ريم عبد العزيز (23 أكتوبر 1976 –)، ممثلة سورية.

عن حياتها
من مواليد مدينة حلب. بدأت التمثيل وهي صغيرة بعام 1995 وذلك ومن خلال المشاركة في المسلسلات التلفزيونية. انطلاقتها كانت عام 1995 وذلك من خلال مشاركتها في السهرة التلفزيونية امينة الصندوق مع المخرج حاتم علي. وهي أبنة الشاعر الغنائي نظمي عبد العزيز أحد مؤسسي الاغنية السورية وأختها المطربة والممثلة سمر عبد العزيز. وهي عضو في نقابة الفنانين منذ عام 2002.

أعمالها في مجال الإخراج
 [(فقط انسان)] فيلم روائي قصير[(2015)]
[(توب5)] مسلسل تلفزيوني [(2017)]
 [(روح)] فيلم روائي قصير [(2018)]
 كما اخرجت العديد من الاغاني الفيديو كليب لأختها المطربة سمر عبد العزيز ومنها:
[(تحت المطر)]
[(ربيتك صغيرون حسن)]
[(لحظة حنان)]
[(انساني)]
[(وصلة تراث) [(درب حلب)]
[(بحياتنا لا تزعلوا)]
[(عالحق ما بتعلى كلمة)[(أغنية وطنية)]
[(حلب بتسلم عليكن)] [(أغنية وطنية)]
[(سنبني سوريا)] [(أغنية وطنية])]
كما اخرجت أغنية بعنوان ([ الأم)] للفنان السوري ([ايهم طباع)]

سينما
 ع الهوا (2007)
 مناحي (2008) بدور "مريم"
 للعدالة كلمة أخيرة (2009)
 ليلى والذئاب (2012)

تلفزيون
 ذئب السيسبان (1986)
 سهرة امينة الصندوق (1995)
 قلوب خضراء (1996)
 خلف الجدران (1997)
 العرس الحلبي (1998)
 أهلا حماتي (1998)
 الحقد الأبيض (1998)
التعبان  (1998)
 المحقق كونان (1999) رسوم متحركة
 كنا أصدقاء (1999)
 عيلة أكابر  (1999)
 أنت عمري  (1999) بدور "سعاد"
 أيادي في الظلام (2000)
 الظل والنور  (2000)
 حارة الجوري  (2001)
 مدام دبليو  (2002)
 البيوت أسرار (2002) بدور "نجيبة"
 قلة ذوق وكثرة غلبة (2002) بدور " الدكتورة طلة الطلايل"
 أبو المفهومية (2003)
 النورس (2003)
 أنشودة المطر (2003)
 ومضات من تاريخنا (2003)
 الشمعة و الدبوس (2003)
 رحلة الانتقام (2003)
 حمام القيشاني الجزء الخامس (2003)  بدور "رشا"
 أم هاشم (2003) بدور "الطبيبة ابنة ام هاشم"
 الصمت (2004)
 أبو زيد الهلالي (2004) بدور "نافلة"
 حكايا الليل والنهار (2005)
 على جناح التبريزي (2005)
 دوار القمر  (2005)
 اقاصيص (2006)
 جريمة بلا نهاية  (2007)
 عمشة في ديرة النسوان (2008)
 أدهم الشرقاوي (2008) بدور "ضيفة المسلسل"
 للعدالة كلمة أخيرة (2009)
 على موج البحر (2009)
أبو جانتي الجزء الأول (2010)
 لعنة الطين (2010)
 نور و مهند (2010) مسلسل اذاعي
 كشف الأقنعة (2011)
 رجال العز (2011) بدور "أم فاضل"
 الجذور تبقى خضراء (2012) بدور "إلهام"
 الأميمي (2012)
 الأوراق البنفسجية (2012)
 تحت سماء الوطن (2012) تلفزيون سباعية
 حدث في دمشق (2013) بدور "فادية"
 وطن حاف  (2013)
 خان الدراويش  (2014)
 رقص الأفاعي  (2014)
 بواب الريح  (2014)
 رجال الحارة  (2014)
 امرأة من رماد  (2015)
 دنيا الجزء الثاني (2015) بدور "شهيرة"
 جزيرة الأحلام (2015)
 لست جارية (2016)
 اهلا جارتنا (2016 )
 خان الدراويش  (2016)
 غبار الجوري (2017) بدور "أم جواد"
 طوق البنات 3 (2017)
 عطر الشام 2  (2017)
  بدور "ضيفة شرف"
  وردة شامية (2018) بدور "منيرات خانم"
عطر الشام 3 (2018)
 باب الحارة 10 (2019) بدور "ربيعه"
 كرسي الزعيم (2019)
 ترجمان الاشواق (2019) "ضهور خاص"
 شوارع الشام العتيقة (2019) بدور"أم خاطر"
 كونتاك (2019)
 حركات بنات (2019)
 عطر الشام 4 (2019)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من حلب
فلسطينيو سوريا
ممثلات سوريات
مواليد 1396 هـ
مواليد 1976

ريم عبد العزيز


En Avant de Guingamp Féminines er en fransk fodboldklub for kvinder, hjemmehørende  Saint-Brieuc, en kommune i Bretagne. Fra 1999–2003 spillede klubben under Saint-Brieuc Football Féminin, men ændrede navn til Stade Briochin efter afslutningen af 2002–03 sæsonen. Klubben spiller nu i Division 1 Féminine, der er Frankrigs øverste række i kvindernes fodbold.

Aktuel trup
Pr. 5. august 2019.

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber i Frankrig

En Avant de Guingamp (kvinder)


Konstantin "Stojan" Novaković () a fost un istoric, academician, scriitor, critic literar, translator, politician și diplomat sârb. A fost de două ori prim-ministru al Regatului Serbiei, de trei ori ministru al educației și o singură dată ministru al afacerilor interne. A fost liderul Partidului Progresiv, cel mai important partid politic liberal din Serbia acelei epoci.

În Almanahul sârbo-croat din 1911 a publicat un articol cu titlul Peste o sută de ani, în care prezintă o imagine utopică a Belgradului în anul 2011, sub forma unor file din jurnalul unui contemporan: "Într-o dimineață a lunii mai din anul de grație 2011 după Iisus Cristos, soarele strălucește orbitor deasupra Belgradului. În jurul imensului oraș, colinele sunt un fermecător covor de grădini înflorite, iar pe multicolorul lor fundal se disting profilurile moderne ale sutelor de vile. Cerul e străbătut de zecile de avioane care transportă oameni, mărfuri, poștă spre Ljubljana, Zagreb, Sarajevo, Ohrida, Skopje, Niš. Micile orășele de odinioară, Zemun și Pancevo, au devenit ele înșile mari localități, legate de Belgrad printr-o linie de tramvai. Mai multe poduri leagă între ele malurile Dunării și Savei, iar apele celor două fluvii sunt brăzdate de numeroase vapoare. Trenurile pornesc din gara centrală în toate direcțiile, câteva dintre ele pline de pasageri veseli care călătoresc spre litoralul Adriaticii." Articolul se încheie astfel: "Rămânem uimiți când ne gândim că oamenii de pe aceste meleaguri au putut trăi cândva altfel decât în zilele noastre".

Note

Nașteri în 1842
Decese în 1915
Istorici sârbi
Scriitori sârbi
Politicieni sârbi
Academicieni sârbi
Critici literari sârbi

Stojan Novaković


فرناندو ألونسو دياز  (ولد 29 يوليو 1981) سائق أسباني لسباقات سيارات الفئة الأولى فورمولا 1. يعتبر ألونسو من أحد أفضل السائقين الذين شاركوا في الرياضة. في سبتمبر عام 2005 فاز ألونسو بـلقب بطل العالم للفورملا واحدعندما كان 24 سنة و58 يوما ما جعله اصغر سائق يحصل على اللقب في هذا الوقت. حافظ ألونسو على اللقب للسنة الثانية فـأصبح اصغر سائق يفوز باللقب مرتين. انتقل في موسم 2010 إلى فريق فيراري، وحل بالمركز الثاني في سجل بطولة العالم بعد منافسة وصفت بالشديدة حتى نهاية آخر سباق في الموسم. يمتاز ألونسو بالقدرة الفائقة على المراوغة بالسيارة داخل المضمار وينافس على لقب بطولة العالم.

بداية حياته

ولد فرناندو ألونسو في أوفييدو وهي مدينة تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا. كانت ولدته تعمل بائعة في متجر وكان والده مهندسا في مصنع للمتفجرات بالقرب من أوفييدو. لدى ألونسو أخت أكبر منه اسمها لورينا. في عام 1998، انتقل ألونسو وبعض من اصدقائه من إسبانيا للعيش في إنجلترا بالقرب من جامعة أكسفورد ثم انتقل إلى منزله في سويسرا عام 2006. وفي فبراير عام 2010، انتقل إلى منزل في لوغانو ليكون بالقرب من فريقه فيراري. تزوج ألونسو من المغنية الأسبانية راكويل ديل روزاريو في عام 2006 ولكنهما اعلنا نيتهما في الطلاق في ديسمبر 2011.

بداية مشواره

منذ طفولته، شارك ألونسو في سباقات السيارات الصغيرة المعروفة بـاسم الكارت. كان والده دائما يشجعه ولكن كانت عائلته تفتقر إلى الموارد المالية اللازمة لإدخال ألونسو إلى عالم رياضة السيارات ولكن انتصارات ألونسو ونجاحه كانا يجذبان الرعاة. فاز ألونسو أربعة بطولات أسبانية بين عام 1993 و1996. ثم فاز ألونسو بالكثير من السباقات والبطولات منذ عام 1996 حتى انتقل إلى الفورمولا 3000 والتي كانت المحطة الأخيرة للسائقين قبل الانتقال إلى الفورمولا 1. نافس ألونسو في الفورمولا 3000 مع فريق استرومجا وكان اصغر سائق في البطولة. أنهى ألونسو البطولة في المركز الرابع خلف مارك ويبر.

مشواره في الفورمولا 1

2001: ميناردي

كان ألونسو ثالث اصغر سائق يبدأ سباق الفورمولا 1 عندما كان مع فريق الميناردي في جائزة أستراليا الكبرى. لم تكن سيارة الميناردي الجديدة PS01 بـسرعة سيارات فرق المقدمة ولكن كان ألونسو يتقدم على كثير من السائقين وعلى زميله في الفريق. لم يحرز ألونسو أي نقاط في ذلك الموسم وكانت أفضل نتائجه المركز العاشر في جائزة ألمانيا الكبرى.

2002-2006: رينو

2002-2003

أصبح ألونسو في عام 2002 سائق الاختبار لدى فريق الرينو واجرى 1,642 لفة تجارب للفريق في هذا العام. انتقل لمقعد السائق الثاني بـجانب يارنو ترولي. أصبح ألونسو اصغر سائق يبدأ من المركز الأول في سباق فورمولا 1. تعرض ألونسو لحادث بـسرعة 290 كم/س في جائزة البرازيل الكبرى. أنهى جائزة إسبانيا الكبرى في المركز الثاني وفاز بـجائزة المجر الكبرى ليصبح اصغر سائق يفوز بـسباق فورمولا 1 في هذا الوقت. أحرز ألونسو 55 نقطة وأرْبع منصات تتويج لينهي البطولة في المركز السادس.

2004

ظل ألونسو مع فريق الرينو لموسم 2004 وأحرز منصات تتويج في أستراليا، فرنسا، ألمانيا والمجر. في انديانابوليس، تعرض ألونسو لحادث عندما كان في المركز الثالث بـسبب ثقب في إحدى اطارات سيارته. وفي فرنسا بدأ ألونسو من المركز الأول ولكنه أنهى السباق في المركز الثاني خلف مايكل شوماخر بـفارق بسيط. أنهى ألونسو بطولة العالم في المركز الرابع بـرصيد 59 نقطة.

2005

في موسم 2005, انضم السائق الإيطالي جانكارلو فيزيكيلا إلى ألونسو في الرينو. في أول سباق في أستراليا بدأ ألونسو السباق من مركز متأخر بـسبب هطول الأمطار في التجارب التأهيلية ولكنه تقدم إلى المركز الثالث. فاز ألونسو بالسباقين التاليين في ماليزيا والبحرين ثم فاز بـجائزة سان مارينو الكبرى بعد صراع دام 13 لفة مع مايكل شوماخر.
فاز سائق فريق ماكلارين كيمي رايكونن بـسباقين في إسبانيا وموناكو بينما حل ألونسو في المركز الثاني والرابع. كان رايكونن على طريق الفوز في جائزة أوروبا الكبرى عندما حدث عطل بـسيارته مما أدى إلى خروجه من السباق مهديا الفوز إلى ألونسو. لم يحرز ألونسو أي نقاط في جائزتي كندا والولايات المتحدة الكبرى. أحرز ألونسو فوزه الخامس في 2005 في جائزة فرنسا الكبرى ثم أنهى جائزة بريطانيا في المركز الثاني. أهدى كيمي رايكونن الفوز مرة أخرى إلى ألونسو في جائزة ألمانيا الكبرى بـسبب عطل في سيارته. بدأ ألونسو جائزة المجر الكبرى في المركز السادس ولكنه أنهى السباق في المركز الحادي عشر بعدما اصطدم بـرالف شوماخر سائق فريق تويوتا. عند اقتراب نهاية الموسم، أنهى ألونسو ثلاث سباقات متتالية في المركز الثاني محرزا نقاط مهمة تجاه بطولة العالم.
احرز فرناندو ألونسو لقب بطل العالم عندما أنهى سباق البرازيل في المركز الثالث وهكذا أصبح السائق الإسباني اصغر بطل عالم للفورمولا 1 عندما كان عمره 24 سنة و59 يوما كاسرا رقم امرسون فيتيبالدي كما وضع حد لسيطرة مايكل شوماخر التي دامت 5 سنوات.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في سويسرا
رياضيون من أوفييدو
سائقو إنديانابوليس 500
سائقو سيارات سباق إسبانيون
سائقو فورمولا 1 إسبان
سائقو فورمولا 1 حائزون على بطولة العالم
سائقو فيراري للفورمولا 1
سائقو لو مان 24 ساعة
سائقو ماكلارين للفورمولا 1
ملحدون
ملحدون إسبان
مواليد 1981
مواليد في أوفييدو
سائقو ديتونا 24 ساعة

فرناندو ألونسو


Le réchauffement climatique au Ghana se manifeste par des impacts sur les écosystèmes et les habitants de plusieurs manières, car le pays se trouve à l'intersection de trois zones hydro-climatiques. Les changements dans les précipitations, les conditions météorologiques et l'élévation du niveau de la mer affecteront la salinité des eaux côtières. Cela devrait affecter négativement à la fois l'agriculture et la pêche. L'économie nationale risque de souffrir des impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa dépendance vis-à-vis des secteurs sensibles au climat tels que l'agriculture, l'énergie et la foresterie. De plus, l'accès à l'eau douce devrait devenir plus difficile et la réduction de l'approvisionnement en eau aura un impact négatif sur l'hydroélectricité, qui fournit 54 % de la capacité électrique du pays. De plus, le Ghana verra probablement plus de cas de paludisme et de choléra, car les deux sont touchés par les changements des conditions de l'eau.

En 2015, le gouvernement a produit un document intitulé « Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national du Ghana ». À la suite de cela, le Ghana a signé l'accord de Paris sur le climat en 2016.

Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre
Le champ pétrolier offshore Jubilee est entré en production en 2010, suscitant des attentes de création de richesse au Ghana. Cependant, l'infrastructure nécessaire pour soutenir l'industrie pétrolière du Ghana (stockage, expédition, traitement) a nécessité la pratique du torchage. "Le torchage à long terme du gaz sur le champ Jubilee pourrait être inévitable" sans un développement accéléré des infrastructures et produirait environ 1,5 million de tonnes de CO2 par an (7% des émissions nationales totales du Ghana).

Impacts sur le milieu naturel

Changements de température et de temps
Les régions plus sèches du nord se sont réchauffées à un rythme plus rapide que le sud du Ghana. Dans l'ensemble, le Ghana a connu une température de 1,0 °C. augmentation de la température depuis 1960. Le nord du Ghana n'a qu'une seule saison des pluies, tandis que le sud du Ghana en a deux et les précipitations annuelles sont très variables. Les tendances à long terme des précipitations sont difficiles à prévoir. Cependant, le service forestier de l'USDA a conclu en 2011 qu'il n'y avait "aucune preuve que les événements de pluie extrêmes aient augmenté ou diminué depuis 1960".

Cependant, lorsque l'on compare la carte de classification climatique de Köppen-Geiger pour 1980-2016 et la carte projetée pour 2071-2100, on prédit un changement de classification de "tropical, savane" à "aride, steppe, chaud" dans certaines zones côtières".

Le niveau de la mer monte
Les données disponibles montrent également une élévation du niveau de la mer de 2,1 mm par an au cours des 30 dernières années, indiquant une augmentation de 5,8 cm, 16,5 cm et 34,5 cm d'ici 2020, 2050 et 2080.

Ressources en eau
Les diminutions attendues de l'eau dans les principaux bassins fluviaux fournissant de l'eau douce au pays, la Volta, la Bia et la Tano, pourraient accroître les difficultés d'accès à l'eau potable. Le volume d'eau dans le bassin de la Volta devrait avoir une réduction de 24 % et 45 % en 2050 et 2100 respectivement. La réduction continue des précipitations et l'augmentation du taux d'évaporation ont le potentiel de provoquer des tensions politiques dans la région alors que le Burkina Faso prévoit de puiser de l'eau dans le bassin de la Volta.

Impacts sur les personnes

Impacts économiques

Agriculture
Quarante-cinq pour cent de la main-d'œuvre au Ghana dépend de l'agriculture pluviale des petits exploitants. Les perturbations dues à des précipitations irrégulières et à d'autres phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes auront un impact négatif sur le bien-être économique des populations. De plus, les cultures de base telles que le manioc, le maïs et le cacao (la principale culture commerciale du Ghana) devraient voir leur production diminuer. Sur la base d'une observation climatique de référence sur 20 ans, il est prévu que les rendements du maïs et d'autres cultures céréalières diminueront de 7 % d'ici 2050.

Pêche
Les fruits de mer représentent 40 à 60 % de l'apport en protéines au Ghana. On s'attend à ce que les espèces clés pour l'économie aient des cycles de reproduction moins bons. La réduction de la production halieutique a stimulé l'importation de plus de 200 millions de dollars par an de fruits de mer.

Hydroélectricité
Étant donné que 54% de la capacité de production nationale est de l'hydroélectricité, des précipitations imprévisibles sont susceptibles d'ajouter de l'incertitude à un réseau électrique qui connaît déjà des pannes fréquentes (appelées dumsor ). Certaines estimations suggèrent que la capacité pourrait chuter jusqu'à 50% pour le bassin de la Volta. Le Ghana a connu une réduction du PIB entre 2012 et 2015 en réponse partielle à un approvisionnement énergétique insuffisant.

Impacts sur la santé
Une augmentation des maladies d'origine hydrique telles que le choléra et les maladies transmises par les moustiques comme le paludisme sont prévues.

Atténuation et adaptation
Le Ghana a signé l'Accord de Paris le 22 avril 2016 et l'a ratifié le 21 septembre 2016. La première stratégie nationale d'adaptation au changement climatique au Ghana a été élaborée pour être mise en œuvre entre 2010 et 2020. L'adaptation vise à réduire les risques posés par les conséquences du changement climatique. Des mesures d'adaptation peuvent être planifiées à l'avance ou mises en place spontanément en réponse à une pression locale telle que le reboisement, la rotation des terres, la construction de structures résilientes au climat, d'infrastructures alimentées par l'énergie solaire, etc. Le ministère de l'Environnement, de la Science, de la Technologie et de l'Innovation a publié un cadre politique en 2013. En 2015, le Ghana a élaboré un cadre intitulé « Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national du Ghana » pour définir un plan visant à réduire les émissions de carbone et à améliorer l'éternité de l'utilisation des terres, des transports et d'autres secteurs économiques et sociétaux.

Références

Articles connexes
 Changement climatique au Maroc
 Changement climatique au Sénégal
 Changement climatique au Cameroun

Environnement au Ghana
Ghana

Réchauffement climatique au Ghana


فالكيري  فيلم تاريخي أمريكي أنتج سنة 2008 يتحدث عن ألمانيا النازية في الحرب العالمية الثانية,الفيلم يصور مؤامرة العشرين من يوليو من ضباط الجيش الأماني لاغتيال أدولف هتلر واستخدام عملية فالكيري الوطنية للطوارئ للسيطرة على البلاد.فالكيري من إخراج براين سينغر.والفيلم من بطولة توم كروز في شخصية الكولونيل كلاوس فون شتاوفنبرج «أحد من المتآمرين الرئيسيين»,كينيث براناه، بيل نيغي، إدي آيزارد، تيرنس ستامب وتوم ويلكنسون.

الشخصيات
 توم كروز في دور الكولونيل شتاوفنبرج.
 كينيث براناه في دور الجنرال هنينج فون تريسكو.
 بيل نيغي في دور الجنرال فريدريش أولبرنت.
 تيرنس ستامب في دور الكولونيل العام لودفيغ بيك.
 توم ويلكنسون في دور الكولونيل العام فريدريش فروم.
 دافيد بمبر في دور هتلر.

وصلات خارجية

التصوير الثقافي لهيرمان غورينغ
أدولف هتلر في الخيال
أعمال عن انقلاب
أفلام ألمانية
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة حربية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة سياسية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة سياسة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة مبنية على أحداث حقيقية
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام بابلسبيرغ ستوديو
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1944
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ألمانيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في برلين
أفلام تقع أحداثها في تونس
أفلام توم كروز
أفلام توينتيث سينتشيري فوكس
أفلام حرب أمريكية
أفلام حربية إثارة أمريكية
أفلام حربية عقد 2000
أفلام عن اغتيالات
أفلام عن انقلاب
أفلام عن أحداث فعلية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام عن عقوبة الإعدام
أفلام عن نازيون
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي كريستوفر ماك كويري
أفلام مترو غلودن ماير
أفلام مصورة في ألمانيا
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام من إخراج براين سينجر
أفلام من إنتاج براين سينجر
أفلام يونايتد آرتست
تصوير ثقافي عن ألبرت شبير
تصوير ثقافي عن هاينريش هيملر
تصوير ثقافي عن يوزف غوبلز
خلافات سياسية في الأفلام

فالكيري (فيلم)


Det svage Punkt er en dansk stumfilm fra 1914, der er instrueret af Sofus Wolder efter manuskript af A.V. Olsen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1914

Det svage Punkt


في الطوبولوجيا، يعرف داخل مجموعة S على أنه جميع النقاط التي لا تنتمي إلى محيط (حافة) المجموعة S، ويرمز إليه بـ . يطلق على النقطة التي تنتمي إلى داخل المجموعة اسم النقطة الداخلية.

كما يعرف خارج المجموعة S على أنه النقاط الداخلية التابعة للمجموعة المكمّلة للمجموعة S؛ أي تلك التي لا تنتمي إلى المجموعة أو إلى محيطها (حافتها).

إنّ مفهوم «داخل» المجموعة هو مفهوم طوبولوجي؛ إنّه معرّف فقط لمجموعات تابعة لمجموعة جزئية من فضاء طوبولوجي. ويعد المفهوم مفهومًا ثنويًا لمصطلح غالق المجموعة.

أمثلة

 في أيّ فضاء، فإنّ داخل مجموعة خالية هو مجموعة خالية.
 في أي فضاء ، إذا كان ، فإنّ  محتوى في .
 إذا كان X الفضاء الإقليدي ، أي الأعداد الحقيقية، فإنّ .
 إذا كان X الفضاء الإقليدي ، فإنّ داخل مجموعة الأعداد النسبية  هو مجموعة خالية.
 في الفضاء الإقليدي، فإنّ داخل أي مجموعة منتهية هو مجموعة خالية.

مراجع

طوبولوجيا عامة

داخل (طوبولوجيا)


B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells. They are a chemically diverse class of compounds, but are associated in diet, often occurring together in the same foods. Dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamins are referred to by B-number or by chemical name, such as B1 for thiamine, B2 for riboflavin, and B3 for niacin, while some are more commonly recognized by name than by number, such as pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), and folate (B9).

Each B vitamin is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme) for key metabolic processes or is a precursor needed to make one.

List of B vitamins

Note: Other substances once thought to be vitamins were given B-numbers, but were disqualified once discovered to be either manufactured by the body or not essential for life. See #Related compounds for numbers 4, 8, 10, 11, and others.

Sources
B vitamins are found in abundance in meat, eggs, and dairy products. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is common in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid are added back to white flour after processing. This is referred to as "enriched flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver.

Sources for B vitamins also include spinach, legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, asparagus, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, breakfast cereals.
The B12 vitamin is not abundantly available from plant products (although it has been found in moderate abundance in fermented vegetable products, certain seaweeds, and in certain mushrooms, with the bioavailability of the vitamin in these cases remaining uncertain), making B12 deficiency a legitimate concern for those maintaining a vegan diet. Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B12 content in other types of foods as well.

A common way to increase vitamin B intake is by using dietary supplements. B vitamins are commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins.

Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism may vary. The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B12 and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes. Also, folate deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folate intake or take a supplement.

Molecular functions

Deficiencies

Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.

Side effects

Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side effects (only exception is pyridoxine). General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not foodstuffs.

Discovery

Related compounds

Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above (for example, there is no vitamin B4). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.
 Vitamin B4: can refer to the distinct chemicals choline, adenine, or carnitine.
 Choline is synthesized by the human body, but not sufficiently to maintain good health, and is now considered an essential dietary nutrient.
 Adenine is a nucleobase synthesized by the human body.
 Carnitine is an essential dietary nutrient for certain worms, but not for humans.
 Vitamin B8: adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as adenylic acid. Vitamin B8 may also refer to inositol.
 Vitamin B10: para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA or PABA), a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria, and found in many foods. It is best known as a UV-blocking sunscreen applied to the skin, and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions.
 Vitamin B11: pteroylheptaglutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to PHGA. Derivative of folate ("pteroylmonoglutamic acid" in this nomenclature).
 Vitamin B13: orotic acid.
 Vitamin B14: cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth factor, and antitumor pterin phosphate, named by Earl R. Norris. Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this. He also claimed this was not xanthopterin.
 Vitamin B15: pangamic acid, also known as pangamate. Promoted in various forms as a dietary supplement and drug; considered unsafe and subject to seizure by the US Food and Drug Administration.
 Vitamin B16: dimethylglycine (DMG) is synthesized by the human body from choline.
 Vitamin B17: pseudoscientific name for the poisonous compound amygdalin, also known as the equally pseudoscientific name "nitrilosides" despite the fact that it is a single compound. Amygdalin can be found in various plants, but is most commonly extracted from apricot pits and other similar fruit kernels. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by various intestinal enzymes to form, among other things, hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to human beings when exposed to a high enough dosage. Some proponents claim that amygdalin is effective in cancer treatment and prevention, despite its toxicity and a lack of scientific evidence.
 Vitamin B20: L-carnitine.
 Vitamin Bf: carnitine.
 Vitamin Bm: myo-inositol, also called "mouse antialopaecia factor".
 Vitamin Bp: "antiperosis factor", which prevents perosis, a leg disorder, in chicks; can be replaced by choline and manganese salts.
 Vitamin BT: carnitine.
 Vitamin Bv: a type of B6 other than pyridoxine.
 Vitamin BW: a type of biotin other than d-biotin.
 Vitamin Bx: an alternative name for both pABA (see vitamin B10) and pantothenic acid.

References

B vitamins


Agrilus velatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1912.

Referências

velatus

Agrilus velatus


Matros Trosners Dagbog er en dagbog ført af den norske matros Daniel Danielsen Trosner  (1689-1741), der gjorde tjeneste i den Dansk-norske flåde. Han førte dagbog om bord på dansk-norske orlogsskibe fra den 3. april 1710 til den 19. januar 1714 og gjorde en række detaljerede observationer om livet i flåden på daværende tid. Dagbogen er rigt illustreret af Trosner.

Manuskriptet blev købt af det norske rigsarkiv den 15. juni 1883 for 50 norske kr. af medicinstuderende Hjalmar Wedøe (1861-1933) under betegnelsen "en dagbok ført paa Flaaten 1710-13 af Daniel Olsøn Sæbø i Bokn Sogn". Det blev henlagt i Rikarkivets manuskriptsamling under nr. 48 med accessionsnummeret 1883/268. Bogen opbevares fortsat i Riksarkivet og blev i 2012 del af Norges dokumentarv.

Dagbogens indhold
Manuskriptet er i kvart format og opdelt i to dele.  Første del, indbundet i en ikke samtidig indbinding, omfatter perioden 3. april 1710 til 29. oktober 1711, og har oprindeligt været på 519 sider med gennemsnitlig en side per dag. Anden del dækker perioden 30. oktober 1711 til 19. januar 1714, og har omfattet  351 sider; i alt har der dagbogen været på 871 tekstsider. Dertil kommer 19 unummererede sider med bl.a. en fragmentarisk bevaret indholdsfortegnelse. I dag mangler 120 sider af første del og 6 sider af anden del. Af de 871 tekstsider er således bevaret 745 sider. De 640 af siderne er i marginen illustreret med 5-7 illustrationer på hver side, i alt omkring 4.000 tegninger. På 252 sider er tegningerne farvelagt.

Daniel Trosner kom til København den  23. oktober 1709, og gjorde i den anførte periode tjeneste om bord på skibene Dannebroge, Gyldenløve, Højenhald, Printz Wilhelm,  Printz Christian og Beskiærmeren. Daniel Trosner, der i den nævnte periode har været 20-24 år, var en skarp og kyndig iagttager af livet om bord, og hvad der rørte sig i tiden. På trods af manglende formel uddannelse var han i stand til at skrive og betjene sig af flere sprog, således engelsk, tysk, fransk, spansk, nederlandsk, latin og græsk. Nogle af disse sprog blev dog nedskrevet som lydskrift.

Gennem dagbogen får man et omfattende indtryk af flådens virke under den igangværende krig mellem Danmark-Norge og Sverige, der var brudt ud i 1709 (Den Store Nordiske Krig), samt livet om bord i alle dens facetter, det være sig hvad angår disciplin, bespisning, sygdomsbekæmpelse, skibsvedligeholdelsesforhold, og sociale forhold. Krigen beskrives generelt politisk, ligesom pesten i København beskrives indgående.

Der kendes ikke tilsvarende dagbøger ført af matroser. Derfor er indholdet ganske enestående i sit perspektiv og konkret viden. Trosner skelner igennem hele dagbogen mellem det, som han selv har oplevet og det, som han har hørt. Dette forøger dagbogens værdi som historisk kilde.
Hvad Daniel Trosner forestillede sig med hensyn til dagbogen ved vi ikke. Bagerst findes en fragmentarisk bevaret indholdsfortegnelse. Om han havde forestillet sig en senere udgivelse vides ikke. Dagbogen ses at have været i familiens eje frem til ca. 1830. Derefter kendes ikke dagbogens opbevaring før den dukker op i 1883. Besidderen af dagbogen på dette tidspunkt, Hjalmar Wedøe, har det ikke været muligt at forbinde med Trosner-familien.
Først i 1923 udsendte den norske litterat Roar Tank et uddrag af dagbogen dog uden gengivelse af tegninger. Titlen var "Tordenskiolds matros. Dagbok ført af en norsk matros paa den dansk-norske flåte 1710-14". Roar Tank mente at kunne spore dagbogens ophav tilbage til  Niels Trosner (født 1685).  Usikkerheden omkring ophavsmanden skyldes bl.a. at de første 29 sider af dagbogen ikke er bevaret. Nyeste undersøgelser har imidlertid fastslået, at dagbogens forfatter er Daniel Trosner, der var Niels Trosners lillebror.

Udgivelser
Dagbogen er in extenso gengivet på det norske riksarkivs hjemmeside.

Der har gennem årene siden 1923 været forskellige bestræbelser på at få udgivet dagbogen in ekstenso, og i en udgave egnet til læsning af nutidige læsere, men først i 2017 lykkedes dette. Trosners dagbog er i sin helhed udgivet af den danske historiker Hans Christian Bjerg og den norske historiker og søofficer Tor Jørgen Melien. Titlen er "For Kongen og Flåten. Matros Trosners Dagbok 1710-1714", Bergen 2017. Den er i to bind og omfatter 910 sider.

Referencer

Kilder
 Nominasjon av dokumentet til Norges dokumentarv

Litteratur fra Norge
Søværnet
Dagbøger

Matros Trosners dagbog


Le  ou  est un type de commerce originaire des régions de Madrid et d'Andalousie (notamment Cadix).

Les , également en référence au nom sous lequel étaient connus les immigrants cantabres, sont devenus des éléments populaires du cliché costumbrista de la littérature espagnole à la fin du . On les retrouve chez Serafín Estébanez Calderón, chez Ángel Iznardi, José Sanz Pérez, Ramón de Mesonero Romanos Le concept apparaît déjà en 1848 dans un numéro du  dans un article intitulé  (un pèlerinage dans les montagnes de Santander). A la fin du  et au début du , ces boutiques ont été transformées en bars à tapas.

Histoire
En 1827, on décrit comment les paysans de Cantabrie, dans la zone occidentale, n'ont pratiquement pas quitté le territoire. Au fur et à mesure que le siècle avance, ces paysans de montagne se déplacent vers les champs d'Andalousie. Il s'agissait d'un mouvement migratoire limité dans le temps qui a atteint plusieurs régions d'Andalousie comme la province de Cadix. À Madrid, certains propriétaires de magasins de montagne sont devenus célèbres, comme le cas de l'oncle Lucas González de Caso, dont les plats abondants de la cuisine madrilène, comme les  (haricots à la manière de l'oncle Lucas), portaient son nom.

Ces boutiques sont devenues des éléments populaires du cliché littéraire espagnol costumbrista de la fin du . L'un des auteurs qui a le plus contribué à leur diffusion est José María de Pereda. Dans l'histoire culinaire de l'Espagne, ils sont toujours mentionnés dans les scènes de taverne.

Notes et références

Gastronomie en Andalousie

Tienda de montañés


Tre dage ved Panne for kvinder 2018 var den 1. udgave af cykelløbet Tre dage ved Panne for kvinder. Løbet var en del af UCI Women's World Tour og blev arrangeret 22. marts 2018. Det blev vundet af belgiske Jolien D'Hoore fra Mitchelton-Scott.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig kørte for Cervélo-Bigla Pro Cycling
Emma Norsgaard Jørgensen kørte for Cervélo-Bigla Pro Cycling
Marie Vilmann kørte for Cervélo-Bigla Pro Cycling
Pernille Mathiesen kørte for Team Sunweb
Christina Siggaard kørte for Team Virtu Cycling Women
Julie Leth kørte for Wiggle High5

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
Cykelløb i 2018

Tre dage ved Panne for kvinder 2018


Ugljikov asteroid (razreda, vrste, tipa C), vrsta asteroida u podjeli prema spektralnoj analizi odrazne svjetlosti, što je u svezi sa sastavom njihove površine. Ima ih oko 75% i sadrže tamne ugljikove spojeve. Druge dvije vrste su metalne (M), kojih je oko 8%, i silikatne (S), kojih je oko 17%.  Ističu se vrlo niskim albedom zbog visoka udjela ugljika, uz stijene i minerale. Najčešće se pojavljuju na vanjskom asteroidnom pojasu, 3,5 AJ od Sunca, u kojem je 80% asteroida ove vrste, dok je samo 40% asteroida razreda C na 2 AJ od Sunca. Udio asteroida vrste C može zapravo biti veći od ovog, jer su asteroidi tipa C dosta tamniji te stoga teži za otkriti, nego ostale vrste asteroida, osim za malu skupinu vrste D i ostalih koji su na krajnjem vanjskom rubu Glavnog asteroidnog pojasa.

Izvori

Asteroidi

Ugljikov asteroid


Poul Mathias Thomsen (* 21. Mai 1955, Aabenraa) ist ein dänischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und seit 1982 in Diensten des Internationaler Währungsfonds (IWF), Mitglied der Troika. Er schloss sein Studium der Wirtschaftswissenschaften 1979 an der Universität Kopenhagen ab, wo er Assistent von 1979 bis 1982 war.

Seit 1987 arbeitet er für den IWF im ehemaligen Jugoslawien, auch während des Bürgerkriegs von 1991 bis 1995. Von 1990 und 1991 war er IWF-Repräsentant in Belgrad. Zwischen 1992 und 1996, führte er die IWF-Missionen zu Slowenien und der Republik Mazedonien.

Zwischen 1996 und 1998 war Poul Thomsen auch Leiter der IWF-Mission in Rumänien, ein Land, das von der Krise hart getroffen wurde und in denen der IWF harte Lohnkürzungen in von ihm geführten Verhandlungen durchsetzte.

Von 1998 bis 2000 leitete Poul Thomsen die IWF-Abteilung in Russland, zwischen 2001 und 2004 war er IWF-Vertreter und Leiter der Geschäftsstelle in Moskau.

Derzeit ist Poul Thomsen der stellvertretende Direktor der Europa-Abteilung des IWF und als solcher führte und führt er direkt die Prozesse in Island, Griechenland, Portugal, auch die in der Ukraine und Rumänien. In allen Fällen trat Poul Thomsen durch eine Politik der schnellen Privatisierung und scharfen Kürzungen bei den Löhnen im öffentlichen Dienst hervor.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz des Internationalen Währungsfonds (en)

Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Ökonom (21. Jahrhundert)
Internationaler Währungsfonds
Däne
Geboren 1955
Mann

Poul Mathias Thomsen


Hypotension is low blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. Blood pressure is indicated by two numbers, the systolic blood pressure (the top number) and the diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number), which are the maximum and minimum blood pressures, respectively. A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic of less than 60 mmHg is generally considered to be hypotension. Different numbers apply to children. However, in practice, blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.

Symptoms may include dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, feeling tired, weakness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, neck or back pain, an irregular heartbeat or feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering, and fainting. Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. It is best understood as a physiological state rather than a disease. Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. Shock is classified based on the underlying cause, including hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, distributive shock, and obstructive shock.

Hypotension can be caused by strenuous exercise, excessive heat, low blood volume (hypovolemia), hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, anaphylaxis, heart problems, or endocrine problems. Some medications can also lead to hypotension. There are also syndromes that can cause hypotension in patients including orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope, and other rarer conditions.

For many people, excessively low blood pressure can cause dizziness and fainting or indicate serious heart, endocrine or neurological disorders.

For some people who exercise and are in top physical condition, low blood pressure could be normal. A single session of exercise can induce hypotension and water-based exercise can induce a hypotensive response.

Treatment depends on what causes low blood pressure. Treatment of hypotension may include the use of intravenous fluids or vasopressors. When using vasopressors, trying to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of greater than 70 mmHg does not appear to result in better outcomes than trying to achieve an MAP of greater than 65 mmHg in adults.

Signs and symptoms
For many people, low blood pressure goes unnoticed. For some people, low blood pressure may be a sign of an underlying health condition, especially when it drops suddenly or occurs with symptoms. Older adults also have a higher risk of symptoms of low blood pressure, such as falls, fainting, or dizziness when standing or after a meal. If the blood pressure is sufficiently low, fainting (syncope) may occur.

Low blood pressure is sometimes associated with certain symptoms, many of which are related to causes rather than effects of hypotension:

 confusion
 dizziness or lightheadedness
 feeling tired or weak
 shortness of breath
 irregular heartbeat, feeling that the heart is skipping beats, or fluttering
 chest pain
 fever
 headache
 stiff neck
 severe back or neck pain
 cough with sputum
 prolonged diarrhea or vomiting
 chills
 loss of appetite
 nausea
 dyspepsia (indigestion)
 dysuria (painful urination)
 acute, life-threatening allergic reaction
 seizures
 loss of consciousness
 temporary blurring or loss of vision
 black tarry stools

Causes
Low blood pressure can be caused by low blood volume, hormonal changes, pregnancy, widening of blood vessels, medicine side effects, severe dehydration, anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency,
 anaphylaxis, heart problems or endocrine problems.

Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia can be induced by excessive use of diuretics. Low blood pressure may also be attributed to heat stroke which can be indicated by absence of perspiration, light headedness and dark colored urine.

Other medications can produce hypotension by different mechanisms. Chronic use of alpha blockers or beta blockers can lead to hypotension. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle.

Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, or extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism.

Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension.  This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord. Dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning, can also lead to hypotension.  Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or AT1 receptor antagonists (Angiotensin II acts on AT1 receptors).  Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.

Lower blood pressure is a side effect of certain herbal medicines, which can also interact with several medications.  An example is the theobromine in Theobroma cacao, which lowers blood pressure through its actions as both a vasodilator and a diuretic, and has been used to treat high blood pressure.

Syndromes

Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension, also called postural hypotension, is a common form of low blood pressure. It occurs after a change in body position, typically when a person stands up from either a seated or lying position. It is usually transient and represents a delay in the normal compensatory ability of the autonomic nervous system. It is commonly seen in hypovolemia and as a result of various medications. In addition to blood pressure-lowering medications, many psychiatric medications, in particular antidepressants, can have this side effect.  Simple blood pressure and heart rate measurements while lying, seated, and standing (with a two-minute delay in between each position change) can confirm the presence of orthostatic hypotension. Taking these measurements is known as orthostatic vitals. Orthostatic hypotension is indicated if there is a drop of 20 mmHg in systolic pressure (and a 10 mmHg drop in diastolic pressure in some facilities) and a 20 beats per minute increase in heart rate.

Vasovagal syncope
Vasovagal syncope is a form of dysautonomia characterized by an inappropriate drop in blood pressure while in the upright position. Vasovagal syncope occurs as a result of increased activity of the vagus nerve, the mainstay of the parasympathetic nervous system. Patients will feel sudden, unprovoked lightheadedness, sweating, changes in vision, and finally a loss of consciousness. Consciousness will often return rapidly once patient is lying down and the blood pressure returns to normal.

Other
Another, but rarer form, is postprandial hypotension, a drastic decline in blood pressure that occurs 30 to 75 minutes after eating substantial meals.  When a great deal of blood is diverted to the intestines (a kind of "splanchnic blood pooling") to facilitate digestion and absorption, the body must increase cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain enough blood pressure to perfuse vital organs, such as the brain. Postprandial hypotension is believed to be caused by the autonomic nervous system not compensating appropriately, because of aging or a specific disorder.

Hypotension is a feature of Flammer syndrome, which is characterized by cold hands and feet and predisposes to normal tension glaucoma.

Hypotension can be a symptom of relative energy deficiency in sport, sometimes known as the female athlete triad, although it can also affect men.

Pathophysiology
Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which lowers it. The vast and rapid compensation abilities of the autonomic nervous system allow normal individuals to maintain an acceptable blood pressure over a wide range of activities and in many disease states. Even small alterations in these networks can lead to hypotension.

Diagnosis

For most adults, the optimal blood pressure is at or below 120/80 mmHg. If the systolic blood pressure is <90 mmHg or the diastolic blood pressure is <60 mmHg, it would be classified as hypotension. However, occasional blood pressure readings below 90/60 mmHg are not infrequent in the general population,  and, in the absence of some pathological cause, hypotension appears to be a relatively benign condition in most people.  The diagnosis of hypotension is usually made by measuring blood pressure, either non-invasively with a sphygmomanometer or invasively with an arterial catheter (mostly in an intensive care setting). Another way to diagnose low blood pressure is by using the mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured using an arterial catheter  or by continuous, non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring which measures intra-operative blood pressure beat-by-beat throughout surgery. A MAP <65 mmHg is considered hypotension. Intra-operative hypotension <65 mmHg can lead to an increased risk of acute kidney injury, myocardial injury  or post-operative stroke. While an incidental finding of hypotension during a routine blood pressure measurement may not be particularly worrying, a substantial drop in blood pressure following standing, exercise or eating can be associated with symptoms and may have implications for future health. A drop in blood pressure after standing, termed postural or orthostatic hypotension, is defined as a decrease in supine-to-standing BP >20 mm Hg systolic or >10 mm Hg diastolic within 3 minutes of standing. Orthostatic hypotension is associated with increased risk of future cardiovascular events and mortality. Orthostatic vitals are frequently measured to assist with the diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension, and may involve the use of a tilt table test to evaluate vasovagal syncope.

Treatment
Treatment depends on what causes low blood pressure. Treatment may not be needed for asymptomatic low blood pressure. Depending on symptoms, treatment may include drinking more fluids to prevent dehydration, taking medicines to raise blood pressure, or adjusting medicines that cause low blood pressure. Adding electrolytes to a diet can relieve symptoms of mild hypotension, and a morning dose of caffeine can also be effective. Chronic hypotension rarely exists as more than a symptom. In mild cases, where the patient is still responsive,
laying the person on their back and lifting the legs increases venous return, thus making more blood available to critical organs in the chest and head. The Trendelenburg position, though used historically, is no longer recommended.

Hypotensive shock treatment always follows the first four following steps. Outcomes, in terms of mortality, are directly linked to the speed that hypotension is corrected. Still-debated methods are in parentheses, as are benchmarks for evaluating progress in correcting hypotension. A study on septic shock provided the delineation of these general principles. However, since it focuses on hypotension due to infection, it is not applicable to all forms of severe hypotension.

 Volume resuscitation (usually with crystalloid or blood products)
 Blood pressure support with a vasopressor (all seem equivalent with respect to risk of death, with norepinephrine possibly better than dopamine). Trying to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of greater than 70 mmHg does not appear to result in better outcomes than trying to achieve a MAP of greater than 65 mmHg in adults.
 Ensure adequate tissue perfusion (maintain SvO2 >70 with use of blood or dobutamine)
 Address the underlying problem (i.e., antibiotic for infection, stent or CABG (coronary artery bypass graft surgery) for infarction, steroids for adrenal insufficiency, etc...)

The best way to determine if a person will benefit from fluids is by doing a passive leg raise followed by measuring the output from the heart.

Medication
Chronic hypotension sometimes requires the use of medications. Some medications that are commonly used include Fludrocortisone, Erythropoietin, and Sympathomimetics such as Midodrine and Noradrenaline and precursor (L-DOPS).
 Fludrocortisone is the first-line therapy (in the absence of heart failure) for patients with chronic hypotension or resistant orthostatic hypotension. It works by increasing the intravascular volume.
 Midodrine is a therapy used for severe orthostatic hypotension, and works by increasing peripheral vascular resistance.
 Noradrenaline and its precursor L-DOPS are used for primary autonomic dysfunction by increasing vascular tone.
 Erythropoietin is given to patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and it works through increasing vascular volume and viscosity.

Pediatrics
The definition of hypotension changes in the pediatric population depending on the child's age as seen in the table below.

The clinical history provided by the caretaker is the most important part in determining the cause of hypotension in pediatric patients. Symptoms for children with hypotension include increased sleepiness, not using the restroom as much (or at all), having difficulty breathing or breathing rapidly, or syncope. The treatment for hypotension in pediatric patients is similar to the treatment in adults by following the four first steps listed above (see Treatment). Children are more likely to undergo intubation during the treatment of hypotension because their oxygen levels drop more rapidly than adults. The closing of fetal shunts following birth can create instability in the "transitional circulation" of the fetus, and often creates a state of hypotension following birth; while many infants can overcome this hypotension through the closing of shunts, a mean blood pressure (MBP) of lower than 30 mmHg is correlated with severe cerebral injury and can be experienced by premature infants who have poor shunt closure.

Etymology
Hypotension, from Ancient Greek hypo-, meaning "under" or "less" + English tension, meaning "'strain" or "tightness". This refers to the under-constriction of the blood vessels and arteries which leads to low blood pressure.

See also
 Hypertension

References

External links

 Curlie.org: Hypotension

Vascular diseases

Hypotension


Dean Edwards (30 de julio de 1970, El Bronx, Nueva York) es un actor, cantante y comediante estadounidense.

Biografía
Edwards era un miembro del reparto en Saturday Night Live, pero !, izquierda y empezó a salir en otros medios. En 2010, obtuvo un papel como la voz del burro en el especial de televisión Asustado Shrekless después de que Eddie Murphy se negó, y repitió su papel en el cortometraje Noche Thriller.

Filmografía

Como actor
 2011
 Thriller Night (voz)
 Swap
 2010
 Scared Shrekless (voz)
 Robotomy (voz)
 April's Fools
 2008
 Goyband
 2007
 Spider-Man 3
 Universal Remote
 2006
 Where My Dogs At?
 A New Wave
 2005
 Weekends at the DL
 2004
 Tony 'n' Tina's Wedding
 The Sopranos
 2003
 Marci X
 2001-2003
 Saturday Night Live!
 2003
 Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Halftime Special
 1998
 Celebrity Deathmatch (voz)
 1996
 Melrose Place

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en el Bronx
Actores de la ciudad de Nueva York
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores afroestadounidenses
Humoristas de Estados Unidos
Actores de voz de Estados Unidos
Productores de cine de Estados Unidos
Artistas de comedia en vivo

Dean Edwards


Deresoblan, Karabük ilinin Eskipazar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 45 km, Eskipazar ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eskipazar belde ve köyleri

Deresoblan


Le Bureau d'information coréen (ou Bureau d'information de la République de Corée) est un bureau de presse créée en avril 1919 à Paris, des suites du mouvement du 1er mars 1919. C'est une structure qui publie et diffuse des documents en français. Elle est créée avec l'appui du gouvernement provisoire de Corée. Kim Kyu-sik est le meneur de la délégation coréenne française et met en place le bureau en France à Paris. L'organisation traduit la « déclaration d'indépendance de la République de Corée » et publie une revue « La Corée Libre ».

Histoire

Contexte de création
Après le soulèvement du  1er mars 1919, un gouvernement provisoire de Corée est créé et siège dans la concession française de Shanghai à partir d'avril 1919.

Pour faire connaître son mouvement le gouvernement provisoire a créé des relais de sa parole et du projet indépendantiste coréen. Un groupe local est créé en 1919 à Paris. À ce moment-là à Paris se tient les négociations du traité de Versailles. Les coréens y nourrissent de grand espoir d'indépendance avec les Quatorze points de Wilson, notamment du « principe du droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes ».

Réseau
D'autres organisations provenant de territoires colonisés de retrouvent à Paris. Le bureau d'information coréen y tisse un réseau avec les autres représentants de territoires colonisés, comme Ho Chi Minh et son organisation.

Le Bureau d'information coréen est soutenu par l'association Les Amis de la Corée, qui est fondée en juin 1921 et composé d'hommes politiques, de journalistes et de membres de la Ligue des Droits de l'Homme.

À la fin de son ouvrage « Autour d'une vie coréenne » Seu Ring-haï reprend la déclaration d'indépendance publié par le bureau.

Fin du bureau
L'organisation à disparu en 1921, et c'est l'Association des Coréens de France qui a continué son projet.

Publications
Le Bureau d'information coréen a édité différents ouvrages :
 La traduction de la Déclaration d'indépendance de la République de Corée.
 [[s:fr:L'Indépendance de la Corée et la Paix|L'Indépendance et la paix de la Corée]], ouvrage.
 une Circulaire, une revue de 23 numéros en langue française tous publiés en 1919, tiré à 2000 exemplaires par numéro. La revue publiait les actions réalisées par les différentes délégations coréennes.
 La Corée libre, une revue mensuelle de 13 numéros en langue française publié entre avril 1920 et mai 1921 à Paris. La revue avait comme objectif de propager les idées des indépendantistes coréens auprès de la population française. Elle a été animé par Félicien Challaye et Scie Ton Fa, tous deux membres de l'association des Amis de la Corée.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Mouvement d'indépendance coréen
 Gouvernement provisoire de la République de Corée
 Mouvement du 1er Mars

Liens externes

Mouvement d'indépendance coréen
Corée au XXe siècle

Bureau d'information coréen


En arquitectura, un modelo es un edificio, normalmente un edificio paradigmático o arquetípico, que sirve como guía de inspiración para crear una obra nueva, totalmente diferente. A veces también se usa para referirse a una maqueta (como anglicismo de scale model), representación o reproducción construida normalmente a una escala menor con la intención de mostrar la imagen del edificio o de una parte suya, estudiar sus detalles constructivos, comprobar su funcionamiento o juzgar su apariencia.

Modelos estéticos

Según Ludovico Quaroni, hace referencia -directa o transferida- a la obra única e irreproducible que sin embargo puede impulsar a otras personas distintas al autor original a repetir algunas de sus características, debido precisamente a su carácter de perfección y de "ejemplo" (tomando esta palabra en su doble sentido). El modelo es un único original y concreto que contiene un máximo de valores específicos y que se distingue por su riqueza y perfección. Se diferencia del tipo en que éste es síntesis a posteriori, clasificatoria y no creativa de caracteres invariantes y no originales, una categoría lógica de investigación selectiva del pasado. La elección de un modelo implica un juicio de valor que reconoce la perfección o la ejemplaridad de la obra, que estimula su imitación o interpretación.

En el Renacimiento el Panteón de Roma fue el modelo tomado para la incorporación de la cúpula en las iglesias, desde las cúpulas de la Catedral de Florencia y San Pedro de Roma hasta la de la basílica de El Escorial. El templete de San Pietro in Montorio de Bramante es un buen ejemplo de este proceso. Originalmente depende claramente de un tipo (el templo redondo períptero descrito por Vitruvio), pero se vincula a modelos históricos formales (el Templo de la Sibila de Tívoli), proponiéndose finalmente como tipo y como modelo.

En el Neoclasicismo los arquitectos se inspiraron sobre todo en otro de los edificios emblemáticos de la antigüedad, el Partenón, que se usó en Francia en la iglesia de Santa Genoveva, hoy Panteón de Hombre Ilustres, y en la parisina iglesia de la Madeleine. En Inglaterra se emplea el mismo esquema en el Templo de la Concordia y la Victoria y en el Museo Británico, mientras que en Alemania se emplea en la Gliptoteca de Múnich y el Valhala del pueblo alemán y en Estados Unidos en el Capitolio, en sus dos fachadas, y en el diseño del Banco de Pensilvania. En España Ventura Rodríguez emplea este modelo en la fachada de la catedral de Pamplona y Juan de Villanueva en la fachada principal del Museo del Prado, la actual puerta de Velázquez. Para Quaroni, a diferencia del Renacimiento, el Neoclásico asume como modelo la tipología arquitectónica y no la arquitectura clásica, llegando a producir obras que no son más que la transcripción material de los tipos.

Tanto los arquitectos renacentistas como los neoclásicos procuraban mantener una imagen literaria y erudita, lejos de limitarse a reproducir las ruinas de la Antigüedad greco-romana. Sus creaciones buscaron siempre un modelo ideal o idealizado, consiguiendo sistematizarlos y plasmarlos de forma teórica en los numerosos tratados de Arquitectura de la época.

Modelos funcionales

Las edificaciones de las iglesias cristianas tienen como modelo el Templo de Jerusalén: el Sagrario, el Tabernáculo y el Presbiterio, como contenedores de la Eucaristía, son considerados el nuevo Sanctasanctórum, el lugar donde habita Dios en la Tierra.

Véase también
 Arquetipo
 Paradigma
 Panteón de Agripa
 Partenón
 Arquitectura del Renacimiento
 Arquitectura Neoclásica

Referencias

Arquitectura

Modelo (arquitectura)


«Ojalá» es una canción del cantautor cubano Silvio Rodríguez, cuya versión definitiva aparece en su disco Al final de este viaje, de 1978.

Características

La canción comienza con un arpegio agudo característico que la identifica desde los primeros segundos. La contraposición de elementos positivos (Ojalá que las hojas no te toquen el cuerpo cuando caigan / para que no las puedas convertir en cristal) y negativos (Ojalá pase algo que te borre de pronto / una luz cegadora / un disparo de Nieve / ojalá por lo menos que me lleve la muerte) ha llevado a debates sobre su significado, si bien el autor señala que se trata de una canción de amor.

Historia

En una entrevista Silvio Rodríguez comentó:

Emilia Sánchez, ahora profesora de Filología en la Universidad de Camagüey, es la musa de otras canciones de Silvio Rodríguez: «Emilia», «Te doy una canción» y «Josah es la que pinta».

Otras versiones

Existe una grabación del propio Silvio Rodríguez anterior a la de 1978, y que fue incluida en el recopilatorio Cuando digo futuro, de 1977. Otros artistas que han hecho reversiones de esta canción son:
 Alejo Stivel
 Antílopez
 Florcita Motuda (Florcita Motuda, 1977)
 Gloria Simonetti
 Ismael Serrano
 Los Huayra
 La M.O.D.A (EP Ojalá, 2016)
 Magdalena Cullen
 Nahuel Pennisi
 Sonia Silvestre
 Los Sultanes
 Tania Libertad
 Willy Rodríguez, vocalista de la banda puertorriqueña de reggae Cultura Profética.
 Ahyre
 Cuarteto Zupay
 Eruca Sativa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Zurrón del Aprendiz Sitio propio del trovador Silvio Rodríguez

Canciones de 1969
Canciones de 1978
Canciones de Silvio Rodríguez
Canciones en español

Ojalá (canción de Silvio Rodríguez)


Digital Subscriber Line (Sayısal Abone Hattı), sıradan bakır kablolar üzerinden evlere ve ofislere yüksek bant genişliği sağlayan bir teknolojidir.

xDSL şeklinde de adlandırılıp, baştaki x harfi değiştirilerek türleri adlandırılır: ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, SDSL, IDSL, HDSL, VDSL, VDSL2

ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line - Bakışımsız Sayısal Abone Hattı), kullanıcıların yüksek hızlarda bakışımsız veri haberleşmesi olmakla birlikte, eşzamanlı olarak telefon görüşme olanağı sağlayan bir teknolojidir.

Bir ADSL bağlantısı 3 temel iletişim kanalından oluşur. Alış Kanalı (downstream), Gönderiş Kanalı (upstream) ve POTS (Plain Old Public Telephone) kanalıdır.

Alış kanalı Mbps seviyesinde genişlik sunarken, gönderim kanalı Kbps'ler düzeyindedir. ADSL, cihazlarının gerçek hızlar üreticelere ve cihazın modellerine göre değişim göstermektedir. ADSL hizmetlerinden faydalanabilmek için, ADSL hizmeti sunan şirketlerin belirlediği hızları destekleyen modem alınmalıdır.

POTS, ADSL iletim ortamı üzerinden telefon görüşmelerinin aktarılması için kullanılır. Bir telefon görüşmesi için 4 Khz'lik bir frekans yeterli olmaktadır. ADSL veri kanalları 25 Khz'lik frekans alanından başlayıp kablolamanın elverdiği ölçülerde yüksek frekanslara çıkabilmektedir. Farklı frekans aralık ile veri kanalları arasında etkileşim olmaz.

Bir hat üzerinde birçok kanal oluşturabilmek için Frekans Bölmeli Çoğullama (FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing) Yankı Giderme (Echo Cancellation) olarak adlandırılan yöntemler kullanılır. Yankı Giderme yönteminde, alış ve veriş kanalları için aynı frekans alanı içinde kullanılırkende farklı kanallarda kullanılır. Dolayısıyla, aynı hızda bant genişliği elde etmek için Yankı Giderme yöntemini kullanmak yeterli olur, bu da daha uzaklara gidebilmek anlamına gelir. Ancak bu yöntemle kullanılan ADSL cihazları FDM cihazlara göre daha karmaşık olurlar.

Bilgisayar
İnternet erişimi
DSL türleri
İnternet teknolojileri

DSL


حامد بريمة عيسى (1 يناير 1956 - 23 أبريل 2023) هو لاعب كرة قدم سوداني، ومن اللاعبين القلة الذين اختيروا لمنتخب العرب، كما اختير ضمن أفضل عشرة لاعبين في إفريقيا من قبل مجلة فرانس فوتبول المهتمة بالكرة الإفريقية والعالمية، إذ اختارته هذه المجلة كأحسن حارس مرمى في إفريقيا. انطلقت مسيرته من نادي النهضة الدامر ثم انتقل إلى نادي المريخ.

توفي حامد بريمة في 23 أبريل 2023م عن عمر ناهز السابعة والستين وذلك بعد صراعٍ طويلٍ مع المرض.

الإنجازات

المريخ
 دوري السودان العام (5): 1978، 1982، 1985، 1990، 1993.
 كأس السودان (9): 1983، 1984، 1985، 1986، 1988، 1991، 1993، 1994، 1996.
 كأس الكؤوس الإفريقية (1): 1989.

المباريات الدولية

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 حامد بريمة على موقع National Football Teams

لاعبو كرة قدم سودانيون
لاعبو منتخب السودان لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي المريخ (السودان)
مواليد 1956
لاعبو الدوري السوداني الممتاز لكرة القدم
مدربو كرة قدم سودانيون
وفيات 1444 هـ
مواليد 1375 هـ

حامد بريمة


Oluwatosin Ayoyinka Olumide Abasi, mais conhecido simplesmente por Tosin Abasi (Washington-DC, 7 de janeiro de 1983), é um guitarrista estadunidense de ascendência nigeriana, notório como o fundador e guitarrista da banda de Metal Progressivo Animals as Leaders.

Em agosto de 2020, foi revelado que Abasi era o músico por trás da fragmentação da "guitarra aérea" em Bill & Ted Face the Music.

Considerado um virtuoso da guitarra, a revista Guitar World Magazine o classificou na poisção #97 em sua lista dos 100 maiores guitarristas de todos os tempos, um dos 20 maiores da década 2010 e um dos 40 guitarristas que mudaram nosso mundo desde 1980.

Biografia
Filho de imigrantes nigerianos nos Estados Unidos, Tosin Abasi nasceu em Washington DC. Seu irmão, Abdul Abasi, é um ex-sargento das forças armadas dos Estados Unidos e atualmente é um designer de moda.

Abasi é um violonista autodidata. Ele primeiro pegou um violão na casa de seu amigo, simplesmente dedilhando e fazendo licks básicos no local. Nessa época, ele estava sendo exposto a um pouco de música por meio do aprendizado do clarinete no ensino fundamental. Mais tarde, ele começou a alugar fitas de vídeo instrucionais para guitarristas de hair metal em sua loja de música local, dizendo que alguns "eram vídeos que você não queria ser pego assistindo" devido ao material ousado em certas fitas (por exemplo, mulheres de biquíni).

Abasi disse que quando decidiu aprender a tocar violão, seu pai foi "totalmente liberal em relação a tudo, encorajador e orgulhoso" e, de fato, comprou para ele seu primeiro violão. No entanto, sua mãe inicialmente tinha uma visão mais conservadora. Tosin disse em uma entrevista: "Minha mãe definitivamente representa mais da mentalidade tradicional de imigração da educação e os canais convencionais são muito mais importantes do que um esforço criativo".

Início da Carreira
Seu primeiro trabalho como músico profissional foi como guitarrista da banda de metal PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch), de Silver Spring, Maryland, antes de ingressar na banda de metalcore técnico Reflux no início até meados dos anos 2000. Durante um show do Reflux, a Prosthetic Records percebeu sua habilidade e ofereceu a ele um contrato de gravação como artista solo. No início, ele recusou, dizendo que não se sentia confortável com seu nível de habilidade para escrever seu próprio disco. Depois disso, Abasi se matriculou no Instituto de Música e Mídia de Atlanta , uma faculdade com fins lucrativos. Depois de se formar, ele contatou a Prosthetic Records perguntando se a oferta ainda era válida. Ele então formou seu projeto "solo", Animals as Leaders, o nome sendo vagamente derivado do livro Ismael, de Daniel Quinn.

Discografia

Com a banda "PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch)"
 2001 - Virus

Com a banda "Reflux"
 2004 - Illusion of Democracy

Com a banda "Animals as Leaders"
 2009 - Animals as Leaders
 2010 - "Wave of Babies (Digital Single)"
 2011 - Weightless
 2014 - The Joy of Motion (2014)
 2015 - Animals as Leaders (Encore Edition)
 2016 - The Madness of Many

Com a banda "T.R.A.M."
 2012 - Lingua Franca (Sumerian Records)

Com o projeto Generation Axe
 2018 - The Guitars That Destroyed The World: Live in China - Steve Vai, Yngwie Malmsteen, Zakk Wylde, Nuno Bettencourt, Tosin Abasi

Com a banda "Tigran Hamasyan"
 2020 - The Call Within (Guitars in "Vortex") (Nonesuch Records)

Guitarristas dos Estados Unidos

Tosin Abasi


Novyï Svit (Crimée)
 Novyï Svit (oblast de Donetsk)

uk:Новий Світ (значення)

Novyï Svit


Manabu Minami (født 17. februar 1988) er en japansk professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder YSCC Yokohama.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Manabu Minami


Lindsey Stirling (* 21. September 1986 in Santa Ana, Orange County, Kalifornien) ist eine US-amerikanische Violinistin, Bühnenkünstlerin und Komponistin. Sie präsentiert choreographierte Violin-Darbietungen sowohl live als auch in Musikvideos.

Privatleben
Stirling wuchs zusammen mit zwei Schwestern in Gilbert, Arizona, auf. Sie studierte therapeutische Entspannung an der Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Als Mitglied der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage, die zur Konfessionsgruppe der Mormonen zählt, absolvierte sie einen freiwilligen Missionsdienst in New York City. Seit Dezember 2012 lebt sie wieder in Arizona.
2015 graduierte Stirling an der Marriott School der Brigham Young University (BYU).

Musikalischer Werdegang
Im Alter von sechs Jahren bekam sie ihren ersten Geigenunterricht. Der Drang zum Erlernen dieses Instrumentes ging von Stirling selbst aus, ihre Eltern hatten ihr den Wunsch zunächst in Hinblick auf die anfallenden Kosten verwehrt. Mit 16 Jahren wurde sie Teil der Rockband Stomp On Melvin, der ihre vier besten Freunde angehörten und mit der sie erste Experimente in Richtung Rock 'n' Roll machte. Ebenfalls im Alter von 16 Jahren begann sie mit dem Komponieren eigener Musikstücke, die sie selbst als "violin rock songs" bezeichnet.

2007 eröffnete sie ihren YouTube-Kanal Lindsey Stirling, auf dem sie viele ihrer Musikvideos veröffentlichte. Seitdem erreichte der Kanal über 3,8 Milliarden Videoaufrufe (Stand: 7. Oktober 2023) und 13,7 Millionen Abonnenten. 2010 war Stirling Viertelfinalistin in der fünften Staffel von America's Got Talent, mit der sie als Hip-Hop-Violinistin bekannt wurde.

Stirling nahm an zahlreichen nationalen Wettbewerben teil und ist für ihre musikalische Vielseitigkeit, die von Country bis Hip-Hop reicht, bekannt. Sie spielte in Clubs in Las Vegas, NBA-Halbzeitshows und weiteren Veranstaltungsorten der Vereinigten Staaten. Außerdem trat sie als Vorband oder gemeinsam mit Künstlern wie Sean Kingston, Donny Osmond, Alan Jackson, Samuel Ameglio, Shaun Barrowes, Benton Paul und mit den ebenso durch Youtube bekannt gewordenen Interpreten The Piano Guys und Tiffany Alvord auf.
2013 startete sie ihre erste Welttournee und präsentierte ihre Geigenkunst unter anderem mit Dubstep. Vom 14. bis 24. Januar 2013 gab sie Konzerte in Deutschland, die alle ausverkauft waren. 2014 erhielt Stirling erstmals eine Auszeichnung, den Echo in der Kategorie Crossover (national oder international). 2015 startete sie ihre Welttournee "The Music Box".

2016 begann sie nach ihrer Arbeit an ihrem neuen Album Brave Enough eine weitere Sommertour durch die USA und war auch bei einzelnen Festivals in Deutschland vertreten.

Im Frühling 2017 fand eine weitere Tour durch Europa statt, u. a. am 9. März in Berlin. Das Konzert in der Max-Schmeling-Halle war ausverkauft.

In der 2018 gestarteten Serie The Outpost spielt Lindsey Stirling in der Staffel 1 ab Episode 6 erstmals eine wiederkehrende Nebenrolle als singende und musizierende Vagabundin bzw. Landstreicherin namens Pock, welche andere ausraubt. Bereits 2016 war Stirling mitwirkende Violinistin im Walt-Disney-Film Elliot, der Drache.

Diskografie

Studioalben

Livealben

EPs
 2010: Lindsey Stomp

Singles als Leadmusikerin

Weitere Singles
 2012: Elements (US: )
 2014: Beyond the Veil
 2014: Master of Tides
 2014: Roundtable Rival (US: )
 2016: The Arena
 2016: Something Wild (feat. Andrew McMahon)
 2016: Prism
 2016: Hold My Heart (feat. ZZ Ward)
 2017: Love's Just a Feeling (feat. Rooty)
 2017: Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy
 2017: Christmas C'mon (feat. Becky G)
 2018: Warmer in the Winter (feat. Trombone Shorty)
 2019: Underground
 2019: The Upside (solo oder feat. Elle King)
 2022: Ice Storm

Singles als Gastmusikerin
 2013: Radioactive (Pentatonix feat. Lindsey Stirling, US: )
 2020: Invincible (Escape the Fate feat. Lindsey Stirling)
 2021: Warbringer (TheFatRat feat. Lindsey Stirling)

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Künstlerauszeichnungen
 2013: YouTube Music Award in der Kategorie Response of the Year für eine Interpretation des Songs Radioactive (mit Pentatonix)
 2013: Streamy Award in der Kategorie Best Choreography
 2014: Echo in der Kategorie Crossover National/International für das Album Lindsey Stirling
 2014: Streamy Award in der Kategorie Best Musical Artist
 2015: Echo in der Kategorie Crossover National/International für Shatter Me
 2015: Billboard Music Award in der Kategorie Top Dance/Electronic Album für Shatter Me
 2015: YouTube Music Award in der Kategorie Artist of the Year
 2017: Billboard Music Award in der Kategorie Top Dance/Electronic Album für Brave Enough

Nominierungen
 2014: Echo als Newcomer International
 2014: Billboard Music Award in der Kategorie Top Dance/Electronic Album für Lindsey Stirling
 2014: Teen Choice Award in der Kategorie Choice Web Star: Music für Shatter Me
 2015: Billboard Music Award in der Kategorie Top Dance/Electronic Artist
 2017: Billboard Music Award in der Kategorie Top Dance/Electronic Artist

Band
Die Band um Lindsey Stirling besteht aktuell aus drei Mitgliedern:
 Lindsey Stirling: Geige
 Drew Steen: Schlagzeug (seit 2012)
 Kit Nolan: Keyboarder (seit 2015)

Ehemalige Mitglieder:
 Jason "Gavi" Gaviati †:Keyboarder (2012–2015). Gaviati starb am 21. November 2015.

Autobiographie
Am 21. Juni 2015 gab Stirling bekannt, dass sie während der vergangenen zweieinhalb Jahre, gemeinsam mit ihrer Schwester und Co-Autorin Brooke S. Passey, an ihrer Autobiographie "The Only Pirate At The Party" gearbeitet habe. Diese veröffentlichte sie am 12. Januar 2016 im Gallery Books Verlag. Am 30. Januar desselben Jahres führte die "New York Times" das Buch auf Platz 10 der bestverkauften nicht-fiktionalen Bücher.

Weblinks

 Website von Lindsey Stirling
 Lindsey Stirling auf YouTube

Einzelnachweise

Popmusiker
Geiger
Webvideoproduzent
Echo-Pop-Preisträger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1986
Frau

Lindsey Stirling


Fair Park is a recreational and educational complex in Dallas, Texas, United States, located immediately east of downtown. The  area is registered as a Dallas Landmark and National Historic Landmark; many of the buildings were constructed for the Texas Centennial Exposition in 1936.

Fair Park has been designated a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association.

History
The site was established as an  fairground on the outskirts of East Dallas for the Dallas State Fair in 1886. After a fire and financial loss by the fair association in 1904, voters approved the "Reardon Plan." It became Dallas' second public park, known as "Fair Park."

An important figure in Fair Park's development was landscape architect and city planner George Kessler. In 1906, he was responsible for the first formal plan for the park influenced by the City Beautiful Movement. The City Beautiful Movement advocated well planned public spaces, tree-lined boulevards, monuments, public art, and fountains which would 'beautify' the city.

A milestone in Fair Park's history was 1936, when the Texas Centennial Exposition was held there. In preparation for the six-month event, the appearance of the park was dramatically altered by architect George Dahl and consulting architect Paul Cret. The park was transformed from an early 20th-century fairground into an Art Deco showcase. While many of the exposition's buildings were meant to be temporary, several have survived and have been restored to some extent. Over the years, the park was expanded to its current .

Fair Park was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986 as one of the nation's largest surviving assemblages of buildings related to an exposition. Administration of the park was transferred to the Dallas Parks Department in 1988. Today, the cultural facilities and annual events attract an unsubstantiated estimate of 5 million visitors annually, the bulk of which attend during the 24-day State Fair of Texas.

Restoration and future
Many of the existing Art Deco buildings have been restored visually to their 1936 appearance and upgraded to modern building standards. In anticipation of DART's light rail service the historic Parry Avenue entrance gates were restored in 2009. The four cameo reliefs on Centennial Building underwent a professional conservation treatment in 2000 and the Esplanade fountain pylons and six monumental sculptures in 2004. Several sculptures were reconstructed and feature a dramatic light and water show.

In 2003, the Fair Park Comprehensive Development plan was produced by Hargreaves Associates. This comprehensive plan included recommendations for the physical site, park programs, activities, funding options, and management alternatives. The park received a $72 million city bond allocation in 2006 for repairs and improvements.

In September 2014, a blue ribbon task force appointed by Mayor Mike Rawlings submitted a report on the rejuvenation of Fair Park. The Mayor's Task Force plan envisions a public-private partnership led by a non profit organization to be charged with over arching powers to control the revitalization of Fair Park, including the State Fair of Texas. Architect/City planner Antonio Di Mambro, with international experience in infrastructure planning and neighborhood revitalization, encouraged the Mayor to use the Task Force report as a building block for constructive dialogue with residents, stakeholders and the neighborhoods around Fair Park. Following the presentation of the Task Force Plan, Mayor Mike Rawlings said, "I felt passion by all the council and park board members that they want Fair Park to be all it can be and they're interested in taking this big challenge on".

In March 2015, the State Fair pushed back on any notion of tightening up the footprint of its current operation.  Dallas Morning News reporter Robert Wilonsky called the State Fair's response "rather dramatic"  The article also quoted Stephen Page of the closed Texas Museum of Automotive History from 2012 as saying, "The City's requirement that tenants vacate the majority of the buildings in Fair Park during the State Fair is the principal reason for Fair Park's ongoing decline."   Wilonsky also quoted a 'prominent member of the Mayor's Task Force' as suggesting privately "that the State Fair's presence at Fair Park also needs to be greatly reduced."

On November 18, 2015, Dallas City Council considered Mayor Mike Rawlings' proposal to turn over management of Fair Park to a non-profit corporation headed up by the "Father of DART" Walt Humann. Under the Mayor's plan, the city would still own the 277-acre site, but a non-profit foundation would manage the grounds and assets. In 2016 Mayor Mike Rawlings' proposal to turn the park over to a non-profit corporation headed by Humann was defeated by the Dallas City Attorney and a lack of support by Dallas City Council.

Cultural district
Many Dallas cultural institutions call Fair Park home.

Hall of State

The Hall of State is managed by the Dallas Historical Society, which hosts exhibits inside about Dallas history and culture.

Old Mill Inn
The Old Mill Inn was one of the few Texas Centennial Exposition buildings not to incorporate Art Deco styling. Clad in fieldstone with heavy-timber construction, this was the exhibit building for the flour milling industry. It now sporadically serves Fair Park as a restaurant.

Magnolia Lounge and (former) Hall of Religion
This little-known project by New York architect William Lescaze introduced European Modernism to Texas in 1936. The design of this hospitality lounge for the Magnolia Petroleum Company included elements commonly found in Art Deco architecture. However, the building's overall image was radically different from that of any other structure at the Texas Centennial Exposition.

Site of Theatre '47, the first professional, regional theater company in the United States, the small performing space, the Margo Jones Theatre pays tribute to the visionary founder of America's regional theater movement Margo Jones. Immediately adjacent to the Magnolia Lounge is the former Hall of Religion.

African American Museum

The current museum building occupies virtually the same site as the Texas Centennial Exposition's Hall of Negro Life. It boasts a permanent collection that consists of the works of such highly regarded African American artists as Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Larry D. Alexander, John T. Biggers, Clementine Hunter, Benny Andrews, Edward Mitchell Bannister and Arthello Beck

The Leonhardt Lagoon
South of the Midway, George Dahl arranged Dallas's future cultural institutions informally around a tranquil lagoon, offering Texas Centennial exposition visitors a peaceful, naturalistic counterpoint to the activity of the exposition.

In 1981, Patricia Johanson was commissioned to redesign and restore the badly degraded lagoon. Since reopening in 1986, the redesigned lagoon has become recognized as a major earth sculpture and one of the earliest examples of art as bioremediation.

Museum of Nature and Science

The Museum of Nature & Science occupied two buildings around the lagoon (one named "The Science Place"), and a planetarium next to the WRR building, before moving most of its operations to the new Perot campus at Victory Park in December 2012. The former History Building remains open on weekends as a secondary campus of the Perot Museum. The IMAX theatre and planetarium at the Fair Park campus are shuttered.

The History Building, once the Museum of Natural History, was designed for the Texas Centennial Exposition as a monolithic, rectangular box. The entrance features three vertical window bays with decorative aluminum mullions. Flanking it are paired pilasters with shell-motif capitals. The rest of the building is clad in limestone. In 1988, the northeast corner of the building was excavated, creating a series of landscaped terraces.

Fair Park Band Shell
The concentric plaster arches of the Band Shell comprise an essentially Art Deco composition. Elements of the Streamline Moderne style are present in the reinforced concrete backstage building. Lighting pylons surround the sloping 5,000-seat amphitheater.

Texas Discovery Gardens
This was the original Horticulture Building for the Texas Centennial Exposition. It has since been altered by exterior renovations and additions, including the minimalist glass Blachly Conservatory. In the gardens behind the main structure is a model home that the Portland Cement Company originally built for the Exposition.

Cotton Bowl

The Cotton Bowl stadium was built in below-grade in 1930, and was originally known as "Fair Park Stadium." Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the OU–TX game between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas, along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also the first home of the Dallas Cowboys, from 1960 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving in 1971.

Music Hall at Fair Park

Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial Exposition. It underwent extensive remodeling in 1972. It was home of the Dallas Opera until 2009 and is the current home for Dallas Summer Musicals.

Women's Building

The Women's building was originally built in 1910 as a park coliseum. It was remodeled as an Art Deco structure for the Centennial Exposition during which it was known as the Hall of Administration. The building was operated as The Women's Museum from 2000 to 2011, but now is only used for special events and exhibits.

Midway and other structures

The Texas Star, opened in 1985, is the fourth-largest Ferris wheel in North America.
Among political infighting, lawsuits and community unrest, Starplex Amphitheatre (f/k/a Smirnoff Music Centre, Coca-Cola Starplex, and Gexa Energy Pavilion, and n/k/a Dos Equis Pavilion) was built. Former Park Board member Jim Graham said the City's agreement with PACE Entertainment "stinks".
The Texas Skyway, opened in 2007, is an art deco-styled gondola ride that transports visitors  above the ground for a ride that is one-third of a mile.
The Top o' Texas Tower, opened in 2013, is a  observation tower ride. The tower's base may eventually house a museum devoted to the State Fair and Texas Centennial Exposition collection. At a cost of more than $12,000,000, the Tower was to be the featured ride of the failed Summer Adventures program. Summer Adventures, while planned as an annual event, was open for one year and shuttered, despite a $30,000,000 investment.
Fair Park is home to the Texas State Vietnam Memorial.

Annual events

The complex's signature event is the annual State Fair of Texas, which has been held there since 1886. It currently lasts 24 days and begins in the last Friday in September and runs to the third Sunday in October.

Summer Adventures in Fair Park (initially called Summer Place Park)

The State Fair had plans to unveil Summer Place Park in 2012. These plans would eventually turn into Summer Adventures in Fair Park, a beach-themed amusement park, that operated from May to August 2013. Despite a $30,000,000 investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season.

Other events
The North Texas Irish Festival takes place the first weekend in March each year.
Earth Day Texas takes place annually in April.
Fair Park Fourth is the annual Independence Day celebration for the City of Dallas.

Other notable events

The 1936 film The Big Show, starring Gene Autry, was filmed at Fair Park and much of its architecture is heavily featured.
In 1961, the musical film State Fair was filmed in Fair Park.
In July 1984, Fair Park was transformed into a Formula One circuit for a weekend to host the Dallas Grand Prix and Can-Am race. The event was conceived as a way to demonstrate Dallas's status as a "world-class city", but the track failed.
In May 1988, Fair Park also hosted Trans-Am Series race with a different layout.
On March 8–11, 1990, the Nintendo World Championships were held within the Fair Park's Automobile Building.
In the early 2000s, Fair Park and many of its cultural institutions (The Science Place, The Dallas Museum of Natural History, Texas Discovery Gardens, and others) were featured heavily on the TV series North Texas Explorer.
The 18th episode of season 2 of Prison Break has scenes that take place in Fair Park and feature "Jumbo" the mammoth statue, The Women's Museum, the Leonhardt Lagoon, and other attractions.
In December 2013, the Chanel Paris–Dallas pre-fall show was held at Fair Park.
In January 2021, Fair Park became a mass COVID-19 vaccination hub operated by Dallas County Health and Human Services. FEMA also opened a hub at the park for vaccinations of 17 underserved zip codes.

Lap records
The fastest official race lap records at the Dallas Fair Park Circuit are listed as:

Transportation
Fair Park is easily accessible from I-30, the major east-west interstate through Dallas.
Fair Park is served by several bus routes by DART.
DART's Green Line connects Fair Park to southeast and downtown Dallas with Fair Park Station and MLK Jr. Station. During the State Fair of Texas DART runs "special event" trains from the Red Line and Blue Line to Fair Park Station.

Education
Irma Rangel Young Women's Leadership School is located in Fair Park.

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Dallas County
List of Dallas Landmarks

References

Other sources
Rob Walker (October, 1984). "1st Dallas Grand Prix: Cool Keke". Road & Track, 178-182.
Mike S. Lang (1992). Grand Prix!: Race-by-race account of Formula 1 World Championship motor racing. Volume 4: 1981 to 1984. Haynes Publishing Group.

External links

City of Dallas: Fair Park
Friends of Fair Park
Fair Park Calendar of Events
Dallasparks.org: Fair Park Comprehensive Development Plan

Parks in Dallas
Amusement parks in Texas
Fairgrounds in the United States
World's fair sites in Texas
Dallas Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas
Dallas (Fair Park)
Dallas (Fair Park)
Dallas (Fair Park)
Tourist attractions in Dallas
Paul Philippe Cret buildings
World's fair architecture in Texas
Art Deco architecture in Texas
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
National Historic Landmarks in Texas
1936 establishments in Texas

Fair Park