Palto (Rusça: Шинель), ünlü Rus yazar Nikolay Vasilyeviç Gogol'un 1842 yılında yayımlanan bir hikâyesidir.

Yazar, gerçekçi bir üslupla kaleme aldığı bu hikâyesinde küçük adam temasını ele almaktadır. Sıradan insanların çektiği sıkıntıları, maruz kaldığı eşitsizlikleri ve çektikleri acıları, hikâyesinin baş kahramanı olan Akakiy Akakiyeviç'in yaşantısıyla tüm çıplaklığı ile gözler önüne serilir. Bu yapıtı dönemin Çarlık Rusyası'nda büyük tepki alır ve Gogol, Rus insanını aşağılamakla suçlanır.

Gogol, hikâyeyi bir toplantıda anlatılan bir olaydan esinlenerek yazmıştır. Anlatılan olay, av meraklısı sıradan bir memurun yıllarca para biriktirerek aldığı tüfeğini dereye düşürmesi ve sonrasında yaşadığı üzüntü ve bunalımla ilgilidir. Bu bunalımdan ancak arkadaşlarının aldığı yeni bir tüfekle kurtulmuştur.

Bu yapıt "Gerçekçi Rus Edebiyatı"nın mihenk taşı olarak nitelendirilebilir. Hatta ünlü Rus yazar Dostoyevski'nin Gogol'un bu eserine ilişkin söylemiş olduğu düşünülen "Hepimiz Gogol'un Palto'sundan çıktık." sözü, eserin önemini gözler önüne sermiştir.

Konusu
Gogol'un, Rusya'da yaşanılan sosyal sınıf baskısının alt sınıf insanların üzerinde bıraktığı etkiyi anlattığı bu hikâyesinde, kahramanımız Akakiy Akakiyeviç binbir zorlukla yeni bir palto alır ve kısa zamanda paltosu çalınır. Bunun üzerine Akakiyeviç, nüfuzlu bir bakandan yardım ister. Bu yardım üzerine işittiği azar, onun üzerinde büyük bir etki yapar. Akakiyeviç'in hastalanıp ölmesine kadar giden bu hikâye, aslında bitmemiştir. Akakiyeviç'in ölümünden sonra hayalet olarak kasabada görüldüğüne ve geceleri insanların paltolarını aldığına dair çıkan söylentiler, en son olarak bakanın paltosunun çalınmasıyla sona erecektir. Akakiy Akakiyeviç biraz da olsa huzura ermiştir.

Kaynakça

Rus romanları
Rus edebiyatı
Rusya tarihi
Kurgusal kâtipler
1842 romanları

Palto (hikâye)


Utfjorden, eller Utvikfjorden er en del af Nordfjord i kommunerne Gloppen, Eid og Stryn i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fjorden går fra  Hundvikfjorden i vest, og strækker sig 26 km mod øst til  til landsbyen  Utvik, som fjorden har fået navn efter. Den videre del af Nordfjord har navnet Innvikfjorden.

Fjorden  har indløb ved færgeforbindelsen på E39 mellem Anda og Lote, lige øst for indløbet til Gloppefjorden. Sandane lufthavn ligger  på gården Hjelmeset på sydsiden af fjorden. Området mod fjordens sydside er brat og ujævnt i den del som ligger i Gloppen. Området ved fjorden her, Ryssfjæra, var fra gammel tid landingssted for både. Videre mod øst, over grænsen til Stryn, ligger gårdene Moldreim, Tishammar og Frøyset langs Fv725. Fylkesvejen ender ved Utvik.

Fjorden danner kommunegrænsen mellem Eid og Gloppen fra Lote til bygden Hennebygda på nordsiden af fjorden, herfra tilhører nordsiden Stryn kommune. Langs nordsiden af fjorden ligger gårdene Randabygd og Hopland i et  brat terræn. Langs hele nordsiden går fylkesvej 698, flere steder med et fald på op mod 600 meter ned til fjorden. Vejen bliver også kaldt for «panoramavejen». På højderne her ligger gården Fjelli, over for Utvik på den modsatte fjordbred. Herfra kaldes den inderste del af Nordfjord gor  Innvikfjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Området på norgeskart.no
Fjorde i Vestland
Stryn
Gloppen
Eid

Utfjorden


Gabriel Oscar Moyano Agüero (28 de julio de 1992; Godoy Cruz, Argentina) es un futbolista argentino. Juega de mediocampista en Boca del Bermejo de Mendoza

Clubes

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en Ceroacero
 Ficha en Soccerway

Futbolistas de Godoy Cruz
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba
Futbolistas del Andes Talleres Sport Club
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Magallanes en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Unión San Felipe en los años 2010

Gabriel Moyano


Spiele der Gruppe C der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994.

|}

Deutschland – Bolivien 1:0 (0:0)

Spanien – Südkorea 2:2 (0:0)

Deutschland – Spanien 1:1 (0:1)

Südkorea – Bolivien 0:0

Bolivien – Spanien 1:3 (0:1)

Deutschland – Südkorea 3:2 (3:0)

Gruppe C

Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994/Gruppe C


La Ruta Estatal de California 66 (en inglés: California State Route 66) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la  en La Verne hacia el Este en la  en San Bernardino, y tiene longitud de 52 km (32.321 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 66 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 66 es atravesada principalmente por la  en Rancho Cucamonga.
{| class=wikitable
!Condado
!Localidad
!Miliario
!Destinos
!Notas
|-
|rowspan=8|Los Ángeles<small>LA R0.19-5.34
|rowspan=3|La Verne
|R0.19
|Foothill Boulevard
|Continuación más allá de la SR 210; antigua US 66 oeste
|-
|R0.19
|
|Interchange
|-
|1.73
|Fruit Street, White Avenue
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Pomona
|2.54
|Garey Avenue
|
|-
|rowspan=2|3.22
|rowspan=2| Towne Avenue a I-10
|rowspan=2|
|-
|rowspan=3|Claremont
|-
|4.16
|Indian Hill Boulevard
|
|-
|
|Claremont Boulevard
|
|-
|rowspan=27|San Bernardino<small>SBD 0.00-23.05
|rowspan=5|Upland
|
|Monte Vista Avenue
|
|-
|0.58
| Central Avenue a I-10
|
|-
|1.69
|Mountain Avenue
|
|-
|2.78
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2 colspan=3 align=center|Extremo este mantenida pro el estado
|-
|rowspan=9|Rancho Cucamonga
|-
|4.08
|Grove Avenue
|
|-
|
|Vineyard Avenue
|
|-
|6.15
|Archibald Avenue
|
|-
|7.33
|Haven Avenue
|
|-
|
|Milliken Avenue
|
|-
|
|Day Creek Boulevard
|
|-
|9.80
|
|Interchange
|-
|10.33
|Etiwanda Avenue
|
|-
|rowspan=5|Fontana
|12.33
|Cherry Avenue
|
|-
|14.36
|Citrus Avenue
|
|-
|15.37
|Sierra Avenue
|
|-
|16.39
|Alder Avenue
|
|-
|rowspan=2 colspan=3 align=center|Extremo oeste mantenida por el estado
|-
|rowspan=4|Rialto
|-
|
|Cedar Avenue
|
|-
|19.13
|Riverside Avenue
|
|-
|rowspan=2|20.14
|rowspan=2|Pepper Avenue
|rowspan=2|
|-
|rowspan=4|San Bernardino
|-
|22.41
|Mount Vernon Avenue
|Former US 66 east
|-
|23.05
|
|Interchange; antigua I-15E / US 91 / US 395
|-
|23.05
|5th Street
| Continuación más allá de la I-215

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Condado de Los Ángeles
Carreteras del condado de Los Ángeles

Ruta Estatal de California 66


Lina Boudreau est une chanteuse et une choriste originaire de Memramcook, au Nouveau-Brunswick.

Biographie
Lina Boudreau est originaire de Memramcook, au Nouveau-Brunswick.

En 1985, elle termine finaliste au Festival international de la chanson de Granby dans la catégorie auteur-compositeur-interprète. Elle devient chanteuse et choriste pour plusieurs artistes dont Zachary Richard, Richard Séguin et Roch Voisine. Sa carrière à titre d'artiste solo débute en 1994 avec la sortie de son premier album Plus jamais la mer.

En 2003, elle sort son premier album de chansons de Noël, intitulé Noël. A partir de cette année là, elle donne des concerts de Noël chaque année. En 2009, elle sort son deuxième album de Noël, intitulé Noël Lounge, qui est en partie une reprise de l'album de 2003. Sur cet album, au style lounge et jazz, elle chante seule ou avec Zachary Richard, ou bien Ranee Lee. En 2014, la chanson Noël Jazz, présente sur l'album Noël Lounge, est reprise dans une compilation internationale par la maison de disque Putumayo pour sa collection French Christmas. Cette chanson est inspirée d'une comptine pour enfant revisitée musicalement avec un style jazz. La chanteuse est principalement connue pour un univers musical blues et jazz.

En 2015, elle participe au théâtre musical La Vallée des possibles, un spectacle en l'honneur du prête acadien Camille Lefebvre.

Elle demeure dans Les Laurentides, au Québec.

Prix

 Prix de la chanson de Caraquet

Discographie

 2013: Si fragile univers
 2009: Noël Lounge
 2003: Noël
 1999: Femme de l'eau
 1994: Plus jamais la mer

Notes et références

Chanteur acadien
Chanteur québécois

Lina Boudreau


Oberampfrach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Schnelldorf im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern). Zum Gemeindeteil zählt die Einöde Auhof.

Geografie
Das Pfarrdorf liegt nördlich von der Ampfrach, die ein rechter Zufluss der Wörnitz ist, und südwestlich vom Aubach, der ein linker Zufluss der Ampfrach ist. Im Westen liegt der Kreuzbuck, im Osten grenzt das Lehenfeld an. 1 km nördlich befindet sich der Schloßberg (), 1 km östlich der Bergmann (). Beides sind Erhebungen der Schnelldorfer Hardt, die Teil der Frankenhöhe ist.

Die Staatsstraße 2222 führt nach Schnelldorf (1,5 km westlich) bzw. nach Unterampfrach (2,3 km südöstlich). Die Kreisstraße AN 4 zweigt von der St 2222 ab und führt nach Bottenweiler zur AN 5 (3,5 km nordöstlich).

Geschichte
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde der Ort am 22. Oktober 1299. Lupold II. von Weiltingen gab seiner Ehefrau Margarete Hakke von Wellstein als Entschädigung die Dörfer Unter- und Oberampfrach. Zuvor hatte er Güter, die ihr ursprünglich gehörten, an das Frauenkloster Kirchheim verkauft. Die ursprünglichen Schreibweisen des Ortes lauteten "Ampfre", "Ampfraw" und "Ampherach". Es gab im Ort eine Kirche, die spätestens im 14. Jahrhundert zur Pfarrei erhoben war. In einer Urkunde vom 12. Juli 1379 wurde nämlich bestätigt, dass der Bischof von Augsburg die Pfarrei Oberampfrach dem Feuchtwanger Stift überlassen hatte. Der Ort unterstand ursprünglich adeligen Besitzern, u. a. (in chronologischer Reihenfolge) den Herren von Seckendorff, von Heßberg und von Seinsheim. Georg Ludwig von Seinsheim verkaufte 1597 seine Ansprüche an das Fürstentum Ansbach.

Oberampfrach lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Im Jahre 1732 bestand der Ort aus 18 Anwesen mit 19 Mannschaften, einer Kirche, einem Pfarrhaus und einer Schule und einem Gemeindehirtenhaus. Grundherren waren
 Feuchtwangische Ämter:
 Kastenamt Feuchtwangen: 1 Gütlein;
 Klosterverwalteramt Sulz: 1 Gütlein;
 Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen: 2 Güter;
 Vogtamt Ampfrach: 1 Hof, 1 Hof mit doppelter Mannschaft, 1 Halbhof mit Schmiede, 1 Halbhof mit Tafernwirtschaft, 5 Gütlein, 1 Haus
 die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl: 3 Halbhöfe, 1 Gütlein. Gegen Ende des Alten Reiches gab es nur noch 16 Anwesen, von denen vier der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl unterstanden. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde mit Grimmschwinden, Heckelmühle, Schnelldorf und Ungetsheim das Steuerdistrikt Oberampfrach gebildet. Zugleich entstand die Ruralgemeinde Oberampfrach, zu der Grimmschwinden, Heckelmühle und Schnelldorf gehörten. Sie war in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Feuchtwangen zugeordnet. Die Gemeinde hatte eine Gebietsfläche von 18,160 km². Am 21. Dezember 1971 wurde die Gemeinde nach Schnelldorf umbenannt.

Baudenkmäler
 Pfarrgasse 1: evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche St. Georg: verputzte Chorturmkirche mit Spitzhelm, zweite Hälfte 15. Jahrhundert, Erweiterungen nach Norden 1707, nach Westen 1892; mit Ausstattung; Friedhofsmauer, im Kern wohl mittelalterlich
 Pfarrgasse 2: Pfarrhaus, zweigeschossiger Putzbau mit Krüppelwalmdach und Fachwerk-Obergeschoss, 1748
 Schulgasse 2: ehemaliges Schulhaus, zweigeschossiger polychromer Sandsteinquaderbau auf hohem Kellergeschoss mit flachem Walmdach, im Stil der Neurenaissance, 1897; Pfeilergitterzaun, schmiedeeisern, gleichzeitig

Bodendenkmäler
In der Gemarkung Oberampfrach gibt es zwei Bodendenkmäler.

Einwohnerentwicklung
Gemeinde Oberampfrach

Ort Oberampfrach

Religion
Der Ort ist Sitz der Pfarrei St. Georg und seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Persönlichkeiten
 Johann Christian Oeder (1774–1837), Wollhändler und Bankier sowie Beigeordneter Bürgermeister der Stadt Aachen und Präsident der IHK Aachen. Er war der Sohn von Johann Lorenz Oeder, langjähriger Pfarrer an St. Georg

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Schnelldorf)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ansbach)
Ersterwähnung 1299
Gemeindeauflösung 1971
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Oberampfrach


Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS, sometimes referred to as TDLS, TLS or TLAS) is a technique for measuring the concentration of certain species such as methane, water vapor and many more, in a gaseous mixture using tunable diode lasers and laser absorption spectrometry. The advantage of TDLAS over other techniques for concentration measurement is its ability to achieve very low detection limits (of the order of ppb). Apart from concentration, it is also possible to determine the temperature, pressure, velocity and mass flux of the gas under observation. TDLAS is by far the most common laser based absorption technique for quantitative assessments of species in gas phase.

Working
A basic TDLAS setup consists of a tunable diode laser light source, transmitting (i.e. beam shaping) optics, optically accessible absorbing medium, receiving optics and detector/s. The emission wavelength of the tunable diode laser, viz. VCSEL, DFB, etc., is tuned over the characteristic absorption lines of a species in the gas in the path of the laser beam. This causes a reduction of the measured signal intensity due to absorption, which can be detected by a photodiode, and then used to determine the gas concentration and other properties as described later.

Different diode lasers are used based on the application and the range over which tuning is to be performed. Typical examples are InGaAsP/InP (tunable over 900 nm to 1.6 μm), InGaAsP/InAsP (tunable over 1.6 μm to 2.2 μm), etc. These lasers can be tuned by either adjusting their temperature or by changing injection current density into the gain medium. While temperature changes allow tuning over 100 cm−1, it is limited by slow tuning rates (a few hertz), due to the thermal inertia of the system. On the other hand, adjusting the injection current can provide tuning at rates as high as ~10 GHz, but it is restricted to a smaller range (about 1 to 2 cm−1) over which the tuning can be performed. The typical laser linewidth is of the order of 10−3  cm−1 or smaller.  Additional tuning, and linewidth narrowing, methods include the use of extracavity dispersive optics.

Basic principles

Concentration measurement
The basic principle behind the TDLAS technique is simple. The focus here is on a single absorption line in the absorption spectrum of a particular species of interest. To start, the wavelength of a diode laser is tuned over a particular absorption line of interest and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. The transmitted intensity can be related to the concentration of the species present by the Beer-Lambert law, which states that when a radiation of wavenumber  passes through an absorbing medium, the intensity variation along the path of the beam is given by,

where,

 is the transmitted intensity of the radiation after it has traversed a distance  through the medium,
 is the initial intensity of the radiation,
 is the absorbance of the medium,
 is the absorption cross-section of the absorbing species,
 is the number density of the absorbing species,
 is the line strength (i.e. the total absorption per molecule) of the absorbing species at temperature ,
 is the lineshape function for the particular absorption line. Sometimes also represented by ,
 is the center frequency of the spectrum.

Temperature measurement
The above relation requires that the temperature  of the absorbing species is known. However, it is possible to overcome this difficulty and measure the temperature simultaneously. There are number of ways to measure the temperature. A widely applied method, which can measure the temperature simultaneously, uses the fact that the line strength  is a function of temperature alone. Here two different absorption lines for the same species are probed while sweeping the laser across the absorption spectrum, the ratio of the integrated absorbance, is then a function of temperature alone.

where,

 is some reference temperature at which the line strengths are known,
 is the difference in the lower energy levels involved in the transitions for the lines being probed.

Another way to measure the temperature is by relating the FWHM of the probed absorption line to the Doppler line width of the species at that temperature. This is given by,

where,
 is the weight of one molecule of the species, and
 is the molecular weight of the species.
Note: In the last expression,  is in kelvins and  is in g/mol.
However, this method can be used, only when the gas pressure is low (of the order of few mbar). At higher pressures (tens of millibars or more), pressure or collisional broadening becomes important and the lineshape is no longer a function of temperature alone.

Velocity measurement
The effect of a mean flow of the gas in the path of the laser beam can be seen as a shift in the absorption spectrum, also known as Doppler shift. The shift in the frequency spectrum is related to the mean flow velocity by,

where,

 is the angle between the flow direction and the laser beam direction.
Note :  is not the same as the one mentioned before where it refers to the width of the spectrum. The shift is usually very small (3×10−5 cm−1 ms−1 for near-IR diode laser) and the shift-to-width ratio is of the order of 10−4.

Limitations and means of improvement
The main disadvantage of absorption spectrometry (AS) as well as laser absorption spectrometry (LAS) in general is that it relies on a measurement of a small change of a signal on top of a large background. Any noise introduced by the light source or the optical system will deteriorate the detectability of the technique. The sensitivity of direct absorption techniques is therefore often limited to an absorbance of ~10−3, far away from the shot noise level, which for single pass direct AS (DAS) is in the 10−7 – 10−8 range. Since this is insufficient for many types of applications, AS is seldom used in its simplest mode of operation.

There are basically two ways to improve on the situation; one is to reduce the noise in the signal, the other is to increase the absorption. The former can be achieved by the use of a modulation technique, whereas the latter can be obtained by placing the gas inside a cavity in which the light passes through the sample several times, thus increasing the interaction length. If the technique is applied to trace species detection, it is also possible to enhance the signal by performing detection at wavelengths where the transitions have larger line strengths, e.g. using fundamental vibrational bands or electronic transitions.

Modulation techniques
Modulation techniques make use of the fact that technical noise usually decreases with increasing frequency (which is why it is often referred to as 1/f noise) and improve the signal to noise ratio by encoding and detecting the absorption signal at a high frequency, where the noise level is low. The most common modulation techniques are wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS).

In WMS the wavelength of the light is continuously scanned across the absorption profile, and the signal is detected at a harmonic of the modulation frequency.

In FMS, the light is modulated at a much higher frequency but with a lower modulation index. As a result, a pair of sidebands separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency appears, giving rise to a so-called FM-triplet. The signal at the modulation frequency is a sum of the beat signals of the carrier with each of the two sidebands. Since these two sidebands are fully out of phase with each other, the two beat signals cancel in the absence of absorbers. However, an alteration of any of the sidebands, either by absorption or dispersion, or a phase shift of the carrier, will give rise to an unbalance between the two beat signals, and therefore a net-signal.

Although in theory baseline-free, both modulation techniques are usually limited by residual amplitude modulation (RAM), either from the laser or from multiple reflections in the optical system (etalon effects). If these noise contributions are held low, the sensitivity can be brought into the 10−5 – 10−6 range or even better.

In general the absorption imprints are generated by a straight line light propagation through a volume with the specific gas. To further enhance the signal, the pathway of the light travel can be increased with multi-pass cells. There is however a variety of the WMS-technique that utilizes the narrow line absorption from gases for sensing even when the gases are situated in closed compartments (e.g. pores) inside solid materia. The technique is referred to as gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS).

Cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometry (CEAS)
The second way of improving the detectability of TDLAS technique is to extend the interaction length. This can be obtained by placing the species inside a cavity in which the light bounces back and forth many times, whereby the interaction length can be increased considerably. This has led to a group of techniques denoted as cavity enhanced AS (CEAS). The cavity can either be placed inside the laser, giving rise to intracavity AS, or outside, when it is referred to as an external cavity. Although the former technique can provide a high sensitivity, its practical applicability is limited because of all the non-linear processes involved.

External cavities can either be of multi-pass type, i.e. Herriott or White cells, of non- resonant type (off-axis alignment), or of resonant type, most often working as a Fabry–Pérot (FP) etalon. Multi-pass cells, which typically can provide an enhanced interaction length of up to ~2 orders of magnitude, are nowaday common together with TDLAS.

Resonant cavities can provide a much larger path length enhancement, in the order of the finesse of the cavity, F, which for a balanced cavity with high reflecting mirrors with reflectivities of ~99.99–99.999% can be ~ 104 to 105. It should be clear that if all this increase in interaction length can be utilized efficiently, this vouches for a significant increase in detectability. A problem with resonant cavities is that a high finesse cavity has very narrow cavity modes, often in the low kHz range (the width of the cavity modes is given by FSR/F, where FSR is the free-spectral range of the cavity, which is given by  c/2L, where c is the speed of light and L is the cavity length). Since cw lasers often have free-running linewidths in the MHz range, and pulsed even larger, it is non-trivial to couple laser light effectively into a high finesse cavity.

The most important resonant CEAS techniques are cavity ring-down spectrometry (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) or cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy (PS-CRDS) and Continuous wave Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectrometry (cw-CEAS), either with optical locking, referred to as (OF-CEAS), as has been demonstrated Romanini et al. or by electronic locking., as for example is done in the Noise-Immune Cavity-Enhanced Optical-Heterodyne Molecular Spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) technique. or combination of frequency modulation and optical feedback locking CEAS, referred to as (FM-OF-CEAS).

The most important non-resonant CEAS techniques are off-axis ICOS (OA-ICOS) or off-axis CEAS (OA-CEAS), wavelength modulation off-axis CEAS (WM-OA-CEAS), off-axis phase-shift cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (off-axis PS-CEAS).

These resonant and non-resonant cavity enhanced absorption techniques have so far not been used that frequently with TDLAS. However, since the field is developing fast, they will presumably be more used with TDLAS in the future.

Applications
Freeze-drying (lyophilization) cycle development and optimization for pharmaceuticals.

Flow diagnostics in hypersonic/re-entry speed research facilities and scramjet combustors.

Oxygen tunable diode laser spectrometers play an important role in safety applications in a wide range of industrial processes, for this reason, TDLS are often an integral part of modern chemical plants. The fast response time compared to other technologies for measuring gas composition, and the immunity to many background gasses and environmental conditions makes TDL technology a commonly selected technology for monitoring of combustible gasses in process environments. This technology is employed on flares, in vessel headspace and in other locations where explosive atmospheres must be prevented from forming. According to a 2018 research study, TDL technology is the 4th most commonly selected technology for gas analysis in Chemical Processing.

See also
 Absorption spectroscopy

References

Absorption spectroscopy
Gas technologies


Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics result from his philosophical doctrine of the primacy of the metaphysical Will as the Kantian thing-in-itself, the ground of life and all being. In his chief work, The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer thought that if consciousness or attention is fully engrossed, absorbed, or occupied with the world as painless representations or images, then there is no consciousness of the world as painful willing. Aesthetic contemplation of a work of art provides just such a state—a temporary liberation from the suffering that results from enslavement to the will [need, craving, urge, striving] by becoming a will-less spectator of "the world as representation" [mental image or idea]. Art, according to Schopenhauer, also provides essential knowledge of the world's objects in a way that is more profound than science or everyday experience.

Schopenhauer's aesthetic theory is introduced in Book 3 of The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, and developed in essays in the second volume. He provides an explanation of the beautiful (German: Schönheit) and the sublime (Das Erhabene), a hierarchy among the arts (from architecture, landscape gardening, sculpture and painting, poetry, etc. all the way to music, the pinnacle of the arts since it is a direct expression of the will), and the nature of artistic genius.

Schopenhauer's aesthetic philosophy influenced artists and thinkers including composers Richard Wagner and Arnold Schönberg, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and writers associated with the Symbolist movement (Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé, etc.)

An extension of his philosophy

For Schopenhauer, the Will is an aimless desire to perpetuate itself, the basis of life.  Desire engendered by the Will is the source of all the sorrow in the world; each satisfied desire leaves us either with boredom, or with some new desire to take its place.  A world in thrall to Will is necessarily a world of suffering.  Since the Will is the source of life, and our very bodies are stamped with its image and designed to serve its purpose, the human intellect is, in Schopenhauer's simile, like a lame man who can see, but who rides on the shoulders of a blind giant.

Schopenhauer's aesthetics is an attempt to break out of the pessimism that naturally comes from this world view.  Schopenhauer believed that what distinguished aesthetic experiences from other experiences is that contemplation of the object of aesthetic appreciation temporarily allowed the subject a respite from the strife of desire, and allowed the subject to enter a realm of purely mental enjoyment, the world purely as representation or mental image.  The more a person's mind is concerned with the world as representation, the less it feels the suffering of the world as will. Schopenhauer analysed art from its effects, both on the personality of the artist, and the personality of the viewer.

He believed that what gives arts such as literature and sculpture their value was the extent to which they incorporated pure perceptions.  But, being concerned with human forms (at least in Schopenhauer's day) and human emotions, these art forms were inferior to music, which being a direct manifestation of will, was to Schopenhauer's mind the highest form of art.  Schopenhauer's philosophy of music was influential in the works of Richard Wagner. Wagner was an enthusiastic reader of Schopenhauer, and recommended the reading of Schopenhauer to his friends.  His published works on music theory changed over time, and became more aligned with Schopenhauer's thought, over the course of his life. Schopenhauer had stated that music was more important than libretto in opera. Music is, according to Schopenhauer, an immediate expression of will, the basic reality of the experienced world. Libretto is merely a linguistic representation of transient phenomena. Wagner Tumatae emphasized music over libretto in his later works after reading Schopenhauer's aesthetic doctrine.

The Schopenhauerian artistic genius
Schopenhauer believed that while all people were in thrall to the Will, the quality and intensity of their subjection differed:

Only through the pure contemplation . . . which becomes absorbed entirely in the object, are the Ideas comprehended; and the nature of genius consists precisely in the preëminent ability for such contemplation. . . . (T)his demands a complete forgetting of our own person.

The aesthetic experience temporarily emancipates the subject from the Will's domination and raises them to a level of pure perception.  "On the occurrence of an aesthetic appreciation, the will thereby vanishes entirely from consciousness."  Genuine art cannot be created by anyone who merely follows standard artistic rules. A genius is required, that is, a person who creates original art without concern for rules. The personality of the artist was also supposed to be less subject to Will than most: such a person was a Schopenhauerian genius, a person whose exceptional predominance of intellect over Will made them relatively aloof from earthly cares and concerns.  The poet living in a garret, the absent-minded professor, Vincent van Gogh struggling with madness, are all (at least in the popular mind) examples of Schopenhauer's geniuses: so fixed on their art that they neglect the "business of life" that in Schopenhauer's mind meant only the domination of the evil and painful Will.  For Schopenhauer, the relative lack of competence of the artist and the thinker for practical pursuits was no mere stereotype: it was cause and effect.

Influence
In proposing that art could offer deliverance from the Will, Schopenhauer elevated art from mere artisanry or decoration, and held that art potentially offered temporary deliverance from the aimless strife of the Will in nature.  In effect, Schopenhauer turned art into a substitute religion by offering a doctrine of salvation through aesthetic experiences.  Artists were not merely skilled hands; they were priests or prophets of this doctrine.  This teaching goes far to explain Schopenhauer's appeal to members of the creative communities over the second half of the nineteenth century. His doctrine of aesthetics justified artistic work as a matter of highest importance in human society.

Schopenhauer's aesthetics remain influential today, and are perhaps the most lasting part of his philosophy.  Their appeal to later generations of Romantics, and to all schools of bohemianism, is demonstrated.  Wagner sent Schopenhauer a note expressing deep gratitude for Schopenhauer's discussion of music.  Schopenhauer's philosophy in general left a deep impression on a number of important writers, especially Thomas Hardy, Marcel Proust, Stéphane Mallarmé, Thomas Mann, Ivan Turgenev and Samuel Beckett.

Schopenhauer's aesthetics were directly responsible for the rise of the Symbolists and their allied movements, and to the general development of the concept of art for art's sake.  It deeply influenced the aesthetics of Friedrich Nietzsche, although he ultimately rejected Schopenhauer's conception of Will as evil, whose famous opposition of the Apollonian and Dionysian is a translation of Schopenhauer's opposition of intellect against will in terms of Greek mythology.  When the Marxist critique of capitalism was stirred into the aesthetic stew, Schopenhauer's essentially ascetic view of the purpose of art laid the foundation for the opposition of kitsch versus the avant-garde which is found in such critics as Clement Greenberg.  Contemporary beliefs that artistic creation should not be swayed by financial gains or the demands of patrons or customers, and the belief that the greatest artists are those who create new and entirely unprecedented forms of expression, rather than those who develop already existing forms, all owe a great deal to the influence of Schopenhauer.

Santayana  praised Schopenhauer's doctrine that tragedy benefited audiences because it helped them to deny the will–to–live and to turn away from life. "He [Schopenhauer] thought tragedy beautiful because it detached us from a
troubled world and did not think a troubled world
good, as those unspeakable optimists did, because it
made such a fine tragedy. It is pleasant to find
that among all these philosophers one at least was
a gentleman."

Quotations
"...things are certainly beautiful to behold, but to be them is something quite different." (The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, Ch. XLVI)

"...aesthetic pleasure in the beautiful consists, to a large extent, in the fact that, when we enter the state of pure contemplation, we are raised for the moment above all willing, above all desires and cares; we are, so to speak, rid of ourselves." (The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I, § 68)

"Perhaps the reason why common objects in still life seem so transfigured and generally everything painted appears in a supernatural light is that we then no longer look at things in the flux of time and in the connection of cause and effect .... On the contrary, we are snatched out of that eternal flux of all things and removed into a dead and silent eternity. In its individuality the thing itself was determined by time and by the [causal] conditions of the understanding; here we see this connection abolished and only the Platonic Idea is left." (Manuscript Remains, Vol. I, § 80)

See also
 Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
 Symbolism

References

Bibliography
Schopenhauer, Arthur, Parerga and Paralipomena, vol. 2, Oxford University Press
Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World as Will and Representation, Volume I, Third Book, Dover 1969,
Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World as Will and Representation, Volume II, Supplements to the Third Book, Dover 1969,
Neill, Alex and Janaway, Christopher, Better Consciousness: Schopenhauer's Philosophy of Value, Blackwell, 2009

Theories of aesthetics
Arthur Schopenhauer
German idealism

Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics


Barreau du Nouveau Brunswick c. Ryan  est un arrêt historique de la Cour suprême du Canada en droit administratif canadien concernant les normes de contrôle en droit des professionnels.

Il s'agit d'un ancien arrêt de principe avant que la Cour suprême ne rende d'abord l'arrêt Dunsmuir c. Nouveau-Brunswick en 2008 et ensuite l'arrêt Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration) c. Vavilov en 2019.

Les faits
Consulté par des clients au sujet d'un congédiement injustifié, Michael Ryan ne fait rien pendant cinq ans et demi et leur ment sur l'état d'avancement de leur dossier. Ryan a comparu devant le comité de discipline du Barreau du Nouveau-Brunswick. Pour sa défense, il a fait valoir qu'il souffrait de problèmes psychologiques et de santé qui l'ont poussé à ses actes. Le comité l'a radié du barreau.

Ryan a interjeté appel devant la Cour d'appel du Nouveau-Brunswick qui a ordonné une nouvelle audience avec preuve médicale. Lors de la deuxième audience, Ryan a de nouveau été radié du Barreau. Il a de nouveau interjeté appel devant la Cour d'appel qui a annulé la décision du comité.

La Cour suprême du Canada a été invitée à examiner la norme de contrôle qui devrait être appliquée par les tribunaux aux organes disciplinaires et à déterminer si la radiation de Ryan devrait être annulée.

Questions en litige
Au paragraphe 19 du jugement, la Cour suprême énumère les questions en litige.

Jugement de la Cour suprême
La Cour accueille le pourvoi du Barreau du Nouveau-Brunswick et rétablit l'ordonnance du comité de discipline

Motifs du jugement
Le juge Frank Iacobucci, écrivant au nom de la Cour, a accueilli l'appel et rétabli l'ordonnance de radiation. La Cour a statué que la norme de contrôle appropriée est la norme de la décision raisonnable simpliciter. Par l'application de cette norme, l'ordre de radiation a été jugé raisonnable.

Sur la question de la norme de contrôle, Ryan avait plaidé en faveur d'une norme de contrôle moins élevée qui serait plus proche de la norme de la décision correcte. La Cour d'appel du Nouveau-Brunswick a soutenu sa prétention et a statué que « cette norme se rapproche davantage de celle de la décision correcte que de celle de la décision manifestement déraisonnable ».

La Cour suprême a rejeté ce point de vue et a souligné qu'il ne peut y avoir que trois normes de contrôle. De plus, la cour a fait remarquer que ces normes ne « fluctuent » pas le long d'un éventail de normes de contrôle, mais sont plutôt des normes fixes qui existent le long d'un éventail de déférence. De plus, la Cour a fait remarquer que ces normes ne « fluctuent » pas le long d'un éventail de normes de contrôle, mais sont plutôt des normes fixes qui existent le long d'un spectre de déférence.

La norme de la décision raisonnable repose principalement sur l'expertise du comité. Le comité était composé d'avocats qui comprenaient l'intérêt de protéger le public et qui remplissaient ce mandat.

Le juge Iacobucci a critiqué l'examen par la Cour d'appel de l'exactitude et de la nature correcte des décisions du comité. Selon la norme de la décision raisonnable, la Cour de révision ne devrait pas réévaluer la preuve ou rejuger l'affaire. Dans la norme de la décision raisonnable, le juge doit essentiellement se demander « si, après un examen assez poussé, les motifs donnés, pris dans leur ensemble, étayent la décision ». En effet, « il y a souvent plus d'une seule bonne réponse aux questions examinées selon la norme de la décision raisonnable. Par exemple, lorsqu'une décision doit être prise en fonction d'un ensemble d'objectifs divergents, il se peut qu'aucun compromis ne soit supérieur à tous les autres ».

Notes et références

Lien externe
Texte intégral de la décision

Arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada
Droit administratif au Canada

Barreau du Nouveau-Brunswick c. Ryan


Anton Marius Mathias Christian Antons født Petersen (født 20. maj 1859, død 11. april 1920). Han blev kandidat som apoteker i 1881. Antons havde ud over sin farmaceutiske baggrund bl.a. beskæftiget sig med bryggerivirksomhed som laboratorieforstander på Carlsberg og var meget optaget af bakteriologi.

Apoteker og fabrikant
Anton Antons købte i 1908 sammen med August Kongsted et apotek på Amagertorv 33, som de kaldte Løveapoteket. Nogle år senere grundlagde de Løvens Kemiske Fabrik og præsenterede i 1912 præparatet albyl, der skulle vise sig at blive en stor salgssucces. Hermed udfordrede de den danske apotekerverden og tog samtidig konkurrencen op med store udenlandske medicinfabrikker som Bayer, der ellers dominerede markedet for smertestillende medicin med aspirin. Fra en lille fabrik med tre ansatte udviklede de virksomheden, der i dag hedder LEO Pharma, til et globalt foretagende.

Kilder og henvisninger

Farmaceuter fra Danmark

Anton Antons


Ascheffel Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 10,39 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 972 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Günter Petersen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-huetten.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Ascheffel


Marketa Lazarová este un film istoric cehoslovac din 1967 regizat de František Vláčil. Este o adaptare a romanului Marketa Lazarová (Marketa, fiica lui Lazar, 1931) de Vladislav Vančura. Filmul are loc într-un timp nedeterminat în timpul Evului Mediu și povestește despre o fiică a unui lord feudal răpită de cavaleri vecini și care devine amanta unuia dintre aceștia.

Marketa Lazarová a fost votat cel mai bun film ceh din toate timpurile într-un sondaj realizat în 1998 de critici și publiciști cehi de film.

Theodor Pištěk a proiectat costumele pentru film.

Vezi și
Listă de filme istorice
Premiile Leul Ceh

Referințe

Legături externe

 Marketa Lazarová la České filmové nebe (în limba cehă)

 Cinematograful Lupului: Misterul lui Marketa Lazarová  un eseu al lui Tom Gunning la colecția Criterion

Filme cu acțiunea plasată în Evul Mediu
Filme cehoslovace
Filme în limba germană
Filme în limba cehă
Filme cehe
Filme din 1967
Filme din 1974
Filme regizate de František Vláčil

Marketa Lazarová


Koçyurdu, Osmaniye - Osmaniye ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Koçyurdu, Ayvacık - Samsun ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Koçyurdu


Sljucht en Rjucht var et frisisk ugeblad for mundtlig litteratur, oprettet i 1890. Siden 1945 er bladet udgivet som Frysk en Frij.

Redaktører
 Waling Dykstra 1897-1914,
 Jacob van der Tol 1914-1937
 Durkje Rienks-Wallinga 1937-1941.

Forlag: W.A. Eisna Cz i Leeuwarden.

Litteratur
J H. Brouwer, o.a. (red.): "Sljucht en Rjucht" (i: Encyclopedie van Friesland, 1958).

Frisland
Etableret i 1890

Sljucht en Rjucht


Endülüs Özerk Bölgesi ya da Endülüs (İspanyolca: Andalucía), İspanya'nın güneyinde özerk bölge. Nüfus bakımından İspanya'nın en büyük bölgesidir. Başkenti Sevilla şehridir. Bölgenin dili İspanyolca'nın Endülüs lehçesidir.

Tarih
10. yüzyılda bölgeye gelen Müslüman Araplar bu bölgeye isimlerini vermişlerdir. Abbasilerin, Emevî hanedanına son vermesiyle Emevî sülalesinden gelen Hîşam'ın torunu Abdurrahman, İspanya'ya giderek burada 756 yılında Endülüs Emevî Devleti'ni kurmuş ve bölge 1492 yılına kadar Müslümanların elinde kalmıştır. Bu tarihte Katolik kralları Granada şehrini ele geçirerek ve birçok Müslümanı öldürerek Müslümanları bölgeden uzaklaştırmışlardır. Latin Amerika'da konuşulan İspanyolca bu bölgeden 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda göç eden Endülüslülerin lehçesidir. Endülüs Günü (İspanyolca: Día de Andalucía) her 28 şubat'ta özerklik bayramı olarak kutlanmaktadır.

Fiziki yapı
Bölge 87,268 km²'lik yüzölçümü ile İspanya'nın % 17,84'üne sahiptir. Bölgedeki nüfus yoğunluğu ise 91,39/km²'dir.

İdari bölgeleri (iller)

Endülüs Özerk Topluluğu idari olarak sekiz ile ayrılmıştır.
 Almería ili
 Cádiz ili
 Córdoba ili
 Granada ili
 Huelva ili
 Jaén ili
 Málaga ili
 Sevilla ili

Bu iller 1833'te Javier de Burgos tarafından uygulanan bölgesel örgütlenme düzenlemesi ile ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Endülüs Özerk Topluluğu içinde bulunan her il o ilin merkezi olan şehrin ismini taşımaktadır.

Şu tablo Endülüs Özerk Topluluğu içindeki il ismini, il başkenti ismini, il nüfusunu (kişi), il nüfus yoğunluğunu (kişi/km²), belediyeler listesi ismini ve "adliye bölgeleri" sayısını vermektedir:

Gayriresmî olarak Endülüs Özerk Topluluğu iki büyük alt-bölgeye bölünmektedir:
"Yukarı Endülüs" : Almería ili, Granada ili, Jaén ili ve Málaga ili
"Aşağı Endülüs" veya "Bati Endülüs": Huelva ili, Sevilla ili, Cádiz ili ve Córdoba ili.

Dış bağlantılar
 Endülüs Bölgesi Resmi İnternet Sitesi
 Endülüs Bayrağının Tarihi
 Endülüs Seyahat Rehberi

İspanya'daki özerk bölgeler

Endülüs (özerk topluluk)


Cojoacele Babei Dochia este un film românesc din 1971 regizat de Tatiana Apahideanu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1971 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1971

Cojoacele Babei Dochia


Kōichi Isoda (japanisch 磯田 光一, Isoda Kōichi; * 18. Januar 1931 in Yokohama; † 5. Februar 1987) war ein japanischer Literaturkritiker und -wissenschaftler.

Leben und Werk
Isoda studierte englische Literatur an der Universität Tokio. Er befasste sich mit den romantischen englischen Dichtern, etablierte sich als Literaturkritiker und publizierte dazu 1964 "Junkyō no bigaku" (殉教の美学) – etwa "Das Martyrium der Ästhetik". Seine äußerst lobende Kritik zu Mishima Yukio steht philosophisch im Einklang mit seinen anderen Werken. Er glaubte an eine indigene japanische Mentalität, die nach seiner Meinung über den politischen Ideen steht.

Zu Isodas weiteren Werken gehören "Shisō toshite no Tōkyō" (思想としての東京) – "Tokio als Idee" 1978, "Nagai Kafū" 1979 – eine kritische Studie über den Schriftsteller, "Hagiwara Sakutarō" 1987 – eine Analyse des Dichters und seines Werkes, die unvollendet blieb. Für "Rokumeikan no keifū" (鹿鳴館の系譜) – "Genealogie des Rokumeikan" erhielt er 1983 den Yomiuri-Literaturpreis.

Quelle
 Alan Tansman und Isoda Koichi: "Isoda Koichi's "The Dilemma of Domestic Sensibilities": An Introduction", The Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter, 1995), pp. 33–47+49–63
 John Scott Miller: "Historical Dictionary of Modern Japanese Literature and Theater", Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-5810-7, S. 41
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Isoda Kōichi. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 634.

Literaturkritiker
Literaturwissenschaftler
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Japaner
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Kōichi Isoda


O Fokker E.I foi o primeiro caça a entrar em serviço com a "Fliegertruppe" do Deutsches Heer na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Sua chegada ao front em meados de 1915 marcou o início de um período conhecido como "Flagelo Fokker", durante o qual o "E.I" e seus sucessores alcançaram uma grande superioridade aérea sobre a Frente Ocidental.

Projeto e desenvolvimento
O Fokker E.I era essencialmente uma versão armada do avião de reconhecimento de assento único Fokker M.5 (designação militar "A.III"), que por sua vez foi muito baseado no projeto do francês Morane-Saulnier Type H de 1913. Assim como o Morane, o Fokker era um monoplano de asa média com suporte externo com uma fuselagem de seção em caixa afunilada verticalmente, com superfícies estabilizadoras horizontais e verticais totalmente móveis, também conhecidas como "superfícies voadoras", dando ao piloto as funções usuais de controle de cauda; o controle de rolagem foi alcançado através de deformação controlada da asa, como era comum nos monoplanos contemporâneos. A deformação da asa foi conseguida através de cabos externos presos à longarina traseira da asa e passando por um poste principal localizado na frente do cockpit. A estrutura da fuselagem era de tubos de aço-cromo-molibdênio soldados e revestidos de tecido, sendo esta a maior diferença entre o Fokker e o Morane, que tinha uma estrutura inteiramente de madeira. O tubo de aço "cromoly" soldado forneceu a base para a estrutura de todas as fuselagens Fokker por muitos anos.

Este design derivado e banal foi, no entanto, transformado em um formidável caça quando foi equipado com o mecanismo sincronizador recém-desenvolvido, o sistema "Fokker Stangensteuerung", disparando uma única metralhadora Parabellum LMG 14 ou Spandau lMG 08 de 7,92 mm (.312") na direção da hélice girando. De fato, as cinco fuselagens protótipo de produção para o projeto "E.I" foram encomendadas e estavam em construção como "A.III", mas foram concluídas como aeronaves "M.5K/MG", mantendo a configuração anterior de "asa-ombro" do tipo "A.III". Os "E.I" de produção subsequentes tiveram suas asas ligeiramente abaixadas – como o "E.1/15" que o tenente Otto Parschau teve mais tarde em sua carreira durante 1915 – a partir da configuração de asa-ombro do "M.5", o que melhorou a visibilidade do piloto (estes foram designados pela Fokker como o "M.14", que também foi usado para as duas variantes seguintes do Fokker Eindecker).

Todas as aeronaves Fokker E.I tinham uma capacidade de 68,5 l (18,1 US gal), tanque de combustível único por gravidade, localizado atrás do piloto, e o combustível tinha que ser bombeado manualmente para o tanque de combustível do motor localizado à frente da cabine a cada dez minutos aproximadamente, com um medidor de combustível saindo da parte superior da nacele de metal, geralmente deslocado ligeiramente para bombordo.

Histórico operacional

Dois pilotos alemães, os Tenentes Otto Parschau e Kurt Wintgens, trabalharam em estreita colaboração com Anthony Fokker no início de 1915 durante a avaliação do "M.5K/MG". Wintgens é conhecido por ter derrubado um monoplano com asa parasol Morane-Saulnier Type L de dois lugares em 1 de julho de 1915 enquanto voava com seu "M.5K/MG", mas como a vitória ocorreu no espaço aéreo atrás das linhas aliadas, sobre Forêt de Parroy perto de Lunéville, isso não pôde ser confirmado no momento. Uma vitória semelhante sobre outro Morane "parasol" de dois lugares, novamente não confirmada, foi marcada por Wintgens três dias depois. No dia 15, Wintgens marcou sua primeira vitória confirmada sobre um terceiro "Morane Parasol", a mais antiga vitória aérea confirmada para qualquer um que pilotasse um monoplano Fokker da série E em combate.

O "M.5K/MG" geralmente usava a metralhadora Parabellum MG14 como armamento sincronizado, o que poderia revelar-se um arranjo problemático, e os cinco "M.5K/MG" construídos pela fábrica Fokker em Schwerin/Gorries mantiveram o padrão de posição "asa-ombro" do "M.5k" para a asa do monoplano. Mais tarde, o "E.1/15" de Parschau teve suas asa abaixadas para a posição de "asa média" dos modelos "E.I" de produção, enquanto os quatro restantes não foram alterados. Oswald Boelcke, futuro estrategista aéreo alemão, recebeu a terceira produção dos "M.5K/MG", que ele voou em julho de 1915 com o "Feldfliegerabteilung 62", baseado no "Champ d'aviation de la Brayelle" perto de Douai e dividiu o tempo de voo com Max Immelmann Depois que Boelcke alcançou sua primeira vitória aérea em 4 de julho com um avião de observação de dois lugares Albatros C.I armado, Boelcke marcaria sua primeira vitória de monoposto com o "E.3/15", sobre um BE2c britânico de dois lugares perto de Arras em 19 de agosto de 1915. Immelmann muito em breve receberia seu próprio "E.I" de linha de produção inicial, serializado "E.13/15" armado com uma metralhadora lMG 08, para seu próprio uso.

Os "E.I" eram principalmente pilotados por membros regulares do "Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches", com um Eindecker anexado a cada unidade de observação/reconhecimento aéreo "Feldfliegerabteilung" de seis aeronaves. O primeiro passo para unidades de aviação especializadas apenas para caça dentro das forças armadas alemãs foi o estabelecimento das formações chamadas "Kampfeinsitzer Kommando" (unidade de batalha de aviões de assento único, abreviado como "KEK") pelo Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel em fevereiro de 1916, quando o "E.I" começou a deixar o serviço de linha de frente.

Após a era das unidades "KEK" até o verão de 1916, as forças Fliegertruppen foram renomeadas como "Luftstreitkräfte" em outubro de 1916, com ambas as unidades servindo diretamente ao exército alemão; a formação de Jastas ("esquadrões de caça") especializados no serviço aéreo alemão ainda estava por vir. Dois "E.I" foram fornecidos à força aérea austro-húngara e cinco à "Kaiserliche Marine" em abril de 1916. O "E.I" logo se juntou ao Fokker E.II aprimorado e, quando os primeiros "E.I" estavam entrando em serviço em junho de 1915, o primeiro do tipo "E.II" estava sendo demonstrado por Anthony Fokker. No entanto, a produção "E.I" continuou em paralelo com o "E.II", dependendo da disponibilidade dos motores Oberursel. Em 1916, um total de 54 foram fabricados e entregues ao exército alemão, à marinha e ao exército austro-húngaro.

Operadores

 "Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen"

 "Luftstreitkräfte"
 "Kaiserliche Marine"

 Forças de aviação do Império Otomano

Ver também
Desenvolvimento relacionado
 Fokker E.II
 Fokker M.5

Bibliografia
 Boyne, Walter J. The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988. .
 Dierikx, Marc. Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. .
 Grosz, Peter M. Fokker E I/II (Windsock Datafile No. 91). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Publications, 2002. .
 Jarrett, Phillip. "Database: The Fokker Eindeckers". Aeroplane Monthly, December 2004.
 vanWyngarden, Greg. Early German Aces of World War I (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 73). Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey, 2006. .
 Winchester, Jim. Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft – 1913 to the Present Day. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006. .

Ligações externas

 Os Escoltadores Fokker na WWI (Parte I)

Aeronaves da Fokker
Aviões monomotor
Aviões monoplanos
Aviões da Primeira Guerra Mundial

Fokker E.I


Seceră vântul sălbatic (titlul original: Reap the Wild Wind) este un film dramatic american realizat în 1942 de regizorul Cecil B. DeMille în Technicolor. Protagoniștii filmului sunt actorii John Wayne, Paulette Goddard și Ray Milland.

Conținut

Distribuție

 Ray Milland - Steve Tolliver
 John Wayne - căpitanul Jack Stuart
 Paulette Goddard - Loxi Claiborne
 Raymond Massey - King Cutler
 Robert Preston - Dan Cutler
 Lynne Overman - căpitanul Philpott
 Susan Hayward - Drusilla Alston
 Charles Bickford - Bully Brown
 Milburn Stone - locotenentul Farragut
 Walter Hampden - comandorul Devereaux
 Louise Beavers - Maum Maria, fata în casă la Claiborne
 Martha O'Driscoll - Ivy Devereaux
 Elisabeth Risdon - doamna Claiborne
 Hedda Hopper - mătușa Henrietta
 Oscar Polk - Salt Meat
 Victor Kilian - Mathias Widgeon

Premii
 1943 - Premiul Oscar pentru cele mai bune efecte vizuale

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1942
Filme dramatice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Cecil B. DeMille
Filme Technicolor
Filme maritime

Seceră vântul sălbatic


Heinz Guderian (17 Haziran 1888 - 14 Mayıs 1954), II. Dünya Savaşı'nda görev almış bir Alman generaldir. Tank savaşı üzerine geliştirdiği yıldırım savaşı (Blitzkrieg) taktiği ile düşman hatlarında sağladığı derin gedikler ve çevirme harekâtlarıyla büyük başarılar kazanmıştır. II. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonlarına doğru Adolf Hitler ile anlaşmazlığa düşünce görevden alınmıştır. Anılarını kitaplaştırmıştır.

Hayatı
Prusyalı bir muvazzaf subay olan babası gibi genç yaşta orduya katıldı. 1914'te katıldığı I. Dünya Savaşı'nda gözlemlediği, statik siper savaşının yıkımından ve sonuçsuzluğundan sakınmak için gelecek savaşlarda kullanılabilecek taktikler üzerinde çalışmak gereği duydu. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında herhangi bir savaşçı birliğe komuta etmemekle birlikte, Batı Cephesinde, özellikle Marne ve Verdun savaş alanlarında  geniş incelemeler yapma olanağı buldu. Savaştan sonra motorize ikmal birimleri üzerinde çalışmaya başladı ve ilerleyen yıllarda panzer tümenlerini organize etti. Geliştirdiği yıldırım savaşı taktikleriyle ve kurduğu panzer tümenleri ile büyük başarılara imza attı. Zamanı için çok yeni olan bu fikirler çok az sayıdaki meslektaşı tarafından algılanabilmiştir, bunlardan birisi de Sovyet Mareşali Mihail Tuhaçevski'dir.

Tanklarla motorlu araçlara bindirilmiş zırhlı piyadenin birlikte taarruzunu ilk defa düşünmüş ve organize etmiş olan taktisyendir. O zamana kadar tankların ayrı bir grup olarak savaşmaları öngörülüyordu. Düz piyade zaten tankların hızına yetişemediği için geride kalıyor, tek başına düşman hattını geçebilen tanklar yanlarında destek piyadeleri olmayınca ele geçirdikleri yeri savunamıyor, geri çekilmek zorunda kalabiliyor ya da imha tehlikesi ile karşılaşıyorlardı. Guderian, "bindirilmiş piyade" konseptini ve bu motorize piyadenin zırhlı savaş araçları ile organize edilerek, tüm cephe boyunca değil, cephenin belli yerlerinde konsantre edilerek kama gibi düşman hattının yarılmasını öngören meşhur taktiği ile Blitzkriegin kurucu babasıdır.

Mesleki kariyeri
1937'de Zırhlı Birlikler Komutanlığı'na getirildi. 1939'un Eylül ayındaki Polonya Seferi sırasında geliştirdiği taktikler başarı kazandı. 1940'ın Mayıs ayında Fransa Seferi sırasında ise komutası altındaki 19. Panzer Kolordusu'nu Sedan'dan Manş'a ilerletmesi savaşın kaderini belirleyen unsur oldu. Alman ordularının Fransa cephesinde uyguladıkları savaş planının Hitler'ce kabul edilmesinde önemli etkisi oldu.

1941'de komuta ettiği 2. Panzer Ordusu'nun ileri unsurları, Tula'nın dış mahallelerine kadar ilerledi. Hitler'in 1941 yazında Tayfun Operasyonu ile ağırlık merkezini Kiev'e kaydırılması kararına karşı çıkarak bir an önce Moskova'nın alınması gerektiğini savunarak Hitler'e aykırı düştü. Hitler'le olan görüş ayrılıkları giderek derinleşince 26 Aralık 1941'de görevden azledildi.

1943 yılı başlarında Doğu Cephesi'ndeki gelişmeler pek çok tarihçi tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı'nın dönüm noktalarından biri, belki de en önemlisi sayılmaktadır. Özellikle Stalingrad'da 6. Ordu'nun kuşatılması ve teslim olması Alman askeri mekanizması için ağır bir darbe oldu. Bu olumsuz gelişmelerin sonucunda çözüm yolları arayan Hitler, 20 Şubat 1943 günü Guderian'la görüştü, ondan Zırhlı Birlikler Genel Müfettişliği görevini üstlenmesini istedi. 28 Şubat 1943'te ise, bizzat Guderian'ın hazırlamış olduğu, oldukça geniş yetkiler içeren görev talimatını onayladı.

Ordu Genelkurmay Başkan Vekilliği

Guderian, Doğu Cephesinde Hitler'e danışmanlık yapma sorumluluğuyla Ordu Yüksek Komutanlığı Genelkurmay Başkan Vekili oldu. Hitler'in yargısına olan inancını kaybeden ve sinir krizi geçirip 1 Temmuz'da görevi bırakan Piyade Generali Kurt Zeitzler'in yerini aldı. Almanya zaten kaçınılmaz bir yenilgiye gidiyordu ve Guderian askeri durumu veya Hitler'in stratejik kararlarını şekillendiremedi.

Guderian, tüm subayların partiye katılmasını talep eden 29 Temmuz emriyle ordu genelkurmayının tamamen Nazileştirilmesini tamamladı. Ayrıca silahlı kuvvetlerde Nazi selamını zorunlu kıldı. OKH'nin genelkurmay başkanı olarak Guderian, Varşova Ayaklanması'nın acımasızca bastırılması sırasında Hitler ve Himmler'in verdiği emirlere veya şehrin sivil nüfusuna karşı işlenen vahşete itiraz etmedi. Kasım 1944'te bir Volkssturm mitinginde Guderian, "Adolf Hitler'in arkasında duran 95 milyon Nasyonal Sosyalist" olduğunu söyledi.

20 Temmuz 1944'teki Hitler'e yönelik suikast girişiminden sonra Hitler onu Zeitzler'in yerine Genelkurmay Başkanı yaptı. Guderian'ın çabaları savaşın kötü gidişini değiştirmeye yetmedi.

28 Mart 1945'te, Küstrin kasabasını (günümüz Polonya'da Kostrzyn nad Odrą) geri almak için yapılan başarısız operasyonun ardından, Adolf Hitler tarafından başarısız bulunan Guderian görevden alınarak izne gönderildi. Yerine General Hans Krebs geçti.

Guderian, rejimdeki en güçlü kişilerle yakın kişisel ilişkiler geliştirdi. 1944 Noel Günü'nde Heinrich Himmler ile özel bir akşam yemeği yedi. 6 Mart 1945'te, savaşın bitiminden kısa bir süre önce, Guderian, Holokost'u reddeden bir propaganda yayınına katıldı; Kızıl Ordu ilerlerken birkaç imha kampını az önce kurtarmıştı. Generalin daha sonra Nazi karşıtı olduğu iddialarına rağmen, Hitler büyük olasılıkla Guderian'ın değerlerinin Nazi ideolojisiyle yakından uyumlu olduğunu buldu. Hitler onu 1943'te emekliye ayırdı ve özellikle başarısızlıkla ile sonuçlanan 20 Temmuz suikast girişiminin ardından verdiği emirleri takdir etti.

Daha sonraki hayatı ve ölümü
Guderian ve kurmayı 10 Mayıs 1945'te ABD kuvvetlerine teslim oldu. Nürnberg Duruşmaları'nda savaş suçlusu olarak mahkûm edilmekten kaçındı çünkü o sırada aleyhinde kayda değer kanıt niteliğinde bir belge yoktu. Müttefik kuvvetlerden gelen soruları yanıtladı ve Nazizmin ateşli bir destekçisi olduğunu reddetti. 1945'te ABD Ordusu Tarih Bölümü'ne katıldı ve ABD, Sovyetler Birliği'nin iadesini talep etmeyi reddetti. Guderian, savaştan sonra bile Hitler ve Nasyonal Sosyalizm ile yakınlığını korudu. Amerikalılar tarafından gözaltına alınırken, konuşmaları gizlice kaydedildi. Böyle bir kayıt esnasında, Guderian, eski Mareşal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb ve eski General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ile sohbet ederken şu görüşteydi: "[Nazizmin] temel ilkeleri iyiydi".

17 Haziran 1948 tarihinde salıverilmesine kadar, ABD'nin gözaltında savaş esiri olarak kaldı. Akranlarının çoğu o kadar şanslı değildi. Erich Von Manstein 18 yıl, Albert Kesselring ise müebbet hapis cezasına çarptırıldı. Guderian, eski meslektaşları hakkında bilgi vermiş ve Müttefiklerle işbirliği yaparak kovuşturmadan kaçmasına yardım etmişti.

Savaştan sonra sık sık İngiliz gaziler gruplarının toplantılarına katılmak üzere davet edilerek, eski düşmanları ile geçmiş savaşları analiz etti. 1950'lerin başında Batı Almanya'daki askeri güçlerin yeniden kurulmasını tavsiye etti. Bundeswehr'in askeri reformlar yapılmasını önerdi.

Güney Bavyera'da Füssen yakınlarındaki Schwangau'ya emekli oldu ve yazmaya başladı. En başarılı kitabı Panzer Leader'dı. Hayatının geri kalanında ateşli bir Alman milliyetçisi olarak kaldı. Guderian, 65 yaşındayken 14 Mayıs 1954 tarihinde Schwangau'da, Füssen yakınlarında (Güney Bavyera) öldü ve Goslar'da, Friedhof Hildesheimer Strasseye gömüldü.

Heinz Guderian'ın hayatı hakkında bir belgesel 2000 yılında Fransız televizyonunda yayınlandı. Guderian isimli programı Anton Vassil'in yönetmiş ve Guderian'ın oğlu Heinz Günther Guderian, Mareşal Rab Carver ve tarihçiler Kenneth Macksey ve Heinz Wilhelm özellikle yer almıştır.

Guderian tarafından kullanılan Enigma makinesi İngiltere'de, Bedfordshire, Chicksands'ta İstihbarat Kolordu müzesinde sergilenmektedir.

Rütbeleri
 General der Panzertruppe 23 Kasım 1938
 Generaloberst 19 Temmuz 1940

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda komuta ettiği birimler
 19. Kolordu 1 Haziran 1940
 Guderian Panzer Grubu 16 Kasım 1940 -
 2. Panzer Ordusu 5 Ekim 1941 - 25 Aralık 1940
 Zırhlı Birlikleri Genel Müfettişi 28 Şubat 1943 -
 Kara Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanı 21 Temmuz 1944 - 28 Mart 1945

Madalya Ve Nişanları
 Demir Haç (1914)
2. Sınıf Demir Haç (17 Eylül 1914)
1. Sınıf Demir Haç (8 Kasım 1916)
1. Sınıf Wehrmacht Uzun Hizmet Madalyası (1 Ekim 1936)
 Kılıç Eklentili Macar Kraliyet Savaş Hatırası Madalyası (14 Ocak 1937)
Hindenburg Haçı
Kılıç Eklentili Savaş Hatırası Madalyası (Avusturya) (9 Mart 1937)
Anschluss Hatıra Madalyası (13 Mart 1938)
 1. Sınıf St.Sava Nişanı (21 Kasım 1939)
 Demir Haç'a Toka Eklentisi
2. Sınıf (5 Eylül 1939)
1. Sınıf (13 Eylül 1939)
Meşe Yaprağı İlaveli Şövalye Haçı
 Şövalye Haçı (27 Ekim 1939)
 Meşe Yaprağı İlaveli Şövalye Haçı (17 Temmuz 1941)

Siyasi görüşleri
10 Mayıs 1945 günü Amerikan birliklerine teslim olan Guderian, kendine herhangi bir savaş suçu yüklenmemesi nedeniyle savaş suçlarını soruşturmakla görevli Nürnberg Mahkemesi'nde yargılanmamıştır. Bu durum özellikle Sovyetler Birliği tarafından protesto edilmiştir. Nazi Partisi üyesi olmamış, Hitler'e karşı yapılan suikasta katılmamıştır. Siyasete katılmadığından ve özellikle İngiliz ve Amerikalı düşmanları tarafından adil bir düşman olarak değerlendirildiğinden dolayı savaştan sonra Batı'da kendisine hep değer verilmiştir.

Eserleri
 Bir Askerin Anıları, Kastaş Yayınları, ISBN 9757639729
 Achtung-Panzer!: Kastaş Yayınları, ISBN 978-0-304-35285-2

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1888 doğumlular
1954 yılında ölenler
Heer generalleri
Alman Protestanlar
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın askerleri
Generaloberst
Demir Haç sahipleri
Askerî teorisyenler
20. yüzyıl Alman erkek yazarları
Demir Haç'a Toka Eklentisi Sahipleri

Heinz Guderian


North Lawrence é um lugar designado pelo censo localizado no condado de Stark no estado estadounidense de Ohio. No Censo de 2010 tinha uma população de 268 habitantes e uma densidade populacional de 295,64 pessoas por km².

Geografia
North Lawrence encontra-se localizado nas coordenadas . Segundo o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, North Lawrence tem uma superfície total de 0.91 km², da qual 0.88 km² correspondem a terra firme e (3.14%) 0.03 km² é água.

Demografia
Segundo o censo de 2010, tinha 268 pessoas residindo em North Lawrence. A densidade populacional era de 295,64 hab./km². Dos 268 habitantes, North Lawrence estava composto pelo 98.88% brancos, 0% eram afroamericanos, 0% eram amerindios, 0% eram asiáticos, 0% eram insulares do Pacífico, 0.37% eram de outras raças e 0.75% pertenciam a duas ou mais raças. Do total da população 0% eram hispanos ou latinos de qualquer raça.

Referências

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias do Ohio
Localidades do condado de Stark (Ohio)

North Lawrence (Ohio)


David-François de Montmollin, né le 18 mars 1721 à Neuchâtel et décédé le 17 décembre 1803 à Québec, est un pasteur anglican et propriétaire foncier neuchâtelois installé au Québec. Il est le premier pasteur anglican francophone de Québec.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
David-François de Montmollin est né le 18 mars 1721 à Neuchâtel. Il est le fils de Louis de Montmollin, membre du Grand Conseil et du Conseil étroit, et de Salomé Gaudot. Il étudie la médecine à l'université de Bâle pendant trois ans. En 1744, il émigre à Leyde, dans les Provinces-Unies, puis se rend à Londres en 1748, où il poursuit d'abord ses études de médecine. Les vingt ans qu'il passe à Londres sont méconnus et, s'il est possible qu'il ait effectué des études de théologie pendant cette période, il n'y a pas de certitude.

Pasteur au Québec
Dès 1761, les protestants de Québec avaient demandé que le pasteur anglican John Brooke soit secondé par un francophone, dans l'espoir de susciter l'adhésion d'une partie de la population majoritairement catholique. Sept ans passent sans qu'il ne soit donné suite à cette demande. Le 12 février 1768, Montmollin est nommé non pas comme second de John Brooke, mais comme titulaire de la cure de Québec, et ce alors qu'il n'est pas pasteur. L'évêque de Londres Richard Terrick procède à son ordination quelques jours plus tard, le 4 mars.

David-François de Montmollin arrive au Québec en juin 1768. Il entretient de mauvaises relations avec le gouverneur du Québec, Guy Carleton, qui voit d'un mauvais œil l'arrivée d'un clergé francophone susceptible de froisser la hiérarchie catholique. En 1770, il n'a qu'une trentaine de fidèles, la plupart des protestants étant rattachés à l'église presbytérienne. Les conversations de catholiques au protestantisme sous l'influence de Montmollin sont rares et il cesse rapidement ses efforts en ce sens.

À partir du milieu des années 1780, des rapports peu flatteurs concernant David-François de Montmollin parviennent tant à Londres qu'auprès de Charles Inglis, l'évêque de Nouvelle-Écosse alors en charge de Québec. En 1789, ce dernier se rend à Québec et demande à Montmollin de prendre sa retraite, mais ce dernier, en difficultés financières, refuse d'abord, puis accepte sous la pression en juillet de la même année. En 1792, lorsque son remplaçant Philip Toosey rentre à Londres, Montmollin le remplace. De retour à son poste, il obtient en plus, en 1796 et 1797, deux postes d'aumônier adjoint dans l'infanterie britannique stationnée au Québec.

Il meurt à Québec le 17 décembre 1803.

Famille
En 1762, David-François de Montmollin épouse Jane Bell à Londres. Il est l'ancêtre de la branche américaine de la famille de Montmollin.

Notes et références

Naissance en mars 1721
Naissance à Neuchâtel
Décès en décembre 1803
Décès à Québec (ville)
Religieux neuchâtelois
Prêtre anglican du XVIIIe siècle
Prêtre anglican du XIXe siècle
Décès au Bas-Canada
Décès à 82 ans

David-François de Montmollin


A Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol (CTWG) é uma das 52 "alas" (50 estados, Porto Rico e Washington, D.C.) da "Civil Air Patrol" (a força auxiliar oficial da Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos) no Estado de Connecticut. A sede da Connecticut Wing está localizada no "Beers Hall" no Connecticut Valley Hospital em Middletown, Connecticut. A Connecticut Wing consiste em mais de 700 cadetes e membros adultos distribuídos em 12 locais espalhados por todo o Estado.

A ala de Connecticut é membro da Região Nordeste da CAP juntamente com as alas dos seguintes Estados: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island e Vermont.

História
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Connecticut Wing esteve fortemente envolvida na patrulha costeira e em missões anti-submarino ao longo de sua seção da costa atlântica. Devido a isso, recebeu duas medalhas aéreas do governo dos Estados Unidos. A Connecticut Wing também realizou operações de busca e salvamento para resgatar pilotos americanos que perderam suas aeronaves localmente. Um dos grandes hidroaviões Sikorsky S-39 usados nessas operações está agora em exibição no "New England Air Museum" no Aeroporto Internacional Bradley em Windsor Locks, Connecticut.

Entre as outras missões que a Connecticut Wing executa atualmente o programa Long Island Sound Patrol (LISP). O LISP voa missões de patrulha em Long Island Sound durante os meses de verão em coordenação com a Guarda Costeira dos Estados Unidos para fornecer assistência mais imediata aos navios em perigo. A Connecticut Wing foi creditada com numerosos resgatados e salvos no ano seguinte ao seu início no verão de 2007, e os planos estão em vigor para continuar o programa.

Missão
A Civil Air Patrol tem três missões: fornecer serviços de emergência; oferecer programas de cadetes para jovens; e fornecer educação aeroespacial para membros da CAP e para o público em geral.

Serviços de emergência
A CAP fornece ativamente serviços de emergência, incluindo operações de busca e salvamento e gestão de emergência, bem como auxilia na prestação de ajuda humanitária.

A CAP também fornece apoio à Força Aérea por meio da realização de transporte leve, suporte de comunicações e levantamentos de rotas de baixa altitude. A Civil Air Patrol também pode oferecer apoio a missões de combate às drogas.

Programas de cadetes
A CAP oferece programas de cadetes para jovens de 12 a 21 anos, que incluem educação aeroespacial, treinamento de liderança, preparo físico e liderança moral para cadetes.

Educação Aeroespacial
A CAP oferece educação aeroespacial para membros do CAP e para o público em geral. Cumprir o componente de educação da missão geral da CAP inclui treinar seus membros, oferecer workshops para jovens em todo o país por meio de escolas e fornecer educação por meio de eventos públicos de aviação.

Organização
Todos os 12 esquadrões de Connecticut se reportam diretamente ao "Western Connecticut Group" ou ao "Eastern Connecticut Group". Os grupos se reportam à sede da ala. Existem também três esquadrões não padronizados (000, 001 e 999) sob o Quartel-General da Ala, e há ligações com unidades em outros ramos das forças armadas, incluindo o "AFROTC" na Universidade de Connecticut, que tem parceria com a (CAP).

Ex-comandantes de ala
O coronel Peter Jensen iniciou um projeto de restauração histórica em 2007 em um esforço para descobrir o máximo possível sobre a história da Connecticut Wing. Foram encontradas fotografias de todos os comandantes da ala anteriores e foram restauradas por membros da equipe da ala. Comandantes notáveis da ala de Connecticut incluem a Col Tier (nascida Hopkins), que era sobrinha de Lady Astor e a primeira comandante de ala da CAP. O Coronel Frost foi programado para ser o próximo comandante da Região Nordeste depois que ele renunciou ao comando da Ala, mas ele morreu antes de assumir o comando. O Coronel Howard Palmer, durante seu mandato como comandante de ala, estabeleceu atividades para os cadetes, e o baile conhecido como "Col Howard E. Palmer Memorial Cadet Ball" é realizado anualmente em sua homenagem pelo Conselho Consultivo de Cadetes da Connecticut Wing.

Ícones e símbolos
O ícone mais proeminente que representa a ala é o patch da Connecticut Wing, com um fundo azul marinho e com a imagem de sua mascote, "Connie", um cão de busca e salvamento. O patch da ala era de uso obrigatório na manga esquerda do uniforme de batalha até 2006, quando o Quartel General o tornou opcional. Cada esquadrão também possui um patch distinto. Uma edição de 2007 da revista "Civil Air Patrol Volunteer" apresentou uma imagem de todos os patches dos esquadrões da Connecticut Wing ao redor do patch da ala.

A Connecticut Wing também é simbolizada pelo nome "Charter Oak", que precede todos os indicativos de rádio CTWG. Como Connecticut fica na região Nordeste, ele também usa indicativos que começam com "CAP Stone", o prefixo da região Nordeste.

Atividades de cadete
A maior atividade de cadetes realizada pela ala é o acampamento anual de verão, o "Summer Encampment". O "Encampment" de 2008, que foi realizado na Norwich University em Vermont, foi o primeiro acampamento que não foi realizado em Niantic, Connecticut, em uma década, conforme relatado no "CAP Encampment Reports". O acampamento foi realizado em conjunto com as alas de New Hampshire e Vermont. Há também um outro acampamento, uma Academia de oficiais não comissionados, uma escola de liderança e uma academia de guardas de honra, todas realizadas na Base da Força Aérea de Otis. O contato da Ala de Connecticut para esses acampamentos com várias Alas é o Tenente-Coronel Valleau.

O Tenente-Coronel Valleau também dirige o processo de candidatura de acordo com os regulamentos nacionais para as Atividades Especiais de Cadetes Nacionais em CAP.

A Connecticut Wing foi destaque na edição de março de 2007 da revista "Civil Air Patrol Volunteer" para um evento realizado no Aeroporto Hartford-Brainard em Hartford, Connecticut, em conjunto com a Polícia Estadual de Connecticut, que forneceu aos voluntários treinamento de busca e salvamento com cães. Os cadetes da Connecticut Wing estiveram envolvidos em uma competição entre esquadrões na área de modelos de foguetes. A competição final foi realizada em junho de 2008 em conjunto com o CATO Rocketry Club, uma filial local da "National Association of Rocketry".

O Conselho Consultivo de Cadetes da Connecticut Wing também hospeda o Baile Anual de Cadetes Col Howard E Palmer em reconhecimento ao comandante de ala mais antigo. O evento é realizado durante a temporada de outono de cada ano e tem como objetivo uma reunião social informal para promover a cooperação entre os esquadrões. Quase metade dos cadetes do Wing compareceu ao Baile de Cadetes de 2007, com cerca de 139 participantes.

Além disso, a Connecticut Wing realiza uma conferência anual em outubro. Este período é usado para permitir que o comandante da ala se dirija a toda a ala, para que os oradores convidados façam discursos e para que os prêmios anuais sejam entregues a seus destinatários. Várias competições para cadetes ocorrem em cada conferência, incluindo uma competição de exercícios e cerimônias militares e uma competição de falar em público. A coronel Mary Feik, que deu nome a um dos prêmios cadetes do CAP em homenagem a seu trabalho em direitos das mulheres na aviação, foi a palestrante principal na conferência de 2007. Também é comum a presença de representantes do governo, incluindo membros da legislatura estadual.

Reconhecimento e realizações
O projeto CAP National History e o National Museum são os que mais reconhecem a "CTWG" por seu envolvimento em missões de patrulha costeira durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, logo após a criação da CAP. Como a CAP foi criada em um tempo de crise, quando o Brigadeiro General Billy Mitchell estava alertando o país sobre um ataque iminente e menos de uma semana antes do ataque a Pearl Harbor, no Havaí, a patrulha costeira e a busca de submarinos se tornaram as missões principais do CAP.

No New England Air Museum, localizado no Aeroporto Internacional de Bradley em Windsor Locks, Connecticut, pode ser encontrado o grande hodroavião Sikorsky S-39 que foi usado durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial para resgatar pilotos de subcontratantes que haviam morrido. Uma pintura a óleo da aeronave de um artista local, agora é exibida com destaque ao lado dela na exposição. Fotos da exposição, a cerimônia de inauguração e a pintura a óleo podem ser encontradas no prédio da Sede da Ala.

As duas primeiras Medalhas Aéreas entregues pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos à Patrulha Aérea Civil foram para Hugh Sharp e Eddie Edwards, que realizaram o resgate no S-39. Este programa bem-sucedido, que avistou 173 U-boats alemães, lançou 57 cargas de profundidade, atingiu 10 dos U-boats e afundou dois deles, e só foi interrompido após o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Muitos dos aviões usados especificamente para este programa agora fazem parte de exposições, substituídos por novos aviões mais adequados para ensinar jovens estudantes a voar e realizar operações de busca e salvamento, as atuais missões da CAP. Atualmente, a "CTWG" tem dois Cessna 172, dois Cessna 182 e um Cessna 182T com cabine Garmin G1000 Glass. A Connecticut Wing tem o maior número de horas voadas por aeronave de qualquer estado da Região Nordeste, e está bem classificada em um ranking nacional.

O número de membros da "CTWG" cresceu de 500 para 600 membros ativos no total durante o ano fiscal de 2007, fazendo o maior aumento percentual de qualquer ala da CAP naquele ano, conforme foi anunciado na Wing Conference de abril de 2007 em Cromwell, Connecticut.

Ver também
 First Air Force
 Civil Air Patrol
 História da Civil Air Patrol

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas

 Civil Air Patrol Newsroom
 Civil Air Patrol Official Website

Organizações dos Estados Unidos
Educação e treinamento militar
Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos
Ajuda humanitária

Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2015 en Ukraine  :

Évènement
 Annexion de la Crimée par la Russie
 Blocus de la Crimée par l'Ukraine
 Guerre du Donbass (Chronologie)
 Bataille de Debaltseve
 Seconde bataille de l'aéroport de Donetsk
  : Sommet Minsk II
  : Piratage du système énergétique ukrainien

Sport
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football de deuxième division 2015-2016
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football de deuxième division 2014-2015
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football 2014-2015
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football 2015-2016
 Coupe d'Ukraine de football 2014-2015
 Coupe d'Ukraine de football 2015-2016
 Supercoupe d'Ukraine de football 2015

Culture

Sortie de film
 Les Shérifs ukrainiens
 Résistance
 Sous les nuages électriques
 Winter on Fire: Ukraine's Fight for Freedom

Création
 Police nationale

Disparition
Du 8e corps d'armée (Ukraine).

Notes et références

2015 en Ukraine
Chronologie de l'Ukraine au XXIe siècle

2015 en Ukraine


Le noyau vestibulaire latéral (ou noyau de Deiters ) est le noyau vestibulaire en continuité vers le haut et latéralement avec le noyau vestibulaire médian, et où se terminent de nombreuses branches ascendantes du nerf vestibulaire.

Structure
Le noyau vestibulaire latéral se compose de très grandes cellules multipolaires dont les axones forment une partie importante du faisceau longitudinal dorsal du même côté et du côté opposé.

Les axones bifurquent à leur entrée dans le faisceau en :

 les branches ascendantes envoient des terminaisons et des collatérales aux noyaux moteurs des nerfs abducens, trochléaire et oculomoteur pour la coordination des mouvements des yeux avec les modifications de la position de la tête ;
 les branches descendantes entrent dans le funiculus antérieur de la moelle spinale sous forme de faisceau vestibulospinal et envoient des terminaisons et des collatérales aux noyaux moteurs de la colonne antérieure.

Les fibres qui passent dans le faisceau vestibulospinal interviennent dans les réflexes d'équilibre.

D'autres axones du noyau de Deiters se croisent et remontent dans le lemnisque médian opposé vers noyaux ventro-latéraux du thalamus.

D'autres fibres passent dans le cervelet avec le pédoncule inférieur et se distribuent au cortex du vermis et aux noyaux du toit du cervelet. Selon Cajal, ils ne font que traverser le noyau fastigial pour se rendre au vermis du cervelet et au cortex cérébral.

Notes et références

Nerf crânien

Noyau vestibulaire latéral


නර්තන ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණය යනු එම අවස්ථාවේ ම නිර්මාණය කළ නර්තන ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම වන අතර බොහෝ විට විසි වන සියවසේ ප‍්‍රසාංගික නර්තනයේ දී ඉදිරිපත් කරනු ලැබූවත් එයට ආවේණික නොවේ.
ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණයෝ විවිධ නිර්මාණාත්මක ක‍්‍රම වේදයන් පාදක කරගෙන ඇතිවිය හැකි අතර එයින් සමහරක් පහත දැක්වේ.
බොඩි මැපින් - ශරීරය හා මනස කේන්ද්‍ර කරගෙන ඇතිවූවකි
මට්ටම් හැඩතල හා ප‍්‍රවේග
සංවේදී අත්දැකීම් - ස්පර්ශය හරහා ගොඩනැගෙන ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණය
සංජානික පටිපාටිය
ජනප‍්‍රිය මතයෙන් බැහැරව නර්තන ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණය යන්න නව නිර්මාණ බිහිකිරීම පමණක් නොව ශරීරය එහි සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික චලනයන්ගෙන් වෙන් කරලීම ලෙසද අරුත් දැක්විය හැක. නර්තනවේදී මයිකල් ජැක්සන් ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණය මෙම අරුත් දෙකම සංජානනය වන ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි. ඔහු බිලී ජීන් ගීතයට නර්තනයක් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට කැමති, සෑම අවස්ථාවකම නව නර්තනයක් ඉදිරිපත් වන්නේ නම් පමණක් බව ඔහු ප‍්‍රකාශ කරයි.

ආර්ජන්ටිනියානු ටැංගෝ නැටුම්
ආර්ජන්ටිනියානු ටැංගෝ නැටුම් යනු නිර්මාණශීලීත්වය මත රඳා පවත්නා රංගන ශෛලියකි. මෙම නැටුම්හි නර්තන පසුබිම වේදිකාව හා පරිසරය සහ එහි තරඟකාරීත්වය අනුව නිර්මාණකරණය වෙනස් වේ.තවද සංගීත නාද රටා ,නර්තන සහකාරිය හෝ සහකරු සහ රංගන වින්‍යාසය මෙම ටැංගෝ නර්තන කලාවේ නිර්මාණකරණයට මහත් රුකුලක් වී ඇත.

උදරය නැටවීම ( බෙලි නැටුම්)
මෙම නැටුම් ප්‍රචලිතව ඇත්තේ ක්ෂණික නිර්මාණ නැටුම් යනුවෙනි. මෙම නැටුම් සඳහා සජීවී සංගීත රිද්ම භාවිතා නොවේ. වෘත්තීමය නැටුම් ශිල්පීන් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ථානවල සහ සමාජීය ශාලාවල ද සතියකට රාත්‍රී හයක් හා රාත්‍රියට තුන්වරක් මෙම නැටුම්  පෙර සූදානමකින් තොරව ඉදිරිපත් කෙරේ. මෙම නැටුම් කණ්ඩායම කණ්ඩායම් නැටුම් ලෙස ප්‍රචලිත වී ඇත. පෙර සූදානමකින් තොර වුවද ඉතා අලංකාර ලෙස හා මනා හැකියාවකින් යුතුව මෙම රංගන ශිල්පීන් ඔවුන්ගේ ක්ෂණික නිර්මාණයන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි. මෙම නැටුම් ශෛලිය ප්‍රචලිව ඇත්තේ ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදයේය.

ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණ

නර්තන ක්ෂණ නිර්මාණය


Prizivanje univerzum (eng. The Conjuring Universe) američka je medijska franšiza i zajednički univerzum usredotočen na seriju nadnaravnih horor filmova, produciranih od strane New Line Cinema, Safran Company i Atomic Monster Productions, a distribuira ih Warner Bros. Pictures. Filmovi predstavljaju dramatizaciju stvarnih slučajeva Eda i Lorraine Warren, paranormalnih istražitelja i autora povezanih s istaknutim, ali kontroverznim slučajevima proganjanja. Glavna serija prati njihove pokušaje da pomognu ljudima koji se nađu opsjednuti demonskim duhovima, dok se izdvojeni filmovi usredotočuju na podrijetlo nekih entiteta s kojima su se Warrenovi susreli.

Franšiza je bila komercijalno uspješna, zaradivši ukupno 2,1 milijardu dolara u odnosu na kombinirani proračun od 178 milijuna dolara, postavši druga najveća horor franšiza s najvećom zaradom. Franšiza je uglavnom dobivala pozitivne do mješovite kritike.

Pregled
Franšiza se sastoji od tri filma u glavnoj seriji: Prizivanje (2013.), Prizivanje 2 (2016.) i Prizivanje 3: Kriv je sotona (2021.). Prva dva filma režirao je James Wan, dok je treći film režirao Michael Chaves. Prva dva filma vrte se oko dva od mnogih poznatih paranormalnih slučajeva, čiji su Warrenovi bili dio, s prvim filmom koji prikazuje slučaj obitelji Perron, koja doživljava uznemirujuće događaje u svojoj novostečenoj kući na Rhode Islandu. Drugi film fokusirao se na kontroverzni slučaj Enfieldovog poltergeista, a ukratko se osvrnuo na događaje koji su inspirirali The Amityville Horror. Treći nastavak, Prizivanje 3: Kriv je sotona, objavljen je 4. lipnja 2021. godine, a vrti se oko suđenja Arneu Cheyenne Johnson, ubojstva koje se dogodilo 1981. godine u Connecticutu.

Franšiza također uključuje Annabelle (2014.), prequel koji je režirao snimatelj The Conjuring John R. Leonetti, a producirali Peter Safran i Wan, a koji je otkrio događaje istoimene lutke prije nego što su Warrenovi s njom stupili u kontakt na početku prvog filma. Prequel, Annabelle: Početak (2017.), koji je režirao David F. Sandberg prikazuje događaje o podrijetlu lutke manipulirane demonima. Treći film o Annabelle, Annabelle 3, objavljen je 26. lipnja 2019., a scenarist koji je napisao Gary Dauberman debitirao je prema scenariju koji je napisao. Producent James Wan usporedio je priču s Noću u muzeju, gdje Annabelle aktivira uklete predmete u sobi s artefaktima Warrena.

Časna, prequel temeljena na liku predstavljenom u Prizivanje 2, objavljena je 2018. Radnja se fokusirala na podrijetlo demonske časne sestre Valak prije nego što je došla u kontakt s Warrensima. U travnju 2019. najavljen je nastavak Časne s Akelom Cooper koja potpisuje scenarij, a Wan i Safran koproduciraju projekt.

Osim Časne, u razvoju je još jedan spin-off film iz filma Prizivanje 2, naslovljen The Crooked Man. Samostalni film, Prokletstvo tugujuće žene, objavljen je u travnju 2019.

Wan je izjavio da su u stvaranju tri glavna filma tražili točnost u stvarnom životu, dok su im izdvajanja omogućila da "samo istraže različite podžanrove u horor žanru".

Filmovi

Redoslijed
Svih osam filmova u franšizi događaju se između 1952. i 1981.

Televizijska serija
U travnju 2023. godine najavljena je nova televizijska serija u The Conjuring Universe-u koja će se odvijati kronološki nakon događaja iz filmova. Izvršni producenti serije biti će James Wan i Peter Safran. Projekt je zajednička produkcija između New Line Television, Warner Bros. Television Studios, Atomic Monster Productions, The Safran Company i Max Originals, a razvija se za ekskluzivno prikazivanje putem streaming platforme Warner Bros. Discoveryja, Max.

Ponavljajući glumci i likovi
Ova tablica sadrži popis glavnih likova koji se pojavljuju u franšizi u abecednom redu prema prezimenu lika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Horori
Prizivanje univerzum
Multimedijske franšize

Prizivanje univerzum


The Parliament of Southern Ireland was a Home Rule legislature established by the British Government during the Irish War of Independence under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It was designed to legislate for Southern Ireland, a political entity which was created by the British Government to solve the issue of rising Irish nationalism and the issue of partitionism, while retaining the whole of Ireland as part of the United Kingdom.

The parliament was bicameral, consisting of a House of Commons (the lower house) with 128 seats and a Senate (the upper house) with 64 seats. The parliament as two houses sat only once, in the Royal College of Science for Ireland in Merrion Street. Due to the low turnout of members attending, the parliament was adjourned  and was later officially disbanded by the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922.

History
Under the Act of Union 1800 the separate Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were merged on 1 January 1801, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Throughout the 19th century Irish opposition to the Union was strong, occasionally erupting in violent insurrection.

In the 1870s the Home Rule League under Isaac Butt sought to achieve a modest form of self-government, known as Home Rule. This was considered more acceptable by British parliamentarians as Ireland would still remain part of the United Kingdom but would have limited self-government. The cause was then pursued by Charles Stewart Parnell and two attempts were made by Liberal ministries under British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone to enact home rule bills, accompanied by a revival of Ulster's Orange Order to resist any form of Home Rule. The First Home Rule Bill was defeated in the Commons by 30 votes; the second Second Home Rule Bill was passed, but then defeated in the Lords.

On 11 April 1912, the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, introduced the Third Home Rule Bill which allowed for more autonomy than its two predecessors had. It was defeated twice, but after its defeat for the third time in the Lords the Government used the provisions of the Parliament Act 1911 to override the Lords and send it for Royal Assent, which was received and the bill placed on the statute books on 18 September 1914. However, with the outbreak of the First World War, it was decided that the bill's implementation should be suspended, leading to the passing of the Suspensory Act 1914, which was presented for Royal Assent simultaneously with both the Home Rule Bill and the Welsh Church Act 1914, and ensured that Home Rule would be postponed for the duration of the conflict and would not come into operation until the end of the war. Initially the suspension was not considered an issue by Nationalists, who believed a form of independent self-government had finally been granted. Moreover, like almost everyone else in Europe at that time, Irish nationalists expected the war to be a short one.

Two attempts were made by the Asquith coalition ministry and the Lloyd George ministry to implement the Government of Ireland Act 1914 during the war, first in May 1916, which failed to reach agreement with Unionist Ulster, then again in 1917 with the calling of the Irish Convention chaired by Horace Plunkett. It consisted of Nationalist and Unionist representatives who, by April 1918, only succeeded in agreeing a report with an 'understanding' on recommendations for the establishment of self-government. Starting in September 1919, with the Government, now led by David Lloyd George, committed under all circumstances to implementing Home Rule, the British cabinet's Committee for Ireland, under the chairmanship of former Ulster Unionist Party leader Walter Long, pushed for a radical new idea. Long proposed the creation of two Irish home rule entities, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, each with unicameral parliaments. An amendment to the bill in the House of Lords submitted by Lord Oranmore and Browne added a Senate for Southern Ireland, intended to bolster representation of the southern Unionist and Protestant minorities. The government opposed this on the grounds that it would weaken the function of the inter-parliament Council of Ireland, but it was passed, as was an amendment adding a Senate of Northern Ireland.

After the 1918 general election, those elected as MPs for Sinn Féin met in Dublin in 1919 and established Dáil Éireann as an abstentionist parliament and declared independence for the Irish Republic.

House of Commons

The House of Commons consisted of 128 members who were styled as members of parliament with a presiding officer known as the Speaker of the House of Commons. The basic features of the House were modelled on those of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The franchise was the same as for Westminster elections under the Representation of the People Act 1918: men over 21 and women over 30. The voting method for elections to the Commons was the single transferable vote with the act prescribing 16 members being elected from multi-member borough constituencies, 104 from multi-member county constituencies and 8 being elected from graduates of Irish Universities. The borough and county constituencies replaced those used for Westminster elections with new multi-member ones. The university constituencies were broken down into four seats for Dublin University and four for the National University.

Election

On 24 May 1921, elections were held for the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, the same day as the elections for Northern Ireland. No contests occurred as all 128 MPs were returned unopposed, with Sinn Féin winning all 124 seats which made up the borough and county constituencies and the seats allocated to the National University of Ireland, and Unionists the four seats for graduates of Dublin University. Dáil Éireann chose to regard that election as elections to the Second Dáil. The 124 Sinn Féin candidates elected, plus the six Sinn Féin members elected to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland elected at the same time (five of whom also had seats in Southern Ireland), assembled as the Second Dáil.

June 1921 meeting
On 28 June 1921, the House of Commons and the Senate formally assembled in the Royal College of Science for Ireland, now Government Buildings, in Merrion Street, for a State Opening by Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent, the last Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Only the four Unionist MPs attended the Commons. After electing Gerald Fitzgibbon to be Speaker, the House adjourned . This was the only formal meeting of the House.

January 1922 Treaty ratification meeting

The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in London on 6 December 1921 by representatives of the British Government and envoys of the Irish Republic who claimed plenipotentiary status. On 7 January 1922, Dáil Éireann ratified the Treaty. However, in accordance with its terms, the Anglo-Irish Treaty needed also to be ratified "at a meeting of members of the Parliament elected for constituencies in Southern Ireland" and the British Parliament.

A meeting in the Mansion House was convened on 14 January 1922 by Arthur Griffith as Chairman of the Irish Delegation of Plenipotentiaries (who had signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty) of "members of the Parliament elected for constituencies in Southern Ireland". Griffith's actions led to discussions between the Irish Treaty delegation and the British Government over who had authority to convene the 'meeting' as under the Government of Ireland Act 1920 the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (then Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent) was the office-holder with the entitlement and power to convene a meeting of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. The meeting was attended by 64 pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TDs and four Unionist MPs from the University of Dublin; it elected Alderman Liam de Róiste, one of the representatives of Cork Borough, as chairman (although at this time Eoin MacNeill was Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann), duly ratified the Treaty and nominated Michael Collins for appointment as Chairman of the Provisional Government. Collins was installed in his post by the Lord Lieutenant in Dublin Castle on 16 January 1922 and formed the Provisional Government of Ireland. The members at this meeting did not take the British Oath of Allegiance, which was required by MPs in the House of Commons.

Senate

The Senate of Southern Ireland was the upper house of the Parliament of Southern Ireland established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The Senate convened in 1921 but was boycotted by Irish nationalists. Fifteen members attended its first meeting, and it sat only three times.

Composition
The Fourth Home Rule Bill provided for a Senate of 64 members. The composition was specified in the Second Schedule, and the mode and time of selection in the Fourth Schedule. The bill stipulated that the membership be composed of:
 3  members:
 The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, intended as the presiding officer of the Senate. The Lord Chancellor had previously been the chairman of the Irish House of Lords in the Parliament of Ireland prior to its abolition.
 The Lord Mayor of Dublin and the Lord Mayor of Cork.
 17 "Representatives of Commerce (including Banking), Labour, and the Scientific and Learned Professions" to be nominated by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for a term of 10 years.
 44 members elected by various interest groups from among their respective memberships, using the single transferable vote for 10-year terms, except for county councillors.
 4 Archbishops or Bishops of the Catholic Church holding Sees situated wholly or partly in Southern Ireland.
 2 Archbishops or Bishops of the Church of Ireland holding Sees situated wholly or partly in Southern Ireland.
 16 Peers (not necessarily members of the Peerage of Ireland) who were taxpayers or ratepayers in respect of property and had residences in Southern Ireland.
 8 Members of His Majesty's Privy Council in Ireland of no less than two years standing who were taxpayers or ratepayers in respect of property in and had residences in Southern Ireland.
 14 Representatives of county councils, for a term of three years, with:
 4 from each of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught
 2 from the three Ulster counties not in Northern Ireland (Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan)

In practice, however, only forty senators were selected, as the labour movement, the Catholic Church and the county councils (controlled by Sinn Féin) refused to co-operate. Of those elected, many had participated in the Irish Convention of 1917–18. Of the incomplete membership, not all attended its few sessions. Some were subsequently members of the Free State Seanad (upper house), either appointed by W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council, or elected by the members of the Dáil (lower house).

Donal O'Callaghan was Lord Mayor of Cork throughout the existence of the Senate, but was also returned for Cork Borough in the 1921 election to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. Section 18(4) of the 1920 Act precluded anyone from sitting in both Houses at once; but since O'Callaghan boycotted both, the question was moot in his case.

Meetings
The Senate assembled three times, though its chairman, Sir John Ross, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was too ill to attend. Only 15 senators attended its first meeting. Since 124 of the 128 members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland boycotted that chamber, the Parliament could not function. On 21 June 1921, the week before its first meeting, the Senate sent a petition to David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, arguing for more powers for the Parliament, and stating it would not serve in the event that the elected lower house was replaced by a body appointed by the Lord Lieutenant.

Abolition
The Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 was passed on 31 March 1922 by the British Parliament. It gave the force of law to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which was scheduled to the Act. Section 1(2) of the Act provided that for the purposes of giving effect to Article 17 of the Treaty the Parliament of Southern Ireland would be dissolved within four months from the passing of the Act. The Parliament of Southern Ireland ceased to exist on 27 May 1922, when Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, formally dissolved it and by proclamation called "a Parliament to be known as and styled the Provisional Parliament". An election to this Provisional Parliament was held on 16 June 1922. On 6 December 1922, the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force and Southern Ireland ceased to form part of the United Kingdom. The Oireachtas of the Irish Free State was a bicameral parliament consisting of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann.

See also
Irish Home Rule Movement
Irish Republic
Parliament of Northern Ireland, set up under the same legislation to legislate for Northern Ireland
Peerage of Ireland

Notes

References

Bibliography

Southern Ireland (1921–22)
Historical Irish legislatures
1921 establishments in Ireland
1922 disestablishments in Ireland
Defunct bicameral legislatures

Parliament of Southern Ireland


Patrick Sean "Pat" Calathes (en griego:  Πάτρικ Σιν Καλάθης , nació el 12 de diciembre de 1985 en Casselberry, Florida) es un exjugador de baloncesto greco-estadounidense. Con 2,08 metros de altura, jugaba en el puesto de pívot. Es hermano de Nick Calathes.

Trayectoria

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Calathes en sports reference
 Ficha en realgm.com
 Ficha en proballers.com

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Pat Calathes