This is an index of color topic-related articles.

 Achromatic color
 Additive color
 Afterimage
 Analogous colors
 Bayer filter
 Blue–green distinction in language
 Chromaticity
 Chrominance
 Chromolithograph
 Chromophobia
 Chromotherapy
 Color (← Colour, Color (disambiguation))
 Black
 Shades of black
 Blue
Shades of blue
 Green
Shades of green
 Red
Shades of red
 Silver (color)
 White
Shades of white
 Yellow
Shades of yellow
 Color analysis
 Color balance
 Color blindness
 Color chart
 Color code
 Color constancy
 Color depth
 Colorfulness
 Color gradient
 Color in Chinese culture
 Color management
 Color mapping
 Color model
 Color mixing
 Color photography
 Color picker
 Color preferences
 Color printing
 Color psychology
 Color realism
 Color recovery
 Color rendering index
 Color scheme
 Color solid
 Color space
 CMYK color space
 HSV color space
 HSL color space
 RGB color spaces
 Adobe RGB color space
 SRGB color space
 YIQ
 YUV
 Color space encoding
 ColorSync
 Color symbolism
 Color temperature
 Color term
 Color theory
 Color triangle
 Color vision
 Color wheel
 Colorimeter
 Colorimetry
 Color of chemicals
 Colour banding
 Colour cast
 Complementary color
 Cool colors
 False color
 Film colorization
 Four-color printing
 Cyan, magenta, yellow
 Horses
Equine coat color (wikilinks to all other coat color articles)
Color breed
 Grayscale
 Hue
 Human skin color
 Impossible color
 Kruithof curve
 Lightness
 Light-on-dark color scheme
 Liturgical colours
 Local color
 Lüscher color test
 Metamerism
 Monochromatic color
 Multi-primary color display
 National colours
 Palette (computing)
 List of color palettes
 Pastel (color)
 Political colour
 Primary color
 Rainbow
 Secondary color
 Saturation
 Spectral color
 Spot color
 Structural coloration
 Subtractive color
 Tertiary color
 Theory of Colours
 Thermochromics
 Tincture (heraldry)
 argent, azure, gules, or, purpure, sable, vert
 Tint, shade and tone
 Traditional colors of Japan
 Visual perception
 Visible spectrum
 Warm colors
 Watercolor
 Web colors
 X11 color names

Lists

 List of colors: A–F
 List of colors: G–M
 List of colors: N–Z
 List of colors (compact)
 List of colors by shade
 List of color palettes
 List of color spaces
 List of Crayola crayon colors
 history
 List of international auto racing colours
 List of RAL colors
 List of U.S. state colors

See also

01
Color topics
Color topics
Color topics
Color

Index of color-related articles


est un film américain réalisé par Kieth Merrill et sorti en 1979 sur le thème de la lutte avec des acteurs de Salt Lake City. Il a la particularité d'avoir été produit la le studio American Film Consortium et distribué par Buena Vista Distribution, filiale de Walt Disney Productions.

Synopsis
Ed Branish est un professeur d'anglais arrogant qui trouve sa situation au lycée Mingo Junction bien en deçà de ses capacités. Cette situation lui est à peine tolérable et il affiche son air de supériorité sur tous, y compris sa femme aimante, en débitant fréquemment des platitudes de maîtres littéraires pour valider son point de vue souvent méprisant. Même sa femme commence à montrer des signes d'exaspération vis à vis de son narcissisme.

Il a pris pour habitude de s'impliquer le moins possible dans l'école mais la situation se retourne contre lui quand l'école lui impose la supervision de l'équipe de lutte nouvellement créée. Il est le seul avec un emploi du temps peu chargé et donc disponible pour s'en occuper. Acculé, il s'en prend au premier étudiant qu'il croise, Nick Kilvitus. Nick est un jeune homme de 84 kg assez réservé dont la famille vit dans la pauvreté et manquant souvent les cours. Nick se sent mal en raison de son statut social et du fait qu'il remplace très souvent son père alcoolique sur des chantiers sans que personne s'en rende compte. Son père doit porter des poutres IPN dans une aciérie mais il est souvent trop ivre et préfère s'enivrer dans des bars la nuit. Son fils doit alors le chercher dans les bars et ensuite le remplacer à son poste. Le fait qu'ils ne possède pas de voiture en état de marche n'aide pas le jeune Nick, devant soutenir son père à travers la ville.

Nick souhaite utiliser la nouvelle classe de lutte tenue par Ed pour rattraper son retard et obtenir un diplôme. Ed l'accueille à sa manière le critiquant et le donnant en exemple des conséquences de la paresse et de l'irresponsabilité. Nick lui rétorque qu'il n'est qu'un "snob égoïste" plus intéressé à prouver à quel point il est intelligent que d'enseigner et qu'il n'a aucune idée du monde réel et de ses problèmes quotidiens.

Grâce à l'équipe de lutte, les hommes se croisent à nouveau et découvrent qu'ils ont chacun beaucoup plus à offrir qu'ils ne le pensaient auparavant.

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Réalisation : Kieth Merrill assisté de Douglas Wise
 Scénario : Eric Hendershot, Kieth Merrill, Terre Trelawney (supervision du script)
 Musique : Merrill Jenson
 orchestre de la bande originale : National Symphony
 Son : Robert E. Sheridan (mixage),
 Studio de post-production sonore : Anvil Studios
 Photographie : Reed Smoot, Sheldon Jew (steadycam), Erik Hein (plateau), Robert Heizer (opérateur de grue), Bill Randall (dolly)
 Opérateur caméra : Michael O'Sullivan, T. C. Christensen, assistés de  George Griner, Gordon Lonsdale, Stan Wadley,
 Direction artistique : Douglas G. Johnson
 Décors :  Lowell Allen (dessinateur), Trev Holmes, Chuck Anderson,
 Construction : Marvin Stoutsenberger (coordinateur de construction), Clark Naisbitt, Alan Goresbeck
 Montage : Richard Fetterman (image), Robert C. Dearberg (son), Jack T. Knight (son), Peter McCrea
 Assistant montage : Michael Amundsen, C. W. Royer
 Distribution : Mike Fenton, Jane Feinberg, Karl Wesson (local)
 Costumes : Michael Hoffman
 Maquillage : Randy Lowe, Catherine McClellan
 Accessoires : Roger Crandall (assistant), Production Systems Inc (location d'équipement)
 Electricité :  Richard Cronn (chef électricien), David Schwartz (assistant),
 électriciens : Grant Wiliams, Fred Jones, John Tilton, William Van Hoek
 Machiniste : Scott McGowan, Dennis Petersen, Dee Johnson
 Conseil : Eric Hendershot (technique), Ronald A; Melanson (financier)
 Responsable de propriété : Jan de Witt
 Transport : Lee Caroll
 Sécurité :  Lyn Nichols
 Cantine : Bart's Catering
 Premier secours : Sheryl Pack
 Promotion : Will Whittle
 Production : David B. Johnston (exécutif), Jack Reddish (associé), Jack N. Reddish (responsable de production), Geneve Scott (assistant producteur), Carol Ketchum (secrétaire), David Fairbanks (assistant production)
 Post-production : Judy Christiansen (secrétaire)
 Société de production : American Film Consortium
 Société de distribution : Buena Vista Distribution
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : Anglais
 Format : Couleurs - 1,66:1 - Mono -
 Durée : 107 minutes
 Date de sortie :
  :
Sauf mention contraire, les informations proviennent des sources concordantes suivantes : Leonard Maltin, Mark Arnold et IMDb

Distribution

 Edward Herrmann : Ed Branish
 Kathleen Lloyd : Jill Branish
 Lorenzo Lamas : Nick Kilvitus
 Maureen McCormick : Brooke Cooper
 Nicolas Beauvy (Nicholas Beauvy) : Jimmy Kier
 Stephen Furst : Randy Jensen
 Darryl Peterson : Ted Yacabobich
 Toney Smith : Chauncey Washington
 Salvadore Feliciano : Tom Palumbo
 Boyd Silversmith : Jack "Notoe" Gross
 Kevin Hooks : Jasper MacGrudder
 Scott Burgi : Robert Stankovich
 Lynn Baird : Doc Talada
 Ron Bartholomew : Warren Overpeck
 Kip Otanez : Zeno Chicarelli
 Hyde Clayton : le principal
 Oscar Rowland : M. Kilvitus, le père de Nick
 Elizabeth Grand : Mme Kilvitus, la mère de Nick
 Prentiss Rowe : l'arbitre
 Christy Neal : Suzette Smith
 Melvyn Pegues : Hood #1
 David M .Thorne : Hood #2
 Lucille Thorn : professeure de musique
 Fred Rowland : Coach Orem
 Carl Benett : arbitre d'Hillcrest
 Ron Tree : Coach de Viewmont
 Mary Pederson : enseignante
 Kieth Merrill : Arnold
 Jack Reddish : présentateur
 Doug Johnson : officiel
 Cheerleaders de Mingo Junction : Lisa Glease, Cindy Chipamn, Julie Graves, Karen Frankenberry, Heidi Preston, Julie White
 Bob Kawa : coach
 Larry Miller : Lerroy Barron
 Gary Peterson : Thard Lardner

Sauf mention contraire, les informations proviennent des sources concordantes suivantes : Leonard Maltin, Mark Arnold et IMDb

Sorties cinéma
Sauf mention contraire, les informations suivantes sont issues de l'IMDb.
 États-Unis :
 Philippines :

Origine et production
 est le premier film produit par l' pour un budget de 2 millions d'USD. Le film compte deux vedettes de l'époque, Maureen McCormick connue pour son rôle de Marcia Brady dans la série télévisée  et Stephen Furst qui venait d'interpréter Founder dans American College (1978). Selon Mark Arnold, Maureen McCormick démontre des talents d'actrice qui vont au delà de son rôle de Marcia. L'actrice a eu du mal avec ce rôle car comme elle l'indique dans son autobiographie, elle se battait contre sa longue addiction à la drogue. L'acteur Daryl Peterson semble avoir été inspiré par ce film car il devient par la suite un catcheur sous le nom de

Le film a été tourné dans l'Utah, dans le campus American Fork High School avec sa destruction et reconstruction. Ronald Bartholomew, Kip Otanez et Salvadore Feliciano, des lutteurs de Salt Lake City ont eu des expériences dans la lutte durant leur études. Le film a aussi été tourné dans le lycée de Murray High School à Murray et à Orem. L'acteur Edward Herrmann avait interprété dans la mini-série télévisée  sur ABC.

La chanson titre du film  a été composée et interprétée par Lorenzo Lamas. Arnold trouve cette composition et interprétation bien que moyenne assez étrange pour l'acteur méritant au moins une note de base de page.

Sortie et Accueil
Le film  sort d'abord dans la région de Salt Lake City en novembre 1978. Il est classé "accord parental souhaitable" (PG-R) et distribué par l'American Film Consortium.

Le , la filiale distribution des studios Disney Buena Vista Distribution achète les droits de distribution du film malgré son image de groupe tout public. C'est le premier film PG-R du studio. Mark Arnold rappelle que même si l'achat de droits de distribution est devenu courant à la fin du , en 1979 ce n'est pas le cas. En février, Buena Vista prévoit de ressortir le film de manière plus large avec 400 copies en mars et 300 autres en septembre. Distribuer une production d'un autre studio est une première pour Disney, comme l'indique Charles Schreger du , et il ajoute que depuis trente ans, le studio montre la voie.

Le film ressort le  en Caroline du Nord et du Sud ainsi que le Midwest. Le film ne récolte que 2 millions d'USD et ne correspond pas aux attentes de Disney. Les droits du film sont par la suite acheté par Taft International Pictures.

Analyse
Le film possède la particularité d'être le premier depuis la mort de Walt Disney en 1966 seulement distribué par le label Buena Vista Distribution et produit pas une société tierce. Ce label a été créé en 1953 comme une filiale assurant la distribution des productions Disney par Walt Disney afin de ne plus être lié à d'autres groupes cinématographiques. Variety mentionne toutefois la distribution en 1969 du film français La Grande Vadrouille (1966).

En fin d'année 1979, le studio sort Le Trou noir produit en interne et classé lui aussi "accord parental souhaitable" (PG-R), le film  le devance dans cette catégorie de plusieurs mois. La différence est au niveau du studio de production et non au niveau de la société Disney.

Mark Arnold considère le film comme plaisant et surprenant pour un film Disney de l'époque. Les étudiants semblent réels et non pas ceux « plastifiés » du Medfield College. Arnold se souvient avoir vu le film au cinéma lors de sa sortie et n'avait pas réalisé qu'il était distribué par Disney, au travers de Buena Vista Distribution. Pour Arnold, le film contient de nombreuses scènes entre la salle de sport pour transpirer et la salle de bain pour vérifier la prise de poids. Il note aussi que le générique du film comporte de nombreux crédits additionnels ce que ne faisait pas le studio Disney. Par cela il pointe les fonctions rarement crédité par le studio Disney comme les assistants, opérateurs de caméras, électriciens, et tant d'autres. Le studio a du être impressionné par la prestation d'Edward Herrmann et Stephen Hurst car ils sont signés pour d'autres films.

Références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1979
Comédie dramatique américaine
Film de Walt Disney Pictures
Film sur la lutte

Take Down (film, 1979)


Ibiá es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 22.443 habitantes. El distrito fue elevado a parroquia el 10 de octubre de 1882. En 1923 se emancipó y cambió su nombre a Ibiá.

Geografía
El municipio de Ibiá posee aproximadamente 23.265 habitantes siendo 17.382 (82%) residentes en el área Urbana y 3.693 (18%) en el área rural y está situada en un área total de 2704 km² en la microrregión del Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ibiá en el WikiMapia

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Ibiá


El Canon del budismo tibetano es una lista de textos sagrados reconocidos por varias escuelas del Budismo Tibetano, compuesto por el Kangyur o Kanjur ('La Traducción de la Palabra') y el Tengyur o Tanjur ('Traducción de los Tratados').

El Canon Budista Tibetano

Además de los textos fundacionales de las escuelas budistas primitivas, como la Sarvastivada, y textos Mahayana, el canon incluye textos tántricos. Esta categoría no siempre se distingue de las otras, porque incluye piezas no consideradas tántricas por otras tradiciones como el Sutra del Corazón e incluso pasajes del Canon Pali.

El Canon quedó fijado de forma definitiva en el siglo XIV por Bu-ston (1290–1364). Los tibetanos no tenían un Canon Mahayana oficial e idearon su propia organización que divide los textos en dos grandes categorías, las "Palabras de Buda" y los comentarios; respectivamente el Kanjur y el Tanjur. "El Kanjur ocupa hablitualmente entre cien y ciento ocho volúmenes, el Tenjur doscientos veinticinco, y entre los dos contienen 4569 textos."

Kanjur (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) o "Traducción de la Palabra" incluye 108 volúmenes con las enseñanzas que la tradición atribuye al propio Buda. Todos los textos se encuentran
en originales en sánscrito aunque en muchos casos las versiones tibetanas se tradujeron del chino u otros idiomas.

Tanjur (Wylie: Bstan-'gyur) o "Traducción de los Tratados" es la sección que contiene comentarios y tratados Abhidharma.

El Kanjur contiene secciones de disciplina monástica (Vinaya), sutras de la Perfección de la Sabiduría y otros textos budistas.

Enlaces externos
 The Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center

Referencias

Véase también

Textos del budismo tibetano

Kanjur


Amt Hörnerkirchen er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den nordlige del af Kreis Pinneberg. Kreis Pinneberg ligger i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Administrationen er beliggende i byen Barmstedt.

Amt Hörnerkirchen grænser mod nord, øst og vest til Kreis Steinburg og mod syd til Amt Rantzau og Amt Elmshorn-Land.

Kommuner i amtet
 Bokel
 Brande-Hörnerkirchen
 Osterhorn
 Westerhorn

Historie
Amtet blev oprettet 1. oktober 1889. Siden 1. januar 2008 har Amt Hörnerkirchen haft forvaltningsfællesskab med byen Barmstedt, og amtets administration ligger i Barmstedt. I Amtshuset i Brande-Hörnerkirchen er der stadig borgerbetjening.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Amtets websted
 Oprettet efter ver. 159644618 på tysk Wikipedia

Hørnerkirchen

Amt Hörnerkirchen


ඕරත් යනු මුල්කාලීන 2000 දශකයේ දූර්දර්ශන් සහ පසුව සෝනි නාළිකා ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ මන්දිරා බේඩි විසින් ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය සිදුකළ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. මෙය බල්දේව් රාජ් චොප්රා නිෂ්පාදනයකි.

මෙම කතාමාලාව මගින් සමාජයේ කන්තාවන් මුහුණදෙන අභියෝග නිරූපණය වේ. මෙහි තේමා ගීතය වන යේ ඕරත් හේ කුද්‍රත් කා අන්මොල් තෝෆා යන්න ගායනා කරන්නේ ජග්ජිත් සිං විසිනි.

ඕරත් තුළ මන්දිරා බේඩි, අමන් වර්මා, බිජේ ආනන්ද්, සහ ප්‍රභා සිංහා ඇතුළු ප්‍රකට රූපවාහිනී නළු නිළියන් රැසක් රංගනයෙන් දායක වේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

දූර්දර්ශන් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ඩීඩී නැෂනල් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව
සෝනි එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් ටෙලිවිෂන් කතාමාලා
2000 දශකයේ ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

ඕරත් (රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව)


Eva Leiter, née le  à Vienne, est une actrice et danseuse autrichienne.

Biographie
Eva Leiter suit une formation de ballet et de piano. Elle se produit pour la première fois à l'opéra d'État de Vienne le soir du nouvel an 1937 dans le rôle de Pikkolo dans Die Fledermaus. En 1944, elle est danseuse dans plus de 90 représentations de l'Opéra d'État. Leiter épouse alors l'acteur Siegfried Breuer.

Avec Fred Kraus, Gunther Philipp et Peter Wehle, elle fonde le groupe de cabaret Die kleinen Vier en 1948. Après être apparus sur la Bayerischer Rundfunk en 1949, les kleinen Vier font une tournée en Allemagne de l'Ouest. Eva Leiter assume des rôles de figuration dans quatre longs métrages sortis en salles en 1950 et en 1951. Après s'être séparée de Siegfried Breuer, elle épouse le producteur de films Herbert Gruber en 1952 et prend sa retraite d'actrice.

Filmographie
 1950 : Schuß durchs Fenster
 1950 : Jetzt schlägt's 13
 1950 :
 1951 : La Guerre des valses

Notes et références

Liens externes

Danseuse autrichienne du XXe siècle
Actrice autrichienne du XXe siècle
Actrice autrichienne de cinéma
Humoriste autrichien
Naissance en septembre 1922
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Danseuse de danse classique

Eva Leiter


Caroline Brasch Nielsen (født 21. juni 1993) er en dansk model. Hun er kendt for at være model for Marc Jacobs og Valentino, samt for flere duftserier som Fendis Fan di Fendi Blossom og Chloes Roses de Chloe.

Karriere
Caroline Brasch Nielsen blev fundet af en modelspejder på et pizzeria med nogle venner. Hun startede på catwalk ved Semaine de la mode de Paris i efteråret 2010 for Dries Van Noten. Samme sæson åbnede hun for Valentino, og var model for Balenciaga, Givenchy, Yves Saint-Laurent og Chanel. Models.com names her one of the « Top 10 Newcomers FW 2010 ».

Siden da har hun arbejdet for Narciso Rodriguez, Thakoon, Alberta Ferretti, Nina Ricci, Herve Leger, Giambattista Valli, Elie Saab, Christian Dior, D&G, Matthew Williamson, Prabal Gurung, Tory Burch, Hugo Boss, Chloe, Fendi, Calvin Klein, Zara, Oscar de la Renta, Sonia Rykiel, Balenciaga, H&M, Burberry, Marc Jacobs og Jill Stuart. Hun har desuden været i modemagasiner som Vogue (Italia, Paris, UK, China, Russia, Germany, Japan, US), Harper's Bazaar, Dazed & Confused, W, Numéro, i-D, Cover, Interview og Elle.

Hun har medvirket i Victoria's Secret Fashion Show i både 2011 og 2013

Hun er rangeret som nummer 19 på Models.com's Top 50 Models.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Modeller fra Danmark
Personer fra København

Caroline Brasch Nielsen


Maharajah este titlul purtat de prinții indieni suverani (până în 1956).

Cuvântul provine din limba sanscrită și este compus din mahānt ("mare") și rājan ("conducător"/"rege").

Titluri în India
Titluri regale
Titluri nobiliare

Maharajah


Halfmoon Bay (xwilkway en she shashishalhem, la langue Sechelt). est une petite communauté d'environ , dont seulement 450 sont des résidents permanents, donnant sur le détroit de Georgia. La grande baie festonnée du même nom, protégée du large par l'île South Thormanby et l'île de Vancouver, englobe le petit village de résidences permanentes, des chalets d'été et cinq parcs régionaux sur la Sunshine Coast de la Colombie-Britannique au Canada.

La région à l'intérieur et autour de Halfmoon Bay était à l'origine habitée uniquement par le peuple Sechelt des Premières Nations Coast Salish. Les colons de Halfmoon Bay ont choisi la région pour son climat doux, l'abondance d'eau douce et de nourriture (poissons, crustacés, baies et racines). Initialement nommé Priestland Bay d'après la famille Priestland qui s'est installée dans la région en 1899, son nom actuel vient du croissant que forme de la baie.

Le Service météorologique du Canada construira en 2023 un radar météorologique sur le Halfmoon Peak à l'est du village.

Référence

Liens externes

Bourg en Colombie-Britannique

Halfmoon Bay


Tajvanski crveni bor (latinski: Pinus taiwanensis) je vrsta bora.

Nalazi se samo na Tajvanu. Bliski je srodnik Pinus luchuensis (Japan) i Pinus hwangshanensis (Kina), koji se ponekad smatraju podvrstama ove vrste. Ponekad se Pinus hwangshanensis iz Kine naziva i P. taiwanensis.

Tajvanski crveni bor je veliko stablo ravnog debla koje naraste do 35 metara visine, s promjerom febla do 80 cm. Iglice su u svežnjevima po dvije. Češeri su 6–7cm dugi. Ova je vrsta česta u tajvanskom Središnjem gorju, na nadmorskim visinama od 750–3.000 metara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Borovi

Tajvanski crveni bor


Olaylar
 1739 - Osmanlı Devleti ile Avusturya Arşidüklüğü, Belgrad Antlaşması'nı imzaladı.
 1837 - New York'ta Broadway 259 numaralı adreste, sonraları adı "Tiffany & Co." olan "Tiffany, Young & Ellis" isimli bir eşya dükkânı açıldı.
 1851 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde New York Times gazetesi yayımlanmaya başlandı.
 1890 - Japonya'da Ertuğrul Fırkateyni battı, kazadan sadece 69 denizci kurtarılabildi.
 1921 - Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nin kazanılmasının ardından Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Ankara'ya döndü.
 1922 - Erdek ve Biga'nın kurtuluşu.
 1923 - Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi, sivil itaatsizlik kampanyası başlattı.
 1932 - Türkçe Ezan: Ezan Türkçe okundu.
 1934 - Sovyetler Birliği, Milletler Cemiyeti'ne girdi.
 1937 - Nyon Antlaşması, TBMM'de kabul edildi. Antlaşma, Akdeniz'de korsanlık faaliyetlerine karşı, Akdeniz ülkeleri tarafından alınacak ortak önlemleri içeriyordu.
 1956 - Efes'te 1926'dan beri sürdürülen arkeolojik kazılarda, "Prytaneion" adı verilen bölümde, dünyaca ünlü Artemis heykeli gün ışığına çıkarıldı.
 1961 - Yassıada mahkûmları, Kayseri Cezaevi'ne nakledildi.
 1962 - Kıbrıs'ta Rauf Denktaş'a suikast girişiminde bulunuldu.
 1970 - 8 aydır tutuklu bulunan öğrenci liderleri, Deniz Gezmiş ve Cihan Alptekin tahliye edildiler.
 1971 - Türkiye Güzeli Filiz Vural, Avrupa Güzeli seçildi.
 1974 - CHP-MSP koalisyonu bozuldu. Bülent Ecevit, Başbakanlık'tan istifa etti.
 1980 - Soyuz 38 uzay aracı, Sovyetler Birliği ve Küba tarafından, Kazakistan'daki Baykonur Uzay Üssü'nden uzaya gönderildi.
 1980 - Devlet Başkanı Orgeneral Kenan Evren ve Millî Güvenlik Konseyinin diğer dört üyesi, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisinde yemin ettiler.
 1981 - Fransa'da idam cezası kaldırıldı.
 1997 - 89 ülke kara mayınlarının yasaklanması antlaşmasını onayladı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, metne imza atmayı reddetti.
 2000 - İsrail Hükûmeti, Filistin ile sürdürdüğü barış görüşmelerini durdurduğunu açıkladı.
 2005 - Afganistan'da 1969'dan bu yana ilk kez parlamento seçimleri yapıldı.
 2007 - Cumhurbaşkanı Abdullah Gül, ilk yurt dışı ziyaretini KKTC'ye yaptı.

Doğumlar
 53 - Trajan, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 117)
 1091 - Andronikos Komnenos, Bizanslı prens ve askeri lider (ö. 1130)
 1709 - Samuel Johnson, İngiliz yazar ve leksikograf (sözlük bilimci) (ö. 1784)
 1733 - George Read, Amerikalı hukukçu ve politikacı (ö. 1798)
 1752 - Adrien-Marie Legendre, Fransız matematikçi (ö. 1883)
 1765 - Papa XVI. Gregorius, 2 Șubat 1831 ile 1 Haziran 1846 tarihleri arasında görev yapmış papa (ö. 1846)
 1779 - Joseph Story, Amerikalı avukat ve hukukçu (ö. 1845)
 1786 - VIII. Christian, Danimarka ve Norveç Kralı (ö. 1848)
 1819 - Léon Foucault, Fransız fizikçi (Foucault sarkacı ve jiroskop araçlarıyla tanınan) (ö. 1868)
 1830 - Frederick Matthew Darley, Yeni Güney Galler'in altıncı Yüksek Yargıçı (ö. 1910)
 1838 - Anton Mauve, Hollandalı realist ressam (ö. 1888)
 1854 - Fausto Zonaro, İtalyan ressam (ö. 1929)
 1885
Kemani Serkis Efendi, Ermeni asıllı Türk bestekâr ve güftekâr (ö. 1944)
Üzeyir Hacıbeyov, Azeri-Sovyet besteci (ö. 1948)
 1900 - Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Mauritiuslu siyasetçi (ö. 1985)
 1901 - Harold Clurman, Amerikalı tiyatro eleştirmeni ve yönetmeni (ö. 1980)
 1905 - Greta Garbo, İsveçli sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1990)
 1907 - Edwin McMillan, Amerikalı nükleer fizikçi (ö. 1991)
 1914 - Jack Cardiff, Oscar ödüllü İngiliz görüntü yönetmeni ve yönetmen (ö. 2009)
 1917 - June Foray, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1921 - Nermin Abadan Unat, Türk akademisyen, yazar, sosyolog, siyaset ve iletişim bilimci
 1942 - Şenez Erzik, Türk spor adamı ve UEFA 1. Asbaşkanı
 1946
Ayberk Atilla, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2017)
Gailard Sartain, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1947 - Drew Gilpin Faust, Amerikalı tarihçi ve Harvard Üniversitesinin ilk kadın rektörü
 1949 - Peter Shilton, İngiliz millî futbolcu
 1950
Anna Deavere Smith, Amerikalı aktris, oyun yazarı ve profesör
Miroslav Lazanski, Sırp gazeteci, askeri analist, siyasetçi ve diplomat
 1951 - Ben Carson, Amerikalı emekli nörocerrah ve eski Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkan adayı
 1952 - Ali Fuat Onan, Türk oyuncu, yardımcı yönetmen, senarist
 1953 - Grażyna Szapołowska, Polonyalı sinema oyuncusu
 1954
Dennis Johnson, Eski Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu (ö. 2007)
Steven Pinker, Kanadalı-Amerikalı deneysel psikolog, bilişsel bilimci ve popüler yazar
Sabriye Kara, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
Tommy Tuberville, 2021'den bu yana Alabama'dan genç ABD senatör olarak çalışan politikacı
 1955 - David Mirkin, Amerikalı asıl film ve televizyon yönetmeni, yazar ve yapımcı
 1956 - Tim McInnerny, İngiliz aktör
 1958 - John Aldridge, İrlandalı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1959 - Mark Romanek, Grammy ödülü sahibi Amerikalı video klip yönetmeni
 1961 - James Gandolfini, Amerikalı aktör ve yapımcı (ö. 2013)
 1962 - John Mann, Kanadalı halk, rock müziği sanatçısı, söz yazarı ve aktör (ö. 2019)
 1964
Marco Masini, İtalyan şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı
Holly Robinson Peete, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve sunucu
 1967 - Masami Ihara, Japon eski millî futbolcu
 1968 - Toni Kukoč, Hırvat basketbolcu
 1969
Nezha Bidouane, Faslı atlet
Cappadonna, Amerikalı rapçi
 1970 - Aisha Tyler, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen, yazar, yapımcı ve yönetmen
 1971
Lance Armstrong, Amerikalı eski yol bisikleti yarışçısı
Anna Netrebko, Rus soprano ve opera sanatçısı
Jada Smith, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı, yapımcı, yönetmen, yazar, iş insanı ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1972 - Jiro Takeda, Japon eski futbolcu
 1973
Mário Jardel, Portekiz vatandaşlığına da sahip olan Brezilyalı eski futbolcu
Aitor Karanka, İspanyol eski millî futbolcu
James Marsden, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve eski Versace modeli
Mark Shuttleworth, Güney Afrikalı girişimci ve ikinci uzay turisti
Hikari Tichibana, Japon seslendirme sanatçısı
 1974
Sol Campbell, İngiliz eski millî futbolcu
Xzibit, Amerikalı şarkıcı, oyuncu ve sunucu
 1975
Gökçe Yanardağ, Türk sunucu, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
Jason Sudeikis, Amerikalı aktör
 1976 - Ronaldo, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1977 - Commins Menapi, Solomon Adaları milli futbolcusu
 1978 - Augustine Simo, Kamerunlu millî futbolcu
 1979 - Daniel Aranzubia, İspanyol eski futbolcu
 1980
Ahmed Al-Bahri, Suudi Arabistanlı futbolcu
Levent Dörter, Türk şarkıcı
 1981 - Beyti Engin, Türk tiyatro oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1982
Han Ye-Seul, Amerika doğumlu Güney Koreli oyuncu
Alfredo Talavera, Meksikalı kaleci
 1983 - Yuzo Kurihara, Japon eski millî futbolcu
 1984 - Nina Arianda, Amerikalı aktris
 1985 - Dizzee Rascal, İngiliz rap şarkıcısı
 1986
Tobias Mikkelsen, Danimarkalı millî futbolcu
Hayati Çitaklar, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı,yazar, şair, oyun yazarı
 1987
Marwin Hitz, İsviçreli millî futbolcu
Aykut Akgün, Türk futbolcu
Ludovic Genest, Fransız futbolcu
 1989 - Serge Ibaka, Kongo kökenli İspanyol basketbol oyuncusu
 1990 - Lewis Holtby, Alman millî futbolcu
 1991 - Pekin Köşnek, Türk futbolcu
 1992 - Atsushi Kawata, Japon futbolcu
 1993 - Felipe Carvalho, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1994 - Yuki Yamanouchi, Japon futbolcu
 1995 - Alpkan Örnek, Türk yüzücü
 1998
Ethan Hayter, Britanyalı yol ve pist bisikleti yarışçısı
Christian Pulisic, Amerikalı futbolcu
 1999 - Melisa Döngel, Türk oyuncu

Ölümler
 96 - Domitian, Roma İmparatoru (d. 51)
 411 - III. Constantinus, 407 yılında kendini Batı Roma İmparatoru ilan eden ve 411 yılında tahttan feragat etmesinden kısa bir süre sonra öldürülen Romalı general
 887 - I. Pietro Candiano, 16'inci Venedik Dükü (d. 842)
 1180 - VII. Louis, Fransa Kralı (d. 1120)
 1598 - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Sengoku döneminden daimyo, samuray, general ve politikacı (d. 1537)
 1783 - Leonhard Euler, İsviçreli matematikçi ve fizikçi (d. 1707)
 1812 - Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (d. 1743)
 1872 - XV. Karl, 1859 yılından öldüğü 1872 yılına kadar İsveç ve Norveç Kralı olarak hüküm sürdü (d. 1826)
 1896 - Hippolyte Fizeau, Fransız fizikçi (d. 1819)
 1905 - George MacDonald, İskoç yazar, şair ve Hristiyan üniversalist vaiz (d. 1824)
 1909 - Auguste Choisy, Fransız mühendis ve mimarlık tarihçisi (d. 1841)
 1924 - Francis Bradley, İngiliz idealist filozof (d. 1846)
 1937 - Ali Haydar Yuluğ, Türk bürokrat (d. 1878)
 1942 - Ćiro Truhelka, Hırvat arkeolog ve tarihçi (d. 1865)
 1943 - Ahmet Nebil Yurter, Türk siyasetçi ve din adamı (d. 1876)
 1943 - İbrahim Etem Ulagay, Türk tıp profesörü, hekim ve kimyager (d. 1880)
 1961 - Dag Hammarskjöld, İsveçli iktisatçı, devlet adamı ve BM Genel Sekreteri (uçak kazası) (d. 1905)
 1964 - Sean O'Casey, İrlandalı yazar (d. 1880)
 1967 - John Cockcroft, İngiliz fizikçi (d. 1897)
 1970 - Jimi Hendrix, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1942)
 1970 - José Pedro Céa, Uruguaylı futbolcu (d. 1900)
 1976 - Celal Kargılı, Türk siyasetçi ve gazeteci (d. 1935)
 1980 - Katherine Anne Porter, Amerikalı gazeteci, kısa öykü yazarı, romancı ve siyasi eylemci (d. 1890)
 1987 - Américo Tomás, Portekizli amiral ve siyasetçi (d. 1894)
 1990 - Mine Mutlu, Türk oyuncu ve ses sanatçısı (d. 1948)
 1992 - İbrahim Ethem Menderes, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1899)
 1993 - Nida Tüfekçi, Türk Halk Müziği sanatçısı (d. 1929)
 1997 - Orhan Çağman, Türk tiyatrocu (d. 1925)
 2002 - Bob Hayes, Amerikalı atlet (d. 1942)
 2002 - Mauro Ramos, Brezilyalı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1930)
 2010 - Rıdvan Yenişen, Türk bürokrat (d. 1941)
 2012 - Santiago Carrillo, İspanyol politikacı (d. 1915)
 2013 - Marta Heflin, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1945)
 2013 - Ken Norton, Amerikalı boksör (d. 1943)
 2013 - Richard C. Sarafian, Amerikalı dizi ve sinema yönetmeni (d. 1930)
 2015 - Mario Benjamin Menéndez, Arjantinli komutan (d. 1930)
 2015 - Marcin Wrona, Polonyalı senarist ve yönetmen (d. 1973)
 2017 - Chuck Low, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1928)
 2017 - Jean Plaskie, Belçikalı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1941)
 2017 - Mark Otis Selby, Amerikalı rock-blues müziği şarkıcısı, söz yazarı, gitarist ve müzik yapımcısı (d. 1960)
 2017 - Kenji Watanabe, Japon yüzücü (d. 1969)
 2018 - Marceline Loridan-Ivens, Fransız yazar ve film yönetmeni (d. 1928)
 2018 - Jean Piat, Fransız oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1924)
 2018 - Robert Venturi, Amerikalı mimar ve mimarlık teorisyeni (d. 1925)
 2019 - Graeme Gibson, Kanadalı roman ve ansiklopedi yazarı (d. 1934)
 2019 - Tony Mills, İngiliz rock şarkıcısı ve müzisyeni (d. 1962)
 2019 - Shyam Ramsay, Hint film yönetmeni, yapımcı ve senarist (d. 1952)
 2020 - Asit Bandopadhyay, Bengalli oyun yazarı, senarist ve oyuncu (d. 1936)
 2020 - Stephen F. Cohen, Amerikalı Rus bilimi uzmanı (d. 1938)
 2020 - Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Amerikalı avukat ve hukukçu (d. 1933)
 2021 - Mario García Camus, İspanyol film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1935)
 2022 - Mustafa Dağıstanlı, Türk güreşçi ve 1956, 1960 Yaz Olimpiyatları şampiyonu (d. 1931)
 2022 - Kjell Espmark, İsveçli edebiyat tarihçisi ve yazar (d. 1930)
 2022 - Yakov Gorelnikov, Kazak aktör ve siyasetçi (d. 1947)
 2022 - Elyakim Haetzni, Almanya doğumlu İsrailli hukukçu, aktivist ve siyasetçi (d. 1926)
 2022 - Martha Karagianni, Yunan aktris (d. 1939)
 2022 - Héctor Polino, Arjantinli siyasetçi ve hukukçu (d. 1933)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Azerbaycan Müzik Günü

0918
18

18 Eylül


Breislak ist ein Einschlagkrater im Süden der Mondvorderseite, südlich des Kraters Barocius und nördlich von Baco.
Der Kraterrand ist stark erodiert, das Innere weitgehend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem italienischen Geologen Scipione Breislak offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Breislak auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Breislak (Mondkrater)


Fermijev plin (prema E. Fermiju) je model elektronskog plina u metalima što ga tvore elektroni koje atomi u kristalnoj rešetki lako otpuštaju (1, 2 ili više valentnih elektrona po atomu). U klasičnome modelu elektronskog plina takvi slobodni elektroni gibaju se kroz rešetku. Kvantnomehanički Fermijev model zasniva se na gušćoj koncentraciji elektrona u materijalima i na Paulijevu principu ograničenja, prema kojemu glavni kvantni broj n i spinski kvantni broj s utječu na raspoređivanje elektrona po energijskim stanjima. Za svaki n postoje dva stanja:

s orijentacijom spina gore (+ħ)
i orijentacijom dolje (–ħ),

gdje je ħ = h/2∙π reducirana Planckova konstanta. U Fermijevu plinu, pod ovim uvjetima, moguće je izračunati najveću energiju koju elektroni mogu imati, jer je ukupan broj stanja određen ukupnim brojem skupova kvantnih brojeva nx, ny i nz koji kvantiziraju energiju čestica.

Najveća kinetička energija koju slobodni elektroni imaju u metalu na temperaturi 0 K, u modelu Fermijeva plina u kojemu je svaka energijska razina zaposjednuta s dva elektrona, naziva se Fermijeva energija EF. Brojčano, ona je određena odnosom:

gdje je: ρ0 gustoća slobodnih elektrona u metalu (tipično, ρ0 ≈ 1028 m–3), a vrijednosti za EF dobivaju se u jedinicama elektronvolt (eV). Vrijednosti su Fermijevih energija materijala ispod desetak eV, na primjer za materijal bakar EF (Cu) = 7 eV, za srebro EF (Ag) = 5,5 eV. Fermijev model plina korisno je približenje (aproksimacija) i u nuklearnoj fizici (Fermijev model nukleonskog plina). Model je u osnovi isti kao i za elektronski plin, ali su podatci nuklearni (broj nukleona, maseni broj atomske jezgre te njezin polumjer).

Izvori

Agregatna stanja

Fermijev plin


Lubumbashi (former names:  (French);  (Dutch)) is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, along the border with Zambia. The capital and principal city of the Haut-Katanga Province, Lubumbashi is the center of mining in the region, acting as a hub for many of the country's largest mining companies. No definite population figures are available, but the population of the city's urban area is estimated to be around 2,584,000 in 2021.

History

Élisabethville under Belgian rule
The Belgian government established the modern-day government in the city of Élisabethville (sometimes Elizabethville, both in French, or Elisabethstad in Dutch) in 1910, named in honour of Queen Elisabeth, consort to King Albert I of the Belgians. By that time, the government had taken over the colony from King Leopold II, and renamed it as the Belgian Congo. This site was chosen by Vice-Governor-General Emile Wangermée because of its proximity to the copper mine of Etoile du Congo and the copper ore smelting oven installed by Union Minière du Haut Katanga on the nearby Lubumbashi River.

The Comité Spécial du Katanga (CSK), a semi-private concessionary company set up in 1900, had its headquarters in Élisabethville throughout the colonial era. It enjoyed major privileges, mainly in terms of land and mining concessions, in the Katanga province.

The city prospered with the development of a regional copper mining industry. Huge investments in the 1920s, both in the mining industry and in transport infrastructure (railline Elisabethville-Port Francqui and Elisabethville-Dilolo), developed the Katanga province into one of the world's major copper ore producers. The population of the city grew apace from approx. 30,000 in 1930, to 50,000 in 1943 and 180,000 in 1957. It was the second city of the Belgian Congo, after Léopoldville.

As was customary with European colonies, the city centre of Élisabethville was reserved for the minority white (European) population. This consisted mainly of Belgian nationals, but the city also attracted important British and Italian communities, as well as Jewish Greeks. Congolese were allowed in the white city only during the day, except for the house servants ("boys") who often lived in shanty dwellings ("boyeries") located in the backyards of the European city houses.

Many men in the black population were labour immigrants from neighbouring regions in the Belgian Congo (Northern Katanga, Maniema, Kasaï), from Belgian Rwanda and Burundi, and from British Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia). The black population lived initially in a so-called cité indigène called Quartier Albert (now Kamalondo), south of the city centre and separated from the white city by a 700-metres-wide neutral zone. With population growth, new indigenous quarters were created. These still form the main suburbs of present-day Lubumbashi: Kenia, Katuba, and Ruashi. The work and businesses related to the mines made Élisabethville the most prosperous region of the Congo during the last decade of Belgian rule. In 1954, there were 8,000 black homeowners in the city while thousands more were skilled workers. It was estimated that black Africans living in Élisabethville had a higher standard of living than anywhere else on the continent at that time.

Miners in Élisabethville conducted a strike in December 1941 to protest the increasingly severe forced-labour regime that the Belgians imposed on the population because of the "war efforts". A rally in the Union Minière football stadium got out of hand. Police opened fire and numerous protesters were killed. In early 1944, the city was again in the grip of severe tensions and fear of violent protests, following a mutiny of the Force Publique (army) in Luluabourg.

Starting in 1933, the Belgian colonial authorities experimented with a limited form of self-governance by establishing the cité indigène of Élisabethville as a so-called centre extra-coutumier (a centre not subject to customary law). It was administered by an indigenous council and presided over by an indigenous chief. But due to constant interference from the Belgian authorities, the experiment soon proved a failure. The first indigenous chief – Albert Kabongo – appointed in 1937, was dismissed in 1943 and not replaced.

In 1957, Élisabethville was established as a fully autonomous city; it held the first free municipal elections in which the Congolese could vote. The people of Élisabethville gave a vast majority to the nationalist Alliance des Bakongo, which demanded immediate independence from Belgium.

Élisabethville functioned as the administrative capital of the Katanga province. It was also an important commercial and industrial centre, and a centre of education and health services. The Benedictine Order and missionary Order of Salesians offered a wide range of educational facilities to Europeans and Congolese alike, including vocational training (Kafubu). The Belgians established the University of Élisabethville in 1954–1955 (now the University of Lubumbashi).

Lubumbashi from 1960
Élisabethville served as the capital and centre of the secessionist independent state of Katanga during the 1960–1963 Congolese civil war. Moise Tshombe proclaimed Katangan independence in July 1960. Congolese leaders arrested him and charged him with treason in April 1961; however, he agreed to dismiss his foreign advisers and military forces in exchange for his release. Tshombe returned to Élisabethville but repudiated these assurances and began to fight anew. United Nations troops opposed Katangan forces and took control of the city in December 1961 under a strong mandate. Roger Trinquier, well known for his published works on counter-insurgency warfare, served as a French military advisor to President Tshombe until international pressure, led by Belgium, caused his recall to France.

Mobutu Sese Seko ultimately assumed power of the Congo, which he renamed Zaïre. He renamed Élisabethville as "Lubumbashi" in 1966 and in 1972 renamed Katanga as "Shaba."

In May 1990, the university campus of Lubumbashi was the scene of a brutal killing of students by Mobutu's security forces. In 1991–92 ethnic tensions between the Luba from Katanga and the Luba from Kasaï, resident in the city, led to violent confrontations and the forced removal from the city of the latter.

Congo entered another genocidal civil war in the late 1990s. The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo rebels captured Lubumbashi in April 1997. Rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila spoke from Lubumbashi to declare himself president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 after Mobutu Sese Seko fled Kinshasa.

When Laurent-Désiré Kabila decided to appoint a transitional parliament, in 1999, he decided to install the Parliament in Lubumbashi, in order to consolidate the fragile unity of the country. The parliament was installed in the building of the National Assembly of secessionist Katanga (the former city theatre), which had its capital in this city as well, in the 1960s. Lubumbashi was therefore the Legislative capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1999 to 2003, when all the country's central institutions were brought back to Kinshasa.

On 7 September 2010 a large prison break happened in Lubumbashi after gunmen attacked a prison on the outskirts of the city. 960 prisoners managed to escape, including the Mai-Mai leader Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga. On 23 March 2013 a militia group of 100 fighters attacked Lubumbashi and seized a United Nations compound, which was surrounded by Congolese soldiers and members of the president's Republican Guard.

Geography

Lubumbashi lies at around  above sea level. The high altitude serves to cool the climate, which would otherwise be very hot. The Kafue River rises along the Zambian border near the city and meanders through north-central Zambia to the Zambezi River, cutting a long, deep panhandle into the country.

Climate
Lubumbashi has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Cwa, according to the Köppen climate classification), with warm rainy summers and pleasant, dry winters, with most rainfall occurring during summer and early autumn. Annual average rainfall is 1,238 mm (48.75 inches).

Demography

Languages
French is the official language, but the main spoken lingua franca in Lubumbashi is Kiswahili. The dialect of Kiswahili spoken all down the east side of Congo (including the provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu, Maniema, Katanga and Oriental, Western Kasai and Eastern Kasai) and almost all the way across to the Katangan border with Angola is called Kingwana. As many people have moved into Lubumbashi for employment from rural areas, they have brought many other local languages including Kiluba, Chokwe, Bemba and Kisanga. Kiswahili has been the chief language shared by most people.

Religious expression
Religious places of worship in Lubumbashi are predominantly Christian: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubumbashi (Catholic Church), Kimbanguist Church, Baptist Community of Congo (Baptist World Alliance), Baptist Community of the Congo River (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Community in Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches). On April 5, 2020, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced plans to construct a temple in Lubumbashi, its second temple in the country. There are also Muslim mosques.

Economy

Lubumbashi serves as an important commercial and national industrial centre. Manufactures include textiles, food products and beverages, printing, bricks, and copper smelting. The city is home to the Simba brewery, producing the famous Tembo beer.

The city hosts the headquarters of one of the country's largest banks, Trust Merchant Bank. The area also has a daily newspaper.

Mining
Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a base for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of the world's copper and half its cobalt, most of which comes from Katanga."

Transport

The city serves as a distribution centre for such minerals as copper, cobalt, zinc, tin, and coal.

Road
The city is crossed by Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9), which connects it to the cities of Lusaka and Kolwezi.

Rail
Lubumbashi is the center of the railway lines from Cape to Cairo Railway, which serves as a link with the cities of Ilebo, Kindu, Tenke, Sakania and Ndola.

In Tenke, the city connects with Kolwezi and Lobito, through the Benguela railway.

Air
Lubumbashi is home to the modern Lubumbashi International Airport.

Education

The largest institution of higher education is the University of Lubumbashi, founded in 1955, with also the teaching institutions Protestant University of Lubumbashi and the Graduate Institute of Health Sciences.

The Belgian international school École Privée Belge de Lubumbashi and the French international school Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal are in the city.

Urban infrastructure

Parks
Muyambo Kyasa popularized the concept of parks. Muyambo Park opened in 2010. Located about 15 km from Lubumbashi, it is a large garden where children can play games, and adults relax. Other parks (or farms) include Mikembo and Futuka (once a reserve, now closed) on Kasenga Road in the city's outskirts.

Zoo
The zoo of Lubumbashi is one of the most visited tourist attractions. It was created during the colonial period, and is considered the most attractive zoo in the country. During the years of war, it deteriorated but it has been rehabilitated by AZLU, a non-profit organization. By 2007, great animals had been acquired for the zoo. AZLU is keeping the zoo "for education purposes, and the protection of the natural heritage of the country," as it can be read on signs. Today, it has almost been restocked with lions, tigers, monkeys, apes, pelicans, wart hogs, crocodiles, snakes, turtles, monitor lizards, eagles, parrots, ostriches, gazelles, etc. Apart from animals, the zoo features a restaurant, a veterinary center, and a termite museum.

Culture
Attractions in the city include a botanical garden, a zoo, and the regional archaeological and ethnological National Museum of Lubumbashi. Every two years, the Biennale of Lubumbashi is held across the city, showcasing works by artists from the region. In an interview in Ocula Magazine in 2019, the Biennale's artistic director, Sandrine Colard explained, 'The Congo is a country that is perpetually in the future. All of these different periods coalescing in one city is something I wanted to address.'

Art
Bogumił Jewsiewicki says that contemporary Lubumbashi art making is weak, especially when compared to the Kinshasan. He writes,
"No Lubumbashi popular painter has had an international career like that of the Kinshasa artist Chéri Samba, and there are in fact a number of artists and musicians in Kinshasa whom the whirlwind of international success has whisked farther from local audiences than any artist in Lubumbashi, and not only in Lubumbashi but in the surrounding province of Katanga."He names painters like Pilipili, Mwenze, Angali, Nkulu wa Nkulu, Maka, Tshimbumba, Dekab, and others.

Cinema
Ciné Bétamax, formerly "Ciné Palace" and "Ciné Eden", are the only modern movie theaters in the city which generally show popular recent Hollywood productions as well as NC-17 films. However, they also show movies about Congolese and African recent history like Mister Bob, Sniper: Reloaded, SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines, and Tears of the Sun. Before films, they both showed Congolese and international music videos, and US wrestling. The communication department of the University of Lubumbashi has collaborated with the movie theater to show students' films.

Ciné Bétamax in particular also screens great football matches, and local singers' concerts and Christian meetings are regularly held here.

Nigeria's Nollywood films are also, as in many other parts of the DRC and Africa, popular among the residents. These films are often sold on VCD and DVD platforms.

Music
The popular music from Kinshasa is much appreciated and played in Lubumbashi. Jean-Bosco Mwenda is likely the most famous Katangese musician. Many of his songs have become classical, and are endlessly remixed by new young artists. Modern Lubumbashi singers fall into two groups: those who play Soukous, such as Jo Kizi and Képi Prince, and those who play international urban music, such as Ced Koncept, Tshumani, M-Joe, RJ Kanyera, Oxygène, Agresivo, Nelson Tshi, and Da Costa on the other. Most artists are influenced by successful Dj Spilulu's productions, Kinshasa singers Fally Ipupa, Ferre Gola and World Music.

Lubumbashi music is characterized by the use of many languages (Swahili, Lingala, Tshiluba, French and some English) in the lyrics. It is rare to hear songs composed in only one language. This code switching and mixing expresses the cosmopolitan character of the city, but some critics think it weakens the lyrics, which seem to be particularly made for teenagers anyway. Serge Manseba and Karibyona are humorist-singers featured by G'Sparks.

French cultural influence
The "Institut Français" (formally known as "Centre Culturel Français"), located in the heart of the city, contributes a great deal to the cultural and artistic life of Lubumbashi. Students and researchers spend time in its library; it shows European and other French-language films; produces plays and other shows in its theater; and features local singers' records for sale on display at the entrance.

Radio Okapi's cultural participation
Radio Okapi's Lubumbashi presenters participate each Saturday evening in "métissage," the cultural program of the radio. The whole country is informed of the cultural activities in the city.

Media

National channel (RTNC/Katanga)
RTNC (Congolese National Radio and Television) has a provincial station located in Lubumbashi district at the junction of Lubilanshi and Sandoa. It has been very influential from the 1960s to the mid-1990s, at the end of the one-party system, and before the information technology revolution.

Independent channels
Zenith Radio, the first independent radio station in the city, started broadcasting in 1996; since then numerous radio and television stations have been established. They can be classified in three groups: religious channels (Zenith, RTIV, Canal de Vie, RNS, etc.), commercial channels (RTA, Mwangaza, Nyota, RTLJ, Malaïka, Kyondo, etc.), and mixed ones like Wantanshi Radio and Television.

Notable people

Bismack Biyombo, NBA player who is currently a free agent
Grady Diangana Footballer
Albert Kanta Kambala (1958–2008), Zaire international footballer
Aimé Ngoy Mukena (1954–2022), Politician (Governor of Katanga, Minister of National Defense, Minister of Hydrocarbons, Member of Parliament) and Professor
Freddy Mulongo (born 1965), Congolese journalist
Oscar Tshiebwe (born 1999), Basketball player for the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team.
Lous and the Yakuza ( born 1996), singer, rapper, songwriter, model, and artist
Tshala Muana (1958–2022),  singer and dancer
Baloji (rapper) (born 1978), hip hop artist and actor.
Frédéric (1939-2003) Politcian (Deputy Minister of Mines and then Minister of Mines in the Laurent-Désiré Kabila government)
Robert Kidiaba  (born 1976) Politician and former professional footballer He spent most of his club career with TP Mazembe

Sports

Football
Football is the most popular sport in Lubumbashi. The city is home to football clubs of the top national level such as FC Saint Eloi Lupopo, CS Don Bosco and TP Mazembe. TP Mazembe is the most successful club in national competitions and the most successful Congolese club in international football achieving 5 Africa's Champions League and reaching a FIFA Club World Cup final. The Chairman of Mazembe is the former governor of the province of Katanga Moïse Katumbi Chapwe.

Until 1960, Congolese football was segregated between whites-only and blacks-only leagues and competitions. In 1911 the whites-only Ligue de Football du Katanga was founded in Elisabethville, organising in 1925 the first official local championship called the B. Smith Cup. The Katanga tournament was won by teams from Lubumbashi every recorded season except 2005. Simultaneously three blacks-only regional tournaments were played in the country. In 1950, the 'black' Elisabethville Football Association (FASI, Fédérations et Associations Sportives Indigènes) had over 30 affiliated clubs competing in four leagues divided over 3 divisions.

Both black and white tournaments in Lubumbashi and the country were played simultaneously until 1960, when they were unified. Since then the traditionally black clubs have dominated both local and national football.

The 'black' Ligue de Football du Elisabethville, now renamed the Ligue de Football du Lubumbashi, is the city's football tournament, organized since 1960 by the city's federation EFLU. FC Saint-Eloi Lupopo won the EFLU league 25 times in all up to 2003 being the most successful club in the seasons for which records are known (some are not known).

Basketball
Basketball players Myck Kabongo and Bismack Biyombo are from Lubumbashi. Oscar Tshiebwe, the consensus 2022 NCAA Division I men's player of the year at the University of Kentucky, is also from Lubumbashi.

Sister city
 Liège, Belgium

References

Bibliography

External links

Bilingual site about the city
Site about Lumbashi
Historic map of the Belgian Congo including Lubumbashi
GigaCatholic
Lubumbashi population
Market gardening in Lubumbashi
The Guardian: Human catastrophe in Katanga

Populated places in Haut-Katanga Province
Populated places established in 1910
Capitals of former nations
Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lubumbashi


The Treaty House () at Waitangi in Northland, New Zealand, is the former house of the British Resident in New Zealand, James Busby.  The Treaty of Waitangi, the document that established the British Colony of New Zealand, was signed in the grounds of the Treaty House on 6 February 1840.

The grounds had previously been the site of other important events, such as the signing of the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835. The house and grounds remained in private hands until 1932, when they were purchased by Governor-General Viscount Bledisloe and donated to the nation. They were dedicated as a national reserve in 1934, in a ceremony attended by thousands of people, both Māori and Pākehā, and including the Māori King. It was the site of another major event in 1940, when the centenary of the Treaty signing was celebrated. From 1947 the grounds became the site of annual Waitangi Day celebrations.

Architectural history
The Treaty House was built in 1833–34 for Busby and his family. It is one of New Zealand's oldest surviving buildings. Originally the building consisted of two main rooms, plus an entrance hallway, verandah, and a detached rear block containing a kitchen and servants' room. Busby considered the house to be too small for someone of his standing, but for 1830s New Zealand it was a large house. It was expanded in the 1830s and 1840s with the addition of a lean-to and two wings.

The property remained in the Busby family until 1882, when it was sold to a local farmer. For at least some of the next few years it was used for agricultural purposes, including shearing sheep. It fell into disrepair, despite some efforts to bring it into public ownership. These were successful in 1932, when Bledisloe made his purchase, and the house was subsequently restored by leading architect William Henry Gummer. This was one of the earliest major state restorations of a historic building in New Zealand. In preparation for the 1990 sesquicentennial of the Treaty signing, the house was modified to more accurately reflect what it would have been like in 1840.

Heritage site and grounds
The Treaty House has been a Heritage New Zealand Category I listed building since 1983. It contains a museum devoted to the Treaty and to life in the house in the mid nineteenth century. The grounds contain a carved whare runanga (meeting house) and the large waka taua (war canoe) Ngā Toki Matawhaorua, both built for the 1940 celebrations. A flagstaff stands on the spot where the Treaty was signed. The original flagstaff was erected by the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy just prior to the Waitangi Day celebrations of 1934. The Waitangi Treaty Monument, built in circa 1880–1881 and also registered as a Category 1 heritage item, is located nearby.

References

External links

Waitangi National Trust website
Listing on Heritage New Zealand website

Far North District
Treaty of Waitangi
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Northland Region
Houses in New Zealand
History of the Bay of Islands
Museums in the Northland Region
History museums in New Zealand
Historic house museums in New Zealand
Bay of Islands
1830s architecture in New Zealand
Historic homes in New Zealand
Treaty signing historic sites

Treaty House


إبنيزير كوب مورلي , عاش بين (1831-1924) كان رجل رياضة إنجليزي وكان يوصف بـ (أب كرة القدم), وقد عرف عنه أنه شارك في منظمات كرة القدم.

ولد مورلي في مدينة هُل ولكنه انتقل إلى مدينة برانس	ليشكل نادي بارنس، عضو مؤسس في اتحاد كرة القدم، في سنة 1862. وكقائد في النادي الذي بُنيَ في مدينة مورتليك، قد كتب في جريدة حياة بيل مقالاً يقترح فيه عن وجود رجل يحكم الرياضة والذي يقود بنفسه أول لقاء في فندق فريماسونس والذي أسس اتحاد كرة القدم.

قد كان أول أمين لإتحاد كرة القدم بين فترتي (1863-1866), وثاني رئيس لإتحاد كرة القدم بين فترتي (1867-1874), وهو أول من وضع مسودة قواعد كرة القدم في موطنه بارنس. كلاعب، فقد لاعب في أول مباراة لكرة القدم في التاريخ، ضد نادي ريتشموند في سنة 1863, وقد سجل هدفاً في أول مباراة ودية، بين النوادي اللندنية ونادي شيفيلد في 31 مارس 1866.

و بعض المؤرخين، أفادوا بأن مورلي كان المُجدّف الوحيد، لتأسيس نادي بارنس ومورتليك لسباق الزوارق والذي كان أيضاً أميناً للنادي بين فترتي (1862-1880). وقد خدم في المجلس البلدي لبارنس بين فترتي (1903-1919), وقد كان عادلاً وأميناً.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
أشخاص من يوركشاير
رياضيون من كينغستون أبون هال
رؤساء الفيفا
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
ماسونيون إنجليز
مجدفون إنجليز
مدفونون في لندن
مواليد 1831
مواليد في كينغستون أبون هال
مؤسسو أندية كرة قدم
وفيات 1924
رؤساء اتحاد كرة القدم
لاعبو كرة قدم من كينغستون أبون هال

إبنيزير كوب مورلي


حلف الأحابيش هو أول أحلاف مكة في الجاهلية قبل الإسلام، وانعقد في زمن عبد مناف بن قصي الجد الثالث للنبي محمد. وعقدت حلف الأحابيش عدد من قبائل مكة وما حولها والتي تحالفت ضد بني بكر بن عبد مناة من قبيلة كنانة،  وقد استمر هذا الحلف إلى ما بعد ظهور الإسلام.

سبب عقد الحلف
انعقد حلف الأحابيش بعد إخراج قريش وكنانة وقضاعة لقبيلة خزاعة من مكة حين أسكن قصي قومه بني النضر بن كنانة مكة ومنع عنها بني بكر، فنقم بنو بكر عليه ذلك، فلما مات قصي ضَعُفت قريش وهان أمرها وكثرت اعتدءات بني بكر عليهم.

ثم نزل مكة رجل من بني الحارث بن عبد مناة بن كنانة، وهم إخوة بني بكر، فباع سلعة له ثم أوى إلى إحدى دور بني مخزوم من قريش فخرجت له امرأة منهم وقالت له: «هلا كنت أمرت بعض الحفدة؟ تركتنا بنو بكر نعاماً ذا مثل حماد أنا أن نترك في حرمنا».

فخرج الحارثي الكناني حتى أتى قومه فقال: «يا بني الحارث! ذلت قريش لبني بكر فإن كان عندكم نصر فنصر»، فقالوا: «ادعوا إخوانكم بني المصطلق والحيا» وهما قبيلتان من خزاعة فركبوا إليهم وجاؤوا بهم، فسمعت بهم بنو الهون بن خزيمة فركبت معهم، وذلك بعد خروج بني أسد بن خزيمة من تهامة إلى نجد فاجتمعوا بأسفل جبل حُبشِي وهو جبل بأسفل مكة وقيل بل تحالفوا عند وادي الأحبش أسفل مكة،  وقالوا: «إِنَّا لَيَدٌ عَلَى غَيْرِنَا ما رسى حَبَشٌ مَكَانَهُ».

ويروى أن عبد مناف بن قصي بعث في طلب الحلف لبني الحارث بن عبد مناة بن كنانة وزوج ابنته ريطة بنت عبد مناف من عامر بن عوف الحارثي الكناني، وقيل تزوجها معيط بن عامر بن عوف، وفي ذلك يقول حذافة بن غانم العدوي القرشي:

وفي عقد الحلف يقول غالب بن ييثع من بني الهون:

قبائل حلف الأحابيش
عقد الحلف من القبائل:
 بنو النضر (قريش) بن كنانة بن خزيمة
 بنو الحارث بن عبد مناة بن كنانة بن خزيمة
 بنو الهون بن خزيمة
 بنو المصطلق والحيا من خزاعة
 بنو نفاثة بن عدي بن الدئل بن بكر بن عبد مناة بن كنانة بن خزيمة

وساداتهم الذين عقدوا الحلف هم:
 عبد مناف بن قصي بن كلاب القرشي الكناني
 مسك الذئب أبو معيط وهو عمرو السياح بن عامر بن عوف الحارثي الكناني
 مالك بن عامر بن عوف الحارثي الكناني
 تيم بن عامر بن عوف الحارثي الكناني
 أبو ضرار بن مالك الهوني
 شيطان بن عمرو بن كعب الأحمري الكناني

دورهم الحربي
حاربت قبائل الأحابيش ومعهم قريش في يوم ذات نكيف ضد بني بكر من قبيلة كنانة قرب يلملم فانتصروا على بني بكر. وشارك الأحابيش كذلك في حرب الفجار ضمن قومهم كنانة ضد قيس عيلان. ومن ساداتهم في الجاهلية المطلب بن عبد مناف من قريش وحطمط بن سعد أبو حارثة والحبيش بن عمرو من بني الحارث بن عبد مناة،  ومن ساداتهم في عصر النبي محمد ابن الدغنة من بني القارة من الهون بن خزيمة وهو الذي أجار أبا بكر الصديق بمكة ومنعه من الهجرة للحبشة،  وكذلك الحليس بن علقمة الكناني الذي خرج يفاوض النبي محمد قبل صلح الحديبية فلما رأى الهدي مع المسلمين رجع لقريش ولم يكلم النبي محمد فأخبرهم بما رأى، فقالوا له: «اجلس، فإنَّما أنت أعرابيٌّ لا علمَ لك»، فغضب منهم وقال: «يا معشر قريش، والله ما على هذا حالفناكم، ولا على هذا عاقدناكم، أيُصَدُّ عن بيت الله من جاء معظِّماً له؟ والذي نفس الحليس بيده، لَتَخلنَّ بين محمد وبين ما جاء له، أو لأنفرنَّ بالأحابيش نفرة رجلٍ واحد»، فقالوا له: «مه، كف عنا يا حليس حتى نأخذ لأنفسنا ما نرضى به».

كما شارك الأحابيش بعد الإسلام في غزوات أحد والخندق مع قريش ضد المسلمين، ومنهم عمرة الحارثية التي حملت لواء جيش مكة في غزوة أحد، وهي التي قصدها حسان بن ثابت في قوله:

ومن شعرهم ما قاله الأخزر بن لعط الديلي الكناني أحد شعرائهم قبل الإسلام بعد إغارتهم على قبيلة خزاعة حليفة النبي محمد وهو الأمر الذي سبب فتح مكة:

حالتهم الاجتماعية
يختلف الأحابيش عن قريش في كونهم بدو أهل وبر يسكنون الصحراء خارج مدن الحجاز ، كان حلف الأحابيش بمثابة قوات بدوية رديفة للدفاع عن مدينة مكة وتجارة قريش.

انظر أيضا
 حلف المطيبين
 حلف الفضول
 حلف الأحلاف لعقة الدم

المراجع

أحلاف قريش
العصر النبوي
تاريخ مكة
قبائل العرب في الجاهلية

حلف الأحابيش


Samia (Syn. Philosamia) ist eine Gattung der Schmetterlinge aus der Familie der Pfauenspinner (Saturniidae). The Global Lepidoptera Names Index des Natural History Museum listet 10 Arten in dieser Gattung. Die Gattung wird gelegentlich in Literatur über die Seidenzucht Philosamia genannt. Samia cynthia und die verwandten Arten der Gattung Samia wurden lange Zeit in China zur kommerziellen Seidenzucht gezüchtet.

Merkmale
Die großen Falter haben verhältnismäßig kleine Körper. Die Vorderflügel sind lehmgelb bis olivbraun. Sie tragen an der Vorderflügelbasis ein stark zum Körper hin gewinkeltes weißes Band, das außen schwarz gerandet ist. Das Band reicht bis zum Diskalbereich und mündet in einen langgestreckten Mondfleck. Dieser ist auf seinem zum Flügelvorderrand hin gerichteten Rand durchsichtig und dünn weiß begrenzt. Dahinter ist der Fleck breit lehmgelb ausgefüllt. Der Mondfleck trennt ein außen an ihn angrenzendes, weißes Diskalband in zwei leicht zum Körper hin gekrümmte Teile, die nach innen schwarz und nach außen rotviolett begrenzt sind. Die Falter, die Raupen und die Kokons haben Ähnlichkeit mit denen der nahe verwandten Gattung Attacus.

Taxonomie und Systematik
Die Anzahl der Arten, die die Gattung umfasst, ist strittig. Es gibt Autoren die gehen davon aus, dass nur Samia cynthia der Artstatus zuzuerkennen ist. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index des Natural History Museum listet hingegen folgende Arten der Gattung:

Vorkommen und Lebensweise
Die Gattung war ursprünglich asiatisch verbreitet. Die sehr anpassungsfähigen Tiere wurden für die Seidenzucht aber auch in Europa und Nord- und Südamerika eingeschleppt, wo mittlerweile entflogene Tiere stabile Populationen in freier Wildbahn gebildet haben, wie beispielsweise in Frankreich, Italien, Uruguay und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.

Samia cynthia (Drury, 1773)
Samia vandenberghi Watson, 1915
Samia pryeri Butler, 1878
Samia walkeri Felder, 1862
Samia tetrica (Rebel, 1923)
Samia vaneeckei Watson, 1913
Samia ceramensis Bouvier, 1928
Samia canningi Hutton, 1860
Samia insularis Vollenhofen., 1862
Samia luzonica Watson, 1913

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Weblinks

Lepidoptera and some other life forms (englisch)

Pfauenspinner
Saturniidae

Samia (Gattung)


Miristik asit, veya tetradekanoik asit, CH3(CH2)12COOH moleküler formüllü, süt ürünlerinde yaygın bulunan bir doymuş yağ asitidir.  Miristat, miristik asitin baz halidir, isminde "miristat" bulunan bileşikler miristik asitin tuzu veya esteridirler.

Biyokimyada hücre zarının sitoplazma tarafında bulunan proteinlerin amino ucundaki glisin veya sistein grubuna miristat veya palmitat bağlı olduğu sıkça görülür, bu sayede protein zara takılı kalır.  Ayrıca, reseptör eşlikli kinazların hücre zarında kalabilmesi için sondan ikinci glisin grubunda bir miristat bağlıdır.

İzopropil miristat kozmetik krem ve tıbbî merhem üretiminde, derinin içine nüfuz özelliği arzu edilen durumlarda kullanılır.

Miristik asitin indirgenmesiyle miristil alkol elde edilir.

Kaynakça
İngilizce Wikipedia'da Miristik asit maddesi

Yağ asitleri
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler

Miristik asit


Peter Barfuß (* 11. April 1944) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler. In der Saison 1966/67 bestritt er als Amateur ein Bundesligaspiel für den Hamburger SV.

Karriere
In der Jugend von TuS Hamburg 1880 hatte Barfuß mit dem Fußball angefangen und war auch die ersten Jahre im Seniorenbereich aktiv gewesen. Ab der Saison 1964/65 spielte er in der Amateurmannschaft des Hamburger SV. Der Abwehrspieler Peter Barfuß spielte in der Saison 1966/67 mit der Amateurmannschaft des Hamburger SV in der Landesliga Hamburg. Für den Lizenzspielerkader hatte der Technische Direktor Georg Knöpfle mit Hans Schulz, Hans-Jürgen Hellfritz, Elmar May, Peter Rohrschneider (HSV-Jugend) und Reinhard Löffler von den HSV-Amateuren mehrere neue Spieler verpflichtet. Durch einen personellen Engpass kam Barfuß am 28. Spieltag, als der HSV beim MSV Duisburg mit 1:2 verlor, zu seinem einzigen Bundesligaeinsatz. Der damalige HSV-Trainer Josef Schneider musste beim Spiel in Duisburg auf die Stammspieler Horst Schnoor, Jürgen Kurbjuhn, Harry Bähre und Uwe Seeler verzichten und brachte deshalb neben dem HSV-Amateur Barfuß auch noch Erhard Schwerin (im Tor), Dieter Strauß, Reinhard Löffler und Peter Rohrschneider zum Einsatz. In der Bundesliga Chronik wird zum Spiel in Duisburg notiert: "Die Hamburger waren taktisch auf das Verschleppen des Tempos und dem Zerstören des Duisburger Aufbauspiels eingestellt. Gert Dörfel war noch der einzige, der für etwas Entlastung und Gefahr vor dem Meidericher Tor sorgte."

Knöpfle bemerkte nach der 1:2-Niederlage beim MSV Duisburg:: "Nichts gegen den Peter Barfuß – er hat seine Sache gar nicht einmal so schlecht gemacht. Aber unter normalen Umständen hätte er doch wohl keine Chance in der ersten Mannschaft zu stehen." Barfuß selbst wird an gleicher Stelle im Rückblick wie folgt zitiert "Manche von uns [Spieler der HSV-Amateure] waren wirklich nicht schlechter als einige der alten Vögel, die sie damals eingekauft haben. Der Amateurkader sollte gefördert werden, und der Trainer sah sich auch jedes Spiel an, aber im Grunde war man zu der Zeit immer darauf bedacht, für die Bundesliga Leute von außen zu holen, und wenn es irgendwelche biederen Abwehrspieler waren, Beinbrecher, die kaum geradeaus laufen konnten."

In der Saison 1968/69 kehrte Barfuß für eine Runde zu seinem Heimatverein TuS Hamburg zurück, spielte danach drei Jahre bei der SpVgg Blankenese, ehe er von 1972 bis 1977 seine Karriere bei TuS Holstein Quickborn ausklingen ließ. In späteren Jahren verschrieb er sich dem Tennissport.

Literatur
 Axel Formeseyn: Unser HSV. Edition Temmen. Bremen 2008, ISBN 978-3-86108-074-9.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Hamburger SV)
Deutscher
Geboren 1944
Mann

Peter Barfuß


අනාදිමත් කලක සිට පැරණි සිංහල සමාජයෙන් පැවතගෙන එමින් අදටත් ශේෂ නොවී පවතින අං කෙළිය, දොඩන් කෙළිය, පොල් කෙළිය සහ මල් කෙළිය යන ජන ක්‍රීඩාවන් ආගමික ක්‍රීඩා වශයෙන් හඳුනාගත හැකි ය. මෙයින් අං කෙළිය උඩරට ප්‍රදේශයට විශේෂිත වූ පූජා විධියක් ලෙසට හඳුනා ගත හැකි ය. අං කෙළිය පැවැත්වෙන ස්‌ථාන හඳුනාගැනීම සහ ඒවා නොයෙක් නම් වලින් හඳුන්වාදීම සිදූ වූ අතර පසුකාලීනව සමස්‌ථ ග්‍රාම නාම බවට ද පත් වූ බව පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. අද ලංකවේ අපට හමුවන අංකෙළි මැඩිල්ල, අං කුඹුර, අං පිටිය ආදී ග්‍රාම නාම ඊට නිදසුන් ලෙස දැක්‌විය හැකි වේ. එසේම සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇම්බැක්ක යන ග්‍රාම නාමය සෑදී ඇත්තේ මෙම අංකෙලිය ආශ්‍රිතව බව පැවසේ. අංකෙලියේදී භාවිතා වන ගෝන අඟ විශාල එකක් වන විට එයට 'බැක්ක' යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. අං+බැක්ක = අංබැක්ක වී පසුකාලීනය ව්‍යවහාරයෙන් මෙය "ඇම්බැක්ක" බවට පත් වී ඇත .

ආගමික පසුබිම

නොයවා වැඩියයි මල් ආසනය ට
සෙල්ලන් සිරිකත පිහිටයි අපහ ට
පේකර අං තිබ්බා ඔබෙ නාමෙ ට
මල් පත්තිනි වැඩියයි අං කෙළිය ට

ආගමික මුහුණුවරක් ගන්නා මෙම ජන ක්‍රීඩාව ආරම්භයේදී දෙවියන්ට ආරාධනා කිරීමෙන් පසු ආරම්භ කරන අතර ක්‍රීඩකයන් දෙපිල බෙදීමෙන් පසු දෙපිලට අයත් කොටස්‌වල මල් පැලක් බැගින් සාදා කපු මහතකුගේ ආධාර ඇතිව ක්‍රීඩා භාණ්‌ඩ පවා දෙවියන්ට කැප කර පුද පූජා පවත්වා ක්‍රීඩාව ආරම්භ කිරීම පැරැණි චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව සිදු වේ. එවැනි අවස්‌ථාවලදී එම දෙවියන් ක්‍රීඩාවට හවුල් වෙතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. මෙම අං කෙලිය ගම්වල පැතිරෙන වසන්ගත රෝග කාල වලදී විශේෂයෙන් පවත්වනු ලබන්නේ පත්තිනි දේවිය යැදීම හා පිහිට ලැබීම සඳහා ය. එයින් ගමට හෝ ප්‍රදේශයට වැළදී ඇති වසන්ගත හෝ බෝවන රෝග වලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට හැකියාවක් ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි.

මූලික චාරීත්‍ර

තමන්ට වැළදෙන වසංගත රෝග වලින් ආරක්ෂා වීම පිණිස සතියකට වැඩි කළක් කරනු ලබන මෙම අං ඇදීම නොහොත් අංකෙලිය දවසේ සවස් වරුවේ සිදු කරනු ලැබේ. උඩු පිල සහ යටි පිළ යනුවෙන් දෙපිලකට බෙදී කරනු ලබන මෙම ක්‍රීඩාවේදී යටි පිළට ජය ලැබීම දේව නියමය වන බව විශ්වාස කරයි. යටි පිල ජයග්‍රහනය කිරීම ගමට හෝ ප්‍රදේශයට යහපත් බව පිළිගැනේ. අං කෙලිය ආරම්භ කිරීමට ප්‍රථම තම තම පිළේ කපුරාල විසින් මෙසේ කවි වලින් යාතිකාවක් කරනු ලැබේ.

රණ කෙලි කෙලියේ දෙවිඳුගේ නාමෙට
පදකද කවි කිව්වේ ඔබගේ නාමෙට
පත්තිනි මව පැන්නද ගිනි ජාලෙට
දෙවොල් පතිනි වැඩියයි අංකෙලියට

කොසඹේ වෙල දෙවි වැඩියයි මෙරඟට
සියලු රෝග දුරු වෙයි තෙද සුන්කොට
ඉපදුණු දා අප බාරයි ඔබහට
අප බාරයි කොසඹැවල නිරුඳුට

තරඟ ක්‍රමවේදය හා රීති
මෙම ක්‍රීඩාව සඳහා විශාල අං කූට්ටමක් අවශ්‍ය ය. මේ සඳහා විශාල ගෝන අං කූට්ටමක් ප්‍රථම දෙබලය ලෙස තෝරා ගනී. "හොඳ කදහා" නමින් වූ ශක්තිමත් කඳකට අමුණන අං දෙක ඉරාගත් මී හරක් අං වලින් සකස් කරන සිහින් පටිවලින්  බැඳ සාදා ගන්නා ඉතා ශක්තිමත් පටියකට බැඳ ගනියි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මේ සඳහා භාවිතා වන්නේ ගෝන අං තට්ටුවක් වුවද සත්කෝර‍ලයේදී අංදරලී මුල් වලින් සාදා ගත් අං භාවිතා කරයි. ඇතැම් විට මෙය සියඹලා අරටුවකින් සකස් කර ගනී.

අං ගහ නමින් හඳුන්වන ශක්ති සම්පන්න ගසක් පිහිටි අං පිටියේ දී උඩුපිල හා යටිපිල මුණ ගැසේ. මෙම ගසට යාර එකහමාරක් පමණ ඈතින් දිගැටි හතරැස් වලක් කපා එය පැති ලෑලි වලින් වසා, ඔප කරන ලද පොල් කඳක ගෝලකාර උල උඩට සිටින සේ සිටුවනු ලැබේ. අදින කඹ පොට පොල් කඳ මැදින් යැවීම පිණිස එහි සිදුරක් ඇත. මේය "හෙණ කදහා" හෙවත් "වලි ගහ" නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර එය  එහාට මෙහාට පහසුවෙන් වැනීම පිණිස වල දිගින් වැඩි විය යුතු ය. මින් පසු දෙපිලේ අය පිළියෙල කර ගත් අං රැගෙන එති. හැම අඟකම මූලය හරස් අතට ලීයක් බැඳ ඇත. අඟේ මුල හා කඳේ මුලටත් හේ රැහැ නැමැත් ශක්තිමත් විශාල වැල් වළලු කීපයක් යොදා ගනී. එයින් වැලක් ගෙන එහි එක් කොණක "හෙණ කඳහා" හිල මැදින් හා අං ගහේ රැහැ වළල්ලෙන් ගෙන මද්දක් ගසනු ලැබේ. ඒ මන්ද පහළ කෙලවරින් අං මෝල ඇතුල් කර හරස් කරනුයේ අඟ අදින විට ගැලවී නොයනු පිණිස ය. උඩුපිල කණ්ඩායමේ අඟෙහි අං මෝල මදු වළල්ලෙන් අනිත් කෙලවරින් ඇතුල් කර හරස් කරනු ලැබේ. යටිපිලේ අඟත් මෙලෙසම අං ගහේ වැල් වළල්ලට යා කෙරේ. ඉන් පසු අං දෙකම එකට ගැට ගසා ඒ වළලු මත අයෙක් පා දෙපසින් තබා සිට ගනුයේ ගස්සමින් කඹ අදින විට දෙපැත්ත හෙණ කඳ වැනීමේ දී අං දෙක එකිනෙක ගැලවීම වැලැක්වීම පිණිස ය.හෙණ කදේ හාරා ඇති විදමන තුළින් කඹය ඇද දෙපිලේම අය එකතුවී එක පැත්තකට කෑකෝ ගසමින් කඹය අදිති. මෙසේ කඹය අදිද්දී ඇදීම නවතා අං පුපුරා ඇත්දැයි බලති. එවැන්නක් දැනගත් වහාම අඟ හිමි පිළට පරාජය හිමිවේ.

පරාජය ලබන පිළට ආවැඩීම

මෙම තරඟයේ තවත් විශේෂත්වයක් වන්නේ පරාජය ලබන තරඟකාරී පිළට ජයග්‍රාහක පිළ විසින් ආශිර්වාදාත්ම සෙත් කවි විශේෂයක් ගායනා කිරීමයි. මේවා පරාජිත පිළට ආවඩන කවි ලෙස ජන වහරේ භාවිතා වේ.

දියෙන් මෙතෙරට ගොඩ බැල පන්දූ
පඩුවස් දෙවිඳුන් දෙවිදොස් බින්දූ
අත ගසමින් පිඹිදෙන ලුණු බන්දූ
මලේ නිරිදු උඩුපිල අග බින්දූ

අංග පිටියක් සරසාලා
සත්දවසක් අං කෙළලා
පෙරහැර පැන් වත් කරලා
මෙලෙසින් උවදුරු හැරලා

හොඳද පුතේ හෝයියෝ
අංකෙලියා හෝයියෝ
උඩුපිලයෝ බලන් පුතෝ
අං ඇද්දා මොටද පුතෝ

බැරි අංකෙලි මොටද පුතේ
ඔහේ වරම් කොයිද පුතේ
අංපිටියට වරෙව් පුතේ
මූට නමක් කියමු පුතේ

පිං බත යයි කියමු පුතේ
තරහා වෙන්න එපා පුතේ
වස් යන්නයි බැන්නේ පුතේ
සෙල්ලමටයි කිව්වේ පුතේ

මේ පිටියට එන්න වරම්
මේ කෙලි පුද ගන්න වරම්
මතු කෙලියට එන්න වරම්
මේ පිටියෙන් යන්න වරම්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි හා ග්‍රන්ථ
"The Cult of The Goddess Pattini" By Gananath Obeyesekere
 "Some Sinhala Combative, Field And Aquatic Sports And Games" by P.E.P. Deraniyagala
 අංකෙලිය - අජන්ත කුමාර අගලකඩ (කර්තෘ ප්‍රකාශනයකි)

බාහිර යොමු
 Binding Folk Culture with Avurudu Games
 The cult of the goddess Pattini

අධෝලිපි

සාම්පදායික සිංහල දැණුම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

සෙල්ලම්

අංකෙලිය


Der Diktator ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 2012. Sie wurde vom britischen Komiker Sacha Baron Cohen geschrieben, der auch die titelgebende Hauptrolle spielt. Cohens vierter Spielfilm "erzählt die Geschichte eines Diktators, der sein Leben riskiert, um sicherzustellen, dass die Demokratie sein Land, das er so liebevoll unterdrückt, nie heimsuchen wird." Regie führte erneut Larry Charles, der bereits bei den Filmen Borat – Kulturelle Lernung von Amerika, um Benefiz für glorreiche Nation von Kasachstan zu machen und Brüno mit Cohen gearbeitet hat.

Handlung
Admiral General Aladeen regiert diktatorisch in der Republik Wadiya, einem fiktiven Land in den Grenzen von Eritrea, das zahlreiche Klischees realer Staaten in sich vereinigt. Aladeen führt ein despotisches Regime und reagiert schon auf geringfügige Vergehen seiner Untertanen mit einer Handbewegung, die das Köpfen symbolisiert. Durch seinen Reichtum kann er sich sexuelle Eskapaden, auch mit prominenten Showgrößen wie Megan Fox, erlauben. Allerdings fehlt ihm neben dem Sex die menschliche Nähe. Die westlichen Länder drohen Aladeen mit Krieg, falls er nicht vor der UN eine Stellungnahme zu seinem Vorhaben, Atomwaffen herzustellen, abgibt.

Um sich vor den Vereinten Nationen zu den Gerüchten zu äußern, dass sein Land Atomwaffen entwickle, reist Aladeen nach New York. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wird er im Auftrag seines verräterischen Onkels und Sicherheitschefs Tamir entführt. Der Bart des Diktators wird abgeschnitten und er wird durch einen Doppelgänger, einen einfältigen wadiyischen Ziegenhirten, ersetzt. Der wahre Aladeen kann aus dem Folterkeller fliehen und versucht zu seiner Delegation zu gelangen und seine Rolle wieder einzunehmen, was ihm aufgrund der Sicherheitsauflagen, seines verlorenen Bartes und seiner verlorenen Kleidung nicht gelingt.

Die linksalternative Politaktivistin Zoey, die einen veganen Bioladen führt, rettet ihn unterdessen vor einer Auseinandersetzung mit der Polizei und bietet ihm an, in ihrem Laden zu arbeiten. Aladeen lehnt zunächst empört ab. Bei seinem Streifzug durch New York entdeckt er ein Restaurant mit wadiyischen Exilanten. Dort erfährt er, dass seine zum Tode verurteilten Untertanen nicht wirklich hingerichtet, sondern außer Landes geschafft wurden und sich im New Yorker Exil eine neue Existenz aufgebaut haben. Er trifft hier auch Nadal wieder, den Chef seines Atomwaffenprogramms. Dieser will Aladeen bei der Rückeroberung seiner Macht helfen, wenn er dafür seine Atombombe bauen darf.

Aladeens Onkel gibt unterdessen mithilfe des Doppelgängers bekannt, dass Wadiya demokratisch werden soll. Die Verfassung solle im Beisein der UN-Mitglieder unterzeichnet werden. Dahinter stecken jedoch Tamirs eigennützige Interessen, die Ölrechte des Landes zu verkaufen.

Aladeen nimmt den Job bei Zoey an, um sich Zugang zur UN zu verschaffen, da Zoeys Partyservice als Caterer der UN-Veranstaltung engagiert wurde. Zoey bringt Aladeen das Masturbieren bei, da er sich bisher nur durch Sex mit anderen Personen befriedigt hat. Kurz darauf wird der Laden von einer Saboteurin, die von Greenworld, Zoeys Konkurrenz, angeheuert wurde (in der Unrated-Fassung handelt es sich um eine Auftragsmörderin im Dienste Tamirs), verwüstet und Aladeen verletzt. Er kann sie ausschalten, Zoey und der Laden geraten aber dennoch in Misskredit. Es gelingt ihm, mit drastischen Mitteln die Ladenführung profitabel zu straffen, dabei kommt ihm seine Erfahrung als Diktator zugute. Der Versuch, über den Auftrag als Caterer des Hotels an seinen Platz zu gelangen, scheitert jedoch. Es gelingt ihm schließlich mithilfe einer von Nadal gebauten Enterseil-Kanone, mit der er sich mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten vom Dach des Nachbarhauses zu seinem Apartment hangeln kann. Dort versteckt er seinen Doppelgänger und nimmt seine alte Rolle wieder ein.

In seiner Rede zerreißt er zunächst die demokratische Verfassung, lässt Tamir verhaften und spricht sich gegen die Demokratie aus. Stattdessen wirbt er für die Diktatur und stellt deren zahlreiche Vorzüge dar, worauf sich zahlreiche UN-Delegierte schweigend ansehen.

Als Zoey, in die Aladeen sich inzwischen verliebt hat, bei der Rede auftaucht, ändert sich jedoch seine Stimmung und er vermischt ihre Eigenschaften mit denen der Demokratie. Schließlich erklärt er am Schluss seiner Rede der Demokratie seine Liebe und gibt bekannt, dass er die Demokratie in seinem Land einführen will. In Wadiya finden Wahlen statt, die manipuliert eine knapp 99%ige Mehrheit für Aladeen ergeben. Als neugewählter Präsident heiratet er Zoey, die sich bei der Trauungszeremonie als Jüdin outet, worauf er mit der bekannten Handbewegung reagiert. In Szenen während des Abspanns erfährt man, dass Nadal und Aladeen weiter an ihrer Bombe bauen und Zoey ein Kind von Aladeen erwartet:

Hintergrund
Der Film soll laut Marketing durch den Roman Zabibah und der König des hingerichteten irakischen Diktators Saddam Hussein inspiriert worden sein. Vor Beginn des Films ist in einer Einblendung "In stillem Gedenken an Kim Jong-il" zu lesen.

Die Außenaufnahmen wurden auf der Plaza de España in Sevilla und auf der Insel Fuerteventura, beides Spanien, gedreht.

Sequenzen, die einen Realitätsbezug herstellen sollen und den US-Präsidenten Barack Obama sowie den britischen Premierminister David Cameron bei Fernsehansprachen zeigen, stammen aus der Zeit des Internationalen Militäreinsatzes in Libyen infolge der Resolution 1973 des UN-Sicherheitsrates. Auch Aufnahmen der US-Außenministerin Hillary Clinton werden verwendet, in denen sie sich über Syriens Präsident Baschar al-Assad äußert.

Bei den Filmfestspielen von Cannes 2012 veranstaltete Sacha Baron Cohen mit Elisabetta Canalis eine Werbekampagne für den Film, während der er den in seiner Filmrolle typischen Klamauk dieser Figur für die Presse zur Schau stellte.

Zensur
In Tadschikistan, Turkmenistan und in Belarus wurde der Film verboten.

In Kasachstan wurde der Film zwei Wochen nach seiner Premiere verboten.

Kritik

Trivia
Am Anfang des Filmes ist eine Karte zu sehen, die die Grenzen der Republik Wadiya zeigen soll; sie zeigt in Wirklichkeit die Grenze des Staates Eritrea. Anhand seiner Persönlichkeit, insbesondere der weiblichen Leibwache, sind Ähnlichkeiten zum ehemaligen libyschen Diktator Muammar al-Gaddafi erkennbar.

Soundtrack
Der Soundtrack wurde am 8. Mai 2012 veröffentlicht.
 The Next Episode – Aiwa, Mr Tibbz & Admiral General Aladeen
 Ila Nzour Nebra – Jalal Hamdaoui & Driver
 Habibi – Ali Hassan Kuban
 Everybody Hurts – Mc Rai (vgl. Raï)
 Wahrane Wahrane – Cheb Khaled
 9 to 5 – Michelle J. Nasser
 Goulou L'Mama – Jalal Hamdaoui & Cheb Rayan
 The Song of Admiral General Sargeant Aladeen – Erran Baron Cohen feat. Omar Fadel
 Let's Get It On – Mohamed Amer
 Raoui – Souad Massi
 Money's On the Dresser – Erran Baron Cohen feat. Jules Brookes
 Our Beloved Leader – The Aladeenies

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmkomödie

Der Diktator


La cascada de Uchan-su (; ) es una cascada localizada en el curso del río Uchan-su, en la vertiente meridional de las montañas de Crimea. El nombre se traduce del idioma tártaro de Crimea como "aguas rápidas".

Uchan-su es una atracción turística muy popular y es la cascada más alta de Crimea. Situada a 7 km de la ciudad de Yalta, está a medio camino del monte Ai-Petri. La cascada tiene 98 metros de altura y está a una altitud de 390 m, siendo más poderosa durante la primavera, cuando es alimentada por el deshielo de la nieve en las montañas.

Véase también
Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Cascadas de Crimea

Cascada de Uchan-su


45737 Benita este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
45737 Benita este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Boca Raton de B. A. Segal. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 10,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 45001-46000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

45737 Benita