Zacapa es una ciudad y cabecera del departamento homónimo  localizada a 148 km de la Ciudad de Guatemala al este de la República de Guatemala, a lo largo del Río Grande de Zacapa. Es conocido localmente por su elaboración manual de puros, queso, y de un pastel hecho con sabor a queso.

El 22 de noviembre de 1896 se inauguró el tramo de Zacapa a Puerto Barrios del Ferrocarril del Norte. En ese entonces el Norte de Guatemala era una región no explorada y la construcción de la línea férrea era el inicio de la explotación industrial y comercial de la región.

A partir del año 2000 es miembro de la Mancomunidad de Nor-Oriente de Guatemala.

Demografía

Entre 1896 y 1956 Zacapa fue una importante estación del Ferrocarril del Norte de Guatemala, que atrajo una gran cantidad de inmigrantes europeos, por lo que no es raro encontrar personas cuyos apellidos son originalmente de Inglaterra, Alemania, Italia y España, entre otros.

La población de todo el departamento de Zacapa a partir del año 2002 se estima en 59,089 habitantes; 94,09% son no-indígenas (en su mayoría de origen europeo o mestizo), sólo el 5,91% son indígenas.

Geografía física

Clima

Por estar situado en la zona del Valle Meridional del Río Motagua, su clima es de tipo semiárido de estepa. Según la Clasificación climática de Köppen, está clasificado como clima Semiárido Cálido (BSh), y aunque este tipo de clima es muy raro en Centroamérica, el municipio de Zacapa y municipios vecinos es la única región donde se encuentra este tipo de clima. Aunque posee una estación lluviosa, sus precipitaciones no sobrepasan los 700 mm anuales debido a que sus lluvias son muy breves en pocos días.

En contraparte, hay muchos días secos en la región; sus temperaturas son muy altas en comparación con el resto del país, que inclusive el INSIVUMEH, lo cataloga como uno de las regiones más secas y cálidas del país. El récord de las temperaturas altas máximas se registró en abril de 1991, con 46,8 °C, en el valle de La Fragua.

Ubicación geográfica

Zacapa está localizada en el departamento homónimo y sus colindancias son:

 Norte: Estanzuela y Río Hondo, municipios del departamento de Zacapa
 Sur:
 La Unión, municipio del departamento de Zacapa
 Jocotán y Chiquimula, municipios del departamento de Chiquimula
 Este: Gualán y La Unión, municipios del departamento de Zacapa
 Oeste: Huité y Estanzuela, municipios del departamento de Zacapa

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos.  Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, se encuentran sujetos a la legislación nacional y las principales leyes que los rigen desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —ley ordinaria que contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal»; el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios y tradiciones, y se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes, mientras que los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Comité Municipal de Desarrollo organizan y facilitan la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Los alcaldes que ha habido en el municipio son:

 2012-2020: Julio Sánchez

Historia

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica

El Estado de Guatemala fue definido de la siguiente forma por la Asamblea Constituyente de dicho estado que emitió la constitución del mismo el 11 de octubre de 1825: «el estado conservará la denominación de Estado de Guatemala y lo forman los pueblos de Guatemala, reunidos en un solo cuerpo.  El estado de Guatemala es soberano, independiente y libre en su gobierno y administración interior.»

Zacapa fue uno de los municipios originales del Estado de Guatemala fundado en 1825; estaba en el departamento de Chiquimula, cuya cabecera era el municipio del mismo nombre, y tenía a los municipios de Zacapa, Acasaguastlán, Sansaria, Esquipulas, Jalapa, y Mita.

La constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada el 11 de octubre de 1825 —y no el 11 de abril de 1836, como numerosos historiadores han reportado incorrectamente — creó los distritos y sus circuitos correspondientes para la administración de justicia según el Código de Lívingston traducido al español por José Francisco Barrundia y Cepeda; Zacapa fue sede del circuito del mismo nombre que pertenecía al Distrito N.º 4 (Chiquimula) e incluía a Santa Lucía, San Pablo, Gualán, Izabal, Río Hondo, Trapiche, Estanzuela, Uzumatán y Teculután.

Ferrocarril del Norte

Tras resultar electo como presidente en 1892, el Presidente José María Reina Barrios se empeñó en el proyecto del Ferrocarril del Norte y el 19 de julio de 1895 emitió el decreto No. 513, publicado ese mismo día en el diario oficial, en que se ordenaba la fundación de la ciudad de Puerto Barrios. El General Reyna Barrios colocó la primera piedra y declaró inaugurados los trabajos del ferrocarril. Para administrar la construcción del ferrocarril, el gobierno de Reina Barrios contrató a Feliciano García quien desde muy joven había mostrado habilidad para el manejo de negocios públicos y quien había sido secretario privado del general Justo Rufino Barrios cuando este fue presidente de Guatemala.  El ingeniero estadounidense Silvanus Miller fue el encargado de la construcción del ferrocarril.  En Centroamérica ya había colaborado en la construcción del ferrocarril de Puerto Limón en Costa Rica, y en El Salvador estuvo a cargo de unos estudios geológicos y en la explotación minera.

El 22 de noviembre de 1896 se inauguró el tramo de Zacapa a Puerto Barrios del Ferrocarril del Norte, considerado en ese momento un gran paso hacia las soluciones más urgentes de los problemas que afrontaba Guatemala.  El trazo abierto contaba con ciento y una millas, un poco más de la distancia total entre el puerto en el Atlántico y la Ciudad de Guatemala. Para entonces, el Norte de Guatemala era una región nueva, una fuente de riqueza no explorada y la construcción de la línea férrea prometía poder iniciar la explotación industrial y comercial de la región. La extensión total de la línea Puerto Barrios-Ciudad de Guatemala -por el derrotero de Panajax- era de ciento noventa y seis millas y nueve décimos, y se construyó en estas etapas: de Puerto Barrios a Tenedores, dieciocho millas; de Tenedores a Los Amates, cuarenta millas y ocho décimos; de Los Amates a Gualán, veintiún millas un décimo; de Zacapa a El Rancho de San Agustín Acasaguastlán, treinta y cuatro millas; del Rancho a Panajax, treinta millas; de Panajax a la Ciudad de Guatemala, en el punto de empalme con el Ferrocarril del centro, treinta y dos millas.

El tramo hasta El Rancho de San Agustín estuvo concluido en marzo de 1897, dejando construidos un total de ciento treinta y cuatro millas y nueve décimos; sin embargo, aunque el tramo del Rancho a Panajax no ofrecía extraordinarias dificultades debido a lo montañoso de la región, las últimas treinta y dos millas hasta la Ciudad de Guatemala si exigían penosas condiciones de trabajo, e incluso la construcción de un alto puente a la entrada Noreste de la ciudad.  Para llegar hasta allí, se tuvieron que sortear numerosas dificultates: leguas de terreno pantanoso, trayectos de base quebradiza, carestía de jornaleros y -sobre todo- los cambios en los precios internacionales que, en los últimos dos años del gobierno del general Reina Barrios cayeron estrepitosamente, especialmente los del café y de la plata.

En el tramo se construyeron numerosos puentes, entre los que sobresalían los puentes de los ríos San Francisco, San Francisco del Mar, río Escondido, río Motagua, río Iguana y río Gualán, de los cuales el puente sobre el río Motagua era el mayor, con una longitud de seiscientos cincuenta pies; por su parte, el puente sobre el Gualán tenía trescientos cincuenta pies y el puente entre Zacapa y El Rancho trescientos pies.

En marzo de 1897, coincidiendo con el inicio de la Exposición Centroamericana, la revista cultural La Ilustración Guatemalteca  publicó un análisis detallado de la situación económica de Guatemala: en ese momento, los precios de los valores públicos emitidos por el gobierno para financiar las obras de infraestructura habían pasado de una relativa estabilidad a un descenso rápido y desconsolador, y existía una paralización completa en los negocios por carencia casi absoluta de efectivo, situación muy grave que estaba empezando a afectar el comercio, la agricultura, la industria y demás fuentes de riqueza.  Las causas de este serio problema eran el excesivo desarrollo que el gobierno de Reina Barrios había dado a necesidades ficticias -o sea, el embellecimiento de la Ciudad de Guatemala y la realización de la Exposición Centroamericana- sin haber tomado en cuenta el verdadero estado de las finanzas nacionales.  Se consideraba para entonces que la única solución era una austeridad completa con un plan de economías y la abstención absoluta de todo dispendio innecesario y se temía que se llegara a una bancarrota estatal.

Cuando el gobierno se dio cuenta de que la Exposición Centroamericana iba a fracasar, provocó una baja en la cantidad de moneda de plata circulante cuando relevó a los bancos de Guatemala de pagar en moneda corriente de oro o plata, facultándolos para hacerlo con sus propios billetes, de los que existían entonces alrededor de 10 millones de pesos en circulación.  El 15 de agosto de 1897, La Ilustración del Pacífico publicó un severo editorial sobre la situación económica del país, haciendo ver que el dinero que se había generado cuando el precio del café estaba alto se había despilfarrado de tal forma, que cuando este cayó en los mercados internacionales se produjo una fuerte crisis económica derivada de la devaluación de la moneda circulante. Por su parte, el diario opositor La República informaba que el costo de la leche, los huevos y el pescado estaba tan elevado que solamente las familias acomodadas podían adquirirlos y solicitaba que se redujeran los aranceles a la harina para no debilitar a la población. La crisis llegó a tal grado, que el 8 de febrero de 1898 murió asesinado el presidente Reina Barrios.

Tras la muerte de Reina Barrios, el licenciado Manuel Estrada Cabrera llegó al poder, y en 1900 autorizó a su Ministro de Fomento, Rafael Spínola, que se encargara de realizar un contrato con la compañía estadounidense Central American Improvement Co. Inc. para terminar el tramo El Rancho a Ciudad de Guatemala, y reparar los tramos que ya estaban construidos pero que estaban abandonados.  Para cubrir los gastos de la construcción, el gobierno de Estrada Cabrera se comprometió a emitir cuatro millones de pesos guatemaltecos oro, pagaderos en diez años y al 6% de interés; por aparte, como garantía para la realización de contrato, el gobierno guatemalteco concedió a la compañía estadounidense la posesión y explotación del tramo que ya estaba concluido junto con todos los activos e instalaciones del mismo, incluyendo el muelle de Puerto Barrios.  La compañía también tuvo derecho de disfrutar de la posesión del tramo nuevo que se estaba construyendo por espacio de diez años, y recibió gratuitamente todo el terreno necesario para montar la línea y almacenar todo el equipo y materiales que necesitara.

En 1904, aprovechando la disponibilidad pro-norteamericana del presidente Manuel Estrada Cabrera, socios de Minor Keith, empezaron a ganar control de varios ramales de ferrocarril en Guatemala y en El Salvador, gracias a generosas concesiones de los presidentes de ambos países; en ese mismo año, se incorporó la compañía International Railways of Central American (IRCA) se incorporó en el estado de Nueva Jersey, aun cuando los diferentes ramales ferroviarios continuaron funcionando independientemente.

El reporte anual de actividades de 1912, describe la consolidación de los diferentes ramales como sigue: «El ferrocarril guatemalteco asumió el control de los ramales Centra, Occidental y el de Ocós en 1912, cuando la fuerza laboral de las oficinas generales y de la estación y talleres de Zacapa y la ciudad de Guatemala se consolidaron en los edificios de la Compañía Ferroviaria Central en Guatemala; la unión de todo esto recibió el nombre de International Railways of Central America (IRCA).  A partir de ese momento, los trenes de Guatemala se conocieron como:''
 Ferrocarril del Norte de Guatemala o del Distrito del Atlántico
 Ferrocarril del Distrito del Pacífico: los antiguos ferrocarriles Central, Occidental, Panamericano y de Ocós
 Ferrocarril Panamericano (en construcción por la Compañía Ferrocarrilera Central)»

Hasta el gobierno del coronel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (1951-1954), el principal medio de transporte en Guatemala era el ferrocarril, el cual era administrado por la International Railways of Central America (IRCA). El último año que IRCA reportó una ganancia fue en 1957.  En 1959, la carretera al Atlántico desde la Ciudad de Guatemala hasta Puerto Barios fue inaugurada, lo que dio como resultado que los camiones obligaran al tren a reducir sus tarifmas, además de que perdió mucha clientela. Y en 1964, debido a un huracán y a enfermedades de los árboles, cerró su extensa operación en Tiquisate, dejando a la IRCA sin el 10% de sus ganancias.

: Mancomunidad de Nor-Oriente de Guatemala

En 2000, Chiquimula se integró a la Mancomunidad de Nor-Oriente de Guatemala, la cual es una agrupación política y administrativa de once de los treinta y cuatro municipios de la región III o Nororiental de Guatemala gestiona el desarrollo social, cultural, político, económico y ambiental a través del impulso de la participación ciudadana de los diversos sectores locales.

Recursos naturales

Zacapa es principalmente una zona rural, que contiene una gran cantidad de terreno plano que se utiliza sobre todo para cultivar melón, tabaco y tomates. Que bordean el valle de Zacapa es la Sierra de las Minas, que alberga los bosques, y contiene las minas de mármol y las plantaciones de café. Algunos de los mejores de jade del mundo también se encuentra en esta área. Hay una marcada estación seca, a menudo marcada por más de dos meses sin lluvia, lo cual empeora la calidad del aire de la región tremendamente. Las zonas llanas de la región son conocidos por su fuerte insectos, llamados chicharras, que pían en los campos ya lo largo de las carreteras durante la estación seca.

Deportes
El municipio de Zacapa es sede del club de fútbol Deportivo Zacapa que juega en la Liga de ascenso de Fútbol de Guatemala, juegan en el Estadio David Ordóñez Bardales que se encuentra en la ciudad e Zacapa.

Otras cabeceras departamentales

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2015
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Ubicación del Municipio

Cabeceras de Guatemala
Departamentos y municipios originales de Guatemala
Miembros de la Mancomunidad de Nor-Oriente de Guatemala
Municipios de Zacapa
Patronazgo de la Inmaculada Concepción

Zacapa (ciudad)


نهر تويوهيرا  هو نهر في منطقة هوكايدو في اليابان .
طوله 72.5 كيلومتر و له مساحة تصريف يبلغ طولها 859 كيلومتر مربع. وهو راد من روافد أو جزء خارج عن نهر إيشيكاري.
يزود النهر مدينة سابورو بالماء. هذه المدينة هي عاصمة هوكايدو.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (confluence with Ishikari River)

أنهار اليابان

أنهار هوكايدو

نهر تويوهيرا


Gentlemen es el cuarto álbum de estudio de la banda estadounidense de rock alternativo The Afghan Whigs, lanzado en 1993.

Listado de canciones

Créditos

 Happy Chichester — Piano
 John Curley —	Productor, ingeniero
 Greg Dulli — Productor
 Steve Earle —	Batería
 John Hampton — Ingeniero
 Barbara Hunter — Violonchelo
 Bob Ludwig — Master
 Marcy Mays — Voz
 Rick McCollum — Guitarra
 Jeff Powell —	Ingeniero
 Jeffrey Reed — Ingeniero
 Jody Stephens — Voz

Véase también
 The Afghan Whigs

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biografía en Allmusic

Álbumes de 1993

Gentlemen (álbum)


More Than Fire (cu sensul de Mai mult decât un foc, 1993) este un roman științifico-fantastic al scriitorului american Philip José Farmer. Este al șaselea roman din seria de romane World of Tiers (1965–93).

Cadru
Romanul și seria au loc într-o serie de universuri construite artificial, create și conduse de ființe decadente (numite "Lorzi") care sunt identice din punct de vedere genetic cu oamenii, dar se consideră superioare, acestea au moștenit o tehnologie avansată pe care nu o mai înțeleg. Această tehnologie permite "Lorzilor"  (sau "Thoans" așa cum i-a denumit Farmer în introducerea sa pentru un joc video RPG) să creeze forme noi de viață și, de asemenea, să prevină îmbătrânirea sau boala, făcându-i efectiv nemuritori. Tehnologia lor le permite, de asemenea, să creeze mici universuri artificiale (ca de exemplu universul buzunar), planete și stele în aceste universuri și să modifice legile fizicii (de exemplu, schimbarea comportamentului gravitației) pentru a crea fenomene neobișnuite sau interesante în aceste universuri. Călătoria instantanee în interiorul și/sau între aceste universuri este realizată prin utilizarea porților care par să funcționeze ca dispozitive de teleportare sau ca mijloc de a crea găuri de vierme între diferitele regiuni ale spațiului.

Prezentare

Primire

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
1993 în literatură
Realitatea simulată în ficțiune

Romane din 1993
Romane americane
Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Philip José Farmer
1993 în științifico-fantastic

More Than Fire


Babette Valerie Louise Hobson, cunoscută ca     (), a fost o actriță irlandeză.

Filmografie
 His Lordship (1932) - Last Face in Montage ()
 For Love of You (1933) - Minor Role ()
 Eyes of Fate (1933) - Rene
 The Path of Glory (1934) - Maria
 Two Hearts in Waltz Time (1934) - Susie
 Badger's Green (1934) - Molly Butler
 Great Expectations (1934) - Biddy (scene șterse)
 Strange Wives (1934) - Mauna
 The Man Who Reclaimed His Head (1934) - Mimi - Carnival Girl ()
 Life Returns (1935) - Mrs. Kendrick
 The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935) - Helena Landless
 Rendezvous at Midnight (1935) - Sandra Rogers
 Oh, What a Night (1935) - Susan
 Bride of Frankenstein (1935) - Elizabeth
 Werewolf of London (1935) - Lisa Glendon
 Chinatown Squad (1935) - Janet Baker
 The Great Impersonation (1935) - Eleanor Dominey
 August Weekend (1936) - Claire Barry
 Secret of Stamboul (1936) - Tania
 Tugboat Princess (1936) - Sally
 No Escape (1936) - Laura Anstey
 Jump for Glory (1937) - Glory Howard aka Glory Fane
 The Drum (1938) - Mrs. Carruthers
 This Man Is News (1938) - Pat Drake
 Q Planes (1939) - Kay Hammond
 The Silent Battle (1939) - Draguisha
 This Man in Paris (1939) - Pat Drake
 The Spy in Black (1939) - The School Mistress
 Contraband (1940) - Mrs. Sorensen
 Atlantic Ferry (1941) - Mary Ann Morison
 Unpublished Story (1942) - Carol Bennett
 The Adventures of Tartu (1943, aka Sabotage Agent) - Maruschuka Lanova
 The Years Between (1946) - Diana Wentworth
 Great Expectations (1946) - Estella
 Blanche Fury (1948) - Blanche Fury
 The Small Voice (1948) - Eleanor Byrne
 Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) - Edith
 Train of Events (1949) - Stella (segment "The Composer")
 The Interrupted Journey (1949) - Carol North
 The Rocking Horse Winner (1950) - Hester Grahame
 The Card (1952) - Countess of Chell
 Who Goes There! (1952) - Alex Cornwall
 Meet Me Tonight (1952) - Stella Cartwright (segment "Ways and Means")
 The Voice of Merrill (1952) - Alycia
 Background (1953) - Barbie Lomax
 Knave of Hearts (1954) - Catherine Ripois ()

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori irlandezi
Listă de actori britanici
Listă de actrițe

Nașteri în 1917
Decese în 1998
Actori irlandezi

Valerie Hobson


Alchornea, biljni rod iz porodice mlječikovki. Postoji pedesetak priznatih vrsta grmova i drveća u tropskim krajevima Azije, Afrike, Amerike i Australije

Vrste

 Alchornea acroneura Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea acutifolia Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea alnifolia (Bojer ex Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea anamariae Secco
 Alchornea androgyna Croizat
 Alchornea annamica Gagnep.
 Alchornea bogotensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea brittonii Secco
 Alchornea castaneifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) A.Juss.
 Alchornea chiapasana Miranda
 Alchornea coelophylla Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea conceveiboides J.Murillo
 Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea costaricensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea davidii Franch.
 Alchornea discolor Poepp.
 Alchornea floribunda Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea fluviatilis Secco
 Alchornea glandulosa Poepp.
 Alchornea grandiflora Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea grandis Benth.
 Alchornea guatemalensis Lundell
 Alchornea hilariana Baill.
 Alchornea hirtella Benth.
 Alchornea humbertii Leandri
 Alchornea hunanensis H.S.Kiu
 Alchornea ilicifolia (Js.Sm.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea integrifolia Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea latifolia Sw.
 Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea liukiuensis Hayata
 Alchornea lojaensis Secco
 Alchornea megalophylla Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea mildbraedii Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea mollis (Benth.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea occidentalis (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea parviflora (Benth.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea pearcei Britton
 Alchornea perrieri Leandri
 Alchornea rhodophylla Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr.
 Alchornea sidifolia Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea tachirensis Secco
 Alchornea tenuinervia J.Murillo
 Alchornea tiliifolia (Benth.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea trewioides (Benth.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll.Arg.
 Alchornea verticillata P.Franco & Rentería ex J.Murillo
 Alchornea websteri Secco
 Alchornea yambuyaensis De Wild.

Izvori

Acalyphoideae

Alchornea


Catedrala Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul (în ) este o catedrală a Bisericii Greco-Catolice din Slovacia situată la Prešov, în Slovacia. Este catedrala Arhiepiscopiei de Prešov.

Istoric
Lăcașul a fost construit inițial în stil gotic, în secolul al XV-lea, și a servit drept biserică a spitalului carmeliților. După reforma protestantă biserica a fost folosită ca lăcaș evanghelic.

În anul 1673 împăratul Leopold I al Sfântului Imperiu Roman a dispus retrocedarea sa către Biserica Catolică, împreună cu fosta mănăstire. Cele două edificii au fost folosite de ordinul minorit. Între anii 1753-1754 biserica a fost transformată în stil baroc.

În secolul al XIX-lea, după înființarea Episcopiei de Prešov, biserica a devenit catedrală greco-catolică și a fost prevăzută cu un iconostas.

În edificiu se află mormintele fericiților Pavel Peter Gojdič de Prešov și Vasil Hopko. Tot în catedrală se află  o copie fidelă a Giulgiului din Torino, precum și un fragment din Sfânta Cruce.

Note

Prešov
Catedrale din Slovacia
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul
Arhitectură creștină
Biserici greco-catolice din Slovacia

Catedrala Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul din Prešov


La maison Bonvoisin, actuellement connue sous le nom de la maison de l'Eau est un immeuble classé du  situé dans la ville de Verviers en Belgique (province de Liège).

Localisation
Cette maison est située à Verviers dans le quartier de Hodimont, au 86 de la rue Jules Cerexhe, une ancienne artère longeant la rive droite de la Vesdre et possédant plusieurs immeubles classés. La façade arrière se situe aux  de la rue de Pétaheid.

Historique
La demeure a été construite pendant la première moitié du  vraisemblablement entre 1727 et 1735. L'arrière du bâtiment abritait des ateliers textiles et plus précisément des ateliers de confection de draps construits pour Pierre de Bonvoisin, le premier propriétaire, qui a laissé son nom à la maison. L'immeuble a fait l'objet d'une restauration en 2004 pour devenir un centre d'interprétation sur l'eau.

Description

Façade, rue Jules Cerexhe
La façade de la rue Jules Cerexhe possède cinq travées et trois niveaux (deux étages). Le soubassement est réalisé en pierre calcaire équarrie et le reste de la façade est élevé en brique avec encadrements en pierre calcaire. Toutes les baies sont jointives à claveaux passants un-sur-deux et de hauteur décroissante suivant le niveau. Le sommet de la façade est percé d'une ancienne lucarne monte-charge. La porte d'entrée se situe sur la travée de droite.

Façade, rue de Pétaheid
La façade située dans la petite rue de Pétaheid est assez similaire à celle de la rue Jules Cerexhe (mêmes matériaux, mêmes baies) exception faite de la porte d'entrée se situant sur la deuxième travée

Maison de l'Eau
Depuis 2004, la maison de l'Eau et le centre d'interprétation de l'eau, faisant partie de l'ASBL Aqualaine, occupent la maison Bonvoisin.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste du patrimoine immobilier classé de Verviers
 Centre historique de la laine et de la mode
 Maison Soumagne
 Maisons Lorquet
 Maison Moulan

Bibliographie
 V. DEJARDIN et J. MAQUET, La route du patrimoine industriel, Stavelot, éditions de l'Institut du Patrimoine wallon, collection Itinéraires du Patrimoine wallon, 2007, p. 115

Patrimoine du XVIIIe siècle
Patrimoine classé à Verviers
Bonvoisin
Bâtiment à Verviers

Maison Bonvoisin


Ante Deljac, hrvatski kemičar (Šibenik, 4. studenoga 1930.)

Životopis
Gimnaziju pohađao u Šibeniku. God. 1958. diplomirao kemiju na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu u Zagrebu, gdje je 1965. doktorirao tezom Eliminacijske reakcije sulfoksida. Asistent je u Odjelu za biokemijsku tehnologiju Instituta »Ruđer Bošković« (1958–60), a potom u Zavodu za organsku kemiju i biokemiju Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, gdje je od 1961. asistent, od 1967. docent, od 1976. izvanredni te od 1988. redoviti profesor organske kemije. Boravio je na znanstvenom usavršavanju na University of Brunswick u Frederictonu u Kanadi (1968. i 1969). Bavi se sintetskom organskom kemijom — sintezom prirodnih spojeva, u prvom redu sumpornih, objavivši u suradnji više radova (Croatica chemica acta, 1959; Bulletin Scientifique Conseil des Académies des Sciences et des Artes de la RSF Yougoslavie. Section A, 1965, 1967; Tetrahedron, Oxford 1966; Monatshefte für Chemie, Beč 1967; Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Hag 1967; Tetrahedron Letters, Oxford 1970; Acta pharmaceutica Jugoslavica, 1974–75, 1984–86, 1988, 1991; Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Oxford 1975; Polyhedron, Oxford 1983; Bulletin de la Société Chimique, 1984; Iugoslavica physiologica et pharmacologica acta, 1985; Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristalogeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie, Frankfurt 1988; Journal of Chromatographic Science, Niles 1990; Rad JAZU, 1990, 448). Izveo je sinteze sulforafena, triciklovetivena i dehidrometionina (Tetrahedron, 1966; Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Ottawa 1972; Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1973; Rad JAZU, 1990, 448). Autor je i suautor nekoliko patentnih postupaka za pripravu novih heterocikličkih organskih spojeva iz reda diazocina, kinelina i piridina.

Izvori

Životopisi, Šibenik
Hrvatski kemičari

Ante Deljac


වැලිකන්ද ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ,  උතුරු මැද පළාතේ,   පොළොන්නරුව දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.

ජනගහනය

ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම්

ආර්ථිකය  යුද සමයෙන් පසු දියුනුවට පත් විය ගොවිතැන  ආශිත ජිවන රටාවක් ඇත වෙනත් රැකියා අවම මට්ටමක ඇත

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
පොළොන්නරුව දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

වැලිකන්ද ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


Incidence of Catastrophe er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Gary Hill efter manuskript af Gary Hill.

Handling
Videoen bygger på et litterært forlæg, nemlig »Thomas l'Obscure« af den franske forfatter og filosof Maurice Blanchot. Teksten såvel som videoen handler om en grundlæggende meningsløshed eller intethed i familie med døden, som ligger og lurer under de daglige gøremål. I videoen ser vi de spinkle menneskelige forsvarsværker bryde sammen for hovedpersonen (spillet af Gary Hill selv), og vi følger hans gradvise opløsning som menneske indtil det punkt, hvor selv sproget forsvinder. En klassiker inden for videokunsten.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1988

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Incidence of Catastrophe


الطريق المحلية رقم 524 أو ط م 524 طريق فرعية تونسية تصل بين الطريق الوطنية رقم 7 على مستوى مدينة وادي الليل والطريق الجهوية رقم ؟.

الطرقات المحلية - تونس

الطريق المحلية رقم 524


مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسية هي مؤسسة عمومية تونسية سابقة تأسست في 1990 وأغلقت في 2007 بعد تقسيمها إلى مؤسستين: مؤسسة الإذاعة التونسية ومؤسسة التلفزة التونسية.

تاريخ
أنشئت أول محطة إذاعية تونسية في 15 أكتوبر 1938، وبعد الاستقلال تمت تونسة البث الإذاعي وأنشئت للغرض مؤسسة تونسية طبقا للأمر المؤرخ في 25 أفريل 1957، وتسمى الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسية، حيث تم أول بث تلفزي يوم 31 ماي 1966. وفي عام 1990 أصبحت تسمى مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسية وذلك طبقا للقانون المؤرخ يوم 7 ماي 1990.

محطات وقنوات
 البث التلفزي يتم من خلال قناتين تسمى إحداهما الوطنية1 والأخرى الوطنية2.
 أما البث الإذاعي فيتم من خلال :
 أربع مخطات وطنية: إذاعة تونس، إذاعة الشباب، إذاعة تونس الثقافية، إذاعة تونس الدولية.
 خمس محطات جهوية توجد بكل من: صفاقس، المنستير، قفصة، تطاوين، الكاف.

متفرقات
تبث الإذاعات التونسية أغلب برامجها باللغة العربية والبعض بالفرنسية وبلغات أخرى مثل الأنقليزية والإيطالية والإسبانية عبر الإذاعة الدولية.
منذ عام 2003 سمح بفتح محطات إذاعية وتلفزية خاصة، وفي هذا الإطار تم بعث قناة حنبعل، وإذاعات موزاييك أف أم وإذاعة الزيتونة أف أم الدينية.

مقالات ذات صلة
 مؤسسة التلفزة التونسية
 مؤسسة الإذاعة التونسية

مراجع

أعضاء اتحاد البث الأوروبي
اتحاد إذاعات الدول العربية
الإذاعة في تونس
انحلالات سنة 2007 في تونس
إعلام تونس
إعلام حكومي
بث متعدد اللغات
تأسيسات سنة 1990 في تونس
شبكات تلفزيونية باللغة الفرنسية
شركات حكومية تونسية
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية أسست في 1990
محطات تمول شعبيا
وسائل إعلام سابقة في تونس

مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسية


Ovidio Alejandro González es un político venezolano. Nació en Porlamar, Estado Nueva Esparta (Isla de Margarita) el 26 de febrero de 1931, hijo de Constantino Hágliani, de origen libanés y su madre Teodora González. Su niñez y juventud fueron de penurias y sin sabores dadas las difíciles condiciones económicas que afrontaban los habitantes de la Isla para aquellos tiempos, su dedicación como humilde de pescador y nativo del barrio Bella Vista de la Isla de Margarita, y locutor en Ondas Porteñas (Unión Radio 640), lo motivo a hacerse Médico y perseguir un fin: "Mi lucha social es por quienes menos tienen".

Biografía
Curso Estudios de Medicina en la Universidad de Los Andes, donde se graduó de médico en 1957, y luego cursó estudios de Gineco-Obstetricia. Fue Presidente del Colegio de Médicos del Estado Anzoategui, y participó en la formación del Centro Médico de Especializades Anzoategui de Lechería. Contrajo matrimonio con María Antonieta Aguana, con quien procreó tres hijos.

Fue el primer Gobernador del Estado Anzoátegui en ser electo por votación popular, para el periodo 1989-1992, a raíz de la entrada en vigencia de la Ley de Elección de Gobernadores, y con el apoyo de 17 Partidos Políticos encabezados por COPEI, que derrotó en el proceso electoral al partido Acción Democrática.

Luego fue Reelecto como Gobernador para el Periodo 1992-1995. Ante la búsqueda del apoyo social para transformar la realidad del Estado Anzoátegui, preparó un programa de gobierno que descansó en el lema "Primero es la gente". En 1994, debido a los odios existentes en la clase política de entonces, presentes mayoritariamente en la Asamblea Legislativa Estadal, acordaron improbar la memoria y cuenta de su gestión, lo conllevó a su destitución por parte de ese ente legislativo como Gobernador del Estado Anzoátegui, conforme a las atribuciones conferidas por la Ley de Elección de Gobernadores.

Su situación sirvió para que esta Ley fuera reformada y que ningún otro gobernador pudiera ser removido del Gobierno Estadal por una mayoría circunstancial en las Asambleas Legislativas Estadales, evitando decisiones arbitrarias. Sin embargo, el Tribunal Superior de Salvaguarda a quien correspondió conocer del caso, estableció en su resolución que no se encontraron irregularidades en su gestión. A raíz de su salida del poder se convocaron elecciones especiales, resultado electo Dennis Balza Ron, para concluir el periodo de mandato 1994-1995.

Referencias

 La Nueva Prensa de Oriente (Anzoategui) Fecha: 19/11/2007.

Porlamarenses
Gobernadores de Anzoátegui
Políticos de Venezuela
Médicos de Venezuela
Políticos de la Venezuela contemporánea
Diputados de la V Legislatura del Congreso Nacional de Venezuela

Ovidio González


Baza sportivă CUG Cluj-Napoca era un stadion multifuncțional amplasat în cartierul Gheorgheni din Cluj-Napoca care era folosit de echipa a doua a clubului  CFR 1907 Cluj . Avea o suprafata de 65 669 m2 si includea teren de fotbal gazon, teren fotbal zgură, teren fotbal sintetic, tenis si handbal. Adresa este Strada Alexandru Vaida Voevod F.N., Cluj-Napoca 400066, România.

În 2005, consiliul județean și primăria Cluj-Napoca au avut discuții pentru formarea unui parteneriat cu firmele De.Be.Co și SC Univers T SA Cluj-Napoca.

În 10 noiembrie 2007 după ce au fost finalizate lucrarile, a fost inaugurat Iulius Mall, ce a fost construit pe o suprafață de aproximativ 43.000 m2, Baza sportivă restrângându-se doar la actualul stadion care mai are o suprafață de 24 983 de metri pătrați și este compusă din teren de fotbal gazon (19 200 m2), o clădire administrativă cu un etaj și alte construcții speciale.

Vezi și
 Cluj Arena
 Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu
 Listă de stadioane din județul Cluj

Legături externe
 Noul stadion, la baza CUG

Stadioane de fotbal din România
Sport în Cluj-Napoca

Stadionul CUG Cluj-Napoca


Pokrovskoje (ruski Покровское) naselje je u Tjumenjskoj oblasti u Rusiji.
Selo se nalazi na rijeci Tura 24 km jugozapadno od Jarkova.
Godine 1869. tu je rođen Grigorij Rasputin, prijatelj obitelji cara Nikole II. U čast Rasputinu u selu je otvoren povijesno-kulturni centar "Kazanskij".
Dana 17. srpnja 1992. u Pokrovskoju je bio otvoren muzej Grigorija Rasputina (koji je k tome i prvi privatni muzej u Rusiji).

Izvori

Pokrovskoje


Jákup Sverri Fonsdal Kass (født 19. januar 1977 i Tórshavn) er en færøsk erhvervsleder og politiker (FS).

Han har studentereksamen fra 1997 og blev cand.ling.merc. i engelsk og europastudier fra Handelshøjskolen i Århus i 2006.

Erhvervskarriere
Kass arbejdede i rederiet Smyril Line fra 1998, blandt andet som salgs- og markedsdirektør 2005–2009. I årene 2009–2012 var han salgs- og markedsdirektør i flyselskabet Atlantic Airways. I 2012 blev han administrerende direktør for Vágar Lufthavn.

Politisk aktivitet og tillidshverv
Som studerende var Kass formand for studenterorganisationen Landsfelag Føroyinga í Útbúgving (LFÚ) i 2000 samt bestyrelsesmedlem i Meginfelag Føroyskra Studenta (MFS) 2002–2006. Han var medlem af  Sjálvstýrisflokkurin og på et tidspunkt formand for Unga Sjálvstýri. Kass var 1. suppleant til Lagtinget fra Suðurstreymoy 1998–2002 og mødte fast for Helena Dam á Neystabø 1998–2001. Dermed er han den yngste, som har mødt fast i Lagtinget, 21 år gammel. Han var næstformand i Lagtingets undersøgelsesudvalg for finanskrisen 1998–2000 samt medlem af Lagtingets erhvervsudvalg 1998–2001. I 2011 forlod Kass Sjálvstýrisflokkurin og tilsluttede sig det nystiftede liberal parti Framsókn, hvor han siden har været suppleant i  bestyrelsen.

Privatliv
Jákup Sverri Kass er gift med en datter af Poul Michelsen, der var hovedmanden bag etableringen af Framsókn.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 302. (PDF )

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jákup Sverri Kass hos Lagtinget

Erhvervsfolk fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Framsókn
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Thorshavn
Politikere fra Sjálvstýrisflokkurin

Jákup Sverri Kass


Richard Sylvan (13 December 1935 – 16 June 1996) was a New Zealand–born philosopher, logician, and environmentalist.

Biography
Sylvan was born Francis Richard Routley in Levin, New Zealand, and his early work is cited with this surname. He studied at Victoria University College of the University of New Zealand (now Victoria University of Wellington), and then Princeton University, before taking positions successively at several Australian institutions, including the University of Sydney. From 1971 until his death in Bali, Indonesia, he was a fellow at the Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS) at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Sylvan was married to the philosopher/environmentalist Val Routley (later, Val Plumwood), with whom he worked closely for twenty years before their separation in 1982. After his divorce from Plumwood, he married Louise Sylvan (née Mirlin) in 1983 and adopted the last name Sylvan (an English word meaning "of the forest") to reflect his love of the forest and commitment to environmentalism.

He died on 16 June 1996 of a massive heart attack.

Work in logic and metaphysics
Sylvan was instrumental in the development and study of relevance logic. In 1972, Sylvan (in a paper co-authored with Plumwood) proposed semantics for certain relevant logics that had been developed by American philosophers Nuel Belnap and Alan Ross Anderson. Together with Robert K. Meyer, Routley turned this into semantics for a large number of logical systems.

Their work in logic work helped make ANU a center for the study of non-classical logic in general. Routley's work had a particular influence on Graham Priest, a well-known proponent of non-classical logic; Sylvan and Priest edited a well-regarded volume on the topic. Priest in turn influenced Sylvan; they met in 1976 at the Australasian Association of Logic conference in Canberra at a time when Sylvan was doing novel work on dialetheism, the view that some contradictions are true. Not long after meeting Priest, and then investigating a logic capable of handling such true contradictions, Sylvan also endorsed the view.

Sylvan's studies ranged over a variety of topics in logic and the philosophy of logic. He wrote important papers on free logic, general modal logic, and natural deduction systems. However, much of his most important work in logic was dedicated to relevant logic, for which he authored numerous papers (both technical and expository).

From early in his career (and for many years after), Sylvan defended a sophisticated Meinong-inspired ontology (which he called "noneism"), first presented in his 1966 paper, "Some Things Do Not Exist." After several more papers in the 1970s, the theory was given a book-length treatment in 1980, Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond. The view — also defended in recent years by Priest — utilizes a modal theory including "impossible worlds" to deal with supposed objects, like the "round square." Sylvan's formulation is logically consistent, and avoids certain paradoxes associated with Meinong's original ontology; although, like many Meinongian views, it faces criticism due to its presumed ontological implausibility.

Environmental ethics and politics
Outside of logic and metaphysics, Sylvan was a proponent of so-called deep environmental ethics in the study of environmental ethics (following shallow/deep distinction formulated by Arne Næss). In his important 1973 paper "Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental, Ethic?", he defended a then-unorthodox account of the intrinsic value of the non-human, natural world. For this he was sometimes considered a defender of deep ecology, but he was in fact very critical of much of the domain. Further, Sylvan spoke of supporting "regulated markets without capitalism."

Beginning in the 1970s, Sylvan published several other notable articles and books on environmental ethics and issues, and he co-authored the 1994 book The Greening of Ethics with David Bennett. From his work in environmental ethics, Sylvan took an interest in anarchism, contributing an often-cited entry on the subject to A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy.

Over 170 boxes of Sylvan's papers can be accessed from the Fryer Library collection of The University of Queensland Library.

Works
 1980, Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond: An Investigation of Noneism and the Theory of Items, Department of Philosophy Monograph Series #3, Canberra: Australian National University.
 Revised edition in 4 volumes:
 Eckert, M. (ed.), 2018, Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond (The Sylvan Jungle: Volume 1), with Introduction by Dominic Hyde, Cham: Springer.
 Hyde, D. (ed.), 2019, Noneist Explorations I (The Sylvan Jungle: Volume 2), Cham: Springer.
 Hyde, D. (ed.), 2020, Noneist Explorations II (The Sylvan Jungle: Volume 3), Cham: Springer.
 Weber, Z. (ed.), 2019, Ultralogic as Universal? (The Sylvan Jungle: Volume 4), Cham: Springer.

Notes

References

External links

  with an annotated bibliography of the logical writings

  Ten essays available for download

1935 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Australian philosophers
Abstract object theory
Australian anarchists
Australian anti-capitalists
Environmental ethicists
Green anarchists
New Zealand logicians
People from Levin, New Zealand
Princeton University alumni

Richard Sylvan


SAAB (Svenska Aeroplan AktieBolaget) (Türkçe: İsveç Uçak AŞ), 1937 yılında kurulan İsveçli havacılık ve savunma sanayi şirketi. 1947 yılından 1990 yılına kadar Saab Automobile adı altında otomobil üreticisi  olmuştur. 1968 ve 1995 yılları arasında ticari araç üreticisi Scania ile birleşerek Saab-Scania olarak adı altında ticari araç üretmiştir.

Ürünler

Askeri Uçak
 Saab 17 (bombardıman uçağı: 1941-1944 arasında, 323 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 18 (çift motorlu bombardıman uçağı ve keşif uçağı: 1944-1948 arasında, 245 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 21 (çift bomlu itme pervaneli avcı / saldırı uçağı: 1945-1949 arasında, 298 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 21R (Saab 21'in jet motorlu versiyonu: 1950-1952'de, 64 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 29 Tunnan (ilk amaca yönelik jet avcı uçağı: 1950-1956 arasında, 661 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 32 Lansen (saldırı uçağı: 1953-1959'da üretilmiş, 450 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 35 Draken (avcı: 1955-1974 arasında, 644 adet üretildi)
 Saab 37 Viggen (avcı / saldırı / keşif uçağı: 1970-1990 arası, 329 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab JAS 39 Gripen (çok amaçlı avcı uçağı: 1996'da tanıtıldı, 2020 itibarıyla 306 adet)
 Saab 105 (çift motorlu eğitim uçağı: 1963-1972 arasında  192 adet üretilmiştir)
Saab 340 AEW&C (havadan erken uyarı ve kontrol uçağı: 1994-1999 arasında, 12 adet üretilmiş)
 Boeing T-7 Red Hawk (gelişmiş pilot eğitim uçağı: Boeing tarafından Saab Group ile ortaklaşa geliştirildi, 2 adet üretildi, 351 eğitim ucağı USAF tarafından satın alınacak)

İptal Edilen Askeri Uçak Projeleri
 Saab 36 (bombardıman uçağı, 1950'ler, hiç üretilmedi)
Saab 38 (Saldırı/eğitim uçağı, 1970'ler, hiç üretilmedi)

Sivil Uçaklar

 Saab 90 Scandia (32 yolcu kısa / orta menzilli uçak: 1946-1954 arasında, 18 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 91 Safir (tek motorlu eğitim uçağı: 1946-1966'da, 323 adet üretilmiş)
 MFI-15 Safari/MFI-17 Supporter (tek motorlu eğitim uçağı: 1971- 70'lerin sonu, yaklaşık 250 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 340 (30-35 yolcu kısa menzilli uçak: 1983-1999 arasında, 459 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab 2000 (50-58 yolcu yüksek hızlı turboprop yolcu uçağı: 1992-1999 arasında, 63 adet üretilmiş)

Deneysel Hava Araçları
 Saab 210 (deneysel uçak: 1952'de, 1 adet üretilmiş)
 Saab/Linköping Üniversitesi Flygsystem 2020.

İnsansız Hava Araçları
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 Swiss UAV

Füzeler
 RBS 56B BILL 2
 KEPD 350
 MBT LAW
 RB 04 (gemisavar füze)
 RB 05 (havadan karaya füze)
 RBS 23
 RBS-15 (karadan karaya ve havadan karaya gemisavar füze)
 RBS-70
 Meteor BVRAAM

Deniz Muharebe Yönetim Sistemleri
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Donanma Radar Sistemleri
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Botlar
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Galeri

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Kaynakça

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Hava aracı üreticileri
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1937'de kurulan şirketler

Saab


Hüseyin Çelik ismini taşıyanlar:
 Hüseyin Çelik (d.1959), Kürt kökenli Türk siyasetçi
 Hüseyin Çelik (1874 doğumlu siyasetçi) (1874-1928), Türk siyasetçi
 Hüseyin Çelik (1933 doğumlu siyasetçi) (d.1933), Türk politikacı

Ayrıca bakınız

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Hüseyin Çelik (anlam ayrımı)


Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (April 19, 1857 – October 1, 1910) was an American river pilot, captain, and politician. He was elected as the 19th governor of the U.S. state of Florida, serving from January 3, 1905, to January 5, 1909. He was most widely known for his major project to drain the Everglades, to recover land for agricultural cultivation. As governor, he built alliances with the federal government to gain funds for this project. In 1915, the newly formed Broward County was named in his honor.

Broward previously served as the sheriff of Duval County, Florida and in the Florida House of Representatives. He was allied with the Straightouts, Populist-leaning elements of the Democratic Party in the state.

Early life and education
His childhood was spent on a series of family farms along the St. Johns River in Jacksonville.  During the Civil War, the original farm was burned by Union troops occupying the town. After the war, the Browards struggled to recover.

Broward's parents both died when he was still quite young. Broward, along with his brother, tended the family farm for a few years before moving into the city with their uncle.

Broward first worked on the river with this uncle, Joe Parsons, doing odd jobs on his steamboat during the summer. In 1876, having graduated high school, Broward became a ship's mate and traveled to New England. He stayed in that region for two years, working on ships along the New England coast and coming home a stout young man, standing six foot two and weighing over two hundred pounds.

After gaining experience in the north as a ship's mate, in 1878 Broward returned to Jacksonville and took a job working tugboats on the St. Johns River. He became acquainted with many of the captains and shipping operations.

Broward married his captain's daughter (Georgiana Carolina "Carrie" Kemp) in January 1883. That spring, he applied for a license to pilot ships over the St. Johns Bar, a constantly shifting sandbar that stretched across the mouth of the St. Johns, sometimes above water and sometimes many feet below. Piloting ships over the treacherous bar was quite lucrative.

Broward seemed destined for a life of comfort until his wife died a day after giving birth to his son in late October 1883. The son, also named Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, would only live for six weeks.

By 1885, he was back on the St. Johns, piloting his father-in-law's steamboat Kate Spencer.  While working on the ship, he met the young daughter of a fellow boat captain, Annie Isabell Douglass, a frequent passenger and the two were married in 1887. The couple ended up having eight daughters and one son:

Annie Dorcas Broward Starrett (1889–1923)
Josephine Broward Beckley (1892–1970)
Enid Lyle Broward Hardee (1894–1943)
Elsie Hortense Broward Dumas (1896–1948)
Ella Jeanette Broward Shevlin (1899–1961)
Agnes Carolyn Broward Craig (1901–1995)
Florida Douglass Broward Segrest (1904–1988)
Elizabeth Hutchison Broward Crawford (1906–1992)
Napoleon Bonaparte Broward III (1910–1989)

Political beginnings
Broward established his reputation as a good pilot and captain. In January 1888, a major prison break disgraced the city's sheriff, who was  subsequently removed from office. The county Democratic leadership convened and nominated Broward as the best man to become the new sheriff. The governor appointed him to the post on February 27. In less than a month, Broward gained statewide notoriety for breaking up gambling operations in the city.

Broward soon took an active part in city politics.  In the early 1890s, the Democratic Party in Florida was undergoing some internal strife.  Two factions developed in Jacksonville that eventually became the major statewide camps, the Antis and the Straightouts. The Antis were conservative and pro-business, whereas the Straightouts were allied with Populists and agrarians. Broward joined the Straightout camp. In this period, Populists, sometimes in biracial alliances with Republicans, won numerous states in the South. The Democratic Party struggled to regain power in state legislatures.

In the election of 1892, the Straightouts, under Broward's leadership, swept the city offices: Broward's close friends, John N.C. Stockton and John M. Barrs, became city attorney and councilman, respectively, while Broward retained the sheriff's office. (He was an indicted felon when elected.) The Antis continued to struggle for power and two years later, the split between the two camps became even more severe.  The Antis the Straightouts accused each other of voter fraud, complaining to the secretary of state and the governor. Anti sympathizers held most of the state offices, and the Antis won out. Broward was replaced by a new appointee when the Antis regained power in the city.

Cuban involvement
In 1895, Broward, his brother, and an associate began building a new steamboat, The Three Friends.  Located on Fort George Island, the proprietors of the boat-building company were John Joseph Daly and Charles Scammell.  During the construction, Cuban insurgents began fighting for independence from Spain.  Broward was approached by a prominent member of Jacksonville's Cuban community about shipping a load of munitions and some Cuban expatriates from Nassau to Cuba.  Broward agreed, and in January 1896, The Three Friends shipped out of Jacksonville on her maiden voyage, bound for Cuba.

Broward continued this military filibustering operation until President William McKinley declared war on Spain.  Several times Broward was nearly caught and destroyed by Spanish gunboats. Aware of Broward's identity, the Spanish ambassador to the United States demanded that the American be stopped and his ship impounded.  U.S. authorities tried to catch him, but Broward eluded them by loading The Three Friends under cover of darkness in secluded locations, hiding her behind larger ships as she left the St. Johns, and picking up Cubans and munitions from other ships at various points near the mouth of the river. Except when trying to evade capture, Broward never pretended not to be a filibusterer. He gained notoriety around the state for his daring deeds. However, Broward did take precautions against having his cargo intercepted by the Spanish, such as concealing arms and munitions inside shipments of groceries to the island.

Return to politics
In 1896, the Straightouts offered to nominate Broward for sheriff, but he was busy with his filibustering operation and declined. In 1900, the war ended and his filibustering days were over.

Broward accepted the Democratic nomination for the State House and was elected almost without opposition.  In the House, Broward supported many progressive initiatives, including a state dispensary bill and a law allowing insanity as grounds for divorce (at the request of powerful developer Henry Flagler). The most important law he supported was the Primary Election Law.

Broward had long supported a primary election system to replace the state's convention system, which was controlled by a small clique headed by Flagler. A strong law was drawn up in the House, which Broward enthusiastically supported, but after the Senate weakened the bill substantially, he withdrew his support. The bill passed anyway.

Broward was not naïve when it came to politics.  As a Straightout and a supporter of the "common man," Broward naturally opposed Flagler's control of the party nominating system in the state. It tended to produce Democratic candidates from the Anti faction. As Florida had disfranchised most blacks and was essentially a one-party state, Anti control of the party nominating system effectively meant Anti control of the state government. Broward was smart enough to sponsor Flagler's requested divorce bill, but still wanted to wrest power from the big man.

Campaign for governor
Broward did not run for the House again in 1902 because he was busy with a salvage operation in the Keys. During the summer of 1903, he decided to run for the governorship, as he had been approached numerous times during the spring and the summer about running for the office. As the party was hard pressed to find another liberal candidate, he agreed to run for office.

Broward was never wealthy, and in fact, frequently found himself in debt for one reason or another. The liberal forces in the state did not have great financial backing, while the conservative forces controlled most of the money and most of the newspapers in the state, as well as the major cities.

Broward said of his chances,
"I don't intend to go after the cities.  Their newspapers are against me and they don't take me seriously. But I'm going to stump every crossroads village between Fernandina and Pensacola and talk to the farmers and the crackers and show them their top ends were meant to be used for something better than hatracks. I'm going to make 'em sit up and think. They won't mind mistakes in grammar if they find I'm talking horse sense."

Broward began campaigning immediately. His strongest opponent was Robert W. Davis, the railroad (and hence Flagler) candidate, while the two other candidates presented smaller threats.  Broward hit Davis early and throughout the election for being a railroad man.   Davis and the city newspapers generally derided Broward as an idiot as well as a liberal whose time had passed.

The greatest issue in the campaign was Everglades drainage, a program first examined by the sitting governor, William S. Jennings. Broward came out strongly in favor of drainage, calling the ground "the fabulous muck." While campaigning, he carried an elevation map of the various parts of the Everglades.  If Broward found that he was losing an argument over drainage, he would point to his map and say, "Water will run downhill!"

Davis and Broward easily moved ahead into the second primary, and the campaign grew fiercer, with Davis at one point saying, "Mr. Broward is a man of but little ability and no intellectual brilliance whatever!" Broward used Davis's congressional record to repeatedly attack his voting in support of his railroad ties.  Broward appealed to few urban voters and no business interests, while Davis could not win support among farmers or rural voters.  On election day, Broward's rural voters gave him the primary victory by only 600 votes out of 45,000. The general election some weeks later was uneventful, and Broward was inaugurated on January 3, 1905.

Governorship
Broward's biggest push as governor was for drainage of the Everglades, then considered useless swamp, as white settlers did not understand its ecology or relation to water table and habitat.  Early in his term, Broward was attacked often and by many different people for his drainage program and for the land tax he instituted to pay for it. One newspaper noted, "The treasury will be drained before the Everglades."  As drainage progressed, Broward began taking his fiercest opponents for "ocular displays" in the Glades, showing them the work that had been done and how it was progressing. John Beard, one of Broward's most effective opponents, was eventually convinced by one of these trips that the land was fertile and that drainage was working. Broward retaliated against Frank Stoneman, publisher of the predecessor of the Miami Herald who opposed the drainage, by refusing to certify his election as circuit judge.

Broward gained national prominence through this massive program. As his administration progressed, Broward became more involved with legislators and officials in Washington, gaining federal funds for the drainage project. Eventually, he brought President Teddy Roosevelt down to the Glades for a trip through the drainage areas. Roosevelt was an avid supporter of drainage and became an important advocate for the program.

Broward tackled other problems, as well – he worked to emphasize education and upgrade the state universities. His appointees assessed them as not offering much beyond the high-school level.  He also helped guide a reorganization bill through the legislature that closed some of the schools and set up a commission to determine where the remaining schools should be located. A fight ensued about where to locate the major state university, which at the time was in Lake City.  The Control Board (consisting of Broward and the cabinet) eventually selected Gainesville as the new site for the flagship state university. Residents in both cities complained that the commission members had been bought off.

Broward introduced a bill to the legislature in 1905 directing the state to provide life insurance for its citizens, and setting up an Insurance Commission and a cabinet-level post to go along with the program. The legislature voted the bill down with little debate. Broward supported measures to create a state textbook commission, reform the state hospital system, regulate the accounting profession, and make the state's Railroad Commission permanent.

In December 1907, U.S. Senator Stephen R. Mallory, Jr. died suddenly and Broward appointed William James Bryan, Mallory's campaign manager and already a candidate for the seat, to fill the vacancy.  Newspapers criticized his selection of Bryan, who was only 31 at the time.  The Tampa Tribune wrote, "If Mr. Bryan has given any symptoms of being worthy of this distinction then we are utterly at a loss to know it; it must be a weighty secret hidden in the governor's brain."

After the governorship
In February 1908, Senator Bryan contracted typhoid fever and died in March, shocking the state.  Broward appointed William Hall Milton to the post. Milton pledged not to run for the seat in November, but Broward soon announced that he was a candidate, an arrangement that was much-criticized, but took to the stump against his opponents, among them were his old adversary John Beard, along with a former political ally, Jacksonville mayor Duncan U. Fletcher. Beard and Fletcher attacked Broward throughout the campaign, but the former governor prevailed in the first primary, and entered the second primary campaign against Fletcher.

Broward's friend John Stockton advanced to the second primary in the governor's race, against General Albert Gilchrist of Fort Myers.  Fletcher was an old liberal, and though now more conservative than Broward, the two men still agreed on many things.  Gilchrist was much feared as a railroad man. Broward campaigned as much for Stockton for governor as he did for himself.

Broward and Stockton both lost. Newspapers statewide loudly proclaimed the end of the Broward era, and the Everglades drainage project seemed doomed, but Broward was not through. The 1908 Democratic National Convention was to be held shortly in Denver, and Broward planned to attend. For months, Broward was mentioned in newspapers throughout the South as a potential candidate for the vice presidency, and he was nationally known for his drainage work and for his earlier filibustering.  Upon arrival in Denver, he was greeted by banners reading: "Bryan, Broward, and Bread." An editorial in the Denver Post spoke very favorably of him, concluding that he was an excellent choice for the position. Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan telegraphed from his home, that he wanted a Midwesterner, rather than a Southerner. Although the crowd at the convention continued to back Broward, Bryan was able to name his own candidate.

The 1908 election results were not all bad for Broward.  Fletcher as senator was still a mild progressive and maintained his long friendship with Broward. Gilchrist proved to be much more liberal in the role of governor and became an avid supporter of draining the Everglades.

In 1910, James Taliaferro's Senate seat was up for election. Big-city newspapers endorsed Taliaferro for re-election, but Broward soon entered the race against him. The race, expected to be an exciting showdown, proved to be such a bore that election news was pushed off the front page by coverage of Halley's Comet. Broward and Taliaferro entered the second primary after a quiet election.

The second primary campaign proved scarcely more interesting, though Broward took to the stump, traveling throughout the state.  After an exciting election-eve rally at which Broward's supporters got so carried away that Taliaferro left in disgust, Broward pulled out a victory.

Exhausted by the campaign, Broward retired with his family to his home on Fort George Island near Jacksonville.  Late in September, Broward fell ill with gallstones, which had been a concern for some months, though Broward had been too busy for surgery. He was in the hospital for a few days, and died just before he was to enter surgery. He was buried on October 4.

The Florida Times-Union wrote,

The main aspect of his legacy was the draining of the Everglades, now recognized as perhaps the biggest environmental folly in American history. Broward's supporters however believe these efforts were integral to establishing the Florida citrus industry as an international powerhouse.

Views on race
Called "An arms smuggler as well as a racist," in 1907 Broward proposed that every black person be physically evicted from the state." According to the Sun-Sentinel, Broward was "an unapologetic segregationist."

In September, 2017, a Broward County lawyer, Bill Gelin, published an excerpt of a forgotten document that Broward wrote during his term and may have delivered as a speech. He called upon Congress "to purchase territory, either domestic or foreign, and provide means to purchase the property of the negroes at a reasonable price and to transport them to the territory purchased by the United States." Whites would not be allowed to live in the new nation, and blacks would not be allowed to return to live in the United States. (This is the "colonization" project of the 19th century, which led to the founding of Liberia and Sierra Leone. See American Colonization Society.) "The white people have no time to make excuses for the shortcomings of the negro," he said. "And the negro has less inclination to work for one and be directed by one he considers exacting, to the extent that he must do a good day's work or pay for the bill of goods sold to him."

These remarks prompted a series of voices to call for removal of the statue of Broward from the Broward County Courthouse. County Mayor Barbara Sharief said she "would be open to discussion about renaming the county if it's what people want to do," although she said shortly afterward that "we're not considering that at this time" and "I don't even want to go down that road."

The statue was removed during the night of October 18–19, 2017, and placed in storage.

Legacy
Named for Broward:
The Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (Dames Point) Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida
More than 30 roads in Florida, notably, Florida State Road 842, locally known in the Fort Lauderdale area as Broward Boulevard.
A residence hall at Florida State University
A residence hall at University of Florida is named for his wife Annie Isabell Broward.
Broward County, Florida
Lake Broward, in Putnam County

Archives
The George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida, Gainesville,  has a collection of Broward archival records, described as "The Broward Papers date from 1879 to 1918, but the bulk of the papers coincide with the gubernatorial term from 1905 to 1909. The major subject covered in the collection is the drainage of the Everglades and the development of South Florida lands. Additional topics include real estate, race relations, education, labor unions, liquor, taxes, transportation, waterways, railways, and Broward's campaigns for governor and the U.S. Senate. The collection comprises incoming and outgoing correspondence, speeches, news clippings, campaign material, photographs (including images of dredging operations), legislative material, and legal documents. There are a small number of articles, pamphlets, circulars, and other publications pertaining to the drainage of the Everglades, dredging equipment, forestry, sugar, and waterways. In addition to the incoming and outgoing correspondence, there are four bound letterbooks containing letters written by Broward in 1905-1909. Correspondents include numerous real estate developers, business leaders, representatives of state and federal agencies, and Florida politicians such as William Sherman Jennings."

References

External links
Governor Broward's official state portrait
Broward's Collection at the University of Florida.

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward collection, Broward County Historical Archives, Broward County Library.

Democratic Party governors of Florida
Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
1857 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American white supremacists
American colonization movement
History of Broward County, Florida

Napoleon B. Broward


Olaylar
 7 Ocak - Türkiye'de Demokrat Parti (DP) kuruldu
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Ölüm günü ve ayı bilinmeyenler
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1946


Predsjednik Kosova je de facto šef Republike Kosovo, koja je međunarodno priznata od dijela članica Ujedinjenih Naroda (82 priznalo, a 111 nije).  Predsjednika Kosova bira Skupština Kosova. Ne bira se izravno na izborima.

Trenutna je predsjednica Kosova Vjosa Osmani.

Predsjednici Kosova

Predsjednik Kosova


Penang Hokkien (; Tâi-lô: Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā; Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī: Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa; IPA: ) is a local variant of Hokkien spoken in Penang, Malaysia. It is spoken natively by 63.9% of Penang's Chinese community, and also by some Penangite Indians and Penangite Malays.

It was once the lingua franca among the majority Chinese population in Penang, Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak. However, since the 1980s, many younger speakers have shifted towards Malaysian Mandarin under the Speak Mandarin Campaign in Chinese-medium schools in Malaysia, even though Mandarin was not previously spoken in these regions. Mandarin has been adopted as the only language of instruction in Chinese schools and, from the 1980s to mid-2010s, these schools had rules to penalise students and teachers for using non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese.

Penang Hokkien is a subdialect of Zhangzhou (漳州; Tsiang-tsiu) Hokkien, with extensive use of Malay and English loanwords. Compared to dialects in Fujian (福建; Hok-kiàn) province, it most closely resembles the variety spoken in the district of Haicang (海滄; Hái-tshng) in Longhai (龍海; Liông-hái) county and in the districts of Jiaomei (角美; Kak-bí) and Xinglin (杏林; Hēng-lîm) in neighbouring Xiamen (廈門; Ēe-muî) prefecture. In Southeast Asia, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering Penang (Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak), as well as in Medan and North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is markedly distinct from Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien, Singaporean Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien.

Orthography
Penang Hokkien is largely a spoken language, however it can be written in Chinese characters (唐人字; Tn̂g-lâng-jī), or romanised in the Latin script (紅毛字; Âng-môo-jī). Penang Hokkien has a growing body of written, particularly romanised material, thanks largely in part to its increasing online presence on social media. Many topics focus on the language itself such as dictionaries and learning materials. This is linked to efforts to preserve, revitalise and promote the language as part of Penang's cultural heritage, due to increasing awareness of the loss of Penang Hokkien usage among younger generations in favour of Mandarin and English. The standard romanisation systems commonly used in these materials are based on Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī, with varying modifications to suit Penang Hokkien phonology.

The Hokkien Language Association of Penang (Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang; 庇能福建話協會) is one such organisation which promotes the language's usage and revitalisation. Through their Speak Hokkien Campaign they promote a Tâi-lô based system modified to suit the phonology of Penang Hokkien and its loanwords. This system is used throughout this article and its features are detailed below.

The Speak Hokkien Campaign also promotes the use of traditional Chinese characters derived from recommended character lists for written Hokkien published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

Most native-speakers are not aware of these standardised systems and resort to ad hoc methods of romanisation based on English, Malay and Pinyin spelling rules. These methods are in common use for many proper names and food items, e.g. Char Kway Teow (炒粿條; tshá-kúe-tiâu). These spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established, e.g. Char Koay Teow. These methods, which are more intuitive to the average native-speaker, are the basis of non-standard romanisation systems used in some written material.

Phonology

Consonants

 Unlike other dialects of Hokkien, alveolar affricates and fricatives remain the same and do not undergo palatalisation to become alveolo-palatal before /i/, e.g. 時 [si] instead of [ɕi].
 Words that begin with a null initial, i.e. begin with a vowel without a preceding consonant may feature an initial glottal stop /ʔ/, this is not indicated in writing.
 The consonants  and  are only used in the spelling of loanwords. They may be analysed in terms of native Hokkien phonology as beginning with a null initial and may instead be spelled with  and  respectively, e.g. 我 wá/uá and 捎央 sa-yang/sa-iang.
 The consonants , ,  and  are only used in loanwords.

Vowels

 In the Tâi-lô system for Penang Hokkien, nasal vowels are indicated using final , while Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī uses superscript . Vowel nasalisation occurs in words that have nasal initials (, , ), however, this is not explicitly indicated in writing with either  or , e.g. 卵 nūi (/nuĩ/) instead of nūinn/nūiⁿ.For most speakers who are not familiar with Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī, nasalisation is commonly indicated by putting an  after the initial consonant of a word. This is commonly seen for the popular Penang delicacy Tau Sar Pneah (豆沙餅; tāu-sa-piánn). In other instances, nasalisation may not be indicated at all, such as in Popiah (薄餅; po̍h-piánn), or as in the common last name Ooi (黃; Uînn).
 The final  is only written in conjunction with words that have an initial , e.g. 娘 niôo. In this instance it is pronounced  /iɔ̃/ and is a variant of , with nasalisation instead indicated by the nasal initial.
 The rime  is a variant pronunciation of . The two may be used interchangeably in Penang Hokkien, e.g. 張 tiaunn/tionn, 羊 iâunn/iônn.
 When  is followed by final  or , it is pronounced [iɛ], with  and  being pronounced as [iɛn] and [iɛt̚] respectively.In speech, these sounds are often reduced to [ɛn] and [ɛt̚], e.g. 免 mián/mén.
 The diphthong /ua/ may be spelled  in loanwords, e.g. 我 wá/uá.
 The diphthong /ia/ may be spelled  in loanwords, e.g. sa-yang/sa-iang 捎央.
 There are clear distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ vowel in Penang Hokkien. For example, the term 家 (home) is pronounced as /kɛ/ (Tâi-lô: ⟨kee⟩, Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī: ⟨ke͘⟩), while 雞 (chicken) is pronounced as /ke/, which is transcribed as ⟨ke⟩ in both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī. However, a lot of Penang Hokkien Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī users were prone to ignore the difference. Reasons being the absence of formal letter on /ɛ/ from the orthodox Pe̍h-ōe-jī which is based on Amoy accent, and there are lack of support from most mainstream POJ input methods for the letter ⟨e͘⟩. Despite the existence of formal notation of /ɛ/ in Tâi-lô as ⟨ee⟩, some Tâi-lô users were seems to neglect it too, possibly due to the influence from Taiwanese online resources which don't include letter /ee/ and not aware of it.

Rhymes

  * Used in loanwords, variants and onomatopoeia

Tones
In Penang Hokkien, the two Departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical, and may not be distinguished except in their sandhi forms. Most native speakers of Penang Hokkien are therefore only aware of four tones in unchecked syllables (high, low, rising, high falling), and two Entering tones (high and low) in checked syllables. In most systems of romanisation, this is accounted as seven tones altogether. The tones are:

The names of the tones no longer bear any relation to the tone contours. The (upper) Rising (2nd) tone has two variants in Penang Hokkien, a high falling tone [˥˧] (53) and a high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). The high falling tone [˥˧] (53) is more common among the older generations while in the younger generations there has been a shift towards the use of the high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). When the 3rd tone is sandhied to the 2nd tone, the high falling variant [˥˧] (53) is used, however some speakers may sandhi the 3rd tone to the 1st tone [˦] (44). As in Amoy and Zhangzhou, there is no lower Rising (6th) tone.

Tone sandhi
Penang Hokkien, like other Hokkien dialects albeit less extensive, features tone sandhi (變調; piàn-tiāu), a process where the tone of a character changes if it is followed by another character as part of a multisyllabic compound. When a character is read in isolation as a monosyllabic word, or as the final character in a multisyllabic compound, it is pronounced with its "original tone" (本調; pún-tiāu). Within a multisyllabic compound, every character, except for the one in the final position undergoes tone sandhi. For example, the word 牛 gû in isolation is pronounced with an ascending tone, [˨˧] (23), but when it combines with a following syllable, as in 牛肉 gû-bah, it undergoes tone sandhi and is pronounced with a low tone, [˨˩] (21). Meanwhile 肉 bah in the final position is pronounced with its original tone [ʔ˧] (3). This process occurs regardless of the length of the compound, for example, in 牛肉粿條湯 gû-bah-kué-tiâu-thng, the first 4 characters are pronounced with their sandhied tone, while only the final character 湯 thng, is pronounced with its original tone.

In both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī based romanisation systems, compounds are indicated with the use of hyphens linking the individual syllables. Single hyphens (-) are most often used and linked syllables undergo tone sandhi as described above. Double hyphens (--) are used in instances where the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi. Tone marks always show the original tone, and do not change to indicate the sandhied tone in a compound.

The general tone sandhi rules for Penang Hokkien are as follows:
 5th becomes 7th
 7th becomes 3rd
 3rd becomes 2nd (for some speakers becomes 1st)
 2nd becomes 1st
 1st becomes 7th

Checked syllables (-p, -t, -k, -h):
 4th becomes 8th
 8th becomes 4th

Although the two departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical in Penang Hokkien, in their sandhi forms they become [˥˧] (53) and [˨˩] (21) and are thus easily distinguishable.

Relationship between Hokkien and Mandarin tones
There is a reasonably reliable correspondence between Hokkien and Mandarin tones:

 Upper Level: Hokkien 1st tone = Mandarin 1st tone, e.g. 雞 ke/jī.
 Lower Level: Hokkien 5th tone = Mandarin 2nd tone, e.g. 龍 lêng/lóng.
 Rising: Hokkien 2nd tone = Mandarin 3rd tone, e.g. 馬 bée/mǎ.
 Departing: Hokkien 3rd/7th tones = Mandarin 4th tone, e.g. 兔 thòo/tù, 象 tshiōnn/xiàng.

Words with Entering tones all end with , ,  or  (glottal stop). As Mandarin no longer has any Entering tones, there is no simple corresponding relationship for the Hokkien 4th and 8th tones, e.g. 國 kok/guó, but 發 huat/fā. The tone in Mandarin often depends on what the initial consonant of the syllable is (see the article on Entering tones for details).

Literary and colloquial pronunciations
Hokkien has not been taught in schools in Penang since the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911, when Mandarin was made the Chinese national language. As such, few if any people have received any formal instruction in Hokkien, and it is not used for literary purposes. However, as in other variants of Min Nan, most words have both literary and colloquial pronunciations. Literary variants are generally eschewed in favour of colloquial pronunciations, e.g. 大學 tuā-o̍h instead of tāi-ha̍k, though literary pronunciations still appear in limited circumstances, e.g.:

 in given names (but generally not surnames), e.g. 安 an rather than , 玉 gio̍k rather than ge̍k, 月 gua̍t rather than gue̍h, 明 bêng rather than mêe
 in a few surnames, e.g. 葉 ia̍p rather than hio̍h
 in other proper names, e.g. 龍山堂 Liông-san-tông rather than Lêng-suann-tn̂g
 in certain set phrases, e.g. 差不多 tsha-put-to rather than tshee-m̄-to, 見笑 kiàn-siàu rather than kìnn-tshiò
 in certain names of plants, herbs, and spices, e.g. 木瓜 bo̍k-kua rather than ba̍k-kua, 五香 ngóo-hiong rather than gōo-hiong
 in names of certain professions, eg. 學生 ha̍k-seng instead of o̍h-senn, 醫生 i-seng rather than i-senn, and 老君 ló-kun instead of lāu-kun. A notable exception is 先生 sin-senn

Unlike in China, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the literary pronunciations of numbers higher than two are not used when giving telephone numbers, etc.; e.g. 二五四 jī-gōo-sì instead of jī-ngóo-sù.

Differences from other varieties of Hokkien
Penang Hokkien has differences in pronunciation and vocabulary when compared to other varieties of Hokkien. Although Penang Hokkien has many similarities to Zhangzhou Hokkien from which it is derived, it also has its own unique differences.

 The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 muâi (Amoy: bê), 先生 sin-senn (Amoy: sian-sinn), etc.;
 The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹 thâu-kiong (Amoy: 湯匙 thng-sî);
 The adoption of pronunciations from Teochew: e.g. 我 wá/uá (Zhangzhou: guá), 糜 môi (Zhangzhou: muâi);
 The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢 pháinn-sè (Zhangzhou: bái/pháinn-sì), 百 pah (Zhangzhou: peeh), etc.

General pronunciation differences can be shown as below:

Loanwords
Due to Penang's linguistic and ethnic diversity, Penang Hokkien is in close contact with many other languages and dialects which are drawn on heavily for loanwords. These include Malay, Teochew, Cantonese and English.

Malay
Like other dialects in Malaysia and Singapore, Penang Hokkien borrows heavily from Malay, but sometimes to a greater extent than other Hokkien dialects, e.g.:

There are also many Hokkien words which have been borrowed into Malay, sometimes with slightly different meanings, e.g.:

Other Chinese varieties
There are words in Penang Hokkien that originated from other varieties of Chinese spoken in and around Malaysia. e.g.:

English
Penang Hokkien has also borrowed some words from English, some of which may have been borrowed via Malay. Often, these words tend to be more technical and less well embedded than the Malay words, e.g. brake, park, pipe, pump, etc. However some are used in common everyday language, e.g.:

Thai
Penang Hokkien also contains words which are thought to come from Thai, e.g.:

Entertainment
In recent years, a number of movies that incorporate the use of Penang Hokkien have been filmed, as part of wider efforts to preserve the dialect's relevance. Among the more recent movies are The Journey, which became the highest-grossing Malaysian film in 2014, and You Mean the World to Me, the first movie to be filmed entirely in Penang Hokkien.

Another significant contribution to the entertainment landscape is the Penang Hokkien Podcast. Founded in 2005 by John Ong, a Penangite residing in Kansas City, US - this podcast stands as the pioneering platform dedicated entirely to Penang-style Hokkien. The podcast offers a fun and engaging show for Penangites and individuals who understand the language. With its inception predating the recent wave of Penang Hokkien-focused films, the podcast provides a unique space for lighthearted and casual conversations with no topic restrictions. Listeners can enjoy funny and relatable discussions reminiscent of sharing secrets and stories with close friends.

As an initiative in the realm of Penang Hokkien entertainment, the Penang Hokkien Podcast complements the efforts to preserve the language's relevance. It serves as an audio medium that celebrates the culture, and humour associated with Penang Hokkien, offering a valuable resource for those seeking an immersive experience.

See also
 Hoklo people
 Hokkien culture
 Hokkien architecture
 Written Hokkien
 Hokkien media
 Taiwanese Hokkien
 Southern Malaysia Hokkien
 Singaporean Hokkien
 Medan Hokkien
 Lan-nang-oe (Philippine Hokkien)
 Place and street names of Penang
 Written Hokkien
 Speak Hokkien Campaign
 Penang Hokkien Podcast

Notes

References

Further reading
 , bound with

Chinese-Malaysian culture
Languages of Malaysia
Hokkien-language dialects
Penang

Penang Hokkien


Elbette, Türk şarkıcı Candan Erçetin'in üçüncü stüdyo albümü. 1999 sonlarında Topkapı Müzik tarafından yayımlandı. Pop ve halk müziği tarzında olan albüm, Erçetin'in 1997 çıkışlı Çapkın albümünden sonra satışa sunduğu ilk stüdyo albümüdür. Sekiz şarkının sözlerini tek başına, bir şarkıyı ise Erçetin ile birlikte yazan Mete Özgencil, albümde en çok adı geçen söz yazarıdır. Özgencil ile Erçetin'in çalıştığı son albüm olan Elbettenin yapımcılığını Rıza Erekli üstlenmiştir, kayıtları İstanbul'daki Erekli & Tunç Stüdyosu'nda yapılmıştır.

13 ana şarkıdan oluşan Elbette diskinin sonunda, bir şarkının gizlenmiş bonus versiyonu yer aldı. Erçetin, ilk albümünde olduğu gibi bu albümünde de Balkan uluslarına ait bestelerden faydalandı. Çapkın albümünü çıkardıktan sonra kendisinin yaşadıkları, Elbettenin oluşmasını sağladı. Altı tanesi hayatı, yedi tanesi ise aşkları konu edinen şarkılar, Erçetin'in beğenisi etrafında gelişti ve Erçetin'in beğenisine göre albüme dâhil edildi. Müzik eleştirmenleri, albüm için olumlu eleştiriler sundular ve çalışmanın şarkıcının kişiliğiyle bütünleştiğini, dinleyenleri farklı coğrafyalarda gezdirdiğini ifade ettiler. Çıkış şarkısı "Elbette" albümün ilk klibi olarak izleyiciyle buluştu, ikinci klip "Unut Sevme" şarkısına çekildi.

Yayımlandıktan sonra iki ayı aşkın süre Türkiye'nin çok satan albümler listesinde bir numarada kalan Elbette, 2000 yılı içinde 1.050.000 kopya satarak yılın en çok satan çalışması oldu. Aralık 2009'da, NTV'nin müzik jürisi tarafından 2000'lerin En İyi Türkçe Albümü olarak gösterildi.

Arka plan ve içerik

Candan Erçetin, 1995'te yayımladığı Balkan müziği odaklı Hazırım albümüyle çıkış yapmış ve 1997'de Çapkın albümünü satışa sunmuştu. Bu iki albümde de Mete Özgencil ile çalışmıştı. Mart 1998'e gelindiğinde Erçetin, yeni albümü üzerine planlamalar yapmaya başladığını belirterek albümün yapısıyla ilgili olarak "Dünyada müziğin nereye gittiğini takip ederek yeni bir sound arıyoruz ancak çizgi fazla değişmeyecek. Kısacası benim çok severek söyleyeceğim şarkılardan oluşacak." sözlerini söyledi. 11 Ağustos 1999'da, yeni albümün çıkışının sonbahar başlangıcına yetişmesinin hedeflendiği ve beş şarkının tamamlandığı öğrenildi. Ayrıca Erçetin, yapım esnasında en gergin ve paranoyak kişinin kendisi olduğunu ifade etti. Yeni çalışmanın yayımlanması, 1999 yılına yetişemedi ve 2000 yılına kaydı. Candan Erçetin'in üçüncü stüdyo albümü Elbette, 1999'un Kasım ayı sonlarında Topkapı Müzik tarafından yayımlandı. Şarkıcı, albümünün değerlendirmesini şu şekilde yaptı:
"Bence çok samimi bir albüm oldu. Çapkının çıkışından sonra geçen sürede yaşadıklarım Elbetteyi ortaya çıkardı. Başarı çizgisini iki açıdan değerlendirmek istiyorum. Biri manevi açı ki herkesten duyduklarım beni gerçekten mutlu ediyor ve yoluma devam edebilmem için bana güç veriyor. Maddi açı ise tirajla belirleniyor ve beni inanın daha az ilgilendiriyor..."

Yapımcılığını Rıza Erekli'nin üstlendiği pop ve halk müziği tarzındaki albümde şarkılar, Erçetin'in beğenisi sonucunda ortaya çıktı. Erçetin, albüme iki Fransızca parça koymak istedi ancak bunlar şarkı listesine sığmayınca fikir rafa kaldırıldı. Kayıtlar İstanbul'daki Erekli & Tunç Stüdyosu'nda yapıldı. Albümdeki 13 şarkıdan altı tanesi konu olarak hayatı, yedi tanesi ise aşkı ele aldı. Şarkılardan sekizinin söz yazımını Mete Özgencil tek başına gerçekleştirdi, sekizinci sıradaki "Olmaz" şarkısını Candan Erçetin ile beraber yazdı. Bunun dışında Erçetin, altıncı şarkı "Merak Ediyorum"u, Fransızca "Le Meteque" şarkısından esinlenerek besteledi, toplamda altı şarkının bestelenmesinde görev aldı. 1960'larda çıkan Güzide Kasacı şarkısı "Unut Sevme", tekrar seslendirilerek albümün beşinci sırasına konuldu. Yunan Çingene şarkısı "Adieu mon pays", Türkçe sözlerle albümde "Söz Vermiştin" adıyla yer buldu. Şarkının akustik versiyonu ise gizli bonus şarkı olarak albüm CD'sinin sonunda yer aldı. Erçetin'in konserlerinde seslendirdiği Arnavut türküsü "Şota"nın bestesi, on ikinci şarkı "Dünya Durma"da kullanıldı. On üçüncü şarkı "Annem", Erçetin'in annesi Mevlüde Erçetin'e hediye olarak yazıldı. Candan Erçetin, şarkıların ortaya çıkış tarihlerini albüm kitapçığına not etti. "Söz Vermiştin" Ağustos 1998'de, "Olmaz" Eylül 1998'de, "Aklım Almıyor" Aralık 1998'de, "Arada Bir" ve "Bana Güven" Ocak 1999'da, "Annem" Mart 1999'da, "Dayan" Nisan 1999'da, "Elbette" Haziran 1999'da, "Saçma" ve "İster Sallan Gez" Temmuz 1999'da, "Dünya Durma" Ekim 1999'da ortaya çıktı. "Merak Ediyorum" iki aşamalı bir şekilde ortaya çıktı: Ağustos 1998'de sözleri, Şubat 1999'da bestesi hazırlandı. Kitapçıkta "Unut Sevme" için ise orijinal ortaya çıkış tarihi olan Temmuz 1961 yazıldı.

Elbette, Türkiye'de 15 Ocak 2000 tarihli çok satan albümler listesine iki numaradan giriş yaptı. Bir sonraki hafta yayımlanan 22 Ocak 2000 tarihli listede, önceki haftanın bir numarası olan Ebru Gündeş'in Dön Ne Olur (1999) albümünü geçerek zirveye oturdu. Ardından 5 Şubat 2000 tarihli listede de yerini korudu ve birinciliğini 25 Mart 2000 tarihli listeye kadar devam ettirdi. Böylece iki aydan fazla bir numarada kalmış oldu. Elbette, yedi ay içinde 850.000 kopya satış gerçekleştirdi ve 2000 yılı sonuna gelindiğinde toplam satışı 1.050.000'e ulaştı. Bu rakam sayesinde Türkiye'de yılın en çok satan çalışması oldu. Elbette albümü, Hazırım (1995) albümünden bu yana süregelen Mete Özgencil ve Candan Erçetin iş birliğinin son çalışması oldu, şarkıcı sonraki albümlerinde Özgencil ile çalışmadı.

Eleştiriler
Elbette albümü, müzik eleştirmenlerinden olumlu geri dönüşler aldı. Hürriyet için yazan Lale Barçın İmer, albümün "gizli bir gücü ve asaleti" olduğunu keşfederek albümde sanatçının ana çizgisini koruduğunu ve Mete Özgencil'in sahip olduğu "söz sihirbazlığını" Erçetin'e de bulaştırdığını yazdı. 10 şarkısını beğendiği albümün şarkılarının ilk bakışta "tipik Candan Erçetin" şarkısı gibi göründüğünü ancak dikkatli bakıldığında farklı duygular yaşattığını ifade etti. Milliyet köşe yazarı İpek Durkal, albümü Erçetin'in önceki albümleriyle aynı çizgide buldu. "Merak Ediyorum" şarkısının favorisi olduğunu yazdı, şarkıların Erçetin'in kendisiyle ve sanatçı kişiliğiyle bütünleştiğini not düştü. Zaman gazetesinden Abdullah Kılıç, yıl sonunda yaptığı olumlu değerlendirmede, albümün dinleyicileri farklı coğrafyalara seyahate çıkararak "kimi zaman Balkanlar, kimi zaman Anadolu, kimi zaman da Akdeniz'in sınırları içerisinde" gezdiren bir çalışma olduğunu yazdı. Erçetin'in bu eseri sayesinde gönüllerde her daim misafir olacağını; "Elbette", "Dünya Durma" ve "Unut Sevme" şarkılarının 2000'in en çok dinlenen şarkıları olduğunu ekledi. Aralık 2009'da Elbette, NTV'nin müzik jürisi tarafından 2000'lerin En İyi Türkçe Albümü seçildi.

Video klipler
1998'de yaptığı bir röportajında video kliplerle ilgili düşüncelerini "Kulağa yönelmek istiyorum. Bir şarkıyı tanıtmanın tek yolu klip değil. Klip sevilen ve istenen bir şarkının ikramiyesi olmalı. Çünkü bunun örneğini yaşadık. 'Yalan' şarkısı radyolarla yükseldi, zirveye çıktı. Klibi çok sonra, istek üzerine yapıldı." sözleriyle anlatan Candan Erçetin, Elbette albümünü, klip çekmeyeceğini açıklayarak çıkardı. Albümü klip çekmeden çıkarmasını, "Ben de önce kliple çıkıyordum bugüne kadar, ama bu albümde biraz tersini denemeye çalıştık. Önce albüm çıktı, bir bakalım dinleyicimiz ne kadar sadık bize, ona bakmak istedik. Yani dinleyicimiz mi var yoksa izleyicimiz mi var onu merak ettik, onun için klipsiz çıktık." şeklinde ifade etti. Bu sözlere paralel olarak albümde yalnızca "Elbette" ve "Unut Sevme" şarkıları kliplendirildi. "Elbette"nin yönetmenliğini Bozkurt Bayer yaptı. "Unut Sevme", hazırlanan remiks versiyonlarıyla Ekim 2000'de ayrı bir disk olarak satışa sunuldu.

Şarkı listesi

Notlar
"Söz Vermiştin" şarkısının bestecisi albüm kitapçığında anonim olarak geçse de şarkının bestecisi Enrico Macias'tır.
Dünya Durma' Hajde shoto Mashalla adlı Arnavut halk ezgisidir.

Yapım görevlileri

Topkapı Müzik – yapımcı şirket
Rıza Erekli – albüm yapımcısı
Candan Erçetin – şarkıcı, söz yazarı, besteci
Mete Özgencil – söz yazarı, besteci, sanat yönetmeni, süpervizör
Alper Erinç – besteci, aranjör, gitar
Kıvanç K. – aranjör, miksaj, besteci, yapımcı
A. Baki Çallıoğlu – söz yazarı, besteci
Aylin Atalay – söz yazarı
Sinan – söz yazarı
Akın Ertübey – besteci
Erekli & Tunç Stüdyosu – kayıt, miksaj
Mediaworx DS. (Berlin) – mastering
İlker Akman – aranjör
Tolga Tekin – aranjör
Bekir Sakarya – akordeon
Edvard Aris – akordeon

Nurhat Şensesli – bas gitar
Zafer Dalgıç – cura, tambura
Balık Ayhan ve Grubu – cümbüş, keman, klarnet, zurna, bendir, darbuka
Deniz Selman – düdük
Fuat Domaniç – düzenleme
Ali Koç – gitar
Nevzat Doğansoy – gitar
Mustafa Süder – keman
Özcan Şenyaylar – keman
Göksun Çavdar – klarnet, saksafon
Tolga Görsev – melodi gitar, tonmeister
Serkan Kula – tonmeister
Hamiyet Akpınar – makyaj
Tamer Değer – saç
Sibel & Özgür Arcan – grafik tasarım

Yapım görevlileri, Elbette albüm kitapçığından alınmıştır.

Listeler

Yayımlanma tarihleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Elbette  – Discogs

Candan Erçetin albümleri
Pop albümleri
Topkapı Müzik albümleri
Türkçe albümler
1999 albümleri

Elbette


Walter Scott Murch (12 de julio de 1943) es un editor cinematográfico y diseñador de sonido estadounidense nacido en la ciudad de Nueva York.

Biografía
El padre de Murch fue el pintor canadiense Walter Tandy Murch (1907-1967). Asistió a la Universidad Johns Hopkins de 1961 a 1965, donde se graduó en Artes Liberales.

Mientras cursó sus estudios en Hopkins, conoció al futuro Director Matthew Robbins y al Director de fotografía Caleb Deschanel, con quienes montó una cantidad de happenings. En 1965, Murch y Robbins iniciaron estudios de posgrado en la escuela de cine de la Universidad del Sur de California, y poco después se uniría Deschanel. En ese ámbito compartieron sus estudios con George Lucas, Hal Barwood, Robert Dalva, Willard Huyck, Don Glut y John Milius.

Carrera
Murch comenzó a editar y mezclar sonido con la película de Francis Ford Coppola The Rain People en 1969. Luego trabajó con George Lucas en THX 1138 y American Graffiti, y El Padrino de Francis Ford Coppola antes de editar la imagen y sonido de la película de Coppola La Conversación por la que recibió una nominación de la Academia en 1974. Murch también realizó la mezcla de sonido de El padrino II que fue estrenada en 1974. Su fama se debe principalmente a su trabajo de sonido en Apocalypse Now, por el que obtuvo su primer Premio Óscar en 1979. En 1985 dirigió su única película, Oz, un mundo fantástico, que escribió conjuntamente con Gill Dennis.

A diferencia de muchos editores cinematográficos de la actualidad, Murch trabaja de pie, y compara el proceso de edición cinematográfica con el trabajo de un cirujano o un cocinero. Por el contrario, cuando escribe, lo hace acostado. Murch explica que la edición de una película es un proceso editorial, mientras que la escritura es un proceso creativo, y por ello asume posturas diferentes para separar su mente editorial de su mente creativa.

Murch ha escrito un libro sobre edición cinematográfica, In the Blink of an Eye (2001). También fue el protagonista del libro de Michael Ondaatje The Conversations (2002), que consiste en una serie de conversaciones entre Ondaatje y Murch; a raíz del trabajo de este último en El paciente inglés, basado en la novela de Ondaatje del mismo nombre.

En 2007 el documental Murch fue premiado en el Festival de Cine de San Francisco, basado en la vida de Walter Murch y sus conceptos sobre la producción cinematográfica.

Premios y distinciones
Premios Óscar

Referencias

Montadores de Estados Unidos
Ganadores del premio Óscar al mejor montaje
Ganadores del premio Óscar al mejor sonido

Walter Murch


Borough Green es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Tonbridge and Malling, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Borough Green tiene una superficie de 2,17 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Borough Green tenía 3472 habitantes (47,84% varones, 52,16% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 1600 hab/km². El 19,12% eran menores de 16 años, el 71,69% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 9,19% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,67 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 22,9% estaban solteros, el 59,44% casados y el 17,66% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,22% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,44% de la población, mientras que el 3,34% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,23% eran blancos, el 1,07% mestizos, el 1,27% asiáticos, el 0,2% chinos y el 0,14% de cualquier otro salvo negros. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,47%, el hinduismo por el 0,14%, el judaísmo por el 0,2%, el islam por el 1,07%, el sijismo por el 0,12% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, por el 0,09%. El 13,2% no eran religiosos y el 6,71% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

1650 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 1606 de ellos (97,33%) empleados y 44 (2,67%) desempleados. Había 1451 hogares con residentes, 53 vacíos y 3 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Borough Green


Cet article est un complément de l'article sur le manga Hinomaru Sumo. Il contient la liste des épisodes de l'adaptation en série télévisée d'animation.

Liste des épisodes

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Hinomaru Sumo

Liste des épisodes de Hinomaru Sumo