Prime7, formerly Prime Television and other names, was an Australian television network. Prime Television launched on 17 March 1962 as CBN-8 in Orange, and later expanded to cover regional New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. It was initially an independent affiliate owned by Prime Media Group before the network, and its sister GWN7, were acquired by Seven West Media on 31 December 2021.

Prime7 along with GWN7 national broadcast facilities were based in Canberra, with playout facilities (since 2021) shared with hybrid-funded broadcaster SBS Television at a facility operated by Australian telecommunications provider Telstra. Seven West Media head office/administration is located in Pyrmont, Sydney.

History

Origins
Prime Television originally began as a group of separate stations and networks – Midstate Television in Orange, Dubbo and Griffith; RVN/AMV in Wagga Wagga and Albury; and 9-8 Television in Tamworth and Taree.

CBN-8 Orange first aired on 17 March 1962, followed by CWN-6 Dubbo on 1 December 1965. The two stations were both licensed to Country Television Services (also the owner of radio station 2GZ in Orange). CWN was a full-time relay of CBN—the first Australian television station to relay another. The two stations thus formed the country's first regional television network.

AMV-4 Albury launched on 7 September 1964 while RVN-2 Wagga Wagga began broadcasting on 19 June 1964, and MTN-9 Griffith began on 15 December 1965. The two stations merged in 1971 as the Riverina and North East Victoria Television Service Pty Ltd with the callsign RVN/AMV on air.

In northern New South Wales, NEN-9 Tamworth began transmission on 27 September 1965, with a relay in Armidale (NEN-1, later NEN-10) on 15 July 1966. ECN-8 Taree started on 27 May 1966. At one stage, ECN-8 was tied NRN-11 Coffs Harbour (now owned by WIN Corporation), however the two stations split. NEN later merged with ECN as 9-8 Television.

Television 6-8-9
As a result of the financial difficulties that many independent stations faced, MTN-9 joined CWN-6 and CBN-8 to form Television 6-8-9 in 1973. Relays were launched in Portland, Lithgow, Mudgee, Cobar, Kandos and Rylstone and Bathurst. In 1981, 6-8-9 changed its name to Midstate Television.

Colour television was introduced at the same time as the rest of the country, on 1 March 1975 – one of the single most expensive processes undertaken by CBN to date. The station was a prominent broadcaster of local sporting events including tennis and rugby. In 1979, a documentary titled Goin' Down The Road, about the 1978 National Rodeo Titles won the network a Logie award for an 'Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Station'.

Midstate produced a number of local programs, including the Weekend Report, Early Shift, Rural Roundup and Around the Schools. From 1968, CBN was able to access a Postmaster-General's Department microwave link for national news bulletins and major events.

Aggregation

Midstate Television was bought out by media magnate Paul Ramsay's Ramcorp in October 1987. It was soon merged with Ramcorp's other stations, RVN/AMV and NEN/ECN. In 1988, Midstate Television was renamed Prime Television and began to show increased Seven Network programming in readiness for aggregation.

When aggregation took place, Prime began broadcasting to both southern New South Wales and northern Victoria. Transmission problems meant that aggregation in southern New South Wales took place in two stages – first the Australian Capital Territory and NSW south coast on 31 March 1989, followed by Orange, Dubbo, and Wagga Wagga on 31 December 1989. These changes led to the de-merger of RVN-AMV, with RVN becoming CBN-2.

Griffith remained a one-station market, however instead of taking programming from Prime in line with the network's other stations, MTN-9 relayed programming mainly from WIN Television in southern New South Wales. A supplementary licence, AMN-31, was successfully bid for by MTN in 1996, providing a relay of Prime Television. Soon after the station was purchased by WIN Television, which undertook a number of minor changes – mainly changing the news service to WIN News, and using entirely WIN branding. AMN-31 remains a relay of Prime. Similarly, the Mildura licence area remained separate from the remainder of Victoria, albeit with a single station, STV-8, later bought out by WIN Television in 1996. In 1997 Prime was successful in bidding for a new licence for the area at a cost of $3.2 million. PTV-31 began broadcasting the following year.

Although advertising revenue increased post-aggregation, local programming declined as a result of the costs incurred by the network's expansion – an estimated $45 million had been spent by Ramcorp during and in the lead-up to aggregation. After losses of $50 million, it was not until 1993 that the renamed Prime Television posted a profit.

Prime Television became the first commercial network in Australia to add a digital on-screen graphic to the network's broadcasts. Starting in the early 90s, the first watermark consisted of the Prime text from the network's former circle logo, and was located at the top right of the screen.
The watermark was updated in 2001 to coincide with Prime's new logo, still shown at the top right of the screen. This continued until Prime Television's relaunch as Prime7 in 2011. The watermark is now seen at the bottom right of the screen, like most TV network watermarks.

In November 1996, Prime's parent company, Prime Television, purchased the Golden West Network, a merged group of four stations in regional Western Australia; BTW-3 Bunbury, VEW-8 Kalgoorlie, GTW-11 Geraldton and GSW-9 Albany. Western Australia, similar to Griffith and Mildura, remained a one-station commercial market until 1999 when GWN became a Seven Network affiliate, after WIN Television began transmission as an affiliate of both the Nine Network and Network Ten.

The network began to expand into New Zealand in 1997, when a number of licences were purchased from United Christian Broadcasters for an estimated $3.6 million. Prime Television New Zealand began broadcasting on 30 August 1998, with a nightly local news program in both Waikato and Christchurch. Prime also expanded into Argentina with the purchase of the Canal 9 network.

2000s

The renamed Argentine network Azul Televisión was sold for $108 million in early 2000 due to lower-than-expected performance. During the same year, Prime benefited greatly from its affiliation with the Seven Network throughout its carriage of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The network's relationship with Seven was further developed throughout the early 2000s, leading to the introduction of 7onPrime promotional branding for Seven Network-produced programs.

Local news bulletins for Newcastle, the Gold Coast, Canberra, and Wollongong were axed in 2001 due to falling ratings and the anticipated costs of the switch to digital television. This, and the closure of a number of news bulletins by Southern Cross Broadcasting, prompted the Australian Broadcasting Authority to investigate the adequacy of regional news services The ABA later mandated that stations broadcast a minimum level of local content, based on a points systemtwo points per minute for local news, and one point per minute for other local content, excluding paid advertisements.

Prime formed a partnership with the Nine Network (affiliated in Australia to competitor WIN Television), giving its owner, PBL Media the option to purchase a 50% share of Prime Television New Zealand in return for access to original programming, and cross-promotion in PBL's New Zealand magazine titles. Following this, Prime Television New Zealand began to take on branding and programming similar to that of the Nine Network. In November 2005, Prime Television New Zealand was purchased by subscription television provider Sky Network Television for , completed after approval by New Zealand's Commerce Commission in February 2006.

Mildura Digital Television, a digital-only station in Mildura began transmissions in 2006 as a joint venture between Prime Television and WIN Corporation. Section 38B of the Broadcasting Services Act allowed for the provision of a third station owned by either one or both existing networks. MDT is a direct relay of 10 Melbourne, albeit with local advertising.

Prime Television announced on 21 December 2009 that it would start broadcasting 7two on 23 December 2009.

2010s
On 25 September 2010, Prime began transmission of the new HD digital channel 7mate aimed at men 16–49. The first program to be broadcast was the drawn 2010 AFL Grand Final. On 15 January 2011, Prime Media Group reported that Prime and GWN were set to rebrand as Prime7 and GWN7 respectively. Their news bulletins had quickly changed their names to Prime7 News and GWN7 News, while 7two dropped the "Prime" logo on the multichannels. Prime and GWN relaunched on 16 January 2011 at 18:00 (6pm). Prime7 began broadcasting 4ME (then Television 4) on 18 September 2011 on LCN 64. Prime7 began broadcasting ishop TV on 30 April 2013 on LCN 65.

Prime7 ceased to broadcast 4ME on 30 April 2016, due to financial problems.

In December 2016, Prime7 transferred its playout facilities to MediaHub Australia located within the Sydney suburb of Ingleburn. The facility is a joint venture between public broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation and rival regional network WIN Television. Network officials noted that its existing Canberra facilities cannot be upgraded with technological advancements, causing Prime7 to be incapable of relaunching its HD simulcast as well as introducing 7flix to its viewers.

On 3 August 2017, 18 months after launching in metropolitan areas, Prime7 announced that it would carry 7flix to its regional stations in northern and southern New South Wales, regional Victoria and Mildura. The channel became available on digital channel 66 in MPEG-4 format. On 15 January 2018, Prime7 quietly relaunched its primary HD service, Prime7 HD, on digital channel 60 in MPEG-4 format.

2021: Merger with Seven
On 1 November 2021, Seven West Media announced that it would acquire all the shares and subsidiaries of Prime Media Group, including Prime7. This was Seven West Media's second attempt at purchasing Prime, after its previous attempt in 2019 was thwarted by Australian Community Media boss Antony Catalano and rival WIN Corporation owner Bruce Gordon, who cited Seven's debt problems at the time and its poor ratings performance as their reason for their refusal. This development would mark an end to the Prime branding after 33 years in favour of the Seven Network's branding, and would see all news bulletins carry the Seven News brand. Prior to this, Prime7 (and sister GWN7 in regional and remote Western Australia), as well as Nine affiliate Imparja Television were the only networks not to fully use its metro affiliate branding despite carrying Seven (Nine for Imparja) branded promos, since WIN Television (except for WIN News) and Southern Cross Austereo use full Nine, Ten and Seven branding on their stations. It was also announced that Seven would look to expand its investment in local news following the merger. The majority of Prime's shareholders voted in favour of the deal on 23 December, with the sale completed on 31 December.

On 23 May 2022, Seven West Media announced that the current branding of Prime7 and GWN7 would be unified into Seven Network branding across all stations including for Prime7 Local News, officially retiring the Prime7 name.

In June 2022 the Prime7 brand was retired.

On 22 July 2022 the final retirement of the Prime7 branding took place with all local news bulletins becoming "7NEWS (region)" for example "7NEWS Border" as of Monday 25 July.

Programming
Prime's programming schedule was almost identical to those of Seven Network metropolitan counterparts ATN in Sydney and HSV in Melbourne, with some differences. Since the Prime network's inception it featured a broad range of original local programming, which included children's program Possum's Club with Madelaine Collignon and station mascot Prime Possum as well as community service segment Prime7 InfoNet, a series of short updates listing local community events.

Prime7's overnight schedule also differed from the Seven Network feed, containing infomercials from Danoz Direct, Home Shopping, and a feed from pay television channel Expo. Past programming from Prime Television has been recognised nationally, with some local productions winning the Logie Award for 'Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Television Station'. The network has won Logies for Goin' Down The Road (CBN-8, 1979), Naturally (NEN-9/ECN-8, 1984), Stranded (Prime Television, 1993), Rest in Peace (Prime Television, 1994), and No Time For Frailty (Prime Television, 1996).

Prime7 News

Seven News Regional (formerly known as Prime7 News and Prime News) was the network's local news service. Full bulletins were produced for the towns and surrounding regions originally covered by the stations "Midstate 6,8,9 Television", Dubbo/Orange, "RVN-2/AMV-4", Wagga Wagga/Albury and "9/8 Television" (NEN-9/ECN-8) Tamworth/Taree, prior to the aggregation of regional television services in New South Wales that occurred in the early 1990s. In other areas two-minute news updates were shown at various times of the day.

Prime7 News bulletins were presented from Canberra weeknightly as Prime7 Local News at 18:00 (6pm) in the Albury and Wodonga Border, North West, North Coast, Central West and Wagga Wagga broadcast areas. Prime7 News at 6:30 (with Daniel Gibson) (at 18:30) also came from the Canberra news centre.

Availability
Prime7 was available in standard definition digital format. Since June 2007 a 1080i high definition simulcast had also been available, replacing the network's former 576p service. Prime7 was viewed mainly through free-to-air terrestrial transmitters, although subscription cable also provided by TransACT and Neighbourhood Cable in the Australian Capital Territory and Ballarat, respectively.

Prime7 broadcast to southern New South Wales through stations based in Orange and Dubbo, northern New South Wales from stations in Tamworth and Taree, Victoria from its Albury-Wodonga-based station AMV and Mildura via PTV.

Prime7 HD
Prime7 HD originally launched on 15 October 2007 as a sister to the Seven Network's high definition simulcast, Seven HD. Then-known as Prime HD, it broadcast in 1080i high definition on digital channel 60 on Prime's regional stations NEN Northern New South Wales, CBN Southern New South Wales, AMV Victoria and PTV Mildura. The channel broadcast breakaway programming from 10 December 2007 until 4 October 2009, when it was turned into a straight HD simulcast. Prime HD fully ceased broadcasting on 25 September 2010 with the launch of the HD channel 7mate. Prime7 re-launched their HD simulcast service, now known as Prime7 HD on 15 January 2018.

Logos
Prime Television became a network in May 1988, with shared logos produced and used across the regional stations, featuring the word Prime Television either above an outlined triangle or rectangle. Aggregation occurred across the network on 31 March 1989, along with the introduction of a green logo featuring the word Prime with the letter i dotted with a stylised globe, introduced in December 1988. This logo was used on its own across the network until 1996, when a new circular logo was introduced in 1990. Following a decade in use, 2001 saw the launch of a new simplified yellow logo, with the removal of the circle. This logo was launched concurrently with a similarly design logo on the Golden West Network. Following the 2011 relaunch, a new red logo was introduced which incorporates the Seven Network logo. The relaunch logo featuring Seven Network was revised in 2012 from multi colour to be a single colour logo.

References

Prime Media Group
Seven Network
English-language television stations in Australia
Television channels and stations established in 1962
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2022
1962 establishments in Australia
2022 disestablishments in Australia
Defunct television channels in Australia

Prime7


The Hokuriku Main Line () is a  railway line owned by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) connecting Maibara Station in Maibara, Shiga, with Naoetsu Station in Joetsu, Niigata. The section between Kanazawa Station and Naoetsu Station is now operated by third-sector railways. It serves the Hokuriku region on the northern central coast of Honshu, the largest island of Japan, as well as offering connections to the regions of Kansai, Tōkai, Kantō, and Tōhoku.

The section of the line between Maibara and Kanazawa is an important transportation artery along the Sea of Japan coast, because the Shinkansen high-speed network has not yet been extended through the Hokuriku region. The Hokuriku Shinkansen was opened on March 14, 2015 between  and , therefore the section between the Kanazawa Station and the Naoetsu Station was transformed from a JR line to a third-sector railway; the remaining Shinkansen segment onward to Kansai region is still in the planning stages. As a result, narrow gauge limited expresses such as the Thunderbird and Shirasagi are common sights along the line.

The Hokuriku Main Line is double tracked and completely electrified: the section from Maibara to Tsuruga use 1,500 V DC power, while the section from Tsuruga to Kanazawa uses 20 kV AC, 60 Hz power.

JR Freight operated a small branch line for freight from Tsuruga Station to a container facility at the port of Tsuruga, but the services ceased in 2009.

Basic data
Operators, distances
West Japan Railway Company (Services and tracks)
Japan Freight Railway Company (Services)
From Maibara to Kanazawa:

Stations:
Passenger stations: 43, including those with freight services
Freight terminals: 3
Double-track line: From Maibara to Kanazawa
Electrification: From Maibara to Kanazawa
From Maibara to Tsuruga: 1,500 V DC
From Tsuruga to Kanazawa: 20,000 V AC, 60 Hz
Railway signalling:
From Maibara to Kanazawa: Automatic train control

Maximum line speed: 130 km/h
CTC center:
From Maibara to Ōmi-Shiotsu: Shin-Ōsaka Operation Control Center
From Ōmi-Shiotsu to Kanazawa: Kanazawa Operation Control Center
CTC system:
From Maibara to Ōmi-Shiotsu: Safety Urban Network Traffic System (SUNTRAS)

Stations

Maibara - Tsuruga

 This entire section is electrified with direct current.

Tsuruga - Kanazawa
Legend:
 ● : All Rapid trains stop
 ↑ : All Rapid trains pass (Only Tsuruga-bound Rapid trains are operated)

Kanazawa to Naoetsu
Now a third-sector railway, Kanazawa to Kurikara is IR Ishikawa Railway, Kurikara to Ichiburi is Ainokaze Toyama Railway, and Ichiburi to Naoetsu is Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Line.

Rolling stock

Electric
 125 series (DC)
 221 series (DC)
 223-1000/2000 series (DC)
 225-0/100 series (DC)
 521-0 series (AC/DC)
 681 series (Thunderbird, Dinostar, Noto Kagaribi, Shirasagi, Ohayō Express, Oyasumi Express limited express)
 683 series (Thunderbird, Dinostar, Noto Kagaribi, Shirasagi, Ohayō Express, Oyasumi Express limited express)

Diesel
 KiHa 40/47
 KiHa 120

Former rolling stock
 413 series EMU (until March 2021)
 415-800 series EMU (until March 2011)
 419 series EMU (until March 2011)
 457 series EMU (until March 2015)
 471 series EMU (until March 2015)
 475 series EMU (until March 2015)
 485 series EMU (until March 2015)
 583 series EMU (Express Kitaguni until January 2013)

History

The entire line was built by the Japanese Government Railway, with the first section opened being from Nagahama, on the shore of Lake Biwa to Tsuruga in 1882. The Maibara to Nagahama section opened in 1889, and the line was then opened progressively to Fukui (in 1896), Kanazawa (in 1898), and Toyama (in 1899). The next extension opened to Uozu in 1908, and to Tomari in 1910. At the northeastern end, the Naoetsu to Nadachi section opened in 1911, and was extended to Itoigawa the following year. The final section opened in 1913, completing the line.

On 14 March 2015 the name of Terai Station was changed to Nomineagari Station.

Double-tracking and realignments
The initial section double-tracked was between Kanazawa and Tsubata in 1938, with the Maibara to Tsuruga section duplicated between 1957 and 1958. The rest of the line was double-tracked in stages between 1960 and 1969.

There have been three major line deviations. The first between Kinomoto and Tsuruga involving the 5,170 m Fukasaka tunnel opened in 1957 as a new line, with the original line remaining in service until the second new line opened in 1965, including the Shin-fukasaka tunnel at 5,173 m and a spiral section partially in tunnels to ease the ruling grade on the climb from Tsuruga to Biwako.

The second major deviation, between Tsuruga and Imajo opened in 1962 as a dual track line including the 13,870 m Hokuriku tunnel, providing a significantly straighter and faster line as well as avoiding numerous coastal sections vulnerable to disruption during severe weather events.

The third major deviation, the 21 km section between Uramoto and Arimagawa stations, was completed in 1969 as a dual track line, including the 11,353 m Kubiki tunnel, being the final section to be duplicated.

Electrification
The Tsuruga to Tamura section was electrified in 1957 at 20 kV AC. As Maibara was electrified at 1,500 V DC, steam locomotives hauled trains over the 5 km non-electrified section until it was electrified (at 1,500 V DC, with dual-voltage EMUs being used) in 1962, the year the 20 kV AC electrification was extended to Fukui, extending progressively to Kanazawa (in 1963), Toyama (in 1964), and Itoigawa (in 1965).

The Itoigawa to Naoetsu section was electrified at 1,500 V DC in 1969. DC was used in order to match the already-electrified Shin'etsu Main Line, which the Hokuriku Main Line joined at Naoetsu.

In 1991, in order to allow through-running with DC trains from the Tōkaidō Main Line at Maibara, the Tamura to Nagahama section was converted to 1,500 V DC, and the conversion was extended to Tsuruga in 2006.

Former connecting lines
 Tsuruga Station: The  freight-only line to Tsuruga-minato Port was taken out of service in 2009. The ~300m section of track from the former junction to the Maizakicho level crossing has since been removed to facilitate construction of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Kanazawa to Tsuruga. This line utilised a Token system for safeworking.
 Takefu Station: The Takeoka Light Railway opened a 7 km  gauge line to Gobuichi in 1914, converting the line to  gauge in 1924, and extending it 7 km to Tono-guchi. In 1941, the company merged with the Fukui Railway, which electrified the line at 600 V DC in 1948. The last 5 km closed in 1971, and the rest of the line closed in 1981.
 Sabae Station: The Ura Electric Railway opened a 20 km line, electrified at 600 V DC, to Oda between 1926 and 1929. The line also connected to the Fukubu Line at Mizuochi. The company merged with the Fukui Railway in 1945. As a result of double-tracking work on the Hokuriku Line at Sabae, the section to Mizuochi closed in 1962, with the rest of the line closing in 1973.
 Maruoka Station: The Maruoka Railway opened a 4 km 762 mm gauge line to Shin-Maruoka in 1915. In 1930, it was regauged to 1,067 mm and electrified at 600 V DC in conjunction with the opening of the Eiheiji Line to Shin-Maruoka from Arawa Onsen. The following year, a 3 km electrified line was opened from Maruoka to Nishi Nagata on the Mikuni Awara Line. The company merged with the Keifuku Railway in 1944, and the entire 7 km line closed in 1968.
 Arawa Onsen Station:
An 8 km line to Mikuni on the Mikuni Awara Line operated between 1911 and 1972.

The Eiheiji Railway Co. opened a 25 km line to its namesake town in 1929, connecting with the Katsuyama Eiheiji Line at Higashi-Furuichi. The company merged with the Keifuku Electric Railway Co. in 1944. The Arawa Onsen - Higashi-Furuichi section closed in 1969, and the section to Eijeihi closed in 2002 after a fatal head-on collision resulted in services being suspended and subsequently never resumed.

 Daishoji Station: A 9 km  gauge horse-drawn tramway opened to Yamanaka between 1898 and 1900. In 1913, the line was converted to 1,067 mm gauge and electrified. The line closed in 1971. The Hokuriku Railway Co. operated an 11 km line (known as the Contact Line) from Awazu Onsen (see Awazu station below) connected to the Uwano Line and this line between 1911 and 1963.
 Iburihashi Station: The Hokuriku Railway had two separate lines connecting here:
On the western side of the line, the 3 km line to Katayamazu opened in 1914 as a 915 mm gauge horse-drawn tramway. It was converted to 1,067 mm gauge and electrified in 1922, and closed in 1965.

On the eastern side, the 3 km electrified line to Uwano operated between 1911 and 1971.

 Awazu Station: The Awazu Onsen Railway opened a 4 km 762 mm gauge line to Awazu Onsen in 1911, converting the line to 1,067 mm gauge and electrifying it in 1916. The line closed in 1962.
 Komatsu Station:
A 17 km 762 mm gauge line opened to the Ogoya copper mine between 1919 and 1920. The Meitetsu Railway took over management of the line in 1962, renaming the terminus Ogoya Onsen. The copper mine closed in 1971, and the line closed in 1977.

A 6 km horse-drawn tramway opened in 1906 to serve the Yusenji copper mine. Steam locomotion was introduced the following year, and the mine and line closed in 1918. In 1929, the line was regauged to 1,067 mm, electrified and reopened by the Hakusen Electric Railway, but it was declared bankrupt the following year. The Komatsu Electric Railway purchased the line at the receiver's auction in 1935, and merged with the Hokuriku Railway in 1945. Patronage declined from 2,126,000 in 1967 to 623,000 in 1983, and as a result the line closed in 1986.

 Terai Station (present-day Nomineagari Station): The Nomi Electric Railway opened a 17 km line, electrified at 600 V DC to Tsurugi on the Hokuriku Railroad Ishikawa Line in 1927. Flooding destroyed the Tedorigawa bridge in 1934, which was replaced nine months later. The company merged with the Hokuriku Railway in 1942. Freight services ceased in 1968, and the line closed in 1980.
 Matto station: In 1904, the 8 km, 915 mm gauge Matsukane horse-drawn tramway opened to Nomachi on the Hokuriku Railroad Ishikawa Line, and also connected with Nonoichi station on the same line (not the current JR West station of the same name, which opened in 1968), 3 km before the terminus. In 1916, the line was converted to 1,067 mm gauge and electrified at 600 V DC. The line was acquired by the Kanazawa Electric Railway in 1920, which merged with the Hokuriku Railway in 1942. The 3 km Nonoichi to Nomachi section closed in 1944, and the remaining 5 km line closed in 1955.
 Kanazawa Station: The 5 km 762 mm gauge Jinshi horse-drawn tramway opened in 1898, being converted to 1,067 mm gauge and electrified at 600 V DC in 1914. In 1920, the line was extended to Ono Port, and a further 2 km to Ono Minato in 1923. A 400m branch to Ryokuchi Park opened in 1930, passenger services on the branch ceasing in 1945 though the line remained to service a paper mill. The entire system closed in 1970.
 Isurugi Station: The Tonami Railway opened a 7 km line to Tsuzawa in 1915, and merged with the Kaetsu Railway in 1919, which extended the line 13 km to Shogawa-Cho in 1922, including a connection to the Johana Line at Fukuno. The line closed in 1972.
 Kurobe Station: The Toyo Aluminium Company planned to build Japan's first aluminium refinery near Kurobe, and in 1922 opened a line electrified at 600 V DC to the proposed refinery site. The refinery did not proceed, so the company extended the line to Ishida Minato to serve an Onsen. The line closed in 1940.

Hokuriku Shinkansen
The Hokuriku Shinkansen extension, from  to , approximately parallels the route of the Hokuriku Main Line. With the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen, control of local passenger services on the sections of the Hokuriku Main Line running through Ishikawa, Toyama, and Niigata prefectures was transferred to the following three third-sector operating companies owned by the respective prefectures. An additional extension running between Kanazawa and Tsuruga is set to open March 16, 2024.

 IR Ishikawa Railway (17.8 km,  - )
 Ainokaze Toyama Railway (100.1 km, Kurikara - )
 Echigo Tokimeki Railway Company Nihonkai Hisui Line (Ichiburi - )

References

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Lines of West Japan Railway Company
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1882

Hokuriku Main Line


Mung or munge is computer jargon for a series of potentially destructive or irrevocable changes to a piece of data or a file. It is sometimes used for vague data transformation steps that are not yet clear to the speaker. Common munging operations include removing punctuation or HTML tags, data parsing, filtering, and transformation.

The term was coined in 1958 in the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1960 the backronym "Mash Until No Good" was created to describe Mung, and by 1976 it was revised to "Mung Until No Good", making it one of the first recursive acronyms. It lived on as a recursive command in the editing language TECO.

It differs from the very similar term munge, because munging usually implies destruction of data, while mungeing usually implies modifying data (simple passwords) in order to create protection related to that data.

Munging may also describe the constructive operation of tying together systems and interfaces that were not specifically designed to interoperate (also called 'duct-taping').  Munging can also describe the processing or filtering of raw data into another form.

As the "no good" part of the acronym implies, munging often involves irrevocable destruction of data. Hence in the early text-adventure game Zork, the user could mung an object and thereby destroy it, making it impossible to finish the game if the object was an important item.

See also
Jargon File – a glossary of hacker slang.
Slug – an application of munging for creating human-friendly URLs.
Kludge – a neologism developed near this time with a similar meaning

References

External links

 Jargon File entry
 Mung and munge at FOLDOC
 Email address munging is considered harmful

Computer jargon

Mung (computer term)


علي فهمي خشيم (1936-2011)، هو أحد رموز الفكر والأدب في ليبيا في الخمسين عاما الأخيرة، وقد امتدت مؤلفاته لتغطي مجالات واسعة مثل الفلسفة والتاريخ واللغة والنقد الأدبي والترجمة والإبداع الروائي والشعري.

وُلد الدكتور علي فهمي خشيم بمصراتة بليبيا عام 1936 م لإحدى عائلات قبيلة الشراكسة أو الشركس فيها. حصل على ليسانس آداب تخصص فلسفة بكلية الآداب، الجامعة الليبية – بنغازي 1962م. وعلى ماجستير فلسفة، كلية الآداب، جامعة عين شمس 1966م. وعلى دكتوراه فلسفة، كلية الدراسات الشرقية جامعة درم – بريطانيا 1971م، وتوفي يوم الخميس 09 يونيو 2011 في ألمانيا.

اتهم بأنه محابي للسلطة وانه غير موضوعي في بعض كتاباته وأفكاره خاصة فيما يتعلق بمسألة الاقليات وانتقد بشدة لعمله على تعريب شمال أفريقيا وعدم الاعتراف باللغات المحلية.

الوظائف الأكاديمية

تدرج في الوظائف الأكاديمية فعين:
محاضرًا بكلية آداب الجامعة الليبية، بنغازي 1962/ 1975م، فأستاذًا مساعدًا، فأستاذًا مشاركًا، ثم أستاذ كرسي – كلية التربية – جامعة طرابلس 1975 – 1987م.
باحثًا متفرغًا بدرجة أستاذ بمركز بحوث العلوم الإنسانية - طرابلس 1987 – 1989م، فأستاذًا مشرفًا على الدراسات العليا – طرابلس 1989م - كلية العلوم الاجتماعية – جامعة طرابلس.
وعين كذلك:
 عميد كلية التربية، جامعة طرابلس – طرابلس – 1976م.
 رئيس قسم التفسير (الفلسفة) – كلية التربية – طرابلس 1987 – 1988م.
 عميد كلية اللغات – طرابلس 1987 – 1988م.

المناصب التي تقلدها
ومن الوظائف العامة التي تقلدها:

 وكيل وزارة الإعلام والثقافة – ليبيا 1971 – 1972م.
 وزير الدولة، رئيس مجلس شؤون الثقافة والتعليم، اتحاد الجمهوريات العربية – القاهرة 1972 – 1975م.
 عضو المجلس التنفيذي لمنظمة الأمم المتحدة للتربية والثقافة والعلوم (اليونسكو) – باريس 1976 – 1980م.
 نائب رئيس المجلس التنفيذي لليونسكو – باريس 1978 – 1980م.
 انتخب عضوًا بمجمع اللغة بالقاهرة عام 2003م، في المكان الذي خلا بوفاة الدكتور جاك بيرك.
 وهو أمين عام (رئيس) مجمع اللغة العربية الليبي من 1994م حتى 2011.

النشاط الثقافي

وللدكتور علي فهمي خشيم نشاط ثقافي واسع، تمثل في الهيئات والجمعيات والمراكز العلمية والصحافية الآتية:

 أنشأ مجلة (قورينا) ورأس تحريرها، كلية الآداب، بنغازي 1966- 1972م.
 أسس مجلة «الفصول الأربعة» الصادرة عن اتحاد الكتاب والأدباء ورأس تحريرها- طرابلس 1977 – 1980م.
 عضو هيئة تحرير مجلة «الوحدة»، المجلس القومي للثقافة العربية – الرباط 1985م.
 عضو هيئة تحرير مجلة «الحكمة» – قسم الفلسفة – طرابلس 1975م.
 أسس ورأس تحرير مجلة «أفكار» – قسم الفلسفة – طرابلس 1987 – 1988م.
 عضو الهيئة الإدارية لاتحاد الأدباء والكتاب – ليبيا 1976 – 1980م.
 عضو هيئة أمناء (المجلس القومي للثقافة العربية) الرباط 1983م.
 عضو مؤسس للمركز العربي للدراسات التاريخية – طرابلس 1988م.
 أسس ورأس مجلس تحرير صحيفة «الأسبوع الثقافي» – طرابلس 1972م.
 رئيس تحرير مجلة «الفصول الأربعة» 1998م.
 مشرف على مجلة «لا» 1997 – 1999م.
 مشرف على مجلة «المشهد» الثقافية 2004م.
 رئيس تحرير مجلة «حولية المجمع» الصادرة عن مجمع اللغة العربية الليبي.

المؤلفات

وللدكتور علي خشيم مؤلفات ومترجمات عديدة في الفلسفة واللغة والتاريخ والأدب، منها:
 النزعة العقلية في تفكير المعتزلة: دراسة في قضايا العقل والحرية عند أهل العدل والتوحيد، (دار مكتبة الفكر – الطبعة الأولى 1966م. المنشأة العامة للنشر – الطبعة الثانية 1975م).
 حسناء قورينا: مسرحية (بلاوتوس) Plautus باسم Rudens. (دار مكتبة الفكر 1967).
 الجُبَّائيان.. أبو علي وأبو هاشم: بحث في مواطن القوة والضعف عند المعتزلة في قمة ازدهارهم وبداية انهيارهم، (دار مكتبة الفكر 1968م).
 نصوص ليبية: ترجمة لكتابات مشاهير المؤرخين والجغرافيين اليونان واللاتين عن ليبيا القديمة مع مقدمات وتعليقات وشروح. (دار مكتبة الفكر – الطبعة الأولى 1968م. الطبعة الثانية 1975م).
 قراءات ليبية: مقالات مركزة عن الحياة والناس والأرض والتاريخ والأسطورة في ليبيا حتى الفتح الإسلامي. (دار مكتبة الفكر 1968م).
 الحركة والسكون: مجموعة مقالات وبحوث نقدية في مختلف الموضوعات التي اهتم بها الكاتب (دار مكتبة الفكر 1973م). الطبعة الثانية (الدار الجماهيرية 2000م).
 الحاجية: من ثلاث رحلات في البلاد الليبية. رحلات الناصري والمنالي والفاسي في ليبيا محقَّقة ومشروحة. (دار مكتبة الفكر 1974م).
 Zarruq the Sufi (زروق الصوفي)،Morris International مؤسسة (موريس الدولية)، لندن. (المنشأة العامة – طرابلس 1974م).
 أحمد زروق والزروقية: دراسة عن أحد أعلام التصوف الإسلامي في شمال أفريقيا، حياته وعصره ومذهبه وطريقته، (دار مكتبة الفكر 1975م – الطبعة الثانية: المنشأة العامة للنشر 1980م- الطبعة الثالثة: دار المدار الإسلامي بيروت 2002م).
 دفاع صبراتة Apologia: النص الكامل لدفاع (أبوليوس المداوري) في محاكمته بمدينة صبراته مع مقدمة تحليلية وتعليقات (المنشأة العامة للنشر 1975م).
 نظرة الغرب إلى الإسلام في القرون الوسطى: ترجمة كتاب (وليام سثرن):
W. Southern Wesern, Views of lslam in the Middle Ages.
مع التعليق عليه، ومقدمة، بالاشتراك مع د. صلاح الدين حسن، دار مكتبة الفكر 1976 الطبعة الثانية (مركز الحضارة العربية – القاهرة 2003م).
 أيام الشوق للكلمة: مقالات وبحوث ودراسات، (المنشأة العامة للنشر 1977م).
 حسان: مسرحية جيمس فلكر J. Flecker, Hassan (المنشأة العامة للنشر 1977م).
 حديث الأحاديث: مناقشة صريحة لآراء الشيخ محمد متولي الشعراوي (دار مكتبة الفكر).
 كتاب الإعانة: لأحمد زروق: تحقيق وتعليق (الدار العربية للكتاب 1979م).
 إينارو: رواية تاريخية مستوحاة من وحدة عرب مصر وعرب ليبيا في مقاومة الاحتلال الفارسي لوادي النيل في القرن الخامس ق. م. (دار الإبداع، الدار البيضاء 1996م، الطبعة الثانية، مركز الحضارة العربية – القاهرة 2000م).
 الكُنَّاش: صور من ذكريات الحياة الأولى لأحمد زروق بقلمه، مع مقدمة وتحقيق (المنشأة العامة للنشر 1980م).
 تحولات الجحش الذهبي: رواية أبوليوس المداوري الشهيرة Metamorphoses، مترجمة إلى العربية مع مقدمة تحليلية، (المنشأة العامة للنشر – الطبعة الأولى 1980م- الطبعة الثانية 1984م، الطبعة الثالثة، مركز الحضارة العربية القاهرة 2000م، الطبعة الرابعة، وزارة الثقافة المصرية 2004م).
 مرّ السحاب: مقالات قصيرة في السياسة والأدب والاجتماع، (المنشأة العامة للنشر 1984م).
 بحثًا عن فرعون العربي: دراسات وبحوث في اللغة والتاريخ العربي والليبي – بنظرة جديدة للتراث الحضاري، (الدار العربية لكتاب 1985م).
 رحلة الكلمات الأولى: مقارنات بين العربية واللغات الأوربية لبيان الصلة الوثيقة بين العربية وهذه اللغات في أسلوب عرض مبسط، (دار اقرأ – مالطا - روما 1986م الطبعة الثانية مركز الحضارة العربية القاهرة 1998م).
 آلهة مصر العربية (في مجلدين): دراسة موسعة للدين واللغة في مصر القديمة لإثبات عروبتهما، ثلاثة أجزاء في مجلدين (نشر الدار الجماهيرية ليبيا – ودار الآفاق الجديدة المغرب 1990م).
 سفر العرب الأمازيغ: بحث مفصل في عروبة اللغة الأمازيغية (البربرية) ملحق به:
 لسان العرب الأمازيغ: معجم عربي – بربري مقارَن. (دار نون 1996م).
 في المسألة الأمازيغية: سلسلة «الدفاتر القومية» (المجلس القومي للثقافة العربية – الرباط 1996م).
 هل في القرآن أعجمي؟ نظرة جديدة إلى موضوع قديم، بحث يصحح ما شاع عن وجود مفردات أعجمية في القرآن الكريم، يؤصل هذه المفردات ويبين عروبتها مع مقارنات باللغات العروبية الأخرى (دار الشرق الأوسط، بيروت 1997م).
 التواصل دون انقطاع: دراسة في تاريخ وتراث الوطن العربي القديم، (الدار الجماهيرية 1998م).
 الكلام على مائدة الطعام: مقالات فيما يتعلق بأسماء الأطعمة وما يتصل بها أو يدخل في تركيبها من مواد وأدوات (الدار الجماهيرية 1998م).
 رحلة الكلمات (الثانية): (الدار الجماهيرية 1998م).
 الفلسفة والسلطة: دراسات وبحوث في الفكر والتاريخ والاجتماع (الدار الجماهيرية 1998م).
 اللاتينية العربية: دراسات لغوية مقارنة (مركز الحضارة العربية 2001م).
 هؤلاء الأباطرة وألقابهم العربية: دراسة في تأثيل أسماء أباطرة الرومان وإرجاعها إلى أصولها العروبية، (دار الكتاب الجديد المتحدة 2002م).
 القبطية العربية: دراسة لغوية مقارنة، (مركز الحضارة العربية، 2003م).
 هذا ما حدث: سيرة حياة خاصة ممتزجة بالحياة العامة في ليبيا على مدى نصف قرن من الزمان (الكتاب الجديد – بيروت 2004م).
 الأكدية العربية: دراسة لغوية مقارنة (مركز الحضارة العربية – القاهرة 2005م).

هذا والدكتور علي فهمي خشيم عضو اتحاد المجامع اللغوية العلمية العربية، وعضو لجنة المعجم التاريخي للغة العربية.

انظر أيضاً
 خليفة التليسي
 علي مصطفى المصراتي
 عمار جحيدر
 أحمد النويري

وصلات خارجية

 اللغوي د.خشيم: العربية هي الأقدر

أعلام الشراكسة
خريجو جامعة عين شمس
رؤساء تحرير عرب
لغويون عرب في القرن 21
لغويون ليبيون
مؤرخون ليبيون
محررون عرب
محللون سياسيون عرب
محللون سياسيون
مدراء تحرير
مواليد 1936

علي فهمي خشيم


රසායනික ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක විකිරණ හා න්‍යෂ්ටික ප්‍රතිචාර බලඝණය (CBRN), ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාවට අනුබද්ධ බලඝණයකි. මෙම බලඝණය කොරා්නා වසංගතය හමුවේ සුවිශේෂි මෙහෙයක් ඉටු කරන ලදි. රසායනික ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක විකිරණ හා න්‍යෂ්ටික ප්‍රතිචාර බලඝණය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉංජිනේරු රෙජිමේන්තුවට අනුබද්ධිත ඒකකයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව
යුද්ධ හමුදා රෙජිමේන්තු, බලකා සහ ඒකක


Les négociations de paix de 2022 entre l'Ukraine et la fédération de Russie visent à résoudre la guerre résultant de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie de 2022.

Premières tentatives

Tentative de médiation biélorusse
La Biélorussie fait des avances à la Russie en modifiant sa constitution pour pouvoir stocker l'arsenal nucléaire russe à partir du 27 février 2022.

Le 27 février 2022, le président ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky accepte de participer à des pourparlers à la Frontière entre la Biélorussie et l'Ukraine, à la suite d'une conversation téléphonique avec le président biélorusse Alexandre Loukachenko, et ce, malgré un sentiment de scepticisme du côté ukrainien. Le président ukrainien exige que les négociations se déroulent en territoire neutre, d'où son refus de participer aux discussions proposées auparavant à Homiel ou à Minsk. Les pourparlers entre les représentants ukrainiens et russes ont lieu à Gomel, en Biélorussie et se terminent sans issue favorable. Comme condition pour mettre fin à l'invasion, Poutine exige la neutralité de l'Ukraine, la  et la , et la reconnaissance de la Crimée comme territoire russe.

Le , une deuxième séance de pourparlers a eu lieu à Belovejskaïa Pouchtcha, municipalité biélorusse à proximité de la Pologne ; le principal résultat de cette séance étant un commun accord pour l'établissement de couloirs humanitaires, en raison des besoins criants d'obtenir des médicaments et de la nourriture, ainsi que d'évacuer les civils. Cet accord prévoirait également la possibilité d'un cessez-le-feu temporaire pour permettre les évacuations. Le président Zelensky interpelle son homologue russe, souhaitant vouloir négocier directement avec lui. Dans un communiqué de presse, Sergueï Lavrov, ministre russe des Affaires étrangères, exprime sa certitude qu'une entente sera conclue entre les belligérants, mais évoque la possibilité d'un conflit nucléaire.

Tentative israélienne et crise diplomatique israélo-russe
Le , Israël se propose en tant que médiateur, en invoquant de solides relations avec les deux nations en conflit. Le premier ministre israélien Naftali Bennett, accompagné de Ze'ev Elkin, son ministre du Logement russophone d'origine ukrainienne, se rend à Moscou, devenant ainsi le premier dirigeant étranger à se rendre en Russie depuis le début des hostilités. Avant de s'y rendre, Bennett fait part de ses intentions à l'Allemagne, les États-Unis et la France. Il y rencontre Poutine, téléphone ensuite à Zelensky, puis se rend à Berlin pour rencontrer Olaf Scholz. Peu de détails sont connus de la teneur de ces conversations, autre que la discussion avec Scholz ait  et que les chefs allemand, français et israélien continueront d'échanger à ce sujet. Du côté russe, on affirme que les dirigeants se sont entretenus au sujet de la situation ukrainienne de l'« opération militaire spéciale » dans le Donbass et les discussions de Vienne concernant le Programme nucléaire de l'Iran. Cet événement est notable, car le premier ministre israélien observe le jour du shabbat et n'entreprend aucune activité officielle pendant ce jour. Ce dernier fait référence à la  comme justification à ces visites.

Les relations entre Israël et la Russie se tendent début mai lorsque Lavrov déclare à propos du président Zelensky, qu'être à la fois juif et nazi n'est pas incompatible, en déclarant que . L'État hébreu s'alarme alors de propos , tandis que le gouvernement ukrainien dénonce des  révélatrices d'un . Moscou répond alors en accusant Israël de soutenir le  en affirmant dans un communiqué que .

Rapport du Financial Times du 16 mars 2022
Le Financial Times publie le 16 mars que la Russie et l'Ukraine travailleraient sur un accord préliminaire en 15 points qui comprendrait, entre autres : le cessez-le-feu et le retrait des troupes russes, la déclaration de neutralité de l'Ukraine inscrite dans sa Constitution, le russe comme co-langue officielle et enseignée dans les écoles, et bien que la Russie ait demandé la « démilitarisation » de l'Ukraine, elle ne demanderait désormais que des limites à son armée et l'interdiction des bases militaires étrangères ou des missiles nucléaires sur son territoire ; en échange la sécurité de l'Ukraine serait prise en charge par la Turquie, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis. Selon l'attaché de presse du Kremlin Dmitri Peskov, l'option de neutralité offerte à l'Ukraine est similaire à celle de la Suède et de l'Autriche qui lui permettrait d'entrer dans l'Union européenne, mais pas dans des alliances militaires comme l'OTAN. La Russie avait initialement appelé à la destitution de Volodymyr Zelensky, à la « démilitarisation » et à la « dénazification » de l'Ukraine et à la reddition du pays, mais Zelensky lui-même a affirmé que la Russie avait assoupli sa position et abandonné bon nombre de ces demandes.

Le principal point de discorde selon certaines sources semble être le sort du Donbass et de la Crimée, la Russie appelant à la reconnaissance de l'annexion de la Crimée et de la sécession du Donbass, ce à quoi l'Ukraine s'oppose.

Dix points pour cesser les hostilités présentés par le président Zelinsky
Lors de la réunion du G20 en novembre 2022, le président Zelinsky présente dix points pour faire cesser les hostilités.

Références

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Processus_de_paix

Négociations de paix de 2022 entre l'Ukraine et la fédération de Russie


İnsan hakları, tüm insanların sadece insan olmakla sahip olduğu temel hak ve özgürlüklere denir. İnsan hakları; ırk, ulus, etnik köken, dış görünüş, din, dil,ense ve cinsiyet ayrımı gözetmeksizin tüm insanların yararlanabileceği haklardır. Bu hakları kullanmakta herkes eşittir. Diğer yandan insan hakları terimi bir ideali içerir. Bu terimi kullananlar, bu alanda olanı değil, olması gerekeni dile getirirler.

İnsan hakları, tüm insanların hak ve saygınlık açısından eşit ve özgür olarak doğduğu anlayışına dayanır. İnsan hakları, her bir bireye bağımsız seçim yapma ve yeteneklerini geliştirme özgürlüğü sağlar. Bu özgürlükler başkalarının haklarına saygılı olmak ve bu hakları çiğnememe zorunluluğu ile dengelenmektedir. Bir başka deyişle, birçok hakkın yanında bir sorumluluk da bulunmaktadır.

Tarihçe

İnsan ve insan haklarına ilişkin hassasiyetleri felsefi düzlemde ilk defa dile getiren sofizmdir. İnsan haklarının tarihi binlerce yılı kapsamaktadır ve kaydedilmiş tarih içinde dinsel, kültürel, felsefi ve yasal anlamda gelişmeler göstermiştir. Birçok antik belge, dinler ve felsefe insan haklarıyla ilişkilendirilebilecek çok çeşitli kavramı içermektedir.

Bunlar arasında en çok dikkate değer olanlar; Pers İmparatoru Büyük Kiros tarafından Yeni Babil İmparatorluğu'nu fethetmesinden sonra üzerinde niyetlerini yazılı olarak açıkladığı MÖ 539 tarihli Kiros Silindiri, Hint Büyük Asoka'nın MÖ 272 - MÖ 231 arasında yazılan Asoka Fermanları ve 622'de, Müslümanları, Yahudileri ve Paganları da içine alacak şekilde Yathrib şehrinin (daha sonraki ismi Medine) önde gelen aşiret ve aileleri arasında resmi bir antlaşma olarak İslâm peygamberi Muhammed bin Abdullah tarafından hazırlanan Medine Sözleşmesi'dir.

1215 tarihli Magna Carta'nın İngiliz hukuk tarihi için ayrı bir önemi olduğu kadar günümüzde uluslararası hukuk ve anayasa hukuku için de önemi büyüktür.

Modern insan hakları

Modern insan hakları hukukunun büyük bir kısmının ve insan haklarının en modern yorumlarının görece yakın tarihte izleri sürülebilir. 1689 tarihli İngiliz Yurttaş Hakları Beyannamesi (veya "İnsanların Hak ve Özgürlüklerini ve Kraliyetin Halefliğinin Düzenlenmesini Beyan eden Kanun") Birleşik Krallık'ta (İngiltere'de) baskıcı hükûmet uygulamalarını yasa dışı saymıştır. 18. yüzyılda iki büyük devrim meydana geldi; 1776'da ABD'de ve 1789'da Fransa'da: Bunlar ciddi hak kazanımları sağlayan iki sonucun elde edilmesini neden oldu, Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi ve Fransız Hoca İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi. Ek olarak 1776'daki Virginia Haklar Beyannamesi bir dizi temel hak ve özgürlükleri sağlamıştır.

Bunları 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill ve Hegel gibi düşünürler tarafından insan hakları felsefesinde gerçekleştirilen ile ilerlemeler takip etmiştir. İnsan hakları terimi büyük olasılıkla Paine'in İnsan'ın Hakları isimli eseri ve William Lloyd Garrison'ın 1831'de The Liberator'''de çıkan ve "okuyucularına insan haklarının esas nedenini yazmaya çalıştığını" anlattığı yazıları yayınlandığı dönemde kullanılmaya başlandı.

 20. yüzyılda insan hakları
Birçok grup ve hareket insan hakları adına 20. yüzyılda çok büyük toplumsal değişimleri gerçekleştirdiler. Batı Avrupa'da ve Kuzey Amerika'da, sendikalar çalışanların greve gitme hakkını garanti altına alan, asgari çalışma koşullarının oluşturulmasını sağlayan, çocuk işçilerin çalışmalarını düzenleyen veya çalıştırılmalarını yasaklayan yasaların çıkarılmasını sağladılar. Kadın hakları hareketi kadının oy verme hakkını kazanmasında başarılı oldu.

Ulusal bağımsızlık hareketleri sömürgeci güçleri ülkelerinden çıkarttılar. En etkileyici bağımsızlık hareketlerinden birisi Hindistan'ı İngiltere'nin sömürgesi olmaktan çıkaran Mahatma Gandhi'nin hareketidir. Dünyanın birçok yerinde uzun süreli ırkçı ve dini baskı altındaki azınlıkların hareketleri başarılı oldu; ABD'de de sivil haklar hareketi ve daha yakın zamanlarda çeşitli kimlik politikaları hareketlerinde olduğu gibi.

Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi'nin kurulması, 1864 Lieber Sözü ve yine 1864'teki ilk Cenevre Sözleşmeleri iki Dünya savaşından sonra daha da geliştirilecek olan Uluslararası insancıl hukukun temellerini atmıştır.

Dünya Savaşları, inanılmaz boyuttaki insan kayıpları ve büyük insan hakları ihlalleri modern insan hakları belgelerinin gelişiminin arkasındaki itici güç olmuştur. Milletler Cemiyeti, I. Dünya Savaşı'nı takiben 1919'da yapılan Versailles Barış Antlaşması'nda yapılan görüşmelerde kuruldu. Cemiyet'in hedefleri şunlardı;silahsızlanma, ortak güvenlik çerçevesinde savaşı önleme, diplomasi ve görüşmeler yoluyla ülkeler arası anlaşmazlıklara çözüm bulmak ve küresel refahı artırmak. Daha sonra Evrensel İnsan Hakları Beyannamesi'nde yer alacak olan hakların çoğunu savunma kararlılığı da kuruluş amaçlarında vardı.
1945'teki Yalta Konferansı'nda Müttefik Güçler Cemiyet'in rolünü oynamak üzere yeni bir yapı kurma kararı aldılar. Bu yapı Birleşmiş Milletler olacaktı. BM kuruluşundan bugüne kadar uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun uygulanmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır.

 İnsan hakları kuşakları

 Birinci kuşak haklar (Kişisel ve siyasal)
Siyasi kaygıların önayak olduğu, 17 ve 18. yüzyıllarda ortaya çıkan haklardır. Bu yüzyıllar arasında halk, iktidarı elinde bulunduran devletin her şeyi yapamayacağına, insanlara keyiflerine göre hükmedemeyeceklerini vurgulayan düşünceler yavaş yavaş ortaya çıkmaya başladı. Halk kendi hayatını ilgilendiren meselelerde etkili olmak istedi. Bu düşüncelerin sonucunda yavaş yavaş kişisel özgürlük ve bireyin devlet müdahalesinden korunması şeklinde iki temel düşünce oluştu.

Bunlara negatif haklar denir. Birincil kuşak haklarının en belirgin özelliği özgürlük fikridir. Yaşama hakkı, adil yargılanma hakkı, din ve vicdan özgürlüğü, oy kullanma hakkı gibi.

1789 da Fransız bildirgesinde bu haklardan bahsedildiği görülmüştür. Fakat yine 1789 Fransız bildirgesine görüldüğü üzere bu hakların kullanılması bütün halka ve topluma eşit bir şekilde izin verilmemiş ve belli şartlara bağlanmıştır. Mesela kölelere hiç hak tanınmazken, zengin kesimlere siyasal hakların kullanılmasında izin verilmiştir.

 İkinci kuşak haklar (Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel)
Sosyalist gelenekten gelmektedir. Bu haklar sanayileşme ve işçi sınıfının gelişmesi ile toplumun haklarla ilgilenmeye başlayıp mücadeleleri ile ortaya çıkmıştır.

Bu haklar insanların temel ihtiyaçlarını ve nasıl birlikte yaşayıp çalışacağı ile ilgilidir. Eşitlik, yaşam için gerekli sosyal, ekonomik ürün, hizmet gibi olanakların güvence altına alınması düşüncesine dayanır.

Sanayi devrimi ile ortaya çıkan işçi sınıfı kendilerine tanınmayan haklardan dolayı rahatsızlıklarını belli etmeleri üzerine ikinci kuşak insan hakları ortaya çıkmıştır. Yani başka bir deyiş ile ikinci kuşak insan haklarının ortaya çıkmasını sanayi devrimi tetiklemiştir de denebilir.

Bu hakların kullanımı için öncelikle bireylerin iktidara karşı talep edimini gerçekleşmiş olması ve iktidarın da bu istek edimine karşı olumlu bir edim ile karşılık vermesi gerekir. bireylerin tek başına talepleri ile kullanabilecekleri haklar değildirler.

 Üçüncü kuşak haklar (Kolektif haklar veya uzlaşma hakları)
"Dayanışma Hakları", "Yeni Haklar", "Kalkınma Hakları" gibi isimler ile de anılan bu haklar sadece devletin tek taraflı çabası ile gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayan hem devletin hem de bireylerin karşılıklı etkin çabası ile ortaya çıkması mümkün olan haklardır. Bu haklara örnek olarak Çevre hakkı, Barış hakkı, Gelişme hakkı gösterilebilir.

Doğal hukuk anlayışından doğmuştur. Pozitif hukukun düzenlemeleri ile sınırlandırılmış ve tamamlanmış değildir. II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra kabul edilen İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi'nde yer alan hakları sorgulamasa bile beyannamede bulunan temel kavramları, hakları netliğe kavuşturarak geliştirmiştir.

Üçüncü kuşak, birinci ve ikinci kuşak haklarının gerçekleştirilmemesinin önündeki engelleri farklı kavrayarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu hakkın temelinde olan düşünce toplumun kolektif haklarını kapsayarak dayanışma fikridir. Üçüncü kuşak haklar sivil ve sosyal haklar ötesine geçen haklar olarak da bilinir. Bu hak bütün toplumun haklarını vurgular.

 Dördüncü kuşak haklar
Bu haklar, temelde bilgi toplumu haklarıdır. Bilgi, yayıldıkça çoğalan bir şeydir. Otoriterler bu yüzden bilginin yayılmasına karşı çıkmışlardır.

bilim ve teknolojinin gelişimine bağlı olarak ortaya çıkabilecek olar her türü olumsuz gelişmeye karşı dördüncü kuşak insan hakları ortaya çıkmıştır. Örneğin; İnsan klonlama gibi Avrupa Konseyi şartları gereği de yasaklanmıştır.

 1982 anayasasında durum

 Jellinek'in tasnifini benimsemiştir.
 3. ve 4. kuşak insan haklarına yer vermemiştir.

Eleştiriler

Marksizm

Çeşitli marksist düşünürler İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi'nin 1. maddesinde bulunan "Bütün insanlar özgür, onur ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar." ve 17. maddesinde bulunan "Kimse mülkiyetinden keyfi olarak yoksun bırakılamaz." cümlelerine atıfta bulunarak; her insanın ekonomik olarak eşit doğmadığını ve bundan yoksun bir durumun özgürlük ve hak sayılamayacağını, dolayısıyla bu durumun bir kandırmaca olduğunu ve burjuva sınıfının mülksüzleştirilmesi gerektiğini savunan marksist görüşün bu bahsi geçen cümlelerle mücadele etmesi gerektiğini vurgularlar. Bu görüşü savunanlara göre; kapitalizm koşullarında bu kavramların içi boştur ve sadece göstermeliktir. Dolayısıyla dünyaya egemen olan emperyalizm ve sınıflı toplumlara sahip devletler, bir taraftan ne kadar insan haklarına saygılı olduğunu belirterek kitleleri insan haklarından yana olduğuna inandırmaya çalışırken, diğer taraftan yoksulluk verici politikalarına, gözaltında kayıplara, hak ve özgürlük taleplerine saldırılarına vb. devam ederler. Bununla birlikte özellikle Maoist görüşü referans alan bazı düşünürler ise, ezilenlerin şiddetini meşru görmeyen bir insan hakları kavramının burjuva çerçevesinde durduğunu iddia etmektedirler. Zira marksist olduğunu belirten Küba Devrimi lideri Fidel Castro konu hakkında şu görüşleri beyan etmiştir;

 İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi

Erkek, kadın ve çocukların temel insan hak ve özgürlüklerinin belirlendiği İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) 1948 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından benimsenmiştir. Bu bildirge birçok ulusal ve uluslararası yasanın temelini oluşturur.

 Hakların korunması
 Ulusal düzey
İnsan haklarının ulusal düzeyde korunması 18. yüzyılda anayasalar ile başlamıştır. İnsan haklarının korunması için hukuk oluşturmakla yükümlü olan devlettir. Devlet, bu yükümlülüğünü yasama yoluyla yerine getirmektedir. Ulusal ölçekte insan haklarının korunmasına yönelik yöntemler önleme ve denetleme odaklıdır. İç hukuka dayalı olarak yapılan ulusal koruma neticesinde, ihlal edilen hakkın niteliğine göre, hakkı ihlal edene karşı hukuki, cezai veya idari yaptırımlar uygulanabilir. Ulusal ölçekte insan haklarının korunması yargısal ve yargı dışı koruma olarak iki bölümden oluşmaktadır.{{tez kaynağı|soyadı=Açık|ad=Coşkun|başlık=Ulusal insan hakları kurumları ve Türkiye örneğine eleştirel yaklaşım|tip=Yüksek Lisans Tezi|yıl=2017|yayıncı=Ankara Üniversitesi|yer=Ankara|isbn=|oclc=|sayfa=|sayfalar=|url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=veR1mHu9yoWjwcVUjCEoPJlaC6FA2i9txcHeCrq3HcRjXBEL48ZBsiXQzRTXxAmD|erişimtarihi=21 Haziran 2020|yazarbağı=}

 Yargısal koruma
Hak ihlal edildikten sonra başvurulacak ilk yer yargısal korumadır. Yargısal koruma; kamu hukuku ilişkilerini, özel hukuk ilişkilerini ve devletler arası ilişkileri kapsar.

 Yargı dışı koruma
Yargı dışı koruma genel olarak koruma ve denetim işlevi yapan yargı dışındaki tüm kurumları kapsamaktadır.

 Uluslararası düzey
İnsan haklarının ulusal düzeyde korunması ilk yol olmasına rağmen, sorunların artması ve genişlemesinden dolayı ulusal sorun büyüyerek uluslararası sorun hâline gelir. Uluslararası insan hakları düzeni, Birleşmiş Milletler ve bölgesel kuruluşlarca sağlanmaktadır. Uluslararası korumanın en temel özelliği, insan haklarına ilişkin her yerde ve herkes için geçerli olacak özellikleri belirmek ve bunların uygulanmasını sağlamaktır.

 Uluslararası sivil toplum örgütleri
 Uluslararası AF Örgütü (Amnesty International)
 İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü (Human Rights Watch)
 Uluslararası Hukukçular Komisyonu (International Commission of Jurists)
 Uluslararası PEN Kulübü (Poets, Essayist, Novelists)
 Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi (International Committee of the Red Cross)
 İnsan Hakları İçin Uluslararası Birlik (International League of the Rights of Man)

 Ayrıca bakınız
 İnsan Hakları Günü
 İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi
 Dünya İnsan Hakları Konferansı
 İslam'da insan hakları
 Gıda hakkı
 Rusya İnsan Hakları Bildirgesi (Lenin)''

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi
 İnsan hakları - Rusya
 İlk Adım - İnsan hakları eğitimine başlangıç için el kitabı (Uluslararası Af Örgütü)

İnsan hakları


أتلتيكو أصيلة     Atletico Juvenil Arcila     هو نادٍ رياضي مغربي من مدينة أصيلة. تم إنشاؤه من طرف بعض المعمرين الإسبان المقيمين في المدينة التي كان يسميها الإسبان Arcila .

أندية كرة قدم في المغرب

نادي أتلتيكو أصيلة


Charlotte Worthington (26 de junho de 1996) é uma ciclista britânica.

Worthington começou a praticar BMX profissionalmente aos 20 anos e trabalhava em tempo integral como chef em um restaurante mexicano perto de Chorlton por três anos antes que a modalidade fosse adicionada às Olimpíadas em 2017. Conquistou a medalha de ouro no BMX freestyle nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2020 em Tóquio. Ela foi nomeada membro da Ordem do Império Britânico.

Naturais de Manchester
Ciclistas olímpicos do Reino Unido
Campeões olímpicos do Reino Unido
Ciclistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Charlotte Worthington


El Banco Central de Islandia () es el banco central o banco de reservas de Islandia. Ha operado con esta función desde 1961, cuando fue creado por una ley del Alþingi (Parlamento de Islandia) emitida por el departamento de banca central para Landsbanki Íslands, que había tenido el derecho exclusivo para la emisión de billetes desde 1927 y había llevado a cabo una política monetaria limitada.En 2009 sus directivos, ejecutivos y auditores, junto con los de Kaupthing Bank, Glitnir y Landsbanki obtuvieron el Premio Ig Nobel de Economía.

Gobernadores
Jóhannes Nordal 1961–1993
Jón G. Maríasson 1961–1967
Vilhjálmur Þór 1961–1964
Sigtryggur Klemensson 1966–1971
Davíð Ólafsson 1967–1986
Svanbjörn Frímannsson 1971–1973
Guðmundur Hjartarson 1974–1984
Tómas Árnason 1985–1993
Geir Hallgrímsson 1986–1990
Birgir Ísleifur Gunnarsson 1991–2005
Jón Sigurðsson 1993–1994
Steingrímur Hermannsson 1994–1998
Finnur Ingólfsson 2000–2002
Ingimundur Friðriksson 2002–2003
Jón Sigurðsson: 2003–2006
Eiríkur Guðnason: 1994–2009
Davíð Oddsson: 2005–2009
Ingimundur Friðriksson: 2006–2009
Svein Harald Øygard: 2009–2009
Mar Gudmundsson: 2009–

Véase también
 Crisis financiera en Islandia de 2008-2009
 Corona islandesa
 Economía de Islandia
 Autoridad Supervisora Financiera de Islandia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial  (en inglés)
 Página oficial (en islandés)

Islandia
Bancos de Islandia

Banco Central de Islandia


Der Bahnhof Lengenfeld (Vogtl) ist ein Bahnhof der Stadt Lengenfeld im Vogtland in Sachsen. Von der heute noch betriebenen Bahnstrecke Zwickau–Falkenstein zweigte hier früher die Bahnstrecke nach Göltzschtalbrücke ab.

Geschichte

Bahnhofsnamen
Der Bahnhof trug in seiner Geschichte bereits vier unterschiedliche Bahnhofsnamen, im Einzelnen waren dies:
 bis 15. November 1879: Lengenfeld unt Bf
 bis 30. Juni 1904: Lengenfeld
 bis 30. Juni 1911: Lengenfeld i. V.
 seit 1. Juli 1911: Lengenfeld (Vogtl)

Betrieb

Der Bahnhof wurde am 29. November 1875 zusammen mit der Bahnstrecke Zwickau–Falkenstein durch die Zwickau-Lengenfeld-Falkensteiner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (ZLF) eröffnet. Der Durchgangsbahnhof war nach der Betriebseröffnung neben Auerbach die größte Zwischenstation der Bahnstrecke. Neben dem Empfangsgebäude (ein Typenbau ähnlich dem Privatbahnhof in Zwickau) und dem Güterschuppen wurde auch ein Wirtschaftsgebäude errichtet. Wegen der eingerichteten Wasserstation besaß der Bahnhof bereits eine gewisse betriebliche Bedeutung.

1876 wurde die ZLF verstaatlicht, danach wurde der Bahnhof erstmals erweitert, bis Ende der 1890er Jahre folgten weitere Ergänzungen.

Im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau der Bahnstrecke Lengenfeld–Göltzschtalbrücke wurde der Bahnhof ab 1904 für rund 1,2 Millionen Mark vollständig umgebaut. Statt sechs Gleise umfasste der Bahnhof nun zehn Gleise, auch wurden ein neues Empfangsgebäude und ein neuer Güterschuppen errichtet. Die Strecke von Göltzschtalbrücke wurde am 16. Mai 1905 eröffnet, damit wurde Lengenfeld zum Trennungsbahnhof und lokalen Bahnknoten. Damit einher ging eine Steigerung des Verkehrsaufkommens, wurden 1899 noch etwa 62.000 t Güter umgeschlagen, waren es 1913 bereits rund 92.000 t, im selben Zeitraum steigerte sich die Zahl der abgefertigten Reisenden von rund 133.000 auf rund 200.000.

In den 1930er Jahren wurde eine Kleinlokomotive im Bahnhof stationiert, für die ein eigener Schuppen errichtet wurde.

1958 wurde der Verkehr auf dem Abschnitt Weißensand–Mühlwand der Bahnstrecke Lengenfeld–Göltzschtalbrücke eingestellt, der noch verbliebene Restverkehr nach Wolfspütz wurde 1972 aufgegeben, damit wurde Lengenfeld wieder zum Durchgangsbahnhof. Die Strecke nach Göltzschtalbrücke wurde bis Ende der 1980er Jahre noch zum Abstellen von Schadwagen des Reichsbahnausbesserungswerks Zwickau genutzt.

Bis in die 1990er Jahre wurde der Bahnhof noch rege im Güterverkehr bedient, der allerdings noch vor der Sanierung der Strecke Zwickau–Falkenstein eingestellt wurde.

Am 21. November 1997 wurde ein elektronisches Stellwerk in Betrieb genommen, das vom Stellwerk Falkenstein (Vogtl) aus ferngesteuert wird und die Stellwerke B1 und W2 aufgelassen. Nach der Sanierung 1997 blieben nur noch drei durchgehende Gleise mit einem Mittelbahnsteig übrig.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Lengenfeld (Vogtland)
Lengenfeld (Vogtl)
Lengenfeld #Vogtl
Technisches Denkmal in Sachsen
Kulturdenkmal in Lengenfeld (Vogtland)

Bahnhof Lengenfeld (Vogtl)


Keren Cytter (* 22. August 1977 in Tel Aviv) ist eine israelische Künstlerin.

Biografie
Keren Cytter studierte Bildende Kunst am Avni Institute for Art in Tel Aviv und erhielt ein Stipendium für die Kunsthochschule De Ateliers in Amsterdam.
Seit 2005 lebte sie in Berlin, bis sie 2012 nach New York City umsiedelte.

Bekannt wurde sie durch ihre experimentellen Videoarbeiten, in denen sie sich mit der Frage auseinandersetzt, welchen Einfluss die Medienkultur auf zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen ausübt. In ihren Videos vereint sie verschiedene Erzählstränge, Zeitebenen und Rollenzuweisungen. Cytter bezieht sich auf experimentelles und klassisches Kino, auf Literatur, Theater und YouTube-Fragmente und verbindet Elemente dokumentarischer und fiktionaler Herkunft.

Ihre Arbeiten wurden in Einzelausstellungen im Frankfurter Kunstverein und der Kunsthalle Zürich (2005), Kunst-Werke Berlin (2006), MUMOK in Wien (2007), (ehem.) Witte de With in Rotterdam (2008), Le Plateau in Paris (2009), Kunsthaus Baselland in Muttenz und Moderna Museet in Stockholm (2010), David Roberts Art Fundation London, Kunstverein München und Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (2011) gezeigt. Außerdem nahm sie an unzähligen Gruppenausstellungen teil, darunter an der Biennale d'art contemporain de Lyon (2007), Manifests 7 Trentino (2008), New Museum of Contemporary Art New York City und Biennale di Venezia (2009), Gwangju Biennale (2010) und Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York City (2011).

2009 gründete Cytter die Tanz-Performance-Theater Company D.I.E Now und ging mit den selbst verfassten und choreografierten Produktionen History in the Making und The True Story of John Webber and His Endless Struggle with the Table of Content auf internationale Tournee. Die Stücke wurden unter anderem in der Tate Modern London, The Kitchen New York, dem Tramway Glasgow, dem Van Abbemuseum Eindhoven und dem Hebbel am Ufer Berlin gezeigt.

2010 gründete sie gemeinsam mit den Kuratorinnen Maaike Gouwenberg und Kathy Noble die Stiftung A.P.E. (Art Projects Era), unter deren Namen sie ihre Theaterstücke Show Real Drama und Anke is Gone/I Eat Pickels at Your Funeral inszenierte, die seitdem als Gastproduktionen nach Berlin, London, New York City, Kanada und Asien eingeladen wurden.

Cytter ist Autorin der Romane The Man who Climbed Up the Stairs of Life and Found Out They Were Cinema Seats (2006), The Seven Most Exciting Hours of Mr. Trier's Life in Twenty-Four Chapters  und The Amazing True Story of Moshe Klinberg (2009). 2010 wurden Auszüge ihres Tagebuchs unter dem Titel White Diaries veröffentlicht.

Für ihre Arbeit erhielt sie 2006 den Baloise Kunst-Preis im Rahmen der Art Basel, den ars-viva-Preis 2008 und den ersten Absolut Vodka Art Award, der 2009 in Stockholm verliehen wurde. Des Weiteren wurde sie 2009 für den Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst Berlin und den Future Generation Art Prize nominiert.

Im Wintersemester 2014/2015 wurde sie als Professorin für "Freie Kunst" an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf berufen.

Filmografie
 2000: The Mysterious Series
 2000: Brush
 2001: The friends series
 2002: War and Peace
 2002: Documenta Y
 2002: Videodance
 2002: Disilluissioned love
 2002: Experimental film
 2002: French Film
 2003: Family
 2003: Disilluissioned love 2
 2003: MFPig
 2003: Nothing
 2004: Date series
 2005: Time
 2005: Continuity
 2005: Dreamtalk
 2005: Atmosphere
 2006: Repulsion
 2006: The Victim
 2007: Nightmare
 2007: Something happened
 2007: New Age
 2008: Der Spiegel
 2008: Les Ruissellements du diable
 2008: In Search for Brothers/A voice from the past
 2009: Four Seasons
 2009: Peacocks
 2009: Untitled
 2009: Cross.Flowers.Rolex
 2010: The coat
 2010: The hottest day of the year
 2010: Konstruktion
 2011: Avalanche
 2011: Video Art Manual
 2011: Open House 3D

Weblinks
 Keren Cytter – Offizielle Website
 Keren Cytter – Galerie Nagel Draxler, Berlin
 Keren Cytter – Schau Ort Zürich
 Keren Cytter – Zach Feuer New York City

Einzelnachweise

Israeli
Künstler (Israel)
Hochschullehrer (Kunstakademie Düsseldorf)
Geboren 1977
Frau

Keren Cytter


Moquiniastrum, rod glavočika smješten u tribus Gochnatieae, dio potporodice Gochnatioideae. Pripadaju mu 22 vrste grmova iz Južne Amerike.

Vrste

 Moquiniastrum argentinum (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum argyreum (Dusén ex Malme) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum barrosoae (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum blanchetianum (DC.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum bolivianum (Rusby) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum cinereum (Hook. & Arn.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum cordatum (Less.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum densicephalum (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum discolor (Baker) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum floribundum (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum gardneri (Baker) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum glabrum Roque, Neves & A.M.Teles
 Moquiniastrum hatschbachii (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum haumanianum (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum mollissimum (Malme) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum oligocephalum (Gardner) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum paniculatum (Less.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum pulchrum (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum ramboi (Cabrera) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum sordidum (Less.) G.Sancho
 Moquiniastrum velutinum (Bong.) G.Sancho

Sinonimi
 Spadonia Less.

Izvori

Gochnatioideae

Moquiniastrum


Nick Raider, New York'lu bir cinayet masası polisinin maceralarını konu alan bir İtalyan çizgi romanıdır. Sergio Bonelli Editore'nin oluşturduğu çizgi roman, 1988'den 2005'e kadar toplamda 200 sayı yayımlanmıştır.

Yazar
Yıllardır Teks ekibinde olan Claudio Nizzi'nin imzasını taşıyan, Bonelli'den çıkan ilk dedektif çizgi romanı özelliğine sahip olan Nick Raider, Haziran 1988'de okurlarının değerlendirilmesine sunulmuştur. Nizzi,çizgi roman kahramanını yaratırken, Ed McBain'in 87. bölgedeki olaylarını konu alan romanlarından yola çıkmıştır. Bu romanlar; yazara, metropol polislerinin soruşturmalarını sürdürürken başvurduğu yöntemleri içeren, hareketlerini kısıtlayacak kesin kuralları belirten bir tür "polisin el kitabı" görevini görmüştür.

Kişilik
Nick Raider'ın başvurduğu yöntemlere bakarak, Claudio Nizzi sayesinde Teks'ten etkilendiği görülmektedir: Nick karakteri cesur, yorulmak nedir bilmeyen, becerikli ve yeterince şanslı bir kahramandır. Ne kadar tehlikeli olursa olsun hiçbir suçluyu elinden kaçırmaz ve ne kadar karmaşık olursa olsun hiçbir olayı yarım bırakmaz. Genç Robert Mitchum'un yüz hatları, üstünden eksik etmediği ceketi ve kemerine sıkıştırdığı tabancasıyla New York ağır suçlar masası dedektifi Nick Raider, aslen İtalyan olmasıyla övünür (büyükbabasının adı Raidero'dur) ve gerektiğinde Büyük Elma'nın acımasız şehir ormanına gözü kapalı dalar.

Dostlar
Sürekli beraber dolaştığı arkadaşı Marvin Brown'''dur. Marvin'den sonra "masabaşı" dedektifi Jimmy Garnet gelir. Garnet, bilgisayar araştırmalarında başarılı, çekingen ve sakar bir karaktere sahiptir. Art Rayan ise grubu organize eden kişidir. Alf ise Nick'e muhbirlik yapan dostudur. Nick'in bir de nişanlısı vardır: sevimli ve cesur gazeteci Violet McGraw.

 Düşmanlar
Nick Raider, her ay amansız New York yeraltı dünyasıyla mücadele etmek zorundadır. Sürekli karşılaşılan kötü karakterlerin sayısı fazla değildir. Bunların arasında, çok sevdiği golf kulübünden bir türlü kopamayan, aşırı şişman patron Louise Clementi ve mültecileri ülkeye sokan "Kara Haç''" örgütü sayılabilir.

İlk dönem maceraları AD Yayıncılık tarafından Türkçe olarak basılmış, fakat bu seri kısa sürmüştür.

Daha sonra Rodeo Strip dergisinin 7. sayısında kendisi, 8. sayısında ise arkadaşı Teğmen Art, kısa maceralarla yer almıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Nick
 Rodeo Yayıncılık
 UBC Fumetti

Kurgusal dedektifler
Resim aranan çizgi karakterler
İtalyan çizgi romanı
1988'de tanıtılan çizgi romanlar
1988'de tanıtılan çizgi karakterler

Nick Raider


Un tiffin, porteur tiffin (, de tiffin, qui désigne en Inde un repas léger, et qui vient de l'argot anglais oà tiff signifie siroter un alcool), dabba ou Henkelmann sont des  utilisées en Asie et dans les Caraïbes, assemblages de gamelles formant une sorte de tour, avec le compartiment du bas contenant généralement le riz

Appellations
Ce contenant est aussi connu sous le nom de rantang en indonésien et mangkuk tingkat ("bols nivelés") en malais ; tandis qu'en thaï, il est appelé pin to (ปิ่นโต [ˈpìn ˈtoː]), et au Cambodge, chan srak (Khmer : ចានស្រាក់). En hokkien, on les désigne par uánn-tsân (chinois : 碗層). Dans les pays arabes, ils sont appelés safartas (سفرطاس, du turc "sefer tası" signifiant "bols de voyage"). Le mot hongrois est éthordó ("porteur de nourriture").

Histoire
Selon l'ouvrage The Raj At Table de David Burton, le tiffin est apparu au  siècle. Ce ne serait pas seulement le mot tiffin, mais le tiffin en tant que support de déjeuner qui serait devenu populaire dans les années 1880, lorsque les Britanniques instaurèrent la tradition de prendre un en-cas plus léger après le déjeuner, (délibérément) léger pour survivre à la chaleur en Inde. Qu'il s'agît du risque lié aux serpents, de l'inconvénient de la nourriture dans un sac ou du simple ennui de manger du sattu et du riz bouilli séché, les contenants en métal furent vite adoptés, et la popularité des seaux, qui finirent par être compartimentés pour pouvoir transporter davantage de nourriture, conduisirent à l'apparition d'aliments de voyage comme le chikki, le doodh roti, le Khakhra, le gurgoli (barre énergétique) et le célèbre chivda ;  Si le corps métallique gardait la nourriture au chaud pendant un temps raisonnable, sa lourdeur décourageait non seulement les voleurs mais aussi les marchands qui refusaient d'en porter plus de deux s'ils voyageaient seuls.

Utilisation
En 2022, son utilisation revient à la mode, notamment parce que son utilisation permet de limiter les déchets

Allemagne
Un dispositif très similaire est appelé Henkelmann en Allemagne. Il est généralement rond ou ovale, comme les gamelles. Le Henkelmann était très populaire jusque dans les années 1960, mais il est très rarement utilisé par les Allemands aujourd'hui.

Hongrie
Ils sont également très utilisés en Hongrie, principalement pour transporter des repas de restaurant pour les consommer à la maison. La version hongroise contient généralement une soupe, un plat principal et un morceau de gâteau.

Inde
À Bombay, il existe un système de livraison complexe et efficace qui livre régulièrement des déjeuners chauds emballés dans des dabbas aux employés de bureau de la ville depuis leur domicile en banlieue ou chez un traiteur. Ce système fait appel à des livreurs connus sous le nom de dabbawallahs

Conception
Normalement, ces récipients comportent deux ou trois étages, mais les versions plus élaborées peuvent en avoir quatre. L'étage inférieur, parfois plus grand que les autres, est celui qui est généralement utilisé pour le riz. Les porte-bagages s'ouvrent en déverrouillant un petit loquet de chaque côté de la poignée. Les porte-tabliers sont généralement fabriqués en acier et parfois en aluminium, mais des versions en émail et en plastique ont été fabriquées par des entreprises européennes.

Galerie

Articles connexes
 ,boîtes à étages utilisées pour contenir et présenter de la nourriture au Japon. Les boîtes sont souvent utilisées pour contenir des osechis, aliments traditionnels du Nouvel An japonais, ou pour contenir des déjeuners à emporter, ou bento.
 The Lunchbox, film indien de 2013.
 Gamelle (récipient)

Références

Récipient à usage alimentaire refermable et transportable
Ustensile de cuisine indien

Tiffin (objet)


O Deserto Tombador é um paleodeserto que existiu na área atual da Chapada Diamantina, região central do estado brasileiro da Bahia.

Seu nome deriva da Serra do Tombador, localizada na cidade de Jacobina, onde esse acidente geográfico "representa um antigo deserto de mais de um bilhão de anos, perfeitamente preservado, onde podem ser examinados os processos que levaram a sua formação: o aplainamento parcial do embasamento, a direção e velocidade dos ventos, as variações do nível do lençol de água subterrânea, as chuvas ocasionais, e a sua invasão final pelo mar", como registraram os pesquisadores Augusto J. Pedreira e Antônio José Dourado Rocha.

O registro geológico deste antigo deserto está presente nas rochas da Chapada Diamantina, numa camada denominada de Formação Tombador. Datado do mesoproterozoico, o deserto foi por várias vezes invadido pelo mar, e as antigas dunas se tornaram rochas sedimentares.

Geologia da Chapada Diamantina
Tombador

Deserto Tombador


Ihor Oumansky (en ), né le  à Pripiat (RSS d'Ukraine, URSS), est un homme d'État ukrainien.

Biographie
Il est diplômé de l'Université d'économie de Kiev. En 1997 - 98 il était actif pour l'Agence nationale ukrainienne pour le développement et l'intégration européenne, puis jusqu'en 2000 expert en économie pour le cabinet du vice-premier ministre. Ensuite pour le ministère de l'économie jusqu'en 2001 et auprès du ministère de l'Économie et de l'Intégration européenne de l'Ukraine jusqu'en 2003.

Il a travaillé pour la Banque nationale d'Ukraine entre 2004 et 2005. Il est passé à l'industrie jusqu'en 2006 en travaillant au conseil d'administration de UkrTransNafta.

Il appartint aux gouvernements :
Second gouvernement Tymoshenko comme ministre des finances à partir du  ;
Gouvernement Chmyhal.

D'avril 2020 à novembre 2020 il devint conseiller du chef du cabinet du président ukrainien Andryi Yermak.

Notes et références

Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine
Ministre ukrainien des Finances
Naissance en janvier 1975
Naissance dans l'oblast de Kiev

Ihor Oumansky


An Oberonia pumilio in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Oberonia pumilio in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oberonia

Oberonia pumilio


Philip Clive Roderick Tufnell (born 29 April 1966) is a former English international cricketer and current television and radio personality. A slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler, he played in 42 Test matches and 20 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team, as well as playing for Middlesex County Cricket Club from 1986 to 2002. Tufnell took 121 Test match wickets. His Test average is 37.68 per wicket. Across all first-class cricket he took over 1,000 wickets at an average of 29.35. His cheerful personality and behaviour have made him a popular sports personality.

Following his retirement from playing cricket in 2002, Tufnell has built on his popularity with several television appearances, including They Think It's All Over, Celebrity Deal Or No Deal, A Question of Sport, Strictly Come Dancing, and winning I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2003.

Early life
Tufnell was educated at Highgate School where his cricketing prowess was recognised and he was appointed captain of the Junior School's First XI before reaching the top year. On leaving Highgate, he attended and played cricket for Southgate School. He then trained in quantity surveying and was faced with the decision of whether to play cricket professionally or to work as a quantity surveyor. He chose to do the former.

Cricket career

As a slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler, Tufnell played 42 Test matches and 20 One Day Internationals for England between 1990 and 2001, and 316 first-class matches, mainly for Middlesex.
Tufnell occasionally produced remarkable performances, for example taking 11–93 against Australia at the Oval in 1997 (for which he won the Man of the Match award after England won by 19 runs) and seven wickets in the match (6–25 in the first innings) against the West Indies at the Oval in 1991,. He took his 121 Test wickets with a bowling average of 37.68 across his whole Test career. Mark Waugh theorised that "if you attack him, he can go on the defensive, and it puts him off his game", although Waugh was Tufnell's most frequent test victim, being dismissed a total of seven times by him, three of them bowled.

According to Michael Parkinson, a chat show host and cricketer, "at the age of nine he was opening the bowling and the batting for his club's junior team". Parkinson also believes that his "ordinary fielding made him a luxury in the view of the ... [English cricket] management [circa August 1996]". He was not at all an accomplished or confident batsman, often appearing particularly nervous and awkward at Test level, where he became regarded as the ultimate 'rabbit' number 11, Tufnell's fielding improved during his career. He was nicknamed "The Cat" due to his propensity to be found sleeping in the corner of the dressing room. He also acquired the nickname "Two Sugars" due to his well-known love of tea. According to England teammate Mike Atherton, Tufnell smoked quite heavily.

During his career spanning 16 years with Middlesex, Tufnell took 1,057 first-class wickets in the English game at an average of 29.35.

Tufnell received an honorary doctorate from Middlesex University on 20 July 2011 in recognition of his achievements in sport and the media.

Broadcasting career

Radio
Since 2003, Tufnell has appeared as a summariser on BBC Radio's Test Match Special. He has also hosted The Phil Tufnell Cricket Show and Tuffers and Vaughan Cricket Show on BBC Radio 5.

Television
Tufnell retired from professional cricket before the 2003 season in order to participate in the second series of the reality television show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! which he won. Prior to this, he had appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. He was a team captain on sports quiz show They Think It's All Over until 2005. In 2004, he made two guest appearances on British soap opera Family Affairs and co-presented the ITV game show Simply the Best with Kirsty Gallacher.

Tufnell was a team captain on the BBC One panel show A Question of Sport. He also makes regular appearances as a reporter on the BBC One magazine show The One Show.

On 12 April 2008, Tufnell and his wife Dawn appeared on the ITV game show All Star Mr & Mrs. On 4 October and 1 November 2008, Tufnell appeared on the game show Hole in the Wall. In 2009, he competed in the seventh series of the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing, partnering professional dancer Katya Virshilas. The couple were eliminated in the ninth week. On 7 October 2011, he appeared on the BBC One panel show Would I Lie To You?, where he claimed to have recurring dreams in which he is a potato, being chased by a pitchfork. On 19 November 2011, he appeared on a celebrity edition of ITV quiz show The Chase. In 2012, he co-presented The Flowerpot Gang with Anneka Rice and Joe Swift. During the week of 12 to 16 May 2014, he appeared on the daytime Channel 4 game show Draw It! On 1 February 2015, he competed in Get Your Act Together on ITV and The Jump on Channel 4. In December 2018, he joined Australia's Seven Network as a guest commentator for their coverage of the BBL and Sri Lankan Test matches. In 2023, he appeared in I'm a Celebrity... South Africa.

Personal life
Tufnell has been married three times, to Alison Squires (married 1986, divorced 1989), Lisa Bar (married 1994, divorced 1998), and Dawn Brown (married 2005).

He has two daughters: one with ex-girlfriend Jane McEvoy, and one with his second wife Lisa Bar. Tufnell's personal life hit the headlines in 1994 when he was fined £800 after admitting assaulting his former girlfriend McEvoy, after she ended their relationship.

In 1997, while on a tour of New Zealand, reports emerged that he left a toilet cubicle trailing the scent of cannabis but he was exonerated. During divorce proceedings, Bar produced court documents accusing Tufnell of causing her to endure 'anxiety, stress and an eating disorder'. She also claimed he had continually harassed her and abused her. He is now married to Dawn and has a step daughter.

Tufnell is the president of a cricket charity – Cricket for Change. He is also an ambassador of UK children's charity The Children's Trust for children with brain injury and neurodisability.

Tufnell is a fan of Arsenal Football Club.

Bibliography
His autobiography What Now?  was published in 1999.
Tufnell also co-authored a humorous book, Phil Tufnell's A to Z of Cricket with cricket journalist Adam Hathaway.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
People educated at Southgate School
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Doping cases in cricket
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1969 to 2000
English cricketers
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) winners
Middlesex cricketers
People educated at Highgate School
Tufnell, Phill
Tufnell, Phill
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers

Phil Tufnell


Ikona Kraljice Franjevačke obitelji (lat. Ikona Regina Familiae Franciscanae) katolička je ikona posvećena Blaženoj Djevici Mariji nastala 2018. godine u Litvi. Blagoslovljena je 17. ožujka 2018. godine u Medininkaiu u Litvi te onda putuje po bratstvima Franjevačkoga svjetovnoga reda i Franjevačke mladeži diljem Europe, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Ikona Blažene Djevice Marije Kraljice franjevačke obitelji nastala je 2018. u Litvi uoči 3. europskoga kongresa Franjevačkoga svjetovnoga reda i Franjevačke mladeži. Od rujna 2022. do Pepelnice 22. veljače 2023. ikona se privremeno nalazila u Hrvatskoj, dok nije obišla sva franjevačka bratstva. Na samoj ikoni prikazana je Blažena Djevica Marija koja u naručju nosi Isusa. Kao i druge ikone, i ova je puna simbolike. A franjevačko ozračje na ovoj ikoni ispod slike Blažene Djevice Marije s Isusom daju likovi – i relikvije– svetoga Franje, svete Klare i svete Elizabete Ugarske.

Misija, cilj hodočašća ikone posjetiti je sva mjesna bratstva Franjevačkoga svjetovnoga reda i Franjevačke mladeži i na taj način pridonijeti rastu osjećaja pripadnosti franjevačkoj obitelji i povezivanju franjevačke obitelji u Europi te ostvariti zajedništvo u molitvi.

Izvori

Kršćanska ikonografija
Marija (majka Isusova)
Franjevci
Katoličanstvo u Litvi
Litavska umjetnost

Ikona Kraljice Franjevačke obitelji


Andrews este un oraș în județul Andrews County din statul Texas, în regiunea West Texas. Populația a fost de 12.718 în 2013.

Andrews a fost înființat pe 2 februarie 1937. Atât orașul, cât și județul au fost numiți după Richard Andrews, primul soldat texan care a murit în Revoluția Texană.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Orașul Andrews site-ul oficial
 Andrews Camera de Comerț
 Andrews Școala De Circumscripție

Sedii de comitate din Texas

Andrews, Texas


Carlo Andrea Pelagallo (Roma, 30 de março de 1747 - Osimo, 6 de setembro de 1822) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Roma em 30 de março de 1747. Filho de Nicola Pelagallo, que pertencia a uma eminente família Fermo posteriormente atribuída ao patriciado local. O nome da mãe não é conhecido. A família mudou-se para Roma seguindo o tio paterno de Carlo, Giovanni Pelagallo, um prelado erudito e amigo do Papa Bento XIV.

Educação
Estudou no Collegio Romano , Roma; e na Universidade La Sapienza , em Roma, onde obteve o doutorado in utroque iure , direito canônico e civil, em 28 de abril de 1773). Recebeu as ordens menores em 5 de novembro de 1809; o subdiaconado em 12 de novembro de 1809; e o diaconato em 19 de novembro de 1809.

Início da vida
Tal como o seu tio e outros familiares que o precederam, foi pessoalmente inscrito no patriciado de Fermo, em 1770, enquanto o seu irmão, Guido Stefano, em 1774 conseguiu que a dignidade conferida aos seus familiares se estendesse à sua pessoa e seus próprios descendentes em perpetuidade. Referendário do Tribunal da Assinatura Apostólica, outubro de 1773. Relator da SC do Bom Governo, maio de 1776. Comissário apostólico para o estabelecimento da fronteira entre o Estado Pontifício e a Toscana, 1776-1778. Segundo assessor do tribunal do governo romano, fevereiro de 1785.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 3 de dezembro de 1809. Auditor do governo de Roma. Referendário do Tribunal da Assinatura Apostólica. Auditor Geral da Câmara Apostólica.

Episcopado
Eleito bispo de Osimo e Cingoli, em 18 de dezembro de 1815. Consagrado, domingo, 18 de fevereiro de 1816, igreja de S. Maria Maddalena, Roma, pelo cardeal Antonio Dugnani (desconhecem-se os co-sagrantes).

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 8 de março de 1816; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 11 de março de 1816; e o título de Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, 29 de abril de 1816.

Morte
Morreu em Osimo em  6 de setembro de 1822. Exposto e enterrado na catedral de Osimo.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII

Carlo Andrea Pelagallo


Macit Gökberk (1908; Selanik - 15 Ağustos 1993; İstanbul), felsefe dilinin yalınlaşması, terim karmaşasının giderilmesi ve kavramların sınırlanması alanlarında önemli çalışmalarda bulunan tanınmış Türk felsefecidir.

Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından Şükrü Naili Gökberk ile eşi Nazire Hanım'ın oğlu Macit Gökberk, 1908'de Selanik'te doğdu.

İstanbul Erkek Lisesi'nden mezun olduktan sonra 1932'de İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümünü Platon'un Theaitetos Diyaloğu üzerindeki bir çalışmasıyla bitirdi. Aynı yıl bu bölüme asistan oldu ve Hans Reichenbach'ın Logik adı altında verdiği dersleri Türkçe'ye aktardı.

1935 yılında doktora çalışmaları için Berlin Üniversitesi'ne gitti. 1940 yılında Prof. Eduard Spranger'in yanında Hegel ve Auguste Comte'da Toplum Kavramı adı teziyle doktorasını verdikten sonra Türkiye'ye döndü ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü'ndeki görevine devam etti. Aynı bölümde önce doçent (1941), daha sonra da profesör (1949) oldu. 1978 yılında emekliye ayrıldı.

Gökberk'in çalışmaları felsefe tarihi ile dil ve bilgi sorunu olmak üzere iki konuda yoğunlaşmıştır. Felsefe tarihi ile ilgili çalışmalarını topladığı Felsefe Tarihi adlı yapıtı bir Türk felsefecisi tarafından kaleme alınmış ilk kapsamlı felsefe tarihidir.

Anadolu-Yunan felsefesinden yola çıkarak 18. yüzyıl Aydınlanmasına, özellikle de Kant ve Hegel'e uzanan çalışmalarında Hegel'in devlet felsefesi, Kant ve Herder'in tarih anlayışları başlıca odağı oluşturur. Herder'le Kant'ın tarih sorununa getirdikleri çözümü Kant ile Herder'in Tarih Anlayışları adlı yapıtında, Hegel'le ilgili çalışmalarını da Felsefe Arşivi dergisinde yer alan Hegel'in Devlet Felsefesi ve Hegel Felsefesi-Yaşayan Yönleriyle adlı yazılarında sergilenmiştir.

Dil konusunun Gökberk'in felsefe anlayışı içinde özel bir yeri vardır. Düşüncenin üretilmesinde başlıca kaynak olan dil, onu kullananlardan bağımsız değildir; uygarlığın gelişimi ile değişir, kendi kendini yeniler. Gökberk dil ile ilgili bu düşüncelerini Değişen Dünya, Değişen Dil adlı bu yapıtında toplamıştır.

Bu arada felsefe dilinin sadeleşmesi, Türkçe felsefe terimlerinin kurulması, kavramların sınıflandırılması yolunda uğraş vermiştir. 1942 yılında henüz bir öğrenci iken ilk Türk Dil Kurultayı'nı izleyen Macit Gökberk, 1954-1960 ve 1969-1976 yılları arasında Türk Dil Kurumu Başkanlığı yapmıştır.

Macit Gökberk, 15 Ağustos 1993 günü İstanbul'da öldü.

Her yıl felsefe ve deneme yazıları alanında Gökberk ailesi ve Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu tarafından anısına Macit Gökberk Felsefe Ödülü verilir.

Başlıca eserleri
 Kant ile Herder'in Tarih Anlayışları (1948)
 Felsefe Tarihi (1961)
 Felsefenin Evrimi (1979)
 Değişen Dünya Değişen Dil (1980)

Kaynakça

 Kongar, Emre (2007). "Macit Gökberk Üzerine". Demokrasi ve Kültür. Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, s 214-221.
 Bıçak, Ayhan (2008). Macit Gökberk'in Felsefe Anlayışı . Felsefe Arkivi, sayı 33, s 1-30.

1908 doğumlular
1993 yılında ölenler
Türk felsefeciler
İstanbul Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi dekanları
Selanik doğumlular
Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ne defnedilenler
Resim aranan kişiler
Almancadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar

Macit Gökberk


Onthophagus subocellatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1905.

Referências

Ligações externas

subocellatus
Coleópteros descritos em 1905

Onthophagus subocellatus


Suhl Almanya'nın Türingiya eyaletinde bulunan bir şehridir. Şehrin nüfusu 2020 yılı itibarıyla 36,395'tir.

Kardeş şehirler
  České Budějovice, Çek Cumhuriyeti
  Bègles, Fransa
  Kaluga, Rusya
  Lahti, Finlandiya
  Leszno, Polonya
  Smolyan, Bulgaristan
  Würzburg, Almanya

Dış bağlantılar
Resmi web sitesi

Thüringen'deki kasabalar

Suhl