A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure, conceived by Burton Howard Bloom in 1970, that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set. False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not – in other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". Elements can be added to the set, but not removed (though this can be addressed with the counting Bloom filter variant); the more items added, the larger the probability of false positives.

The high level idea is to map elements x∈X to values y=h(x)∈Y using a hash function h, and then test for membership of x in X by checking whether y'=h(x')∈Y, and do that using multiple hash functions h.

Bloom proposed the technique for applications where the amount of source data would require an impractically large amount of memory if "conventional" error-free hashing techniques were applied. He gave the example of a hyphenation algorithm for a dictionary of 500,000 words, out of which 90% follow simple hyphenation rules, but the remaining 10% require expensive disk accesses to retrieve specific hyphenation patterns. With sufficient core memory, an error-free hash could be used to eliminate all unnecessary disk accesses; on the other hand, with limited core memory, Bloom's technique uses a smaller hash area but still eliminates most unnecessary accesses. For example, a hash area only 15% of the size needed by an ideal error-free hash still eliminates 85% of the disk accesses.

More generally, fewer than 10 bits per element are required for a 1% false positive probability, independent of the size or number of elements in the set.

Algorithm description

An empty Bloom filter is a bit array of  bits, all set to 0. There must also be  different hash functions defined, each of which maps or hashes some set element to one of the  array positions, generating a uniform random distribution.  Typically,  is a small constant which depends on the desired false error rate  , while  is proportional to  and the number of elements to be added.

To add an element, feed it to each of the  hash functions to get  array positions. Set the bits at all these positions to 1.

To query for an element (test whether it is in the set), feed it to each of the  hash functions to get  array positions. If any of the bits at these positions is 0, the element is definitely not in the set; if it were, then all the bits would have been set to 1 when it was inserted. If all are 1, then either the element is in the set, or the bits have by chance been set to 1 during the insertion of other elements, resulting in a false positive. In a simple Bloom filter, there is no way to distinguish between the two cases, but more advanced techniques can address this problem.

The requirement of designing  different independent hash functions can be prohibitive for large . For a good hash function with a wide output, there should be little if any correlation between different bit-fields of such a hash, so this type of hash can be used to generate multiple "different" hash functions by slicing its output into multiple bit fields.  Alternatively, one can pass  different initial values (such as 0, 1, ...,  − 1) to a hash function that takes an initial value; or add (or append) these values to the key. For larger  and/or , independence among the hash functions can be relaxed with negligible increase in false positive rate. (Specifically,  show the effectiveness of deriving the  indices using enhanced double hashing
and triple hashing, variants of double hashing that are effectively simple random number generators seeded with the two or three hash values.)

Removing an element from this simple Bloom filter is impossible because there is no way to tell which of the  bits it maps to should be cleared.  Although setting any one of those  bits to zero suffices to remove the element, it would also remove any other elements that happen to map onto that bit. Since the simple algorithm provides no way to determine whether any other elements have been added that affect the bits for the element to be removed, clearing any of the bits would introduce the possibility of false negatives.

One-time removal of an element from a Bloom filter can be simulated by having a second Bloom filter that contains items that have been removed.  However, false positives in the second filter become false negatives in the composite filter, which may be undesirable.  In this approach re-adding a previously removed item is not possible, as one would have to remove it from the "removed" filter.

It is often the case that all the keys are available but are expensive to enumerate (for example, requiring many disk reads).  When the false positive rate gets too high, the filter can be regenerated; this should be a relatively rare event.

Space and time advantages

While risking false positives, Bloom filters have a substantial space advantage over other data structures for representing sets, such as self-balancing binary search trees, tries, hash tables, or simple arrays or linked lists of the entries. Most of these require storing at least the data items themselves, which can require anywhere from a small number of bits, for small integers, to an arbitrary number of bits, such as for strings ( are an exception since they can share storage between elements with equal prefixes).  However, Bloom filters do not store the data items at all, and a separate solution must be provided for the actual storage. Linked structures incur an additional linear space overhead for pointers. A Bloom filter with a 1% error and an optimal value of , in contrast, requires only about 9.6 bits per element, regardless of the size of the elements. This advantage comes partly from its compactness, inherited from arrays, and partly from its probabilistic nature. The 1% false-positive rate can be reduced by a factor of ten by adding only about 4.8 bits per element.

However, if the number of potential values is small and many of them can be in the set, the Bloom filter is easily surpassed by the deterministic bit array, which requires only one bit for each potential element. Hash tables gain a space and time advantage if they begin ignoring collisions and store only whether each bucket contains an entry; in this case, they have effectively become Bloom filters with .

Bloom filters also have the unusual property that the time needed either to add items or to check whether an item is in the set is a fixed constant, , completely independent of the number of items already in the set. No other constant-space set data structure has this property, but the average access time of sparse hash tables can make them faster in practice than some Bloom filters.  In a hardware implementation, however, the Bloom filter shines because its  lookups are independent and can be parallelized.

To understand its space efficiency, it is instructive to compare the general Bloom filter with its special case when .  If , then in order to keep the false positive rate sufficiently low, a small fraction of bits should be set, which means the array must be very large and contain long runs of zeros.  The information content of the array relative to its size is low.  The generalized Bloom filter ( greater than 1) allows many more bits to be set while still maintaining a low false positive rate; if the parameters ( and ) are chosen well, about half of the bits will be set, and these will be apparently random, minimizing redundancy and maximizing information content.

Probability of false positives

Assume that a hash function selects each array position with equal probability. If m is the number of bits in the array, the probability that a certain bit is not set to 1 by a certain hash function during the insertion of an element is

If k is the number of hash functions and each has no significant correlation between each other, then the probability that the bit is not set to 1 by any of the hash functions is

We can use the well-known identity for e−1

to conclude that, for large m,

If we have inserted n elements, the probability that a certain bit is still 0 is

the probability that it is 1 is therefore

Now test membership of an element that is not in the set. Each of the k array positions computed by the hash functions is 1 with a probability as above. The probability of all of them being 1, which would cause the algorithm to erroneously claim that the element is in the set, is often given as

This is not strictly correct as it assumes independence for the probabilities of each bit being set. However, assuming it is a close approximation we have that the probability of false positives decreases as m (the number of bits in the array) increases, and increases as n (the number of inserted elements) increases.

The true probability of a false positive, without assuming independence, is

where the {braces} denote Stirling numbers of the second kind.

An alternative analysis arriving at the same approximation without the assumption of independence is given by Mitzenmacher and Upfal. After all n items have been added to the Bloom filter, let q be the fraction of the m bits that are set to 0. (That is, the number of bits still set to 0 is qm.) Then, when testing membership of an element not in the set, for the array position given by any of the k hash functions, the probability that the bit is found set to 1 is . So the probability that all k hash functions find their bit set to 1 is . Further, the expected value of q is the probability that a given array position is left untouched by each of the k hash functions for each of the n items, which is (as above)
 .
It is possible to prove, without the independence assumption, that q is very strongly concentrated around its expected value. In particular, from the Azuma–Hoeffding inequality, they prove that

Because of this, we can say that the exact probability of false positives is

as before.

Optimal number of hash functions
The number of hash functions, k, must be a positive integer.  Putting this constraint aside, for a given m and n, the value of k that minimizes the false positive probability is

The required number of bits, m, given n (the number of inserted elements) and a desired false positive probability ε (and assuming the optimal value of k is used) can be computed by substituting the optimal value of k in the probability expression above:

which can be simplified to:

This results in:

So the optimal number of bits per element is

with the corresponding number of hash functions k (ignoring integrality):

This means that for a given false positive probability ε, the length of a Bloom filter m is proportionate to the number of elements being filtered n and the required number of hash functions only depends on the target false positive probability ε.

The formula  is approximate for three reasons.  First, and of least concern, it approximates
 as , which is a good asymptotic approximation (i.e., which holds as m →∞).  Second, of more concern, it assumes that during the membership test the event that one tested bit is set to 1 is independent of the event that any other tested bit is set to 1.  Third, of most concern, it assumes that  is fortuitously integral.

Goel and Gupta, however, give a rigorous upper bound that makes no approximations and requires no assumptions.  They show that the false positive probability for a finite Bloom filter with m bits (), n elements, and k hash functions is at most

This bound can be interpreted as saying that the approximate formula  can be applied at a penalty of at most half an extra element and at most one fewer bit.

Approximating the number of items in a Bloom filter

 showed that the number of items in a Bloom filter can be approximated with the following formula,

where  is an estimate of the number of items in the filter, m is the length (size) of the filter, k is the number of hash functions, and X is the number of bits set to one.

The union and intersection of sets

Bloom filters are a way of compactly representing a set of items. It is common to try to compute the size of the intersection or union between two sets. Bloom filters can be used to approximate the size of the intersection and union of two sets.  showed that for two Bloom filters of length , their counts, respectively can be estimated as

and

The size of their union can be estimated as

where  is the number of bits set to one in either of the two Bloom filters.  Finally, the intersection can be estimated as

using the three formulas together.

Interesting properties
 Unlike a standard hash table using open addressing for collision resolution, a Bloom filter of a fixed size can represent a set with an arbitrarily large number of elements; adding an element never fails due to the data structure "filling up". However, the false positive rate increases steadily as elements are added until all bits in the filter are set to 1, at which point all queries yield a positive result. With open addressing hashing, false positives are never produced, but performance steadily deteriorates until it approaches linear search.
 Union and intersection of Bloom filters with the same size and set of hash functions can be implemented with bitwise OR and AND operations, respectively. The union operation on Bloom filters is lossless in the sense that the resulting Bloom filter is the same as the Bloom filter created from scratch using the union of the two sets. The intersect operation satisfies a weaker property: the false positive probability in the resulting Bloom filter is at most the false-positive probability in one of the constituent Bloom filters, but may be larger than the false positive probability in the Bloom filter created from scratch using the intersection of the two sets.
 Some kinds of superimposed code can be seen as a Bloom filter implemented with physical edge-notched cards. An example is Zatocoding, invented by Calvin Mooers in 1947, in which the set of categories associated with a piece of information is represented by notches on a card, with a random pattern of four notches for each category.

Examples
Fruit flies use a modified version of Bloom filters to detect novelty of odors, with additional features including similarity of novel odor to that of previously experienced examples, and time elapsed since previous experience of the same odor.
The servers of Akamai Technologies, a content delivery provider, use Bloom filters to prevent "one-hit-wonders" from being stored in its disk caches. One-hit-wonders are web objects requested by users just once, something that Akamai found applied to nearly three-quarters of their caching infrastructure. Using a Bloom filter to detect the second request for a web object and caching that object only on its second request prevents one-hit wonders from entering the disk cache, significantly reducing disk workload and increasing disk cache hit rates.
 Google Bigtable, Apache HBase and Apache Cassandra and PostgreSQL use Bloom filters to reduce the disk lookups for non-existent rows or columns. Avoiding costly disk lookups considerably increases the performance of a database query operation.
 The Google Chrome web browser previously used a Bloom filter to identify malicious URLs. Any URL was first checked against a local Bloom filter, and only if the Bloom filter returned a positive result was a full check of the URL performed (and the user warned, if that too returned a positive result).
 Microsoft Bing (search engine) uses multi-level hierarchical Bloom filters for its search index, BitFunnel. Bloom filters provided lower cost than the previous Bing index, which was based on inverted files.
 The Squid Web Proxy Cache uses Bloom filters for cache digests.
 Bitcoin used Bloom filters to speed up wallet synchronization until privacy vulnerabilities with the implementation of Bloom filters were discovered.
 The Venti archival storage system uses Bloom filters to detect previously stored data.
 The SPIN model checker uses Bloom filters to track the reachable state space for large verification problems.
 The Cascading analytics framework uses Bloom filters to speed up asymmetric joins, where one of the joined data sets is significantly larger than the other (often called Bloom join in the database literature).
 The Exim mail transfer agent (MTA) uses Bloom filters in its rate-limit feature.
 Medium uses Bloom filters to avoid recommending articles a user has previously read.
 Ethereum uses Bloom filters for quickly finding logs on the Ethereum blockchain.
 Grafana Tempo uses Bloom filters to improve query performance by storing bloom filters for each backend block. These are accessed on each query to determine the blocks containing data that meets the supplied search criteria

Alternatives

Classic Bloom filters use  bits of space per inserted key, where  is the false positive rate of the Bloom filter. However, the space that is strictly necessary for any data structure playing the same role as a Bloom filter is only  per key. Hence Bloom filters use 44% more space than an equivalent optimal data structure. Instead, Pagh et al. provide an optimal-space data structure. Moreover, their data structure has constant locality of reference independent of the false positive rate, unlike Bloom filters, where a lower false positive rate  leads to a greater number of memory accesses per query, . Also, it allows elements to be deleted without a space penalty, unlike Bloom filters. The same improved properties of optimal space usage, constant locality of reference, and the ability to delete elements are also provided by the cuckoo filter of , an open source implementation of which is available.

 describe a probabilistic structure based on hash tables, hash compaction, which  identify as significantly more accurate than a Bloom filter when each is configured optimally.  Dillinger and Manolios, however, point out that the reasonable accuracy of any given Bloom filter over a wide range of numbers of additions makes it attractive for probabilistic enumeration of state spaces of unknown size.  Hash compaction is, therefore, attractive when the number of additions can be predicted accurately; however, despite being very fast in software, hash compaction is poorly suited for hardware because of worst-case linear access time.

 have studied some variants of Bloom filters that are either faster or use less space than classic Bloom filters. The basic idea of the fast variant is to locate the k hash values associated with each key into one or two blocks having the same size as processor's memory cache blocks (usually 64 bytes). This will presumably improve performance by reducing the number of potential memory cache misses. The proposed variants have however the drawback of using about 32% more space than classic Bloom filters.

The space efficient variant relies on using a single hash function that generates for each key a value in the range  where  is the requested false positive rate. The sequence of values is then sorted and compressed using Golomb coding (or some other compression technique) to occupy a space close to  bits. To query the Bloom filter for a given key, it will suffice to check if its corresponding value is stored in the Bloom filter. Decompressing the whole Bloom filter for each query would make this variant totally unusable. To overcome this problem the sequence of  values is divided into small blocks of equal size that are compressed separately. At query time only half a block will need to be decompressed on average. Because of decompression overhead, this variant may be slower than classic Bloom filters but this may be compensated by the fact that a single hash function needs to be computed.

Another alternative to classic Bloom filter is the cuckoo filter, based on space-efficient variants of cuckoo hashing. In this case, a hash table is constructed, holding neither keys nor values, but short fingerprints (small hashes) of the keys.  If looking up the key finds a matching fingerprint, then key is probably in the set.  One useful property of cuckoo filters is that they are updatable; entries may be dynamically added (with a small probability of failure due to the hash table being full) and removed.

 describes an approach called an xor filter, where they store fingerprints in a particular type of perfect hash table, producing a filter which is more memory efficient ( bits per key) and faster than Bloom or cuckoo filters.  (The time saving comes from the fact that a lookup requires exactly three memory accesses, which can all execute in parallel.)  However, filter creation is more complex than Bloom and cuckoo filters, and it is not possible to modify the set after creation.

Extensions and applications

There are over 60 variants of Bloom filters, many surveys of the field, and a continuing churn of applications (see e.g., Luo, et al ). Some of the variants differ sufficiently from the original proposal to be breaches from or forks of the original data structure and its philosophy. A treatment which unifies Bloom filters with other work on random projections, compressive sensing, and locality sensitive hashing remains to be done (though see Dasgupta, et al for one attempt inspired by neuroscience).

Cache filtering

Content delivery networks deploy web caches around the world to cache and serve web content to users with greater performance and reliability. A key application of Bloom filters is their use in efficiently determining which web objects to store in these web caches.  Nearly three-quarters of the URLs accessed from a typical web cache are "one-hit-wonders" that are accessed by users only once and never again. It is clearly wasteful of disk resources to store one-hit-wonders in a web cache, since they will never be accessed again. To prevent caching one-hit-wonders, a Bloom filter is used to keep track of all URLs that are accessed by users.  A web object is cached only when it has been accessed at least once before, i.e., the object is cached on its second request. The use of a Bloom filter in this fashion significantly reduces the disk write workload, since most one-hit-wonders are not written to the disk cache. Further, filtering out the one-hit-wonders also saves cache space on disk, increasing the cache hit rates.

Avoiding false positives in a finite universe
Kiss et al  described a new construction for the Bloom filter that avoids false positives in addition to the typical non-existence of false negatives. The construction applies to a finite universe from which set elements are taken. It relies on existing non-adaptive combinatorial group testing scheme by Eppstein, Goodrich and Hirschberg. Unlike the typical Bloom filter, elements are hashed to a bit array through deterministic, fast and simple-to-calculate functions. The maximal set size for which false positives are completely avoided is a function of the universe size and is controlled by the amount of allocated memory.

Alternatively, an initial Bloom filter can be constructed in the standard way and then, with a finite and tractably-enumerable domain, all false positives can be exhaustively found and then a second Bloom filter constructed from that list; false positives in the second filter are similarly handled by constructing a third, and so on. As the universe is finite and the set of false positives strictly shrinks with each step, this procedure results in a finite cascade of Bloom filters that (on this closed, finite domain) will produce only true positives and true negatives. To check for membership in the filter cascade, the initial filter is queried, and, if the result is positive, the second filter is then consulted, and so on. This construction is used in CRLite, a proposed certificate revocation status distribution mechanism for the Web PKI, and Certificate Transparency is exploited to close the set of extant certificates.

Counting Bloom filters

Counting filters provide a way to implement a delete operation on a Bloom filter without recreating the filter afresh. In a counting filter, the array positions (buckets) are extended from being a single bit to being a multibit counter. In fact, regular Bloom filters can be considered as counting filters with a bucket size of one bit. Counting filters were introduced by .

The insert operation is extended to increment the value of the buckets, and the lookup operation checks that each of the required buckets is non-zero. The delete operation then consists of decrementing the value of each of the respective buckets.

Arithmetic overflow of the buckets is a problem and the buckets should be sufficiently large to make this case rare. If it does occur then the increment and decrement operations must leave the bucket set to the maximum possible value in order to retain the properties of a Bloom filter.

The size of counters is usually 3 or 4 bits. Hence counting Bloom filters use 3 to 4 times more space than static Bloom filters. In contrast, the data structures of  and  also allow deletions but use less space than a static Bloom filter.

Another issue with counting filters is limited scalability. Because the counting Bloom filter table cannot be expanded, the maximal number of keys to be stored simultaneously in the filter must be known in advance. Once the designed capacity of the table is exceeded, the false positive rate will grow rapidly as more keys are inserted.

 introduced a data structure based on d-left hashing that is functionally equivalent  but uses approximately half as much space as counting Bloom filters. The scalability issue does not occur in this data structure. Once the designed capacity is exceeded, the keys could be reinserted in a new hash table of double size.

The space efficient variant by  could also be used to implement counting filters by supporting insertions and deletions.

 introduced a new general method based on variable increments that significantly improves the false positive probability of counting Bloom filters and their variants, while still supporting deletions. Unlike counting Bloom filters, at each element insertion, the hashed counters are incremented by a hashed variable increment instead of a unit increment. To query an element, the exact values of the counters are considered and not just their positiveness. If a sum represented by a counter value cannot be composed of the corresponding variable increment for the queried element, a negative answer can be returned to the query.

Kim et al. (2019) shows that false positive of Counting Bloom filter decreases from k=1 to a point defined , and increases from to positive infinity, and finds as a function of count threshold.

Decentralized aggregation
Bloom filters can be organized in distributed data structures to perform fully decentralized computations of aggregate functions. Decentralized aggregation makes collective measurements locally available in every node of a distributed network without involving a centralized computational entity for this purpose.

Distributed Bloom filters

Parallel Bloom filters can be implemented to take advantage of the multiple processing elements (PEs) present in parallel shared-nothing machines. One of the main obstacles for a parallel Bloom filter is the organization and communication of the unordered data which is, in general, distributed evenly over all PEs at the initiation or at batch insertions. To order the data two approaches can be used, either resulting in a Bloom filter over all data being stored on each PE, called replicating bloom filter, or the Bloom filter over all data being split into equal parts, each PE storing one part of it. For both approaches a "Single Shot" Bloom filter is used which only calculates one hash, resulting in one flipped bit per element, to reduce the communication volume.Distributed Bloom filters are initiated by first hashing all elements on their local PE and then sorting them by their hashes locally. This can be done in linear time using e.g. Bucket sort and also allows local duplicate detection. The sorting is used to group the hashes with their assigned PE as separator to create a Bloom filter for each group. After encoding these Bloom filters using e.g. Golomb coding each bloom filter is sent as packet to the PE responsible for the hash values that where inserted into it. A PE p is responsible for all hashes between the values  and , where s is the total size of the Bloom filter over all data. Because each element is only hashed once and therefore only a single bit is set, to check if an element was inserted into the Bloom filter only the PE responsible for the hash value of the element needs to be operated on. Single insertion operations can also be done efficiently because the Bloom filter of only one PE has to be changed, compared to Replicating Bloom filters where every PE would have to update its Bloom filter.
By distributing the global Bloom filter over all PEs instead of storing it separately on each PE the Bloom filters size can be far larger, resulting in a larger capacity and lower false positive rate.
Distributed Bloom filters can be used to improve duplicate detection algorithms by filtering out the most 'unique' elements. These can be calculated by communicating only the hashes of elements, not the elements themselves which are far larger in volume, and removing them from the set, reducing the workload for the duplicate detection algorithm used afterwards.

During the communication of the hashes the PEs search for bits that are set in more than one of the receiving packets, as this would mean that two elements had the same hash and therefore could be duplicates. If this occurs a message containing the index of the bit, which is also the hash of the element that could be a duplicate, is sent to the PEs which sent a packet with the set bit. If multiple indices are sent to the same PE by one sender it can be advantageous to encode the indices as well. All elements that didn't have their hash sent back are now guaranteed to not be a duplicate and won't be evaluated further, for the remaining elements a Repartitioning algorithm can be used. First all the elements that had their hash value sent back are sent to the PE that their hash is responsible for. Any element and its duplicate is now guaranteed to be on the same PE. In the second step each PE uses a sequential algorithm for duplicate detection on the receiving elements, which are only a fraction of the amount of starting elements. By allowing a false positive rate for the duplicates, the communication volume can be reduced further as the PEs don't have to send elements with duplicated hashes at all and instead any element with a duplicated hash can simply be marked as a duplicate. As a result, the false positive rate for duplicate detection is the same as the false positive rate of the used bloom filter.

The process of filtering out the most 'unique' elements can also be repeated multiple times by changing the hash function in each filtering step. If only a single filtering step is used it has to archive a small false positive rate, however if the filtering step is repeated once the first step can allow a higher false positive rate while the latter one has a higher one but also works on less elements as many have already been removed by the earlier filtering step. While using more than two repetitions can reduce the communication volume further if the number of duplicates in a set is small, the payoff for the additional complications is low.Replicating Bloom filters organize their data by using a well known hypercube algorithm for gossiping, e.g. First each PE calculates the Bloom filter over all local elements and stores it. By repeating a loop where in each step i the PEs send their local Bloom filter over dimension i and merge the Bloom filter they receive over the dimension with their local Bloom filter, it is possible to double the elements each Bloom filter contains in every iteration. After sending and receiving Bloom filters over all  dimensions each PE contains the global Bloom filter over all elements.

Replicating Bloom filters are more efficient when the number of queries is much larger than the number of elements that the Bloom filter contains, the break even point compared to Distributed Bloom filters is approximately after  accesses, with  as the false positive rate of the bloom filter.

Data synchronization
Bloom filters can be used for approximate data synchronization as in .  Counting Bloom filters can be used to approximate the number of differences between two sets and this approach is described in .

Bloom filters for streaming data
Bloom filters can be adapted to the context of streaming data. For instance,  proposed Stable Bloom filters, which consist of a counting Bloom filter where insertion of a new element sets the associated counters to a value , and then only a fixed amount  of counters are decreased by 1, hence the memory mostly contains information about recent elements (intuitively, one could assume that the lifetime of an element inside a SBF of  counters is around ). Another solution is the Aging Bloom filter, that consists of two Bloom filter each occupying half the total available memory: when one filter is full, the second filter is erased and newer elements are then added to this newly empty filter.

However, it has been shown that no matter the filter, after  insertions, the sum of the false positive  and false negative  probabilities is bounded below by  where  is the amount of all possible elements (the alphabet size),  the memory size (in bits), assuming . This result shows that for  big enough and  going to infinity, then the lower bound converges to , which is the characteristic relation of a random filter. Hence, after enough insertions, and if the alphabet is too big to be stored in memory (which is assumed in the context of probabilistic filters), it is impossible for a filter to perform better than randomness. This result can be leveraged by only expecting a filter to operate on a sliding window rather than the whole stream. In this case, the exponent  in the formula above is replaced by , which gives a formula that might deviate from 1, if  is not too small.

Bloomier filters
 designed a generalization of Bloom filters that could associate a value with each element that had been inserted, implementing an associative array. Like Bloom filters, these structures achieve a small space overhead by accepting a small probability of false positives. In the case of "Bloomier filters", a false positive is defined as returning a result when the key is not in the map. The map will never return the wrong value for a key that is in the map.

Compact approximators
 proposed a lattice-based generalization of Bloom filters. A compact approximator associates to each key an element of a lattice (the standard Bloom filters being the case of the Boolean two-element lattice). Instead of a bit array, they have an array of lattice elements. When adding a new association between a key and an element of the lattice, they compute the maximum of the current contents of the k array locations associated to the key with the lattice element. When reading the value associated to a key, they compute the minimum of the values found in the k locations associated to the key. The resulting value approximates from above the original value.

Parallel-partitioned Bloom filters
This implementation used a separate array for each hash function. This method allows for parallel hash calculations for both insertions and inquiries.

Scalable Bloom filters
 proposed a variant of Bloom filters that can adapt dynamically to the number of elements stored, while assuring a minimum false positive probability. The technique is based on sequences of standard Bloom filters with increasing capacity and tighter false positive probabilities, so as to ensure that a maximum false positive probability can be set beforehand, regardless of the number of elements to be inserted.

Spatial Bloom filters
Spatial Bloom filters (SBF) were originally proposed by  as a data structure designed to store location information, especially in the context of cryptographic protocols for location privacy. However, the main characteristic of SBFs is their ability to store multiple sets' in a single data structure, which makes them suitable for a number of different application scenarios. Membership of an element to a specific set can be queried, and the false positive probability depends on the set: the first sets to be entered into the filter during construction have higher false positive probabilities than sets entered at the end. This property allows a prioritization of the sets, where sets containing more "important" elements can be preserved.

Layered Bloom filters
A layered Bloom filter consists of multiple Bloom filter layers. Layered Bloom filters allow keeping track of how many times an item was added to the Bloom filter by checking how many layers contain the item. With a layered Bloom filter a check operation will normally return the deepest layer number the item was found in.

Attenuated Bloom filters

An attenuated Bloom filter of depth D can be viewed as an array of D normal Bloom filters. In the context of service discovery in a network, each node stores regular and attenuated Bloom filters locally. The regular or local Bloom filter indicates which services are offered by the node itself. The attenuated filter of level i indicates which services can be found on nodes that are i-hops away from the current node. The i-th value is constructed by taking a union of local Bloom filters for nodes i-hops away from the node.

Let's take a small network shown on the graph below as an example. Say we are searching for a service A whose id hashes to bits 0,1, and 3 (pattern 11010). Let n1 node to be the starting point. First, we check whether service A is offered by n1 by checking its local filter. Since the patterns don't match, we check the attenuated Bloom filter in order to determine which node should be the next hop. We see that n2 doesn't offer service A but lies on the path to nodes that do. Hence, we move to n2 and repeat the same procedure. We quickly find that n3 offers the service, and hence the destination is located.

By using attenuated Bloom filters consisting of multiple layers, services at more than one hop distance can be discovered while avoiding saturation of the Bloom filter by attenuating (shifting out) bits set by sources further away.

Chemical structure searching
Bloom filters are often used to search large chemical structure databases (see chemical similarity). In the simplest case, the elements added to the filter (called a fingerprint in this field) are just the atomic numbers present in the molecule, or a hash based on the atomic number of each atom and the number and type of its bonds. This case is too simple to be useful. More advanced filters also encode atom counts, larger substructure features like carboxyl groups, and graph properties like the number of rings. In hash-based fingerprints, a hash function based on atom and bond properties is used to turn a subgraph into a PRNG seed, and the first output values used to set bits in the Bloom filter.

Molecular fingerprints started in the late 1940s as way to search for chemical structures searched on punched cards. However, it wasn't until around 1990 that Daylight Chemical Information Systems, Inc. introduced a hash-based method to generate the bits, rather than use a precomputed table. Unlike the dictionary approach, the hash method can assign bits for substructures which hadn't previously been seen. In the early 1990s, the term "fingerprint" was considered different from "structural keys", but the term has since grown to encompass most molecular characteristics which can be used for a similarity comparison, including structural keys, sparse count fingerprints, and 3D fingerprints. Unlike Bloom filters, the Daylight hash method allows the number of bits assigned per feature to be a function of the feature size, but most implementations of Daylight-like fingerprints use a fixed number of bits per feature, which makes them a Bloom filter. The original Daylight fingerprints could be used for both similarity and screening purposes. Many other fingerprint types, like the popular ECFP2, can be used for similarity but not for screening because they include local environmental characteristics that introduce false negatives when used as a screen. Even if these are constructed with the same mechanism, these are not Bloom filters because they cannot be used to filter.

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

. Open source implementation available on github.
. A preliminary version appeared at SIGCOMM '98.

. Prototype implementation available on github.

External links

"Using Bloom Filters" Detailed Bloom Filter explanation using Perl
Why Bloom filters work the way they do (Michael Nielsen, 2012)
Bloom Filters — A Tutorial, Analysis, and Survey (Blustein & El-Maazawi, 2002) at Dalhousie University
Table of false-positive rates for different configurations from a University of Wisconsin–Madison website
"More Optimal Bloom Filters", Ely Porat (Nov/2007) Google TechTalk video on YouTube

Hashing
Probabilistic data structures
Lossy compression algorithms
Hash-based data structures

Bloom filter


Robert Lepage  (born December 12, 1957) is a Canadian playwright, actor, film director, and stage director.

Early life
Lepage was raised in Quebec City. At age five, he was diagnosed with a rare form of alopecia, which caused complete hair loss over his whole body. He also struggled with clinical depression in his teens as he came to terms with being gay.

Between 1975 and 1978, he studied theatre at Quebec City's Conservatoire d'Art Dramatique. He subsequently participated in workshops at Alain Knapp's theatre school in Paris, France.

Theatrical career
After coming back to Quebec City, Lepage wrote, directed and played in a few independent productions and joined Théâtre Repère in 1980. With that company, he created Circulations (1984), which was presented across Canada and won an award as best Canadian production during La Quinzaine Internationale de Théâtre de Québec. The following year, he created The Dragons' Trilogy and immediately received international recognition. Vinci (1986), Polygraphe (1987–1990) and Tectonic Plates (1988–1990) followed and were also toured around the world.

Lepage was the artistic director of the National Arts Centre's Théâtre français in Ottawa from 1989 to 1993, and continued to stage plays. His productions of Needles and Opium, Coriolanus, Macbeth, The Tempest and A Midsummer Night's Dream were all created in that period.

In 1994, Lepage founded Ex Machina, a multidisciplinary production company, for which he is artistic director. Lepage and Ex Machina have toured a number of productions internationally to critical and popular acclaim, including The Seven Streams of the River Ota (1994) and Elsinore (1995). Lepage was invited in 1994 to direct August Strindberg's A Dream Play at Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Sweden. It premiered in the fall of 1994 and guest played in the spring of 1995 in Glasgow Scotland. Geometry of Miracles (1998) and The Far Side of the Moon (, 2000), a solo show in which he juxtaposed the Cold War competition of the Americans and the Soviets in the Space Race with the story of two Québécois brothers—one straight, one gay—and their competitive relationship after their mother's death. It won four trophies at le Gala des Masques, a Time Out Award and the Evening Standard Award. In 2003 The Far Side of the Moon was adapted by Lepage—who plays both brothers—into a film of the same name.

Lepage has directed five other feature films: The Confessional (Le Confessionnal) (1995), Polygraph (Le Polygraphe) (1996), Nô (1998), Possible Worlds (2000) and Triptych (Triptyque) (2013) (the latter co-directed by Pedro Pires), and has acted in films by other directors, including Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal) (1989) and Stardom (2001) by Denys Arcand. He has also been involved in music productions, being the stage director for the Secret World Tour by Peter Gabriel in 1993/1994, and the subsequent Growing Up tour in 2003/2004. He directed a number of operas, including Bluebeard's Castle and Erwartung at the Canadian Opera Company, The Damnation of Faust in Japan and Paris, and Lorin Maazel's 1984 at the Royal Opera House in London in 2005. Finally, Cirque du Soleil asked him to create the permanent Las Vegas show named Kà at the MGM Grand in 2005.

The Andersen Project is his last solo play, based on the life and works of Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen, and his tale "The Dryad"; it was presented by Lepage himself in ten countries, and later starred Yves Jacques.

Lipsynch, his large-canvas work, premiered in its first version in Newcastle upon Tyne's Northern Stage in February 2007 in its five-hour version; it has since been lengthened to nine hours.  Three scenes of Lipsynch were later adapted to create the installation FRAGMENTATION (2011) by Richard Castelli and Volker Kuchelmeister for the stereoscopic system ReACTOR, designed by Sarah Kenderdine and Jeffrey Shaw. Walking around the hexagonal base of the device, the viewer can see the same scenes filmed from different angles.

He also staged Igor Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, which was presented in Brussels' Opéra de la Monnaie in April 2007 and San Francisco War Memorial Opera House in November 2007.

In 2008, Lepage and Ex Machina created The Image Mill, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Quebec City. For forty nights, a forty minute show was displayed by the banks of Bassin Louise, using the huge surface of the Bunge grain elevators as a giant screen. It was at the time the biggest outdoor architectural projection in the world.

In November 2008, Lepage directed a staged version of Hector Berlioz' The Damnation of Faust at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In February, 2009, Lepage premiered a new work entitled Eonnagata at Sadler's Wells Theatre, London, UK. For this project he collaborated with the dancers Sylvie Guillem and Russell Maliphant, fashion designer Alexander McQueen, lighting designer Michael Hulls and sound designer Jean-Sébastien Côté.

His production of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, conducted by Christopher Hogwood, was re-released at the Teatro Real, Madrid, in January 2009.

In spring 2009, Lepage presented The Blue Dragon (Le Dragon Bleu), a sequel to his Dragons' Trilogy, in which he reprised (more than twenty years later) the role of Pierre Lamontagne, a Québécois artist who lives in China.

In fall 2009, Lepage directed The Nightingale and Other Short Fables, an operatic staging of short works by Stravinsky blending hand shadow puppetry, Kabuki theatre, Chinese opera and Vietnamese Water puppetry. The Canadian Opera Company in Toronto premiered the work.

Lepage then wrote and directed Totem, Cirque du Soleil's next touring show, and began work on a new production of Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner for the Metropolitan Opera of New York. The series was presented in installments during the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons – Das Rheingold and Die Walküre were premiered during the 2010/2011 season, Siegfried premiered on October 27, 2011, and Götterdämmerung premiered on January 27, 2012. Lepage's complete Ring cycle premiered in April 2012. The Metropolitan Opera had to install steel reinforcements under the stage in order to support LePage's roughly 45 tonne set. Lepage was featured in a 2012 documentary about the Met Ring production, Wagner's Dream.

In 2012, Lepage appeared as a hologram in Martin Villeneuve's Mars et Avril, a science fiction film based on the graphic novels of the same name.

Lepage's autobiographical "memory play" 887 played in New York City (as  "New York Critics Pick") and Toronto in 2017 and 2019. In an associated interview, he calls himself a "lukewarm separatist".

In 2018, Lepage launched SLĀV at the Montreal Jazz Festival; Betty Bonifassi's creation was so controversial that it was cancelled due to public protest - with the charge that white people singing the songs of black 19th-century slaves constituted cultural appropriation. The show caused public protest on the basis of this accusation. Lepage's next production, Kanata, planned for Paris in December 2018, presenting Europeans' first settlement of Canada, was cancelled in July, 2018, after complaints from members of the Indigenous community led to his financial backers' withdrawal. Although the show was initially canceled, it was finally be presented in December 2018 and received support from Indigenous communities.

Lepage's production of Mozart's The Magic Flute was presented in Quebec in July and August 2018 and there are plans to bring it to the Metropolitan Opera.

At the International Shakespeare Festival 2022 in Craiova, praising him for his innovative spirit and unique creativity, theatre scholar Octavian Saiu described Lepage as one of the true masters of contemporary theatre.

In 2022, Robert Lepage came back to the big screen in Martin Villeneuve's The 12 Tasks of Imelda, co-starring Ginette Reno and Michel Barrette, in which he plays Martin and Denis Villeneuve's father Jean, a notary.

The same year, Lepage announced the creation of a new play based on the work of painter Jean-Paul Riopelle. The show is set to be presented in 2023 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the artist.

Plays

 Le Dragon bleu (The Blue Dragon)
 Lipsynch
 Le Projet Andersen (The Andersen Project)
 Busker's Opera
 La Face cachée de la lune (The Far Side of the Moon)
 La Casa Azul
 Zulu Time
 La Tempête (The Tempest)
 La Géométrie des miracles (Geometry of Miracles)
 Les Sept Branches de la Rivière Ota (The Seven Streams of the River Ota)
 Elseneur (Elsinor)
 Les Aiguilles et l'Opium (Needles and Opium)
 Les Plaques tectoniques (Tectonic Plates)
 La Trilogie des Dragons (The Dragons' Trilogy)
 Le Polygraphe (Polygraph)
 Vinci
 Circulations
 Eonnagatta
 887
 SLĀV
 Frame by Frame

Filmography

Actor
 1989: Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal)
 1990: Ding et Dong, le film
 1991: Montreal Stories (Montréal vu par...) - segment "Desperanto"
 1992: Tectonic Plates
 1994: Bad Blood (aka Viper)
 2000: Stardom
 2003: Far Side of the Moon (La Face cachée de la lune)
 2004: Audition (L'Audition)
 2006: No-Vacancy
 2006: Dans les villes
 2007: La belle empoisonneuse
 2012: Mars and April (Mars et Avril)
 2017: Barefoot at Dawn (Pieds nus dans l'aube)
 2022: The 12 Tasks of Imelda (Les 12 travaux d'Imelda)
 2023: Testament

Writer
 1992: Tectonic Plates
 1995: The Confessional (Le Confessionnal)
 1996: Polygraph (Le Polygraphe)
 1998: Nô
 2000: Possible Worlds
 2003: The Far Side of the Moon

Director
 1995: The Confessional (Le Confessionnal)
 1996: Polygraph (Le Polygraphe)
 1998: Nô
 2000: Possible Worlds
 2003: The Far Side of the Moon (La Face cachée de la lune)
 2013: Triptych (Triptyque)

Honours
In 1994, Lepage was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his particularly imaginative and innovative work". In 1999, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2001, he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. He was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada in 2009 "for his international contributions to the performing arts, particularly in film, theatre and opera, as an actor, producer and director".

In 1994, he also received the National Arts Centre Award, a companion award to the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards. In 2009, Lepage received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement. He could not attend the ceremony but accepted the award via a pre-recorded speech.

On April 29, 2007, Lepage was awarded the European Commission's Europe Theatre Prize for 2007. The honours were to be shared between Lepage and German stage director Peter Zadek.

He has been nominated for the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction for his films Polygraph (Le Polygraphe), Possible Worlds, and Far Side of the Moon. He won the award for his film The Confessional (Le Confessionnal).

He was nominated for the Jutra Award for Best Direction for his film Nô. He won the Special Jutra Award for his film Possible Worlds.

In 2013, Lepage won the tenth Glenn Gould Prize.

Europe Theatre Prize
In 2007, he was awarded the XI Europe Theatre Prize, in Thessaloniki. The prize organization stated:The Quebec director Robert Lepage, although not from Europe, continues to exert a considerable influence on the theatre of the Old World, renewing its means of expression and working very often with European actors and with a repertoire, sensibilities and viewpoint which can be seen as European. The choice of Lepage, like that of America's Robert Wilson in his time, has to be seen primarily in the context of a cultural policy which, as provided for in the rules of the Prize laid down in 1986 in agreement with the European Commission, has as its objective the presentation of prizes to "a theatre personality or institution that has contributed by the creation of cultural events of significance to mutual understanding and knowledge among nations".

References

Further reading
 Patrick Caux & Bernard Gilbert. Ex Machina: Creating for the Stage. Talonbooks, 2009.
 Dundjerovic, Aleksandar. The Cinema of Robert Lepage. The poetics of memory, Walflower Press, 2003;
 Dundjerovic, Aleksandar. The Theatricality of Robert Lepage, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007;
 Freeman, John. The Greatest Shows on Earth: World Theatre from Peter Brook to the Sydney Olympics,  Libri: Oxford
 Koustas, Jane. Robert Lepage on the Toronto Stage: Language, Identity, Nation, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.
 Larsen-Vefring, Sarah. Inszenierung von Diversität: Performanz kultureller Vielfalt und Differenz im Theater von Robert Lepage (The Staging of Diversity: Performance of Cultural Diversity and Difference in the Theatre of Robert Lepage), transcript: Bielefeld, D, 2021, Edition Kulturwissenschaft 246. .

External links

 Robert Lepage, 2009 documentary at the National Film Board of Canada
 "Epidemic" : Robert Lepage's representative in Europe and Japan
 Biographical page at Ex Machina website

1957 births
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Film directors from Quebec
Canadian opera directors
Canadian screenwriters in French
French Quebecers
Living people
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Companions of the Order of Canada
Canadian male film actors
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Male actors from Quebec City
Writers from Quebec City
Prix Denise-Pelletier winners
Best First Feature Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Canadian LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Canadian LGBT screenwriters
Canadian LGBT film directors
LGBT theatre directors
Canadian gay writers
Canadian gay actors
Canadian theatre directors
Glenn Gould Prize winners
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Gay screenwriters
Gay dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Governor General's Award winners

Robert Lepage


කොවිඩ්‑19 එන්නතක් යනු, කොරෝනාවයිරස රෝගය 2019 (කොවිඩ්‑19) ඇතිකරන වයිරසය වන තීව්‍ර ශ්වසන සහලක්ෂණ කොරෝනා වයිරසය 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) ට එරෙහිව පරිචිත ප්‍රතිශක්තිය ඇතිකරතැයි බලාපොරොත්තු වන එන්නතකි.  එන්නත් ගණනාවක් මේ වනවිට දියුණු කෙරීගෙන යන මුත් කිසිම එන්නතක් මෙතෙක් clinical trial අවසන්කොට නොමැත. 2020 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේ දී ලෝක සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධානය (WHO) ප්‍රකාශකළ පරිදි නම් කොවිඩ්-19 රෝගයට හේතුවන SARS-CoV-2 වෛරසයට එරෙහිව එන්නතක් තවත් මාස දහ අටකට (18) පෙර බලාපොරොත්තු විය නොහැක.

බලයලත් සහ අනුමත එන්නත් ලැයිස්තුව
ජාතික නියාමන අධිකාරියන් විසින් එන්නත් වර්ග එකොළසක් සඳහා හදිසි භාවිත අනුමතිය ලබා දී ඇත. මෙයින් එන්නත් හයක්, ලෝසෞසං-පිළිගත්  දැඩි නියාමන අධිකාරියන් අවම වශයෙන් එකක් හෝ වෙතින් හදිසි හෝ සම්පූර්ණ හෝ භාවිතය සඳහා අනුමැතිය ලබා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
 Coronavirus disease 2019
 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
 2009 flu pandemic vaccine
 Respiratory disease
 COVID-19 drug development
 Phases of clinical research

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

එන්නත්
Medical research
කොවිඩ්-19

කොවිඩ්-19 එන්නත


Ras Ibn Hani (en árabe: رأس ابن هاني ) es un pequeño cabo ubicado a 8 kilómetros (5,0 millas) al norte de Latakia, Siria, en aguas del Mar Mediterráneo. Es un sitio arqueológico importante, ya que estuvo ocupado casi continuamente desde finales de la Edad del Bronce hasta la época bizantina. El sitio ahora está en una zona turística muy grande llamada la Côte d'Azur de Siria.

Referencias

Cabos de Siria
Antiguos asentamientos en Siria
Ugarit

Ras Ibn Hani


Étienne Jodelle, (1532-1573) Fransız edebiyatındaki Pleiade grubunun üyesi Rönesans şairi ve oyun yazarı.

Étienne Jodelle bir dramatistti. İlk Fransiz komedisi Eugene (1552) ve ilk trajedi Kleopatra Mahkumu (1552) onun eserleridir.

Fransız şairler
Fransız oyun yazarları
1532 doğumlular
1573 yılında ölenler
Paris doğumlular

Étienne Jodelle


United četvrti je studijski album švedskog heavy/power metal sastava Dream Evil. Diskografska kuća Century Media Records objavila ga je 31. listopada 2006. godine. Prvi je album sastava s bubnjarom Patom Powerom i gitaristom Markom Blackom.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Dream Evil
 Peter Stålfors – bas-gitara
 Fredrik Nordström – ritam gitara, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, mix
 Niklas Isfeldt – vokali
 Pat Power – bubnjevi, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, mix
 Mark Black – glavna gitara

Dodatni glazbenici
 Snowy Shaw – bubnjevi, gitara, prateći gitara (pjesma 12.)
 Kurt Olsson – naracija (pjesma 11.)
 Gus G. – glavna gitara (pjesma 12.)
Ostalo osoblje
 Seth Siro Anton – omot albuma, grafički dizajn, dizajn
 Peter In de Betou – mastering
 Patric Ullaeus – fotografije

Izvori

Albumi sastava Dream Evil
Albumi iz 2006.

United


La Cámara de Amparo y Antejuicio de la Corte Suprema de Justicia es una de las tres cámaras que conforman la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Guatemala y es el máximo tribunal u órgano colegiado de justicia ordinaria organizada para conocer los asuntos que le competen de conformidad con esta materia, es decir, en la siguiente acciones constitucionales:

Amparos presentados contra aquellos actos que vulneran los derechos humanos; debiendo recordar que el amparo tiene el carácter preventivo de una violación; o restaurador si el mismo ya se hubiere efectuado.
Exhibición Personal, a efecto de resguardar la libertad e integridad física de la persona.
Antejuicios presentados de acuerdo a la competencia asignada en la Ley en Materia de Antejuicio.

Organización
A octubre de 2019 esta sala se conforma, de forma interina, por 4 magistrados; 3 magistrados titulares y 1 suplente que actúa como titular:
Presidente Sergio Amadeo Pineda Castañeda (Vocal VI).
Vocal II, Nery Osvaldo Medina Méndez.
Vocal III, Vitalina Orellana y Orellana.
Magistrado suplente.

Fundamento legal
El fundamento de la creación de las Cámaras, y en concreto de la Cámara de Amparo y Antejuicio, se encuentra regulado en el artículo 76 de la Ley del Organismo Judicial.

Competencia
La Corte Suprema de Justicia tiene la competencia de conocer los amparos en contra de las instituciones establecidas en el artículo 12 de la Ley de Amparo, Exhibición Personal y de Constitucionalidad. Sin embargo, el Auto Acordado 1-2013 de la Corte de Constitucionalidad establece que la Cámara conoce los amparos interpuestos en contra de:

Las Salas de la Corte de Apelaciones y Cortes Marciales.
Tribunales de Segunda Instancia de Cuentas y de lo Contencioso-Administrativo.
Demás tribunales que se conformen con magistrados de igual categoría de los que integran las Salas de la Corte de Apelaciones.

Referencias

Véase también
 Corte Suprema de Justicia
 Cámara Civil
 Cámara Penal

Enlaces externos
https://web.archive.org/web/20111122085200/http://www.oj.gob.gt/camaradeamparoyantejuicio/

Integrantes de la Cámara de Amparo y Antejuicio a partir de 2019

Poder judicial de Guatemala

Cámara de Amparo y Antejuicio de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Guatemala


ميتسواكي مادونو (真殿光昭 مادونو ميتسواكي) هو مؤدي أصوات ياباني ولد في 28 يوليو 1964 في محافظة أوساكا.

أدواره في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 بليتش - كون
 دي جرايمان - سيل لولون
 ون بيس - سكراتشمين أبو
 إير جير - يوشيتسوني
 جت باكرز - هاروكي إميشي
 X - سوراتا أريسوغاوا
 هاجيمي نو إيبو - ماساهيكو أوميزاوا
 هاجيمي نو إيبو New Challenger - ماساهيكو أوميزاوا
 هاجيمي نو إيبو Rising - ماساهيكو أوميزاوا
 غانتز - هاجيمي موروتو
 بوسو رينكين - كوشاكو تشونو/بابييون
 كود غياس: لولوش المتمرد - كانامي أوغي
 كود غياس: لولوش المتمرد R2 - كانامي أوغي
 بيدابول - أصفر
 يو يو هاكوشو - كازيمارو, زيرو, ميتسوناري ياناغيساوا
 شامان كينج - بيوتي
 كينيتشي: التلميذ الأقوى - سيغفريد
 شاكوغان نو شانا II - آنا بيرغ
 داركر ذان بلاك: جوزاء النيزك - غوران
 إينوياشا: الجزء الأخير - بياكويا
 فيت/ستاي نايت - إيسّيه ريودو
 فيت/ستاي نايت Unlimited Blade Works - إيسّيه ريودو
 شعلة ريكا - جوكر
 إينيشال دي Fourth Stage - سائق Lancer Evo VI
 حفيد نوراريهيون: عاصمة العفاريت - ناماهاغي
 بيرسونا 4 ذي أنيميشن - تورو أداتشي
 بيرسونا 4 ذا غولدن أنيميشن - تورو أداتشي
 ديفل سرفايفر 2 ذي أنيميشن - يوزورو أكيه/جو
 لوست يونيفرس - جيس
 سورد آرت أونلاين - كاغيموني
 دراغون بول كاي - شاربنر
 معرض الفن المزيف - أكيهيكو
 صف الإغتيال - كوتارو ياناغيساوا
 جاندام بيلد فايترز تراي - أكيرا سوغا

أنمي الإنترنت
 سيلور مون كريستال - كينجي تسوكينو
 وجبة الغداء في منزل إميا - إيسّيه ريودو

أوفا أنمي
 يوميات ساكورا - توما آنابا
 هاجيمي نو إيبو Champion Road - ماساهيكو أوميزاوا

أفلام أنمي
 فيلم بليتش: ميموريز أوف نوبودي - كون
 فيلم بليتش: فيد تو بلاك, أنادي اسمك - كون
 سينت سيا: ليجند أوف سانكتشواري - فيرغو شاكا

أدواره في ألعاب الفيديو
 بيرسونا 4 - تورو أداتشي
 بيرسونا 4 غولدن - تورو أداتشي
 بيرسونا 4 أرينا ألتيماكس - تورو أداتشي
 تيلز أوف إينوسنس - هاستا إكسترمي
 مغامرة جوجو الغريبة: أول ستار باتل - جوسكي هيغاشيكاتا (جوجوليون)
 مغامرة جوجو الغريبة: آيز أوف هيفن - جوسكي هيغاشيكاتا (جوجوليون)

أدواره في الدبلجة اليابانية
 الوالدان السحريان - كوزمو
 باتمان: الجرأة و الشجاعة - فنهاوس

وصلات خارجية

مراجع
 ويكيبيديا اليابانية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلو أداء صوتي ذكور من محافظة أوساكا
ممثلو أداء صوتي يابانيون
ممثلو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
ممثلو الأداء الصوتي لشخصيات ون بيس
ممثلون يابانيون في القرن 20
ممثلون يابانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1964
مواليد في أوساكا

ميتسواكي مادونو


Francis Hincks (-) est un homme politique canadien et administrateur colonial britannique.

Gouverneur de la Barbade de 1856 à 1862, il occupe ensuite cette fonction dans la Guyane britannique de 1862 à 1869.

Au Canada, il est député fédéral libéral-conservateur de la circonscription ontarienne de Renfrew-Nord à partir d'une élection partielle en 1869 à 1872 et de la circonscription britanno-colombienne de Vancouver de 1872 à 1874. Il occupe le poste de ministre des Finances de 1869 à 1873.

Biographie
Né à Cork en Irlande, il est le plus jeune d'une famille de neuf enfants du révérend presbytérien . Comme ses frères, Edward Hincks et , il entame une formation pour devenir ecclésiastique avec une formation à la . Néanmoins, il s'intéresse davantage aux affaires et une entreprise d'importation à Belfast avec les Antilles. Se mariant à Belfast, il quitte avec son épouse deux semaines plus tard pour les Canadas.

Carrière d'entrepreneur
Arrivé à York dans le Haut-Canada (aujourd'hui Toronto), Hincks crée une entreprise d'importations dans des locaux commerciaux loués à  et son fils Robert Baldwin. Les Baldwins font partie d'une famille réformiste opposée aux conservateurs représentés par la Family Compact.

Il accepte un emploi de gestionnaire de la  et devient ensuite directeur de la nouvelle  lorsque la Farmer's Bank devient dominée par les conservateurs. Faisant face aux représailles contre les réformateurs exercées à la suite de la rébellion du Haut-Canada, Hincks envisage de s'installer aux États-Unis. Cependant, la nomination de Lord Durham en 1838 lui donne espoir et il choisit de rester dans le Haut-Canada. Durant cette année, il crée The Examiner à Toronto, avec lequel il fait la promotion du gouvernement responsable. Éventuellement, le journal fusionnera avec , lui-même prédécesseur du The Globe and Mail.

Carrière politique

Parti réformiste et gouvernement responsable
Hincks est élu dans la première législature de l'Assemblée législative de la province du Canada comme représentant du comté d'Oxford en 1841. Défait en 1844, il revient en 1848 et siège jusqu'en 1855.

Contrôle de la monnaie et banque centrale
Durant son premier mandat, il siège à un comité chargé d'étudier la proposition du gouverneur-général Lord Sydenham afin que le gouvernement prennent le contrôle de la création de la monnaie jusqu'alors sous le contrôle des banques. Sydenham proposait alors que le gouvernement contrôle la masse monétaire en circulation, laissant présager l'idée de la création d'une banque centrale.

Malgré le soutien de Hincks au projet, il est minoritaire dans le comité en raison de l'opposition des banques, inquiètes de perdre une aussi importante source de revenu.

Inspecteur général
En 1842, il est nommé inspecteur général des comptes publics. Plus tard, en 1844, il devient éditeur d'un nouveau journal à Montréal, le Pilot, qui vise à promouvoir les  dans le Canada-Est et dans le Canada-Ouest. En raison de la vente d'abonnement dans la Canada-Ouest, il entre en conflit avec George Brown, éditeur du Globe. En 1848, il vend le journal et accepte le poste d'inspecteur général.

Co-premier ministre de la Province de Canada
De 1851 à 1854, il est co-premier ministre de la province du Canada. La vision de Hincks quant au développement de l'Amérique du Nord britannique par l'expansion du chemin de fer prend forme avec la création du réseau du Grand Tronc en 1852 et du traité de réciprocité en 1854 avec les États-Unis.

Devise décimale
Durant le mandat de Hincks et malgré la volonté du gouvernement britannique de conserver la livre sterling pour l'ensemble des possessions d'outre-mer, une réforme du système monétaire est mise en place avec la volonté de procéder à la décimalisation de la monnaie pour faciliter le commerce avec les États-Unis. Un accord est passé avec le parlement permettant l'adoption du Currency Act en 1853 et autorisant d'utiliser à la fois des livres et des dollars américains dans la province selon des taux de change fixés. La législature du Nouveau-Brunswick adopte une législation similaire, permettant l'établissement d'un système monétaire commun dans les colonies britanniques d'Amérique du Nord.

Chute du gouvernement
Un scandale éclate en 1854 en raison des profits obtenus par Hincks et le maire de Toronto  de la vente de titre de matériels ferroviaires. Bien que le gouvernement chute, la législation suivante n'a trouvé aucun fondement permettant de corroborer les allégations de corruption contre Hincks.

Gouverneur dans les Caraïbes
En 1856, il accepte une nomination en tant que gouverneur de la Barbade et des îles du Vent et en 1861, il est transféré en Guyane britannique. Il est nommé chevalier en 1869 à la fin de son mandat en Guyane.

Ministre des Finances
À son retour au Canada, il est élu au parlement fédéral à la faveur d'une élection partielle déclenchée par la démission du député John Rankin afin de donner le champ libre à Hincks. Ce dernier devient aussitôt ministre des Finances et, en 1870, il établit le premier papier-monnaie fractionnable émis par le gouvernement et connu sous le nom de . Ceci vise alors à lutter contre les pièces d'argent américaines entrant dans le pays et qui dévaluaient le dollar canadien. Bien qu'il s'agissait alors d'une mesure temporaire, les shinplasters étaient populaires et ceux-ci ont été remis en circulation en 1900 et 1923.

Après la politique
Après sa démission du cabinet et des affaires publiques en 1873, il devient président de la . La banque est ensuite fusionnée avec la Royal Canadian Bank pour former la  dont Hincks est le premier président. Sa signature apparaît sur les billets émis par l'institution.

En 1878, il représente le gouvernement fédéral dans la commission sur l'établissement de la frontière entre l'Ontario et le Manitoba.

Famille

Hincks se marie en 1832 avec Martha Anna Stewart à Belfast. Le couple a cinq enfants.

Devenu veuf à la mort de Martha en 1874, il se remarie en 1875 avec Emily Louisa Delatre, veuve du juge . Lady Hincks meurt à Montréal le  à l'âge de 69 ans.

Sir Francis Hincks meurt de la variole à Montréal le .

Hommage
Le Hincks Township au Québec (aujourd'hui Lac-Sainte-Marie) est nommé en son honneur, ainsi qu'une rue de Bridgetown en Barbade aussi nommé en son honneur.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1807
Naissance à Cork
Gouverneur de la Barbade
Gouverneur de la Guyane britannique
Premier ministre du Canada-Uni
Ministre canadien des Finances
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député fédéral canadien provenant de la Colombie-Britannique
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada (ancien)
Membre du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada
Personnage historique national du Canada
Décès en août 1885
Décès à Montréal
Mort de la variole
Décès à 77 ans

Francis Hincks


Rasa Ragulskytė-Markovienė (* 16. Oktober 1976 in Kaunas, Litauen) ist eine litauische Richterin, Umweltrechtlerin, Professorin am Lehrstuhl für  Verwaltungsrecht der Rechtsfakultät der Mykolo Romerio universitetas (MRU).

Leben
Nach dem Abitur an der Mittelschule absolvierte Rasa Ragulskytė 1999 das Diplomstudium der Rechtswissenschaft an der Vilniaus universitetas und 2000 das Aufbaustudium (LL.M.) summa cum laude an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. April 2005 promovierte sie an der Vilniaus universitetas zum Thema "Probleme der Angleichung des litauischen Umweltrechts an das Umweltrecht der EU am Beispiel der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung" (lit. Lietuvos aplinkos teisės derinimo su Europos Sąjungos aplinkos teise problemos poveikio aplinkai vertinimo kontekste). Sie bekam Stipendien der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung und der Studienstiftung des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin,  von 2003 bis Juli 2003 ein Forschungsstipendium der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt an der Universität Rostock (Lehrstuhl für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht, Umweltrecht und Öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht, Betreuer: Detlef Czybulka). Mit dem Internationalen Parlaments-Stipendium machte die das Praktikum im Deutschen Bundestag.

Von April bis Mai 2000 arbeitete sie als Juristin bei Akcinė bendrovė "Turto bankas",
von 2001 bis  2007 Richtergehilfin am Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas. Seit Juli 2007 ist sie Richterin im Bezirksverwaltungsgericht Vilnius.

Seit Oktober 2000 lehrt sie am Lehrstuhl für Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht der Rechtsfakultät der Vilniaus universitetas.
Seit 2012 ist sie Professorin am Lehrstuhl  für Verwaltungsrecht und Verwaltungsprozess der Rechtsfakultät der Mykolo Romerio universitetas.

Sie ist verheiratet mit Paulius Markovas, Rechtsanwalt, und hat den Sohn Karolis und die Tochter Viktorija.

Bibliographie

 Umweltrecht: Angleichung des litauischen Umweltrechts an die Vorgaben der EU. Monographie (erschien Dezember 2005).

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Litauen)
Verwaltungsrechtler (Litauen)
Verwaltungsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Vilnius)
Hochschullehrer (Mykolas-Romer-Universität)
Litauer
Geboren 1976
Frau
Sowjetbürger
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Person (Kaunas)
Person (Verfassungsgericht der Republik Litauen)
Umweltrechtler

Rasa Ragulskytė-Markovienė


«José Rojas» puede referirse a:

José Manuel Rojas Bahamondes (1983-), futbolista chileno.
José Manuel Rojas Olmedo (1987-), futbolista español.
José Manuel Rojas Ramírez (1952-), futbolista costarricense.
José Rojas Garcidueñas (1912-1981), crítico literario, teatral y artístico, historiador de la literatura, ensayista y académico mexicano.
José María Rojas Garrido (1824-1883), senador colombiano que ocupó la presidencia de la república durante dos meses.
José María Rojas Espaillat (1828-1907), abogado y diplomático venezolano.
José Joaquín Rojas (1985-), ciclista español.
José Rojas Moreno, diplomático español.
José Antonio de Rojas (1732-1816), criollo y patriota chileno.
José Antonio Rojas (1987-), futbolista chileno.

José Rojas


Anna Vissi (; d. 20 Aralık 1957, Larnaka), Kıbrıs Rumu şarkıcı. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti ve Yunanistan'da ünlenen Vissi daha sonra Türkiye ve ABD başta olmak üzere dünyada tanınmıştır. Sanatçı sadece yorumcu olmayıp aynı zamanda söz yazarı, bestekâr ve oyuncudur.

Sanatçının Yunanca konuşan hayranları arasındaki takma adı Tanrıça anlamına gelen Thea'''dır.

40 yılı aşkın süredir müzikle uğraşan Vissi gelmiş geçmiş en çok satan Yunan kadın şarkıcı'' unvanını elinde tutuyor.

Kıbrıs'ta doğan Vissi, müzik kariyerine 6 yaşında Kıbrıs Konservatuvarı'nda başladı. 12 yaşındayken, yerel bir şarkı yarışmasında birincilik kazandı. Annesi, Anna'nın yeteneğinden emin olduktan sonra, ailece müzikal açıdan daha iyi imkânlara sahip olan Yunanistan'a taşınmaya karar verdiler.

Mikis Theodorakis, Stavros Koujoumtzis, Giorgios Hacinasios, Doros Georgiadis gibi sanatçılara birçok şarkılarında eşlik etti. Daha sonra, o zamanlar zaten tanınmakta olan ve birçok 1 numara olmuş şarkıya sahip Nikos Karvelas ile, bugünlere kadar sürecek bir iş birliğine girdi. Karvelas, Anna'nın birçok şarkısının yanı sıra, Yunanistan'ın ilk rock-opera'sı olan "Daimones"i (Şeytanlar) ve Mala müzikalini de yazmıştır.
Anna'nın Nikos ile olan iş birliği 80'lerin başında başladı ve yıllar boyunca sayısız projede birlikte yer aldılar.Ikisinin ortak müzik tutkusu, birçok hit ortaya çıkardı. Bir numaraya yükselen bu şarkılardan bazıları şöyledir: Eleni, Min Psahnis tin agapi, Dodeka, Trellainomai, Kryvame tin agapi mas...

1996-1997

"Klima Tropiko" (Tropikal Iklim) isimli albümünün yayınlanmasının ardından, Anna Vissi Yunan müzik piyasasını neredeyse ele geçirdi. Albüm bir anda en çok satan albümler listesinin zirvesine çıktı, ve birkaç ay içinde sanatçıya "Platinyum Plak" ödülü kazandırdı. Anna Yunanistan turuna çıktı ve 40'ın üzerinde başarılı konser gerçekleştirdi. Bu turun ardından Anna için özel olarak yeni bir gece kulübü inşa edildi ve Anna burada, 3 saat süren özel bir sahne şovuna başladı. Biletleri uzun süre önceden tükenen bu şovla birlikte, Anna Vissi Yunanistan'da bir kadin solist tarafından gerçeklestirilen en basarili performansa imza atmış oldu.
1996'yi 1997'ye bağlayan gece, Meclis'in Meydanı'nda düzenlenecek yeni yıl kutlamalari için Atina Valisi, Anna'ya bir teklif sundu. Ve Anna burada 20,000 kişilik bir konser verdi.

1997'nin Şubat ayında, Anna, üç tane Yunan Müzik Ödülü kazandı: En iyi kadın şarkıcı, en iyi yorum ve en radyolarda çok istek alan şarkı.
Aynı yıl, Anna Kıbrıs Çocuk Vakfı'nın baskanlığına getirildi. Tek bir konseri ile, 150,000 pound yardım topladı.
Nisan ayında "Travma" (Yara) albümü yayınlandı ve 12 gün içinde Altın Plak ödülü kazandıracak satışa ulaştı. Takip eden altı ay boyunca, Yunanistan satışları 150.000'i geçerek, sanatçiya üç adet Platinyum Plak getirdi. Amerikan müzikseverlere, Rick Wake'in (Celine Dion'la çalışan bir isim) aracılığ ile "Forgive Me This" şarkısıyla ulaşan Anna'nın Travma albümü, Avustralya'da yayınlandı.

1997-1998

Anna yeni albümü "Antidoto"'u (Panzehir), Pire'nin en büyük müzik mağazasında, 5000 fanı eşliğinde tanıttı. Bu etkinlik Selanik'te de gerçekleştirildi, ancak buradakinde, Anna, mağazaya girmeyi bile başaramadı! Sadece yedi gün içinde, Andidoto 80,000 satış rakamına ulaşarak, Yunan müzik piyasası için yeni bir rekor kırmış oldu. Aynı zamanda, "Travma" albümü için üçüncü platinyum plak ödülü de, Sony Müzik Avrupa tarafından, sanatçıya, bu sıralarda sunuldu. Mart 1998'de, Anna, Pop Corn Müzik Ödülleri Töreni'nde yedi ödül birden kazandı: En İyi Kadin Şarkıcı, En İyi Yorum, En İyi Canlı Performans, En İyi Albüm, En İyi Sarki, En İyi Albüm Kapağı ve Radyolarda En Çok Çalınan Şarkı ("Travma"). Aynı törende, uzun yıllardır iş birliği içinde olduğu müzisyen Nikos Karvelas da Anna'nın "Mavra Yialia" (Siyah Günes Gözlügü) isimli şarkısı için En İyi Besteci ödülünü kazandı.

1998-1999

Şubat 1999'da Anna Vissi, Londra'daki Forum Müzik Salonu ve Palladium Salonu'nda, tüm biletleri satılan iki show'a imza attı. Aynı şekilde gerçekleştirdiği, Los Angeles, Atlantic City, Şikago, Boston ve New York'taki konserlerden oluşan ABD turunda, büyük ilgi gördü. New York'ta, birçok starın da sahne aldığı Madison Square Garden'da sahne alarak büyük sükse yaptı.
Los Angeles Times, "...çok karizmatik bir performans, kendine çeken bir enerjiyle dolu... Bu yeni potansiyel uluslararası stardan büyük şeyler bekleyin" yorumunda bulunurken; New York Times "Elleri havada ve zıplarken çizdiği görüntü, ulaşılamaz bir pop divasından çok karşı konulamaz bir eğlence dünyası ikonuna yakın" yorumunu yaptı.

1999-2000

Anna Vissi 5 Mart'ta Royal Albert Salonu'nda, İngiltere'deki Yunan nüfusun önde gelenlerinin, Yunanistan'dan gelen önemli isimlerin ve birçok önemli İngiliz'in seyrettiği bir konser verdi.

Anna'nın sahneye girişi çok sansasyoneldi. İki buçuk saat süren bir show sergiledi. Salonun her yerini dolduran izleyiciler, sahnede dans eden ve coşkuyla şarkı söyleyen Vissi'ye eşlik etmeyi ihmal etmediler. Bu Pazar akşamı, bu önemli salon, unutulmaz anları herkesin kafasına kazınan bir olayı ev sahipliği yapmış oldu.
Herkesin kendisini izlemek üzere oraya gelmesi, Anna için büyük bir ödül olmuştu. Sanatçı, coşku içindeki kalabalığa, yakında çıkacak olan uluslararası İngilizce albümünden dört şarkı da sundu, aynı konserde.

Anna'nın bu yeni albümünde emeği geçen tüm müzisyenler oradaydı: Paul Russel (Sony Müzik Avrupa'nın yöneticisi), Peter Asher (uluslararası alanda tanınan prodüktör), Brian Rawling (Anna'nın albümündeki parçalarının coğunun yaratıcısı), ve Avrupalı bazı stratejik müzik pazarlama uzmanları. Anna Vissi, bir yıldan fazla bir süredir bu uluslararası projeye hazırlanmaktaydı. Tamamı İngilizce şarkılardan oluşan bu ilk albümünü tüm Avrupa'da yazın yayınlandı. Albümün ilk single'i "Everything I Am"in bestesi Nikos Karvelas'a, sözleri Paul Barry'e aitti. Şarkıların geri kalanları diğer usta şarkı yazarları tarafından yazılmıştı: Russ Ballard, Mark Taylor, Graham Stack, Steve Torch, Paul Stanley, Tina Shafer, Julian Harris, Danielle Gerber... Albümün prodüktörleri, Cher ve Enrique Iglesias gibi isimlerle çalışmış Brian Rawling, Celine Dion'la çalışmış Ric Wake; ve Linda Ronstadt, Diana Ross gibi isimlerle çalışmış Peter Asher'di.

Dünyadaki milyonlarca TV izleyicisi, Anna Vissi'nin ilk uluslararası çıkışına, memleketi Kıbrıs'ta düzenlenen Miss Universe Güzellik Yarışması'ndaki performansıyla tanık oldu. Sekiz kisilik bir dans grubunun eşlik ettiği star, albümünden "On A Night Like This" şarkısını seslendirdi. Anna'nın ilk uluslararası single'ı olan "Everything I Am"in videosu, Solar Films sirketinden Antti Jokinen yönetmenliğinde Finlandiya'da çekildi.

Fanlarını daha fazla bekletmek istemeyen Vissi, aynı zamanda "Agapi Ipervoliki" (Aşırı Aşk) isimli Yunanca bir maxi-single hazırladı. Single'a ismini veren yüksek tempolu dans şarkısı, yazın en büyük hiti oldu ve 4 platinyum disk ödülüne layık görüldü. Single'da bulunan bu 6 yeni parçasını, yaz boyunca bir gece kulübünde verdigi 60 performansta da seslendirdi. Boyzone'dan Shaun Fernandes'in koreograflığını yaptığı bu show'unda, uluslararası İngilizce albümünden parçalarda seslendirdi.
2000 yılının kışı geldiğinde, Anna herkesin çok güçlü bir şekilde geri döndüğü bilmesini istedi, ve buna istinaden "Kravgi" (Çığlık) isimli Yunanca double albümünü yayınladı ve iki yıllık yokluğunun acısını çıkardı. "Kravgi" albümünden cok başarılı birçok hit yayınlandı: "Horis To Moro Mou" (Bebeğim Yanımda Olmadan), "Moni Mou" (Tek Başıma), "Agapoula Mou" (Aşkım), "Kravgi" (Cığlık), vs. Doğal olarak, 7 platinyum plak ödüllü bu albümde de Nikos Karvelas imzası vardı.

2001

Atina şehri, yeni yılı, belediye başkanı Dimiti Avramopoulos tarafından davet edilen Anna Vissi ile birlikte kutladı. 2001'e girerken, şehrin ünlü Syntagma (Anayasa) Meydanı'nda gerisayima ve Yeni Yıl Partisi'ne birçok insan katıldı.
Mart: Anna Vissi, uluslararası albümü "Everything I Am"den ikinci single'i "Still In Love With You"yu, Soda Club'un remixleriyle yayınladı.

Nisan: Anna Vissi 5 tane popcorn müzik ödülü kazandı: En iyi kadın şarkıcı, En iyi single "Agapi Ipervoliki", En iyi vokal performansi "Afti Ti Fora", En iyi video klip "Agapi Ipervoliki" ve bir kadın sanatçıya ait En iyi sahne performansı.
Nisan ayında, aynı zamanda, Anna, ünlü kozmetik markası Mac'in Yunanistan'daki Aids kampanyasının iyi niyet elçisi oldu. Mac, Yunanistan'daki ilk mağazasını açtı ve Anna'yı Mac Viva Clam III adlı rujunun tanıtımını yapmak üzere davet etti. Bu rujun gelirleri çocuk Aids hastalarına aktarılacaktı.. Bir numaralı Yunan kadın sanatçı, en iyi hitlerini bir Balkan kültürel organizasyonu olan "2001 - A Peace Odyssey (Bir Barış Yolculuğu)"de seslendirdi. Etkinlik, 6 Haziran'da Romanya'nın başkenti Bükreş'teki Uniri Meydanı'nda gerçekleşti. Romanya'nın telekom devleri Rometelecom ve Cosmorom, ve Yunan telekom devi OTE'nin iş birliği ile düzenlenen görkemli etkinlik çerçevesinde, Uluslararası alanda tanınan Emir Kusturica ve sanat yönetmeni Angelos Hatziandreou da yer aldı. Program kapsamında bir Multimedya gösterisi, yerel grupların konserlerı, Emir Kustirica'nin "No Smoking Band"inin konseri ve Yunan Diva Anna Vissi'nin büyük finali yer aldi. Anna'nın gösterisi, özel bir teknikle hazırlanmiş su duvarı ile açıldı ve alanda bulunan 150.000 izleyiciyi tarafından izlendi. Emir Kusturica'nın grubu Anna'ya gösterisi boyunca eşlik etti ve dinleyicilere eşsiz bir müzik ziyafeti sundu.

5 Eylül tarihinde, Lefkoşa'nin G.S.P. Stadyumu'nda, Anna büyük bir konser verdi. Sanatçı, memleketinde her sene konserler verse de, bu konser diğerlerinden çok öteydi. Bu çok özel gecede sanatçı, izleyicileriyle bütünleştı. 18.000 izleyici, divanın 3 saatlik performansının tadını çıkardı. Aynı gecede, sanatçının "Kravgi" (Çığlık) albümünün satışlarından dolayı hak ettiği 7 kez platinyum ödül, kendisine takdim edildi.
"Mala" I Mousiki Tou Anemou (Rüzgarın Müziği) Gerçek bir aşk hikâyesi
Sanatçı, müzikal yeteneğini durmaksızın daha genış alanlarda kullanmak amacıyla, "Mala" isimli çok özel bir müzikale start verdi. Bu oyunda 23 özel şarkı, 60 kişilik bir kast ekibi, ve 35 müzisyenden oluşan bir orkestra kullanıldı, ve oyun 15 Haziran 2002'de Palace Tiyatro'sunda sahnelendi.

Risk almaya alışık olan Anna Vissi için "Mala" büyük bir sınavdı ve bu sınavdan başarıyla çıktı. Sadece oyunculuk yeteneğini kanıtlamakla kalmadı, aynı zamanda herkesı kalbinden etkileyen eşsiz bir yetenek sergiledi.

Oyunda anlatılan, İkinci Dünya Savaşı esnasında yaşanmis gerçek bir aşk hikâyesiydi. Başrollerde Anna Vissi'nin yanı sıra, "esas adam" olarak da Leonidas Kakouris bulnuyordu. Emeği Geçenler: Nikos Karvelas (Müzik-Tekst-Libreto), Yannis Kakleas (Yönetmen), Yiorgos Gavalas (Skenografi), Yannis Metzikof (Kostümler), Yiorgos Niarhos (Müzik yönetmeni). Bu müzikalin soundtrack albümünde, müzikalde kullanılan 27 senfonik parça yer aldı.

2003

Anna Vissi'nin, birçok besteci ile bir arada çalıştığı ilk albümü: Kostantinos Christoforou, Nikos Karvelas, Sofi Papa, Alex Papakostantinou, Vangelis Vasiliou, Energy,..., "Paraksenes Ikones" (Garip Görüntüler) 6 ayda 2 kez platinyum plak ödülü kazanacak kadar sattı!"Treno" (Tren) single'i, 2003/2004 yıllarının en popüler şarkısı seçildi.

2004

Anna, Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'nin AB'ye girmesi şerefine düzenlenen etkinliğin ağır toplarındandı ve şarkılarını 80.000 kişiye söyledi! Aynı sene, İngiltere'de ve Amerika'da başarılı bir turneye çıktı ve son olarak 3 Eylül'de Kıbrıs'ta bir konser vererek bu turu noktaladı. Aynı zamanda, bu yıl düzenlenen 2004 Atina Olimpiyatları'nın kapanış gecesinde sahne alma onuruna erişerek, tüm dünyaya şarkılarını söyledi.

2005

"Eisai" isimli şarkısının İngilizce versiyonu olan "Call Me" piyasaya çıktı ve Anna, bunun promosyonunu daha etkin bir şekilde yapabilmek için ABD'ye yerleşti. Single büyük başarı kazandı, Billboard'un Hot Dance Music Club Play Listesi'nde 1 numaraya, ve Billboard'un Dance Radio Airplay Listesi'nde 2 numaraya kadar yükseldi. Aynı zamanda bazı ülkelerin müzik listelerinde de büyük başarı elde etti. Bunlardan bazıları Türkiye, İsrail ve Bulgaristan'dı. Tüm bunlar sürerken, sanatçi, Atina'daki "Ciro's Pizza Promodor" isimli restoran zincirine ortak oldu. Yaz döneminde, Anna Yunanistan'a geri döndü ve "Call Me" single'ının Yunanistan'daki promosyon çalışmalarına katıldı. Bu Yunanistan versiyonunda, "Lie" isimli bir baska bir İngilizce parca daha bulunuyordu. Anna, promosyon kapsamında dünyaca ünlü Mykonos'taki Soundwave" festival'de sahne aldı. Bir ay sonra, Yunan diva "Nylon" isimli yeni bir Yunanca albüm çıkardı. "Nylon", "dual disc" formatiyla piyasaya cikan ilk Yunanca albümdü, ve diskte, şarkıların yanı sıra, piyasada olmayan bazı video görüntüleri ve ekstra materyaller bulunuyodu. Anna 2005 "Votanikos" isimli canlı muzik kulübünde sahne aldı.

2006

Elena Paparizou'nun Eurovision 2005 te 1. olması üzerine ev sahibi olan Yunanistan , 2006'da Yunanistan'ı temsil etmek üzere Yunan diva Vissi'ye teklif götürdü. Vissi , Yunanistan ilk kez ev sahipliği yaptığı için Eurovision teklifini kabul etti.Anna Eurovision için 4 şarkı hazırladı. Ve ERT de yapılan Welcome To Party adlı bir programda Everything seçildi.Yarışma öncesinde Yunanistan'a ikinci bir birincilik getireceği söylendi. Eurovision gecesi dikkat çeken performansı ile 128 puanla 9. olabildi.

2007

Anna Visi 2007 yılında ABD, Fransa, Almanya, İsveç, Avustralya, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti gibi farklı kıtalardan pek çok ülkeyi kapsayan bir dünya turnesi düzenledi. Bu turne dünyadaki bütün Anna fanlarını sevindirmenin yanında Anna'nın tanıtımına büyük katkı sağladı. Vissi, çıkaracağı yeni uluslararası İngilizce albüm için Christina Aguilera'dan bir şarkı aldı ve hazırlıklarına devam etmek üzere ABD'ye gitti.

2008

Anna Yunanistan'da ve ABD'de çıkaracağı biri ingilizce biri yunanca olmak üzere 2 albümü üzerinde çalışmaya devam ediyor.Anna ,Ocak 2009'da çıkacağı tahmin edilen İngilizce albümünün Rock altyapılı olacağı ipucunu verdi.

9 Aralık 2008 tarihinde Apagorevmeno isimli albümünü piyasa sürdü.Bu albüm sanatçının 35. stüdyo albümüdür.

2009-2010

2008'in yılının son ayında çıkardığı Apagorevmeno adlı albümüyle çıkış yakalayan sanatçı bu çıkışı 'Fabulous' adlı şarkısıyla sürdürdü.Apagorevmeno albümüne 3 yeni şarkı ekleyen sanatçı oluşan bu yeni albümü 'Apagorevmeno +' ismiyle piyasaya sürdü. Yunanistanda oldukça popülerleşen Fabulous adlı şarkısından hareketle Athinon Arena'da 'Fabulous Show' adında bir show hazırlayan sanatçı yaklaşık 2 aydır bu showunu aralıksız her gece Atina'da sergilemektedir.İngilizce albümünün çalışmalarına devam eden sanatçı , hâlen devam etmekte olan Fabulous Show'un bitmesini beklediğini söyledi.

Fabulous Show'un ardından Vissi yeni bir showun yapımına başladı.Sakis Rouvas ile yapacağı bu showun ismi ise 'Face2Face' olacak.Vissi bu showun koreografi olarak 3 Emmy Ödülü , 4 MTV Film Ödülü kazanmış olan Marguerite Derricks'i seçti.

Diskografi

Albümler

 2010 Agapi Einai Esi - Gold
 2009 Apagorevmeno +
 2008 Apagorevmeno - 2x Platinum
 2005 Nylon (Dual-Disk + Euro Edition) (2005/2006) - Platinum
 2004 Anna Vissi LIVE - Platinum
 2004 The Remixes 2004
 2003 Paraxenes Eikones (2003/2004) - 2x Platinum
 2003 The Remixes 2003
 2002 X - 2x Platinum
 2000 Kravyi - 7x Platinum
 2000 Agapi Ypervoliki - 4x Platnium
 2000 Everything I Am - Gold
 1999 Anna Vissi - Best of
 1998 Antidoto - 3x Platinum
 1997 Travma - 3x Platinum
 1996 Klima Tropiko - 3x Platinum
 1995 O! Kypros! - Platinum
 1994 Re! - Gold - 2x Platinum Turkey
 1993 Live! - Platinum
 1992 Lampo - Platinum
 1992 Emis - Gold
 1990 Ime - Gold
 1989 Fotia - Platinum
 1988 Epnevsi - Gold
 1988 Tora - Gold
 1986 I Epomeni Kinisi - 2x Platinum
 1985 Kati Symveni - Gold
 1984 Na 'Hes Kardia - Gold
 1983 Eimai to Simera kai Eisai to Xthes
 1982 Anna Vissi (Re-Release) - Gold
 1981 Anna Vissi
 1980 Ne - Gold
 1980 Ta Kalytera Mou Tragoudia
 1979 Kitrino Galazio - 2x Platinum
 1977 As Kanoume Apopse Mian Arxi

Single'lar

 2012 Tiranniemai
 2010 Agapi Einai Esi
 2008 To Parelthon Mou
 2006 Welcome To The Party
 2006 Everything
 2006 Autostop/Mono I Agapi - Eurovision Özel
 2005 Call Me
 2004 Live Promo Single
 2004 Remixes 2004
 2004 Paraxenes Ikones (Promo)
 2003 The Remixes
 2002 Tasis Aftoktonias (Promo)
 2002 Hitmix
 2001 Still in Love with You
 2001 Mala - i Mousiki tou Anemou (OST)
 2000 Everything I Am
 2000 Agapi Ypervoliki (EP)
 1999 Forgive me this (sadece Avustralya)
 1999 In The Mood (Promo)
 1998 S´Eho Epithimisi (Promo)
 1997 The Remixes
 1995 Amin
 1995 Min Xehnas
 1995 Ime Poly Kala
 1980 Autostop (Promo)
 1978 Kos Nobel/O! Maria
 1977 As Kanoume Apopse mia Arhi
 1976 Mia Mikri Psihoula/Thelo
 1974 To Palio to Aeroplano
 1973 O, Ti Kosmos Baba

Uluslararası Albümler

 2007 The Essential
 2006 Welcome to the party
 2006 Everything (Avrupa)
 2005 Call Me
 2004 Paraxenes Ikones (Türkiye)
 2002 X (turkish release)
 2002 Kravyi (Avustralya)
 2001 Kravyi (Türkiye)
 2001 Everything I Am (Hollanda)
 2000 Re (Turkish Release)
 1999 Anna Vissi (Uluslararası)
 1997 Travma (Avustralya)
 1997 Forgive Me This (Single)
 1997 Forgive Me This (Promo)
 1994 Re! (Turkish Release)
 1982 Love Is a Lonely Weekend

Film Müzikleri
 2013 Demones
 2008 Bank Bang
 2002 Mala - I Mousiki Tou Anemou
 1993 Ode To The Gods (Opera)
 1991 Demones
 1980 To Tsitsiki Kai I Parea Tou

DVD'ler
 2006 Anna Vissi LIVE IN CONCERT
 2005 Nylon (dual-disk) Currently - 1x Platinum
 2004 Anna Vissi Live - Gold DVD
 2001 Anna Vissi: The Video Collection - Gold DVD

Turları

 1993: 20 Years Live Tur
 1996: Klima Tropiko Tur
 1997: Travma Dünya Turu
 1998-1999: Dünya Turu
 2002: Kravgi Avustralya Turu
 2004: 2004 Dünya Turu
 2006: Best Of Anna Vissi Tur
 2007: 2007 Dünya Turu
 2009: Apagorevmeno Yaz Turu

İlgili Kişiler
 Nikos Karvelas
 Sofia Karvelas
 Lia Vissi

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde ' de Anna Vissi

 Uluslararası Resmî Fan Club Sitesi "fANNAtics"

Kaynakça

Yaşayan insanlar
1957 doğumlular
Larnaka doğumlular
Kıbrıs Rumu kadın şarkıcılar
Kıbrıs Rumu pop şarkıcıları
Kıbrıs Rumu söz yazarları
Kıbrıs Rumu besteciler
1980 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
1982 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
2006 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'nin Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Yunanistan'ın Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları

Anna Vissi


Aufhof ist ein Ortsteil der oberschwäbischen Gemeinde Eppishausen im Landkreis Unterallgäu.

Lage
Die Einöde liegt etwa sechs Kilometer nordöstlich des Hauptortes und ist über die Staatsstraße St 2027 und die Kreisstraße MN 3 mit dem Hauptort verbunden. Er gehörte ursprünglich zur Gemeinde Könghausen und wurde mit dieser im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern am 1. Juli 1972 in die Gemeinde Eppishausen eingegliedert.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Eppishausen)
Ort in Oberschwaben
Ort im Landkreis Unterallgäu
Einzelsiedlung

Aufhof


A risk-free bond is a theoretical bond that repays interest and principal with absolute certainty. The rate of return would be the risk-free interest rate.  It is primary security, which pays off 1 unit no matter state of economy is realized at time . So its payoff is the same regardless of what state occurs. Thus, an investor experiences no risk by investing in such an asset.

In practice, government bonds of financially stable countries are treated as risk-free bonds, as governments can raise taxes or indeed print money to repay their domestic currency debt.

For instance, United States Treasury notes and United States Treasury bonds are often assumed to be risk-free bonds. Even though investors in United States Treasury securities do in fact face a small amount of credit risk, this risk is often considered to be negligible. An example of this credit risk was shown by Russia, which defaulted on its domestic debt during the 1998 Russian financial crisis.

Modelling the price by Black-Scholes model
In financial literature, it is not uncommon to derive the Black-Scholes formula by introducing a continuously rebalanced risk-free portfolio containing an option and underlying stocks. In the absence of arbitrage, the return from such a portfolio needs to match returns on risk-free bonds. This property leads to the Black-Scholes partial differential equation satisfied by the arbitrage price of an option. It appears, however, that the risk-free portfolio does not satisfy the formal definition of a self-financing strategy, and thus this way of deriving the Black-Sholes formula is flawed.

We assume throughout that trading takes place continuously in time, and unrestricted borrowing and lending of funds is possible at the same constant interest rate. Furthermore, the market is frictionless, meaning that there are no transaction costs or taxes, and no discrimination against the short sales. In other words, we shall deal with the case of a perfect market.

Let's assume that the short-term interest rate   is constant (but not necessarily nonnegative) over the trading interval . The risk-free security is assumed to continuously compound in value at the rate ; that is, . We adopt the usual convention that , so that its price equals  for every . When dealing with the Black-Scholes model, we may equally well replace the savings account by the risk-free bond. A unit zero-coupon bond maturing at time  is a security paying to its holder  1 unit of cash at a predetermined date    in the future, known as the bond's maturity date. Let  stand for the price at time  of a bond maturing at time . It is easily seen that to replicate the payoff 1 at time  it suffices to invest  units of cash at time  in the savings account . This shows that, in the absence of arbitrage opportunities, the price of the bond satisfies

Note that for any fixed T, the bond price solves the ordinary differential equation

We consider here a risk-free bond, meaning that its issuer will not default on his obligation to pat to the bondholder the face value at maturity date.

Risk-free bond vs. Arrow-Debreu security
The risk-free bond can be replicated by a portfolio of two Arrow-Debreu securities. This portfolio exactly matches  the payoff of the risk-free bond since the portfolio too pays 1 unit regardless of which state occurs. This is because if its price were different from that of the risk-free bond, we would have an arbitrage opportunity present in the economy. When an arbitrage opportunity is present, it means that riskless profits can be made through some trading strategy. In this specific case, if portfolio of Arrow-Debreu securities differs in price from the price of the risk-free bond, then the arbitrage strategy would be to buy the lower priced one and sell short the higher priced one. Since each has exactly the same payoff profile, this trade would leave us with zero net risk (the risk of one cancels the other's risk because we have bought and sold in equal quantities the same payoff profile). However, we would make a profit because we are buying at a low price and selling at a high price. Since arbitrage conditions cannot exist in an economy, the price of the risk-free bond equals the price of the portfolio.

Calculating the price
The calculation is related to an Arrow-Debreu security. Let's call the price of the risk-free bond at time  as . The  refers to the fact that the bond matures at time . As mentioned before,  the risk-free bond can be replicated by a portfolio of two Arrow-Debreu securities, one share of  and one share of .

Using formula for the price of an   Arrow-Debreu securities

which is a product of ratio of the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution (the ratio of marginal utilities across time, it is also referred to as the state price density and the pricing kernel) and the probability of state occurring in which the Arrow-Debreu security pays off 1 unit. The price of the portfolio is simply

Therefore, the price of a risk-free bond is simply the expected value, taken with respect to the probability measure , of the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution. The interest rate , is now defined using the reciprocal of the bond price.

Therefore, we have the fundamental relation

that defines the interest rate in any economy.

Example
Suppose that the probability of state 1 occurring is 1/4, while probability of state 2 occurring is 3/4. Also assume that the pricing kernel equals 0.95 for state 1 and 0.92 for state 2.

Let the pricing kernel denotes as  . Then we have two Arrow-Debreu securities  with parameters

Then using the previous formulas, we can calculate the bond price

The interest rate is then given by

Thus, we see that the pricing of a bond and the determination of interest rate is simple to do once the set of Arrow-Debreu prices, the prices of Arrow-Debreu securities, are known.

See also
 Risk-free interest rate
 List of economics topics
 Black-Scholes model
 Arrow-Debreu security

References

Financial risk
Government bonds

Risk-free bond


Appledore es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Appledore tiene una superficie de 12,46 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Appledore tenía 754 habitantes (49,47% varones, 50,53% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 60,51 hab/km². El 18,7% eran menores de 16 años, el 73,87% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 7,43% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,79 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 23,65% estaban solteros, el 59,22% casados y el 17,13% divorciados o viudos.

El 94,96% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,72% de la población, mientras que el 3,32% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 99,6% eran blancos y el 0,4% asiáticos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 75,63% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el hinduismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,53%. El 16,25% no eran religiosos y el 7,59% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

360 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 354 de ellos (98,33%) empleados y 6 (1,67%) desempleados. Había 319 hogares con residentes, 16 vacíos y 5 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Appledore (Kent)


Wrocław Główny-Szczecin Główny (Linia nadodrzańska, Magistrala nadodrzańska, Nadodrzanka) er en jernbane mellem Wrocław (voivodskabet Nedre Schlesien) og Szczecin (voivodskabet Vestpommern) i Polen. På strækningen kører lokal-, regional- og fjerntrafik.

Banen løber fra Wrocław over Brzeg Dolny, Wołów, Głogów, Nowa Sól, Zielona Góra, Kostrzyn nad Odrą og Gryfino til Szczecin. Den blev åbnet i flere etaper, og den nuværende strækning blev afsluttet i 1877. Strækningen blev elektrificeret fra 1979 til 1985.

Rejsetid
a) mellem Wrocław Główny og Głogów (99 km):

b) mellem Głogów og Zielona Góra (54 km):

c) mellem Zielona Góra og Kostrzyn (102 km):

d) mellem Kostrzyn og Szczecin Główny (100 km):

Stationer før anden verdenskrig

Galleri

Referencer

Se også
 Szczecin Główny–Trzebież Szczeciński

Eksterne henvisninger

Jernbanestrækninger i Polen

Wrocław Główny–Szczecin Główny