Jožef Marko Dravec (Beltinci, 20. ožujka, 1697. – Vesprim, 17. srpnja, 1779.) slovenski je rimokatolički svećenik, kanonik, dekan i pisac.

Rođen je u Slovenskoj okroglini (danas Prekomurje) u području Zagrebačke biskupije. Teologiju je studirao u Trnavi (danas Slovačka). 14. rujna, 1730. je postao svećenik. Svećeničku službu je zvršio u mađarskim mjestima (Pázmánd, Vál). U Válu je izgradio župu i obnovio kulu crkve. Također u Válu je preobratio 60 protestanta na katoličku vjeru.

Pisao je na latinskom jeziku.

Djela
 Per ardua ad sublime dignitatis fastigium evecto Martino Biro, recens in episcopum Veszprimiensem consecrato. Buda, 1745.
 Promulgatio jubilaei universalis anni 1776 per dioecesim Veszprimiensem. Jaurini.

Vanjske poveznice
 Szinnyei, József: Magyar írók élete és munkái Dravecz József

Slovenski pisci i pjesnici u Mađarskoj
Slovenski katolički svećenici

Jožef Marko Dravec


În lingvistică, termenul lexicalizare are mai multe sensuri. În sens psiholingvistic denumește procesul prin care o noțiune primește o expresie lingvistică sub forma unui cuvânt sau a unei alte unități lexicale.

În alt sens, termenul înseamnă adoptarea unui cuvânt sau a unei locuțiuni în lexic, acesta fiind văzut ca un depozit din care se poate scoate în vederea folosirii.

Într-un sens lingvistic mai restrâns, lexicalizarea este numele unui proces prin care o secvență de morfeme, inclusiv un grup de cuvinte, devine o unitate lexicală.

Căile lexicalizării

Lexicalizarea este strâns legată de formarea de cuvinte. Unul dintre proceedele acesteia este derivarea, fiind totodată și o cale a lexicalizării. Se lexicalizează acele cuvinte derivate care se îmbogățesc cu timpul cu elemente de sens noi, în final sensul lor nemaifiind compozițional, adică deductibil din sensul elementelor lor componente. Asemenea cuvinte sunt, de exemplu, în limba engleză, writer "scriitor (de opere literare)" sau gambler "jucător (de jocuri de noroc)".

Are loc lexicalizare și prin compunere, tot atunci când sensul cuvântului compus nu mai este compozițional. În limba română sunt cuvinte compuse lexicalizate formate din mai multe tipuri de elemente:
 substantiv + substantiv juxtapuse: locotenent-colonel;
 substantiv + atribut adjectival sau atribut adjectival + substantiv: botgros, rea-credință;
 substantiv + atribut substantival: floare-de-colț;
 verb + complement: încurcă-lume, fluieră-vânt;
 cuvintele unei propoziții sau fraze: vino-ncoace, lasă-mă-să-te-las.

Este unitate lexicalizată și locuțiunea cu conținut noțional sinonimă cu un cuvânt: băgare de seamă (= atenție), în toată firea (= matur, -ă), a-și bate joc (= a batjocori), cu noaptea în cap (= dis-de-dimineață) etc..

În mod analog cu compunerea de cuvinte se poate compune și o literă cu un cuvânt:  U-Bahn (U de la Untergrund "subteran") "metrou", S-Bahn (S de la Schnell "rapid") "tramvai". Litera poate fi și iconică:  U-turn "viraj în formă de U", în sens figurat "schimbare bruscă";  S-Kurve "curbă S".

În cazul siglelor și acronimelor este vorba tot de lexicalizare. O siglă este formată din literele inițiale ale unor cuvinte, pronunțate așa cum se înșiră literele alfabetului, iar acronimul este alcătuit sau din literele inițiale, sau din silabele inițiale, sau din silabe și litere inițiale ale unor cuvinte, fiind pronunțat ca un cuvânt obișnuit:
  C.F.R. (de la Căile Ferate Române), O.Z.N. (de la obiect zburător neidentificat), CEC (de la Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni);
  S.N.C.F. [ɛs.ɛn.seˈɛf] (de la Société nationale des chemins de fer franaçais "Societatea Națională a Căilor Ferate Franceze"), C.A.P.E.S [kaˈpɛs] (de la Certificat d'aptitudes pédagogiques à l'enseignement du second degré "certificat de aptitudini pedagogice pentru învățământul secundar");
  USA [juː.esˈeɪ] (de la United States of America "Statele Unite ale Americii"), laser [ˈleɪzə(r)] (de la light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation "amplificarea luminii prin emisie stimulată a radiației") "laser", radar [ˈreɪdɑː(r)] (de la radio detection and ranging "detectare prin radio și determinarea distanței") "radar";
  Gestapo (de la Geheime Staatspolizei "poliția secretă de stat"), Stasi (de la Staatssicherheit "securitatea statului").

Lexicalizarea siglelor și acronimelor devine evidentă când primesc determinanți abstracți și afixe gramaticale, precum și când se derivă de la ele alte cuvinte:  C.F.R.-ul, ceferist;  des bédés (de la bandes dessinées) "benzi desenate", onusien, -ne (adjectiv derivat de la ONU).

Așa-numitele cuvinte telescopate sunt și ele lexicalizate. Acestea se compun din începutul unui cuvânt și sfârșitul altuia. Exemple:
  informatique (< information "informație" + automatique "automatică") "informatică", tapuscrit (< taper "a tasta" + manuscrit "manuscris");
  motel (< motor + hotel) "motel", smog (< smoke "fum" + fog "ceață") "smog".

În alte cazuri se lexicalizează forme gramaticale diferite ale aceluiași cuvânt. De pildă, în franceză, substantivul émail "smalț, email" avea la un moment dat al istoriei limbii două forme de plural. În limba actuală émails se folosește pentru mai multe feluri de asemenea material, iar émaux pentru obiecte decorative emailate. Un exemplu de formă de feminin lexicalizată este batteuse "batoză", inițial având sensul "treierătoare, femeie care treieră", de la masculinul batteur "treierător".

Altă cale a lexicalizării este antonomaza, anume atunci un substantiv propriu devine comun. Unele asemenea antonomaze pot fi considerate drept constituente ale unei subclase a metonimiei, de exemplu un Picasso pentru un tablou al lui Picasso. Alte antonomaze se apropie de metaforă, de pildă un Attila pentru șobolani, fiind vorba de o pisică.

Gradele lexicalizării

Lexicalizarea are grade de realizare în primul rând din punctul de vedere al formei exprimării lingvistice a noțiunilor. Aceasta se observă din felul în care se exprimă o aceeași noțiune în mai multe limbi. Iată ca exemplu cazul noțiunilor "bărbat" și "femeie":

În japoneză și în chineză, primul component exprimă sexul, iar ultimul are sensul "om, ființă umană".

Se poate vorbi de grad de lexicalizare și referitor la o noțiune exprimată în mai multe feluri în aceeași limbă. De exemplu, în franceză, sensul "a fugi (de undeva)" se poate exprima în mod complet lexicalizat prin verbul "s'enfuir", format din prefixul en- (la origine prepoziția en "în") și verbul fuir "a fugi (de ceva)". Mai puțin lexicalizată este, cu același sens, locuțiunea verbală prendre la fuite "a o lua la fugă", formată din verbul prendre "a lua" și "la fuite" "fuga (de ceva)", în care prendre nu mai are nimic din sensul său primordial. Și mai puțin lexicalizată este, cu același sens, construcția se mettre à fuir "a se pune pe fugă, a începe să fugă", unde se mettre à exprimă începutul acțiunii, dar nu numai aici, ci și asociat cu multe alte verbe.

Din punct de vedere diacronic, adică al istoriei limbii, gradele de lexicalizare caracterizează și o aceeași combinație de cuvinte. Bunăoară, în cuvântul englezesc woman "femeie", partea wo provine din cuvântul din engleza veche wif, în care limbă man însemna "om". Sensul lui wif a devenit "soție" (în engleza actuală wife), man și-a păstrat și sensul "bărbat", iar sensul "femeie" a fost exprimat prin cuvântul compus wifman care, în urma transformărilor pe care le-a suferit, a devenit cuvânt simplu.

Gradul de lexicalizare este diferit și în cazul antonomazei substantiv propriu la origine. Cel folosit metaforic nu-și pierde niciodată statutul de substantiv propriu, dar dobândește un sens special, bogat, care conține tot ceea ce semnifică acesta în conștiința utilizatorilor. De exemplu, în fraza,  Un virtuose viennois n'est pas du voyage : Mathias Sindelar, le « Mozart du football », a été éconduit "Un virtuoz vienez nu participă la călătorie: Mathias Sindelar, «Mozartul fotbalului», a fost refuzat", numele propriu "Mozart" semnifică virtuozitatea și reprezintă o întreagă categorie de indivizi care au această calitate.

În schimb, numele proprii devenite nume comune prin antonomază metonimică pot fi complet lexicalizate, pierzând orice legătură cu numele proprii originare. De exemplu, un vorbitor oarecare al limbii franceze poate să nu știe că renard "vulpoi" este la origine numele propriu Renart al vulpoiului personaj al Romanului lui Renart din Evul Mediu, care a înlocuit substantivul goupil "vulpoi" din franceza veche. Este și cazul a numeroase obiecte și produse al căror nume comun provine din nume proprii de persoane, toponime sau denumiri comerciale:  drujbă (nume uzual al fierăstrăului mecanic manual, de la denumirea comercială Družba),  poubelle "pubelă" (de la Eugène René Poubelle (1831-1907), prefect al Parisului care a introdus obiectul în uz), camembert (de la Camembert, localitate unde se produce brânza respectivă),,  jersey (țesătură al cărei nume vine de la cel al insulei Jersey), sandwich "sandvici" (de la al IV-lea lord de Sandwich, prespusul inventator al produsului).

Fenomene legate de lexicalizare

Dat fiind că lexicalizarea este un fenomen diacronic, cuvintele care participă la ea trec prin schimbări mai mici sau mai mari, care indică gradul de lexicalizare.

Unele schimbări sunt prozodice și fonetice. Astfel este, de pildă, pierderea accentului celui de-al doilea membru al cuvântului compus, ex.  blackbird "mierlă", la origine black bird "pasăre neagră". O modificare în plus se constată la cuvântul postman "poștaș" (de la post "poștă" și man "bărbat") în care, din cauza pierderii accentului, s-a schimbat și pronunțarea celui de-al doilea component: [ˈpəʊst] + [ˈmæn] > [ˈpəʊstmən]. S-a modificat pronunțarea și a primului component în cupboard [ˈkʌbəd] "bufet, dulap" (< [ˈkʌp] + [ˈbɔːd]).

În primele două exemple, sensul cuvintelor mai are motivație, dar în cel de-al treilea nu mai are. Când s-a format cuvântul compus, cup avea sensul "cupă", iar board – "scândură", cuvântul compus denumind o scândură pe care se puneau cupe. Până la urmă, sensul cuvântului s-a demotivat, din cauza unor factori extralingvistici, în speță schimbarea cu timpul a obiectului denumit.

Cele trei exemple de mai sus păstrează scrierea componentelor lor, dar o lexicalizare foarte avansată poate fi însoțită și de schimbarea scrierii. Aceasta poate fi parțială, ca în cazul cuvântului woman, sau totală, în care caz forma niciunuia din componente nu se mai poate recunoaște. Astfel, de exemplu, cuvântul englezesc bosun "șef de echipaj (pe nave)" s-a scris o vreme boatswain, fiind compus din cuvintele boat [bəʊt] "ambarcațiune" și swain [sweɪn] "slujitor tânăr al unui cavaler". Cu timpul, pronunțarea cuvântului a devenit [bəʊsn], la care s-a adaptat scrierea sa.

Și în cazul lexicalizării numelor proprii se petrece o schimbare în ortografie, cele complet lexicalizate scriindu-se cu inițială minusculă (dintre exemplele de mai sus: poubelle, sandwich).

Referințe

Surse bibliografice

Surse directe

 Academia Română, Institutul de lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române, ediția a II-a, București, Univers Enciclopedic, 2009 (DEX '09); online: Dexonline (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Bussmann, Hadumod (coord.), Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (Dicționar de limbă și lingvistică), Londra – New York, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-203-98005-0 (accesat la 17 august 2018)
 Constantinescu-Dobridor, Gheorghe, Dicționar de termeni lingvistici, București, Teora, 1998; online: Dexonline (DTL) (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Dubois, Jean et al., Dictionnaire de linguistique (Dicționar de lingvistică), Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, 2002
  Eifring, Halvor și Theil, Rolf, Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages (Lingvistică pentru studenții în limbi asiatice și africane), Universitatea din Oslo, 2005  (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Harper, Douglas, Online Etymology Dictionary (Dicționar etimologic online) (Etymonline) (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Kiefer Ferenc, 3. fejezet – Alaktan (Capitolul 3 – Morfologie), Kiefer Ferenc (coord.) Magyar nyelv, (Limba maghiară), Budapesta, Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006, ISBN 9630583240, pp. 54–79; online: A magyar nyelv, Digitális Tankönyvtár (Bibliotecă didactică digitală), PDF de descărcat, pp. 34–49 (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Larousse, Dictionnaire de français (Dicționar explicativ francez) (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Leroy, Sarah, Entre identification et catégorisation, l'antonomase du nom propre en français (Între identificare și categorisire, antonomaza numelui propriu în franceză), teză de doctorat, Monpellier, Universitatea "Paul Valéry" – Montpellier III, 2001 (accesat la 17 august 2018)
  Lipka, Leonard, Lexicalizalion and Inslitutionalization in English and German (Lexicalizare și instituționalizare în engleză și în germană), Linguistica Pragensia, nr. 1, 1992, pp. 1–13 (accesat la 8 decembrie 2022)

Surse indirecte

  Fontanier, P., Les Figures du discours (Figurile discursului), Paris, Flammarion, 1968 (ediția originală 1830)
  Suhamy, H., Les Figures de style (Figurile de stil), Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1981

Lingvistică

Lexicalizare


Spektralna analiza je skupina postupaka za utvrđivanje sastava kemijskih tvari s pomoću spektra svjetlosti što je one emitiraju ili apsorbiraju. Spektralna analiza je ispitivanje svjetlosnog zračenja koje emitira kemijska tvar pod utjecajem visoke temperature. Tako se na osnovi svojstvenih spektralnih linija koje emitira ili apsorbira kemijska tvar određuje sastav i struktura atoma ili molekula. Spektralna analiza vrši se s pomoću instrumenata koji se zovu spektrografi i koji svjetlost rastavljaju u spektar i snimaju je na fotografsku ploču ili na neki drugi način.

Objašnjenje
Spektralne crte jednog kemijskog elementa su njegovo nepromjenjivo svojstvo u svim prilikama. Tako natrij daje u spektru žutu, litij sjajnu crvenu, helij dvije žute, a živa zelenu crtu. Iz toga izlazi da svijetle crte spektra možemo smatrati pouzdanom potvrdom za prisutnost nekog kemijskog elementa.

Na temelju toga su G. R. Kirchoff i R. W. Bunsen razradili takozvanu spektralnu analizu, to jest određivanje kemijskog sastava različitih tvari pomoću spektra. Isto tako i tamne crte u apsorpcionom spektru služe za određivanje prisutnosti pojedinih elemenata. Pomoću spektralne analize otkriven je element helij najprije na Suncu, a onda na Zemlji. Isto tako su otkriveni elementi rubidij, cezij i talij.

Emisijski spektar

Emisijski spektar koji nastaje raščlanjivanjem (na primjer s pomoću optičke prizme ili optičke rešetke) emitiranoga zračenja užarenih tijela karakterističan je za fizikalna i kemijska svojstva izvora zračenja.

Apsorpcijski spektar

Apsorpcijski spektar nastaje raščlanjivanjem zračenja propuštenoga kroz tvari koje djelomično propuštaju a djelomično apsorbiraju elektromagnetsko zračenje na svojstven, selektivan način. Frekvencije zračenja koje neka tvar apsorbira odgovaraju frekvencijama koje bi ta tvar emitirala u usijanom stanju (Kirchhoffov zakon toplinskog zračenja). Čvrste tvari emitiraju kontinuirani spektar, koji sadrži sve frekvencije vidljivog, infracrvenog i ultraljubičastoga područja. Nasuprot tomu, tvari u plinovitom stanju emitiraju diskontinuirani, linijski ili atomski spektar, sastavljen od niza diskretnih monokromatskih spektralnih linija to jest samo zračenje frekvencija karakterističnih za pobuđeni atom. Rendgensko linijsko zračenje atoma nastaje kada upadni snop visokoenergijskoga zračenja izbija elektrone iz dijela elektronskog oblaka u blizini jezgre atoma a nastale se šupljine popunjavaju skokom elektrona iz viših energijskih razina. Tumačenje nastanka takvih spektara dovelo je do razjašnjenja strukture pojedinih atoma (kvantna mehanika), a na temelju proučavanja emisijskih spektara zvijezda razjašnjena su njihova fizikalna i kemijska svojstva (spektralni razredi zvijezda).

Kirchhoffovi zakoni spektroskopije

Promatramo li spektroskopom zrake bijele svjetlosti koje su prošle kroz pare nekog kemijskog elementa, vidjet ćemo da spektar više nije kontinuiran, već da se u njemu nalaze tamne linije. Te se tamne linije nalaze upravo tamo gdje bi inače bile svijetle linije u emisionom spektru pare. Znači da su pare, kroz koje je prošla bijela svijetlost, apsorbirale upravo one valne duljine bijele svjetlosti koje bi one emitirale kad bi same davale spektar. Takav spektar u kome se pojavljuju tamne linije zove se apsorpcijski spektar.

Sunčev spektar je tipični apsorpcijski spektar, kako je to utvrdio njemački fizičar J. Fraunhofer 1814. Naime zrake bijele svjetlosti koje izlaze iz Sunčeve jezgre prolaze kroz njegovu atmosferu, u kojoj se nalaze pare nekih kemijskih elemenata. Te pare apsorbiraju svjetlost onih valnih duljina koje bi one same emitirale. Tamne linije u spektru Sunca zovu se Fraunhoferove linije.

Na temelju toga G. R. Kirchoff je postavio zakon emisije i apsorpcije, koji kaže: Odnos između emisije, to jest energije zračenja nekog tijela, i apsorpcije, to jest energije koju tijelo apsorbira, konstantan je za sva tijela pri istoj temperaturi i istoj valnoj duljini zračenja. To znači, što više neko tijelo zrači zrake svjetlosti određene valne duljine pri određenoj temperaturi, to će ono tu svjetlost više apsorbirati pri istoj temperaturi.

Izvori

Spektroskopija

Spektralna analiza


The Lockheed WC-130 is a high-wing, medium-range aircraft used for weather reconnaissance missions by the United States Air Force. The aircraft is a modified version of the C-130 Hercules transport configured with specialized weather instrumentation including a dropsonde deployment/receiver system and crewed by a meteorologist for penetration of tropical cyclones and winter storms to obtain data on movement, size and intensity.

The USAF's Air Weather Service (AWS) received its first C-130 Hercules in 1962 to conduct air sampling missions in the wake of a resumption of atmospheric weapons testing by the Soviet Union in September 1961. The Air Force was then in the process of replacing its fleet of WB-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft with WB-47E jets but by 1965 the AWS had decided it would better served by the WC-130 in the manned weather reconnaissance role. Since that year the Air Force and Air Force Reserve have operated a total of 50 WC-130s in five variants. The WC-130J Weatherbird is the current weather data collection platform for the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.

Only one WC-130 has been lost during operational missions, H-model 65-0965, on 12 October 1974, flying in Typhoon Bess northeast of The Philippines. A former weather recon aircraft, H-model 65-0968, was lost on 2 May 2018 while serving with the Puerto Rico Air National Guard on its final ferry flight to retirement.  Two WC-130B models were lost to crashes after being sold to international customers, and another operational WC-130B aircraft was destroyed on the ground by a hurricane.

Development

In 1954 the Air Weather Service (AWS) replaced its WB-29 Superfortresses as its primary weather reconnaissance platform with a fleet of WB-50Ds deployed in seven squadrons. Between 1956 and 1960 six WB-50 accidents resulted in the loss of an entire crew and caused the deaths of 66 crew members; metal fatigue and other structural problems with the type was to end its service by 1965. The C-130 Hercules was desired by the AWS as the best alternative but budgetary limitations prevented the procurement of new aircraft for the mission. Headquarters Air Force had always considered aerial weather reconnaissance an expendable luxury when budget cuts were necessary or when funds were needed for expensive programs. In 1958 its desire to field a large ICBM deterrent force resulted in the shutdown of two AWS squadrons, followed by three more in March 1960. The problems with the WB-50, brought to a head in May 1960 by fuel leaks that grounded the entire 66-plane fleet, accelerated the process, which scheduled a complete phaseout by 1963. AWS fought against the decision, however, and the proposed permanent shutdown of AWS's flying mission alarmed high-level operational commanders worldwide, including the admiral commanding the United States Pacific Command. The commander of the Strategic Air Command, General Thomas S. Power, recommended that the WB-50s be replaced by B-47s that were being phased out by SAC, and when Gen. Curtis E. LeMay gave his support for the proposal, modification of 34 WB-47Es in 1963 for the AWS was approved and the re-activation of three discontinued weather recon squadrons scheduled for 1962.

In the meantime a bilateral moratorium with the Soviet Union on the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons was starting its third year when a suggestion was made that the classified air sampling program monitoring the moratorium and being conducted by at least five USAF commands be consolidated under a single manager and agency. AWS lobbied for the mission and submitted a plan in February 1961 naming itself the single manager. LeMay, now Air Force Chief of Staff, approved the plan on 31 August 1961; the next day the Soviet Union resumed nuclear testing. Headquarters Air Force authorized the acquisition of five new C-130Bs factory-configured for the sampling mission to be delivered in April 1962 when AWS would become the air sampling single-manager. These became the first weather-mission C-130 aircraft.

After the five C-130Bs became operational with AWS, conversions of six C-130Es followed in 1965 but as weather platforms. A dropsonde system was installed in all the C-130Bs and the designation of all C-130 weather variants was permanently changed to "WC-130" on 25 August 1965. Three WC-130As were created in Southeast Asia in 1967 and 11 more WC-130Bs were added in 1970 to replace the WB-47s, which had been abruptly retired from service in September 1969. The first of 15 WC-130Hs was converted in 1973 from rescue command and control aircraft (that had themselves been modified from C-130Es). Service life of some of these variants over-lapped as they operated with the 53rd, 54th, 55th and 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons. The -E and -H models have had the greatest longevity in service, 28 and 32 years respectively. Of the seven original weather reconnaissance squadrons, four of which received the WC-130 at some point, only the 53d WRS remains active, now assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC).

The WC-130J model, introduced in 1999, is currently the weather reconnaissance platform for the 53rd WRS, part of the 403rd Wing of the Air Force Reserve Command at Keesler AFB, Mississippi. Many of the WC-130s replaced in the weather reconnaissance mission were subsequently redistributed after de-modification to other AFRC and Air National Guard wings for use again in their original tactical airlift role or as training aircraft, while others were sold to foreign air forces.

Mission
The WC-130 provides vital tropical cyclone forecasting information and is the primary weather data collector for the National Hurricane Center, supplemented by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's WP-3D Orion. They penetrate tropical cyclones and hurricanes at altitudes ranging from  above the ocean surface depending upon the intensity of the storm. The most important function of these reconnaissance aircraft is to collect high-density, high-accuracy weather data from within the storm's environment. This includes penetration of the center or hurricane eye of the storm. This vital information is instantly relayed by satellite to the National Hurricane Center to aid in the accurate forecasting of hurricane movement and intensity.

Variants and operational history
The Lockheed C-130 has been operated as a Weather Reconnaissance aircraft in the following sub-types:

WC-130B (1962–1973)
Five new C-130Bs factory-configured for air sampling were delivered to the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, in 1962. After operational testing and evaluation, three were distributed to the 54th, 56th, and 57th WRS and the 55th deployed one of its remaining two to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. In 1965 all had dropsonde systems installed at the Warner Robins Air Materiel Area (WRAMA) and were transferred to the 53rd WRS at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, for use in the Hurricane Hunter mission. The first of thousands of such missions for the just-designated WC-130 was flown on 27 August 1965 into the eye of Hurricane Betsy, the most destructive hurricane in recorded history to that time.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Camille in August 1969 and the simultaneous shutdown of the WB-47 program, funds were appropriated to fund Project Seek Cloud, an upgrade of tropical storm reconnaissance capability by an increase in C-130 platforms and an upgrade in meteorological equipment. 12 additional C-130B transports  were obtained from Pacific Air Forces and modified in 1970–1971 with the new equipment suite.  One was soon transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) but the other 11 went into military service, three to the 54th to replace the WC-130As and the rest to the 53rd, which had transferred four of its five original B-models to other squadrons after receiving Seek Cloud retrofits. Efforts to develop forward-looking and side-looking weather radars were unsuccessful. The second batch of C-130Bs were in service only a few years before all were de-modified and turned over to the reserve forces.

The WC-130Bs were powered by four Allison T56-A-7A turboprop engines rated at , had a cruising speed of , a radius of action of  with a payload of , and a service ceiling of .

WC-130E (1965–1993)
In 1965 the Air Force procured six E-model variants to replace six WB-47Es in the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Anderson Air Force Base, Guam. Three veteran airlifters were transferred from the Tactical Air Command (TAC) and three obtained new. All were modified with the AMT-1 dropsonde system and assigned to the 54th WRS, where they remained until 1972. From then to 1987, when they were assigned permanently to the 53d WRS, the E-models were assigned to the operational demands of all the operational weather reconnaissance squadrons. In 1989 they were upgraded with the Improved Weather Reconnaissance System ("I-Wars") utilizing the Omega Navigation System previously installed in WC-130H model and remained in regular operational service until retired in 1993.

WC-130A (1967–1970)
Three C-130A transports were obtained from TAC in 1966 during the Vietnam War to conduct Operation Popeye, a rain-making operation in Southeast Asia. In early 1967 they were modified for an additional weather reconnaissance mission by installation of the AMT-1 dropsonde system. Two were based for the dual missions on a rotational basis at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, with a third at Anderson AFB for maintenance and crew changes. Missions were flown by crews of the 54th WRS and included synoptic weather reconnaissance to all areas of SEA. All three reverted to C-130A standard in 1971 after their replacement by upgraded models.

WC-130H (1973–2005)

With the drawdown of U.S. participation in the war in Southeast Asia, a number of extended-range HC-130H CROWN airborne controllers assigned to the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (a sister agency of the Air Weather Service in the Military Airlift Command) became excess because of budgetary reductions. With Hurricane Camille still fresh in the minds of Congress and the American public and retention of the AWS flying mission still strong in MAC Headquarters, AWS proposed to Headquarters Air Force in March 1972 that its 16 WC-130Bs be replaced by a like number of the available HC-130Hs. The request was approved in December 1972 but altered a month later. AWS was ordered to retain three of the Bs and could give up the other 13 in return for 11 HC-130Hs. $4.5 million was budgeted for WRAMA to transfer the Seek Cloud equipment from the Bs to the newer Hs, and the changeover occurred between June 1973 and July 1974. Four additional HC-130Hs were converted in 1975.

A total of 15 HC-130H rescue Hercules were eventually modified with Seek Cloud equipment and designated WC-130H, replacing all 16 WC-130Bs in the weather reconnaissance squadrons. The WC-130H was equipped with the more powerful Allison T56-A-15 turboprop engines rated at  and had wing-mounted fuel tanks that provided an additional  of fuel, extending the WC-130H's radius of action at maximum cruise speed ( (KIAS),  (KTAS)) to .

A contract was awarded Tracor Aerospace on 29 September 1987 to build and install 20 IWRS suites but two days later the 54th WRS was inactivated, leaving only ten WC-130s in service, seven with the 53d WRS and three in the Air Force Reserve. Even so, the IWRS system went operational in the WC-130H in 1988 and remains standard equipment.

Manned weather reconnaissance continued to be reduced when AWS finally divested itself of its flying mission in 1991 by inactivating the 53d WRS and transferring both the mission and its few remaining aircraft assets to the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC). But the devastation wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 again demonstrated the need for "hurricane hunting" and state-of-the-art equipment to accomplish it, and the 53d was resurrected as a full-time unit of AFRC in 1993. The WC-130s were transferred back to it but the H-models were showing their age and between 1999 and 2005 all were replaced by the new, technologically-advanced J-variant.

WC-130J (1999–present)

The WC-130J was the first variant obtained new from the factory since 1965. Ten were procured and assigned to the 53d WRS, now the only manned weather reconnaissance unit in the Department of Defense. The new model encountered teething problems that delayed its Initial Operational Capability until just before the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Conversion of the Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules greatly enhanced the capability and safety of the WC-130 in its penetration of tropical cyclones on critical "fix" missions.

The WC-130J carries a minimum crew of five: pilot/aircraft commander, co-pilot, combat systems officer, aerial reconnaissance weather officer and weather reconnaissance loadmaster. The 53d WRS maintains twenty air crews (ten full-time and ten part-time) to meet its capabilities obligations in support of requirements for the National Hurricane Operations Plan of five sorties per day from Keesler AFB and two from deployed locations. Weather data instrumentation and the dropsonde delivery and recording systems are mounted in the aircraft on removable pallets at the front end of the cargo compartment, giving the aircraft a standard cargo mission capability also.

The aircraft is not equipped for aerial refueling, but with wing-mounted auxiliary fuel tanks is capable of staying aloft almost 18 hours at an optimum cruise speed of more than . An average weather reconnaissance mission lasts 11 hours and covers almost . The crew collects and reports weather data as often as every minute.

The Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer operates the computerized weather reconnaissance equipment, generates the "horizontal data" measurements (also known as "Recco"), and acts as flight director inside the storm environment. The weather officer also evaluates other meteorological conditions such as turbulence, icing, visibility, cloud types and amounts, and ocean surface winds. The ARWO uses the equipment to determine the storm's center and analyze atmospheric conditions such as pressure, temperature, dew point and wind speed to create a Vortex Data Message sent to the National Hurricane Center.

A critical piece of weather equipment on board the WC-130J is the GPS Dropsonde Windfinding System, a cylindrically-shaped instrument about  long and  in diameter and weighing approximately . The dropsonde is equipped with a high frequency radio and other sensing devices and is released from the aircraft over water. As the instrument descends to the sea surface, it measures and relays to the aircraft a vertical atmospheric profile of the temperature, humidity and barometric pressure and wind data. The dropsonde is slowed and stabilized by a small parachute. Through use of the Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS), the Dropsonde System Operator generates the "vertical data" (also referred to as "Drops") needed by the NHC, receiving, analyzing and encoding the data for transmission by satellite.

Between May 2007 and February 2008, all ten WC-130J were equipped with the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR or "Smurf"), which continuously measures the surface winds and rainfall rates below the aircraft, mounted in a radome on the right wing outboard of the number four engine.

The WC-130J provides data vital to tropical cyclone forecasting. The WC-130J usually penetrates hurricanes at an altitude of approximately  to collect meteorological data in the vortex, or eye, of the storm. The aircraft normally flies a radius of about  from the vortex to collect detailed data about the structure of the tropical cyclone.

The information collected makes possible advance warning of hurricanes and increases the accuracy of hurricane predictions and warnings by as much as 30%. Collected data are relayed directly to the National Hurricane Center, in Miami, Fla., a Department of Commerce weather agency that tracks hurricanes and provides warning service in the Atlantic area.

Accidents and incidents

Swan 38 – On 12 October 1974, a newly modified WC-130H (65-0965) assigned to the United States Air Force's 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and its six crew disappeared during Typhoon Bess. No trace of the aircraft or its crew has ever been found.

Specifications (WC-130J Weatherbird)

See also

References
Footnotes

Citations

Sources

Hurricane Hunter Weather Equipment. Air Force fact sheet, Inside 403rd Wing, retrieved 2015-10-12

External links

Whiskey-Charlie!, an unofficial history of the WC-130
Tech Report: Dropsonde, official USAF technology news video published June 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-12

C-130, W
C-130, W
1960s United States military utility aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Four-engined turboprop aircraft
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
WC-130

Lockheed WC-130


Elena Ferrante er pseudonymet for en italiensk forfatter, hvis værker er oversat til mange sprog. Hvem der står bag pseudonymet er ikke offentlig kendt. At forfatteren er kvinde fremgår af de – udelukkende skriftlige – interviews, hun har givet.
I oktober 2016 hævdede journalisten Claudio Gatti i The New York Review of Books, at forfatteren er identisk med Anita Raja, der ellers er kendt som oversætter af tysk litteratur, en påstand der vakte kritik blandt dem, der mente, at man burde respektere forfatterens ønske om anonymitet.

Værker oversat til dansk
 Besværende kærlighed, 2017 (L'amore molesta, 1991)
 Dukken der blev væk, 2016

Napoli-romanerne
 Min geniale veninde, 2014 (L'amica geniale, 2011)
 Historien om et nyt navn, 2014 (Storia del nuovo cognome, L'amica geniale volume 2, 2012)
 Dem der flygter og dem der bliver, 2016 (Storia di chi fugge e di chi resta, L'amica geniale volume 3, 2013)
 Det forsvundne barn, 2016 (Storia della bambina perduta, L'amica geniale volume 4, 2014)

Historier for børn
 Stranden om natten 2016 (La spiaggia di notte, 2007)

Værker ikke oversat til dansk
 I giorni dell'abbandono, 2002.
 La figlia oscura, 2006.

Referencer

Romanforfattere fra Italien
Pseudonymer

Elena Ferrante


Et hundeliv er en dansk animationsfilm fra 1996, der er instrueret af Malene Vilstrup efter manuskript af hende selv, Torleif Hoppe og Ulla Ryum.

Handling
Frimærkesamleren Carl elsker sine frimærker og sin todimensionelle verden. Konen finder Carl meget kedelig og vil gerne ud at danse og få luft under vingerne i virkelighedens verden. Men verden skræmmer frimærkesamleren, der rystes over al den krig og vold, han ser på TV. En dag modtager han en paphund med posten. Den bliver en ny brik i Carls verden, da konen skrider.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1996

Et hundeliv


Dorothy-Grace Elder is a Scottish journalist and former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow region 1999–2003. She sat as an Independent MSP 2002–2003, having first sat as a Scottish National Party member from 1999 until she left the party in 2002. Among achievements for campaigning, she was awarded the 1996 Britain's Reporter of the Year for investigative journalism at the British Press Awards. In 2019, she was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Scottish Press Awards.

Journalism
Elder was the first woman to run an investigative team, "The Insiders", on the Glasgow Herald, where she worked on reporters, news features and leaders. She was later recruited by TV, beginning with BBC Scotland's news programme Reporting Scotland. She wrote, filmed and produced numerous documentaries on social injustices for STV and the network. Other programmes for Scottish Television include Paramedics. and the first Scottish documentary on AIDS in 1988. For BBC Scotland and BBC Two, she filmed "I Preferred Madness"- the life story of Scots television pioneer John Logie Baird – filming between the UK, Canada and New York.

She worked as features editor and columnist on Scotland's first cooperatively run newspaper, the ill-fated Scottish Daily News.

Elder has written columns and investigations for papers, including The Herald, Sunday Mail, Scotland on Sunday "Rattling the Cages" the Scottish Daily Express "Off the Leash", The Daily Express (UK) "Dear Dorothy".

She campaigned against conditions in Russian prisons for the destitute, including street children.

In 2007, she was appointed to an honorary professorship from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen. She lectures in investigative journalism to honours year students of the university.

Political career
In June 1998, she was announced as an SNP candidate for the newly formed Scottish Parliament in the elections that would take place the following year.

In the 1999 election she stood in the Glasgow Baillieston constituency and gained a 17% swing to the SNP in a former Labour heartland. Although she did not win the seat outright, she was elected on the list to Parliament as a Scottish National Party (SNP) representative for Glasgow region.  She was a member of the Health and Community Care Committee and a member of the Public Petitions Committee. A left-winger, she supported Alex Neil in the SNP leadership election of 2000.

As an MSP, Elder continued campaigning.  She researched pollution and ill health in the East End of Glasgow, becoming the first MSP to take a pollution case to Brussels against dumping in the East End and an incinerator for dead cattle being allowed near housing and a hospital.  She won the case in Europe.  While in the Scottish Parliament, Elder launched a cross party group to look at shortage of help for chronic pain patients. In February 2002, she led a member's debate on the issue. Scotland had no residential service for severe chronic pain cases, with some sent hundreds of miles to Bath. Elder fought for 12 years for a residential service in Scotland, which was achieved in 2015. She continues to be strongly involved with the cross-party group, long after her term as MSP finished.

She became dissatisfied with the way in which the SNP was being run and in May 2002 she resigned from the SNP. From that point, she sat in the Parliament as an independent MSP. She did not stand for re-election at the 2003 election, returning to journalism instead.

She is also a former Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association candidate for the post of rector of the University of Glasgow, losing to the actor Richard Wilson in 1996. She was known for her campaigning abilities.

Reflecting on her political career in 2021, Elder wrote that despite sharing an office for three years with future First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, Sturgeon had refused to speak to her. She also claimed that: "I was reported to the chief whip after a woman MSP and one of Nicola [Sturgeon]'s chums discovered I had privately asked a women's group for advice on male bullying in politics... I was set to be disciplined. It made me sick and I walked out." The SNP responded: "Ms Elder has not been a member for almost two decades."

Awards and honours
1994 Oliver Brown Award for services to Scotland

1996 Britain's Reporter of the Year at the British Press Awards for investigative journalism

1998 Citation from the City of Pushkin for Humanitarian Aid to hospitals and prisons

2014 Medical Journalists' Assoc UK Health Campaign Award

In 2019, she was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Scottish Press Awards.

References

External links

Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou

1942 births
Living people
Scottish journalists
Scottish women journalists
Scottish National Party MSPs
Independent MSPs
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
Place of birth missing (living people)
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Women's page journalists

Dorothy-Grace Elder


Greierul este un gen de insecte din familia Gryllidae, cu corp gros, antene lungi și cu ochi mari, având picioarele posterioare adaptate la sărit. Produce un sunet specific prin frecarea elitrelor. Greierul are o metarmofoză incompletă.El are șase picioare și culoarea neagră de obicei,dar este posibil ca unele specii să aibă culorii diferite.

Referințe

Legături externe

 house cricket
 tropical house cricket
 field crickets, Gryllus spp.

Ensifera

Greier


أييينيون (Αιγίνιον) هي مدينة في بيريا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3931   نسمة.

أعلام
 أرجيريس بابابيترو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيريا (إقليم يوناني)
مدن اليونان

أيغينيو


John J. Yeosock (* 18. März 1937 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; † 15. Februar 2012 in Fayetteville, Georgia) war ein Generalleutnant der US Army, der unter anderem während der Operationen Desert Shield und Desert Storm im Zweiten Golfkrieg Kommandeur der 3. US-Armee war.

Leben

Studium und Aufstieg zum Kommandeur der 1. US-Kavalleriedivision
Yeosock wuchs in Plains Township auf, einem Ort im Luzerne County, und absolvierte anschließend das Valley Forge Military Academy and College, das er mit Auszeichnung abschloss. Aufgrund einer Sehschwäche wurde er jedoch nicht an der US Military Academy in West Point aufgenommen und absolvierte stattdessen das Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) der Pennsylvania State University, die er 1959 mit einem Bachelor of Science der Ingenieurwissenschaften (B.Sc. Industrial Engineering) abschloss. Ein späteres postgraduales Studium an der US Naval Postgraduate School beendete er mit einem Master of Science (M.Sc. Operations Research/Systems Analysis).

Nach anschließenden Verwendungen in Deutschland diente er während des Vietnamkrieges als Waffensystemoffizier. Er fand im Anschluss weitere Verwendungen in Washington, D.C., Fort Bliss sowie in Südkorea und war Kommandeur der 194. Gepanzerten Brigade (194th Armored Brigade), ehe er Chef des Stabes der 1. US-Kavalleriedivision in Fort Hood war.

Nachdem er Anfang der 1980er Jahre Leiter einer Gruppe von US-Militärangehörigen war, die helfen sollte, die Nationalgarde Saudi-Arabiens zu modernisieren, wurde er stellvertretender Kommandeur der 1. US-Kavalleriedivision und dann 1984 stellvertretender Chef des Stabes für Operationen des US Army Forces Command in Fort McPherson. Im Anschluss wurde Yeosock im Juni 1986 Kommandeur der 1. US-Kavalleriedivision, behielt diesen Posten bis Mai 1988 und war danach Assistent des stellvertretenden Chef des Stabes für Operation und Planung im US Department of the Army, der für das Heer zuständigen Behörde im Verteidigungsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten.

Zweiter Golfkrieg

Nach seiner Beförderung zum Generalleutnant wurde er am 17. März 1989 Kommandeur der 3. US-Armee in Fort McPherson. Nach der Invasion irakischer Truppen in Kuwait am 2. August 1990 und damit verbundenen Beginn des 2. Golfkrieges, wurde 3. US-Armee nach Saudi-Arabien verlegt, um dort beim Aufbau von Truppenverbänden zum Schutz des Emirats im Rahmen der Operation Desert Shield zu helfen. Während der ersten Kriegsmonate bildete die 3. US-Armee den Kern des linken Flügels gegen die irakische Armee. Er gehörte damit im für den Einsatz im Zweiten Golfkrieg zuständigen US Central Command neben dem Kommandeur General Norman Schwarzkopf junior, dem Chef des Stabes, Generalmajor Robert B. Johnston, sowie den weiteren Kommandeuren der Teilstreitkräfte im US Central Command, Vizeadmiral Stan Arthur (US Navy), Generalleutnant Walter E. Boomer (US Marines) sowie Generalleutnant Chuck Horner (US Air Force) zu den wichtigsten Generalen der US-Streitkräfte.

Als sich Yeosock ab dem 19. Februar 1991 in medizinischer Behandlung in Deutschland befand, wurde das Kommando über die 3. US-Armee kommissarisch von Generalmajor Calvin Waller übernommen. Am 18. Juli 1992 wurde schließlich Generalleutnant James R. Ellis Kommandeur der 3. US-Armee, während Yeosock schließlich im August 1992 aus dem aktiven Militärdienst ausschied.

Nach seinem Tod aufgrund eines Bronchialkarzinoms wurde Yeosock auf dem Nationalfriedhof Arlington beigesetzt.

Auszeichnungen
Auswahl der Dekorationen, sortiert in Anlehnung der Order of Precedence of Military Awards:
  Army Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit (2 x)
  Bronze Star (2 x)
  Meritorious Service Medal
  Army Commendation Medal
  Mitglied der französischen Ehrenlegion

Weblinks
  auf der Homepage der 3. US-Armee
 WAR IN THE GULF: COMMANDERS; Top Brass in Gulf: Profiles in Uniformed Authority. In: New York Times vom 12. Februar 1991
 Three-star general John Yeosock dies in Georgia (citizensvoice.com, 16. Februar 2012) (Seitenaufruf am 9. März 2012)

Generalleutnant (United States Army)
Kommandierender General der 3. US-Armee
Kommandierender General der 1. US-Kavalleriedivision
Person im Vietnamkrieg (Vereinigte Staaten)
Person im Zweiten Golfkrieg (Vereinigte Staaten)
Träger der Army Distinguished Service Medal
Träger des Ordens Legion of Merit
Träger der Bronze Star Medal
Träger der Meritorious Service Medal (Vereinigte Staaten)
Träger der Army Commendation Medal
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2012
Mann

John J. Yeosock


Marc Kinchen, aussi connu sous ses initiales MK, est un disc jockey, producteur et remixeur américain né le  à Détroit, Michigan.

Carrière

Débuts
À la fin des années 1980, Marc Kinchen participe à l'essor de la techno dans sa ville natale de Détroit. Avec quelques camarades de classe, il fonde le groupe Separate Minds, qui sortent l'EP We Need Somebody. Le titre 1st Bass de cet EP a été repris par Kevin Saunderson et mis sur un album de compilation. Kinchen est entré en contact avec Saunderson lui-même par l'intermédiaire de son compatriote Anthony Pearson (Chez Damier), qui lui a ensuite donné l'opportunité de travailler dans son studio. Kinchen produit désormais de nouveaux morceaux dans ce studio. Il suit la ligne de Saunderson consistant à mélanger la techno avec des éléments de house et de soul, et sort son premier titre Somebody New, sous le nom de scène MK. Il sort un remix du tube Whatcha Gonna Do With My Lovin pour le groupe de Saunderson, Inner City, et produit également des remixes avec Chez Damier, sous le nom de Power 41.

Années de succès
Le premier succès de Kinchen vient en 1991 avec la chanson Burning, sur laquelle il utilise le chant pour la première fois, avec la participation de la chanteuse Alana Simon. Comme aucun label ne voulait sortir la chanson, il a fondé son propre label Area 10 pour pouvoir auto-sortir le morceau. La chanson a été un succès et s'est finalement vendue à plus de 20 000 exemplaires. Cela a valu à Kinchen un contrat avec Virgin sur le sous-label Charisma. Après ce succès, il s'oriente davantage vers la house music. Il contribue à l'album Praise d'Inner City en 1992 et a également collaboré avec Chez Damier pour son titre Can You Feel It? en 1992. Il enregistre en 1993 l'album Surrender sous le nom "MK featuring Alana". Les singles Always et Love Changes tirés de l'album ont tous deux atteint le numéro un du classement américain Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. Il sort également en 1993 le titre 4 You sous le pseudonyme 4th Measure Men. La collaboration de Kinchen et Alana Simon prend fin après un album. Après le succès de l'album, il s'installe à New York. Sa petite amie de l'époque y vivait, sa maison de disques y était installée et, de plus, il a pu y trouver du travail grâce à des contacts avec la direction de Kevin Saunderson.

Grâce à ses succès, Kinchen reçoit également de nombreuses propositions de remixes. Il réalise des remixes pour des artistes tels que les Pet Shop Boys, Corona, Masters at Work, Jam & Spoon, Tori Amos, Blondie et Bobby Brown. En 1992, il sort un remix de la chanson Push the Feeling On du groupe écossais Nightcrawlers. Son "MK Dub of Doom remix" est resté un disque populaire sur la scène house britannique dans les années qui ont suivi. Cela a conduit à la réédition de la chanson en 1995, qui est devenue un succès mondial. Kinchen a également été intensivement impliqué en tant que producteur sur le premier album des Nightcrawlers, Let's Push It, dont il a écrit la moitié des chansons. Le titre Surrender Your Love, est à son tour devenu un grand succès en tant que successeur de Push The Feeling On. La chanson Burning a également été rééditée avec de nouveaux remixes. En 1996, Kinchen sort la chanson Lift Me Up, avec la participation de la chanteuse Claire Rivers.

Production en studio
En 1997, la carrière de Kinchen prend un nouveau tournant. Il arrête de produire de la musique house et continue en tant que producteur de studio. Il s'implique dans la production de R&B par l'intermédiaire de Quincy Jones et déménage à Los Angeles en 2001. Il n'a pas rendu public son changement de carrière et pendant des années, la scène house ne savait pas ce qu'il faisait. À partir de 2008, il collabore plusieurs fois avec Pitbull, pour qui il produit plusieurs chansons telles que Get It Started et Back in Time en 2012. Pitbull a également échantillonné son remix de Push the Feeling On pour son titre Hotel Room Service en 2009.

Retour sur scène
En 2011, le label Defected Records contacte Kinchen pour rééditer ses anciens disques. Ses singles et remixes les plus célèbres des années 1990 ont été rassemblés sur la compilation House Masters. Il réalise ensuite un certain nombre de disques de mixes pour Defected et sort également de nouveaux singles, en collaboration avec des producteurs tels que Lauren Flax et Lee Foss (Hot Natured). En 2013, il remixe la chanson Look Right Through de Storm Queen, qui atteint la première place de l'UK Singles Chart. Son remix de My Head Is a Jungle de Wankelmut et Emma Louise a également obtenu un succès modeste. En février 2014, Kinchen est apparu dans l'émission de radio BBC Essential Mix.

En 2014, il réédite l'ancienne chanson Strider, du nom d'un vieux jeu vidéo. Il produit alors de nouveaux titres, pour lesquels il recherche régulièrement des invités. Il a par exemple collaboré avec la chanteuse britannique Becky Hill, avec qui il a réalisé le titre Piece of Me. Il a également travaillé avec le producteur Jonas Blue avec qui il sort la chanson Back & Forth, également chantée par Hill. En 2019, il collabore avec le duo de producteurs de Gorgon City.

Discographie

Albums studio

Compilations
 2011 : Defected Presents House Masters: MK
 2013 : Defected Presents MK in the House
 2013 : Defected Presents House Masters: MK (Second Edition)

EP
Sous Pleasure State (avec Lee Foss & Anabel Englund)

Singles

Sous MK

Sous d'autres noms
 1991 : Get It Right (sous Area10 featuring MK)
 1992 : Just a Dream (sous 4th Measure Men)
 1992 : This Way / Boy (sous K.E.L.S.E.Y.)
 1993 : 4 You (sous 4th Measure Men)
 1995 : The Need / The Keep (sous 4th Measure Men)

Remixes

1989
 Inner City - Set Your Body Free (Marc Kinchen's London Remix)

1990
 Inner City - That Man (He's All Mine) (Marc Kinchen Vocal Remix)
 Octave One featuring Lisa Newberry - I Believe (MK Mix)
 Nexus 21 featuring Donna Black - (Still) Life Keeps Moving (Marc Kinchen Life In The Club Mix)
 Kaos - Gonna Get Over U (Marc Kinchen Techno Remix / MK Motor City Remix
 Kaos - Over You (MK Mix)1992
 The B-52's - Tell It Like It T-I-Is (MK Dub) Definition of Sound - What Are You Under (MK Underground Dub / MK Underground Mix) J. - Keep The Promise (MK Mix) Scottie Deep - Fathoms (MK's Floating Struggle) Betty Boo - Thing Goin' On (MK Mix / MK Underground Mix / MK Underground Dub / MK Club Mix)
 Chez Damier - Can You Feel It (MK Dub)
 A Thousand Points of Night - Read My Lips (MK Underground Mix) Inner City - Follow Your Heart (MK Mix) The Shamen - Phorever People (MK Mix) Chez Damier - I Never Knew Love (MK Club Mix) D-Influence - No Illusions (MK's Dumb Dub / MK's Dekalb Mix) The Reese Project - The Colour Of Love (MK Deep Dub) Bizarre Inc. featuring Angie Brown - Took My Love (MK H. Remix / MK What Up Dub) Nightcrawlers – Push the Feeling On (MK's Nocturnal Dub / MK's Deep Dawn Mix / MK Dub of Doom) Hermann - Tulblin' Down (MK's Dub / MK's Groove) Tom Tom Club - You Sexy Thing (Marc Kinchen Sexy Remix / Marc Kinchen Deep Bass) Lisa Vale - Love Plus Love (MK Club Mix / MK Dub / MK Hyp Hop Mix)
 Sofia Shinas - The Message (Marc Kinchen Club Mix / MK Vocal Dub)
 New Girl Posses - Higher (MK's Mix / MK's So Long Dub / MK Vocal Dub)
 Fabulon - Say Anything (MK Club Mix / MK Deep Dub Mix) Happyhead - Digital Love Thing (MK Mix)1993
 D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better (MK Trance Mix) The Brotherhood - Love Will Make It Right (MK Instrumental) Plan B – Life's A Beat (MK Mix / MK Dub) The Sleepwalkers - New Thang (MK Club Mix / MK Dub Mix) Ethyl Meatplow - Queenie (MK Vox Mix / MK Dub Mix) Captain Hollywood Project - All I Want (MK Dub / MK Blades Dub / MK Urban Radio Mix / MK Pop Radio Mix Edit) Moby - Move (MK Blades Mix) Jam & Spoon featuring Plavka - Right in the Night (Fall in Love With Music) (MK Mix / MK Tribal Mix / MK In The Night Dub / MK Dub) Bobby Brown - Get Away (MK Remix / MK Club Mix / MK Rough Neck Dub) R-Tyme - Use Me (MK Mix) Pet Shop Boys - Can You Forgive Her? (MK Remix / MK Dub) Inner City - Follow Your Heart (MK Mix)
 Lonnie Gordon - Bad Mood (MK & Masters at Work's Bass Hit / MK & Masters At Work Dub / MK's Hip Hop Mix)
 Jane Child - All I Do (MK Mix)
 Jody Watley - Your Love Keeps Working On Me (MK Mix / MK Brooklyn Mix / MK's Working Dub)
 Masters at Work featuring La India - I Can't Get No Sleep (MK Remix / MK Dub)
 La Trece - I Want to Thank You (MK Mix / MK Dub / MK Downtown Mix)
 M People - Moving On Up (MK Mix / MK Movin' Mix)

1994
 Céline Dion - Misled (MK Mix / MK Dub / MK's Redirect Mix / MK's History Mix / MK Lead Mix)
 Paul Hardcastle featuring Steve Menzies - Can't Stop Now (MK Rhythm Mix / MK Can't Stop The Mix / MK Can't Stop The Dub / MK's Dance Mix / MK's Dance Dub)
 Saundra Williams - I Want It, I Need It (Real Love) (MK Deep Mix)
 Xaviera Gold - Good Luv (MK's X Dub)
 Pandella - Goodbye To Love (MK Mix)
 E.Y.C. - Number One (M.K. Dub 2)
 Angélique Kidjo - Agolo (MK Dub / MK Ragga Mix)
 Opus III - When You Made The Mountain (MK Mix / MK Dub)
 M People - Exicted (MK Mix / MK T Mix / MK Snow Call Dub)
 Captain Hollywood - Rhythm of Life (MK Mix)
 Carol Bailey - Feel It (MK Dub)
 Elton John & RuPaul - Don't Go Breaking My Heart (MK Mix)
 Masters at Work featuring Jocelyn Brown - Can't Stop the Rhythm (MK Mix)

1995
 Nightcrawlers - Push the Feeling On (MK Remix  / MK Dub Revisited)
 Nightcrawlers featuring John Reid - Surrender Your Love (MK Club Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Nightcrawlers featuring John Reid - Let's Push It (MK Club Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Nightcrawlers featuring John Reid - Don't Let the Feeling Go (MK Club Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Nightcrawlers featuring John Reid - Lift Me Up (MK Club Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Geoffrey Williams - Free Your Mind (MK Mix)
 Luther Vandross & Janet Jackson - The Best Things in Life Are Free (MK Remix)
 B-Zet & Darlesia - Caught Within (Gonna Miss You) (MK Dub)
 Jodie - Anything You Want (MK Vox Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Those 2 Girls - All I Want (MK Mix / MK Leavin' Dub)
 West End - Love Rules (MK Instrumental)
 Brandy - Baby (MK's G-Mix)
 Terence Trent D'Arby - Surrender (MK Mix / MK Dub)
 Jodeci - Freek'n You (MK Freek Mix)
 Blondie - Heart of Glass (MK Mix)
 Bette Midler - To Deserve You (MK Mix / MK Club Mix / MK Dub 1 / MK Dub 2)
 Corona - Try Me Out (MK Vocal Mix / MK Dub Mix)
 Aaron Smith featuring D'Bora - Going Round (MK Dub)

1996
 Rosie Gaines - Closer Than Close (MK Mix)
 E-Motion - The Naughty North & The Sexy South (MK Final Mix / MK Mix For Life / MK Mix For Death / MK Dub)
 Tevin Campbell - Could You Learn To Love (Mark Kinchen Remix)
 Tori Amos - Professional Widow (MK Mix / MK Vampire Dub)
 New Edition - Something About You (MK Dub)
 Johnny 'D' & Nicky P present All Star Madness - Magic (MK Mix)

1998
 Tyree Cooper - Turn Up The Bass (MK II's Mission Impossible Remix)

2000
 Groove Control - Beautiful (MK Disco Funkster Mix)

2001
 Carlito featuring Young Robb - Fame Game (MK Wanna Sing Remix / MK Wanna Sing Dub)
 Lina - It's Alright (MK Mix/ MK Dub)
 Debelah Morgan - Why Did You Have To Be (MK Remix / MK Dub 1 / MK Dub 2)

2005
 Pate No.1 featuring Colinda - Always (MK Mix)

2009
 Lauren Flax featuring Sia - You've Changed (MK D-troit Dub)
 Studio Apartment featuring Yasmeen Sulieman - Sun Will Shine (MK Mix / MK Dub)

2010
 Funkstar De Luxe - Do You Feel (MK Remix)
 Usher featuring Pitbull - DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love (MK Ultras Mix)
 Beyoncé - Why Don't You Love Me (MK Ultras Remix)

2011
 Creep featuring Nina Sky - You (MK Hot Tub Rub Dub)
 Pitbull featuring T-Pain - Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor) (MK Dub Mix)
 Dev - In the Dark (MK Deep Mix)
 Ellie Goulding - Lights (MK Deep Dub)
 Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo & Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything (MK Dub Mix)

2012
 Pitbull featuring Chris Brown - International Love (MK Wall Dub Mix)
 Amirali - Just An Illusion (MK Remix)
 Todd Terry presents House of Gypsies - Samba (MK Onix Dub)
 DJ Haus - Needin' U (MK Dub)
 Byron Stingily - Love You The Right Way (MK Vocal Mix / MK Dub)
 Hot Natured & Ali Love - Forward Motion (MK Reverse Mix)
 Kevin Saunderson featuring Inner City - Future (MK AW Deep Dub)
 Lana Del Rey - Blue Jeans (MK Dark Blue Dub / MK Darkest Mix / MK Denim Dub)
 Michael Jackson - Who Is It (MK Remix)
 Storm Queen - Look Right Through (MK Don't Talk To Me Vocal Mix / MK Don't Talk To Me Dub)
 Dev & Enrique Iglesias - Naked (MK Mix / MK Dub / MK Vocal)
 Huxley - No Matter What (MK Dub)
 Veron Ray featuring Dog.Ma - First Day (MK Deep Remix)

2013
 Lana Del Rey - Summertime Sadness (MK Feel It In The Air Remix)
 Lana Del Rey - Summertime Sadness (MK & Lee Foss Cold Blooded Remix)
 Lana Del Rey - Summertime Sadness (Simon Large & MK Dub)
 Michael Jansons featuring Mizbee - Addiction (MK's Half Dub)
 Sky Ferreira - Everything Is Embarrassing (MK Remix / MK Dub)
 Chris Malinchak - So Good to Me (MK Remix)
 Rhye - Open (MK Remix)
 FCL - It's You (MK Remix)
 Dillon - Thirteen Thirtyfive (Lee Foss & MK Remix)
 Sinéad Harnett - Got Me (MK Swallow Dub / MK Remix)
 MK featuring Claire Rivers - Lift Me Up (MK Edit / MK 12' Vocal Mix / MK Dub)
 Katy B - What Love Is Made Of (MK Remix)
 Late Night Alumni - Sapphire (MK Remix)
 Disclosure featuring AlunaGeorge - White Noise (MK Remix)
 Jamie Antonelli - Divine (MK Remix)
 Louie Fresco - New Hateration (MK Remix)
 Thirty Seconds to Mars - Up in the Air (MK Remix)
 Wankelmut & Emma Louise - My Head Is a Jungle (MK Remix / MK Trouble Dub)
 Francesco Rossi - Paper Aeroplane (MK Gone With The Wind Remix / MK's Paper A Dub)
 Sub Focus featuring Kele - Turn It Around (MK Remix)
 Hot Natured featuring Anabel Englund - Reverse Skydiving (MK Remix)
 Shadow Child featuring Takura - Friday (MK Medicine Dub)
 Le Youth featuring Dominique Young Unique - Dance with Me (MK Remix)
 Storm Queen - Look Right Through (MK Remix / MK Dub III)

2014
 Sam Smith - Money on My Mind (MK Remix)
 Angel Haze featuring Sia - Battle Cry (MK Remix / MK Love Right Here Dub)
 Paloma Faith - Can't Rely On You (MK Remix)
 Lancelot featuring Antony & Cleopatra - Givin' It Up (MK Remix)
 Haim - If I Could Change Your Mind (MK Remix)
 MK featuring Alana - Always (MK Area10 Remix)
 Monarchy - Living Without You (MK Letting Go Remix)
 Nile Rodgers - Do What You Wanna Do (IMS Anthem) (MK Disko Dub)
 Rudimental featuring Becky Hill - Powerless (MK Remix)
 Duke Dumont - I Got U (MK Remix)
 Lana Del Rey - West Coast (MK & Enda Harte & Connor Josef Remix
 KANT vs. MK - Ey Yo (MK Remix)
 Wankelmut & Emma Louise - My Head Is a Jungle (MK My Head Is A Dub / MK Area10 Remix)

2015
 Ellie Goulding - On My Mind (MK Remix)
 Bakermat - Teach Me (MK Remix)
 Andhim - Boy Boy Boy (MK Remix)
 Dantiez Saunderson & KPD featuring La Rae Starr - Place Called Home (MK Remix)'''
 MK featuring Milly Pye - Bring Me to Life (Area10 Club Mix / Area10 Dub Mix) MK featuring Milly Pye - Bring Me to Life (MK Dub IV)'

2016
 Rüfüs - Say a Prayer for Me (MK Remix)
 Diplo & Sleepy Tom - Be Right There (MK Remix)
 Alessia Cara featuring G-Eazy - Wild Things (MK Remix)
 Aurora - I Went Too Far (MK Remix)
 Bastille - Good Grief (MK Remix)
 Pet Shop Boys - The Pop Kids (MK Remix / MK Dub)

2017
 Marc Kinchen featuring A*M*E - My Love 4 U (MK & KC Lights Remix / Lights Dub)
 London Grammar - Oh Woman Oh Man (MK Remix)
 Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson - Symphony (MK Remix)
 Rihanna - Sex with Me (MK Remix)
 Rihanna featuring SZA - Consideration (MK Remix)
 Solardo - Fall Down (MK Remix)
 Tchami featuring Luke James - World To Me (MK Remix / MK Remix Dub)

2018
 Justin Bieber & BloodPop featuring Julia Michaels - Friends (MK Remix)
 Armand van Helden - I Need a Painkiller (MK Remix)
 MØ - Nostalgia (MK Remix)
 Sam Smith featuring Logic - Pray (MK Remix)
 Calvin Harris & Sam Smith - Promises (MK Remix)
 MK & Jonas Blue & Becky Hill - Back & Forth (MK Dub)
 Silk City & Dua Lipa - Electricity (MK Remix)
 Claptone - In The Night (MK Remix)
 LSD - Thunderclouds (MK Remix)
 Rudimental featuring Tom Walker - Walk Alone (MK Remix)
 Tove Lo - Cycles (MK Remix)

2019
 Sigrid - Don't Feel Like Crying (MK Remix)
 Ally Brooke - Low Key (MK Remix)
 MK - Body 2 Body (MK's Rub Dub)
 Mark Ronson featuring Camila Cabello - Find U Again (MK Remix)
 Sam Fender - Will We Talk? (MK Remix)
 Anabel Englund - So Hot (MK & Nightlapse Remix)
 Preditah featuring Rachel Chinouriri - Animals (MK Remix)
 Lee Foss & Eli Brown & Anabel Englund - Brazil (MK Remix)
 Georgia - Never Let You Go (MK Remix)
 Elderbrook - Old Friend (MK Remix)
 Ed Sheeran & Travis Scott - Antisocial (MK Rrmix)

2020
 Alicia Keys - Time Machine (MK Remix)
 Ed Sheeran & Travis Scott - Antisocial (MK Remix)
 MK featuring Raphaella - One Night (MK Dub)
 Ellie Goulding featuring Blackbear - Worry About Me (MK Remix)
 Hosh & 1979 featuring Jalja - Midnight (The Hanging Tree) (MK Remix)
 Diplo & Sidepiece - On My Mind (MK Remix)
 Katy Perry - Daisies (MK Remix)
 Alessia Cara - I Choose (MK Remix)
 Jackson Wang - 100 Ways (MK Remix)
 Ant Saunders - Miscommunications (MK Remix)
 Kideko & Armand van Helden - The Fire (MK Remix)
 Love Regenerator & Steve Lacy - Live Without Your Love (MK Remix)
 MK featuring Carla Monroe - 2AM (MK Dub)
 CamelPhat featuring Lowes - Easier (MK Remix)

2021
 MK - Chemical (MK Remix / MK Dub IV)
 Martin Ikin featuring Hayley May - How I Feel (MK Dub)

2022
 Joplyn - We Will Forgive Ourselves (MK Dub)

2023
 Bebe Rexha - Heart Wants What It Wants (MK Remix)
 Inji - The One (Lee Foss & MK Remix)
 HoneyLuv & Seth Troxler feat. Paul Johnson - Sex & The City (MK Remix)
 Calvin Harris & Ellie Goulding - Miracle (MK Remix)
 Lola Audreys - Tension (MK Remix)
 Riotron - Feel (MK Remix)
 Jess Glynne - What Do You Do? (MK Remix)
 Tiësto & BIA & 21 Savage - BOTH (MK & Sonny Fodera Remix)

Production et écriture

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1972
Disc jockey américain

Marc Kinchen


Chappie (2015.)
Eugene A. Chappie (1920. – 1992.), kongresnik SAD
Jack Blackburn (1883. – 1942.), američki boksač i boksački trener, kojemu je nadimak Chappie dao njegov najslavniji učenik Joe Louis

Chappie


Adolf Fredrik Lindblad (født 1. februar 1801 i Skänninge, død 23. august 1878 på sin landejendom Lövingsborg i nærheden af Linköping) var en svensk komponist.

Lindblad blev opdraget af plejeforældre og sat i handelslære, men uden resultat. Som ungt menneske kom han 3 år på et engelskt skibskontor i Hamburg, men det blev mest musikalske impulser, der optog hans sind. En kort tid beklædte han derefter en bogholderbestilling i Norrköping. Der lærte han digteren Atterbom og Bellmanssangeren Kernell at kende. Han drog 1823 til Uppsala, hvor han i Geijer fandt en ven og i oberstinde Silfverstolpe en formaaende protektrice. Han studerede her musikkens teori (under Hæffner), drog senere i samme øjemed til Berlin, hvor han studerede under Zelter og som medelev havde Mendelssohn, der følte sig kunstnerisk og menneskelig interesseret af den ham musikalsk beslægtede unge svensker. Efter sin hjemkomst 1827 bosatte han sig i Stockholm, grundede der en musikskole efter den dengang meget omtalte Logierske metode. Han komponerede 2 symfonier, hvoraf den første (C-Dur) opførtes 1839 i Leipzig, en opera Frondörerne (1835), en anden Blenda (ufuldført), en stor mængde kammermusik, navnlig mange kvartetter, klaverstykker og endelig en masse sange. I 1831 blev han medlem af det musikalske akademi. I sin ungdoms arbejder viste han universelle rørelser med tilknytning til Beethoven, Schubert og Weber, men han undgik ikke en ret smålig kritik i hjemmet. Efterhånden blev sangkompositionen mere og mere hans egentlige felt — tallet på hans sange løber op til 215 i alt — og det er som sangkomponist, at Lindblads navn lever endnu. Som sådan udmærker han sig ved en rigtstrømmende melodik, ved en fin poetisk åre, der rummer en mangfoldighed af forskellige stemninger — til sine bedste sange skrev han selv teksten — ved klassisk form og, sidst og ikke mindst, ved sit udprægede nationale fysiognomi. Med rette bærer han derfor navn af "Sveriges Schubert".

Kilder

Komponister fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Medlemmer af Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien
Personer fra Östergötland

Adolf Fredrik Lindblad


Heinrich Max Elias Burmeister (* 11. Juni 1883 in Rostock; † 25. Mai 1946 im Speziallager Nr. 1 Mühlberg) war ein deutscher Reichsgerichtsrat.

Leben
Burmeister war der Sohn des Landgerichtsdirektors und späteren Landgerichtspräsidenten Heinrich Burmeister (1832–1918) in Güstrow. Er bestand das Abitur an der Domschule Güstrow und studierte anschließend Rechtswissenschaften in Tübingen, Berlin und Rostock. 1902 wurde er Mitglied des Corps Suevia Tübingen. Burmeister bestand die erste juristische Staatsprüfung 1904 und die zweite 1908. 1913 wurde er Amtsrichter in Neustadt. 1914 kam er als Staatsanwalt an das Landgericht Rostock. 1919 wurde er dort zum Landrichter ernannt. 1923 war er bei der Reichsanwaltschaft als Hilfsrichter tätig. Im nächsten Jahr kehrte er als Landgerichtsrat nach Rostock zurück. 1926 wurde er dort Erster Staatsanwalt. 1927 wurde er zum Oberstaatsanwalt befördert. Zum Neujahrstag 1930 wurde er Landgerichtsdirektor in Rostock und am 1. Dezember 1930 Präsident des Oberlandesgerichts Rostock. Nach der Machtübertragung an die NSDAP wurde er zunächst von Justizminister Scharf im Amt belassen. Heinrich Burmeister leitete in Rostock ab 1933 auch das Erbgesundheitsobergericht Rostock. Gauleiter Hildebrandt betrieb 1934 die Abberufung Burmeisters, weil er sich nicht den Wünschen der NSDAP willfährig zeigte. Obschon sich 18 Oberlandesgerichtsrechtsanwälte für ihn verwandten, wurde er auf Grund des Kesseltreibens im November 1934 beurlaubt. Im Dezember wurde die Beurlaubung rückgängig gemacht und das Reichsjustizministerium entschied, dass Burmeister am 1. Februar 1935 an das Reichsgericht berufen wurde. Für den Oberlandesgerichtspräsidenten kam die Berufung an das Reichsgericht einer Degradierung gleich. Er war im Reichsgericht im VII. und III. Zivilsenat tätig. Am 15. Dezember 1940 beantragte er die Aufnahme in die NSDAP und wurde zum 1. Januar 1941 aufgenommen (Mitgliedsnummer 8.341.987). 1945 wurde er vom NKWD verhaftet und verstarb 1946 im Speziallager Nr. 1 Mühlberg.

Mitgliedschaften
 1919–1930 in der DNVP

Literatur
 Werner Schubert: Akademie für Deutsches Recht. 1933–1945 – Protokolle der Ausschüsse: Akademie für Deutsches Recht 1933–1945, Ausschüsse für Fahrnisrecht und Besitzrecht und gemeinsame Sitzungen mit dem Ausschuß für Bodenrecht (1937–1942) Bd. III/6, S. XXII.
 Lothar Gruchmann: "Justiz im Dritten Reich, 1933–1940", 3. Auflage 2001, ISBN 3-486-53833-0, S. 239, 272f.

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Reichsanwalt (Deutschland)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Rostock)
Präsident (Oberlandesgericht)
Jurist (Nationalsozialismus)
DNVP-Mitglied
NSDAP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1883
Gestorben 1946
Mann
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Speziallagerhäftling

Heinrich Burmeister


Helios Mendiburu (* 24. Februar 1936 in Madrid) ist ein deutsch-spanischer Ingenieur und Kommunalpolitiker. Nach der Wende im Jahr 1990 war er der erste frei gewählte Bezirksbürgermeister des Berliner Bezirks Friedrichshain und bis zum Jahr 2000 im Amt. Wegen "Boykotthetze" verbrachte er zwischen 1957 und 1959 zweieinhalb Jahre in Gefängnissen und Haftarbeitslagern der DDR.

Leben
Mendiburus Vater war Baske und Kommunist, seine Mutter eine Spanierin, die ebenfalls in der Kommunistischen Partei engagiert war. Im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg kämpfte sein Vater aufseiten der Republik. Nach der Niederlage flüchtete die Familie ins Exil nach Frankreich und wurde dort interniert. Der Vater Mendiburus schloss sich der französischen Résistance an und wurde 1944 von den deutschen Besatzungsorganen erschossen.

Die Mutter versuchte, mit drei Kindern nach Südamerika auszuwandern. Dies Vorhaben scheiterte jedoch in Casablanca, von wo die Familie wieder nach Marseille zurückkehrte. 1944 flüchtete die Mutter mit den Kindern über die Pyrenäen ins spanische Irun. 1946 gelang es der Mutter, nach Deutschland auszuwandern; sie gingen nach Cottbus zu einem deutschen Kommunisten, den die Mutter in Spanien in den internationalen Brigaden kennengelernt hatte. Mendiburus Stiefvater war in dieser Zeit Polizeichef in Cottbus, wo die Mutter ihn heiratete. Nach einiger Zeit ließ sich die Mutter jedoch wieder scheiden, auch weil der Stiefvater die Kinder aus geringen Anlässen schlug.

Helios Mendiburu machte eine Schlosserlehre im Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk (RAW) Cottbus. Wegen guter Leistungen wurde er 1955 zum Studium der Romanistik an die Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Fakultät der Berliner Humboldt-Universität delegiert. In Berlin bekam er Kontakt zu Mitarbeitern des Ostbüros der SPD. Ein Kommilitone gab Mendiburu Margarete Buber-Neumanns Buch Als Gefangene bei Stalin und Hitler zu lesen.

Verurteilung und Gefängnisaufenthalt
Der Aufstand in Ungarn brach Mendiburu "das Genick", was seine politische Orientierung betraf. Im November 1956 war er Mitorganisator eines Demonstrationszuges, der vor der sowjetischen Botschaft endete. Am 17. Mai 1957 wurde Mendiburu verhaftet und verbrachte ein halbes Jahr in Untersuchungshaft in der Haftanstalt der Staatssicherheit in der Berliner Magdalenenstraße. Bei den stundenlangen Verhören, Schlägen und Misshandlungen wurden ihm zwei Zähne ausgeschlagen. Im Oktober 1957 wurde er in Potsdam wegen Boykotthetze nach Artikel 6 der DDR-Verfassung zu zweieinhalb Jahren Zuchthaus verurteilt, die er im Gefängnis in Neuruppin und im Haftarbeitslager in Eisenhüttenstadt (damals Stalinstadt) verbrachte. Am 4. November 1959 wurde Mendiburu entlassen.

Leben in Berlin und Wahl zum Bezirksbürgermeister
Seine Mutter arbeitete zu dieser Zeit als Telefonistin bei der Reichsbahn; sie vermittelte ihm eine Arbeit als Hilfsrohrleger beim VEB Energieversorgung Cottbus. Wegen guter Leistungen wurde er von hier wiederum zu einem Ingenieurstudium nach Markkleeberg bei Leipzig delegiert. Im August 1968 sollten alle Mitarbeiter des Betriebes, in dem Mendiburu beschäftigt war, mit einer Unterschrift den Einmarsch der Sowjet-Truppen in die CSSR befürworten. Mendiburu war der Einzige, der nicht unterschrieb; sein Chef empfahl ihm darauf zunächst zu kündigen. Der Vorfall hatte jedoch keine weiteren Folgen, heimlich erntete er Anerkennung von Kollegen für seinen Mut. 1974 ging Mendiburu nach Berlin, wo er bei der Firma Monsator als Kundendienstingenieur und Gruppenleiter arbeitete.

In der Zeit der Wende des Jahres 1989 sympathisierte er mit dem Programm des Neuen Forums und seinen Forderungen nach mehr Demokratie in der DDR. Er trat eine Woche nach deren Gründung der sozialdemokratischen SDP, die sich später der SPD anschloss, bei. Mendiburu fiel in der Bürgerbewegung sowohl durch seine Biographie als auch durch seine akkurate Kleidung auf; im Mai 1990 wurde er Spitzenkandidat der SPD im Bezirk Friedrichshain und zum Bürgermeister gewählt. Er blieb bis 2000 im Amt, ließ sich jedoch nach der Fusion des Bezirks mit Kreuzberg nicht mehr als Kandidat aufstellen.

Zur Bundestagswahl 1998 trat Helios Mendiburu als Direktkandidat der SPD im Wahlkreis Berlin-Friedrichshain – Lichtenberg an, wo er jedoch gegen die PDS-Kandidatin Christa Luft unterlag.

Im Januar 2002 trat Mendiburu aus Protest gegen die rot-rote Koalition, die sich auf Berliner Landesebene gebildet hatte, aus der SPD aus.

Der Dokumentarfilm Ein Spanier im Rathaus über Mendiburu von Karlheinz Mund entstand 1992. Mendiburu lebt heute in Berlin-Hellersdorf.

Literatur
 Thomas Heubner: Sonnengott oder Parteisoldat: Der Ex-Bürgermeister Helios Mendiburu; in: Friedrichshainer Chronik Mai 2007

Einzelnachweise

SPD-Mitglied
Bezirksbürgermeister des Bezirks Friedrichshain
Opfer der Diktatur in der DDR
Kommunalpolitiker (Ost-Berlin)
Deutscher
Spanier
Geboren 1936
Mann

Helios Mendiburu


Frezarpur era un lugar designado para el censo (census town) de la India en el distrito de Bastar, Estado de Chhattisgarh. Según el censo de 2001 tenía 9.630 habitantes, pero para el censo de 2011 fue eliminado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Chhattisgarh

Frezarpur


An Carex reznicekii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Werier. An Carex reznicekii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex reznicekii


Coolah is a town in the central western part of New South Wales, Australia in Warrumbungle Shire.  At the 2016 census, Coolah had a population of 1,290. The name Coolah is derived from the Port Jackson Pidgin English word meaning "angry".

Geography
On the northeastern side of the area is the Liverpool Range with the Coolah Tops National Park.  Most of the region is agricultural with sheep and cattle raising and crops grown along the Talbragar River and Coolaburragundy River valleys.

History
Coolah was initially the lands of the Wiradjuri and Kamilaroi People. It is said the valley was often used as a meeting ground  between peoples of the two nations. The area was also the home to King Togee a legendary leader of his people. His gravesite is on the Neilrex Road to the west of Coolah.
The Coolah area was first colonised by British pastoralists in the late 1830s. A Border Police barracks was established at Coolah around 1840 under Graham Douglas Hunter who was the Commissioner for Crown Lands for the Bligh District. Coolah Post Office opened on 1 January 1849. The town was served by a branch railway from March 1920 until May 1975.

Cadbury Schweppes introduced a citrus-flavored energy drink in the US in 2006 named Coolah Energy.  The text on the packaging for this product refers to the Australian Cadbury Schweppes product Solo as its inspiration, along with the lifestyle of the inhabitants of the town of Coolah.

Coolah is the location of the first Australian memorial commemorating The Battle of Long Tan. A total of 18 trees were planted along Coolah's Vietnam Memorial Avenue, one for each Australian soldier killed during the battle.

Heritage listings
Coolah has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 74 Binnia Street: Old Police Station and Courthouse

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,290 people in Coolah. 83.0% of people were born in Australia and 87.7% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Anglican 39.6%, Catholic 20.1% and No Religion 17.4%.

Sport
The Coolah Kangaroos formerly competed in the Castlereagh Cup until the 2000s. Prior to this they also played in the Mid West Cup. The club still fields junior teams in the Group 14 Rugby League competition, alongside netball teams.

People
Richard Butler (born 1942), public servant
Lisa Messenger, entrepreneur and author
Gary Scully, journalist and foreign correspondent
Monty Porter, Rugby League player

References

Towns in New South Wales
Warrumbungle Shire

Coolah, New South Wales


Azdavay, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Kastamonu ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tarihçe

Turizm
İlçenin, Küre Dağları Milli Parkı içerisinde olması sebebiyle eşsiz doğa güzelliklerine sahiptir. Bunun yanında ağaç, ahşap kütüklerden yapılmış evlerin oluşturduğu otantik köylerin yanı sıra görülmeye değer başlıca noktaları arasında; Çatak Kanyonu, Horma Kanyonu, Çal Kanyonu, Medil Mağarası, Asar Kayası, Anıt Ağaç, Akçasu Mesiresi, Suğla Yaylası, Azdavay, Mercimeklik Kayası, Kız Kayası, Tabaklı Kayası, Aşar Kalesi ve ilçe merkezindeki Aşıklar Köprüsü bulunmaktadır.
Son zamanlarda Ekoturizm'e önem verilmekle birlikte ilçeye bağlı Zümrüt Köyü'nde çalışmalar yapılmıştır.
İlçe, Yürüyüş (Trekking) yapmaya uygun bir coğrafyaya sahiptir. Bununla ilgili Azdavay Cazibe Çalışma Grubu ve Azdavay Kaymakamlığı işbirliği ile ilçedeki yürüyüş parkurlarını gösteren "Azdavay Yürüyüş (Trekking) Parkurları Kitabı" (2011) yayınlanmıştır.

Nüfus

İlçe merkezi ve köylerinin genel toplam nüfusu enson 2020 yılında 7.268 olarak tespit edilmiştir. İlçe halkının büyük bir bölümü ekonomik sebepler ve iş imkanlarının olmayışından genellikle; İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir illerine göç etmişlerdir ve birçoğu da yurtdışında bulunmaktadır..

Spor
İlçede, futbol ligine ara ara katılan, Kastamonu Amatör Liginde Azdavay Doğuşspor mücadele etmektedir.

Kültürel ve Sosyal yaşam
Azdavay bir sanayi merkezi olmadığı için göçün en çok yaşandıgı yerdir. İlçe de sosyal hareketlilik söz konusu değildir. Özel sektör olarak maden işletmeciligi, konfeksiyon atölyesi, orman işçiligi, hayvancılık ve küçük çaplarda tarim yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda seracılık yaygınlaşmaya başlamış ise de fazla gelişmemiştir. Bu sebeple genellikle İstanbul başta olmak üzere çeşitli büyük şehirlere göç mevcuttur. Hatta bazı köyler ve mahalleler tamamen boşaltılmış durumdadir. Ögrenci yoklugundan köy okulları kapatılmıştır.
Azdavay´da gerek ekonomik gerek kültürel ve gerekse sosyal gelişme yavaş bir seyir takip etmektedir. Bu bakımdan bir takım gelenek ve görenekler bu günün şartlarına uygun olmasa da birdenbire ortadan kalkmamıştır. Günün şartları icabı bazılarının yavaş yavaş unutuldugu bazılarınında yeni biçimler aldıgı görülmektedir.
Eskiden Azdavay´ın her mahallesinde bir köy odası bulunurdu. Bunlar düğün ve bayramlarda misafir ağırlamakta kullanılırdı. Çoğu zaman burada toplanan köylü çeşitli eglence ve oyunlar düzenlerdi. Köyün çocuklarina burada kuran kursları açılırdı. Günümüzde yok olan bu köy odalarını canlandırmak amacıyla bazi köylerdeki halk yeniden köy odası inşa etme girişiminde bulunmaktadır.

Günümüzde hâlen yöresel kıyafeti kadınlarımız giymektedir. Azdavay´a mahsus olan bu kıyafet çok çeşitlilik arz eder. Bu kıyafetin önlük kısmı hâlen ev tezgâhlarında dokunmaktadır. Bağlık kısmı ise elle işlenmektedir. Azdavay oyunları adı altında yöresel oyunları hâlen folklör ekiplerince oynanmaktadır.

İlçe de gençlere yönelik sosyal hizmet kuruluşları yoktur.

Sağlık

İlçe Merkezine yakın Karşıyaka Mahallesi Takazlar mevkiinde  50 yataklı Devlet Hastanesi ile
Merkez Sağlık Ocağı, Sıra Köyünde Sağlık Ocağı ve Derelitekke, Sada, Samancı, Kırmacı, Kolca Köylerindeki Sağlık Evleri ile sağlık hizmeti görülmektedir. İlçede aşılama ve halkın sağlık bakımından bilgilendirilmesi önemli ölçüde başarıya ulaşmıştır. Doğumda bebek ölüm oranı % 0' dır. Genel olarak yaşlılığa bağlı hastalıklar ve tipik olarak guatr hastalığı görülmektedir. İlçe halkı sağlık hizmetlerinden sosyal güvence ve Yeşil Kart uygulaması kapsamında faydalanmaktadır.

Eğitim

İlk Öğretim
 Azdavay Atatürk İlköğretim Okulu
 75.Yıl Cumhuriyet Yatılı İlköğretim Bölge Okulu

Liseler
 Azdavay Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi
 Azdavay Lisesi (Düz Lise)

Üniversite/Yüksekokullar
 Azdavay Meslek Yüksek Okulu

Ulaşım
Seyahat acenteleri aracılığıyla Istanbul'dan ilçeye direkt seferler vardır.
Ankara'dan ilçeye Kastamonu aktarmalı seferler vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Azdavay Kaymakamlığı
 Azdavay Belediyesi

Azdavay


حقل الرتقة هو حقل نفطي كويتي يقع على الحدود الشمالية للكويت. ويقع ضمن التكوين النفطي لحقل الرميلة العراقي.

الإنتاج

بدأت عمليات الحفر في الحقل عام 1967 ولكنها سرعان ما توقفت إثر احتجاج العراق وعدم رغبة الكويت فعل الأزمات. ولكن عادت أعمال الحفر والإنتاج في أواخر عام 1977 وبداية 1978 إثر قيام العراق بحفر عدد كبير من الآبار في حقل الرميلة. فتم حفر ثمانية آبار كويتية مقابل المئات في الجانب العراقي. ووصل معدل الإنتاج في الآبار الكويتية إلى 20 ألف برميل يومياً في عام 1980 ولكنه إنخفض إلى 11 ألف يومياً في عام 1989 وكان النفط المستخرج من النوع الرديء لوجود الكبريت فيه بكميات كبيرة.

المشاكل الحدودية

اتهمت العراق الكويت بحفر آبار النفط بميلان حيث تدخل في الحدود العراقية ولكن لم يتم إثبات أياً من هذه التهم وخاصة أن عدد الآبار الكويتية وإنتاجها للنفط يعتبر قليل مقارنة بالجانب العراقي. وأدى التصعيد العراقي والإتهامات المتكررة للكويت إلى الغزو العراقي للكويت. والجدير بالذكر أن معدل إنتاج النفط من الجانب العراقي وصل إلى 400 ألف برميل يومياً في 1989 .

المصادر
 ذكرى 17 عاماً على الغزو الغاشم الحلقة (3). جريدة عالم اليوم الكويتية
 96,5 مليار برميل تكفي 132 عاما مخزون الكويت النفطي. وكالة الأخبار الكويتية. 31 ديسمبر 2000

آبار نفط الكويت
حرب الخليج الثانية
محافظة الجهراء
الكويت في 1967

حقل الرتقة


Philip William "Phil" LaBatte (* 5. Juli 1911 in Saint Paul, Minnesota; † 6. September 2002 in Alexandria, Virginia) war ein US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Philip LaBatte besuchte die University of Minnesota, an der er 1934 graduierte und für deren Eishockeymannschaft er parallel Eishockey spielte. Während seines Studiums spielte er zudem Baseball. Im Anschluss an seine Eishockey-Karriere war er für die US-Regierung tätig.

International
Für die USA nahm LaBatte an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1936 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Eishockeyspieler (Minnesota Golden Gophers)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1936
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1911
Gestorben 2002
Mann

Philip LaBatte


Die Bürgerschaftswahl in Bremen 1999 war die 15. Wahl zur Bürgerschaft in der Freien Hansestadt Bremen. Sie fand am 6. Juni 1999 statt.

Ergebnis
Die Wahlbeteiligung lag bei 60,1 Prozent.

Die Parteien der regierenden großen Koalition, SPD und CDU, konnten beide Stimmenanteile hinzugewinnen und setzten ihr Bündnis unter Henning Scherf (SPD) fort. Die Wählergemeinschaft Arbeit für Bremen und Bremerhaven zog nicht mehr in die Bürgerschaft ein. Die Deutsche Volksunion konnte die Fünfprozenthürde im Wahlbereich Bremerhaven, nicht aber im Wahlbereich Bremen überspringen und erhielt daher ein Mandat.

Wahlanalyse
Trotz des ungünstigen Bundestrends legte die SPD um fast zehn Prozentpunkte hinzu. Dies lag zum einen an der Popularität des seinerzeit amtierenden Bürgermeisters Henning Scherf, der 1995 nach dem bis dahin schlechtesten Ergebnis der SPD bei Bremer Bürgerschaftswahlen dem daraufhin zurückgetretenen Klaus Wedemeier gefolgt war. Zum anderen war ein Großteil der Wähler der 1995 gegründeten SPD-Abspaltung AFB, die vier Jahre zuvor auf Anhieb 10,7 % und zwölf Bürgerschaftsmandate erzielt hatte, zur SPD zurückgekehrt. Sie erreichte lediglich 2,4 %  und verlor somit mehr als drei Viertel ihrer Wählerschaft; gemessen an den Stimmenverlusten war sie der große Verlierer der Wahl. 2002 löste sie sich auf.

Seit einschließlich 1987 ist dies zudem die einzige Bremer Wahl, bei der die GRÜNEN lediglich ein Ergebnis im einstelligen Prozentbereich erzielten. Dies ist in Zusammenhang mit einem Abwärtstrend der Partei, der bei allen überregionalen Wahlen von 1998 bis Mitte 2002 stattfand, zu sehen. Danach erzielten sie in Bremen, das sich bereits zuvor auf Länderebene zu einem ihrer größten Hochburgen entwickelt hatte, stets Resultate über zehn Prozent.

Die DVU kehrte nach vierjähriger Abstinenz in die Bürgerschaft zurück. Wie bereits 1987, 1991 und 1995 hatte sie ihren Wahlkampf auf den Wahlbereich Bremerhaven konzentriert, wo sie sich von 4,7 % auf 6,0 % steigerte, obwohl sie dort absolut lediglich 52 Stimmen mehr erhielt als vier Jahre zuvor. Dabei profitierte sie von der gesunkenen Wahlbeteiligung, die innerhalb von Bremerhaven von 61,1 auf 51,8 % gesunken war.

Die PDS erzielte mit 2,9 % ihr historisch bestes Ergebnis bei einer westdeutschen Landtagswahl vor ihrem Zusammengehen mit der 2004 gegründeten WASG zur Partei Die Linke. Zugleich war dies in diesem Zeitraum die einzige Landtagswahl außerhalb Ostdeutschlands, bei der sie ein höheres Ergebnis als die FDP erzielte, die lediglich auf 2,5 % kam.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Mitglieder der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (15. Wahlperiode)

Quellen
 Wahlen in Deutschland
 Wahlarchiv der Tagesschau

Einzelnachweise

1999
Bremen Burgerschaft

Bürgerschaftswahl in Bremen 1999


An Leptochloa uniflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard. An Leptochloa uniflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Leptochloa

Leptochloa uniflora


Kenneth Allen Taylor (* 1954 in Sandusky, Ohio; † 2. Dezember 2019) war ein US-amerikanischer Philosoph und Professor an der Stanford University.

Taylor studierte bis 1977 an der University of Notre Dame und promovierte 1984 an der University of Chicago bei Leonard Linsky (1922–2012). Anschließend war er an der Rutgers University, der University of Maryland at College Park, der Wesleyan University, der University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill und der Middlebury College tätig.

Seine Forschungsinteressen lagen in den Bereichen Sprachphilosophie und Philosophie des Geistes. Dabei konzentrierte er sich unter anderem auf die Themen Semantik, Referenz, Naturalismus und Relativismus.

Texte
 Truth and Meaning. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language – Blackwell Publishing 1998.
 Reference and the Rational Mind – CSLI Publications 2003.
 Referring to the World – Oxford University Press 2010.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Kenneth Taylors Website

Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
Sprachphilosoph
Hochschullehrer (Stanford University)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1954
Gestorben 2019
Mann

Kenneth Taylor (Philosoph)


Little Saint James est une île privée située dans les Îles Vierges des États-Unis.

Sa superficie est d'environ 30 ha. Elle appartenait à Jeffrey Epstein de 1998 jusqu'à sa mort en 2019. Il l'avait achetée en 1998 pour 7,95 millions de dollars.

En 1997, on y trouvait, en plus de la résidence principale de 10 pièces, 3 bungalows et un héliport.

Le FBI y a mené en 2019 une perquisition. La procureure des Iles Vierges a demandé en 2020 la saisie des biens du défunt homme d'affaires condamné pour de multiples agressions sexuelles.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Île privée
Îles Vierges des États-Unis

Little Saint James (Îles Vierges des États-Unis)


El Kazán Arena (, según el informe FIFA: «Estadio de Kazán de la Copa del Mundo de la FIFA») es un estadio de fútbol de la ciudad de Kazán, Rusia. El estadio cuenta con una capacidad total de 45.379 espectadores sentados. Las obras de construcción comenzaron en mayo de 2010 y el recinto fue inaugurado en 2013, terminado en un plazo de 36 meses. El estadio es utilizado por el Rubin Kazán, el club de fútbol de la ciudad, para disputar sus partidos como local.

La Universiada de 2013 se celebró en este estadio y, también formó parte de las sedes del Campeonato Mundial de Natación de 2015, de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017 y de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018 en Rusia.

Ubicación
El estadio está situado en el distrito de Nueva Savinovsky de Kazan, entre la perspectiva Hussain Yamasheva y Chistopolskiy, cerca de la orilla derecha del río Kazanka, cerca del parque acuático Riviera y el complejo deportivo Olympus. Se puede llegar al estadio en transporte público: tranvía de alta velocidad (n.º 5) y normal (n.º 6), trolebús (n.º 2 y 13), autobuses (n.º 75, 45, 33 y62). También se puede llegar con las estaciones Estadio y Chistopolskaya del metro de Kazán.

Especificaciones y características
Características generales del estadio:

 Estadio: 32 ha;
 Capacidad: 47 100 espectadores;
 Superficie construida: 70 300 m²;
 Superficie total: 130 000 metros cuadrados, de los cuales 67 000 m² - climatizada;
 Altura total del estadio: 49,36 m;
 Estadio Arena: 4 gradas nivel, 4 frente y sector angular;
 El número de usuarios VIP cajas: 72;
 Aparcamiento: 4500 plazas de aparcamiento.

Tras el cierre del estadio "Luzhniki" para la reconstrucción total y de la construcción de un nuevo estadio en San Petersburgo, el "Kazan Arena" fue el estadio más grande de Rusia.

El edificio cuenta con cuatro niveles de cubiertas de techo se encuentra con cuatro sectores angulares delanteras y arena en el campo abierto. En el dispositivo de vip-zona 70 palcos privados (cajas corporativas). Cada uno de los cuatro sectores se refleja en el color del ajuste y llevándolo entradas y punteros Color: Norte - azul, al este - rojo, al sur - amarillo, Western - verde. Hay cuatro entradas y grandes bajadas de escaleras externas de los niveles superiores. El techo sobre las gradas tiene celadón, las paredes laterales son de cristal.

Instalaciones dadas en la rehabilitación médica (gimnasio, piscina, spa) y compras (varios restaurantes y establecimientos de cáterin, sports bar, restaurante, sala de conferencias, parque infantil, museo del FC Rubin y coches retro) complejos de todo el estadio proporcionado deportes (con múltiples sitios en varios deportes) y zona de parques y recreación, y el estadio se posiciona como una "ciudad dentro de una ciudad."

En la fachada que da a la entrada principal de la calle Chistopolskaya para emitir concursos y publicidad instalados en grandes instalaciones deportivas de Europa y más grandes estadios de fútbol del mundo de HD media fachadas de tres pantallas de plasma con una superficie total de 4,2 metros cuadrados. m.

Fachadas Medios Kazan Arena Stadium
Por primera vez en los estadios de Rusia y uno de los primeros en el mundo con conexión a Internet Wi-Fi gratuita en todo el estadio.

Los grupos de entrada, un marco de detectores de metales en todo el estadio se utiliza cerca de 400 cámaras de vigilancia. En caso de evacuación de emergencia de todo el estadio en 8 minutos. Resistencia sísmica del objeto, que fue construido en 19 mil pilas diseñados para un terremoto de 7 puntos.

Durante la Universiada de Verano 2013 en el estadio fue construido principal centro de prensa de medios c Universiada Centro Principal de Prensa y el Centro Internacional de Transmisiones y un conjunto de 12 basado estaciones de televisión móvil, que costó $ 250 millones. Para se han establecido la apertura y clausura en el campo diseñar masa total de 467 toneladas, incluyendo una escena en un círculo rodeado de fuentes de agua y un enorme ascensor pirámide escalonada convertibles con pantallas de video, entre la multitud se organizó foso de la orquesta en la forma de unas enormes letras brillantes «U», se instaló el techo taza de 6 toneladas Fuego Universiada y fuera del estadio brillaba alto en el cielo haces de luz de gran alcance en movimiento.

Arquitectura

El concepto arquitectónico del estadio fue diseñado por Populous, los proyectos conocidos tales instalaciones deportivas como el estadio Emirates y el estadio Wembley de Londres. El estadio fue sede principal de la Universiada de 2013. V.V. Motorin refinó el concepto arquitectónico, lo que eliminó cualquier incoherencia de las soluciones de diseño con la legislación rusa, sobre todo el marco regulatorio. Los arquitectos diseñaron el Kazan Arena de forma que a vista de pájaro el estadio tenga forma de un lirio de agua. El techo del estadio se basa en los 8 puntos de control. Debido a este diseño solución arquitectónica parece aérea, sin perder fiabilidad.

Historia

Edificio
El acto de colocación de la primera piedra del estadio el 5 de mayo de 2010 contó con la presencia del presidente del Gobierno de Rusia, Vladímir Putin. Según él, la construcción del estadio fue la carta de triunfo en la lucha por el derecho a organizar la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2018 en Rusia. El proceso de construcción del estadio se llevó a cabo bajo la estrecha supervisión de la República de Tartaristán. Más de 10 veces desde el comienzo de la construcción del Kazan Arena a la que asistieron representantes de la FISU y la FIFA. En la construcción se ha involucrado al mismo tiempo hasta 3000 personas, entre ellas atraídos principalmente por la mejora de los habitantes de las regiones de la república. La construcción del estadio fue transmitido por las cámaras web de internet en línea. El costo de construcción se estimó en 14,4 mil millones de rublos.

Universiada

El estadio fue el escenario de la inauguración y la clausura de la Universiada de 2013.

Fútbol
El 17 de agosto de 2014 el estadio fue sede del primer partido de fútbol del campeonato de Rusia. El Rubin Kazán jugó un empate con el Lokomotiv Moscú (1:1) y el primer gol en el campeonato de Rusia en un nuevo estadio lo anotó el futbolista de 18 años de edad Alex Miranchuk, del Lokomotiv. La primera victoria en el nuevo estadio del Rubin fue en la quinta ronda del campeonato de Rusia, al derrotar al CSKA (2:1).

Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017

El Kazán Arena fue uno de los cuatro estadios elegidos para albergar encuentros de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017, que se disputó en junio de 2017 en Rusia. Los encuentros que se disputaron en este estadio fueron:

Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018

El estadio fue construido en su totalidad e inaugurado en 2013. Kazán Arena fue sede de la Copa Confederaciones del 2017 y sede de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018.

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Rusia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Información del estadio

Estadios de fútbol de Rusia del siglo XXI
Deporte en Kazán
FC Rubin Kazán
Estadios de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018
Arquitectura de 2013
Deporte en Rusia en 2013
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 2013
Estadios de la apertura de los Juegos Universitarios
Estadios de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017
Instalaciones del Campeonato Mundial de Natación

Kazán Arena


Flavíus Ricimer (um 418 - ágúst 472) var germanskur herforingi og einn valdamesti maður Vestrómverska keisaradæmisins uppúr miðri 5. öld. Ricimer varð æðsti yfirmaður herafla keisaradæmisins árið 457 og í rúman áratug, frá 461 til 472, var hann hinn raunverulegi stjórnandi ríkisins. Á þessum tíma ákvað hann hvaða menn yrðu keisarar en hann settist ekki sjálfur á keisarastól þar sem hann var ekki Rómverji heldur "barbari". Valdatimi Ricimers einkenndist af stöðugri hnignun Vestrómverska keisaradæmisins og landamæri ríkisins drógust saman á þessum tíma. Herstyrkur fyrrum heimsveldisins fór sífellt þverrandi og germanskar þjóðir stofnuðu ríki innan fyrrum landamæra þess. Ricimer lést árið 472 og nokkrum árum síðar, árið 476, var Vestrómverska keisaradæmið leyst upp.

Ævi
Ekki er vitað hvenær Ricimer var fæddur en áætlað hefur verið að það hafi verið í kring um árið 418. Ricimer var af svefískum og vestgotneskum ættum og talið er að gifting foreldra hans hafi verið liður í valdatafli þessara tveggja þjóðflokka. Fjölskylda Ricimers er talin hafa verið í þjónustu Vestrómverska ríkisins og Ricimer náði frama í her ríkisins undir stjórn herforingjans Flavíusar Aetíusar. Árið 454 myrti keisarinn Valentiníanus 3. Flavíus Aetíus, sem þá var æðsti yfirmaður herafla ríkisins, og árið eftir var Valentiníanus sjálfur myrtur af stuðningsmönnum Aetíusar. Síðar sama ár hertóku Vandalar Rómaborg í tvær vikur og rændu miklum verðmætum og ollu mikilli eyðileggingu.

Eftir þessa atburði var töluverð ringulreið i valdakerfi ríkisins, sem endaði með því að herforinginn Majoríanus var hylltur sem keisari árið 457. Ricimer studdi Majoríanus og varð sjálfur yfirmaður herafla ríkisins (magister militum), auk þess sem hann hlaut titilinn patricius (aðalsmaður). Ricimer virðist hafa reynt að stjórna ríkinu á bak við tjöldin í keisaratíð Majoríanusar en sá síðarnefndi sýndi fljótlega að hann var hæfur keisari og leiddi sjálfur her ríkisins til sigurs í nokkrum orrustum gegn germönskum þjóðflokkum. Eftir að áætlanir Majoríanusar um innrás í ríki Vandala í norður-Afríku urðu að engu, þegar floti hans var lagður í rúst, greip Ricimer tækifærið og handtók keisarann og lét taka hann af lífi, árið 461. Stuttu eftir dauða Majoríanusar misstu Vestrómverjar völd sín í Hispaníu og Septimaníu í hendur Vestgota.

Eftir dauða Majoríanusar skipaði Ricimer öldungaráðsmanninn Libíus Severus sem keisara, en stjórnaði þó i raun sjálfur ríkinu. Herforingjarnir Aegidíus (í norður-Gallíu) og Marcellínus (í Dalmatíu) neituðu að viðurkenna vald nýja keisarans og stjórnuðu sínum svæðum í raun sjálfstætt. Keisari Austrómverska ríkisins, Leó 1., neitaði einnig að viðurkenna Severus og það olli Ricimer ákveðnum vandræðum þar sem Austrómverjar neituðu að aðstoða Vestrómverja í baráttu gegn stöðugum árásum Vandala á strandsvæði Ítalíu. Libíus Severus lést árið 465 og að sögn fornra sagnaritara lét Ricimer eitra fyrir honum. Í tvö ár eftir dauða Severusar stjórnaði Ricimer ríkinu, frá Rómaborg, án þess að skipa nýjan keisara, en árið 467 samþykkti hann, sem nýjan keisara, Anþemíus sem Leó 1. hafði tilnefnt. Í kjölfarið var sameiginleg árás Austrómverja og Vestrómverja í ríki Vandala skipulögð og gríðarstór floti sigldi frá Konstantínópel til norður-Afríku, árið 468, með það að markmiði að hertaka Karþagó. Við lendingu í norður-Afríku mættu Vandalar með sinn flota og í orrustunni við Bon höfða náðu Vandalar að sökkva stórum hluta rómverska flotans og árásin dó út. Þessi útkoma var gríðarlegt áfall fyrir bæði keisaradæmin og er gjarnan álitin hafa gert út um allar vonir um að bjarga Vestrómverska keisaradæminu. Anþemíus reyndist Ricimer ekki jafn leiðitamur og Libíus Severus og deilur þeirra á milli urðu til þess að Ricimer yfirgaf Rómaborg, árið 470, með stóran herafla með sér, og hélt til Mediolanum (núverandi Mílanó), á meðan Anþemíus var um kyrrt í Róm. Árið 472 snéri Ricimer aftur til Rómar og gerði umsátur um borgina. Umsátrið stóð yfir í nokkra mánuði en að lokum komst Ricimer með hermenn sína inn í borgina og Anþemíus var drepinn, þann 11. júlí, er hann reyndi að flýja. Í kjölfarið skipaði Ricimer Olybríus sem keisara en aðeins rúmum mánuði seinna lést Ricimer eftir miklar blæðingar.

Rómverskir herforingjar

Ricimer