Gertrude Lawrence (4 July 1898 – 6 September 1952) was an English actress, singer, dancer and musical comedy performer known for her stage appearances in the West End of London and on Broadway in New York.

Early life
Lawrence was born Gertrude Alice Dagmar Klasen,  Alexandra Dagmar Lawrence-Klasen, Gertrude Alexandra Dagmar Klasen or  some variant (sources differ), of English and Danish extraction, in Newington, London. Her father was a basso profondo who performed under the name Arthur Lawrence. His heavy drinking led her mother Alice to leave him soon after Gertrude's birth.

In 1904, her stepfather took the family to Bognor on the Sussex coast for the August bank holiday. While there, they attended a concert where audience members were invited to entertain. At her mother's urging, young Gertrude sang a song and was rewarded with a gold sovereign for her effort. It was her first public performance.

In 1908, to augment the family's meagre income, Alice accepted a job in the chorus of the Christmas pantomime at Brixton Theatre. A child who could sing and dance was needed to round out the troupe, and Alice volunteered her daughter. While working in the production Alice heard of Italia Conti, who taught dance, elocution and the rudiments of acting. Gertrude auditioned for Conti, who thought the child was talented enough to warrant free lessons.

Lawrence joined Italia Conti's production of Where the Rainbow Ends; (Conti's training of the cast would lead her to form the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in 1911.) Conti's training led to Lawrence's appearance in Max Reinhardt's The Miracle staged in London and Fifinella, directed by Basil Dean, for the Liverpool Repertory Theatre. At some point during this period, the child decided to adopt her father's professional surname as her own. Dean then cast her in his next production, Gerhart Hauptmann's Hannele, where she first met Noël Coward. Their meeting was the start of a close and sometimes tempestuous friendship and arguably the most important professional relationship in both their lives.

Early stage career
Following Hannele, Lawrence reconnected with her father, who was living with a chorus girl. They agreed to let her tour with them in two successive revues, after which Arthur announced he had signed a year-long contract with a variety show in South Africa, leaving the two young women to fend for themselves. Lawrence, now aged sixteen, opted to live at the Theatrical Girls' Club in Soho rather than return to her mother and stepfather.

She worked steadily with various touring companies until 1916, when she was hired by impresario André Charlot to understudy Beatrice Lillie and appear in the chorus of his latest production in London's West End. When it closed, she assumed Lillie's role on tour, then returned to London once again to understudy the star in another Charlot production, where she met dance director Francis Gordon-Howley. Although he was twenty years her senior, the two wed and soon after had a daughter Pamela, born on 28 May 1918, who was Lawrence's only child. The marriage was not a success, and Lawrence took Pamela with her to her mother's home in Clapham. The couple remained separated but did not divorce until ten years later.

In 1918, either during Lawrence's pregnancy or shortly after she gave birth, she contracted lumbago.  Charlot gave her two weeks to recuperate.  He saw Lawrence at an opening night party at Ivor Novello's invitation two days before she was cleared to return to work by her doctor.  Charlot immediately fired her. When the apparent reason for her dismissal became common knowledge among other West End theatrical producers, she was allegedly unable to find work, according to some sources. (The veracity of this information is put in doubt by a theater program for the opening performance of Charlot's revue Buzz Buzz on 20 December 1918, which clearly shows that Lawrence was in the cast at that time, and there is no evidence that she could have left the cast during its 613-performance run that ended on 13 March 1920.)

In early 1919, Lawrence accepted a job singing at Murray's, a popular London nightclub, where she remained for the better part of the next two years. While performing there she met Captain Philip Astley, a member of the Household Cavalry. He became her friend, escort, and ultimately lover, and taught her how to dress and behave in high society.

At the end of 1920, Lawrence left Murray's and began to ease her way back into the legitimate theater while touring in a music hall act as the partner of popular singer Walter Williams. In October 1921, Charlot asked her to replace an ailing Beatrice Lillie as star of his latest production, A to Z, opposite Jack Buchanan. In it the two introduced the song "Limehouse Blues," which went on to become one of Lawrence's signature tunes.

In 1923, Noël Coward developed his first musical revue, London Calling!, specifically for Lawrence. Charlot agreed to produce it, but brought in more experienced writers and composers to work on the book and score. One of Coward's surviving songs was "Parisian Pierrot", a tune that would be identified closely with Lawrence throughout her career.

The show's success led its producer to create André Charlot's London Revue of 1924, which he took to Broadway with Lawrence, Lillie, Jack Buchanan and Constance Carpenter. It was so successful it moved to a larger Broadway theater to accommodate the demand for tickets, extending its run. After it closed, the show toured the United States and Canada, although Lawrence was forced to leave the cast when she contracted double pneumonia and pleurisy and was forced to spend fourteen weeks in a Toronto hospital recuperating.

Charlot's Revue of 1926, starring Lawrence, Lillie, and Jack Buchanan, opened on Broadway in late 1925. In his review, Alexander Woollcott singled out Lawrence, calling her "the personification of style and sophistication" and "the ideal star." Like its predecessor, it toured following the Broadway run. It proved to be Lawrence's last project with Charlot. In November 1926, she became the first British performer to star in an American musical on Broadway when she opened in Oh, Kay!, with music by George Gershwin, lyrics by Ira Gershwin, and a book by Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse. Following a run of 256 performances, the musical opened in London's West End, where it ran for 213 performances.

When Lawrence became romantically involved with Wall Street banker Bert Taylor in 1927, Philip Astley proposed marriage, an offer Lawrence refused because she knew Astley would expect her to leave the stage and settle in rural England. The two remained close until he married actress Madeleine Carroll in 1931. When Lawrence divorced Francis Gordon-Howley, she and Taylor became engaged and remained so for two years, with each free to enjoy a social life separate from the other.

In 1928, Lawrence returned to Broadway opposite Clifton Webb in Treasure Girl, a Gershwin work she was confident would be a huge hit. Anticipating a long run, she arrived in New York with her daughter Pamela, a personal maid and two cars, and settled into a flat on Park Avenue. Her instincts about the musical were wrong; audiences had difficulty accepting her as an avaricious woman who double-crosses her lover, and it ran for only 68 performances. She starred opposite Leslie Howard in Candle Light, an Austrian play adapted by Wodehouse, in 1929, and in 1931 she and Noël Coward triumphed in his play Private Lives, first in the UK, and later on Broadway. In 1930, Johnny Green composed his most famous song "Body and Soul" especially for Gertrude Lawrence.

While working in Manhattan, Lawrence started studying with vocal coach Estelle Liebling to prepare for her performances on the Broadway stage.  Lawrence continued to study with Liebling for many years.

Later stage career
In 1936, Lawrence and Coward starred in Tonight at 8.30, a cycle of ten one-act plays he had written specifically for the two of them. In 1937, she appeared in the Rachel Crothers drama Susan and God, and in 1939 starred in Skylark, a comedy by Samson Raphaelson. Lawrence felt the play needed work prior to opening on Broadway, and a run at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts was arranged. The theatre was run by Broadway producer Richard Aldrich, and he and the actress became involved in a romantic relationship. The two wed on her birthday in 1940 and remained married until her death in 1952. They had homes in Dennis and in Turtle Bay, Manhattan.

In June 1941, Lawrence's daughter Pamela married a New York doctor named William G. Cahan. The ceremony was held at the Dennis, Massachusetts home of Lawrence and Aldrich. Lawrence was friendly with her son-in-law but lost contact with him after his 1950 divorce from Pamela, according to Cahan's memoir that was published in 1992. Lawrence did not have any grandchildren during her lifetime.

Lawrence returned to the musical stage in Lady in the Dark in 1941. It originally had been planned as a play with recurrent musical themes for Katharine Cornell by Moss Hart, Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin, but by the time the first act was completed it was clear it was very much a musical that Cornell agreed was beyond her capability as a performer. Soon after this, Hart met Lawrence at a rehearsal for a revue designed to raise funds for British War Relief, and he offered her the role of Liza Elliott, a magazine editor undergoing psychoanalysis to better understand why both her professional and personal lives are filled with indecision.

The show was very ambitious and stretched the star's talents for singing, dancing and acting. Her performance prompted Richard Watts of the New York Herald Tribune to call her "the greatest feminine performer in the American theatre," and Brooks Atkinson described her as "a goddess" in his review in The New York Times. She remained with the show throughout its Broadway run and its subsequent national tour over the next three years.

Decades later, Ira Gershwin told American songwriting historian Sheila Davis about a contribution Lawrence made to honing the lyrics of the song "My Ship" in Lady in the Dark. "During a Lady in the Dark rehearsal," Davis wrote, "Gertrude Lawrence suddenly stopped singing midline and called out to Gershwin, who was monitoring from the orchestra, 'Why does she say 'I could wait four years' – why not five or six?'  Of course, the line was 'I could wait for years.' The painstaking lyricist immediately substituted the to clarify the aural ambiguity."

In 1945, Lawrence starred as Eliza Doolittle opposite Raymond Massey as Henry Higgins in a revival of Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw, who initially resisted the idea of Lawrence playing the role. Following the Broadway run, she toured the United States (including a stint in Washington, D.C.) and Canada in the play until May 1947.

Autobiography
In 1945, Lawrence published the autobiography A Star Danced. Her long-term friend Noël Coward later suggested it was a romanticised and less than wholly factual account of her life. The author embarked on a cross-country tour of the United States to publicise her book, the first person ever to engage in such a promotion.

World War II
Lawrence's second husband Richard Aldrich became a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War II, during which time Lawrence had a standing invitation to perform for British troops from the head of the UK's Entertainments National Service Association. Her chief obstacle was getting from her home in Massachusetts to Britain. Aldrich was overseas at the time. In her 1945 memoir A Star Danced, she recalled, "After weeks of more or less patient waiting, repeated timid, pleading, urgent and finally importunate requests to the authorities who rule such matters in Washington and London, and a rapid-fire barrage of telegrams, cables and telephone calls, it had happened. At last I had permission to do what I had been wanting desperately to do for four years—go to England and do my bit on a tour for E.N.S.A."

Lawrence's attorney booked the actress on a British Airways charter flight from Washington, D.C. to an airfield near London; the flight lasted 36 hours, including two refueling stops. When Lawrence boarded the plane, she discovered that she, Ernest Hemingway and Beatrice Lillie were among the few passengers without diplomatic passports. Lawrence and Lillie were the only female passengers. Hours after landing near London, she performed with E.N.S.A. for British and American troops who, it turned out, had been deployed for the imminent D-Day landings in Normandy. Aldrich was in one of the squadrons of the US Navy.

Aldrich wrote in his 1954 biography of his recently deceased wife: She went over with the first E.N.S.A. unit to go into France, making the crossing in an LST). Others in the party included Ivor Novello, Margaret Rutherford, Diana Wynyard and Bobbie Andrews. In her autobiography, A Star Danced, she has given a graphic account of their landing on a Normandy beach and of the progress of her unit through the wrecked towns, where there was still no water or electricity. Shows were given in shell-torn cinemas and hastily lighted casinos.

The physical discomforts – the sleeping in attics, the total lack of sanitation, the scanty and poor food – Gertrude could and did take as fortunes of war. What bothered her more was the breakdown in communications with me. Always dependent upon getting frequent letters from those she loved, she chafed and worried because no mail reached her.

As Allied forces scored more victories in the South Pacific later that year, Lawrence endured long plane rides and dangerous conditions to perform for troops there. The Aldrich book includes a photograph of Lawrence and two unidentified performers standing next to a military plane in Angaur that had just transported them there from Ulithi.

Professional and personal connection to Daphne du Maurier
In 1948, Lawrence returned to the United Kingdom to star in September Tide, a play written specifically for her by Daphne du Maurier. Her role was that of a middle-aged Cornish woman whose son-in-law, a bohemian artist, falls in love with her. The playwright had intended her to open the play on Broadway, but Lawrence's husband thought it was too British for the American market.

London newspapers and magazines paid little attention to her return to the stage, and she was distressed to discover that in a country struggling to recover from the effects of World War II, the public no longer was as interested in the careers or private lives of stage stars as it once had been. Prior to opening in the West End, the play toured Blackpool, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester, where the frequently sparse audiences consisted primarily of elderly people who remembered Lawrence from her heyday. While on the road, she underwent erratic mood swings and frequently clashed with her fellow cast members, including actors Michael Gough and Bryan Forbes, and the crew. The play opened in London in mid-December 1948.

Writing in Punch, Eric Keown called her return "an occasion for rejoicing" but dismissed the play as "an artificial piece of conventional sentiment which leaves the actress's talents unused." She remained with the play until July 1949, then returned to the United States, where she performed her role for one week at her husband's theater in Dennis, Massachusetts.

According to a 1993 biography of author-playwright du Maurier by Margaret Forster, Lawrence and du Maurier became close friends during the London production of September Tide. The nature of their relationship remained unclear following the 1989 death of du Maurier. Forster quotes du Maurier as saying the following about Lawrence circa 1949, "To be blatantly vulgar, anyone with a spice of imagination would prefer a divan with Gertrude to a double-bed with her."

Lawrence biographer Sheridan Morley interviewed du Maurier for his 1981 book Gertrude Lawrence. Du Maurier was quoted as saying she called Lawrence by the nickname "Cinders," short for Cinderella. Either while negotiating to appear in September Tide or rehearsing it, Lawrence stayed in "a flat in London somewhere," according to what du Maurier told Morley decades later. Boiling water in her tea kettle for a visitor was stressful for Lawrence. Du Maurier also told the biographer that she had forgotten all the dialogue she had written for September Tide and that shortly before her interview with Morley she had "been searching my shelves for a copy of the play. ... I cannot remember how Cinders looked, what she wore, far less what she said." Du Maurier's contribution to the Morley biography of Lawrence consists of little more than that.

Nothing about a personal connection between Gertrude Lawrence and Daphne du Maurier was published during Lawrence's lifetime. Two years after Lawrence's death, her widower Richard Aldrich had this to say in a best-selling biography of his late wife, Gertrude Lawrence as Mrs. A.:All her ingenuous traits, which could be annoying as well as endearing, would be swept away by her courage, her clear perception of truth, and the divine compassion which could flood her heart and lift her to the heights of nobility.

I am sure that she was frequently bewildered by the rapidity and mutability of her own impulses. Possessed, as she was, of an intuitive rather than an analytical intelligence, I doubt that she really understood herself clearly, any more than did most of those who thought they knew her intimately. An exception in this regard was Daphne du Maurier.

During those months in England [when September Tide was in production], Gertrude and Daphne formed a warm friendship, which continued unbroken after Gertrude's return to America.  Daphne later returned the visit by being Gertrude's guest in New York. Daphne's subsequent best-selling novel Mary Anne was originally planned as a possible starring vehicle for Gertrude.

It was chiefly from comments made later by Daphne that I was able to reconstruct the full picture of Gertrude's inner conflict during her stay in London. Daphne spoke of Gertrude's moodiness, her variability, her sense of vague self-dissatisfaction. To other English friends, Gertrude talked wistfully of wanting to remain in England, "where I belong."

Film career

Between 1929 and 1950, Lawrence appeared in only nine films. She made her screen debut in 1929 in The Battle of Paris, which featured two songs by Cole Porter. Paramount Pictures offered her the film shortly after the Broadway production of Treasure Girl unexpectedly closed and, with no prospects of stage work in the immediate future, she accepted the offer. The film, co-starring Arthur Treacher and Charles Ruggles, was shot in Paramount's Astoria Studio complex in Astoria, Queens. Lawrence was cast as Georgie, an artist living in pre-World War I Paris, who becomes a cabaret singer and falls in love with an American soldier. Publicity for the film emphasised Lawrence's songs and costumes rather than the story, which was so weak that director Robert Florey had threatened to resign midway through filming. Described by one critic as a "floperetta," it was not a success.

In 1932, she appeared in three features: an adaptation of the Frederick Lonsdale play Aren't We All? directed by Harry Lachman; Lord Camber's Ladies, produced by Alfred Hitchcock, directed by Benn W. Levy, and co-starring Gerald du Maurier; and No Funny Business with Laurence Olivier. In 1935, she appeared in Mimi, based on La Vie de Bohème. The following year she was cast opposite Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester in Rembrandt and co-starred with Rex Harrison in Men are Not Gods, both produced by Alexander Korda.

Lawrence's best-known American film role was that of Amanda Wingfield, the overbearing mother in The Glass Menagerie (1950), which both Bette Davis and Tallulah Bankhead had sought. The role required her to wear padding and affect a Southern American accent, and friends and critics questioned her decision to accept it. Tennessee Williams, who had written the play, thought casting Lawrence was "a dismal error" and, after the film's release, called it the worst adaptation of his work he had seen thus far. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called her Amanda "a farcically exaggerated shrew with the zeal of a burlesque comedienne" and "a perfect imitation of a nervous Mama in domestic comedy". Writing about her performance in Saturday Review, Richard Griffith was generous in his praise, saying "Not since Garbo has there been anything like the naked eloquence of her face, with its amazing play of thought and emotion."

Television and radio
On Tuesday night, 7 June 1938, the Broadway theatre that featured Susan and God went dark for one night so that Lawrence and her fellow cast members could perform the play for NBC's emerging television audience, which then consisted mostly of "company executives and engineers" of NBC's parent company RCA, according to a Life (magazine) report of the historic television broadcast. The number of television receivers that could pick up the telecast, all of them in or very close to New York City, was not estimated by the Life magazine writer.

The text of the Life article says the following about the few Susan and God viewers who were not employed by RCA: ". . . amateurs [sic] interested in television today generally construct their own receiving sets at home . . ." (emphasis added).  At that time, RCA did not yet have an already-constructed television set available for purchase at a store.

Viewers not employed by RCA or able to build television sets are described as "drama critics and radio columnists" who "witnessed the performance on sets many floors above the studios where" the Susan and God cast performed.  The building is referred to by the Life writer as "New York's Radio City," apparently 30 Rockefeller Plaza.  A caption for one of the still photos of the live telecast indicates that a view of the exterior of the "30 Rock" building was the final image that viewers saw while a voice-over identified it as the origin of the television broadcast.

Many still photos from the live telecast were featured in the Life article, which was published almost two weeks later in the edition dated 20 June 1938.  The event was newsworthy because it was the first full-length play live-broadcast on television. The text of the article says that technology required the actors to perform in a studio at 30 Rockefeller Plaza that RCA engineers had designed, during construction of the skyscraper five years earlier, for the anticipated medium of television. Primitive television cameras and lighting could not function properly inside a Broadway theatre.

In 1943, Lawrence hosted a weekly series of American radio shows, some of them featuring discussions with guests and others adaptations of Hollywood hit films. In 1947, she returned to NBC for a production of the 1913 Shaw play The Great Catherine.

To promote The King and I, Lawrence appeared on various television programs, including the Ed Sullivan-hosted Toast of the Town, with Rodgers and Hammerstein joining her to perform selections from the show.

Additionally, she appeared on several BBC Radio interview and variety shows before and after World War II.

Financial difficulties
Throughout her adult life, except during World War II, Lawrence spent far more than she earned. Philip Astley had persuaded her to place £1,000 in a trust fund for her daughter, but aside from that she had no savings of her own. During her engagement to Bert Taylor he managed her finances and encouraged her to invest in the productions in which she starred.  Although she earned a considerable amount of money from Private Lives, she still was deeply in debt, at one point owing fashion entrepreneur Hattie Carnegie more than $10,000. She opened accounts with dozens of shop owners but assumed she had unlimited credit and paid little attention to the invoices they sent.

Finally, two London laundry owners, whose bills totalled just under £50, filed a writ demanding she declare bankruptcy if she was unable to settle her accounts, and Lawrence's financial affairs came under the scrutiny of the Official Receiver. On 26 February 1935, the Daily Mirror reported her assets were valued at £1,879 but her liabilities were nearly £35,000, with an additional £10,000 owed to the Inland Revenue on her earnings in the United States.

Later in 1935, Lawrence's flat, cars, clothing, and jewellery were seized by the "London bankruptcy court" (words used by the Associated Press), and Lawrence, her maid and her dog were forced to move into a flat owned by her agent. On 8 November 1935, accused of "gross extravagance," she was ordered "to pay £50 weekly from the proceeds of her present [nightclub] engagement, and 25 per cent of anything earned any other way should the engagement end," according to the same Associated Press report.

It was later discovered that Lawrence had never paid American taxes, either. Her attorney Fanny Holtzmann worked out an agreement whereby $150 would be deducted from her salary each week she worked in the United States until her American tax debt was settled.

Refusing to lower her standard of living, she decided to take film work during the day, appear on stage at night, and perform in late-night cabarets to support her spending habits.  Much to the distress of her agent, she purchased a country house and farm in Buckinghamshire, then left it vacant while she remained in the United States for a lengthy stay. When her agent questioned the wisdom of such a move, she replied asking him to investigate the cost of installing a swimming pool on the property.

Columbia University
"Early in September [1951 during the Broadway run of The King and I]", wrote Lawrence's widower Richard Aldrich, "she calmly announced that she had accepted an appointment to the Faculty of Columbia University, in the School of Dramatic Arts, of which Dr. Milton Smith was Director. Her particular post was to conduct Class 107 in the Study of Roles and Scenes. The class met on Thursday afternoons in the Brander Matthews Theatre on Morningside Heights."

"I shall be teaching an advanced, not an elementary course," Aldrich quoted her as saying in 1951. "Dr. Smith and I have screened all the students. They've had preliminary work in voice, speech and pantomime. Many of them are already working professionally in radio and television. But, more than that, if I can find one person of real talent and encourage and train him, I'll feel that I've done something worthwhile."
The New York Times reported on 28 September 1951 that Lawrence "suffered an attack of stage fright yesterday and refused to let reporters observe her in her new role of teacher at Columbia University."

She taught the class again in the spring 1952 semester at Columbia, this time allowing a New York Times reporter and photographer to attend and take pictures.

The King and I

The King and I got started when, in 1950, Lawrence's business manager and attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a new property for her client.  Lawrence went to see the film Anna and the King of Siam with her mother-in-law then asked Fanny Holtzmann to look into acquiring the rights to the book. A William Morris agent sent Holtzmann a copy of the 1944 book Anna and the King of Siam, by his client Margaret Landon. Lawrence thought a musical version would be better. Lawrence wanted Cole Porter to write the score, but when he proved to be unenthusiastic about the suggestion, Lawrence sent the book to Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Rodgers initially demurred because he felt Lawrence's vocal range was limited and she had a tendency to sing flat. But he realized the story had strong potential, and the two men agreed to write what ultimately became The King and I.

It opened on Broadway in March 1951, and a year later Lawrence, still performing in it, won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical.

Her triumph was short-lived; her health deteriorated rapidly, forcing her to miss numerous performances until she finally was hospitalized with what would be her final illness. While bedridden in New York Hospital on Friday afternoon, 5 September 1952, she instructed Fanny Holtzmann to arrange for co-star Yul Brynner's name to be added to the marquee of the St. James Theatre, which included only Lawrence's name at the time.

Death and funeral
On 16 August 1952, Lawrence fainted backstage after a Saturday matinee of The King and I. After "a few days at home," wrote her husband Richard Aldrich, she was admitted to what was then called New York Hospital for tests. Doctors said she was suffering from hepatitis, and she was admitted to a room on the 16th floor. Her former son-in-law, Dr. William G. Cahan, recalled in his 1992 memoir (by then he was a globally recognised medical expert on cancer) what happened next in 1952:
She was admitted to New York Hospital [located across the street from the hospital where Cahan worked on the staff]. Her doctors were puzzled by what was described in the press as "a liver problem," and suspected that she might have cancer. Hearing this, and without Gertrude's knowledge, her husband [Dick Aldrich] consulted me. Not wanting to alarm her by appearing in person (she knew, of course, that by now I was a cancer specialist), I sent some of my colleagues as consultants. They, too, were puzzled, and ordered an exploratory laparotomy (abdominal operation).

At dawn of the day the operation was to take place [Saturday, September 6], Dick Aldrich called [Cahan on the telephone]: Gertrude had become comatose; would I please come to the hospital at once?  I found her surrounded by interns frantically pumping intravenous fluids and stimulants into her.  As I bent over her, she opened her eyes for a second or two, looked up at me, and made a face as if to say, "What are you doing here?"

A few minutes later, she died.

Concerned and curious about what had caused her death, I was present at her autopsy. This showed that she had widespread liver and abdominal cancer, the source of which was never clarified.

According to The New York Times, 5,000 people crowded the intersection of East 55th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, while 1,800 others, including Yul Brynner, Connecticut Governor John Davis Lodge, Marlene Dietrich, Phil Silvers, Luise Rainer, Moss Hart and his wife Kitty Carlisle, filled Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church for Lawrence's funeral.

In his eulogy, Oscar Hammerstein II quoted from an essay on death written by poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore. Lawrence was buried in the champagne-coloured gown designed by Irene Sharaff and worn for the "Shall We Dance?" number in the second act of The King and I, and she was interred in the Aldrich family plot in Lakeview Cemetery in Upton, Massachusetts.  She was the first person for whom the house lights were dimmed in all Broadway theaters during the immediate aftermath of a beloved performer's death.

Legacy
In early 1953, Lawrence's name was included on a list of Columbia University professors who had died the previous year and were honoured with a memorial service and flags on the campus lowered to half-staff.

Richard Aldrich's biography of his late wife became a best-seller in late 1954 and 1955, and was purchased by Marilyn Monroe at a New York bookstore.

Lawrence's biographer Sheridan Morley wrote in 1981 that throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, "...most traces of Gertrude Lawrence ... disappeared; she died before television had begun to immortalise its artists on (video)tape, before radio shows were regularly recorded, and though she made half a dozen films, her appearances in them are mostly undistinguished and give no clear impression of a radiance which could hold theatre audiences spellbound."

Julie Andrews portrayed Lawrence in the musical biographical film Star!, released to cinemas in 1968. It was loosely based on the period of her life from her days as an unknown aspiring performer until her wedding to Richard Aldrich. Richard Crenna appeared as Aldrich. The real Aldrich, who in the 1960s no longer worked in the entertainment business, was a consultant on the film. Noël Coward was portrayed by Daniel Massey. Star! was a box office failure.

The Glass Menagerie was Gertrude Lawrence's only film that was a box-office success and in which she worked with an American studio and an entirely American cast: Jane Wyman (Laura), Arthur Kennedy (Tom), Kirk Douglas (The Gentleman Caller). The director was an Englishman whose entire career was in American cinema. The movie was rarely shown on American television until 1992, however. During that year, American Movie Classics revived it with an introduction and postscript from the channel's host, Bob Dorian.  He provided information about Lawrence for American viewers who were not familiar with her.

Janet McTeer portrayed Lawrence opposite Geraldine Somerville as Daphne du Maurier and Malcolm Sinclair as Noël Coward in Daphne, a fictionalized television movie that was first broadcast by the BBC in 2007.

Three years after Lawrence's death, her daughter Pamela gave birth to Benn Clatworthy, by her second husband, the sculptor Robert Clatworthy. The first of Lawrence's three grandchildren, Benn was  a tenor saxophonist based in Los Angeles. Lawrence's other two grandchildren, Sarah Hunt and Tom Clatworthy, are both residents of the United Kingdom.

Selected theatre credits

 Some (West End, 1916)
 Cheep! (West End, 1917)
 A to Z (West End, 1921)
 London Calling! (West End, 1923)
 Andre Charlot's Revue of 1924 (Broadway, 1924)
 Charlot Revue (West End, 1925)
 Charlot's Revue of 1926 (Broadway and US tour, 1925–26)
 Oh, Kay! (Broadway, 1926; West End, 1927)
 Treasure Girl (Broadway, 1928)
 Candle Light (Broadway, 1929)
 The International Review (Broadway, 1930)
 Private Lives (West End, 1930; Broadway, 1931)
 Can the Leopard...? (West End, 1931)
 Behold, We Live (West End, 1932)
 Nymph Errant (West End, 1933)
 Tonight at 8.30 (UK tour, 1935; West End and Broadway, 1936; US tour, 1947; Broadway revival, 1948)
 Susan and God (Broadway, 1937; US tour, 1938)
 Skylark (US tour and Broadway, 1939)
 Lady in the Dark (Broadway, 1941)
 Errand for Bernice (US tour, 1944)
 Blithe Spirit (Hawaii, 1945)
 Pygmalion (Broadway, 1945; US tour, 1946)
 September Tide (UK tour and West End, 1948–49; Cape Cod, 1949)
 The King and I (Broadway, 1951)

Filmography

Discography
 A Bright Particular Star (Decca Records DL-74940)

In popular culture
In the classic Moss Hart and George Kaufman play The Man Who Came to Dinner, the character Lorraine Sheldon was inspired by Gertrude Lawrence.

Lawrence's recording of the song "Getting to Know You" from The King and I was featured on the soundtrack of the sitcom The King of Queens'' in the episode "Arthur, Spooner." It was originally telecast in the United States on CBS on 23 September 2002 as the season premiere. It has been repeated many times in syndication, on TBS (US TV channel) in the United States and is available on the DVD for the Complete Fifth Season.

References

External links

 Gertrude Lawrence collection, 1910-1952, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Finding aid to Gertrude Lawrence papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1898 births
1952 deaths
Cabaret singers
Columbia University faculty
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
British expatriate actresses in the United States
English people of Danish descent
English film actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English radio actresses
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Tony Award winners
Actresses from London
20th-century English actresses
20th-century English singers
Deaths from liver cancer
20th-century English women singers
People from Turtle Bay, Manhattan

Gertrude Lawrence


Washington County er et county beliggende i den nordvestlige del af den amerikanske delstat Maryland. Hovedbyen er Hagerstown, og grænser op til Pennsylvania i nord, Virginia i syd, og West Virginia i sydvest. I 2014 havde countiet 149.573 indbyggere.

Countiet er det første af mange som er opkaldt efter USA's første præsident George Washington.

Geografi
Ifølge United States Census Bureau er Washingtons totale areal på 1.210 km², hvoraf de 25 km² er vand.

Grænsende counties
Fulton County, Pennsylvania (nordvest)
Allegany County (vest)
Morgan County, West Virginia (sydvest)
Berkeley County, West Virginia (syd)
Jefferson County, West Virginia (syd)
Loudoun County, Virginia (sydøst)
Frederick County (øst)
Franklin County, Pennsylvania (nordøst)

Eksterne henvisninger

 Washington Countys officielle hjemmeside

Counties i Maryland
Etableret i 1776

Washington County (Maryland)


An Lepanthes papallactae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Lepanthes papallactae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes papallactae


جبل نيحا أحد جبال سلسلة جبال لبنان الغربية. يطل على بلدة نيحا الشوفية ونيحا البقاعية.

المراجع

ن

جبل نيحا


Bir kıyı buzulu olan Chenega Buzulu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bir eyaleti olan Alaska'daki Kenai Yarımadası'ndaki Prens Wiliams Boğazı'nda yer almaktadır.

Adını 1905 yılında Chenega Adası'ndan ve bu adanın civarındaki Chenega Körfezi'nden almaktadır. Çok ilgi çekici turistik bir yer olan buzul her sene birçok kanocuyu ve gezinti teknesini okyanusla kavuştuğu Nassa Fiyordu'na çekmektedir.

Alaska'daki buzullar

Chenega Buzulu


فئات سنية أو فئات عمرية هو مصطلح رياضي أو مصطلح يستخدم للتفريق أو التقسيم بين الفئات العمرية المختلفة.
كما يستخدم للدلالة على برنامج شبابي لتخريج لاعبين للمستقبل ضمن فريق أو دوري رياضي معين.

وجرى العرف على تقسيم المراحل العمرية للفرق الى مجموعات وهي:

فريق البراعم : ٨ الى ١٠ سنوات

فريق الأشبال : ١١ الى ١٣ سنة

فريق الناشئين : ١٤ الى ١٦ سنة

فريق الشباب : ١٧ الى ١٩ سنة

فريق الكبار  : فوق ٢٠ سنة

مراجع

أكاديميات كرة قدم
رياضة الشباب
مصطلحات
مصطلحات كرة القدم
مصطلحات كرة قدم أسترالية
مصطلحات كرة قدم أمريكية

فئات سنية (كرة قدم)


Hillerød GI Bordtennis er en bordtennisklub i Hillerød med næsten 200 medlemmer, som holder til i FrederiksborgCentret. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1961 og har i årenes løb opfostret mange danmarksmestre og landsholdsspillere. Ungdomsafdelingen er blandt Danmarks største og tilbyder elitetræning - eventuelt kombineret med skolegang i Hillerød kommunes Eliteklasser.

I klubbens lokaler i FrederiksborgCentret findes 14 stationære borde på rødt taraflex gulv. Der tilbydes træningshold på alle niveauer - handicap, pensionister, motionister, ungdom og elite. Ved DBTU's årsmøde i 2007 blev Hillerød GI Bordtennis valgt som 'Årets klub i Danmark'. Hvert år afholder klubben "Danish International" - et stort stævne for ungdomsspillere med både hold- og individuel turnering.

I sæson 2019/20 spiller klubbens bedste herrehold i landets bedste række, Bordtennisligaen, herrer. Klubbens bedste damehold spiller også i landets bedste række, BordtennisLigaen, damer. Dameholdet deltager desuden i EuropaCup for kvinder (ETTU).

Nuværende spillertrup, herrer

Oversigt sidst opdateret: 28. august 2019.

Nuværende spillertrup, damer

Oversigt sidst opdateret: 4. september 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bordtennisklubber i Danmark
GI Bordtennis
Etableret i 1961

Hillerød GI Bordtennis


En botanique, un rayon est, dans
une ombelle dApiaceae ou dEuphorbiaceae, un pédoncule (rameau) qui se termine par une fleur. Tous les rayons partent d'un même point et s'élèvent en général à la même hauteur.

Notes et références

Inflorescence

Rayon (botanique)


David Michael Koechner (* 24. August 1962 in Tipton, Missouri) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler, Komiker, Schriftsteller und Musiker.

Leben
David Koechner wurde als Sohn von Margaret Ann (geb. Downey) und Cecil Stephen Koechner geboren. Seine katholische Familie ist deutscher und irischer Abstammung. Koechner studierte Politikwissenschaft am Benedictine College und der University of Missouri und beschloss, eine Karriere als Comedian zu verfolgen und zog nach Chicago. Nach dem Studium an Chicagos ImprovOlympic, unter dem Improvisationlehrer Del Close, trat Koechner mit The Second City Comedy ab 1994 in Chicago auf. 1995 trat er ein Jahr lang in Saturday Night Live auf. Von 1996 bis 1997 gehörte er zur Besetzung der Tonight Show mit Conan O'Brien. Danach nahm er die ersten kleinen Filmrollen in den Filmen Wag the Dog und Der Mondmann an.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1995–1996: Saturday Night Live (Fernsehserie, 20 Folgen)
 1995: It's Now … or Never!
 1997: Wag the Dog – Wenn der Schwanz mit dem Hund wedelt (Wag the Dog)
 1998: Dirty Work
 1999: Der Mondmann (Man on the Moon)
 1999: Austin Powers – Spion in geheimer Missionarsstellung  (Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me)
 2000: Hoffnungslos verliebt (Whatever It Takes)
 2001: Eiskalt (Out Cold)
 2001: Life Without Dick – Verliebt in einen Killer (Life Without Dick)
 2002: Waking Up in Reno
 2002: American Girl
 2002: Hilfe, ich habe ein Date! (The Third Wheel)
 2003: Partyalarm – Finger weg von meiner Tochter (My Boss's Daughter)
 2003: Gelegenheit macht Liebe (A Guy Thing)
 2003: Soul Mates
 2003–2006: Reno 911! (Fernsehserie, drei Folgen)
 2004: Anchorman – Die Legende von Ron Burgundy (Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy)
 2004: Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie
 2005: Deine, meine & unsere (Yours, Mine & Ours)
 2005: Daltry Calhoun
 2005: Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie
 2005: Jungfrau (40), männlich, sucht … (The 40 Year Old Virgin)
 2005: Thank You for Smoking
 2005: Ein Duke kommt selten allein (The Dukes of Hazzard)
 2005: AbServiert (Waiting …)
 2005–2013: Das Büro (The Office, Fernsehserie, 15 Folgen)
 2006: Oh je, du Fröhliche (Unaccompanied Minors)
 2006: Kings of Rock – Tenacious D (Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny)
 2006: Die verrückte Reise der Pinguine (Farce of the Penguins, Stimme)
 2006: Ab in den Knast (Let's Go to Prison)
 2006: Snakes on a Plane
 2006: Der tierisch verrückte Bauernhof (Barnyard, Stimme)
 2006: Ricky Bobby – König der Rennfahrer (Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby)
 2006: Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector
 2007: The Comebacks
 2007: Careless
 2007: Reno 911!: Miami
 2007: Balls of Fury
 seit 2008: American Dad (Fernsehserie, Stimme)
 2008: Semi-Pro
 2008: Drillbit Taylor – Ein Mann für alle Unfälle (Drillbit Taylor)
 2008: Get Smart
 2008: Spritztour (Sex Drive)
 2009: The Perfect Game
 2009: Wild Chicks (Still Waiting…)
 2009: Ausgequetscht (Extract)
 2009: The Goods – Schnelle Autos, schnelle Deals (The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard)
 2009: Tenure
 2009: My One and Only
 2009–2010: Hank (Fernsehserie, neun Folgen)
 2011: Fully Loaded
 2011: Paul – Ein Alien auf der Flucht (Paul)
 2011: Final Destination 5
 2011: A Good Old Fashioned Orgy
 2012: Piranha 2
 2012: Hit and Run
 2013: Crawlspace
 2013: Ghost Movie
 2013: Anchorman – Die Legende kehrt zurück (Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues)
 2013: Liberace – Zu viel des Guten ist wundervoll (Behind the Candelabra, Fernsehfilm)
 2013: Cheap Thrills
 2013: No Clue
 2014: Hits
 2014: Jason Nash Is Married
 2015: Road Hard
 2015: Krampus
 2015: Scouts vs. Zombies – Handbuch zur Zombie-Apokalypse (Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse)
 2015–2021: F Is for Family (Fernsehserie, 32 Folgen)
 2016: Unbezahlbar (Priceless)
 2017: Twin Peaks (Fernsehserie, 4 Folgen)
 2017–2018: Superior Donuts (Fernsehserie, 34 Folgen)
 2019: Braking for Whales
 2021: A Week Away
 2021: National Champions
 2022: Marmaduke (Stimme)
 2023: Justified: City Primeval (Miniserie, 1 Folge)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Komiker
Darstellender Künstler (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1962
Mann

David Koechner


Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen est un comté de la maison de Hohenlohe, situé aujourd'hui dans le nord-est du Bade-Wurtemberg, en Allemagne, autour d'Ingelfingen. Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen est un rejeton de Hohenlohe-Langenbourg. Il est élevé du rang de comté au rang de principauté en 1764, et est médiatisé au royaume de Wurtemberg en 1806.

Comtes de Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1701-1764)
 , comte de Hohenlohe-Langenbourg, de 1701 à 1743
 Philippe-Henri (mort en 1781), comte de 1743 à 1764

Princes de Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1764-1806)
 Philippe-Henri (mort en 1781), prince de 1764 à 1781
  (mort en 1796), prince de 1781 à 1796
 Frédéric-Louis (1746-1818), prince de 1796 à 1806, démissionne en faveur de son fils :
 Adolphe (1797–1873) qui détient le titre moins d'un an avant que la principauté ne soit médiatisée sous la suzeraineté du Wurtemberg.

Post-médiatisation
  (1752–1814)

Références

Bibliographie
 Phillips, Walter Alison; Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "Hohenlohe" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 572–575.

Comté du Saint-Empire romain germanique

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen


Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).  Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue i.e. hypoxia and microvascular dysfunction. It also implies local hypoxia in a part of a body resulting from constriction (such as vasoconstriction, thrombosis, or embolism). Ischemia causes not only insufficiency of oxygen, but also reduced availability of nutrients and inadequate removal of metabolic wastes. Ischemia can be partial (poor perfusion) or total blockage. The inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the organs must be resolved either by treating the cause of the inadequate delivery or reducing the oxygen demand of the system that needs it. For example, patients with myocardial ischemia have a decreased blood flow to the heart and are prescribed with medications that reduce chronotrophy and ionotrophy to meet the new level of blood delivery supplied by the stenosed vasculature so that it is adequate.

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of ischemia vary, as they can occur anywhere in the body and depend on the degree to which blood flow is interrupted. For example, clinical manifestations of acute limb ischemia (which can be summarized as the "six P's") include pain, pallor, pulseless, paresthesia, paralysis, and poikilothermia.

Without immediate intervention, ischemia may progress quickly to tissue necrosis and gangrene within a few hours. Paralysis is a very late sign of acute arterial ischemia and signals the death of nerves supplying the extremity. Foot drop may occur as a result of nerve damage. Because nerves are extremely sensitive to hypoxia, limb paralysis or ischemic neuropathy may persist after revascularization and may be permanent.

Cardiac ischemia

Cardiac ischemia may be asymptomatic or may cause chest pain, known as angina pectoris. It occurs when the heart muscle, or myocardium, receives insufficient blood flow. This most frequently results from atherosclerosis, which is the long-term accumulation of cholesterol-rich plaques in the coronary arteries. In most Western countries, Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of death in both men and women, and a major cause of hospital admissions.

Bowel

Both large and small intestines can be affected by ischemia. The blockage of blood flow to the large intestine (colon) is called ischemic colitis. Ischemia of the small bowel is called mesenteric ischemia.

Brain

Brain ischemia is insufficient blood flow to the brain, and can be acute or chronic. Acute ischemic stroke is a neurological emergency typically caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow in a vessel in the brain. Chronic ischemia of the brain may result in a form of dementia called vascular dementia. A sudden, brief episode (symptoms lasting only minutes) of ischemia affecting the brain is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA), often called a mini-stroke. TIAs can be a warning of future strokes, with approximately 1/3 of TIA patients having a serious stroke within one year.

Limb

Inadequate blood supply to a limb may result in acute limb ischemia or chronic limb threatening ischemia.

Cutaneous

Reduced blood flow to the skin layers may result in mottling or uneven, patchy discoloration of the skin.

Kidney ischemia
Kidney ischemia is a loss of blood flow to the kidney cells. Several physical symptoms include shrinkage of one or both kidneys, renovascular hypertension, acute renal failure, progressive azotemia, and acute pulmonary edema. It is a disease with high mortality rate and high morbidity. Failure to treat could cause chronic kidney disease and a need for renal surgery.

Causes
Ischemia is a vascular disease involving an interruption in the arterial blood supply to a tissue, organ, or extremity that, if untreated, can lead to tissue death. It can be caused by embolism, thrombosis of an atherosclerotic artery, or trauma. Venous problems like venous outflow obstruction and low-flow states can cause acute arterial ischemia.  An aneurysm is one of the most frequent causes of acute arterial ischemia. Other causes are heart conditions including myocardial infarction, mitral valve disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathies, and prosthesis, in all of which thrombi are prone to develop.

Occlusion
The thrombi may dislodge and may travel anywhere in the circulatory system, where they may lead to pulmonary embolus, an acute arterial occlusion causing the oxygen and blood supply distal to the embolus to decrease suddenly. The degree and extent of symptoms depend on the size and location of the obstruction, the occurrence of clot fragmentation with embolism to smaller vessels, and the degree of peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
 Thromboembolism (blood clots)
 Embolism (foreign bodies in the circulation, e.g. amniotic fluid embolism)

Trauma
Traumatic injury to an extremity may produce partial or total occlusion of a vessel from compression, shearing, or laceration. Acute arterial occlusion may develop as a result of arterial dissection in the carotid artery or aorta or as a result of iatrogenic arterial injury (e.g., after angiography).

Other
An inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body may be caused by any of the following:
 Thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of the brachial plexus)
 Atherosclerosis (lipid-laden plaques obstructing the lumen of arteries)
 Hypoglycemia (lower than normal level of glucose)
 Tachycardia (abnormally rapid beating of the heart)
 Radiotherapy, therapeutic radiation used to treat cancer can cause a delayed side effect injury in adjacent tissue via progressive, proliferative endarteritis, inflamed arterial linings that disrupt the tissue's blood supply.
 Hypotension (low blood pressure, e.g. in septic shock, heart failure)
 Outside compression of a blood vessel, e.g. by a tumor or in the case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome
 Sickle cell disease (abnormally shaped red blood cells)
 Induced g-forces which restrict the blood flow and force the blood to the extremities of the body, as in acrobatics and military flying
 Localized extreme cold, such as by frostbite or improper cold compression therapy
 Tourniquet application
 An increased level of glutamate receptor stimulation
 Arteriovenous malformations and peripheral artery occlusive disease
 rupture of significant blood vessels supplying a tissue or organ.
 Anemia vasoconstricts the periphery so that red blood cells cannot work internally on vital organs such as the heart, brain, etc., thus causing lack of oxygen to the periphery.
 Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant.
 Unconsciousness, such as due to the ingestion of excessive doses of central depressants like alcohol or opioids, can result in ischemia of the extremities due to unusual body positions that prevent normal circulation

Pathophysiology

Ischemia results in tissue damage in a process known as ischemic cascade. The damage is the result of the build-up of metabolic waste products, inability to maintain cell membranes, mitochondrial damage, and eventual leakage of autolyzing proteolytic enzymes into the cell and surrounding tissues.

Restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissues can cause additional damage known as reperfusion injury that can be more damaging than the initial ischemia. Reintroduction of blood flow brings oxygen back to the tissues, causing a greater production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that damage cells.  It also brings more calcium ions to the tissues causing further calcium overloading and can result in potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias and also accelerates cellular self-destruction. The restored blood flow also exaggerates the inflammation response of damaged tissues, causing white blood cells to destroy damaged cells that may otherwise still be viable.

Treatment

Early treatment is essential to keep the affected organ viable. The treatment options include injection of an anticoagulant, thrombolysis, embolectomy, surgical revascularization, or partial amputation. Anticoagulant therapy is initiated to prevent further enlargement of the thrombus. Continuous IV unfractionated heparin has been the traditional agent of choice.

If the condition of the ischemic limb is stabilized with anticoagulation, recently formed emboli may be treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis using intra-arterial infusion of a thrombolytic agent (e.g., recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), streptokinase, or urokinase). A percutaneous catheter inserted into the femoral artery and threaded to the site of the clot is used to infuse the drug. Unlike anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents work directly to resolve the clot over a period of 24 to 48 hours.

Direct arteriotomy may be necessary to remove the clot. Surgical revascularization may be used in the setting of trauma (e.g., laceration of the artery). Amputation is reserved for cases where limb salvage is not possible. If the patient continues to have a risk of further embolization from some persistent source, such as chronic atrial fibrillation, treatment includes long-term oral anticoagulation to prevent further acute arterial ischemic episodes.

Decrease in body temperature reduces the aerobic metabolic rate of the affected cells, reducing the immediate effects of hypoxia.  Reduction of body temperature also reduces the inflammation response and reperfusion injury. For frostbite injuries, limiting thawing and warming of tissues until warmer temperatures can be sustained may reduce reperfusion injury.

Ischemic stroke is at times treated with various levels of statin therapy at hospital discharge, followed by home time, in an attempt to lower the risk of adverse events.

Society and culture
The Infarct Combat Project (ICP) is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1998 to fight ischemic heart diseases through education and research.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word ischemia () is from Greek ἴσχαιμος iskhaimos 'staunching blood', from ἴσχω iskhο 'keep back, restrain' and αἷμα haima 'blood'.

See also

References

Bibliography

 Elizabeth (editor). Oxford Reference: Concise Medical Dictionary (1990, 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press: Market House Books, 1987, 2nd ed., pp. 107,

Angiology

Ischemia


Carmen Parra (Mexico, 1944) est une artiste peintre mexicaine avec une longue carrière dans des thèmes liés au patrimoine culturel du Mexique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre mexicaine
Naissance à Mexico

Carmen Parra


The spinothalamic tract  is a part of the anterolateral system or the ventrolateral system, a sensory pathway to the thalamus. From the ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus, sensory information is relayed upward to the somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.

The spinothalamic tract consists of two adjacent pathways: anterior and lateral. The anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about crude touch. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys pain and temperature.

In the spinal cord, the spinothalamic tract has somatotopic organization. This is the segmental organization of its cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral components, which is arranged from most medial to most lateral respectively.

The pathway crosses over (decussates) at the level of the spinal cord, rather than in the brainstem like the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and lateral corticospinal tract. It is one of the three tracts which make up the anterolateral system.

Structure

There are two main parts of the spinothalamic tract:
 The lateral spinothalamic tract transmits pain and temperature.
 The anterior spinothalamic tract (or ventral spinothalamic tract) transmits crude touch and firm pressure.

The spinothalamic tract, like the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, uses three neurons to convey sensory information from the periphery to conscious level at the cerebral cortex.

Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion have axons that lead from the skin into the dorsal spinal cord where they ascend or descend one or two vertebral levels via Lissauer's tract and then synapse with secondary neurons in either the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando or the nucleus proprius. These secondary neurons are called tract cells.

The axons of the tract cells cross over (decussate) to the other side of the spinal cord via the anterior white commissure, and to the anterolateral corner of the spinal cord (hence the spinothalamic tract being part of the anterolateral system). Decussation usually occurs 1-2 spinal nerve segments above the point of entry. The axons travel up the length of the spinal cord into the brainstem, specifically the rostral ventromedial medulla.

Traveling up the brainstem, the tract moves dorsally. The neurons ultimately synapse with third-order neurons in several nuclei of the thalamus—including the medial dorsal, ventral posterior lateral, and ventral posterior medial  nuclei. From there, signals go to the cingulate cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex, and insular cortex respectively.

Anterior spinothalamic tract
The  anterior spinothalamic tract, (Latin: tractus spinothalamicus anterior) or ventral spinothalamic fasciculus situated in the marginal part of the anterior funiculus and intermingled more or less with the vestibulospinal tract, is derived from cells in the posterior column or intermediate gray matter of the opposite side.  Aβ fibres carry sensory information pertaining to crude touch from the skin. After entering the spinal cord the first order neurons synapse (in the nucleus proprius), and the second order neurons decussate via the anterior white commissure. These second order neurons ascend synapsing in the VPL of the thalamus. Incoming first order neurons can ascend or descend via the Lissauer tract.

This is a somewhat doubtful fasciculus and its fibers are supposed to end in the thalamus and to conduct certain of the touch impulses. More specifically, its fibers convey crude touch information to the VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus) part of the thalamus.

The fibers of the anterior spinothalamic tract conduct information about pressure and crude touch (protopathic). The fine touch (epicritic) is conducted by fibers of the medial lemniscus. The medial lemniscus is formed by the axons of the neurons of the gracilis and cuneatus nuclei of the medulla oblongata which receive information about light touch, vibration and conscient proprioception from the gracilis and cuneatus fasciculus of the spinal cord. This fasciculus receive the axons of the first order neuron which is located in the dorsal root ganglion that receives afferent fibers from receptors in the skin, muscles and joints.

Lateral spinothalamic tract
The lateral spinothalamic tract (or lateral spinothalamic fasciculus), is a bundle of afferent nerve fibers ascending through the white matter of the spinal cord, in the spinothalamic tract, carrying sensory information to the brain. It carries pain, and temperature sensory information (protopathic sensation) to the thalamus. It is composed primarily of fast-conducting, sparsely myelinated A delta fibers and slow-conducting, unmyelinated C fibers. These are secondary sensory neurons which have already synapsed with the primary sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system in the posterior horn of the spinal cord (one of the three grey columns).

Together with the anterior spinothalamic tract, the lateral spinothalamic tract is sometimes termed the secondary sensory fasciculus or spinal lemniscus.

Anatomy
The neurons of the lateral spinothalamic tract originate in the spinal dorsal root ganglia.  They project peripheral processes to the tissues in the form of free nerve endings which are sensitive to molecules indicative of cell damage.  The central processes enter the spinal cord in an area at the back of the posterior horn known as the posterolateral tract.  Here, the processes ascend approximately two levels before synapsing on second-order neurons.  These secondary neurons are situated in the posterior horn, specifically in the Rexed laminae regions I, IV, V and VI.  Region II is primarily composed of Golgi II interneurons, which are primarily for the modulation of pain, and largely project to secondary neurons in regions I and V.  Secondary neurons from regions I and V decussate across the anterior white commissure and ascend in the (now contralateral) lateral spinothalamic tract. These fibers will ascend through the brainstem, including the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain, as the spinal lemniscus until synapsing in the ventroposteriorlateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus.  The third order neurons in the thalamus will then project through the internal capsule and corona radiata to various regions of the cortex, primarily the main somatosensory cortex, Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2.

Function
The types of sensory information means that the sensation is accompanied by a compulsion to act. For instance, an itch is accompanied by a need to scratch, and a painful stimulus makes us want to withdraw from the pain.

There are two sub-systems identified:
 Direct (for direct conscious appreciation of pain)
 Indirect (for affective and arousal impact of pain). Indirect projections include
 Spino-Reticulo-Thalamo-Cortical (part of the ascending reticular arousal system, also known as ARAS)
 Spino-Mesencephalic-Limbic (for affective impact of pain).

Anterolateral system
In the nervous system, the anterolateral system is an ascending pathway that conveys pain, temperature (protopathic sensation), and crude touch from the periphery to the brain. It comprises three main pathways:

Clinical significance
In contrast to the axons of second-order neurons in dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, the axons of second-order neurons in the spinothalamic tracts cross at every segmental level in the spinal cord. This fact aids in determining whether a lesion is in the brain or the spinal cord. With lesions in the brain stem or higher, deficits of pain perception, touch sensation, and proprioception are all contralateral to the lesion. With spinal cord lesions, however, the deficit in pain perception is contralateral to the lesion, whereas the other deficits are ipsilateral. See Brown-Séquard syndrome.

Unilateral lesions usually cause contralateral anaesthesia (loss of pain and temperature).  Anaesthesia will normally begin 1-2 segments below the level of lesion, due to the sensory fibers being carried by dorsal-lateral tract of Lissauer up several levels upon entry into the spinal cord, and will affect all caudal body areas.  This is clinically tested by using pin pricks.

See also

 Rostral ventromedial medulla
 Periaqueductal gray
 Neothalamus

References

External links

 Diagram at mfi.ku.dk
 Overview at uwm.edu

Spinal cord tracts
Sensory systems
Thalamic connections

Spinothalamic tract


An Stanhopea madouxiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Stanhopea madouxiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stanhopea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stanhopea

Stanhopea madouxiana


er en japansk tv-serie med Haruka Fukuhara, Aoi Yoshikura, Mariya Nagao, Yurika Nakamura og Jun Amaki. Serien handler om fem aspirerende dubbere, der bor sammen på et kollegium, og som går efter bliver etableret indenfor dubbing-branchen. Serien består af 10 afsnit, der oprindeligt blev sendt på TV Asahi fra 8. april til 10. juni 2018. Serien er en spin-off til Pretty Cure-franchiset men involverer ikke dets historier eller figurer direkte.

Plot
Serien følger Makoto Kikuchi, der er datter af en købmand, og som ikke har nogen erfaring med dubbing eller skuespil. Hendes liv ændrer sig, da hun bliver udset til at blive dubber, hvilket fører til, at hun kommer til at bo på et kollegium sammen med fire andre nye: Ryouko Ochida, en tidligere børneskuespiller, Ren Inaba, en fan af Pretty Cure-franchiset, Asami Kuriyama, som Makoto senere anser for at være hendes rival, og Konatsu Morimoto, der oprindeligt kommer fra Kansai. Serien følger deres vej mod at blive dubbere, deres lektioner og andre begivenheder i deres liv.

Medvirkende

Spillet af: Haruka Fukuhara
Datteren af en købmand. Hun vidste ikke noget om dubbing, før hun blev udset.

Spillet af: Yurika Nakamura
En ung pige som Makoto senere for at være hendes rival.

Spillet af: Mariya Nagao
En otaku som beundrer Pretty Cure-franchiset dybt.

Spillet af: Jun Amaki
En pige der stammer fra Kansai-regionen, og som er tilbøjeligt til at tale Kansai-dialekt. Hun sørger for det gode humør i gruppen

Portrayed by: Aoi Yoshikura
En tidligere børneskuespiller der besluttede sig for at gå over til dubbing. Hun er den ældste af fem børn og tager sig af sine fire søskende.

En populær skuespiller der bemærkede Makotos talent under en skuespilprøve. Hun fungerer som gruppens mentor.

Produktion
Serien er et spin-off til Pretty Cure-franchiset og blev lavet i anledning af dets 15 års jubilæum. Serien er instrueret af Natsuki Seta, Toshiki Souma og Kyouhei Tamazawa efter manuskript af Kouta Fukuhara og Shinya Hokimoto. Serien er i 10 afsnit, der blev sendt på TV Asahi fra 8. april til 10. juni 2018. Dubberne Haruka Tomatsu, Daisuke Namikawa, Noriko Hidaka og Mitsuo Iwata medvirker som sig selv i serien. Optagelser af Tomatsu, der synger "Q&A Recital", introsangen fra animeserien My Little Monster, blev benyttet i seriens sjette afsnit. Seriens slutsang er "It's Show Time!" af Tomatsu og Haruka Fukuhara.

Flere af de medvirkende havde i forvejen medvirket som dubbere i forskelige Pretty Cure-serier og -film. Haruka Fukuhara spillede Himari Arisugawa/Cure Custard i Kirakira PreCure a la Mode, Haruka Tomatsu spillede Iona Hikawa/Cure Fortune i HappinessCharge PreCure!, Daisuke Namikawa spillede Dark Matter og Kumata i filmen Maho Girls PreCure! the Movie: The Miraculous Transformation! Cure Mofurun!, Noriko Hidaka spillede Aphrodite i Suite PreCure og Mitsuo Iwata spillede Dorororon i Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
Officiel hjemmeside

Tv-serier fra Japan
Tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Pretty Cure

Koe Girl!


Groß Eichholz () ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Storkow (Mark) im Landkreis Oder-Spree (Brandenburg). Bis zur gesetzlich verordneten Eingliederung in die Stadt Storkow (Mark) zum 26. Oktober 2003 war Groß Eichholz eine eigenständige Gemeinde. Groß Eichholz liegt im Naturpark Dahme-Heideseen.

Geographie
Groß Eichholz liegt an der L74 zwischen Münchehofe und Kehrigk. Die Gemarkung grenzt im Nordosten an Bugk, im Osten an Kehrigk (beide Orte sind Ortsteil der Stadt Storkow (Mark)), im Südosten an Alt-Schadow (Ortsteil der Gemeinde Märkische Heide), im Süden an Neuendorf am See (Ortsteil der Gemeinde Unterspreewald) und im Südwesten, Westen und Nordwesten an Münchehofe. Südöstlich des Ortskerns von Groß Eichholz liegt der Wohnplatz Kolonie Eichholz, an der Grenze zur Gemarkung Neuendorf am See der inoffizielle Wohnplatz Forsthaus Lubolz. Im Südosten umschließt die Gemarkung die zu Neuendorf am See gehörige Exklave Wutscherogge.

Die gesamte Gemarkung besteht aus meist sehr trockenen Sandböden. Deshalb gibt es keine permanenten Fließgewässer. Sehr kleine Teiche haben sich im nördlichen Teil des Naturschutzgebietes Laie-Langes Luch gebildet. Vom Moorgebiet Langes Luch führt ein Graben zu einem zweiten kleineren Luch-Gebiet in der südöstlichen Ecke der Gemarkung, der aber nicht permanent Wasser führt. Im Südosten grenzt die Gemarkung an den Neuendorfer See. Höchste Erhebung ist der südöstlich der kolonie Eichholz liegende Gurraberg mit 70,9 m.

Geschichte
Groß Eichholz wurde 1376 zum ersten Mal urkundlich als "Moncheichholcz" erwähnt. Der damalige Name dürfte darauf hindeuten, dass der Ort von Mönchen angelegt worden ist. Nach der Ortsstruktur ist Groß Eichholz ein Breitgassendorf mit Gut.

1209 schenkte der damalige lausitzische Markgraf Konrad II. dem Zisterzienser-Kloster Pforta umfangreiche Ländereien bei und südlich von Görsdorf b. Storkow. Die betreffende Urkunde ist zwar eine ungesiegelte Abschrift aus der Mitte oder der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts, der Inhalt wird jedoch als echt bewertet Verschiedene Autoren, zuletzt wieder Lutz Kühne, haben darauf hingewiesen, dass die umfangreiche Schenkung möglicherweise zur Gründung eines zweiten Klosters in der damaligen Mark Lausitz gedacht war. Vermutlich durch den Tod Konrad's II. 1210 kam es aber nicht dazu. Die Ortsnamen wie auch die Erwähnung von Eichengehölzen in der Urkunde deuten darauf hin, dass Münchehofe, Birkholz, Groß und Klein Eichholz Klostergründungen sind.

1576 lebten 16 Bauern und ein Kossät in Groß Eichholz. 1600 wird die Größe der landwirtschaftlich nutzbaren Fläche mit 34 Hufen angegeben. Außerdem gab es einen Kossäten und einen Hirten im Dorf. Das Dorf scheint vom Dreißigjährigen Krieg sehr stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen worden zu sein, denn 1692 waren von den insgesamt 16 Bauerngütern immer noch 12 nicht wieder besetzt. Lediglich ein Dreihufengut und zwei Zweihufengüter waren in Bewirtschaftung. Dazu kamen noch ein Kossät und ein Pachtschäfer. Auf der Gemarkung hatten die Bewohner ausreichend Brennholz und konnten Schafe halten, soviel sie "ausfüttern" konnten. 1720 war ein Rittergut entstanden, vermutlich aus eingezogenen Bauerngütern. 1745 lebten acht Kossätenfamilien in Groß Eichholz. 1775 wird die Zahl der Bewohner mit sieben Kossäten und neun Büdnern angegeben. In der Schmettauschen Karte von 1767/87 ist südöstlich und etwas außerhalb des Ortskern ein Braukrug verzeichnet. 1786 wurde die Kolonie Groß Eichholz angelegt. 1801 waren es sieben "Ganzkossäten" und 15 Einlieger. Es gab einen Krug und eine königliche Unterförsterei im Dorf außerdem das Amtsvorwerk. Die Kolonie Groß Eichholz zählte zehn Wohnhäusern. Das Dorf insgesamt zählte 27 Feuerstellen (= Wohnhäuser). 1837 war diese Zahl auf 32 Wohnhäuser angewachsen. 1858 wurden im Dorf 33 Wohnhäuser und 55 Wirtschaftsgebäude registriert. Im Vorwerk standen vier Wohngebäude und 6 Wirtschaftsgebäude. Das Forsthaus wurde als öffentliches Gebäude gerechnet, zudem zwei Wirtschaftsgebäude gehörten. 1900 war der Wohnhausbestand auf 29 angestiegen, 1931 auf 43 Wohnhäuser.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden 136 ha aus der staatlichen Domäne verteilt, an elf Landarbeiter und landlose Bauern 59 ha, an 24 landarme Bauern 74 ha und an den Ausschuss für gegenseitige Bauernhilfe 3 ha. 1958 gründete sich eine Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft vom Typ I mit zunächst 8 Mitgliedern und 60 ha landwirtschaftlicher Nutzfläche. Die LPG wurde bereits 1959 in eine LPG Typ III umgewandelt. 1960 hatte sie bereits 58 Mitglieder und bewirtschaftete 363 ha Nutzfläche. 1968 wurde sie an die LPG Münchehofe angeschlossen. 1978 hatte die Oberförsterei Schwenow-Reiserholzplatz ihren Sitz in Groß Eichholz.

Politische Geschichte
Groß Eichholz gehörte im Mittelalter und frühen Neuzeit zur Herrschaft Storkow. 1815 wurde sie mit dem Kreis Teltow zum Kreis Teltow-Storkow vereinigt. 1835 wurde dieser Zusammenschluss rückgängig gemacht; aus den früheren Herrschaften Beeskow und Storkow wurde nun der Kreis Beeskow geschaffen, der bis 1950 Bestand hatte. Von 1950 bis 1952 gehörte Groß Eichholz für kurze Zeit zum Kreis Fürstenwalde, ab 1952 zum neuen Kreis Beeskow. In der Kreisreform von 1993 wurde dieser mit der kreisfreien Stadt Eisenhüttenstadt und den Landkreisen Eisenhüttenstadt und Fürstenwalde zum Landkreis Oder-Spree fusioniert.

1376 besaßen die v. Queis auf Groß Schauen die Hebungen von sechs Bauern in Groß Eichholz. 1489 war es nur noch ein Bauer, und die v. Queis hatten die niedere und obere Gerichtsbarkeit über diesen Bauern. Bereits vor 1509 war dieser Besitztitel an die v. Kanitz übergegangen. 1509 ist er im Besitz der v. Lawaldt in Klein Rietz bzw. Kablow. Schon vor 1556 hatten die v. Quast die Hebungen eines Bauern erworben, der zur Pfarre in Groß Schauen gehörte. 1556 war dieser Anteil von den v. Langen in Münchehofe erworben worden. Das Dorf selber gehörte schon vor 1485 den v. Langen in Münchehofe bzw. Neuendorf am See. 1644 verkaufte Moritz Ernst v. Lange das Dorf an seinen Schwiegersohn Hans XIV. von Rochow zu Plessow. Doch bereits 1648 tauschte dieser Neuendorf am See, Groß Eichholz und Schwerin gegen das Dorf Stülpe von Gottfried v. Hake ein. Die v. Hake konnten den Besitz bis 1663 behaupten. 1663 erwarb Alexander von Stutterheim Neuendorf und Groß Eichholz. Ihm folgte Seifried Wilhelm von Stutterheim, der am 23. April 1701 im Alter von nur 41 Jahren gestorben war. Danach kam Caspar Sigismund von Stutterheim, der am 29. Dezember 1686 geboren, und am 2. Februar 1727 in Groß Eichholz gestorben war, wie die gut lesbar Inschrift seiner Grabplatte besagt, die an der Ostseite der Münchehofer Kirche angebracht ist. Er war mit Anna Hedwig von Oppen verheiratet. Der Soldatenkönig Friedrich Wilhelm I. kaufte Groß Eichholz für 17.125 Talern am 15. Juni 1729 von Nicolaus Friedrich von Stutterheim. Er wies den Ort dem Amt Münchehofe zu. 1811 wurde das Vorwerk erbverpachtet, später zu freiem Eigentum verkauft. 1837 gehörte es einem gewissen Schubke. 1841 war es in den Besitz eines A. Buchholz übergegangen. 1854 gehörte das Gut einem Heinrich Steinhausen. Das Amt Münchehofe wurde 1824 mit dem Amt Buchholz zusammen verwaltet und 1872 aufgelöst. Das Vorwerk wurde 1858 für das königliche Hausfideikommiß zurück gekauft. Der Gutsbezirk wurde 1928 aufgelöst und mit dem Gemeindebezirk zur Gemeinde Groß Eichholz vereinigt. Nach der Wende schloss sich Groß Eichholz 1992 mit 12 anderen Gemeinden und der Stadt Storkow (Mark) zum Amt Storkow (Mark) zusammen. Am 26. Oktober 2003 wurde Groß Eichholz per Gesetz nach Storkow (Mark) eingemeindet und das Amt Storkow (Mark) aufgelöst.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung von 1774 bis 2011

Kirchliche Geschichte
Groß Eichholz war immer eingekircht in Münchehofe.

Naturschutz
Die gesamte Gemarkung von Groß Eichholz gehört zum Landschaftsschutzgebiet Dahme-Heideseen. Der größte Teil der Gemarkung ist bewaldet; der südliche Teil, südlich der Kolonie Eichholz ist ein geschlossenes Waldgebiet. In diesem Teil liegt das 88 ha große Naturschutzgebiet Laie-Langes Luch, das 2002 auf Verordnung des Ministers für Landwirtschaft, Umweltschutz und Raumordnung eingerichtet wurde.

Freizeit, Tourismus, Sport
Durch die Nähe zum Waldgebiet bildet Groß Eichholz einen Ausgangspunkt für Jäger, Wanderer und Radfahrer.

Belege

Literatur
 Lutz Kühne: Görsdorf – unser ersterwähnter Ortsteil. Zur Entstehung und zum urkundlichen Nachweis für ein deutsches Dorf bei Storkow. In: Storkow (Mark) Einblicke in die Geschichte einer 800-jährigen Kleinstadt, S. 10–17, Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Storkow (Mark) in Verbindung mit dem Historischen Beirat bei der Stadt, Storkow (Mark), 2009 ISBN 978-3-941085-72-5.
 Joachim Schölzel: Historisches Ortslexikon für Brandenburg. Teil IX Beeskow-Storkow. 334 S., Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, Weimar 1989, ISBN 3-7400-0104-6 (Im Folgenden Schölzel, Historisches Ortslexikon, Beeskow-Storkow, Seitenzahl).
 Wilhelm Wiesike: Münchehofe bei Wendisch-Buchholz: ein Streifzug in die meissensche und märkische Kirchengeschichte. 128 S., Berlin, Mittler, 1870 Online bei Google Books (im Folgenden abgekürzt Wiesike, Geschichte Münchehofe mit entsprechender Seitenzahl)

Weblinks
 Seite über Groß Eichholz auf der Homepage der Stadt Storkow (Mark)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Oder-Spree
Geographie (Storkow (Mark))
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Oder-Spree)
Grosseichholz
Naturpark Dahme-Heideseen
Ersterwähnung 1376

Groß Eichholz


Pietro I Candiano (c. 842 - 18 de septiembre de 887) fue brevemente el decimosexto dux de Venecia según la tradición, y el decimocuarto según los datos históricos verificables.

Pietro siguió en el cargo a Orso I y Giovanni I Participazio, elegido para el trono junto al amado y anciano Giovanni, aproximadamente en abril de 887. Puso en marcha una campaña militar contra el principado dálmata de Pagania, que era hostil a la República de Venecia desde el año anterior. Tan pronto como se convirtió en dux, avanzó con una flota de doce galeras al puerto de Makarska (italiano: Mokro), donde hundió cinco naves narentinas. El dux desembarcó cerca de Mokro y se introdujo tierra adentro, aplastando los narentinos sus fuerzas y causándole la muerte en una batalla campal el 18 de septiembre de 887. Fue el primer dux muerto en combate por la Serenísima, y por su derrota los venecianos empezaron a pagar un tributo anual al príncipe Branimir de Croacia (879-892), a cambio del derecho de paso y comercio por la parte croata del mar Adriático. Giovanni Participazio se encargó del gobierno por un tiempo hasta que pudo ser encontrado un sucesor para Candiano, como sería Pietro Tribuno, su sobrino nieto. A este le sucedería más tarde el hijo de Candiano, Pietro II Candiano.

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Bibliografía

Dogos de Venecia del siglo IX
Fallecidos por heridas de combate
Nacidos en Venecia
Fallecidos en Venecia

Pietro I Candiano


An Xanthosoma auriculatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard August von Regel. An Xanthosoma auriculatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthosoma, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xanthosoma

Xanthosoma auriculatum


An Masdevallia reichenbachiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Endres ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Masdevallia reichenbachiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Masdevallia

Masdevallia reichenbachiana


Jezero Parila je laguna u Neretvanskoj dolini. Nalazi se u blizini grada Ploča. Ima površinu 1,79 km².

Parila je dio ornitološko-ihtiološkog rezervata Ušće Neretve.

Izvori

Jezera u Hrvatskoj
Delta Neretve
Lagune

Parila


Watts er et nabolag i Los Angeles, Californien. Watts ligger i den sydlige del af Los Angeles, mellem Lynwood, South Gate og Willowbroke.

Bydelen blev særlig kendt i 1965 grundet urolighederne under Watts-opstanden.

Los Angeles

Watts


Zbehňov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trebišov din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 359 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Zbehňov este atestată documentar din 1240.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Zbehňov


Dalane-Suldallinjen er en 1,1 km lang jernbane i Kristiansand i Norge. Den enkeltsporede bane er anlagt for, at tog på Sørlandsbanen kan køre udenom Kristiansand Station, der er en sækbanegård. Banen blev åbnet for midlertidig trafik fra Kristiansand til Audnedal i 1943. Fra 15. maj 1943 blev der kørt "Urlauber-tog" (omtalt som "anleggstog") for den tyske værnemagt, og fra november 1943 blev banen åbnet for persontog og rejsegods. 17. december 1943 kom der midlertidig trafik til Sira. 1. marts 1944 indførtes der almindelig trafik på banen. I dag benyttes banen af godstog.

Litteratur

Jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1944
Kristiansand

Dalane–Suldallinjen


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1924:

Events
 Violating the Treaty of Versailles, Germany establishes a secret training base for German pilots at Lipetsk in the Soviet Union. More than 450 German personnel will train there over the next ten years.
 Following a military revolt, Brazil abolishes Brazilian Army and Brazilian Navy control of aviation and places all military aviation units under the direct control of the general staff.
 The Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd. is founded at Tachikawa, Japan.

January
 January 29 – Pateras Pesara flies an experimental helicopter in Paris. The machine flies 800 metres (2,640 ft) in just over 10 minutes.

February
 February 20 – Three French Army officers make the first two-way aerial crossing of the Sahara Desert in a Breguet 14.

March
 The admirals′ committee of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) considers an objection to the construction of aircraft carriers based on the observation that launching 40 planes from a carrier at present takes three hours, decides that the use of several carriers would solve the problem, and recommends that Italy construct at least two carriers.
 The Cierva C.6 makes a 10.5-kilometer (7-mile) flight in Spain from Cuatro Vientos airfield to Getafe airfield. The eight-minute flight is considered a major step forward in the development of autogiros and, by extension, of rotary-wing aircraft in general.
 March 1 – The Royal Air Force renames its Marine and Armament Experimental Establishment as the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment.
 March 25 – Squadron Leader Archibald Stuart Charles Stuart-MacLaren, Flying Officer William Noble Plenderleith, Sergeant W. H. Andrews of the Royal Air Force set off from Calshot in a Vickers Vulture II in an eastbound attempt to circumnavigate the world. Their attempt ultimately will fail on August 4 in the Commander Islands in the Bering Sea.

April
 During the month, the International Commission for Aviation passes a resolution stating that "women shall be excluded from any employment in the operating crew of an aircraft engaged in public transport." A concern of the era is that women would have difficulty controlling an aircraft while menstruating.
 April 1
Imperial Airways is formed, with the backing of the British government.
Flights of Royal Air Force aircraft operating from Royal Navy ships are given the collective title "Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Air Force." This will later be shortened to "Fleet Air Arm."
The Government of Canada approves the title "Royal" for the Canadian Air Force, establishing the new Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). In addition to its military duties, the RCAF takes over the responsibility for the control and regulation of all civil aviation in Canada.
 April 6 – Four United States Army Air Service Douglas World Cruisers depart Seattle, Washington, beginning a six-month westbound journey which will culminate in the first aerial circumnavigation of the world.
 April 7 – Portuguese Commander Brito Pais and Captain Sarmento de Beires depart Lisbon eastbound in the Breguet 16.Bn2 Patria, beginning an attempt to fly around the world. They will crash Patria in India, but will continue in the de Havilland DH.9A Patria II before being forced to end their attempt in June in China, a short walk from its border with Hong Kong.
 April 24 – French Captain Georges Pelletier d'Oisy and Adjutant Lucien Besin depart Paris eastbound in a Breguet 19.A.2, beginning an attempt to fly around the world. They will be forced to end their attempt in May in Shanghai.
 April 26 – Imperial Airways makes its first scheduled flight, from Croydon Aerodrome to Paris, using a de Havilland DH.34.
 Apr 30 – Regular Belfast–Liverpool airmail flights are inaugurated by Alan Cobham, using de Havilland DH.50 craft.

May
 May 17 – During its first aerial circumnavigation of the world, the westbound United States Army Air Service flight of Douglas World Cruisers arrive in northern Japan, completing the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean by airplane.
 May 19 – The first aerial circumnavigation of Australia is carried out, by a Royal Australian Air Force crew in a Fairey IIID.
 May 20 – French Captain Georges Pelletier d'Oisy and Adjutant Lucien Besin crash their Breguet 19.A.2 on a golf course in Shanghai, ending their attempt to fly around the world eastbound. They had covered 10,580 miles (17,037 km) in 26 days since leaving Paris.

June
 Flying the Nieuport-Delage NiD 42S, the French pilot Joseph Sadi-Lecointe wins the Coupe Beaumont race as the only finisher, then continues flying to establish a new world speed-over-distance record over a distance of 500 km (310.69 miles), averaging 306.696 km/h (190.572 mph).
Ludovic Arrachart wins the Michelin Cup long-distance flying competition.
 June 16 – The Royal Air Force′s Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment moves from Isle of Grain, Kent, to the former Seaplane Experimental Station at Felixstowe, Suffolk.
 June 23 – Lieutenant Russell Maughan makes the first one-day crossing of the United States, completing the flight from Long Island, New York, to San Francisco, California, in a Curtiss PW-8 in 21 hours 48 minutes.
 June 24
In Shenzhen, close to the China-Hong Kong border, Portuguese Commander Brito Pais and Captain Sarmento de Beires give up on their eastbound attempt to circumnavigate the world in the de Havilland DH.9A Patria II after covering 11,000 miles (17,713 km) from Lisbon.
The Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) has 1,181 aircraft, of which 748 are combat-ready.
 June 25 – Westbound from Rangoon to Akyab, the United States Army Air Service flight of Douglas World Cruisers attempting the first aerial circumnavigation of the world unknowingly flies over the Vickers Vulture II amphibian of the Royal Air Force team of MacLaren, Plenderleith, and Andrews, which is sheltering in a coastal bay in Burma while eastbound from Akyab to Rangoon during its own attempt at a circumnavigation.

July
 July 1 – Regular night airmail services commence in the United States, linking Chicago, Illinois, with Cheyenne, Wyoming.
 July 10 – Japanese aircraft sink a ship for the first time, when Imperial Japanese Navy bombers use level bombing from an average height of 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) over the course of four hours to sink the retired coast defense battleship Iwami off Yokosuka.
 July 17 – French Captain Georges Pelletier d'Oisy completes a flight from Paris to Tokyo, using a Breguet 14 borrowed from the Republic of China government after the May crash of his Breguet 19.A.2 at Shanghai. The journey from Paris takes 120 hours in the air over 84 days.

August
 The Bolivian Air Force is formed, as the Cuerpo de Aviación ("Aviation Corps").
 The Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) participates in the first large-scale Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) maneuvers since 1910. The air force aircraft are tasked to conduct surveillance in coastal waters, reconnoiter enemy bases, and strike enemy ships that come within range. The air force is hampered by poor communications with the navy, the grounding of its airships – necessary for reconnaissance at ranges of more than 100 miles (161 km) – due to weather, and difficulty in distinguishing between ship types and between friendly and enemy ships. In a final fiasco, the "Red" fleet "torpedoes" the "Blue" fleet's flagship, the battleship Andrea Doria, as the "Blue" fleet enters port at Augusta, Sicily, at the end of the maneuvers after the "Blue" fleet's air escort breaks formation to overfly the fleet in a celebratory pass.
 August 4 – The attempt of the Royal Air Force team of MacLaren, Plenderleith, and Andrews to circumnavigate the world eastbound ends when they are forced down in the Bering Sea by fog and their Vickers Vulture amphibian is irreparably damaged. They taxi to safety at Bering Island in the Commander Islands. They had covered 13,100 miles (21,095 km) in 130 days.
 August 8 – The U.S. Navy dirigible  docks with the airship tender  while the Patoka is underway off Newport, Rhode Island, showing that airships could operate from support ships far out to sea.
 August 24 – The U.S. Navy light cruiser  rescues the crew of an Italian flying boat that is forced down in the Arctic Ocean by bad weather.
 August 31 – Six United States Army Air Service aviators flying Douglas World Cruisers arrive in Labrador, completing the transatlantic leg of their first aerial circumnavigation of the world.

September
 September 3 – A United States Army Air Service pilot sets a speed record for a flight from Boston, Massachusetts, to New York City, completing the trip in 58 minutes.
 September 11 – Canada's first regular airmail service begins, with Laurentide Air Services linking Haileybury, Ontario, with Rouyn, Quebec.
 September 27-October 4 – The Daily Mail sponsors the Two-Seater Dual-Control Light Aeroplane Competition at Lympne Aerodrome in Lympne, England, the second of the three light airplane trials held there. Maurice Piercey wins in the Beardmore Wee Bee.
 September 28 – Greeted by 50,000 people and a congratulatory telegram from President Calvin Coolidge, two of the original four United States Army Air Service Douglas World Cruisers that had set out from Seattle, Washington, on April 6 arrive in Seattle, completing the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Their westbound journey had covered 27,534 miles (44,338 km) in 371 hours in the air, taking 175 days. They have made 57 hops during the trip, averaging 483 miles (778 km) per hop, and visited 25 U.S. states and 21 foreign countries.

October
 October 1 – The fourth annual Air League Challenge Cup race takes place over a 100-mile (161-kilometer) triangular course beginning and ending at Lympne Airport in Lympne, Kent, England. Three flights, each consisting of three Sopwith Snipes flown by Royal Air Force pilots, participate; one flight represents No. 25 Squadron at RAF Hawkinge, another No. 32 Squadron at RAF Kenley, and the third No. 56 Squadron at RAF Biggin Hill. Each flight flies the race in formation. No. 25 Squadron's flight finishes third with a time of 59 minutes 7.4 seconds, but is declared the winner when the other two flights are disqualified for cutting the western turning point and therefore failing to fly the entire course. The race is not held again until 1927.
 October 9 – In the United Kingdom, the Royal Auxiliary Air Force is established.
 October 12–15 – The Luftschiffbau Zeppelin-built dirigible LZ 126 is flown from Friederichshafen, Germany, nonstop to the Lakehurst, New Jersey, in the United States under guidance of Hugo Eckener for delivery to the U.S. Navy as a World War I war reparation. It is the longest nonstop airship flight in history at the time, covering 5,060 miles (8,148 km) in 81 hours and passing over the Azores, the Dominion of Newfoundland, and New York City along the way.
 October 18 – Italian World War I ace and aviation pioneer Giovanni Ancillotto dies in an automobile accident in Caravaggio, Lombardy, Italy.

November
 Twenty-two of Brazils 39 naval pilots are arrested for antigovernment activity.
 November 2 – The Pitcairn Flying School and Passenger Service is formed. It later will become Eastern Airlines.
 November 11 – Lieutenant Dixie Kiefer makes the first night catapult launch from a ship, the U.S. Navy battleship .
 November 24 – A KLM Fokker F.VII makes the first flight from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies, taking 127 hours 16 minutes.
 November 25 – The dirigible LZ 126 is commissioned into the U.S. Navy as  at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C.

December
 December 12 – The Cierva C.6 autogyro makes the first cross-country flight by a rotary-wing aircraft, piloted by Captain Joaquín Loriga the 10.5 km (7 statute miles) from Cuatro Vientos airfield to Getafe, Spain, in eight minutes.
 December 13 – In an early parasite fighter experiment, Lieutenant Clyde Flinter unsuccessfully attempts to dock his Sperry Messenger with the United States Army airship TC-3.
 December 14 – A Martin MO-1 is launched using an explosive-driven catapult fitted to a turret on the U.S. Navy battleship , requiring less distance than ever for the take-off.
 December 24 – Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX crashes at Purley, Surrey, in the United Kingdom, shortly after takeoff from Croydon Airport, killing all eight people on board.  It is Imperial Airways first fatal accident, and as a result of a public inquiry into the disaster Croydon Airport is expanded to absorb almost all of Beddington Aerodrome.

First flights
 Avia BH-10 (Czech air arm designation Avia B.10)
 Avia BH-12
 Avia BH-17
 Avro 562 Avis
 Latécoère 14
 Levasseur PL.5
 Levasseur PL.6
 Potez 25
 Potez 27
 Thomas-Morse TM-23
 Summer 1924 – Latécoère 6
 Mid-1924 – Avro 557 Ava

January
 Grigorovich I-1

February
 February 18 – Latécoère 5

March
 Cierva C.6
 Fairey Fawn

April
 Farman F.140 Super Goliath

May
 May 4 – Sikorsky S-29-A
 May 9 – Westland Dreadnought
 May 26 – Tupolev ANT-2
 May 30 – Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.8

June
 June 16 – Blériot-SPAD S.51
 June 23 – Focke-Wulf A 16
 June 28 – Avro 561 Andover

July
 July 19 – Blériot 135

August
 Savoia-Marchetti S.55
 Hawker Cygnet
 Potez 26
 August 21 – Fokker F.VII

September
 Aero A.24
 September 4 – Curtiss F4C-1
 September 14 – Westland Woodpigeon
 September 19 – Junkers G.24, also known as Junkers G.23
 September 22 – Westland Widgeon

October
 October 4 – Curtiss XPW-8A, predecessor of the XPW-8B, prototype in turn of the Curtiss P-1 Hawk

November
 Kawanishi K-7 Transport Seaplane
 November 4 – Grigorovich I-2
 November 6 – Dornier Do J
 November 24 – Fokker F.VII

Entered service

 Grigorovich M-24 with Soviet Naval Aviation
 Mitsubishi B1M with Imperial Japanese Navy
 Autumn 1924 – Breguet 19 (A.2 reconnaissance variant; first operational variant) with the  32e, 33e, 34e, and 35e Régiments d'Aviation of the French Armys Aéronautique Militaire

May
 Armstrong Whitworth Siskin III with No. 41 Squadron, Royal Air Force

July
 Avro 549 Aldershot with No. 99 Squadron, Royal Air Force

References

 Isaacs, Keith. "The Fairey IIID In Australia". Air Enthusiast, Number 24, April–June 1984. Bromley, Kent, UK:Pilot Press. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 40–49.

Aviation by year

1924 in aviation


El término Arroyo Chamizo puede referirse a:

Arroyo del Chamizo: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Florida.
Arroyo Chamizo (San José): curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de San José.

Arroyo Chamizo


صالح بن كيسان، (40 هـ - 140 هـ) هو صالح بن كيسان، مولى بني غفار وفي رواية مولى دوس، وكنيته أبو محمد وأبو الحارث.

ولد في المدينة المنورة بحدود عام 40 هـ، فنشأ فيها وطلب العلم كهلاً وكان أحد التابعين، وذكره مسلم في رابعة تابعي المدنيين، رأى عبد الله بن عمر وسمع منه، كما سمع من عروة بن الزبير، وعبيد الله بن عبد الله بن عتبة، نافع بن جبير، وسالم مولى عبد الله بن عمر ونافع مولى أبي قتادة والزهري وغيرهم.

وروى عنه ابن جريج، وعمرو بن دينار، وحماد بن زيد وأنس بن عياض، وأنس بن عياض، ومالك بن أنس، و سليمان بن بلال وغيرهم. كان من فقهاء المدينة ومحدثيها، ومؤدباً أدّب أبناء عمر بن عبد العزيز أثناء ولايته على المدينة 88-91هـ. أثنى عليه الإمام أحمد، وقال عنه مصعب الزبيري: كان جامعاً بين الفقه والحديث والمروءة. توفي عام 140هـ عن عمر يناهز المائة عام.

مراجع

محدثو التابعين
مواليد 40 هـ
مواليد في المدينة المنورة
وفيات 140 هـ

صالح بن كيسان


Posljednji Fermatov poučak, poznat i kao veliki Fermatov poučak, jedan je od najpoznatijih teorema u povijesti matematike. Teorem kaže da se n-ta potencija prirodnog broja ne može razložiti na zbroj n-tih potencija dvaju drugih prirodnih brojeva čim je eksponent n veći od dva, odnosno da je nemoguće naći tri prirodna broja a, b i c takva da je za n>2 an + bn = cn
Za slučajeve a+b=c i a2+b2=c2 od antike je bilo znano da imaju beskonačno mnogo rješenja. Rješenja za n=2 nazivala su se Pitagorine trojke.

Povijest
Poučak je Pierre de Fermat oko 1637. godine zapisao kao propoziciju na margini Diofantove knjige Aritmetika, ali za nj nije ponudio dokaz, pod izlikom da za to nema mjesta. Više od tri stotine godina matematičari su pokušavali dokazati ili opovrgnuti teorem. Euler ga je dokazao za n=3, Fermat za n=4, Dirichlet i Legendre za n=5, Lamé za n=7, a Sophie Germain za sve eksponente n koji su prosti brojevi i za koje je 2n+1 također prost. Teorem je, kao posljednji preostali Fermatov teorem bez dokaza, tek 1994. godine naprednim matematičkim metodama iz područja modularnih forma, eliptičnih krivulja i Galoisovih reprezentacija dokazao Andrew Wiles i za to 2016. godine dobio Abelovu nagradu.

Proširenja teorema na putu k dokazu

Teorem se može iskazati na još nekoliko jednakovrijednih načina koji proširuju skup rješenja za a, b i c na sve cijele brojeve ili sve racionalne brojeve različite od nule, zadržavajući uvjet da je n prirodan broj veći od 2, odnosno da je n prost broj veći od 2 jer je rano bilo jasno da se tvrdnja za neproste eksponente može svesti na proste:

 an + bn = cn u skupu cijelih brojeva nema netrivijalnih rješenja, to jest rješenja koja ne sadrže nulu. Za paran n svako negativno rješenje u izrazu bi davalo jednak doprinos kao i pozitivni parnjak, a prema izvornoj tvrdnji rješenja s takvim pozitivnim parnjacima nema. Za neparne n, ako bi jedno od rješenja bilo negativno, ono bi bilo ili a ili b, no tada bi se jednadžba mogla zapisati kao −(−a)n+(b)n =(c)n za negativan a [i ekvivalentno za negativan b], odnosno (b)n =(−a)n+(c)n što je početni oblik jednadžbe za pozitivne brojeve (−a), (c) i (b) za koju nema rješenja. Sličnim se rasuđivanjem pokaže da za neparni n negativni a i c ili b i c vode na istu jednadžbu za pozitivne brojeve (b), (−c) i (−a) ili (a), (−c) i (−b), jednako kao i za posljednji preostali slučaj kad su a, b i c svi negativni.
 an + bn = cn nema netrivijalnih rješenja u skupu racionalnih brojeva jer bi se jednadžba mogla pomnožiti n-tom potencijom zajedničkog višekratnika triju nazivnika razlomaka a, b i c i tako svesti na jednadžbu za cijele brojeve, a onda i za prirodne.
 an + bn = 1 nema netrivijalnih rješenja u skupu racionalnih brojeva, jer se jednadžba sličnim rasuđivanjem može svesti na jednadžbu za tri prirodna broja za koju nema rješenja; ovaj oblik je bio posebno plodonosan u potrazi za dokazom jer se problem mogao svesti na pitanje o krivuljama u dvije umjesto u tri dimenzije, te zbog bogatije algebarske strukture polja racionalnih brojeva od strukture prstena cijelih brojeva.
 ako su a, b i c rješenja jednadžbe ap + bp = cp, gdje je p prost broj veći od 2, tada je y2=x(x−ap)(x+bp) eliptična krivulja koja nema modularnu formu (prema Ribetovom teoremu). Andrew Wiles je međutim u svom podugačkom dokazu pokazao da sve jednadžbe tog oblika imaju modularnu formu pa je postojanje rješenja za a, b i c dovedeno u kontradikciju.

Izvori

Matematički poučci
Teorija brojeva

Posljednji Fermatov poučak


Giljaljónslappi (fræðiheiti Alchemilla hoppeana) er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hann er frá mið Evrópu (Alpafjöllum).

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Giljaljónslappi


An Dendrobium roseiodorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sathap., T.Yukawa ngan Seelanan. An Dendrobium roseiodorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium roseiodorum