Matías Gonzalo Duarte Sunkel (Talca, 30 de enero de 1973) es un diseñador de interfaces informáticas de usuario nacido en Chile y nacionalizado estadounidense. Es el actual vicepresidente de diseño en Google. La versión del sistema operativo Android 3.0 ("Honeycomb") fue la primera en incorporar un elemento mayor con su influencia en el diseño.

Previamente a trabajar en el desarrollo de Android para Google, Duarte cumplió similar rol en el desarrollo del WebOS para Palm, del Helio Ocean, y el Danger Hiptop (T-Mobile Sidekick).

Patentes
Entre las patentes de Duarte figuran 28 estadounidenses otorgadas y 30 en trámite.

Referencias

Nacidos en Talca
Inventores de Estados Unidos
Empresarios de Chile
Informáticos de Chile

Matías Duarte


Matthäus I. ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Matthäus I. (Beaumont) († 1155), Graf von Beaumont-sur-Oise
 Matthäus I. (Lothringen) (um 1110–1176), Herzog von Lothringen

Matthäus I.


Strawberry Alarm Clock is a psychedelic rock band formed in 1967 with origins in Glendale, California, a city about ten miles north of downtown Los Angeles. They are best known for their 1967 hit single "Incense and Peppermints". Categorized as acid rock, psychedelic pop and sunshine pop, they charted five songs, including two Top 40 hits.

Career

1966–1967: Formation and early success
A history of the band written by George Bunnell stated that "The Strawberry Alarm Clock came about by parts of two bands, Thee Sixpence and Waterfyrd Traene, morphing into one." The group originally named Thee Sixpence initially consisted of Ed King (lead guitar, vocals), Michael Luciano (vocals), Lee Freeman (rhythm guitar, harmonica, vocals), Gary Lovetro (bass), Steve Rabe (guitar, vocals), and Gene Gunnels (drums). Randy Seol (drums, vibes, percussion, vocals) and Mark Weitz (keyboards, vocals) joined to replace the departing Gunnels, Rabe, and Luciano just as the name change to Strawberry Alarm Clock was occurring. Seol eventually brought in songwriters Bunnell and Steve Bartek, who participated in the writing and recording of Strawberry Alarm Clock's first album.

The inception of Strawberry Alarm Clock aside from Thee Sixpence is not well documented, largely because none of the latter band's recordings (subsequently lost) were released. However, according to Bunnell, many Strawberry Alarm Clock songs came from the band he had formed previously with Seol, Bartek, Randy Zacuto, Fred Schwartz, and Criss Jay, which performed under the names Waterfyrd Traene (pre-Strawberry Alarm Clock), Public Bubble (during Strawberry Alarm Clock), and Buffington Rhodes (post-Strawberry Alarm Clock). There were two recording sessions with some of these personnel, one with Dave Hassinger at the Recording Factory and one with Bill Lazarus at Sunset Sound. There were probably 10 songs in all that were recorded but Bunnell stated that both masters were stolen. The post-Strawberry Alarm Clock incarnation broke up before any success was realized.

The first and most famous Strawberry Alarm Clock single was "Incense and Peppermints", produced by Frank Slay. The song was initially released as a B-side by Thee Sixpence on All American Records, owned by Bill Holmes, the band's manager and producer. The band was not impressed by songwriter John Carter's singing, so Slay chose Greg Munford, a 16-year-old friend of the band who was from another group called Shapes of Sound, to sing lead on the track. The Uni Records subsidiary of MCA picked up the record for national distribution, and the single was re-released in May 1967 with "Incense and Peppermints" as the A-side. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week ending November 25, 1967. The band made a cameo appearance performing the song in the Richard Rush film Psych-Out.

Weitz and King (also a member of Hunger) were denied songwriting credits by Slay because (according to him) they did not write the melody line or the lyrics, although the song was built on an instrumental by Weitz with a bridge by King. This instrumental was originally intended as a B-side to "The Birdman of Alkatrash", which ultimately became the B-side to "Incense and Peppermints". The single stayed at No. 1 for one week, with 16 weeks in total on the charts. A gold disc was awarded for sales of one million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 19, 1967.

Shortly after recording "Incense and Peppermints", the band added Bunnell (on bass, rhythm guitar, and vocals) before making their first album. Also titled Incense and Peppermints, it hit No. 11 on the US album chart in late 1967. Bunnell would also become their main songwriter. Some early Strawberry Alarm Clock songs were penned by Bunnell with Bartek. The latter played flute on the first two Strawberry Alarm Clock albums and would continue to be involved with the band's later incarnations. Bartek later joined The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo and orchestrated Boingo frontman Danny Elfman's film scores.

In November 1967, and then again in April 1968, Strawberry Alarm Clock toured on a bill with the Beach Boys and Buffalo Springfield. During the April leg of the tour, several dates in the South were canceled following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. Ed King said that the band all acquired handguns after King's death for the remaining shows in the South, and that he carried his in his waistband onstage.

In their early days of touring, the band members would often sit on "magic carpets" as their roadies carried them to the stage. Drummer Seol would rig up wrist gas jets to give the illusion that he was playing the bongos and vibes with his hands on fire, until the gimmick became too dangerous.

1968–1969: Lineup changes
During the Strawberry Alarm Clock's short lifespan, it saw many lineup changes. Since Bunnell had become the main writer, he began playing more of the bass parts, since he already knew the songs. Original bassist Lovetro gradually moved over to the road manager's job, then was eventually bought out of the group after conflicts with the others prior to the release of the second album, Wake Up...It's Tomorrow. The album's single, "Tomorrow", was a minor hit and their only other Top 40 appearance, reaching No. 23 in early 1968. The second album also benefited from the presence of vocal coach Howard Davis, who was brought in to help the members push the harmony singing displayed on Incense and Peppermints to new levels of sophistication.

Later 1968 singles included "Sit with the Guru" (charting at No. 65) and "Barefoot in Baltimore" (which peaked at No. 67 and later was included on their The World in a Sea Shell album). The latter song was especially popular in its namesake city of Baltimore, Maryland in the counterculture neighborhood of Mount Vernon-Belvedere. The tune received considerable airplay on local Baltimore radio stations and was even occasionally used as a theme song for the city's image in following decades.

Bunnell and Seol left the band in late 1968 at the end of the sessions for The World in a Sea Shell, due to disagreements with the band over their manager Bill Holmes' mishandling of their business affairs. Bunnell, Seol, and Bartek formed a new band, Buffington Rhodes. Holmes was fired by the remaining band members and he angrily retaliated by putting together an alternate version of the Strawberry Alarm Clock (with Bunnell and Seol) and sending them out on the road. The band countered with an injunction against Holmes, who was subsequently stopped by the Los Angeles County Superior Court from using the name to start an alternative band with the same name.

Drummer Marty Katon then came aboard, along with new lead singer/guitarist Jimmy Pitman (formerly of the Nightcrawlers), and the band shifted to a more blues rock style. King moved over to bass, as he had been playing many of the bass parts in the studio anyway. In early 1969, original "Incense and Peppermints" drummer Gunnels rejoined Strawberry Alarm Clock, replacing Katon. Pitman left in July 1969, after their Good Morning Starshine album failed to sell. He was succeeded by Paul Marshall, who would remain with the group until they disbanded temporarily in 1971. The title track, "Good Morning Starshine", peaked at No. 87 in 1969, but was beaten out by Oliver's version, a bigger hit. Weitz quit in December 1969 and the group continued on as a quartet with King, Freeman, Gunnels, and Marshall.

1970–1981: Breakup and brief reunion
In 1970, the band appeared in the Russ Meyer cult classic film Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. By this time the band's popularity had waned considerably, but the band continued on for some time, touring the South in 1970 and 1971 with a then-unknown Florida band called Lynyrd Skynyrd opening for them. In the latter part of 1971, the group, now without a record label and with internal conflicts over musical direction, opted to disband. Lead guitarist King deciding to relocate to the South while Gunnels joined the backup band for the Everly Brothers, alongside Waddy Wachtel and Warren Zevon. King had earlier expressed an interest in joining Lynyrd Skynyrd to vocalist Ronnie Van Zant when the two bands toured together, and he accepted an invitation to join the band in November 1972. It was King who composed the classic opening riff to the band's biggest hit, "Sweet Home Alabama", released in 1974.

Strawberry Alarm Clock reunited briefly in 1974–1975 with Bunnell, Seol, and Bartek. The trio played some shows and contributed the theme song to late-night 1970s televised rock concert series ABC in Concert. They also appeared on one of the smaller stages at the first California Jam on April 6, 1974.

1982–2001: Reunion and alternate lineup
Strawberry Alarm Clock reunited once again in 1982 after guitarist Freeman spotted a newspaper ad promoting an appearance by the group at a Los Angeles club, The Music Machine. Freeman knew nothing about this gig and went to the club to investigate. There he discovered that the advertisement had actually been a plot by the club's owners to get the real band to reunite. At this point, Freeman, Bunnell, Weitz, and Gunnells reformed as Strawberry Alarm Clock. They were joined in 1983 by singer Leo Gaffney and Freeman's brother, Doug.

By 1983, the Strawberry Alarm Clock lineup was Freeman, Bunnell, Peter Wasner (keyboards), and James Harrah (guitar). "Incense and Peppermints" was re-recorded the same year with a lineup of Freeman, Bunnell, Harrah, Bartek, and Clay Bernard (keyboards), with Bob Caloca on lead vocals. The remake was produced by Dennis Dragon (brother of Daryl Dragon), who also played percussion on the track.

Freeman, Bunnell, Harrah, and Bernard continued on, with Seol rejoining. Seol left again in 1984, and Harrah and Bernard were replaced by actor/musician Jon Walmsley (guitar, keyboards, vocals). Bruce Hubbard, who had earlier played with Bunnell in Buffington Roads, took over percussion duties. Walmsley was out by 1986, replaced by guitarist Howie Anderson along with a returning Bernard. Anderson also handled keyboard parts via his synth guitar after Bernard left once again, this time to relocate to New Mexico at the end of the 1980s.

The band began performing on oldies concert tours during the 1980s, usually alongside other late 1960s-era acts such as Moby Grape, the Seeds, and It's a Beautiful Day. The Freeman/Bunnell/Hubbard/Anderson grouping was their longest lived, lasting from 1989 to 2001. During this time, the members continued to work on new material and make occasional concert appearances while also pursuing their other individual careers.

Meanwhile, in 1982, late-1960s Strawberry Alarm Clock member Pitman was playing with a band called Thunderchicken in Salt Lake City, Utah, and decided to recreate his own version of Strawberry Alarm Clock, teaming up with Preston Kofoed (bass), Mordecai Noble (guitar), Dave Stone (keyboards), and Dave (Plumb) Derrick (drums). This version of the group played a benefit for the Veterans of the Vietnam War at New Faces Roadhouse and toured extensively throughout the western US. They disbanded a few years later in Jackson, Wyoming.

2001–present: New album
On June 16, 2001, the group appeared at a concert at San Diego's Balboa Park with Moby Grape, Jefferson Starship, Iron Butterfly, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and Country Joe McDonald. Seol and Gunnells joined Freeman, Bunnell, Anderson, and Hubbard for this show.

On October 23, 2003, the above lineup was joined by Bartek and Marshall for an appearance at Amoeba Records in Hollywood to celebrate the DVD release of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls.

In December 2004, Weitz and King were slated to reunite with Seol, Freeman and Bunnell, along with original "Incense" singer Munford, for a PBS special on 1960s-era rock music, but the band did not appear. Bunnell later said in interviews that PBS never sent the proper contracts to the band.

By 2006, Weitz, Bartek, Bunnell, Seol, and Anderson were back playing shows with the group. King, Freeman, Marshall, and Gunnels joined them to perform at the Virginia Theatre in Champaign, Illinois on April 29, 2007. The event was part of the last day of Chicago Sun-Times and Siskel and Ebert movie critic Roger Ebert's ninth annual Overlooked Film Festival, and was preceded by a screening of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (co-written by Ebert and director Russ Meyer). Freeman, Weitz, Bartek, Bunnell, Seol, Gunnels, and Anderson continued making 2007 concert appearances.

By 2008, an ill Freeman was sidelined, and in 2010, Bartek began to cut back his appearances with the group.

In January 2010 Strawberry Alarm Clock started recording new material for a record label created by Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins. Strawberry Alarm Clock keyboardist Weitz (who played keyboards in 2009 for Corgan's side project Spirits in the Sky) said, "We're picking up where we left off, but with a modern sound". The band also reworked some of its 1960s songs.

Founding member Lee Freeman (born November 8, 1949) died on February 14, 2010, at the age of 60, from complications arising from cancer.

Carrying on as Strawberry Alarm Clock were Weitz, Seol, Bunnell, Gunnels, and Anderson (with Bartek appearing as his schedule permitted). Strawberry Alarm Clock performed live during 2012 around southern California, including appearances at The Satellite in Los Feliz, the Whisky a Go Go, the Echoplex (for the West Psych Fest), and the Adams Avenue Street Fair in San Diego.

On October 21, 2012, Strawberry Alarm Clock performed at the 29th annual Love Ride benefit in Glendale, which featured grand marshals Jay Leno, Peter Fonda, and Robert Patrick. Immediately following their Love Ride appearance, the band were awarded proclamations from the City of Los Angeles by City Councilman Tom LaBonge, Eric Garcetti, and Leno to commemorate the 45th anniversary of "Incense and Peppermints" reaching No. 1. The band accepted plaques for Freeman (posthumously) and King (who by this time was happily retired in Nashville, Tennessee). Bartek was on hand for their performance, as was the Neville Brothers' longtime harmonica player, Robert Cowan.

On April 1, 2012, Strawberry Alarm Clock released Wake Up Where You Are on the Global Recording Artists label. It was the band's fifth studio album and first since 1969.

Roger Ebert died on April 4, 2013, and on July 27, his widow, Chaz Ebert, asked Strawberry Alarm Clock to appear at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills as part of a tribute to her late husband. Strawberry Alarm Clock performed a half-dozen songs, followed by a screening of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls. Charles Dierkop, a veteran character actor and longtime friend of the band, introduced them. In the months after the Saban Theatre engagement, Strawberry Alarm Clock made plans to write and record new material for an EP.

On August 19, 2016, Weitz was hospitalized after a car accident; veteran keyboardist Glenn Brigman took his place while Weitz recovered.

On March 18, 2017, Strawberry Alarm Clock played the Starry Nights Festival in Santa Barbara with Weitz back on stage with the band once again.

Jimmy Pitman (born September 28, 1946) died in hospice care on August 29, 2019, at age 72.

Band members
Current
 Gene Gunnels – drums, percussion, vocals (1967, 1969–1971, 1982–1983, 2006–present)
 Randy Seol – drums, vibes, percussion, vocals (1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1983–1984, 2001–present)
 Mark Weitz – keyboard, vocals (1967–1969, 1982–1983, 2006–present)
 George Bunnell – bass, rhythm guitars, vocals (1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1982–present)
 Steve Bartek – guitars, flute, producer (1967–1968, 1974–1975, 1983, 2003, 2006–present)
 Howie Anderson – lead guitar, vocals (1986–present)
Former
 Lee Freeman – rhythm guitars, harmonica, vocals (1967–1971, 1982–2008; died 2010)
 Ed King – lead guitars, bass, vocals (1967–1971, 2007; died 2018)
 John DeLeone – drums, percussion (1967–1968)
 Gary Lovetro – bass (1967)
 Greg Munford – vocals, drums (1967)
 Marty Katon – drums (1968-1969)
 Jimmy Pitman – guitars, vocals (1968–1969, died 2019)
 Paul Marshall – guitars, vocals (1969–1971, 2003, 2007)
 Leo Gaffney – vocals (1983)
 Doug Freeman – vocals (1983)
 Peter Wasner – keyboards (1983)
 James Harrah – guitars (1983–1984)
 Clay Benard – keyboards (1983–1984, 1986–1989)
 Bob Caloca – vocals (1983)
 Bruce Hubbard – drums, percussion (1984–2006)
 Jon Walmsley – guitars, keyboards, vocals (1984–1986)
 Glenn Brigman – keyboards (2016)

Timeline

Television and films
Strawberry Alarm Clock made several television appearances, including American Bandstand, Happening '68, The Steve Allen Show, and the first episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. Drummer Seol made an appearance as one of three eligible bachelors on The Dating Game and was chosen by the girl.

Strawberry Alarm Clock also made two notable appearances in films. In the 1968 Jack Nicholson movie Psych-Out, they played several songs including "Incense and Peppermints", "Rainy Day Mushroom Pillow", and "The World's on Fire". "The Pretty Song from Psych-Out" was re-recorded by a San Fernando Valley garage band, the Storybook, for the film's soundtrack album, but the Strawberry Alarm Clock's version was heard in the film.

The band's second movie appearance was in 1970's Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, where they played "Incense and Peppermints", "I'm Comin' Home", and "Girl from the City". The soundtrack release featured the latter two songs which were not on any previous albums, recorded with Marshall on vocals.

Discography

Studio albums
Incense and Peppermints (1967, Uni Records) No. 11 U.S.
Wake Up...It's Tomorrow (1968, Uni Records)
The World in a Sea Shell (1968, Uni Records)
Good Morning Starshine (1969, Uni Records)
Wake Up Where You Are (2012, Global Recording Artists)

Compilation albums
The Best of the Strawberry Alarm Clock (1969, Uni Records)
Changes (1971, Vocalion Records)
The Best of the Strawberry Alarm Clock Vol. 1 (1985, Back-Trac Records)
Incense & Peppermints (1987, MCA Special Products)
Strawberries Mean Love (1992, Big Beat Records)
Anthology (At Their Best) (1993, One Way Records)
Incense and Peppermints and Wake Up...It's Tomorrow (2013, Tune In)

Singles

References

External links

 Strawberry Alarm Clock at Classic Bands

Musical groups established in 1967
1967 establishments in California
Acid rock music groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Psychedelic pop music groups
Psychedelic rock music groups from California
Uni Records artists
Sunshine pop groups

Strawberry Alarm Clock


Skatole or 3-methylindole is an organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in the feces of mammals and birds and is the primary contributor to fecal odor. In low concentrations, it has a flowery smell and is found in several flowers and essential oils, including those of orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana. It has also been identified in certain cannabis varieties.

It is used as a fragrance and fixative in many perfumes and as an aroma compound. Its name derives from the Greek root skato-, meaning feces.  Skatole was discovered in 1877 by the German physician Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919).

Original:  "Ich habe mich zuerst mit der Untersuchung der flüchtigen Bestandtheile der Excremente aus sauerer Lösung beschäftigt.  Es wurden dabei die flüchtigen Fettsäuren:  Essigsäure, normale und Isobuttersäure, sowie die aromatischen Substanzen:  Phenol, Indol und eine neue dem Indol verwandte Substanz, die ich Skatol nennen werde, erhalten."

Translation:  "I was occupied initially with the investigation of the volatile components of excrement in acidic solution.  One obtained thereby volatile fatty acids; acetic acid; normal and isobutyric acid; as well as the aromatic substances: phenol, indole and a new substance which is related to indole and which I will name 'skatole'."   - Brieger (1878), page 130

Biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and reactions
Skatole is derived from the amino acid tryptophan in the digestive tract of mammals.  Tryptophan is converted to indoleacetic acid, which decarboxylates to give the methylindole.

Skatole can be synthesized via the Fischer indole synthesis.

It gives a violet color upon treatment with potassium ferrocyanide.

Skatole, along with the fecal odorant indole, can be neutralized by combining it with other scents, by producing perfumes or air fresheners that lack skatole and indole. In a manner similar to noise-cancelling headphones, the scent produced by the resultant concentrations of skatole and indole relative to other substances in the freshener is thus "in-phase" and perceived as pleasant.

Insect attractant

Skatole is one of many compounds that are attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, which apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait for these bees for study. It is also known for being an attractant for the Tasmanian grass grub beetle (Aphodius tasmaniae).

Skatole has been shown to be an attractant to gravid mosquitoes in both field and laboratory conditions.  Because this compound is present in feces, it is found in combined sewage overflows (CSO), as streams and lakes containing CSO water have untreated human and industrial waste.  CSO sites are thus of particular interest when studying mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus.

Animal studies
Skatole occurs naturally in the feces of all species of mammals and birds, and in the bovine rumen.

Skatole has been shown to cause pulmonary edema in goats, sheep, rats, and some strains of mice. It appears to selectively target club cells, which are the major site of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the lungs. These enzymes convert skatole to a reactive intermediate, 3-methyleneindolenine, which damages cells by forming protein adducts (see fog fever).

With the testicular steroid androstenone, skatole is regarded as a principal determinant of boar taint.

Skatole contributes to bad breath.

Application
Skatole is the starting material in the synthesis of atiprosin.

See also
 1-Methylindole
 2-Methylindole (methylketol)
 5-Methylindole
 7-Methylindole
 Cadaverine

References

Methylindoles
Foul-smelling chemicals
Perfume ingredients

Skatole


An Dendrobium ruppiosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Chapman Clemesha. An Dendrobium ruppiosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium ruppiosum


Tarla kapasitesi, toprak suyla doygun hale geldikten sonra toprak zerrelerinin yerçekimine karşı tuttuğu su miktarı.Aynı zamanda 1/3 atm basınç altında tutulabilen toprak suyu şeklinde de ifade edilebilir. Toprak nemini ifade eden kavramlardan birisidir. Tarımda sulama zamanının ve miktarının tespitinde gereklidir.

Kaynakça

Toprak bilimi
Sulama

Tarla kapasitesi


The term fipple specifies a variety of end-blown flute that includes the flageolet, recorder, and tin whistle. The Hornbostel–Sachs system for classifying musical instruments places this group under the heading "Flutes with duct or duct flutes." The label "fipple flute" is frequently applied to members of the subgroup but there is no general agreement about the structural detail of the sound-producing mechanism that constitutes the fipple, itself.

Nomenclature

The accompanying illustration of the mouthpiece of a recorder shows a wooden block (A) with a channel carved into the body of the instrument (B), together forming a duct that directs a ribbon of air across an opening toward a sharp edge (C). The edge splits the air in a manner that alternately directs it into and outside of the tube, setting the contained column of air into periodic vibration. This flow-controlled "air reed" is a definitive characteristic of all flutes, which therefore all have an edge or equivalent air-splitting device.

As is clear from the Hornbostel-Sachs heading, there are several ways in which a duct can be formed. These include the player's lips controlling the stream of air as it is directed to the edge, without mechanical assistance. Common examples of this are the end-blown ney and the side-blown concert flute. The first attested use of the term fipple is in a comparison between the recorder and the transverse flute by Francis Bacon, published in 1626.

By this description, the fipple is a plug that nearly closes one end of the pipe, open only for the duct that "straightens" the channel of air blown axially into the instrument. The solid "stop" near the mouth hole or embouchure on a pipe that is blown transversely is analogous to it. This provides historical justification for using the term "fipple flute" to designate a recorder (cf. the German term Blockflöte). Subsequent authors have used the term in that sense but differ in the element of the mechanical aggregate illustrated above that they regard specifically as the fipple. That word is used variously to designate the block, the edge, the full block-duct-edge structure, and the entire instrument. This ambiguity is detailed in the article headed Fipple in Grove Music Online, which concludes, "Since nobody can agree what the term means, to avoid further confusion its use should be abandoned." In the text below, what might otherwise be termed a fipple flute is referred to as a duct flute.

Sound production
A whistle sound is produced by the interaction between the air reed and the air column in the segment of the instrument that projects just beyond the edge. The dimensions of the entire body of the instrument determine its timbre and pitch. Various additional structural details permit the player to alter both these factors. One example of this is the set of finger holes that laterally pierce the body of a recorder and are opened or closed to change the length of the vibrating air column.

The recorder can be used to illustrate further nuance in the design of duct flutes. By definition, the duct is formed by a channel carved into the body of the instrument, and the block. This passage is alternately termed a windway and ends at an opening referred to as a window, bounded by the edge on the opposite side. This rigid structure affords intrinsically less dynamic and intonational flexibility than does, for example, a transverse flute embouchure. This can be offset by other structural details. In the case of the recorder, their presence or absence often differentiates between mass-produced and artisan-built instruments. In a broader context, the difference between one type of duct flute and another is determined both by gross and finer structural detail.

History

Duct flutes have a long history: an example of an Iron Age specimen, made from a sheep bone, exists in Leeds City Museum.

L.E. McCullough notes that the oldest surviving whistles date from the 12th century, but that, "Players of the feadan are also mentioned in the description of the King of Ireland's court found in Early Irish law dating from the 7th and 8th centuries A.D."

The Tusculum whistle is a 14-cm whistle with six finger holes, made of brass or bronze, found with pottery dating to the 14th and 15th centuries; it is currently in the collections of the National Museums Scotland.

One of the earliest surviving recorders was discovered in a castle moat in Dordrecht, the Netherlands in 1940, and has been dated to the 14th century. It is largely intact, though not playable. A second more or less intact 14th century recorder was found in a latrine in northern Germany (in Göttingen): other 14th-century examples survive from Esslingen (Germany) and Tartu (Estonia). There is a fragment of a possible 14th-15th-century bone recorder in Rhodes (Greece); and there is an intact 15th-century example from Elblag (Poland).

Duct flutes

The following flutes have a duct structure:
Bangsi Alas
Diple (or dvojnice)
Flabiol
Flageolet (forerunner of the tin whistle)
Fujara
Hydraulophone
Khloy
Khlui
Kuisi
Several Indigenous American flutes, including the double chamber instrument commonly known as the Native American Flute, the latter usually have an edge slanted toward the inside of the instrument, and a primary air chamber before the constricted air canal or windway, created with a separate mobile piece tied to the instrument's body, an external block, making a roof instead of a floor for the windway.
Ocarinas, and among them the Gemshorn
Flue pipes of the pipe organ
Pipe (as with tabor)
Recorder
Salamuri
Shvi
Slide whistle (aka swanee or swannee whistle, piston flute, jazz flute)
Sopilka, Ukrainian folk instruments with several variants, including twin-piped instruments (superficially resembling the aulos) and modern "chromatic" instruments with 10 holes
Souravli
Spilåpipa
Stabule
Telenka, Ukrainian overtone flute
Tin whistle (or penny whistle)
Txistu
Frula

See also

Wind instrument for additional information on sound production

References

Further reading
Hauwe, Walter van (1984). The Modern Recorder Player. Schott, .
Hunt, Edgar (1962). The Recorder and Its Music. John Gardner Printers, Ltd Hawthorne Rd, Liverpool, England. 1982: .
McCullough, L.E. (1976). "Historical Notes on the Tinwhistle", The Complete Irish Tin Whistle Tutor, Oak Publications. .

External links
 Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.

Pipe organ components

Fipple


Black Sun četvrti je studijski album njemačkog power metal sastava Primal Fear. Album je objavljen 29. travnja 2002. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Primal Fear
Ralf Scheepers – vokali, produciranje
Stefan Leibing – gitara, produciranje
Henny Wolter – gitara, produciranje
Mat Sinner – bas-gitara, prateći vokali, produciranje
Klaus Sperling	– bubnjevi, produciranje
Gostujući glazbenici
Metal Mike Chlasciak – gitara (na pjesmama 6 i 13)
Ostalo osoblje
Achim "Akeem" Köhler – produciranje, inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering
Justin Leeah – dodatni inženjer zvuka
Stephan Lohrmann – omot albuma
Thomas Ewerhard – ilustracije
Roland Guth – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi sastava Primal Fear
Albumi iz 2002.

Black Sun


Juan Normant, también conocido como Juan Normán o Jean Normant, fue uno de los maestros mayores que estuvo a cargo de la construcción de la Catedral de Sevilla en el . Permaneció activo en esta ciudad entre 1439 y 1478 y sucedió en el puesto de maestro mayor a Carles Galtés de Ruan, también conocido como maestro Carlí.

Se cree que era natural de Normandía (Francia), pero se desconoce la fecha y lugar exacto de su nacimiento. Toda la información que se tiene sobre su persona proviene del archivo de la Catedral de Sevilla, donde su nombre aparece citado en diversas ocasiones, primero como cantero y a partir de 1454 como maestro mayor, siendo el segundo de los canteros que recibieron expresamente este título. En 1458, el cabildo realizó un pago para costear su desplazamiento a Jerez de la Frontera con objeto de inspeccionar una cantera y en 1478 acordó concederle un espacio para su enterramiento situado muy próximo a los pies de la actual Iglesia del Sagrario que se encuentra adosada el edificio de la Catedral. Se jubiló el 28 de septiembre de 1478 cuando debía tener unos 70 años, se cree que falleció poco después.

Referencias

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Juan Normant


Monte Redondo adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Monte Redondo - Arcos de Valdevez belediyesinde bucak.
 Monte Redondo - Leiria belediyesinde bucak.
 Monte Redondo - Torres Vedras belediyesinde bucak.

Monte Redondo


NGC 7352 je jedan do danas nepotvrđen objekt u zviježđu Cefeju. Sva promatranja poslije nisu na tom položaju uočila nikoji objekt.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7352
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7352 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7352 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7350 - 7399

7352

NGC 7352


Michel Bulteau (Arcueil, Francia, 8 de octubre de 1949) es un poeta, ensayista, músico y cineasta francés. Junto a otros poetas franceses como Matthieu Messagier, Jean-Jacques Faussot, Jacques Ferry, Patrick Geoffrois y Thierry Lamarre, participó en 1971 en el Manifiesto Eléctrico con párpados de faldas, publicado por la editorial El Sol Negro, el cual causó revuelo en su momento en el panorama literario. Bulteau fue impulsado por el escritor Henri Michaux para proseguir su obra como un poeta opositor.

En 1976 se mudó a New York, en donde se hizo amigo de poetas beat, pintores y músicos punk. William Burroughs dijo que su obra "explora áreas físicas no tocadas".

Referencias en la cultura
En la novela Los detectives salvajes de Roberto Bolaño, Bulteau se encuentra con Ulises Lima, personaje inspirado en el poeta mexicano Mario Santiago Papasquiaro.

Poetas de Francia
Ensayistas de Francia
Escritores de Francia del siglo XX
Escritores de Francia del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Arcueil

Michel Bulteau


Baba ve Piç, Elif Şafak'ın 2006 yılının Mart ayında Metis Yayınları tarafından ilk basımı gerçekleşmiş romanıdır. İstanbul-Amerika arasında, biri Türk diğeri Ermeni asıllı iki aile üzerinden Türk-Ermeni ilişkilerini 90 yıllık bir zaman dilimi içerisinde inceleyen bir romandır. Eserde Türk-Ermeni ilişkilerine her iki cepheden bakılmış, Amerika'daki Ermeni diasporası ile Türkiye'deki Türklerin birbirlerine bakış açıları Kazan ve Çakmaçıyan aileleri arasındaki tesadüfi ilişkilerle anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca eserde Türk-Ermeni sosyal yaşamı irdelenmiş, Türk ve Ermeni toplumları arasında var olan ortak his ve düşüncelerden de bahsedilmiştir.

Dava

Şikâyetçi Avukat Kemal Kerinçsiz Zeytinburnu C. Başsavcılığına verdiği 21.4.2006 tarihli dilekçesinde özetle, müellefi Elif Şafak olan "Baba ve Piç" isimli kitapta
 ...Bütün akrabalarını 1915'te kasap Türklerin ellerinde kaybetmiş soykırımzede bir sülalenin torunuyum (Sayfa 63)
 ... Sen kalk gel Ortaasya'dan, dal dosdoğru Anadolu'nun bağrına, sonra bir bakmışsın her yerdeler! Orada yerleşik olan milyonlarca Ermeni'ye ne oldu peki? Asimile edildiler! Eridiler! Yetim bırakıldılar! Sürüldüler. Mal mülklerinden oldular! (Sayfa 65)
 ... Sıradan Türklerle ne konuşacaksın eğitim görmüşleri bile ya Milliyetçi ya cahil (Sayfa 130)
 ... Ayaşta sağ kalan olmamış Çankırı'ya götürülenler de peyderpey öldürülmüşler... Sopalarla, balta saplarıyla dövülmüşler. Bazıları açlıktan ölmüş bazıları da öldürülmüş (Sayfa 170-171)
 ... Türkler de 1915'te bunları Ermenilere yapanlar (Sayfa 172)
 ... 1909 Adana katliamlarından ya da 1915 tehcirinden... bunlar sana bir şey hatırlattı mı? Ermeni soykırımı diye bir şey duymadın mı hiç? (185-186)
 ... Toprağımızdan kovulduk, eşyalarımızdan olduk, hayvan muamelesi gördük, koyun gibi kesildik. Doğru düzgün haysiyetli bir ölüm bile esirgendi bizden. (Sayfa 192)
 ... Erkek bırakmıyorlar ortada. Silah arama bahanesiyle Ermenilerin evlerine girip sonra da yağmalıyorlar"
şeklindeki sözlerle Türk Milletini Soykırımcı olarak gösterdiğini, Türk milletinin aşağılanarak soykırımla suçlandığını, Türk milletine öfke ve kin duyulmasının sağlandığını, sonuçta Türklüğü aşağılama suçunun işlendiğini iddia edilmiştir.

21 Eylül 2006 tarihinde Beyoğlu Adliyesi'nde, TCK 301'e göre görülen dava "suçun yasal unsurlarının oluşmadığı ve delil bulunmadığı" gerekçesi ile beraat ile sonuçlandı.

Karar metninde "Baba ve Piç" isimli kitapta;
 ...Ama o zamanlar savaş zamanıydı iki taraftan da insanlar öldü Ermeni isyancıların ne kadar Türk öldürdüğünü biliyor musun? Hikâyenin öteki tarafını düşündün mü hiç? Eminim düşünmemişsindir. Acı çeken Türk ailelerine ne diyeceksin?... Türk Devleti bile yokmuş (Sayfa 215)
 ... Ermeni iddiaları abartı ve çarpıtma üzerine kurulu, yapmayın bazıları iki milyon Ermeni öldürdüğümüzü bile söylüyor. Aklı başında hiçbir tarihçi bunu ciddiye alamaz (Sayfa 216)
 ... Küçük Şuşan'ı yakınlardaki bir Türk köyünden iki kadın buldu... Altı ay boyunca bu ana kız ona kendi çocukları gibi baktılar (Sayfa 247)
 ... Günümüzde Türklere laf eden bir sürü Ermeni'nin olması, Osmanlıların onları fazla rahat bıraktığının açık bir kanıtıydı (Sayfa 269)"
şeklinde sözlere yer verildiği gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca Kitabın yazarı olan Elif Şafak 06.06.2006 tarihli ifadesinde özetle, bu kitabı yazmaktaki amacının Türklüğü aşağılamak değil tam tersine Türkler ve Ermeniler arasında insancıl ve barışçıl ortamın yaratılmasına katkıda bulunmak olduğunu, romanın edebi bir eser niteliğinde tamamen kurgusal ve hayal ürünü olduğunu söylemektedir. bilgisi de karar metninde yer almaktadır.

Basındaki yankıları
Dava ulusal ve yabancı basında geniş yankı buldu. Televizyon kanalları mahkeme günü mahkeme önünden canlı yayın ile gelişmeleri seyircilere ilettiler. Elif Şafak karar sonrası programlara telefonla bağlanarak dava ile ilgili görüşlerini belirtti.

Büyük Hukukçular Birliği'nin internet sitesinde yayınlanan bildiriyi yazar "lince çağrı" olarak yorumladı. Radikal gazetesinin haberine göre Elif Şafak şunları söyledi:

"Birilerinin beni vatan haini ilan edip tüm vatansever Türkleri mahkemeye dahil olmaya çağırıyor olması moral bozucu elbette. Ama asıl düşündürücü olan bu insanların kendine biçtiği rol, kullandıkları üslup, sözlü ve fiziksel şiddeti bu kadar benimsemiş olmaları. Söylemleriyle lince davet ediyorlar. Beni de bu söylem kaygılandırıyor. Türkiye'de birileri anında vatan haini olarak damgalanıyor ve anında linç edilmek isteniyor. Bir sürü yerde böyle olaylar patlak vermeye başladı onun için genelde linç kültüründe ve söyleminde bir artış olduğunu düşünüyorum. Asıl kaygı duyduğum hem kendi hem de ülkem adına bu."

Dava Avrupa Parlamentosu'nun 2006 Türkiye raporu görüşmelerinde de söz konusu oldu.

Kaynakça

Çağdaş Türk romanları
Elif Şafak romanları
2006 romanları
Türkçe romanlar
Yasaklanmış kitaplar
Konusu Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda geçen romanlar
Konusu İstanbul'da geçen romanlar

Baba ve Piç


පූර්වතිසාධනය ("පුර්ව-අනාවරණ ප්‍රතිසාධනය" සඳහා කෙටිනම) යනු, වඩාත් නිරවද්‍ය කක්ෂයක් ගණනය කිරීම සඳහා, පැරණි අධිලේඛිත රූප හෝ ඡායාරූපී තහඩු තුල,  කිසියම් වස්තුවක රූප සොයන්නාවූ ක්‍රියාවලිය සඳහා  තාරකා විද්‍යාවෙහි යෙදෙන පදයකි.

නිදසුන්

වාමන ග්‍රහයෝ
දන්නා සහ  විය හැකි,  ප්‍රකට වාමන ග්‍රහයන්ගේ, සොයාගත් සහ පුර්වතිසාධන දිනයන්:

ආශ්‍රිත

ග්‍රහලෝක විද්‍යාව
විද්‍යාත්මක නාමකරණය

පූර්වතිසාධනය


Town Life S.p.A. war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Tonino Lamborghini entwarf 1989 einen Kleinwagen. 1992 oder 1999 gründete er Town Life S.p.A. in Foligno. 1997 oder 2000 startete die Vermarktung unter dem Markennamen Town Life. Das Unternehmen übernahm von dem insolventen Unternehmen Isigo (ein amerikanisches Unternehmen von Piero Rivolta) die Produktionsstätten in Magione. 2001 verkaufte Tonino Lamborghini das Unternehmen, das danach selbständig war.

Zwei Quellen geben an, dass die Produktion 2008 endete.

Automodelle
Das Unternehmen stellte Kleinwagen her. Eine mögliche Motorisierung für das Modell Ginevra war ein Benzinmotor mit 505 cm³ Hubraum und 15 PS Leistung, mit dem 90 km/h Höchstgeschwindigkeit erreicht werden konnten. Alternativ stand ein Dieselmotor von Lombardini mit ebenfalls 505 cm³ Hubraum und 5,4 PS zur Verfügung, der 45 km/h ermöglichen sollte. Der Helektra wurde von einem Elektromotor mit 5,5 PS angetrieben, für den 45 km/h Höchstgeschwindigkeit und 90 km Reichweite angegeben waren. Beide Modelle hatten eine Karosserie aus Fiberglas und waren als Coupé und Cabriolet erhältlich. Die Fahrzeuge waren 252 cm lang, 142 cm lang und 138 cm hoch. Außerdem wurde anfangs das Modell von Isigo als Ferruccio Junior mit den gleichen Motoren wie im Ginevra weitergebaut.

Literatur

Weblinks

  Auf townlife.it (italienisch).

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Unternehmen (Umbrien)
Ehemaliger Elektroautohersteller
Gegründet in den 1990er Jahren
Aufgelöst 2008

Town Life


Marcos Engineering was a British sports car manufacturer. The name derives from the surnames of founders Jem Marsh and Frank Costin.

History
Marcos was founded in Dolgellau, North Wales, in 1959, by Speedex cars' Jem Marsh with aerodynamicist Frank Costin. Costin had earlier worked on the de Havilland Mosquito fighter-bombers and from there he got the idea to use plywood for the chassis. The company moved to a converted mill in Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, in 1963; in 1971 they relocated to a £125,000 purpose-built factory at nearby Westbury.

Problems with exporting cars to the US and the move to the expensive new premises led to financial troubles, and in 1971 Marcos went out of business. In July 1971 it was reported that the Rob Walker Group of Companies, a principal dealer, had acquired the stocks and assets and established a new company, Marcos Ltd. The new owners said production would continue, albeit, at least in the short term, only for the UK market, but it is not clear whether any additional cars were built.  Although Marcos dealers in the UK had been heavily discounting new cars since the end of 1970, and Motor magazine reported at the time of the collapse that the company's stock of 35 unsold cars in the United States had to be "liquidated", there may have been a substantial stock of new cars without buyers.

In June 1972, what was described as "a cash jumble sale of Marcos bits – prototype and shop soiled components, benches, tools..." took place at the "old Marcos Cars factory" at Westbury. The sale was occasioned by the company's reorganisation and move to a smaller factory.

Marsh stayed in the car business, and bought back the rights to the Marcos name in 1976. In 1981 the brand was relaunched with the Marcos V6 coupé, which was sold in kit form. The design evolved to incorporate both Rover and Ford V8 engines, as well as moving from kit cars to entirely factory-built cars (from 1992), before the company went bankrupt again in 2000.

Canadian entrepreneur Tony Stelliga formed Marcos Engineering with Marsh, and revived production in 2002. Race car production was relocated to the Netherlands while road car production moved to Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England. By 2005, most of the designers from near-to-bankrupt TVR had joined the company.

On 9 October 2007 it was again announced that Marcos would cease production and go into voluntary liquidation. The design property rights, drawings, jigs and car history files were bought by Marcos Heritage Spares Ltd, owned by Rory MacMath, who had worked closely with Marsh on all the Marcos cars.

GT Xylon, Luton Gullwing; fastback GT

Their first car, the Xylon, which had gullwing doors and a windscreen in four panels, was nicknamed the "ugly duckling".  A total of nine, aimed at 750 Motor Club events, were built in 1959 and 1960. For production the body was made less radical but initially retained the gullwing doors. It was powered by a choice of Ford engines varying from 997 to 1498 cc and had Standard 10 and Triumph Herald steering and suspension components. Thirty-nine were made up to 1963.

In 1961, brothers Dennis Adams and Peter Adams started working with Marcos and introduced several changes to the original design.  The Marcos Luton gullwing and the spyder were introduced in November 1961.  This design was again reworked, becoming the Marcos fastback GT, which was displayed at the London Racing Car Show in 1963. The chassis was fabricated from laminated 3 mm thick sheets of marine plywood, giving the cars strong monocoques and low weights (the GT was internationally homologated with 475 kg), so they performed well in sportscar competition. Most early Marcos models competed in national and international events.

Marcos 1800GT

In 1964 the Marcos 1800 GT was introduced, using the four-cylinder Volvo B18 engine with overdrive gearbox and De Dion rear axle. This was to be the design that would become familiar to sports car enthusiasts for more than 30 years, even though the original plywood chassis was later replaced by a steel chassis. A variety of other engines, mostly from Ford, but also from Triumph and Volvo, became available over the years. In 1966 the GT was changed to Ford engines of originally 1500 cc, later 1650 and 1600 cc, and a coil-sprung live rear axle. In 1968 the Ford Essex V6 engine from the Capri Mk1 was added. In 1969 the plywood chassis was replaced by steel, which shortened production time and saved on cost, and the Ford Essex V4 engine replaced the earlier inline-fours. In 1971 a few cars with Triumph 2.5-litre straight-sixes were built, to use up engines from the slow selling Mantis. As the bonnet was a close fit over the engine, this variety of engine resulted in a corresponding variation in the bonnet design, particularly as regards changes designed to clear engine air intakes, often the only external sign of the type of engine fitted.

The Ford V6 version achieved over  on test and the Volvo-engined model was not far behind it, but the heavy cast-iron engines increased nose-weight in comparison to the four-cylinder variants. From 1970 cars for the North American markets received Volvo's inline-six cylinder, three-litre engines coupled to Borg-Warner automatic transmissions. These have tubular steel space frames, a higher ride height and no headlight covers, to achieve US road certification. Delays and problems with the federalised cars, together with the development costs of the Mantis, led the company to close its doors for the first time.

The Marcos intellectual rights, including jigs, build files and logos were bought by Marcos director Rory MacMath and are now working under the title "Marcos Heritage Spares" as a restoration and parts company for Marcos Cars (see contact details below for website).

Mini Marcos

The front-wheel drive Mini Marcos, designed by Malcolm Newell, was introduced in 1965. With a fibreglass monocoque body, Mini subframes and suspension, and a wheelbase of , it is powered by a transversely mounted Mini A-series engine driving the front wheels. A French-entered example came 15th overall in the 1966 Le Mans race, the only British car to finish.

When Marcos stopped making the car in about 1975, another company produced updated versions as the "Midas". Cars were also made under licence in South Africa, Australia and Ireland.

Revived in 1991 for the Japanese market, production continued until 1995. A total of over 1300 Mini Marcos cars have been sold in kit form and as complete cars.

After the demise of Marcos Sales Limited, the Mini Marcos moulds were acquired by Marcos Heritage Spares, who relaunched the car in 2005 as the Marcos Heritage Mk. VI and Mk. VI GT.

Marcos Mantis

In 1968 came the first Mantis, the Mantis XP. A racing car designed for the Group 6 Prototype category, it was powered by a mid-mounted Repco V8 engine. Like earlier Marcos cars it used a plywood monocoque chassis, albeit different from that of the GT. Only one car was made, and its only race was the 1968 1,000 km event at Spa, where it retired with electrical problems in heavy rain. Originally Marcos intended to race it in the 1968 Le Mans, but that was postponed from June to September, and by then the car was in America, fitted with a Buick V8 engine (from which the Rover V8 engine was derived).

A full restoration of the XP was completed in 2008. Now based in America, it has visited the UK for the Marcos 50th anniversary celebrations and the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

The next Mantis, the four-seater M70, was launched in 1970 and had a fuel-injected 2.5-litre Triumph TR6 six-cylinder injected engine mated to a four-speed gearbox. The promotional brochure says the styling "gives high all round visibility", and "a low centre of gravity together with an extremely wide track ensures superb roadholding. The luxurious interior seats four in comfort, and the boot, with a capacity of 10 cubic feet, makes the Mantis ideal for the man who is going places and wants to travel in style".

Thirty-two were sold before the company went into liquidation in 1972. Autotune acquired the moulds and produced a few more cars in the mid-1980s as "Autotune Mirages".

Marcos returns

Jem Marsh resurrected the Marcos brand in 1981, offering the previous GT cars as kits. Engine options included Ford's 3.0 Essex V6, 2.8 Cologne V6, 1600 Crossflow, 2.0 Pinto and 2.0 V4s, plus Triumph's 2.0 and 2.5 straight sixes. About 130 kits were sold up to 1989.

Marcos Mantula, Spyder and Martina

In 1983 the Marcos Mantula was introduced, externally very similar to the old GT, but now powered by a 3.5-litre Rover V8 with a 5-speed gearbox. This alloy engine weighed less than the previous six-cylinder cast-iron units, reducing overall weight to about 900 kg and making the car competitive against other Rover-powered sports cars such as TVR and Morgan. The engine evolved into the Rover Vitesse EFi engine, and later Mantulas were fitted with the 3.9 EFi. In 1986 the model was made available as a convertible, the Marcos Spyder, which would outsell the coupés in later production. 1989 saw the introduction of independent rear suspension, together with the Ford Sierra's 7" differential and rear disc brakes. The independent suspension allowed a full-width boot and the relocation of the battery and heater/air conditioning. A total of 170 coupés and 119 Spyders were produced.

Launched in 1991, the Marcos Martina was externally very similar to the Mantula, but with flared front wheel arches. It used the Ford Cortina's 2-litre four-cylinder engine, steering and suspension, and approximately 80 were produced. Originally available as kits or factory-built, the cars were all factory-built from 1992. Production of the Mantula and Martina ceased in 1993.

Marcos Mantara, Mantara GTS and LM cars

In 1992 Marcos left the kit car business, all cars from this point onwards being factory built, and launched the Marcos Mantara which was sold through dealers in limited numbers. The main difference between the Mantara and the Mantula was the adoption of MacPherson strut front suspension in place of the Triumph suspension and associated trunnions. This change resulted in a wider front track, different bonnet, and flared front arches. The rear wheel arches and rear lights were also changed to give the car a more modern appearance. Power steering was also available for the first time. The Mantara was powered as standard by a 3.9-litre fuel injected Rover V8 or a 4.6-litre Rover V8 as an optional alternative.

The Marcos GTS was a version of the Mantara powered by the 2-litre Rover Tomcat engine, on request of the Italian distributor Martes Spider Cars. The top version was the  turbo version. The GTS version of the Mantara had a slightly different bonnet incorporating much smoother lines, flared-in headlamps, and a deeper spoiler, which was used on the later Mantaray model. A handful of late Mantara V8's were produced with the same bonnet as the 2.0 litre GTS.

For a return to GT racing, a range of modified Mantaras was also produced in the LM (Le Mans) versions. To qualify as a production vehicle, a limited number of road going cars were also made. Several versions of the LM were made such as the LM400 (with a Rover 3.9-litre V8 engine), LM500 (Rover 5-litre V8) and LM600 (with 6-litre Chevrolet small-block V8). Only 30 road-going LM cars were ever built, and of these only one was a road-going LM600.

Marcos Mantis

In 1997 the Mantis name was re-used on a 2-seater coupé or convertible road car based on the LM series powered by the 4.6-litre all-aluminium quad-cam Ford 'Modular' engine producing  and capable of . To accommodate the engine the bonnet of the Mantis was significantly remodelled from the previous LM range (that used the Rover V8), and the upper chassis rails in the engine bay were widened. Price for the Mantis was £46,883.

In 1998 it was decided to supercharge the engine to produce one of the few British production sports car with over , this being named the Mantis GT. It was first sold in Italy by Martes Spider Cars. Using a Vortech supercharger and intercooler the Mantis GT engine produced , which could accelerate the car from 0–60 mph in 3.7 seconds. Price for the Mantis GT was £64,331.

Production of the Mantis was 51 cars, with 16 being the supercharged GT version (this does not include the Mantis Challenge race cars).

Marcos Mantaray
In 1997 the Mantara evolved into the Marcos Mantaray, with the re-styled bonnet from the Mantara GTS and with a new shape rear-end. Mechanically the car was identical to the Mantara. It was offered with 4.0 and 4.6-litre Rover V8 as well as the 2-litre, and 2-litre turbo Rover Tomcat engines.  Only 11 were made with the 4.0-litre, and seven with the 4.6-litre engine. Total factory production was 26, plus one car in chassis/body component form.

Marcos Marcasite
In 2002, after a break in production caused by bankruptcy, a new company (Marcos Engineering Ltd) was launched with Jem Marsh as vice-chairman, and with the financial backing of Canadian Tony Stelliga, to manufacture the Marcasite TS250 with a 2.5-litre  Ford V6 followed in 2003 by the 5-litre Rover V8-powered TS500. The 2002 price of the TS250 was £29,744 +VAT, with options such as air-conditioning (£1634), full leather interior (£1626) and Hydratrak differential (£360). Other unpriced options included an elm or walnut veneer dashboard, and a newly designed hard top.

Marcos TSO

The Marcos TSO was launched in 2004 with a Chevrolet V8 engine in either  or  versions. The car's components were CAD ,designed in England and its chassis engineering was completed by Prodrive.  These vehicles were produced by Tony Stelliga of Marcos.

Also in 2004, the 5.7-litre Chevrolet Corvette (LS1) V8 TSO GT was announced, but solely for the Australian market. It was joined in 2005 by the GT2 for the European market.

In 2006 Tony Stelliga announced the TSO GTC, a modified version of the current TSO with a racing suspension, racing brakes and a rear diffuser. The car continues on with its Chevrolet-sourced  V8, but there was also a  Performance Pack available as well. With the extra power from the Performance Pack the TSO GTC accelerated to  in 4.1 seconds and to  in 8.5 seconds. With the bigger  AP Racing brakes, the TSO GTC delivered a 0–100–0 time of 12.9 seconds, and the extra power allowed it to accelerate from 50 to  in just 2.1 seconds. Its top speed was over .

2 prototypes and 7 production models cars exist.  Tony Stelliga's company went into liquidation in October 2007.

Marcos Spirit 220
In 2010, Marcos Cars Limited, Marcos Engineering Limited, and the original Marcos Logo were purchased and registered by Tony Brown, who intends on relaunching the brand in the United Kingdom.

A mid-engine prototype was launched in 2013. The design was a major move away from the original front-engined designs. However, Jem Marsh was consulted during the development process. Both he and Dennis Adams gave their approval. The car has since been refined and undergone a few design changes in light of further testing.

Racing history

Wooden wonders
Marcos started out with race cars, with the first Xylon cars being built specifically for the 750 motor club races. Among the drivers were Jackie Stewart, Bill Moss, John Sutton, Jack Gates, John Mitchell and Jackie Oliver, as well as Jem Marsh. The young Jackie Stewart achieved 4 victories in 1961, while Bill Moss managed 9 victories in 10 starts. John Sutton won the 1961 Autosport Championship, and together with Jack Gates and John Mitchell, Marcos won the team prize.

When the car went into production as the Luton Gullwing many examples were bought for racing. In 1962 Stephen Minoprio was the Autosport 1000cc GT Champion in his Gullwing – setting 7 lap records in the process.

The Gullwing in turn evolved into the GT Fastback, also known as the 'Breadvan'. All 18 fastbacks made in 1963 went into racing, and like the Xylon and Gullwing they were FIA homologated in the GT category. However, without the gull wing doors, the fastbacks were awkward to get in and out of. Drivers included Jackie Oliver, Terry Sanger, and Derek Bell, and Jem Marsh of course. The sales brochure for the Fastback included options for 5 speed gearbox (Hewland), dry sump, 997cc (84 to 88 bhp) and 1148cc (102 to 104 bhp) full race engines, light alloy bellhousing, 72-litre fuel tank (for endurance racing), lightweight alloy oil cooler, and perspex windscreen (saving 15 lbs).

The successor Marcos coupé road cars were popular track/day cars, and several were raced in the BARC and BRSCC Modsports championships, including Jonathan Palmer taking the 1977 Modsport championship in a V6. Mark Hales also successfully raced a 1967 wooden chassis V6 in the Modsports class. The 1800 Volvo engined cars are accepted for historic racing under FIA Appendix K, where they are very competitive, and there are still wooden chassis Ford-engined cars being raced. The fact that the wooden chassis can take the stresses of racing for so many years shows what a successful design it was.

Mini Marcos

The Mini Marcos is also a very successful car on the race track. It made its debut at a rain soaked Castle Combe race track on 25 September 1965. Driven by Geoff Mabbs, it lapped all but one car to win the BRSCC race by 81 seconds at an average of 76 mph.

In 1966 a French Mini Marcos, with Marcos support, was the only British car to complete the Le Mans 24-hour race. For the 1967 Le Mans, Marcos entered their own Mini-Marcos (drivers were Marsh and Chris Lawrence). The car was clocked at 141 mph on the Mulsanne Straight in the April test, but failed to finish the race because of an oil pump failure. The same car was more successful in the Kyalami 9-hour race in Nov 1967, when Marsh and Brian Raubenheimer finished 15th, it appeared again in the 1968 race but did not finish.

Mini Marcos cars were raced widely, especially as a budget endurance race car, but also in local championships in many countries including Modsports in the UK. Mini-Marcos was also the chosen car for the "First Ladies International Race Team" (FLIRT), which competed at events such as the Nurburgring 1000 km race in May 1967, where they retired, the Grand Premio del Mugello in July 1967, coming 37th, and the Nürburgring 500 km race in September 1967 where two cars were fielded with Jackie Bond-Smith coming in 21st and 4th in class, and Joey Cook retiring.

XP prototype

The XP prototype was intended for the 1968 Le Mans. It was assembled with a stressed plywood monocoque chassis and Cooper suspension, and powered by a Brabham Formula 1 engine, later replaced by a Buick 215 V8. Raced at Spa as a shakedown test, it was one of many cars that retired with electrical problems in heavy rain. This proved to be its only race. Le Mans was postponed that year and the XP went to America.

Second generation race cars

After the company's resurrection in 1981 the emphasis was on road cars, although price lists for the early V8 cars included a competition specification for "circuit racing, hill climbs and sprints". Competition options include FIA-approved roll-over bar, limited-slip differential, rose-jointed suspension and full harnesses.

In October 1993 Marcos unveiled its new competition car and announced a return to GT racing, including Le Mans. Based on the Mantara, the cars were designated LM400, LM500 and LM600. After some successes in the British GT championship in 1994, Marcos won it in 1995, 1996 and 2000. Two cars also competed at Le Mans in 1995. Both suffered electrical faults, one retiring and the other (driven by David Leslie, François Migault, and Jem Marsh's son Chris) finishing second to last, having completed 114 laps fewer than the winning McLaren F1 GTR as its electrical problem stranded it on the Mulsanne Straight for two hours soon after the start.

The year 1998 saw the launch of the Dunlop-sponsored Mantis Challenge, a one-make race series for the coupé version of the Mantis road car with a dry-sump version of its 4.6-litre quad-cam Ford Modular V8 engine. Complete with FIA roll-cage the cars weighed 950 kg. Entries were few in 1998, and the cars were accepted for the Privilege GT series as GT2, and the French GT series as GT3, winning one of the races in France.  In 1999 the field was stronger, and the Dutch Mantis Challenge was also strong, and some races combined both. The 1999 UK series was won by Edward Horner, and the Dutch series by Robert Knook.

A total of 38 Mantis Challenge cars were built, but the series did not continue beyond 1999, after the GT Championship introduced the GT3 class. Many are still raced, including in the British Endurance Championship (Britcar), and at least one has been converted for road use.

In 2000, the Marcos racing business was sold to longtime GT sponsor Eurotech, a Dutch engineering firm. By that time, all Marcos racing cars and road car chassis were built in the Netherlands, with road car assembly completed in Westbury by a much-reduced staff.

An LM600 driven by Cor Euser competed in the Dutch Supercar Challenge and won the GT Championship in 2002 and 2004, and again in 2009, the 50th anniversary of the founding of Marcos. Euser also has the license to manufacture racing cars, and has done so with a GT3-spec Marcos Mantis, and did the same in a modified Marcos Mantis, named the Marcorelly. He has raced both of these cars in the Benelux-based Supercar Challenge.

See also
 Cosworth
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links

 Marcos Owners Club
 / Marcos Heritage Spares Ltd website
 Mini Marcos Owners Club
 Unofficial Marcos Homepage
 Marcos Forum
 Club Marcos International

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Sports car manufacturers
Kit car manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1959
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2007
British companies established in 1959
British companies disestablished in 2007

Marcos Engineering


In multivariable calculus, the implicit function theorem is a tool that allows relations to be converted to functions of several real variables. It does so by representing the relation as the graph of a function. There may not be a single function whose graph can represent the entire relation, but there may be such a function on a restriction of the domain of the relation. The implicit function theorem gives a sufficient condition to ensure that there is such a function.

More precisely, given a system of  equations  (often abbreviated into ), the theorem states that, under a mild condition on the partial derivatives (with respect to each  ) at a point, the  variables  are differentiable functions of the  in some neighborhood of the point. As these functions can generally not be expressed in closed form, they are implicitly defined by the equations, and this motivated the name of the theorem.

In other words, under a mild condition on the partial derivatives, the set of zeros of a system of equations is locally the graph of a function.

History
Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) is credited with the first rigorous form of the implicit function theorem. Ulisse Dini (1845–1918) generalized the real-variable version of the implicit function theorem to the context of functions of any number of real variables.

First example

If we define the function , then the equation  cuts out the unit circle as the level set . There is no way to represent the unit circle as the graph of a function of one variable  because for each choice of , there are two choices of y, namely .

However, it is possible to represent part of the circle as the graph of a function of one variable. If we let  for , then the graph of  provides the upper half of the circle. Similarly, if , then the graph of  gives the lower half of the circle.

The purpose of the implicit function theorem is to tell us that functions like  and  almost always exist, even in situations where we cannot write down explicit formulas. It guarantees that  and  are differentiable, and it even works in situations where we do not have a formula for .

Definitions
Let  be a continuously differentiable function. We think of  as the Cartesian product  and we write a point of this product as  Starting from the given function , our goal is to construct a function  whose graph  is precisely the set of all  such that .

As noted above, this may not always be possible. We will therefore fix a point  which satisfies , and we will ask for a  that works near the point . In other words, we want an open set  containing , an open set  containing , and a function  such that the graph of  satisfies the relation  on , and that no other points within  do so. In symbols,

To state the implicit function theorem, we need the Jacobian matrix of , which is the matrix of the partial derivatives of . Abbreviating  to , the Jacobian matrix is

where  is the matrix of partial derivatives in the variables  and  is the matrix of partial derivatives in the variables . The implicit function theorem says that if  is an invertible matrix, then there are , , and  as desired. Writing all the hypotheses together gives the following statement.

Statement of the theorem
Let  be a continuously differentiable function, and let  have coordinates . Fix a point  with , where  is the zero vector. If the Jacobian matrix (this is the right-hand panel of the Jacobian matrix shown in the previous section):

is invertible, then there exists an open set  containing  such that there exists a unique continuously differentiable function  such that  and  Moreover, denoting the left-hand panel of the Jacobian matrix shown in the previous section as:

the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives of  in  is given by the matrix product:

Higher derivatives
If, moreover,  is analytic or continuously differentiable  times in a neighborhood of , then one may choose  in order that the same holds true for  inside .  In the analytic case, this is called the analytic implicit function theorem.

Proof for 2D case
Suppose  is a continuously differentiable function defining a curve . Let  be a point on the curve. The statement of the theorem above can be rewritten for this simple case as follows:

Proof. Since F is differentiable we write the differential of F through partial derivatives:

Since we are restricted to movement on the curve  and by assumption  around the point  (since  is continuous at  and ). Therefore we have a first-order ordinary differential equation:

Now we are looking for a solution to this ODE in an open interval around the point  for which, at every point in it, . Since F is continuously differentiable and from the assumption we have

From this we know that  is continuous and bounded on both ends. From here we know that  is Lipschitz continuous in both x and y. Therefore, by Cauchy-Lipschitz theorem, there exists unique y(x) that is the solution to the given ODE with the initial conditions. Q.E.D.

The circle example
Let us go back to the example of the unit circle. In this case n = m = 1 and . The matrix of partial derivatives is just a 1 × 2 matrix, given by

Thus, here, the  in the statement of the theorem is just the number ; the linear map defined by it is invertible if and only if . By the implicit function theorem we see that we can locally write the circle in the form  for all points where . For  we run into trouble, as noted before. The implicit function theorem may still be applied to these two points, by writing  as a function of , that is, ; now the graph of the function will be , since where  we have , and the conditions to locally express the function in this form are satisfied.

The implicit derivative of y with respect to x, and that of x with respect to y, can be found by totally differentiating the implicit function  and equating to 0:

giving

and

Application: change of coordinates
Suppose we have an -dimensional space, parametrised by a set of coordinates . We can introduce a new coordinate system  by supplying m functions  each being continuously differentiable. These functions allow us to calculate the new coordinates  of a point, given the point's old coordinates  using . One might want to verify if the opposite is possible: given coordinates , can we 'go back' and calculate the same point's original coordinates ? The implicit function theorem will provide an answer to this question. The (new and old) coordinates  are related by f = 0, with

Now the Jacobian matrix of f at a certain point (a, b) [ where  ] is given by

where Im denotes the m × m identity matrix, and  is the  matrix of partial derivatives, evaluated at (a, b). (In the above, these blocks were denoted by X and Y. As it happens, in this particular application of the theorem, neither matrix depends on a.) The implicit function theorem now states that we can locally express  as a function of  if J is invertible. Demanding J is invertible is equivalent to det J ≠ 0, thus we see that we can go back from the primed to the unprimed coordinates if the determinant of the Jacobian J is non-zero. This statement is also known as the inverse function theorem.

Example: polar coordinates
As a simple application of the above, consider the plane, parametrised by polar coordinates . We can go to a new coordinate system (cartesian coordinates) by defining functions  and . This makes it possible given any point  to find corresponding Cartesian coordinates . When can we go back and convert Cartesian into polar coordinates? By the previous example, it is sufficient to have , with

Since , conversion back to polar coordinates is possible if . So it remains to check the case . It is easy to see that in case , our coordinate transformation is not invertible: at the origin, the value of θ is not well-defined.

Generalizations

Banach space version
Based on the inverse function theorem in Banach spaces, it is possible to extend the implicit function theorem to Banach space valued mappings.

Let X, Y, Z be Banach spaces. Let the mapping  be continuously Fréchet differentiable. If , , and  is a Banach space isomorphism from Y onto Z, then there exist neighbourhoods U of x0 and V of y0 and a Fréchet differentiable function g : U → V such that f(x, g(x)) = 0 and f(x, y) = 0 if and only if y = g(x), for all .

Implicit functions from non-differentiable functions
Various forms of the implicit function theorem exist for the case when the function f is not differentiable. It is standard that local strict monotonicity suffices in one dimension. The following more general form was proven by Kumagai based on an observation by Jittorntrum.

Consider a continuous function  such that . If there exist open neighbourhoods  and  of x0 and y0, respectively, such that, for all y in B,  is locally one-to-one then there exist open neighbourhoods  and  of x0 and y0, such that, for all , the equation
f(x, y) = 0 has a unique solution

where g is a continuous function from B0 into A0.

Collapsing manifolds
Perelman's collapsing theorem for 3-manifolds, the capstone of his proof of Thurston's geometrization conjecture, can be understood as an extension of the implicit function theorem.

See also
Inverse function theorem
Constant rank theorem: Both the implicit function theorem and the inverse function theorem can be seen as special cases of the constant rank theorem.

Notes

References

Further reading

Articles containing proofs
Mathematical identities
Theorems in calculus
Theorems in real analysis

Implicit function theorem


الصينية مدينة عراقية وناحية في قضاء بيجي، مساحتها 5553 كيلومتراً مربعاً، شمال العاصمة بغداد بمسافة 200 كم تقريبا، البعد 10 كيلومترات بين مركز قضاء بيجي شرقاً ومركز ناحية الصينية غرباً، كانت في السابق تقع ضمن ولاية الموصل ولكن بعد التقسيم الإداري الحديث بعد استحداث محافظة صلاح الدين أصبحت تابعة إداريا لها.

معالم
يقع في المدينة مصفاة نفط الصينية لتكرير النفط وهي من المصافي التي أنشأت قديما ولا تزال تعمل لحد الآن، وتقع فيها القاعدة العسكرية الرابعة التابعة للجيش العراقي السابق وفيها مطار عسكري. وتوجد فيها 8 مدارس ابتدائية و4 مدارس متوسطة و3 مدارس ثانوية. ويوجد فيها مركز صحي ومستشفى تم إنشاؤه حديثا، ويوجد أكثر من 14 مسجد وجامع.

التاريخ
وان وجود القاعدة العسكرية فيها جعلها مقرا لوجستيا لجيش الإحتلال الأمريكي، حيث قامت قوات الاحتلال ببناء سور ترابي كبير يـحيط بالمدينة وأغلقوا جميع مداخلها ولم يتركوا إلا مدخلا واحدا ليسيطروا على دخول وخروج أهالي المدينة وأطلقوا على الجدار تسمية «فيردون» (يقصدون فردان) نسبة إلى إحدى أشهر معارك الحرب العالمية الأولى (معركة فردان).

تعرضت المدينة إلى حصار من قبل جيش الاحتلال استمر لمدة شهر منع عن أهلها الأكل أو الإسعافات الطبية مما أدى إلى وفاة أكثر من 10 أطفال وامرأتين بسبب منع جيش الاحتلال من نقلهم إلى مستشفيات مدينة بيجي.

التسمية
كانت مدينة الصينية سابقا (أي في فترة الخمسينيات من القرن المنصرم تسمى مدينة (كي تو)، نسبةً إلى خط النفط (k2). ويرجع أصل تسمية المدينة الحالي على الأرجح لكونها كانت تمثل نقطة تقاطع خطوط السكك الحديدية القادمة من بغداد والموصل وكركوك وحديثة فلتسهيل انتقال القطارات من أي خط للخط الآخر تم إنشاء سكة حديد دائرية الشكل تحيط بالمدينة فأصبحت أشبه بالصينية (إناء تقديم الطعام) الدائرية الشكل فسميت بمدينة الصينية.

المنشأة
محطة كي-تو (k2) أو الصينية هي محطة ضخ للنفط أنشأتها بريطانيا لضخ النفط من كركوك إلى لبنان وحيفا على ساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط. توقفت المحطة عن الضخ بعد احتلال فلسطين بسبب إيقاف الخط. أما خط أنابيب كركوك - حيفا فقد اكتمل في 14 تشرين أول 1934 وبوشر بتشغيله بضخ النفط فيه لتصل أول كمية منه بعد ذلك بقليل إلى ميناء حيفا ليتم تصدير الشحنة الأولى منه والبالغة 13,000 طن في يوم 27 تشرين أول  إلى ميناء لاهارف في فرنسا كذلك. استمر ضخ النفط في هذا الخط حتى عام 1948 حيث توقف استعماله بعد ذلك نهائياً مع اندلاع الحرب في فلسطين.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة صلاح الدين
مدن العراق
منشآت نفطية

الصينية (العراق)


Las siete herramientas básicas de calidad es una denominación dada a un conjunto fijo de técnicas gráficas identificadas como las más útiles en la solución de problemas relacionados con la calidad. Se llaman básicas porque son adecuadas para personas con poca formación en estadística.
Se caracterizan por ser fáciles de usar, intensificar la cooperación de los empleados, visualizar las conexiones y los problemas y promover la creatividad en la resolución de problemas. Las siete herramientas de calidad ayudan a identificar los problemas, reducir las áreas problemáticas, evaluar los factores que parecen ser la causa del problema y determinar si las supuestas causas de las fallas son ciertas o no. También ayudan a evitar errores causados por descuidos, prisas o falta de atención, y pueden facilitar la identificación de valores atípicos.

Las siete herramientas básicas son:
 Diagrama de Ishikawa, también conocido como espina de pescado o diagrama de causa-efecto,
 hoja de verificación o comprobación,
 gráfico de control,
 histograma,
 diagrama de Pareto,
 diagrama de dispersión y el
 muestreo estratificado.

Las siete herramientas básicas están en contraste con los métodos más avanzados de estadística, tales como muestreos de encuestas, muestreos de aceptación, pruebas de hipótesis, diseño de experimentos, análisis multivariados, y los distintos métodos desarrollados en el campo de la Investigación de operaciones.

Origen
La designación surgió en el Japón de la posguerra y se inspiró en las siete famosas armas del monje guerrero Saitō Musashibō Benkei, también conocido "Benkei".

Véase también
 Calidad de datos
 Control de calidad
 Gestión de calidad total
 Historia de la calidad
 Monozukuri
 Sistema de gestión de la calidad
 Sistema de producción

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Métodos estadísticos. Control y mejora de la calidad. Volum I, pàg. 25. Albert Prat Bartés, Xavier Tort-Martorell Llobés, Pere Grima Cintas, Lourdes Pozueta Fernández. Edicions Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1997. ISBN 84-8301-222-7.
 UTTS, Jessica M.. Seeing Through Statistics. 3rd Edition. vyd. [s.l.] : Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005. ISBN 0-534-39402-7. S. 166-167. (anglicky).
 MONTGOMERY, Douglas. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 9780471656319. S. 148.
 IŠIKAWA, Kaoru. What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way. 1. vyd. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, 1985. Dále jen Išikawa (1985). ISBN 9780139524332. S. 198.
 PLÁŠKOVÁ, Alena. Jednoduché nástroje řízení jakosti II.. [s.l.] : Decibel Production. ISBN 80-02-01690-4. (česky).

Enlaces externos
 Herramientas de la Gestión de Calidad
 Página web con información sobre las siete herramientas básicas de la calidad

Calidad

Siete herramientas básicas de calidad


الجمال الأمريكي فيلم أمريكي من إخراج سام مينديز، حاصل على خمسة جوائز أوسكار منها جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل فيلم وجائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج وجائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل.

الصورة الكلية للفيلم:

من اسم الفلم ستتوقع انك ستشاهد فلم يمدح أمريكا وما فيها من جمال وخاصة ان بوستر الفلم يعطيك توقع مستبق لما ستراه ولكن مع بدء مشاهدتك للفلم ستصدم بأنك تشاهد واحد من الافلام التي تنتقد المجتمع الأمريكي وتنتقد ما فيه من مظاهر خادعة وكاذبة.الفلم يقدم لنا دراما سوداوية تتخللها الكثير من السخرية ويقدم لنا صورة واضحة عن المجتمع الأمريكي وربما صورة لاغلب مجتمعات العالم فنحن شاهدنا مجتمع فارغ ومتفكك ولكن همه الأكبر هو المظاهر والخداع ومحاولة اظهار نفسه بصورة جميلة ورائعة جداً، فمن جهه سنجد ان جمال هذا المجتمع موجود فـي كل عائلة حافظت على جمالها الشكلي امام الجميع ولكن من جهة أخرى سنجد أن كل عائلة بهذا المجتمع تعاني ومفككة بدرجة كبيرة جداً.

وهذا هو الجمال الذي قصده صناع الفلم هو الجمال الظاهري الموجود بالمجتمع الأمريكي بل بـمجتمعات العالم كلها.

قصة الفيلم : تدور احداث القصة في إحدى الاحياء الهادئة في شيكاغو، هناك تعيش اسرتين مجاورتين لبعضهما
اسرة ليستر برنهام واسرة فيتز، تمتلكان كل مقومات الحياة الهنيئة، منزل في حي جميل ومستوى اجتماعي راقي ودخل جيد لكن هذهِ الاسُس ما تلبث إلى أن تصبح واهية كل ما ادخلنا المخرج في اعماق القصة لنكتشف ان كل هذهِ المظاهر مزيفة العائلة الأولى تتكون من
 الاب ليستر بورنهام - كيفن سبايسي - وهو كاتب بأحد المجلات ولكنه يمر بمرحلة فراغ كبيرة جداً
لما يعانيه من قلة اهتمام من زوجتهُ وابنته التي تكرهه جداً، أما زوجته كارولين - انيت بيننغ - فهي امرأه مهتمه بشكل مبالغ فيه بالعمل حتى انها نسيت عائلتها بشكل مبالغ فيه مما تسبب بمشاكل كبيرة بهذه العائلة.. فعلاقتها مع زوجها أصبحت سيئة من جميع النواحي وابنتها التي تعاني بشكل كبير من الحنان والعطف من والديها، واخيراً الابنة جيني - ثورا بيرتش - والتي تعاني بشكل كبير بسبب مشاكل والديها وعدم اهتمامهم الكبير بها مما جعلها تكره حياتها الاسرية وتصبح عنيدة لابعد الحدود.اما العائلة الثانية فهي تتكون من
 فيتز - كرس كوبر - وهو رجل عقيد متقاعد من البحرية وملتزم جداً خاصة مع ابنه الوحيد ومن خلال احداث الفلم سنلاحظ انه يكره المثليين لدرجة كبير مع ان هذا الامر شيء عادي بمجتمعهم ولكن هو يكره هذا الامر لدرجة كبيرة.
الفرد الثاني من العائلة وهي الزوجة باربارا فيتز - اليسون جاني - ولكن شخصيتها مجهولة كثيراً بالفلم واغلب الظن انها تعاني من الوحدة بشكل كبير بسبب عدم اهتمام عائلتها بها كثيراً ونجدها بأغلب مشاهدها بالفلم شاردة أو لا تتكلم. الفرد الاخير من العائلة وهو الأهم طبعاً الابن ريكي فيتز - ويس بنتلي - شاب يعاني مثل جيني من قلة اهتمام كبيرة من عائلته مما جعله غريب الاطوار ويشاهد العالم من خلال عدسة الكاميراً فقط، فهو يرى ان الكيس الذي يتطاير بالهواء أو الحمامة الميتة هو الشيء الجميل بهذه الحياة لانها حقيقة وليست مزيفة كما هو المجتمع الذي يعيش فيه! شخصية أخرى مهمة بالقصة وهي انجيلا - مينا سوفاري - وهي صديقة جيني والبنت المثالية بالمجتمع الأمريكي فهي تتمتع بالجمال ولديها الكثير من المعجبين ولها مستقبل كبير كما وصفت نفسها.

الممثلين
 كيفين سبيسي—في دور—ليستر بورنهام
 آنيت بنينغ—في دور—كارولين بورنهام (الزوجة)
 ثورا بيرتش—في دور—جين بورنهام (الابنة)
 ويس بنتلي—في دور—ريكي فيتز (صديق جين)
 مينا سوفاري—في دور—أنجيلا هايز (صديقة جين)
 كريس كوبر—في دور—الكولونيل فرانك فيتز (والد ريكي)
 بيتر جالاجر—في دور—بادي كين
 أليسون جاني—في دور—باربرا فيتز (والدة ريكي)
 سكوت باكولا—في دور—جيم أولمير
 سام روباردز—في دور—جيم بيركلي

وصلات خارجية

أزمة منتصف العمر في الأفلام
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية ساخرة
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1990
أفلام أمريكية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام أولى للمخرج لعام 1999
أفلام إخراجية أولى
أفلام إنتاج 1999
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية 1999
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1990
أفلام بلوغ سن الرشد الأمريكية
أفلام تدور أحداثها في ضواحي المدن
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الولايات المتحدة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في كاليفورنيا
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل فيلم
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل
أفلام حائزة على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل فيلم دراما
أفلام حاز كاتبها على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو أصلي
أفلام حاز مصوروها السينمائيون على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل تصوير سينمائي
أفلام دراما رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام دراما رومانسية إنتاج عقد 1990
أفلام دراما كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام درامية 1999
أفلام درامية مراهقة عقد 1990
أفلام دريم ووركس
أفلام رومانسية درامية 1999
أفلام رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية مراهقة عقد 1990
أفلام سجلها توماس نيومان
أفلام عن الأسر المفككة
أفلام عن الإلحاد
أفلام عن البيدوفيليا
أفلام عن الموت
أفلام كوميديا سوداء أمريكية
أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي 1999
أفلام مراهقة درامية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في ساكرامنتو (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في مقاطعة لوس أنجلوس
أفلام من إخراج سام ميندز
الخيانة الزوجية في الأفلام
رهاب المثلية في الخيال
عقد 1990 أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي

جمال أمريكي


Himen veya halk arasında bilinen adıyla kızlık zarı, kadınlarda vajinal açıklığı çevreleyen veya kısmen kaplayan zarımsı bir doku. Genellikle 1–2 cm kadar içeride ve 2–3 mm kalınlığındadır. Oldukça çeşitli şekiller alabilen bu doku genellikle hilal şeklindedir ve kılcal damarlarla çevrilidir. Himen adı Eski Yunan'daki evlilik ve düğün tanrısı Hymenaeus'tan gelir. Kızlık zarının yenilenmesi için himenoplasti plastik cerrahisi yaygındır.

Kızlık zarı, isminden dolayı zar gibi düşünülse de aslında bir zar değildir. Gebeliğin 7-12. haftaları arasında embriyoda dış cinsiyetin gelişmesi gözlenir. Bu sırada embriyodaki genital duvarlar birleşip yapışarak erkeklerde testis torbasını oluştururken kadınlarda bu duvarlar ayrılarak küçük (labia minora) ve büyük (labia majora) dış dudakları oluştururlar. Ayrılma sonucunda ortada kalan zarımsı doku kızlık zarı adı verilen yapıları oluşturur

Konumu
Kızlık zarı tüm kadınlarda yaklaşık olarak aynı yerdedir. Küçük dudakların arkasında, vajenin hemen girişinde, tabanı vajen duvarında olan ince bir deri kıvrımıdır. İlk ilişki ile olan ağrı, kanamanın en büyük nedeni, beden ve zihindeki gerginliğin tüm bedenle birlikte vajen kaslarını da kasması, buna bağlı girişin daralması ve hatta kapanmasıdır. Oysa vajen esneyebilen ve uzayabilen bir yapıdadır. Vajen esnediğinde onun bir parçası olan kızlık zarı da esner ve açılır. Bu durumda ilişkide ağrı ve acı olmaz.

Çeşitleri

Kızlık zarı pek çok anatomik varyasyona sahiptir.

Anüler Hymen (yuvarlak halka): Kızlık zarı yuvarlak halka şeklinde olup ortasında yine halka şeklinde bir delik bulunur. Ortadaki delik çok büyük bir penisin veya penis ile aynı etkiyi gösteren bir maddenin (örneğin dildo) geçişine rağmen zar yırtılamayabilir. Bu durumda "hymen duhule müsait" denir. Halk arasında ise "esnek zar" tabiri kullanılır. En sıklıkla görülen hymen şeklidir (%60-95 oranında)

Kresentrik Hymen (yarımay): Zar yarımay şeklindedir. Üst kısımda zar daha incedir veya hiç yokken arka kısımda belirgindir. Görülme sıklığı %3.5 ile %20 arasında değişmektedir. Bu tür zarlar genelde ilişki sırasında yırtılmaz.

Septalı Himen (ara bölmeli): Kızlık zarının orta kısmında boşluğu bölen, zara ait ara bir doku parçası vardır. Görülme sıklığı %1.5-5 arasındadır.

Kribriform himen (çok delikli, kalburumsu): Hymenin ortasında tek değil birden fazla delik vardır. Bu görüntüsü ile adeta bir "kalbura" benzer. Görülme sıklığı %1'den daha azdır.

İmperfore himen (deliksiz): Hymenin ortasında delik yoktur ve vajina girişi tamamen kapalıdır. 2000 kızın birinde görülen bir durumdur. Bu zara sahip kızlar hiç adet kanaması görmezler. Normal şekilde gerçekleşen kanama vücut dışına atılamaz ve hymen arkasında vajina içinde birikir. Oldukça ağrılı bir durumdur ve mutlaka cerrahi bir işlemle açılması gerekir.

Mikroperfore himen (Küçük delikli): Zarın ortasındaki delik çok küçüktür. Adet kanaması olur ancak oldukça ağrılıdır. Bazen cerrahi müdahale ile açılması gerekebilir.

Multipar himen (Doğum yapmışlarda bulunan): Normal doğum yapmış kadınlarda kızlık zarı doğuma bağlı yırtılır ve geriye kalan kısımlar "karinkül (hymen artığı)" olarak adlandırılır.

Ayrıca kızlık zarının çok kalın yahut esnek olmayan şekilde gelişmesi durumunda ilişkiye engel durum yaratacağından ötürü jinekolog tarafından bir müdahele gerekebilir.

Kızlık zarı en kolay bebeklik ve ergenliğe ulaşılmadan önce çocukluk sırasında görülür. Ergenlik sonrası incelir yahut kendi üzerine katlanır.

Kızlık zarınnın şekli tarif edilirken adli tıp doktorları tarafından saat kadranı kullanılır. Sırt üstü yatmış hasta da saat 12 pozisyonun üretranın altında ve saat 6 pozisyonu anüse yakın olarak bulunur.

Bekâret ile ilişkisi
Kızlık zarının anatomik olarak bilinen bir fonksiyonu yoktur. Bu doku ilk cinsel ilişki sırasında anatomik yapıya göre esneyip genişler veya laserasyona uğrar ve kanar. Bu sebepten pek çok toplumda kızlık zarı ile kadının bekâreti ilişkilendirilir. Bazı toplumlarda kızlık zarının hasara uğramış olması kadında bekâretin bozulduğuna kanıt olarak gösterilir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yapay kızlık zarı
 Deliksiz kızlık zarı
 Bakire arınma miti
 Bekaret testi
 Foliküler antrum
 Himenotomi
 Himenoplasti

Cinsel yoksunluk
Himen
Kadın üreme sistemi
Vajina

Himen


An Calamagrostis sclerophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Calamagrostis sclerophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis sclerophylla


Aflorimentul de gresii și granit de la Cosăuți este un monument al naturii de tip geologic sau paleontologic în raionul Soroca, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat pe versantul de vest al carierii părăsite din satul Cosăuți, de-a lungul drumului care leagă cariera de granit cu cea de gresii. Are o suprafață de 2 ha. Obiectul este administrat de SA Cariera de granit și pietriș din Soroca.

Descriere
Monumentul natural reprezintă un afloriment al stratelor de Cosăuți, format din gresii cu intercalații rare de gresii grosiere și argile nisipoase. Gresiile de Cosăuți reprezintă roci sedimentare ale proterozoicului superior, care aflorează la suprafața scoarței terestre. Ele ating 15 m în grosime. Spre ravena meridională grosimea scade, iar la fiecare 50-60 m de-a lungul faliei albiei Nistrului se observă fisuri verticale, care demonstrează influența tectonicii în formarea și localizarea albiei fluviului.

Termenul de "straturi de Cosăuți" ale vendianului inferior a fost propus în calitate de unitate stratigrafică de Theodor Văscăuțanu în 1931. Conform schemei stratigrafice regionale, acestea fac parte din formațiunea de Derlovsk. În stratele de Cosăuți au fost identificate amprente ale viețuitoarelor din proterozoicul superior, cum ar fi Protosphaeridium densum, P. tuberculiferum, P. laccatum, P. flexuosum, Favososphaeridium favosum, Turuchanica ternata, T. olara ș.a.

Profilul geologic
Profilul geologic al aflorimentului prezintă următoarele secțiuni:

Utilitate economică

Gresiile din acest monument natural servesc ca materie primă decorativă la confecționarea diferitor obiecte. În Moldova, dar și peste hotare, ele sunt cunoscute sub denumirea generică "piatra de Cosăuți".

Statut de protecție
Obiectivul a fost luat sub protecția statului prin Hotărîrea Sovietului de Miniștri al RSSM din 13 martie 1962 nr. 111, iar statutul de protecție a fost reconfirmat prin Hotărîrea Sovietului de Miniștri al RSSM din 8 ianuarie 1975 nr. 5 și Legea nr. 1538 din 25 februarie 1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat. Deținătorul funciar al monumentului natural este SA Cariera de granit și pietriș din Soroca.

Demonstrând influența tectonicii în formarea văii fluviului Nistru în zona respectivă și dezvăluind unele procese naturale petrecute milioane de ani în urmă, aflorimentul prezintă interes științific la nivel regional, din punct de vedere structural, litologic și stratigrafic.

Conform situației din anul 2016, lipsește un panou informativ cu descrierea obiectului protejat.

Galerie de imagini

Referințe

Bibliografie

Cosăuți, Aflorimentul de gresii și granit de la
Raionul Soroca


Ljekarnik ili farmaceut zdravstveni je djelatnik, koji posjeduje znanje i stručnost o lijekovima i medicinskim sredstvima, i koji u okviru farmaceutske zdravstvene zaštite obavlja različite poslove u distribuciji i izradi lijekova u cilju postizanja optimalnih rezultata liječenja pacijenata. Za razliku od ljekarnika, farmaceutski tehničari: farmaceutsku zdravstvenu djelatnost u ljekarnama mogu obavljati samo u prisustvu ljekarnika (diplomiranoga farmaceuta, magistra farmacije).

Ljekarnik može posjedovati vlastitu ljekarnu i raditi u njoj kao privatni poduzetnik ili svoje radne aktivnosti može obavljati u javnoj ljekarni (primarna zdravstvena zaštita) ili u bolničkoj ljekarni (sekundarna i tercijarna zdravstvena zaštita).

Kako ljekarnik posjeduje znanje i stručnost o lijekovima i medicinskim sredstvima, od njega se očekuje da primijeni svoje znanje i stručnost za dobrobit svojih pacijenata i osigura farmaceutske proizvode koji su neškodljivi, djelotvorni i odgovarajuće kvalitete, a koji se koriste u sprečavanju ili liječenju bolesti, ublažavanju simptoma bolesti, poremećaja i tegoba, kao i dijagnosticiranju oboljenja.

Kada procijeni da je to u interesu pacijenta, ljekarnik je dužan pravovremeno uputiti pacijenta kod najmjerodavnijeg zdravstvenog stručnjaka poštujući princip autonomije pacijenta, kao i princip primum non nocere ("najprije ne naškoditi").
Ljekarnik je dužan u granicama svoje stručne osposobljenosti spriječiti nepravilno liječenje pacijenta, kada procjeni da je to u interesu zdravlja pacijenta. Ljekarnik je dužan pružiti farmaceutsku zdravstvenu zaštite za svakog pojedinca, bez obzira na rasu, spol, etničko porijeklo, vjeru, socijalni i bračni status, seksualno opredjeljenje, političku orijentaciju, starosno i zdravstveno stanje, kao i na svoj osobni stav prema pojedincu ili njegovoj obitelji.

Ljekarnik drži u tajnosti sve informacije u vezi s korisnicima njegovih usluga dobivene tijekom obavljanja farmaceutske zdravstvene djelatnosti, jer se te informacije smatraju stručnom, odnosno profesionalnom tajnom. Prilikom izdavanja lijekova na recept i/ili bez recepta, ljekarnik je obavezan izdavanjem terapijskih paralela i odabira medicinskih sredstava pružiti savjet i neophodne informacije o lijeku (doziranje, mogući neželjeni efekti, interakcije s drugim lijekovima i/ili hranom, način čuvanja lijeka i drugo), kao i provjeriti da li je ove informacije pacijent razumio i zapamtio.

Izvori

Farmacija
Zanimanja

Ljekarnik


المركز الوطني للمتميزين هو مركز تخصصي سوري لتدريس الطلاب المتميزين في سوريا أنشئ بموجب مرسوم تشريعي من قبل الرئيس السوري بشار الأسد عام 2008، وافتتحه شخصيًا في 27 تموز عام 2009 ويعكس المركز الاهتمام الكبير بالطلبة المتميزين في سورية وتقديم الدعم والرعاية اللازمة من قبل الدولة.

فكرة المركز
المركز الوطني للمتميزين هو في الأصل فكرة أوروبية جاري تطبيقها في سوريا برعاية من قبل الجهات المختصة لتمنية ودعم الطلاب المتميزيين وتقدم كافة الاحتياجات اللازمة

فلسفة المركز والبيئة التربوية
تقوم فلسفة المركز التعليمية على المزاوجة بين التكنولوجيا والتعليم، ولذا نرى الحواسيب منتشرة في القاعات الصفية فضلاً عن الألواح الذكية، والاعتماد على الإنترنت في التعليم وفي اعداد الأبحاث، إضافة إلى وجود المخابر اللغوية المزودة بالتقنيات الحديثة. فضلاً عن ذلك يضم المركز مساحات واسعة من الحدائق التي تهيئ بيئة مناسبة للتعليم، بالإضافة إلى الملاعب المتعددة وقاعات الرسم والموسيقا، والمخابر التي تشمل الفيزياء والكيمياء والبيولوجيا والجيولوجيا، ومخبراً للبحث العلمي.

النشاطات الطلابية
يقوم الطلاب على مدار العام بالعديد من الانشطة، كإعداد الأبحاث في الفصل الدراسي الأول، والمشاريع العلمية في الفصل الدراسي الثاني، فضلاً عن تنمية قدراتهم في المواد المختلفة بفضل الدروس الإثرائية، ووجود الخبراء من روسيا، فضلاً عن الكفاءات العلمية التي يضمها المركز. يقام في نهاية كل عام مؤتمر علمي يعرض فيه الطلاب المشاريع التي كانوا قد عملوا عليها على مدار العام. و يقيم المركز في كل صيف نادياً صيفياً اختيارياً يضم المزيد من الأنشطة كالمحاضرات والرحلات.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمركز الوطني للمتميزين

التعليم في سوريا
ثقافة سورية

المركز الوطني للمتميزين


Nigersaurus var en slægt af dinosaurer i familien Rebbachisauridae blandt sauropoderne. De levede i midten af kridttiden, for mellem 115 og 105 millioner år siden. De første fossiler efter dyret blev i 1976 fundet i det centrale Niger i en geologisk formation kaldet Elrhaz. Efter flere og mere komplette fund blev fossilerne videnskabeligt beskrevet i 1999 under artsnavnet Nigersaurus taqueti, opkaldt efter den franske palæontolog Philippe Taquet, der gjorde fundet af de første rester.

Nigersaurus var omkring 9 m lang, hvilket er småt for en sauropod, og den havde en kort hals. Den har vejet omkring 4 tons, hvilket er sammenligneligt med en moderne elefant. Dets skelet havde mange luftlommer, men dets lemmer var robust bygget. Dets kranium var stærkt specialiseret til fødesøgning med mange små åbninger og tynde knoglevægge. Det havde en bred mule med over 500 tænder, der blev udskiftet meget ofte; omkring hver 14. dag. Kæben har muligvis haft en kappe af keratin. Til forskel fra andre tetrapoder var de tænderbærende knogler i kæben roteret på tværs i forhold til resten af kraniet, så alle tænderne sad forrest i munden.

De nærmest beslægtede dinosaurer til Nigersaurus i familien Rebbachisauridae er medlemmer af underfamilien Nigersaurinae. Familien Rebbachisauridae tilhører overfamilien Diplodocoidea. Nigersaurus søgte sandsynligvis føde tæt ved jorden og er gået med foroverbøjet hoved. Den region i hjernen, som er forbundet med lugtesans, var underudviklet, selvom størrelsen er sammenlignelig med andre dinusaurer. Det er blevet debateret om hovedet normalt har været holdt nedad eller horisontalt ligesom andre sauropoder. Den levede i flodområder, og havde sandsynligvis en kost, der primært var baseret på bløde planter som bregner, padderokker og dækfrøede planter. Det er en af de mest almingelige fossillerede hvirveldyr der findes i dette område, og den har delt habitat med andre megaplanteædende dinosaurer samt store theropoder og crocodylomorpher.

Klassificering

Resterne af Nigersaurus blev beskrevet første gang i 1976 som tilhørende et medlem af familien Dicraeosauridae, men i 1999 omklassificerede en gruppe forskere Nigersaurus til at være medlem af familien Rebbachisauridae, der er en basal familie i overfamilien Diplodocoidea, som også indeholder de langhalsede diplodocider. Underfamilien Nigersaurinae, som inkluderer Nigersaurus og andre slægter, blev navngivet af John A. Whitlock i 2011. Nedenfor findes et kladogram der følger Federico Fanti et al.'s klassificering (2013), som bekræftede placeringen af Nigersaurus som et basalt medlem.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dinosaurer

Nigersaurus


Whitehead Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

* Whitehead Township (North Carolina)
 Whitehead Township (Oklahoma)

Whitehead Township


La résolution ES-11/1 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies est une résolution de la onzième session extraordinaire d'urgence de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies, adoptée le . Elle déplore l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie et exige un retrait complet des forces russes ainsi qu'un retour sur sa décision de reconnaître les républiques populaires autoproclamées de Donetsk et de Lougansk. La résolution est parrainée par  et elle est  adoptée par  pour, cinq contre et .

Votes
Parmi les 193 pays membres, 141 pays ont approuvé la résolution, 5 pays s'y sont opposés et 35 pays se sont abstenus dont 14 pays eurasiatiques, 4 pays du continent américain et 17 pays africains ; tandis que 12 pays n'ont pas pris part au vote. La répartition se présente comme suit :

Les 141 pays qui ont voté en faveur de la résolution représentent 41% de la population mondiale, tandis que les 5 pays qui ont voté contre la résolution représentent 2,6% de la population mondiale.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Résolution 2623 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies
 Résolution ES-11/3 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies

Lien externe

ES-11/1
Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
2 mars
Mars 2022

Résolution ES-11/1 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies