Learned helplessness is the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It was initially thought to be caused by the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness, by way of their discontinuing attempts to escape or avoid the aversive stimulus, even when such alternatives are unambiguously presented. Upon exhibiting such behavior, the subject was said to have acquired learned helplessness.

In humans, learned helplessness is related to the concept of self-efficacy: the individual's belief in their innate ability to achieve goals. Learned helplessness theory is the view that clinical depression and related mental illnesses may result from a real or perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

Foundation of research and theory

Early experiments

American psychologist Martin Seligman initiated research on learned helplessness in 1967 at the University of Pennsylvania as an extension of his interest in depression.  This research was later expanded through experiments by Seligman and others. One of the first was an experiment by Seligman & Overmier:  In Part 1 of this study, three groups of dogs were placed in harnesses. Group 1 dogs were simply put in a harness for a period of time and were later released. Groups 2 and 3 consisted of "yoked pairs". Dogs in Group 2 were given electric shocks at random times, which the dog could end by pressing a lever. Each dog in Group 3 was paired with a Group 2 dog; whenever a Group 2 dog got a shock, its paired dog in Group 3 got a shock of the same intensity and duration, but its lever did not stop the shock. To a dog in Group 3, it seemed that the shock ended at random because it was their paired dog in Group 2 that was causing it to stop. Thus, for Group 3 dogs, the shock was "inescapable".

In Part 2 of the experiment, the same three groups of dogs were tested in a shuttle-box apparatus (a chamber containing two rectangular compartments divided by a barrier a few inches high). All of the dogs could escape shocks on one side of the box by jumping over a low partition to the other side. The dogs in Groups 1 and 2 quickly learned this task and escaped the shock. Most of the Group 3 which had previously learned that nothing they did had any effect on simply lay down passively and whined when they were shocked.

In a second experiment later that year with new groups of dogs, Maier and Seligman ruled out the possibility that, instead of learned helplessness, the Group 3 dogs failed to avert in the second part of the test because they had learned some behavior that interfered with "escape". To prevent such interfering behavior, Group 3 dogs were immobilized with a paralyzing drug (curare) and underwent a procedure similar to that in Part 1 of the Seligman and Overmier experiment. When tested as before in Part 2, these Group 3 dogs exhibited helplessness as before. This result serves as an indicator for the ruling out of the interference hypothesis.

From these experiments, it was thought that there was to be only one cure for helplessness. In Seligman's hypothesis, the dogs do not try to escape because they expect that nothing they do will stop the shock. To change this expectation, experimenters physically picked up the dogs and moved their legs, replicating the actions the dogs would need to take in order to escape from the electrified grid. This had to be done at least twice before the dogs would start willfully jumping over the barrier on their own. In contrast, threats, rewards, and observed demonstrations had no effect on the "helpless" Group 3 dogs.

Later experiments
Later experiments have served to confirm the depressive effect of feeling a lack of control over an aversive stimulus. For example, in one experiment, humans performed mental tasks in the presence of distracting noise. Those who could use a switch to turn off the noise rarely bothered to do so, yet they performed better than those who could not turn off the noise. Simply being aware of this option was enough to substantially counteract the noise effect. In 2011, an animal study found that animals with control over stressful stimuli exhibited changes in the excitability of certain neurons in the prefrontal cortex.  Animals that lacked control failed to exhibit this neural effect and showed signs consistent with learned helplessness and social anxiety.

Expanded theories
Research has found that a human's reaction to feeling a lack of control differs both between individuals and between situations, i.e. learned helplessness sometimes remains specific to one situation but at other times generalizes across situations. Such variations are not explained by the original theory of learned helplessness, and an influential view is that such variations depend on an individual's attributional or explanatory style. According to this view, how someone interprets or explains adverse events affects their likelihood of acquiring learned helplessness and subsequent depression. For example, people with pessimistic explanatory style tend to see negative events as permanent ("it will never change"), personal ("it's my fault"), and pervasive ("I can't do anything correctly"), and are likely to suffer from learned helplessness and depression.

In 1978, Lyn Yvonne Abramson, Seligman, Paul and John D. Teasdale reformulated Seligman's & Paul's work, using attribution theory. They proposed that people differed in how they classified negative experiences on three scales, from internal to external, stable to unstable, and from global to specific. They believed that people who were more likely to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes were more likely to become depressed than those who attributed things to causes at the other ends of the scales.

Bernard Weiner proposed a detailed account of the attributional approach to learned helplessness in 1986. His attribution theory includes the dimensions of globality/specificity, stability/instability, and internality/externality:

 A global attribution occurs when the individual believes that the cause of negative events is consistent across different contexts.
 A specific attribution occurs when the individual believes that the cause of a negative event is unique to a particular situation.
 A stable attribution occurs when the individual believes the cause to be consistent across time.
 An unstable attribution occurs when the individual thinks that the cause is specific to one point in time.
 An external attribution assigns causality to situational or external factors,
 while an internal attribution assigns causality to factors within the person.

Research has shown that those with an internal, stable, and global attributional style for negative events can be more at risk for a depressive reaction to failure experiences.

Neurobiological perspective
Research has shown that increased 5-HT (serotonin) activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a critical role in learned helplessness. Other key brain regions that are involved with the expression of helpless behavior include the basolateral amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala and
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Activity in medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, septum and hypothalamus has also been observed during states of helplessness.

In the article, "Exercise, Learned Helplessness, and the Stress-Resistant Brain", Benjamin N. Greenwood and Monika Fleshner discuss how exercise might prevent stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. They show evidence that running wheel exercise prevents learned helplessness behaviors in rats. They suggest that the amount of exercise may not be as important as simply exercising at all. The article also discusses the neurocircuitry of learned helplessness, the role of serotonin (or 5-HT), and the exercise-associated neural adaptations that may contribute to the stress-resistant brain. However, the authors finally conclude that "The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this effect, however, remain unknown. Identifying the mechanisms by which exercise prevents learned helplessness could shed light on the complex neurobiology of depression and anxiety and potentially lead to novel strategies for the prevention of stress-related mood disorders".

In developmental psychology the order of various stages of neurobiological development is important.  From this perspective there are two different kinds of "helplessness" that appear at different stages of development.  In early development, the infant is naturally helpless and must learn "helpfulness" toward mature neurophysiology.  The "helplessness" that appears after maturation is what is properly termed "learned helplessness", although some researchers conflate this infantile form of "helplessness" with the pathological, adult, form.

Health implications
People who perceive events as uncontrollable show a variety of symptoms that threaten their mental and physical well-being. They experience stress, they often show disruption of emotions demonstrating passivity or aggressivity, and they can also have difficulty performing cognitive tasks such as problem-solving. They are less likely to change unhealthy patterns of behavior, causing them, for example, to neglect diet, exercise, and medical treatment.

Depression
Abnormal and cognitive psychologists have found a strong correlation between depression-like symptoms and learned helplessness in laboratory animals. Steven Maier, a professor from the University of Colorado, states that a model of depression could be caused by "impaired medial prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over stress-responsive limbic and brainstem structures." Comorbidity between psychological disorders and learned helplessness may be due to stressful events. Maier also mentions depression may not be the only mental illness that this involves, which could link to other mental illnesses. Similarly, the National Institutes of Health, in 2021, looked at a wide range of depressive models. It highlights the learned helplessness model. The model allows one to predict depressive symptoms because of its high rates of overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder, which is the leading research in the article, "Overlapping neurobiology of learned helplessness and conditioned defeat: Implications for PTSD and mood disorders."

(See Neurobiological perspective section above for further information on this article)

Young adults and middle-aged parents with a pessimistic explanatory style often suffer from depression. They tend to be poor at problem-solving and cognitive restructuring and demonstrate poor job satisfaction and interpersonal relationships in the workplace. Those with a pessimistic style can have weakened immune systems. It includes increased vulnerability to minor ailments (e.g., cold, fever) and major illnesses (e.g., heart attack, cancers). It can also cause poorer recovery from health problems.

Social impact

Learned helplessness can be a factor in a wide range of social situations.
In emotionally abusive relationships, the victim often develops learned helplessness. This occurs when the victim confronts or tries to leave the abuser only to have the abuser dismiss or trivialize the victim's feelings, pretend to care but not change, or impede the victim from leaving. As the situation continues and the abuse gets worse, the victim will begin to give up and show signs of this learned helplessness. This often results in a traumatic bonding with one's victimizer, as in Stockholm syndrome or Battered woman syndrome.
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder.
According to Gregory Bateson's theory of schizophrenia, the disorder is a pattern of learned helplessness in people habitually caught in double binds in childhood. In such cases, the double bind is presented continually and habitually within the family context from infancy on. By the time the child is old enough to have identified the double bind situation, it has already been internalized, and the child is unable to confront it. The solution then is to create an escape from the conflicting logical demands of the double bind, in the world of the delusional system (see in Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia – Illustrations from Clinical Data).
The motivational effect of learned helplessness is often seen in the classroom. Students who repeatedly fail may conclude that they are incapable of improving their performance, and this attribution keeps them from trying to succeed, which results in increased helplessness, continued failure, loss of self-esteem and other social consequences. This becomes a pattern that will spiral downward if it continues to go untreated.
Child abuse by neglect can be a manifestation of learned helplessness. For example, when parents believe they are incapable of stopping an infant's crying, they may simply give up trying to do anything for the child. This learned helplessness will negatively impact both the parent and child.
Those who are extremely shy or anxious in social situations may become passive due to feelings of helplessness . Gotlib and Beatty (1985) found that people who cite helplessness in social settings may be viewed poorly by others, which tends to reinforce passivity.
Aging individuals may respond with helplessness to the deaths of friends and family members, the loss of jobs and income, and the development of age-related health problems. This may cause them to neglect their medical care, financial affairs, and other important needs.
According to Cox et al., Abramson, Devine, and Hollon (2012), learned helplessness is a key factor in depression that is caused by inescapable prejudice (i.e., "deprejudice"). Thus: "Helplessness born in the face of inescapable prejudice matches the helplessness born in the face of inescapable shocks."
According to Ruby K. Payne's book A Framework for Understanding Poverty, treatment of the poor can lead to a cycle of poverty, a culture of poverty, and generational poverty. This type of learned helplessness is passed from parents to children. People who embrace this mentality feel there is no way to escape poverty and so one must live in the moment and not plan for the future, trapping families in poverty.

Social problems resulting from learned helplessness may seem unavoidable to those entrenched. However, there are various ways to reduce or prevent it. When induced in experimental settings, learned helplessness has been shown to resolve itself with the passage of time. People can be immunized against the perception that events are uncontrollable by increasing their awareness of previous experiences, when they were able to affect the desired outcome. Cognitive therapy can be used to show people that their actions do make a difference and bolster their self-esteem. Seeking out these types of treatment options can be extremely helpful for people stuck in a rut when it comes to learned helplessness. While it may initially feel hard to escape, with the proper time and help, it can get better.

Extensions
Cognitive scientist and usability engineer Donald Norman used learned helplessness to explain why people blame themselves when they have a difficult time using simple objects in their environment.

The U.S. sociologist Harrison White has suggested in his book Identity and Control that the notion of learned helplessness can be extended beyond psychology into the realm of social action. When a culture or political identity fails to achieve desired goals, perceptions of collective ability suffer.

Emergence in the political atmosphere
In a political setting, learned helplessness is involved when a voter votes for a candidate and that candidate does not win. If this happens over time, it can lead to learned helplessness. When this does occur, it can often lead to having fewer voters in the future. However, Wollman & Stouder (1991) found that there was not a significant finding between situation-specific efficacy and predictive behavior of voting.

Emergence under torture
Studies on learned helplessness served as the basis for developing American torture methods. In CIA interrogation manuals, learned helplessness is characterized as "apathy" which may result from prolonged use of coercive techniques which result in a "debility-dependency-dread" state in the subject, "If the debility-dependency-dread state is unduly prolonged, however, the arrestee may sink into a defensive apathy from which it is hard to arouse him."

See also

References

External links

 An introductory article on "Learned Helplessness" at noogenesis.com
 An in-depth discussion of "Learned Helplessness" with helpful charts and graphs at University of Plymouth's "Study and Learning Materials On-line"

 Scholarly Prowess or Learned Helplessness? The Case of Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools in Kazakhstan

Behavioral concepts
Motivation
Ethology
Psychological attitude
Psychology experiments

Learned helplessness


Clara Elisabeth Andersen (født 13. maj 1826 i København, død 28. august 1895) var en dansk forfatter, dramatiker og oversætter. Hun var en af Danmarks mest populære dramatikere i 1800-tallet.

Clara Andersen var datter af Caspar Heinrich Bernhard Andersen (1790-1832), musiker i Det Kgl. Kapel, og skuespillerinden Birgitte Andersen, født Olsen (1791-1875). Hun begyndte at skrive dramatik fra tidlig alder og sendte 1848 stykket En Evadatter til forfatteren Henrik Hertz, som opmuntrede hende til at fortsætte med at skrive. Med hjælp af skuespilleren Frederik Høedt fik hun den opført på Hofteatret 1855-1856 med ham som hovedrolleindehaver. Det var på det tidspunkt det eneste stykke skrevet af en kvinde som opførtes på teateret. Stykket fik overvejende positiv kritik af landets teateranmeldere og var en succes. Hendes mest kendte stykke var dog Rosa og Rosita fra 1862 og som opførtes på Det Kongelige Teater med stor succes. Stykket blev opført på teatre rundt om i Danmark samt også i Wien, Berlin, Breslau og Kristiania.

Hun skev også novellesamlingen Noveller (1855) og romanen Kastaniebaandet (1861), begge under pseudonymet Paul Winther.

Hun oversatte endvidere stykker af Louis Benoît Picard, Joseph Bernard Rosier og Alexandre Dumas til dansk.

Bibliografi
 En Evadatter (1848)
 Noveller (1855) - novellesamling
 En Velgjørers Testament (1858)
 Kastaniebaandet (1861) - roman
 En Theaterhistorie under Ludvig XIV (1862)
 Rosa og Rosita (1862)
 En nyttig Onkel (1866)
 Grøn Fødselsdag (1870)
 De lykkeligste Børn (1871)
 Sandt og Usandt (1873)
 Irons Jagt (1876)

Referencer

Litteratur
 Jytte Larsen (red.) (2001). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. København: Rosinante.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Clara Andersen på Dansk Forfatterleksikon

Dramatikere fra Danmark
Novelleforfattere fra Danmark
Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Oversættere fra Danmark
Personer fra København
Forfattere fra Danmark i det 19. århundrede

Clara Andersen


Paulo Henrique (født 21. februar 1972) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder JEF United Ichihara og Vegalta Sendai.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Paulo Henrique


Mesekenhagen er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Landhagen i den nordvestlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Mesekenhagen er beliggende omkring fem kilometer nordvest for Greifswald, nord for floden Ryck. Mesekenhagen ligger ved Greifswalder Bodden og går fra Gristower Wiek til Kooser See. Bundesstraße B 105, den tidligere B 96 fra Greifswald til Stralsund, går gennem kommunen. Jernbanen mellem Stralsund og Greifswald går gennem kommunen, men banegården er nedlagt.
I kommunen ligger ud over Mesekenhagen, landsbyerne Brook, Frätow, Gristow, Groß Karrendorf, Kalkvitz og Kowall.
Halvøen Fahrenbrink er fredet som et Naturschutzgebiet.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Befolkningsstatistik

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Landhagen
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Mesekenhagen


Ograničena ili specijalna transdukcija je oblik transdukcije pomoću umjerenih (temperiranih) faga. Ovdje se prenosi samo ograničeni broj gena bakterije u blizini ugradnje profaga.
Nađena je kod faga lambda i E. coli. Analogna je spolnoj dukciji (izrezivanje F plazmida integriranog u Hfr genom). To znači da je ovisna o grješci prilikom izrezivanja (indukcije) profaga, kad iz bakterijskog kromosoma. Grješka je takva da profag zahvaća dio bakterijskog kromosoma. Zahvaćeni profag izlazi van i ulazi u litički ciklus. Ovakav defektni fag može zaraziti ine bakterijske stanice, prigodom čega prenosi i bakterijske gene stanici domaćina pa dolazi do rekombinacije. S obzirom na to da se profag uvijek na isto mjesto u bakterijski kromosom ugrađuje, pa prenosi samo ograničeni broj bakterijskih gena prigodom indukcije. Zato ova vrsta transdukcije nije pogodna za kartiranje bakterijskih gena.

Izvori

Genetika

Ograničena transdukcija


Svjetsko prvenstvo u reliju 2016. bila je 44. sezona FIA Svjetskog prvenstva u reliju. Uključivala je 13 reli utrka.

Titulu svjetskog prvaka obranio je Sébastien Ogier u automobilu Volkswagen Polo R WRC, a momčadska titula je pripala također ponovno momčadi Volkswagen Motorsport. Za vozača i momčad bila je to četvrta uzastopna titula.

Poredak vozača

Poredak momčadi

 2016

Svjetsko prvenstvo u reliju 2016.


La valla é uma série distópica espanhola produzida pela Atresmedia em colaboração com a Good Mood Productions para a Antena 3. Estrelou Olivia Molina, Unax Ugalde, Ángela Molina, Abel Folk e Eleonora Wexler. Foi apresentado no Atresplayer Premium a 19 de Janeiro de 2020 e estreou na Antena 3 a 10 de Setembro de 2020. Além disso, um dia após a sua emissão, Netflix estreia o episódio.

Em Portugal, a série é exibida na SIC Mulher.

Sinopse
Esta série é ambientada em Espanha em 2045. Estamos perante uma grave escassez de recursos naturais, que levou os Estados a tornarem-se regimes ditatoriais, que prometeram à população a sobrevivência de todos os cidadãos. No decorrer da série, uma das razões pelas quais a Espanha é uma ditadura foi revelada: teve lugar uma Terceira Guerra Mundial em que foram utilizadas armas letais, como as armas nucleares, como se pode ver nas paisagens devastadas que aparecem no ecrã, especificamente na cidade de Madrid, que é onde o enredo tem lugar.

Como o país está sob o domínio autocrático, a vida rural torna-se relativamente impossível, trazendo assim o seu núcleo para o centro da cidade, que está dividido em duas partes fortemente fechadas: o Sector 1, que é a parte do governo e da população no poder; e o Sector 2, que é a parte do resto da população (classes média e baixa). A única maneira de passar de um lado da cidade para o outro é atravessar a "cerca" que separa os dois sectores, a qual é protegida por controlos policiais exaustivos. Quem desejar atravessar esta vedação precisa de uma razão muito forte para o poder fazer.

Juntamente com estes acontecimentos, a série revela também uma epidemia que está a afectar o mundo inteiro e que tornará a missão dos protagonistas muito difícil.

É aqui que encontramos a história da família principal, formada por Julia (Olivia Molina), Hugo (Unax Ugalde) e Emilia (Ángela Molina). Esta família luta para recuperar a pequena Marta (Laura Quirós), filha de Hugo, que foi deixada nas mãos do governo.

Esta série conta uma história de sobrevivência e grandes segredos, na qual as personagens principais vão achar a sua missão realmente difícil.

Elenco

Principal

 Unax Ugalde – Hugo Mujica
 Olivia Molina – Julia Pérez Noval / Sara Pérez Noval
 Eleonora Wexler – Alma López-Durán
 Abel Folk – Luis Covarrubias

 Com a colaboração de:

 Ángela Molina – Emilia Noval

Secundário

 Daniel Ibáñez – Alejandro "Álex" Mujica
 Laura Quirós – Marta Mujica Pérez
 Belén Écija – Daniela Covarrubias López-Durán
 Juan Blanco – Carlos Castillo
 Yaima Ramos – Manuela
 Elena Seijo – Rosa
 Manu Fullola – Coronel Enrique Jiménez
 Ángela Vega – Begoña Sánchez
 Cristina Soria – Enfermera (Episódio 1 - Episódio 4; Episódio 6 - Episódio ¿?)
 Pilar Bergés – Funcionaria registro (Episódio 1; Episódio 3)
 Óscar de la Fuente – Fernando Navarro (Episódio 1 - Episódio 2; Episódio 4 - Episódio 13)
 Marcelo Converti – Alejo López-Dávila (Episódio 6; Episódio 9; Episódio 10; Episódio 11; Episódio 12; Episódio 13)
 Berta Castañé – Sol (Episódio 1 - Episodio 2)
 Carmen Esteban – Abuela de Sol † (Episódio 1 - Episódio 2)
 Irene Arcos – Emilia Noval joven (Episódio 1; Episódio 3)
 Luna Fulgencio – Julia Pérez Noval niña (Episódio 1; Episódio 6)
 Pere Molina - Jacobo Martínez de los Ríos "Presidente" (Episódio 1; Episódio 7; Episódio 12 - Episódio 13)
 Iván Chavero – Sergio Covarrubias López-Durán (Episódio 2 - Episódio ¿?)
 Alina Nastase – Chica espía † (Episódio 3)
 Nicolás Illoro – Iván Covarrubias López-Durán (Episódio 3 - Episódio ¿?)
 Antonio Arcos – Ladrón † (Episódio 6)
 Aitor Bertrán – Álvaro Maiztegui † (Episódio 6)
 María Hervás – Clara (Episódio 7 - Episódio 8)
 Javier Abad – Álvaro Maiztegui (joven) (Episódio 8)
 Jaime Zataraín – Luis Covarrubias (joven) (Episódio 8)

Referências

La valla


Babett Peter (født 12. maj 1988) er en tysk fodboldspiller. Hun spiller som forsvarsspiller for spanske Real Madrid i Primera División og har tidligere spillet for Tysklands kvindefodboldlandshold. Hun var med til at vinde guld ved OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro med det tyske landshold og har desuden været med til at vinde både VM og EM.

Karriere

Klub
Peter spillede som barn i den lokale klub i fødebyen Oschatz, inden hun i 2003 kom til 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. Her debuterede hun på klubbens førstehold i 2004. I vinterpausen 2005-2006 skiftede hun til 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, hvor hun spillede til 2012. Hun opnåede 138 kampe for klubben og scorede 17 mål, og hun var med til at sikre klubben fem tyske mesterskaber, en pokalsejr samt Champions League-sejr, sidstnævnte i 2010. Herefter skiftede hun til 1. FFC Frankfurt, hvor hun i løbet af to sæsoner fik 26 kampe og scorede et mål. I 2014 skiftede hun videre til VfL Wolfsburg, og her spillede hun 95 kampe og scorede syv mål. Hun bidrog til klubbens tre "double"-triumfer i træk, da de vandt pokalen og mesterskabet 2017, 2018 og 2019. I 2019 skiftede hun videre til CD Tacón (som senere blev til Real Madrids kvindehold).

Hendes kælenavn er "Hulk", som hun har fået på grund af sin fysiske fremtoning.

Landshold
Babett Peter spillede på en række af de tyske ungdomslandshold, og hun var med til at vinde EM for U/19-landshold i 2006. Hun debuterede på A-landsholdet 9. marts 2006 i en venskabskamp mod . Hun var udtaget til truppen til VM-slutrunden 2007, men fik ikke spilletid i turneringen, hvor tyskerne blev verdensmestre. Ved OL 2008 i Beijing var hun med på holdet, der blev nummer to i indledende runde og derpå besejrede  i kvartfinalen (2-0 efter forlænget spilletid), hvorpå de tabte i semifinalen til  med 1-4. I kampen om tredjepladsen vandt tyskerne 2-0 over  og sikrede sig dermed bronzemedaljerne, mens  vandt guld foran Brasilien.

Hun var en del af Tysklands trup til sommer-OL 2016. Her gik Tyskland med nød og næppe videre fra indledende runde efter nederlag til  og uafgjort mod , men derpå besejrede de  i kvartfinalen (1-0) og fik revanche mod Canada i semifinalen med en sejr på 2-0, inden de  blev olympiske mestre med finalesejr på 2-1 over .

Hun indstillede sin landsholdskarriere i foråret 2019, efter at have spillet 118 kampe og scoret otte mål.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Tyskland
Deltagere for Tyskland ved sommer-OL 2008
Medaljevindere fra Tyskland ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Tyskland
Olympiske mestre fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra Real Madrid Femenino
Fodboldspillere fra VfL Wolfsburg (kvinder)

Babett Peter


El cucarachero peruano (Cinnycerthia peruana)  es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae. Es endémico del Perú donde habita en el bosque húmedo montano subtropical y tropical.

Taxonomía
Anteriormente se consideraba al cucarachero de Sharpe o cucarachero sepia (C. olivascens) y el reyezuelo leonado (C. fulva) como subespecies, pero con los tres bajo el nombre común de cucarachero sepia.

Distribución
Actualmente se define al cucarachero peruano como ave endémica de la densa vegetación de los bosques húmedos andinos del Perú.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cinnycerthia
Aves endémicas de Perú
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis
Animales descritos en 1873

Cinnycerthia peruana


Anna Krauja Čena (født 1981 i Riga) er en lettisk lyrisk sopran.

Som 12-årig vandt hun en sangkonkurrence afholdt i Letlands Nationalteater, hvor hun fremførte en sang af den lettiske komponist Imants Kalniņš. Sejren ansporede hende til at blive sanger. Hun studerede på Jāzepa Vītola Latvijas Mūzikas akadēmija (det lettiske musikakademi) og på Sibeliusakademiet. I 2007 spillede hun rollen som Achille i Deidamia på Letlands Nationalopera, og i 2009 spillede hun Dalinda i Ariodante på Alexanderteateret i Helsinki.

Hun optrådte i 2009 solo ved Beigangs Internationale Musikfestival i Taiwan, og hun har spillet musicals, fx fortælleren i Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.

Referencer

Sangere fra Letland
Sopraner

Anna Krauja


Collage   භාෂාවෙන්  , "මැලියම් කිරීමට" හෝ "එකට ඇලවීමට";  ) යනු කලා නිර්මාණ ශිල්පීය ක්‍රමයක් වන අතර එය මූලික වශයෙන් දෘශ්‍ය කලාවේ භාවිතා වේ, නමුත් සංගීතයේ ද, විවිධ ස්වරූපවල එකලස් කිරීමකින් කලාව ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස නව සමස්තයක් නිර්මාණය කරයි. ( පැස්ටිච් සමග සසඳන්න, එය එකට "ඇලවීම" වේ.)

කොලේජ් එකකට සමහර විට සඟරා සහ පුවත්පත් කැබලි, රිබන්, තීන්ත, වර්ණ හෝ අතින් සාදන ලද කඩදාසි කැබලි, වෙනත් කලා කෘතිවල කොටස් හෝ පෙළ, ඡායාරූප සහ වෙනත් සොයාගත් වස්තූන්, කඩදාසි කැබැල්ලක හෝ කැන්වසයක ඇලවීම ඇතුළත් විය හැකිය. කොලෙජ් වල මූලාරම්භය වසර සිය ගණනකට පෙර සොයා ගත හැක, නමුත් මෙම ශිල්පීය ක්‍රමය 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නව්‍යතාවයේ කලා ආකෘතියක් ලෙස නාටකාකාර ලෙස නැවත දර්ශනය විය.

Papier colle යන පදය ජෝර්ජස් බ්‍රේක් සහ පැබ්ලෝ පිකාසෝ යන දෙදෙනාම විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ 20 වැනි සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී කොලෙජ් නූතන කලාවේ සුවිශේෂී අංගයක් වූ විටය.

Collage


Yapraklı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Elbistan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 169 km, Elbistan ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Elbistan'ın mahalleleri

Yapraklı, Elbistan


مارتينوس فيلتمان  عالم فيزياء هولندي متخصص في الفيزياء النظرية، حاصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء بالمشاركة مع العالم الفيزيائي الهولندي أيضا جيرارت هوفت لعام 1999. والجائزة هي تقدير لعملهما في مجال نظرية الجسيمات الأولية.

ولد مارتينوس فيلتمان في 27 يونيو 1931 في مدينة فالفايك بهولندا.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص مرتبطون بسيرن
أشخاص من فالفايك
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الروسية للعلوم
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الملكية الهولندية للفنون والعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة أوتريخت
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميشيغان
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
خريجو جامعة أوتريخت
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء فيزياء الجسيمات
علماء من ميشيغان
فيزيائيو القرن 20
فيزيائيو القرن 21
فيزيائيون نظريون
فيزيائيون هولنديون
فيزيائيون هولنديون في القرن 20
فيزيائيون هولنديون في القرن 21
قادة وسام أسد هولندا
مواليد 1923
مواليد 1931
مواليد في فالفايك
هولنديون حازوا جائزة نوبل

مارتينوس فيلتمان


The captains regent (Italian: Capitani reggenti) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino. They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the country's legislative body. Normally the Regents are chosen from parties in coalition and they serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year. This tradition dates back at least to 1243.

The practice of dual heads of government (diarchy) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic, equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome. The captains regent are not heads of government, but only heads of state without executive power.

History

The establishment of the regency took place during the first half of the 13th century, when they had the role of managing justice, a task similar to the competence of magistrates. During that period they were called consuls, which derived from ancient Rome. The first two known consuls were elected on 12 December 1243 by the Grand and General Council with a six-month term which is still used today.

At the end of the 13th century, the name of the institution started to change, as one took the title of "captain" and the other one of "defender", then in 1317 they became captain and rector. One usually belonged to the upper class, to guarantee the possession of skills necessary to govern the Republic with competence, and one to the working class.

In 1972, a law was passed to abolish all the restrictions which prevented women from taking public positions. A woman, Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini, was elected Captain Regent for the first time on 1 April 1981. On 1 April 2017, for the first time two women, Vanessa D'Ambrosio and Mimma Zavoli, concurrently occupied the posts of Captains Regent, until their term ended on 1 October 2017.
As of 1 April 2020, after electing its 18th female Captain Regent, San Marino is the country with the most female heads of state in the world (however, many other countries have had a female head of state for longer than the combined 10.5 years of these 18 captains regent).

Election
The Captains Regent are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, and they usually belong to opposite parties to grant a minimal amount of balance and an equal supervision. The electoral procedure is disciplined by a 1945 law, which is mainly based on the Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini of 1600.

The pair is elected if it achieves an absolute majority; there is a second ballot if no pair gets enough votes.

Eligibility
To be eligible for election the candidate should have the following requirements:
 Citizenship from birth (jus sanguinis)
 Be at least 25 years old
 Be a member of the Grand and General Council
 Not have been captain regent in the last three years

Investiture
The investiture ceremony takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year, and is described by Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini. In the morning, in the Piazza della Libertà, the Sammarinese Armed Forces are assembled and the flag-raising ceremony takes place. The newly elected Captains Regent then proceed from the Palazzo Pubblico to the Basilica of San Marino where a High Mass is celebrated by the Bishop of San Marino in celebration of their assumption of office. The entourage returns to the Palazzo, where the official address is made and the elected Captains Regent are sworn in according to the oath describes in the Statutes of 1600. The outgoing Captains Regent place the collar of the Order of San Marino on the new Captain Regents, finalizing the transfer of power. The swearing in ends as the band plays the National Anthem and the outgoing Captains Regent afterward take their leave. The Procession then heads to Palazzo Valloni for the assumption of the Captain's Throne and the residency.

Finally, the Armed Forces assemble once more for a flag lowering ceremony.

Power
The Regency is considered the supreme office of the Republic. The Captains Regent are the head of state, a function which they carry out as a single body, with a reciprocal right of veto. They have the right to be addressed with the honorific title of Excellency.

The Captains Regent are impartial and their power is mainly symbolic, as their main duty is to represent the country and to guarantee the constitutional order. They supervise the Grand and General Council, the Congress of State and the Council of XII but without any right to vote or to decide. They dissolve the parliament when the legislature is over or when it is unable to form a stable government. The Captains Regent also have the power to promulgate and order the publication of the laws approved by the Grand and General Council.

Regency Syndicate
The Captains Regent cannot be prosecuted in any way during their mandate, at the end of which they are subject to the Regency Syndicate. This judgement, established by the Statutes of 1499, is now fulfilled by the Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules, following the revision of the Declaration on the Citizens' Rights. The procedure provides that, within fifteen days after the conclusion of their mandate, every citizen registered in the electoral lists may submit claims against the Captains Regent "for what they have and have not done" during their mandate.

List of captains regent

See also
San Marino
Politics of San Marino
Grand and General Council
Congress of State

References

External links
 Republic of San Marino - Captains Regent

Politics of San Marino

1243 establishments in Europe
Collective heads of state

Captains Regent


Joseph Kabila Kabange (d. 4 Haziran 1971), daha çok Joseph Kabila olarak bilinir, babası Laurent-Désiré Kabila'nın 2001 yılının ocak ayında suikast sonucu ölmesinden sonra Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'de 2001 ile 2019 yılları arasında devlet başkanlığı makamında bulunmuştur.

27 Kasım 2006'da doğrudan seçim yoluyla göreve gelen ilk Kongolu cumhurbaşkanı olmayı başarmıştır. 2011 yılında,  ikinci bir dönem için yeniden cumhurbaşkanı seçildi..

Joseph Kabila, iktidara geldiğinden bu yana, komşu Uganda ve Ruanda hükûmetleri tarafından desteklenen doğu Kongo ve iç isyancı güçler ile sürekli savaşlarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır.

Kabila'nın görev süresi, 2006 yılında kabul edilen anayasa uyarınca 20 Aralık 2016'da sona erecekti. Yetkililer seçimlerin Kasım 2016'da yapılacağını önermişti. Hükûmet ve muhalefet 2017 yılının sonuna kadar seçimin düzenlenmesi konusunda bir anlaşmaya varmasına rağmen seçimin çok maliyetli olması nedeniyle Maliye Bakanı tarafından seçimlerin 2017 yılında yapılamayacağını ilan etti. Görev süresi planlanan görev süresinin tamamlanmasının ardından Joseph Kabila'nın istifa etmeyi reddetmesi sonrasında Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nde protesto gösterileri patlak verdi ve 30'tan fazla kişi hükûmetin güvenlik güçleri tarafından öldürülmüştür.

2018 yılında gerçekleştirilen seçimlerde ardılı olarak seçilen Félix Tshisekedi'ye 24 Ocak 2019 tarihi itibarıyla görevi devrederek makamdan ayrılmıştır.

Bir dönem özel danışmanlığını yapan Pierre Lumbi, COVID-19 sebebiyle ölmüştür.

Ekim 2021'de Joseph Kabila, Johannesburg Üniversitesi'nde mezuniyet tezini savundu. Beş yıl süren eğitiminin sonunda kendisine siyaset bilimi ve uluslararası ilişkiler alanında yüksek lisans derecesi verildi.

Kaynakça

1971 doğumlular
Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti devlet başkanları
Yaşayan insanlar
Devlet başkanlarının çocukları

Joseph Kabila


A British comic is a periodical published in the United Kingdom that contains comic strips. It is generally referred to as a comic or a comic magazine, and historically as a comic paper.

British comics are usually comics anthologies which are typically aimed at children, and are published weekly, although some are also published on a fortnightly or monthly schedule. The two most popular British comics, The Beano and The Dandy, were released by DC Thomson in the 1930s. By 1950 the weekly circulation of both reached two million. Explaining the enormous popularity of comics in British popular culture during this period, Anita O'Brien, director curator at London's Cartoon Museum, states:  "When comics like The Beano and Dandy were invented back in the 1930s – and through really to the 1950s and 60s – these comics were almost the only entertainment available to children."

In 1954, Tiger comics introduced Roy of the Rovers, the hugely popular football based strip recounting the life of Roy Race and the team he played for, Melchester Rovers. The stock media phrase "real 'Roy of the Rovers' stuff" is often used by football writers, commentators and fans when describing displays of great skill, or surprising results that go against the odds, in reference to the dramatic storylines that were the strip's trademark. Other comics such as Eagle, Valiant, Warrior, Viz and 2000 AD also flourished. Some comics, such as Judge Dredd and other 2000 AD titles, have been published in a tabloid form. Underground comics and "small press" titles have also appeared in the UK, notably Oz and Escape Magazine. While the bestselling comics in the UK have historically been native products, American comic books and Japanese manga are also popular.

Overview

The description comics derived from the names of popular titles such as Comic Cuts, and from the fact that in the beginning all the titles presented only comical (i.e. humorous) content.

British comics typically differ from the American comic book.  Although historically they shared the same format size, based on a sheet of 30 x 22 inch imperial paper, folded, British comics have moved away from this size, adopting a standard magazine size. Until that point, the British comic was also usually printed on newsprint, with black or a dark red used as the dark colour and the four colour process used on the cover. The Beano and The Dandy both switched to an all-colour format in 1993.

Originally aimed at the semi-literate working class (in that it replaced the text-based stories of the story papers with picture-based stories, which were less challenging for a poorly educated readership), the comic gradually came to be seen as childish (in part because, due to gradual improvements in public education, children were eventually the only remaining market for a format designed to be unchallenging for the reader). Hence by the mid 20th Century it was being marketed exclusively towards children.

Historically, strips were of one or two pages in length, with a single issue of a comic containing upwards of a dozen separate strips, featuring different characters. In more recent times, strips have become longer and have tended to continue over a number of issues and periods of time.

Whilst some comics contained only strips, other publications such as Jackie have had a slightly different focus, providing their girl readers with articles about, and photographs of, pop stars and television/film actors, plus more general articles about teenage life, whilst throwing in a few comic strips for good measure. For boys there were, historically, similar publications based upon soccer, such as Shoot!, which featured non-fiction picture articles about popular footballers, league clubs, and general football news, accompanied by a limited range of football-based comic strips.

In British comics history, there are some extremely long-running publications such as The Beano and The Dandy published by D. C. Thomson & Co., a newspaper company based in Dundee, Scotland. The Dandy began in 1937 and The Beano in 1938. The Beano is still going today while The Dandy ceased print publication in 2012. The Boys' Own Paper, another long-running publication which was aimed at boys in a slightly older age group, lasted from 1879 to 1967.

There has been a continuous tradition, since the 1950s, of black and white comics, published in a smaller page size format, many of them war titles such as Air Ace, inspiring youngsters with tales of the exploits of the army, navy and Royal Air Force, mainly in the two world wars. There have also been some romance titles and some westerns in this format.

On 19 March 2012, the British postal service, the Royal Mail, released a set of stamps depicting characters and series from British comics. The collection featured The Beano, The Dandy, Eagle, The Topper, Roy of the Rovers, Bunty, Buster, Valiant, Twinkle and 2000 AD.

History

19th century

In the 19th century, story papers (containing illustrated text stories), known as "penny dreadfuls" from their cover price, served as entertainment for British children. Full of close-printed text with few illustrations, they were essentially no different from a book, except that they were somewhat shorter and that typically the story was serialised over many weekly issues in order to maintain sales.

These serial stories could run to hundreds of instalments if they were popular. And to pad out a successful series, writers would insert quite extraneous material such as the geography of the country in which the action was occurring, so that the story would extend into more issues. Plagiarism was rife, with magazines profiting from competitors' successes under a few cosmetic name changes. Apart from action and historical stories, there was also a fashion for horror and the supernatural, with epics like Varney the Vampire running for years. Horror, in particular, contributed to the epithet "penny dreadful". Stories featuring criminals such as 'Spring-Heeled Jack', pirates, highwaymen (especially Dick Turpin), and detectives (including Sexton Blake) dominated decades of the Victorian and early 20th-century weeklies.

Comic strips—stories told primarily in strip cartoon form, rather than as a written narrative with illustrations—emerged only slowly.  Scottish-born newspaper proprietor James Henderson began publishing  Funny Folks in 1874.  Writer Denis Gifford considered Funny Folks to be the first British comic, though at first it tackled topical and political subjects along the same lines as Punch.  The magazine was heavily illustrated, with cartoons by John Proctor, known as Puck, among others, and benefitted from innovations in the use of cheap paper and photographic printing.  Ally Sloper's Half Holiday (1884) is regarded as the first comic strip magazine to feature a recurring character (Ally Sloper). This strip cost one penny and was designed for adults. Ally, the recurring character, was a working-class fellow who got up to various forms of mischief and often suffered for it.

In 1890 two more comic magazines debuted before the British public, Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips, both published by Amalgamated Press. These magazines notoriously reprinted British and American material, previously published in newspapers and magazines, without permission. The success of these comics was such that Amalgamated's owner, Alfred Harmsworth, was able to launch the Daily Mirror and the Daily Mail newspapers on the profits.

Comics were also published as accompaniments to women's magazines at the end of the century. Jungle Jinks, which held the honor of being the longest running British comic until 1954, first appeared in 1898 as a supplement to Home Chat; drawn by Mabel F. Taylor, it was the first anthropomorphic animal British comic.

20th century

Over the next thirty years or so, comic publishers saw the juvenile market as the most profitable, and thus geared their publications accordingly, so that by 1914 most comics were standalone booklets aimed at eight- to twelve-year-olds.

The interwar period is notable mainly for the publication of annuals by Eagle Press, and also the emergence of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd. D. C. Thomson launched both The Beano and The Dandy in the late 1930s, which thrived during the Second World War. Their successful mix of irreverence and slapstick led to many similar titles, notably Buster, Topper and Beezer. However the originators of this format have outlasted all rivals, and The Beano is still published today.

In the early 1950s, "lurid American 'crime' and 'horror comics' reached Britain", prompting what in retrospect has been characterised as a moral panic.  Copies of Tales from the Crypt and The Vault of Horror, which arrived as ballast in ships from the United States, were first only available in the "environs of the great ports of Liverpool, Manchester, Belfast and London", but by "using blocks made from imported American matrices", British versions of Tales from the Crypt and The Vault of Horror were printed in London and Leicester (by companies like Arnold Book Company)  and sold in "small back-street newsagents."  The ensuing outcry was heard in Parliament, and at the urging of the Most Reverend Geoffrey Fisher, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Major Gwilym Lloyd George, the Home Secretary and Minister of Welsh Affairs, and the National Union of Teachers, Parliament passed the Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955. The act prohibited "any book, magazine or other like work which is of a kind likely to fall into the hands of children or young persons and consists wholly or mainly of stories told in pictures (with or without the addition of written matter), being stories portraying (a) the commission of crimes; or (b) acts of violence or cruelty; or (c) incidents of a repulsive or horrible nature; in such a way that the work as a whole would tend to corrupt a child or young person into whose hands it might fall." Although the act had a sunset clause, in 1969 the Act was made permanent, and continues to be in force today, represented, for example, in the Royal Mail prohibition against mailing horror comics and the matrices used to print them.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the most popular comic for older age-group boys was Eagle published by Hulton Press. Eagle was published in a more expensive format, and was a gravure-printed weekly. This format was used originally by Mickey Mouse Weekly during the 1930s. Eagle's success saw a number of comics launched in a similar format — TV Century 21, Look and Learn and TV Comic being notable examples. Comics published in this format were known in the trade as "slicks." At the end of the 1960s, these comics moved away from gravure printing, preferring offset litho due to cost considerations arising from decreasing readership.

However, the boys' adventure comic was still popular, and titles such as Valiant and Tiger, published by IPC Magazines, saw new adventure heroes become stars, including Roy of the Rovers who would eventually gain his own title. Odhams Press was a company that mainly printed (adventure-oriented) new material; it also reprinted American Marvel Comics material in its Power Comics line, which included the titles Smash! and Fantastic.

By 1970 the British comics market was in a long-term decline, as comics lost popularity in the face of the rise of other popular pastimes for children. Initially, the challenge was the rising popularity of television, a trend which the introduction of colour television to Britain during 1969 set in stone. In an effort to counter the trend, many publishers switched the focus of their comics to television-related characters. The television shows of Gerry Anderson, such as Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, had begun this in the mid-1960s with the launch of tie-in comics such as TV Century 21 and Lady Penelope, which included strips related to Anderson's TV shows (as well as other popular programs of the era). Polystyle Publications already published a TV-related comic for young children called TV Comic, and in 1971 moved into the older market with Countdown (later retitled TV Action). The teenage market saw Look-in magazine feature strips solely based on popular television programs.

Another strand of the reaction to television was the launch of comics focused entirely on association football (a sport as popular as television amongst boys), with titles such as Shoot and Scorcher and Score. Those comics that didn't compete with the popularity of television began to close down, merging with the few survivors.

In the 1970s very few boys' comics in the "slick" format were launched, although Polystyle's Countdown was one exception, launching in 1971 with content similar to TV21 (which had disappeared by then) and TV Comic. Vulcan, a reprint title, was another, in 1976. Girls' titles which had launched in the slick format in the 1960s continued in that format into the 1970s; and others, such as Diana and Judy, changed to become slicks. They found themselves in the same market as teenage titles for girls such as Boyfriend and Blue Jeans, which had changed their content and were featuring mainly product-related articles and photo comics.

In 1972, Marvel set up a publishing arm in the UK, Marvel UK, reprinting American superhero strips. These proved extremely popular, and a range of weekly titles was being published by 1975. So much so that in 1976 the parent company briefly published a minimal amount of new material specifically for the UK market in Captain Britain. The American reprint material proved to be more successful and continued to appear into the 1980s, at which stage Marvel UK also began diversifying into home-produced original material, both UK-originated strips featuring American created characters such as Captain Britain, the Hulk and the Black Knight, and wholly original strips like Night Raven. They also began producing television-based material, initially with Doctor Who Weekly, launched in 1979.

In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, the underground comics movement inspired two new comics in the UK: Oz and Nasty Tales were launched with the underground premise of counter-culture rebellion. Oz notoriously featured the children's character Rupert the Bear performing sexual acts. Both magazines were tried at the Old Bailey under the Obscene Publications Act because of their content. The Oz defendants were convicted, although the conviction was overturned on appeal. The Nasty Tales defendants were cautioned. However, both these comics ceased publication soon after their trial, as much due to the social changes at the end of the counter-culture movement as any effect of the court cases. These were always adult magazines, not aimed at the mainstream children's market.

In the mid-1970s, British comics became more action-oriented. The first such title to be launched was Warlord in 1974. Published by DC Thomson, it proved to be a success, and led to its then-rival, IPC Magazines Ltd, producing Battle Picture Weekly, a comic notably grimmer in style than its competitor. Battle's success led to IPC launching another, similarly styled title, Action, which became a success too but also became controversial, due to its violent content, such as a front cover illustration which appeared to show armed children beating up a helpless police officer. Complaints about its tone eventually led to questions being asked in the House of Commons. As a result, and despite the comics' popularity, IPC decided to drastically tone down the content after 36 issues, and issue 37 was pulped. When it returned to newsstands it was far less violent, which neutered the comic's appeal. The title quickly declined and was merged with Battle.

Action's position as the UK's most popular title was taken over by 2000 AD, a science-fiction comic launched in 1977 by IPC. Created as a comic for older boys, it also held appeal for teenage and even adult readers. In the 1960s IPC began to source comic art from Spain, mainly for financial reasons. This trend was continued through to the launch of 2000 AD. Carlos Ezquerra is the most notable Spanish artist to have worked in British comics, having worked on both Battle and 2000 AD, and is credited with the creation of the look of Judge Dredd.

Star Wars Weekly, published by Marvel UK, launched in 1977, lasted until 1986. In 1982 Eagle was relaunched, this time including photo comics, but still with Dan Dare as the lead story. The comic moved it from the front page to the centre pages to allow a more magazine-style cover.

In 1978 The Adventures of Luther Arkwright by Bryan Talbot began serialisation in Near Myths (and continued in other comics after that title folded). Luther Arkwright was later collected as a graphic novel, and has been called the first British graphic novel.

In 1982 Dez Skinn launched Warrior, possibly the most notable comic of the period, as it contained both the Marvelman and V for Vendetta strips, by Alan Moore. Warrior was a British equivalent of Heavy Metal magazine. Marvelman was a Captain Marvel clone that Skinn acquired, although the legality of that acquisition has been questioned. In Moore's hands, the strip became an "adult" style superhero, and was later reprinted, with the story continued, in an American full-color comic, with the name changed from "Marvelman" to "Miracleman" to avoid any lawsuits that Marvel Comics may have considered. Eventually, Warrior succumbed to copyright issues.

Adult comics also witnessed a slight resurgence with psst!, an attempt to market a French-style monthly bande dessinée, and Escape magazine, published by Paul Gravett, former psst! promotions man.  Escape featured early work from Eddie Campbell and Paul Grist, amongst others.  Neither comic managed to survive in the vagaries of the comics market, Escape beset by lack of publisher interest.

During this period a number of smaller publishers were formed to provide inventive publications appealing to niche markets. Congress Press was one of these companies, releasing titles such as Birthrite, Heaven & Hell and a graphic novel, Spookhouse. Other small publishers of the era included Harrier Comics (1984–1989) and Acme Press (1986–1995).

Most of the surviving titles published by IPC, Fleetway, and DC Thomson were merged into each other in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as the popularity of comics waned further in response to a surge in the popularity of television (a popularity which received another major boost from the late 1970s onward as domestic videocassette recorders became available), and due to the popularity of video games (as inexpensive home computers such as the ZX Spectrum, mainly used for gaming, became available from 1980). Although new comics titles were launched in this period, none seemed to find a sustainable audience.

Notable comics of the period included Deadline, Toxic!, Crisis, and Revolver. Deadline was conceived by Steve Dillon and Brett Ewins, and mixed original strips with reprints of U.S. strips, notably Love & Rockets, and articles and interviews on the British independent music scene of the time. Tank Girl was its most notable strip. Crisis was published by Fleetway Publications, a company formed from IPC's comics holdings. It was aimed at readers who had outgrown 2000 AD, and featured first works by Garth Ennis and Sean Phillips amongst others.

One publication of that period did find an audience. Viz began life in 1979 as a fanzine style publication, before, in 1989, becoming the biggest selling comic in the country. Based upon bad taste, crude language, crude sexual innuendo, and the parodying of strips from The Dandy (among them Black Bag – the Faithful Border Bin Liner, a parody of The Dandy's Black Bob series about a Border Collie), the popularity of Viz depended entirely upon a variant of Sixties counter-culture; and it promptly inspired similarly themed titles, including Smut, Spit!, Talking Turkey, Elephant Parts, Gas, Brain Damage, Poot!, UT and Zit, all of which failed to achieve Vizs longevity and folded, while Viz remained one of the United Kingdom's top-selling magazines.

21st century
Beginning in 2000, the British market arrested its long decline. However, there is no sign of any great growth in circulation for the few remaining titles, and no sign of any new launches from mainstream publishers into the comics arena. An ever-increasing number of small press and fanzine titles are being produced, such as Solar Wind or FutureQuake, aided by the cheapness and increasingly professional appearance of desktop publishing programs.  It is from this scene that the UK's new talents now tend to emerge (e.g. Al Ewing, Henry Flint or Simon Spurrier).

The English musician Peter Gabriel issued in 2000 The Story of OVO which was released in a CD-booklet-shaped comic book as part of the CD edition with the title "OVO The Millennium Show". The 2000 Millennium Dome Show based on it.

After they were purchased by Rebellion Developments, both 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine have seen the release of more adaptations and trade paperbacks, including complete reprint collections of the entire runs of Judge Dredd, Strontium Dog and Nemesis the Warlock. Starting in 2006 the Megazine began a regular small press section which usually features an article on a title by Matthew Badham or David Baillie and a small press story.

While British companies and creators have helped create the market for collected volumes there have, with a few exceptions like Raymond Briggs, been very few British original graphic novels published. Briggs himself has said "On the Continent, graphic novels have been as accepted as films or books for many years, but England has had a snobby attitude towards them. They've always been seen as something just for children". However, thanks to the strong sales for Briggs' Ethel and Ernest, and Jimmy Corrigan winning The Guardian'''s best first novel award, publishers have started expanding into this area. Random House UK's imprint Jonathan Cape has tripled its graphic novel output and Random House has also established Tanoshimi to publish manga. Other publishers have also been increasing their output, which, as well as producing original works like Alice in Sunderland, have also been included adaptations of works of literature. There are a number of new publishers who are specifically targeting this area, including Classical ComicsClive Bryant on Classical Comics , Newsarama, 8 November 2007 and Self Made Hero, the latter having an imprint focused on manga adaptations of the works of Shakespeare.

This highlights another recent change, as there has been an increase in British original English-language manga. Self Made Hero's 'Manga Shakespeare' imprint draws on talent discovered in Tokyopop's UK/Irish version of Rising Stars of Manga, including members of the UK collective Sweatdrop Studios, who have also contributed to other British-based efforts like ILYA's Mammoth Book of Best New Manga and MangaQuake. Creators involved in those collections who have gone on to do several manga style graphic novels include British based Japanese creators such as Chie Kutsuwada and Michiru Morikawa, as well as, conversely, a British writer based in Japan, Sean Michael Wilson.

Released at the start of the 21st century was Toxic, a comic which mixed comic strips alongside game reviews and other articles. Beginning in 2002, this comic proved very successful and is still running. Its influence can be felt on other comics as well most notably when The Dandy, Britain's longest-running comic at the time, became the Dandy Xtreme in August 2007; it borrowed many of the features prevalent in Toxic, mixing articles alongside comic strips. However, The Dandy eventually moved away with this strategy in October 2010, when the comic was revamped, and published its final issue on its 75th anniversary in 2012. The BeanoMAX (which also started in 2007) also borrowed some of Toxics features. That title was then replaced by The 100% Official Dennis the Menace and Gnasher Megazine, which was later renamed Epic before ending in 2019.The DFC launched at the end of May 2008 drawing together creators from the small press and manga, as well as figures from mainstream British comics and other fields, including author Philip Pullman. As it transpired, it didn't make it to its first birthday, ending with issue 43. A new more successful comic, however, The Phoenix, began in January 2012, a successor to The DFC which has already reached 500 issues.

Starting in May 2023, Rebellion published a five-issue series of Battle Action, with each issue featuring two complete stories.

Reprint market for US comics
After World War II, the UK was intent on promoting homegrown publishers, and thus banned the direct importation of American periodicals, including comic books. As a result, U.S. comic books typically arrived in the UK as ballast on ships. Although the comics-reading public in the UK was not always able to get reliable supplies of American comics, it has always enjoyed the different approach to comics writing from the other side of the Atlantic.Sheena, Queen of the Jungle — a female version of Tarzan (with an element of H. Rider Haggard's "She who must be obeyed" – She... Na!) — was licensed from the Eisner & Iger studio for a British/Australasian tabloid, Wags, in 1937. The success of this character led to the Sheena stories being repackaged for publication in the United States for Fiction House's Jumbo Comics, thus exporting the character back to her country of origin.

Beginning in the 1940s, the available American comics were supplemented by a variety of black-and-white reprints of Fawcett's Captain Marvel, characters such as Sheena, Mandrake the Magician, The Phantom, and Marvel Comics' 1950s monster comics. Several reprint companies were involved in this repackaging American material for the British market, notably L. Miller & Son, the Arnold Book Company, Alan Class Comics, and the importer/distributor/publisher Thorpe & Porter.

Thorpe & Porter began by publishing Dell's Four Color series and Classics Illustrated in the UK. They also republished similar formatted titles under various names. Thorpe & Porter' Stratos imprint published a long-running Western comics series, Kid Colt, Outlaw, which contained black-and-white reprints from both Atlas Comics and DC.  T & P also published some material never published in the US.

When Captain Marvel ceased publication in the United States because of a lawsuit, L. Miller & Son copied the entire Captain Marvel idea in every detail, and began publishing their own knock-off under the names Marvelman and Young Marvelman, taking advantage of different copyright laws. These clone versions, created by British writer/artist Mick Anglo, continued for a few years and, as seen above, were revived years later in Warrior. The British publishers reprinted many other American series, including the early 1950s Eerie and Black Magic in black-and-white format. These usually contained the American stories related to the cover but also additional backup stories to fill up the 64 pages.

In 1959, the UK ban on direct importation was lifted. Thorpe & Porter became the sole UK distributor of both DC and Marvel comics. The comics were printed on American printing presses — along with a special cover giving the British price instead of the price in cents — and shipped across the Atlantic. Thus it was that brand-new American-printed copies of Fantastic Four #1, Amazing Fantasy #15, and countless others appeared in the UK.

Thorpe & Porter went bankrupt in 1966 and was purchased by the distribution arm of DC Comics, then known as IND. As a result, T & P's output became almost exclusively reprints of DC titles. Marvel Comics superhero reprints appeared in Odhams Press' Power Comics line in 1966–1969, overlapping for a period with Alan Class Comics' reprinting of some of Marvel's superhero characters. Marvel reprints also appeared in City Magazines' TV21 in 1970–1971. And in 1972 Marvel launched Marvel UK, cornering the market on Marvel reprints; key titles included The Mighty World of Marvel and Spider-Man Comics Weekly. The importation of Marvel's American comics continued to be erratic due to Marvel UK's promotion of their own reprints, which meant some titles were not offered for periods — The Amazing Spider-Man being a prime example.

The reprint market really took off in the 1980s with Titan Books releasing collections of British material, as well as signing deals with DC Comics to release that company's titles in the UK. Igor Goldkind was Titan's (and Forbidden Planet's, which was owned by the same company) marketing consultant at the time; he helped popularise the term "graphic novel" for the trade paperbacks they were releasing, which generated a lot of attention from the mainstream press.

Panini Comics took over in 1994, reprinting many of Marvel's titles, as well as Marvel UK reprints. Panini's titles include Ultimate Spider-Man (originally holding two issues of either Ultimate Spider-Man or Ultimate Marvel Team-Up, now existing as a double feature with Ultimate X-Men) and also a Collector's Edition line of comics, featuring a cardboard cover, three stories and a letters page on the inside back cover. Other titles include Astonishing Spider-Man, Essential X-Men, and Mighty World of Marvel, which reprints a variety of Marvel Comics. Beginning in 2003, Panini also published one DC comic, Batman Legends, reprinting various Batman adventures (e.g. two parts of a multi-title crossover and an issue of Batman: Year One); this title is now published by Titan Magazines.

 Reprints of Japanese and European comics
Since 2005, a small selection of American translations of the most popular Japanese comics have been reprinted in the UK by major publishers such as Random House (through their Tanoshimi imprint) and the Orion Publishing Group. Both no longer publish British versions of Japanese comics; Random House abandoned all Japanese comics translations in early 2009, while Orion switched to publishing the original American versions.

Simultaneously, the very small press Fanfare/Ponent Man published a few UK-exclusive English-language editions of alternative Japanese manga and French bande dessinée.

List of British comics

There have been hundreds of comics in the UK over the years, including:

See also

List of British comic strips
List of DC Thomson publications
List of comic creators in the UK
British small press comics
The British Invasion of American comics, that took place during the late eightiesComics Britannia'', BBC Four documentary series on the history of British comics presented by Jonathan Ross
Welsh comics

Notes

References

External links
 Help for Researchers: British Comics Collection from the British Library
 Comics UK
 History of British Comics  from britishcomics.com
 downthetubes.net (British comics news, interviews, and other features)
 IndieReview (UK indie comics news and reviews)
 British Comics Top-10 Issue-Count Chart – 2021b edition! by Michael Carroll, 19 September 2021. A list of the 10 longest-lasting British comics. (Retrieved 20 September 2021.)
 The Eaglution of British Comics (part 1) by Michael Carroll, 26 May 2018. Article featuring a chart showing which comics (published by IPC/Fleetway) were merged with which, with the dates they were founded and merged. (Retrieved 27 May 2018.)
 DC Thomson Comics Timeline by Michael Carroll, 25 August 2018, about comics published by DC Thomson. (Retrieved 24 September 2018.)
 BBC Cult presents: 2000AD and British Comics from BBC Online (last updated September 2005)
 British Comics Free Gifts Database (Detailed descriptions and images of free gifts given away with classic British comics)

Comics
Comic

British comics


Godgory est un groupe de heavy metal suédois actif de 1992 à 2004.

Biographie
Le groupe est formé en 1992 à Karlstad en tant que  et a enregistré sa première démo en 1994.

Discographie
 1995 :
 1996 :
 1999 :
 2001 :

Notes et références

Groupe suédois de death metal
Groupe suédois de doom metal
Groupe suédois de metal gothique
Groupe musical formé en 1992
Groupe musical séparé en 2004

Godgory


EH Aalborg er en dansk kvindehåndboldklub fra Nørresundby. Klubben har siden august 2020 været spillende i den andenbedste kvindelige håndboldrække, 1. division.

Klubben rykkede i sæsonen 2018-19, op i den bedste danske række Damehåndboldligaen. Det blev den tidligere OL-guldvinderen Karen Brødsgaard, der blev ansat som ny cheftræner til sæsonen. Brødsgaard blev fyret i februar 2019, i klubben, grundet for mange pointtab. Året efter, fyrede bestyrelsen i klubben træner Simon Olsen, af samme årsag.

Arena
Navn: Nørresundby Idrætscenter
By: Nørresundby, Aalborg
Kapacitet: 800 tilskuere
Adresse: Lerumbakken 11, 9400 Nørresundby

Spillertruppen i 2022/23
Spillertruppen gældende for sæsonen 2022-23.

Trænerteamet 2022-23

Tranfers

Klubbens placeringer

Trænere gennem tiden

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Klubbens hjemmeside

Håndboldklubber i Danmark
Sportsklubber i Aalborg
Etableret i 2015

EH Aalborg


Akashi Kaijin (jap. ; * 5. Juli 1901; † 9. Juni 1939) war ein japanischer Lyriker.

Akashi infizierte sich Anfang der 1920er Jahre mit Lepra und unterlag somit der zu dieser Zeit in Japan geltenden Zwangsquarantäne. Er lebte im Sanatorium Nagashima Aisei-en und trat als Autor von Haiku und Waka hervor. Die Situation der Zwangsquarantäne – die Betroffenen waren strikt isoliert, es war ihnen verboten, Kinder zu bekommen – brachte weitere Dichter hervor wie Shimada Shakusō, Itō Tamotsu, Haruko Tsuda und Honami Nagata.

Quellen

The Oral History Project - That Spark of Soul Incarnate - Kaijin Akashi, Honami Nagata and Haruko Tsuda

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Lyrik
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Japaner
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1939
Mann

Akashi Kaijin


Skanska AB () este o companie multinațională de construcții din Suedia. Skanska este a cincea cea mai mare companie de construcții din lume conform unui clasament realizat de revista Construction Global în 2015.

Istoric
Firma Aktiebolaget Skånska Cementgjuteriet a fost înființată în 1887 în Malmö, Suedia de către industriașul suedez Rudolf Fredrik Berg și a început inițial cu fabricarea produselor din beton. Aceasta și-a diversificat rapid activitatea, devenind o companie de construcții, iar în decurs de 10 ani a primit prima comandă internațională. Societatea a jucat un rol important în realizarea infrastructurii din Suedia, incluzând drumuri, centrale electrice, birouri și locuințe.

Dezvoltarea din Suedia a fost urmată mai apoi de expansiunea internațională la mijlocul anilor '50. În următoarele decenii a intrat pe piețele din America de Sud, Africa și Asia, iar în 1971 pe piața din Statelor Unite, unde se clasează astăzi printre cele mai mari companii din sectorul său. Compania a fost listată la Bursa de Valori din Stockholm în 1965. În 1984 numele "Skanska", deja cunoscut pe plan internațional, a devenit numele oficial al grupului.

La sfârșitul anilor '90 Skanska s-a extins în mod substanțial atât organic, cât și prin achiziții. În august 2000 a cumpărat divizia de construcții a grupului norvegin Kvaerner.

La mijlocul anului 2004 Skanska a decis să renunțe la investițiile din Asia și a vândut filiala sa din India către firma Italian Thai Development Company din Thailanda.

În 2005 Skanska a câștigat un contract pentru conducte de gaz în Argentina. Mai târziu au apărut suspiciuni cu privire la implicarea corupției guvernamentale în acest contract. Skanska a efectuat propria anchetă, a demis șapte manageri și a cooperat cu autoritățile în ceea ce privește ancheta.

În 2011 Skanska a achiziționat compania Industrial Contractors, Inc din Evansville, Indiana, SUA.

În decembrie 2013 Curtea Supremă a Slovaciei a confirmat că Skanska DS a.s. a făcut parte dintr-un cartel format din mai multe companii de construcții (împreună cu companiile grupurilor Strabag și Mota-Engil) în 2004. Acesta fost asociat cu licitația pentru construcția autostrăzii D1 dintre Mengusovce la Jánovce în estul Slovaciei.

Operațiuni
Skanska își împarte operațiunile în patru sectoare de afaceri după cum urmează:

Construcțiile reprezintă cel mai mare segment de afaceri după venituri și numărul de angajați. Operațiunile celorlalte sectoare de afaceri implică investiții în proiecte care sunt dezvoltate și ulterior cesionate. În ceea ce privește dezvoltarea infrastructurii, aceasta implică adesea parteneriate public-private. Din punct de vedere geografic, grupul funcționează pe baza filialelor locale.

Piață
În martie 2015 Skanska s-a concentrat pe următoarele piețe:
 Suedia, Norvegia, Finlanda și Danemarca în regiunea nordică
 Polonia, Cehia, Slovacia, Ungaria, România și Regatul Unit în restul Europei
 Statele Unite ale Americii în America de Nord

Skanska este în curs de extindere a operațiunilor în Argentina, Brazilia, Peru, Chile, Columbia și Venezuela. Skanska nu va mai accepta proiecte noi pe piața latino-americană și își va închide unitățile de operare și întreținere de acolo.

Skanska activează în domeniul construcțiilor, dezvoltării proprietăților comerciale (clădiri de birouri, centre comerciale și logistice) și dezvoltării infrastructurii (drumuri, spitale și școli) în toate cele trei regiuni de piață. Compania planifică, dezvoltă și construiește locuințe în regiunea nordică și în restul Europei.

În 2013 Skanska s-a clasat pe locul 9 în topul celor mai mari constructori la nivel mondial, iar în 2014 pe locul 7 în SUA.

În decursul unei perioade de 12 luni care s-a încheiat în septembrie 2014, Skanska a fost cea mai mare companie de construcții după veniturile totale în țările nordice. Cele mai mari șase companii au fost:

Competitori

Conform companiei, principalii concurenți din piață în cele trei sectoare de afaceri au fost, începând din martie 2015, următorii:

Construcții

 Țările nordice
 NCC, Peab, YIT, Veidekke, Lemminkäinen, AF Gruppen
 Restul Europei
 Budimex, Hochtief, Strabag, Metrostav, Balfour Beatty, Carillion
 America
 Turner, Fluor Corporation, Kiewit, Granite, Flatiron, Tutor Perini, ACS/Dragados

Dezvoltarea proprietăților rezidențiale

 Țările nordice
 JM, NCC, Peab, YIT
 Restul Europei
 Central Group, Finep, DOM Development, JW Construction

Dezvoltarea proprietăților comerciale

 Țările nordice
 NCC, Vasakronan, Diligentia, KLP Eiendom, YIT, Lemminkäinen
 Restul Europei
 Ghelamco, Echo Investment, GTC
 America
 Hines, Trammell Crow, Boston Properties

Controverse

Skanska a fost însărcinată cu construirea unui nou spital general în Malta care urma să coste peste 700 milioane de euro. Ulterior s-a descoperit că Skanska folosea ciment de calitate inferioară față de cel utilizat în general pentru construcția pavajelor. Ca urmare, spitalul nu s-a mai putut dezvolta prin construcția de noi etaje sau a unui helipor pe acoperiș.

Skanska în România
Skanska este prezentă pe piața din România din 2011 prin firmele Skanska Construction Romania SRL și Skanska Property Romania SRL. Compania a dezvoltat în București între 2013 și 2016 complexul de birouri Green Court Bucharest, iar din 2017 lucrează la alte două, Campus 6, situat în zona centru-vest, ce urmează să fie finalizat în 2018 și Equilibrium, situat în zona de nord, ce urmează să fie finalizat în 2019.

Referințe

Legături externe
Site web oficial (în engleză)
Skanska România (în română)

Companii fondate în 1887
Companii din Stockholm

Skanska


Birendra Lakra est un joueur indien de hockey sur gazon professionnel indien à la retraite. Il a représenté l'Inde en hockey masculin lors des Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012. À Tokyo 2020, il a été sélectionné comme vice-capitaine de l'équipe indienne. Le frère aîné de Lakra, Bimal a joué comme milieu de terrain pour l'Inde. Sa sœur Asunta Lakra a joué pour l'équipe féminine et a été capitaine de l'équipe.

Vie personnelle
Birendra Lakra est née le 3 février 1990 dans le village de Lachchada dans le district de Sundergarh de l'Odisha, à la frontière avec le Jharkhand. Il est né dans une famille appartenant à une tribu Oraon.

Carrière
Birendra Lakra est un joueur de l'académie de hockey SAIL de l'aciérie de Rourkela. Il a été inclus dans l'équipe junior indienne pour la première fois pour la tournée de Singapour en 2007. Il a représenté l'Inde dans la série Test contre l'Afrique du Sud en 2012, dans le Champions Challenge masculin en Afrique du Sud en 2011, aux Jeux SAAF à Dhaka en 2010, aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse à Sydney en 2009 et à la Coupe du monde junior à Singapour en 2009.

Il a marqué le premier but de la victoire de l'Inde lors du dernier match du tournoi de qualification olympique de hockey contre la France. Il a joué un rôle clé en emmenant l'Inde en demi-finale du Champions Trophy 2012. L'Inde a battu la Belgique avec l'aide d'un seul but qui a été produit par la passe donnée par Birendra Lakra à l'attaquant. Avec cela, l'Inde a atteint les demi-finales du Trophée des Champions pour la première fois en huit ans.

Aux Jeux du Commonwealth du 2014, Lakra a remporté une médaille d'argent avec l'Inde.

Championnat d'Inde masculin de hockey sur gazon
Lors de la vente aux enchères de la saison inaugurale du Championnat d'Inde, Lakra a été acheté par la franchise Ranchi pour 41 000 $ US, son prix de base étant de 9 250 $ US. L'équipe de Ranchi s'appelait Ranchi Rhinos. L'équipe a terminé première de la saison inaugurale et troisième de la saison 2014. À la suite de différends entre la franchise et Hockey India, l'équipe a décidé de se retirer, après quoi Lakra a signé avec la franchise Ranchi Rays de la saison 2015.

Références

Liens externes
Birendra Lakra sur Hockey India

Naissance en février 1990
Joueur indien de hockey sur gazon
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Médaillé de bronze olympique indien

Birendra Lakra


ගොර්යෝහි තේජෝ (ජනවාරි 31, 877 – ජූලි 4, 943) හෙවත් තේජෝ වං ගොන් (වං කොන්, 왕건) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 10වන සියවසේ සිට 14වන සියවස දක්වා පැවති කොරියාවේ ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශයේ ආරම්භක පාලකයායි. තේජෝ රජු විසින් 918 සිට 943 දක්වා කොරියාව පාලනය කරන ලදී.

පසුබිම
877දී තේජෝ, සොංදෝ (නූතන කේසොං) නුවර ප්‍රමුඛ වෙළඳ පවුලක උපන්නේ ය. මෙම වෙළෙන්දන් විසින් යේසොං ගංගාවේ වෙළඳාම පාලනය කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ පියා වූ වං යුං (왕륭, 王隆) චීනය සමග වෙළඳාමෙන් විශාල ධනස්කන්ධයක් උපයා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. ඔහුගේ පූර්වජයන් පුරාතන ගොගුර්යෝ රාජ්‍යයේ සීමාවේ විසූ බැවින්, වං ගොන් ගොගුර්යෝවෙන් පැවතෙන්නෙක් ලෙස සැලකිණි. වං ගොන්, සිය පෙළපත ගොගුර්යෝ වංශවත් පෙළපතක් යැයි පවසා ඇත.

බලයට පත්වීම
තේජෝ සිය වෘත්තිය ආරම්භ කළේ පසුකාලීන තුන් රාජධානි (හන්ජා:後三國時代) අවුල් සහගත තත්ත්වයට පත්ව ඇති යුගයකයි. සිල්ලා රාජධානියේ පසුකාලීන වර්ෂයන්හි බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයින් සහ මංකොල්ලකරුවන්, ජනතාවගේ තත්ත්වය වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමට ශක්තිමත් නායකත්වයක් හෝ ප්‍රතිපත්ති නොවූ ජින්සොං රැජිනට එරෙහිව කැරලි ගසන්නට විය. මෙම කැරලිකරුවන් අතරින් වයඹදිග පෙදෙසේ ගුං යේ (궁예; 弓裔) සහ නිරිතදිග පෙදෙසේ ග්යොං හ්වොන් (견훤; 甄萱) බලය අතින් වර්ධනය විය. බොහෝ අනෙක් කැරලි කණ්ඩායම් පරාජය කළ ඔවුහු ප්‍රාදේශික සිල්ලා නායකයින් සහ මංකොල්ලකරුවන්ට එරෙහිව සටන් කළහ. 895දී, ගුං යේ විසින් සොංදෝ පෙදෙස පිහිටි සිල්ලාවේ වයඹදිග කලාපය වෙත සේනා මෙහෙයවන ලදී. තේජෝගේ පියා වූ වං යුං (පසුව ගොර්යෝහි සේජෝ) ඇතුළු බොහෝ ප්‍රාදේශික වංශිකයින් ක්ෂණිකව ගුං යේට යටත්වූහ. සිය පියාව අනුගමනය කළ වං ගොන් තේබොං රාජ්‍යයේ අනාගත පාලකයා වූ ගුං යේ යටතේ සේවය කරන්නට වූයේ ය.

යුධ අණදෙන නිලධාරියකු ලෙස වං ගොන් දැක්වූ දක්ෂතාව වටහාගත් ගුං යේ ඔහුව සෙන්පති තනතුරට උසස් කොට සිය සොහොයුරකුට මෙන් සැලකී ය. 900දී ප්‍රාදේශීක වංශිකයන්ට සහ චුංජු ප්‍රදේශයේ පසුකාලීන බෙක්ජේ හමුදාවන්ට එරෙහිව සාර්ථක ආක්‍රමණයක් මෙහෙයවීම හේතුවෙන් ඔහු තවත් රජුගේ ප්‍රසාදයට ලක් විය. 903දී, ග්යොං හ්වොන් සිල්ලාවට එරෙහි යුද්ධයේ නිරතව සිටින විට ඔහු විසින් හුබෙක්ජේ (ක්‍යුම්සුං, පසුව නාජු) හි නිරිතදිග වෙරළතීරය වෙත නාවික ආක්‍රමණයක් දියත් කරන ලදී. තවත් යුධ ව්‍යාපාර මාලාවක් මෙහෙයවූ ඔහු සිල්ලාවේ පාලනය යටතේ පැවති දරිද්‍රතාවෙන් පෙළුණු ජනයා යටත් කරගත්තේ ය. ඔහුගේ නායකත්වය සහ උදාරභාවය මහජනයාගේ පැසසුමට ලක් විය.

913දී, අලුතෙන් පිහිටුවූ තේබොං රාජ්‍යයේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස වං ගොන්ව පත්කෙරිණි. එහි රජු වූ ගුං යේ තමන් බුදුන් වහන්සේට සම්බන්ධ බව පවසාගන්නට වූ අතර, සිය ආගමික අදහස්වලට විරුද්ධ වූ ජනයාට දඬුවම් පැමිණවී ය. බොහෝ භික්ෂූන්ට දඬුවම් කළ ඔහු සිය බිසව සහ පුතුන් දෙදෙනාට ද දඬුවම් පැමිණවී ය. මේ නිසා ජනතාව ක්‍රමයෙන් ඔහුගෙන් දුරස් වන්නට වූහ. ඔහුගේ මිල අධික චාරිත්‍ර සහ දැඩි පාලනය නිසා ජනතා අප්‍රසාදය වැඩි විය.

සිහසුනට පත්වීම සහ ගොර්යෝව පිහිටුවීම

918දී, තේබොං රාජ්‍යයේ ඉහළම සෙන්පතීන් සිව්දෙනා වූ හොං යු (홍유; 洪儒), බේ හ්යොංග්යොං (배현경; 裵玄慶), ෂින් සුං-ග්යොම් (신숭겸; 申崇謙) සහ බොක් ජිග්යොම් (복지겸; 卜智謙) රහසිගත මුණගැසී ගුං යේව සිහසුනෙන් පහකොට වං ගොන්ව සිංහාසනාරූඪ කිරීමට සැලසුම් කළහ. මුලින් වං ගොන් මෙම අදහසට විරුද්ධ වුවත්, පසුව එකඟ විය. එම වර්ෂයේ දී ම, ගුං යේව සිහසුනෙන් නෙරපූ අතර එහි අගනුවර වූ චෝර්වොන් අසදී ඔහුව ඝාතනය කෙරිණි. මෙම කෙටි කාලීන රාජ්‍යයේ රජු ලෙස ඔවුහු වං ගොන්ව පත්කළහ. වං ගොන් විසින් රාජ්‍යයේ නාමය ගොර්යෝ ලෙස වෙනස්කොට ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශය ඇරඹී ය. ඊළඟ වර්ෂයේ එහි අගනුවර සිය මුල් ගම වූ ගේග්යොං වෙත ගෙනයන ලදී.

බුදු දහම රාජ්‍යයේ ජාතික ආගම ලෙස නම්කළ රජු බල්හේ පාලනය යටතේ පැවති කොරියාවේ උතුරු කොටස් සහ මැංචූරියාව ආක්‍රමණයට අදහස් කළේ ය. 926දී ඛිටන් ආක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් බල්හේ රාජ්‍යයට අයත් වූ මැංචූරියාවේ විශාල කොටසක් සහ සයිබීරියාවේ කොටසක් ආක්‍රමණය කළ අතර, බල්හේ රාජ්‍යයේ අවසන් කිරුළහිමි කුමරු වූ දේ ග්වං-හ්යොන්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් එහි බහුතරයක් ජනයා ගොර්යෝ වෙත පලා ආහ. බල්හේ සහ ගොර්යෝව එකම සම්භවයක් (ගොගුර්යෝ රාජ්‍යයේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රාජ්‍ය) සහිත ජනයාගෙන් සමන්විත වූ හෙයින් බල්හේ ජනයා තමන්ගේම ජනයා ලෙස තේජෝ රජු විසින් පිළිගන්නා ලදී. අනතුරුව ඔහු ගොගුර්යෝවේ පැරණි අගනුවර වූ අත්හැර දමා තිබූ ප්‍යෝංග්යෑං නුවර අල්ලා ගත්තේ ය. ප්‍රාදේශි වංශ ආක්‍රමණය කොට තම ඍජු අණසකට ගැනීම වෙනුවට ඔහු සන්ධානයන් ඇතිකරගත්තේ ය.

පසුකාලීන තුන් රාජධානි යුද්ධය
927දී, හුබෙක්ජේ රාජ්‍යයේ ග්යොන් හ්වොන් සිල්ලාවේ අගනුවර වූ ග්යොංජු වෙත සේනා මෙහෙයවා එහි රජු වූ ග්යොංගේ රජුව මරණයට පත්කළේ ය. අනතුරුව ගොර්යෝවට එරෙහිව සටන් වැදීමට ප්‍රථම ඔහු සිය රූකඩයක් වූ ග්යොංසුන් රජුව සිහසුනෙහි තැබී ය. මෙම පුවත අසා, නැවත පැමිණෙමින් සිටි තේජෝ දේගු අසල ගොංසන් පෙදෙසේ දී අශ්වාරෝහක භටයින් 5000ක් සමග ග්යොන්ගේ හමුදා ආක්‍රමණය කිරීමට තීරණය කළේ ය. ඔහු හුබෙක්ජේ හමුදා සමග සටන් කළ ද, ඉන් ඔවුනට බරපතල ලෙස හානි සිදු වූ අතර වං ගොන්ගේ හමුදා පරාජයට පත් විය. එහිදී ඔහුගේ හමුදාවේ විශාල පිරිසක් මියගිය අතර, වං ව රජු බවට පත්කළ කිම් නක් සහ ෂින් සුං-ග්යොම් සෙන්පතීන් ද මියගියේ ය. කෙසේනමුත්, ඉක්මණින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ ගොර්යෝව සාර්ථකව හුබෙක්ජේ හමුදා පරාජය කිරීමට සමත් විය.

935දී, සිල්ලාවේ අවසන් රජු වූ ග්යොංසුන් රජු තමන්ට සිය රාජ්‍යය රැක ගත නොහැකි බව වටහාගෙන සිය රාජ්‍යය සමග තේජෝට යටත් විය. ඔහුගේ යටත් වීම සතුටින් පිළිගත් තේජෝ ඔහුට කුමාර පදවියක් පිරිනමා ඔහුගේ දියණියව විවාහකොට ගත්තේ ය. (වං ගොන්හට රැජිනියන් සයදෙනකු විය. ඊට අමතරව සෑම ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයකුගේම දියණියන්ව ද සිය බිරියන් කොටගත්තේ ය) මේ හේතුවෙන් ග්යොන් හ්වොන් වික්ෂිප්ත විය. සංජු ප්‍රදේශය පාලනය භාරව සිටි ග්යොන්ගේ පියා ද කැරැලි ගසා ගොර්යෝවට යටත් විය. ඔහුට රජකුගේ පියා ලෙස පිළිගැනීම හිමි විය.

එම වර්ෂයේ දී ම, ග්යොන් හ්වොන්ගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයා වූ ග්යොන් සින්ගොම් (හන්ජා:甄神劍) සිය සොයුරන් වූ යැංගොම් සහ යොංගොම් සමග එක්ව සිය පියාණන්ට විරුද්ධව කුමන්ත්‍රණය කළහ. එයට හේතුව ඔවුන්ගේ පියා විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ අර්ධ-සොයුරු ගුම්ගං හට සිහසුන පැවරීමට අදහස් කිරීමයි. ග්යොන් හ්වොන්ව පිටුවහල් කොට ගුම්සන්සාහි සිරගත කෙරිණි. නමුත් ඔහු ගොර්යෝව වෙත පලාගියේ ය. ඔහුට ද තේජෝගේ පියාට මෙන් සැලකිලි හිමි විය.

ගොර්යෝ විජයග්‍රහණය සහ එක්සත් කිරීම
936දී, වං විසින් පසුකාලීන බෙක්ජේ රාජ්‍යයේ සින්ගොම්ට එරෙහිව සිය අවසන් ආක්‍රමණය දියත් කරන ලදී. සින්ගොම් තේජෝට එරෙහිව යුධ වැදුණ ද, රාජ්‍යයේ අභ්‍යන්තර අරගල හේතුවෙන් ඔහුට තේජෝට යටත් වීමට සිදු විය. මෙලෙසින් වං ගොන් අවසානයේ හුබෙක්ජේ රාජ්‍යය නිල වශයෙන් යටත් කොටගෙන එක්සත් සිල්ලා යුගයෙන් පසු නැවත වරක් රාජ්‍යය එක්සත් කළේ ය. 943 වනතෙක් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය සිදුකළ ඔහු රෝගයකින් මියගියේ ය.

තේජෝ සිය සතුරන්ව පවා රාජ්‍ය පාලනයට සම්බන්ධ කොටගත්තේ ය. ඔහු විසින් පරාජය කළ නොයෙකුත් රාජ්‍යයන්හි පාලකයින්හට තනතුරු සහ ඉඩම් ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදී. පසුකාලීන බෙක්ජේ, සිල්ලා සහ බල්හේ රාජ්‍යයන් ද මේ වන විට බිඳවැටෙමින් පැවතිණි. එසේම ඔහු සිල්ලාවේ අවසන් කාලයේ බිඳවැටෙමින් පැවති සිය රාජ්‍යයේ ස්ථාවරත්වය සහ ඒකාබද්ධතාව යළි නගාසිටුවීමට සමත් විය.

බල්හේ රාජධානියේ බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසු එහි අවසන් කිරුළහිමි කුමරු ගොර්යෝව වෙත පලාගියේ ය. එහිදී ඔහුව උණුසුම් අයුරින් පිළිගැනුණු අතර, වං ගොන් විසින් ඔහුව සිය රාජකීය පවුලට ඇතුළත් කරගන්නා ලදී. මෙලෙසින් පැරණි ගොගුර්යෝ රාජධානියේ අනුප්‍රාප්තික රාජ්‍ය ද්විත්වය ඒකාබද්ධ විය.

උරුමය

936දී පසුකාලීන තුන් රාජධානි එක්සත් කිරීම කොරියානු ඉතිහාසයේ අතිශය වැදගත් සිදුවීමකි. 668දී සිල්ලා රාජ්‍යය විසින් සිදුකළ එක්සත් කිරීමේ දී සිදුවූයේ කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ ජනයාගෙන් අඩක් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ එක්සත් කිරීම පමණි. (එකල ඔවුන් සැලකූයේ තමන් රාජ්‍ය වශයෙන් බෙදී සිටිය ද එකම ජන කොට්ඨාසයක් බවයි) නමුත් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු පෙදෙස ගොගුර්යෝවේ නැවත උපතක් ලෙස සැලකුණු බල්හේ රාජ්‍යය විසින් පාලනය කරන ලදී. කෙසේනමුත් 936දී වං ගොන් විසින් සිදුකළ එක්සත් කිරීම බොහෝදුරට සම්පූර්ණ එක්සත් කිරීමක් ලෙස සැලකෙයි. (මෙය ඇරඹුණේ 7වන සියවසේ පසුකාලීන සිල්ලා සහ බල්හේ රාජ්‍ය අතර තනි රාජධානියක් ලෙසයි) අනතුරුව කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ ජනතාව 1948 වනතෙක්ම එක්සත් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස පැවතිණි. 1948දී රුසියානු සහ එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා අතින් කොරියාව උතුරු සහ දකුණු ලෙස කොටස් දෙකකට වෙන් විය.

නූතන නාමයක් වන "කොරියා" යන නාමය සම්භවය වී ඇත්තේ "ගොර්යෝ" යන නාමයෙනි. ගොර්යෝ නාමය "ගොගුර්යෝ" යන නාමයෙන් පැනනැගුණකි. වං ගොන් සිය රාජධානිය ගොගුර්යෝවේ උරුමයක් ලෙස සිතීම එයට හේතුවයි. කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය තනි රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස සම්පූර්ණයෙන් එක්සත් කළ පළමු පාලකයා ලෙස සැලකෙන ඔහුගේ ක්‍රියාකලාපය, වර්තමාන කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ බෙදීම සඳහා ද ආදර්ශයක් යැයි බොහෝ කොරියානුවන් සලකනු ලබයි.

පවුල

ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශයේ මුල්කාලයේ කිරුළහිමි කුමරු (හන්ජා:太子) යන නාමය හුදෙක්ම රජුගේ පුතුන් සඳහා වූ රදළ පදවියක් ලෙස සැලකිණි. රාජකීය උරුමකරු සඳහා වෙනම පදවියක් පැවතිණි (හන්ජා:正尹).
පූර්වජයන්
කුක්ජෝ රජු - ජුංහ්වා රැජින
යුයිජෝ රජු - වොන්චං රැජින
ගොර්යෝහි සේජෝ - විසුක් රැජින
බිසෝවරුන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ දරුවන්:
සින්හ්යේ රැජින (신혜왕후)
ජංහ්වා රැජින (장화왕후)
ගොර්යෝහි හ්යේජොං (혜종), 1වන කුමරු
සින්මියොංසුන්සොං රැජින (신명순성왕후)
කිරුළහිමි තේ කුමරු (태자 태), 2වන කුමරු
ගොර්යෝහි ජොංජොං (정종), 3වන කුමරු
ගොර්යෝහි ග්වංජොං (광종), 4වන කුමරු
උප රජ මූන්වොන් (문원대왕), 14වන කුමරු
ජ්‍යුංතොං ගූක්සා (증통국사)
නක්ලං කුමරිය (낙랑공주)
හ්‍යුංබං කුමරිය (흥방공주)
සින්ජොං රැජින (신정왕후)
දේජොං රජ (대종), 8වන කුමරු (6වන රජු වූ සොංජොංගේ පියා)
දේමොක් රැජින (대목왕후), (5වන රජු වූ ග්යොංජොංගේ මව)
සින්සොං රැජින (신성왕후)
ආන්ජොං රජ (안종), 13වන කුමරු (8වන රජු වූ හ්යොන්ජොංගේ පියා)
ජොංදොක් රැජින (정덕왕후)
වංවි කුමරු (왕위군), ජොංදොක් රැජිනගේ 1වන පුත්‍රයා
ඉන්-ඒ කුමරු (인애군), ජොංදොක් රැජිනගේ 2වන පුත්‍රයා
කිරුළහිමි වොන්ජං කුමරු (원장태자), ජොංදොක් රජැිනගේ 3වන පුත්‍රයා
ජොහ්-යි කුමරු (조이군)
මුන්හ්යේ රැජින (문혜왕후), ජොංදොක් රැජිනගේ 1වන දියණිය
සොන්-උයි රැජින (선의왕후), ජොංදොක් රැජිනගේ 2වන දියණිය
නොහඳුනන කුමරියක්
හොන්මොහ්ක් මහා ආර්යාව (헌목대부인)
කිරුළහිමි සූම්යොං කුමරු (수명태자)
ජොංමෝක් ආර්යාව (정목부인)
සූන්ආන් වැන්දඹු රජබිසව (순안왕대비)
දොංග්යැංවොන් ආර්යාව (동양원부인)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝමොහ්ක් කුමරු (효목태자)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝඉයුන් කුමරු (효은태자), 9වන කුමරු
සූක්මොහ්ක් ආර්යාව (숙목부인)
කිරුළහිමි වොන්න්‍යුං කුමරු (원녕태자)
චොනාන්බුවොන් ආර්යාව (천안부원부인)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝසුං කුමරු (효성태자)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝජි කුමරු (효지태자)
හ්‍යුංබොක්වොන් ආර්යාව (흥복원부인)
කිරුළහිමි ජිහ්ක් කුමරු (태자 직)
නොහඳුනන කුමරියක්
හුදේල්‍යංවොන් ආර්යාව (후대량원부인)
දේම්යොංජූවොන් ආර්යාව (대명주원부인)
ග්වංජූවොන් ආර්යාව (광주원부인)
සොග්වංජූවොන් ආර්යාව (소광주원부인)
ග්වංජූවොන් කුමරු (광주원군), 10වන පුත්‍රයා
දොංසන්වොන් ආර්යාව (동산원부인)
යෙහ්වා ආර්යාව (예화부인)
දේසෝවොන් ආර්යාව (대서원부인)
සෝසෝවොන් ආර්යාව (소서원부인)
සෝජොන්වොන් ආර්යාව (서전원부인)
සින්ජූවොන් ආර්යාව (신주원부인)
වොල්හුවොවොන් ආර්යාව (월화원부인)
සෝහ්වංජූවොන් ආර්යාව (소황주원부인)
සොංමූ ආර්යාව (성무부인)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝජේ කුමරු (효제태자)
කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝම්යොං කුමරු (효명태자)
බෝප්ද්‍යුං කුමරු (법등군)
ජලි කුමරු (자리군)
නොහඳුනන කුමරියක්
යුයිසොංබුවොන් ආර්යාව (의성부원부인)
යුයිසොංබුවොන් මහා කුමරු (의성부원대군)
වොල්ක්යොංවොන් ආර්යාව (월경원부인)
මොංල්‍යැංවොන් ආර්යාව (몽량원부인)
හේල්‍යැංවොන් ආර්යාව (해량원부인)

ජනප්‍රිය සංස්කෘතිය තුළ
2000 වසරේ කථාංග 200කින් යුත් කතාමාලාවක් වූ තේජෝ වං ගොන් තුළ තේජෝ (වං ගුන්) ගේ දිවිය නිරූපිත ය. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය චෝයි සූ-ජොං විසින් නිරූපණය කරන ලදී.

සිවිලයිසේෂන් III: ප්ලේ ද වර්ල්ඩ් සහ සිවිලයිසේෂන් IV: වෝ ලෝඩ්ස් යන වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩාවල "වං කොන්" හෙවත් ගොර්යෝහි තේජෝ රජු කොරියානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ක්‍රීඩා චරිතයකි.
2015 MBC කතාමාලාවක් වූ ෂයින් ඕ ගෝ ක්‍රේසි කතාමාලාව තුළ ද ඔහුගේ චරිතය නිරූපිත ය.
2016දී දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී නාළිකාවක් වූ SBS නාළිකාව මගින් විකාශය කළ මූන් ලවර්ස්: ස්කාලට් හාට් රියෝ නැමැති මාලානාට්‍යය මගින් අනාගතයෙන් පැමිණි ගැහැනු ළමයකු සහ ගොර්යෝවේ තේජෝ සහ ඔහුගේ පුතුන්ගේ යුගයේ ඇයගේ අත්දැකීම් නිරූපණය වේ. මෙහි තේජෝ රජුගේ චරිතය ජොන් මින්-කි විසින් නිරූපණය කරයි.

සටහන්

මේවාත් බලන්න
ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශයේ පවුල් ගස
කොරියාවේ පාලකයින්
කොරියාවේ ඉතිහාසය
වං (පවුල් නාමය)
වං ගොන් රජුගේ සොහොන

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
"වං ගොන් 'ගොර්යෝහි තේජෝ' තේජෝ (태조)" යුධ සෙන්පති සහ කොරියාවේ ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශයේ ආදිකර්තෘ. ෆයින්ඩ් අ ග්‍රේව්. අගෝ 19, 2011. සම්ප්‍රවේෂණය අගෝ 20, 2011.

877 උපත්
943 මරණ
ගොර්යෝ පාලකයින්
කොරියානු සෙන්පතීන්
9වන සියවසේ ආසියාවේ පාලකයින්
10වන සියවසේ ආසියාවේ පාලකයින්

ගොර්යෝහි තේජෝ


Çarkıpare, Adana ilinin Sarıçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 15 km, Sarıçam ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Sarıçam'ın mahalleleri

Çarkıpare, Sarıçam


L'Enfer de Diên Biên Phu () est un film de guerre américain réalisé par David Butler et sorti en 1955.

L'histoire est un récit romancé de propagande anticommuniste sur la bataille de Diên Biên Phu.

Synopsis
Au  jour du siège de Diên Biên Phu, les soldats français du capitaine Guy Bertrand mènent bataille contre le parti communiste vietnamien. La bataille est perdue, mais Bertrand et ses soldats parviennent à quitter la cuvette juste avant la défaite.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : L'Enfer de Diên Biên Phu ou Saut dans l'enfer
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : David Butler
 Scénario : Irving Wallace
 Photographie : J. Peverell Marley
 Montage : Irene Morra
 Musique : David Buttolph
 Décors : William L. Kuehl
 Costumes : Moss Mabry
 Maquillage : Gordon Bau, Al Greenway
 Production : Jack-L. Warner, Harry-M. Warner, David Weisbart
 Société de production :  Warner Bros. Pictures, First National Pictures, The Vitaphone Corporation
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,85:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 93 minutes
 Genre : Film de guerre
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :
 France :

Distribution
 Jacques Sernas : Cpt. Guy Bertrand
 Kurt Kasznar : Cpt. Jean Callaux
 Arnold Moss : Général De Castries
 Peter van Eyck : Lt. Heldman
 Marcel Dalio : Sergent. Taite
 Patricia Blair : Gisele Bonet

Production
Le tournage de L'Enfer de Diên Biên Phu a commencé le  et a duré jusqu'à la fin du mois d'octobre. Les scènes de combat ont été tournées au Janes Ranch à , en Californie. Des scènes de combat supplémentaires combinent des séquences d'actualités de Warner-Pathé sur la chute de Diên Biên Phu avec des scènes d'action réelles.

Accueil critique
Selon Eben J. Muse dans son livre The Land of Nam: The Vietnam War in American Films, les quelques films américains sur la guerre d'Indochine avant l'intervention américaine comme ce L'enfer de Diên Biên Phu met en scène « des Français héroïques combattant des maraudeurs chinois (la menace communiste), les forces américaines servant subrepticement de mercenaires. Ces films décrivaient le conflit comme une guerre des cœurs et des esprits en insistant sur un point : en tant qu'idéologie, le communisme doit être éradiqué. En l'espace de quelques années, cependant, ces films seront devenus dépassés ».

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1955
Film de guerre américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film réalisé par David Butler
Film américain de propagande anticommuniste
Film en anglais
Film sur la guerre d'Indochine

Film tourné en Californie
Film de Warner Bros

L'Enfer de Diên Biên Phu


Yoshimitsu Yamada (山田嘉光; Tokyo, 17. veljače 1938.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe. Nositelj je 8. Dana u aikidu.

Životopis
Yoshimitsu Yamada je rođen u Tokyu 1938. godine. Za aikido se zainteresirao preko očeva rođaka Abe Tadashija, koji je vježbao u Hombu dojo-u. U Hombu dojo ušao je kao uchi uchi-deshi 1955. godine u dobi od 17 godina. Njegova sposobnost govorenja engleskog jezika učinili su ga prirodnim izborom za podučavanje američkih vojnika. Prvi put je u Sjedinjene Američke Države došao 1964. godine kako bi održao aikido demonstracije na Svjetskom sajmu u New Yorku. Iako je izvorni New York Aikikai osnovan 1961. godine, a vodio ga je Yasuo Ohara, kada se Yamada preselio u New York, preuzeo je kontrolu i preselio dojo iz 18. ulice na njegovo današnje mjesto.

U to doba nije bilo nijednog drugog instruktora aikida (osim izvornog osnivača New York Aikikaija Yasuoa Ohare) iz Japana na istočnoj obali Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, pa je Yamada putovao tjedno u Boston, s čestim putovanjima i u Philadelphiju. Kako bi sa sebe skinuo veliki teret 1966. godine pozvao je Mitsunarija Kanaija da preuzme malu grupu u Bostonu. Godine 1988. Yamada je pozvao Seiichi Sugano da se pridruži njegovom dojo-u, čineći ga jednim od rijetkih dojo-a izvan Japana koji je imao dva shihana, a koji su bili nivoa 8. Dan. Godine 2004. New York Aikikai proslavio je 40. godišnjicu postojanja ljetnim kampom na Sveučilištu Colgate, uz mnoštvo shihana, a prisustvovao je i doshu Moriteru Ueshibe.

Yoshimitsu Yamada je glavni instruktor New York Aikikaija, predsjednik Aikido saveza Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (USAF) i predsjedatelj Aikido saveza Latinske Amerike (ULAIAF). U siječnju 2011. Yamada je prihvatio poziv da postane pokrovitelj Aikikai Australije. Održava seminare u Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, kao i Latinskoj Americi, Rusiji, Francuskoj, Njemačkoj i drugim krajevima širom svijeta.

Smrću svojih kolega Akire Toheija 1999. godine, Mitsunarija Kanaija 2004. godine, te Seiichija Suganoa i Nobuyoshija Tamure 2010. godine, Yamada je jedan od najstarijih živih predstavnika posljednje generacije izravnih učenika Moriheija Ueshibe.

Živi u New Yorku i aikido podučava u New York Aikikaiju.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 New York Aikikai
 United States Aikido Federation
 Interview with Aikido Shihan Yoshimitsu Yamada, Part 1
 Interview with Aikido Shihan Yoshimitsu Yamada, Part 2

Životopisi, Tokyo
Japanske aikidoke

Yoshimitsu Yamada