The pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor), sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a Critically Endangered primate species found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Brazil in 2005. The species is endangered due to the increasing size of the city of Manaus which is encroaching on their native habitat.

Distribution and habitat
A New World monkey, it is found at the city limits of Manaus, the capital of the Amazonas state of Brazil and up to 35 km to the north and 100 km to the east. The main distribution is in the rio Cuieiras and rio Preto da Eva interfluvium. Pied tamarins are also found in the adjacent rio Preto da Eva and rio Urubu interfluvium, but are comparatively rare. There appears to be interspecific competition between the pied tamarin and the red-handed tamarin with the red-handed tamarin gradually displacing the pied tamarin from areas of its historical distribution. Therefore there are multiple threats to the long-term survival of the pied tamarin that stem from habitat destruction and from interspecific competition.

The pied tamarin is found in old-growth forests, sand forest and smaller secondary forest fragments. Their density is higher in secondary forest fragments than in primary forest.

Description
The pied tamarin's body measures 20.8–28.3 cm.; including the tail it measures 33.5–42.0 cm. The tamarin has a brown lower body and a fluffy white upper body. Their face is black and hairless, the reason for its nickname: the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin.

The pied tamarin does not have nails, but instead has claws that they adapted in order to quickly scale trees in order to retrieve food or escape predators. These nails also allow the tamarin to dig into tree bark and extract sap which they then eat.

Males weigh 428 grams (n = 4). Its life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild.

Behavior and reproduction

Group Life
Individuals live in groups of 2 to 15 members with little intra-group competition. Average group size in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke is 4.8 individuals per group (n = 41), and other areas around Manaus reported mean group sizes of 6.19 ± 2.62 (n = 46). A tamarin group has a home range of 10-100 ha.

Tamarins are unlike most other mammals in the sense that the females are considered to be the dominant gender. In each group of individuals only one female is selected to breed and reproduce children. This individual is called the "Alpha Female" and reproduction by other females of the group is behaviorally suppressed. The gestation lasts 140–170 days and mothers typically give birth to twins. Although they generally give birth to twins the fact that only one female per group can produce offspring is a major cause in their reduced population size. Young tamarins are cared for primarily by the father and turned over to the mother only to nurse; however, the entire group helps with the care of the younglings that the alpha female birthed.

Diet
Tamarins are omnivorous, their diet consisting of fruit, flowers, nectar, insects, spiders, small vertebrates and bird eggs. Its natural predators are small cats, birds of prey, and snakes. In urban settings like Manaus, the main predators are domestic and feral cats and dogs. Because of the destruction of its natural habitat, the species is at risk which is why the species has landed on the IUCN red list for endangered species as well as the top 25 most endangered primates list in Brazil.

Conservation

Classification
As of 2015, the pied tamarin is rated critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. The pied tamarin's population is expected to decline 80% by 2033 due to anthropogenic threats, competition with golden-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) and disease. Within the Manaus area, pied tamarins are threatened by domestic and feral cats and dogs, electrocution from power lines, and the pet trade. Additionally, rural settlement and increasing livestock agriculture continue to encroach upon and degrade the pied tamarin's remaining habitat.

Protection
The pied tamarin is protected in some parts of its range, such as in Sumaúma State Park (52 ha), Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (18,240 ha) and less than half of Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve (157,807 ha). The Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (CIGS)(115,000 ha) is an important protected area for the species, however it is not a conservation area but a military jungle training facility and so the area's status is uncertain. This organism is endangered due to its severe threat of species encroaching on its habitat and this will cause various issues to the ecosystem and environment.

Both European and American zoos and conservation services have pitched in financially to help out in saving the pied tamarin species. While there are only two areas in the world that are protected for the tamarins, and both are under 50 hectares, the conservation efforts have allowed for the reforestation of these places and the slow and uncertain return of the tamarins native habitat.

There is an established captive breeding program for the pied tamarin and an official studbook. As of 2009, there are 172 pied tamarins in captivity and all are registered property of the Brazilian government. Unfortunately for the tamarins, their captive breeding success rate is limited and thus it is difficult to resurrect the population artificially.

Endangerment

Causes
The tamarins live nearby the rapidly growing city of Manaus, and as the city's area increases in size, the tamarins habitat disappears. When they can avoid the busy automobile traffic and the electric power lines, the pied tamarin reside in the small sections of forest that still remain in Manaus.

Environmental Impact
Being an omnivore, the pied tamarins diet consists highly of plants. They pick up plant seeds when they eat and disperse them around their environment, thus bolstering their ecosystem. They also dine on small animals, which keeps the insect and amphibian populations in check. With the declining tamarin population, the issue becomes bigger than just the primates, but now turns into an ecosystem issue. There is no way to know for certain how the loss of the pied tamarin population will affect the Amazonian ecosystem, but there almost undoubtedly will be effects.

References

pied tamarin
Mammals of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
pied tamarin
Taxa named by Johann Baptist von Spix

Pied tamarin


In United States law, a motion is a procedural device to bring a limited, contested issue before a court for decision. It is a request to the judge (or judges) to make a decision about the case. Motions may be made at any point in administrative, criminal or civil proceedings, although that right is regulated by court rules which vary from place to place. The party requesting the motion may be called the moving party, or may simply be the movant. The party opposing the motion is the nonmoving party or nonmovant.

Process

In the United States, as a general rule, courts do not have self-executing powers.  In other words, in order for the court to rule on a contested issue in a case before it, one of the parties or a third party must raise an appropriate motion asking for a particular order.  Some motions may be made in the form of an oral request in open court, which is then either summarily granted or denied orally by the court. This is still common with motions made during trial.

Today, however, most motions (especially on important or dispositive issues that could decide the entire case) are decided after oral argument preceded by the filing and service of legal papers. That is, the movant is usually required to serve advance written notice along with a written legal argument and a supporting factual foundation to explain why the movant is entitled to the relief requested. The legal argument usually comes in the form of a memorandum of points and authorities, while the evidence of the facts supporting the legal argument is normally supplied in the form of affidavits or declarations under penalty of perjury (which may in turn authenticate attached documentary exhibits).

A few U.S. states have a tradition in which the legal argument comes in the form of an affidavit from the attorney, speaking personally as himself on behalf of their client. In contrast, in most U.S. states, the memorandum is written impersonally, or as if the client were speaking directly to the court, and the attorney reserves declarations of their own personal knowledge to a separate affidavit or declaration (which are then cited to in the memorandum). One U.S. state, Missouri, uses the unique term "suggestions" for the memorandum of points and authorities.

Either way, the nonmovant usually has the opportunity to file and serve papers opposing the motion. In addition, most jurisdictions allow for time for the movant to file reply papers rebutting the arguments made in the opposition.

Customs vary widely as to whether oral argument is optional or mandatory once briefing in writing is complete. Some courts issue tentative rulings before the hearing (after which the losing party may demand oral argument) while others do not. Depending upon the type of motion and the jurisdiction, the court may simply issue an oral decision from the bench (possibly accompanied by a request to the winner to draft an order for the judicial officer's signature reducing the salient points to writing), take the matter under submission and draft a lengthy written decision and order, direct the clerk to record the decision in summary form in the minutes of the court (that is, a "minute order" which might record only the disposition of the motion and not the court's reasons), or simply fill out a standard court form with check boxes for different outcomes. The court may serve all parties directly with its decision or may serve only the winner and order the winner to serve everyone else in the case.

Types

U.S. federal courts

To dismiss
A "motion to dismiss" asks the court to decide that a claim, even if true as stated, is not one for which the law offers a legal remedy. As an example, a claim that the defendant failed to greet the plaintiff while passing the latter on the street, insofar as no legal duty to do so may exist, would be dismissed for failure to state a valid claim: the court must assume the truth of the factual allegations, but may hold that the claim states no cause of action under the applicable substantive law. A claim that has been presented after the statute of limitations has expired is also subject to dismissal. If granted, the claim is dismissed without any evidence being presented by the other side. A motion to dismiss has taken the place of the common law demurrer in most modern civil practice. When a court dismisses a case, many laypeople state the case was "thrown out."

Under Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, a party may raise by motion any defense, objection, or request that the court can determine without a trial of the general issue. Before the trial starts, the motions can be based on defects in instituting the prosecution, defects in the indictment or information (which can be challenged at any stage but are generally raised before a trial begins). Pleadings in a federal criminal proceeding are the indictment, the information, and the pleas of not guilty, guilty, and nolo contendere. A motion under Rule 14 can address the statement of the charges (or individual specifications, see below) or the defendants. In these instances, the motion to dismiss is characterized as a "motion to sever charges or defendants."

Under Rule 907, (Rules for Courts-Martial), a motion to dismiss is a request to terminate further proceedings on one or more criminal charges and specifications on grounds capable of resolution without trial of the general issue of guilt. A motion may be based on nonwaivable grounds (e.g. lack of jurisdiction or the failure to state an offense) or waivable grounds (denial of a right to a speedy trial, statute of limitation, double jeopardy meaning a person has been previously tried by court-martial or federal civilian court for the same offense, pardon or grant of immunity). Specifications are sometimes referred to as 'counts' or separate instances of a particular offense which are connected to specific factual evidence. A motion may seek to dismiss these specifications, especially if it is so defective it substantially misled the accused, or it is multiplicious.

Multiplicity, also known as allied offenses of similar import, is the situation where two or more allegations allege the same offense, or a situation where one defined offense necessarily includes another. A counts may also be multiplicious if two or more describe substantially the same misconduct in different ways. For example, assault and disorderly conduct may be multiplicious if facts and evidence presented at trial prove that the disorderly conduct consists solely of the assault. That is to say, if all the elements contained in one are all in another they are allied offenses of similar import.

Discovery motions relate to the necessary exchange of information between the parties. In the common law system, these motions capture an irreducible tension in the legal system between the right of discovery and a duty to disclose information to another.

There are numerous practical differences between the discovery expectations and practices in civil and criminal proceedings. The local rules of many courts clarify expectations with respect to civil discovery, in part because these are often poorly understood or are abused as part of a trial strategy. As a result, civil discovery rules pertain to discretionary discovery practices and much of the argument in this respect centers on the proper definition of the scope of the parties requests. Because criminal prosecutions generally implicate a well-defined constitutional guarantee, criminal discovery is much more focused on automatic disclosure principles, which if found to be violated, will trigger the dismissal of the charges.

Rules 7.1 and 26-37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, are often cited in combination with a specific local rule to form a basis for a civil discovery motion.

Rule 16, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, is the basis for a criminal discovery motion. Rule 906(b)(7), Rules for Courts-Martial a variety of a "motion for appropriate relief" is used as a military law basis for discovery.

For summary judgment
A "motion for summary judgment" asks the court to decide that the available evidence, even if taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, supports a ruling in favor of the moving party. This motion is usually only made when sufficient time for discovering all evidence has expired. For summary judgment to be granted in most jurisdictions, a two-part standard must be satisfied:  (i) no genuine issue of material fact can be in dispute between the parties, and (ii) the moving party must be entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For example, a claim that a doctor engaged in malpractice by prescribing a drug could result in summary judgment if the plaintiff failed to obtain expert testimony indicating that the drug was improperly prescribed. Motions to dismiss and motions for summary judgment are types of dispositive motions.

Rule 56, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, is the rule which explains the mechanics of a summary judgment motion. As explained in the notes to this rule, summary judgment procedure is a method for promptly disposing of actions in which there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Prior to its introduction in the US in 1934, it was used in England for more than 50 years.

In England motions for summary judgments were used only in cases of liquidated claims, there followed a steady enlargement of the scope of the remedy until it was used in actions to recover land or chattels and in all other actions at law, for liquidated or unliquidated claims, except for a few designated torts and breach of promise of marriage. English Rules Under the Judicature Act (The Annual Practice, 1937) O. 3, r. 6; Orders 14, 14A, and 15; see also O. 32, r. 6, authorizing an application for judgment at any time upon admissions. New York was a leader in the adoption of this rule in the US and the success of the method helps account for its current importance as an almost indispensable tool in administrative actions (especially before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which adjudicates employment discrimination claims and the Merit Systems Protection Board which adjudicates federal employment matters).

The Civil Litigation Management Manual published by the US Judicial Conference directs that these motions be filed at the optimum time and warns that premature motions can be a waste of time and effort. The significant resources needed to prepare and defend against such motions is a major factor which influences litigants to use them extensively. In many cases, particularly from the defendant's (or defense) perspective, accurate or realistic estimates of the costs and risks of an actual trial are made only after a motion has been denied. Overbroad motions for summary judgment are sometimes designed to make the opponent rehearse their case before trial.

Most summary judgment motions must be filed in accordance with specific rules relating to the content and quality of the information presented to the judge. Among other things, most motions for summary judgment will require or include: page limits on submissions by counsel; an instruction to state disputed issues of fact up front; an instruction to state whether there is a governing case; an instruction that all summary judgment motions be accompanied by electronic versions (on a CD-R or DVD-R), in a chambers-compatible format that includes full pinpoint citations and complete deposition and affidavit excerpts to aid in opinion preparation; an instruction that all exhibits submitted conform to specific physical characteristics (i.e. be tabbed with letters or numbers, that pages be sequentially numbered or "Bates-stamped"); an instruction that citations to deposition or affidavit testimony must include the appropriate page or paragraph numbers and that citations to other documents or materials must include pinpoint citations. Many judges also ask the parties to prepare form orders with a brief statements of law to help the judge write the decision. A judge generally issues a tentative ruling on the submitted pleadings, and counsel will be offered an opportunity to respond in a later oral argument. Alternatively, a judge may grant requests for argument in a preargument order which specifies what points will be discussed prior to a decision.

In limine
A "motion in limine" asks the court to decide that certain evidence may or may not be presented to the jury at the trial. A motion in limine generally addresses issues which would be prejudicial for the jury to hear in open court, even if the other side makes a timely objection which is sustained, and the judge instructs the jury to disregard the evidence. For example, the defendant may ask the court to rule that evidence of a prior conviction that occurred a long time ago should not be allowed into evidence at the trial because it would be more prejudicial than probative. If the motion is granted, then evidence regarding the conviction could not be mentioned in front of the jury, without first approaching the judge outside of the hearing of the jury and obtaining permission. The violation of a motion in limine can result in the court declaring a mistrial.

There are three types of motions in limine:
 Inclusionary - A motion asking the court to have something included in the trial.
 Exclusionary - A motion asking the court to have something excluded in the trial.
 Preclusionary - A motion asking the court to have something precluded in the trial

For a directed verdict
A "motion for a directed verdict" asks the court to rule that the plaintiff or prosecutor has not proven the case, and there is no need for the defense to attempt to present evidence. This motion is made after the plaintiff has rested its case, and prior to the defense presenting any evidence. If granted, the court would dismiss the case.

For judgment n.o.v.
A "motion for judgment n.o.v." (non obstante veredicto, or notwithstanding the verdict) asks the court to reverse the jury's verdict on the grounds that the jury could not reasonably have reached such a verdict. This motion is made after the jury's verdict. If granted, the court enters a new verdict. This motion can be used in a criminal case only to reverse a guilty verdict; not guilty verdicts are immune to reversal by the court.

Under Rule 50, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the motion for directed verdict and JNOV have been replaced by the motion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL), which can be made at the close of the opposing party's evidence and "renewed" after return of the verdict (or after the dismissal of a hung jury).

Under Rule 29, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure the "motion for a judgment of acquittal," or Rule 917, Rules for Courts-Martial the "motion for a finding of not guilty," if the evidence presented by the prosecution is insufficient to support a rational finding of guilty, there is no reason to submit the issue to a jury.

For new trial
A motion for new trial asks to overturn or set aside a court's decision or jury verdict. Such a motion is proposed by a party who is dissatisfied with the end result of a case. This motion must be based on some vital error in the court's handling of the trial, such as the admission or exclusion of key evidence, or an incorrect instruction to the jury. Generally the motion is filed within a short time after the trial (7–30 days) and is decided prior to the lodging of an appeal. In some jurisdictions, a motion for new trial which is not ruled upon by a set period of time automatically is deemed to be denied.

To set aside judgment
A "motion to set aside judgment" asks the court to vacate or nullify a judgment or verdict. Motions may be made at any time after entry of judgment, and in some circumstances years after the case has been closed by the courts. Generally the grounds for the motion cannot be ones which were previously considered when deciding a motion for new trial or on an appeal of the judgment.

For nolle prosequi
A "motion for nolle prosequi" ("not prosecuting") is a motion by a prosecutor or other plaintiff to drop legal charges. n. Latin for "we do not wish to prosecute," which is a declaration made to the judge by a prosecutor in a criminal case (or by a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit) either before or during trial, meaning the case against the defendant is being dropped. The statement is an admission that the charges cannot be proved, that evidence has demonstrated either innocence or a fatal flaw in the prosecution's claim, or the district attorney has become convinced the accused is innocent. It should be distinguished from the motion for judgment of non prosequitur, or judgment of non pros, which is a motion in some jurisdictions (e.g. Pennsylvania) by a defendant for a judgment in his favor for failure of the plaintiff to timely prosecute his claim.

To compel
A "motion to compel" asks the court to order either the opposing party or a third party to take some action. This sort of motion most commonly deals with discovery disputes, when a party who has propounded discovery to either the opposing party or a third party believes that the discovery responses are insufficient. The motion to compel is used to ask the court to order the non-complying party to produce the documentation or information requested or to sanction the non-complying party for their failure to comply with the discovery requests.

References

Legal motions
United States procedural law

Motion (legal)


Brunel Bridge could be an informal or local reference to any one of several famous bridges in England built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, including:

The Clifton Suspension Bridge across the Avon Gorge in Bristol
The Royal Albert Bridge across the River Tamar from Devon to Cornwall
Maidenhead Railway Bridge across the River Thames in Maidenhead

or:
 The proposed pedestrian and cycle bridge over the River Thames between Rotherhithe and Canary Wharf

Other
The Brunel Bridge Roundabout in Slough, famous by its appearance in the opening titles of the Ricky Gervais sitcom The Office

Brunel Bridge


Kovačići su naseljeno mjesto u gradu Zenici, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Nalaze se na sjevernoj obali Seočke rijeke, blizu njena ušća u Babinu rijeku.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 362

 Muslimani - 289 (79,83%)
 Srbi - 73 (20,17%)

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 228

 Bošnjaci - 227 (99,56%)
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 1 (0,90%)

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Kovačići (Zenica, BiH)


نادي ميتز لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في الدرجة الأولى في موسم 2020-2021. كان النادي قد هبط إلى دوري الدرجة الثانية في موسم 2017-2018 وبقي فيها حتى موسم 2019-2020. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1932.

مراجع

أندية الدوري الفرنسي
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1932
أندية كرة قدم في غراند إيست
أندية كرة قدم في فرنسا
الرياضة في متز
تأسيسات سنة 1932 في فرنسا

نادي ميتز


ريم صالح الرياشي (1981 – 14 يناير 2004) إستشهادية فلسطينية من حي الزيتون بمدينة غزة وهي أم لطفلين أحدهما رضيع، تنتمي لكتائب القسام الجناح العسكري لحماس، فجرت نفسها في تجمع لضباط وجنود الاحتلال داخل معبر إيريز (المعبر الرئيسي بين قطاع غزة وإسرائيل)، مما أسفر عن مقتل 4 ضباط إسرائيليين وإصابة عدد آخر منهم بجراح.

وقد أعلنت كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام الجناح العسكري لحركة حماس وكتائب شهداء الأقصى التابعة لحركة فتح في بيان مشترك مسئوليتهما عن هذا الحادث.

تفاصيل العملية

تمام الساعة 09:37 من صباح اليوم الأربعاء 21 ذي القعدة 1424 هـ الموافق 14/01/2004م كانت ريم الرياشي ترتدي حزاما ناسفا حيث فجرت نفسها في إحدى الدورات الصهيونية، وذلك أثناء دخولها للحصول على بطاقة ممغنطة على أحد الحواجز العسكرية الصهيونية في المنطقة وقد قامت بتضليل جنود الاحتلال أثناء الفحوصات الأمنية، عندما ادعت أن قطعة من البلاتين مزروعة في ساقها، لذا لم يكن بالإمكان عبورها في جهاز الكشف الأمني الخاص".

و قال شيمني قائد الفرقة العسكرية الصهيونية في قطاع حيفا أن «منفذة العملية استغلت فرصة انشغال الجنود في الاستعداد لإجراء فحص أمني خاص بها، في مثل هذه الحالات، وقامت فجأة بالتقدم نحوهم وبتفجير نفسها».

واعترف العدو حينها بمقتل 4 جنود، وإصابة 10 آخرين أربعة منهم في حالة خطيرة بينما الستة الآخرون في حالة متوسطة

أول استشهادية من كتائب القسام
وتعتبر ريم الرياشي سابع استشهادية فلسطينية تنفذ عملية ضد الاحتلال الصهيوني، وهي الأولى في «كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام»، والأولى من قطاع غزة.

وقد حملت هذه العملية العديد من الرسائل والدلالات خاصة، كونها المرة الأولى التي تجهز فيها الكتائب استشهادية بعدما رفضت هذا الأمر في السابق، فالشهيدة ريم 22 عاما أم لطفلين أحدهما رضيع.

وصيتها

إسرائيل تخفي بقايا جثمانها
أخفت السلطات الإسرائيلية معظم أشلاء جسدها وسلمت جزءاً يسيراً من أشلاء جسدها للدفن في الأراضي الفلسطينية، دون علم أهلها، فظل جثمانها موزعًا بين «مقابر الأرقام» الصهيونية في قبر كان يحمل رقم (5176)، وظل الاحتجاز حتى عام 2012 . وتسلم أهلها باقي جثمانها ودفنت في مقبرة الشيخ عجلين في غزة.
وعلق شقيقها:

انظر أيضا
 فاطمة النجار
 وفاء ادريس
 سناء قديح
 انتفاضة الأقصى
 عملية تفجيرية
 المرأة في الإسلام

روابط خارجية
 فيديو - وصيتها على موقع القسام
 سيرتها وتفاصيل العملية - على موقع القسام

مراجع
 عملية البرق الصاعق - موقع المركز الفلسطيني للاعلام القديم.
 تقرير خاص - «ريم الرياشي» الإستشهادية الأولى في كتائب القسام «ولدينا المزيد»
 ريم الرياشي..ضللت العدو واخترقت أكثر الثكنات تحصيناً (صور)
 عملية الاستشهادية ريم الرياشي

أشخاص من غزة
أعضاء كتائب القسام
انتحاريات
عضوات جماعة الإخوان المسلمين
فدائيون فلسطينيون
قاتلات فلسطينيات
منتحرون في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة
مواليد 1981
وفيات 1424 هـ
وفيات 2004
وفيات في إسرائيل

ريم الرياشي


Onthophagus kozlovi é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1990 por Kabakov.

Referências

Ligações externas

kozlovi
Coleópteros descritos em 1990

Onthophagus kozlovi


An Rhynchospora heterochaeta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Rhynchospora heterochaeta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora heterochaeta


Everett puede referirse a:

Lugares
Everett (Massachusetts), ciudad en el condado de Middlesex, estado estadounidense de Massachusetts.
Municipio de Everett (Míchigan), en el condado de Newaygo.
Municipio de Everett (Misuri), en el condado de Cass.
Municipio de Everett (condado de Dodge, Nebraska).
Municipio de Everett (condado de Burt, Nebraska).
Everett (Pensilvania), borough en el condado de Bedford, estado estadounidense de Pensilvania.
Everett (Washington), la capital y la mayor ciudad del condado de Snohomish, estado estadounidense de Washington.

Personas
Brent Everett (1984-), actor porno gay canadiense.
Chad Everett (1936-), actor estadounidense.
Daniel Everett (1951-), profesor de fonética y fonología en la Universidad de Mánchester.
Hugh Everett (1930–1982), físico estadounidense.
Jace Everett (1972-), cantante de country estadounidense.
Rupert Everett (1959-), un actor y productor inglés.
Edward Everett Hale (1822-1909), clérigo estadounidense.
Edward Everett Horton (1886-1970), actor estadounidense.
George Everett Osterhout (1858-1937), botánico aficionado estadounidense.
Harry Everett Smith (1923-1991), artista y místico estadounidense.
Horace Everett Hooper (1859-1922), editor de la Encyclopædia Britannica.
John Everett Millais (1829-1896), pintor británico.
Tom Everett Scott (1970-), actor estadounidense.
Everett Dirksen (1896-1969), político estadounidense.
Everett Franklin Phillips (1868-1950), decano de los apicultores estadounidenses.
Everett LeRoi Jones, (1934-) poeta, escritor, y crítico musical estadounidense.
Everett Peck, ilustrador, caricaturista y animador estadounidense.
Everett Rogers (1931-2004), sociólogo y profesor estadounidense.
Everett Ruess (1914-1934), artista y escritor estadounidense.
Everett Shinn (1876-1953), artista estadounidense.
Everett Sloane (1909-1965), actor estadounidense

Acontecimientos
Guerra Tutt-Everett, enfrentamiento de orígenes políticos que implicó a varias familias notables del condado de Marion (Arkansas), Estados Unidos.

Everett


A ignição por fusão é o ponto em que uma reação de fusão nuclear se torna autossustentável. Isso ocorre quando a energia liberada pelas reações de fusão aquece a massa de combustível mais rapidamente do que vários mecanismos de perda que a resfriam. Neste ponto, a energia externa necessária para aquecer o combustível a temperaturas de fusão não é mais necessária. Como a taxa de fusão varia com a temperatura, o ponto de ignição para qualquer máquina é normalmente expresso como uma temperatura.

Resultados de ignição indicados
Na 63.ª Reunião Anual da Divisão APS de Física de Plasma em novembro de 2021, a Instalação Nacional de Ignição (INI) afirmou ter acionado a ignição no laboratório em agosto de 2021 pela primeira vez nos mais de 60 anos de história do programa ICF. A injeção rendeu 1,3 megajoules (MJ) de energia de fusão, uma melhoria de 8 vezes em relação aos testes realizados na primavera de 2021. A INI estima que 230 kJ de energia atingiram a cápsula de combustível, o que resultou em uma saída de energia quase 6 vezes maior da cápsula. Um pesquisador do Imperial College London afirmou que a maioria do campo concorda que a ignição foi demonstrada. Em agosto de 2022, os resultados do experimento foram confirmados em três artigos revisados por pares: um na Physical Review Letters e dois na Physical Review E. Desde então, os pesquisadores da INI tentaram replicar o resultado de agosto, sendo que, em dezembro de 2022, os cientistas da INI no Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore na Califórnia conseguiram acionar a ignição. Em 13 de dezembro de 2022, o Departamento de Energia dos Estados Unidos anunciou no Twitter que a ignição por fusão foi alcançada.

Investigação atual
A ignição não deve ser confundida com o ponto de equilíbrio, um conceito semelhante que compara a energia total liberada com a energia usada para aquecer o combustível. A principal diferença é que o ponto de equilíbrio ignora as perdas para o ambiente, que não contribuem para aquecer o combustível e, portanto, não são capazes de tornar a reação autossustentável. O equilíbrio é um objetivo importante no campo da energia de fusão, mas a ignição é necessária para um projeto prático de produção de energia.

Na natureza, as estrelas atingem a ignição em temperaturas semelhantes à do Sol, em torno de 15 milhões de kelvins. As estrelas são tão grandes que os produtos da fusão quase sempre interagem com o plasma antes que sua energia possa ser perdida para o ambiente do lado de fora da estrela. Em comparação, os reatores artificiais são muito menos densos e muito menores, permitindo que os produtos da fusão escapem facilmente do combustível. Para compensar isso, são necessárias taxas de fusão muito mais altas e, portanto, temperaturas muito mais altas; a maioria dos reatores de fusão feitos pelo homem são projetados para trabalhar em temperaturas acima de 100 milhões de kelvins. O Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore tem seu sistema de laser de 1,8 MJ funcionando com potência total. Este sistema de laser é projetado para comprimir e aquecer uma mistura de deutério e trítio, que são ambos isótopos de hidrogênio, a fim de comprimir os isótopos a uma fração de seu tamanho original e fundi-los em átomos de hélio (liberando nêutrons no processo).

Em janeiro de 2012, Mike Dunne, diretor da Instalação Nacional de Ignição (INI), previu em uma palestra plenária da Photonics West 2012 que a ignição seria alcançada na INI em outubro de 2012.

Em 2022, a INI alcançou a ignição, usando a técnica de fusão por confinamento inercial, que envolve o uso de lasers de alta energia para comprimir homogeneamente a parte externa de um pellet contendo combustível nuclear, aproveitando a densidade momentaneamente aumentada dentro do pellet agora forçado a entrar em colapso, para inflamar o combustível. Anteriormente, a ignição só era conseguida nos núcleos de armas termonucleares detonantes, outra forma de fusão por confinamento inercial, que, em vez de lasers, usa uma "vela de ignição" de fissão convencional (U-235 ou Pu-239/241) para iniciar o processo. O primeiro reator de fusão do mundo previsto para ser capaz de alcançar o ponto de equilíbrio está atualmente em desenvolvimento. Com base no projeto do reator Tokamak, o ITER destina-se a atingir a fusão por um período prolongado de tempo antes que a integridade estrutural seja afetada. A construção está prevista para ser concluída em 2025.

Os especialistas acreditam que alcançar a ignição por fusão é o primeiro passo para a fonte de energia que é a fusão nuclear.

Ligações externas
Instalação Nacional de Ignição (site oficial da INI; em inglês). Consultado em 14 de dezembro de 2022

Fusão nuclear

Ignição por fusão


Niels Arestrup (n. Montreuil, 8 de febrero de 1949) es un actor francés. Su padre era danés; y su madre, bretona.

Niels Arestrup ganó tres premios César al mejor actor de reparto por las películas De battre mon coeur s'est arrêté (2005) y Un profeta (2009), ambas dirigidas por Jacques Audiard, y Quai d'Orsay (2013), dirigida por Bertrand Tavernier.

En 2020, obtiene el premio Molière al actor en un espectáculo de teatro privado por su interpretación en Red, de John Logan, puesto en escena por Jérémie Lippmann.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Francia
Nacidos en Montreuil-sous-Bois

Niels Arestrup


An Davao Occidental usa nga probinsya o lalawigan han Pilipinas nga nahamutangan ha Davao nga Rehiyon ha Mindanao. An kapital hini amo an Malita.

Katawhan ngan Kultura

Ekonomiya

Heyograpiya

Politikal

An Davao Occidental ginbahin ngadto hin napulo kag 5 nga mga bungto.

Mga Bungto

Pisikal

Kaagi ngan Kasaysayan

Mga Sumpay ha Gawas

Davao Occidental
Probinsya han Pilipinas

Davao Occidental


El 5-Androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol o 5-AED) es uno de dos androstenedioles. Su potencial como una contramedida para la radiación fue introducido por el Instituto de Investigación de Radiobiología de las Fuerzas Armadas (Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute) (AFRRI) y, posteriormente, estudiado por AFRRI y Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals bajo el nombre comercial de Neumune para el tratamiento de síndrome de irradiación aguda.

Los ensayos clínicos en monos Rhesus fueron exitosos. De acuerdo con un informe de Hollis-Eden, sólo el 12.5% de los 40 animales tratados con Neumune murieron versus 32.5 en el grupo placebo.

Hollis-Eden había solicitado un contrato del Gobierno de EE.UU. bajo la Petición BioShield de Propuestas para contramedidas de radiación (BioShield Request for Proposals) (RFP). Después de ser alentado durante 2,5 años que Neumune estaba en el rango competitivo, el 9 de marzo de 2007, el RFP fue cancelado por el HHS. De acuerdo con el HHS, "el producto ya no estaba en el rango competitivo". Ninguna otra explicación fue dada. Como resultado, Hollis-Eden se ha retirado del campo de contramedidas de radiación.

El 5-Androstenediol es un metabolito directo del esteroide más abundante producido por la corteza suprarrenal humana, la dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA). El 5-Androstenediol es menos androgénicos que el 4-androstenediol, y estimula el sistema inmunológico. Cues es administrado a ratas in vivo, el 5-androstenediol tiene aproximadamente 1/70 la androgenicidad de la DHEA, 1/185 la androgenicidad de la androstenediona, y 1/475 la androgenicidad de la testosterona. El valor de la 5-AED como una contramedida para la radiación es basado principalmente en su estimulación de la producción de glóbulos blancos y plaquetas.

Biosíntesis

Referencias

Esteroides

5-Androstenediol


ياروسلاف بلاشيل  (5 يناير 1982 في أوبوتشنو) لاعب كرة قدم تشيكي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى بوردو الفرنسي ومنتخب التشيك في مركز الجناح الأيسر.

المسيرة الرياضية

الأندية
بدأ بلاشيل مسيرته الرياضية ناشئا في صفوف نادي هراديك كرالوفي سنة 1998. عند بلوغه سن 18 سنة 2000 انتقل إلى نادي موناكو ولكنه طوال موسمين لم يشارك سوى في 8 مباريات مما حدا بإدارة النادي إلى الموافقة على إعارته إلى نادي كريتيل الذي يلعب في الدرجة الثانية. خلال تواجده في نادي كريتيل اكتسب بلاشيل ثقة كبيرة باللعب أساسيا وعند عودته إلى ناديه الأم موناكو أصبح لاعبا أساسيا طوال المواسم الأربع التالية. في أول موسم له بعد العودة 2003/2004 ساهم في تأهل نادي موناكو إلى المباراة النهائية من بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا قبل الخسارة من نادي بورتو البرتغالي 0/3. وأبرز مباراة قارية خاضها في هذا الموسم كانت التغلب على نادي ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا الإسباني 8/3. في صيف سنة 2008 قرر الموافقة على الانتقال إلى نادي أوساسونا الإسباني موقعا على عقد يمتد لأربع سنوات. في 8 يونيو 2009 قرر الموافقة على العودة إلى فرنسا والانضمام إلى صفوف نادي بوردو لمدة أربع سنوات.

منتخب التشيك
تم استدعاء بلاشيل للانضمام إلى صفوف منتخب التشيك للمشاركة في بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2004 التي أقيمت في البرتغال. في هذه البطولة لم يشارك سوى في مباراة واحدة وهي الثالثة في الدور الأول أمام منتخب ألمانيا بعدما ضمنوا التأهل إلى الدور الربع النهائي. تم استدعائه مجددا للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006 التي أقيمت في ألمانيا. شارك أساسيا في جميع المباريات الثلاث في الدور الأول حيث ساهم في تحقيق نتيجة الفوز على منتخب الولايات المتحدة 3/0 ثم تراجع مستواه كما تراجع مستوى زملائه وتعرض منتخب بلاده لخسارتين متتاليتين من منتخبي غانا وإيطاليا بنتيجة واحدة 0/2 وبالتالي خرج من منافسات البطولة مبكرا. تم استدعائه للمشاركة في ثالث بطولة كبيرة في مسيرته وهذه المرة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2008 التي أقيمت في النمسا وسويسرا معا. كما حدث قبل سنتين تكرر نفس السيناريو بتقديم بلاشيل وزملائه أداء عالي المستوى في المباراة الأولى انتهى بتحقيق نتيجة الفوز على منتخب سويسرا المستضيف 1/0 ثم تراجع المستوى والأداء ليتعرضوا لخسارتين متتاليتين من منتخبي البرتغال وتركيا بنتيجة 1/3 و2/3 على التوالي على الرغم من أن بلاشيل سجل الهدف الثاني في المباراة الأخيرة في الدقيقة 62 وتقدم منتخب التشيك بنتيجة 2/0.

الحياة الشخصية
بلاشيل متزوج من أنا لوسيا سوزا منذ نوفمبر 2007. شقيقا ياروسلاف وهما يان وماريك لاعبا كرة قدم مثله.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون تشيكيون مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو أوساسونا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري التشيكي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كريتيل
لاعبو منتخب التشيك لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب جمهورية التشيك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب جمهورية التشيك لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو نادي هراتس كرالوفه
مواليد 1982
نادي الفيفا المئوي
رياضيون من إقليم هرادتس كرالوفه
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم هرادتس كرالوفه

ياروسلاف بلاشيل


بارتولوميو كولـّيوني (Bartolomeo Colleoni) (سولزا، بين 1395 و 1400 - مالباغا، 2 نوفمبر 1475) كوندوتييرو إيطالي.

وُلـِد كولـّيوني في سولزا بريف برغامو (لومبارديا) ، حيث أعد لنفسه مدفناً مهيباً ، في مزار صادره بعدما رُفـِض إعطاءه إيـّاه من قـِبل أخوية مجلس الرحمة المحلية . كانت الأسرة نبيلة نـفاها آل فيسكونتي مع بقية الغويلفيين. استولى باولو والد بارتولوميو بالحيلة على قلعة تريتسو واحتفظ به بالقوة ، حتى اغتاله أبناء عمومته ، ربما بناءً على أمر من فيليبو ماريا فيسكونتي دوق ميلانو.

تدرب كوليوني الشاب في البداية عند حاشية فيليبو دارشيلو سيـّد بياشنسا الجديد . ثم دخل الخدمة لدى عدة كوندوتييريين ، بدءاً من براتشو دا مونتوني ، الذي أغار على بوليا مستغلا الصراع بين ألفونسو أراغون ولويجي أنجو أثناء حكم الملكة جوفانا الثانية الذي أضعفته قضية ألفونسو ، ثم فرانشيسكو بوسوني . بعد أن مات هذا الأخير في البندقية (1432) ، تحول كولـّيوني مباشرة لخدمة جمهورية البندقية ، داخلا بأهم مرحلة من مراحل حياته المهنية . و رغم أن جانفرانشيسكو غونزاغا كان إسمياً القائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة ، فإن كولـّيوني كان في الواقع هو القائد الحقيقي للجيش. استعاد العديد من المدن والمقاطعات من الميلانيين لصالح البندقية ، وعندما ذهب غونزاغا إلى العدو ، تابع كولـّيوني خدمة البنادقة في عهد إرازمو دا نارني (المعروف باسم غاتاميلاتا) و فرانشيسكو سفورزا ، منتصراً بمعارك في بريشا وفيرونا ، و على بحيرة غاردا.

مراجع

أشخاص من مقاطعة بيرغامو
كوندوتييرويون
كوندوتييرويون في القرن 15
مواليد 1400
وفيات 1475

بارتولوميو كوليوني


Gymnothorax polyuranodon, communément appelée Murène d'eau douce, est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Muraenidae originaire du bassin Indo-Pacifique, y compris la côte nord de l'Australie, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, le Sri Lanka, les Philippines, l'Indonésie et diverses îles du Pacifique occidental.

Description
L'espèce Gymnothorax polyuranodon a été décrite par Pieter Bleeker qui l'observe en 1853. L'espèce peut mesurer jusqu'à 1,5 mètre mais atteint en réalité rarement plus d'un mètre. Son corps est trapu et presque cylindrique, de couleur jaune à brun clair, couvert de marbrures et de taches noires de taille irrégulière. Sa tête est recouverte de longues bandes noires. Le dessous de sa tête, quant à lui, est de couleur jaune ou blanc. Ses dents pointues, coniques et inclinées vers l'arrière sont très petites par rapport à la taille de sa tête. Sa mâchoire supérieure compte de deux à trois rangées de dents, et sa mâchoire inférieure en compte d'une à trois.

Alimentation
Comme toutes les murènes, Gymnothorax polyuranodon est carnivore. Son régime alimentaire se compose presque exclusivement de poissons, et occasionnellement de crevettes, de bivalves et de vers. Elle préfère manger des aliments vivants.

Habitat
Gymnothorax polyuranodon est une espèce vivant en eau peu profonde. Elle vit souvent dans des eaux dont la profondeur n'excède pas trois mètres. On la trouve dans les eaux côtières marines peu profondes, les estuaires, les embouchures de rivières et parfois légèrement en amont des rivières.

Pendant des années, il a été admis que la murène dite « d'eau douce » était en fait une espèce marine qui, contrairement à la plupart des autres murènes, est capable de tolérer les eaux ayant des niveaux de salinité plus faibles et peut même vivre en eau douce, mais seulement pendant de courtes périodes. Cependant, de plus en plus d'études suggèrent que Gymnothorax polyuranodon est une espèce catadrome de murènes, c'est-à-dire que l'animal passe une grande partie de sa vie en eau douce mais migre vers l'eau salée pour frayer. Les jeunes murènes naissent dans les eaux marines, puis migrent vers les eaux douces pour y vivre la majeure partie de leur vie. Lorsque le moment est venu de se reproduire, les murènes adultes migrent à nouveau vers l'océan pour trouver un partenaire et frayer. Les juvéniles sont fréquemment observés dans les eaux saumâtres, notamment dans les forêts de mangroves, dans lesquelles ils se cachent pour se protéger des poissons de plus grande taille. Les adultes sont couramment observés en eau douce, mais il est possible qu'ils n'y soient que des résidents à court terme    .

Dans le nord-est de l'Australie, des spécimens de Gymnothorax polyuranodon ont été observés dans leur habitat naturel sur une période de trois ans. La majorité d'entre eux, soit près des trois quarts des spécimens observés, préféraient les bassins tranquilles ou les eaux à débit très lent comportant de nombreux blocs rocheux pour se dissimuler.

Comportement
Ces poissons mènent une vie discrète en journée et s'activent surtout à la période crépusculaire. C'est également une espèce territoriale et solitaire. Si les juvéniles tolèrent la proximité d'autres individus, ce n'est pas le cas des spécimens adultes.

Comme beaucoup de murènes, Gymnothorax polyuranodon a une mauvaise vue mais un excellent odorat et peut se montrer agressive. La salive de l'espèce est légèrement toxique. Bien qu'elle ne soit pas mortelle, une morsure peut néanmoins être très douloureuse, et la blessure peut entraîner une infection.

Étude en captivité
Gymnothorax polyuranodon est un poisson qui, jusqu'à récemment, a été assez peu étudié. Cependant, ces dernières années, cette espèce a suscité un intérêt croissant, tant du point de vue de la recherche scientifique que de l'aquariophilie. Elle a fait l'objet de plusieurs articles scientifiques et devient de plus en plus visible sur le marché en ligne des espèces de poissons tropicaux, bien qu'elle soit encore présente en très petit nombre par rapport aux autres espèces d'anguilles.

Le maintien de cette espèce en captivité par les aquariophiles dans des conditions environnementales variées a permis d'obtenir davantage d'informations sur l'espèce, notamment sur son cycle de vie et sur sa capacité à vivre à long terme en eau douce. Une étude publiée en 2014 dans le journal Environmental Biology of Fishes a conclu, sur la base de quatre spécimens collectés, que « toutes les anguilles examinées avaient probablement résidé dans des habitats d'eau douce ou estuariens tout au long de leur vie après s'être métamorphosées du stade de leptocéphale au stade d'anguille juvénile ». L'étude poursuit ainsi :

« Le cycle de vie de G. polyuranodon reste encore incertain, mais il est clair que cette espèce d'anguille marine est capable de résider en eau douce pendant de longues périodes. Ceci est rendu évident par l'utilisation de cette espèce en tant qu'espèce d'aquarium d'eau douce, d'après l'étude de spécimens collectés dans des habitats d'eau douce et d'après les résultats de cette étude. La plupart des spécimens collectés en eau douce en Australie n'étaient pas très éloignés de la ligne de marée haute (), ou se trouvaient dans des habitats estuariens, et nos spécimens ont été collectés à environ  en amont de l'embouchure de la rivière. Cette espèce est probablement plus facile à détecter dans les habitats d'eau douce qui sont petits et accessibles à l'échantillonnage par rapport aux habitats estuariens et marins où elle pourrait également vivre, mais le manque d'observations de G. polyuranodon dans l'environnement marin suggère qu'il pourrait s'agir principalement d'une espèce d'eau douce et estuarienne. »

Une autre étude, visant à découvrir si Gymnothorax polyuranodon peut grandir et survivre dans un aquarium d'eau douce a noté :

« La question de savoir si la Muraenidae Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1854) peut survivre, croître et coexister pendant une période prolongée en eau douce et en captivité a été testée à la suite d'observations répétées de cette espèce dans des cours d'eau douce des Tropiques humides australiens. Les changements de la taille corporelle de quatre individus maintenus dans un aquarium d'eau douce de  ont révélé que la croissance annuelle allait d'un minimum de  de longueur totale (LT) et 2,4 fois la masse corporelle à  de LT et 3,9 fois la masse corporelle. La ration quotidienne maximale des individus (nourris de vers, de crevettes et de poissons) variait de 3,4 % à 3,9 % de la masse corporelle… Alors qu'il a déjà été supposé que Gymnothorax polyuranodon soit euryhalin (Monkes, 2006), l'étude actuelle démontre que cette espèce est capable de survivre et de croître de manière substantielle en eau douce. Cette découverte, combinée avec un nombre croissant d'observations exclusivement fluviales de la phase adulte de G. polyuranodon sur le terrain (Allen, 1991 ; Böhlke et McCosker, 2001 ; Marquet , 2003 ; Jenkins , 2009 ; Ebner , 2011, 2016), apporte un soutien significatif à l'idée que G. polyuranodon pourrait être un habitant fluvial à long terme dans sa phase adulte.

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1854).

L'espèce a été initialement classée dans le genre Muraena sous le protonyme Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker, 1854.

Ce taxon porte en français le nom vernaculaire ou normalisé suivant : Murène d'eau douce.

Gymnothorax polyuranodon a pour synonymes :
 Lycodontis polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1854)
 Muraena blematigrina Roberts, 1993
 Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker, 1854
 Polyuranodon kuhli Kaup, 1856
 Polyuranodon kuhlii Kaup, 1856
 Uropterygius fijiensis Fowler & Bean, 1923

Liens externes

Notes et références

Muraenidae
Anguilliformes (nom scientifique)
Statut UICN Préoccupation mineure

Gymnothorax polyuranodon


Hetja er manneskja eða sögupersóna sem sigrast á mótlæti með því að sýna óvenjulegt hugrekki, siðferðisþrek, hugvit eða styrk. Orðið söguhetja á sérstaklega við um hetjur í skáldskap og kvenhetja er stundum notað til að vísa sérstaklega til kvenna sem koma fyrir í því hlutverki. Þjóðhetja er hetja sem nýtur sérstakrar stöðu í sögu tiltekins samfélags, og alþýðuhetja er sagnahetja sem berst fyrir rétti fátækra gegn ofríki þeirra sem valdið hafa. Hetjur koma víða fyrir í þjóðsögum, skáldskap, sagnaritun og frásögnum fjölmiðla.

Sagnakvæði og sagnabálkar fást gjarnan við hetjur á borð við Gilgames, Akkilles, Herkúles, Davíð konung, Artúr konung, Vilhjálm Tell og Hróa hött. Sögulegar persónur, eins og Jóhanna af Örk, Giuseppe Garibaldi og Sophie Scholl hafa fengið á sig hetjuorð fyrir að sýna einstakt hugrekki eða "hetjulund". Hetjusögur eru vinsælar í skáldsögum, kvikmyndum og öðrum miðlum. Ofurhetjur eru sögupersónur í ofurhetjusögum sem búa yfir ofurmannlegum hæfileikum.

Algengur andstæðingur hetjunnar í frásögnum er skúrkurinn; en hetjan getur líka verið siðferðilega vafasöm og kemur þá fyrir sem andhetja.

Hetja


Natalia Dadiani () a fost o principesă și pedagogă din Gubernia Basarabia.

S-a născut în familia unui boier din părțile Tighinei. După absolvirea cu medalia de aur a gimnaziului, a predat geografia la Gimnaziul particular al B. Narodostavskaia, preluând conducerea gimnaziului după moartea acesteia. Contribuția sa aici a fost atât de semnificativă, încât instituția a fost transformată în gimnaziu de opt clase, subordonat Ministerului Învățământului Public, și numită "Gimnaziul pentru fete nr. 2 din Chișinău, întemeiat de principesa Dadiani".

În 1900, un nou edificiu a fost ridicat pentru gimnaziu, pe actuala str. 31 august 1989 din Chișinău. Construcția a fost finanțată de însăși Dadiani. Clădirea, executată în stil eclectic după un proiect de Alexandru Bernardazzi, este un monument de arhitectură și găzduiește în prezent Muzeul Național de Artă al Moldovei. După 1918, instituția a fost redenumită în "Liceul de Fete «Principesa N. Dadiani»".

Principesa a fost înmormântată la Cimitirul Armenesc din Chișinău. Pe piatra sa funerară este scris: "Neobositei truditoare pe tărâmul învățământului feminin, neuitatei principese Natalia Dadiani, de la colaboratori și prieteni". Un liceu din sectorul Buiucani îi poartă numele.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară

Nașteri în 1865
Nașteri pe 30 august
Decese în 1903
Decese pe 18 octombrie
Pedagogi moldoveni

Natalia Dadiani


This page lists deputy prime ministers or ministers-president of Prussia.

Deputy prime ministers and ministers-president of Prussia, 1873–1918
 Otto von Camphausen 1873–1878
 Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode 1878–1881
 Robert von Puttkamer 1881–1888
 Karl Heinrich von Boetticher 1888–1897
 Johannes von Miquel 1897–1901
 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1907–1909
 Clemens von Delbrück 1914–1916
 Paul von Breitenbach 1916–1917
 Robert Friedberg 1917–1918

See also
 Prime Minister of Prussia.

Lists of government ministers of Prussia

Deputy Prime Minister of Prussia


الرمزية  حركة في الأدب والفن ظهرت في فرنسا في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، كرد فعل للمدرستين الواقعية والطبعانية، وهدفت إلى التعبير عن سر الوجود عبر الرمز. وقد تأثر الرمزيون، أكثر ما تأثروا، بأعمال بودلير، ومع احتفاظهم بمبدأ «الفن للفن» فقد سعوا في المقام الأول إلى إعطاء القارئ انطباعاً عن وعيهم الباطن، معتمدين في ذلك على الموسيقى والصُّور الشعرية التي تبرز «أحلام الشاعر الداخلية». وإنما نشر جون مورياس Moreas بيان الرمزية في صحيفة «الفيغارو» في 18 سبتمبر 1886. ومع ذلك فإن كثيراً من مؤرخي الأدب يعتبرون مالارميه Mallarme، وليس مورياس، مؤسس الرمزية. على حين يُعتبر ألبير سامان Samain وبول فيرلين Verlaine بول فاليري Valery من أبرز أركانها. وفي أعمال إيليوت Eliot وبروست وجويس Joyce عناصر رمزية قوية. أما الرمزية الموسيقية فيمثلها دو بوسي Debussy، في حين يمثل ماترلينك Maeterlinck الرمزية في المسرح. وفي الرسم يبدو أثر الرمزية في كثير من أعمال الانطباعيين.

الرمزية استخدام الرمز لتمثيل الأشياء مثل الأفكار والمشاعر.وتستخدم الرمزية أحيانا لكي تشير تحديدا إلى رموز الوثنية التي تقوم بذاتها، بدلا من الرموز اللغوية وهي مدرسة فنّيّة وأدبيّة في الشعر وسائر الفنون، ظهرت في فرنسا وبلجيكا حوالي سنة 1870، وذلك كرد فعل للمدرستين الواقعية والطبعانية، وهدفت إلى التعبير عن سر الوجود من طريق الرمز وامتدّت هذه المدرسة إلى روسيا وقد تأثر اتباع هذه المدرسة بشارل بودلير.

وفى مجال التحليل النفسي، تصور كلا من سيجموند فرويد وكارل يونغ بأن الرموز ليست من العقل، بل نابعة من قدرة العقل على استيعاب المعلومات. ويستخدم العقل الرموز لتشكيل حرية تكوين الجمعيات، والتنظيم، والربط بين الرموز.وقد تباينت آراء يونغ وفرويد حول نظم القضية المعرفية الموحدة للرمز وعما إذا كانت توجد داخل العقل الفردي أو بين العقول الأخرى، سواء أكانت الرمزية المعرفية فطرية أو حددتها البيئة، فالرمزية مهمة بالنسبة للدين لأن بعض الايحاءات الدينية والإلهية تم تفسيرها عن طريق الرموز ولقد وصف ماكس فيبر الدين بأنة نظاماً من الرموز الدينية المقدسة.

دور السياق في الرمزية
والرمز في المعنى يمكن تعديله من قبل مختلف العوامل بما في ذلك الاستخدام الشعبي، التاريخ، والقصد السياقي.

المعنى التاريخي
تاريخ الرمز يعتبر واحدًا من عوامل كثيرة في تحديد رمز خاص للظاهر، فأصبح إعادة تفسير الرموز القديمة، ربما يرجع إلى التغيرات البيئية، وبالتالي أصبح ظهور رموز القوة الانفعالية يحمل مشاكل مماثلة لعلم أصول الكلام الكاذب، فعلى سبيل المثال، العناصرالايرلندية والاسكتلندية الأمريكية للتصميم في علم المتمردين من أمريكا الجنوبية سبقت الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، ويمكن الاطلاع على البديل في وقت مبكر من القضبان عبرت أن ينظر إليه على العلم الاسكتلندي. في أعقاب الحرب الأهلية الأميركية، والمنارة التي تأسست في جزء من الكونفدرالية نائان بيدفورد فورست، أصبحت سيئة السمعة في أمريكا الجنوبية لإجراء الهجمات ذات الدوافع العنصرية. فقام أعضائها وقدامى المحاربين الكونفدراليين بربط أنفسهم مع العلم الكونفدرالى، وهذا أدى إلى نزاع لاحق حول ما إذا كان هذا العلم له دلالات عنصرية أم لا.

مثال آخر هو التشابه السطحي بين الصليب المسيحي وجهاز التنفيذ، وعنخ المصرية القديمة، مما يدل على الحياة، فالصليب مستمد من استخدام الامبراطورية الرومانية 'للصلبان الخشبية الكبيرة ليصلبوا المجرمين المزعومين.

التراصف
التراصف يزيد من وحدة وتعقيد هذه المسألة، فالصليب هو رمز للمسيحية. ومع ذلك فإن وضع الصليب قي النار داخل العشب يعتبر شيء متميز وهو رمز للمنارة العنصرية، حتى ولو افتقر الصليب الأصلى إلى مضامين عنصرية.

انظر أيضًا
 رمزية سياسية

 رمزية دينية
 رمز الطاقة الشمسية
 رمزية (الفنون)

وصلات خارجية
 ارشيف للبحث في موقع النجاحات الرمزية
 رمزية ويكي

المراجع

الفن في القرن 19
حداثة
حركات أدبية
حركات فنية
شعر فرنسي
فن حديث
فنانون رمزيون
مسرح القرن 19

رمزية


Frogstomp is the debut studio album by Australian rock band Silverchair. It was released on 27 March 1995, when the band members were only 15 years of age, by record label Murmur. The album features the band's commercially most successful single, "Tomorrow".

Recording
Frogstomp was recorded in nine days.

When asked if the record was made live in the studio, singer and guitarist Daniel Johns said: Yeah, that's the thing that I do really like about that album – it sounds exactly like we sounded. There was no big American producer calling the shots behind the desk and telling us to do this, this and this. It was literally this guy, Kevin Shirley, who was a great producer, just saying, "I want it to sound like you guys, but I want it to sound really f—ing loud and I want the guitars really f—ing loud." So to me, I was like, f—ing yeah! The songwriting might not be genius, but I think sonically, the performances are really good. It's really honest; it's just three Australian kids thrashing it out in the studio and that's exactly how it sounds.

Title
When asked why the album's name is Frogstomp, Johns said: I was at a guy from our record company's house one night and I was looking through his CDs because he's got a really good collection. I found this '60s pop collection record and I was just going (laughs), "Why do you have this?" I looked at the back and there was this song that some guy did called Frogstomp and I said, "That's a pretty good name." (laughs) I just rang up Ben and Chris and we just thought it was really funny so we used it for the album.

Release
Frogstomp was released on 27 March 1995 by record label Murmur.

It reached number 1 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. On 20 June 1995, Frogstomp was released by Epic in the United States. It has since been certified double platinum by the RIAA.

The LP version of the album is sold in a green vinyl with "Blind" as a bonus track limited to 3,000 copies worldwide. There is also a limited cassette edition of the album.

On 27 March 2015, a remastered edition of Frogstomp was released as a two-CD/DVD set to mark the twentieth anniversary of its release.

Reception

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album 4 out of 5 stars, and wrote, "For their age [15 years old], their instrumental capabilities are quite impressive, as the guitars and vocals growl with the force of rockers in their early twenties. At the same time, their songwriting abilities aren't as strong, and they are never able to break away from the standard grunge formula. Nevertheless, the record does deliver a collection of songs replicating the thunder of "Tomorrow". Chuck Eddy of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "the songs on Frogstomp almost all start out like dreary Metallica ballads and build toward gloomy, by-the-numbers grunge." David Fricke of Rolling Stone, on the other hand, wrote: "Truly shameless wanna-be's  like Bush should be so lucky to have the hard smarts that Silverchair – particularly the band's main writers, singer-guitarist Daniel Johns and drummer Ben Gillies – show on such Frogstomp-ers as 'Pure Massacre' and 'Israel's Son'. When these guys turn 18, they'll really be dangerous."

Legacy
In 2015, James Rose of the Daily Review wrote of the album, "As an album in its own right, it's pretty good. As a debut by three 15-year-olds, it's about as good as it gets. There are still kids out there today listening to Frogstomp and shitting themselves. And so they should."

The album was ranked #25 on Double J's list of Top 50 Australian Albums of the '90s.

Mixdown listed the album as among the seven best Australian grunge albums.

The Amity Affliction member Ahren Stringer said of the album: "I was obsessed with Frogstomp as a 12-year-old boy. I wanted to be Daniel Johns."

ABC wrote that in 1995, Silverchair provided a "thrilling synthesis of rage, confusion and pain, and as a distillation of teen angst, you couldn't get a purer generational timestamp than Frogstomp."

In December 2021, the album was listed at no. 6 in Rolling Stone Australia's '200 Greatest Albums of All Time' countdown.

Track listing

2015 20th anniversary remastered deluxe edition bonus DVD
"Madman" (live at the Cambridge)
"Blind" (live at the Cambridge)
"Tomorrow" (live at the Cambridge)
"Faultline" (live at the Cambridge)
"Pure Massacre" (live at the Cambridge)
"Israel's Son" (live from the Easter show, 1995)
"Tomorrow" (music video, US version)
"Pure Massacre" (music video)
"Israel's Son" (music video)

Personnel
Silverchair
 Daniel Johns – guitar, vocals
 Ben Gillies – drums
 Chris Joannou – bass guitar

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Appearances
The song "Israel's Son" was featured in the film Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie.

Notes
 The song "Stoned" is incorrectly listed as "Acid Rain" on the album's track listing.

 The song "Acid Rain" is incorrectly listed as "Blind (live)" on the album's track listing.

 The song "Blind" is incorrectly listed as "Stoned" on the album's track listing.

References

1995 debut albums
ARIA Award-winning albums
Grunge albums
Silverchair albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by Kevin Shirley
Murmur (record label) albums

Frogstomp


Karakurum kara yolu dünyada asfaltla kaplı en yüksek yoldur. Karakurum sıradağları üzerinden Khunjerab Geçidi (okunuşu Huncerap) içinden geçerek Çin ile Pakistan'ı birbirine bağlar. Yakın geçmişte onaylanmış yüksekliği 4.693 metredir (15.397 fit).

Karayolu, Pakistan'ın kuzey bölgesi Baltistan'ı antik İpek Yolu'na bağlar, 1.200 kilometre yol katederek Çin'in Sincan bölgesinde bulunan Kaşgar'dan Pakistan'ın Abbottabad Bölgesi'ndeki Havelian'a varır. Karayolunun bir uzantısı, İslamabad'ın batısında, Hasan Abdal'daki Grand Trunk Yolu ile birleşir. Karayolunun büyük bölümü Baltistan boyunca devam eder.

Turizm

1 Mayıs 1986'da yabancı ziyaretçilere açılan Karakurum zamanla macera seyahati için uygun bir rota haline gelmiştir. Dağcılar da, bölgede bulunan birçok yüksek dağ, buzul ve göle kolay ulaşabildikleri için bu yolu tercih ederler. Bölgede, iki büyük dağcı merkezi bulunmaktadır. Karakurum kara yolu İslamabad'dan Gilgit ve Skardu'ya olan ulaşımı da sağlar.

ABD'deki 11 Eylül olaylarının ardından Pakistan'ın yasak bölge ilan edilmesi, yola olan ilgiyi kısmen azaltmıştır. Birçok Avrupalı dahil olmak üzere, İngilizce konuşmayan ülkelerden gelen turistler gezilerine devam ediyorlar, ancak İngiliz ve Amerikalı turistler bölgeye pek uğramıyorlar.

Dağlar ve buzullar
Karakurum kara yolu Pakistan'ın kuzeyindeki birçok zirveye ve Çin'in Sincan bölgesindeki bazı zirvelere seferlerin ulaşımını sağlar. Bölgede, aralarında dünyanın en büyüklerinden olan Baltoro Buzulu'nun da bulunduğu pek çok buzul vardır. 8.000 metreden yüksek dağlar olan sekizbinliklerden Pakistan'da bulunan beş tanesine Karakurum kara yolu aracılığıyla ulaşılabilinir.

Zirveler:
 K2, Çin - Pakistan sınırı, dünyanın 8.611 m. ile en yüksek 2. zirvesi.
 Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, dünyanın 8.125 m. ile en yüksek 9. zirvesi.
 Gasherbrum I, Çin - Pakistan sınırı, dünyanın 8.080 m. ile en yüksek 11. zirvesi.
 Broad Zirvesi, Çin - Pakistan sınırı, dünyanın 8.047 m. ile en yüksek 12. zirvesi.
 Gasherbrum|Gasherbrum II-IV, Pakistan, dünyanın 8.035 m. - 7.932 m. ile en yüksek 13. - 17. zirvesi
 Masherbrum (K1), Pakistan, dünyanın 7.821 m. ile en yüksek 22. zirvesi.
 Muztag Ata, Çin, 7.546 m.
 Kongur Dağı, Çin, 7.719 m.

Göller
Karakurum kara yolu ile çeşitli göllere de ulaşım sağlanır.
 Karakul Gölü, Sincan - (Çin)
 Sheosar Gölü, Deosai Düzlükleri - (Pakistan)
 Satpara Gölü, Skardu - (Pakistan)
 Shangrila Gölü, Skardu - (Pakistan)
 Rama Gölü, Astore - (Pakistan)

Deosai düzlükleri
Skardu'nun güneyinde ve Astor Vadisi'nin doğusunda yer alan Deosai Düzlükleri dünyanın 4.115 m. (13.500 fit) ile en yüksek ikinci düzlüğüdür. 3.000 km² alan kaplayan bölge, 1993 yılında Ulusal Park ilan edilmiştir.

Kaya sanatı ve petroglifler

Pakistan'ın kuzeyinde Karakurum kara yolu boyunca Hunza ve Shatial arasındaki on büyük kazı alanında 20.000 parçadan fazla kaya ve petroglif bulunmaktadır. Oymalar yerli halkın yanı sıra, bu ticaret yolundan geçen çeşitli istilacılar, tüccarlar ve hacılar tarafından da yapılmıştır. MÖ 5000 ile 1000 yılları arasındaki erken dönem motiflerinde, tek hayvanlar, üçlü adamlar ve hayvanların avcılardan büyük olduğu av sahneleri görülür. Bu oyma eserler, taş aletlerle kayaya vurulup üzeri cilalanarak yapılmıştır, bu sayede kaç yaşında olduklarını anlamak mümkündür.

Arkeolog Karl Jettmar çeşitli yazıtlardan bölgenin tarihi hakkında derlediği bilgileri Kuzey Pakistan'ın Kaya Oymaları ve Yazıtlar (Rockcarvings and Inscriptions in the Northern Areas of Pakistan) ve Between Gandhara and the Silk Roads - Rock carvings Along the Karakoram Highway (Gandhara ve İpek Yolu Arasında - Karakurum Karayolu Boyunca Kaya Oymaları) kitaplarında bir araya getirmiştir.

Gilgit ve Kaşgar arasında ulaşım
Mart 2006'da, her iki ülkenin hükûmetleri, 1 Haziran 2006'dan başlayarak Pakistan-Gilgit ile Çin-Kaşgar arasında günlük otobüs seferlerinin başlayacağını ve kara yolunun 600 kilometrelik bölümünde yol genişletme çalışmalarının yapılacağını duyurdular. .

Hava
Karakurum kara yolunun seyahat etmeye en uygun zamanları, ilkbahar ve sonbaharın başıdır. Sert kışlarda yoğun kar yağışı kara yolunu uzun süre kapatmaktadır. Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarındaki ağır muson yağmurları ise, çamur kaymalarına yol açarak kara yolunun kısa sürelerle kapanmasına yol açar. Huncerap Geçidi'nde bulunan Çin ve Pakistan sınırı sadece 1 Mayıs ve 15 Ekim tarihleri arasında açıktır.

Tarih
Yirmi yıllık çalışmanın ardından 1978 yılında tamamlanan Karakurum kara yolu Pakistan ve Çin hükûmetleri tarafından yapılmıştır. Karayolunun yapımı sırasında çoğunlukla toprak kayması ve düşmelerle birkaç yüz Pakistanlı ve Çinli işçi yaşamını kaybetmiştir. Karakurum kara yolu, antik İpek Yolu'nun birçok güzergâhından birinin üzerinde bulunur.

Pakistan tarafındaki yol FWO (Frontier Works Organization) tarafından yapılmış, Pakistan Ordusu İstihkâm Sınıfı işçi olarak çalışmıştır. Şu anda Pakistan ordusunda Karakurum kara yolunun tarihi üzerine bir çalışma yürütülmektedir. Yolun yapımında çalışmış emekli Tuğgeneral Muhammad Mumtaz Khalid, Karakurum kara yolunun tarihini yazmaktadır.

Hindistan ve Pakistan arasındaki Keşmir sorunu, Karakurum kara yoluna stratejik ve askerî önem katmaktadır.

Kaynakça
 Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5983-8 (pbk; ISBN 1-4021-3090-2 (hbk).

Ayrıca bakınız

 Karakurum Dağları
 Sincan
 Gilgit
 Kaşgar

Dış bağlantılar
 Kuzey bölgeler
 Karakurum kara yolunun resimleri
 Karakurum kara yolu haritası
 Karakurum kara yolunun geniş açıklaması

Pakistan'daki karayolları
Çin-Pakistan sınırı
Karayolu
Çin'deki karayolları
İpek Yolu'ndaki siteler

Karakurum Karayolu


An Eriocaulon amanoanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tetsuo Michael Koyama. An Eriocaulon amanoanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Nansei-shoto. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon amanoanum


Le Fonds de la richesse nationale de la fédération de Russie est un fonds créé par l'État russe en 2008. Il s'agit d'un fonds souverain.  Il a été créé par la séparation en deux du Fonds de stabilisation de la fédération de Russie le .

Structure du fonds
Le fonds de stabilisation a été séparé en deux fonds distincts. Le Fonds de réserve est investi à l'étranger dans des titres à faible rendement utilisé lorsque les prix du pétrole et du gaz sont bas. Le Fonds de la richesse nationale est un fonds composé de valeurs à fort rendement, plus risqué. Le Fonds de réserve a été doté de 125 milliards de dollars et le Fonds de la richesse nationale de 32 milliards de dollars. Le fonds est contrôlé par le ministère des Finances de la fédération de Russie.

Présentation
Le Fonds de la richesse nationale reçoit des fonds des retours sur investissements produits par le Fonds de réserve. Le fonds de réserve est plafonné à 10 % du PIB russe, et tous les fonds supérieurs à ce montant sont versés au Fonds de la richesse nationale. Le fonds a aussi accumulé 72,71 milliards de dollars (au ) de la perception d'impôts et de taxes sur la vente et l'exportation de pétrole et de gaz.

Selon le ministre russe des finances, le fonds peut investir dans des titres de dettes étrangères lorsque celle-ci est notée au moins AA- (selon la notation Fitch ou Standard & Poor's) ou Aa3 (selon Moody's). Malgré cela le fonds a accepté d'acheter le  de la dette ukrainienne pour un montant de 15 milliards de dollars, malgré une notation inférieure.

Le fonds se distingue des autres fonds mondiaux en rassemblant des investissements dans l'économie nationale elle-même au lieu d'investir dans des pays étrangers. Cela permet de donner un coup de pouce à la lente modernisation des infrastructures en Russie dans une époque où les investissements sont plutôt rares. D'autres pays comme l'Indonésie ont suivi l'exemple de la Russie pour le fonctionnement de leur fonds souverain. Bien entendu, à cause du manque de réserves en devises fortes, le fonds peut accuser des pertes lors des crises internes.

Sanctions
Dans le cadre des sanctions occidentales, le gouvernement russe a prévu de faire appel à ce fond pour amortir les effets des sanctions. Il a été prévu d'utiliser ce fonds pour soutenir éventuellement le cours des actions lors de la réouverture de la bourse (le ). La valeur du fonds en février 2022 à chuté de 11 % par rapport au mois de janvier, probablement du aux sanctions occidentales.

Valorisation
Données fournies par le ministère russe des Finances.

Notes et Références

Traduction

Notes

Références

Politique en Russie
Économie en Russie
Fonds souverain


7632 Stanislav este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7632 Stanislav este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Karacikina. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,23 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 3,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi

7632 Stanislav


Obituary, 1985 yılında kurulan Tampa, Florida'dan bir death metal grubudur. Grubun ilk kurulduğundaki ismi Xecutionerdı. İlk albümlerinden kısa bir süre önce isimlerini Obituary olarak değiştirdiler. Grup halen 1980' lerin sonunda başlayan Florida death metal akımının etkili isimlerindendir.

Grup 1997 yılında dağıldıktan sonra 2003 yılında tekrar bir araya geldi. Grubun ayrı olduğu süreç içerisinde, Donald Tardy Andrew W.K.'nın turne grubunun bir üyesiydi ve W.K.'nın Saturday Night Live'a çıktığı programda Obituary tişört giydi. Allen West ise Lowbrow ve Six Feet Under isimli iki projesine odaklandı. Trevor Peres 2001 yılında Catastrophic isimli grubu kurdu ve Obituary'nin bir araya gelmesinden sonra da bu grup ile olan çalışmalarına devam etti.

Gruptan Kesitler
 Grup Slowly We Rot isimli albümü kayıtlar başlamadan önce ölen bir arkadaşlarına ithaf etti.
 Internal Bleeding isimli şarkı hiçbir söz içermemekle birlikte bütününde çıkarılan hırıltı sesi ile kaydedilmiştir. Bu şarkıda bütün fonemler gerçekte yapılmaktadır.
 Joe's Apartment isimli filmde Jerry O'Connell filmin bir sahnesinde üzerinde grubun Cause of Death albüm kapağının olduğu bir tişört giymektedir.

Albümler
 Slowly We Rot (1989, 1997'de yeniden kaydedildi)
 Cause of Death (1990, 1997'de yeniden kaydedildi)
 The End Complete (1992, 1998'de yeniden kaydedildi)
 Don't Care (sadece ABD'de çıkan bir single, 1994)
 World Demise (1994, 1998'de yeniden kaydedildi)
 Back from the Dead (1997)
 Dead (Canlı, 1998)
 Anthology (Derleme, 2001)
 Frozen in Time (2005)
 Xecutioner's Return (2007)
 Left To Die (2008)
 Darkest Day (2009)
 "Inked in Blood" (2014)
 "Obituary" (2017)

Dışa bağlantılar
 Obituary Resmi Sitesi
 Roadrunner Records Obituary Sayfası
 Dark +

Amerikalı death metal grupları
Roadrunner Records sanatçıları
1985'te kurulan müzik grupları
Müzikal beşliler

Obituary


Vestfalya Wilhelm Üniversitesi (, kısaca WWU) ya da Münster Üniversitesi, Vestfalya Eyaletinin Münster şehrinde ortalama kırk bin öğrencisi ve 130 bölümüyle Almanya'nın en büyük üniversitelerinden biridir. Adını Alman İmparatoru II. Wilhelm'den almıştır. İdaresi Münster Sarayı'nda bulunmaktadır.

Vestfalya Wilhelm Üniversitesi, bir kampüs üniversitesi değildir. Sahip olduğu 285 bina, Münster şehrinin genelinde dağınık haldedir. Münster'de Vestfalya Wilhelm Üniversitesi dışında yedi ayrı yükseköğrenim kurumu daha bulunduğundan şehir "öğrenci şehri" olarak anılmaktadır.

Fakülte ve Bölümler
Üniversite, yedi fakülte ve 15 bölümden oluşur. Bölümlerin beş tanesi kendi başına birer fakültedir:

 Protestan-İlahiyat Fakültesi: Universitätsstraße'de bulunur ve 596 öğrencisi vardır.
 Katolik-İlahiyat Fakültesi: Johannisstraße'''de bulunur ve 1.169 öğrencisi vardır.
 Hukuk Fakültesi: Universitätsstraße'de bulunur ve 5.317 öğrencisi vardır.
 İşletme ve İktisat Fakültesi: Bir kısmı Universitätsstraße'de bir kısmı da Leonardo-Campus'te bulunur. 5.202 öğrencisi vardır.
 Tıp Fakültesi: Domagkstraße'de bulunur ve 2.946 öğrencisi vardır. Üniversite Hastanesi de Fakülte civarındadır.
 Felsefe Fakültesi:
 Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler: 5.127 öğrencisi vardır.
 Psikoloji ve Spor Bilimleri: 1.859 öğrencisi vardır. Fliednerstraße'de ve Horstmarer Landweg'de bulunur.
 Tarih/Felsefe: 3.852 öğrencisi vardır. Domplatz'ın yanındadır.
 Filoloji: 7.102 öğrenci ile Üniversitenin en kalabalık bölümüdür. Schlaunstraße'de bulunur.
 Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Fakültesi:
 Matematik ve Bilgisayar Bilimleri: 2.385 öğrenci ile Einsteinstraße'de bulunur.
 Fizik: 1.038 öğrenci ile Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße'de bulunur.
 Kimya ve Eczacılık: 2.385 öğrenci ile Hittorfstraße'de bulunur.
 Biyoloji: 1.668 öğrenci ile Hindenburgplatz'ta bulunur. Ayrıca botanik bahçesi de bölüm tarafından kullanılır.
Yer Bilimleri: Robert-Koch-Straße'de bulunur ve 1.787 öğrencisi vardır.
 Müzik Yüksekokulu: 15.217 öğrenci ile Schorlemer Straße'de bulunur.

 Kütüphaneler
Üniversitenin Merkez Kütüphanesi (, kısaca ULB) hem üniversite hem de eyalet tarafından desteklenmektedir. Bundan dolayı ULB öğrenciler dışında Münster halkı tarafından da kullanılabilmektedir.

Ortalama 2,3 milyon bilimsel literatür ile 10.000 gazete ve dergi arşivine sahiptir. ULB dışında Tıp, Sosyal Bilimler, Kimya ve Fizik alanlarında, fakülte ve bölümlerde kütüphaneler vardır. Ayrıca Haus der Niederlande adlı halk kütüphanesi de mevcuttur. Digibib sitesi sayesinde ULB ve diğer kütüphanelerde arama yapmak mümkündür.

 Yemekhaneler

Üniversiteye bağlı altı yemekhane vardır. İlaveten sekiz adet de küçük lokanta bulunur. Günde ortalama 15.000 porsiyon yemek verilmektedir.

En büyük iki yemekhane, Aasee'nin yanındaki 1.600 kişilik Aasee Yemekhanesi () ya da eski adıyla Yemekhane I () ile Ring Yemekhanesi () ya da eski adıyla Yemekhane II'dir (). Yemekhanelerde düzenli olarak kızarmış et çıkar. Üç menüden biri seçilebilir. Domuz eti içermeyen bir menü her zaman bulunur.

 Öğrencilere sunulan imkanlar
Vestfalya Wilhelm Üniversitesi öğrencilerine eğitim dışında boş vakitleri için de fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Spor Yüksekokulu 60'ı ücretsiz toplamda neredeyse 100 değişik spor dalında hizmet vermektedir.

Bilgi İşlem Merkezi (, kısaca ZIV'') öğrencilere 7 gün 24 saat ücretsiz internet ve bilgisayar kullanım imkânı tanımaktadır.

Dil Merkezi pek çok dil öğrenim imkânı tanır ve teknik bölümler için ilave kursları da mevcuttur. Kursların sonunda uluslararası geçerliliği bulunan sertifikalar da verilmektedir.

Müzik ile ilgilenen öğrencilerin Münster Öğrenci Orkestrasına () veya diğer orkestralara katılma imkânı vardır.

Dezavantajlar
Öğrenci nüfusunun fazla olması, ortalama kiraların diğer şehirlere göre yüksek olmasına sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca iş sahası dardır. Gastronomi alanı dışında iş bulmak zordur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
 WWU Alumni

Almanya'daki üniversiteler
1780'lerde Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1780'lerde kurulan üniversiteler
1780'de kurulan oluşumlar

Vestfalya Wilhelm Üniversitesi


23468 Kannabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23468 Kannabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,31 și o înclinație de 11,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

23468 Kannabe


Gonogenia es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Gonogenia atrata (Boheman, 1848)
 Gonogenia endroedyi Basilewsky, 1980
 Gonogenia immerita (Boheman, 1860)
 Gonogenia oxygona (Chaudoir, 1844)
 Gonogenia rugosopunctata ((Thunberg, 1806)
 Gonogenia spinipennis (Chaudoir, 1850)
 Gonogenia tabida (Fabricius, 1793)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gonogenia en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anthiini

Gonogenia


Dasitha Wagmee (දසිත වාග්මී) (උපත 30 නොවැම්බර්  2001) ගොඩක් අය දන්නේ  "වාග්මී" ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිංහල රැප් ගායකයෙක් හා සංගීතඥයෙකි.

චරිතාපදානය
වාග්මි 2001-11-30 දියතලාවේදී උපත ලබා ඇත. පාසල ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලය බණ්ඩාරවෙල. 2016දී වාග්මි ඔහුගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්බ කරනවා. ඔහු ඔහුගේ පළවෙනි ගීතය එළිදක්වනවා  අළු යට ගින්දර නමින් 2016 ජනවාරි 23දී . ඊට පසුව ඔහුගේ දෙවෙනි ගීතය අවිචාරය 2016 අප්‍රේල් 26දී . අවුරුද්දකට පසුව ඔහුගේ තෙවෙනි ගීතය එළිදක්වනවා සොමියේ නමින් 2017 අගෝස්තු 14 දී ඒම ගීතයට 44 කල්ලියේ Izzy Iznuද සහභාගී වෙනවා. එම ගීතය නිපදවන්නේ GGM (Ghost Gang Music) . වාග්මි ගායකයෙක් වෙන්න පෙර ඔහු සිංහල රැප් ගීත වෙනුවෙන් තිබෙන වෙබ්අඩවියක වැඩ කර ඇත. එම  වෙබ්අඩවියක මගින් ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටින සෑම සිංහල රැප් ගායකයන් සමග හොද සබදතාවයක් ඇති කරගත්තා. ඒම හේතුව මත ඔහු  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටින සෑම සිංහල රැප් ගායකයන් අතර ඉතාමත් ප්‍රසිද්දියකට පත්වෙනවා. ඒම ප්‍රසිද්දිය ඔහුට ඇති වුනේ කිසිදු සින්දුවක් නොකර සහ ඔහුට වයස 14දීය. ඒ වගේම ඔහු නැවතත්  වෙබ්අඩවියක් පවතවාගෙන යනවා Wagmeetv නමින්. ඒ වගේම ඔහු ඉරාජ් වීරරත්න සමගද වැඩ කරනවා .

ගීත

 අළු යට ගින්දර
 අවිචාරය
 සොමියේ

අමතර ලින්ක්
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හිප්හොප්
2001 උපත
ශ්‍රීලංකා
සිංහල

වාග්මි


Estratónico de Atenas (en griego Στρατόνικoς) fue un distinguido músico ateniense, célebre tocador de cítara, de la época de Alejandro Magno (336 a. C. - 323 a. C.), del que apenas hay noticias, a excepción de las respuestas agudas e ingeniosas que propinaba en momentos de enfado, como tuvo ocasión de comprobar su amigo Filotas, cuando éste se jactaba de la victoria que había obtenido sobre Timoteo de Mileto.

En otro momento, habiendo prometido dar lecciones públicas de su arte, no pudo conseguir más que dos discípulos dispuestos y cuando se le preguntó cuántos alumnos tenía, respondió que doce, pues en la isla donde impartía su enseñanza, había nueve estatuas de las Musas y otra del dios Apolo.

Se dice que Nicocles, rey de Chipre, lo mandó matar, por algunas piezas satíricas que había compuesto sobre sus hijos.

Referencias

Fuentes

 William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Stratonicus", Boston, (1867)
 Ateneo, Deipnosophistae.

Músicos de la Antigua Grecia
Antiguos atenienses
Músicos de la Antigua Grecia del siglo IV a. C.
Compositores de la Antigua Grecia

Estratónico de Atenas


Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Det polske folkeparti, PSL) er et politisk parti i Polen. Partiet lægger vægt på nationale og kristne spørgsmål og regner sig som et agrarparti. I 2004 havde partiet omkring 120.000 medlemmer. De fik ved Polens parlamentsvalg 2019 30 medlemmer i det polske parlament Sejm.

PSL er efterfølgerpartiet til det regimetro bondepartiet ZSL fra Folkerepublikkens dage. ZSL valgte efter Solidaritets valgsejer ved parlamentsvalget i 1989 at støtte Solidaritet. I 1990 fulgte de kommunistpartiets eksempel og genetablerede sig som et nyt parti. Man valgte at knytte sig til agrartraditionen fra før 1990 og tog det traditionsrige navn PSL. Dette navn nød stor anseelse, da PSL efter 2. Verdenskrig havde gjort alt de kunne for at hindre, at kommunisterne tog al magt i Polen, men måtte give op, da formanden blev tvunget i landflygtighed. Navnet PSL har dybe historiske rødder tilbage til bondebevægelsen i 1800-tallet. PSL sendte parlamentsmedlemmer til det østrigske Rigsråd fra den del af Galicien, som blev kontrolleret af Østrig-Ungarn.

Søsterpartier i Norden
 Norge: Senterpartiet
 Island: Framsóknarflokkurinn
 Sverige: Centerpartiet
 Finland: Centern og Svenska Folkpartiet
 Åland: Centern

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Folkeparti
Kristendemokratiske partier
Etableret i 1990

Polens Folkeparti


قناة المجد الوثائقية هي إحدى قنوات شبكة المجد الفضائية، وهي قناة متخصصة في البرامج الوثائقية في مجالات الطبيعة والعلوم والتاريخ والحياة وتقوم بإعادة إنتاج جميع موادها الوثائقية لتكون ضمن الثوابت الإسلامية وهي أول قناة وثائقية عربية.
وتبث البرامج الوثائقيه المتجددة، وقد بدأ بثها الرسمي في يوم السبت الموافق 1/11/1426هـ في تمام الساعة الثامنة مساءً بتوقيت مكة.

موقع القناة
 موقع قناة المجد الوثائقية

قنوات المجد الفضائية

المجد الوثائقية


Zvijezdani balzam (lat.  Zaluzianskya) biljni rod iz porodice strupnikovki kojemu pripada pedesetak vrsta mirisnog jednogodišnjeg raslinja, polugrmova i grmova.

Rod je raširen po južnoj Africi.

Vrste

 Zaluzianskya acrobareia Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya acutiloba Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya affinis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya angustifolia Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya bella Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya benthamiana Walp.
 Zaluzianskya capensis (L.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya chasmanthiflora (Hilliard) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 Zaluzianskya chrysops Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya cohabitans Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya collina Hiern
 Zaluzianskya crocea Schltr.
 Zaluzianskya diandra Diels
 Zaluzianskya distans Hiern
 Zaluzianskya divaricata (Thunb.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya elgonensis Hedberg
 Zaluzianskya elongata Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya glandulosa Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya glareosa Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya gracilis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya inflata Diels
 Zaluzianskya isanthera Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya kareebergensis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya karrooica Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya katharinae Hiern
 Zaluzianskya lanigera Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya maritima (L.f.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya marlothii Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya microsiphon (Kuntze) K.Schum.
 Zaluzianskya minima (Hiern) Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya mirabilis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya muirii Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya natalensis Bernh.
 Zaluzianskya nemesioides Diels
 Zaluzianskya oreophila Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya ovata (Benth.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya pachyrrhiza Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya parviflora Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya peduncularis (Benth.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya pilosa Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya pilosissima Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya pulvinata Killick
 Zaluzianskya pumila (Benth.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya pusilla (Benth.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya regalis J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 Zaluzianskya rubrostellata Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya sanorum Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya schmitziae Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya spathacea (Benth.) Walp.
 Zaluzianskya sutherlandica Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya synaptica Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya tropicalis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya turritella Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 Zaluzianskya vallispiscis Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya venusta Hilliard
 Zaluzianskya villosa (Thunb.) F.W.Schmidt
 Zaluzianskya violacea Schltr.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Strupnikovke

Zvijezdani balzam


Peter Temple,  baronnet ( - ) est un homme politique anglais qui siège à la Chambre des communes de 1640 à 1653. Il est parlementaire pendant la guerre civile anglaise.

Famille
Temple est le fils de Thomas Temple,  baronnet, de Stowe et de sa femme Hester Sandys, fille de Miles Sandys. Il hérite de la baronnie à la mort de son père en 1637.

Temple épouse Ann Throckmorton, fille de Arthur Throckmorton de Paulerspury, Northamptonshire. Il a deux filles de sa première femme ; l'aînée, Anne, survit jusqu'à un âge avancé tandis que la plus jeune, Martha, est décédée en bas âge. Il se remarie à Christian Leveson, fille de John Leveson et ils ont plusieurs enfants. l'aînée, Frances, épouse le comte de Londonderry. Le fils aîné de Peter, Richard Temple, lui succède au rang de baronnet.

Il a une querelle de longue date avec sa fille Anne, qui épouse Thomas Roper,  Roper vicomte Baltinglass, sans la permission de son père. Anne et son mari poursuivent Peter et son héritier, Richard, pour son héritage par le biais de sa mère, Anne Throckmorton Temple.

Fonctions publiques
En 1634, il est haut shérif du Buckinghamshire et est par conséquent responsable de la collecte de l'impôt controversé du navire dans le Buckinghamshire.

En avril 1640, Temple est élu député de Buckingham au Court Parlement. Il est également élu pour Buckingham en novembre 1640 au Long Parlement. Il prend le parti des parlementaires et se bat pour eux pendant la guerre civile  bien que sa femme, Christian, soit sympathisante royaliste. Il est nommé juge au tribunal qui jugé Charles , mais n'assiste à aucune session .

Relation avec son père
Il est accusé par son père de "gaspiller de l'argent en jouant, en buvant et en d'autres extravagances". Il croit que son père préfère son jeune frère, John, à lui. Dans les années 1620, alors que son père envisage de vendre une terre afin de réduire ses dettes, Peter, lui-même lourdement endetté, s'adresse à la Cour de chancellerie pour empêcher la vente. Finalement, l'affaire juridique entre le père et le fils est réglée dans les années 1630 par un arbitre. Thomas est autorisé à vendre le terrain, mais il doit faire un paiement à Peter. Le père et la mère de Peter, Thomas Temple et Hester Temple, ont déjà passé un accord avec Peter en 1625, par lequel ils quittent le manoir de Stowe, Buckinghamshire, et laissent Sir Peter l'occuper. Peter fait des changements considérables au bâtiment. De 1637 à 1643, Temple vit au n° 2-3 de Tavistock Row, à Covent Garden.

Références

Liens externes

Baronnet
Décès en septembre 1653
Naissance en octobre 1592
Décès à 60 ans

Peter Temple (2e baronnet)


Hamilton Depresyon ölçeği (HAM-D), hekimlerin hastalardaki depresyonun şiddetini ölçmek için kullanabilecekleri 17 soruluk bir testtir. Max Hamilton tarafından 1960'ta yayımlanmıştır ve hala depresyon'un derecesini ölçmek için en yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemdir . Son bir hafta içerisinde yaşantılanan depresyon semptomlarını sorgulayan 17 maddeden oluşur. HAM-D ilk kez hastanede yatan hastalar için geliştirilmiş olduğu için daha çok depresyonun melankolik ve fiziksel semptomları üzerinde durur. Ölçeğin uykuya dalma güçlüğü, gece yarısı uyanma, sabah erken uyanma, somatik semptomlar, genital semptomlar, zayıflama ve içgörü ile ilgili maddeleri 0-2, diğer maddeleri 0-4 arasında derecelendirilmiştir. En yüksek 53 puan alınır. 0-7 puan depresyon olmadığını, 8-15 puan arası hafif derecede depresyonu, 16-28 arası orta derecede depresyonu, 29 ve üzeri ağır derecede depresyonu göstermektedir . Ölçeğin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği Akdemir ve arkadaşları (1996) tarafından da test edilmiştir .

Kaynakça

Hamilton Depresyon Ölçeği


William Henry Wadsworth (* 4. Juli 1821 in Maysville, Kentucky; † 2. April 1893 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1861 und 1865 sowie nochmals zwischen 1885 und 1887 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Leben
William Wadsworth besuchte sowohl öffentliche als auch private Schulen. Danach studierte er bis 1841 am Augusta College im Bracken County. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1844 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Maysville in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig begann er eine politische Laufbahn. Zwischen 1853 und 1856 gehörte er dem Senat von Kentucky an. Bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen des Jahres 1860 war er Wahlmann für die Constitutional Union Party.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1860 wurde er als Unionist im neunten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1861 die Nachfolge von Laban T. Moore antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1862 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1865 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Diese waren von den Ereignissen des Bürgerkrieges geprägt. Gleichzeitig nahm Wadsworth als Oberst im Heer der Union zumindest zeitweise aktiv am Krieg teil. Dabei war er im Stab von General Nelson.

Im Jahr 1864 verzichtete Wadsworth auf eine weitere Kandidatur für den Kongress. 1869 wurde er von Präsident Ulysses S. Grant als Unterhändler nach Mexiko entsandt. Dort sollte er bei der Abwicklung gegenseitiger Ansprüche mitwirken. In dieser Zeit wurde Wadsworth Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei. Bei den Wahlen des Jahres 1884 wurde er als deren Kandidat erneut im neunten Distrikt von Kentucky in den Kongress gewählt. Dort löste er am 4. März 1885 William Wirt Culbertson ab. Da er im Jahr 1886 nicht mehr kandidierte, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1887 nur eine weitere Legislaturperiode im US-Repräsentantenhaus verbringen.

Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Kongress praktizierte Wadsworth wieder als Anwalt. Er starb am 2. April 1893 in seinem Geburtsort Maysville.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Senats von Kentucky
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1821
Gestorben 1893
Mann

William H. Wadsworth


Paypayrola guianensis est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Violaceae.

Paypayrola guianensis est connu en Guyane sous le nom d'Encens rouge, Bois poule (Créole), Wila poloelaa (Wayãpi) ou Yauknabui (Palikur), et au Suriname Físibía (Saramaka), Taja oedoe, Tajahoedoe, Visibia (Nenge tongo), Akaradan (Arawak).

Description
Paypayrola guianensis est un arbusteou petit arbre, glabre, atteignant  de haut. Les tiges sont pileuses à glabrescentes.

Les feuilles mesurant , sont glabres sur les 2 faces, parfois bicolores, de forme ovale-lancéolée à obovale-oblongue, à marge entières ou un peu quelques dentée, à sommet arrondi ou brièvement acuminé, et à base obtuse, courtement atténuée, cunéiforme, aiguë ou arrondie.
La nervation est eucamptodrome, avec 5-6 paires de nervures latérales, fortement arquées.
Le pétiole est mince, long de .

L'inflorescence est généralement en grappe ou en panicules étroits, terminaux, longs de , densiflores, avec l'axe central pileux.
Les pédicelles sont presque absents, longs de .

Les boutons sont cylindriques plus ou moins renflés à la base.
La fleur blanchâtre atteint jusqu'à  de long.
Les sépales sont inégaux, de forme ovale-obtuse, ovale-suborbiculé à largement ovale, mesurant .
La corolle renflée à la base, large de , et composée de pétales jaunes, de forme longlinéaire à oblongue-lancéolée, mesurant .
Les filets forment un tube haut de , avec les anthères mesurant environ  de diamètre, le connectif en forme d'écailles, subulé, long d'environ , dépourvu d'appendice.
Le pistil est deux fois plus grand que le tube du filet.
L'ovaire, mesurant , est glabre, avec le style obovoïde, long de , émergeant du tube des filets.
Il contient les ovules en 2 rangs sur les placentas.

Le fruit est une capsule fusiforme au péricarpe vert, mesurant .
Chaque valve contient 4 graines sphériques, de couleur brun clair, mesurant .

Répartition
Paypayrola guianensis est présent en Colombie, au Venezuela (Amazonas : Río Cunucunuma), au Guyana, au Suriname, en Guyane, et au Brésil.

Écologie
Paypayrola guianensis se trouve au Venezuela dans les forêts ripicoles autour de  d'altitude.
Ce petit arbre, souvent cauliflore, est présent dans le sous-bois des forêts anciennes de terre ferme (non inondée) en Guyane, où il fleurit en Juin et fructifie en Juillet.
Il pousse dans les recrus forestiers en Guyane, et dans la végétation saisonnièrement inondée au Suriname.

Paypayrola guianensis est un arbuste ou petit arbre qui fleurit en Octobre-Décembre et fructifie en Juillet. Sa dissémination est de type autochore, ses graines sont de taille moyenne , et son délai de germination est court (inférieur à 1 mois).

Utilisation
Le bois de Paypayrola guianensis est de couleur rosée avec fine moucheture. Il est peu abondant et peu employé, mais est pourtant facile à travailler, et peut servir pour la menuiserie intérieure et la charpenterie.
La structure de ce bois a été décrite.
Le bois de Paypayrola guianensis (densité : 0,65) présente un pouvoir calorifique supérieur de  ou .
Paypayrola guianensis produit un bois peu denses mais durable (perte de masse à 6 mois P6 % = 9,0 ; P6 relative = 25% ; densité 12% = 0,69 ; infradensité = 0,55).

Paypayrola guianensis est employé à des fins médicinales et technologiques chez les Saramaka au Suriname.

À Camopi, la décoction d'écorce de Paypayrola guianensis est considérée fébrifuge par les Wayãpi.

La tisane de fleurs d'une espèce proche, Paypayrola grandiflora Tulasne, est employée pour lutter contre l'anémie en Amazonie colombienne.

Histoire naturelle
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Violaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Paypayrola guianensis


මැලේ බසින් ඇති සිංගප්පූරුවේ ජාතික ගීය මජාලා සිංහපුරා වේ.

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

Official recordings of "Majulah Singapura" (2001, 2019 variants) on The National Heritage Board of Singapore website
Earlier Version of Majulah Singapura, Recorded on 1959
Digitised National Anthem from the original CD, Released on 2000-01-01
National anthem page, Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore
Singapore National Anthem information page at Singapore Infopedia
Majulah Singapura: Zubir Said and the National Anthem 9 August 2020 Majulah Singapura – Zubir Said and the National Anthem

ජාතික ගී
මැලේ ගී
Asian anthems
National symbols of Singapore
Singaporean songs
National anthems
1958 songs
Compositions in F major

මජාලා සිංහපුරා


John Duncan, né en 1805 dans le Wigtownshire à la ferme de Culdoch près de Kirkcudbright et mort le  dans le golfe du Bénin, est un explorateur britannique.

Biographie

John Duncan participe dès 1841 à une expédition au Niger lors de laquelle il est blessé par une flèche empoisonnée. Dans le but de visiter les monts de Kong, il organise de 1842 à 1844 deux expéditions dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique en suivant le fleuve Niger. Blessé, il parvient au Dahomey et passe Abomey (1845) avant de revenir à la côte.

Vice-consul à Ouidah, il met en place en 1849 une troisième expédition mais atteint d'une violente fièvre, il meurt lors du trajet en bateau sur le navire Kingfisher, le 3 novembre.

Publication

 Travels in western Africa in 1845 and 1846 comprising a journey from Whydah through the Kingsdon of Dahomay to Adofoodia in the interior (publié en 1847)

Hommage

Il fait partie de la longue liste d'explorateur donnée par Jules Verne dans le premier chapitre de son roman Cinq semaines en ballon.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Explorateur écossais du XIXe siècle
Explorateur de l'Afrique
Naissance en 1805
Décès en novembre 1849
Décès en mer

John Duncan (explorateur)


O Seminário Teológico da União (Union Theological Seminary) na cidade de Nova York ou simplesmente UTS é um seminário liberal cristão ecumênico privado  em Morningside Heights, Manhattan, afiliado à vizinha Uniersidade de Columbia. Desde 1928, o seminário tem servido como a faculdade constituinte de teologia de Columbia. Em 1964, a UTS também estabeleceu uma afiliação com o vizinho Seminário Teológico Judaico da América.

Trata-se de um seminário independente mais antigo dos Estados Unidos e há muito é conhecido como um monumento à erudição cristã progressista (esquerda), com vários pensadores proeminentes entre seus professores ou ex-alunos. Foi fundada em 1836 por membros da Igreja Presbiteriana nos EUA,  mas estava aberta a estudantes de todas as denominações. Em 1893, a UTS rescindiu o direito da Assembléia Geral da Igreja Presbiteriana de vetar as nomeações do corpo docente, tornando-se assim totalmente independente. No século 20, ele se tornou um centro do cristianismo liberal. Serviu como berço da teologia negra, da teologia feminista e de outros movimentos teológicos. Abriga a Biblioteca Burke no Seminário Teológico da União, uma das maiores bibliotecas teológicas do Hemisfério Ocidental.

Referências

Morningside Heights
Upper West Side
Universidades da cidade de Nova Iorque
Universidade Columbia
!Artigos com coordenadas no Wikidata
Teologia
Progressismo

Seminário Teológico da União (Nova York)