Richard Neville,  baron Latimer (c.1468 - ) de Snape, North Yorkshire, est un soldat et pair anglais. Il combat aux batailles de Stoke et Flodden.

Richard Neville est le fils aîné d'Henry Neville, tué le 26 juillet 1469 à la bataille d'Edgecote Moor, et Joan Bourchier (d. 7 octobre 1470), fille de John Bourchier (1er baron Berners), et de Margery, fille et héritière de Richard Berners, écuyer. Il a un frère, Thomas Neville, et une sœur, Joan Neville, épouse de James Radcliffe.

Le grand-père maternel de Neville, John Bourchier (1er baron Berners), est le quatrième fils de William Bourchier (1er comte d'Eu) en Normandie, et sa femme Anne de Gloucester, fille de Thomas de Woodstock, plus jeune fils du roi Édouard III. Par son second mari, Edmond Stafford (5e comte de Stafford), Anne de Gloucester est la mère de Humphrey Stafford (1er duc de Buckingham).

Du côté de son père, Richard Neville est le petit-fils de George Neville (1er baron Latimer) (décédé le 30 ou 31 décembre 1469), et Elizabeth Beauchamp, la fille de Richard de Beauchamp (13e comte de Warwick).

Carrière
Alors qu'il n'a qu'un an, Richard Neville hérite de la baronnie ainsi que des terres dans 24 comtés, dont le château de Snape dans le Richmondshire, à la mort de son grand-père, George Neville (1er baron Latimer), le 30 ou 31 décembre 1469. Sa tutelle et son mariage sont achetés pour  en mai 1470 par son grand-oncle, Thomas Bourchier, archevêque de Cantorbéry, tandis que ses terres restent entre les mains de la couronne. Il est fait chevalier du bain le 17 janvier 1478.

Neville obtient la livrée de ses terres sans preuve d'âge le 8 mai 1491. Du 12 août de cette année jusqu'au 3 novembre 1529, il est convoqué au Parlement par des assignations adressées à « Ricardo Nevill de Latimer chivaler ». Cependant, vers 1494, son héritage est contesté par , qui, bien que convoqué au Parlement de 1491 par des brefs adressés à 'Roberto Willughby de Broke chivaler', affirme néanmoins qu'il a droit à la baronnie et aux terres de Latimer, par le frère de son arrière-grand-mère, John Willoughby. Neville l'emporte finalement et un héraut enregistre que « le Lord Brooke avait fait une fausse déclaration ».

Le beau-père de Neville, Humphrey Stafford (vers 1426/7 - 8 juillet 1486) de Grafton, Worcestershire, est un fervent partisan du roi Richard III. Après la défaite de Richard à Bosworth, Stafford et Francis Lovell,  vicomte Lovell, s'enfuient au sanctuaire de Colchester. En avril 1486, ils tentent d'attiser la rébellion contre le nouveau roi Henri VII, Stafford tentant de lever des forces dans les West Midlands et Lovell dans le Yorkshire. Lorsque la rébellion s'effondre, le 11 mai 1486, Stafford fuit de nouveau vers un sanctuaire, cette fois à Culham, mais n'est pas autorisé à revendiquer le privilège, et pour sa part dans l'insurrection est exécuté à Tyburn le 8 juillet 1486.

En revanche, Neville semble avoir soutenu le nouveau régime. Selon Ford, les points forts de Neville sont «la loyauté envers la couronne et le service militaire». Le 16 juin 1487, il combat à la bataille de Stoke avec les forces d'Henri VII qui réprime le soulèvement du prétendant Lambert Simnel. Il sert avec l'armée dans le nord après l'assassinat du comte de Northumberland en 1489, et est avec les forces du roi en Bretagne en 1492. En 1499, il assiste au procès du prétendant Perkin Warbeck. En 1513, il est avec le comte de Surrey à la Bataille de Flodden Field, où il combat à l'avant-garde. En septembre 1522, le comte de Shrewsbury le consulte au sujet de la guerre contre le duc d'Albany.

Neville est nommé à un certain nombre de commissions et est enregistré comme étant présent aux festivités de la cour en 1488 et 1499. En 1503, il fait partie de ceux qui escortent la fille du roi Henri VII, Marguerite Tudor, entre Tadcaster et York lors de son voyage en Écosse pour épouser Jacques IV. En novembre 1515, il fait partie des personnes présentes à l'Abbaye de Westminster lorsque Thomas Wolsey est nommé cardinal.

Le 13 juillet 1530, Neville est l'un des signataires de la lettre demandant au pape Clément VII d'accorder à Henri VIII le divorce d'avec Catherine d'Aragon. Il meurt peu avant le 28 décembre 1530 au château de Snape et est enterré avec sa première femme, Anne Stafford, dans l'église St. Michael à Well, North Yorkshire.

Mariages et descendance
Richard Neville épouse, vers 1490, Anne Stafford, fille de Humphrey Stafford de Grafton, Worcestershire, et Katherine Fray (d. 12 mai 1482), la fille de John Fray, chef baron de l'Échiquier, dont il a six fils et six filles:

 John Neville (3e baron Latimer), qui épouse Dorothy de Vere, fille de George Vere et de Margaret Stafford, et sœur et cohéritière de , puis se remarie à Elizabeth Musgrave; et enfin à, Catherine Parr, plus tard la sixième épouse d'Henri VIII ;
  (15 juillet 1497 - 1545), auteur de The Castell of Pleasure, qui épouse, avant le , Elizabeth Greville, la fille de Giles Greville, dont il a un fils, Richard Neville de Penwyn et Wyke Sapie, Worcestershire, et deux filles, Mary et Susan. Après la mort sans descendance masculine de John Neville (4e baron Latimer), le fils de William, Richard Neville (mort le ), prend à tort le titre de baron Latimer ;
 Thomas Neville de Piggotts Hall à Ardleigh, Essex, qui épouse Mary Teye, la fille de Thomas Teye, dont il a un fils, Thomas ;
 Marmaduke Neville de Marks Tey, qui épouse Elizabeth Teye, la fille de Thomas Teye, avec qui il a un fils, Christopher, qui est mort jeune, et une fille, Alianore, qui épouse Thomas Teye, écuyer ;
 George Neville, archidiacre de Carlisle, (né le , inhumé le  à Well, North Yorkshire) ;
 Christophe Neville ;
 Margaret Neville (née le ), fille aînée, qui épouse, par dispense papale du 22 novembre 1505, Edward Willoughby (d. novembre 1517) d'Alcester, Warwickshire, fils de  (décédé le 10 ou ), et de sa première épouse, Elizabeth Beauchamp, dont elle a trois filles, Elizabeth (inhumée le ), qui épouse Sir Fulke Greville (décédé le 10 novembre 1559), Anne (décédée en 1528) et Blanche (décédée avant 1543), qui épouse Francis Dawtrey. Elizabeth Willoughby et Fulke Greville (mort le ) sont les grands-parents du courtisan et auteur Fulke Greville (1er baron Brooke). Après la mort d'Edward Willoughby en novembre 1517, sa veuve Margaret Neville épouse son cousin William Gascoigne de Gawthorpe, fils de William Gascoigne de Gawthorpe et sa femme Margaret Percy, quatrième fille de Henry Percy (3e comte de Northumberland). Ils ont deux enfants - John Gascoigne, Lord de Louth dans le Lincolnshire, qui épouse Barbara, et Dorothy Gascoigne qui épouse Robert Constable de Flamborough ;
 Dorothy Neville, qui épouse John Dawnay ;
 Elizabeth Neville (née le ), qui épouse, avant 1531, Christopher Danby (c.1505 - 14 juin 1571), de Farnley, West Yorkshire, fils unique de Christopher Danby (d. ) et Margaret Scrope, fille de Thomas Scrope,  baron Scrope de Masham (d.1475). Ils ont six fils, Thomas Danby, Christopher Danby, John Danby, James Danby, Marmaduke Danby et William Danby, et huit filles, Dorothy, qui épouse John Neville ; Marie; Joan, qui épouse Roger Meynell, écuyer ; Margaret, qui épouse Christopher Hopton, écuyer ; Anne, qui épouse Walter Calverley; Elizabeth, qui épouse Thomas Wentworth ; Madeleine, qui épouse Marmaduke Wyvill; et Margery, qui épouse Christopher Mallory. Anne Danby et Walter Calverley sont les grands-parents de Walter Calverley (d.1605), dont le meurtre de ses enfants est dramatisé dans A Yorkshire Tragedy, attribué sur la page de titre à William Shakespeare. Il semble probable que le frère d'Anne, William Danby, est le William Danby qui est coroner lors de l'enquête sur la mort de Christopher Marlowe en 1593 ;
 Catherine Neville ;
 Susan Neville (1501 - 1560), qui épouse le rebelle Richard Norton (d. 9 avril 1585), écuyer, le fils aîné de John Norton (d. 1557) par Anne Radcliffe (d. avant 1557) ;
 Joan Neville.

Le , Richard Neville épouse en secondes noces Margaret Danby (décédée le 16 décembre 1521), la veuve de James Strangways.

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Personnalité anglaise du XVe siècle
Famille Neville
Décès en décembre 1530

Richard Neville (2e baron Latimer)


Mariana Machado (Braga, 12 de novembro de 2000) é uma corredora portuguesa de meia distância e cross country.  Ela competiu na prova feminina de 3.000 metros no Campeonato Europeu de Atletismo Indoor de 2021.  É filha da corredora olímpica portuguesa Albertina Machado.

Prémios

Atletas de Portugal
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Mariana Machado


Lala Şahin Paşa, Osmanlı Beyliği'nin kuruluşunda hizmetleri geçmiş bir komutandır. 1389'da öldüğü düşünülür.

Vakfiyesi
1348 tarihli vakfiyesinde babasının adının Abdülmuin olarak görülmesi, Hristiyan iken Müslüman olduğunu veya küçük yaşta devşirilerek Müslüman terbiyesi üzere yetiştirilmiş bulunduğu ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir. Lala Şahin Paşa ile Bolu 'nun Alpagut köyünde 795 Hicri tarihli zaviye vakfeden Şahin Lala bin Izzeddin 'i karıştırmamalıdır.

I. Murad ve Lala Şahin Paşa
Abdülmuin oğlu Lala Şahin Paşa, şehzadeliğinde Sultan I. Murad'a lalalık ettiğinden dolayı bu isimle ün kazanmıştır.

Rumeli'nin fethi
Orhan Gazi'nin büyük oğlu Süleyman Paşa'nın vefatı üzerine Rumeli'ye gönderilen şehzade Murad ile beraber fetihlere devam eden Lala Şahin Paşa, Orhan'ın da vefatıyla Sultan Murad'ın hükümdar olması üzerine, beylerbeyi yani ordu komutanı olarak atanmış, Edirne'yi ve daha sonra Filibe ile Zağra'yı almıştır.

Haçlılar ve Lala
Birinci Murâd Hanın İzmit ve Bursa sancak beyliklerinde maiyyetinde bulunan Lala Şâhin, Rumeli'de fetihlerin başlaması üzerine Süleymân Paşanın emrinde vazîfe aldı. Çorlu ve Lüleburgaz'ın fetihlerinde bulundu. Birinci Murâd Hanın, sultan olmasıyla kendisine beylerbeyilik verildi. Bundan sonra, ordu kumandanı olarak vazife yaptı. 1361'de Edirne'nin fethine Rumeli Beylerbeyi olarak katıldı ve Zağra'yı fethetti. 1361'de kurulan yeniçeri ocağı fikrinin öncülüğünde bulundu. 1364'te müttefik Balkan Haçlı ordusuna karşı Sırpsındığı Harbini mahiyetindeki Hacı İlbey kazanmıştır. 1366'da Kuzeybatı Balkanlara karşı başlatılan harekâta kumandanlık edip, Bulgaristan'daki Samaku ve İhtiman'a akın yaptı. Kırk kilise (bugünkü Kırklareli), Vize, Samaku, İhtiman feth edildi. Lala Şâhin Paşa, 1368'de Çandarlı Halil Paşanın vezîr-i âzam olmasıyla, vezirliğe getirildi. Sırp-Bulgar ordularının saldırısı üzerine 1371'de Samaku Meydan Muhârebesine yine aynı târihte Haçlı ordularına karşı Çirmen'de kazanılan harpte bulundu. 1372'de Rumeli'ndeki Firecik ve havâlisinin fethine memur edilince, Bizans'ın içine girecek kadar harekâtlar yaptı. 1373'te ilk Makedonya fütuhâtına katıldı. Bu seferde, İskeçe, Drama, Korala, Zihne, Serez, Avrethisarı, Vardar Yenicesi ve Kararfirye kasabaları ve şehirleri fethedildi. 1382 veya 1385'te Sofya Kuşatması'nda Sofya'yı fethetti. 1388'de Bileća Muharebesi'nde Bosna Krallığı'na karşı yenilmiştir.

Bıraktığı eserler
Orhan Gazi zamanında, 1348 tarihinde, Bursa'da medrese, Kirmasti'da (Mustafakemalpaşa) cami ve zaviye vakfetmiştir.

İsmi günümüzde Edirne'nin Lalapaşa ilçesinin ismi ile yaşamaktadır. Ayrıca, Yunanistan'ın İskeçe ilinde Şahin adlı bir köy ve Bursa'nın Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesinde Lalaşahin adında bir mahalle bulunur. Bu mahalle ve  köyün ismi de Lala Şahin Paşa'ya ithafen verilmiştir.

Osmanlı paşaları
Osmanlı Rumeli valileri
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
Ölüm tarihi bilinmeyenler

Lala Şahin Paşa


Ian Pretyman Stevenson (October 31, 1918 – February 8, 2007) was a Canadian-born American psychiatrist, the founder and director of the Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

He was a professor at the University of Virginia School of Medicine for fifty years. He was chair of their department of psychiatry from 1957 to 1967, Carlson Professor of Psychiatry from 1967 to 2001, and Research Professor of Psychiatry from 2002 until his death in 2007.

As founder and director of the University of Virginia School of Medicine's Division of Perceptual Studies (originally named "Division of Personality Studies"), which investigates the paranormal, Stevenson became known for his research into cases he considered suggestive of reincarnation – the idea that emotions, memories, and even physical bodily features can be passed on from one incarnation to another. In the course of his forty years doing international fieldwork, he researched three thousand cases of children who claimed to remember past lives. His position was that certain phobias, philias, unusual abilities and illnesses could not be fully explained by genetics or the environment. He believed that, in addition to genetics and the environment, reincarnation might possibly provide a third, contributing factor.

Stevenson helped to found the Society for Scientific Exploration in 1982, and was the author of around three hundred papers and fourteen books on reincarnation, including Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (1966), Cases of the Reincarnation Type (four volumes, 1975-1983) and European Cases of the Reincarnation Type (2003). His 1997 work Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects reported two hundred cases in which birthmarks and birth defects seemed to correspond in some way to a wound on the deceased person whose life the child recalled. He wrote a shorter version of the same research for the general reader, Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect (1997).

Reaction to his work was mixed. In an obituary for Stevenson in The New York Times, Margalit Fox wrote that Stevenson's supporters saw him as a misunderstood genius, that his detractors regarded him as earnest but gullible, but that most scientists had simply ignored his research. His life and work became the subject of the supportive books Old Souls: The Scientific Search for Proof of Past Lives (1999) by Tom Shroder (a Washington Post journalist), Life Before Life (2005) by Jim B. Tucker (a psychiatrist and colleague at the University of Virginia who now heads the division Stevenson founded), and Science, the Self, and Survival after Death (2012), by Emily Williams Kelly. Critics, particularly the philosophers C.T.K. Chari (1909–1993) and Paul Edwards (1923–2004), raised a number of issues, including instances where the children or parents interviewed by Stevenson had deceived him, instances of Stevenson asking leading questions in his interviews, and problems with working through translators who credulously believed what the interviewees were saying at face value. Stevenson's critics contend that ultimately his conclusions are undermined by confirmation bias, where cases not supportive of his hypothesis were not presented as counting against it, and motivated reasoning since Stevenson had always maintained a personal belief in reincarnation as a fact of reality rather than also considering the possibility that it may not happen at all.

Stevenson based his reincarnation research on anecdotal case reports that were dismissed by the scientific community as unreliable as Stevenson did no controlled experimental work. His case reports were also criticized as they contained errors and omissions.

Stevenson, even one of his critics wrote, was cautious in making claims about reincarnation. Stevenson emphasized that the information he collected only suggests that reincarnation is possible but does not prove that it occurs. He did, however, believe he had produced a body of evidence for reincarnation that must be taken seriously. He said, "[T]he evidence is not flawless and it certainly does not compel such a belief. Even the best of it is open to alternative interpretations, [but] one can only censure those who say there is no evidence whatever."

Background

Personal life and education
Ian Stevenson was born in Montreal and raised in Ottawa, one of three children. His father, John Stevenson, was a Scottish lawyer who was working in Ottawa as the Canadian correspondent for The Times of London or The New York Times. His mother, Ruth, had an interest in theosophy and an extensive library on the subject, to which Stevenson attributed his own early interest in the paranormal. As a child he was often bedridden with bronchitis, a condition that continued into adulthood and engendered in him a lifelong love of books. According to Emily Williams Kelly, a colleague of his at the University of Virginia, he maintained a list of the books he had read, which numbered 3,535 between 1935 and 2003.

He studied medicine at St. Andrews University in Scotland from 1937 to 1939, but had to complete his studies in Canada because of the outbreak of the Second World War. He graduated from McGill University with a B.S.c. in 1942 and an M.D. in 1943. He was married to Octavia Reynolds from 1947 until her death in 1983. In 1985, he married Dr. Margaret Pertzoff (1926–2009), professor of history at Randolph-Macon Woman's College. She did not share his views on the paranormal, but tolerated them with what Stevenson called "benevolent silences."

Early career
After graduating, Stevenson conducted research in biochemistry. His first residency was at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal (1944–1945), but his lung condition continued to bother him, and one of his professors at McGill advised him to move to Arizona for his health. He took up a residency at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona (1945–1946). After that, he held a fellowship in internal medicine at the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation in New Orleans, became a Denis Fellow in Biochemistry at Tulane University School of Medicine (1946–1947), and a Commonwealth Fund Fellow in Medicine at Cornell University Medical College and New York Hospital (1947–1949). He became a U.S. citizen in 1949.

Emily Williams Kelly writes that Stevenson became dissatisfied with the reductionism he encountered in biochemistry, and wanted to study the whole person. He became interested in psychosomatic medicine, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, and in the late 1940s, worked at New York Hospital exploring psychosomatic illness and the effects of stress, and in particular why, for example, one person's response to stress might be asthma and another's high blood pressure.

He taught at Louisiana State University School of Medicine from 1949 to 1957 as assistant, then associate, professor of psychiatry.

In the 1950s, he met Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), known for his advocacy of psychedelic drugs, and studied the effects of L.S.D. and mescaline, one of the first academics to do so. Ian Stevenson, in his course of studies, tried and studied L.S.D. himself, describing three days of "perfect serenity." He wrote that at the time he felt he could "never be angry again," but added, "As it happens that didn't work out, but the memory of it persisted as something to hope for."

From 1951, he studied psychoanalysis at the New Orleans Psychoanalytic Institute and the Washington Psychoanalytic Institute, graduating from the latter in 1958, a year after being appointed head of the department of psychiatry at the University of Virginia. The orthodoxy within psychiatry and psychoanalysis at the time held that the personality is more plastic in one's early years, so when he argued against this in his paper "Is the human personality more plastic in infancy and childhood?" (American Journal of Psychiatry, 1957) his paper was not received well by his colleagues. He wrote that their response prepared him for the rejection he experienced over his work on the paranormal.

Reincarnation research

Early interest

Stevenson described as the leitmotif of his career his interest in why one person would develop one disease, and another something different. He came to believe that neither environment nor heredity could account for certain fears, illnesses and special abilities, and that some form of personality or memory transfer might provide a third type of explanation. He acknowledged, however, the absence of evidence of a physical process by which a personality could survive death and transfer to another body, and he was careful not to commit himself fully to the position that reincarnation occurs. He argued only that his case studies could not, in his view, be explained by environment or heredity, and that "reincarnation is the best – even though not the only – explanation for the stronger cases we have investigated." He said in 1974, looking back on his work:[W]hat I do believe is that, of the cases we now know, reincarnation--at least for some--is the best explanation that we have been able to come up with. There is an impressive body of evidence and it is getting stronger all the time. I think a rational person, if he wants, can believe in reincarnation on the basis of evidence.In 1958 and 1959, Stevenson contributed several articles and book reviews to Harper's about parapsychology, including psychosomatic illness and extrasensory perception, and in 1958, he submitted the winning entry to a competition organized by the American Society for Psychical Research, in honor of the philosopher William James (1842–1910). The prize was for the best essay on "paranormal mental phenomena and their relationship to the problem of survival of the human personality after bodily death." Stevenson's essay, "The Evidence for Survival from Claimed Memories of Former Incarnations" (1960), reviewed forty-four published cases of people, mostly children, who claimed to remember past lives. It caught the attention of Eileen J. Garrett (1893–1970), the founder of the Parapsychology Foundation, who gave Stevenson a grant to travel to India to interview a child who was claiming to have past-life memories. According to Jim Tucker, Stevenson found twenty-five other cases in just four weeks in India and was able to publish his first book on the subject in 1966, Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation.

Chester Carlson (1906–1968), the inventor of xerography, offered further financial help. Jim Tucker writes that this allowed Stevenson to step down as chair of the psychiatry department and set up a separate division within the department, which he called the Division of Personality Studies, later renamed the Division of Perceptual Studies.

When Carlson died in 1968, he left $1,000,000 to the University of Virginia to continue Stevenson's work. The bequest caused controversy within the university because of the nature of the research, but the donation was accepted, and Stevenson became the first Carlson Professor of Psychiatry.

Case studies

Overview

The bequest from Chester Carlson allowed Stevenson to travel extensively, sometimes as much as 55,000 miles a year, collecting around three thousand case studies based on interviews with children from Africa to Alaska.

In one case of claimed reincarnation, as Stevenson recounted it, a newborn girl in Sri Lanka screamed whenever she was carried near a bus or a bath. When she was old enough to talk, he said, she recounted a previous life as a girl of 8 or 9 who drowned after a bus knocked her into a flooded rice paddy; later investigation found the family of just such a dead girl living four or five kilometers away. The two families, Stevenson said, were believed to have had no contact.

According to journalist Tom Shroder, "In interviewing witnesses and reviewing documents, Stevenson searched for alternate ways to account for the testimony: that the child came upon the information in some normal way, that the witnesses were engaged in fraud or self-delusion, that the correlations were the result of coincidence or misunderstanding. But in scores of cases, Stevenson concluded that no normal explanation sufficed."

In some cases, a child in a "past life" case may have birthmarks or birth defects that in some way correspond to physical features of the "previous person" whose life the child seems to remember. Stevenson's Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects (1997) examined two hundred cases of birth defects or birthmarks on children claiming past-life memories. These included children with malformed or missing fingers who said they recalled the lives of people who had lost fingers; a boy with birthmarks resembling entrance and exit wounds who said he recalled the life of someone who had been shot; and a child with a scar around her skull three centimetres wide who said she recalled the life of a man who had had skull surgery. In many of the cases, in Stevenson's view, the witness testimony or autopsy reports appeared to support the existence of the injuries on the deceased's body.

Reception

Criticism
The Journal of the American Medical Association referred to Stevenson's Cases of the Reincarnation Type (1975) as a "painstaking and unemotional" collection of cases that were "difficult to explain on any assumption other than reincarnation." In September 1977, the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease devoted most of one issue to Stevenson's research. Writing in the journal, the psychiatrist Harold Lief described Stevenson as a methodical investigator and added, "Either he is making a colossal mistake, or he will be known (I have said as much to him) as 'the Galileo of the 20th century'." The issue proved popular: the journal's editor, the psychiatrist Eugene Brody, said he had received 300–400 requests for reprints.

Despite this early interest, most scientists ignored Stevenson's work. According to his New York Times obituary, his detractors saw him as "earnest, dogged but ultimately misguided, led astray by gullibility, wishful thinking and a tendency to see science where others saw superstition." Critics suggested that the children or their parents had deceived him, that he was too willing to believe them, and that he had asked them leading questions. Robert Todd Carroll wrote in his Skeptic's Dictionary that Stevenson's results were subject to confirmation bias, in that cases not supportive of the hypothesis were not presented as counting against it. Leonard Angel, a philosopher of religion, told The New York Times that Stevenson did not follow proper standards. "[B]ut you do have to look carefully to see it; that's why he's been very persuasive to many people."

In an article in Skeptical Inquirer Angel examined Stevenson's Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (1974) and concluded that the research was so poorly conducted as to cast doubt on all Stevenson's work. He says that Stevenson failed to clearly and concisely document the claims made before attempting to verify them. Among a number of other faults, Angel says, Stevenson asked leading questions and did not properly tabulate or account for all erroneous statements. Angel writes:

Skeptics have written that Stevenson's evidence was anecdotal and by applying Occam's razor there are prosaic explanations for the cases without invoking the paranormal. Psychologist and neurologist Terence Hines has written:

Robert Baker wrote that many alleged past-life experiences can be explained in terms of known psychological factors. Baker attributed the recalling of past lives to a mixture of cryptomnesia and confabulation. British author and independent researcher Ian Wilson argued that a large number of Stevenson's cases consisted of poor children remembering wealthy lives or belonging to a higher caste. He speculated that such cases may represent a scheme to obtain money from the family of the alleged former incarnation.

The philosopher C.T.K. Chari of Madras Christian College in Chennai, a specialist in parapsychology, argued that Stevenson was naive and that the case studies were undermined by his lack of local knowledge. Chari wrote that many of the cases had come from societies, such as that of India, where people believed in reincarnation, and that the stories were simply cultural artifacts; he argued that, for children in many Asian countries, the recall of a past life is the equivalent of an imaginary playmate. The philosopher Keith Augustine made a similar argument.

Responding to this cultural argument, Stevenson said that it was precisely those societies that listened to children's claims about past lives, which in Europe or North America would normally be dismissed without investigation. To address the cultural concern, he wrote European Cases of the Reincarnation Type (2003), which presented forty cases he had examined in Europe. Moreover, Joseph Prabhu, professor emeritus of philosophy and religion at California State University, wrote that it is not true "that these cases are mainly to be found in cultures, where the belief in reincarnation is prevalent. In July 1974 Stevenson's colleague at the University of Virginia, J. G. Pratt, carried out a census of Stevenson's cases and found that of the 1339 cases then in Stevenson's file, 'the United States has the most, with 324 cases (not counting American Indian and Eskimo) and the next five countries in descending order are Burma (139 cases), India (135), Turkey (114), and Great Britain (111).'"

The philosopher Paul Edwards, editor-in-chief of Macmillan's Encyclopedia of Philosophy, became Stevenson's chief critic. From 1986 onwards, he devoted several articles to Stevenson's work, and discussed Stevenson in his Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (1996). He argued that Stevenson's views were "absurd nonsense" and that when examined in detail his case studies had "big holes" and "do not even begin to add up to a significant counterweight to the initial presumption against reincarnation." Stevenson, Edwards wrote, "evidently lives in a cloud-cuckoo-land."

Champe Ransom, whom Stevenson hired as an assistant in the 1970s, wrote an unpublished report about Stevenson's work, which Edwards cites in his Immortality (1992) and Reincarnation (1996). According to Ransom, Edwards wrote, Stevenson asked the children leading questions, filled in gaps in the narrative, did not spend enough time interviewing them, and left too long a period between the claimed recall and the interview; it was often years after the first mention of a recall that Stevenson learned about it. In only eleven of the 1,111 cases Ransom looked at had there been no contact between the families of the deceased and of the child before the interview; in addition, according to Ransom, seven of those eleven cases were seriously flawed. He also wrote that there were problems with the way Stevenson presented the cases, in that he would report his witnesses' conclusions, rather than the data upon which the conclusions rested. Weaknesses in cases would be reported in a separate part of his books, rather than during the discussion of the cases themselves. Ransom concluded that it all amounted to anecdotal evidence of the weakest kind.

Edwards cited the case of Corliss Chotkin, Jr.,  in Angoon, Alaska, described by Stevenson, as an example that relied entirely on the word of one woman, the niece of Victor Vincent, a fisherman. (Victor Vincent was the person whose life Corliss Chotkin, Jr., seemed to remember.) Edwards wrote that, among the many weaknesses in the case, the family were religious believers in reincarnation, Chotkin had birthmarks that were said to have resembled scars that Vincent had but Stevenson had not seen Vincent's scars, and all the significant details relied on the niece. Edwards said that Stevenson offered no information about her, except that several people told him she had a tendency, as Stevenson put it, to embellish or invent stories. Edwards wrote that similar weaknesses could be found in all Stevenson's case studies.

Edwards charged that Stevenson referred to himself as a scientist but did not act like one. According to Edwards, he failed to respond to, or even mention, significant objections; the large bibliography in Stevenson's Children Who Remember Previous Lives (1987) does not include one paper or book from his opponents.

 Stevenson wrote an introduction to a book, Second Time Round (1975), in which Edward Ryall, an Englishman, told of what he believed to be his memories of a past life as John Fletcher, a man who was born in 1645 in Taunton, England, and died forty years later near his home in Westonzoyland, Somerset. Stevenson investigated the case and discovered that some of the historical features from Ryall's book were accurate. Stevenson wrote, "I think it most probable that he has memories of a real previous life and that he is indeed John Fletcher reborn, as he believes himself to be". In 1976, however, John Taylor discovered that none of the available church records at the Westonzoyland church from 1645 to 1685 had entries for births, marriages, or deaths for the name Fletcher. Since no trace of the name could be found, he concluded that no man called John Fletcher actually existed and that the supposed memories were a fantasy Ryall had developed over the years. Stevenson later altered his opinion about the case. In his book European Cases of the Reincarnation Type, he wrote, "I can no longer believe that all of Edward Ryall's apparent memories derive from a previous life, because some of his details are clearly wrong," but he still suggested that Ryall acquired some information about 17th-century Somerset by paranormal means.

Concessions from critics
Ian Wilson, one of Stevenson's critics, acknowledged that Stevenson had brought "a new professionalism to a hitherto crank-prone field." Paul Edwards wrote that Stevenson "has written more fully and more intelligibly in defense of reincarnation than anybody else." Though faulting Stevenson's judgment, Edwards wrote: "I have the highest regard for his honesty. All of his case reports contain items that can be made the basis of criticism. Stevenson could easily have suppressed this information. The fact that he did not speaks well for his integrity."

Carl Sagan referred to what were apparently Stevenson's investigations in his book The Demon-Haunted World as an example of carefully collected empirical data, and though he rejected reincarnation as a parsimonious explanation for the stories, he wrote that the phenomenon of alleged past-life memories should be further researched. Sam Harris cited Stevenson's works in his book The End of Faith as part of a body of data that seems to attest to the reality of psychic phenomena, but that only relies on subjective personal experience.

Support
Lee Irwin, a professor at the College of Charlston, wrote in the journal Religions, "In many ways, Stevenson's research marks a watershed in reincarnation theory, as it moves the center of focus away from a religious context entirely and relocates the center in an academic, evidential program of investigation."

In an article published on the website of Scientific American in 2013, in which Stevenson's work was reviewed favorably, Jesse Bering, a professor of science communication, wrote: "Towards the end of her own storied life, the physicist Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf—whose groundbreaking theories on surface physics earned her the prestigious Heyn Medal from the German Society for Material Sciences, surmised that Stevenson's work had established that 'the statistical probability that reincarnation does in fact occur is so overwhelming … that cumulatively the evidence is not inferior to that for most if not all branches of science.' "

Xenoglossy
Although Stevenson mainly focused on cases of children who seemed to remember past lives, he also studied two cases in which adults under hypnosis seemed to remember a past life and show rudimentary use of a language they had not learned in the present life. Stevenson called this phenomenon "xenoglossy." The linguist Sarah Thomason, critiquing these cases, wrote that Stevenson is "unsophisticated about language" and that the cases are unconvincing. Thomason concluded, "the linguistic evidence is too weak to provide support for the claims of xenoglossy." William J. Samarin, a linguist from the University of Toronto, wrote that Stevenson corresponded with linguists in a selective and unprofessional manner. He said that Stevenson corresponded with one linguist in a period of six years "without raising any discussion about the kinds of thing that linguists would need to know." Another linguist, William Frawley, wrote, "Stevenson does not consider enough linguistic evidence in these cases to warrant his metaphysics."

Retirement

Stevenson stepped down as director of the Division of Perceptual Studies in 2002, although he continued to work as Research Professor of Psychiatry. Bruce Greyson, editor of the Journal of Near-Death Studies, became director of the division. Jim Tucker, the department's associate professor of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences, continued Stevenson's research with children, examined in Tucker's book, Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives (2005).

Death and experiment
Stevenson died of pneumonia on February 8, 2007, at his home in Charlottesville, Virginia. In his will he endowed the Stevenson Chair in Philosophy and History of Science including Medicine, at McGill University Department of Social Studies of Medicine.

As one experiment to test for personal survival of bodily death, in the 1960s Stevenson set a combination lock using a secret word or phrase and placed it in a filing cabinet in the department, telling his colleagues he would try to pass the code to them after his death. Emily Williams Kelly told The New York Times: "Presumably, if someone had a vivid dream about him, in which there seemed to be a word or a phrase that kept being repeated—I don't quite know how it would work—if it seemed promising enough, we would try to open it using the combination suggested."

Works
Books

(1960). Medical History-Taking. Paul B. Hoeber.
(1966). Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation. University of Virginia Press.
(1969). The Psychiatric Examination. Little, Brown.
(1970). Telepathic Impressions: A Review and Report of 35 New Cases. University Press of Virginia.
(1971). The Diagnostic Interview (2nd revised edition of Medical History-Taking). Harper & Row.
(1974). Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation (second revised and enlarged edition). University of Virginia Press.
(1974). Xenoglossy: A Review and Report of A Case. University of Virginia Press.
(1975). Cases of the Reincarnation Type, Vol. I: Ten Cases in India. University of Virginia Press.
(1978). Cases of the Reincarnation Type, Vol. II: Ten Cases in Sri Lanka. University of Virginia Press.
(1980). Cases of the Reincarnation Type, Vol. III: Twelve Cases in Lebanon and Turkey. University of Virginia Press.
(1983). Cases of the Reincarnation Type, Vol. IV: Twelve Cases in Thailand and Burma. University of Virginia Press.
(1984). Unlearned Language: New Studies in Xenoglossy. University of Virginia Press.
(1987). Children Who Remember Previous Lives: A Question of Reincarnation. University of Virginia Press.
(1997). Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. Volume 1: Birthmarks. Praeger Publishers.
(1997). Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. Volume 2: Birth Defects and Other Anomalies. Praeger Publishers.
(1997). Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect. Praeger Publishers (a short, non-technical version of Reincarnation and Biology).
(2000). Children Who Remember Previous Lives: A Question of Reincarnation (revised edition). McFarland Publishing.
(2003). European Cases of the Reincarnation Type. McFarland & Company.
(2019). Handbook of Psychiatry volume Five (Co-written with Javad Nurbakhsh and Hamideh Jahangiri). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
(2020). Psychological Treatment Techniques For Social Anxiety Disorder (Co-written with Aliakbar Shoarinejad and Hamideh Jahangiri). Scholars' Press.

Selected articles

(1949). "Why medicine is not a science", Harper's, April.
(1952). "Illness from the inside", Harper's, March.
(1952). "Why people change", Harper's, December.
(1954). "Psychosomatic medicine, Part I", Harper's, July.
(1954). "Psychosomatic medicine, Part II", Harper's, August.
(1957). "Tranquilizers and the mind", Harper's, July.
(1957). "Schizophrenia", Harper's, August.
(1957). "Is the human personality more plastic in infancy and childhood?", American Journal of Psychiatry, 114(2), pp. 152–161.
(1958). "Scientists with half-closed minds" Harper's, November.
(1959). "A Proposal for Studying Rapport which Increases Extrasensory Perception," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 53, pp. 66–68.
(1959). "The Uncomfortable Facts about Extrasensory Perception", Harper's, July.
(1960). "The Evidence for Survival from Claimed Memories of Former Incarnations," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, pp. 51–71.
(1960). "The Evidence for Survival from Claimed Memories of Former Incarnations": Part II. Analysis of the Data and Suggestions for Further Investigations, Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 54, pp. 95–117.
(1961). "An Example Illustrating the Criteria and Characteristics of Precognitive Dreams," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 55, pp. 98–103.
(1964). "The Blue Orchid of Table Mountain," Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 42, pp. 401–409.
(1968). "The Combination Lock Test for Survival," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 62, pp. 246–254.
(1970). "Characteristics of Cases of the Reincarnation Type in Turkey and their Comparison with Cases in Two other Cultures," International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 11, pp. 1–17.
(1970). "A Communicator Unknown to Medium and Sitters," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 64, pp. 53–65.
(1970). "Precognition of Disasters," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 64, pp. 187–210.
(1971). "The Substantiability of Spontaneous cases," Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association, No. 5, pp. 91–128.
(1972). "Are Poltergeists Living or Are They Dead?," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 66, pp. 233–252.
(1977).
(1983).
(1986).
(1993).
with Emily Williams Cook and Bruce Greyson (1998).
(1999).
(2000).
(2000).
(2001).
with Satwant K. Pasricha; Jürgen Keil; and Jim B. Tucker (2005).
(2005). Foreword and afterword in Mary Rose Barrington and Zofia Weaver. A World in a Grain of Sand: The Clairvoyance of Stefan Ossowiecki''. McFarland Press.

An extended list of Stevenson's works is online here: http://www.pflyceum.org/167.html

See also

References

1918 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American physicians
20th-century Canadian essayists
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian physicians
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American physicians
Academics from Montreal
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American medical researchers
American people of Scottish descent
American psychiatrists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male essayists
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian psychiatrists
Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
Fringe science
McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American parapsychologists
Physicians from Montreal
Physicians from Virginia
Psychedelic drug researchers
Reincarnation researchers
University of Virginia School of Medicine faculty
Writers about religion and science
Near-death experience researchers

Ian Stevenson


Skinnebenet (lat. tibia) er en rørknogle, der sammen med lægbenet udgør underbenets knogler.
Tibia er den mediale af de to underbensknogler; tibia er betydelig tykkere og stærkere end fibula og bærer kroppens vægt. Tibia er efter lårbensknoglen (femur) kroppens største knogle. Proximalt er knoglen forbundet til knæleddet og lårbensknoglen, hvorimens den distalt artikulerer sig til fodens tarsalknogler.

Skelet

Skinneben


An Carex alsatica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karl Hermann Zahn. An Carex alsatica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex alsatica


Jusqu'à ce que le sort les sépare  () est un mini-feuilleton espagnol en six épisodes d'environ , mis en ligne le  sur la plate-forme Netflix.

Synopsis
Soledad est amoureuse de Diego, mais elle ne peut l'épouser car il n'est que pêcheur alors qu'elle est la princesse du royaume. Diego demande de l'aide à une sorcière, qui jette un sort sur le royaume : plus personne ne pourra tomber amoureux tant que les deux amants ne seront pas réunis. La princesse Soledad doit garder en vie un petit dragon d'eau pour tenir Diego en sécurité jusqu'à leurs retrouvailles.

C'est ce que raconte la légende d'un village, attirant les touristes dans un hôtel au bord de la faillite. L'hôtel ne survit que parce que Maxi, le fils de l'hôtelière, se prostitue auprès des clientes et grâce aux récitals de la chanteuse Enamora. L'arrivée d'Antonio et Juana puis de Goya aidera-t-elle à lever la malédiction qui pèse sur le village ?

Distribution
 Sebastián Yatra : Diego / Maxi
  : Ana / Juana
 Mónica Maranillo : Soledad / Goya
 Asier Etxeandia : Antonio Gamero
  : la reine Dolores / Lola
 Mariola Fuentes : la reine Fátima / Simona
  : Eloísa / Candela
 Julián Villagrán : Anselmo / Leo
 Daniela Vega : la sorcière / Enamora
 Rossy de Palma : Mamen

Production

Genèse et développement
En , la revue Esquire annonce le lancement du premier feuilleton série musical produit par Netflix España. Son créateur, Manolo Caro le définit comme . La direction musicale est confiée à Lucas Vidal. Le feuilleton reprend plusieurs chansons d'artistes populaires, comme «  » de Miguel Bosé, «  » de Marco Antonio Solís, «  » d'Esteman, «  » de Mónica Naranjo ou encore «  » du groupe La Casa Azul.

Distribution des rôles
Dès l'annonce du projet, il est dit que les rôles principaux du feuilleton seront interprétés par Sebastián Yatra, Nía Correia et Mónica Maranillo, ainsi que Asier Etxeandia ou encore Rossy de Palma. Sebastián Yatra est déjà une jeune vedette, et Asier Etxeandia est un artiste reconnu, de même que « l'icônique » Rossy de Palma. Mais Mónica Maranillo venait juste de se faire connaître par La Voz Kids, et Nía Correia venait de gagner dans OT 2020.

Tournage
Le feuilleton est tourné dans le village de La Alberca dans la province de Salamanque, ainsi qu'au château de Manzanares el Real et au château de Guadamur dans la province de Tolède.

Épisodes
Si tu ne reviens pas ()
Irresponsables
Nous étions l'amour ()
Je survivrai ()
Ce n'est pas moi ()
On a toujours vécu ensemble ()

Réception critique
Pour le site spécialisé La Montée ibérique, le mini feuilleton , ce qui en fait .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2022
Série télévisée espagnole des années 2020
Série télévisée de Netflix
Mini-série espagnole
Série télévisée de comédie romantique
Série télévisée musicale
Série télévisée de fantasy
Série télévisée en espagnol

Jusqu'à ce que le sort les sépare


تقسم الأرجنتين في المستوى الإداري الأول إلى 23 محافظة (بالأسبانية: provincias مفردها: provincia) ومدينة مستقلة واحدة (ciudad autónoma) وهي العاصمة الفدرالية للدولة (بالأسبانية: Capital Federal) كما قرر في الدستور. المحافظات والعاصمة لهم دستورهم الخاص ولكن تحت النظام الفدرالي.

تاريخ

خلال حرب الاستقلال أصبحت المدن والمناطق المحيط بها محافظات، بتدخل من  (cabildos). تبعها الحروب الأهلية الأرجنتينية ثم أتت حقبة سميت ب وهذه الفترات ساهمت بشكل كبير في تشكيل المحافظات الأولى. محافظة خوخوي إنفصلت من محافظة سالتا في عام 1834، وزاد عدد المحافظات من 13 إلى 14 محافظة وبعد عقد من الزمان محافظة بوينس ايرس وافقت على دستور 1853 في عام 1861، وأصبحت عاصمتها منطقة فدرالية في عام 1880. في عام 1862 تم سن قانون المناطق الوطنية التي تحت السلطة الفدرالية ولكن خارج حدود المحافظات. في عام 1884 خدمة كقواعد لبدأ عمل حكومات ميسيونس وفرموزا وتشاكو ولا لمبا ونيوكوين وريو نيغرو وتشوبوت وسانت كروز وتييرا ديل فويغو. الاتقافية بخصوص الخلاف الحدودي مع تشيلي أنشأ المنطقة الوطنية للوس أنديس (National Territory of Los Andes). وتم ضم أراضيها إلى خوخوي وسالتا وكاتاماركا في عام 1943. محافظة لا بامبا ومحافظة تشاكو أصبحت محافظات في عام 1951. محافظة ميسيونس إنضمت في عام 1953 وتبعها محافظة فورموزا ومحافظة نيوكوين ومحافظة ريو نيغرو ومحافظة تشوبوت ومحافظة سانتا كروز في عام 1955. أخر منطقة وطنية أصبحت محافظة كانت محافظة تييرا ديل فويغو في عام 1990.

التنظيم السياسي

الأرجنتين دولة فدرالية تتكون من 23 محافظة ومدينة مستقلة واحدة بيونس ايرس. وتنقسم المحافظات لأغراض إدارية إلى إدارات (Department) وبلديات (Municipality) ما عدا محافظة بيونس ايرس والتي تنقسم إلى أحزاب. مدينة بيونس ايرس بنفسها تنقسم إلى شعبيات (Comuna). تمتلك المحافظات كامل القوة وهي لديها الخيار لمنحها للحكومة الفدرالية  ويجب أن يكون لهم ممثلين ولا يتعارضون مع الدستور. وما بعد ذلك هم لهم كامل الاستقلالية في سن قوانينهم الخاصة  ولهم حرية تشكيل حكومتهم الخاصة  وإمتلاك وإدارة كامل مقدراتهم المالية  لذلك كل محافظة لها قوانينها خاصة بها وتشريع خاص بها وكذلك محكمة عليا وحاكم وقوة شرطة مستقلة. في ثمانية محافظات لديها برلمان ثنائي-المجلس مشكل بواسطة مجلس أعلى (السيناتور)
ومجلس أدنى (النواب) وباقي المحافظات الخمس عشر والعاصمة بها مجلس بغرفة واحدة. بيونس ايرس تعتبر ضاحية فدرالية، لكن تنظيمها يشبه تنظيم المحافظات: لها دستورها الخاص بها ولها عمدة منتخب وممثلين في مجلس السيناتور ومجلس النواب.
في حالة الانفصال أو التمرد أو احتلال أراضي أو أي فعل ضد قوانين الجمهورية على أي محافظة أو العاصمة الفدرالية تكون لدى الكونغرس الصلاحية لإعلان التدخل الفدرالي في المنطقة المتضررة  حتى في غياب الأذن الرسمي من الإطراف المتأثرة.عندما يكون الكونغرس في عطلة وبسببها لم يتوصل إلى قرار يحق للرئيس أن يعلن التدخل، وهذا القرار التنفيذي قد يتم تجاوزه كونغرسياً فور انعقاد الغرف البرلمانية. فور إعلان التدخل تحل حكومة المنطقة المتضررة فوراً حلاً جزئياً أو كاملاً بناء على القرار الكونغرسي أو الرئاسي الذي أعلن بموجبة التدخل ويعين الرئيس ممثل أو متدخل وهو شخص يقوم بالخدمة حتى يتم أنتهاء حالة الطوارئ.

منذ عام 1983 تم التدخل في أربع محافظات وهي: محافظة كاتاماركا ومحافظة كورينتس (مرتين) ومحافظة سانتياغو ديل استيرو (مرتين) ومحافظة توكومان.
خلال القرن العشرين، بعض المحافظات كانت تقليدياً مسيطر عليها بواسطة عائلة واحدة (مثل: عائلة سعدي "Saadi" في كاتاماركا وعائلة سباغ "Sapag" في نيوكوين). في إحدى الحالات وحتى عام 2009 كانت محافظة سان لويس تحكم بدون انقطاع بواسطة عائلة رودريغيز سا منذ عام 1983.

أقاليم جيوغرافية

تنقسم الأرجنتين إلى 7 أقاليم جيوغرافية. العديد من المحافظات لديه مناطق تمتد عبر هذه الأقاليم..

قائمة المحافظات

مصدر:

روابط إضافية
 Argentine provinces
  Information of Argentine provinces
  Provincias Argentinas
  Division
 Provinces' Flags and Governors since 1983

مراجع

وثائق قانونية

كتب

تاريخ الأرجنتين
تقسيمات الأرجنتين
تقسيمات إدارية من المستوى الأول حسب البلد
قوائم تقسيمات الأرجنتين
قوائم متعلقة بالأرجنتين

محافظات الأرجنتين


An Indosasa crassiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mcclure. An Indosasa crassiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indosasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Indosasa

Indosasa crassiflora


European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) bliver det indtil nu største teleskop på Jorden, og er under opførrelse på bjerget Cerro Armazones i Atacamaørkenen i Chile i en højde på 3.060 moh. Byggeriet påbegyndtes d. 27. maj 2017. Telskopets hovedspejl kommer til at have en diameter på 39,3 m sammensat af mindre spejle. Sekundærspejlet vil have en diameter på 4,2 m. Hovedspejlet vil komme til at fungere med adaptiv optik styret vha. seks kunstige laserskabte stjerner. Det forventes at være færdigbygget og testet i 2024, og skal herefter indgå som en del af ESAs Paranal-observatorie.

ESA forventer at benytte teleskopet til at lede efter exoplaneter (planeter om andre stjerner end Solen), herunder også at kunne tage billeder af de større exoplaneter, og muligvis også at kunne beskrive disses atmosfære. Desuden forventer man at kunne opdage vand og organiske molekyler i skiven omkring stjernedannelser. Viden om disse ting vil bidrage til at forstå de tidlige stadier i evolutionen.

Se også
 Very Large Telescope

Kilder
THE EUROPEAN EXTREMELY LARGE TELESCOPE ("E-ELT") PROJECT  ESAs officielle hjemmeside

Teleskoper
ESA

European Extremely Large Telescope


Devinme, Dünya ekseninin 26.000 yılda bir tamamladığı 360 derecelik dönüşe verilen isimdir.

Devinme, yatık yapıda olan Dünya'nın büyük oranda Güneş'in biraz da Ay'ın çekim etkisi nedeniyle ekliptiğini Ekvator'a doğru çeken kuvvetleri karşılamasından dolayı gerçekleşmektedir. Bir topacın dönüşü sırasında yaptığı devinim gibidir.

Tam küre olmayan veya küresellikten uzaklaşan her gök cisminin dönüşü aynı zamanda devinme hareketini de beraberinde taşır. Bu hareket, "tam küre olmayan bir topaçta dönmenin sonlanmaya başladığında gözlemlediğimiz kafa sallaması hareketinde olduğu gibi" şeklinde tanımlanabilir.

Günümüzde gökyüzünde kuzey noktasının çok yakınında bulunan α Ursae Minoris yıldızı Kutup Yıldızı (Polaris) olarak bilinmektedir. Bu yıldız pusulanın kullanılmaya başlanmasından önce gemicilerin kuzeyi bulmaları için kullandıkları en önemli işaretti. Ne var ki, Dünya'nın devinmesi sebebiyle bu yıldız zamanla kuzey noktasında görünmeyecektir. Günümüzden yaklaşık olarak 13000 yıl sonra Çalgı burcundaki Vega yıldızı kuzey noktasında görünecek ve Kutup Yıldızı olarak adlandırılacaktır.

Kaynakça

Kinematik
Dinamik

Devinme


As eleições estaduais em Sergipe em 2022 foram realizadas em 2 de outubro (primeiro turno) e 30 de outubro (segundo turno), como parte das eleições gerais no Brasil. Os sergipanos aptos a votar elegeram seus representantes na seguinte proporção: oito deputados federais, um senador, vinte e quatro deputados estaduais e o governador do estado. Os eleitos tomarão posse em 1° de janeiro (Presidente da República, governador e respectivos vices) ou 1º de fevereiro (senador e deputados) de 2023 para mandatos com duração de quatro anos (salvo no caso do senador, que terá mandato de oito anos).

O governador e o vice-governador eleitos nesta eleição exercerão um mandato alguns dias mais longo. Isso ocorre devido a Emenda Constitucional n° 111, que alterou a Constituição e estipulou que o mandato dos governadores dos Estados e do Distrito Federal deverá ser iniciado em 06 de janeiro após a eleição. Entretanto, os candidatos eleitos nesta eleição assumem dia 1º de janeiro de 2023 e entregam o cargo no dia 06 de janeiro de 2027.

No pleito realizado em 2 de outubro, o senador Rogério Carvalho, do PT, que recebeu 338.796 votos (44,70% dos votos válidos), sendo o segundo colocado o o deputado federal Fábio Mitidieri, do PSD, recebeu 294.936 votos (38,91% dos votos válidos). De acordo com a legislação, como nenhum dos candidatos atingiram mais de 50% dos votos válidos, realizou-se um segundo turno em 30 de outubro, onde Fábio Mitidieri foi eleito governador do estado de Sergipe, com 623.581 votos (51,70% dos votos válidos), enquanto Rogério Carvalho, recebeu 582.940 (48,30% dos votos válidos). Para a representação de Sergipe no Senado Federal, foi eleito o deputado federal Laércio Oliveira, do PP, com 310.300 votos (28,57% dos votos válidos). Pela primeira vez na história de Sergipe, duas mulheres foram eleitas para o cargo de deputada federal: Yandra de André (UNIÃO) e Delegada Katarina (PSD), eleitas com 131.471 (obtendo maior votação) e 38.135 votos, respectivamente. Entre os eleitos e eleitas para a Assembleia Legislativa de Sergipe, está Linda Brasil (PSOL), primeira mulher trans a ser eleita para o cargo em Sergipe, obtendo 28.704 votos.

Calendário eleitoral

Candidatos ao governo de Sergipe
As convenções partidárias iniciaram-se no dia 20 de julho, se estendendo até 5 de agosto. Os seguintes partidos políticos já confirmaram suas candidaturas. Os partidos políticos têm até 15 de agosto de 2022 para registrar formalmente os seus candidatos.

Candidaturas confirmadas

Indeferimento

O PL registrou a candidatura de Valmir de Francisquinho, mas o TSE e o TRE-SE negaram o registro de candidatura dele às vésperas do dia da eleição. Apesar da inegibilidade Valmir continuou se afirmando como candidato em suas redes sociais.

Desistências

No dia 19 de agosto, o candidato Jorge Alberto, do PROS, anunciou através de nota a sua desistência da disputa pelo governo de Sergipe. No texto, o político citou a insegurança jurídica provocada pela constante alternância no comando nacional do Partido Republicano da Ordem Social (Pros), do qual é filiado, que impactou na mudança dos membros da comissão provisória do partido em Sergipe.

 João Fontes (PTB) - Deputado Federal por Sergipe 2003-2007. No dia da convenção de seu partido, ele decidiu desistir de sua pré candidatura diante da necessidade de possuir um palanque único alinhado com Jair Bolsonaro (PL) no estado de Sergipe. O partido decidiu apoiar a candidatura de Valmir de Francisquinho (PL) ao Governo de Sergipe e indicou o João Fontes para ser o 1° suplente de Eduardo Amorim (PL)

Candidatos ao Senado Federal
As convenções partidárias iniciaram-se no dia 20 de julho, se estendendo até 5 de agosto. Os seguintes partidos políticos já confirmaram suas candidaturas. Os partidos políticos têm até 15 de agosto de 2022 para registrar formalmente os seus candidatos.

Candidaturas confirmadas

Pesquisas de opinião

Governador

Senador

Resultados da eleição
Segundo os dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, no estado de Sergipe, 1.362.604 eleitores (81,64% do eleitorado) compareceram às urnas no primeiro turno das eleições (2 de outubro) e 306.438 eleitores (18,36% do eleitorado) se abstiveram de votar. No segundo turno (30 de outubro), 1.353.358 eleitores (81,10% do eleitorado) compareceram às urnas, enquanto 315.516 eleitores (18,90% do eleitorado) se abstiveram.

Governador

Primeiro turno
Conforme dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 757.938 votos válidos (55,62%), 62.604 votos em branco (4,6%) e 542.062 votos nulos (39,78%), resultando no comparecimento de 1.362.604 eleitores.

Segundo turno
Conforme dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 1.206.791 votos válidos (89,16%), 47.242 votos em branco (3,49%) e 99.505 votos nulos (7,35%), resultando no comparecimento de 1.353.538 eleitores.

Senador
Conforme dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 1.086.263 votos válidos (79,72%), 107.308 votos em branco (7,87%) e 169.033 votos nulos (12,41%), resultando no comparecimento de 1.362.604 eleitores.

Deputados federais eleitos
Foram oito os deputados federais eleitos para a representação de Sergipe na Câmara dos Deputados. Conforme o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 1.140.554 votos nominais (95,76%) e 50.520 votos de legenda (4,24%) resultando em 1.191.074 votos válidos. Esta quantidade de votos válidos (87,62%), somada aos 82.303 votos em branco (6,04%) e 86.324 votos nulos (6,34%), resultou no comparecimento de 1.362.604 eleitores.

Deputados estaduais eleitos
Foram eleitos vinte e quatro os deputados estaduais para a Assembleia Legislativa de Sergipe. Conforme o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 1.144.046 votos nominais (94,05%) e 72.379 votos de legenda (5,95%) resultando em 1.216.425 votos válidos. Esta quantidade de votos válidos (89,32%), somada aos 72.433 votos em branco (5,32%) e 73.055 votos nulos (5,36%), resultou no comparecimento de 1.362.604 eleitores.

Eleições estaduais em Sergipe
Sergipe
2022 em Sergipe

Eleições estaduais em Sergipe em 2022


Loma Mar é uma região censo-designada localizada no estado americano de Califórnia, no Condado de San Mateo. Possui menos de 150 habitantes, de acordo com o censo nacional de 2020. Fica perto do Parque Memorial do Condado de San Mateo na Pescadero Creek Road. Loma Mar fica entre Pescadero e La Honda, situada nas montanhas de Santa Cruz, na parte ocidental da Península de São Francisco. Loma Mar abriga o Camp Loma Mar da YMCA, o Redwood Glen Camp e o Centro de Conferências, bem como um pequeno número de empresas e serviços, incluindo a Loma Mar Store, um correio e um corpo de bombeiros administrado por voluntários.

Geografia
De acordo com o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, a região tem uma área de , dos quais todos os  estão cobertos por terra.

Demografia

Censo 2020
Segundo o censo nacional de 2020, a sua população é de  e sua densidade populacional de . Seu crescimento populacional na última década foi de 18,6%, bem acima do crescimento estadual de 6,1%.

Possui  que resulta em uma densidade de  e um aumento de 4,5% em relação ao censo anterior. Deste total, 18,6% das unidades habitacionais estão desocupadas. A média de ocupação é de 2,4 pessoas por residência.

A renda familiar média é de  e a taxa de emprego é de 72,1%.

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias da Califórnia
Localidades do condado de San Mateo

Loma Mar (Califórnia)


Agrilus reichardti é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1935.

Referências

reichardti

Agrilus reichardti


علم التأثيرات الكهربائية الحيوية  وهو العلم الذي يدرس التأثيرات الكهربائية أو المغناطيسية أو الكهرومغناطيسية الخارجية على الأنسجة الحية والتي تصدر عن أجهزة من صنع الإنسان لتشخيص ومعالجة الاختلالات في الوظائف الحيوية التي تعانيها هذه الأنسجة.
ويندرج تصميم وتطوير قطاع واسع من الأجهزة الطبية تحت هذا العلم.
و هذا العلم هو أحد فرعي الهندسة الكهربائية الطبية.

سبب الظهور والتأثيرات
نبضات كهربائية تحدث لفترة قصيرة من الزمن تدعى الأحداث الكمونية تتشكل في العديد من الخلايا الحيوانية مثل الخلايا العصبية والعضلية وبعض الخلايا النباتية. هذه النبضات هي سبب تأثر الخلايا الحية بالحقول الكهربائية أو المغناطيسية أو الكهرومغناطيسية الخارجية. هذه الأحداث تساعد على تنشيط العمليات التي تحدث بين الخلايا ونقل المعلومات بين أعضاء الخلية. هذه الأحداث تحدث بسبب القنوات الأيونية الموجودة في غشاء الخلية. يتم دراسة هذه الظواهر من خلال الفيزيولوجيا الكهربية. تم اكتشاف هذه الظاهرة لأول مرة في القرن التاسع عشر أثناء تشريح ضفدع. العديد من الحيوانات المائية لها حساسات كهرحيوية التي تساعدها على تحديد اتجاه سباحتها تحت الماء.

تأثير المجالات الكهربائية والمغناطيسية
تم دراسة أثر المجالات الكهربائية والمغناطيسية الضعيفة التي يكون ترددها أقل من 300 هرتز على جسم الإنسان ويرجح العلماء انها لا تحدث ضرر كبير على المدى الطويل. هذه المجالات الضعيفة تصدر من اجهزة الراديو وخطوط نقل الكهرباء. ولكن تأثير الحقول التي يكون ترددها أكثر من 300 هرتز لم يتم دراسة كافة تأثيراتها على جسم الإنسان بعد. تأثيرات الحقول الكهربائية والمغناطيسية يصعب ملاحظتها وإثباتها لأن الضرر الذي يتم ملاحظته يمكن أن يكون سببه عوامل أخرى. المجالات الكهربائية والمغناطيسية الضعيفة والقوية يتم اصدارها من الآلات الطبية.

انظر أيضًا
 إشعاع الهاتف المحمول والصحة

مراجع

علم التأثيرات الكهربائية الحيوية
علم الأحياء
علم الأحياء الإشعاعي
علم وظائف الأعضاء
فيزياء حيوية
فيزيولوجيا كهربائية
هندسة طبية حيوية

علم التأثيرات الكهربائية الحيوية


Christian Lundeberg (født 14. juli 1842 i Forsbacka, død 10. november 1911 i Stockholm) var en svensk statsmand, der var Sveriges statsminister fra august til november 1905.

Biografi
Lundeberg var officer i hæren 1861—1874, men styrede ved siden heraf sin faders jernværk i årene 1865—1872 og blev derefter deltager og leder af et aktieselskab, der ejede et andet. I 1881 valgtes han til landstinget for Gävleborgs län og blev dets formand 1893—1907. Han valgtes 1881 tillige til forretningsudvalget for lenets landhusholdningsselskab og var dets næstformand. I 1885 valgtes han til Første Kammer og havde siden sæde her, samt var en af kammerets ledende mænd, udpræget protektionist og Højremand. Allerede 1888—1889 og på ny 1892—1903 var han medlem af Statsutskottet (Finansudvalget) og dets formand siden 1896. Han fik tillige andre vigtige hverv, således 1887—1888 som medlem af kommitteen om jernbanetaksterne og 1897—1898 af Forsvarskomiteen; var 1895 medlem af det hemmelige udvalg og 1901 formand for Rigsdagens Forsvarsudvalg, hvor han viste stor dygtighed til at føre modstridende meninger sammen til et praktisk udslag. Han var en afgjort modstander af de norske krav om et særskilt konsulatsvæsen og var 1903—1904 hovedtaleren imod udenrigsministeren grev Lagerheim, på grund af dennes imødekommende optræden. På den overordentlige rigsdag i sommeren 1905 — efter Norges unionsbrud — var han formand for fællesudvalget om unionens opløsning og var derefter med at afslutte Karlstadoverenskomsten, samt blev i augusti—november førsteminister for det blandingsministerium, som førte opløsningen til endelig afslutning. 1906—1908 var han vicetalmand (næstformand) i Første Kammer og 1907 formand i Valgretsudvalget, der forberedte den endelige løsning af det længe omtvistede spørgsmål om udvidet valgret såvel til Andet Kammer som til kommunalråd og landsting, samt derigennem også til Første Kammer. Efter de nye valg udnævntes han 1910 af kongen til formand for Første Kammer.

Kilder

Sveriges statsministre
Medlemmer af førstekammeret i Sveriges Rigsdag
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Svenskere i 1900-tallet

Christian Lundeberg


L'édition 2021 du tournoi de tennis de Concord se déroule du 2 au  sur dur en extérieur. Elle appartient à la catégorie WTA 125.

Magdalena Fręch remporte le tournoi en simple. En finale, elle bat Renata Zarazúa, décrochant à cette occasion son premier titre dans cette catégorie.

L'épreuve de double voit quant à elle s'imposer Peangtarn Plipuech et Jessy Rompies.

Faits marquants

Forfaits

Lauréates
La Polonaise Magdalena Fręch remporte son premier titre en simple en WTA 125 en battant en finale la Mexicaine Renata Zarazúa.

La paire Peangtarn Plipuech et Jessy Rompies remporte le double.

Primes et points

Source:

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Tournoi de tennis de Concord
 Saison 2021 de la WTA

Lien externe

  Site officiel

Navigation

WTA 2021
Concord
Sport aux États-Unis en août 2021
Tennis en août 2021

Tournoi de tennis de Concord (WTA 2021)


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Maierhöfen

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Reute

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Riedholz

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Ringenberg

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Schweinebach

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Untersteig

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Wolfbühl

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Maierhöfen

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Maierhofen
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Maierhöfen


L'édition 2022 du tournoi de tennis d'Estoril se déroule du  au  sur terre battue en extérieur. Elle appartient à la catégorie ATP 250.

Faits marquants

Forfaits
On note les forfaits de l'Argentin Diego Schwartzman, du Britannique Cameron Norrie, des Espagnols Pablo Carreño Busta et Pedro Martínez, du Français Arthur Rinderknech et du Serbe Laslo Djere. Ils sont respectivement remplacés par Fernando Verdasco, Carlos Taberner, Richard Gasquet, Jiří Veselý, Sebastián Báez et Pablo Andújar.

Lauréats
L'Argentin Sebastián Báez remporte le tournoi en battant en finale Frances Tiafoe. Il s'agit du premier titre ATP de sa carrière en simple.

En double, Nuno Borges et Francisco Cabral décrochent leur premier titre ensemble en s'imposant en finale face à Máximo González et André Göransson. Il s'agit de leur premier titre ATP respectif en double. Ils deviennent ainsi la première paire portugaise à remporter le tournoi, depuis sa création en 1990.

Primes et points

NB : Si une tête de série est éliminée dès son entrée en lice, elle remporte les points d'une défaite au , même si elle en a été exemptée.

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis d'Estoril
 Saison 2022 de l'ATP

Liens externes
  Site officiel du tournoi

ATP 2022
Estoril
Sport au Portugal en 2022
Tennis en avril 2022
Tennis en mai 2022

Tournoi de tennis d'Estoril (ATP 2022)


Stephan Lupino (pravo ime Ivan Lepen) (Varaždin, 28. travnja 1952.) hrvatski je umjetnički fotograf i kipar.

Životopis
U rodnom Varaždinu završio Lupino je završio osnovnu i srednju školu nakon koje odlazi u London na studij engleskog jezika. Nakon studija u Londonu odlazi u New York gdje upisuje konzervatorij glume kod Stelle Adler. Tijekom boravka u New Yorku, upoznaje fotografkinju Deborah Turbeville koja je fotografiji, kao umjetnosti, dala avangardnu crtu. Ubrzo nakon završetka studija počeo objavljivati svoja djela te je tako dobio poslove u raznim modnim časopisima poput Vougea ili Playboya. Domovinski rat je na njemu ostavio snažne posljedice te se on udaljava od fotografije te počinje se baviti kiparstvom i slikarstvom. Nakon rata počinje se zanimati za ljudsku patnju i ljudsko tijelo te mu te teme postaju glavni motiv u radovima. Prvi takav rad bio je 2003. godine pod nazivom Moji anđeli te je veći dio prihoda dao zagrebačkoj Klaićevoj bolnici.

Lupinizam
Upravo u razdoblju nakon Domovinskog rata do danas, u hrvatskom slikarstvu javlja se novi umjetnički pravac kojeg je Stephan Lupino stvorio, a zove se lupinizam. Iako nema službene definicije, lupinizam je stil kojim Stephan Lupino prikazuje teme, a on je prepoznatljiv po velikim i teškim skulpturama te slikama platnima velikih dimenzija. Jedan od najpoznatiji primjera lupinizma je skulptura Fire Woman koja se nalazi u klubu Domenico Vacca u New Yorku.

Nepotpuni popis radova i projekta
 Lupino – En Avant, 1988.
 Nightlife World, 1989.
 Zagreb živi, 1994.
 Lupino Photo Book, 1994.
 Moji anđeli, 2003.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice

Izvori

Hrvatski umjetnici
Životopisi, Varaždin
Hrvatski likovni umjetnici
Hrvatski fotografi

Stephan Lupino


An Psychilis buchii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ruben Primitivo Sauleda. An Psychilis buchii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Psychilis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Psychilis

Psychilis buchii


Spomen-križ je građevina u obliku kršćanskog križa. Poput spomen-ploče, njime se obilježava mjesto koje je po nečem značajno i vrijedno. Veličinom i svrhom razlikuje se od križa krajputaša, od kojega je veći, a namjena mu je u spomen na određene osobe i/ili događaje. Krajputaš može biti i križ ili obični kamen kao spomen na osobu koja je na tom mjestu poginula, ali ako je i križna oblika, nije isto kao spomen-križ, koji je znatno veći. Spomen-križevi obično su veći od visine običnog odraslog čovjeka. Od monumentalnih križeva razlikuju se veličinom i namjenom. Monumentalni su još veći od spomen-križeva, a namjena im je slična poput križeva krajputaša ili križeva na sljemenima, simbolizirajući kršćanstvo tog kraja i istovremeno označavajući Božju zaštitu nad tim krajem.

Izvori

Spomen-križ


Wang Zhouyu (; 13 de maio de 1994) é uma halterofilista chinesa, campeã olímpica.

Carreira

Wenwen conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após levantar 270 kg na categoria feminina para pessoas com até 87 kg. Ela participou do Campeonato Mundial de Halterofilismo de 2018, conquistando o título.

Halterofilistas olímpicos da China
Campeões olímpicos da China
Halterofilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Wang Zhouyu


Oceaniopteris, rod paprati iz porodice rebračevki (Blechnaceae) kojemu pripada 8 vrsta iz  Malezije, zapadnog Pacifika i Australije. Opisan je 2016.

Vrste
 Oceaniopteris cartilaginea (Sw.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris ciliata (T.Moore) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris egregia (Copel.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris francii (Rosenst.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris gibba (Labill.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris obtusata (Labill.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris vittata (Brack.) Gasper & Salino
 Oceaniopteris whelanii (F.M.Bailey) Gasper & Salino

Izvori

Rebračevke

Oceaniopteris


Dans les conceptions antérieures de la biologie du rein, le néphrotome était une section du mésoderme qui donnait naissance au pronéphros et éventuellement au reste du rein. Les textes plus anciens décrivent le pronéphros comme résultant de la fusion de plusieurs néphrotomes.

Les méthodes modernes de visualisation, telles que la microscopie électronique à balayage, l'hybridation in situ et la microscopie confocale, combinées à la simple approche consistant à décoller l'épiderme pour voir le rein en formation, ont montré que ce n'est pas le cas. Le mésenchyme néphrique se sépare du mésoderme intermédiaire sous la forme d'un seul primordia allongé. Lorsque ce primordia commence à subir une épithélialisation, les parties antérieures du pronéphros forment des protubérances arrondies, qui deviennent ensuite les branches dorsales du pronéphros qui se lient aux néphrostomes (distincts des néphrotomes). Ces bosses arrondies sont les structures observées dans les coupes histologiques qui sont appelées néphrotomes. Les néphrotomes ne sont pas liés aux néphrostomes, qui sont de fins entonnoirs ciliés qui relient les néphrons prénéphriques au coelome.

Rein

Néphrotome


Ngọc Linh (a Sino-Vietnamese name meaning "Jade Mountain") is a  mountain of the Annamite Range in Vietnam. It straddles the two provinces of Quảng Nam and Kon Tum. It is considered "the roof of Southern Vietnam".

Panax vietnamensis (), a species of ginseng native to the South Central Coast and Central Highlands regions of Vietnam first identified as a separate species in 1973, is especially common on and around mount Ngọc Linh. The area of Ngọc Linh mountain is also the only known habitat of Gracixalus lumarius or thorny tree frog and of the similar Gracixalus trieng or Trieng tree frog.

Notes

References

External links
Notes on mammals of the Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve (Vietnam, Kon Tum Province)

Mountains of Vietnam
Landforms of Kon Tum province
Landforms of Quảng Nam province

Ngọc Linh


Salustijeva kuća (također poznata u ranijim izvješćima o iskapanjima kao Akteonova kuća) bila je elitna rezidencija (domus) u starorimskom gradu Pompeji i među najraskošnijim u gradu.

Najstariji dijelovi kuće datirani su u 4. stoljeće prije Krista, ali su glavna proširenja izgrađena u 2. stoljeću prije Krista tijekom rimskog razdoblja. Duga povijest ove građevine pruža važne dokaze o razvoju elitnih rezidencija u Pompejima.

Kuća se nalazi u Regio VI, Insula 2, 4 na istočnoj strani Via Consolare. Svoje moderno ime dobio je po izbornoj obavijesti postavljenoj na pročelju, koja preporučuje Gaja Salustija za dužnost. Alternativni naziv je kuća A. Cossus Libanus, prema pečatu pronađenom u ruševinama. Mjesto je kasnije oštećeno bombom u Drugom svjetskom ratu, a obnovljeno je 1970.

Povijest

Kuća je izvorno bila jednostruka simetrična atrijska kuća iz samnitskog razdoblja izrađena od blokova sedre. Aksijalno poravnata struktura sadržavala je središnji fauces, postavljen između prodavaonica s pročeljem, koja vodi do atrija s kompluvijem i impluvijem, tri kubikula i ale koje su flankirale atrij sa svake strane. Na stražnjoj strani atrija nalazio se tablinum s oekom i andronom na lijevoj i desnoj strani tablinuma. Iza tablinuma nalazio se vanjski vrt ograđen zidom posjeda. Bila je uređena u Prvom Pompejskom stilu.

U uzastopnim građevinskim fazama dodane su dodatne trgovine na njegovoj zapadnoj strani, a peristil (portik s kolonadom) dodan je u vrt.

U kasnom augustovskom razdoblju kuća je pretvorena u hospitium, hotel velikih razmjera. Izgrađen je pult kojem se može pristupiti i s ulice i iz atrija kako bi se potaknuli potencijalni gosti koji prolaze, ali i servis postojećih posjetitelja. Sobe su bile grupirane u apartmane oko atrija, a veći prostori 22 i 35 sa sjeveroistočnog kuta atrija (vidi tlocrt) pružali su unutarnje blagovaonice, dok je vanjski zidani triklinij (25) prekriven pergolom poduprtom s dva pilastra na sjevernom kraju peristilni vrt pružao je vanjski prostor za blagovanje. U blizini je izgrađeno ognjište za pripremu tople hrane.

U tablinum (19) je ugrađen veliki prozor kako bi se gostima pružio pogled na vrt koji je povećan trima stubama iznad poda atrija. Tablinum je modificiran kako bi omogućio pristup s oba kraja kolonade i, iako relativno malen prostor od 20 sa 70 stopa, naslikan je na stražnjem zidu s vrtnom scenom koja je služila kao nastavak pravog vrta, uključujući stupove ukrašene vijencima, tri fontane i ptice.

Čak i uz dodatak ovih novih značajki, kao što su peristilni vrt i drugi atrij, koji su postali popularni otprilike u to vrijeme, ukras u prvom stilu zadržan je u nekim javnim prostorima tijekom vremena, oponašajući stalnu upotrebu Prvog Stil u hramovima, bazilikama i gimnazijama u Pompejima u carsko razdoblje.

Dekoracija mramornim inkrustacijama u Prvom pompejskom stilu prostranog atrija Salustijeve kuće pažljivo je čuvana tijekom čak dva stoljeća, dok je susjedni peristil bio bogato i šarmantno ukrašen u "modernom" stilu carskog razdoblja.

Struktura je na kraju proširena kako bi iskoristila gotovo sav vrtni prostor.

Iskopavanje
Unos od 29. travnja 1775. u Pompeianarum Antiquitatum Historia, jasno pokazuje da je kuća, ili barem dio koji je sadržavao Akteonovu fresku, bila već otkrivena i označena Akteonova kuća.

Najranije arheološke radove na kući vodio je Francesco La Vega  a zatim njegov brat Pietro. Kraljica Maria Caroline od Bourbona, pokroviteljica i promatračica iskapanja kuće, primila je umjetničke nalaze na dar i rad bi prestao u sobi nakon što bi se nalazi skinuli. Kada se 1809. kuća smatrala potpuno očišćenom, rad se okrenuo reprodukciji ostataka i preživjelih freski sa slikama i crtežima.

Opis

Popis numeriranih soba prema izvornom tlocrtu iz 1817.:

 1. Glavni ulaz
 2. Vestibul
 3. Dućan s pultom i staklenkama, vjerojatno za vino ili ulje
 4. Stan povezan ulazom sa stanom 5.
 5. Stan povezan ulazom sa apartmanom 4. Grupiranje soba u apartmane ne samo da je omogućilo prostraniji smještaj, već je omogućilo gostima da zaprepašteno prelaze iz jedne fine sobe u drugu podižući percepciju bogatstva gospodara kuće.
 6. Kompluvij za skupljanje kišnice iz prostorija. Ovdje je pronađena brončana skulptura Herkula i zlatne košute.
 7. Oltar s nišom za kućne bogove
 8. Tablinum s pripadajućom prostorijom (9) s pogledom na trijem i vrt. Unutarnja prostorija vjerojatno je bila mali triklinij ili kubikulum i bila je ukrašena prikazima scenskih maski. Prvotno se prostoru pristupalo izravno iz atrija, ali su ta vrata blokirana nakon što je stražnji zid zamijenjen širokim ulazom u portik s pogledom na viridarium.
 10.  ili spavaća soba manja od 10 kvadratnih stopa.
 11. Alae - bočna udubljenja koja sadrže svete slike predaka. Ala s lijeve strane ima ulaz u susjednu prostoriju 12 koja ima ulaz u ambulantu s kolonadom (20) koja vodi do viridarija (19). Stubište je postavljeno u (12) kasnije za pristup novom gornjem katu. Desna ala ima ulaz u susjedni lararium ili pinakoteku (galeriju slika) (13). Kasniji arheolozi identificiraju sobu (13) kao garderobu.
 14. Andron s otvorom na trijem sa stupovima koji se nalazi ispred viridarija. Portik je bio tri stope iznad viridarija (19), a do njega su vodile dvije stepenice. Između plavo naglašenih stupova portikusa (15) i (16) nalazili su se patuljasti zidovi (pluteji) koji su činili spremnik za zemlju i biljke koje su zalijevane pomoću oluka koji je skupljao kišnicu s krova. Stražnji zid viridarija bio je oslikan biljkama i pticama kako bi se proširio pogled na vrt. S desne strane viridarija bila je cisterna (17). S lijeve strane viridarija nalazio se natkriveni triklinij (18) s postoljem za stol. Ispred triklinija s lijeve strane nalazio se mali oltar. Zasađeni su samo rubovi ovog dijela vrta koji je viši od poda kolonade.
 19. Fontana
 20. Natkrivena cisterna
 21. Cubiculum
 22. Komoda (nužnik)
 23. Stražnji ulaz
 24. Prolaz u dvorište i možda pristup kuhinji (26)
 25. Mjesta za pepeo ili ognjišta za pripremu hrane
 26 Kuhinja s nužnikom za ženske stanove lijevo i, nekoliko stepenica gore, povišeno ognjište desno. S lijeve strane ognjišta nalazi se tri stope duboko zasvođeno udubljenje (lararium?)
 27. Ulaz u treći dvor (31) sa ćelijom za portira.
 28. Oltar sa slikom kupanja Dijane i Akteona s rogovima koji se pretvara u jelena, napadnut od vlastitih pasa, na stražnjem zidu gineceja.
 29. Mali stanovi ili kubikule na lijevoj i desnoj stražnjoj strani gineceja. Kubikulum s desne strane s podnim popločenjem i podnožjem od mramora različitih boja sadržavao je nježnu sliku Marsa i Venere s Kupidom koji se igra s Marsovim štitom i prizorom Parisa i Helene na stražnjoj unutarnjoj stijenci, a imao je i udubljenje za Penati ili Lares. Njegov vanjski zid bio je oslikan prizorom Friksa i Hele s ovnom. Vanjski zid kubikuluma s lijeve strane bio je oslikan prizorom Europe s bikom.
 30. Velika blagovaonica.
 31. Treće dvorište, možda ginecej ili ženski stanovi, s trijemom obrubljenim osmokutnim stupovima obojanim crvenom bojom. Isprva je kolonada imala ravni krov, s otvorenim hodnikom iznad s tri strane, ali kada je izgrađena velika blagovaonica (30), ravni krov i šetalište s te strane zamijenjeni su kosim krovom nad širokim ulazom u blagovaonica.

U atriju (cavaedium) nalazio se opus signinum podni pločnik s oslikanim jonskim stupovima koji podupiru krov dajući prostoru monumentalan izgled. Njegovi su zidovi bili oslikani tako da oponašaju mramorne ploče tipične za prvi stil. Obrada ulaza u tablinum i ale, s pilastrima spojenim stršećim entablaturama, stroga i jednostavna dekoracija, te propuštanje svjetla kroz kompluvij povećali su prividnu visinu prostorije i dali joj aspekt dostojanstva i rezerviranosti.

Iako se naglasak na vizuri s ulaznih vrata na tablinum na vrt počeo smanjivati u drugim atrijskim kućama u 1. stoljeću n. e., ovdje to nije bio slučaj. Republikanska matrica atrij-tablinum-peristil ostala je na mjestu u Salustijevoj kući usprkos njenom pretvaranju u primarno javnu ustanovu, tako da su se odnosi patronus-klijent možda zadržali za njezinog vlasnika u ranom Carstvu. Ovakav raspored je također olakšao izvlačenje potencijalnih gostiju iz prometne gužve na Via Consolare. Proširenje kuće kako bi se obuhvatilo više prostora za zabavu, međutim, oponašalo je takvo širenje od strane drugih bogatih stanovnika tijekom tog razdoblja.

Scena žrtvovanja dočekivala je posjetitelje na lažnim vratima lijevo od tablinuma. Svećenik pokrivene glave izlijeva sadržaj patere u tronožac. Nasuprot svećeniku, mladić svira dvostruku flautu, noga mu je na skabelu, udaraljki kojom se u dramskim predstavama svira noga. S lijeve i desne strane dva pomoćnika odjevena u bijele tunike s uskim crvenim prugama ulijevaju tekućinu iz rogova za piće u patere.

Jugoistočni kvadrant kuće izbrisan je u savezničkom bombardiranju 1943. godine, uništavajući prepoznatljivu fresku Actaeona i Diane. Preživio je samo mali dio nekada raskošnog ukrasa atrija, koji je uključivao zubne vijence i žlijebljene pilastre koji su uokvirili ale i tablinum.

Ispitivanja između 1817. i 1902. (vidi gore tlocrt iz 1902.) pripisala su dodatne prostorije u donjem desnom kutu kuće, uključujući caupona, rimsku tavernu opremljenu dolijama za posluživanje tople hrane. Caupona je imala stražnja vrata koja su vodila u dvije međusobno povezane prostorije, jedna s vanjskim ulazom vjerojatno za dostavu hrane, sve označene (5) na planu iz 1902. godine.

U donjem lijevom kutu građevine kasniji su arheolozi identificirali kompleks pekare s mlinom s tri mlina, označen (6) na nacrtu iz 1902. godine, sa stubištem za gornji kat, pećnicom (7), prostorijom za miješenje (8). ), i kuhinja (9). Također su identificirali ograđeni dio gornje lijeve kolonade kako bi se formirala prostorija označena (23) na planu iz 1902. godine.

Galerija
Skice i akvareli kuće.

Izvori

Reference
 Thorpe, Martin, (1995.), Roman Architecture: Classical World Series, Bristol Classical Press, ,

Kuće u Pompejima

Salustijeva kuća


Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis, née le  à Washington dans l'État de Pennsylvanie et morte le  à Mount Kisco dans l'État de New York, est une essayiste, romancière, nouvelliste et journaliste américaine. Ignorée durant le , elle est redécouverte à la fin du  pour sa nouvelle Life in the Iron Mills qui marque un tournant dans l'histoire de la littérature américaine naturaliste et réaliste ainsi que pour ses nouvelles, telles que John Lamar ou David Gaunt qui ont été les premiers comptes-rendus réalistes de la guerre de Sécession. Elle fait partie des premiers auteurs américains à dépeindre l'état de déréliction et d'aliénation sociale lié aux conditions de vie des ouvriers dans les industries et aux horreurs de la guerre. Elle est également un des premiers auteurs à explorer les sources des comportements racistes et de la ségrégation aux États-Unis par le biais de récits de personnages afro-américains.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation

Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis est la fille aînée des cinq enfants de Richard W. Harding et de Rachel Leet Wilson Harding. Sa mère est issue d'une famille irlandaise qui fait partie des premiers européens à coloniser l'actuel Comté de Washington (Pennsylvanie) en 1760, alors que son père est un migrant récent venu, lui aussi, de l'Irlande vers 1821. Ses parents se sont mariés en cachette à Big Spring, l'actuel Huntsville dans l'État de l'Alabama, en , ville où Richard W. Harding a trouvé du travail. Alors que  Rachel Leet Harding est enceinte de Rebecca, elle se rend dans la résidence de sœur Rachel à Washington dans l'État de Pennsylvanie, c'est là que Rebecca Blaine Harding vient au monde le .

Après sa naissance, les parents de Rebecca Blaine Harding vivent à Huntsville, d'autres sources, disent qu'ils se sont installés à Florence (Alabama). Quand Rebecca Blaine Harding est âgée de presque , La famille part pour la ville de Wheeling dans la partie de la Virginie actuellement devenue la Virginie-Occidentale où son père a trouvé un emploi.

Les parents de Rebecca Blaine Harding lui transmettent l'amour de la littérature. C'est sa mère qui lui donne les fondements de l'éducation, dont l'amour de la littérature et de l'histoire, puis elle passe le relais à des précepteurs. Les goûts littéraires de Rebecca se tournent vers John Bunyan, Maria Edgeworth, Walter Scott et Charles Dickens et plus particulièrement  Nathaniel Hawthorne pour son recueil de nouvelles Contes racontés deux fois, ainsi que les auteures américaines telles que Maria Susanna Cummins, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Susan Warner et sa sœur Anna Bartlett Warner .

Grâce à son amitié avec son cousin James G. Blaine, Rebecca Blaine Harding est sensibilisée à la cause abolitionniste et auront une grande influence sur ses écrits ultérieurs et son parti anti-esclavagiste durant la guerre de Sécession.

En 1845, Rebecca Blaine Harding parachève ses études secondaires au séminaire féminin le , elle en sort diplômée en 1848 avec le titre honorifique de Valedictorian et retourne à Wheeling où elle aide sa mère dans la tenue des tâches domestiques de la résidence familiale, à donner des leçons scolaires auprès de ses jeunes frères et sœurs, tout en continuant de lire et à se perfectionner ; elle apprend l'allemand auprès de son frère Wilson qui suit ses études universitaires au , elle est fascinée par le romantisme allemand et par deux auteurs en particulier Goethe et Johann Gotlieb Fichte .

Carrière

Life in the Iron Mills
C'est à la fin des années 1850 que Rebecca Blaine Harding commence à publier ses premiers écrits au sein du journal local le Wheeling Daily Intelligencer dirigé par l'abolitionniste Archibald W. Campbell. Sa véritable entrée dans la carrière littéraire commence en  quand l'Atlantic Monthly publie sa nouvelle  qui dépeint les difficultés de Hugh Wolfe, un artiste sensible voué à une vie de privation, de dureté et de désespoir en travaillant dans la fournaise d'une minoterie de la Virginie.

Le succès est immédiat, c'est le premier récit naturaliste américain, rupture de style vis-à-vis de la tradition romantique, cette nouvelle devance de  les premiers romans d'Émile Zola et de  le roman Maggie: A Girl of the Streets de Stephen Crane marquant l'émergence du courant naturaliste au sein de la littérature américaine. Ce livre, par son originalité de style, attire l'attention des écrivains comme Nathanial Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Amos Bronson Alcott et d'un avocat et journaliste de Philadelphie, Lemuel Clarke Davis, son futur époux .

L'amitié avec Annie Adams Fields
James Thomas Fields, le directeur de l'Atlantic Monthly, devant le succès de Life in the Iron Mills commande une autre nouvelle auprès de Rebecca Blaine Harding, ce sera A Story  of To-day qui est publiée par l'Atlantic Monthly d' à  chapitre par chapitre. Finalement l'ensemble des chapitres forme un roman qui sera publié par la maison d'édition dirigée par James Thomas Fields, Ticknor and Fields, en 1862 sous le titre de Margret Howth : a Story of To-day.

C'est à cette occasion que Rebecca Blaine Harding fait la connaissance de l'épouse de James Thomas Fields, Annie Adams Fields qui devient son amie, amitié consolidée par une longue correspondance. Grâce aux Fields, Rebecca Blaine Harding est présentée à Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldon Emerson.

La guerre de Sécession

Quand la guerre de Sécession éclate en , la ville de Wheeling où habite Rebecca Blaine Harding fait partie de la Virginie un des États sécessionnistes, décision refusée par d'autres citoyens de la Virginie, dont ceux de Wheeling, qui vont créer un nouvel État celui de la Virginie-Occidentale qui rejoint l'Union en 1863. En 1862, Rebecca Blaine Harding publie trois nouvelles au sein de l'Atlantic Monthly à savoir David Gaunt, John Lamar et Ellen. Nouvelles qui exposent avec un réalisme cru les horreurs de la guerre avec ses conflits de loyauté, ses blessures physiques et émotionnelles, nouvelles au style tragique qui innove par sa rupture d'avec les récits patriotiques ou romantiques de l'époque.

Contrairement à d'autres auteurs américains comme Amos Bronson Alcott ou Ralph Waldon Emerson, loin du front, voient la guerre depuis Boston, Rebecca Blaine Harding habite dans une ville proche des combats et lui donne une vision « intime » de la guerre, elle est en contact direct avec les victimes avec des . Elle ne voit aucune  dans les officiers qui, d'un côté comme de l'autre, mènent des combats . Rebecca Blaine Harding, par ses nouvelles, couvre la guerre comme le ferait une journaliste de guerre, son style renverse les stéréotypes romanesque caractérisant les images de la guerre pour s'attacher à rendre compte de la réalité et de la complexité de la guerre, pour transmettre aux américains le message .

Les contraintes d'un mariage
Lors d'un séjour à Philadelphie Rebecca Blaine Harding noue une relation avec un juriste, Lemuel Clarke Davis, qui lui voue une admiration pour avoir écrit Life in the Iron Mills, ils s'épousent en  et  Rebecca Blaine Harding devient Rebecca Harding Davis. Le couple s'installe à Philadelphie. Lemuel Clarke Davis abandonne la carrière juridique et devient le directeur du Philadelphia Enquirer de 1870 à 1893 puis du Public Ledger jusqu'à sa mort en 1904. La situation financière de Lemuel Clarke Davis n'est pas suffisante pour assurer ses charges, Rebecca Harding Davis doit soutenir la famille et pour cela , selon l'expression de l'universitaire , en publiant des  (œuvres alimentaires) comme des romances, des mélodrames et des livres à suspens.

Rebecca Harding Davis, ne fait ni romans, ni nouvelles du niveau littéraire de ses premières productions, elle est centrée sur sa famille et la tenue de sa résidence. Seul le roman Waiting for the Verdict se distingue.

L'abolitionniste

Avec son roman Margret Howth, Rebecca Harding Davis explore les conditions vies de Afro-Américains au sein des minoteries. Son abolitionnisme est conforté par la situation de Wheeling qui est un des carrefours du Chemin de fer clandestin, c'est aussi la ville où le général John Charles Frémont, fervent abolitionniste a établi ses quartiers et enfin la Virginie Occidentale est le lieu où l'activiste abolitionniste John Brown s'est illustré. Son enquête culmine avec Waiting for the Verdict où un médecin mulâtre est jugé pour s'être faire passer pour blanc, au nom de préjugés venant aussi bien de personnes du Nord que du Sud.

Durant l'ère dite de la Reconstruction, Rebecca Harding Davis étudie les sentiments qui mènent au racisme, notamment les conduites des femmes blanches envers les barrières de la race. Parmi les écrits qui ont pour sujet l'esclavage, la vie des Afro-Américains, des mulâtres, il y a Blind Tom (1862), The Abestos Box (1862), David Gaunt (1862) et The Yares of Black Moutain (1875). David Gaunt décrit les déchirures intra-familiales autour du racisme et l'esclavage durant la guerre de Sécession.

Plus tard dans d'autres écrits comme  Marcia (1876) ou The Story of Christine (1866) l'esclavage est une métaphore de la femme qui a perdu toute maîtrise sur sa vie économique et politique conduisant à un renoncement de son autorité sur la vie domestique.

La difficulté d'être une femme libre

In the Market (1868)

In the Market, reprend le thème du mariage comme un marché, thème déjà abordé par Maria Edgeworth et Catherine Maria Sedgwick. Rebecca Harding Davis aborde la question de, comment pour une femme, concilier une activité professionnelle et la vie d'épouse ? Question qui pour elle a pour enjeu de redéfinir la  « féminité » .

In the Market, est aussi un pamphlet ironique sur les femmes qui sont éduquées pour trouver le meilleur parti possible sur le marché du mariage pendant que les hommes sont éduqués pour améliorer leurs revenus, trouver le meilleur emploi possible. Passages satiriques qui opposent l'amour d'une activité, ici l'activité littéraire, versus la sécurité financière du mariage.

Les protagonistes de la nouvelle sont deux sœurs Clara et Margaret Porter qui se lancent sur le marché du mariage, Clara cherche un sécurité financière, Margaret cherche son indépendance économique et personnelle. Le choix de Clara aboutit à un divorce éprouvant, durement entamée elle se retire de la vie sociale. Margaret a su concilier ses aspirations et le mariage, elle s'est marié avec un partenaire qui accepte ses choix de vie, ensemble ils gèrent leurs affaires ; Margaret montre ses capacités à pouvoir développer l'entreprise du couple comme à mener à bien ses devoirs domestiques, comme la réussite de l'éducation de leurs filles. In the Market est une nouvelle qui dépeint les possibilités des femmes à échapper au statut de femme « protégée » par le mariage définit par la tradition des joies de la vie domestiques, pour promouvoir un nouveau rôle de femmes : celui de contribuer pleinement à la construction de la société par leurs propres talents.

Marcia (1876)
Rebecca Harding Davis après avoir valoriser les contributions possibles des femmes et fait valoir une écriture propre aux femmes de par leur faculté d'empathie et ainsi proclamer un féminisme face à l'écriture masculine, dès 1870 face aux difficultés financières, aux obligations légales et religieuses imposées aux femmes mariées, elle prend conscience d'un fardeau qui emprisonne les femmes. Si les femmes mariées sont reléguées à la vie domestique, ne faut-il pas qu'elles prennent la maîtrise de cet espace ? D'où des prises de positions où elle clame que le droit de vote des femmes doit être accordé aux seules femmes célibataires, les femmes mariées se vouant à la vie domestique et familiale. Encore faudrait-il que cet espace domestique permettent la liberté des femmes. La nouvelle Marcia expose les dilemmes et déchirures intérieure des femmes. Marcia est écrite alors que Rebecca Harding Davis doit rédiger des œuvres alimentaires pour faire face aux dépenses de la famille qui ne peuvent être réglées par le travail de son mari. C'est l'histoire de son renoncement à la vie littéraire pour faire de sa production littéraire un business, cela par amour de sa famille.

Par son mariage avec un planteur esclavagiste, Marcia, fait l'expérience qu'elle est reléguée à la vie domestique selon les ordres de son mari, qu'elle est complètement soumise à son bon vouloir au même titre que ses esclaves, qu'elle n'a la maîtrise de rien, situation désespérantes aboutissant à une tentative de suicide, et continue à survivre dans le refus de plaire et de servir, dans un retrait désenchanté qui dévoile les promesses illusoires et romanesques du mariage et du bonheur de la vie domestique.

La journaliste
En 1869, Rebecca Harding Davis, partageant la passion de son mari pour la presse devient membre de l'équipe de rédaction du New York Tribune, puis du   et du Saturday Evening Post et elle écrit des articles pour le Harper's Bazaar, des nouvelles pour  et le , activité qu'elle continuera jusqu'en  avec la publication de Two Braves Boys dans le mensuel pour la jeunesse, le  .

Vie privée
Le , Rebecca Blaine Harding épouse Lemuel Clarke Davis, le couple donne naissance à trois enfants : Richard Harding Davis,  et Nora Davis, leurs deux fils mèneront des carrières d'écrivains.

Rebecca Harding Davis décède le  des suite d'un œdème pulmonaire consécutif à un accident cardiovasculaire. pendant qu'elle rendait visite à son fils Richard Harding Davis dans sa propriété de Mount Kusco.

Après ses funérailles célébrées selon le rite épiscopalien, elle est inhumée au cimetière Leverington dans le quartier de  dans la banlieue de Philadelphie aux côtés de son époux.

Œuvres
Quand une œuvre est suivie d'un identifiant ISBN, cela signifie qu'elle a fait l'objet de rééditions récentes sous forme de fac-similé ou non, l'identifiant est celui, en principe, de la réédition la plus récente, sans préjuger d'autres rééditions antérieures ou ultérieures. La lecture en ligne est en principe la lecture de l'édition originale.

Liste non exhaustive
L'inventaire de la production littéraire de Rebecca Harding Davis tel qu'il est établi en 1990, fait état de plus de  : articles, nouvelles, romans, romans et nouvelles pour la jeunesse, essais, alors qu'en 1957 on n'en comptait que 78 et en 1977, 153. La liste des oeuvres de Rebecca Harding Davis est issue partiellement de celle dressée par Jane Atteridge Rose. Tout n'est pas listé pour ne pas alourdir la page, ont été privilégiées les œuvres accessibles en ligne et celles citées par les critiques et biographes de Rebecca Harding Davis. Ce choix peut être contesté, libre à d'autres contributeurs de compléter la liste.

Nouvelles
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Romans
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Articles

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Notes et références

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Références

Bibliographie

Notices dans des encyclopédies et manuels de références

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Essais

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Articles dans des revues académiques
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Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1831
Naissance à Washington (Pennsylvanie)
Décès en septembre 1910
Décès à Mount Kisco
Journaliste américaine du XIXe siècle
Journaliste américaine du XXe siècle
Romancière américaine du XIXe siècle
Essayiste américaine du XIXe siècle
Nouvelliste américaine
Écrivain naturaliste
Abolitionniste américaine
Réalisme
Décès à 79 ans

Rebecca Harding Davis