This is a list of aviation-related events from 1968.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was a military shootdown, namely the 1968 Kham Duc C-130 shootdown, when a United States Air Force Lockheed C-130B Hercules was shot down in southern Vietnam on 12 May, during the Vietnam War, killing all 189 people on board; it was at the time the deadliest plane crash of all time. The deadliest civil aviation accident was South African Airways Flight 228, a Boeing 707 which crashed shortly after takeoff from Windhoek, South West Africa on 20 April, killing 123 of the 128 people on board.

Events
 In the 1968 White Paper on Defence, the British Labour government announces that the Royal Navys aircraft carrier force will be phased out as soon as the United Kingdom has completed its withdrawal from Malaysia, Singapore, and the Persian Gulf, scheduled for the end of 1971.
 The original Golden West Airlines is founded, headquartered at Van Nuys, California.

January
 North Vietnamese Antonov An-2 utility biplanes conduct bombing raids into Laos and fly night missions against ships and craft of the South Vietnamese Navy.
 After the Soviet Union complains about damage to a Soviet merchant ship in Haiphong Harbor by American air attack, President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration promises to make every effort to avoid a recurrence of such damage.
 January 1 – East Germany – the German Democratic Republic (GDR) – abolishes its national civil aviation authority, the Hauptverwaltung der Zivilen Luftfahrt (Central Administration for Civil Aviation), and replaces it with the Staatliche Luftfahrt-Inspektion der DDR (Public Department of Aviation of the GDR), which assumes its functions.
 January 6 – An Aeroflot Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-47733) breaks up at an altitude of  and crashes  from Olyokma in the Soviet Union′s Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, killing all 45 people on board. An errant antiaircraft missile is suspected of having accidentally shot it down.
 January 8 – A United States Marine Corps CH-53A #65-100 crashed in the Hải Lăng Forest, South Vietnam, killing all 46 personnel on board.
 January 10 – A United States Navy C-54P Skymaster encounters severe turbulence, goes into an uncontrolled descent, crashes into Mount Tobin in Pershing County, Nevada,  below its summit, and slides  down the mountain's side, killing all 19 people on board.
 January 16 – A U.S. Navy Lockheed P-3A-50-LO Orion crashes into a mountain near Iwakuni, Japan, killing all 12 people on board.
 January 17 – A United States Air Force KC-135A-BN Stratotanker overrotates during takeoff from Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, in a snowstorm, stalls, and crashes, killing all 13 people on board. United States Air Force Major General Charles M. Eisenhart is among the dead.
 January 18–19 (overnight) – A U.S. Navy UH-2 Seasprite piloted by Lieutenant Junior Grade Clyde E. Lassen makes a daring rescue of downed fliers in North Vietnam. For his actions, Lassen will become the only U.S. Navy helicopter pilot to be awarded the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War.
 January 19 – A C-130 Hercules of U.S. Navy Air Transport Squadron 24 (VR-24) and U.S. Navy helicopters from Naval Air Station Sigonella, Italy, deliver relief supplies to 40,000 people rendered homeless around Montevago by the Belice earthquake in western Sicily.
 January 21 – A United States Air Force B-52 Stratofortress carrying four nuclear weapons crashes in the sea near Thule Air Base in Greenland.
 January 27 – The left wing of an Air Comores de Havilland DH.114 Heron (registration F-OCED) strikes a light alongside the runway while landing at Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport in Moroni, Comoros. The plane climbs with its flaps down, crashes into rocks, and plunges into the Indian Ocean, killing 15 of the 16 people on board.

February
 February 1 – The Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy are disestablished as they merge with the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Armed Forces.
 February 6 – A United States Navy P-3B Orion flying an antisubmarine patrol crashes into the Gulf of Thailand  off Phú Quốc island, South Vietnam, killing all 12 people on board.
 February 7 – An Indian Air Force Antonov An-12BP (NATO reporting name "Cub") flying over India in deteriorating weather crashes at an altitude of  on Dhaka Glacier near Chandrabhaga Peak 13, killing all 102 people on board. It is the deadliest accident involving an An-12 and at the time it is the deadliest aviation accident in Indian history. The aircraft's wreckage is not found until August 2003.
 February 9 – Claiming to be a civilian employee of a U.S. airline, 19-year-old United States Marine Corps 1st Marine Division Private First Class William Lee Clark is allowed to board a Pan Am Douglas DC-6 with 83 people on board as it prepares to depart Da Nang Airport in Da Nang, South Vietnam, for a charter flight carrying U.S. military personnel to Hong Kong for rest and recreation. He enters the cockpit brandishing a pistol and orders the flight crew to fly him to Hong Kong as well. They shut down the engines but restart them when he threatens to shoot them. During 2 hours and 45 minutes of negotiations, he releases all the passengers, after which the commander of U.S. military forces in Vietnam, United States Army General William Westmoreland, orders tear gas to be shot into the plane. With Clark distracted by the tear gas attack, the copilot disarms and overpowers him.
 February 10 – .50-caliber (12.7-mm) machine gun fire hits a U.S. Marine Corps KC-130F Hercules carrying a cargo of flamethrowers and rubber bladders filled with jet fuel while it is on final approach to Khe Sanh, South Vietnam, setting one of the fuel bladders and one of its engines on fire. The pilot lands the plane at Khe Sanh, but the rubber bladders explodes into flames after the plane touches down, killing eight of the 11 people on board.
 February 16 – A Civil Air Transport Boeing 727-92C lands short of the runway at Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, rolls for , becomes airborne again, then crashes into trees and a farmhouse, killing 21 of the 63 people on board and one person on the ground.
 February 17 – Deciding that he is a Communist who hates the United States, 31-year-old Thomas Boynton charters a Piper Apache to fly him from Marathon to Miami, Florida, then points a gun at the pilot's head shortly after takeoff and orders him to fly to Havana, Cuba, instead. Boynton requests political asylum upon arrival in Havana, but Cuban authorities arrest him and he will spend 20 months in Cuba, mostly in jail. He will be allowed to travel to Canada in October 1969 and will return to the United States in November 1969.
 February 21 – Seven minutes after Delta Air Lines Flight 843 – a Douglas DC-8 with 109 people on board, including professional golfer Barbara Romack, bound for Palm Beach, Florida – takes off from Tampa International Airport in Tampa, Florida – Lawrence Rhodes pulls a pistol on a female flight attendant and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba. After the airliner spends three hours on the ground at Havana, Cuban authorities allow it to return to the United States.
 February 24 – A Royal Air Lao Douglas DC-3 strikes a mountain and crashes into the Mekong River near Ban Napa, Laos, about  north of Vientiane, killing everyone on board. The number of people on board is somewhere between 22 and 37, according to different sources.
 February 29 – Aeroflot Flight 15, an Ilyushin Il-18D (registration CCCP-74252), experiences an in-flight emergency at an altitude of . Its crew initiates an emergency descent, but the airliner breaks up in mid-air as it passes through  and crashes in flames  northwest of Parchum in the Irkutsk Region of the Soviet Union′s Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, killing 83 of the 84 people on board. Miraculously, one passenger survives, falling to earth with a large piece of airframe skin.

March
 The U.S. Air Force conducts reconnaissance flights over South Vietnam and Laos using Lockheed U-2s and over North Vietnam using SR-71 Blackbirds.
 The United States plans air strikes against North Korea in retaliation for the January 30 North Korean seizure of the United States Navy technical research ship , but then cancels them.
 March 5
 Three hijackers commandeer an Avianca Douglas C-54A-15-DC Skymaster (registration HK-136) with 32 people on board during a domestic flight in Colombia from Valledupar to Baranquilla and force it to fly to Santiago de Cuba in Cuba.
 After the flight crew of Air France Flight 212, a Boeing 707-328C (registration F-BLCJ), mistakes the lights of Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, for those of Pointe-à-Pitre and begins its descent to a night landing at Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport on the wrong course, the airliner crashes into the volcano La Soufriere on Guadeloupe, killing all 63 people on board.
 March 6 – After a Republic of Vietnam Air Force C-123K Provider carrying troops and spare parts aborts its approach to Khe Sanh, South Vietnam, because of a light plane on the runway and circles for another approach, ground fire shoots it down. The C-123K spirals into the ground, killing all 49 people on board.
 March 7 – Aeroflot Flight 3153, a Tupolev Tu-124 (registration CCCP-45019) stalls and crashes just after takeoff from Volgograd Airport in Volgograd in the Soviet Union after its crew inadvertently activates its spoilers. The airliner is destroyed and one crew member dies, but the other 48 people on board survive.
 March 8
After Air Manila International Flight 507, a Fairchild F-27 (registration PI-C871) flies into a cumulonimbus cloud, it encounters severe turbulence, loses both horizontal stabilizers and part of its right wing, catches fire, and crashes into the Sibuyan Sea off Ibajay in the Western Visayas in the Philippines, killing all 14 people on board.
The United States Army announces that Bell Helicopters Model 206A has won the Light Observation Helicopter competition. It will go into production for the Army as the Bell OH-58 Kiowa.
 March 9 – When the flight crew of a French Air Force Douglas DC-6B fails to follow the normal procedure of turning out over the Indian Ocean after takeoff from Gillot Airport on Réunion and instead flies in a straight line, the aircraft crashes into a hill, killing 16 of the 17 people on board. The Chief of the Defence Staff of France, General Charles Ailleret, is among the dead.
 March 12 – Two armed men hijack National Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-8 flying from Tampa to Miami, Florida, with 58 people on board, and force it to fly them to Havana, Cuba. They exit the plane in Havana with a Mexican man they appear to have taken as a hostage.
 March 21 – Three hijackers commandeer an Avensa Convair CV-440 during a domestic flight in Venezuela from Caracas to Maracaibo and force it to fly them to Cuba.
 March 24 – Aer Lingus Flight 712, a Vickers Viscount 803, crashes into St. George's Channel off Tuskar Rock, County Wexford, Ireland, killing all 61 people on board. No cause for the crash is ever determined.
 March 27
The first person in space and first to orbit the Earth, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, is one of two people killed in the crash of a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15UTI (NATO reporting name "Fagot") two-seat trainer  east of Moscow.
A modern new terminal opens at Cyprus's only airport, Nicosia International Airport, with a capacity to handle 800 passengers and 11 airliners at one time. It will remain in use only until July 1974, when the Turkish invasion of Cyprus forces the permanent closure and abandonment of the airport.

April
 The African Airlines Association is founded.
 April 1 – A United States Navy P-3B-90-LO Orion flying a surveillance patrol over the Gulf of Thailand comes under fire by a Royal Cambodian Navy vessel near Hon Doc in the Hà Tiên Islands. The plane is damaged, and one of its engines catches fire. The fire gets out of control, and the P-3B crashes off the island of Hon Vang, off Phú Quốc, South Vietnam, killing all 12 people on board.
 April 3 – President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration restricts American bombing of North Vietnam to targets south of the 19th Parallel.
 April 5 – To protest against the lack of an aerial display to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Air Force four days earlier and to demonstrate against the government of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Flight Lieutenant Alan Pollock of the RAFs No. 1(F) Squadron makes an unauthorised display flight in a Hawker Hunter during which he "beats up" (i.e., buzzes) several RAF airfields and flies low over London, where circles the Houses of Parliament, dips his wings to the Royal Air Force Memorial, and flies under the top span of Tower Bridge, becoming the first person to fly under the bridges upper span in a jet aircraft. He is arrested upon his return to base.
 April 8
An engine falls off the BOAC Boeing 707-465 G-ARWE, operating as Flight 712, seconds after takeoff from London Heathrow Airport in England, setting the wing on fire. The aircraft makes a perfect emergency landing, but the fire then spreads, killing five and injuring 38 of the 127 people on board. Among the injured are Israeli ambassador to the Soviet Union Katriel Katz and pop singer Mark Wynter. For her heroism in evacuating passengers before herself dying in the fire, flight attendant Barbara Jane Harrison posthumously receives the George Cross, while Chief Steward Nevile Davis-Gordon receives the British Empire Medal for Gallantry and air traffic controller John Davis is appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
Ladeco Flight 213, a Douglas C-49K (registration CC-CBM), crashes in the Emperador Guillermo Mountains  north-northwest of Coyhaique, Chile, while on approach to Balmaceda Airport in Balmaceda, Chile, killing all 36 people on board.
 April 10 – A Douglas R4D-3 initiating service on a new domestic route in Mexico for Aerovias Rojas from Aguascalientes to Mexico City crashes near Villa del Carbón, killing all 18 people on board.
 April 14–19 – Over 100 U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress sorties, 200 U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marine Corps tactical aircraft sorties, and numerous aerial rocket artillery missions strike enemy positions in South Vietnams A Shau Valley.
 April 19
The United States Army's 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) begins Operation Delaware in the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam, a helicopter-borne assault on North Vietnamese Army forces there. Facing heavy antiaircraft fire, it loses 10 helicopters shot down and 13 more damaged on the first day of the operation.
A Royal Air Force Avro Shackleton MR.2 (WB833) climbing through mist during an antisubmarine exercise crashes on Glenmanuilt Hill, Mull of Kintyre, Scotland, killing all 11 people on board.
 April 20 – South African Airways Flight 228, the Boeing 707-344C Pretoria, crashes just after takeoff from J. G. Strijdom International Airport in Windhoek, South-West Africa (now Namibia), killing 123 of the 128 people on board. It remains the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Namibia.
 April 21 – National Airlines retires the last of its Lockheed L-188A Electra propjets and becomes an all-jet airline, operating a fleet of Douglas DC-8 and Boeing 727 airliners.
 April 22 – An Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-18V on a training flight strikes overhead power lines and crashes near Moskva Domodedovo Airport outside Moscow, killing all five people on board.
 April 28 – A Beechcraft 65 Queen Air crashes and burns near Beaumont, Texas, killing all seven people on board – all six members of the Lamar Tech track team and the pilot.
 April 29 – The Royal Netherlands Navy decommissions its last aircraft carrier, HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81). She will be sold to Argentina on October 15.
 April 30 – A Pakistan Air Force Lockheed L-100 Hercules breaks up in turbulence and crashes near PAF Base Chaklala in Chaklala, Pakistan, killing all 22 people on board.

May
 The United States begins to use the AGM-78 Standard Antiradiation Missile (ARM) against North Vietnamese SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery sites.
 The United States deploys electronic intelligence aircraft to Southeast Asia.
 Pan Am serves 122 airports, more than any other U.S. airline. Frontier Airlines is second, serving 100 airports.
 May 3 – Braniff Flight 352, a Lockheed L-188A Electra, breaks up in midair after flying into a severe thunderstorm and crashes near Dawson, Texas, killing all 85 people on board. Among the dead is Joseph E. Lockridge of the Texas House of Representatives.
 May 5 – A Grumman Gulfstream II becomes the first executive jet to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
 May 7 – The wing of a Royal Air Force Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy C.1 strikes an obstruction as the aircraft conducts a flypast at RAF El Adem in Libya. The Argosy crashes onto the runway, cartwheels, and bursts into flames, killing all 11 people on board.
 May 12 – Participating in the evacuation of South Vietnamese civilians from the camp at Kham Duc, South Vietnam, during the Battle of Kham Duc, a United States Air Force C-130B Hercules takes off from the Kham Duc airstrip under heavy North Vietnamese Army fire. It is shot down immediately after takeoff and crashes about a mile (1.6 km) from the end of the runway, killing all 155 people on board. It is the deadliest aircraft crash in history at the time.
 May 16 – Air Micronesia begins flight operations.
 May 17 – Operation Delaware in South Vietnams A Shau Valley comes to an end. The U.S. Armys 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) has captured a large amount of North Vietnamese equipment and supplies but has faced the heaviest enemy antiaircraft fire it has encountered thus far in the Vietnam War, losing 21 helicopters shot down during the operation.
 May 22 – Los Angeles Airways Flight 841, a Sikorsky S-61L, crashes in a dairy farm in Paramount, California, killing all 23 people on board. It was the worst helicopter accident in the history of the United States at the time.
 May 23 – A ship-launched surface-to-air missile destroys an enemy aircraft for the first time in history when the U.S. Navy guided-missile cruiser  shoots down a North Vietnamese MiG flying over North Vietnam with a RIM-8 Talos missile at a range of 65 nautical miles (75 statute miles; 120 km). It is the first of three North Vietnamese aircraft shot down by Talos missiles during the Vietnam War.
 May 28 – Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892, a Convair CV-990-30A-5 (registration PK-GJA), crashes near Nala Sopara minutes after takeoff from Santacruz Airport in Bombay, India, killing all 29 people on board and one person on the ground.

June
 The 101st Airborne Division is redesignated as the U.S. Armys second airmobile division and renamed the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile). Its conversion into an airmobile division will not be complete for a year.
 June 5 – North Vietnam demands an unconditional end to American bombing of its territory.
 June 12 – After the flight crew of Pan Am Flight 1, the Boeing 707-321C Clipper Caribbean (registration N798PA), misunderstands the barometric pressure sent to them by air traffic control while on approach to Dum Dum Airport in Calcutta, India, and sets their instruments to the wrong pressure, giving them false altitude readings, the airliner descends too quickly, strikes a tree, and crashes  short of the runway. The crash results in a hull loss of the aircraft and kills six of the 63 people on board.
 June 18 – After a missed approach to San Sebastián Airport in San Sebastián, Spain, in poor weather during a demonstration flight for Italian industrialist Lino Zanussi, a Piaggio PD.808 (registration I-PIAI) fails to follow established procedures by turning right instead of left. It crashes into the Jaizkibel mountains, killing all six people on board, including Zanussi.
 June 19 – Fifteen minutes after taking off from Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic for a flight to Curaçao with 81 people on board, a Viasa Douglas DC-9 is hijacked and forced to fly to Santiago de Cuba in Cuba.
 June 26 – Flying Tiger Line takes delivery of its first Douglas DC-8.
 June 29 – A hijacker commandeers Southeast Airlines Flight 101 during a flight from Miami to Key West, Florida, with 17 people on board and forces it to fly him to Cuba.

July
 July 1
Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A, a chartered Douglas DC-8 Super 63CF carrying 214 American troops on their way to South Vietnam and a crew of 24, strays into Soviet airspace during a flight from Seattle, Washington, to Yokota Air Base in Japan. Soviet MiG-17 (NATO reporting name "Fresco") fighters intercept the DC-8 and force it to land at Burevestnik airfield on Iturup Island in the Kurile Islands, where it spends two days before being allowed to proceed to Japan.
A Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation operated by the International Red Cross crashes short of the airstrip at Uli, Nigeria, in poor weather conditions, killing one of the four people on board and destroying  tons of medical supplies destined for Biafra.
 Homesick for his native Cuba since arriving in the United States in July 1967, Mario Velazquez uses a .38-caliber revolver he smuggled aboard in a milk carton to hijack Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 714 – a Boeing 727-051 (registration N475US) with 92 people on board – as it descends toward Miami, Florida, at the end of a flight from Chicago, Illinois, demanding to be flown to Cuba. Escorted by United States Air Force fighters – unknown to its flight crew, because the fighters never make visual or radio contact with the airliner – the plane lands at José Martí International Airport in Havana, Cuba, becoming the first Boeing 727 ever to land in Cuba. Cuban soldiers board the airliner and arrest Velazquez. Cuban authorities allow the Boeing 727 and its crew to return to the United States on the morning of July 2, but require the passengers to transfer by bus to Varadero Airport in Varadero, Cuba, where they board an Airlift International Douglas DC-7C without enough seats for all them for the flight back to the United States, and they arrive at Miami early on the afternoon of July 2.
 July 3 – A BKS Air Transport Airspeed Ambassador carrying eight racehorses belonging to businessman William Hill crashes while landing at London Heathrow Airport in England. The aircraft cartwheels into the incomplete Heathrow Terminal 1, striking and damaging two parked and empty British European Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident 1 airliners along the way. Six of the eight people aboard the plane and all eight horses are killed.
 July 4 – A lone hijacker takes control of Trans World Airlines Flight 329, a Boeing 727 with 71 people on board flying from Kansas City, Missouri, to Las Vegas, Nevada.
 July 8 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Convair CV-340 crashes after aborting its third approach at Dhahran International Airport due to visibility problems created by blowing dust. The crash kills all 11 people on board.
 July 12
Over West Virginia, 33-year-old Oran Richards pulls out a .45-caliber pistol aboard Delta Air Lines Flight 977 – a Convair CV-880 with 55 people on board flying from Baltimore, Maryland, to Houston, Texas – and points it at the first person he sees walking toward the aisle, who happens to be United States Senator James Eastland of Mississippi. Richards claims to be dying of cancer and demands to be flown to Cuba. The flight engineer talks him out of it, and Richards surrenders his gun, curls up on the floor of the cockpit and weeps.
 As an Island City Flying Service Cessna 210 flies from Key West to Miami, Florida, 33-year-old Leonard Bendicks pulls out a gun and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba, where he is arrested. He gives no reason for the hijacking. Cuba will deport him to Canada in September 1969, and shortly afterward he will be arrested in the United States.
 July 13 – A Sabena Boeing 707 cargo aircraft (registration OO-SJK) strikes trees and crashes on approach to Lagos Airport in Nigeria, killing all seven people on board.
 July 17 – A lone hijacker commandeers National Airlines Flight 1064, a Douglas DC-8 with 63 people on board flying from Los Angeles, California, to Miami, Florida, and forces it to fly him to Cuba.
 July 21 – Flying in poor weather, an Aeroflot Antonov An-2R (registration CCCP-32209) strays  off course and crashes into a steep mountain slope at an altitude of ,  southwest of Sufi-Kurgan in the Soviet Union′s Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, killing all 14 people on board.
 July 23 – History's first Palestinian hijacking of an aircraft for purposes of political extortion takes place when three members of the Al-Asifa ("The Storm") unit of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijack El Al Flight 426, a Boeing 707 with 48 other people on board, during a flight from London Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom to Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome, Italy, and divert it to Algiers Airport in Dar El Beïda, Algeria, just outside Algiers. announcing that they have named the airliner Liberation of Palestine. They release the 26 non-Israeli passengers the following day and 10 more women and children five days later. They release the 12 remaining hostages unharmed on 1 September in exchange for between 16 and 24 Arab prisoners held in Israel, after which an Air France crew flies the airliner back to Israel.
 July 28 – During its descent to Recife/Guararapes International Airport in Recife, Brazil, a United States Air Force C-124C Globemaster II crashes into a 1,890-foot-tall (576-meter-tall) hill, killing all 10 people on board.
 July 30 – While its crew is practicing an emergency descent from  during am aerial refueling training mission, a U.S. Air Force KC-135A-BN Stratotanker′s vertical stabilizer separates from the aircraft during a sharp turn. The tanker aircraft crashes in a forest on Mount Lassen,  east of Red Bluff, California, killing all nine people on board.

August
 The British government purchases Beagle Aircraft to ensure the continued development and production of light aircraft in the United Kingdom.
 August 2 – Drifting off course in bad weather on approach to Milan–Malpensa Airport in Italy′s Milan metropolitan area, Alitalia Flight 660, a Douglas DC-8-43 (registration I-DIWF) crashes into a wooded hillside, resulting in the aircraft's hull loss and killing 13 of the 95 people on board.
 August 3 – Flying in rain and poor visibility, Aeroflot Flight 961, an Antonov An-2 (registration CCCP-01118) crashes into a wooded slope in the Skalisty Range  northeast of Psebai in the Soviet Union′s Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, killing all 14 people on board.
 August 4 – Absent without leave from the United States Army, 27-year-old Willis Jessie kidnaps his two-year-old daughter from his ex-wife and hires a Cessna 172 to take the two of them on a sightseeing flight over Naples, Florida. Once the plane is airborne, he pulls out a pistol and orders the pilot to fly to Havana, Cuba. Jessie is imprisoned after arriving in Havana, and his daughter is placed in a foster home. They both will return to the United States in January 1969.
 August 9 – A British Eagle International Airlines Vickers 739A Viscount (registration G-ATFN) suffers a generator failure while over West Germany which makes it impossible for its crew to maintain awareness of its flight attitude. The crew loses control of the airliner, its wings and elevator fracture, and it crashes on the Nuremberg-Munich highway, breaking up on impact and killing all 48 people on board.
 August 10 – On approach to Charleston-Kanawha County Airport in Charleston, West Virginia, Piedmont Airlines Flight 230, a Fairchild FH-227B (registration N712U), strikes trees  from the runway threshold, then strikes up-sloping terrain  short of the runway and continues up the hill until it comes to rest  beyond the threshold and  from the right edge of the runway. The crash kills 35 of the 37 people on board – the deadliest accident involving an FH-227 – and results in the first hull loss of an FH-227.
 August 13 – Swedish Count Carl Gustav von Rosen defies Nigerian air defences to fly in supplies to the Biafran rebels
 August 14 – Los Angeles Airways Flight 417 crashes at Compton, California, resulting in the loss of 21 lives. The accident aircraft was the prototype of the Sikorsky S-61L.
 August 18 – A United Arab Airlines Antonov An-24B (registration SU-AOL) flying from Cairo to Damascus crashes into the Mediterranean Sea at  – about 180 km (97 nautical miles) south of Cyprus – killing all 40 people on board.
 August 20–21 (overnight) – Soviet paratroopers seize Prague Ruzyně International Airport in Prague, Czechoslovakia, facilitating the arrival there by air of additional Soviet troops and equipment as the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact begin their invasion of Czechoslovakia.
 August 28 – McDonnell Douglas completes the 3,000th F-4 Phantom II.
 August 31 – The Rolls-Royce RB.211 is successfully ground-tested.

September
 The United States introduces the Rockeye cluster bomb into service, employing it in the Vietnam War.
 The U.S. Navy introduces the EKA-3B Skywarrior into service, employing it over Vietnam. It is configured to serve both as an aerial tanker and as an electronic countermeasures aircraft.
 The U.S. Navy guided-missile cruiser  shoots down a North Vietnamese MiG flying over North Vietnam with a RIM-8 Talos surface-to-air missile at a range of 61 nautical miles (70 statute miles; 113 km). It is the second of three North Vietnamese aircraft shot down by Talos missiles during the Vietnam War and the first since 23 May 1968.
 Air Moorea is formed in French Polynesia.
 September 3 – When its crew tries to descend below clouds to make a visual approach to Burgas Airport in Burgas, Bulgaria, a Bulair Ilyushin Il-18E flies into the ground, killing 47 of the 82 people on board.
 September 11
Air New Zealand flies T. H. Williams, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith's navigator, to Sydney to commemorate the 40th anniversary of their first trans-Tasman flight.
Air France Flight 1611, a Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III, catches fire in mid-air and crashes into the Mediterranean Sea off Nice, France, killing all 95 people on board. Among the dead is the French Army Général de division René Cogny.
 Wanted for a bank robbery in Ladonia, Texas, and armed with a .22-caliber Colt revolver, Charles Lavern Beasley hijacks an Air Canada Vickers Viscount with 22 people on board during a domestic flight in Canada from Saint John, New Brunswick, to Toronto, Ontario, and demands to be flown to Cuba. After the flight crew convinces him that they need to refuel first, the airliner lands at Montreal, Quebec, where Beasley releases two passengers and two stewardesses and eventually surrenders peacefully to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
 September 19 – A U.S. Navy F-8C Crusader fighter of Fighter Squadron 111 (VF-111) shoots down a North Vietnamese MiG fighter. It is believed to be the last American air-to-air victory in the Vietnam War until March 1970.
September 20
At the Farnborough Air Show at Farnborough, Hampshire, England, six members of the French Air Force die when their Breguet 1150 Atlantic crashes while performing a demonstration of the aircrafts ability to fly on a single engine.
 A hijacker takes control of Eastern Airlines Flight 950, a Boeing 720 with 53 people on board, during a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami, Florida, and forces it to fly him to Cuba.
September 22
 Shortly after an Avianca Boeing 727-59 (registration HK-1401) with 77 people on board takes off from Baranquilla for a domestic flight in Colombia to Cartagena, a male passenger hijacks it and forces it to fly him to Camagüey, Cuba.
 A male passenger hijacks Avianca Flight 654, a Douglas C-54A-5-DC Skymaster (registration HK-172) with 56 people on board flying in Colombia from Baranquilla to Santa Marta, and forces it to fly him to Santiago de Cuba in Cuba.
 September 24 – After a United States Air Force Boeing KC-135A-BN Stratotanker carrying Strategic Air Command personnel from Guam to the United States develops engine trouble over the Pacific Ocean, its crew opts to divert to Wake Island Airfield on Wake Island. On final approach to Wake Island Airfield, the KC-135A contacts the ocean's surface, bounces onto the runway, strikes instrument landing system aerials, and bursts into flames, killing 11 of the 56 people on board.
 September 28 – A Pan African Airlines Douglas C-54B-1-DC Skymaster on final approach to Port Harcourt Airport in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, strikes trees and crashes in a village, killing all 57 people on board and one person on the ground. The plane's cargo of munitions explodes, causing a massive fire.
 September 29 – A Grumman Goose on a routine air taxi flight in California from Los Angeles to Santa Catalina Island piloted by test pilot Bill Bridgeman crashes into the Pacific Ocean, killing Bridgeman. His body is never found.
 September 30 – The first Boeing 747 is rolled out.

October
 Air Jamaica is established. It will begin flight operations in April 1969.
 October 1 – A United States Air Force KC-135A-BN Stratotanker loses power in one engine on takeoff from U-Tapao airfield in Thailand and crashes, killing its entire crew of four.
 October 3 – A U.S. Air Force C-7B Caribou carrying troops collides during its initial climb after takeoff from Camp Evans in South Vietnam at an altitude of  with a United States Army CH-47A Chinook helicopter approaching the camp for a landing with troops and mail on board. Both aircraft crash, killing all 13 people on the Caribou and all 11 on the Chinook.
 October 6 – Three hijackers commandeer an Aeromaya Hawker Siddeley HS 748-230 Series 2 (registration XA-SE) during a domestic flight in Mexico from Cozumel to Mérida and force it to fly them to Cuba.
 October 7 – On approach to Paso Canoas Airport in Paso Canoas, Costa Rica, an Aerovias del Valle Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander crashes on a beach at the mouth of the Rio Grande de Terraba  west of the airport, killing all 10 people on board.
 October 11 – The CSA Czech Airlines Avia 14-32A Svit Gottwaldov (registration OK-MCJ) crashes near Ptice, Czechoslovakia, just after takeoff from Prague Ruzyně International Airport in Prague, killing 11 of the 40 people on board.
 October 20
A U.S. Air Force C-47D Skytrain suffers an in-flight engine failure and crashes  south of Buôn Ma Thuột, South Vietnam, killing all 23 people on board.
A Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul C-47A-25-DK Skytrain (registration PP-SAD) suffers an engine failure after takeoff from Feijó Airport in Feijó, Brazil, and crashes while attempting to return to the airport, killing all 19 people on board.
 October 22 – During a night approach to Ching Chuan Kang Air Base in Taichung, Taiwan, a U.S. Air Force KC-135A-BN Stratotanker flies into the side of a  mountain  from the base, killing all six people on board.
 October 23 – Under extreme financial stress, Alben Truitt, a grandson of the late Vice President of the United States Alben W. Barkley, charters a Cessna 177 at Key West, Florida, claiming that he wishes to make an aerial sightseeing trip to the Dry Tortugas and take aerial photographs of Fort Jefferson. Halfway through the trip, he produces an improvised explosive device and orders the pilot to fly him to Havana, Cuba, where he is arrested upon arrival, despite claiming that he wishes to write a nonfiction book about Cuba.
 October 24 – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) pilot William "Bill" Dana pilots the 199th flight of the North American X-15. Although not planned as such, it will be the last X-15 flight.
 October 25 – Northeast Airlines Flight 946, a Fairchild Hiller FH-227, crashes on Moose Mountain near Etna, New Hampshire, while descending on approach to a refueling stop at Lebanon, New Hampshire. Thirty-two of the 42 people on board die, and all 10 survivors suffer injuries.
 October 30 – A hijacker takes over a SAESA Curtiss C-46 Commando during a domestic flight in Mexico from Tampico to Reynosa. The airliner flies him to Brownsville, Texas.

November
 November 1
President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration suspends all American bombing of North Vietnam; Operation Rolling Thunder is suspended.
Ansett-ANA is renamed Ansett Airlines of Australia.
 November 2 – A 17-year-old boy armed with a 16-gauge shotgun who had boarded Eastern Airlines Flight 284, a Douglas DC-9 with 50 people on board, at Mobile, Alabama, enters the cockpit while the airliner is on the ground at Birmingham, Alabama, preparing for departure for Chicago, Illinois, and demands to be flown to South Vietnam. The flight crew overpowers him.
 November 4 – After changing from business attire into the clothing favored by the Black Panther Party in a lavatory shortly after takeoff aboard National Airlines Flight 186 – a Boeing 727 with 65 people on board flying from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Miami, Florida – Raymond Johnson uses a .38-caliber revolver to hijack the airliner. He identifies himself as a "black nationalist freedom fighter" and demands that the plane fly to Havana, Cuba. During the flight, Johnson announces that he has renamed the plane Republic of New Africa, and he robs the passengers of $405, which he says will be a donation for "the revolution," and he forces the flight attendants to count the money on the cabin floor. After the plane lands in Havana, Cuban authorities arrest Johnson and return the stolen money to National Airlines. In 1986, Johnson will return to the United States, saying that he was a fool to have hijacked the airliner.
 November 6 – As Philippine Air Lines Flight 158A, a Fokker F27 with 43 people on board flying from Cebu to Manila in the Philippines, begins its descent to Manila, four armed passengers enter the cockpit and hijack the plane. As they move through the cabin, robbing the passengers, a federal policeman on the plane draws a gun, and one passenger is killed during an ensuing gun battle. The airliner lands at Manila International Airport, where the hijackers force the flight crew to taxi to a remote part of the airport, disembark with the captain and two passengers as hostages, release the hostages at the airport fence, and escape in a waiting getaway car.
 November 7 – A Philippine Air Force C-47 Skytrain crashes into a mountainside in the Zambales Mountains on Luzon in the Philippines, killing all 11 people on board.
 November 8 – Two Italian men claiming to be members of the "International Command for Greece" hijack an Olympic Airlines Boeing 707 during a flight from Paris to Athens with 128 other people on board, threatening the flight crew with a gun and a hand grenade, and force the cabin to crew to hand out pamphlets expressing opposition to the rule of the Greek military junta. Announcing that the passengers are being punished for traveling to Greece, they order the airliner to return to Paris, where they surrender to French police officers at Orly Airport.
 November 18 – Two hijackers commandeer a Mexicana de Aviación Douglas DC-6 with 18 passengers on board during a domestic flight in Mexico from Mérida to Villahermosa and force it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
 November 22 – Attempting to land at San Francisco International Airport in San Mateo County, California, a Douglas DC-8-62 operating as Japan Airlines Flight 2 unintentionally lands in San Francisco Bay  short of the runway. All 107 people on board survive the mishap, and the aircraft itself is recovered 55 hours later.
 November 23
 Four passengers hijack Eastern Airlines Flight 73, a Boeing 727 with 90 people on board flying from Chicago, Illinois, to Miami, Florida, and force it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
A Cable Commuter de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 200 on approach to Santa Ana-Orange County Airport in Orange County, California, strikes a light pole on the Newport Freeway and crashes  north of the airport, killing all nine people on board.
 November 24 – Four men hijack Pan Am Flight 281, a Boeing 707, during a flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and force it to fly them to Havana, Cuba. U.S. jet fighter aircraft follow the airliner until it reaches Cuban airspace.
 November 25 – An Air America C-46D-20-CU Commando suffers an engine failure just after takeoff from Savannakhet Airport near Savannakhet, Laos, and crashes  from the airport, with one of its wings separating and catching fire and the fuselage coming to rest inverted. The crash kills 26 of the 28 people on board.
 November 30 – A hijacker commandeers Eastern Airlines Flight 532, a Boeing 720 with 45 people on board flying from Miami, Florida, to Dallas, Texas, and forces it to fly to Cuba.

December
 December 2 – Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 55, a Fairchild F-27B, suffers structural failure after encountering severe turbulence and crashes into Spotsy Lake at Pedro Bay, Alaska, killing all 39 people on board.
 December 3 – Armed with a .45-caliber pistol and what appears to be a hand grenade, Cuban exile Eduardo Canteras hijacks National Airlines Flight 1439 – a Boeing 727 with 35 people on board flying from New York City to Miami, Florida – as it prepares to land at Miami and orders it to bypass Miami and fly on to Havana, Cuba. When the flight crew tells him that the airliner will run out of fuel and crash into the sea before reaching Cuba, he allows it to land at Key West, Florida, to refuel. Local police offer to shoot out the plane's tires while it is on the ground at Key West, but National Airlines officials refuse to let them, citing concerns that Canteras will detonate his grenade. The plane takes off again and flies on to Havana, where Cuban authorities arrest Canteras. The other passengers and crew are held for 24 hours before being allowed to return to the United States.
 December 11 – Armed with a pistol, 20-year-old James Joseph Patterson hijacks Trans World Airlines Flight 496 – a Boeing 727 flying from Nashville, Tennessee, to Miami, Florida, with 39 people on board, including actor and entertainer Tex Ritter and professional golfer Mason Rudolph – and forces it to fly to Cuba, where he and his 19-year-old wife Gwendolyn disembark.
 December 12 – Pan Am Boeing 707-321B Clipper Malay, operating as Flight 217, crashes into the Caribbean Sea near Caracas, Venezuela, killing all 51 people on board. Among the dead is former Miss Venezuela Olga Antonetti.
 December 16 – The Indonesian airline PT Sempati Air Transport is founded. It will begin flight operations in March 1969, and in 1994 it will change its name to Sempati Air.
 December 17
After suffering fuel transfer difficulties leading to engine problems, a United States Air Force C-123B-11-FA Provider crashes south-southwest of Chu Lai Air Base, Chu Lai, South Vietnam, killing 14 of the 44 people on board.
 December 17 – The last surviving XB-70 Valkyrie – the U.S. Air Force's XB-70A Air Vehicle 1 (AV-1) – makes its last supersonic flight.
 December 19 – Accompanied by his three-year-old daughter, who he had abducted from his ex-wife, and claiming to have a gun and nitroglycerine, 27-year-old Thomas George Washington hijacks Eastern Airlines Flight 47, a Douglas DC-8 with 151 people on board flying from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Miami, Florida, and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba. He says he wishes to leave the United States "because of all the hatred and prejudice." He apologizes to the other passengers before disembarking at Havana.
 December 20 – At Edwards Air Force Base, California, X-15 program personnel attempting a 200th flight of the North American X-15 find the base covered by snow. Deeming the highly unusual snowfall an omen, they decide against the flight and simply retire the aircraft instead. It is the end of the X-15 program.
 December 24
Apollo 8 orbits the Moon carrying Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders.
Allegheny Airlines Flight 736, a Convair CV-580 (registration N5802), strikes trees while on approach to Bradford Regional Airport outside Bradford, Pennsylvania. It crashes inverted  southeast of the airport and about  from its first contact with the trees, killing 20 of the 47 people on board.
 December 26
Two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attack El Al Flight 253, a Boeing 707, with a submachine gun and hand grenades as it prepares to depart Athens, Greece, killing one passenger and seriously wounding a flight attendant before being arrested.
An Exportada de Sal S.A. (ESSA) Douglas DC-3 crashes into the side of a mountain  east of Ensenada, Mexico, killing all 12 people on board.
 December 27 – North Central Airlines Flight 458, a Convair CV-580, crashes into a hangar at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, while attempting a go around in poor weather at night, killing 27 of the 45 people on board and killing one and injuring six people on the ground.
 December 28 – In retaliation for the 26 December PFLP attack on El Al Flight 253, Israeli Sayeret Matkal special forces conduct a raid against Beirut International Airport in Beirut, Lebanon. They destroy eight passenger aircraft (a Vickers VC10, a Boeing 707-320C, two Sud Aviation Caravelle VINs, three de Havilland Comet 4Cs, and one Vickers Viscount) belonging to Middle East Airlines, four passenger aircraft (two Convair CV-990 Coronados and two Douglas DC-7s) belonging to Lebanese International Airways, and two cargo planes (a Douglas DC-4 and a Douglas DC-6) belonging to Trans Mediterranean Airways. There are no deaths or injuries during the raid. The lost aircraft have an insurance value estimated at US$43.8 million.
 December 31 – MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750, a Vickers Viscount Type 720, loses more than half of its right wing near the end of a flight from Perth to Port Hedland, Australia, and crashes 28 nautical miles () south of Port Hedland, killing all 26 people on board.

First flights
 Bell 212

March
March 20 – LFU 205

April
April 22 – Cessna 187

May
 May 13 – Piper PA-35 Pocono
 May 25 – Grumman EA-6B Prowler

June
 June 30 – Lockheed C-5 Galaxy

July
 Nord N 500 (tethered)

August
 August 2 – Aérospatiale SA 341 Gazelle

September
 September 8 – SEPECAT Jaguar
 September 11 – Dassault Hirondelle

October
 October 4 – Tupolev Tu-154
 October 23 – Indraéro Aéro 30
 October 26 – Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante

November
 November 1 – Cessna 414
 November 4 – Aero L-39 Albatros
 November 7 – Conroy Stolifter
 November 13 – Northrop HL-10

December
 December 3 – Anahuac Tauro XB-TAX
 December 31 – Tupolev Tu-144

Entered service

January
 January 22 – Schweizer QT-2 with the United States Army

February
 Boeing 737 with Lufthansa

March
 March 6 – Bell CH-118 (ex-CUH-1H) with Canadian Armed Forces Mobile Command

April
 April 12 – Beagle Pup with Shoreham Flying School

May
 May 2 – Beechcraft Model 99 with Commuter Airlines

Retirements
 Beriev Be-10 (NATO reporting name "Mallow") by the 2nd Squadron of Soviet Naval Aviation′s 977th Independent Naval Long-range Reconnaissance Air Regiment

December
 December 20 – North American X-15

References

 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969–70. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd., 1969.

Aviation by year

1968 in aviation


Umman (Arapça: عُمَان, ʿUmān; ) ya da resmî adıyla Umman Sultanlığı (Arapça: سلْطنةُ عُمان, Salṭanat(u) ʻUmān), güneybatı Asya'da, Arap Yarımadası'nın güneydoğu kıyısında yer alan Arap ülkesidir. Kuzeybatıda Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, batıda Suudi Arabistan, güneybatıda ise Yemen ile sınır komşusudur. Güneyde ve doğuda Umman Denizi (Hint Okyanusu), kuzeydoğuda ise Umman Körfezi ile çevrilidir. Ülkenin Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri tarafından çevrelenmiş, Madha ve Müsendem olmak üzere 2 adet eksklavı bulunmaktadır. Maskat en büyük şehir ve başkenttir.

17. yüzyıldan itibaren Umman Sultanlığı, Basra Körfezi ve Hint Okyanusu'nda nüfuz için Portekiz ve Britanya İmparatorluklarıyla rekabet eden bir imparatorluktu. Ummanın etkisi ve kontrolü 19. yüzyılda zirveye ulaştığında toprakları Hürmüz Boğazı'ndan doğuda İran ve Pakistan'a ve güneyde Zanzibar'a kadar uzanıyordu.

20. yüzyılda saltanat İngiltere'nin etkisi altına girdi. 300 yılı aşkın süredir iki imparatorluk arasında kurulan ilişkiler karşılıklı faydaya dayalıydı. Birleşik Krallık, Umman'ın, Basra Körfezi ve Hint Okyanusu'ndaki ticaret yollarını güvence altına alan ve Hint alt kıtasındaki imparatorluğunu koruyan bir ticaret merkezi olarak coğrafi önemini kabul etti. Umman, bir Sultan tarafından yönetilen ve gücün erkek soyundan geçen mutlak monarşidir. Kabus bin Said, 1970'ten 10 Ocak 2020'deki ölümüne kadar padişahtı. Çocuksuz ölen Kabus, bir vasiyette kuzeni Heysem bin Tarık'ı halefi olarak adlandırmıştı ve aile onu Sultan olarak seçti.

Eskiden bir denizcilik imparatorluğu olan Umman, Arap dünyasında sürekli bağımsız olan en eski devlettir. Birleşmiş Milletler, Arap Birliği, Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi, Bağlantısızlar Hareketi ve İslam İşbirliği Örgütü üyesidir.

Umman'ın nüfusu yaklaşık 5,1 milyon kişidir. Nüfusun çoğu Arap Ummanlı olup, önemli Afrikalı, Pakistanlı, Hintli ve Bangladeşli göçmen azınlıklara ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. İslam en yaygın ve resmî dindir. Arapça, İngilizce ve Hint dilleri bölgede yaygınca kullanılan dillerdir.

Tarih

Erken tarih
Bugünkü Umman topraklarında insan yerleşiminin izleri en az 10 bin yıl önceye dayanır. Umman'ın bugünkü kabile sisteminin kökleri Arap Yarımadası'nın güneybatısından MS 2. yüzyılda başlayan göç hareketine kadar uzanır. Kabile çekişmeleri ve İran'dan gelen saldırılar, bölgenin İslam dinini benimsediği 7. yüzyıla değin sürdü. Arap Yarımadasının coğrafî kopukluğunun yarattığı elverişli ortamda kolayca yayılma olanağı bulan Hariciliğe bağlı İbadiyye mezhebi, aynı zamanda bölgede siyasi birliğin sağlanmasına zemin hazırladı. Culende bin Mesud'un 751'de imam seçilmesiyle kabileleri bir araya getiren dinsel bir rejim ortaya çıktı. Büyük kabileler ve dinsel önderler arasındaki anlaşmayla belirlenen imamların yönetimi, Benu Nabhan'ın başa geçtiği 1154'ten sonra yerini istikrarsız hanedanlara bıraktı.

Deniz ticaretine bağımlılık nedeniyle güçlerini kıyı şeridine kaydıran hanedanlar, imamlık kurumunun 1428'de yeniden ortaya çıkmasıyla iç kesim üzerindeki denetimi büyük ölçüde kaybettiler. Öte yandan, 1507'de Maskat'a saldıran Portekizliler, kısa sürede bütün kıyı şeridini ele geçirdiler. 1521'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu donamasının kısa süreliğine eline geçmiş Maskat, 1581 ile 1588 yılları arasında yeniden Osmanlı kontrolüne girmiştir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde devam etmiş Portekiz egemenliği, 1624'te imam seçilen ve kabile çatışmalarına son veren Nasr bin Mürşid'in Portekizlileri bölgeden çıkarması ile son bulmuştur. Umman İmparatorluğu olarak adlandırılan bu devlet, İran ve Doğu Afrika'daki Portekiz kolonilerini de Umman'a bağladı ve kendi sömürgelerini kurdu.

Umman İmparatorluğu ve modern dönem

18. yüzyılda Hinavi ve Gafiri kabileleri arasında başlayan iç savaş, İran hükümdarı Nadir Şah'ın 1737'de Umman'ı ele geçirmesiyle sonuçlandı. İran kuvvetlerini yenilgiye uğratan ve tarafların uzlaşmasıyla imamlığa seçilen Ahmed bin Said, güçlü bir yönetim kuran bin Said hanedanının temellerini attı. Önce Seyyid, daha sonra da, sultan olarak anılan hanedan üyeleri, yeni fetihlerle Umman'ın deniz ticaretini güvence altına aldılar. İngilizlerle sıkı bir iş birliğine giden Said bin Sultan (1806-56) Zanzibar'ı önemli bir gelir kaynağı durumuna getirdi. Onun ölümünden sonra oğulları iktidar kavgasına düştüler ve 6 Nisan 1861'de Sultanlık, Zanzibar ile Umman ve Maskat olarak ikiye bölündü. 6. oğul Seyid Mecit bin Said El-Busaid (1834-1870) Zanzibar Sultanı, 3. oğul Seyid Tuvaini bin Said El-Said ise Umman Sultanı olmuştur. Böylece Umman ve Zanzibar hanedanın iki ayrı koluna geçti.

Umman'da İbadiyye imamına bağlı kabilelerin saldırılarına karşı koyamayan Teymur bin Faysal (1913-32), İngilizlerin arabuluculuğuyla iç kesimde özerk bir imamlık yönetimi kurulmasını kabul etti. Suudi Arabistan'dan destek gören İbadiyye imamının bağımsızlık girişimini gene İngilizlerin yardımıyla boşa çıkaran ve 1959'da bütün ülkede denetimi sağlayan Said bin Teymur'un (1932-70) baskıcı politikaları, 1965'te Zufar bölgesinde sol eğilimli Umman Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi'nin bir gerilla mücadelesine yol açtı. Bir saray darbesiyle babasının yerine geçen Kâbus bin Seyd El Ebu Seyd, 1975'te bu ayaklanmayı bastırdıktan sonra yönetimini sağlamlaştırma yönünde adımlar atarak geniş çaplı bir modernleştirme programına girişti.

Arap Birliği ve Birleşmiş Milletler'e 1971'de katılan Umman, 1981'de de Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi'nin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer aldı. ABD ile sıkı ilişkilerin yanı sıra ılımlı Arap devletleriyle yakınlaşmaya girerek Umman'ı dış dünyaya açılmasını sağlayan Kâbus yönetimi, İran-Irak Savaşı boyunca tarafsızlık politikası izledi. Körfez Savaşı sırasında belirgin bir rol oynamamasına karşın, üslerini batılı güçlere açmayı kabul etti. 1992'de Yemen'le imzaladığı anlaşmayla bu ülkeyle yaşadığı 25 yıllık sınır sorununa son verdi.

Coğrafya

Suudi Arabistan'la 676 km, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri 410 km ve Yemen'le 288 km boyunca sınırı bulunan ülke Orta Doğu topraklarına yerleşmiştir. Kıyıda sıcak ve nemli, iç kısımlarda sıcak ve kuru iklim görülür. Ülkenin orta kısımları çöl ovalarından, kuzey ve güney kısımları ise engebeli dağlık bölgelerden oluşur. En yüksek noktası 2,980 m ile Cebel Şems'dir. Petrol, bakır, asbest, mermer, kireçtaşı, krom, alçıtaşı, doğal gaz ülkedeki başlıca doğal zenginliklerdir.

Ülkenin Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri tarafından çevrelenmiş, Madha ve Müsendem olmak üzere 2 adet eksklavı bulunmaktadır. Müsendem Hürmüz Boğazı'nın güney yakasını oluşturur.

Demografi

2020 verilerine göre Umman'ın nüfusu 5,106,458 kişidir. Ummanlı 2,994,601 (%59.98) kişi olup, nüfusun 1,997,763 (40.02%) kişiye tekabül eden geri kalanı Hindistan, Pakistan, Bangladeş gibi Güneydoğu Asya ülkelerinden çalışmaya gelmiş göçmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Okuryazarlık oranı 2015 verilerine göre yaklaşık %94'tür ve cinsiyete göre (erkeklerde %96, kadınlarda %86) farklılık göstermektedir.

Din
The World Factbook'a göre ülkede baskın din aynı zamanda ülkenin resmî dini olan İslam'dır. 2020 verilerine göre Müslümanlar toplumun %85,9'unu oluştururken, Hristiyanlar %6,4'ünü, Hindular %5,7'sini, diğer inançlar ise %2'sini oluşturmaktadır. Oman vatandaşları ağırlıklı olarak İbadi veya Sünni, küçük bir kesim ise Şiidir.

Dil
Arapça ülkedeki en yaygın ve resmî dildir. Ülkede halk tarafından kullanılan Arapça değişkeleri arasında doğu bölgelerinde konuşulan Umman Arapçası, güneybatı bölgelerinde, Salalah şehri ve çevresinde bulunan Zufar Arapçası ve BAE'ye sınır bölgelerinde yer alan Körfez Arapçası bulunur. Tüm bu lehçeler Yarımada Arapçasının alt lehçeleri olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır.

Arapçanın yanı sıra Beluçça, Urdu, Bengalce, Hintçe, Malayalam, Tulu ve diğer Hint dilleri de yaygındır. İngilizce kullanımı da yaygın olup, çoğu turistik bölgede levhalar çift dillidir. Tarihî nedenlerden ötürü Svahili konuşan azınlıklar da yer almaktadır.

Siyaset ve idari yapılanma
Umman, mutlak monarşi altında yönetilen bir üniter devlettir. Yasama, yargı ve yürütme organları sultanın elinde toplanmış olup, ülkede güçler birliği gözlemlenmektedir. Sultanlık soy vasıtasıyla belirlenmektedir. Sultan, dış ilişkiler ve savunma gibi hususlarda mutlak yetkiye sahiptir ve yasalar sultanın kararnameleri ile oluşturulur. Freedom House, ülkedeki politik sistemi "Özgür değil" olarak sınıflandırmaktadır.

Yönetim birimleri
Umman, idarî açıdan "muhafaza" adı verilen 11 bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Bu bölgeler kendi içerisinde daha küçük vilayetlere bölünmüştür. Umman 2011'den önce 4 valilik (muhafaza) ve 5 bölgeye ayrılmıştı. Şarkiye ve Batıne bölgelerinin kuzey ve güney kısımlarına ayrılmasıyla yeni valilikler oluşturulmuştur.

Kaynakça

Sultanlıklar
İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı ülkeleri

Umman


Monseñor José Luis Castro Cabrera(+ 1965), fue un obispo de la Iglesia católica, que ejerció como ordinario de la Diócesis de San Felipe de Aconcagua en Chile, entre 1963 y 1965.

Biografía breve

Era un dinámico sacerdote diocesano de Santiago (Chile) con grandes condiciones de organizador y realizador. Fue párroco de la Parroquia San Ramón Nonato, en Providencia, y más tarde nombrado Obispo de San Felipe el 10 de mayo de 1963 por el Papa Juan XXIII. Él inicia la construcción de la Casa Juan XXIII; funda la parroquia del Santo Cristo de la Salud, confiada a los padres Pasionistas en Los Andes (1965); trae a los hermanos del Sagrado Corazón de Canadá y a las hermanas de Notre Dame de los Estados Unidos. Monseñor Castro fallece trágicamente en un accidente automovilístico.

Sus restos descansan en la Cripta de la Catedral de San Felipe de Aconcagua.

Nacidos en Valparaíso
Fallecidos en San Felipe (Chile)
Obispos de Chile
Obispos de San Felipe
Obispos nombrados por Juan XXIII
Personas de Santiago de Chile

José Luis Castro


O Cerco (dt.: "Die Umzingelung") ist ein portugiesischer Film des Regisseurs António da Cunha Telles von 1970. Er gilt als ein Hauptfilm des Novo Cinemas.

Handlung

Marta ist eine junge Frau im Lissabon der ausgehenden 1960er Jahre, die sich gerade von ihrem Mann getrennt hat und versucht, sich ein eigenständiges Leben aufzubauen. Sie nimmt eine Stelle als Model in einer Werbeagentur an und lernt in der Folge verschiedene Männer kennen. Während sie weiter finanzielle Engpässe erlebt, entwickelt sie zu Vítor Lopes, der in dubiose Geschäfte verwickelt ist, eine vertrauliche Freundschaft. Als dieser ermordet aufgefunden wird, hat sie Gewissensbisse und fragt sich, ob sie mitschuldig sei, da sie durch eine Unachtsamkeit Vítors Wohnort kundgetan hat. In ihrer Suche nach einem erfüllten Leben inmitten der männerdominierten Gesellschaft bleibt sie am Ende allein.

Rezeption
Der Film fiel der Kritik auf, als er auf dem Filmfestival in Cannes lief. Er wurde wirtschaftlich das erfolgreichste Werk des Novo Cinema und lief auch in Frankreich auf kommerzieller Basis. Die Darstellung der nach Unabhängigkeit strebenden modernen Frau entsprach dem Zeitgeist, ebenso die äußere Erscheinung und das Auftreten der Hauptdarstellerin. Die rauchende, kurzhaarige und verträumt-selbstbewusst auftretende, hübsche Maria Cabral zierte die Titelseiten von Zeitschriften in Portugal und Frankreich nach dem Film.

O Cerco heißt auf Deutsch in etwa "Die Umzingelung". Der Film zeigt ein Portugal, das zwischen dem Aufbruch in die Moderne und dem Festhalten an althergebrachten Gesellschaftsstrukturen gefangen ist. Auch das gesellschaftliche Klima der Unsicherheit im Portugal der ausgehenden 1960er Jahre spiegelt sich im Film wider: das Land stand mit seinem Kolonialkrieg gegen die Geschichte und in der internationalen Kritik. Es war festgefahren in den Fängen der eigenen Geschichte und der Propaganda des repressiven Estado-Novo-Regimes. Portugal stand zwischen den Fronten des Kalten Krieges und am Rande des allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts in Europa. Doch neben dieser gedämpften, ungeklärten Grundstimmung wird hier auch der Wohlstand und die rücksichtslose Maßlosigkeit der oberen Gesellschaftsschicht und die wirtschaftlichen Probleme der restlichen Mehrheit gezeigt. Die beobachtende Kamera vermittelt dabei eine ruhige, Gefühle und Gedanken sichtbar unausgesprochen lassende Atmosphäre. Selbst in Szenen des ausgelassenen urbanen Nachtlebens zeigt vor allem Marta eine unterschwellige Unsicherheit und nach innen gekehrte Gedankenwelt, bei allem Stil in den Nachtklubs und der vordergründig einfachen Kommunikation.

Während einige Filme des "Novo Cinema" erst nach und nach größere Bedeutung erlangten, wie etwa Belarmino oder Pedro Só, konnte O Cerco seine ihm ursprünglich gegebene Größe im Laufe der Jahre nicht untermauern, wie auch Maria Cabral die Hoffnungen auf eine bedeutende Schauspielerin danach nicht erfüllen konnte. Doch unbestritten ist die Wirkung, die der Film zu einer Zeit hatte, als der neue portugiesische Film in seinem entwickelten Elan nachzulassen drohte. Durch das einsetzende Engagement der staatlichen Filmförderung (dem heutigen ICA) und des neuen Filmkollektivs Centro Português de Cinema erhielt das Novo Cinema dann neuen Schwung. O Cerco hatte eine wichtige Funktion zur Aufrechterhaltung der Perspektive für die Filmschaffenden des "Novo Cinemas".

Literatur
 Jorge Leitão Ramos: "Dicionário do cinema portugués 1962–1988"  Editorial Caminho, Lissabon 1989 ISBN 972-21-0446-2
 A.Murtinheira/I.Metzeltin: "Geschichte des Portugiesischen Kinos" Praesens Verlag, Wien 2010 ISBN 978-3-7069-0590-9

Weblinks

 Fernsehbericht über die Vor-Premiere des Films in Paris 1969
 Trailer 1969

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1970
Portugiesischer Film
Filmdrama

O Cerco


Ole Rasmussen (født 3. september 1960) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller og -træner.

Karriere
Han fik sin debut for Boldklubben Frem den 13. maj 1979, da han blev skiftet ind i stedet for Steen Bo Nielsen i det 69. minut mod Ikast.

Han spillede sin sidste kamp for Frem den 16. august 1989 i en pokalkamp ude mod Ølstykke, som Frem vandt 1-2.

Personlige forhold
Han er uddannet bankmand.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubben Frem
Fodboldspillere fra Kastrup Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Fremad Amager
Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark
Fodboldtrænere fra Boldklubben Frem

Ole Rasmussen (fodboldspiller, født 1960)


Amani (n. 2008) es una yegua purasangre chilena, hija de Morning Raider (Giant´s Causeway) y Just Fine por Doneraile Court , de crianza y propiedad de Haras Sumaya de don Oussama Abougazaleh y preparada por el preparador Marco Pavez, y fue conducida siempre por el jinete Hernán Eduardo Ulloa, desde un principio comenzó a liderar el proceso generacional 2011 en la pista de arena del Hipódromo Chile, obteniendo el título de campeona 2 años con su triunfo en el Clásico Tanteo de Potrancas.

Se impuso nuevamente en Clásico Mil Guineas, su única derrota fue el Gran Criterium Mauricio Serrano Palma prueba donde remató segunda del ejemplar Lord Parker. Luego obtuvo la Triple Corona Potrancas al ganar el Clásico Alberto Solari Magnasco y su último triunfo fue el St. Leger disputado el 17 de diciembre de 2011 en el Hipódromo Chile. Posteriormente a este triunfo de la 2° etapa de la Triple Corona Nacional fue retirada de las pistas en una ceremonia de despedida en el Hipódromo Chile el 14 de enero de 2012, y enviada a los Estados Unidos para continuar con su campaña, principalmente en California, donde su campaña no ha sido auspiciosa.

Campaña a los 2 años

Amani, debutó el sábado 25 de diciembre del año 2010, en el premio 'Uberlandia', una carrera condicional destinada para hembras de 2 años no ganadoras, desarrollada en la pista del Hipódromo chile, su jinete fue en esa oportunidad Hernan Eduardo Ulloa, quien a la postre sería el único privilegiado en Chile en montarla y con quien obtuvo todos los triunfos que la convertirían en la mejor del año 2011. Amani no fue la favorita de la competencia, pagando a ganador 5.40 en la pizarra, pero eso no fue obstáculo para la oriunda del Haras Sumaya y se impuso por 2 cuerpos a la favorita Va LLegando, en tercera posición a 6 cuerpos llegó Joven Tan Hermosa y completó el marcador a 9 1/2 cuerpos Puerta Belén, el tiempo registrado para 1000 metros fue de 0.58.88.

La próxima salida a la cancha de Amani sería el día sábado 5 de marzo de 2011, en el Clásico Selección de Potrancas, Clásico de Grupo III destinado para hembras de 2 años, ocho fueron las inscritas en aquella oportunidad y Amani logró imponerse a todas, logrando una ventaja de 3 1/4 a su más cercana competidora Very Elegant la favorita y puntera de la competencia, en tercer lugar se ubicó Alegrezza a 8 1/4 cuerpos y La Lapicera ocuparía el cuarto puesto a 8 1/2 cuerpos de la hija de Morning Raider, cronometrando 1.12.50 para 1.200 metros. Con esta actuación Amani ya daba indicios de la calidad que tenía y que sería la rival a vencer.

En el mes de abril Amani disputaría los clásicos Juan Cavieres Mella Grupo III y Copa Estanislao Anguita Carrera listada para hembras de 2 años, el primero en distancia de 1.300 metros y venciendo por un amplio marguen de 8 3/4 cuerpos a La Lapicera la más cercana en el marcador y registrando un tiempo de 1.19.06 a la distancia, Amani se hizo notar y por primera vez desde su debut era la amplia favorita de las apuestas, pagando en la pizarra la suma de 1.50 pesos a primer lugar. Tres semanas después sus dirigidos la inscribieron en la Copa Estanislao Anguita y no defraudó, eso si, en esta oportunidad no sería tan fácil como la vez anterior y para conseguir la victoria y ampliar su invicto, habría que exigirse al máximo para vencer a su digna rival Entera Buena, a la que logró superar por pescuezo al final de los 1.400 metros. La carrera se desarrolló con una Amani mandando desde el comienzo, algo insólito para lo que había mostrado la colorada del Sumaya en sus actuaciones anteriores, viniendo desde atrás y atropellando al final, pero esta vez fue distinto y Amani tomó la punta y se desprendió 3 cuerpos de su más cercana adversaria Entera Buena,  cuando entraron a tierra derecha Amani llevaba una ventaja de 4 cuerpos sobre su rival, distancia que se acortó e incluso Entera Buena logró pasar a la campeona en los últimos 200 metros, convirtiéndose hasta ahí en un duelo de gran emoción, pero la pensionista de Marco Pavez logró reaccionar por los palos y sacó pescuezo de ventaja al cruzar la meta, registrando un tiempo de 1.25.79 para la distancia, esta sería a la postre la carrera más disputada, de las victorias obtenidas por Amani.

Campaña en USA

Clásicos Ganados
 Selección de Potrancas , Grupo III - 1200 metros (Hipódromo Chile - Sábado 5 de marzo de 2011).
 Juan Cavieres Mella , Grupo III - 1300 metros (Hipódromo Chile - Sábado 2 de abril de 2011).
 Estanislao Anguita , Carrera Listada - 1400 metros (Hipódromo Chile - Sábado 23 de abril de 2011).
 José Saavedra Baeza , Grupo III - 1500 metros (Hipódromo Chile - Sábado 21 de mayo de 2011).
 Tanteo de Potrancas Grupo I (2011).
 Gran Premio Criadores Salvador Hess Riveros, Grupo II (2011)
 Mil Guineas Grupo I (2011)
 Clásico Alberto Solari Magnasco Grupo I (2011).
 St. Leger - Grupo I (2011).

Referencias

Caballos de carrera
Caballos de Chile
Caballos célebres
Animales famosos de Chile

Amani (caballo)


Cuevas de Ambonihttps://web.archive.org/web/20101224170034/http://thecitizen.co.tz/news/3-features/6480-amboni-caves-and-their-rich-attractions.html son las cuevas de piedra caliza más extensas de África Oriental. Se encuentran a 8 km al norte de la ciudad de Tanga, en Tanzania cerca de la carretera Tanga-Mombasa. Las cuevas se formaron hace alrededor de 150 millones de años durante la edad jurásica. Cubren un área de 234 km². Según los investigadores de la zona, estas cuevas estaban bajo el agua hace 20 millones de años. Hay un total de diez cuevas, pero solo una se utiliza para las visitas guiadas.

Amboni Limited, una empresa que entonces operaba plantaciones de sisal en la región de Tanga adquirió el área en 1892. La compañía notificó al gobierno colonial británico sobre las cuevas que a su vez declaró el sitio un área de conservación en 1922.

Véase también
Geografía de Tanzania
Geografía de África

Referencias

Cuevas de Tanzania

Cuevas de Amboni


Italiensk Klokke (Campanula garganica) er en art af blomstrende planter i klokke-slægten, som er hjemmehørende i Sydeuropa. Det er en lille staude, som vokser til at blive maks 5 cm høj. Planten har et væld af stjerneformede blå blomster om sommeren og bruges oftest af denne årsag som bunddække i haver.

Fremavlede sorter inkluderer kultivaren 'Dickson's Gold', som har guld-farvede blade, og 'W.H. Payne ', med lilla farvede blomster, som er hvide i midten.

Referencer

Haveplanter
Kalkbundsplanter
Klokke-slægten

Italiensk klokke


Em química, o hipomanganato, também chamado de manganato (V) ou tetraoxidomanganato (3−), é um ânion trivalente composto por manganês e oxigênio, com fórmula MnO4^3-.

Os hipomanganatos são geralmente azul-brilhantes. O hipomanganato de potássio (K_3MnO_4) é o mais conhecido, mas o hipomanganato de sódio (Na_3MnO_4), o hipomanganato de bário (Ba_3(MnO_4)_2) e o hipomanganato duplo de bário e potássio (BaKMnO_4) também são conhecidos. O ânion pode substituir o fosfato (PO_4^{3-}) em variantes sintéticas dos minerais apatita e brownmillerita.

História
O ânion hipomaganato foi relatado pela primeira vez em 1946 por Hermann Lux, que sintetizou o hipomanganato de sódio — sal intensamente azul — pela reação de óxido de sódio (Na_2O) e dióxido de manganês (MnO_2) em nitrito de sódio fundido (NaNO_2) a 500°C. Ele também cristalizou o sal a partir de soluções concentradas (50%) de hidróxido de sódio, como o sal decahidratado Na_3MnO_4\cdot 10 H_2O.

Estrutura e propriedades
O íon hipomanganato é um oxoânion tetraédrico estruturalmente semelhante ao sulfato, ao manganato e ao permanganato. Como o esperado para um complexo tetraédrico com configuração eletrônica terminada em d2, o ânion tem um estado fundamental tripleto.

Os sais de hipomanganato têm uma coloração azul brilhante com um máximo de absorção visível no comprimento de onda λmax = 670 nm (ε = ).

Estabilidade
O hipomanganato sofre desproporcionamento espontâneo a manganato (VI) e dióxido de manganês. Seguem essas semirreações e seus potenciais de eletrodo estimados em pH 14:

{MnO4^{2-}} + e^- <=> MnO4^{3-} \qquad E=+0,27 V

{MnO4^{3-}} + {e^-} + 2\ H_2O <=> {MnO2} +4\ OH^- \qquad E=+0,96 V

No entanto, a reação é lenta em soluções muito alcalinas (com concentração de OH- acima de 5–10 mol/L).

Acredita-se que o desproporcionamento tenha um intermediário protonado envolvido no seguinte equilíbrio:

HMnO4^{2-} <=> {MnO4^{3-}} + {H+} \qquad pK_a = 13,7 \pm 0,2

No entanto, K3MnO4 foi cocristalizado com Ca2Cl(PO4), o que permitiu o estudo do espectro UV-visível do íon hipomanganato.

Preparo
Os hipomanganatos podem ser produzidos pela redução cuidadosa de manganatos com sulfito, peróxido de hidrogênio ou mandelato.

Os hipomanganatos também podem ser preparados pelo método do estado sólido sob fluxo de O2 a cerca de 1000 °C. Eles também podem ser preparados por meio de rotas de baixa temperatura, como síntese hidrotérmica ou crescimento de fluxo.

Usos
O fluoreto vanadato de estrôncio (Sr5(VO4)3F) com algumas unidades de V^5+ substituídas por Mn^5+ tem sido investigado para potencial uso em lasers no infravermelho próximo.

O sal de bário Ba3(MnO4)2 tem propriedades magnéticas interessantes.

Compostos relacionados
Em teoria, o hipomanganato seria a base conjugada do ácido hipomanganico (H3MnO4). Esse ácido não pode ser formado devido ao seu rápido desproporcionamento, mas sua terceira constante de acidez (a mesma do equilíbrio do intermediário supracitado) foi estimada por técnicas de radiólise de pulso:

 HMnO4^{2-} <=> {MnO4^{3-}} + {H+} \qquad pK_a = 13,7 \pm 0,2

Acredita-se que os ésteres cíclicos do ácido hipomangânico sejam intermediários na oxidação de alcenos pelo permanganato.

Ver também

 Permanganato

Ânions heteronucleares

Hipomanganato


Careta é um personagem do carnaval de Triunfo, a cidade mais alta de Pernambuco, Brasil.

História
O personagem foi criado no início do Século XX, mais precisamente em 1917.

Um habitante chamado Mateus queria participar da festa de Reisado, mas, por ter exagerado na bebida, foi preterido pelos outros, pelo seu estado de embriaguez e pelo odor que exalava.

Descontente com a proibição, ele usou uma máscara, roupas extravagantes, pôs um chocalho na mão, e saiu pela rua, chamando a atenção de todos, que não o reconheceram.

Voltando a se apresentar no carnaval, O personagem logo foi imitado por outras pessoas, a moda pegou, e hoje é um personagem folclórico, chegando à casa do milhar o número de personagens que desfilam no carnaval de Triunfo.

Indumentária
 Máscara
 Roupa extravagante
 Chocalho
 Relho

Carnaval de Pernambuco

Careta de Triunfo


فينتشنزو الأول غونزاغا (مانتوفا، 22 سبتمبر 1562 - مانتوفا، 18 فبراير 1612) ابن غولييلمو دوق مانتوفا ومونفيراتو من زوجته إليونورا هابسبورغ . خلف والده في سنة 1587 في ملكية الدوقيتين .

يـُعد الدوق فينشينسو أحد أبرز رجال عصره ، وأحد أمراء عصر النهضة العظام . في عهده أضحت مانتوفا مركزاً للفنون في إيطاليا. ذو طابع معاكس تماماً لطبع والده ، فتميز فينشينسو ببذخه ونزواته وأيضاً الحب للترف الأكثر طلاقة.

رغب في إحياء أفعال أجداده ، فنظم عدة بعثات مـُـكلـِفـَـة إلى المجر لمحاربة العثمانيين . إلا أن أياً منها لم يظهر قيمة ، فلم تتجاوز أبداً حد المناوشات القصيرة ، وعـُرف عن هذه الحملات تنظيم الحفلات والاستقبالات العديدة من حيث كان يمر الجيش الغونزاغي لأسباب عسكرية .

بنى الدوق قلعة كازالي مونفيراتو القوية ، وهو العمل سـَهـّل من الدفاع عن المدينة ، ولكن في الواقع تبين أنها اجتذبت اهتمام مختلف المنافسين (على رأسهم آل سفويا).

حرّر توركواتو تاسو من السجن ، وضم بلاطه الموسيقي الشاب كلاوديو مونتيفيردي والمعماري الكريموني جوزيبي داتارو منفذ إقامته للصيد في مارميرولو. لتمثيل الأعمال بنى الدوق مسرحاً يمكن أن يستوعب أكثر من 1،000 متفرج. ولكن المبنى دُمـّر خلال نهب مانتوفا.

اكتشفت فينشينسو خلال رحلة إلى الفلاندر الشاب بيتر بول روبنس وعاد به إلى مانتوفا. استلم روبنس هنا أولى مناصبه الهامة ، وقاد أول مهمة دبلوماسية له إلى البلاط الإسباني.

الزواج والأبناء
في الثاني من مارس من عام 1581 تزوج بعمر الثالثة عشرة من مارغيريتا فارنيزي ابنة دوق بارما ألساندرو فارنيزي. في السنة التالية ، هـُجـِرت مارغيريتا وأُلغي الزواج في 26 مايو سنة 1583 .

و تزوج فينشينسو ثانية بعمر السابعة عشرة من إليونورا دي ميديشي في 29 أبريل 1584 ، وأنجبا ستة أبناء :
 فرانشيسكو (1586—1612) ، دوق مانتوفا ومونفيراتو باسم فرانشيسكو الرابع سنة 1612
 فرديناندو (1587—1626) ، كاردينال من سنة 1607 ، دوق مانتوفا ومونفيراتو بعد وفاة شقيقه فرانشيسكو سنة 1612
 غولييلمو دومينيكو (4 أغسطس 1589 - 13 مايو 1591)
 مارغيريتا (2 أكتوبر 1591 - 7 فبراير 1632) ، تزوجت من هنري فودمونت دوق لورين (1563 - 1624) في 24 أبريل 1606 .
 فينشينسو (1594—1627) كاردينال من سنة 1615 ، دوق مانتوفا ومونفيراتو من عام 1626 باسم فينشينسو الثاني
 إليونورا (23 سبتمبر 1598 - 27 يونيو 1655) ، تزوجت الإمبراطور فرديناند الثاني 4 فبراير 1622

كما كان لفينشينسو أبناء آخرين غير شرعيين.

separatore
{| style="margin:2 auto;" align="center" width="70%" class="toccolours itwiki_template_toc"
سلفه:
دوق مانتوفا
 خلفه:
|- align=center
| width=10% | غولييلمو 1550 – 1587
| width=13% | فينشينسو الأول1587 – 1612
| width=10% | فرانشيسكو الرابع 1612
|}

separatore
{| style="margin:2 auto;" align="center" width="70%" class="toccolours itwiki_template_toc"
سلفه:
ماكيز ثم دوق  (1573) مونفيراتو
 خلفه:
|- align=center
| width=10% | غولييلمو العاشر 1550 – 1587
| width=13% |فينشينسو الأول 1587 – 1612
| width=10% | فرانشيسكو الثاني 1612
|}

مراجع

إيطاليون في القرن 17
أشخاص في الحرب الطويلة
إيطاليون في القرن 16
دوقات مانتوفا
غونزاغا
مواليد 1562
مواليد في مانتوفا
نبلاء إيطاليون
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 16
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 17
وفيات 1612
وفيات في مانتوفا

فينشينسو الأول غونزاغا


A campanha de Mermeroes ocorreu em 554, durante a Guerra Lázica  entre o Império Sassânida e o Império Bizantino, e teve como objetivo atacar as tropas bizantinas estacionadas em Télefis e Olaria. Ao pegar os bizantinos de surpresa, conseguiu que retrocedessem, mas foi incapaz de aproveitar sua vitória para capturar estas cidades, pois lhe faltavam suprimentos e armas de cerco suficientes. A fonte primária deste conflito é o historiador bizantino Agátias, que parece ter tido acesso aos relatórios do inquérito sobre a derrota.

Campanha

Os bizantinos haviam reforçado Lázica com uma grande força sob os generais Martinho, Bessas e Buzes, acompanhados por Justino, filho de Germano. Martinho ficou estacionado numa fortaleza fronteiriça que guardava o passo à estratégica Télefis, enquanto Bessas e Justino estavam nas proximidades de Olaria. O general sassânida Mermeroes estava estacionado nas proximidades de Cutais. Sabendo que não poderia derrotar a força bizantina imediatamente, supostamente espalhou rumores de que estava gravemente doente, o que fez com que as forças bizantinas relaxassem suas defesas. O seguinte ataque sassânida causou uma retirada geral dos bizantinos em Télefis, e mais tarde Olaria, para o oeste até a fortaleza na "ilha" de Neso. Mermeroes não foi capaz de acompanhar a vitória devido a problemas de abastecimento e falta de equipamento de cerco e recuou para Moqueresis, reforçando sua guarnição estratégica em Onoguris em seu caminho, e morreu de doença logo depois. Na sequência, os generais bizantinos sob Martinho tentaram capturar Onoguris, mas foram repelidos.

Bibliografia

Batalhas envolvendo o Império Bizantino
Batalhas envolvendo o Império Sassânida
554
Guerra Lázica

Campanha de Mermeroes de 554


Siebenbürgenlied (Cântec de Transilvania) este un imn regional compus în 1848 de Johann Lukas Hedwig, cu versuri scrise de Maximilian Leopold Moltke, drept imn pentru sașii transilvăneni. Imnul a fost tradus atât în limba maghiară de către Ritoók János cât și în limba română de Dan Dănilă.

Versuri

Referințe

Legături externe
"Das Siebenbürgerlied - Siebenbürgen, Land des Segens"; Înregistrare a melodiei
"Das Siebenbürgerlied - Siebenbürgen, Land des Segens"; Foaie de muzică pentru cor mixt

Sași transilvăneni
Imnuri naționale
Transilvania
1848 în muzică

Siebenbürgenlied


Yma Sumac (13. september, 1922 (fæðingarvottorð) eða 10. september, 1922 (seinni tíma skjöl) – 1. nóvember, 2008) var perúsk söngkona (coloratura sópran) og ein af frægustu flytjendum exotíkatónlistar á 6. áratugnum.

Yma Sumac hét Zoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo og fæddist í Cajamarca í Perú. Hún hóf tónlistarferil með því að syngja suðuramerísk þjóðlög fyrir upptöku á vegum Odeon í Buenos Aires árið 1942. Sama ár giftist hún tónskáldinu Moisés Vivanco og tók upp sviðsnafnið Imma Sumack, sem síðar varð Yma Sumac. Þau ferðuðust um Suður- og Mið-Ameríku og fluttu loks til New York-borgar árið 1946 þar sem þau komu fram sem Inca Taqui Trio, ásamt frænku Sumac, Cholita Rivero. Les Baxter framleiðandi hjá Capitol Records heyrði í henni og framleiddi fyrstu breiðskífu hennar, Voice of the Xtabay árið 1950. Platan seldist í 500.000 eintökum og náði 1. sæti á lista Variety yfir metsöluplötur ársins 1950. Ferill hennar náði hátindi sínum á 6. áratugnum. Hún kom oft fram í Carnegie Hall og Roxy Theatre, lék í söngleikjum og kvikmyndum, og gaf út sjö breiðskífur til 1961. Eftir það kom hún fram á tónleikum með hléum og mörg lög hennar áttu endurkomu síðar, eins og "Ataypura" sem heyrðist í The Big Lebowski og "Gopher Mambo" sem heyrðist í Confessions of a Dangerous Mind. Hún lést á hjúkrunarheimili í Los Angeles, 86 ára að aldri.

Sumac sló í gegn á heimsvísu meðal annars vegna hins mikla raddsviðs sem hún bjó yfir. Samkvæmt sumum heimildum var hún fær um fimm áttundir, en upptökur benda til þess að hún hafi náð yfir fjóra og hálfa áttund á hátindi söngferilsins. Til samanburðar má nefna að þjálfaður söngvari nær oftast um það bil þremur áttundum. Yma Sumac seldi yfir 40 milljón plötur og er ein af mest seldu rómönsku söngvurum heims og söluhæsti perúski tónlistarmaður allra tíma.

Í einni tónleikaupptöku af laginu "Chuncho" fer söngur hennar yfir fjórar og hálfa áttund, frá B2 að G#7. Hún gat sungið bæði lágar baritónnótur og nótur sem voru hærri en hefðbundin sópranrödd ræður við. Mörg af lögum hennar gengu einmitt út á að sýna þetta mikla raddsvið. Hún virðist líka hafa getað sungið "tvíraddað".

Tilvísanir

Perúskir söngvarar

Yma Sumac


මුද්දර නිවේදන අංකය 839
දෙමෝදර වට වංගු උමං මාර්ගය සහ ගොටුවල ආරුක්කු නමයේ දුම්රිය පාලම නිරූපනය කරමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපැල් දෙපාර්තුමේන්තුවේ මුද්දර කාර්යංශය විසින් රුපියල් 5 ක වටිනාකම් වලින් යුත් නව තැපැල් මුද්දර දෙකක් 2014 පෙබරවාරි 28 වන දින නිකුත් කරනු ලැබීය.
දෙමෝදර වටවංගු දුම්රිය මාර්ගය
දෙමෝදර ලූප් යන ජනප්‍රිය නාමයෙන් හැදින්වෙන දෙමෝදර උමං දුම්රිය මාර්ගය 1920 ගණන් දක්වා අතීතයට දිවයන ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යටත් විජිත දුම්රිය සේවයේ විස්මයජනක ඉංජිනේරු නිර්මාණ අතුරින් ඉතාම සිත් ගන්නා සුළු එකකි.
බෙහෙවින් අවශ්‍යව තිබූ පුළුල් දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඌව දක්වා දීර්ග කිරීමේ ඉදිකිරීම් වලදී දුම්රිය සිවිල් ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට සහ මිනින්දෝරුවන්ට පෙනී ගිය කරුණක් වුයේ දෙමෝදර එක් එක් පැත්තේ පිහිටි කදුගැට වල උන්නතාංශය වැඩි නිසා ඒවා සම්බන්ද වන ආකාරයෙන් දුම්රිය මාර්ගය එක් වරම ඉදිකිරීම ඉතා දුෂ්කර බවය. එවක ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවයෙන් අවසර ලැබුනේ උපරිම වශයෙන් අඩි 44 ට එක් අඩියක් (1/44) ආනතියක් පමණක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට වූ නිසා යම් නව ආකාරයක දුම්රිය මාර්ගයක් සැලසුම් කල යුතුව තිබුනි. ප්‍රදේශයේ මුඛ පරම්පරාගත පැවතෙන පුරාවෘත්තයක පැවසෙන පරිදි, දෙමෝදරින් ඔබ්බට දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීමේ ගැටළුවට මුහුනපා සිටි මිනිදෝරුවන් මුන ගැසුනු ප්‍රදේශයේ ජීවත් වු, ගවයන් බැලීමේ යෙදී සිටි එක් ගැමියෙකු, තමන්ගේ හිස බැදි තලප්පාවේ ආකාරයෙන් ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහලට නැගෙන මාර්ගයක් ඉදිකිරීම ඊට විසදුම සේ ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට යෝජනා කර ඇත. ඒ අනුව ගැටළුව විසදීම සදහා එසේ දගර ආකාරයෙන් ඉහලට නැගෙන මාර්ගයක් තැනිය යුතු යැයි අවසානයේ තීරනය කරන ලදැයි පැවසේ. (මේ පුවතේ සත්‍යාසත්‍යතාවය විවාද සහිතයි.)
සර්පිලාකාර දුම්රිය මාර්ගය සහිත දෙමෝදර දුම්රිය ස්ථානයත්, දුම්රිය ස්ථානය පහලින් පිහිටි උමං මාර්ගයත්, බදුළු ඔය හරහා ඇති "කළු පාලමත්" සම්පූර්ණ කරනු ලදුව 1921 දී විවෘත කරන ලදී.
"වටය වට කිරීම" යනුවෙන් හැදින්වෙන මේ සුවිශේෂී සැලසුම නිසා, දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තුමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව නියමිත අණුක්‍රමණය පවත්වා ගනිමින් මධ්‍යම කදුකරයට ඇතුල් විය හැකි ඉහල මට්ටමට ලගා වීමට අවශ්‍ය ඉහළ උන්නතාංශයක් කරා දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ගෙනයාමට දුම්රිය ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට හැකිවිය.
දෙමෝදර දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට යටින් පිහිටි අංක 42 දරන උමගේ දිග අඩි 414 කි.
ගොටුවල ආරුක්කු නවයේ දුම්රිය පාලම
ආරුක්කු පාලම අතීතයේ දුම්රිය ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයේදී  භාවිතා වූ ජනප්‍රියම මෙන්ම සුලභ සංකල්පයක් වු අතර එය කාර්මික විප්ලව සමයේ එළිදුටු මෙන්ම වඩාත් දියුනු හා නවීන පාලම් සැලසුම් සොයාගැනීමෙන් පසුව වුවද බෙහෙවින් ඇගයීමට ලක්වු නිර්මාණයක් විය. කෙසේ වුවද, අධි තාක්ෂන සැලසුම් සහ නූතන ඉදිකිරීම් ද්‍රව්‍ය යොදාගෙන නව පාලම් දැනට ඉදිවෙමින් පැවතුනද සමහර පැරණි ආරුක්කු පාලම් අද පවා භාවිතයේ පවතී.
ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ ඇල්ල හා දෙමෝදර අතර ගොටුවල පිහිටි ආරුක්කු නවයේ පාලම 1921 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත සමයේ ඉදි කරන ලද්දකි.
අඩි 100 ක් දිගැති මේ ආරුක්කු පාලම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ ලෝහ කැබැල්ලකුදු භාවිතා නොකර කළුගල්, ගඩොල් හා සිමෙන්ති පමණක් භාවිතා කරමිනි.
ගොටුවල ආරුක්කු නවයේ පාලම, "හදවත් නවයේ පාලම" සහ "අහස් පාලම" යනුවෙන්ද හැදින්වේ. විසිවෙනි සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී එය ඉදිකෙරුනු අවස්තාවේදී මේ පාලම සලකන ලද්දේ "පෙරදිග දිගම ආරුක්කු පාලම" වශයෙනි. එය අද පවා ශ්‍රී ලංකවේ යටත්විජිත දුම්රිය සිවිල් ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයේ තවත් විශ්මයජනක නිර්මාණයක් වශයෙන් පවතී.

නිකුත් කරන දිනය - 2014 පෙබරවාරි මස 28 වැනි දින.
වටිනාකම - රුපියල් 5.00 x 2.
මුද්දර සැලසුම්කරු - මෙවන් ෆොන්සේකා.
ප්‍රමාණය - මි. මී. 40 x මි. මී. 40.
හැඩය - දියමන්ති.
මුද්‍රණ ක්‍රමය - ඕෆ්සෙට් ලිතෝග්‍රැෆි.
පත් සැකැස්ම - පත්‍රිකාවක මුද්දර 20 බැගින්.
සිදුරු ප්‍රමාණය - 13.
මුද්‍රණකරුවෝ - රජයේ මුද්‍රණ දෙපාර්තුමේන්තුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව.
වර්ණ ( පාවිච්චි කළ ) - හතරයි.
කඩදාසි වර්ගය - 102 ජී. එස්. එම්. ආරක්ෂිත මුද්දර මුද්‍රණ කඩදාසි.
මැලියම් - පීවීඒ.
මුද්‍රණය කළ ප්‍රමාණය - 500,000.
අලෙවි කරන අවසන් දිනය - 2015.02.27.

සිවිල් දුම්රිය මගෙහි සිවිල් ඉංජිනේරු විසදුම් තැපැල් මුද්දරය


A Medalha do Serviço de Defesa Nacional ( NDSM ) é um prêmio de serviço das Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos estabelecido pelo presidente Dwight D. Eisenhower em 1953. É concedido a todos os membros das Forças Armadas dos EUA que serviram durante qualquer um dos quatro períodos especificados de conflito armado ou emergência nacional de 27 de junho de 1950 a 31 de dezembro de 2022. O serviço de combate ou "no teatro" não é um requisito para o prêmio.

Projeto
A Divisão Heráldica, Gabinete do Intendente Geral do Exército dos EUA foi solicitada a fornecer projetos para o NDSM. Um projeto desenvolvido por TH Jones foi submetido ao Chefe do Estado-Maior Assistente do Exército dos EUA (G1) em 26 de maio de 1953. Um comitê nomeado pelo Departamento de Defesa, que incluía representantes de todos os serviços, reuniu-se em 27 de maio de 1953 e 3 de junho de 1953 e selecionou o projeto de Jones para aprovação final. Uma águia segurando uma espada e um ramo de oliveira (no anverso), juntamente com o escudo do Brasão de Armas dos Estados Unidos (no reverso), foi usada para simbolizar a defesa dos Estados Unidos. A combinação de carvalho e folhas de palmeira ao redor do escudo significa força e preparação.

Períodos de elegibilidade
A Medalha do Serviço de Defesa Nacional é autorizada para todos os militares da ativa e da Reserva Selecionada dos Estados Unidos, independentemente do tempo de serviço, sem exigência de serviço no exterior ou em combate, pelos seguintes períodos de tempo:

Critérios de adjudicação
A Medalha do Serviço de Defesa Nacional (NDSM) é concedida a qualquer um que tenha servido na ativa ou como reservista ativo nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos durante qualquer um dos quatro períodos de tempo especificados. Originalmente, o serviço de componente de reserva durante os períodos de elegibilidade da Coreia e do Vietnã, exceto o pessoal do Componente de Reserva em período integral ou em serviço ativo por mais de 89 dias, não se qualificava para a concessão do NDSM. Isso foi alterado pela Ordem Executiva 13293, assinada em 28 de março de 2003, para incluir o pessoal da reserva selecionada (ou seja, reservistas de perfuração) durante todos os períodos de elegibilidade.

Para o serviço na Guerra do Golfo Pérsico, os membros dos Componentes da Reserva, incluindo a Guarda Nacional, foram inicialmente premiados com o NDSM quando chamados para o serviço ativo, mas isso foi posteriormente expandido para incluir todos os membros da Reserva ou da Guarda Nacional em situação regular na Reserva Selecionada durante o período de elegibilidade.

Para o serviço na Guerra Global contra o Terrorismo, os membros da Reserva Selecionada e da Guarda Nacional precisam apenas estar em situação regular para receber o NDSM e nenhum serviço ativo é necessário. O Inactive Ready Reserve e o Retired Reserve não são elegíveis para receber o NDSM, a menos que sejam chamados para o serviço ativo.

A medalha é autorizada a cadetes e aspirantes nas academias do serviço militar após a prestação de serviço, bem como a pré-comissionados/estagiários nas Escolas de Candidatos a Oficiais ou Escolas de Formação de Oficiais das várias Forças Armadas dos EUA; mas não é concedida a militares afastados ou aposentados que não tenham servido em um dos períodos acima; nem é autorizado para cadetes e aspirantes do Corpo de Treinamento de Oficiais da Reserva em faculdades e universidades que se alistaram na reserva inativa (ou seja, Seção de Reserva Obrigatória ou ORS) durante os períodos de qualificação.

O NDSM ocupa o quarto lugar entre vinte e nove na ordem de precedência das medalhas de serviço. Não há exigência de tempo para a emissão da medalha, o que significa que alguém que ingressa nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos por apenas alguns dias e, em seguida, recebe uma dispensa de nível de entrada, teria tecnicamente direito ao NDSM; na prática, no entanto, os escriturários militares não adicionarão o NDSM em um Formulário DD 214 se o membro do serviço tiver desempenhado o serviço por menos de 90 dias a partir da conclusão de seu treinamento inicial de entrada. Isso explica a omissão da medalha em muitos documentos de separação "não caracterizados" e "de nível básico". Os veteranos que tiverem essa medalha omitida podem solicitar aos departamentos de serviço militar que o NDSM seja adicionado aos registros por meio de um Formulário DD 215 .

Presidência de Dwight D. Eisenhower
Fundações nos Estados Unidos em 1953
Prêmios estabelecidos em 1953

Medalha do Serviço de Defesa Nacional


Bernardo de Muro, né le 3 novembre 1881 à Tempio Pausania en Sardaigne et mort le 27 octobre 1955 à Rome, est un chanteur d'opéra (ténor) italien, actif de 1910 à 1935.

Un musée lui est consacré dans sa ville natale.

Biographie
Bernardino de Muro est le fils d'Antonio Maria Demuro, un petit propriétaire terrien à Tempio Pausania.

D'abord autodidacte, il commence à chanter dans un café de Tempio. Il s'installe à Rome, réussit le concours d'entrée du Conservatoire Sainte-Cécile en 1903 ; il y a pour professeurs A. Sbriscia et Alfredo Martino. Il fait ses débuts le , au Teatro Costanzi, dans Cavalleria rusticana de Mascagni ; le , il chante à La Scala de Milan dans le rôle de Folco pour la première représentation en Italie d' de Pietro Mascagni, sous la direction de Tullio Serafin.

Au cours des années suivantes, il chante dans Madame Butterfly, L'Africaine, Carmen. Il effectue des tournées en Amérique du Sud (Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro et Rosario) et en Espagne en 1913-1914, où il chante dans  Isabeau, Carmen, Cavalleria rusticana et Iris de Mascagni. Il est de retour à Rome en février 1915, où il chante au Teatro Costanzi dans La fanciulla del West de Giacomo Puccini et dans Aida de Giuseppe Verdi. Il s'engage en 1916 dans la Sanità de Milan, continue de chanter tant dans des concerts de charité que sur scène.

Il quitte la scène en 1935 pour des raisons de santé, investit dans une usine de liège à Milan ; dans les dernières années de sa vie, il enseigne le chant à New York, à Sturgis dans le Michigan, et à Rome.

Il meurt à Rome en 1955 ; reconnu par sa ville natale, il y est enterré sous une pyramide qu'il a lui-même conçue ; un musée lui y est consacré en 2015 dans le palais des Scolopi et présente des costumes de scène, des photographies, des objets personnels, des affiches de spectacles et quelques enregistrements.

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1881
Naissance à Tempio Pausania
Décès à 73 ans
Décès à Rome
Décès en octobre 1955
Chanteur italien d'opéra
Ténor italien
Musique sarde

Bernardo de Muro


An Peristylus elisabethae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Firminger Duthie, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni R.K.Gupta. An Peristylus elisabethae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Peristylus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Peristylus

Peristylus elisabethae


Melanie Jane "Mel" Healy, (apellido de soltera Healy, anteriormente: Owen & Beale), es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders, interpretada por la actriz Tamzin Outhwaite del 19 de octubre de 1998 hasta el 12 de abril de 2002. Después de 16 años lejos, el 9 de enero del 2018 Tamzin regresó a la serie como parte del elenco principal.

Biografía
Mel tenía un pasado problemático: era dueña de un negocio que quebró, fue abusada por un ex-novio y no tenía contacto con su familia. Antes de reunirse con su hermano Alex Healy, un vicario y su padre, Jeff en Waldford en octubre de 1998 Mel viajaba por las Islas Griegas.

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes se encuentran: haber sido chantajeada por Ian Beale con que su hija Lucy tenía cáncer para casarse con ella, haber descubierto la mentira de Ian, haber sido secuestrada por Dan Sullivan, haber descubierto la aventura de Steve con Sam Mitchell después de su muerte y por haber sido arrestada injustamente por traficar con drogas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 EastEnders Official Website | Character :: Melanie Healy

Personajes de EastEnders
Camareros ficticios
Empresarias ficticias

Melanie Owen


Territórios do Progresso – Movimento Social Reformista (, TDP) é um partido político francês. Foi fundado em fevereiro de 2020 pelos ministros Jean-Yves Le Drian e Olivier Dussopt . Reúne ex-representantes eleitos do Partido Socialista que se tornaram partes interessadas na Renascimento de Emmanuel Macron, em torno dos co-fundadores do movimento. É dirigido pelo ex- deputado Gilles Savary.

Criação
O partido foi criado em janeiro de 2020 por ex-políticos eleitos, principalmente do Partido Socialista. É lançado oficialmente no dia 1 de fevereiro de 2020, durante uma reunião em Pantin, em Seine-Saint-Denis, e apresentado numa conferência de imprensa a 2 de julho de 2020. O senador Xavier Iacovelli tornou-se o seu secretário-geral.

Críticas
Falando à France Inter, o primeiro-secretário do Partido Socialista Olivier Faure criticou os Territórios do Progresso, comparando-o a "um clube de Alcoólicos Anónimos " que "traiu a esquerda".

Partidos políticos da França
Partidos políticos fundados em 2020

Territórios do Progresso


Lila Kari (născută Santean, ) este o informaticiană română și canadiană, profesor la Facultatea de Informatică David R. Cheriton la Universitatea din Waterloo, Canada.

Biografie
Kari a obținut diploma de master la Universitatea din București în 1987, studiind cu Gheorghe Păun, iar apoi s-a mutat la Universitatea din Turku, în Finlanda, unde a obținut diploma de doctor în 1991, sub îndrumarea lui Arto Salomaa. S-a mutat la Universitatea din Western Ontario, ca profesor invitat, în 1993, iar în 1996 a fost angajată acolo pe deplin. În 2017, a acceptat postul de profesor de informatică și catedra cercetării din universitatea la Universitatea din Waterloo.

Cercetare
Teza de doctorat a lui Kari a fost în teoria limbajelor formale. La mijlocul anilor 1990, inspirată de un articol publicat de Leonard Adleman în Science, ea și-a îndreptat interesul înspre calculatoare cu ADN. Prin munca sa, împreună cu Laura Landweber, a inițiat și a explorat studiul puterii de calcul a procesării cu ADN la ciliate, folosindu-se de experiența sa pentru a demonstra că operațiunile efectuate prin recombinarea genetică a ADN-ului în aceste organisme sunt Turing complete. Mai recent, a studiat probleme de nondeterminism și indecidabilitate în auto-asamblare, precum și probleme din informatica biodiversității, unde a propus metode bazate pe reprezentarea ca jocuri haotice a secvențelor de ADN genomic pentru a identifica și clasifica specii.

Note

Legături externe

 Pagina la UWO
 Citări  în Google Scholar

Absolvenți ai Universității din București
Informaticieni români
Informaticieni canadieni
Oameni în viață
Pages with unreviewed translations
Românce din domeniul științific

Lila Kari