http://www.london2012.com/football/event/women/match=fbw400g03/index.html
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|local       = Francia
|paíslocal   = Francia
|resultado   = 1:0 (1:0)
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|paísvisita  = Colombia
|fecha       = 31 de julio de 2012, 17:15 (UTC+1)
|estadio     = St James' Park
|ciudad      = Newcastle upon Tyne
|refe        = Quetzalli Alvarado, (México)
|asistencia  = 13,184
|goleslocal  = Elodie Thomis
|reporte     = http://www.london2012.com/football/event/women/match=fbw400g06/index.html
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 Sub-20
 Campeonato Sudamericano Femenino de Fútbol Sub-20

 Resultado final: tercer lugar.

 Sub-17
 Campeonato Sudamericano Femenino de Fútbol Sub-17

 Resultado final: tercer lugar.

 Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol Sub-17

 Resultado final:''' Eliminado en primera fase.

Grupo A

Véase también
 División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano
 Federación Colombiana de Fútbol
 Anexo:Clubes colombianos en torneos internacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial Colfutbol
 Sitio oficial Dimayor
 Entrada de Colombia en FIFA
Colombia 2012 - Rsssf

Temporada 2012 del fútbol colombiano


(1899-1969) est un micropaléontologue français.

Il a créé un enseignement nouveau de micropaléontologie en réponse aux besoins de l'industrie de l'eau et du pétrole, et a subséquemment formé un grand nombre de spécialistes. Il est à l'origine du Centre d'études de micropaléontologie appliquée du C.N.R.S., du laboratoire de micropaléontologie où est enseigné un  cycle, et de la chaire de micropaléontologie.

Biographie

Il naît à Ambleteuse dans le Pas-de-Calais le , dans une famille d'instituteurs. Il passe son enfance en Picardie où il est élève à l'École normale d'instituteurs d'Arras, puis obtient son baccalauréat à Rouen. Il fait des études supérieures à la Sorbonne et obtient sa licence ès sciences naturelles en 1922.

La même année (1922), il est nommé professeur au lycée français du Caire ; il y enseigne jusqu'en 1930 et y est secrétaire général de l'Institut d'Égypte de 1933 à 1938.
Dans le même temps, sur le conseil de ses maîtres Émile Haug et le père Teilhard de Chardin il entreprend un doctorat d'État titré Révision du Nummulitique égyptien (défini à partir des fossiles stratigraphiques de nummulites, le Nummulitique a été renommé Paléogène), qu'il soutient à l'université de Paris en 1930. Ce travail fait encore autorité.

À partir de 1930, il est détaché en qualité de maître de conférences de géologie à l'université du Caire. Il complète ses observations et ses travaux antérieurs. Pour ces recherches, il reçoit en 1938 le Prix Victor-Raulin attribué par l'Académie des sciences.

En 1938 il est nommé chef de travaux de géologie appliquée et chargé de cours d'hydrogéologie à la Sorbonne. Il s'installe à Paris, où il s'occupe de la publication de ses travaux en Égypte et commence à étudier le Nummulitique du bassin parisien, en collaboration avec le professeur Antonin Lanquine.

La guerre arrivant, en 1941 il doit abandonner son poste d'universitaire sur l'ordre du gouvernement de Vichy qui le suspend de ses fonctions en application de la loi antimaçonnique du 11 août 1941.

Il s'établit alors à Dax où la Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA) lui confie la direction de son laboratoire de stratigraphie. En 1942, il organise pour cette société un laboratoire de géologie et micropaléontologie stratigraphique, toujours à Dax ; à partir de cette date, il commence à développer la micropaléontologie et met l'accent sur l'importance de la micropaléontologie en stratigraphie.

À la Libération, il retrouve son poste de chef de travaux au laboratoire de géologie appliquée. Il est nommé maître de conférences en 1947 et professeur titulaire en 1953. Il enseigne aussi à l'École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses de 1939 à 1955, et à l'École nationale supérieure de géologie appliquée de Nancy de 1948 à 1957.

En 1953 il devient conseiller scientifique à la direction générale de la Société nationale des pétroles d'Aquitaine.

Il meurt à Bordeaux le .

Géologue et paléontologue

Cuvillier a créé et longtemps dirigé l'institut de Micropaléontologie à l'université de Paris, où il a formé de nombreux élèves. Sous sa tutelle, l'institut a mis l'accent sur les foraminifères, les ostracodes, les tintinnides, les acritarches, les coccolithes et de nombreux organismes non déterminés.

Cuvillier s'est particulièrement intéressé à la science des microfaciès. Ses œuvres les plus importantes sont Stratigraphie corrélation by microfacies in Western Aquitaine, Foraminifères d'Aquitaine et Des microfaciès du Paléozoique du Sahara.

Il est à l'origine du Centre d'études de micropaléontologie appliquée du C.N.R.S..

En 1955 il crée le laboratoire de micropaléontologie, dans lequel est dispensé un enseignement de 3e cycle.

La chaire de micropaléontologie est créée pour lui.

En 1956 il est président de la Société géologique de France, collaborateur principal au Service de la carte géologique de France.

En 1958, il crée la Revue de micropaléontologie, de diffusion mondiale, publiée par le laboratoire de micropaléontologie de l'Université.

Les collections de Jean Cuvillier contiennent de nombreux assemblages d'algues calcaréeuses du Paléocène de Libye.

Il a dirigé des thèses qui elles aussi ont fait date, comme celle de Vincent Sacal (ou Szakall), Microfaciès du Paléozoïque Saharien.

Sociétés savantes

 président de la Société géologique de France (1956)
 membre honoraire de la Société Géologique de Pologne (1969-)

Publications

 .
 .
 .
 .
 Foraminifères d'Aquitaine
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Hommages
 Prix Victor-Raulin (1938)
 Prix Viquesnel, 1946

Bibliographie

 .

Voir aussi
 micropaléontologie
 microfossiles
 foraminifères
 Liste des chaires de la faculté des sciences de Paris

Liens externes

 .
 .

Notes et références

Géologue français du XXe siècle
Paléontologue français du XXe siècle
Micropaléontologue
Professeur à la faculté des sciences de Paris
Membre de l'Académie des sciences (France)
Naissance dans le Pas-de-Calais
Naissance en février 1899
Décès à Bordeaux
Décès en septembre 1969
Décès à 70 ans

Jean Cuvillier


An Eria bhutanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bajrach. ngan K.K.Shrestha. An Eria bhutanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bhutan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eria

Eria bhutanica


Gökören, Mudurnu - Bolu ili Mudurnu ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökören, Alaca - Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökören, Daday - Kastamonu ili Daday ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökören, Bozova - Şanlıurfa ili Bozova ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Gökören


Die Henschel PJ 600/67 war das Konzept für ein Tiefangriffsflugzeug der Henschel-Werke, das 1941/1942 entworfen wurde.

Beschreibung
Die Konzeptionierung der Henschel PJ 600/67 entwarf Henschel-Chefkonstrukteur Friedrich Nicolaus. Seiner Idee nach sollte die PJ 600/67 als Schlacht- und Tiefangriffsflugzeug fungieren und vornehmlich gegen Seeziele eingesetzt werden. So entstand auf Grundlage der Henschel Hs P 87 ein Flugzeug mit einer Abwurflast bis zu 2000 kg. Als Antrieb waren zwei Pulsstrahltriebwerke vorgesehen.

Die PJ 600/67 wurde ohne Fahrwerk entworfen und sollte mittels Katapult oder Mistelprinzip in die Luft gebracht werden. Die Arbeiten von Henschel gingen schon in die Windkanaltests und danach in die Fertigung eines Versuchsflugzeuges, als das Projekt durch das Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) gestoppt wurde.

Technische Daten

Literatur
 Dieter Herwig, Heinz Rode: Geheimprojekte der Luftwaffe, Band III Schlachtflugzeuge und Kampfzerstörer 1939–1945, Motorbuch-Verlag 2002, ISBN 3-613-02242-7, S. 152.
 Jean-Denis G. G. Lepage: Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935–1945: an illustrated guide, McFarland 2009, ISBN 0-7864-3937-8, S. 290
 Luftwaffe Advanced Aircraft Projects to 1945: Volume 1: Fighters & Ground-Attack Aircraft, Arado to Junkers, Midland Publishing 2006, ISBN 1-85780-240-3
 Walter Schick: Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Fighters 1939–1945, Vol.1, Ian Allan Publishing 2010, ISBN 1-85780-052-4
 David Myhra: Secret Aircraft Designs of the Third Reich, Verlag: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 1998, ISBN 0-7643-0564-6
 Heinz J. Nowarra: Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz 1993, ISBN 3-7637-5464-4

Erdkampfflugzeug
Flugzeugtyp des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Deutsches Reich)
Nicht realisiertes Flugzeugprojekt

Henschel PJ 600/67


Şirk (Arapça: شرك) İslam'da, Allah'a ortak koşma anlamına gelen bir kavramdır. Kur'an'a göre en önemli iman sorunu olan şirk, Allah'a ortak koşmak, Allah'tan başka ilah olduğuna inanmak ve ona tapmak anlamlarına gelir. Şirk eyleminde bulunanlar müşrik olarak isimlendirilir.

Kelamcılar (İslam akaid felsefecileri olan) yaratılmış olanların, Kadir-i Mutlak olan Allah'ın sıfatlarından gaybı bilme, yaratma, alemde tasarruf etme, hidayete erdirme ve saptırma gibi özelliklerin başka insanlara, tanrılara, melek, cin, şeytan ve sâireye atfını şirk olarak nitelendirirler.

Bunun tersi bir kavram olan antropomorfizm ise Allah'a uluhiyete uygun olmayan vasıflar atfedilmesidir. Bu kapsamda kelamcılar Kur'an'da geçen antropomorfik ifadeleri müteşâbihat olarak değerlendirirler. Müteşâbihatın Kur'an'da yer almasının gerekçesi olarak, insanların kullandığı lîsanların, müteşâbih ifâdelerin ötesindeki hakikî anlamları aynen ifâde etmekten âciz olması olarak açıklanır. Müteşâbih kavram Al-i İmran 7 ayetinde şöyle açıklanmaktadır;Sana kitabı indiren O'dur. Onun bir kısım âyetleri muhkemdir, ki bunlar kitabın esasıdır, diğerleri ise müteşâbihtir. Kalplerinde sapma meyli bulunanlar, fitne çıkarmak ve onu te'vil etmek için ondaki müteşâbihlerin peşine düşerler. Hâlbuki onun te'vilini ancak Allah bilir; bir de ilimde yüksek pâyeye erişenler. Derler ki: Ona inandık, hepsi rabbimiz katındandır. Yalnız aklıselim sahipleri düşünüp anlar. (3:7)

Kur'an ayetlerinde şirk kavramı
Kur'an'a göre Allah'a şirk koşmak günahların en büyüğüdür. Kur'an'da bununla ilgili çok âyet vardır. Bunlardan bâzıları:
"De ki: 'Allah doğru söyler. Hepiniz İbrahim'in yoluna tertemiz olarak uyun. O, müşriklerden değildi."
"Onların çoğu şirk koşmadan Allah'a iman etmezler"
"Doğrusu Allah, kendisine ortak koşulmasını asla affetmez. Ondan başkasını ise, dilediği kimseler için bağışlar ve mağfiret buyurur. Her kim Allah'a şirk koşarsa gerçekten pek büyük bir günah ile iftira etmiş olur."
"Allah'la birlikte hahamlarını ve râhiplerini de rabler edindiler. Meryem oğlu Mesih'i de öyle. Oysa kendilerine, tek olan Allah'tan başkasına ibadet etmemeleri emredilmişti. Ondan başka hiçbir ilah yoktur. O, onların ortak koştukları her şeyden uzaktır."
<blockquote>"Oysa yerde ve gökte Allah'tan başka ilahlar olsaydı, yer de gök de bozulup giderdi. Hükümranlığın sahibi olan Allah, onların nitelemelerinden çok yücedir.</blockquote>
"Allah asla evlat edinmedi. O'nun yanı sıra hiçbir tanrı da yoktur. Öyle olsaydı her tanrı kendi yarattıklarını yanına alır ve onlardan biri diğerine üstün gelmeye çalışırdı. Allah o müşriklerin isnat ve nitelendirmelerinden münezzehtir."

 Şirkin çeşitleri
Şirkin çeşitleri konusunda bazı yorumlar yapılmıştır.
Şirk-i Ekber (Büyük şirk):  Allah'ın herhangi bir sıfatını yaratılmışlara vermek büyük şirktir. Yaratmak, Rızık vermek, Şifa vermek, Kanun koymak gibi Allah'ın bir sıfatını başkasına vermek dinden çıkartan amellerdendir.

Şirk-i istiklâl: Birden fazla tanrının varlıklara hükmettiğine inanmaktır. Düalist (İkici) Tanrı anlayışı bu kapsamda değerlendirilir. Zerdüştlük dininde, kâinatta mevcut olan kötülüğün mevcut kılınmış olmasının Tanrı'nın kararıyla olduğunu kabullenmek, Tanrı'nın kusursuzluğunun hilâfını savunmak olarak addedildiği için, kâinattaki kötülüğün ve her türlü zarar verici durumun bir kötülük tanrısı tarafından (Zerdüştlükte Ehrimen) yaratıldığına inanmaktır. Mani dininde de kötülüğün bir kötülük gücü tarafından yaratıldığına, Allah'ın Kâdir-i Mutlak olmadığına inanılıyordu. Zîrâ Allah, Kâdir-i Mutlak olduğunda -kötülüğün mevcut kılınmasının da Allah'ın müsaadesi ve yaratmasıyla olmasını kabullenmedikleri için- kötülük gücünün varlığının devam edebiliyor olması açıklanamazdı. Kuran'da düalist (ikitanrıcı) veya politeist (çoktanrıcı) inançlar aşağıdaki âyetle açıkça reddedilmektedir:
"Allah da şöyle buyurdu: "İki ilâh edinmeyin. O, ancak bir İlâh'dır; onun için yalnız benden korkun."

Şirk-i teb'iz: Tanrı'yı bir bütünün parçası kabul etmektir. Teslis inancı bu kapsamda değerlendirilmiştir.

Şirk-i esbâb: Dışsal etkiyi reddeden, evrensel oluşumları, maddenin ve evrenin kendi iç dinamikleriyle açıklayan anlayış, inananlarca bu kapsamda değerlendirilmiştir.

 Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar
 Sorularla İslamiyet sitesinde "Şirk "
 Sevde'' sitesinde Şirk

İslam akaidi kavramları
İslam mitolojisi
Günahlar

Şirk


Francisco López de Zúñiga y Meneses, 2. Marqués von Baides (* 27. August 1599 in Pedrosa, Asturien, Spanien; † 19. September 1655 auf See vor Cádiz, Spanien) war ein spanischer Offizier, der als Gouverneur von Chile amtierte.

Leben

Herkunft und Karriere in Europa
Francisco López de Zúñiga wurde als Sohn einer Adelsfamilie geboren. Seinem Vater war 1622 von König Philipp IV. der Titel eines Marqués von Baides verliehen worden.

Mit 17 Jahren trat er in die Armee ein. Nach mehr als fünfzehn Jahren in Diensten der Krone in den Kriegen in Flandern und Deutschland ging López 1632 an den spanischen Königshof und verließ den aktiven Militärdienst im Range eines Hauptmannes der Kavallerie. Am 13. Juni 1626 wurde er in den Orden von Santiago aufgenommen.

Karriere in der Neuen Welt
Für seine Verdienste wurde er zum Gouverneur von Santa Cruz de la Sierra im heutigen Peru ernannt. Er übernahm dieses Amt formell am 15. Mai 1635. 1636 heiratete er Maria de Salazar, die Tochter des Oidors von Charcas, die eine Mitgift von fünfzigtausend Pesos in die Ehe brachte. Aus der Ehe ging der Sohn Francisco, 4. Marqués von Baides, hervor.

Im selben Jahr 1636 starben sowohl sein Vater als auch sein älterer Bruder. López wollte nach Europa zurückkehren (bevor er sein Amt im Hochland von Peru faktisch angetreten hatte). Im Oktober 1638 erreichte ihn aber die Ernennung zum Gouverneur von Chile. Also reiste er nach Lima und machte sich mit 326 Mann auf den Weg nach Süden.

Amtszeit als Gouverneur in Chile
Am 20. März 1639 segelte er von Callao an der peruanischen Küste aus und erreichte Anfang Mai 1639 Concepción. Die herbstliche Regenzeit hatte die militärischen Operationen gegen die Indianer zum Halten gebracht und López sandte einen Teil seiner Truppen zur Verstärkung der spanischen Einheiten. Im September hatte das Frühjahr die Wege wieder passierbar gemacht und López erreichte mit seinen Truppen Santiago und nahm dort die Amtsgeschäfte auf.

Die großen Herausforderungen seiner Amtszeit lagen einmal im fortgesetzten Krieg gegen die Ureinwohner, zum anderen in der schweren Armut des Landes, die nicht zuletzt durch die hohen Abgabeforderungen der spanischen Krone (die sich ihrerseits in schweren Finanznöten befand) verursacht war. López setzte sich für eine Minderung der Abgaben ein, hatte aber nur teilweise Erfolg.

Erfolg war ihm bei Friedensbemühungen mit den Indianern beschieden. Zum Jahreswechsel 1640 / 1641 erreichte er den Frieden von Quillín. Der jesuitische Missionar Luis de Valdivia spielte dabei eine tragende Rolle, gegenüber den indianischen Ureinwohnern nicht rein kämpfend, sondern missionierend entgegenzutreten.

Im April 1642 erhielt er die Erlaubnis, nach Europa zurückzukehren. Er beendete seine Amtszeit im Mai 1646 in Concepción, um seinen Nachfolger Martín de Mujica y Buitrón zu empfangen, der dort am 8. Mai 1646 an Land ging.

Rückkehr nach Europa und Tod
Gemeinsam mit seiner Familie segelte er mit der spanischen Flotte am 18. Oktober 1654 von Callao aus Richtung Europa. Am 27. April 1655 verließ die Flotte Cartagenas mit Ziel Havanna. Von dort reisten sie am 24. Juli ab und gelangten am 19. September in die Gewässer bei Cádiz. Dort wurden sie von englischen Schiffen angegriffen, deren Kanonen das Flaggschiff der Flotte, auf dem López sich befand in Brand setzten. López erlag seinen Verletzungen, auch seine Frau starb in dem Gefecht. Die Söhne gerieten in englische Gefangenschaft.

Sein Sohn José trat nach seiner Rückkehr in den Jesuitenorden ein, kehrte später als Missionar nach Chile zurück und starb in Concepción.

Literatur

Gouverneur (Chile)
Militärperson (Spanien)
Markgraf (Spanien)
Spanier
Geboren 1599
Gestorben 1655
Mann

Francisco López de Zúñiga y Meneses


An Tetramicra simplex in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Tetramicra simplex in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tetramicra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cuba. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tetramicra

Tetramicra simplex


مِقْرَاب أَرِسِيبُو الكَاشُوفِي أو مرصد أَرِسِيبُو هو مقراب كاشوفي ضخم خارج عن الخدمة أنشئ في الهضاب قرب أرسيبو، بورتوريكو. يبلغ قطر عاكس المقراب 305م، وتغطيه من الداخل صفائح الألومنيوم. تعكس هذه الصفائح الموجات الراديوية الآتية من الفضاء في الهوائي المُعَلَّق فوق العاكس. تعرض مرصد أرسيبو لفشلٍ هيكلي كارثي في 1 ديسمبر 2020 بعد انقطاع كابلين في الأشهر السابقة أدى لسقوطه وتحطمه.

المنشأة
لمقراب أريسيبو عدة اكتشافات علمية كبيرة، في 7 أبريل 1964، بعد فترة وجيزة من تنصيبه، أستخدم غوردون بيتينجيل وفريقه المقراب لتحديد فترة دوران كوكب عطارد واكتشفوا انها لم تكن 88 يوما، كما كان يعتقد، بل 59 يوما فقط. في أغسطس 1989، التقط المرصد صورة لكويكب لأول مرة في التاريخ : كويكب 4769 كاستاليا. وفي السنة التالية، اكتشف عالم الفلك البولندي الكسندر ولسزان النجم النابض PSR B1257 +12، والذي أدي به في وقت لاحق لاكتشاف اثنين من الكواكب في مداره. كانت هذه هي أول مرة يكتشف بها كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية.

صنع هذا المركب الايونوسفيري القابل للتوجيه جزئيا في تشرين الثاني 1963 ووضع في حفرة طبيعية في اريسيبو، بورتوريكو. يبلغ قطر هذا المركب 305 مترا (100 قدم) ويغطي مساحة 7.48 هكتار (18.5 فدان) ويمكن بالتالي موازاته بحجم 14 ملعب كرة أمريكية والحدث الأكبر والأشهر لهذا المركب هو الذي حدث عام 16 تشرين الثاني 1974 في الذكرى العاشرة له حيث أطلق العلماء في أريسيبو أعظم إشارة إذاعية ترسل بشكل متعمد إلى الفضاء وكانت إشارة اذاعية ثنائية إلى التجمع النجمي مسييه 13 في برج هرقل ودامت هذه الإشارة التي نقلت معلومات أساسية حول البشرية 169 ثانية على موجة 2.380 ميغا هرتز.

مرصد أرسيبو هو تلسكوب لاسلكي في بلدية أرسيبو، بورتوريكو. يتم تشغيل هذا المرصد من قبل جامعة سنترال فلوريدا وجامعة متروبوليتان بموجب اتفاقية تعاون مع المؤسسة الوطنية للعلوم. المرصد هو المرفق الوحيد في المركز الوطني للفلك والاينوسفير، وهو الاسم الرسمي للمرصد. منذ تأسيسه في الستينيات حتى عام 2011 ، كان المرصد يدار من قبل جامعة كورنيل.

لأكثر من 50 عامًا، كان المنظار الراديوي الذي يبلغ طوله 1000 قدم (305 متر) أكبر تلسكوب ذو فتحة واحدة في العالم. يتم استخدامه في ثلاثة مجالات رئيسية للبحث، وهي: علم الفلك الراديوي، وعلم الغلاف الجوي، وعلم الفلك الراداري.

من يناير 2010 إلى فبراير 2011. تم الكشف عن الانبعاثات الراديوية من قزم T الذي يحتوي على خطوط امتصاص الميثان في غلافه الجوي. وهو أيضاً أكبر قزم بني و قد تم رصد انبعاث راديوي منه. أشارت الرشقات الراديوية عالية الاستقطاب والحيوية إلى أن الجسم لديه نشاط مغناطيسي مماثل لكل من كوكب المشتري والشمس.

سلبياته
المرصد ثابت في الأرض لذا فهو يرصد الإشعاعات الراديوية القادمة من الأجرام لفترة قصيرة جدًا من الزمن بسبب دوران الأرض بالإضافة أنه يمكن من خلاله رصد الإشعاعات الراديوية القادمة من الأجرام التي تقع فقط ضمن زاوية °20 درجة فوقه.

الأضرار والانهيار
انهار مستقبل مرصد أرسيبو علي الصحن العاكس في 1 ديسمبر 2020 مسببًا أضرار جسيمة بعدما انقطع الكابل الثاني الأساسي عن البرج الرابع مؤديًا لانقطاع باقي الكابلات الحاملة للمستقبل، وانهيار البرجان الآخران. عاني مرصد أرسيبو من العديد من الأضرار في هيكله بالعقد الأخير حيث قامت بضعة أعاصير ابرزهم إعصار ماريا في 21 سبتمبر 2017 بإحداث أضرار في جسم الصحن بعدما تآكل وانهار خط التغذية ذو سعة 430 ميجاهيرتز علي الصحن الأساسي متلفًا 30 لوحة من أصل 38،000 لوحة ألومنيوم مشكلة لهيكله.

انقطع كابل دعم احتياطي عن البرج الرابع في 10 أغسطس 2020 تاركًا فجوة بحجم 30 متر في جسم الصحن وشملت الأضرار الأخري تلف من 6 إلي 8 ألواح في القبة الجريجورية والمنصة المؤدية إلي القبة. من الغير واضح ما إذا كان إعصار إساياس السبب وراء هذه الأضرار.

قبل أن تبدل الكابلات المضرورة بأخري جديدة قام كابل من أصل كابلين أساسيين في البرج الرابع بالانهيار في 7 نوفمبر 2020 محدثًا ضرر للصحن الأساسي. وبعد تقييم الضرر قرر طاقم مهندسون من فيلق القوات البرية الأمريكي الهندسي أن الضرر كان غير قابل للعكس بشكل آمن لكون الكابلات الأخري معرضة للانهيار، وأن التفكيك الموجه للمرصد هو الوسيلة الأكثر فعالية لمنع حدوث فشل كارثي قد يهدد المباني الأخري القريبة.

قائمة المدراء
المصادر:

 1960–1965: ويليام إي. غوردون
 1965–1966: جون فيندلي
 1966–1968: فرانك دريك
 1968–1971: جوردون بيتنجيل
 1971–1973: تور هاجفورز
 1973–1982: هارولد دي كرافت جونيور
 1982–1987: دونالد كامبل
 1987–1988: ريكاردو جيوفانيلي
 1988–1992: مايكل ديفيس
 1992–2003: دانيال ألتشولر
 2003–2006: سيكستو غونزاليس
 2006–2007: تيموثي هانكينز
 2007–2008: روبرت كير
 2008–2011:مايكل نولان
 2011–2015: روبرت كير
 2016–حاليًا: فرانسيسكو كوردوفا

معرض الصور

انظر أيضًا
 مختبر أبحاث القوات الجوية الأميركية
 مصفوف مرصد أتاكاما المليمتري الكبير
 فاست (تلسكوب)
 قائمة التلسكوبات الراديوية
 مرصد راتان الراديوي
 مرصد بارانال

مراجع

البحث عن كائنات ذكية خارج الأرض
السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في أريسيبو
المناطق التاريخية في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في بورتوريكو
أريسيبو
تأسيسات سنة 1963 في بورتوريكو
جامعة سنترال فلوريدا
مبان حكومية اكتملت في 1963
مبان ومنشآت اكتملت في 1963
مبان ومنشآت في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في بورتوريكو
متاحف جامعات في بورتوريكو
متاحف علمية في بورتوريكو
متاحف في أريسيبو
مراصد فلكية في بورتوريكو
معالم هندسة ميكانيكية تاريخية
مقاريب راديوية
مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية

مرصد أرسيبو


Mustafa Sayan (d. 20 Nisan 1945, Çanakkale), Türk söz yazarı, besteci, orkestra şefi, keman virtiözü ve şarkı yorumcusudur.

Baba mesleği kemancılığa ufak yaşlarda merak salan Mustafa Sayan, 12 yaşında İstanbul'a geldi. Konservatuvara gidememesine rağmen zaman içinde önemli bestekârlardan ders alarak kendini geliştiren Mustafa Sayan, gerek Klasik Türk müziği gerek arabesk gibi birçoklarına birbirinden farklı gelebilecek türlerde dolu eserin altına imzasını atmıştır. Hicaz makamındaki Ölüyorum Kederimden adlı parça Türk Sanat Müziği için iyi bir örnektir. Kadim dostu Ferdi Tayfur ile büyük başarılara imza atmıştır. Gelin mi Oluyorsun adlı parçasının mimarıdır. Esrarlı Gözler, Tanrı İstemezse, Gönül Yorgunu, Bilemezsin Sen, Seninle Öyle, Ölüyorum Kederimden eserlerinden bazılarıdır.1970'lerin başından başlayarak, 1980'lerin ortasına kadar Ferdi Tayfur'la büyük başarılara imza atmışlardır. Ferdi Tayfur, İbrahim Tatlıses, Müslüm Gürses, Hüseyin Altın, Gökhan Güney, Bülent Ersoy, Kibariye, Mine Koşan, Ebru Gündeş eserlerini seslendiren bazı sanatçılardır. Yüzlerce eser bestelemenin yanında Fatih'te kendi müzik atölyesinde keman dersleri de vermektedir.

Diskografi

Yönetmenliğini yaptığı sanatçılar ve albümler

Bazı eserleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye doğumlular
Çanakkale doğumlular
1945 doğumlular
Türk besteciler
Türk söz yazarları
Türk müzisyenler
Kemancılar
20. yüzyıl bestecileri
21. yüzyıl bestecileri

Mustafa Sayan


Mirjana Herenda r. Stančević (Obrovac), hrvatska pjesnikinja, supruga hrvatskog pjesnika Dragutina Herende iz Zadra. Živi i djeluje u Zadru.

Životopis
Rođena u Obrovcu. Djetinjstvo i mladost provela je u Biogradu. Ondje je napisala prve stihove. Radove je objavljivala u mnogim časopisima i novinama te u programima Hrvatskoga radija i televizije. Prvu zbirku pjesama Pjesme objavila je 1980. godine. U većini pjesma koje je napisala zajednička je ljubav, ljubav pjesnikinje prema miloj joj rijeci Zrmanji, izvorom njena nadahnuća, zatim gradovima u kojima je živjela i Zadru u kojem živi te dragim prijateljima. Godine 2004. objavila je zbirku Oči Zrmanje.

2014. god. objavila zbirku pjesama "Branili su mi."

Izvori

Hrvatski pjesnici
Životopisi, Zadar
Životopisi, Obrovac

Mirjana Herenda


An Schoenus grammatophyllus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Schoenus grammatophyllus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus grammatophyllus


Okrug Ma'arrat al-Nu'man () je okrug u sirijskoj pokrajini Idlib. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), distrikt je imao 371.829 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Ma'arrat al-Nu'man.

Nahije
Okrug je podijeljen u nahije (broj stanovnika se odnosi na popis iz 2004.):
Maarrat al-Nu'man (ناحية معرة النعمان): 149.834 stanovnika.
Khan Shaykhun (ناحية خان شيخون): 34.371 stanovnika.
Sinjar (ناحية سنجار): 33.721 stanovnika.
Kafr Nabl (ناحية كفر نبل): 67.460 stanovnika.
Al-Tamanah (ناحية التمانعة): 29.114 stanovnika.
Hish  (ناحية حيش): 41.231 stanovnika.

Izvori

Sirijski okruzi
Pokrajina Idlib

Ma'arrat al-Nu'man (okrug)


Die Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2013 fanden vom 25. August bis 1. September 2013 auf dem Tangeumsee in Chungju (Südkorea) statt. Bei der Veranstaltung wurden Ruder-Weltmeister in 27 Bootsklassen ermittelt, davon 13 für Männer, 9 für Frauen und 5 für Pararuderer.

Den Zuschlag erhielt die Bewerbung aus Chungju im August 2009 auf einem Kongress des Weltruderverbandes (FISA) in Posen. Für die Veranstaltung hatte sich auch die deutsche Stadt Brandenburg an der Havel beworben und dazu die Regattastrecke Beetzsee erheblich modernisiert.

Insgesamt meldeten 73 Nationen mit 948 Sportlern und 384 Booten in die 27 Bootsklassen. Die meisten Sportler stellten die Vereinigten Staaten mit 87 Athleten. Somit besetzten sie alle Bootsklassen. Deutschland stellte 53 Sportler und besetzte somit 20 Boote. Österreich ruderte in fünf Bootsklassen mit insgesamt 10 Sportlern. Die Schweiz ging ebenfalls mit 10 Sportlern und fünf Bootsklassen an den Start.

Ergebnisse

Männer

Frauen

Pararudern

Medaillenspiegel

Anmerkung: In die Tabelle fließen die Ergebnisse aus allen olympischen, nichtolympischen sowie paralympischen Bootsklassen mit ein.

Sonstiges
 Im ASM 1x unterbot der Australier Erik Horrie die Weltbestzeit von Huang Cheng um 10 Sekunden auf 4:35,98.
 Im ASW 1x unterbot die Russin Natalia Bolshakova die Weltbestzeit von Alla Lysenko um 11 Sekunden auf 5:13,95.
 Der Deutschland-Achter gewinnt das erste Mal seit 2007 nicht den Weltmeistertitel.
 Nach den Weltmeisterschaften traf sich der Weltruderverband zum außerordentlichen Kongress, um die Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2017 und 2018 festzulegen. Mit Jean-Christophe Rolland wurde auch ein Nachfolger für den langjährigen Präsidenten Denis Oswald gewählt.

Weblinks

 Weltmeisterschaften 2013 auf worldrowing.com

Einzelnachweise

2013
Sportveranstaltung 2013
Sportveranstaltung in Chungju

Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2013


O nakladi Albini podatke se ne može pronaći u glazbenim ili općim enciklopedijama, i leksikonima. Informacije se mogu pronaći u malobrojnim novinskim člancima. Izvor je i katalog ZMIA NSK koji posjeduje najbogatiju zbirku izdanja naklade Albini, posebice "zabavne" glazbe (šlagera, plesova, opereta). Najvjerojatnije je knjižnica Muzičke akademije najvažniji vlasnik izdanja "ozbiljnih" skladbi naklade Albini (hrvatskih i jugoslavenskih skladatelja), jer ih nastavnici i studenti koriste u nastavi. KGZ ima vrlo mali broj izzdanja naklade Albini, a među njima niti jedno koje već ne postoji u NSK, Hrvatskom glazbenom zavodu ili Muzičkoj akademiji.

Naklada je osnovana u prvoj polovici 1930 -ih godina, a osnivači su Julio Albini i njegova supruga Maja Albini. 1934. tvrtka Albini je upisana u muzičko – nakladni zavod, s Juliem Albiniem kao vlasnikom i sjedištem u ulici Baruna Jelačića 1 (današnjoj Petrićevoj ulici) u blizini nekadašnje Zakladne bolnice. Iz promjene imena tvrtke 1936. se može vidjeti da se počinju baviti i zastupanjem autorskih prava, te i prodajom knjiga a ne samo muzikalija. 1937. se kao jedina vlasnica naklade navodi Maja Albini, a 1942. godine suvlasnicom postaje i njezina sestra. Ne zna se zašto one postaju vlasnicama umjesto Julija Albinija – možda zbog njegovog židovskog porijekla ? Naklada Albini 1939. započinje suradnju s tvrtkom Akord u kojoj je Maja Albini suradnica, te za nju prodaje skladbe popularnog karaktera. Tvrtka konačno prestaje s radom 1947. godine jer je ona u vrijeme nacionalizacije bila privatna tvrtka. Prema objavljenim izdanjima čini se da nije bilo zastoja u djelovanju tvrtke unatoč promjenama vlasništva itd.

Za izvedbu određenih glazbenih djela potrebne su note kojima je glazbeno djelo fiksirano na materijalnu podlogu i mogu se pribaviti kupnjom ili uzimanjem u najam na određeno vrijeme. Da bi se došlo do željenog materijala potrebno je utvrditi da li se materijal može kupiti ili samo unajmiti. U Zagrebu je postojao centar u okviru nakladničke kuće «Albini» koji se bavio time. Skladatelj Srećko Albini bio je veliki borac za donošenje propisa o autorskom pravu još dvadesetih godina 20-tog stoljeća. Djelatnost naklade «Albini» morala je prestati kao privatna djelatnost 1946 godine, pa je tu djelatnost, što se tiče zastupanja u iznajmljivanju notnih materijala, preuzeo državni Zavod za autorsko-pravno posredništvo.

Izdanja naklade Albini se mogu datirati prema informacijama na poleđini, posebice prema adresi naklade Albini u određenom razdoblju. Zabavne skladbe su imale raskošne naslovnice, a ozbiljne su skladbe imale jednobojnu. Na naslovnicama su se nalazili podatci o autoru skladbe, nazivu naklade, adresi nakladničke kuće i naslov. Naslovnice izdanja zabavne glazbe imaju i ime izvođača, kao i cijenu. Na poleđini izdanja su bile reklame za nova izdanja naklade Albini, knjižare, apoteke, izdavače gramofonskih ploča itd., kao i adresa naklade Albini. Na izdanjima šlagera mogu se naći i reklame za filmove i operete, te je uz njih vezan i najveći broj objavljenih naslova. Naklada Albini je mnogo manje objavljivala ozbiljnu glazbu jer to nije bilo unosno kao objavljivanje one zabavne. Objavljivali su ozbiljne skladbe isključivo domaćih skladatelja, najviše Jakova Gotovca.

Izvori

Diskografske kuće u Hrvatskoj
Zagreb

Muzikalije Albini (1934. – 1947.)


The flag of Paraguay () was first adopted in 1842. Its design, a red–white–blue triband, was inspired by the colours of the French Tricolour, believed to signify independence and liberty. The flag is unusual because it differs on its obverse and reverse sides: the obverse of the flag shows the national coat of arms, and the reverse shows the seal of the treasury. It is one of only two national flags worldwide which bears this feature, the other being the flag of Saudi Arabia. The flag consists of the same three horizontal colours as the flag of the Netherlands, which in turn was the inspiration for the French flag. It was revised in 2013 to bring the flag towards its original design. It has a ratio of 11:20.

Description
Officially adopted in 1842 (following the Recomendación, i. e. : address, de la Junta gubernativa de Asunción), each side of this tricolour flag contains a horizontal tricolor of red, white and blue with the national emblem centered on the white band. The colours of the flag are believed to be inspired from the flag of France to show independence and liberty, and the coat of arms represents the independence of Paraguay.

 The emblem on the obverse side is the national coat of arms of Paraguay: a yellow five-pointed star surrounded by a green wreath of palm and olive leaves tied with ribbons of the colour of the stripes, and capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY ("Republic of Paraguay" in Spanish), all within two concentric circles).

 The emblem on the reverse side is the seal of the treasury: a yellow lion below a red Phrygian cap on the top of a pole (symbolising courage) and the words Paz y Justicia ("Peace and Justice").

The differences in the obverse and reverse sides comes from the period when José de Francia was in power (1814–1840). On July 15, 2013, the flag was revised. The coat of arms was simplified and the design was brought closer to its original form.

Colours scheme

Historical flags

Flags of subdivisions

Departments

See also
 Coat of arms of Paraguay
 Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse

References

External links

1842 introductions
Paraguay
National symbols of Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay

Flag of Paraguay


Andorras U/21-fodboldlandshold er Andorras landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 21 år og administreres af Federació Andorrana de Futbol (FAF).

U/21-fodboldlandshold
U/21-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Andorras U/21-fodboldlandshold


"Move Over", também conhecida pelo nome de "Generation Next", é uma canção do girl group britânico Spice Girls presente em seu segundo álbum de estúdio Spiceworld (1997). A canção foi originalmente co-escrita por Clifford Lane e Mary Wood como um jingle da campanha publicitária da PepsiCo "GeneratioNext" e utilizado em anúncios de televisão a partir de janeiro de 1997. Através da agência de publicidade Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO, as Spice Girls assinaram um contrato de endosso com a Pepsi no início de 1997, que consistia no lançamento de CD single exclusivo, comerciais de televisão, presença de promocionais nas embalagens do produto e a realização da primeira apresentação ao vivo do grupo na Turquia.

As Spice Girls co-escreveram com Lane e Wood uma nova versão estendida de "Move Over", que foi produzida por Matt Rowe e Richard Stannard. A nova versão é uma canção dance-pop com influências do pop-rock, que está tematicamente ligada aos conceitos de merchandising e consumismo. As Spice Girls filmaram três anúncios de televisão usando sua própria versão da música e posteriormente a incluíram como uma faixa no Spiceworld, enquanto um CD de uma faixa apresentando uma performance ao vivo da música durante os shows em Istambul foi lançado como single promocional pela Pepsi.

A inclusão de "Move Over" como uma faixa no Spiceworld gerou opiniões mistas dos críticos musicais, enquanto a própria música recebeu uma recepção mista por sua produção e conteúdo lírico. O grupo cantou a música em seu primeiro show ao vivo, posteriormente lançado em vídeo como Girl Power! Live in Istanbul (1998). Também foi adicionado ao setlist do Spiceworld Tour de 1998.

Antecedentes
Em maio de 1995, as Spice Girls se encontraram com o gerente artístico Simon Fuller, que as assinou com a 19 Entertainment. O grupo considerou uma variedade de gravadoras em Londres e Los Angeles, assinando um contrato com a Virgin Records em julho. Deste ponto em diante até o verão de 1996, as Spice Girls continuaram a escrever e gravar faixas para seu álbum de estreia, previsto para ser lançado no final de 1996. Em 8 de julho de 1996, as Spice Girls lançaram seu primeiro single "Wannabe" no Reino Unido, ficando no topo do UK Singles Chart por sete semanas. Após uma campanha promocional internacional, a música se tornou um sucesso comercial na Ásia, Europa e Oceania. Em outubro, seu segundo single "Say You'll Be There" estreou como número um no Reino Unido. Em 4 de novembro de 1996, as Spice Girls lançaram seu primeiro álbum de estúdio Spice, vendendo 1,5 milhão de cópias no Reino Unido até o final do ano. O terceiro single do álbum, "2 Become 1", liderou o UK Singles Chart em dezembro.

Desde o início das Spice Girls, Fuller imaginou o grupo como sua própria marca particular, e logo depois, elas se envolveram em um fenômeno de marketing sem precedentes que levou a um número prolífico de mercadorias e acordos de patrocínio, uma situação que na época "provou-se inovadora" na música pop. A agência de patrocínio Broadcast Innovations concebeu a idéia de vincular as Spice Girls à campanha publicitária da PepsiCo que estava por vir. A agência posteriormente abordou a Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO (AMV BBDO) em Londres com a estratégia de marketing para o acordo de endosso, que foi então apresentado à Pepsi. As negociações com Fuller começaram em outubro de 1996, para um acordo que inicialmente cobria apenas o Reino Unido e o resto da Europa. No início de 1997, as Spice Girls assinaram um contrato multimilionário com a empresa para liderar sua mais recente campanha publicitária, que foi expandida para 78 países em todo o mundo. Robert Dodds, presidente da 19 Entertainment, comentou sobre a colaboração: "Eles [a Pepsi] foram inteligentes em acreditar nas meninas [...] Elas chegavam cedo, [...] na hora que elas realmente queriam comandar a atividade, as meninas eram a maior coisa do planeta. Isso genuinamente construiu seus negócios globalmente."

Escrita e lançamento
Em janeiro de 1997, a Pepsi anunciou sua nova campanha de marketing global sob o slogan "GeneratioNext", uma continuação do tema de propaganda "Pepsi Generation". O novo slogan visava substituir as várias frases de efeito usadas nos Estados Unidos, como "Nothing else is a Pepsi", e aquelas usadas nos mercados internacionais, como "Change the script" e "Choice of a new generation". A Pepsi comprou cerca de quatro minutos de tempo comercial durante o Super Bowl XXXI, que aconteceu em 26 de janeiro de 1997. O comercial era rápido e apresentava jovens boxeadores, garçonetes e caçadores de diversão. Brian Swette, vice-presidente executivo e diretor de marketing da Pepsi, descreveu os personagens como "positivos, no controle e reivindicam o futuro - a antítese da Geração X ".

Os anúncios apresentavam o jingle "Move Over", escrito por Mary Wood e Clifford Lane, da agência de publicidade BBDO, da cidade de Nova Iorque. Em entrevista à Billboard, Wood comentou que durante o processo de criação de "Move Over", era mais importante ter uma "ótima música primeiro" antes de qualquer colocação de produto ; ela comentou: "Começamos a escrever todos esses ganchos - 'próxima fase, próxima onda, próxima mania' - para definir o que significava essa ideia de 'Generation Next', e então pensamos: 'Oh, não, o produto. Temos que voltar e pegar o produto.'" A letra da música parodia estilos musicais do passado, como "rave, rap, punk, metal", exortando os ouvintes a não "fazer tudo de novo, porque acabou" (em inglês: don't do it over, cause its over), enquanto abraça a "próxima página, próximo estágio, próxima mania, próxima onda" (em inglês: next page, next stage, next craze, next wave).

As Spice Girls gravaram sua própria versão do jingle para os comerciais que fizeram para a Pepsi, no Abbey Road Studios em Londres. A versão completa não editada de dois minutos e 46 segundos da música foi oficialmente revelada em 6 de outubro de 1997, durante uma coletiva de imprensa em Granada, Espanha, como a sexta faixa do segundo álbum de estúdio do grupo, Spiceworld, previsto para ser lançado em 3 de novembro de 1997. O álbum credita Wood, Lane e as Spice Girls como escritores e a equipe de compositores Richard "Biff" Stannard e Matt Rowe como produtores da música. "Move Over" foi posteriormente incluída como a sexta faixa do álbum de compilação Greatest Hits de 2007 do grupo.

Composição e letras

Musicalmente, "Move Over" é uma música dance-pop uptempo, com influências do rock. David Sinclair, do The Times, caracterizou a canção como um "hino pop-rock de Joan Jett ", enquanto Greg Kot do Chicago Tribune a descreveu como "rock industrial chiclete". A canção é escrita na tonalidade de Sol menor, com uma fórmula de compasso definida em compasso comum, e se move em um andamento moderado de 104 batidas por minuto. Começa com uma introdução de bateria que é seguida pelo uso repetido da frase "Generation Next" enquanto usa a sequência de Gm–F–C–F como a progressão de acordes. A canção apresenta uma "batida borbulhante" energética, e também um refrão "empolgante" que combina as vozes das Spice Girls com um "acorde metálico poderoso".

A letra da música foi descrita como "promoção de slogans", enquanto tematicamente alguns críticos a vincularam ao merchandising e ao consumismo. Geri Halliwell comentou sobre o significado da música: "É sobre a próxima geração se libertando". O rap "com sotaque inglês, hip-hop ", durante a ponte da música foi descrito por JD Considine do The Baltimore Sun como "levemente funky ". Utiliza rima de associação de palavras com a palavra "geração" ("dedicação; celebração; fenomiação; boa vibração").

Patrocínio

Campanha promocional
O acordo de patrocínio assinado entre a Pepsi e as Spice Girls consistia no lançamento de anúncios de televisão de 30 segundos, promoção em lata e garrafa com fotos do grupo e seus primeiros shows ao vivo, supostamente no valor de 1 milhão de euros. A campanha foi veiculada em todo o mundo e ajudou a expandir a marca Spice Girls globalmente, em particular no Sudeste Asiático e nas Américas do Norte e do Sul. Ray Cooper, vice-diretor administrativo da Virgin, comentou sobre o acordo: "São milhões e milhões de libras em publicidade em filmes e televisão que não poderíamos nem contemplar. Mas a Pepsi pode incluir isso em seu plano de jogo." Como parte do acordo, a agência de publicidade britânica Claydon Heeley International planejou o lançamento de "Step to Me" durante o verão de 1997, um CD single exclusivo disponível apenas para clientes que coletaram 20 anéis rosa de latas promocionais de Pepsi, não acessível através de varejistas tradicionais. Isso resultou na empresa resgatando 12.000 aplicativos por dia. Uma extensa campanha também foi veiculada na imprensa nacional e regional britânica, revistas para adolescentes e anúncios de rádio no Pepsi Chart Show da Capital FM.

As Spice Girls filmaram três anúncios de televisão usando sua versão de "Move Over" como parte da campanha. A AMV BBDO começou a filmar os anúncios em março de 1997, com o diretor estadunidense Sam Bayer. Localizada em um beco deserto no centro de Los Angeles, a filmagem exigiu guardas armados para a equipe por causa do cenário ameaçador. Os anúncios mostravam o grupo jogando latas para o alto, bem como cantando e dançando a música enquanto girava em torno de edifícios com um pano de fundo prateado contendo o logotipo da Pepsi. Eles estrearam na primeira semana de junho de 1997 nos Estados Unidos, antes de se expandirem para TVs e cinemas em 60 países. De 12 a 13 de outubro de 1997, as Spice Girls realizaram dois shows ao vivo em Istambul, na Turquia, local escolhido por ser uma das áreas de marketing mais importantes da Pepsi. A empresa distribuiu 40.000 ingressos que, em sua maioria, estavam disponíveis apenas para os vencedores de uma das maiores competições já organizadas na Europa.

Consequências
No final de julho de 1997, 92 milhões de embalagens promocionais de latas e garrafas de Pepsi com as Spice Girls foram produzidas em todo o mundo. Britvic, detentora da franquia da Pepsi no Reino Unido, estimou que entre 450 mil e 600 mil CDs de "Step to Me" foram adquiridos durante a campanha, tornando-se a promoção de embalagem de maior sucesso na história do mercado britânico de refrigerantes. No Reino Unido, as vendas da Pepsi aumentaram 30% durante a semana de promoção dos shows em Istambul. Simon Lowden, diretor de marketing da Pepsi Europe, comentou que, em outubro de 1997, a empresa alcançou uma participação de volume de 23,5% acima dos 18,7% habituais no país, enquanto no resto da Europa sua participação no mercado de cola atingiu 20%, aumentando em até 1,6% desde o início da campanha promocional com as Spice Girls.

Em novembro de 1997, a Pepsi assinou um novo contrato com o grupo para uma campanha promocional europeia durante os primeiros meses de 1998. Semelhante ao acordo anterior, ofereceu aos consumidores a chance de coletar CDs ao vivo exclusivos das Spice Girls e três outros artistas, Coolio, Hanson e Eternal, reunindo 18 abas de latas de Pepsi. A empresa apoiou a campanha com anúncios na TV, na imprensa e em cartazes durante maio e junho de 1998. O grupo lançou um CD single promocional de uma faixa apresentando uma performance ao vivo da música retirada de seus shows em Istambul como "Move Over/GeneratioNext (Live)".

Recepção e críticas
Os críticos musicais tiveram posições divergentes sobre a inclusão de "Move Over" no Spiceworld. Ian Watson, peloMelody Maker, chamou a música de "anúncio estendido" e a considerou uma das faixas que "estragam o que poderia ter sido um disco sublime". Escrevendo para a revista Slate, David Plotz observou que a música "é o que os empresários chamam de sinergia e os músicos chamam de prostituição. Seja o que for, vale a pena." O crítico musical da Hartford Courant, Roger Catlin, criticou a adição, comentando que as Spice Girls parecem ser "felizmente cegas ao exagero comercial de transformar seu comercial da Pepsi em uma faixa própria". Considine, do The Baltimore Sun, teve uma impressão semelhante, perguntando-se se "algum deles se rebaixa a adicionar um jingle ao repertório". Jim Sullivan, do The Boston Globe, não se preocupou com a adição, pois pensou que "não há credibilidade a perder. As paredes entre o comercialismo aberto e a música pop são muito finas de qualquer maneira." Ruth Kinane, da Entertainment Weekly, acredita que "Move Over" ajudou a "abrir caminho para colaborações de marketing pop/produto ainda mais aceitáveis para as próximas gerações". Alexis Petridis, do The Guardian, sentiu que é "um pouco difícil de ouvir como uma música, em vez de um jingle publicitário". David Wild da revista Rolling Stone teve uma opinião mais positiva, chamando a faixa de "uma ótima promoção cruzada de uma música", enquanto Deborah J. Wolfinsohn do Austin American-Statesman caracterizou a colaboração como "uma bizarra e completamente moderna sensação".

A música em si foi recebida com opiniões mistas dos críticos. Sarah Davis, do Dotmusic, considerou "Move Over" uma das "faixas mais esperadas do álbum, embora uma das mais repetitivas". A crítica do Los Angeles Times, Natalie Nichols, considerou-a o "número mais envolvente" do álbum, uma opinião compartilhada por Scott Schinder, do Newsday, que destacou a canção como uma das "faixas mais atraentes" do álbum. Em uma análise de todo o catálogo do grupo, Anne T. Donahue para o Vulture.com, classificou a faixa como sua sexta melhor música, descrevendo-a como "um hino tão poderoso que inspirou inúmeros ouvintes [...] a abandonar a Coca-Cola pela Pepsi". Ilana Kaplan, da revista Billboard, achou que a música era "o hino perfeito para a geração Y". Caroline Sullivan, do The Guardian, comentou que de todas as canções do Spiceworld "apenas 'Stop' e 'Move Over' atingem seu potencial vulgar". David Browne da Entertainment Weekly estava indeciso sobre a faixa; embora ele o tenha descrito como "um canto ridiculamente vago pela união universal", Browne acrescentou que "de repente o coração toma conta e você se encontra deitado em frente aos alto-falantes estéreo curvando-se diante das grandes deusas do Spice". Edna Gundersen, escrevendo para o USA Today, teve uma visão mais crítica da música, chamando-a de "canto cansativo que incita a 'generation next'" e apontou-a como um exemplo do "fluxo de conversas clichês de 'girl power' do álbum". Ao avaliar Spiceworld, Craig D. Lindsey do Houston Press chamou "Move Over" de uma das "duas canções irritantes" do álbum, enquanto Charlie Porter do The Times a descartou como a "canção horrível de seu anúncio da Pepsi".

Performances ao vivo
Em outubro de 1997, as Spice Girls tocaram "Move Over" como parte do bis de seu primeiro show ao vivo na Abdi İpekçi Arena em Istambul. Para a apresentação, o grupo voltou ao palco após um pequeno intervalo, vestindo macacões prateados enquanto os telões de fundo mostravam visuais do logotipo da Pepsi. O show foi transmitido no Showtime em um show especial pay-per-view intitulado Spice Girls in Concert: Wild!, e mais tarde incluído no VHS e DVD Girl Power! Live in Istanbul (1998). As Spice Girls adicionaram a música ao setlist do Spiceworld Tour de 1998. Durante a apresentação, o grupo retratou supermodelos em uma passarela, vestidas com roupas exageradas desenhadas pelo estilista britânico Kenny Ho. Um grupo de dançarinos vestidos com casacos pretos fizeram o papel de fotógrafos ao lado de um desfile. A música foi incluída no setlist do Spice World – 2019 Tour como parte do primeiro interlúdio.

Formato e lista de faixas

 CD promocional do Reino Unido/Europa

 "Move Over/GeneratioNext"  – 5:30

Créditos e pessoal
Créditos de "Move Over" adaptados do encarte do Spiceworld.

Spice Girls letras, vocais
Clifford Lane letras
Mary Wood letras
Matt Rowe produção, teclado, programação
Richard Stannard produção

Mark "Spike" Stent mixagem de áudio
Adrian Bushby engenharia de áudio
Paul "P. Dub" Walton assistente
Pete Davis programação adicional
Jake Davies engenharia adicional

Bibliografia

Articles with hAudio microformats
Canções gravadas por Spice Girls
Canções de 1997
PepsiCo
1997 na música
Comerciais de televisão

Move Over (canção de Spice Girls)


Murfreesboro puede referirse a los siguientes lugares en Estados Unidos:
 Murfreesboro (Arkansas), ciudad en el condado de Pike, Arkansas.
 Murfreesboro (Carolina del Norte), pueblo del condado de Hertford, Carolina del Norte.
 Municipio de Murfreesboro (condado de Hertford, Carolina del Norte).
 Murfreesboro (Tennessee), ciudad en el condado de Rutherford, Tennessee.

Murfreesboro


Bakoš ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Ján Bakoš (1890–1967), slowakischer evangelischer Theologe und Semitist; Begründer der modernen slowakischen Orientalistik
 Marek Bakoš (* 1983), slowakischer Fußballspieler
 Martin Bakoš (* 1990), slowakischer Eishockeyspieler
 Vladimír Bakoš (1949–2009), tschechischer Philosoph

Siehe auch:
 Bakos

Bakoš


An Cyperus szechuanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tetsuo Michael Koyama. An Cyperus szechuanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus szechuanensis


Pereta est une frazione située sur la commune de Magliano in Toscana, province de Grosseto, en Toscane, Italie. Au moment du recensement de 2011 sa population était de .

Géographie
Le hameau est situé sur les collines de l'Albegna, le long de la route reliant Magliano à Scansano, à 36 km au sud-est de la ville de Grosseto.

Monuments
Église San Giovanni Battista ()
Église Santa Maria Assunta (), ancienne pieve
Tour de l'horloge ()
Murailles de Pereta, fortifications médiévales, avec la monumentale Porta di Ponente (porte ouest)

Galerie

Notes et références

Hameau dans la province de Grosseto
Magliano in Toscana

Pereta


Galiçya, 1945 yılında yapılan sınır değişikliği sonucu Polonya ve Ukrayna Cumhuriyetleri sınırları içinde kalan tarihi bölgedir.

I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında (1914-1918) Osmanlı Ordusunun 15. Kolordusu, müttefik güçler (Almanya, Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu) ile birlikte Rus İmparatorluğu'na karşı bu bölgede çarpışmıştır (1916-1917).

Galiçya Cephesi Türk Şehitleri Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, Avusturya – Macaristan İmparatorluğunun bir eyaleti durumunda bulunan Galiçya'da,1916 – 1917 yıllarında, Almanya, Avusturya – Macaristan İmparatorluğu ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu birliklerince Ruslara karşı çetin muharebeler verilmiştir. Ana muharebelerin yapıldığı yer, Polonyanın taksimi öncesinde onun toprakları içinde bulunmasına rağmen, İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra yapılan sınır düzenlemeleri ile bugünkü Ukrayna topraklarında kalmıştır. Türk 15'inci Kolordusu, 22 Temmuz 1916 tarihinden başlayarak bir aylık bir sürede Uzunköprü ve Alpullu'dan hareketle Galiçya Cephesine intikal ederek, bölgede görev yapan Avusturya – Macaristan ve Alman birliklerinden görevi
devralmıştır. Yaklaşık bir yıl süre ile esas olarak Dinyester nehrinin kuzeyden güneye uzanan bir kolu olan Zilota Lipa nehri vadi ekseni üzerinde çarpışan Türk 15'inci Kolordusunun, kendisine verilen görevi, büyük zorluklara rağmen en iyi şekilde ve fedakârca yaptığı tarihi kayıtların ortak kanaatidir.Türk 15'inci kolordusu Galiçya Cephesinde birçok bölgede 1050'den fazla şehit vermiş ve savaş sırasında 13 ayrı yerde Türk şehitlik ve abidesi yapılmıştır. Krakow, Rakowiçki Mezarlığındaki Türk Şehitliğinde de "Üsteğmen Mehmet İsmail Hakkı" ve kahraman 10 arkadaşı yatmaktadır. Ayrıca, Avusturya – Macaristan imparatorluğu ordusunda savaşan Bosna-Hersek Alayına mensup Müslüman askerler olduğu tahmin edilen ve Türk kökenli isime sahip 40 kadar da Müslüman mezarı da Krakow Rakowiçki Mezarlığında bulunmaktadır.

Ukraynalı kahin Wernyhora'nın söylediği gibi "Türk askeri Vistüla'da  atlarını sularsa Polonya bağımsızlığa kavuşur. "Türkler, hem atlarını Vistüla nehrinde sulamış, hem de Polonya'nın 1918'de yeniden bağımsızlığına kavuşmasında, bu topraklarda, canlarını vererek şehit olmuşlardır.

Kaynakça

Galiçya (Doğu Avrupa)


توزيع الاوسمة

النتائج الكاملة

المصادر
 (الموسوعة الموجزة للاولمبياد العربي) د ضياء المنشئ -بغداد- 1989
 (دورة الحسين لكل العرب) عثمان القريني وتيسير العميري -عمان -1999

سباحة
سباح
سباحة في 1957
1957

السباحة في الدورة الرياضية العربية الثانية بيروت 1957