Kaʻiulani (; Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn; October 16, 1875 – March 6, 1899) was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike, and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom. She was the niece of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the death of her mother, Princess Kaʻiulani was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies. She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life. The Committee of Safety rejected proposals from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn, and provisional president Sanford B. Dole, to seat Kaʻiulani on the throne, conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani. The Queen thought the Kingdom's best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States.

Davies and Kaʻiulani visited the United States to urge the Kingdom's restoration; she made speeches and public appearances denouncing the overthrow of her government and the injustice toward her people. While in Washington, D.C., she paid an informal visit to President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland, but her efforts were in vain. The situation put both Kaʻiulani and her father in dire financial straits. Her annual government stipend ceased, and her father's income as a government employee came to an end. Father and daughter spent the years 1893–1897 drifting among the European aristocracy, relatives and family friends in England, Wales, Scotland and Paris, before finally returning to Hawaii.

After arriving back in Hawaii in 1897, Kaʻiulani settled into life as a private citizen and busied herself with social engagements. She and Liliʻuokalani boycotted the 1898 annexation ceremony and mourned the loss of Hawaiian independence. However, she later hosted the American congressional delegation in charge of formalizing the Hawaiian Organic Act. She suffered from chronic health problems throughout the 1890s and died at her home at ʻĀinahau in 1899.

Name
Kaʻiulani was born at Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu, in the Hawaiian Kingdom.  At her christening, she was named Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn. In 1898, her aunt Liliʻuokalani wrote it as Victoria Kaʻiulani, Kalaninuiahilapalapa, Kawēkiu i Lunalilo or Victoria Kawēkiu Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kaʻiulani Cleghorn in her memoir Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.  Kaʻiulani was named after her maternal aunt Anna Kaʻiulani who died young, and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, whose help restored the sovereignty and independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the reign of Kamehameha III. Her primary Hawaiian name comes from ka ʻiu lani which means "the highest point of heaven" or "the royal sacred one" in the Hawaiian language. Kawēkiu means "the highest rank or station". At the request of Charles Kanaʻina, she was also given the name Lunalilo, translated as Luna (high) lilo (lost) or "so high up as to be lost to sight", after Kanaʻina's son and her uncle King Kalākaua's predecessor King Lunalilo (r. 1873–74) to strengthen her eligibility for the throne. The name Kalaninuiahilapalapa signified her association with the royal house of Keawe (traditional rulers of the island of Hawaii) and the flames of the torch that burns at midday, a symbol of kapu, used by the House of Kalākaua from their ancestor Iwikauikaua.

Early life and family: 1875–1887

Kaʻiulani was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike and Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn. She was born in a downstairs bedroom of her parents' Emma Street mansion in Honolulu, on October 16, 1875, during the reign of her uncle King Kalākaua. Her birth was announced by gun salutes and the ringing of all of the bells in the city's churches. At the time of her birth, she became fourth in line of succession to the throne, moving to third in the line of succession upon the death of her uncle Leleiohoku II in 1877. She had three older half-sisters: Rose Kaipuala, Helen Maniʻiailehua, and Annie Pauahi, from her father's previous union with a Hawaiian woman.

Through her mother, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, the royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands from 1780 to 1795. Kameʻeiamoku was one of the royal twins along with Kamanawa depicted flanking the Hawaiian coat of arms, and his son Kepoʻokalani was the first cousin of the conqueror on the side of Kamehameha's mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II. Their family were collateral relations of the House of Kamehameha and ascended to the throne in 1874 upon the election of her uncle Kalākaua as King of the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother was a younger sister to Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. Kaʻiulani's father was a Scottish financier from Edinburgh; he served as Collector General of Customs from 1887 to 1893 and as the final Governor of Oahu from 1891 until the office was abolished by the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the 1893 overthrow of the monarchy.

She was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis, at 1:00 p.m. on December 25, 1875, at the Pro-Cathedral of St. Andrew's Anglican Cathedral in Honolulu. This was the first christening of a Hawaiian princess since the birth of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1838. The baby Kaʻiulani, clad in a "cashmere robe, embroidered with silk", was reported to have "behaved with the utmost respect" and did "not utter a sound during the service". Kalākaua, his wife Queen Kapiʻolani, and Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani, stood as her godparents. A later reference in a 1916 issue of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin stated Hawaiian judge Emma Nakuina was also her godmother. Diplomatic representatives from the United States, Britain and France and members of the consular corps in Honolulu were among the spectators. The royal family held a reception and afternoon dinner at ʻIolani Palace for the guests of the ceremony during which Kaʻiulani was present and attended by her nurse. The Royal Hawaiian Band played at the reception. Captain Henri Berger, the leader of the band, composed the "Kaʻiulani March" in her honor.

Princess Ruth gifted Kaʻiulani with land at Waikiki,  from Honolulu, which combined with adjacent lands previously purchased in 1872 by Cleghorn to form ʻĀinahau. Her mother Likelike named it ʻĀinahau (cool place) after the cool winds blowing down from the Manoa Valley. Her father relocated the family to the country estate in 1878 when Kaʻiulani was three years old. Cleghorn planted a large botanical garden on the grounds of the estate, including a banyan tree, known as Kaʻiulani's banyan. Kaʻiulani's mother Princess Likelike died at age 36 on February 2, 1887, officially of unknown causes. Her doctors had believed in vain that she could have been cured with proper nourishment. Upon the death of her mother, when Kaʻiulani was eleven years old, she inherited the estate.

Education and unrest in Hawaii 1879–1893

From a young age, governesses and private tutors educated Kaʻiulani starting with a British woman, Marion Barnes, from 1879 until her early death of pneumonia in 1884, and then an American woman, Gertrude Gardinier, who became her favorite governess. After Gardinier's marriage in 1887, her governesses included a French woman, Catalina de Alcala or D'Acala, and a German woman, Miss Reiseberg, with whom Kaʻiulani did not develop as strong a bond. Her governesses taught her reading, writing letters (often to relatives), music practices and social training. She also read biographies about her namesake, Queen Victoria. She would become fluent in the Hawaiian, English, French and German languages.

Kalākaua championed future Hawaiian leaders attaining a broader education with his 1880 Hawaiian Youths Abroad program. His niece Kaʻiulani was not the first Hawaiian royal to study abroad. The Hawaiian government sent her cousins David Kawānanakoa (known as Koa), Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole to attend Saint Matthew's School in the United States in 1885. Keliʻiahonui died young in 1887 while Kawānanakoa and Kūhiō traveled to England in 1890 to finish their education a few months after Kaʻiulani's own departure for an education abroad.

Months after the death of Kaʻiulani's mother, Likelike, political unrest gripped Hawaii. Local businessmen accused Kalākaua's cabinet under Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson of influence peddling in elections and manipulation of legislative governance. Although the Gibson cabinet was replaced by the Reform Cabinet, the business community remained dissatisfied. The Committee of Thirteen businessmen under the leadership of Lorrin A. Thurston, drafted what became known as the Bayonet Constitution, codifying the legislature as the supreme authority over the monarchy's actions. Thurston is believed to have been the principal author of the new constitution. Presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6, 1887, it limited the power of the monarchy and increased the influence of Euro-American interests in the government.

Abroad in England, 1889–1893

Upon the death of her mother, Likelike, Kaʻiulani became second in line to the throne, following her aunt Liliʻuokalani. She would become the heir apparent after the death of her uncle Kalākaua and the accession of Liliʻuokalani. In 1889, it was deemed appropriate to send Kaʻiulani to England for a proper education and remove her from the intrigues and unrest between Kalākaua and his political opponents. Cleghorn, Kalākaua and allegedly Lorrin A. Thurston, who served as Minister of the Interior, made the plans to send Kaʻiulani abroad. Thurston later denied involvement in the decision.

Leaving Honolulu on May 10, 1889, the travel party included her half-sister Annie, and Mary Matilda Walker, wife of the British vice-consul to Hawaii Thomas R. Walker, as their chaperone. Cleghorn accompanied his daughters to San Francisco before returning to Hawaii. They traveled across the United States by train, stopping briefly at Chicago and New York before sailing to England. They landed in Liverpool on June 17, after a month-long journey. After Mrs. Walker returned to Hawaii, Kaʻiulani and Annie were placed under the guardianship of Theo H. Davies and his wife Mary Ellen. Davies was a British citizen and owner of Theo H. Davies & Co., one of the Big Five leading sugar firms operating in Hawaii. During school holidays, Kaʻiulani stayed at Sundown, the Davies' residence in Hesketh Park, Southport.

By September, Kaʻiulani and Annie were sent to Northamptonshire and enrolled at Great Harrowden Hall, a boarding school for young girls, under the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp. After the first academic year, Annie returned to Hawaii to marry leaving Kaʻiulani alone at the school. Sharp noted that Kaʻiulani continued "making good progress in her studies" despite the separation. Kaʻiulani proudly wrote home that she was third in her French class. The Bishop of Leicester confirmed her in the Anglican faith in May 1890. In the summer of 1891, her father visited her, and they toured the British Isles and visited the Cleghorns' ancestral land in Scotland.

Davies persuaded her family to remove Kaʻiulani from Great Harrowden Hall in early 1892 to attend a finishing school to prepare her for society. By February, Kaʻiulani moved to Hove, Brighton, where she was placed in the care of Phebe Rooke who set up private tutors and a curriculum that included German, French, English, literature, history, music and singing. This village by the sea pleased her, and she holidayed in late April and early May at Saint Helier in the Channel Island of Jersey with her host.

The prospect of returning to Hawaii renewed her enthusiasm for her studies. Plans were made for her return to Hawaii by the end of 1893, with the Hawaiian legislature appropriating $4,000 for her travel expenses. This trip would mark her entrance in society as the heir-apparent to the throne. There were arrangements for an audience with Queen Victoria, followed by a tour of Europe and a possible visit to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In anticipation, Kaʻiulani wrote to her aunt Liliʻuokalani, "I am looking forward to my return next year. I am beginning to feel very homesick." However, following the overthrow on January 17, 1893, these plans were cancelled.

Overthrow 1891–1893

During her absence, much turmoil occurred back in Hawaii. Kalākaua died in San Francisco on January 20, 1891. Kaʻiulani learned of her uncle's death by the next day through the Transatlantic telegraph cables while news did not reach Hawaii until January 29, when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains. Liliʻuokalani ascended immediately to the throne. On March 9, with the approval of the House of Nobles, and as required by the Hawaiian constitution, Liliʻuokalani appointed her niece Kaʻiulani as her heir apparent and eventual successor to the throne. The Queen's staff then rode through the streets of Honolulu announcing the proclamation, while gun salutes were fired from both the artillery battery and the American vessels Mohican and Iroquois in Honolulu Harbor.

As heir apparent, Kaʻiulani had influence with the queen on political issues. In the fall of 1891, she wrote to Liliʻuokalani requesting the appointment of her father, instead of Prince David Kawānanakoa, to the recently vacated governorship of Oahu caused by the death of Liliʻuokalani's husband John Owen Dominis. The queen acceded to her request, and made the appointment of Cleghorn on November 11. The princess also received approval for her father to retain his post as collector general after she explained, "we cannot do without his salary for that, as the salary of Governor is only half the other." Kaʻiulani, looking forward to her return, promised, "When I come home I shall try to help you as much as I can, tho [sic] it will not be much as I don't understand State Affairs."

The Committee of Safety, under the leadership of Thurston, met for two days in the final planning of the overthrow, and unanimously selected Sanford B. Dole to lead the coup and organize a provisional government. Dole put forth what he believed was a more reasonable immediate plan of action, a possible outcome that had been discussed by others in the kingdom, "...that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaʻiulani be installed as queen, and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority..." In fact, Cleghorn had also directly approached Thurston the morning before the overthrow, with the exact same proposition. Thurston reiterated what he had already told Cleghorn, that the committee had no interest in dealing with a future monarchy in any form, and rejected the plan outright. The monarchy was overthrown and the Provisional Government of Hawaii was proclaimed by President Sanford B. Dole on January 17, 1893.

Liliʻuokalani relinquished her power to the United States temporarily, rather than the Dole-led government, in hopes that the United States would recognize the monarchical government as the lawful power, and thereby restore Hawaii's sovereignty. Cleghorn lost his governorship position as of February 28. He blamed Liliʻuokalani's political inaction for the overthrow and believed that the monarchy would have been preserved had she abdicated in favor of Kaʻiulani. He met privately with Thurston and requested that he respect Ka'iulani's claim to the throne, which Thurston tersely refused to consider. Cleghorn later took an oath to the Provisional Government under protest in order to retain his position in the custom house, but resigned on April 15.

The Provisional Government's ultimate goal was annexation by the United States. Thurston headed a delegation to Washington, DC, to negotiate with President Benjamin Harrison, while the queen sent her attorney Paul Neumann and Prince Kawānanakoa to represent her case to Harrison and President-elect Grover Cleveland. Cleghorn paid for the travel expenses of Edward C. Macfarlane, another of the queen's envoys, to protect the rights of Kaʻiulani. The annexation treaty would have offered Liliʻuokalani a lifetime pension of $20,000 annually, and compensated Kaʻiulani with a one-time settlement of $150,000, if they would subordinate themselves to the United States government, and to local governance of the Islands. The queen never saw that as a viable option.

Visit to the United States, 1893

Many factions in Hawaii and abroad preferred restoring Kaʻiulani to the Hawaiian throne in place of Liliʻuokalani under a more restricted form of constitutional monarchy. James Hay Wodehouse, the British commissioner to Hawaii, reported to his superior in London that the natives would support and welcome Kaʻiulani as queen. Charles Reed Bishop, the widower of the High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, wrote that, "the better class of the British prefer her, and they would help to control her and make as good a government as possible". Dole, the leader of the Provisional Government, had stated that it would have been "far more tactful" to "hold the power of the throne" through a "regency in the name of the young Princess Kaʻiulani until she reaches her majority".

Kaʻiulani learned of the overthrow via a short telegram received by Davies on January 30, Queen Deposed', 'Monarchy Abrogated', 'Break News to Princess". In the weeks after the overthrow, Davies wrote to the Hawaiian Minister to the United States John Mott-Smith in Washington suggesting that the Hawaiian electorate vote on a revised constitution for the abdication of the queen and for the placing Kaʻiulani under a council of regency headed by Dole. Davies reiterated this stance in a later address. Davies advised Kaʻiulani to take her case directly to the American people.

Kaʻiulani, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Davies, their daughter Alice Davies, Annie Whartoff, as her lady-in-waiting and a chaperone, and a maid of Mrs. Davies, traveled from Southampton to New York, arriving on March 1. Macfarlane and Mott-Smith met the party on their ship. Upon landing on the pier, Kaʻiulani delivered to the assembled press and curious onlookers a speech written by Davies:

During her first two days, Kaʻiulani and the Davies toured New York and received callers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, although he was only allowed to speak to her briefly. Dissent developed between Davies and Liliʻuokalani's representatives in the United States over his influence over Kaʻiulani. Kawānanakoa along with Neumann, Macfarlane and Mott-Smith voiced criticism at Davies' action in bringing Kaʻiulani to the United States without the consent of Cleghorn or the queen. They felt Davies' public statements supporting a regency in place of the queen undermined the cause against annexation and created the impression of a "three-cornered fight". Macfarlane, himself of British descent, stated to the press, "Her coming will do no good, especially when she is under the wing of an ultra-Britisher."

From March 3 to March 7, Kaʻiulani visited Boston while Cleveland waited to be sworn in as President. She attended various social events, many in her honor, and toured the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (where the Davies' son Clive attended) and Wellesley College. Arriving in Washington, DC, on March 8, Kawānanakoa greeted her at the train station with a floral lei. She stayed at Arlington Hotel where she awaited the chance to meet with the President. In the meantime, Cleveland, who espoused anti-imperialist views, withdrew the treaty of annexation on March 9 and appointed James Henderson Blount on March 11 as special commissioner to investigate the overthrow. On March 13, President and First Lady Frances Cleveland  received Kaʻiulani at the White House. Her traveling companion Alice recalled, "We were received by President and Mrs. Cleveland and we had a short interview where all references to our mission were carefully avoided."

Politics remained uncertain as Hawaii waited for the conclusion of the Blount Report. Macfarlane wanted Kaʻiulani to return to Honolulu while Davies wanted her to accompany him back to England. Macfarlane believed that going back narrowed her perspective in favor of the British, which might affect her policy making should she become queen. On April 8, Cleghorn wrote to Kaʻiulani, "I think for the present you are better not here, much as I would like to have you home. ... [T]hings must be settled soon and then we will know what to do."

Establishing life in Europe 1893–1897

Prior to the 1893 overthrow, Kaʻiulani had been allocated an annual pension by the Hawaiian government. As a member of the royal family, she had received $5,000 annually from the civil list between 1882 and 1888, $4,800 between 1888 and 1892 and $10,000 as heir apparent to the throne in 1892. Archibald Cleghorn had also been supported from the Hawaiian civil list through his governmental positions. These sources of income ended after the overthrow.

The unsettled political situation in Hawaii prevented Kaʻiulani from returning home, and her father arranged for her to remain with the Davies family in England. The press releases under her name were in reality created by Davies who, in the beginning, did not ask for her input. It is unclear whether any of the public statements were at her request, but he did eventually give her the opportunity to approve the final product before it went to the news media of the day. The teenage Kaʻiulani spent her summer of 1893 with the Davies family in Killiney, Ireland, where she and her friends played cricket and enjoyed tea.

That winter, Mary Ellen Davies sent her daughter Alice to Wiesbaden, Germany, with Kaʻiulani, and three other women of the same age. Traveling with a chaperone, they were primarily there to learn the German language. Alice later said, " .. I forget just about everything about that journey except that she made many conquests among the susceptible German officers we met." Family friend Lillian Kennedy remembered a very fun-loving young lady who engaged in pillow fights and played hide-and-seek games. Politics in Hawaii began to seem far away and less important to her. She was beginning to enjoy life abroad, so much so that she resisted returning to the Davies' home to once again become a political asset.

Accustomed to the life of a Victorian society woman, Kaʻiulani preferred her new life. Writing to her father on June 10, 1894, she expressed her sadness at the change in Hawaii and asked him to consider a life abroad in Europe. After the 1895 royalist counter-revolution, he agreed. While they were abroad, the news of the March 6, 1897, death of her half-sister Annie impacted both Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn.

From August 1895 to October 1897, she and her father assumed the lives of itinerant aristocrats traveling across Europe and the British Isles. They stayed in the French Riviera, Paris, and on the island of Jersey, as well as England, and Scotland. Kaʻiulani was treated as royalty in the French Riviera where they wintered each year and made friends, including Nevinson William (Toby) de Courcy, a British aristocrat who corresponded with her over the next three years and saved her letters until his death.

During these years, Kaʻiulani began to have recurring illnesses, writing her aunt Liliʻuokalani that she'd had "the grip" (influenza) seven times while living abroad. She also complained of headaches, weight loss, eye problems and fainting spells. A migraine episode in Paris on May 4, 1897, prevented her from attending the Bazar de la Charité, which caught fire and killed a number of French noble women including the Duchess of Alençon. Growing expenses also exacerbated Cleghorn's drained financial status, and he wrote to Liliʻuokalani, asking for assistance.

Kaʻiulani knew little about financial management and had no means to repay her benefactors. As her funding ran out, she wondered if the Provisional Government would give her an allowance. Her father had no means to support her, so both were dependent upon the generosity of others. Davies was a hard-nosed businessman who had risen from working-class parents, to make a fortune in Hawaii's sugar plantation business. While he agreed to assist with the finances, he took the princess to task for her careless spending in 1894, "I am disappointed in what you say about money matters because I have always been disagreeably plain about them ... You have the chance to be a heroine but unless you exercise resolution and self control ... we shall all fail". He cautioned that any funding from the Provisional Government obligated her to support their cause. He tried to get Kaʻiulani to re-focus on the goal ahead regarding Hawaii, but she wanted to be in charge of her own destiny. Stress from her financial situation had an adverse effect on her mental and physical health, and she fell into an emotional drift.

Return to Hawaii, 1897

Kaʻiulani felt duty-bound to her family in Hawaii, especially her ailing aunt, the Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani. However, the princess was wary of her uncertain future as a former royal and was reluctant to accept the prospect of an arranged marriage back home. She was also growing accustomed to life abroad. Despite her misgivings, the changing political situation in Hawaii called her home in 1897. On June 16, Cleveland's successor President William McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation treaty to incorporate the Republic of Hawaii into the United States. Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman. Hawaiians against annexation coalesced, including the political entity Hui Kālaiʻāina which ran petition drives to oppose annexation.

Between 1896 and 1897, she divulged her plans to return to Hawaii in two candid letters written to her friend Toby de Courcy. In the first letter, written in the fall of 1896 from Rozel, Jersey, she confided in him that a secret engagement was arranged and she was expected to return in April of the following year. In a subsequent letter dated July 4 from Tunbridge Wells, she explained to Toby that she would visit her aunt Liliʻuokalani in the United States. The decision to return to Hawaii was still undecided at this point. Kaʻiulani added that, "If I went over to see my Aunt I would only stay about Three [sic] weeks there and return again here (Europe)", although Davies "may think it advisable for me to return home the end of this winter". By August and September, Kaʻiulani and her father were making farewell calls to friends, hiring an Irish maid, Mary O'Donell, to assist her and preparing for their return to Hawaii.

Kaʻiulani and her father Cleghorn sailed from Southampton to New York on October 9, 1897. After a brief stay at the Albemarle Hotel in New York, the two traveled to Washington, DC, to pay their respects to Queen Liliʻuokalani, who was staying at Ebbett House in the US capital to lobby against annexation. Afterward, Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn took a train heading west and reached San Francisco on October 29 where they stayed at the Occidental Hotel. During her travels across the United States, many journalists interviewed her, although her father made sure to shield her from topics of politics. Many detractors of the monarchy had painted a negative image of Hawaiians, especially of Kaʻiulani and her aunt Liliʻuokalani. However, interviews with the Hawaiian princess dispelled these rumors. A journalist of San Francisco's The Examiner wrote, "A barbarian princess? Not a bit of it ..Rather the very flower — an exotic — of civilization. The Princess Kaʻiulani is a charming, fascinating individual." According to historian Andrea Feeser, the contemporary portrayals of Kaʻiulani were "shaped by race and gender stereotypes, and although they aimed to be favorable, they granted her no authority" with emphasis placed on her Caucasian features, Victorian manners, feminine fragility and exoticism.

Kaʻiulani and her father sailed from San Francisco on November 2 and arrived in Honolulu on the morning of November 9. Thousands of well-wishers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, greeted her at the harbor in Honolulu and showered her with garlands of lei and flowers. They returned to ʻĀinahau where Kaʻiulani was to assume the life of a private citizen. Her father had built a two-storied new Victorian-style mansion designed by architect Clinton Briggs Ripley next to the bungalow which had been her childhood home in the intervening years when she was abroad. Despite her lack of political status, she continued to receive visitors and made public appearances at events hosted by both monarchists and supporters of the Republic.

The Hawaiian Red Cross Society was formed in June 1898, with Mrs. Harold M. Sewall as its president. Her husband was the United States Minister to the Republic. First Lady of the Republic Anna Prentice Cate Dole was selected as first vice-president, and Kaʻiulani was second vice-president. It is unclear if the princess had given her consent to be named as part of the committee, but she did not attend the subsequent meeting of the officers.

In the United States Senate, McKinley's annexation treaty failed to pass after months without a vote. However, following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Hawaii was annexed in any event via the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution of Congress, on July 4, 1898. With the impending annexation of Hawaii only weeks away and Liliʻuokalani still in Washington, DC, Hawaii wanted to show its support of US troops heading to the Pacific theater of the war. If nothing else, the harbor traffic meant income for the local businesses. Cleghorn and Kaʻiulani issued an open invitation for visiting American troops to stay at ʻĀinahau, although it was more likely solely her father's idea. She wrote to Liliʻuokalani, "I am sure you would be disgusted if you could see the way the town is decorated for the American troops. Honolulu is making a fool of itself and I only hope we won't be ridiculed."

The annexation ceremony was held on August 12, 1898, at the former ʻIolani Palace, now being used as the executive building of the government. President Dole handed over "the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands" to United States minister Harold M. Sewall. The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered, and the flag of the United States was raised in its place. "When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me," Kaʻiulani told the San Francisco Chronicle. "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down ...". Liliʻuokalani with Kaʻiulani, their family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place in mourning. Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend the ceremony. The Republican government attempted to invite her to the Annexation Ball, and she responded by saying, "Why don't you ask me if I am going to pull down Hawaii's flag for them?"

On September 7, 1898, Kaʻiulani hosted the United States Congressional commission party and more than 120 guests with a grand luau at ʻĀinahau. The commissioners: the new Territorial Governor Dole, Senators Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois and John T. Morgan of Alabama, Representative Robert R. Hitt of Illinois, and Hawaii associate justice and the later Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear were tasked with forming a new territorial government. Kaʻiulani arranged the event to highlight the importance of Hawaiian culture and started the luau by dipping her finger in the poi. The luau at ʻĀinahau for the congressional party was portrayed in the 2009 film as a fight for Hawaiian suffrage, which was ensured in the 1900 Hawaiian Organic Act.

Personal life

Surfing
Kaʻiulani had always been an athletic young woman, who enjoyed equestrianism, surfing, swimming, croquet, and canoeing. In an 1897 interview for The Sun newspaper in New York, she stated, "I love riding, driving, swimming, dancing and cycling. Really, I'm sure I was a seal in another world because I am so fond of the water… My mother taught me to swim almost before I knew how to walk."  An avid surfer on the shores of Waikiki, her 7 feet, 4 inch alaia surfboard made of koa (acacia koa) is preserved at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Acquired by the museum in 1922 from her deceased father's estate, it is one of the few surviving examples of 19th-century Hawaiian surfboards.

According to popular belief, she may have been the first female surfer in the British Isles. However, the Museum of British Surfing states "the only tangible evidence – so far – is a letter in which she wrote that she enjoyed 'being on the water again' at Brighton." Her three cousins Kawananakoa, Kuhio and Keliʻiahonui pioneered surfing in California in 1885. Kawananakoa and Kūhiō became the first male surfers in the British Isles in 1890 when they went surf riding with their tutor John Wrightson at Bridlington in northern England. The swimming attire for Victorian-minded Hawaiian royals would have been full-body swimwear made of wool or cotton.

Robert Louis Stevenson

Kaʻiulani was a painter who enjoyed the company of other artists. While under Davies' guardianship, she sent some of her paintings of England home to Hawaii. When Kalakaua was ill in his final year, she sent a painting to cheer him up. Her few surviving paintings are found in Hawaii. She was acquainted with Joseph Dwight Strong, a landscape painter in the court of Kalākaua, and Isobel Osbourne Strong, a lady-in-waiting to Likelike. Isobel's stepfather was Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson. In June 1888, Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco. The poet spent nearly three years in the eastern and central Pacific, stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands, where he became a good friend of King Kalākaua and Ka'iulani. Stevenson and the princess often strolled at ʻĀinahau and sat beneath its banyan tree. Prior to her departure, Stevenson composed a poem for her. He later wrote to his friend Will Hicok Low, "If you want to cease to be Republican, see my little Kaiulani, as she goes through [the United States]." Historian A. Grove Day noted, "Of all his island friendships, the platonic affair with the half-Scottish princess has most persisted in the imagination of lovers of Hawaiiana."

Matchmaking and engagement rumors

During his 1881 world tour, Kalākaua held a secret meeting with Emperor Meiji and proposed to unite the two nations in an alliance with an arranged marriage between his 5-year-old niece Kaʻiulani and the 13-year-old Prince Yamashina Sadamaro. From extant letters to the king, both by Prince Sadamaro, upon the advice of his father, and by Japanese foreign minister Inoue Kaoru declined the proposal on behalf of the government of Japan. In February 1893, the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor with the Japanese prince on board. Rumors circulated in the American press that the Japanese considered intervening militarily.

From 1893 until her death, rumors of whom Kaʻiulani would wed circulated in the American and Hawaiian press, and on one occasion she was pressured by Queen Liliʻuokalani to marry. When Clive Davies, son of Kaʻiulani's guardian Theo H. Davies, was a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1893, he was rumored to be Kaʻiulani's fiancé. Although the princess had stayed with the family occasionally while she was in England, her father said there was no engagement between the two young people and the rumors were "absurd and preposterous". In spite of the denial, the rumors persisted for a time. However, Clive was engaged to Edith Fox, daughter of civil engineer Francis Fox, between 1896 and 1898 while he resided in Honolulu and handled his father's business. Another rumor, which circulated after Kaʻiulani's return to Hawaii, said she was to marry Clive's brother George Davies. Members of Kaʻiulani's household denied this.

On January 29, 1894, when Kaʻiulani was nineteen, Liliʻuokalani wrote asking her to consider marrying either Prince David Kawānanakoa, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, or an unnamed Japanese prince (then studying in London). She reminded her, "To you then depends the hope of the Nation and unfortunately we cannot always do as we like." It took five months for Kaʻiulani to respond to Liliʻuokalani's suggestion. In a June 22, 1894, letter Kaʻiulani asserted that she would prefer to marry for love unless it was necessary stating, "I feel it would be wrong if I married a man I did not love." Based on personal letters and letters by her friends, many suitors courted Kaʻiulani while she resided in England and Europe. Prior to her return to Hawaii in November 1897, Kaʻiulani confided in her friend Toby de Courcy that she would have to end her courtship with one of her "young men" because there was an arranged marriage waiting for her in Hawaii. She further hinted that the union, approved by her father and Theo H. Davies, was being kept secret for political reasons. She lamented, "I must have been born under an unlucky star as I seem to have my life planned out for me in such a way that I cannot alter it." Historian Marilyn Stassen-McLaughlin and biographer Sharon Linnea could not identify the gentleman behind the secret union from the primary sources, but conjectured it was Kawānanakoa because he was the only likely candidate for a political union after Kūhiō had married in 1896.

Records indicate that there may have been a written agreement of betrothal with Kawānanakoa, that was quickly aborted. An unsubstantiated announcement dated February 3, 1898, was printed in The San Francisco Call and later reprinted in newspapers across the United States. According to the report, the betrothal was dependent upon the finalization of deeds to a sizeable real estate holding, transferred from Queen Kapiʻolani to both Kawānanakoa and Kalanianaʻole. On February 19, a denial of betrothal from Kawānanakoa was printed in the newspapers. Kapiʻolani did deed all her property, real and personal, to the brothers on February 10, with the express stipulation that the documentation not be executed until she was ready. Kapiʻolani wanted to hold off the transfer until she was too old to manage the property herself, and/or otherwise would believe she was close to death. She last saw the document with her notary Carlos A. Long, with her instructions to have changes made in the wording. Instead, the brothers had the deed executed immediately, without her knowledge.

Family lore also conflicts over the exact nature of her relationship with Kawānanakoa. Kaʻiulani's niece Mabel Robertson Lucas (daughter of her sister Rose) said that the two cousins were close but only like siblings. Nancy and Jean Francis Webb's 1962 biography of Kaʻiulani says that Kawānanakoa's eventual wife, Abigail Campbell Kawānanakoa, told an unnamed biographer or close friend that "of course I never could have married David if Kaʻiulani had lived". The Bishop Museum collection has a number of jewels owned by Kaʻiulani, including a diamond and aquamarine necklace given to her by Queen Kapiʻolani in 1897, in honor of her engagement to an unnamed suitor. Kaʻiulani replaced the chain attaching the gems with strands of small pearls.

According to a letter written to Liliʻuokalani dated to June 22, 1894, in which she declined an arranged marriage, she mentioned that she had rejected a proposal by an "enormously rich German Count". She was connected in the press to two other suitors in 1898: Captain Putnam Bradlee Strong, an American officer en route to fight in the Spanish–American War in Manilla and son of New York City Mayor William Lafayette Strong, and Andrew Adams, a New England-born journalist for The Pacific Commercial Advertiser whom her father favored. In 1895, The Evening Republican reported a rumor that Kaʻiulani was to marry Rudolph Spreckels, the son of sugar magnate Claus Spreckels.  A posthumous report in The Butte Daily Post, after Kaʻiulani's death, connected her to James G. Blaine, Jr, son of former United States Secretary of State James G. Blaine.

Death and burial, 1898–1899
Kaʻiulani traveled to the Parker Ranch at Waimea, on the island of Hawaii on December 6, 1898. The ranch owner, Samuel Parker, had served on Kalākaua's privy council, and was Liliʻuokalani's minister of foreign affairs when the monarchy was overthrown. Kaʻiulani attended the December 14 wedding of Parker's daughter, who was her childhood friend Eva, to Frank Woods, and stayed for Christmas festivities. The celebrations and activities went on for weeks. In mid-January 1899, Kaʻiulani and a number of other guests mounted horses and rode out for a picnic. What started out as pleasant weather soon turned into a windy rainstorm. While others on the ride donned raincoats, Kaʻiulani was gleefully galloping through the rain without a coat. It was not until later, when they were back on the ranch, that she began feeling ill. Upon learning of her situation on January 24, her father sailed immediately to the island on the steamship Kinau. Their family physician, "Doctor Walters" (Saint David G. Walters), accompanied him. After medical treatment, the public was told two weeks later that she was on the mend.

However, Kaʻiulani was still frail, and her illness lingered. A petition to President William McKinley and Congress, urging the United States to grant the princess a pension, was being circulated for signatures. In reality, she was still gravely ill, and Cleghorn brought her back to ʻĀinahau on February 9, on the steamship Mauna Loa. She was so ill she had to be carried on a stretcher. Walters said it was "inflammatory rheumatism". He later added that she also had an exophthalmic goitre.

Kaʻiulani died of inflammatory rheumatism, at her home at ʻĀinahau, on Monday, March 6, 1899, at the age of 23. Later, George W. Macfarlane, a family friend and King Kalākaua's chamberlain, told a reporter from the San Francisco Call that the princess possibly died of a broken heart. Kaʻiulani had loved peacocks, growing up around a flock originally belonging to her mother at ʻĀinahau. She would sometimes be called the "Peacock Princess". Her beloved peacocks could be heard screaming in the night when she died. It was later determined that the late-night activities and lights likely agitated the birds, but others still believed that the peacocks were mourning her death. Native Hawaiian protocol dictated that the body of an aliʻi (royal) could only be moved after midnight following death and had to be interred on the sabbath. She lay in her own home until Saturday, March 11, when her body was moved just after midnight. The route from ʻĀinahau to the lying in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church became a growing funeral procession as native Hawaiians fell in line with lit torches and wailed mournfully.

The Republic of Hawaii government put all its resources at the family's disposal and gave her a state funeral on March 12. She lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church until her final service. Hundreds of individuals and organizations made up the procession. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser estimated that 20,000 spectators lined the streets. The most-recent (1896) census had shown only 29,000 residents in all of Honolulu. Her remains were brought to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at ʻMauna Ala in the Nuʻuanu Valley for burial. She was interred in the main chapel of the mausoleum, joining her mother Likelike and the other deceased members of the royal houses of Kalākaua and Kamehameha.

In a ceremony officiated by Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, the family's remains were transferred for a final time to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel. Her father was also interred in the crypt after his death on November 1, 1910.

Cultural impact and legacy

When Kaʻiulani was born, kerosene lamps provided Honolulu's street lighting. During Kalākaua's 1881 world tour, he visited Thomas Edison who gave him a demonstration of electric light bulbs. ʻIolani Palace led the way in and installed the first electric lighting in Hawaii in 1886. The public was invited to attend the first-night lighting ceremonies. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king, on horseback, paraded his troops around the grounds. When Honolulu finally electrified all its street lighting, the honor of throwing the switch at the Nuʻuanu generators to light up the city fell to 12-year-old Kaʻiulani on Friday, March 23, 1888.

In the fall of 2007, British filmmaker Marc Forby began production on a $9 million film titled Barbarian Princess based on the princess' attempts to restore her nation's independence. Princess Kaʻiulani was played by 12-year-old Kaimana Paʻaluhi of Oahu and by Q'Orianka Kilcher. Barry Pepper, Will Patton, and Shaun Evans co-star. In March 2008, scenes were filmed on location at the ʻIolani Palace. The film's world premiere was held at the Hawaii Theatre in Honolulu, Hawaii, on Friday, October 16, 2009, as part of the Hawaii International Film Festival. The film's title provoked controversy, and the film opened with mixed reviews. However, demand to see the film was high and the film festival scheduled several additional screenings. The movie's title has since been changed to Princess Kaʻiulani. Roadside Attractions acquired the movie's United States rights and scheduled it for theatrical release on May 14, 2010.

Forby's film is not the first project to bring the Princess to the screen: Kaʻiulani biographer Kristin Zambucka produced a docudrama called A Cry of Peacocks for Hawaiian television, broadcast in 1994 by Green Glass Productions and KITV. Princess Kaʻiulani was played by Heather Kuʻupuaohelomakamae Marsh.

In 1999, the Outrigger Hotels commissioned a statue of Kaʻiulani at Waikiki. An annual keiki (children) hula festival is held in her honor in October at the Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel (built on the former grounds of ʻĀinahau). In March 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked her on a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.

The Kaʻiulani Project
The Kaʻiulani Project began in 2007 after completion of five years of research on the life of the princess. Members of the project, which was founded by Jennifer Fahrni, include descendants of the princess's family, Hawaiian cultural leaders, kumu hula and Hawaiian educators. The goal of the project was to make Kaʻiulani's dual culture and her legacy for the Hawaiian people more widely known and ultimately taught in Hawaiian schools. In 2007 the project began work with Hawaiian educators as well as cultural and performing arts organizations, producing presentations and play readings throughout the state.

On October 16, 2010, The Kaʻiulani Project, in co-ordination with the Royal Guards of Hawaii produced the Lahaina Royal Hoʻike where official Hawaiian protocols were performed for the first time in honor of Kaʻiulani in over 100 years. Delegations from all islands took part in the event on the sacred grounds of Mokuʻula and Waiola Church. This was first time since Kaʻiulani's passing that her family participated in official Hawaiian celebrations of her life. Hoʻokupu offerings were presented to and received by Kaʻiulani's grand-niece in honor of the princess's 135th birthday.
Numerous civic and cultural organizations in Hawaii including the Royal Order of Kamehameha I participate in the event. Entertainment was provided by the Royal Hawaiian Band and other performers. The story of the princess's life was also presented with selected scenes from the original script "Ka'iulani, The Island Rose".

The Kaʻiulani Project includes Kaʻiulani: The Island Rose, a fact-based screenplay and stage play researched and written since 2003 by Fahrni and Carol Harvie-Yamaguchi, and a biography Princess Kaʻiulani – Her Life and Times.  The script was first performed as a public reading on April 12, 2008, in Kahului, Hawaii, on Maui.

ʻĀinahau and her banyan tree
Archibald Cleghorn willed the estate of ʻĀinahau to the Territory of Hawaii for a park to honor Ka'iulani after his death in 1910. However, the territorial legislature refused the gift. The property was subdivided and sold with the Victorian mansion at ʻĀinahau becoming a hotel and then a rental property before it burned down on August 2, 1921. The Daughters of Hawaii, an organization founded in 1903 to preserve the islands' historic legacy, was given responsibility for the care of Ka'iulani's banyan tree. On October 16, 1930, the Daughters of Hawaii installed a bronze plaque near the tree to honor the memory of Ka'iulani and her friendship with Robert Louis Stevenson. However, the mounting cost of annual pruning, and concerns about the health of the tree, led to it being cut down in 1949.

Kaʻiulani Elementary School
Kaʻiulani Elementary School was founded in the Kapālama neighborhood of Honolulu on April 25, 1899. During Arbor Day of 1900, the school principal planted a cutting from her banyan tree at ʻĀinahau, given to the school by Archibald Cleghorn. Local efforts prevented the tree from being cut down in the 1950s and the tree survives to the present. The bronze plaque from the original banyan tree was later moved to this site. Other cuttings from the original banyan were planted in other parts of Hawaii.

Ancestry
Kalākaua family tree

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and journals

Newspapers and online sources

Further reading

External links

Artists from Hawaii
Hawaiian princesses
Hawaiian Kingdom people of Scottish descent
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Kalākaua
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
1875 births
1899 deaths
Robert Louis Stevenson
Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
Hawaiian Kingdom Anglicans
Native Hawaiian surfers

Kaʻiulani


Die Snookerweltmeisterschaft 1981 fand vom 6. April bis zum 20. April 1981 im Crucible Theatre in Sheffield statt.

Steve Davis gewann gegen Doug Mountjoy seinen ersten Weltmeisterschaftstitel, nachdem er im Viertel- und Halbfinale die Weltmeister von 1979 und 1980 besiegen konnte. Mountjoy erzielte im Halbfinale mit 145 nicht nur das höchste Break des Turniers, sondern auch das bis dahin höchste bei einer Weltmeisterschaft überhaupt, wofür es einen Bonus von 5.000 Pfund gab.

Preisgeld

Finalrunde

Century-Breaks

Es wurden 13 Century Breaks von acht verschiedenen Spielern erzielt, was die Einstellung des Rekordes an insgesamt gespielten Centuries bei einer WM aus dem Jahre 1979 bedeutete:

Quellen
 Chris Downer: Crucible Almanac (2011 edition)., Bournemouth 2011.

1981
Snookerveranstaltung 1981
Billardturnier in Sheffield
Crucible Theatre

Snookerweltmeisterschaft 1981


Višeslav (cirílico serbio: Вишеслав) es un nombre de origen eslavo que puede corresponder a cualquiera de las siguientes personas:

Višeslav de Serbia: Knez serbio entre 780 y 814.
Višeslav de Croacia: Príncipe croata entre 785 y 802.

Višeslav


Agathis lenticula es una especie perteneciente a la familia Araucariaceae. Se encuentra en Malasia, sólo en el monte Kinabalu y zonas adyacentes, a altitudes entre los 1140 a 1680  Su hábitat es el bosque montano bajo y, posiblemente, las colinas del bosque. Está amenazada debido a la destrucción del hábitat.

Descripción
Árbol que alcanza los 45 m de altura, de tronco recto con corteza grisáceo blanquecina, la cual se exfolia en láminas irregulares con numerosas lentículas. Las hojas, de entre 5 a 7 cm de largo por 1,8 a 2,4 cm de anchura, son de forma ovada con ápice agudo sobre un corto pecíolo. Los conos masculinos son cilíndricos, de unos 4 cm de largo por 10 mm de ancho, mientras que los femeninos tienen forma semi-elíptica, de unos 28 mm de alto por 40 a 45 mm de ancho.

Taxonomía
Esta especie fue descrita por David John de Laubenfels y publicada en Blumea 25(2): 537, f. 4, en el año 1979.

Referencias

lenticula
Flora de Borneo
Plantas descritas en 1979
Plantas descritas por de Laub.

Agathis lenticula


متحف أحمد شوقي هو متحف يقع على كورنيش النيل في الجيزة بمصر. كرّس هذا المتحف تكريما «لأمير الشعراء» الشاعر المصري كردي الأصل أحمد شوقي. والذي كان يعيش في حي المطرية أحد أحياء القاهرة، قرب قصر الخديوي عباس حلمي الثاني في القبة حتى نفي.

بعد عودته إلى مصر بنى منزلا جديدا في الجيزة أطلق عليه «كرمة ابن هاني». منزل الجيزة ذلك صار لاحقاً «متحف أحمد شوقي».

اتخذ بناء المنزل تصميما مسرفا لقصر أبيض اللون محاط بحديقة خضراء، افتتح المتحف رسميا في 17 يونيو 1977. يوجد في حديقة المتحف تمثال كبير للشاعر من البرونز قام بنحته الفنان المصري جمال السجيني. حيث تم إزاحة الستار عن التمثال في الذكرى الخمسون لوفاة الشاعر. من جهتها أمرت الحكومة الإيطالية في 1962 بصناعة تمثال للشاعر أحمد شوقي ليوضع في حدائق فيلا بورغيزي أحد أشهر وأكبر حدائق روما، بوصفه فنّانا عالميا. حضر حفل تدشين التمثال آنذاك وزيرا الثقافة في مصر وإيطاليا إضافة لعمدة روما وعدد من الفنانين العرب والشعراء والكتاب.

داخل المتحف
في الطابق الأرضي في جناح محمد عبد الوهاب والذي يشمل مكتبة أحمد شوقي والتي تحوي 332 كتابا إضافة لمسودات مخطوطات لشعره بخط يده. هناك أيضا أعمال منسوبة للمطرب والملحن محمد عبد الوهاب الذي قدمه أحمد شوقي إلى الفن والذي قدم أعمالا من كتابة أحمد شوقي. كما توجد مكتبة سمعية عالية التقنية في المتحف تحوي تسجيلات لأداء غنائي لعبد الوهاب بحضور أحمد شوقي.

الطابق العلوي يتضمن غرفة نومه إضافة لغرفة نوم زوجته خديجة شاهين. كما يوجد بغرفة أخرى بالطابق العلوي أكثر من 750 مخطوطة ومسودة لأعمال الشاعر ومجموعة من اللوحات الزيتية والتحف والصور التي تتعلق بحياة أحمد شوقي.

كما توجد غرفة أخرى تحوي عدد من الجوائز والأوسمة وشهادات التقدير والهدايا التي حصل عليها الشاعر الراحل.

معرض صور

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1977 في مصر
حدائق في مصر
مبان ومنشآت في الجيزة
متاحف القاهرة
متاحف أسست في 1977
متاحف فنية ومعارض في مصر
منازل في مصر

متحف أحمد شوقي


An Kreodanthus simplex in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Kreodanthus simplex in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kreodanthus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kreodanthus

Kreodanthus simplex


Verem veya tüberküloz, bakteriyel ve bulaşıcı bir hastalık.  Halk arasında ince hastalık olarak da bilinir. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mikrobunun neden olduğu uzun seyirli ve granülomatöz karakterde bakteriyel ve bulaşıcı bir enfeksiyon hastalığıdır. Bulaşma yolu, çoğu zaman, bir tüberküloz hastasının çevreye tükürdüğü balgamı ya da öksürdüğünde saçılan basil yüklü damlacıklarla olur.

Tüberküloz birden fazla organda görülebilen bir enfeksiyon olmasına karşın, daha çok akciğerler ve akciğerlere ait mediastinal lenf bezlerinde gözlenir. Basil, aktif bir tüberküloz hastasından öksürük, hapşırık ya da diğer yollarla tükürük içerisinde havaya damlacık yoluyla saçılır ve havada asılı kalan partiküllerin alınmasıyla enfeksiyon yayılır.  İki tür tüberküloz vardır: Primer tüberküloz ve Sekonder tüberküloz (reaktivasyon).

Tüberküloz Türleri

Primer tüberküloz
Tüberküloz basilinin ilk kez bulaştığı hastalarda ortaya çıkan tablodur. Genellikle çocukluk çağlarında meydana gelir, ilerleme göstermedikçe sessiz kalırlar. Havadaki enfekte damlacıkların solunmasıyla basil akciğerler girdiğinde, 3 mikrondan küçük olan damlacıklar akciğerin en derin bölümlerine kadar ulaşabilir.  Akciğer ortalarında ve plevraya yakın alanlarda kolaylıkla yerleşebilen basil, bu alanda çok küçük bir yangı oluşturur. Yangı alanında önce nötrofil lökositler belirir, zamanla makrofajların çoğaldığı görülür. 2-8 hafta sonra, plevranın hemen altında, 1-1,5 cm çapında, sınırları belirgin yuvarlakça bir lezyon oluşur; bu lezyona "Ghon odağı (ghon foküsü)" adı verilir. "Ghon odağı"ndaki basillerin bir bölümü "antijen sunan hücreler - APC" tarafından bölgesel (trakeobronşial) lenf düğümlerine taşınarak oralarda da yeni odaklar oluşmasına neden olur. Akciğerdeki tek odak ile bölgesel lenf düğümlerinde oluşan odakların oluşturduğu bütüne "Ghon kompleksi" adı verilir. Tablo bu aşamada stabil kalabilir, klinik belirti vermez; radyolojik olarak saptanamayan fibrotik ve bazıları kireçlenmiş bu lezyonların içlerinde canlı basillerin bulunabilir. Bu aşamada kalmış bireylerin PPD (purified protein derivative) testleri pozitif çıkar. Gelişmesi önlenemeyen Ghon kompleksindeki basiller lenf yollarına girerek tüberkülozun tüm organlara yayılmasına neden olabilirler (miliar tüberküloz).

Primer Progressif Tüberküloz
Sosyoekonomik sorunlu toplumlarda ve beslenme sorunları olan çocuklardaki primer tüberküloz odağı kolayca aktifleşebilir. Aktifleşen olgularda tüm organlara yayılma (miliar tüberküloz) ve beyin zarlarının tüberkülozu (meninjit tüberküloz) genellikle ölümle sonlanır. Primer tüberkülozun erişkin bireylerde aktifleşmesi (progressif davranış) seyrek görülür (%10). Aktifleşme genellikle akciğerin tepe noktasında (apeks) başlar. Önceleri 1–3 cm çapında, ortasında kazeöz nekroz bulunan bir lezyon biçimindedir. Nekroz çevresinde epiteloid hücreler ve Langhans dev hücreleri bulunur; bu yapıya tüberkül adı verilir (hastalığa, tüberküllerden oluşan lezyonlar içermesi nedeniyle "tüberküloz" adı verilmiştir). Tüberküllerin çevresinde lenfositler, en dışta ise bağ dokusu kuşatması vardır..

Primer tüberkülozun ilerleyici (progressif) nitelik kazanmasıyla oluşan tablonun özellikleri hastanın vücut direncine ve basilin gücüne (virulans) bağlıdır. Bağışıklık sistemi sorunu olan hastalarda yüksek virulanslı bir basil enfeksiyonu özel bir pnömoni türü olan "tüberküloz bronkopnömonisi (kazeöz-jelatinöz pnömoni)"ne neden olur. Bu hastaların çoğunda, kan ve lenf dolaşımına da giren basil birçok organa yayılır (miliar tüberküloz).

Sekonder Tüberküloz

Gerileme dönemine girmiş önceki bir tüberküloz hastalığının alevlenmesi (reaktivasyon) olgusudur. Reaktivasyon ya Ghon odağının aktifleşmesi ya da dışarıdan gelen güçlü bir basilden kökenli yeni bir infeksiyonun (reinfeksiyon) sonucudur. Patoloji uzmanlarının ve teknisyenlerinin otopsi reinfeksiyonları, sağlıkçıların önemli meslek hastalıklarından biridir.

Risk faktörleri: Bağışıklık sistemi sorunları (HIV infeksiyonu), alkolizm, diabet, kanserler, kemoterapi ve radyoterapi tüberküloz reaktivasyonunda önemli risk faktörleridir.

Hastaların bir bölümünde, akciğer dokusunun değişik bölgelerinde oluşan lezyonların ortalarındaki kazeöz nekroz bronşlara açılabilir. Öksürük ve balgamla atılan nekrotik dokuların yerinde kalan boşluklara "kavern", bu tür lezyonların bulunduğu olgulara "aktif kavernli tüberküloz" adı verilir. "Aktif tüberküloz" olarak nitelendirilen hastalık tablosu akciğerde sınırlı kalabilir. Sistemik yayılmalarda çok sayıda organ etkilenir (miliar tüberküloz). Miliar tüberkülozda, etken lenf yollarına girmişse akciğerlerin her yerinde, kan dolaşımına girmişse çok sayıda organda (böbrek, karaciğer, beyin, vd) 1–2 mm çapında tüberküller oluşur. Örneğin beyin etkilenmelerinde, beyin tabanında oluşan "örümcek ağı" görünümündeki fibrin lifleri arasında miliar tüberküllere rastlanır. Çocuklardaki tüberkülozlarda, beyin ventriküllerinde tümör gibi kitle yapan tüberküller kümesi oluşabilir (tüberkülom).

Tarihçe
Albert Calmette ve Camille Guérin adlı iki araştırmacı, 1920'lerin sonunda vereme karşı bir aşı geliştirmişlerdir. Bu iki araştırmacının soyadına atfen bu aşıya BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) adı verilmiştir.

Semptom ve bulgular
HIV enfekte olmayanlarda sadece % 5-10 oranında tüberküloz enfeksiyonu aktif hastalığa dönüşürken buna karşılık HIV ile ko-enfekte olanlarda bu oran % 30'lara çıkmaktadır. Ekstrapulmoner TB, akciğer TB ile birlikte görülebilir.

Genel semptomlar
Sistemik belirtiler ateş, titreme, gece terlemesi, iştahsızlık, kilo kaybı ve yorgunluktur. Çomak parmak da görülebilir.

Akciğerle ilgili
Göğüs ağrısı, yan ağrısı, 2 hafta ya da daha uzun süren öksürük, nefes darlığı, hemoptizi, balgam, ses kısıklığı gibi çeşitli semptom ve bulgular görülebilir.

Akciğer dışı
Akciğer dışı tüberkülozda semptom ve bulgular tutulum yerine göre geniş bir yelpazede değerlendirilir. Tüberküloz stomatiti, ağız mukozasında görülen akciğer-dışı tüberkülozlar için iyi bir örnektir.

Nedenleri

Etyoloji
Tüberküloz etkeni bir dönem Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. hominis) ve Mycobacterium bovis olarak adlandırılmasına karşın günümüzde bu iki serotipin Mycobacterium avium suşu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yani insanlardaki tüberkülozis etkeni Mycobacterium avium sups. tuberculosis, sığır tüberkülozisinin etkeni ise Mycobacterium avium sups. bovis'tir.
Mycobacterium türleri gram pozitif, hareketsiz, asit fast boyalara dirençli (bu yüzden Ziehl-Nielsen gibi özel metodlarla boyanırlar) basillerdir.

Risk faktörleri
5 yaş altı çocuklar, HIV enfeksiyonlu kişiler, silikozis, kronik böbrek yetmezliği, lösemi, lenfoma, diyabet, akciğer kanseri, gastrektomi, jejunoileal bypass, bağışıklığı baskılayan tedavi alanlar, ilaç bağımlılığı, sigara, alkol risk faktörlerinden önemlileridir.

Mekanizma

Bulaşma

Hastalığın bulaşmasında portörler önemli rol oynarlar. Aktif akciğer tüberkülozlu hastadan öksürük, hapşırık, konuşma, şarkı söyleme ya da tükürme gibi eylemlerle, 0,5 - 5 mikron çapında bulaşıcı damlacıklar dışarı atılır. Tek bir hapşırıkla 40.000 damlacık dışarı atılabilir. Bu partiküller havada asılı kalarak bir süre canlılıklarını korurlar. Sağlam kişilerin bu partikülleri almasıyla hastalık bulaşmış olur. On bakteri bile enfeksiyona neden olabilir.
En bulaştırıcı hastalar balgam mikroskopisinde basil görülen akciğer ve larinks tüberkülozlu hastalardır. Mikroskopisinde basil gösterilemeyen hastaların bulaştırıcılığı düşüktür. Bulaşma riski en yüksek grup ise hasta ile yakın temaslılardır. Bunlar; aile fertleri, ev arkadaşları, işyeri arkadaşlarıdır. Uygun ve düzenli tedavi ile bulaştırıcılık 2-3 haftada sona erer. Bu sebeple hasta izole edilmeli ve tedavisine hemen başlanılmalıdır. Aktif ancak tedavi edilmemiş tüberkülozu olan bir kişi yılda 10-15 insana hastalık bulaştırabilir.

Patogenez

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ile enfekte olanların yaklaşık % 90'ı asemptomatik latent enfeksiyon olarak kalır, latent TB olgularınında ömürleri boyunca % 10 oranında verem hastalığına ilerleme riskleri vardır. Ancak tedavi edilmediği takdirde aktif TB olgularında ölüm oranı % 50'den daha fazladır

Enfeksiyon küçük partiküller içindeki bakterilerin alveollere ulaşmasıyla başlar. Basiller buradaki makrofajlar tarafından alınırlar ancak öldürülemezler ve makrofaj içinde çoğalmaya devam ederler. Akciğerde ilk etkilenen bölgeye Ghon odağı denir ve genellikle akciğerin üst lob alt kısmında ya da alt lob üst kısmında yerleşmiştir. Çoğunlukla enfeksiyon burada sınırlandırılır. Ancak bazı bakteriler lenf yoluyla lenf bezlerine kan yoluyla da beyin, böbrek, kemik ve vücudun diğer organlarına yayılabilirler. En az etkilenen organlar kalp, iskelet kasları, pankreas ve tiroid bezidir.

Tüberküloz, granülomatöz inflamatuar durumlardan biri olarak sınıflandırılır. Makrofajlar, T lenfositler, B lenfositler ve fibroblastlar burada görev alırlar. lenfositler, enfekte makrofajları çevreleyerek granülomları oluşturur. Granülom mikobakterilerin yayılmasını engeller ve bağışıklık sistemi hücrelerinin etkileşimi için yerel bir ortam sağlar. Bakteriler granülom içinde atıl hale gelirler ve latent enfeksiyon oluştururlar. Tüberküloz granülomlarının bir başka özelliği, tüberküllerin merkezinde anormal hücre ölümü (nekroz) gelişmesidir. Çıplak gözle doku yumuşak beyaz peynir görünümünde olduğundan kazeöz nekroz olarak adlandırılır.

Özellikleri

Bilinen en eski hastalıklardan biri olmasına, sebebinin kesin olarak bilinmesine, 50 yıldır tedavisinin mümkün olmasına ve üstelik korunulabilir bir hastalık olmasına karşın, hâlâ dünyada en yaygın ve ölümcül bulaşıcı hastalıklardan biri olmaya devam etmekte ve yılda üç milyonu aşkın kişi verem nedeniyle kaybedilmektedir. Yerküre üzerinde yaşayan her üç kişiden birisi tüberküloz ile karşılaşmış ve onunla tanışmış durumdadır. Hâlen yılda 8 milyon yeni verem hastası teşhis edilmektedir.

Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde nüfusun çok büyük bir bölümü Mycobacterium tuberculosis bakterisi ile çocukluğunda karşılaşmıştır. Hastalık fark edilmeden geçirildikten sonra, bakterinin çok dirençli olması nedeniyle, vücutta uyur bir şekilde kalır. Kişinin savunma sisteminin zayıfladığı durumlarda yeniden hastalık oluşturma potansiyeline sahiptir. Hastalanan kişinin tanısı konulduktan sonra mutlaka en az 6 ay süreyle ilaç tedavisi görmesi gerekmektedir. Tedavi ile iyileşme görülen hastalar Verem Savaş Dispanseri 'ne kontrole giderler. Önceleri sık olan kontroller daha sonra hastanın durumuna göre daha seyrek olur.

Alınan etkenler öncelikle primer efekt denilen lezyonları oluşturur. Burada makrofajlar etkenleri fagosite ederek lenf dolaşımı aracılığıyla yakın lenf yumrularına götürür. Burada ise etkene karşı tekrar yangısal bir reaksiyonun oluşturduğu primer kompleks denilen yapılar oluşur. Mekanizma şöyledir: Makrofajlarca fagosite edilen etkenler yüksek virulensa ve barındırdıkları enzimler sayesinde makrofajların ölümüne neden olur. Fagosite edilen etkenlere karşı makrofaj lizozomları peroksidaz, süper oksit dismutaz ve iNOS (Nitrik oksit sentetaz) gibi reaktiflerin yanına defensin adı verilen molekülleri de üretir fakat Mycobacterium etkenlerine karşı bu işlem başarısız olur. Bunu diğer fagositlerin göçü izler. Ölen makrofajlar ve lenfostiler fagositoza devam eder ancak etkenler her defasında bu savunma hücrelerini öldürerek serbest kalır. Bunu izleyen süreçte majrofajların salgıladığı Growth faktörleri ve fibronektik gibi mediatörler bölgeye fibrosit göçünü sağlar. Fibrositler fibrin ve bağ doku üretmeye başlayarak etkeni kapsül içinde (tüberküloz granülomu, Ghon fokusu) sınırlandırmaya çalışır. Tüm bunlar süregelirken granülomun merkezinde nekrotik yani ölü hücrelerden oluşan bir alan vardır. Burada post disftrofik kalsifikasyon sonucu kalsiyum tuzları çöker. Tipik olgunlaşmış bir granülom şunları içerir; merkezde kalsifiye alan, bunun etrafında kazefikasyon nekrozu geçirmiş savunma hücreleri, nekrotik kuşakta histopatolojik tanıda önem taşıyan Langhans tipi dev hücreleri ve en dışta bağ doku kapsülü.

Teşhisi

Hastalığın teşhisi balgamın özel boyalar ile boyandıktan sonra, mikroskopta muayenesi sonunda, hastalık etkeni olan Mycobacterium tuberculosisin gösterilmesi ile konulur. Ayrıca balgamın özel işlemlerden geçirildikten sonra kültüre ekilmesi sonucu, kültürde üremesi de tanıyı kesinleştirir. Bazen, balgam muayenesinde hastalık etkeni görülemez iken, kültürde üreyebilmektedir. Balgam muayenesi hemen sonuç verirken, kültür sonucu iki ay gibi bir süre sonunda elde olunmaktadır. Bazı kültür tekniklerinde daha kısa sürede sonuçlar alınabilmektedir.

Akciğer grafisi en çok görülen form olan akciğer tüberkülozunun tanısında diğer önemli bir testtir. Ayrıca hastalık etkeni ile karşılaşılıp karşılaşılmadığını gösteren PPD testi ya da TDT denilen tüberküloz deri testi yapılır.

Hastalığın sık görülen formlarında balgamın mikroskop altında muayenesi, kültüre ekilmesi, akciğer filmi tanı için çoğunlukla yeterlidir. Ancak bakteriyolojik muayene yapmadan, sadece akciğer filmi ile tanı konulması yeterli değildir.

Tarama
Tüberküloz taramalarında amaç yüksek riskli grupların taranmasıdır. Bu grupta; sağlık çalışanları, verem hastalarının temaslıları, cezaevlerinde kalanlar ve bağışıklığı baskılayan herhangi bir hastalığı olanlar yer alır. Bunun yanında huzurevinde kalanlar, göçmenler, mülteciler, evsizler, alkolikler, ilaç bağımlıları da risk grubu olarak kabul edilir.

Tarama amacıyla akciğer grafileri ve tüberküloz cilt testi kullanılır. Bunlarda patoloji saptananlar ya da semptomu olanlardan balgamda basil araştırılması ve daha ileri incelemeler yapılır.

Tedavisi
Tüberküloz yüksek ihtimalle başarıyla tedavi edilebilen bir hastalıktır. Tedavide rifampisin, izoniazid, pirazinamid ve etambutol içeren antibiyotikler kullanılır. Tedavinin ilk iki ayında bu dört ilaç kullanılmaktadır. İki aydan sonraki dört ayda rifampisin ve izoniazid kullanılmaktadır. Standart tedavi süresi altı aydır. Bunun yanında tedavi süresi; tüberküloz basilinin tuttuğu organ, dirençli basille enfekte olma durumu, nüks ya da kronik vaka olması, eşlik eden diğer hastalıkların varlığı ve hastanın diğer özellikleri dikkate alınarak düzenlenir.

Dış bağlantılar
CDC verem sayfası
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sayfası
WHO Türkiye verem raporu

Kaynakça

Solunum sistemi hastalıkları
Bakteriyel hastalıklar
Enfeksiyon dermatoloji hastalıkları
Zoonoz hastalıklar

Verem


Ulver je norveški glazbeni sastav osnovan 1993. godine u Oslu. U početku je svirao folk/black metal, a danas svira modernu elektroničku glazbu. Osnivač je skupine pjevač Kristoffer Rygg, koji je također osnivač diskografske kuće Jester Records koja izdaje albume skupine.

Povijest

Sastav je 1993. godine osnovao Kristoffer Rygg. Demoalbum Vargnatt objavljen je iste godine. Debitanski album Bergtatt – Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler objavila je diskografska kuća Head Not Found u veljači 1995. Glazbeni stil na albumu odlikuje kombinacija black metala s elementima narodne glazbe, jazza i rocka. Dobio je uglavnom pozitivne kritike.

Drugi studijski album Kveldssanger objavljen je 1996. Prvi je uradak skupine čije su pjesme svirane na akustičnim glazbalima. Nakon objave tog albuma sastav je potpisao ugovor s diskografskom kućom Century Media Records. Treći album Nattens Madrigal – Aatte Hymne til Ulven i Manden objavljen je 1997.  Iste godine prva su tri studijska albuma objavljena kao box set.

Godine 1997. sastavu se pridružio Tore Ylwizaker. Na albumu Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell skupina je počela kombinirati metal s elementima elektroničke glazbe. Od albuma Perdition City sastav svira elektroničku glazbu koja nije povezana s metal-glazbom. Nova glazba Ulvera sadrži elemente jazza, ambijentalne glazbe i trip hopa.

U početku sastav nije svirao uživo, jedino je 1993. održao dva koncerta kojima je podržavao uradak Vargnatt. Godine 2009. počinje i nastupati uživo. Do sada je objavio trinaest studijskih albuma, a Scary Muzak, trenutačno posljednji, objavljen je u listopadu 2021. godine.

Članovi sastava

 Sadašnji članovi

 Kristoffer Rygg – vokal, programiranje (1993. – danas)
 Tore Ylwizaker – klavijature (1998. – danas)
 Jørn H. Sværen – tekstovi, razno (2000. – danas)
 Ole Aleksander Halstensgård – klavijature (2017. – danas)

 Bivši članovi

 Mean Malmberg – bas-gitara (1993.)
 Carl-Michael Eide – bubnjevi (1993.)
 Grellmund – gitara (1993., umro)
 A. Reza – gitara (1993.)
 Haavard – gitara, klavijature (1993. – 1998.)
 Hugh Mingay – bas-gitara (1994. – 1998.)
 AiwarikiaR – bubnjevi, flauta (1994. – 1998.)
 Shagrath – gitara (1994.)
 Aismal – gitara, klavijature (1994. – 1997.)
 Steinar Sverd Johnsen – klavijature (1994.)
 Knut Magne Valle – gitara (1998.)
 Daniel O'Sullivan – gitara, bas-gitara, klavijature (2009. – 2017.)

Diskografija

 Studijski albumi

 Bergtatt – Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (1995.)
 Kveldssanger (1996.)
 Nattens Madrigal – Aatte Hymne til Ulven i Manden (1997.)
 Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998.)
 Perdition City (2000.)
 Blood Inside (2005.)
 Shadows of the Sun (2007.)
 Wars of the Roses (2011.)
 Messe I.X-VI.X (2013.)
 ATGCLVLSSCAP (2016.)
 The Assassination of Julius Caesar (2017.)
 Flowers of Evil (2020.)
 Scary Muzak (2021.)

EP-ovi
 Metamorphosis (1999.)
 Silence Teaches You How to Sing (2001.)
 Silencing the Singing (2001.)
 A Quick Fix of Melancholy (2003.)
 Sic Transit Gloria Mundi (2017.)

 Demoalbumi

 Rehearsal 1993 (1993.)
 Vargnatt (1993.)

 Soundtrack albumi
 Lyckantropen Themes (2002.)
 Svidd neger (2003.)
 Childhood's End (2012.)
 Riverhead (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2016.)

Video albumi
 The Norwegian National Opera (2011.)

Koncertni albumi
 Live at Roadburn (2013.)
 The Norwegian National Opera (2013.)
 Drone Activity (2019.)
 Hexahedron (Live at Henie Oristad Kunstsenter) (2021.)

Split albumi
 Mysticum / Ulver (1994.)

Kompilacije
 The Trilogie – Three Journeyes Through the Norwegian Netherworlde (1997.)
 Teachings in Silence (2002.)
 Oddities and Rarities #1 (2012.)
 Trolsk Sorrmetall 1993-1997 (2014.)

Izvori

Norveški sastavi heavy metala
Sastavi black metala
Elektronički glazbeni sastavi

Ulver


ලැවීනා ගෝපාල් ටන්ඩන්  (උපත 1991 මැයි 14 , ලුධියානා, පන්ජාබ්) යනු ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියකි.

රූපවාහිනිය

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු නිළියෝ
1991 උපත්
ඉන්දියාවේ පන්ජාබයේ නිළියෝ

ලැවීනා ටන්ඩන්


An Sobralia mutisii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso. An Sobralia mutisii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobralia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sobralia

Sobralia mutisii


Altenkrempe er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Ostholstein-Mitte under Kreis Østholsten. Kreis Østholsten ligger i den østlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Ud over Altenkrempe, ligger Hasselburg, Jarkau, Kassau, Klaushorst, Mühlenkamp, Plunkau, Rogerfelde, Sibstin, Sierhagen og Stolpe i kommunen.

Altenkrempe ligger ved motorvejen A1. Kommunen grænser mod øst til søen Binnenwasser, på hvis modsatte bred, byen Neustadt in Holstein ligger.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Byens side   på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten

Altenkrempe


Giuseppe Farinelli (Este, 7 de mayo de 1769 - Trieste, 12 de diciembre de 1836) es un compositor italiano conocido sobre todo por sus óperas. Su verdadero nombre de bautismo era Giuseppe Francesco Finco, pero a continuación adoptó el nombre Farinelli como reconocimiento hacia el célebre cantante.

Biografía
Compositor dramático, maestro de capilla en Turín, comenzó sus estudios musicales bajo la dirección de un maestro llamado Lionelli, luego siguió en Venecia con Martinelli. Admitido a los 16 años, en el 1785, en el Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini en Nápoles, allí tuvo como maestros a Barbiella que le enseñó canto, recibió lecciones de Lorenzo Fago, para el acompañamiento y de Sala y luego de Tritto por la composición. Salió joven de esta escuela, se dedicó a la carrera teatral, y aunque se limitara a imitar el estilo de Cimarosa, obtuvo éxito en casi todas las ciudades de Italia para las cuales escribió. Tras superar el examen final del conservatorio, musicó su primera ópera, Il dottorato di Pulcinella, una comedia en dialecto napolitano. Desde este momento en poco puso en escena muchas óperas (por lo general de carácter cómico) que tuvieron enorme éxito. Tres años después fue el turno de las representaciones de su primer oratorio, Il regno del Messia.

Hacia el año 1810 elige Turín como su residencia habitual, como compositor libre profesional para el Teatro Regio, y allí se quedó hasta el año 1817. Pronto vivió un tiempo en Venecia. Tras el año 1819, dejó de escribir para el teatro y en el mismo periodo, fue elegido maestro de capilla en Trieste, donde murió el 12 de diciembre de 1836, después de haber trabajado como compositor y organista enb la Catedral de San Giusto.

Consideraciones sobre el artista
Como Nicolini, Mazzolini y la mayor parte de los compositores posteriores a Paisiello, Cimarosa y Guglielmi, Farinelli carece de originalidad, sus éxitos se deben principalmente a la buena disposición de las arias y de los números de conjunto, una cantilena natural que durante mucho tiempo ha encontrado el favor del público en Italia. Casi siempre es imitador, pero ha de reconocerse que su imitación es muy afortunada: se puede citar por ejemplo, el dúo que está inserto en Il matrimonio segreto y que durante mucho tiempo se consideró de Cimarosa. Su actividad operística finalizó bruscamente con el advenimiento de Gioachino Rossini. Fue también el autor de diversa música instrumental y sagrada, acciones alegóricas y fiestas teatrales.

Obras
Óperas
Il dottorato di Pulcinella (1792)
L'uomo indolente (1795)
Il nuovo savio della Grecia (1796)
Amore e dovere (1797)
Seldano, duca degli Svedesi (1797)
Antioco in Egitto (1798)
L'amor sincero (1799)
L'amor sincero (1799)
Annetta o La virtù trionfa (1800)
Bandiera d'ogni vento o sia L'amante per forza (1800)
Il Conte Rovinazzo (1800)
La muta per sempre (1800)
Una cosa strana o Amor semplice (1800)
Todero Fabro (1800)
Teresa e Claudio (1801)
Giulietta ossia Le lagrime di una vedova (1802)
Il Cid delle Spagne (1802)
La Pulcella di Rab o Rullo e Dallaton (1802)
Pamela (1802)
Chi la dura la vince (1803)
La caduta della nuova Cartagine (1803)
Un effetto naturale (1803)
Il ventaglio (1803)
I riti di Efeso (1803)
L'inganno non dura (1804)
Oro senza oro o siano Le follie amorose (1804)
La tragedia finisce in commedia (1804)
Il pranzo inaspettato (1804)
Odoardo e Carlotta (1804)
La vergine del sole (1805)
Il finto sordo (1805)
La locanda dell'amore (1805)
Stravaganza e puntiglio (1806)
Attila (1806)
Ines de Castro (1806)
Il testamento o Seicentomille franchi (1806)
L'amico dell'uomo (1806)
Climene (1807)
Calliroe (1808)
La finta sposa ossia Il Barone burlato (1808)
Il colpevole salvato dalla colpa (1809)
L'incognita (1809)
L'arrivo inaspettato (1810)
La terza lettera ed il terzo martinello (1810)
La contadina bizzarra (1810)
Non precipitare i giudizi ossia La vera gratitudine (1810)
Annibale in Capua (1810)
Amor muto (1811)
Idomeneo (1812)
Ginevra degli Almieri (1812)
Lauso e Lidia (1813)
Il matrimonio per concorso (1813)
Caritea regina di Spagna (1814)
Scipione in Cartagena (1815)
Vittorina (1815)
Il vero eroismo ossia Adria (serenata, 1815)
Zoraide (1816)
La Chiarina (1816)
Ser Durando opera buffa (1816-1817)
La Donna di Bessarabia (1817)
Lo sprezzatore schernito (pastiche, 1816)
L'osteria della posta (1830)

Musica sacra
Messa in re a 4 voci
Messa in re a 5 voci
Messa a 2 e 3 voci
Messa pastorale a 4 voci
Messa pastorale in sol a 2 voci
Dixit in do a 2 voci
Dixit in re a 4 voci
Te Deum in la a 4 voci
Te Deum in re a 2 voci
Responsori di S. Antonio a 4 voci
Laudate pueri a 4 voci
Credo a 2 voci
Miserere a 4 voci
Improperia per il venerdì santo a 4 voci
Stabat Mater a 2 voci
Tobias, oratorio

Referencias

Compositores del Clasicismo de Italia
Compositores del Romanticismo de Italia
Compositores de ópera de Italia
Nacidos en Este
Fallecidos en Trieste

Giuseppe Farinelli


Muammer Güler (d. 21 Mart 1949, Mardin), Türk  bürokrat ve siyasetçi, Eski İstanbul Valisi ve Eski Türkiye İçişleri Bakanı. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 61. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde yapılan bir kabine revizyonu ile Ocak 2013-Aralık 2013 tarihleri arasında İçişleri Bakanı olarak yer alan Güler, 2010-2011 yılları arasında KDGM Müsteşarlığı görevini üstlenmiştir. Bu görevinden önce 2003-2010 yılları arasında İstanbul Valiliği yapmıştır.

Hayatı
İlk, orta ve lise öğrenimini Ankara'da tamamlayarak 1972 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu.

İlk kamu görevine 4 Mart 1973 tarihinde Balıkesir'de maiyet memuru (kaymakam adayı) olarak başladı. Sırasıyla Denizli, Çal İlçesi kaymakam vekilliği, Pehlivanköy, Horasan kaymakamlıklarında bulunduktan sonra İçişleri Bakanlığı Personel Şube Müdürlüğü'ne atandı. İçişleri Bakanlığı'nda Şube Müdürü, Daire Başkanı, Personel Genel Müdür Yardımcısı ve Personel Genel Müdürü görevlerinde bulundu.

Personel Genel Müdürü iken 29 Ocak 1992 tarihinde Niğde Valiliği'ne atandı. Daha sonra 27 Eylül 1993 tarihinde Kayseri Valiliği'ne ve 6 Temmuz 1994 tarihinde Gaziantep Valiliği'ne atandı. Bu görevini sürdürürken 28 Temmuz 2000 tarihinde Samsun Valiliği'ne atandı. 30 Ocak 2003 tarihinde İstanbul Valiliği'ne atanarak 17 Şubat 2003 tarihinde görevine başladı. 12 Mayıs 2010 Valiler Kararnamesiyle Kamu Düzeni ve Güvenliği Müsteşarlığı'na atandı. 7 Mart 2011 tarihi itibarıyla Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nden milletvekili olmak amacıyla görevinden istifa etti.

24. Dönem Mardin Milletvekili olarak TBMM'ye girdi. Okan Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyeti üyesi olarak görev yaptı ve İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyeti Onur Üyeliği görevinde bulundu.

Matematik öğretmeni Neval Hanım'la 1977 yılında evlendi. Güler çiftinin Barış ve Burcu adlarında iki çocuğu bulunmaktadır.
24 Ocak 2013'te yapılan kabine revizyonu ile İdris Naim Şahin'in yerine İçişleri Bakanlığı'na getirilmiştir.

17 Aralık yolsuzluk ve rüşvet soruşturması ve Yüce Divan oylaması
Güler, 17 Aralık yolsuzluk ve rüşvet soruşturması kapsamında "rüşvet, görevi kötüye kullanma, ihaleye fesat karıştırma ve kaçakçılık" suçlarını işlediği iddiasıyla" hakkında soruşturma açılan 4 bakan arasında yer aldı. Oğlu Barış Güler bu soruşturma kapsamında gözaltına alındıktan sonra 25 Aralık tarihinde bakanlık görevinden istifa etti. Hakkında cezai soruşturma açılabilmesi için TBMM'ye fezlekeler sunuldu. Mecliste 5 Mayıs 2014'te bu amaçla kurulan komisyon 5 Ocak 2015'e kadar çalışmalarını sürdürdü ve bakanların Yüce Divan'a gönderilmemesi yönünde karar aldı. Mecliste yapılan oylama sonucu bakanların Yüce Divan'a gitmemeleri yönünde karar çıktı. Güler'in oylamasında 241 kabul oyuna karşılık 258 ret oyu kullanıldı. 2017 yılında Halkbank Kapalıçarşı Şubesinde yaşanan yolsuzluk olayının ardından Muammer Güler'in hakkındaki yolsuzluk iddiaları yeniden gündeme gelmiş ve Sözcü gazetesi yazarı Emin Çölaşan tarafından kamuoyu önünde kendisine yanıtlaması için sorular sorulmuştur.

Kaynakça

1949 doğumlular
Mardin doğumlu siyasetçiler
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 24. dönem Mardin milletvekilleri
Yaşayan insanlar
TBMM İçişleri Komisyonu Başkanları
Kamu Düzeni ve Güvenliği müsteşarları
İstanbul valileri
Okan Üniversitesi mütevelli heyeti üyeleri
Gazi Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Muammer Güler


مدينة الملك سعود الطبية حالياً ومجمع الملك سعود الطبي سابقا، يقع في مدينة الرياض عاصمة المملكة العربية السعودية وهو من أقدم وأكبر المجمعات الطبية في مدينة الرياض ويتألف من ثلاث مستشفيات تضم 1500 سرير و8000 موظف، وهي المستشفى العام، مستشفى النساء والتوليد، ومستشفى الأطفال، بالإضافة لمركز الأسنان ومركز الملك فهد لمرضى الفشل الكلوي.

النشأة ومراحل التأسيس

وزع معالي وزير الصحة -سابقاً- الدكتور رشاد فرعون الدعوة لحضور حفل افتتاح مستشفى الملك سعود الأول بالرياض، في صباح اليوم الثامن من شهر ربيع الثاني لعام (1376هـ-1956م) بسعة سريرية قدرها (450) سريراً، تحت رعاية الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز الذي تفضل بدفع تكاليف التشييد والبناء والتأثيث والتجهيز، وكان المستشفى يضم أقسام الإسعاف، والأمراض الباطنية، والعظام، والجراحة العامة، والنساء والولادة، والأطفال، والمختبر، والصيدلة، والأشعة، والتحصين الوقائي، ويعمل فيه طاقم طبي من ألمانيا، وفي عام (1382هـ) افتتح مبنى العيادات الخارجية، وفي عام (1384هـ) خلال فترة تولي معالي الدكتور يوسف الهاجري وزارة الصحة تم تغيير اسم المستشفى إلى مستشفى الرياض المركزي، وتم في نفس العام افتتاح مبنى مركز الدرن والأمراض الصدرية ومبنى المختبر المركزي وبنك الدم، وفي عام (1389هـ) تم افتتاح مستشفى النساء والولادة ومستشفى الأطفال، وفي عام (1395هـ) تم افتتاح مبنى وحدة أمراض الكلى، وعام (1398هـ) نقلت أقسام أمراض الباطنية لمبنى مستقل مؤقت، وفي عام (1405هـ) تم افتتاح مبنى مركز طب الأسنان بسعة سريرية قدرها (16) سريراً، وفي عام (1413هـ) دمجت كل من مستشفى الرياض المركزي ومستشفى النساء والولادة ومستشفى الأطفال بإدارة وحدة وأطلق عليها اسم مجمع الرياض الطبي. في عام (1431هـ) وخلال فترة تولي معالي الوزير الدكتور عبد الله الربيعة بتاريخ 26/11/1431 هـ تم تغيير مسمى «مجمع الملك سعود الطبي» إلى «مدينة الملك سعود الطبية». وشكل له مجلس إدارة إشرافي مباشر بالوزارة بتاريخ (1419/12/30هـ).

وخلال النهضة الصحية التي تشهدها المملكة أخذت وزارة الصحة في تطوير المدينة الطبية ليواكب مستشفيات الدول المتقدمة ويضاهيها، حيث كان يعد في فترة من الفترات من أكبر مرافق وزارة الصحة، إذ تبلغ سعته السريرية حوالي (1400) سرير، ويقوم بمعالجة جميع الحالات المرضية، حيث يبلغ عدد مراجعيها في العام الواحد مايقارب المليون مراجع ومراجعة، كما يبلغ عدد مراجعي إسعافاته الثلاثة (العام، النساء والولادة، والأطفال) مايقارب النصف مليون مريض ومريضة، وتبلغ عدد العمليات الجراحية الكبرى التي تجري سنوياً (18) ألف عملية لجميع الحالات المرضية ماعدا القلب المفتوح.

أقسام المجمع

قسم الإسعاف والطوارئ
ونظراً لما يقدمه هذا المجمع الطبي من خدمات طبية واسعة ومميزة وتدريبية لطلاب وطالبات كلية الطب والطب المساعدة والمعاهد الفنية المختلفة، وتنفيذه للعديد من الأنشطة التثقيفية الصحية واستقباله أعداداً كبيرة من الحالات المحولة إليه، لما لديه من إمكانيات علاجية كبيرة يقدمها لمرضى منطقة الرياض، ومختلف مناطق المملكة، من خلال قسمين حيويين هما قسم الإسعاف والطوارئ، حيث يستقبل الحالات الإسعافية على مدار الساعة.

قسم العيادات الخارجية
وقسم العيادات الخارجية الذي يستقبل المرضى المحولين من المراكز الصحية والمستشفيات داخل مدينة الرياض ومستشفيات منطقة الرياض ومختلف مناطق المملكة، ويحتوي قسم العيادات الخارجية التخصصات التالية: الجراحة العامة، وجراحة العظام، جراحة المخ والأعصاب، وجراحة المسالك البولية، جراحة الصدر، جراحة التجميل والحروق، جراحة الأنف والأذن والحنجرة، أمراض العيون وجراحتها، أمراض الباطنة، أمراض القلب، أمراض الكبد، أمراض الأعصاب، أمراض الروماتيزم، أمراض الدم والأورام، أمراض السكري، أمراض الجلدية والتناسلية، التخدير وعلاج الألم، وعيادة الرعاية الأولية، عيادة التغذية وعيادات المشورة، وعيادة العقم.

أقسام العناية المركزة

تعد أقسام العناية المركزة في مدينة الملك سعود الطبية أول أقسام هذا الفرع من الطب في المملكة، وقد بدأ العمل بها في أوائل عام (1393هـ) بعد أن وقع الاختيار على أحد المواقع في الطابق الأول من المستشفى العام، وتم ترميم الموقع وإعداده بسعة ستة أسرة جهزت بأجهزة مراقبة الوظائف الحيوية للمرضى سواء السريرية أو المركزية والتي ترصد بصفة مستمرة ضغط الدم والنبض والتنفس ودرجة الحرارة، إضافة إلى العديد من الأجهزة الطبية التي تمليها الحاجة، كما اختيرت نوعية خاصة من أعضاء الفريق الطبي للعمل في هذا القسم من أطباء وهيئة تمريض وفنيين وفئات مساعدة، حيث دُربت تدريباً مميزاً يتناسب مع ما يتطلبه القسم واحتياج المرضى المنومين به من رعاية طبية وتمريضية مكثفة، ومنذ شهر شوال من عام (1394هـ) بدأ القسم في استقبال المرضى من جميع أقسام المستشفى، وكذلك من مستشفى النساء والولادة، ومستشفى الأطفال علاوة على المرضى المحالين من العديد من المستشفيات الأخرى.

ونتيجة للجهود المكثفة من قبل المسؤولين بوزارة الصحة واهتمام إدارة المدينة الطبية الدائم والمتابعة الدؤوبة لتطوير العناية، لما تمليه الحاجة لهذه الخدمة الطبية والتمريضية أخذت السعة السريرية في الازدياد والتوسع، في عام (1398هـ) اختير موقع جديد إضافة إلى السابق بسعة (6) أسرة أخرى، وذلك لمرضى الإصابات المتعددة إثر الحوادث المرورية وغيرها ليصبح بذلك عدد الأسرة الكلي (12) سريراً، حيث جهزت الأسرة الستة المضافة في القسم الجديد بمتطلبات هامة وأجهزة ولوازم طبية.

وفي تلك الفترة أنشأت وحدة عناية مركزة في مستشفى النساء والولادة بسعة (6) أسرة، وعناية مركزة أخرى في مستشفى الأطفال، وفي عام (1400هـ) أنشئ في قسم الأمراض الباطنية للمستشفى العام وحدة عناية مركزة لمرضى القلب سعة (24) أسرة، مجهزة بما يتطلبه الوضع لتقديم الخدمة العلاجية اللازمة للمرضى في القسم، وفي عام (1404هـ) أنشئت وحدة عناية مركزة لمرضى جراحة المخ والأعصاب بسعة (6) أسرة، وفي عام (1406هـ) تم افتتاح وحدة علاج مركز للحروق بسعة (14) سريراً، وزودت الوحدة باللوازم والأجهزة التي تتطلبها نوعية المرضى وإصاباتهم.

يتضح مما سبق أن السعة السريرية للعناية المركزة عند إنشائها عام (1394هـ) كانت (6) أسرة واستمر التوسع في نوعية العناية المركزة وزيادة السعة السريرية، وأصبح يوجد حالياً بالمجمع وحدات العناية المركزة كما يلي:

- العناية المركزة العامة (GENERD. ICU).

- العناية المركزة للقلب (CORANARY. ICU).

- العناية المركزة لجراحة المخ والأعصاب (NEURO. ICU).

لتصل بذلك السعة السريرية لوحدات العناية المركزة بالمستشفى العام (141) سريراً، بالإضافة لوجود العناية المركزة للحروق (BURN. ICU) بسعة (8) أسرة، وحدة نزيف الجهاز الهضمي (HMU) بسعة (4)أسرة. كما يوجد في مستشفى الأطفال (6) أسرة عناية مركزة للأطفال، وكذلك (6) أسرة عناية مركزة في مستشفى النساء والولادة، وبذلك يصبح إجمالي عدد أسرة العناية المركزة في مدينة الملك سعود الطبية أكثر من مائة وستون سريراً.

وجار العمل حالياً لتحديث وتوسعة قسم العناية المركزة بالمستشفى العام، ليواكب التطورات المستمرة في مجال العناية المركزة وعلاج الحالات المرضية الحرجة، حيث بدأ العمل لإنشاء مبنى جديد في الجهة الشمالية من الموقع الحالي للعناية المركزة، ليصبح القسم -إن شاء الله- بعد التوسعة والتحديث والتطوير وزيادة عدد أسرته من (24) سريراً إلى (41) سريراً، وسيكون القسم على درجة عالية من الجودة والكفاءة والأداء وتجهيزه بأفضل وأحدث ما نتج من أجهزة مراقبة، وظائف حيوية للمرضى من ضغط دم وتنفس وتخطيط للقلب ونبض القلب ودرجة الحرارة ونسبة أكسجين الدم، بالإضافة إلى الأجهزة الحيوية العديدة التي تلزم هذا القسم الفائقة الأهمية.

وحدة تنظير الجهاز الهضمي

افتتحت وحدة تنظير الجهاز الهضمي عام (1403هـ)، وتعتبر الآن من أكبر الوحدات بالمملكة بالنسبة لحجم العمل، حيث يتم يومياً وعلى مدار (6) أيام إجراء ما معدله (20) عملية تنظير لتغطية الحالات الروتينية والإسعافية، كما تقوم الوحدة بإجراء توسيع القنوات الهضمية، وقياس تركيز الحموضة في القناة الهضمية العلوية، وعلاج البنكرياس، والالتهاب المزمن للبنكرياس، وسرطان البنكرياس، وتفتيت الحصوات المرارية، والتنظير المراري، وتوسيع التضيقات والتصريف الدمي في حالة التسربات بعد إجراء العمليات الجراحية للجهاز المراري، وعمل القسطرة ووضع الأنابيب في الحالات الحميدة والخبيثة، وفي حالة انسداد القنوات البنكرياسية وكذلك تنظير الجهاز الهضمي العلوي، سواءً للتشخيص أو العلاج، بالإضافة إلى إيقاف نزيف قرحة المعدة أو الإثني عشر بطرق مختلفة، كذلك معالجة الحالات الصعبة المحالة للمجمع من المراكز الأخرى باستخدام الليزر، كما هو معمول به في المراكز العالمية المتطورة، كما يتم إيقاف النزيف من دوالي المريء بواسطة الحقن أو الربط، وكذلك حقن دوالي المعدة والإثني عشر، سواء بمادة لاصقة أو غيرها، واستئصال الزوائد اللحمية من القناة الهضمية العلوية وأخذ العينات لجميع الإصابات.

وحدة العمود الفقري

تجري وحدة العمود الفقري في قسم جراحة العظام بمدينة الملك سعود الطبية العديد من العمليات الجراحية الكبرى والصعبة، حيث يتم إجراء عمليتين جراحيتين إلى ثلاث عمليات في اليوم الواحد، كما تواجه الوحدة ضغطاً شديداً بالمرضى المحالين من معظم المستشفيات، وإلحاح المرضى وذويهم بالمعالجة في الوحدة، وذلك للسبق الذي حققته وتحققه الوحدة من نتائج ظاهرة وحقيقية على المرضى الذين عولجوا بالوحدة بفضل الله، ثم بفضل ماوفرته حكومتنا الرشيدة -حفظها الله- من أجهزة وإمكانات تفوق مايتوفر من بعض مستشفيات الدول المتقدمة.

مركز التأهيل الطبي

ويضم مركز التأهيل كلاً من: قسم العلاج الطبيعي، وقسم الأطراف الاصطناعية، وقسم النطق والتخاطب والبلع، ويستقبل قسم العلاج الطبيعي جميع الحالات المحوله من أقسام المجمع المختلفة بالإضافة إلى الحالات المحولة من مستشفيات المملكة الأخرى. ويعمل بالقسم كادر طبي مؤهل من اخصائيين وفنيين موزعين على الأقسام الداخلية للمجمع وكذلك بالعيادة الخارجية للعلاج الطبيعي. فقسم العلاج الطبيعي يستقبل مايقارب 130مريض يوميا من رجال/نساء/أطفال منهم 15-25 مريض جديد والباقي متابعه، وهذا يعكس أهمية المجمع جغرافياً وطبياً ليستقبل هذا العدد ويوفر لهم خدمات التأهيل بأنواعها. أما قسم الأطراف فيوفر الجبائر الطبية والأطراف الاصطناعية والأجهزة التعويضية، ويتم إعادة تحويل المرضى لقسم العلاج الطبيعي لتأهيل المرضى وتدريبهم على تلك الأطراف. ومن خلال هذا القسم يقوم بإصدار بطاقات للمعاقين (بطاقه تخفيض طيران وبطاقه تسهيل مرورية).

مركز الملك فهد الخيري للكلى

وتبلغ سعته (104) أسرة، ويعمل على مدار الأربع والعشرين ساعة، ويعد ضمن أكبر وحدات الكلى بالمملكة، حيث يقدم خدماته التشخيصية والعلاجية لعدد كبير من المرضى المصابين بالفشل الكلوي.

قسم الأشعة

تم تطوير قسم الأشعة ليصبح من أحدث أقسام الأشعة بالمملكة، حيث يمكنه عمل جميع وأصعب الفحوصات الشعاعية والصوتية والرقمية والطبقية وبالرنين المغناطيسي.
المشروعات التطويرية

تطوير وتوسعة المجمع
وجرى تشغيل مبنى أقسام الأمراض الباطنية (البرج الطبي) المكون من ثمانية أدوار، والذي بلغت تكلفة إنشائه (69.505.823) ريالاً، خلال مدة ثلاث سنوات، كما تم تحديثه وتطويره وتنظيمه، إلى جانب ترميم وتطوير الصيدلية الخارجية وتجهيزها بجميع المستلزمات الطبية والمعملية والأثاث اللازم لذلك، وتم إنشاء وحدة خاصة لتحضير الأدوية السرطانية الكيميائية على أفضل الأسس والمعايير العملية المتبعة في ذلك، وقد تم تدريب عدد من الصيادلة في مستشفى الملك فيصل التخصصي للعمل في هذه الوحدة، كما تم تحويل نظام تسجيل الوصفات من تدوين بالسجلات إلى رصده على أجهزة الكمبيوتر في جميع الأقسام الصيدلية.

كما تم تحديث الأثاث اللازم لأقسام وغرف التنويم بالمستشفى العام، وتم ترميم جميع أقسام التنويم وقسم الإسعاف بالمستشفى العام، بالإضافة إلى تطوير قسم جراحة العظام الذي يحوي على ما يقارب (140) سريراً. الذي يُعد من أكبر أقسام العظام في المملكة، ويجري ما يقارب خمسين عملية أسبوعياً، والتي هي في أغلبها من العمليات الرئيسية والهامة في مختلف تخصصات جراحة العظام، وتم إنشاء وحدة للأطراف الصناعية والأجهزة التعويضية، كما تم تجهيز قسم الأمراض الجلدية بأحدث الأجهزة الطبية وهي: جهاز ليزر لعلاج الصدفية والبهاق، وجهاز ليزر لعلاج الوحمات الوعائية، جهاز ليزر لعلاج الوحمات البنية وعلامات الولادة والوشم، جهاز ليزر لعلاج الشعر الزائد، جهاز ليزر لإزالة أورام الجلدية الحميدة، وجهاز التقشير الكرستالي، وعلاج التعرق الزائد بواسطة حقن البوتكس، وتم تأمين جهاز تحميص أشعة الأسنان، وجهاز موتر برد الأسنان، وجهاز فرن لعمل البروسلين، وجهاز برد عالي السرعة، وتجهيز عيادة الأنف والأذن والحنجرة بوحدة تشخيصية متطورة ومختبر النطق، وكبينة عازلة للصوت، وجهاز قياس ضغط الأذن، وجهاز فحص الحنجرة، وعدداً من المشاريع التطويرية التي تعود بالنفع على المرضى وذويهم.

احصائيات المستشفى

أوضحت الإحصائية السنوية لأعوام (1423/1422/1420هـ) أن المرضى والمراجعين لمجمع الرياض الطبي يزيد عددهم على المليون مراجع ومريض، حيث بلغ عام (1420هـ) عدد المرضى والمراجعين (1071224) مريضاً ومراجعاً، وتم إجراء (10560) عملية جراحية كبرى، وتمت ولادة (11671) مولوداً ومولودة، وخلال عام (1421هـ) بلغ عدد المرضى والمراجعين الذين استقبلهم مدينة الملك سعود الطبية (1062250) مريضاً ومراجعاً، وتم إجراء (10372) عملية جراحية كبرى، واستقبلت غرف الولادة (11671) مولوداً ومولودة، وفي عام (1422هـ) تم استقبال (1037571) مريضاً ومراجعاً، وتم إجراء (32576) عملية جراحية كبرى إلى جانب ولادة (11893) مولوداً ومولودة.

المختبر الإقليمي وبنك الدم بالرياض
افتتح في عام (1384هـ) بإدارة مدير المختبر الإقليمي وبنك الدم الدكتور/ عبد الوهاب بن جمعه، ويعتبر المختبر الإقليمي مركزاً هام للمختبرات بمنطقة الرياض وتضم حوالي 15 قسماً، وهي شعبة تنظيم المختبرات وقسم الصحة العامة وقسم علم أمراض الدم وقسم الكيمياء الحيوية وقسم الطفيليات وقسم الجراثيم وقسم الدرن وقسم المصليات وقسم الفيروسات وقسم المناعة وقسم الوراثة وإدارة الجودة النوعية وقسم الهرمونات وقسم PCR وقسم الPOLY وبنك الدم المركزي.

المسمى الجديد
في الثالث من نوفمبر عام (2010 م)صدرت توجيهات خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود بالموافقة على استبدال مسمى مجمع الملك سعود الطبي إلى (مدينة الملك سعود الطبية) بالرياض.

انظر أيضًا
 الرعاية الصحية في المملكة العربية السعودية

مراجع

الصحة في الرياض
تأسيسات سنة 1956 في السعودية
مبان ومنشآت في الرياض
مباني مستشفيات اكتملت في 1956
مدن طبية سعودية
مستشفيات أسست في 1956
مستشفيات السعودية

مدينة الملك سعود الطبية


Los cachemires son un pueblo del norte del subcontinente indio. Habitan en el estado indio de Jammu y Cachemira, principalmente en el valle de Cachemira. También viven en el territorio pakistaní de Azad Cachemira. Constituyen una población de cerca de 7,197,587 de personas en diversos territorios. La mayoría de cachemires son musulmanes, aunque también hay un importante número de cachemires hinduistas. A un cachemir hinduista se le conoce como cachemir pandit.

El idioma cachemir o koshur es una "lengua dárdica noroestense de la rama indo-aria de la subfamilia indo-irania".

Referencias

Pueblos de India

Cachemires


FHC may refer to:

Education
 Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School, in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
 Flat Hat Club, an American fraternity
 Forest Hill College, in Australia
 Forest Hills Central High School, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
 Francis Howell Central High School, in St. Charles, Missouri, United States

Other uses
 Family History Center (LDS Church), a branch of the Family History Library of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), 34th President of Brazil from 1995 to 2003
 Field Hockey Canada, a sports organization
 Financial holding company, a bank holding company or company which owns several finance-industry companies
 Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome, a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease
 Fixed-head coupé, an automobile form
 Flying Heritage Collection, an American aviation museum
 Free Hugs Campaign, a social movement
 Frölunda HC, a Swedish ice hockey club
 Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), an enzyme
 Fremont Hotel and Casino, in Las Vegas

FHC


Anthony is a common male given name.

Anthony may also refer to:

Awards

 Anthony Awards, literary awards
 Tony Awards, theatre awards

Locations

United Kingdom
 Antony, Cornwall (usage varies)

United States
 Anthony, Florida
 Anthony, Indiana
 Anthony, Kansas
 Anthony, New Jersey
 Anthony, New Mexico
 Anthony, Texas

People
 Anthony (surname)

Saints and clerics

 St. Anthony the Great, of Egypt, 4th-century founder of Christian monasticism
 St. Anthony the Hermit (Antony of Lerins), 5th-century hermit of Italy and Gaul
 St. Anthony of Kiev, founder of Russian monasticism
 St. Anthony of Padua, considered the greatest miracle worker of the thirteenth century, also known as Anthony of Lisbon
 St. Antoninus of Florence, archbishop of Florence

Monarchs
 Anthony I of Portugal, (known commonly as António, Prior of Crato, 1531–1595), disputed King of Portugal and the Algarves
 Antoine of Navarre (also known as Anthony of Navarre, 1518–1562), King of Navarre and Duke of Bourbon
 Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (1489–1544)
 Anton of Saxony (also known as Anthony of Saxony, 1755–1836)), King of Saxony

Other
 Anthony (film editor) (born 1973), Indian film editor
 Anthony (writer) (born 1984), Chinese author
 Anthony Ler (1967–2002), Singaporean convicted murderer

Fictional characters
 Anthony (comics), Indian comic book character
 Anthony (Encantadia), fictional character in Encantadia

See also
Antoine
Antony (disambiguation)
Anton (disambiguation)
Antonia (disambiguation)
Antonio
Antonius
Saint Anthony (disambiguation)
Tony (disambiguation)

Anthony (disambiguation)