The mesopelagic zone (Greek μέσον, middle), also known as the middle pelagic or twilight zone, is the part of the pelagic zone that lies between the photic epipelagic and the aphotic bathypelagic zones. It is defined by light, and begins at the depth where only 1% of incident light reaches and ends where there is no light; the depths of this zone are between approximately 200 to 1,000 meters (~656 to 3,280 feet) below the ocean surface.

The mesopelagic zone occupies about 60% of the planet's surface and about 20% of the ocean's volume, amounting to a large part of the total biosphere. It hosts a diverse biological community that includes bristlemouths, blobfish, bioluminescent jellyfish, giant squid, and a myriad of other unique organisms adapted to live in a low-light environment. It has long captivated the imagination of scientists, artists and writers; deep sea creatures are prominent in popular culture.

Physical conditions

The mesopelagic zone includes the region of sharp changes in temperature, salinity and density called the thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline respectively. The temperature variations are large; from over 20 °C (68 °F) at the upper layers to around 4 °C (39 °F) at the boundary with the bathyal zone. The variation in salinity is smaller, typically between 34.5 and 35 psu. The density ranges from 1023 to 1027 g/L of seawater. These changes in temperature, salinity, and density induce stratification which create ocean layers.  These different water masses affect gradients and mixing of nutrients and dissolved gasses. This makes this a dynamic zone.

The mesopelagic zone has some unique acoustic features. The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel, where sound travels the slowest due to salinity and temperature variations, is located at the base of the mesopelagic zone at about 600-1,200m. It is a wave-guided zone where sound waves refract within the layer and propagate long distances.  The channel got its name during World War II when the US Navy proposed using it as a life saving tool.  Shipwreck survivors could drop a small explosive timed to explode in the SOFAR channel and then listening stations could determine the position of the life raft.  During the 1950s, the US Navy tried to use this zone to detect Soviet submarines by creating an array of hydrophones called the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS.)  Oceanographers later used this underwater surveillance system to figure out the speed and direction of deep ocean currents by dropping SOFAR floats that could be detected with the SOSUS array.

The mesopelagic zone is important for water mass formation, such as mode water. Mode water is a water mass that is typically defined by its vertically mixed properties. It often forms as deep mixed layers at the depth of the thermocline. The mode water in the mesopelagic has residency times on decadal or century scales. The longer overturning times contrast with the daily and shorter scales that a variety of animals move vertically through the zone and sinking of various debris.

Biogeochemistry

Carbon
The mesopelagic zone plays a key role in the ocean's biological pump, which contributes to the oceanic carbon cycle. In the biological pump, organic carbon is produced in the surface euphotic zone where light promotes photosynthesis. A fraction of this production is exported out of the surface mixed layer and into the mesopelagic zone. One pathway for carbon export from the euphotic layer is through sinking of particles, which can be accelerated through repackaging of organic matter in zooplankton fecal pellets, ballasted particles, and aggregates.

In the mesopelagic zone, the biological pump is key to carbon cycling, as this zone is largely dominated by remineralization of particulate organic carbon (POC).  When a fraction of POC is exported from the euphotic zone, an estimated 90% of that POC is respired in the mesopelagic zone. This is due to the microbial organisms that respire organic matter and remineralize the nutrients, while mesopelagic fish also package organic matter into quick-sinking parcels for deeper export.

Another key process occurring in this zone is the diel vertical migration of certain species, which move between the euphotic zone and mesopelagic zone and actively transport particulate organic matter to the deep.  In one study in the Equatorial Pacific, myctophids in the mesopelagic zone were estimated to actively transport 15-28% of the passive POC sinking to the deep, while a study near the Canary Islands estimated 53% of vertical carbon flux was due to active transport from a combination of zooplankton and micronekton. When primary productivity is high, the contribution of active transport by vertical migration has been estimated to be comparable to sinking particle export.

Particle Packaging and sinking
Mean particle sinking rates are 10 to 100 m/day. Sinking rates have been measured in the project VERTIGO (Vertical Transport in the Global Ocean) using settling velocity sediment traps. The variability in sinking rates is due to differences in ballast, water temperature, food web structure and the types of phyto and zooplankton in different areas of the ocean. If the material sinks faster, then it gets respired less by bacteria, transporting more carbon from the surface layer to the deep ocean. Larger fecal pellets sink faster due to lower friction-surface/mass ratio. More viscous waters could slow the sinking rate of particles.

Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is a requirement for aerobic respiration, and while the surface ocean is usually oxygen-rich due to atmospheric gas exchange and photosynthesis, the mesopelagic zone is not in direct contact with the atmosphere, due to stratification at the base of the surface mixed layer. Organic matter is exported to the mesopelagic zone from the overlying euphotic layer, while the minimal light in the mesopelagic zone limits photosynthesis. The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic. The mesopelagic OMZ is particularly severe in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and tropical Indian Ocean due to poor ventilation and high rates of organic carbon export to the mesopelagic. Oxygen concentrations in the mesopelagic are occasionally result in suboxic concentrations, making aerobic respiration difficult for organisms. In these anoxic regions, chemosynthesis may occur in which CO2 and reduced compounds such as sulfide or ammonia are taken up to form organic carbon, contributing to the organic carbon reservoir in the mesopelagic. This pathway of carbon fixation has been estimated to be comparable in rate to the contribution by heterotrophic production in this ocean realm.

Nitrogen
The mesopelagic zone, an area of significant respiration and remineralization of organic particles, is generally nutrient-rich. This is in contrast to the overlying euphotic zone, which is often nutrient-limited. Areas of low oxygen such as OMZ's are a key area of denitrification by prokaryotes, a heterotrophic pathways in which nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas, resulting in a loss to the ocean reservoir of reactive nitrogen. At the suboxic interface that occurs at the edge of the OMZ, nitrite and ammonium can be coupled to produce nitrogen gas through anammox, also removing nitrogen from the biologically available pool.

Biology

Although some light penetrates the mesopelagic zone, it is insufficient for photosynthesis.  The biological community of the mesopelagic zone has adapted to a low-light environment.  This is a very efficient ecosystem with many organisms recycling the organic matter sinking from the epipelagic zone resulting in very little organic carbon making it to deeper ocean waters.  The general types of life forms found are daytime-visiting herbivores, detritivores feeding on dead organisms and fecal pellets, and carnivores feeding on those detritivores.

Many organisms in the mesopelagic zone move up into the epipelagic zone at night, and retreat to the mesopelagic zone during the day, which is known as diel vertical migration. These migrators can therefore avoid visual predators during the day and feed at night, while some of their predators also migrate up at night to follow the prey.  There is so much biomass in this migration that sonar operators in World War II would regularly misinterpret the signal returned by this thick layer of plankton as a false sea floor.
Estimates of the global biomass of mesopelagic fishes range from 1 gigatonne (Gt) based on net tows to 7–10 Gt based on measurements using active acoustics.

Virus and microbial ecology
Very little is known about the microbial community of the mesopelagic zone because it is a difficult part of the ocean to study. Recent work using DNA from seawater samples emphasized the importance of viruses and microbes role in recycling organic matter from the surface ocean, known as the microbial loop. These many microbes can get their energy from different metabolic pathways.  Some are autotrophs, heterotrophs, and a 2006 study even discovered chemoautotrophs.  This chemoautotrophic Archaea crenarchaeon Candidatus can oxidize ammonium as their energy source without oxygen, which could significantly impact the nitrogen and carbon cycles.  One study estimates these ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, which are only 5% of the microbial population, can annually capture 1.1 Gt of organic carbon.

Microbial biomass and diversity typically decline exponentially with depth in the mesopelagic zone, tracking the general decline of food from above. The community composition varies with depths in the mesopelagic as different organisms are evolved for varying light conditions. Microbial biomass in the mesopelagic is greater at higher latitudes and decreases towards the tropics, which is likely linked to the differing productivity levels in the surface waters. Viruses however are very abundant in the mesopelagic, with around 1010 - 1012  every cubic meter, which is fairly uniform throughout the mesopelagic zone.

Zooplankton ecology
The mesopelagic zone hosts a diverse zooplankton community.  Common zooplankton include copepods, krill, jellyfish, siphonophores, larvaceans, cephalopods, and pteropods. Food is generally scarce in the mesopelagic, so predators have to be efficient in capturing food.  Gelatinous organisms are thought to play an important role in the ecology of the mesopelagic and are common predators.  Though previously thought to be passive predators just drifting through the water column, jellyfish could be more active predators.  One study found that the helmet jellyfish Periphylla periphylla exhibit social behavior and can find each other at depth and form groups.  Such behavior was previously attributed to mating, but scientists speculate this could be a feeding strategy to allow a group of jellyfish to hunt together. Mesopelagic zooplankton have unique adaptations for the low light.  Bioluminescence is a very common strategy in many zooplankton.  This light production is thought to function as a form of communication between conspecifics, prey attraction, prey deterrence, and/or reproduction strategy.  Another common adaption are enhanced light organs, or eyes, which is common in krill and shrimp, so they can take advantage of the limited light.  Some octopus and krill even have tubular eyes that look upwards in the water column.
Most life processes, like growth rates and reproductive rates, are slower in the mesopelagic.  Metabolic activity has been shown to decrease with increasing depth and decreasing temperature in colder-water environments.  For example, the mesopelagic shrimp-like mysid, Gnathophausia ingens, lives for 6.4 to 8 years, while similar benthic shrimp only live for 2 years.

Fish ecology

The mesopelagic is home to a significant portion of the world's total fish biomass. Mesopelagic fish are found globally, with exceptions in the Arctic Ocean. A 1980 study puts the mesopelagic fish biomass at about one billion tons. Then a 2008 study estimated the world marine fish biomass at between 0.8 and 2 billion tons. A more recent study concluded mesopelagic fish could have a biomass amounting to 10 billion tons, equivalent to about 100 times the annual catch of traditional fisheries of about 100 million metric tons.  However, there is a lot of uncertainty in this biomass estimate. This ocean realm could contain the largest fishery in the world and there is active development for this zone to become a commercial fishery.

There are currently thirty families of known mesopelagic fish. One dominant fish in the mesopelagic zone are lanternfish (Myctophidae), which include 245 species distributed among 33 different genera. They have prominent photophores along their ventral side. The Gonostomatidae, or bristlemouth, are also common mesopelagic fish. The bristlemouth could be the Earth's most abundant vertebrate, with numbers in the hundreds of trillions to quadrillions.

Mesopelagic fish are difficult to study due to their unique anatomy.  Many of these fish have swim bladders to help them control their buoyancy, which makes them hard to sample because those gas-filled chambers typically burst as the fish come up in nets and the fish die.  Scientists in California have made progress on mesopelagic fish sampling by developing a submersible chamber that can keep fish alive on the way up to the surface under a controlled atmosphere and pressure.  A passive method to estimate mesopelagic fish abundance is by echosounding to locate the 'deep scattering layer' through the backscatter received from these acoustic sounders.  A 2015 study suggested that some areas have had a decline in abundance of mesopelagic fish, including off the coast of Southern California, using a long-term study dating back to the 1970s.  Cold water species were especially vulnerable to decline.

Mesopelagic fish are adapted to a low-light environment.  Many fish are black or red, because these colors appear dark due to the limited light penetration at depth.  Some fish have rows of photophores, small light-producing organs, on their underside to mimic the surrounding environment. Other fish have mirrored bodies which are angled to reflect the surrounding ocean low-light colors and protect the fish from being seen, while another adaptation is countershading where fish have light colors on the ventral side and dark colors on the dorsal side.

Food is often limited and patchy in the mesopelagic, leading to dietary adaptations.  Common adaptations fish may have include sensitive eyes and huge jaws for enhanced and opportunistic feeding.  Fish are also generally small to reduce the energy requirement for growth and muscle formation.  Other feeding adaptations include jaws that can unhinge, elastic throats, and massive, long teeth. Some predators develop bioluminescent lures, like the tasselled anglerfish, which can attract prey, while others respond to pressure or chemical cues instead of relying on vision.

Human impacts

Pollution

Marine debris

Marine debris, specifically in the plastic form, have been found in every ocean basin and have a wide range of impacts on the marine world.

One of the most critical issues is ingestion of plastic debris, specifically microplastics. Many mesopelagic fish species migrate to the surface waters to feast on their main prey species, zooplankton and phytoplankton, which are mixed with microplastics in the surface waters. Additionally, research has shown that even zooplankton are consuming the microplastics themselves. Mesopelagic fish play a key role in energy dynamics, meaning they provide food to a number of predators including birds, larger fish and marine mammals. The concentration of these plastics has the potential to increase, so more economically important species could become contaminated as well. Concentration of plastic debris in mesopelagic populations can vary depending on geographic location and the concentration of marine debris located there. In 2018, approximately 73% of approximately 200 fish sampled in the North Atlantic had consumed plastic.

Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation (a buildup of a certain substance in the adipose tissue) and biomagnification (the process in which the concentration of  the substance grows higher as you rise through the food chain) are growing issues in the mesopelagic zone. Mercury in fish can be traced back to a combination of anthropological factors (such as coal mining) in addition to natural factors. Mercury is a particularly important bioaccumulation contaminant because its concentration in the mesopelagic zone is increasing faster than in surface waters. Inorganic mercury occurs in anthropogenic atmospheric emissions in its gaseous elemental form, which then oxidizes and can be deposited in the ocean. Once there, the oxidized form can be converted to methylmercury, which is its organic form. Research suggests that current levels anthropogenic emissions will not equilibrate between the atmosphere and ocean for a period of decades to centuries, which means we can expect current mercury concentrations in the ocean to keep rising. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin, and poses health risks to the whole food web, beyond the mesopelagic species that consume it. Many of the mesopelagic species, such as myctophids, that make their diel vertical migration to the surface waters, can transfer the neurotoxin when they are consumed by pelagic fish, birds and mammals.

Fishing

Historically, there have been few examples of efforts to commercialize the mesopelagic zone due to low economic value, technical feasibility and environmental impacts. While the biomass may be abundant, fish species at depth are generally smaller in size and slower to reproduce. Fishing with large trawl nets poses threats to a high percentage of bycatch as well as potential impacts to the carbon cycling processes.  Additionally, ships trying to reach productive mesopelagic regions requires fairly long journeys offshore. In 1977, a Soviet fishery opened but closed less than 20 years later due to low commercial profits, while a South African purse seine fishery closed in the mid-1980s due to processing difficulties from the high oil content of fish.

As the biomass in the mesopelagic is so abundant, there has been an increased interest to determine whether these populations could be of economic use in sectors other than direct human consumption. For example, it has been suggested that the high abundance of fish in this zone could potentially satisfy a demand for fishmeal and nutraceuticals.  With a growing global population, the demand for fishmeal in support of a growing aquaculture industry is high. There is potential for an economically viable harvest.  For example, 5 billion tons of mesopelagic biomass could result in the production of circa 1.25 billion tons of food for human consumption.  Additionally, the demand for nutraceuticals is also rapidly growing, stemming from the popular human consumption of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in addition to the aquaculture industry that requires a specific marine oil for feed material. Lanternfish are of much interest to the aquaculture market, as they are especially high in fatty acids.

Climate Change
The mesopelagic region plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, as it is the area where most of the surface organic matter is respired.  Mesopelagic species also acquire carbon during their diel vertical migration to feed in surface waters, and they transport that carbon to the deep sea when they die. It is estimated that the mesopelagic cycles between 5 and 12 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere per year, and until recently, this estimate was not included in many climate models.  It is difficult to quantify the effects of climate change on the mesopelagic zone as a whole, as climate change does not have uniform impacts geographically. Research suggests that in warming waters, as long as there are adequate nutrients and food for fish, then mesopelagic biomass could actually increase due to higher trophic efficiency and increased temperature-driven metabolism. However, because ocean warming will not be uniform throughout the global mesopelagic zone, it is predicted that some areas may actually decrease in fish biomass, while others increase.

Water column stratification will also likely increase with ocean warming and climate change. Increased ocean stratification reduces the introduction of nutrients from the deep ocean into the euphotic zone resulting in decreases in both net primary production and sinking particulate matter. Additional research suggests shifts in the geographical range of many species could also occur with warming, with many of them shifting poleward. The combination of these factors could potentially mean that as global ocean basins continue to warm, there could be areas in the mesopelagic that increase in biodiversity and species richness, while declines in other areas, especially moving farther from the equator.

Research and Exploration

There is a dearth of knowledge about the mesopelagic zone so researchers have begun to develop new technology to explore and sample this area. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), NASA, and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research are all working on projects to gain a better understanding of this zone in the ocean and its influence on the global carbon cycle. Traditional sampling methods like nets have proved to be inadequate because they scare off creatures due to the pressure wave formed by the towed net and the light produced by the bioluminescent species caught in the net.
Mesopelagic activity was first investigated by use of sonar because the return bounces off of plankton and fish in the water. However, there are many challenges with acoustic survey methods and previous research has estimated errors in measured amounts of biomass of up to three orders of magnitude. This is due to inaccurate incorporation of depth, species size distribution, and acoustic properties of the species. Norway's Institute of Marine Research has launched a research vessel named Dr. Fridtjof Nansen to investigate mesopelagic activity using sonar with their focus being on the sustainability of fishing operations. To overcome the challenges faced with acoustic sampling, WHOI is developing remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and robots (Deep-See, Mesobot, and Snowclops) that are capable of studying this zone more precisely in a dedicated effort called the Ocean Twilight Zone project that launched in August 2018.

Discovery and Detection
The deep scattering layer often characterizes the mesopelagic due to the high amount of biomass that exists in the region. Acoustic sound sent into the ocean bounces off particles and organisms in the water column and return a strong signal. The region was initially discovered by American researchers during World War II in 1942 during anti-submarine research with sonar. Sonar at the time could not penetrate below this depth due to the large number of creatures obstructing sound waves. It is uncommon to detect deep scattering layers below 1000m. Until recently, sonar has been the predominant method for studying the mesopelagic.

The Malaspina Circumnavigation Expedition was a Spanish-led scientific quest in 2011 to gain a better understanding of the state of the ocean  and the diversity in the deep oceans. The data collected, particularly through sonar observations showed that the biomass estimation in the mesopelagic was lower than previously thought.

Deep-See
WHOI is currently working on a project to characterize and document the pelagic ecosystem. They have developed a device named Deep-See weighing approximately 700 kg, which is designed to be towed behind a research vessel. The Deep-See is capable of reaching depths up to 2000 m and can estimate the amount of biomass and biodiversity in this mesopelagic ecosystem. Deep-See is equipped with cameras, sonars, sensors, water sample collection devices, and a real-time data transmission system.

Mesobot
WHOI is collaborating with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Stanford University, and the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley to develop a small autonomous robot, Mesobot, weighing approximately 75 kg. Mesobot is equipped with high-definition cameras to track and record mesopelagic species on their daily migration over extended periods of time. The robot's thrusters were designed so that they do not disturb the life in the mesopelagic that it is observing. Traditional sample collection devices fail to preserve organisms captured in the mesopelagic due to the large pressure change associated with surfacing. The Mesobot also has a unique sampling mechanism that is capable of keeping the organisms alive during their ascent. The first sea trial of this device is expected to be in 2019.

MINIONS
Another mesopelagic robot developed by WHOI are the MINIONS. This device descends down the water column and takes images of the amount and size distribution of marine snow at various depths. These tiny particles are a food source for other organisms so it is important to monitor the different levels of marine snow to characterize the carbon cycling processes between the surface ocean and the mesopelagic.

SPLAT cam
The Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute has developed the Spatial PLankton Analysis Technique (SPLAT) to identify and map distribution patterns of bioluminescent plankton. The various bioluminescent species produce a unique flash that allows the SPLAT to distinguish each specie's flash characteristic and then map their 3-dimensional distribution patterns. Its intended use was not for investigating the mesopelagic zone, although it is capable of tracking movement patterns of bioluminescent species during their vertical migrations. It would be interesting to apply this mapping technique in the mesopelagic to obtain more information about the diurnal vertical migrations that occur in this zone of the ocean.

References

See also
Ocean Twilight Zone project at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Ocean Twilight Zone creature features
Value of the ocean twilight zone to humans
Climate and the ocean twilight zone
Mesopelagic fish

Aquatic biomes
Oceanography

Mesopelagic zone


Wakefield est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Clay, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Clay (Kansas)

Wakefield (Kansas)


Gaspar Domínguez, né le  à Santiago est un médecin et homme politique chilien.

Il est élu membre de l'Assemblée constituante lors des élections de 2021, par la circonscription du district n°26, en tant que candidat sur la liste des « Indépendants non-neutres ». Il est vice-président de janvier à juillet 2022.

Biographie

Famille et études

Gaspar Domínguez est le fils du peintre Sebastián Domínguez Wagner et de l'artiste Valeria Donoso Concha. Il étudie la médecine à l'Université du Chili et y obtient une maîtrise en santé publique.

Après avoir terminé ses études en 2015, il déménage à Palena dans la région des Lacs et travaille comme médecin généraliste à l'hôpital local.

En février 2019, il est reconnu par le journal  comme l'un des 50 jeunes les plus influents de la région. Le journal évoque son projet de prévention et d'éducation sexuelle dans une école à Palena, avec notamment l'installation d'un distributeur de préservatifs.

Assemblée constituante

Il se présente lors des élections constituantes de 2021, inscrit sur la liste « Indépendants pour une nouvelle Constitution » au sein du district n°26. Il obtient le plus de voix de sa liste et est déclaré élu.

Gaspar Domínguez est ouvertement homosexuel, et le 28 juin 2021, il est l'un des fondateurs de Red Disidente Constituyente, organisme qui a comme objectif d'articuler des propositions en faveur de la diversité sexuelle au sein de l'Assemblée.

Lors de la séance inaugurale du 4 juillet 2021, il est le candidat de la liste des « Indépendants non-neutres ». Il obtient 11 voix au 1 tour, et les votes de la liste se tournent vers Jaime Bassa, élu.

En juillet 2021, il rejoint la commission transitoire sur la décentralisation, l'équité et la justice territoriale. Après l'adoption du règlement de l'Assemblée constituante en octobre 2021, il rejoint la commission thématique sur les droits fondamentaux.

Le 5 janvier 2022, il est élu vice-président de l'Assemblée après un tour unique avec 112 voix, obtenant le soutien des groupes indépendants et de gauche, il succède à Jaime Bassa.

Notes

Références

Naissance en octobre 1988
Naissance à Santiago
Étudiant de l'université du Chili
Médecin chilien
Personnalité politique chilienne
Membre de l'Assemblée constituante chilienne

Gaspar Domínguez


Michael Kuhn (* 21. Dezember 1955 in Wuppertal) ist ein deutscher Schriftsteller und Verleger.

Leben

Nach dem Abitur studierte Kuhn Geschichte und Politische Wissenschaften an der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen. Nach Abschluss des Studiums war er in diverse historische Projekte (unter anderem im eigenen Unternehmen) involviert. Neben seinem beruflichen Werdegang als Historiker betätigte er sich ausgiebig als Grabungszeichner in der Archäologie und war in diesem Zuge an mehreren Ausgrabungen in Nordrhein-Westfalen beteiligt.

Seit 2008 widmet sich Kuhn hauptberuflich dem Schreiben von historischen Romanen und gründete im selben Jahr den Ammianus-Verlag, wo er seine eigenen Bücher und auch Werke anderer Autoren wie Renata Thiele und Günter Krieger publiziert. Zwischen 2008 und 2010 erschien die in der Spätantike angesiedelte Romantrilogie "Marcus – Soldat Roms". 2011 folgte dann der Beginn einer neuen Reihe, die zu Zeiten der Merowinger spielt.

Ein Kennzeichen seiner schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit ist die Verknüpfung von neuesten archäologischen Erkenntnissen, Realgeschichte und fiktiven Ereignissen sowie die den Romanhandlungen angehängten Reiseführer zu historischen Stätten.

Michael Kuhn lebt und arbeitet in Aachen.

Werke

 Marcus – Soldat Roms. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812285-0-2.
 Marcus – Tribun Roms. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-9812285-1-9.
 Marcus – Maximus Alamannicus. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812285-2-6.
 Marcellus – Der Merowinger. Inklusive Reiseführer zu historischen Stätten des Romans, Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2011, ISBN 978-3-9812285-3-3.
 Marcellus – Graf von Arduena. Inklusive Reiseführer zu historischen Stätten des Romans, Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2012, ISBN 978-3-981228564.
 Marcellus – Blutgericht. Inklusive Reiseführer zu historischen Stätten des Romans, Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2013, ISBN 978-3-9815774-0-2
 Sextus Valerius – Varusgold. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2015, ISBN 978-3-945025-07-9
 Wir waren doch so jung (mit Jennifer Riemek). Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2016, ISBN 978-3-945025-43-7
 Der Geschmack des Weltreichs – Einführung in die römische Küche. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2017, ISBN 978-3-945025-60-4
 Sextus Valerius – Ans Ende der Welt. Ammianus-Verlag, Aachen 2018, ISBN 978-3-945025-70-3
 Der Wein des Weltreichs – An Mosel und Rhein. Ammianus Verlag, Aachen 2019, ISBN 978-3-945025-87-1

Weblinks

 Website des Ammianus-Verlags

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Historischer Roman
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Schriftsteller (Aachen)
Verleger (Aachen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1955
Mann

Michael Kuhn (Schriftsteller)


James Aloysius Farley (May 30, 1888 – June 9, 1976) was an American politician and Knight of Malta who simultaneously served as chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and Postmaster General under President Franklin Roosevelt, whose gubernatorial and presidential campaigns were run by Farley.

Farley was commonly referred to as a political kingmaker, as he was responsible for Roosevelt's rise to the presidency. He was the campaign manager for New York State politician Alfred E. Smith's 1922 gubernatorial campaign and Roosevelt's 1928 and 1930 gubernatorial campaigns as well as Roosevelt's presidential campaigns of 1932 and 1936. Farley predicted large landslides in both, and revolutionized the use of polling data. He was also a business executive and dignitary.

Farley was responsible for pulling together the New Deal Coalition of Catholics, labor unions, African Americans, and farmers. Both he and the administration's patronage machine over which he presided helped to fuel the social and infrastructure programs of the New Deal. He handled most mid-level and lower-level appointments, in consultation with state and local Democratic organizations. He opposed Roosevelt for breaking the two-term tradition of the presidency; the two broke on that issue in 1940. As of 1942, Farley was considered the supreme Democratic Party boss of New York.

As dignitary, Farley helped to normalize diplomatic relations with the Holy See, and in 1933 he was the first high-ranking government official to travel to Rome, where he had an audience with Pope Pius XI and dinner with Cardinal Pacelli (future Pope Pius XII). In business, Farley guided and remained at the helm of Coca Cola International as chairman for over 30 years, and was responsible for the company's global expansion as a quasi-government agency in World War II. Coca-Cola ("Coke"), shipped with food and ammunition as a "war priority item", was used as a boost to the morale and energy levels of the fighting men, in a deal that spread Coke's market worldwide at government expense. Also at US expense, after the war, 59 new Coke plants were installed to help rebuild Europe.

In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Farley to serve a senior post as a commissioner on the Hoover Commission, also known as the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government. The landmark James A. Farley Building in New York City is designated in his honor and as a monument to his career in public service.

Early life
He was born in Grassy Point, New York, one of five sons whose grandparents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His father, James Farley, was involved in the brick-making industry, first as a laborer and later as a part-owner of three small schooners engaged in the brick-carrying trade. His mother was the former Ellen Goldrick.

After his father died suddenly, Farley helped his mother tend a bar and grocery store that she purchased to support the family. After graduating from high school, he attended Packard Business College in New York City to study bookkeeping and other business skills. After his graduation, he was employed by the United States Gypsum Corporation.

Early political career
In 1911, Farley officially began his service as a politician, when he was elected town clerk of Stony Point, New York. Despite Stony Point's Republican leanings, Farley was reelected twice. He was elected chairman of the Rockland County Democratic Party in 1918, and he used the position to curry favor with Tammany Hall boss Charles F. Murphy by convincing him that Alfred E. Smith would be the best choice for governor. Farley married the former Elizabeth A. Finnegan on April 28, 1920. They had two daughters and one son, Elizabeth, Ann, and James A. Farley Jr.

Farley managed to secure the upstate vote for Smith north of the Bronx line, when he ran for governor the same year. The Democrats could not win north of the Bronx line before Farley organized the Upstate New York Democratic organization. After helping Smith become Governor of New York State, Farley was awarded the post of Port Warden of New York City. He was the last Democrat to hold the post, which was later taken over by the Port Authority of New York.

Farley ran for the New York State Assembly in 1922 and won in Rockland County, normally a solid Republican stronghold. He sat in the 146th New York State Legislature in 1923, but he lost it at the next election for having voted "wet," for the repeal of the Mullan–Gage Act, the state law to enforce Prohibition.

Farley was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission at the suggestion of State Senator Jimmy Walker in 1923, and Farley served as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, where he befriended Roosevelt, who would give his famous "Happy Warrior" speech for Smith.

Farley fought for civil rights for black Americans as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In 1926, Farley threatened to resign his post as Athletic Commissioner if boxing champion Jack Dempsey did not fight the mandatory challenger, African-American fighter Harry Wills. Farley banned Dempsey from fighting Gene Tunney and publicly threatened to revoke Tex Rickard's Madison Square Garden license if he ignored the ruling of the commission.

Farley's public stand for black rights proved to be a valuable asset to the Democratic Party for generations, and it would sow the seeds of the black bloc of the New Deal.

Meanwhile, Farley merged five small building supply companies to form General Builders Corporation, which would become the city's largest building supply company. Farley's firm was awarded federal contracts under the Republican Hoover administration to supply building materials to construct buildings now considered landmarks, such as the Annex of the James A. Farley Post Office Building, in New York City. General Builders supplied materials for the construction of the Empire State Building as well. Farley was an appointed official and resigned his post at General Builders when he joined Roosevelt's cabinet.

Roosevelt's campaign manager

After some convincing from Farley and longtime FDR confidant Louis McHenry Howe, Roosevelt asked Farley to run his 1928 campaign for the New York governorship. Farley orchestrated Roosevelt's narrow victory in the 1928 gubernatorial election. Farley was named secretary of the New York State Democratic Committee and orchestrated Roosevelt's reelection in 1930. He was named chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, which he held until his resignation, in 1944. Farley helped bring to Roosevelt's camp the powerful newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst and helped Roosevelt win the 1932 presidential nomination and election.

Farley's ability to gather the Catholics, unions, and big city machines, while maintaining the Solid South, into the New Deal Coalition greatly helped Roosevelt. Farley would repeat the process in 1936 when he correctly predicted the states Roosevelt would carry and the only two states he would lose: "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." That prediction secured Farley's reputation in American history as a political prophet. Time magazine said Farley's greatest feat of 1936 was pulling the black vote away from what had been a Republican stronghold since the time of Abraham Lincoln.

New Deal
Known as the "muscle" of the New Deal and one of the architects of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA). Farley, in accordance with political tradition, was appointed by Roosevelt as Postmaster General, a post traditionally given to the campaign manager or an influential supporter, and Roosevelt also took the unusual step of naming him chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in addition to the cabinet post in 1933. Farley was constantly criticized by Roosevelt's opposition for insisting on keeping both posts simultaneously. He expanded the DNC, adding divisions to deal with women, labor unions and blacks.

Farley worked hard to keep the Post Office going through the Depression. His expert stewardship made the once-unprofitable Post Office Department begin to turn a profit. Farley was instrumental in revolutionizing transcontinental airmail service and reorganized the Post Office's airmail carriers. Farley worked in concert with Pan American World Airways' (Pan Am) president, Juan Trippe, to see that the mail was delivered safely and cost-effectively. That was after a brief period of the Army carrying the mail, with servicemen killed flying in bad weather. Farley oversaw and was responsible for the flight of the first China Clipper.

Farley's role is remembered among stamp collectors for two things. One is a series of souvenir sheets that were issued at commemorative events and bore his name as the authorizer. The other is the 20 stamps, known as "Farley's Follies", which were reprints, mostly imperforate and ungummed, of stamps of the period: Farley bought them at face value, out of his own pocket, and gave them to Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, both collectors, and to members of his family and special friends of the Administration. (Farley himself did not collect stamps.) Unfortunately, some of them reached the market, offered at the high prices commanded by rarities. When ordinary stamp collectors learned of that, they lodged strenuous protests, newspaper editorials leveled charges of corruption, and a heated Congressional investigation ensued. Finally, in 1935 many more of the unfinished stamps were produced and made generally available to collectors at their face value.

Today, the souvenir sheets and the single cutout reprints are not scarce. The original sheets were autographed to distinguish them from the reprints, and 15 were displayed in an exhibit at the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum in June 2009.

Farley controlled federal patronage in the new administration and was very influential within Roosevelt's Brain Trust and the Democratic Party throughout the United States. Farley used his control of the patronage to see that Roosevelt's first 100 days of New Deal legislation was passed. Farley masterfully used the patronage machine to line up support for the New Deal's liberal programs.

He helped to bring about the end to Prohibition and the defeat of the Ludlow Amendment. The latter was an attempt by opponents of the war to limit the foreign affairs powers of the president by requiring a referendum for a declaration of war unless there was an attack. By swaying the votes of the Irish Catholic legislators in Congress, Farley was able to bring about a defeat for the amendment, which if passed, would have prevented the President from sending military aid to Britain. Many Irish legislators had refused to lend aid to the British because of the Great Famine.

Farley's close relationship with Roosevelt deteriorated as 1940 drew closer. Farley began seeking support for a presidential bid of his own after Roosevelt refused to publicly seek a third term but indicated that he could not decline the nomination if his supporters drafted him at the 1940 convention.

As chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Farley had no legitimate candidate. Roosevelt would publicly support Cordell Hull after privately telling Farley and others that they could seek the nomination.

Farley also opposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to "pack" the Supreme Court. In all other instances, however, he was continuously loyal and supportive of Roosevelt's policies. Farley was asked by Roosevelt to seek the governorship of New York multiple times but always refused.

Eleanor Roosevelt flew to the convention to try to repair the damage in the Roosevelt-Farley relationship. Although Farley remained close to her and to James Roosevelt, he felt betrayed by the President and refused to join his 1940 campaign team.

Farley believed in fair play and Equal Rights and in 1940 as Postmaster General he authorized the first postage stamp featuring the likeness of a black American Booker T. Washington whom Farley publicly hailed as the "Negro Moses".  This effort was spearheaded by Eleanor Roosevelt as well as others. The first Booker T. Washington stamp was sold by Farley to George Washington Carver at Tuskegee (Ala.) Institute on April 7, 1940.  Farley also appeared as a featured speaker at the American Negro Exposition, also known as the Black World's Fair and the Diamond Jubilee Exposition, which was a world's fair held in Chicago from July until September in 1940, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the end of slavery in the United States at the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865.

Farley resigned as postmaster general and party chairman after placing second in delegates at the 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in which Roosevelt was "drafted" for a third term. Farley is the second Roman Catholic in American history to have his name placed as a candidate for nomination of the presidency by a major political Party (Al Smith being the first). He was the first Irish-American Catholic to achieve success as a national figure when Roosevelt appointed Farley to his cabinet and chairman of the Democratic National Committee. The Postmaster General at that time was 5th in line to the Presidency.

Later life
After leaving Washington in 1940, Farley was named chairman of the board of the  Coca-Cola Export Corporation, a vehicle that was created for his talents. Farley held this post until his retirement in 1973. Farley defeated a Roosevelt bid to name the party's candidate for New York governor in 1942. Farley once again became an important national political force when his old friend, Harry Truman, became president in 1945.

On October 26, 1963, Tuskegee University conferred upon Farley the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws for his "many contributions to public life" and for his "distinguished possession of the private personal virtues."

In 1965 Farley served as the campaign chairman for the failed first Mayoral bid of Abraham Beame who would go on to be the first practicing Jewish Mayor of New York in 1973.
Farley was given in 1974 the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.

He remained vigorous, outspoken, and active in  politics until his death two years later, at 88, at his residence in the Waldorf Astoria in New York City where he was one of the landmark's most notable residents for many years. The last surviving member of Roosevelt's cabinet, he was interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York.

Legacy

Farley, the former chairman of Coca-Cola Export, was the only man to serve as National Party Chairman, New York State Party Chairman, and Postmaster General simultaneously. Farley's respect crossed party lines. Towards the end of his career, Farley was an elder statesman and pushed for campaign finance reform and a reduction of the influence of special interest groups and of corporations in politics.

 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York named Farley as one of its "Bicentennial People/Innovator" in commemoration of its 200-year anniversary in 2007.
 The James A. Farley Award is the Boxing Writers Associations highest honor, awarded to those who exhibit honesty and integrity in the sport of boxing.
 Farley's Box is the name given to a group of front row seats along Yankee Stadium's first base line, which was frequented by Farley and many famous VIPs and guests. In later years, Farley would donate those tickets to Boys Clubs in New York City and the surrounding areas.
 Farley was also the first guest on NBC's Meet the Press, the longest-running show in television history.
 Farley is also known for his eponymous device, the Farley file.
 In 1962, Farley received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."
 Farley's Law is that it is by mid-October that voters will decide the presidential candidate they are most likely to vote for.
 As explained in the book How to Win Friends and Influence People, Farley was known for his ability to remember names and details of almost every person he met.

Namesakes
James Farley Building, New York City Landmark, National Register of Historic Places
James A. Farley elementary school, Stony Point, New York
James A. Farley memorial bridge, Stony Point, New York
Farley file

References

Further reading
 Scroop, Daniel "Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, The New Deal, and The Making of Modern American Politics."]
 Sheppard, Si. Buying of the Presidency?, The: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936 (ABC-CLIO, 2014).
 Spencer, Thomas T. "'Old' Democrats and New Deal Politics: Claude G. Bowers, James A. Farley, and the Changing Democratic Party, 1933–1940" Indiana Magazine of History 1996 92(1): 26–45. ISSN 0019-6673

Primary sources
 Farley, James A. Jim Farley's Story: The Roosevelt Years (1948)
 Farley, James A. Behind the Ballots: The Personal History of a Politician (1938)

External links

USPS James A. Farley Bio.
An Interview with Farley (1959) on Folkways Records
James Farley biography at the National Park Service website
Bill designating Landmark General Post Office the "James A. Farley Building"

|-

|-

1888 births
1976 deaths
1940 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
American autobiographers
American campaign managers
American people of Irish descent
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election
Catholics from New York (state)
Democratic National Committee chairs
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members
Laetare Medal recipients
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Stony Point, New York
United States Postmasters General
Writers from New York City
New York State Athletic Commissioners

James Farley


Super Mario 3D World er et platformspil, der er udviklet af Nintendo EAD Tokyo og udgivet av Nintendo til Wii U. Spillet er det sjette originale tredimensionelle platformspil i Super Mario-serien og er efterfølgeren til Nintendo 3DS-spillet Super Mario 3D Land fra 2011. Det blev udgivet internationalt i løbet af november 2013.

Spillet støtter lokal multiplayer for op til fire spillere samtidigt. Det har i begyndelsen fire spilbare figurer med forskellige evner og egenskaber: Mario, Luigi, prinsesse Peach og Toad. Dette er de samme karakterer, der var spilbare i spillet Super Mario Bros. 2 til Nintendo Entertainment System.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside

Computerspil fra 2013
Platformspil
3D World
Wii U-spil

Super Mario 3D World


Pietro Rava (født 21. januar 1916, død 5. november 2006) var en italiensk fodboldspiller (venstre back) og -træner.

Spillerkarriere

Klubber
Rava begyndte at spille fodbold i US Alessandria, men skiftede i 1935 til Juventus, med hvem han fik sin Serie A-debut som nittenårig. Han blev i klubben frem til 1950, bortset fra en kort tur tilbage til Alessandria omkring slutningen på anden verdenskrig. Han fik mere end 300 kampe for Juventus og scorede 14 mål. Han var med til at blive italiensk mester i 1942 samt 1950 og to gange pokalvinder (1938 og 1942). Han spillede sine sidste to sæsoner i Novara Calcio, inden han indstillede sin aktive karriere i 1952.

Rava debuterede for  ved OL 1936 i Berlin, hvor han spillede alle holdets fire kampe. Han blev udvist i første kamp mod , men Italien vandt alligevel 1-0. Udvisningen gav dog ikke karantæne, og Rava var derfor med helt frem til finalesejren over , som endte 1-1, hvorpå Italien scorede det afgørende mål i forlænget spilletid.

Han blev derpå verdensmester med Italien ved EM 1938 i Frankrig og spillede også her samtlige italienernes fire kampe i turneringen. Han nåede i alt at spille 30 landskampe.

Træner
Efter at have stoppet som aktiv spiller fungerede Rava i en årrække som fodboldtræner i forskellige klubber, blandt andet Calcio Padova og barndomsklubben US Alessandria.

Øvrige liv
Mens han spillede fodbold, studerede Rava også økonomi og handel. Studierne blev afbrudt, da han under krigen blev tvunget til at kæmpe på østfronten. Han vendte dog tilbage til studierne.

I slutningen af sit liv led han af Alzheimers sygdom, og han døde som 90-årig efter en operation for en brækket ankel.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra Juventus F.C.
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Deltagere for Italien ved sommer-OL 1936
Olympiske mestre fra Italien

Pietro Rava


Landeværnspartiet () var et islandsk politisk parti, der blev grundlagt i 1902. Partiet ønskede forbindelsen mellem Danmark og Island reduceret til en personalunion uden andre bånd mellem de to lande end fælles statsoverhoved, hvilket var den mest yderliggående position i spørgsmålet blandt datidens islandske partier.

Partiet opstod som protest mod udsigten til et kompromis med Danmark i spørgsmålet om Islands selvstændighed, efter at systemskiftet i 1901 havde medført en langt mere imødekommende dansk holdning til de islandske ønsker om udstrakt selvstyre, som blev formuleret af Hjemmestyrepartiet og Valtýingarne. Dets ledere var dommer Jón Jensson og lektor ved Latinskolen i Reykjavik Bjarni Jónsson. Det var forbundet med den patriotiske landeværnsbevægelse, der bl.a. grundlagde ungdomsforeninger over hele landet fra 1906 og fremefter, og inspirerede grundlæggerne af de Uafhængige bønder.

Præsten og altingsmedlemmet Sigurður Jensson gik over til det nye parti og repræsenterede det i Altinget 1902-07. Den 29. juni 1907 afholdt Landeværnspartiet et massemøde på Thingvellir-sletten sammen med Þjóðræðisflokkurinn med 7.000 fremmødte (Island havde ca. 85.000 indbyggere på det tidspunkt). Her protesterede man mod udsigten til et kompromis med Danmark i forfatningssagen og Þjóðræðisflokkurinn erklærede, at de fra nu af var "selvstændighedens parti". Sigurður Jensson gik efterfølgende med til Þjóðræðisflokkurinns gruppemøder i Altinget uden formelt at tilslutte sig partiet. Ved altingsvalget 1908 indgik de to partier et valgforbund, der stillede op under navnet Selvstændighedspartiet. Landeværnspartiet fik  Bjarni Jónsson valgt, og da Altinget samledes næste gang i juli 1909 stiftede han og Þjóðræðisflokkurinns tingmænd formelt Selvstændighedspartiet.

Jón Jensson gik ikke med ind i det nye parti, men tilsluttede sig i stedet sine gamle modstandere i Hjemmestyrepartiet, hvilket mere skyldtes personlige modsætninger til Þjóðræðisflokkurinns ledere end uenighed med det nye Selvstændighedspartis politiske mål.

Kilde
Bjørn Gjestil: History of Iceland, MacMillan, New York 1925.

Tidligere politiske partier i Island

Landeværnspartiet


Sascha "Buzzfunk" Dikiciyan, auch bekannt als Sonic Mayhem und Toksin (* 1970 in Stuttgart), ist ein deutscher Komponist und Musiker. Als solcher komponiert er hauptsächlich Soundtracks im Bereich Computerspiele.

Biographie
Geboren in Stuttgart und aufgewachsen in Berlin, kam Dikiciyian bereits während seiner Kindheit viel mit klassischer Musik in Berührung. Er lernte als Kind Klavier zu spielen, wechselte dann jedoch mit zwölf Jahren zum Schlagzeug. Für das Studium konnte er sich allerdings nicht mit den traditionell klassisch geprägten Studiengängen europäischer Musikkonservatorien anfreunden. Daher zog er 1993 von Berlin nach Los Angeles, um sich im Rahmen eines Musikstudiums am Musicians Institute (Hollywood) mit den Kernthemen Keyboard, Musiktheorie und Aufnahmetechnik zu beschäftigen. Anschließend studierte er an der Herb Alpert School of Music der UCLA Filmkomposition und Orchestration. Angeregt von den ersten Computerspielen mit eigens aufgenommener Begleitmusik, insbesondere Quake, schrieb Dikiciyan 1996 seine erste eigene Musikproduktion Methods of Destruction, die er im Eigenverlag vertrieb. Er bewarb sich bei Quake-Hersteller id Software als Komponist des Nachfolgetitels Quake II und erhielt schließlich den Zuschlag, womit er die Nachfolge Trent Reznors antrat. Seither wirkte er als Komponist vor allem unter seinem Pseudonym Sonic Mayhem allein und in Kollaborationen mit anderen Musikern als Komponist an zahlreichen Computerspielproduktionen mit. Stilistisches Merkmal von Dikiciyans Arbeiten sind die Verschmelzung orchestraler Klänge mit elektronischer Musik.

2005 kam Dikiciyan auf der Suche nach einem Unterstützer für ein eigenes Projekt mit dem amerikanischen Spielekomponisten Cris Velasco in Kontakt. Seither arbeiten beide an nahezu allen Projekten gemeinsam. Unter dem Pseudonym "Toksin" veröffentlicht Dikiciyan zudem eigene Musikstücke und Remixes mit Einflüssen aus den Bereichen Industrial Rock, Breakbeat und Drum and Bass. Sein Wohn- und Arbeitsort ist Los Angeles.

Diskographie (Auswahl)
 Quake II (1997)
 Quake III Arena (1999)
 Unreal Tournament (1999)
 James Bond 007 – Der Morgen stirbt nie (Computerspiel) (2000)
 Dark Messiah of Might and Magic (2006)
 Splinter Cell: Double Agent (2006)
 Stranglehold (2007)
 Hellgate: London (2007)
 God of War II (2007)
 Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe (2008)
 Haze (2008)
 Borderlands (2009)
 Prototype (2009)
 Tron: Evolution (2010)
 Mass Effect 2: Kasumi (2010)
 MAG (2010)
 Mass Effect 2: Arrival (2011)
 Mortal Kombat (2011)
 Warhammer 40.000: Space Marine (2011)
 Mass Effect 3 (2012)
 Deus Ex: Mankind Divided (2016)
 The Long Dark (2017)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website von Sonic Mayhem
 Offizielle Website von Toksin
 Sascha Dikiciyan Interview auf GamesArt.de

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Computerspielmusik)
Komponist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann

Sascha Dikiciyan


HMS Beaver was one of 10 Type 22 missile frigates of the Broadsword class ordered by the Royal Navy.

The ship was laid down at the Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd., Scotstoun, on 20 June 1980 and finally commissioned on 13 December 1984. Originally 22 ships of the class were planned to be built, but after the Falklands War, it was decided 10 was enough.

Power & Complement
With a maximum displacement of 4800 tons and a crew complement of 273 hands, HMS Beaver had a propulsion of 54,000HP from 2 Rolls-Royce gas turbine Olympus TM3B and 2 Rolls-Royce gas turbine Tyne RM1C engines, a maximum speed of 30 knots and a range of 4,500 nautical miles.

Armaments & Equipment

Armaments included:
4 × Exocet MM38 missiles
2 Seawolf SAM missile launchers – 6 missiles per launcher
4 30 mm GCM-A03 guns
2 20 mm GAM-B01 guns
6 × 324 mm ASW torpedo tubes

On top of this HMS Beaver could carry 2 Lynx HMA 8 helicopters.

Other equipment included:
Radar Type 1006 for navigation
Radar Type 967 / 968 for searching at air level
Radar Type 911 for weapons guidance
Sonar type 2016 for the bow
Sonar type 2031 for towing from the stern

Bolton's Adoption
HMS Beaver was the adopted ship of the town of Bolton. Despite being many miles inland the town has a proud naval tradition based on the fact that during one week in the Second World War it raised one million pounds for the Royal Navy. The sixth  was officially adopted by the town during the war to mark this honour.

Prior to decommissioning, it was possible for Beaver Scouts to become honorary members of the crew.

Decommissioning and fate
On 1 May 1999, HMS Beaver was decommissioned and then sold for scrap on 21 February 2001.

Citations

References

1982 ships
Type 22 frigates of the Royal Navy

HMS Beaver (F93)


Bill Williams puede referirse a:

Personas
 Bill Williams (actor), actor estadounidense.
 Bill Williams (videojuegos), diseñador y programador de juegos para Atari 8-bit y Amiga.

Otros
 Río Bill Williams, un río del estado de Arizona, Estados Unidos, afluente del Río Colorado.

Bill Williams


Liviu Călin (n. 10 septembrie 1930, Craiova – d. 17 martie 1994, București) a fost un poet, critic și istoric literar român.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie de intelectuali. Părinții săi erau ofițerul Aureliu Călin și profesoara Laura Călin (n. Petrescu), fiica ziaristului Dimitrie E. Petrescu. A urmat școala primară la București (1937-1938; 1940-1941) și Craiova (1938-1940), Liceul "Gh. Șincai" din București (1941-1949) și apoi Facultatea de Filologie a Universității din București, secția limba și literatura română (1949-1953), obținând licența în 1953.

După absolvirea facultății a lucrat în domeniul editorial, ocupând diferite funcții redacționale la Editura pentru Literatură, apoi redactor-șef la Editura Eminescu (1970-1974), lector la Centrala Editurilor și, în ultimii ani de viață, redactor-șef al Editurii Cartea Românească.

Criticul literar Liviu Călin a fost distins în anul 1990 cu Premiul Herder.

Activitatea poetică și de critică literară
Legătura sa cu poezia datează din anii liceului. A făcut parte, ca elev, din cenaclul literar din Craiova, condus de Elena Farago (1945-1947), debutând cu versuri în 1947 în Revista elevilor. A publicat versuri începând din 1957 în Gazeta literară, debutând editorial în 1965 cu volumul de poeme Spirale. A continuat să scrie poezii, publicând periodic și alte plachete: Ochiul adâncului (1968), Identitate (1970), Suflet în spațiu (1973), Ferigă sub stâncă (1975), Uimitorul răstimp (1977), Rug de septembrie (1979), Sărbătoarea nimănui (1980), Flacăra zăpezii (1981), Noaptea cailor (1984) și Umbra focului (1986). Volumul Sărbătoarea nimănui a fost distins cu Premiul pentru poezie "Mihai Eminescu" al Academiei Române (1980). Liviu Călin a cultivat o poezie cerebrală și livrescă, ce dovedește o cultură vastă, dar care este în același timp lipsită de originalitate prin imitarea unor modele literare cu care autorul luase contact în anii tinereții. Unii critici au evidențiat un ermetism de tip barbian, în timp ce alții, printre care Emil Manu, "nostalgia epigonică a unui suprarealism pierdut". Criticul literar Gheorghe Grigurcu îl considera pe Liviu Călin drept "un genuin pudic, ce-și complică sensibilitatea prin estetizare, acoperindu-și obrazul cu măștile de hârtie japoneză ale metaforei. Ipostazele confesiunii sunt reprimate prin intermediul unei scriituri care o conține însă în filigran".

În afară de versuri, Liviu Călin a mai scris și romanul Frica de duminică (1982), în care prezintă, prin introspecții psihologice în stilul lui Camil Petrescu, viața unor intelectuali din perioada "obsedantului deceniu", care, exasperați de propria existență anodină, își propun doar scopuri meschine pentru a trăi satisfacția unor realizări.

Activitatea sa de poet s-a desfășurat în paralel cu cea de critic și istoric literar. Liviu Călin a debutat cu cronici literare publicate în România liberă în 1951, publicând ulterior volumele de studii și articole Portrete și opinii literare (1972) și Recitind clasicii (1975), în care face comentarii pertinente într-un stil sobru și precis asupra literaturii clasice și contemporane, precum și monografia Camil Petrescu în oglinzi paralele (1976). El a devenit un colaborator și confident al academicianului Alexandru Rosetti, care i-a îndrumat activitatea științifică.

În calitate de editor a îngrijit sau prefațat diferite ediții ale operelor lui Ion Barbu, Al. Macedonski, Elena Farago, Al. Rosetti, George Călinescu, Eugen Barbu etc. A contribuit la apariția ediției critice I.L. Caragiale (4 volume publicate în 1959-1964), în colaborare cu Șerban Cioculescu și Al. Rosetti, și a unei ediții critice dedicate lui Camil Petrescu (6 volume publicate în 1973-1983), în colaborare cu Al. Rosetti. De asemenea, a redactat fișele Dicționarului limbii române elaborat de Institutul de Lingvistică, sub coordonarea acad. Al. Rosetti.

Opera
 Spirale, E.P.L., București, 1965;
 Ochiul adâncului, E.P.L., București, 1968;
 Identitate, Editura Eminescu, București, 1970;
 Portrete și opinii literare, București, 1972;
 Suflet în spațiu, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1973;
 Ferigă sub stâncă, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1975;
 Recitind clasicii, Iași, 1975;
 Camil Petrescu în oglinzi paralele, București, 1976;
 Uimitorul răstimp, Editura Eminescu, București, 1977;
 Rug de septembrie, Editura Eminescu, București, 1979;
 Sărbătoarea nimănui, Editura Eminescu, București, 1980;
 Flacăra zăpezii, Editura Eminescu, București, 1981;
 Frica de duminică, București, 1982;
 Noaptea cailor, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1984;
 Umbra focului, Editura Eminescu, București, 1986;
 Umbra focului, versuri, selecție și îngrijire de Elena Ghirvu, București, 2001.

Ediții îngrijite
 I.L. Caragiale, Opere, vol. I-IV, introducere de Silvian Iosifescu, București, 1959-1964 (în colaborare cu Al. Rosetti și Șerban Cioculescu);
 Ion Barbu, Ochean, prefața editorului, București, 1964 (în colaborare cu Al. Rosetti), Joc secund, prefața editorului, București, 1966 (în colaborare cu Al. Rosetti);
 Camil Petrescu, Opere, vol. I-VI, introducerea editorului, București, 1973-1983 (în colaborare cu Al. Rosetti).

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române A-L, vol. I, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, p. 293.

Nașteri în 1930
Decese în 1994
Poeți români
Critici literari români
Istorici literari români

Liviu Călin


Hans Karl Albrecht Graf von Königsmarck (* 15. September 1799; † 11. April 1876) war Gutsbesitzer, Gesandter in Konstantinopel und Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses.

Leben
Der preußische Kämmerer und Wirkliche Geheime Rat war Besitzer des 1. Majorats, Erbhofmeister in der Kurmark Brandenburg, Oberküchenmeister und Rechtsritter des Johanniterordens. Von 1834 bis 1842 war er preußischer Gesandter an der Hohen Pforte akkreditiert und in den 1850er Jahren im gleichen Dienst in den Niederlanden. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters Hans Valentin Graf von Königsmarck 1849 wurde er Erbhofmeister der Kurmark Brandenburg, Erbküchenmeister und Herr auf Schloss Plaue. 1855 wurde er auf Präsentation der Familie von Königsmarck Mitglied des preußischen Herrenhaus, dem er bis zu seinem Lebensende angehörte.

Familie
Er war der Sohn von Hans Valentin von Königsmarck (* 7. Juni 1773; † 26. November 1849) und Henriette von Struensee (1779–1832). Sie war die Tochter des Finanzministers Carl August von Struensee. Er war seit dem 24. Mai 1837 mit Jenny von Bülow (1811–1894) verheiratet. Das Paar hatte drei Kinder:
 Hans Adolph Friedrich Wilhelm (* 19. April 1838; † 31. März 1861), Leutnant
 Karl Hans Konstantin (* 17. Mai 1839; † 1. April 1910) ⚭ Leontine von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (* 3. Juni 1843: † 10. Dezember 1924) ⚭ Paula von Geissler (* 8. Januar 1869; † 23. März 1946)
 Louise Elisabeth Maria (* 30. Oktober 1842) ⚭ 1865 Friedrich von Katte († 29. Juli 1874), Legationsrat

Literatur
 Hermann Krüger (Hrsg.): Chronik des preußischen Herrenhauses. Ein Gedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an das dreißigjährige Bestehen des Herrenhauses. Berlin 1885, S. 49 f., Nr. 181; .
 Karl Hopf: Historisch-genealogischer Atlas seit Christi Geburt bis auf unsere Zeit. Band 1. Ausgabe 2. S. 80, Stammbaum; .
  Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der gräflichen Häuser auf das Jahr 1876. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1875, S. 456; books.google.de

Weblinks
 Stammbaum

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses
Preußischer Diplomat
Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich
Botschafter in den Niederlanden
Rechtsritter (Johanniterorden)
Hans
Deutscher
Geboren 1799
Gestorben 1876
Mann

Hans von Königsmarck


La ligne Bernhardt (ou ligne Reinhard) est une position défensive de la Wehrmacht en Italie établie pendant la campagne italienne de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ayant atteint la ligne Bernhardt début décembre 1943, il a fallu attendre la mi-janvier 1944 pour que la 5 armée américaine se fraie un chemin vers la ligne de défense suivante, la ligne Gustave. La ligne était défendue par le XIV Panzerkorps, qui faisait partie de la 10 armée allemande.

Contrairement à la plupart des autres lignes défensives, elle ne traversait pas l'Italie d'une part et d'autre mais constituait qu'un renflement devant la ligne principale Gustave, traversant le massif du mont Cassin, entourant les sommets du monastère du mont Cassin, Monte la Difensa, Monte la Remetanea et Monte Maggiore, sur le territoire de Rocca d'Evandro, et Monte Sambucaro (ou Sammucro), qui se dresse à la frontière des trois régions (Latium, Molise et Campanie).

La ligne Bernhardt n'était pas aussi fortifiée que la ligne Gustave et ne visait qu'à retarder l'arrivée des Alliés sur la ligne défensive principale. Avec la ligne Hitler, elle constituait les principales défenses allemandes de la ligne Gustave au sud de Rome.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Invasion alliée de l'Italie
 Bataille de San Pietro Infine
 Ligne Gustave
 5 armée américaine
 Ligne Barbara
 36 division d'infanterie américaine

Bibliographie

Liens externes
 Map of the German defensive lines

Campagne d'Italie (1943-1945)
Fortification de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Ligne fortifiée
Histoire militaire de l'Italie
Histoire contemporaine de l'Italie
1944 en Italie
1943 en Italie

Ligne Bernhardt


بويو  أو نيهون بويو (日本舞踊) هو نوع من أنواع الرقص الياباني التقليدي. كلمة بويو (舞踊) تتألف من كلمتين «ماي» (舞) و «أودوري» (踊)، وكلاهما يعني الرقص، إلا أن الأولى هي نوع من الرقص مع الدوران، أما الثاني فهو رقص مع حركة إلى الأمام فقط.

التاريخ
يمتد تاريخ البويو على مدى أربع قرون  حيث تأسس هذا الفن من مزيج من فنون مسرحية ورقص تقليدي مثل النو وتطور ليأخذ شكلا مستقلا.

الأصل

هناك أربع عناصر من الممكن اعتبارها أسس نيهون بويو وهي:

 كابوكي بويو: له أكبر تأثير على نيهون بويو، إلا أنه مع تطور الكابوكي في القرن السابع عشر انحسر دور البويو فيه إلى دور فرعي أمام الاستعراض المسرحي
 نو: تطور فن مسرح النو حوالي القرن الخامس عشر، حيث يعتبر الرقص الدوراني (舞 ماي) من العناصر الأساسية فيه، وانتقل هذا النوع من الرقص إلى نيهون بويو، كما أن الأدوات الموسيقية المستخدمة فيه انتقلت لتستخدم في نيهون بويو
 الفنون الشعبية: يعود أصل هذه الفنون إلى ما قبل مسرح النو. هناك العديد من فنون الرقص الشعبي الياباني لم تستخدم في مسرح النو، إلا أنها دخلت كعنصر أساسي في نيهون بويو مثل الرقصات التي تتضمن القفز وغيرها من الحركات التي لا تلاحظ في النو
 مجموعة من الفنون الإبداعية التي ظهرت في القرن العشرين بتأثير الثقافة الغربية الأوروبية والأمريكية في الثقافة اليابانية. أدخلت هذه الفنون الإبداعية الغربية لتمييز نيهون بويو بشكل واضح عن مسرح الكابوكي وليتميز كفن جديد متفرد بأسلوبه في الرقص.

المدارس

يعود أصل مدرستي البويو الموجودتين حاليا لخلفيات تاريخية في اليابان. حيث أن أحد هذه المدارس «مدرسة إيدو» تتركز في طوكيو والأخرى «مدرسة كاميغاتا» (上方舞 كاميغاتاماي) تتركز في كيوتو وأوساكا. في نهايات القرن السابع عشر عندما تطور فن البويو كان المركز السياسي والثقافي لليابان يقع في كيوتو وأوساكا. إلا أنه ومع حلول القرن الثامن عشر ومع انتقال العاصمة اليابانية إلى إيدو (طوكيو حاليا) وبدأت إيدو بتطوير ثقافتها الخاصة التي طغت على ثقافة كيوتو وأوساكا السابقتين. نتيجة لذلك تنحى عارضو نيهون بويو من المسارح في كيوتو وأوساكا ليؤدوا عروضهم في المقاهي ومنازل الأرستقراطيين التي يرتادها عدد أقل من الزوار بالمقارنة مع مسارح الكابوكي.

أنواع العروض
 ماي في الاحتفالات الشعبية
 神楽 كاغورا
 田楽 دينغاكو
 ماي في عروض الحفلات الرسمية
 雅楽 غاغاكو
 雅楽 بوغاكو
 ماي غنائي
 猿楽 زاروغاكو
 白拍子 شيرابيوشي
 延年 إن-نين
 曲舞 كوسه-ماي
 ماي مسرحي
 能楽 نوغاكو
 ماي في الغرف
 上方舞 كاميغاتاماي
 أودوري ترفيه شعبي
 念仏踊り نين-بوتسو-أودوري
 盆踊り بون-أودوري
 أودوري مسرحي
 歌舞伎舞踊 كابوكي-بويو
 أودوري للفنون القتالية
 棒の手، 剣舞
 بويو حديث
 新舞踊 شين بويو

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مقطع فيديو لرقص البويو
 تعريف نيهون بويو على موقع منظمة نيهون بويو
 الموقع الرسمي لمؤسسة نيهون بويو

الفنون التمثيلية في اليابان
رقص الحفل
كلمات وعبارات يابانية

بويو


Mrjesnjakovke (mrestnjače, mrijesnjače; lat. Potamogetonaceae), biljna porodica u redu žabočunolike kojoj pripada 6 rodova vodeni trajnica, a ime je dobila po rodu mrijesnjak (Potamogeton). Ime potamogeton dolazi iz starogrčkih riječi potamos (=rijeka) i geiton (=susjed), a odnosi se na njezino stanište u blizini vode.

Listovi mrijesnjaka nalaze se pod vodom ili plutaju po površini, cvjetovi su neugledni, a cvjetaju sredinom ljeta. Biljka se razmnožava vegetativno ili sjemenom. U Hrvatskoj raste više vrsta mrijesnjaka, među kojima i gustolisni mrijesnjak koji pripada rodu Groenlandia (Groenlandia densa).
Drugi poznati rod koji joj pripada je žabokrečina (Zannichellia).

Rodovi
 Althenia F.Petit  (10 spp.)
 Zannichellia  P.Micheli ex L. (5 spp.)
 Groenlandia J.Gay (1 sp.)
 Stuckenia Börner (9 spp.)
 Potamogeton L. (87 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Žabočunolike

Mrjesnjakovke


Radioaltimetrul PRV-11 (în rusă "Вершина", index GRAU - 1RL119, după clasificarea NATO "Side Net") a fost un radar sovietic exploatat din anul 1961 în fosta URSS. A fost și în înzestrarea țărilor fostului Tratat de la Varșovia, inclusiv în Armata României. În prezent nu se exploatează.

Scurt istoric
Încă din anul 1953, în Institutul de Cercetări 244 al Ministerului Producției de Armament a început proiectarea radioaltimetrului protejat la bruiaj PRV-11 ("Verșina"). A fost o mare modernizare a radioaltimetrului PRV-10. Prototipul radioaltimetrului a fost realizat la uzina 588 a aceluiași minister (șef de proiect V.A. Sivtsov), testele de stat  au fost trecute în anul 1961 în poligonul din Donguzsk. Radioaltimetrul a fost adoptat și introdus în exploatare. Până în anul 1965 acesta a fost realizat la Uzina Electromecanică din Lianozovsk, după care producția a fost transferată uzinei "Iscra".

Destinație
Radioaltimetrul PRV-11 este destinat pentru determinarea înălțimii de zbor a mijloacelor aeriene pe baza coordonatelor (azimut și distanță) primite de la un radiotelemetru, transmise prin voce de către un operator sau semiautomat în cazul conjugării cu un radiotelemetru.

Scurtă prezentare
Ca emițător era folosit un generator magnetron cu frecvența variabilă, ceea ce asigura protecția la bruiajul activ de zgomot prin reacordarea frecvenței de lucru pe una din cinci frecvențe de operare fixate anterior. Aparatura de protecție împotriva bruiajului pasiv, asigurată prin sistemul de selecție a țintelor mobile folosind metoda de compensare după o perioadă pe tuburi potențialoscop, a fost instalată în dulapul cu indicatorul de înălțime.
Radioaltimetrul PRV-11 a putut fi conectat cu aproape toate radiotelemetrele contemporane cu el. Urmașul acestuia a fost radioaltimetrul PRV-13, realizat în varianta cu balansare mecanică a sistemului de antenă sau cu balansare hidraulică.
Tot echipamentul radarului PRV-11 a fost montat pe trei remorci:
 Cabina V (pivotantă) - cu aparatura emisie recepție montată pe un afet de tun de tip KZU-16. Pe partea laterală a cabinei s-a instalat sistemul de antenă cu balansare mecanică și mecanismul pentru montarea și demontarea reflectorului antenei;
 Cabina Ă - (tip 761) cu stația electrică AD-30. Într-o parte a cabinei a fost dispus dulapul de comandă și indicatorul de înălțime;
 Cabina ĂR - (tip 761) cu stația electrică AD-30 de razervă;
 Container - pentru transportul instalației de antenă demontate și containere cu role de cablu.

Date tehnico-tactice
 frecvența de lucru - banda E;
 distanța de descoperire a avioanelor de luptă:
    la altitudini medii și mari (până la 34.000 m) - 230 km;
    la altitudine joasă (500 m) - până la 60 km;
 unghiul de înălțare al diagramei de directivitate în plan vertical (în timpul balansării antenei) - între 0,5 și 30 de grade;
 eroarea de măsurare în distanță - 1.000 m;
 eroarea de măsurare în înălțime - între 200 și 500 m, la distanțe de 200 - 230 km;
 puterea în impuls a generatorului magnetron - 1,2 Mw;
 sensibilitatea receptorului - 3,5 microvolți;
 lățimea fasciculului emis format de antenă - în plan orizontal 2,6 grade; în plan vertical 1,1 grade;
 timpul de strângere sau desfășurare, cu echipaj complet, 3 ore.

Bibliografie
  Вестник ПВО Radioaltimetrul PRV-11 "Verșina"
Echipament militar
Radar

PRV-11


, parfois traduit Adultère à l'italienne, est une comédie à l'italienne réalisée par Pasquale Festa Campanile et sortie en 1966.

Synopsis
Marta, l'épouse fidèle et affectueuse de Franco, l'ayant surpris dans les bras de sa plus chère amie, décide de réparer l'offense en se réservant la possibilité de commettre un adultère punitif. Afin d'éviter une crise conjugale plus grave, Franco décide d'abord d'accepter ce compromis inhabituel. Mais il s'avère rapidement incapable d'attendre et, fou de jalousie, essaie de précipiter les choses. Pour ce faire, il tente d'arranger un rendez-vous entre Marta et Roberto, son meilleur ami et collègue, qui a en fait toujours été amoureux d'elle.

Mais Marta ne se laisse pas manipuler, prétend avoir déjà une liaison amoureuse et disperse des « indices compromettants » dans la maison dans le but avoué de rendre fou son mari. Celui-ci annonce alors devoir subir une opération pour un ulcère inexistant et fait un lavage gastrique pour un empoisonnement simulé. Après diverses vicissitudes, Franco, puni et repentant, obtient le pardon de sa fidèle Marta.

Fiche technique
 Titre original italien :  ( « Adultère à l'italienne »)
 Réalisateur : Pasquale Festa Campanile
 Scénario : Pasquale Festa Campanile, Ottavio Alessi, Luigi Malerba
 Photographie : Roberto Gerardi
 Montage : Ruggero Mastroianni
 Musique : Armando Trovajoli
 Décors : Pier Luigi Pizzi
 Production : Mario Cecchi Gori
 Société de production : Fair Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue de tournage : Italien
 Format : Couleur - 1,85:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 98 minutes ()
 Genre : Comédie à l'italienne
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :

Distribution
Catherine Spaak : Marta Finali
Nino Manfredi : Franco Finali
Vittorio Caprioli : Silvio Sasselli
Maria Grazia Buccella : Gloria
Lino Banfi : Marco
Gino Pernice : Roberto
Akim Tamiroff : Max Portesi
Mario Pisu : voisin

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1966
Film réalisé par Pasquale Festa Campanile
Comédie italienne
Comédie à l'italienne
Film se déroulant à Rome
Film tourné à Rome
Film tourné dans le quartier de l'EUR
Film sur l'infidélité conjugale
Film avec une musique composée par Armando Trovajoli
Film produit par Mario Cecchi Gori

Adulterio all'italiana


An Agrostis griffithiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Agrostis griffithiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agrostis

Agrostis griffithiana


سيرسي أو سيرس هي شخصية من الأساطير اليونانية وهي ساحرة وابنة إله الشمس هيليوس وحورية البحر بيرسي، وكانت قد قتلت زوجها أمير كولخيس فطردت من قبل شعبها ووضعها أبوها في جزيرة أيايا المنعزلة في ساحل إيطاليا. وكانت تستطيع أن تغير أشكال البشر إلى ذئاب وأسود عن طريق التعاويذ السحرية والأدوية، وكان قصرها محاط بها.

عثر عليها أوديسيوس ورفاقه الذين حولتهم إلى خنازير لكن اوديسوس لم يتأثر لأنه كان محصنا بعشبة أعطاها له هيرميز، ولم ينتصر عليها فحسب بل نال حبها أيضا وظلا معا لسنة، وعندما أراد الرحيل أرشدته كيف يبحر إلى أرض الظلال والتي تقع على حافة تيار المحيط لكي يعلم مصيره من العراف تيريزياس وأعطته توجيهات ليتجنب الأماكن الخطرة في رحلة عودته

أشركها الشعراء الرومان مع أغلب الأساطير الأولى لإقليم لاتيوم وخصصوا لها بيتا في رأس صخري في جزيرة كيركاي (كما قال فرجيل في الإنياذة) وكذلك روى أوفيد قصة تحول شكل سكيلا وبيكوس ملك الأوسونيين إلى وحوش على يد كيركي.

فسر الباحث روبرت براون في كتابه أسطورة سيرسي عام 1883 بأنها إلهة للقمر من أصل بابلي واحتوى الكتاب على معلومات مستفيضة عنها لكن كثيرا من الباحثين يرون أن تخميناته لا دليل عليها.

روايات
رواية سيرسي ل مادلين ميلر

مراجع

أبناء هيليوس
أدب إيطالي
أدب فرنسي
أساطير في آرغونوتيكا
التحولات إلى حيوانات في الأساطير اليونانية
الخنازير في الثقافة الشعبية
السحر في الأساطير والفلكلور
المرأة في الأساطير الإغريقية
إلهات إغريقيات
تاريخ الأوبرا
تغيير الشكل
حوريات
ساحرات خياليات
ساحرات في الأساطير الإغريقية
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
شخصيات الأوديسة

كيركي


Eileen Christine Desmond (; 29 December 1932 – 6 January 2005) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as Minister for Health and Minister for Social Welfare from 1981 to 1982. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1965 to 1969, 1973 to 1981 and 1981 to 1987. She served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Munster constituency from 1979 to 1981. She was a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1969 to 1973.

Early life
She was born in Kinsale, County Cork, and educated locally at the Convent of Mercy in Kinsale, where she was one of only two girls in her class to sit the Leaving Certificate examination. Before entering politics she worked as a civil servant with the Department of Posts and Telegraphs. She married Dan Desmond in 1955, a Labour TD for Cork from 1948 to 1964, and they had two daughters.

Politics
Desmond was elected to Dáil Éireann in a by-election on 10 March 1965, caused by the death of her husband Dan Desmond. Her victory in the Cork Mid constituency led Taoiseach Seán Lemass to dissolve the 17th Dáil, before she could assume her seat, and call a general election. She was elected for the second time in a year, but lost her seat at the 1969 general election. However, Desmond was then elected to the 12th Seanad on the Industrial and Commercial Panel, where she served until her re-election to the 20th Dáil following the 1973 general election. She supported the unsuccessful Contraceptives Bill in 1974.

She was elected to the European Parliament at the 1979 European Parliament election for the Munster constituency. However, her time in Europe was short-lived, as she returned to domestic politics when she was offered a position as Minister and the chance to impact upon national legislation. At the 1981 general election she switched her constituency to Cork South-Central. A Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition came to power and Desmond was appointed Minister for Health and for Social Welfare.

Desmond was the third woman to be appointed to cabinet since the foundation of the state in 1922, the first in a Fine Gael-Labour Party cabinet, and the first female officeholder of the health and social welfare ministries. Desmond was the only woman in that short-lived coalition Cabinet. She created the National Combat Poverty Agency, which addressed inequality. She achieved a 25% increase in social welfare allowance, a level never achieved before. However, the budget was defeated on 27 January 1982, leading to the dissolution of the 22nd Dáil, so the increases never came into effect.

Desmond left politics in 1987 for health reasons, and failed to obtain a seat in 1989. She died in 2005.

References

External links

1932 births
2005 deaths
Labour Party (Ireland) MEPs
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1979–1984
Members of the 12th Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 20th Dáil
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
20th-century women Teachtaí Dála
Ministers for Health (Ireland)
Ministers for Social Affairs (Ireland)
People from Kinsale
Politicians from County Cork
Spouses of Irish politicians
20th-century women MEPs for the Republic of Ireland
Women government ministers of the Republic of Ireland
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators

Eileen Desmond


Dalmatinska nogometna zona (također i kao Dalmatinska nogometna liga) je svoje prvo izdanje imala u sezoni 1962./63. Bila je jedna od četiri zone Prvenstva Hrvatske, te liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Niži rang natjecanja su predstavljale Podsavezne lige.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio Jadran iz Kaštel Sućurca.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Poveznice
 Podsavezna liga Gospić 1962./63.
 Prvenstvo Splitskog nogometnog podsaveza 1962./63.
 Prvenstvo Šibenskog nogometnog podsaveza 1962./63.
 Prvenstvo Zadarskog nogometnog podsaveza 1962./63.
 Slavonska zona 1962./63.
 Zagrebačka zona 1962./63.

Izvori
 Jurica Gizdić: NK Orkan : 90 godina nogometa u Dugom Ratu, Dugi Rat, 2008., , str. 63-65
 Jurica Gizdić: Počelo je prije osam desetljeća, Kaštel Gomilica, 2004., , str. 52-54

1962-63
1962-63
Dalmacija

Dalmatinska nogometna zona 1962./63.


Kugelbake er et af træ fremstillet tysk sømærke i Cuxhaven. Målt fra middelhøjvande til midten af den lille kugle er højden 28,4 m. Udtrykket Bake (dansk båke) går helt tilbage til middelalderen, hvor alle sømærker og fyrtårne blev nævnt sådan. Den er Cuxhavens vartegn og er siden 1913 afbilledet i byens våben. En forgænger fungerede som fyrtårn; I nutiden benyttes Kugelbake kun som en turistattraktion. Den danner grænsen mellem havet og Elben.

Beliggenhed
Kugelbake står ved en stærk benyttet sejlrute i Cuxhaven-Döse og var et vigtigt orienteringspunkt for skibsfarten. Geografisk ender Elben her og Nordsøen begynder. Elbens munding har ved Kugelbake en bredde på cirka 18 km. Kugelbake befinder sig nær Niedersachsens nordligste punkt. Symbolsk betragtet skiller sømærket Elbens- og Weser-mundingsområde fra hinanden.

Båkerne er store trætårne, som langs med kysten advarede mod farlige grunde og sandbanker eller viste søvejen til havne og flodmundinger.

Historie

Den første 24,4 m høje Kugelbake blev sandsynligvis rejst i december 1703 på foranledning lodsinspektøren Paul Allers, efter at det tidligere pejlepunkt, en gruppe af træer var blevet bortskyllet af en stormflod.

Bygningsværket af træ havde en lang levetid, men måtte på grund af vejrliget, senest efter 30 år fornyes eller istandsættes. Den første fornyelse fandt formodentlig sted i 1737.

Siden 1782 har Kugelbake været forbundet med en dæmning.

1853 blev Kugelbake indrettet som et natlig orienteringspunkt, for at markere den vanskelige farvandskrumning. Fyrtårnet brændte i en hytte, som befandt sig i inde i bygningsværket.

1867 blev Kugelbake placeret på en rund platform af granitblokke.

Under Den fransk-preussiske krig i 1870 blev lyshytten fjernet af taktiske grunde, for at forhindre fjenden i at have et pejlepunkt. Kugelbake-lyset blev fra 1878 kun benyttet som reserve, da et fyrskib erstattede sømærket. Også i begyndelsen af 1. verdenskrig måtte Kugelbake vige. 1924 blev det igen rejst. I stedet for den navngivende kugle blev der på spidsen anbragt to højre vinkelige skiver.

Båker langs Jyllands vestkyst
Sømærkerne eller båkerne langs den jyske vestkyst er høje trebenede trækonstruktioner, der stammer fra 1884-85 og indgår i et samlet system af sømærker, som det daværende Kyst og Klitvæsen rejste for at forbedre sø-sikkerheden. Af de oprindeligt 23 sømærker blev i 1995 de tilbageblevne 11 indstillet af Det særlige Bygningssyn til fredning.

Litteratur
 Torsten Thees: Die Geschichte der Kugelbake. 2. Auflage. Stiftung Kugelbake, Cuxhaven o. J. [ca. 2005].

Eksterne henvisninger

 Landschaftsverband Stade, Maritime Denkmäler an der Elbmündung und mehr, eine maritime Spurensuche mit 10 Stationen
 Båkerne langs Jyllands vestkyst

Fyrtårne i Tyskland
Navigationsudstyr

Kugelbake


Neoregelia pascoaliana é uma espécie de planta do gênero Neoregelia e da família Bromeliaceae.
Diferencia-se de Neoregelia seideliana principalmente pela largura e cor da lâmina foliar, largura das sépalas e cor da pétala.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1972 por Lyman Bradford Smith.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia e Espírito Santo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Kessous, I.M.; Almeida, M.M. 2020. Neoregelia  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Neoregelia pascoaliana no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Neoregelia
Plantas descritas em 1972
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Neoregelia pascoaliana