Kevin Korjus (nasceu em 9 de janeiro de 1993) é um piloto estoniano.

Carreira

Kart
Kevin Korjus nasceu em Tallinn, filho do ex-piloto de sidecarcross Aivar Korjus. Estreou no karting pan-europeu em 2006, competindo no Rotax Max Euro Challenge pela equipe AGS Racing. Ele terminou em sexto na classificação geral do campeonato, 25 pontos atrás do campeão Jack Hawksworth. Além disso, ele terminou em décimo terceiro nas finais do Challenge, além de ser campeão da Estônia no nível Junior. 2007 viu Korjus ganhar o título estoniano mais uma vez, e também o título Baltic Junior e foi o vencedor das finais do Rotax Max. No entanto, ele terminou em segundo lugar por dois pontos para Mats van den Brand no Euro Challenge. Em 2008, Korjus competiu nas classes Junior no campeonato pan-europeu, mas progrediu para a classe Senior em seus campeonatos locais. Nos campeonatos Junior, venceu o Euro Challenge e ficou em segundo lugar atrás de Facundo Chapur nas Challenge Finals e Rotax Max Grand Finals em La Conca, Itália, 2008.

Fórmula Renault 2.0
Enquanto completava sua carreira nos karts, Korjus também passou 2008 se adaptando aos monopostos, competindo no primeiro campeonato finlandês de Fórmula Renault. Competindo pela TT Racing Team, Korjus terminou todas as corridas, exceto uma, no pódio, terminando em segundo lugar no campeonato, atrás de Jesse Krohn. Desses pódios, três foram vitórias nas últimas quatro corridas da temporada, incluindo uma dobradinha em Ahvenisto. Korjus continuou com a equipe na temporada de 2009, mas mudou-se para a Fórmula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup. Korjus terminou todas as corridas, exceto uma corrida, terminando em quinto no campeonato; seu melhor resultado foi um segundo lugar no Most.

Korjus foi para o campeonato Eurocup Fórmula Renault 2.0 para sua temporada de 2010, e mudou-se para o Koiranen Bros. Equipe de automobilismo. Apesar de se classificar na terceira fila para ambas as corridas, Korjus venceu as duas, tornando-se o primeiro piloto a vencer uma corrida no campeonato nos carros recém-introduzidos projetados por Barazi-Epsilon . Ele também é a pessoa mais jovem a vencer uma temporada da Eurocup Fórmula Renault 2.0.

Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series

Com seus resultados e potencial na Fórmula Renault, Korjus ingressou no programa Renault Driver Development para dar continuidade à sua carreira. Ele foi contratado para pilotar pela equipe Tech 1 Racing da Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series no final de 2010. Em 17 de abril de 2011 ele se tornou o piloto mais jovem a vencer uma corrida na Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series – aos 18 anos 3 meses e 8 dias – com sua vitória em Mônaco em 2008 . Na temporada de 2011, ele ficou em sexto lugar geral e segundo na classificação de Rookie of the Year, e terminou a temporada com a volta mais rápida, três vitórias e quatro pódios durante a temporada.

Korjus começou a temporada de 2012 com a Tech 1, onde fez parceria com o estreante da série Jules Bianchi . Korjus teve uma temporada difícil, com uma série de abandonos precoces e problemas mecânicos que afetaram suas performances de qualificação, embora tenha se recuperado para terminar no pódio na segunda corrida no Autódromo de Moscou . No entanto, com três rodadas restantes na temporada, Korjus deixou a Tech-1 e se juntou à equipe Charouz Racing System, apoiada pela Lotus, e seu lugar na Tech 1 foi ocupado pelo vice-campeão da GP3 Daniel Abt .

GP3 Series
Korjus deixou a Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series no final da temporada de 2012, passando para a GP3 Series de 2013, disputando o Koiranen GP . Ele terminou a temporada em sétimo no geral, registrando quatro pódios, terminou nos pontos em 11 das 16 corridas da temporada.

Fórmula 1
Korjus fez sua primeira aparição em um carro de Fórmula 1 no teste de jovens pilotos de Abu Dhabi em 16 de novembro de 2011, pilotando um Renault R31 .

Korjus serviu como piloto reserva e de testes da Lotus F1 no Grande Prêmio da Itália de 2012. Com o piloto regular Romain Grosjean cumprindo uma suspensão de uma corrida por causar um grave acidente no Grande Prêmio da Bélgica, a equipe promoveu o piloto de testes regular Jérôme d'Ambrosio para preencher o lugar de Grosjean para a corrida, e Korjus foi recrutado para preencher a vaga de piloto reserva.

European Le Mans Series
Em 2014, se mudou para corridas de carros esportivos, dirigindo um ART Grand Prix McLaren MP4-12C na European Le Mans Series .

Resultados na carreira

Resumo da carreira

Resultados completos da Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series
(tecla) (Corridas em negrito indicam pole position) (Corridas em itálico indicam volta mais rápida)

Resultados Completos do Auto GP
( tecla ) (Corridas em negrito indicam pole position) (Corridas em itálico indicam volta mais rápida)

Resultados completos da GP3 Series
( tecla ) (Corridas em negrito indicam pole position) (Corridas em itálico indicam volta mais rápida)

Ligações externas

Pilotos de GP3 Series
Pilotos de automóvel da Estônia
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1993

Kevin Korjus


التانغو  هو نوع موسيقي مصاحب لرقصات، أصله من بوينس آيرس بالأرجنتين ومونتيفيديو، الأرغواي وانتشر في العالم بعد ذلك.

تاريخ التانغو
نشأ التانغو في مقاطعات الطبقة الدنيا في بوينس آيرس، وقد كانت الموسيقى عبارة عن خليط من عدة أشكال من الموسيقا الأوروبية. كتب خورخي لويس بورخيس في "El idioma de los argentinos": «يعود التانغو إلى ريو دي لا بلاتا Rio de la Plata وهو ابن ميلونغا»milonga«الأورغوية وحفيد رقصة هابانيرا»habanera" ".

يعود أصل كلمة تانغو في استخدامها للتعبير عن هذا النوع من الرقص إلى التسعينات من القرن التاسع عشر 1890.

تراث عالمي
في سبتمبر 2009 وإثر طلب تقدمت به الأرجنتين والأوروغواي البلدين اللتين انتشرت بهما الموسيقى والرقصة في بادئ الأمر، أعلنت منظمة اليونيسكو أن رقصة التانغو تعتبر جزءا من «التراث الثقافي الإنساني غير الملموس» في العالم.

أنماط التانغو
هناك العديد من أنماط رقصة التانغو تبعاً للمنطقة أو الفترة الزمنية التي تطور فيها النمط ومنها:
 تانغو أرجنتيني
 تانغو شرقي
 تانغو ليسو
 تانغو صالون
 تانغو أوريليرو
 تانغو نيوفو
 عرض التانغو
 تانغو فنلندي

وترقص هذه الأنماط على العديد من أنواع الموسيقى منها:
 تانغو
 فالس
 ميلونغا

تأثير التانغو
الموسيقى والحركات المستخدمة في التانغو تظهر في العديد من النشاطات الرياضية مثل الجمباز، التزلج الفني على الجليد وغيرها وذلك بسبب ما توحيه من رهافة في المشاعر.

وصلات خارجية

  مقطوعة من التانغو

مصادر

بوينس آيرس
رقصة بولروم
روائع التراث الشفهي اللامادي للإنسانية
موسيقى تقليدية
موسيقى عالمية
مونتيفيديو

تانجو


Delvine ilçesi (), Arnavutluk'un ilçelerinden biriydi. İlçe, ülkenin güneyinde yer almaktaydı. 1992-2000 yılları arasında Avlonya ilinin bir parçası olup 2000 yılında yapılan idari düzenleme sonucunda idari olarak lağvedilmiştir. Yüzölçümü 348 km² olan ilçenin nüfusu 2010 yılı itibarı ile 11,985'tir. İlçenin merkezi kendisi ile aynı adı taşıyan Delvine idi.

Delvine ilçesi, Delvine, Finiq, Mesopotam ve Vergo belediyelerine ayrılmaktaydı.

İlçede Osmanlı zamanından kalan tarihî Kinaleksi Mescidi ve Xhermëhallë Kompleksi bulunmaktadır. İlçe aynı zamanda önemli oranda Yunan nüfus barındırmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Arnavutluk'un ilçeleri

Delvine (ilçe)


Mil-Muğan FK, İmişli kentinde kurulmuş bir Azeri futbol kulübüdür. 2004 yılında MKT Istehsalat-Kommersiya adlı bir pamuk üretim şirketi tarafından kuruldu. Kurulduktan sonra doğrudan Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası'na alınan kulüp, 2004-05 mevsiminde ligi sekizinci sırada ve 2005-06 sezonunda ise ligi dokuzuncu sırada tamamladı. 2006 yılında UEFA Intertoto Kupası'nda, 2007 yılında UEFA Kupası'nda mücadele etti.

Mil-Muğan FK


Freidank Kuchenbuch (* 11. Januar 1910 in Stendal; † 30. Oktober 1942 am Terek im Kaukasus) war ein deutscher Prähistoriker.

Freidank Kuchenbuch war ein Enkel von Franz Kuchenbuch (1812–1896) und Sohn von Franz Kuchenbuch (1863–1944, genannt Franz Kuchenbuch III), eines Gewerberats in Stendal. Dieser war Heimathistoriker und leitete 1904 bis 1944 ehrenamtlich als Kustos das Altmärkische Museum in Stendal.

Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums in Stendal bis zum Abitur 1928 studierte er zunächst im Sommersemester 1928 an der Universität München Naturwissenschaften, dann in Berlin und Halle Vorgeschichte, Geschichte, Germanistik, Geographie und Volkskunde und wurde im Juli 1934 bei Walther Schulz in Halle promoviert. In seiner Dissertation machte Kuchenbuch die Langobarden zu den Trägern einer einheitlichen Kultur im altmärkischen und angrenzenden osthannoverschen Gebiet der spätrömischen Zeit. Vom 10. November 1934 bis zum 31. März 1937 war er Assistent am Landesamt für Vorgeschichte Oberschlesiens in Ratibor. Anschließend war er Assistent an der Landesanstalt für Volkheitskunde in Halle an der Saale und wurde im Januar 1938 Leiter der Abteilung Vorgeschichte am neugegründeten Institut für Heimatforschung der Universität Berlin in Schneidemühl. Vom August 1939 bis zum Februar 1940 war er als Soldat am Westwall und wurde dann wieder zur wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit freigestellt. Seit Februar 1941 war er als Kustos am Landesamt für Vorgeschichte im Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen, Zweigstelle Thorn tätig. Im September 1941 erneut zum Kriegsdienst einberufen, starb er im Herbst 1942, inzwischen Feldwebel und Offiziersanwärter, an der Ostfront im Kaukasus. Ein als Habilitationsschrift vorgesehenes Manuskript zu einer Form der germanischen Fibeln erschien, für den Druck bearbeitet von Georg Kossack, posthum 1954.

Verheiratet war er mit der Ärztin Hilde Kuchenbuch, geb. Kruckenberg. Sein Sohn ist der Historiker Ludolf Kuchenbuch.

Veröffentlichungen
 Die altmärkisch-osthannöverschen Schalenurnenfelder der spätrömischen Zeit, Inaugural-Dissertation, Gebauer-Schwetschke, Halle 1938 (Teildruck der Dissertation mit Lebenslauf)
 Die altmärkisch-osthannöverschen Schalenurnenfelder der spätrömischen Zeit, Jahresschrift für die Vorgeschichte der sächsisch-thüringischen Länder Bd. 27. Gebauer-Schwetschke, Halle 1938 (vollständige Dissertation).
 Der Urnenfriedhof von Molkenberg, Kr. Jerichow II, in: Jahresschrift für die Vorgeschichte der sächsisch-thüringischen Länder 29 (1938) 199–210.
 Über alte Stendaler Schulprogramme, in: 600 Jahre Gymnasium zu Stendal 1338–1938. Festschrift, Winckelmann-Schule, Stendal 1938, S. 149ff.
 Die Langobarden in der Altmark, in: Mitteldeutsche Volkheit 5,3 (1938) 39–43.
 Der gesamtschlesische Raum in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit, Schulungsschrift der Landesgruppe Schlesien des Bundes Deutscher Osten, Breslau 1941.
 Die Fibel mit umgeschlagenem Fuß. Studien zur Chronologie der jüngeren Kaiserzeit im freien Germanien, in: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 13 (1954) 5–51.

Literatur
 Kurt Langenheim: Freidank Kuchenbuch †, in: Nachrichtenblatt für deutsche Vorzeit 19 (1943) 1 f. (mit Portrait).
 Herbert Kühn: Die germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkerwanderungszeit, Bd. 2, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1974, S. 499.

Prähistoriker
Deutscher
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1942
Mann

Freidank Kuchenbuch


Shatlak's Sang (Tjetjenien: Шатлакхан Илли / Shatlakkhan Illi) er nationalsang for Tjetjenien, tekst af Hodshy-Ahmed Kadyrov og musik af Umar Beksultanov.

Republikken Tjetjenien
Nationalsange

Tjetjeniens nationalsang


Rudolf Braun (* 24. Januar 1920 in Lenzburg, Kanton Aargau; † 1. Februar 1999 in Unterengstringen, Kanton Zürich), reformiert, heimatberechtigt in Lenzburg, war ein Schweizer Umwelttechniker sowie Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Der gebürtige Lenzburger Rudolf Braun, Sohn des Musikers Emil Braun und der Emma Elisabeth geborene Hufschmid, legte 1939 die Matura an der Kantonsschule in Aarau ab. Braun widmete sich in der Folge ab 1940 einem Studium der Naturwissenschaften an der ETH Zürich. Nach dem Studienabschluss trat er eine Assistentenstelle am Geobotanischen Institut der ETH Zürich an, 1946 erhielt er ein Stipendium der Universität São Paulo, um in Hinblick auf die Besiedlung Brasiliens die Wasser-Ressourcen des Amazonas zu erforschen. 1948 kehrte Rudolf Braun an die ETH Zürich zurück, 1951/52 führten Braun botanisch-hydrobiologische Studienreisen in die Sahara, nach Nigeria, in den Tschad sowie nach Kamerun.

Nachdem Rudolf Braun 1951 in Zürich zum Dr. sc. nat. promoviert worden war, wurde er 1952 zum Leiter des Instituts für qualitative Wasserwirtschaft und Hydrobiologie an der Technischen Hochschule Karlsruhe, im Folgejahr zum Leiter  der Abteilung Limnologie am Kantonalen Labor Aarau und 1955 zum Chef der Abteilung Feste Abfallstoffe an der Eidgenössischen Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz (EAWAG) an der ETH bestellt, eine Position, die er bis zu seinem Eintritt in den Ruhestand 1987 innehielt. Zusätzlich hatte er an der ETH ab 1970 die außerordentliche, von 1973 bis 1987 die ordentliche Professur für Abfallbeseitigung inne.

Der 1951 mit der Silbermedaille und dem Kern-Preis der ETH Zürich für seine Dissertation ausgezeichnete Rudolf Braun gilt als Vorkämpfer eines effizienten Umweltschutzes sowie als Altmeister der Schweizer Abfallwirtschaft.

Schriften
 Limnologische Untersuchungen an einigen Seen im Amazonasgebiet, Dissertation, E. Birkauser, Zürich, 1952, .
 Rio Mar – Erlebnisse und Abenteuer eines jungen Schweizer Forschers am Amazonas, Schweizer Jugend-Verlag, Solothurn, 1957.
 Biogas - Methangärung organischer Abfallstoffe : Grundlagen und Anwendungsbeispiele, Springer, Wien, New York, 1982, ISBN 0-387-81705-0.
 Mit Dietegen Stickelberger: Otto Jaag: ein Leben für den Gewässerschutz, Verein für Wirtschaftshistorische Studien, Zürich, 1982.
 Von der Abfallbeseitigung zur ökologischen Abfallwirtschaft, Wirtschaftsförderung, Zürich, 1986.

Literatur
 Werner Schuder (Hrsg.): Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender. Band 1, 13. Ausgabe, De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1980, ISBN 3-11-007434-6, Seite 413.
 Rudolf Braun, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsinstitut: Abfallwirtschaft heute und morgen: Festkolloquium aus Anlass des 65. Geburtstages von Herrn o. Prof. Dr. R. Braun, In: Band 18 von Stuttgarter Berichte zur Abfallwirtschaft, Schmidt, 1985, ISBN 3-503-02027-6.
 Neue Zürcher Zeitung vom 19. Februar 1999

Weblinks

 Rudolf Braun (24.1.1920 - 1999), Zürcher Herbarien, Website der Universität Zürich

Techniker
Hochschullehrer (ETH Zürich)
Person (Abfallwirtschaft)
Schweizer
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Rudolf Braun (Techniker)


Gaudibert steht für:
 Gaudibert (Mondkrater), benannt nach Casimir Marie Gaudibert

Gaudibert ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Casimir Marie Gaudibert (1823–1901), französischer Astronom und Selenograph
 Éric Gaudibert (1936–2012), Schweizer Komponist

Gaudibert


İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri veya resmî kısaltmasıyla İETT, İstanbul'da İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesine bağlı toplu taşıma hizmeti veren kuruluştur.

Tarihçe

1939 yılında muhtelif şirketleri millîleştiren 3645 sayılı yasa ile "İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri Umum Müdürlüğü" adı altında bugünkü statüsüne kavuştu. 1945 yılında Yedikule ve Kurbağalıdere havagazı fabrikaları ile bu fabrikaların beslediği İstanbul ve Anadolu havagazı dağıtım sistemleri İETT'ye devredildi. 1961'de işletmeye alınan troleybüsler, 1984'e kadar İstanbullulara hizmet verdi. 1982 yılında çıkarılan bir yasa ile tüm elektrik hizmetleri, hak ve vecibeleriyle birlikte Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu (TEK)'na devredildi. Daha sonra 1993 yılında havagazı üretim ve dağıtım faaliyetleri sona erdi. Bugün yalnızca kent içi toplu taşıma hizmeti sunan İETT, otobüs, tramvay ve tünel işletmeciliğinin yanında özel halk otobüsleri ve İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş.'nin yönetim, işletme ve denetiminden sorumludur. İETT ayrıca İstanbul'daki raylı sistemlerin (metro ve tramvay) bir bölümünün (Eminönü - Kabataş, Sultançiftliği - Edirnekapı, Edirnekapı - Topkapı, Otogar - Başakşehir) yapımını da üstlenmiştir.

Tramvay
İstanbul kent içi toplu ulaşım 1869 yılında Dersaadet Tramvay Şirketi'nin kurulması ve Tünel'in inşasına karar verilmesiyle başladı. 1871 yılında bu şirket tarafından Azapkapı - Galata, Aksaray - Yedikule, Aksaray - Topkapı ve Eminönü - Aksaray hatlarında atlı tramvay ile toplu taşıma hizmeti verilmeye başlandı ve ilk sene 4,5 milyon kişi taşındı. Bu hatlarda toplamda 430 at tarafından çekilen 45 tramvay aracı metre hat açıklığındaki raylarda sefer yapmaktaydı. 1912 yılında, Balkan Savaşları sırasında, tüm atlar cepheye gönderildiği için atlı tramvay seferlerine bir yıl boyunca ara verildi.

Tramvay ağı 2 Şubat 1914'te elektrikli hâle getirildi. 8 Haziran 1928'de tramvay Üsküdar - Kısıklı arasında da çalışmaya başladı. 1950'lere gelindiğinde, tramvay hatlarının uzunluğu 130 km'ye ulaşmıştı. 1956 yılında 56 hatta 270 tren ve 108 milyon yolcu ile zirve yıllarını yaşadı. 27 Mayıs Darbesi sonrası tramvay hizmeti kapatılmaya başlandı. Hatlar sökülerek yerine o günün şartlarında daha hızlı ve seri hareket edebilen motorlu taşıtların ilerleyebileceği yollar inşa edildi. Eski tramvaylar, 12 Ağustos 1961 yılına kadar kentin Avrupa yakasında ve 14 Kasım 1966 yılına kadar Anadolu yakasında hizmet vermeye devam etti.

Tramvayla aynı sıralarda, 30 Temmuz 1871'de, Pera ile Galata arasındaki Tünel'in inşaatına da başlandı. Tünel füniküler hattı 5 Aralık 1874'te, Londra metrosundan sonra dünyada ikinci metro hattı olarak hizmete girdi. Başlangıçta, sadece yük ve hayvan taşınması için kullanılan hatta, 17 Ocak 1875'ten itibaren yolcu taşımacılığına da başlandı. Bu hizmet hâlen devam etmektedir.

Otobüs
1871 yılından itibaren faaliyette olan tramvay taşımacılığına destek olmak amacıyla Dersaadet Tramvay Şirketi'ne otobüs çalıştırma izni verilmesinin ardından 1926 yılında Fransa'dan 4 adet Renault-Scémia marka otobüs satın alındı. Tramvay Şirketi'ne bağlı çalışan otobüslerden biri 2 Haziran 1927'de Beyazıt-Taksim hattında ilk seferini yaptı. Diğerleri de beş ay sonra Beyazıt-Fuatpaşa-Mercan Yokuşu-Sultanhamam-Eski Postane-Eminönü güzergahında çalışmaya başladı. Bu hat daha sonra Karaköy'e kadar uzatıldı. İstanbul'un ilk otobüsleri tramvayların çıkmakta zorlandığı yokuşlarda hizmet vermeye başladı. Bunun için daha önce tramvay hangarı olarak kullanılan Bağlarbaşı deposu, otobüslerin bakım ve onarımları için 1928 yılında garaj haline getirildi.

Şirketin millîleştirilmesi ve İETT'ye devri sırasında 3 adet otobüsü vardı. 1942 yılında Amerikan White Motor Company firmasından 23 adet otobüs sipariş edildi. Bu otobüslerden ilk partiyi oluşturacak olan  9 otobüs, parçalar halinde ve sandıklar içinde 27 Şubat 1942'de vapurla yola çıkarıldı. Ancak savaşın şiddetlenmesinden dolayı, malzemeler Türkiye'ye getirilemeden İskenderiye Limanı'nda bırakıldılar. 1943 senesine gelindiğinde, sandıklar çok zor koşullar altında İstanbul'a getirildi, ama sandıkların bazılarının tahrip olduğu ve bazı parçaların kayıp olduğu tespit edildi. Gümrükten çekilen malzemelerin derhal montajına başlandı, ancak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde bulunan fabrikanın imalatı durdurması yüzünden, sadece 9 adet White Motor Company marka otobüs hizmete alınabildi. Geri kalan 14 adedi ise hiç İstanbul'a gelemeden heba oldu. Bunların çalışacakları alternatif hatlar açıldı ve servise girdiler. İlk Renault'lar 1-4 arası kapı numarası aldıklarından, bunlara da "6-22" arasında çift rakamlarda filo numaraları verildi. 1947'de 2 otobüs hurdaya ayrıldı. Ardından toplu alımla Scania-Vabis'lerin filoya katılmasıyla birlikte, kalan 7 adedi de 1948'in sonunda hizmetten çekildi.

Aynı yılın sonlarında Ticaret Ofisi tarafından, İsveç'ten 25 adet Scania-Vabis marka benzinli kamyon ithal edilerek İETT'ye tahsis edildi. 1943'ün nisan ayında kamyondan bozma 15 otobüs, 1944 yılında ise 5 adet Scania-Vabis otobüs alınmasıyla birlikte 29 adetlik bir filo oluşturuldu. Bu filo 17 Ekim 1946 yılında Ankara Belediyesi'nin otobüs deposunda çıkan yangında yanan otobüslerin yerine Ankara'ya gönderildi.

Kısa bir süre sonra belediyenin girişimiyle 12 adet Twin Couch, 2 adet Chevrolet, 1 adet Fargo marka olmak üzere toplam 15 otobüslük bir filo oluşturuldu. Bu otobüsler 1955 yılına kadar hizmet verdi.  1960 yılına kadar da Škoda, Mercedes, Büssing ve Magirus gibi çeşitli markalarda otobüs alımları sürdü ve filodaki otobüs sayısı 525'e yükseldi. Bunu 1968 ve 1969 yıllarında İngiltere'den alınan 300 adet Leyland marka otobüs takip etti. Otobüs alımları 1979-1980 yıllarında Mercedes-Benz, Magirus ve Ikarus'la; 1983-1984 yıllarında MAN ile devam etti.1990-1991-1992-1993-1994 yılında Macaristan'dan İkarus Marka Otobüsler Alınmıştır.1993 yılında ilk çift katlı DAF Optare otobüsler, 1998 yılında Mercedes Marka çevre ve insan dostu yeşil otobüsler, 2006'da Euro III çevreci motora sahip klimalı ve alçak tabanlı otobüsler hizmete verildi. 2007 yılının ilk aylarında yeni çift katlı kırmızı otobüsler sefere başladı.

2007'nin Eylül ayında Metrobüs hizmet vermeye başladı. Bu hatta yüksek yolcu kapasiteli, klimalı, alçak tabanlı, engellilerin ulaşımına elverişli otobüsler kullanılmaktadır.

İETT 2014 yılı sonu itibarıyla bünyesinde 3.059 otobüs barındırmaktadır. Bu otobüsler solo, körüklü ve metrobüs tipidir. Bu otobüslerin markalarına göre dağılımları şu şekildedir: 900 Otokar, 540 Karsan Bredamenarinibus, 1569 Mercedes-Benz ve 50 adet Phileas. Ayrıca İETT kontrolündeki Özel Halk Otobüsleri'ne ait 3.075 adet otobüs vardır.

17 Eylül 2020 tarihli İBB Meclisi kararıyla İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. ve Özel Halk Otobüsleri'ne ait otobüslerin artık İETT çatısı altında tek renk olarak hizmet vermesi kararı alındı.

Elektrik
Türkiye'de ilk elektrik dağıtım işletmesi İstanbul'da hayata geçirilir. 1908 yılında İkinci Meşrutiyet'in ilanıyla gelişen modernizasyon hareketleri sırasında, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda yapılan araştırmalar sonucu İstanbul'da elektrik dağıtım imtiyazı, merkezi Peşte'de bulunan Ganz Anonim Şirketi'ne verilir. Daha sonra başka ortaklarla 1910 yılında Osmanlı Anonim Elektrik Şirketi'ne dönüşen yapı, birinci dünya savaşı ve sonrasında Silahtar'ta özellikle tramvaylar için elektrik üretmeye başlar. Cumhuriyet'in ilanıyla Ankara hükûmeti; personelinin Türk vatandaşı olması, yatırım mecburiyeti ve hizmetin geliştirilmesi konularında ek anlaşmalar yaparak şirketi tanır. Özel Elektrik Şirketi, 31 Aralık 1937'de 11 milyon 500 bin Liraya kamulaştırılarak Nafıa Vekaleti'ne bağlı Elektrik İşleri Umum Müdürlüğü adını alır ve elektrik üretimi ve dağıtımından sorumlu olur.

16 Haziran 1939'da kurulan İETT İşletmeleri Umum Müdürlüğü, elektrik üretim ve dağıtım işini üstlenir. 1952 yılına kadar üretim ve dağıtımı bir arada yürüten İETT, bu tarihten sonra Etibank'tan elektrik almaya başlar. 1970 yılında Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu yasasıyla elektrik dağıtımından TEK sorumlu olur. 1982'de ise elektrik dağıtım hizmeti tamamen TEK'e devredilir.

Hava gazı
İstanbul'da hava gazı üretimine, ilk kez 1853 yılında Dolmabahçe Sarayı'nın aydınlatılması amacıyla başlanır. 1878'e kadar Yedikule'de, 1891'de Kadıköy'de yabancı sermayeli özel şirketlerce yürütülen üretim ve dağıtım işi birkaç el değiştirdikten sonra, 1945 yılında 4762 sayılı devir yasasıyla İETT'ye devredilir.

1984 yılında imtiyazı dolan Beyoğlu Poligon Hava gazı Fabrikası'nın da devredilmesiyle İETT, hava gazı üretimi ve dağıtımında tekel olur. Kok üretimi ve satışı da yapan, yaklaşık bin kişinin çalıştığı, günlük ortalama kapasitenin 300 bin metreküpü bulduğu, 80 bin abonesiyle İstanbul'a onyıllar boyu yaz kış demeden hizmet veren işletme, doğal gazın günlük yaşama girmesi ve geri teknoloji nedeniyle Haziran 1993'te tasfiye edilir.

Troleybüs
İstanbullulara her iki yakada uzun yıllar hizmet veren tramvayların 1960'larda kentin ihtiyacını  karşılayamaz hale gelmesi üzerine, otobüslere oranla daha ekonomik olması da göz önüne alınarak troleybüs sisteminin kurulmasına karar verilir. Güç beslenmesi çift havai elektrik hattından sağlanan troleybüsler için ilk hat Topkapı-Eminönü arasında döşenir. İtalyan Ansaldo San Giorgia firmasına 1956-57 yıllarında sipariş edilen troleybüsler, 27 mayıs 1961'de hizmete girer. Toplam uzunluğu 45 km. olan şebeke, 6 kuvvet merkezi ve 100 troleybüslük işletmenin maliyeti o günün rakamıyla 70 milyon TL'yi bulur. Şişli ve Topkapı garajlarına bağlı olarak hizmet veren ve kapı numaraları birden yüze kadar sıralanan araçlara 1968 yılında tamamen İETT işçilerinin üretimi olan 'Tosun' da katılınca araç sayısı 101 olur. Tosun, 101 kapı numarasıyla İstanbullulara on altı yıl süreyle hizmet verir.

Elektrik kesintileri yüzünden sık sık yollarda kalan ve seferleri aksayan Troleybüsler, trafiği engellediği gerekçesiyle 16 Temmuz 1984'te işletmeden kaldırılır. Araçlar İzmir Belediyesi'ne bağlı ESHOT (Elektrik, Su, Hava gazı, Otobüs ve Troleybüs) Genel Müdürlüğü'ne satılır. Troleybüslerin 23 yıllık İstanbul macerası böylece son bulur.

Araç filosu

Filodaki tüm otobüsler tam alçak tabanlıdır.

 Otokar Kent 290LF 2012 ve Temsa Avenue CNG model otobüsler, İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. bünyesinde çalışmış olup 2020 Yılında İETT tarafından açılan ihale ile Vizyon Ulaşım A.Ş.'den satın alınmış otobüslerdir. Bu araçların eski kodları A-1950, B-1950 ve C-1960 kodları ve sırasıyla sonra gelen kodları barındıran otobüslerdir.

 Dudullu Organize Sanayi kendi bölgesine çalıştırılmak üzere DS1 ve DS2 hatları kurulup İ.E.T.T bünyesine 8 otobüs hibe edilmiştir.

Metrobüs filosu
17 Eylül 2007 hizmete açılan metrobüs hattı D-100 Karayolu üzerine konulmuştur. 7'si Asya, 37'si de Avrupa yakasında olmak üzere 44 duraktan meydana gelen hattın toplam uzunluğu yaklaşık 52 km'dir. Söğütlüçeşme - Beylikdüzü Sondurak arasında hizmet veren sistemde 9 hat bulunmaktadır. Metrobüs sistemi toplam 684 araçla günde yaklaşık 750.000 yolcu taşımaktadır.
Metrobüs hattında bulunan araçlar aşağıdaki listede mevcuttur.

Adalar filosu
İstanbul, Adalar ilçesine bağlı 4 adadaki faytonların kaldırılmasından sonra oluşan ulaşım sıkıntısının giderilmesi için taksi gibi kullanılması üzerine 20 adet 4 kişilik ve toplu taşıma amacıyla mekik işletme mantığıyla kullanılması için 40 adet 14 kişilik araçlar alınmıştır ve toplamda 60 tane araç halkın kullanımına sunulmuştur. Adalar'da hizmet veren bütün bu toplu taşıma araçları elektriklidir.

Özel halk otobüsleri filosu
1985'ten itibaren özel teşebbüs tarafından işletilen "Özel Halk Otobüsleri" İETT denetiminde hizmet vermeye başladı. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı Trafik Müdürlüğü denetiminde çalışan Özel Halk Otobüsleri, 1985 yılında belediye başkanlığının teklifine binâen alınan Ulaştırma Koordinasyon Merkezi (UKOME) kararıyla İETT İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü'nün yönetim ve denetimine verilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Özel Halk Otobüsleri ile ilgili işlemleri yürütmek üzere bir müdürlük oluşturulmuştur. Hâlen bu çalışmalar Ulaşım Planlama Daire Başkanlığı'na bağlı Özel Ulaşım Müdürlüğü tarafından yürütülmektedir.

2014 yılı sonu itibarıyla 3075 adet özel hat otobüsü bulunmaktadır. 6 yıl içinde az da olsa otobüs sayısında artış gözlemlenmiş ve 2020 yılı sonu itibari ile yapılan sayımda 3084 otobüs belirlenmiştir.

İETT ve özel halk otobüsleri toplam araç sayısı
İstanbul'da toplu taşımada kullanılan toplam otobüs sayıları aşağıda verilmiştir.

Otobüs Garajları
İETT'nin verilerine göre garajların temel bilgileri aşağıdaki tabloda gösterilmiştir.

Görseller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İETT ana sayfa

İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi
İETT
İstanbul ilinin idari yapılanması
İstanbul ilinde toplu taşımacılık
Türk kamu kurumları
1871'de kurulan kamu kurumları

İETT


Zhelyu Mitev Zhelev (; ; 3 March 1935 – 30 January 2015) was a Bulgarian politician and former dissident who served as the first democratically elected and non-Communist President of Bulgaria, from 1990 to 1997. Zhelev was one of the most prominent figures of the 1989 Bulgarian Revolution, which ended the 35 year rule of President Todor Zhivkov. A member of the Union of Democratic Forces, he was elected as President by the 7th Grand National Assembly. Two years later, he won Bulgaria's first direct presidential elections. He lost his party's nomination for his 1996 reelection campaign after losing a tough primary race to Petar Stoyanov.

Biography

Early life
He was born in 1935 into a modest village family in Veselinovo in north-eastern Bulgaria. He studied philosophy at Sofia University, graduating in 1958 and gaining a PhD in 1974, a remarkable achievement given that he was under a cloud as a dissident, having been expelled from the Communist Party in 1965. After his expulsion he endured years of "parasitism", or unemployment in communist terminology, which he spent in virtual internal exile in his wife's village, scraping a living from odd jobs on farms.

Dissident
Zhelev was a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party, but was expelled from it for political reasons in 1965. He was unemployed for six years since all employment in Bulgaria was state-regulated.

In 1982, he published his controversial work, Fascism (Фашизмът). Three weeks after the volume's publication in 1982, the book was removed from bookstores and libraries throughout the nation, as its description of the fascist states of Italy, Germany and Spain before, during, and after World War II made these regimes comparable to the Communist regimes in the Eastern block.

SDS
In 1988, just before the Fall of Communism, Zhelev founded the Ruse Committee, and in 1989 he became a founding member and chairman of the Club for Support of Openness and the Reform (a time when many such democratic clubs were formed), which helped him to achieve the position of Chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgarian: СДС, SDS) party.

MP and President
Zhelev was elected MP in June 1990 for the 7th Grand National Assembly; the Assembly's main goal was to create a new democratic Constitution of Bulgaria. After the resignation of President Petar Mladenov, the assembly elected Zhelev his successor on 1 August 1990. He thus became the first head of state in 44 years who was not either a Communist or fellow traveler.

1992 presidential election
Under the new constitution adopted in July 1991, the president was to be elected directly by voters, for a maximum of two terms. The first such election was held in January 1992. Zhelev led the field in the first round, held on 12 January. He then won in the runoff a week later against Velko Valkanov (who was endorsed by the Socialists) with 52.8% of the votes to become Bulgaria's first directly elected head of state. He immediately suspended his membership in the UDF; the new constitution did not allow the president to be a formal member of a political party during his term.

1996 presidential election
Zhelev sought a second term in 1996, but lost the UDF nomination to eventual winner Petar Stoyanov.

Later political career
After his defeat in the 1996 UDF primaries and after the end of his presidency in 1997, Zhelev remained in politics, but on a much smaller scale. He became Honorary Chair of the Liberal Democratic Union and Honorary Chair of the Liberal International and in 1997 went on to establish and preside over a foundation named after him. Zhelev was the initiator and president of the Balkan Political Club, a union of former political leaders from Southeast Europe. As part of the club he voiced his support for Turkey's accession to the European Union.

In 2009, Zhelev also voiced his opinion that Bulgaria should adopt a presidential system based upon the French model: "The country should have both prime minister and president, but the latter should be vested in far-reaching powers so that he may control the executive power".

Zhelev died in Sofia at the age of 79 on 30 January 2015.

World Justice Project
Zhelyu Zhelev served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project (ABA).

Family
He was married to Maria Zheleva (3 April 1942 – 8 December 2013) and has two daughters Yordanka (1963–1993) and Stanka (born 1966).
Zhelev has two grandchildren from his daughter Stanka.

Awards and accolades
On 15 January 2010, Zhelev received the Macedonian state Order 8-September for his contribution to the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Macedonia from the former Yugoslavia.

Zhelev Peak on Loubet Coast, Antarctica is named after Zhelyu Zhelev "for his support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme."

National honours
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Stara Planina (3 March 2005)

Foreign honours
 : Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (1993)
 : Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (1994)
 : Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1994)
 : Grand Order of Mugunghwa (1995)
 : Order 8-September (2010)

References

External links

 "Zhelyu Zhelev — The dissident president" at the Sofia Echo, by Ivan Vatahov, April 17, 2003 (retrieved January 27, 2010).

Presidents of Bulgaria
Bulgarian philosophers
Sofia University alumni
People from Shumen Province
1935 births
2015 deaths
Bulgarian memoirists

Zhelyu Zhelev


ආහාර සහ කෘෂිකර්ම සංවිධානය පරිදී, කැවියාර් යනු, ඇසිපෙන්සරිඩායි කුලයේ මත්ස්‍යයන් වෙතින් ගෙන ලුණු පිළියම් කල මාළු බිත්තර වලින් සැදි නිෂ්පාදිතයකි. මෙම මාළු බිත්තර,   "නැවුම්" (පැස්ටරීකරණය-නොකල) හෝ පැස්ටරීකෘත විය හැකි අතර, පැස්ටරීකරණය විසින් එහි සූප ශාස්ත්‍රීය සහ ආර්ථික අගය පහත හෙලයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

කැවියාර්


Seminole County is the name of several counties in the United States:

Seminole County, Florida
Seminole County, Georgia
Seminole County, Oklahoma

Seminole County


Dukađinsko gorje je planinski kraj na sjeveru Albanije. Nalazi se u Skadarskom distriktu. Pripada planinskom lancu Prokletija, najjužnijem dijelu Dinarskog gorja.

Albansko ime Dukagjini u pučkoj etimologiji tumači se da dolazi od riječi duka (knez, vojvoda) i Gjin (Ivan) - "knez (vojvoda) Ivan". Lokalci kraj nazivaju Malësia e Vogël. Još jedno ime je Pleme šest zastava (Fis i gjasht bajrakvet). Treće ime je Shala-Shoshi, izvedeno od dvaju središta, Shale i Shoshija.

Prostire se južno i istočno od gorja Velike Malesije (alb. Malësia e Madhe), kuda se oddvodnjava Drim. Etnografski se naziva Dukagjin (alb. Malësia e Dukagjinit).

Dukagjinsko gorje obuhvaća oko 814 četvornih kilometara trokutastog područja, čiji su kutovi Jezerca na sjeveru, planina Maranaj (najviši vrh 1576 m) na jugozapadi te umjetno Komansko jezero na jugoistoku. Važnija planina je Biga e Gimajve (najviši vrh 2231 m) na granici Velike Malesije. Najvažnije doline su Kirska i Shaljska, pod kojima teče Leshnica koja utječe u Komansko jezero.

U Dukađinskom gorju su 32 sela s oko 5870 stanovnika (popis 2011.), koja su do 2015. obuhvaćale ove općine: Shala, Shosh, Pult, Shllak i Temal. Ovdje pripada i selo Theth.

U Zakoniku Leke Dukagjinija (Kanun) Dukađinsko gorje označeno je kao područje plemena Shala, Shoshi, Nikaj, Dushamani i Merturi. Albanski Zakonik ima nekoliko svojih inačica, Skenderbegovih zakonik (alb. Kanuni i Skënderbeut), Arberijski zakonik (alb. Kanun i Arbërisë), Laberijski zakonik (Kanuni i Labërisë) i Zakonik Velike Malesije (alb. Kanuni i Malësisë së Madhe), kraja susjednog Dukađinskom gorju.

Zbog sličnih imena dvaju različitih područja događaju se brkanja pojmova. Na zapadnom Kosovu to je Metohija (alb. Rrafsh i Dukagjinit). U povijesti je u Albaniji postojala Dukađinska Kneževina i Dukađinski sandžak, koji su se prostirali u gorju južno od Prokletija i Drima.

Izvori

Zemljopis Albanije

Dukađinsko gorje


Martin Bruns (* 1960 in Basel) ist ein Schweizer Sänger klassischer Musik in der Stimmlage Bariton sowie Hochschullehrer.

Leben und Wirken
Während seiner Schulzeit gehörte Martin Bruns der Knabenkantorei Basel an und geprägt durch dieses musikalische Umfeld studierte er zunächst Violine an der Musik-Akademie der Stadt Basel und wurde anschließend Mitglied des Berner Symphonieorchesters. Nach einigen Jahren entschloss er sich zusätzlich noch Gesang zu studieren und besuchte daraufhin die Hochschulen in Fribourg und Zürich sowie die Gesangsklasse von Daniel Ferro an der Juilliard School in New York City. Darüber hinaus belegte er noch Meisterkurse bei namhaften Künstlern wie beispielsweise Irwin Gage, Ernst Haefliger, Arleen Augér und Phyllis Curtin.

Nach seiner Studienzeit begann Bruns seine sängerische Laufbahn zunächst als Ensemblemitglied am Hessischen Staatstheater Wiesbaden. Darüber hinaus nahm er zahlreiche Einladungen zu Gastauftritten an renommierten deutschen und europäischen Bühnen an und trat zusammen mit vielen bedeutenden Orchestern Europas und Nordamerikas auf. Bruns Repertoire beinhaltet dabei die Gesangspartien von der frühen Barockmusik über Mozart und Mahler bis hin zur Zeitgenössischen Musik.

Ein Schwerpunkt seiner Gesangsdarbietungen ist das Liedrepertoire, hier vor allem die weniger bekannten Werke des 20. Jahrhunderts wie beispielsweise von Ferruccio Busoni, Ignace Strasfogel oder David Diamond. Bruns regelmäßige Klavierbegleiter sind dabei unter anderem Kolja Lessing, Brian Zeger, Jan Philipp Schulze, Ulrich Eisenlohr und Christoph Hammer. Durch zahlreiche Ur- und Erstaufführungen, darunter der Aufführung eines eigens für das Wiener Klaviertrio und Martin Bruns geschriebenen Werkes von Paul Engel auf Gedichte von Ursula Haas mit dem Titel: Getäuscht hat sich der Albatros, setzt sich Bruns unter anderem bei den Internationalen Musikfestwochen in Luzern, den Salzburger Osterfestspielen oder dem Chamber Music Festival in Ottawa immer wieder für das Liedgut der Zeitgenössischen Musik ein.

Darüber hinaus bearbeitete er im Jahr 2004 anlässlich des 700. Geburtstags von Francesco Petrarca 25 seiner Lieder für eine mittlere Singstimme und Klavier und brachte diese auf dem von ihm selbst initiierten Festival Petrarca Musicale auf Schloss Kirchheim in Kirchheim unter Teck zur Erstaufführung. Weitere Höhepunkte seiner Laufbahn waren die europaweite Direktübertragung seines Liederabends Fliegt, ihr meiner Jugend Träume aus dem Beethoven-Haus in Bonn, die Erstaufführung von Antonín Dvořáks Liederzyklus Zypressen in der Urfassung für Gesang und Klavier in Ludwigshafen am Rhein und Ljubljana, eine US-Tournée mit Jan Philipp Schulze sowie die Doppel-Produktion von Gian Carlo Menottis The Telephone und Carl Orffs Die Kluge in Basel.

Im Februar 2009 übernahm Bruns vertretungsweise eine Gesangsklasse an der Zürcher Hochschule der Künste und wurde ein Jahr später zunächst als Gastprofessor und ab 2012 als Professor für Gesang an der Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" Berlin übernommen und von 2014 bis 2016 zum Prorektor gewählt. Zudem unterrichtete er von 2010 bis 2012 Gesang an der Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln, Standort Aachen.

Diskografie (Auswahl)
 Franz Schubert: Die schöne Müllerin, bearb. für mittlere Stimme und Gitarre, Martin Bruns und Mats Bergström (Gitarre), Gehrmans Musikförlag, Stockholm, 1996
 Georg Friedrich Händel: Rinaldo. Oper in drei Akten, Rolle Argante, Händel Classic Audio HCA 7779, 1997
 Georg Friedrich Händel: Serse. Rolle des Elviro, Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, 1997
 Ignace Strasfogel: Sonate KlNr. 1, Martin Burns und Kolja Lessing (Klavier), Polygram, Hamburg, 1998
 Franz Schubert: Deutsche Schubert-Lied-Edition Vol. 6 (Schiller-Lied Vol. 1); Martin Bruns und Ulrich Eisenlohr, Naxos, München, 2001
 Franz Schubert: Deutsche Schubert-Lied-Edition Vol. 8 (Schiller-Lieder Vol. 2); Martin Bruns und Ulrich Eisenlohr (Klavier), Naxos, München, 2002
 Ignace Strasfogel: Auswahlwerke; Martin Bruns und Kolja Lessing (Klavier), UniversalMusic, Berlin, 2003
 La Baviera: Huldigungsmusiken an Kurfürst Karl Albrecht, Musikweltvertrieb, Münster, 2003
 Francesco Petrarca: 25 Lieder für mittlere Singstimme und Klavier, Martin Bruns (Hrsg. und Bearb.), Bärenreiter, Prag, 2004
 Junge Elite und Legenden 2004 im Zedernsaal auf Schloss Kirchheim, Mitschnitt, Bella Musica, Bühl, 2004
 Philipp Jarnach: Frühe französische Lieder op. 15:3; Martin Bruns und Kolja Lessing (Klavier) und Heinrich Keller (Flöte); Divox, 2004
 Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde, Oehmsclassics, München, 2005
 Ferruccio Busoni: Busoni Songs;  Martin Bruns und Ulrich Eisenlohr, Naxos, München, 2006
 In der Frühlingsmondnacht: Vertonungen auf Gedichte um Maximilian II. von Emanuel Geibel und Mitgliedern des Münchner Dichterkreises (Die Krokodile); Martin Bruns und Christoph Hammer (Klavier), Verlag Annette Schumacher, Ratingen, 2008

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage

Musiker (Schweiz)
Bariton
Absolvent der Juilliard School
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule für Musik Berlin)
Hochschullehrer (HfMT Köln, Standort Aachen)
Schweizer
Geboren 1960
Mann

Martin Bruns


Alfred J. Menezes est un cryptographe et mathématicien canadien, co-auteur de plusieurs livres sur la cryptographie, dont le Handbook of Applied Cryptography, et il est professeur de mathématiques à l'université de Waterloo au Canada .

Éducation
La famille d'Alfred Menezes est originaire de Goa, un État de l'ouest de l'Inde, mais il est né en Tanzanie et a grandi au Koweït, à l'exception de quelques années dans un pensionnat en Inde. Ses diplômes de premier cycle et de cycles supérieurs sont de l'université de Waterloo  .

Carrière académique
Après cinq ans d'enseignement à l'université d'Auburn, il est retourné en 1997 à l'université de Waterloo, où il est maintenant professeur de mathématiques au Département de combinatoire et d'optimisation. Il a cofondé et est membre du , et en a été le directeur général. Les principaux domaines de recherche de Menezes sont la cryptographie sur les courbes elliptiques (ECC), la sécurité prouvable et les domaines connexes. Il est citoyen canadien.

Le livre de Menezes Elliptic Curve Public Key Cryptosystems, publié en 1993, a été le premier livre entièrement consacré à l'ECC. Il est co-auteur du livre de référence largement utilisé Handbook of Applied Cryptography. Menezes a été organisateur de conférences ou membre du comité de programme d'une cinquantaine de conférences sur la cryptographie. Il a été président du programme pour Crypto 2007 et, en 2012, il a été conférencier invité à Eurocrypt.

En 2001, Menezes a remporté la médaille Hall de l'Institut de combinatoire et ses applications.

Livres

Publications (sélection)
 "Computing discrete logarithms in cryptographically-interesting characteristic-three finite fields" (avec G. Adj, I. Canales-Martinez, N. Cruz-Cortes, T. Oliveira, L. Rivera-Zamarripa et F. Rodriguez-Henriquez), Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2016/914. https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/914
 "Another look at tightness II: Practical issues in cryptography" (avec S. Chatterjee, N. Koblitz et P. Sarkar), Mycrypt 2016, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10311 (2017), 21–55.
 "Another look at HMAC" (avec N. Koblitz), Journal of Mathematical Cryptology, 7 (2013), 225–251.
 "Elliptic curve cryptography: The serpentine course of a paradigm shift" (avec A. H. Koblitz et N. Koblitz), Journal of Number Theory, 131 (2011), 781–814.
 « Another look at 'provable security' » (avec N. Koblitz), Journal of Cryptology, 20 (2007), 3–37.
 "An efficient protocol for authenticated key agreement" (avec L. Law, M. Qu, J. Solinas et S. Vanstone), Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 28 (2003), 119–134.
 "Solving elliptic curve discrete logarithm problems using Weil descent" (avec M. Jacobson et A. Stein), Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society, 16 (2001), 231–260.
 "The elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)" (avec D. Johnson et S. Vanstone), International Journal on Information Security, 1 (2001), 36–63.
 "Analysis of the Weil descent attack of Gaudry, Hess and Smart" (avec M. Qu), Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2001, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2020 (2001), 308–318.
 "Unknown key-share attacks on the station-to-station (STS) protocol" (avec S. Blake-Wilson), Proceedings of PKC '99, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1560 (1999), 154–170.
 "Reducing elliptic curve logarithms to logarithms in a finite field" (avec T. Okamoto et S. Vanstone), IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 39 (1993), 1639–1646.

Références

Liens externes

 Liste des publications DBLP

Mathématicien canadien du XXIe siècle
Mathématicien canadien du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'Université de Waterloo
Étudiant de l'Université de Waterloo
Naissance en 1965
Cryptologue canadien

Alfred Menezes


Šedir (α Cassiopeiae, alpha Cassiopeiae skraćeno alfa Cas, a CAS, Schedar) je zvijezda druge veličine u zviježđu Kasiopeje. Iako ju je Johann Bayer naveo kao " alfa zvijezdu", sjajnost Šedira usko se podudara sa zvijezdom " beta " (β) u zviježđu ( Beta Cassiopeiae ) i može se činiti neznatno svjetlijom ili tamnijom. Međutim, nedavni izračuni NASA-inog teleskopa WISE potvrđuju da je α Cas najsvjetlija zvijezda u Kasiopeji, s prividnom magnitudom od 2,240. Njegova je apsolutna veličina 18 puta veća od β Cas, a nalazi se preko četiri puta dalje od Sunca.

Vidljivost

S deklinacijom od 56° 32' sjeverno, Šedir je uglavnom vidljiv na sjevernoj hemisferi. Zvijezdu mogu uočiti većina promatrača do Pertha, Australija, Santiaga, Čile i druga naselja sjeverno od ±  33° južne geografske širine, iako blizu horizonta. Šedir se nalazi u liniji s Mliječnim putom, tako da postoje i drugi značajni nebeski objekti koji se mogu promatrati u neposrednoj blizini ove zvijezde - Pacman maglica, NGC 436 i NGC 457 - samo su nekoliko objekata.

Šedir dostiže svoj zenit iznad gradova kao što su Edinburgh, Kopenhagen i Moskva. Cirkumpolarna je zvijezda po cijeloj Europi, Rusiji, a najjužnije u Los Angelesu, Kaliforniji na sjevernoameričkom kontinentu, kao i na drugim mjestima širom svijeta s geografskom širinom većom od ± 33 ° sjeverno. Budući da je α Cassiopeiae navedena kao zvijezda druge magnitude (jednaka Beta Cas), lako je promatrati golim okom sve dok noćno opažanje ne ometa svjetlosno zagađenje uobičajeno u većini gradova.

Najbolje vrijeme za promatranje je tijekom kasnih jesenskih mjeseci sjeverne polutke, kada Kasiopeja u ponoć prelazi meridijan, ali s obzirom na cirkumpolarnu prirodu u mnogim sjevernim lokalitetima, vidljiva je mnogim svjetskim stanovnicima tijekom cijele godine.

Izvori

Kasiopeja (zviježđe)
Zvijezde

Šedir


VM i badminton 2006 var det 15. VM i badminton afholdt af International Badminton Federation. Mesterskabet blev afviklet i Palacio de Deportes i Madrid, Spanien i perioden 18. - 24. september 2006. Spanien var VM-værtsland for anden gang, men det var første gang, at Madrid værtsby for mesterskabet.

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Kilder
 Tournament Software - 2006 World Championships

Noter

Sport i 2006
2006

VM i badminton 2006


Beharovce (deutsch Beharz oder Beharowitz, ungarisch Beharóc) ist eine Gemeinde im Osten der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) und gehört
zum Okres Levoča, einem Kreis des Prešovský kraj.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt im Ostteil des Talkessels Hornádska kotlina im Schatten sowohl der Leutschauer Berge im Norden als auch des Branisko im Osten. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von , 19 Kilometer östlich von Levoča sowie 35 Kilometer westlich von Prešov.

Unweit des Ortes liegt der Autobahntunnel Branisko.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde zum ersten Mal 1338 schriftlich erwähnt. Die Einwohner dienten der nahen Zipser Burg in verschiedenen Berufen, darunter auch als Boten, was der Gemeinde seinen Namen gegeben hat (slowakisch behať = laufen).

Bevölkerung
Laut der Volkszählung 2001 (171 Einwohner) besteht die Bevölkerung ausschließlich aus Slowaken, die sich alle zur römisch-katholischen Kirche bekannt gegeben haben.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Eintrag auf podbranisko.sk (slowakisch)

Ort in der Slowakei
Okres Levoča
Ersterwähnung 1338

Beharovce


Euonymus  is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It comprises about 130 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. They are mostly native to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas, and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. 50 species are endemic to China.

Description

The inconspicuous flowers occur in small groups, and can be green, yellow, pink or maroon in color depending on species.  The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15 cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The fruit is a pink or white four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange or red seeds.

The seeds are eaten by frugivorous birds, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings.  Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be poisonous to humans.

Cultivation and uses

The wood of some species was traditionally used for the making of spindles for spinning wool; this use is the origin of the British English name of the shrubs.

Euonymus are popular garden shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries. However, Euonymus alatus (winged euonymus or burning-bush) is considered an invasive species in the woodlands of the northeastern United States.

Diversity

Species include:

References

Celastrales genera

Euonymus


Au sens large, les caprins et les ovins constituent une tribu (Caprini) de mammifères ruminants qui comprend plusieurs espèces domestiquées par l'Homme. Avec les bovins (tribu des Bovini) et les antilopes (dix autres tribus), ils forment la famille des Bovidae.

Genre Ammotragus

Genre Arabitragus

Genre Budorcas

Genre Capra

Genre Capricornis

Genre Hemitragus

Genre Naemorhedus

Genre Nilgiritragus

Genre Oreamnos

Genre Ovibos

Genre Ovis

Genre Pantholops

Genre Pseudois

Genre Rupicapra

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
.
.
.
.

Liens externes
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste de races caprines
 Liste de races ovines
 Liste des espèces d'antilopes
 Liste des espèces de bovins
 Liste des artiodactyles par population

Caprins

Caprins

Liste des espèces de caprins et d'ovins


The British Rail Class 11 was applied to a batch of diesel shunting locomotives built from April 1945 to December 1952, based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1934 and 1936.

Overview

Numbering
An initial batch of twenty locomotives was built during World War II, fourteen of which were built for the War Department, with the first ten of these (70260-70269) subsequently going to the Nederlandse Spoorwegen post-war as NS 501–510. LMS numbers 7120–7126 went straight into LMS stock, and a follow-up batch was built, 7129 being the last diesel shunter to be built for the LMS. British Railways continued to build the class from 1948 to 1952, using numbers M7130–M7131 and 12045–12138. 7120–7129 and M7130–M7131 became BR numbers 12033–12044. The whole class of 12033–12138 became Class 11. Locomotives up to 12102 were built at LMS/BR Derby and 12103–12138 at BR Darlington.

Export locomotives

Close to 100 almost identical machines were built by English Electric and supplied to Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) as their 500 Class & 600 Class diesel locomotives. In addition to the exported 501-510 mentioned above, 500 Class also included 511-545. Sixty-five of the 600 Class locomotives were built by English Electric between 1950 and 1957, numbered 601–665, at either Dick, Kerr & Co. Works (601–610) in Preston or Vulcan Foundry Works (remainder) in Newton-le-Willows. A further batch of 15 locomotives were exported without engines so that they could be fitted as such in the Netherlands. These were numbered 701-715.

Another export order was to Australia, with 16 locomotives built in 1951 but with the design modified for use on 5 ft 3 in gauge railways. The Victorian Railways bought ten, which were designated as F class, and six were bought by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria for shunting on sidings connected to Victorian Railways tracks.

One member of Class 11 was built for transporting British soldiers in the former Nazi-occupied countries. Throughout the liberation period it travelled through France, Belgium and the Netherlands before finally reaching Germany. It was then used for transporting British troops and for shunting, and was occasionally used on a few branch lines until 1957. The reason for this was that after the war the newly founded Deutsche Bundesbahn was slowly building up its locomotive fleet. As the more powerful German engines began to roll out, the Class 11 diesel was used less and in 1953 it was withdrawn. It stood in Hamm Engine shed, in West Germany, until it was bought by Danish State Railways in 1957. It was then renumbered to DSB ML 6 and liveried in the dark green that the Danish diesel shunters were painted in. It served on shunting duties in Copenhagen yards until 1973, when it was finally withdrawn for good; it was scrapped in 1974 in Hedehusene in Denmark.

Technical details
The diesel engine is an English Electric 6-cylinder, 10-inch bore by 12-inch stroke (254 mm by 305 mm); 4-stroke, 6KT and the traction motors are two: EE506 axle-hung, nose-suspended, force-ventilated traction motors with 21.7:1 double reduction gear drive.  The main generator is an English Electric EE801, 441 A at 430 V.

Withdrawal
The 106 locomotives of British Railways were withdrawn between May 1967 and November 1972.

Post-BR use
Sixteen locomotives were sold to the National Coal Board, and were used in the North East, South Wales and the Kent Coalfield.

Preservation

Only one of the LMS examples is preserved being:
 AD601 at Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway
The following BR examples of Class 11 diesel shunters are preserved:
 12052 at Caledonian Railway
 12077 at Midland Railway - Butterley
 12083 at Battlefield Line Railway
 12088 at Aln Valley Railway
 12093 at Caledonian Railway
 12099 at Severn Valley Railway
 12131 at North Norfolk Railway
 A ninth example 12049 (renumbered from 12082) is preserved at the Watercress Line in Hampshire. At one time it was re-registered as 01553, in TOPS Class 01/5, carried both numbers and was owned by the Harry Needle Railroad Company. 12082 was renumbered to 12049 in October 2010 and painted in BR green with a late crest but without the yellow/black ends. This was as a replacement for the original Mid Hants locomotive 12049 that was scrapped after suffering catastrophic damage during an engine shed fire on 26 July 2010.

See also

 LMS diesel shunters

Footnotes

References

Further reading

11
English Electric locomotives
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1945
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives

British Rail Class 11


Fachberg ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Fachberg (Gemeinde Fornach), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Fornach, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich

Fachberg ist der Name folgender Berge:

 Fachberg (Northeim) (), ein Berg am östlichen Stadtrand von Northeim, Niedersachsen

Fachberg


Viscount Galway is a title that has been created four times in the Peerage of Ireland. The first creation came in 1628 in favour of Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde. He was made Earl of St Albans in the Peerage of England at the same time (see the Earl of Clanricarde for more information on this creation). The second creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1687 in favour of Ulick Bourke. He was made Baron Tyaquin at the same time, also in the Peerage of Ireland. However, both titles became extinct on his early death in 1691. The third creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1692 in favour of the French soldier and diplomat Henry de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, who was created Baron Portarlington, also in the Peerage of Ireland, at the same time. He was made Earl of Galway in 1697. However, both titles became extinct on his death in 1720.

The fourth creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1727 when John Monckton was made Baron Killard, of the County of Clare, and Viscount Galway. He represented Clitheroe and Pontefract in the British House of Commons and served as Surveyor General of Woods and Forests in England and Wales. His son, the second Viscount, sat as a Member of Parliament for Pontefract and Thirsk. In 1769 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Arundell. His son, the third Viscount, briefly represented Pontefract in Parliament. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron, who also sat for Pontefract as well as for Yorkshire. His son, the fifth Viscount, discontinued the use of the surname of Arundell by Royal licence in 1826 and instead obtained permission for each successive holder of the title and his eldest son to use the surnames Monckton-Arundell while the younger branches of the family should use Monckton only.

His son, the sixth Viscount, sat for many years as the Conservative Member of Parliament for East Retford. His son, the seventh Viscount, represented Nottinghamshire North in the House of Commons as a Conservative and was also an Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria, King Edward VII and King George V. In 1887 he was created Baron Monckton, of Serlby in the County of Nottingham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which gave him and his descendants an automatic seat in the House of Lords. His son, the eighth Viscount, was Governor-General of New Zealand from 1935 to 1941.

He was succeeded by his son, the ninth Viscount. On his early death in 1971, he had no direct male heir. His landownings passed to his daughter Charlotte (the Hon. Mrs Charlotte Townsend of Melbury House). The barony of Monckton of Serlby became extinct while he was succeeded in the Irish titles by his second cousin once removed, the tenth Viscount. He was the grandson of the Hon. Edmund Gambier Monckton, fourth son of the fifth Viscount, and as he was a member of a younger branch of the family he was named only Monckton, in accordance with the rules obtained by the fifth Viscount. However, he adopted by Royal licence the surname Arundell on his succession for himself and for all successive holders of the title. On the death in 1980 of his younger brother, the eleventh Viscount, this line of the family also failed. He was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, the twelfth Viscount, who was born in Canada. In 2017 he was succeeded by his only son, the thirteenth Viscount, present holder of the titles, who is the great-grandson of Marmaduke John Monckton, third son of the Hon. Edmund Gambier Monckton, fourth son of the fifth Viscount. Lord Galway lives in Canada and represented Canada as a rower in the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Papers of the Viscounts Galway are held at Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham.

The family seat was Serlby Hall, in Bassetlaw, Nottinghamshire.

Viscounts Galway, first creation (1628)
See the Earl of Clanricarde

Viscounts Galway, second creation (1687)
Ulick Bourke, 1st Viscount Galway (1670–1691)

Viscounts Galway, third creation (1692), and Earl of Galway (1697)
Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway (1648–1720)

Viscounts Galway, fourth creation (1727)
John Monckton, 1st Viscount Galway (1695–1751)
William Monckton-Arundell, 2nd Viscount Galway (d.1772)
Henry William Monckton-Arundell, 3rd Viscount Galway (1749–1774)
Robert Monckton-Arundell, 4th Viscount Galway (1752–1810)
William George Monckton-Arundell, 5th Viscount Galway (1782–1834)
George Edward Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 6th Viscount Galway (1805–1876)
George Edmund Milnes Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway (1844–1931)
George Vere Arundel Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway (1882–1943)
Simon George Robert Monckton-Arundell, 9th Viscount Galway (1929–1971)
William Arundell Monckton-Arundell, 10th Viscount Galway (1894–1977)
Edmund Savile Monckton-Arundell, 11th Viscount Galway (1900–1980)
George Rupert Monckton-Arundell, 12th Viscount Galway (1922–2017)
John Philip Monckton-Arundell, 13th Viscount Galway (born 1952)

The heir presumptive is Piers Alastair Carlos Monckton (born 1962), a great-great-great-great grandson of the 1st Viscount.
His heir is his son Oliver George Carlos Monckton (born 1993).

References

Sources

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

External links

Papers of the Viscounts Galway and their predecessors, held at Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham

Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1628
Noble titles created in 1687
Noble titles created in 1692
Noble titles created in 1727

Viscount Galway


Le château de Tanyot est un château  du  situé à Tanay, en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation
Le château est situé en rive ouest de la RD 30b, au sud du village de Taniot.

Historique

En 1387 : "Taigniot... n'a marché, foire ni forteresse". Les d'Avennes et les Melincourt qui possèdent le fief par moitié le transmettent aux Marey et au chancelier Rolin. Le 7 janvier 1491, sa petite-fille Marguerite hérite de la terre et seigneurie de Tasnyot. Le 19 juillet 1594, les intempéries affectent gravement le château, « n'y estant demeuré que les murailles". Il est restauré, comme en fait état un procès-verbal de 1643.

Vers 1745, Alexandre de Moyria, lieutenant-colonel au régiment de Fouquet, acquiert la terre de Taniot et y construit un château à la "moderne". Pierre François Gauthier le rachète en 1773 et bâtit une partie des communs qui portent les dates 1775 et 1776. Au , le domaine échoit à la famille de Masson d'Autume à laquelle il appartient toujours aujourd'hui, sans modifications notables du plan depuis le cadastre de 1838.

Description

Les bâtiments occupent les trois côtés d'une longue cour accessible par un portail découvert. Le bâtiment d'habitation est à l'ouest dans l'axe du portail. Il présente un étage de soubassement, un rez-de-chaussée surélevé à l'arrière, un étage carré et un étage de comble. Le corps central à neuf travées avec toits à longs pans est flanqué de deux corps latéraux à deux travées en avancée.

Grange et remise sont à gauche de la cour, les logements des domestiques, remises et chenils à droite. De ce côté se trouve un colombier de plan carré à boulins de terre cuite et échelle tournante avec une volière ouverte sur la cour accotée à son mur droit. Une citerne à margelle de pierre et superstructure en fer forgé à poulie est au sud-est du logis.

Le château, les douves, les façades et les toitures des dépendances, le portail d'entrée avec sa grille, la demi-lune qui lui fait face et le puits sont inscrits au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 22 décembre 1988.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Tanyot
Tanyot
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique inscrit en 1988

Château de Tanyot


Hrvati u Zambiji su hrvatska iseljenička zajednica u Zambiji. U te su krajeve odselili zbog ekonomskih razloga.

Malu hrvatsku zajednicu čini desetak obitelji. Sačuvali su hrvatski jezik i običaje, uključujući kulinarske. Većinom su iz obitelji Žeravica. Prvi je u Zambiju iz Vrlike stigao jedan od braće da bi u toj zemlji gradio putove. Namjeravao je osnovati svoju autoprijevozničku tvrtku. Potom je pozvao braću. Očuvanju govorenja hrvatskog pomoglo je što je nešto prije 2005. u vatikanski nuncijat stigao je don Slađan Ćosić, tako da hrvatski iseljenici mogu slušati misu i ispovijedati se na hrvatskome jeziku.

U Zambiji su duboki i hrvatski misijski tragovi. Mnogi su hrvatski misionari djelovali u Zambiji. Godine 2006. bio je jedan, krčki svećenik don Boris Dabo koji je u dotadašnjih 26 godina djelovao u četiri misije i osnovao tri i u tijeku je bilo osnivanje četvrte. Prije njega ovdje su bili hrvatski isusovci (o. Luka Lučić, o. Ivan Gerovac, o. Ivan Cindori, brat Ilija Dilber i brat Benedikt Fostač), hrvatski franjevac konventualac fra Ambroz Knežić, franjevac Bosne Srebrene fra Tomo Anđić, zatim dijecezanski svećenici "Fidei donum": iz Vrhbosanske nadbiskupije u biskupijama Solwezi (vlč. Dominko Bilić, vlč. Stipo Miloš i vlč. Anto Perić) i Chipata (vlč. Zdravko Mandić i vlč. Marko Stipić), u biskupiji Livingston svećenik Krčke biskupije don Ivica Kordić i Dubrovačke biskupije don Frano Markić zvani Aleluja. Osim svećenika, ovdje su bili i vjernici-laici u misijama. Misionarke su bile: gđa Dragica Pekić, gđa Emica Verlić, gđa Ivanka Šuber i gđa Monika Okrugić.

Izvori i bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatski katolički radio Arhiv emisija - Zambija - Vlč. Boris Dabo

Hrvatsko iseljeništvo
Etničke grupe Zambije

Hrvati u Zambiji


The year 2004 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 January 28 – Transformation AGO: The Art Gallery of Ontario announces that Frank Gehry has designed a renovation and expansion of the gallery. Supposedly in the shape of an ice skate, the change is met with opposition by frequent benefactor Kenneth Thomson.
 March 24 – Demolition of the Brutalist Tricorn Centre in Portsmouth, England (1966) begins.
 June – Plans for The Cloud, a "Fourth Grace" at Liverpool Pier Head in England by Will Alsop, are abandoned.

Buildings and structures

Buildings

 March 16 – Ray and Maria Stata Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, designed by Frank Gehry, is opened.
 April 8 – ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum (art museum) in Aarhus, Denmark, designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects, is opened.
 April 28 – 30 St Mary Axe in the City of London (the Swiss Re building), designed by Norman Foster, is completed.
 May 1 – Europa Tower in Vilnius, Lithuania, the tallest building in the Baltic States (2004–present), is opened.
 May 8 – Forum Building, by Herzog & de Meuron, inaugurated in Barcelona during the opening ceremony of the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures.
 May 23 – Seattle Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus, is opened to the public.
 July 16 – BP Pedestrian Bridge in Millennium Park in the Chicago Loop, designed by Frank Gehry, is opened.
 September – Sharp Centre for Design, Ontario College of Art & Design, Toronto, designed by Will Alsop of Alsop Architects, is completed.
 October – Jazz at Lincoln Center performance venue in New York City, designed by Rafael Viñoly, is opened.
 October 9 – Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh, by Enric Miralles, opened.
 October 14 – Lewis Glucksman Gallery at University College Cork, Ireland, designed by O'Donnell & Tuomey, is opened.
 November 18 – Clinton Presidential Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, by James Polshek, is opened.
 November 20 – Expansion and renovation of New York's Museum of Modern Art designed by Yoshio Taniguchi.
 November 28 – Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff, Wales, designed by Jonathan Adams of Percy Thomas Partnership, is opened.
 December 14 – Millau Viaduct, by Norman Foster, at Millau, France is opened.
 December 17 – .
 December 31 – Taipei 101 is opened in Taiwan, and remains one of the tallest buildings in the world.
 Netherlands Embassy in Berlin opened, designed by Rem Koolhaas.
 IT University of Copenhagen opens its new building in Ørestad, Denmark, designed by Henning Larsen.
 The Chongqing World Trade Center in Chongqing, China is topped out in a ceremony.
 30 Hudson Street, New Jersey, USA (the Goldman Sachs Tower), Jersey City's tallest building at 238 metres, is completed.
 Reconstruction of Nový Dvůr Monastery, Czech Republic, by John Pawson is completed.
 Reconstruction of Kingswood School, Dulwich, London, by De Rijke Marsh Morgan is completed.

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Samuel Mockbee (awarded posthumously).
 Architecture Firm Award – Lake Flato Architects.
 Driehaus Prize – Demetri Porphyrios
 Emporis Skyscraper Award – Taipei 101.
 Grand prix national de l'architecture – Patrick Berger.
 Grand Prix de l'urbanisme – Christian de Portzamparc.
 Praemium Imperiale Architecture Award – Oscar Niemeyer.
 Pritzker Prize – Zaha Hadid.
 Prix de l'Académie d'Architecture de France – Shigeru Ban.
 Prix de l'Équerre d'Argent – Antoinette Robain and Claire Guieysse, for the Centre National de la Danse de Pantin.
 RIAS Award for Architecture – Elder and Cannon Architects for St. Aloysius' College's Clavius Building, Glasgow.
 RAIA Gold Medal – Gregory Burgess.
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Rem Koolhaas.
 Stirling Prize – 30 St Mary Axe, London by Foster and Partners.
 Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture – Peter Walker.
 Vincent Scully Prize – Aga Khan.
 Twenty-five Year Award – East Building, National Gallery of Art

Deaths
 May 27 – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, German American architect (born 1943)
 August 30 - E. Fay Jones, American architect (born 1921)
 September 12 – Max Abramovitz, American architect (born 1908)
 September 22 — Edward Larrabee Barnes, American architect (born 1915)

See also
Timeline of architecture

References

21st-century architecture

2004 in architecture


Facultatea de Istorie este una dintre cele 15 facultăți din cadrul Universității "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași.

După înființarea Universității (la 26 octombrie 1860), istoria a fost predată timp de mai multe decenii în cadrul Facultății de Filosofie și Litere, apoi, după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în cadrul Facultății de Istorie–Geografie, a celei de Litere și, ulterior, a Facultății de Istorie–Filosofie. Facultatea de Istorie, organizarea actuală, a fost înființată în ianuarie 1990.

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul facultății

Istorie, Facultatea de
Istorie

Facultatea de Istorie a Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași


Ukupni trošak (TC) predstavlja ukupne izdatke za proizvodnju određene količine proizvoda. Ukupni troškovi su najniži ukupni novčani izdaci potrebni da se proizvede određena količina proizvoda. Ukupni troškovi su jednaki zbroju fiksnih (FC) i varijabilnih troškova (VC).

Grafički prikaz
Ukupni troškovi se grafički prikazuju krivuljom ukupnih troškova koja ima oblik položenog slova "S" polazeći od razine fiksnih troškova.

Izvori

Računovodstvo

Ukupni trošak


Michael Corbett Shannon (født 7. august 1974) er en amerikansk skuespiller og musiker. Han har været nomineret to gange til en Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle for sine præstationer i Revolutionary Road (2008) og Natdyr (2016), yderligere tjene Screen Actors Guild Award- og Golden Globe Award-nomineringer for sin præstation i 99 Homes (2014). Han modtog en Tony Award-nominering for bedste skuespiller i et skuespil for Long Day's Journey into Night (2016).

Filmografi
 The Shape of Water (2017)
 Knives Out - Var det mord? (2019)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Lexington
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Michael Shannon


Franck Happi est un dirigeant sportif et ancien président de l'Union sportive de Douala.Apres la victoire de Samuel Etoo à la tête de la Fecafoot, il y est nommé directeur du développement sportif.
Il reçoit en 2021 après une sélection rigoureuse de la FIFA le Diplôme en management de Club.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts

Carrière
Franck Happi est un dirigeant sportif et ancien président de l'Union sportive de Douala.

En 2016, il démissionne de son mandat de premier vice-président de la Ligue de Football Professionnelle du Cameroun (LFPC).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Abdouraman Hamadou
 Pierre Semengue
 Céline Eko Mendomo

Liens externes

Personnalité Bamiléké

Franck Happi


An Thelasis obtusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Thelasis obtusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelasis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelasis

Thelasis obtusa


أكِمي كاندا (神田朱未 كاندا أكِمي) هي مؤدية أصوات يابانية ولدت في 10 نوفمبر 1978 في ناغويا، أيتشي.

أدوارها في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 المعلم الساحر نيغيما! - أسنا كاغورازاكا
 نيغيما!؟ - أسنا كاغورازاكا
 باكانو! - شيزلو ميير
 بليتش - ماشيرو كونا
 جوشين إنبو - رايرا
 CLANNAD - ريو فُجيباياشي
 CLANNAD 〜AFTER STORY〜 - ريو فُجيباياشي
 إلفن ليد - هيرومي كوراما
 ويتشبليد - ريهوكو أماها
 ماريا هوليك - نانامي كيري
 ماريا هوليك ألايف - نانامي كيري
 كروس جيم - واكابا تسوكيشيما
 شوغو كارا! - ماريمو هاتاناكا
 شوغو كارا!! دوكي - لولو دو مورسير
 كيدي غريد - توينكل
 جيغوكو شوجو فوتاكوموري - ماهو سوزاكي
 أولينسيس الفضي - ميسوزو
 موياشيمون - هازوكي أويكاوا
 أرشيف دانتاليان - ميلدريد
 بيرسونا 4 ذي أنيميشن - ناناكو دوجيما
 بيرسونا 4 ذا غولدن أنيميشن - ناناكو دوجيما
 ماغي: The Labyrinth of Magic - تويا
 فرسان التنكاي - سيلان جونز

أنمي الإنترنت
 سيلور مون كريستال - هارونا ساكورادا، كوتونو ساراشينا

أوفا أنمي
 المعلم الساحر نيغيما! الربيع - أسنا كاغورازاكا
 المعلم الساحر نيغيما! الصيف - أسنا كاغورازاكا
 المعلم الساحر نيغيما! 〜الجناح الأبيض ALA ALBA〜 - أسنا كاغورازاكا
 المعلم الساحر نيغيما! 〜عالم آخر〜 - أسنا كاغورازاكا

أدوارها في ألعاب الفيديو
 بيرسونا 4 - ناناكو دوجيما
 بيرسونا 4 غولدن - ناناكو دوجيما
 بيرسونا Q شادو أوف ذا لابيرينث - ناناكو دوجيما

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ناغويا
ممثلات أداء صوتي من ناغويا
ممثلات أداء صوتي يابانيات
ممثلات ألعاب فيديو يابانيات
ممثلات يابانيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1978
مواليد في ناغويا

أكمي كاندا


Electra, also spelt Elektra, was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra in Greek mythology.

Electra or Elektra may also refer to:

Greek mythology

Electra (Pleiad), one of the Pleiades
 Electra, one of the Danaids, daughter of Danaus and Polyxo
 Electra (Oceanid), the wife of Thaumas and mother of Iris and the Harpies

Animals
 Electra (bryozoan), a genus of aquatic invertebrates
 Elektra (bug), a genus of insects in the tribe Mirini
 Electra (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse

Art, entertainment, and media

Comics
 Elektra: Assassin (1986), a comics miniseries dedicated to the Marvel character

Fictional characters
 Electra (cat), in T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats and in the musical Cats
 Elektra (character), a Marvel Comics character
 "Electra", Cathy's dog in the Cathy comic strip
 Electra the Electric Train, a character in Starlight Express
 Elektra King, in The World is not Enough
 Elektra (Tracy Beaker Returns character)
 Elektra, the princess of the Electric Eels from Sea Princesses

Film
 Electra (1962 film), based on the Euripides play
 Electra, a 1996 Shannon Tweed film
 Elektra (2005 film), a film based on the Marvel character
 Elektra (2010 film), a Malayalam psychological drama film
 Electra (2023 film), a Czech short film

Music

Groups
 Electra (band), an electronic musical band from the United Kingdom
 Electra (Israeli band), an Israeli rock'n'roll band
 Elektra (band), a pop rock band from Iceland

Albums
 Electra (album), by Alice Caymmi
 Electra (Arild Andersen album)
 Elektra (Suspekt album), 2011
 Elektra: The Album, the soundtrack to the 2005 film

Songs
 "Electra" (song), a 2009 song by heavy metal band Dio

Operas
 Electra, by Johann Christian Friedrich Hæffner
 Elektra, by Mikis Theodorakis
 Elektra (opera), by Richard Strauss

Plays
 Electra (Euripides play)
 Electra (Sophocles play)
 Electra (Giraudoux play), 1930
 Electra (Wijesinha play), 1986
 Elektra, by Hugo von Hofmannsthal after Sophocles
 Elektra (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming
 Electra, a 1901 play written by Benito Pérez Galdós

Organisations and brands
 Electra (arts organisation), London-based non-profit arts organisation
 Electra (company), electricity and water company in Cape Verde
 Electra Airways, airline
 Electra Bicycle Company, Vista, California-based bicycle brand/company
 Electra Guitars, brand of imported electric guitar of the 70s and 80s
 Electra Partners Europe, former name of European private equity firm Motion Equity Partners
 Elektra Berlin, a German association football club
 Elektra Records, U.S. record label
 Grupo Elektra, Mexican corporation
 Unbound Group, formerly Electra Private Equity, London-based listed investment trust

People
 Elektra (name) people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Elektra or variations thereof

Places

Terrestrial features
 Mount Electra
 Electra Lake

Outer space
 Electra (star), 17 Tauri
 130 Elektra, an asteroid

Municipalities
 Electra, California
 Electra, Texas
 Electra, Queensland, a locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia

Buildings
 Electra (San Diego), a condominium tower located in downtown San Diego
 Electra Building, Vancouver, a skyscraper
 Electra House, a building at 84 Moorgate, London, England
 Electra High School
 Electra Tower

Technology
 Electra, an iOS jailbreak app
 Electra (radio),  telecommunications transceiver for Mars spacecraft
 Electra (satellite), a project for a communications satellite with all-electric propulsion
 Electra (teletext), a teletext service from the early 1980s to the early 1990s
 Electra, a satellite also known as Explorer-1 Prime
 Elektra, a navigation system developed from the Lorenz beam
 Elektra (layout engine)

Transportation

Aircraft
 Lockheed L-188 Electra, an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed
 Lockheed Model 10 Electra, a twin-engine, all-metal monoplane airliner from the 1930s
 Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, an eight-seat, six-passenger all-metal twin-engine transport aircraft of the late 1930s
 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, a civil cargo and passenger aircraft

Motor vehicles
 Buick Electra, full-size premium automobiles built by the Buick division of General Motors
 Harley-Davidson Electra Glide, a motorcycle in the FL model series since 1965

Rail
 Electra, an express electric locomotive of the type British Rail Class 77 built in 1953 for the Woodhead Line
 Electra, an early codename for the British Rail Class 91 electric locomotive
 Electra, a Great Western Railway Firefly class 2-2-2 locomotive

Ships
 HMS Electra, five ships
 USS Electra
 HS Elektra

Other uses
 Electra (typeface), a serif typeface
 Electra complex, a psychiatric concept

See also
 Elecktra, drag performer
 Électre, a 1782 opera by Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne on the myth of Electra

Electra (disambiguation)


El río Derwent (; en inglés viejo:Darwent) es un río del Reino Unido que discurre por el noroeste de Inglaterra en los condados de Yorkshire del Norte y Yorkshire del Este, con una longitud de 115 kilómetros. Es un afluente del río Ouse.

El Derwent empieza a la altitud de 260 metros en el Flyingdales Moor, en el condado de Yorkshire del Norte, en el parque nacional de los North York Moors. La primera villa al lado del Derwent es Malton, y más tarde Stamford Bridge y el pueblo de  Elvington. Después de Elvington, el Derwent desemboca en Barmby Barrage, cerca del pueblo de Barmby in the Marsh, y se une al Ouse que corre hasta el Humber en el mar del Norte.

Véase también
 Molino de Lombe

Referencias

Ríos de la vertiente del mar del Norte del Reino Unido
Ríos de Inglaterra
Yorkshire del Norte
Yorkshire del Este

Río Derwent


Tartu County ( or Tartumaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.

It is located in eastern Estonia bordering Põlva County, Valga County, Viljandi County and Jõgeva County.

The area of Tartu County is , which covers 6.9% of the territory of Estonia. In 2022 Tartu County had a population of 157,758 – constituting 11.9% of the total population in Estonia. The city of Tartu is the centre of the county located at a distance of  from Tallinn. Tartu County is divided into 8 local governments – 1 urban and 7 rural municipalities.

Geography
Tartu County lies in South Estonia, between Lake Võrtsjärv and Lake Peipsi. Estonia's only navigable river, River Emajõgi (100 km long), flows through the county, connecting Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv. Wavy plains are typical landscapes of Tartu County. One third of the county is covered with forests, a third is cultivated. A quarter is made up of wetlands at the headwaters and lower course of the Emajõgi. In the northern part of the county, there are drumlin fields with lakes between them. Nature reserves, such as Pähklisaar Nature Reserve, Emajõe Suursoo and Alam-Pedja take up about 10% of the county's territory.

History
Archaeological findings suggest that people first inhabited the territory of the current Tartu County about 5000 years ago. City of Tartu was first mentioned in historical records in 1030, when Yaroslav I the Wise organized a military campaign against Chuds, defeated them and established fort Yuryev in what is modern day Tartu. In 1224, after the conquest of the stronghold by the German invaders, Tartu became the capital of a diocese, stretching from Northern Estonia to Latvia. Since the 13th century, Tartu belonged to the Hanseatic League, and the town became a well-known trade centre in the Baltic Sea region. In 1569, together with Duchy of Livonia, Tartu became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1598 Tartu became capital of the Dorpat Voivodeship, which remained part of the PLC until the 1620s, when the city was conquered by the Swedes.

King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden established the University of Tartu in 1632. Estonia's first teachers' training school was established in Tartu County in 1684, as well as the first Estonian schools for the children of peasants. Closed during and after the Great Northern War, Tartu University was re-opened in 1802 as the only university operating in German language in the Russian Empire. Economic development of the region was further encouraged by the construction of the railway connecting Tartu with Tallinn, Riga and St. Petersburg. In the second half of the 19th century, the national awakening of Estonians began from Tartu region. After Estonia gained independence in 1918, Tartu, along with Tallinn, became one of the two main cultural centres of Estonia, where most of the Estonian intelligentsia of the time lived and worked. In 1987–1989, the students' environmental and cultural heritage movement in Tartu initiated Estonia's Singing Revolution and restoration of the country's independence.

Economy
Tartu County is an integrated economic system and labour area with its centre in the City of Tartu.

There are 6000 companies and 2000 self-employed persons registered in Tartu County. More than 80% of the companies employ 10 or fewer people, only 5 companies in the whole region have more than 250 employees.

Service sector provides 2/3 of the employment in the county. The City of Tartu is the service and logistics centre for the whole of South Estonia. A significant part of these jobs are in the public sector – especially education and medicine – and the biggest employer in the county is Tartu University Clinics with around 3000 employees, incl 455 doctors. The biggest private sector employer is Tarmeko, producing furniture and components, with 900 employees. Unemployment rate in the county has been 2–3% in the recent years.

Typical products of Tartu County are furniture, foodstuffs, clothes, building materials, glass and plastics. The main export target countries are Finland, Germany, Latvia and Russia. 40% of the exports is wood and furniture, other export production includes machinery and appliances, building materials, glass and clothing. Thanks to the fertile lands, there are many big agricultural enterprises in the West of the county. Fishery is an important activity on the coast of Lake Peipsi.

There is development potential for knowledge intensive production in the region due to its universities. Some successful spin-offs of Tartu University are operating in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Since 2004, several ICT companies, orientated on the international markets, have been growing fast.

In order to facilitate innovation and technology transfer, Tartu Science Park is offering incubation and consultation services to research-based and high-tech oriented companies, and promoting cooperation between research institutions. Tartu University Institute of Technology is a research and development institution, which aims to facilitate the generation of new technological solutions. The R&D centres have been established in the areas of material and chemical technology, biomedical technology, environmental technology and information technology.

The key actors of the region have signed an agreement about the county's development strategy, which is economic and social development through increase of the knowledge input into production and services.

Economic development priorities:
Modernization of studying and working environment, technologies and methods in the schools and universities; internationalization of the universities; development of vocational and technical education;
support of entrepreneurship and start-ups, increase of knowledge input to the production;
improvement of living environment and social infrastructure of regional centres in the rural areas;
enhancement of international availability by roads, transport and communications networks.

Education and culture

Tartu County has 69 schools with approximately 23,000 pupils. 11 vocational schools provide practical training in 50 specialities. 40% of Estonia's students live and study in Tartu. In addition to the University of Tartu and the Estonian University of Life Sciences there are 9 other institutions of higher education, the most recent of them the Baltic Defence College.

In the City of Tartu, Estonia's oldest professional theatre, Vanemuine, stages drama, opera and ballet. In 1869 the first Estonian Song Festival was held in Tartu, starting a tradition of choral song festivals which are now held in Tallinn every 4 years with 15,000–30,000 participants. Today Tartu Song Festival arena hosts various open-air concerts in summer. There are over 30 museums and art galleries in Tartu County, including Tartu City Museum, Tartu Art Museum, Toy Museum, Estonian Sports and Olympic Museum, Estonian Postal Museum, Estonian Aviation Museum, Estonian Museum of Agriculture, Old-Believers' Museum of Living History, and others. Biggest and most important of them is Estonian National Museum, that was founded in 1909. Student festivals and Hanseatic festivals take place in Tartu regularly. The best known sports event hosted by Tartu County is the Tartu Ski Marathon, which is a member of the Worldloppet series.

Government
In Estonia, there is no regional self-government on county level. The County Governments () are led by County Governors (), who are appointed by the National Government.

In accordance with the Government of the Republic Act , the County Governor represents interests of the state in the county and provides for integral and balanced development of the county. The County Governor co-ordinates co-operation of ministries and other organs of executive power located in a county with its local governments and performs supervision over the activities of the local governments. The County Governor is appointed for a five-year term by the Government of the Republic, on the basis of the Prime Minister's proposal and in co-ordination with the representatives of the local governments.

On February 2, 2006, Esta Tamm was appointed Tartu County Governor. She assumed office February 15, 2006.

The County Government manages the operations of and provides support services to the County Governor; prepares draft documents required by the County Governor; manages and controls the execution of orders of the County Governor; manages the preparation of draft budgets of state agencies administered by the County Government, and controls adherence to the budgets; manages relations of the County Governor with government agencies and local government agencies.

Municipalities
The county is subdivided into municipalities. As of 2017, there is 1 urban municipality ( – "town") and 7 rural municipalities () in Tartu County.

Religion

Gallery

References

External links

 Tartu County – Official site
 City of Tartu
 Baltic Defence College, Tartu
 University of Tartu
 Estonian University of Life Sciences
 Tartu County Tourist Information

Counties of Estonia

Tartu County


كما هو هو مصطلح قانوني، . يستخدم للتنصل من بعض الضمانات المضمنة في وحدة ما يتم بيعها. بعض أنواع الضمانات المضمنة يجب التنصل منها تفصيلا. مصطلح «كما هو» يدل على أن البائع يقوم ببيع، والمشتري يقوم بشراء: وحدة ما كما هي في حالتها عند البيع، وأن المشتري يقبل الوحدة «بكل عيوبها»، سواء ظهرت في وقتها أو لم تظهر.

هذا المصطلح، يمثل الموقف المعروف باسم دع المشتري يأخذ حذره، حيث يجب على المشتري الحذر أن يأخذ وقتا كافيا لاختبار الوحدة قبل القبول بشرائها، أو الحصول على شهادة خبير. الغريب أن مبدأ «كما هو» قد ينقلب على البائع إذا كانت الوحدة المباعة تستحق مبلغا أكبر من المدفوع فيها.

ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن مصطلح «كما هو» لا تنصل البائع من الضمانات الأخرى، مثل تلك التي تولّد من وصف المصنّع للوحدة. وكذلك من حق المشتري رفض الوحدة التي تباع تحت تصنيف «كما هو» إذا كانت لا تتفق مع وصف المصنّع.

مراجع

قانون العقود
مصطلحات قانونية

كما هو


مملكة (أو إمارة) غوينيد (باللاتينية القروسطية: فينيدوتيا Venedotia أو نورواليا Norwallia؛ بالويلزية القروسطية: غيونيت Guynet ) هي واحدة من الدويلات التي خلفت بريطانيا شبه الرومانية في القرن الخامس خلال فترة استيطان الأنجلوسكسون في بريطانيا.

تقع المملكة في شمال غرب ويلز، وبرز العديد من حكامها في التاريخ البريطاني وتم وصفهم بأنهم «ملوك البريطانيين» قبل أن تفقد قوتها بسبب الحروب الأهلية أو الغزوات. وحد الملك غروفيذ أب ليويلين أراضي ويلز، ولكن تحطمت مملكته بعد الغزو الساكسوني في عام 1063، قبل الغزو النورماندي بفترة قصيرة، ولكن سلالة أبرفراو عادت مع غروفود أب كينان وتمكن لويلين العظيم من نسل غروفود أن يعلن قيام إمارة ويلز في أبيرديفي في عام 1216. استمرت هذه الإمارة حتى غزاها إدوارد الأول وأخضعها لسلطانه في عام 1283.

تنسب الحكايات الويلزية تأسيس غوينيد إلى دولة غودودين، والتي قامت في لوثيان وغزت أراضي قبائل ديكيانغلي وأوردوفيكي وغانغاني في القرن الخامس. وحكم ابن زعيمهم، ويدعى كونيدا، الأرض بين نهري دي وتيفي. تغيّرت حدود للملكة مع مرور الوقت، لكن يُعتقد عمومًا أنها شملت أغلب مقاطعات شمال ويلز، وتشمل تقسيمي كلويد وغوينيد الحاليين. مقاطعة غوينيد ومنطقة غويند الرئيسية الحديثتين كلاهما أصغر قليلا من حدود المملكة.

أعلام
 أواين غوينيد

مراجع

أنظمة ملكية سابقة في أوروبا
ويلز في القرن 10
ويلز في القرن 11
ويلز في القرن 12
ويلز في القرن 13
ويلز في القرن 5
ويلز في القرن 6
ويلز في القرن 7
ويلز في القرن 8
ويلز في القرن 9
انحلالات عقد 1210 في أوروبا
تاريخ جويند
دول وأقاليم انحلت في عقد 1210
دول وأقاليم أسست في القرن 5
ملكيون من جويند
ممالك سابقة
ويلز
ويلز العصور الوسطى

مملكة غوينيد


L'expression « Homme malade de l'Asie » (亞洲病夫) ou encore « Homme malade de l'Asie orientale » (東亞病夫) fait référence à un pays d'Asie subissant des conflits économiques ou politiques. Il désignait à l'origine la Chine des Qing à la fin du  et au début du  qui, connaissant à l'époque des divisions internes, était exploitée par les grandes puissances.

Premiers usages
L'expression « Homme malade de l'Europe » est initialement inventée en 1853 par la Tsar Nicolas  pour désigner l'Empire Ottoman, alors en déclin. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, l'expression est appliquée à divers pays européens, dont la France, l'Italie, le Royaume-Uni, l'Espagne et l'Allemagne.

L'un des premiers exemples d'application du terme « homme malade » à la Chine se trouve dans l'édition du  du Daily News dans un article sur la révolte des Taiping en cours. Cet article est réimprimé dans l'édition du  du  sous le titre The Supposed 'Sick Man' in China.

En 1895, après que le Japon ait vaincu la Chine lors de la première guerre sino-japonaise, l'écrivain chinois Yan Fu décrit la Chine comme un « homme malade » (病夫) dans un article intitulé De l'origine de la force (原強) dans son journal Zhibao, contribuant à populariser le terme parmi les intellectuels chinois.

En 1896, le , dirigé par les Britanniques, publie un article déclarant : « Il y a quatre personnes malades dans le monde : la Turquie, la Perse, la Chine et le Maroc. [...] La Chine est l'homme malade de l'Orient ». La phrase n'est pas destinée à être un commentaire désobligeant sur la santé du peuple chinois, mais plutôt une métaphore de la corruption et de l'incompétence du gouvernement Qing. À cette époque, la phrase est adoptée par des penseurs chinois qui visent à réformer le gouvernement Qing, parmi lesquels Liang Qichao et Kang Youwei. C'est Liang qui, dans son New People de 1902, associe pour la première fois l'« homme malade » à la santé physique de la population chinoise, alors affligée par l'addiction à l'opium, liant cela à l'incapacité de la Chine à se défendre militairement. Selon Yang Jui-sung, professeur à l'université nationale Chengchi, bien que des intellectuels chinois comme Zeng Pu aient d'abord été d'accord avec la description de la Chine comme un « homme malade », le terme devient progressivement une manière pour les Occidentaux de se moquer, d'humilier et d'insulter la Chine.

Usage contemporain
L'une des utilisations les plus importantes de l'expression au  se retrouve dans le film hongkongais La Fureur de vaincre (1972) avec Bruce Lee, qui est diffusé dans toute l'Asie. Selon l'écrivain chinois , ce film, et d'autres, combinés à l'éducation chinoise sur son « siècle d'humiliation », ont lié le terme « homme malade » à l'histoire coloniale chinoise, ce qui en fait un symbole de l'intimidation étrangère.

Récemment, l'expression est appliquée à des pays autres que la Chine. Par exemple, un article d'avril 2009 intitulé L'Homme malade de l'Asie fait référence au Japon, pas à la Chine.

Les Philippines ont également été qualifiées d'homme malade de l'Asie à l'époque de la présidence de Ferdinand Marcos dans les années 1970 jusqu'à son éviction en 1986. Le pays réussit à se redresser économiquement par la suite, quand en 2013, sous la présidence de Benigno Aquino III, il est surnommé par la Banque mondiale le « tigre montant de l'Asie ». En 2014, une enquête de l'Organisation japonaise du commerce extérieur montre que « les Philippines sont le deuxième pays le plus rentable parmi les pays de l'ASEAN-5, après la Thaïlande », abolissant officiellement son statut d'« homme malade ». Cependant, pendant la présidence de Rodrigo Duterte, plusieurs commentateurs font valoir qu'en raison de la lenteur de la croissance de l'économie et de la gestion de la pandémie de Covid-19, les Philippines ont retrouvé leur statut d'« homme malade ».

Au cours de la pandémie de Covid-19, l'Inde commence à être qualifiée d'« homme malade de l'Asie » avec un double sens après la mauvaise gestion de la pandémie par son gouvernement, avec des pertes de vie importantes, une large diffusion de la maladie, l'éruption du variant Delta, et des difficultés économiques importantes.

Article du Wall Street Journal de 2020
Le , le Wall Street Journal publie un article d'opinion de Walter Russell Mead concernant l'épidémie de COVID-19 intitulé La Chine est le vrai malade de l'Asie. Le 19 février, le porte-parole du ministère chinois des Affaires étrangères, Geng Shuang, publie une déclaration révoquant les accréditations de presse de trois journalistes du Wall Street Journal et ordonnant leur expulsion. La déclaration indique que l'article « calomnie » les efforts de la Chine dans la lutte contre le Covid-19
et « utilise un tel titre discriminatoire sur le plan racial, déclenchant l'indignation et la condamnation du peuple chinois et de la communauté internationale ». Le comité de rédaction du Wall Street Journal publie ensuite un article notant que si le terme « homme malade » peut être considéré comme « insensible », les actions du gouvernement chinois visent à détourner l'attention du public de sa gestion du coronavirus ou en représailles au gouvernement américain, désignant les médias d'État chinois opérant aux États-Unis comme des missions étrangères.

Voir aussi
 Siècle d'humiliation
 Concessions étrangères en Chine
 Liste des ports de traité chinois

 Homme malade de l'Europe
 Traités inégaux

Notes et références

Dynastie Qing
Politique en Chine
Racisme

Homme malade de l'Asie


Daichi Akiyama (født 28. juli 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Cerezo Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Daichi Akiyama