Nokta ya da gen mutasyonları, DNA nükleotit dizisinde oluşan ve gelecek nesile aktarılabilen değişiklikler olarak adlandırılırlar.

Nokta mutasyonlar, genellikle bir veya birkaç nükleottitte meydana gelen mutasyonlardır. DNA'da baz çifti yer değiştirmeleri sonucunda ya da bir baz çiftinin girmesi ve çıkması (mikroinsersiyon-mikrodelesyon) sonucunda oluşurlar. Tüm mutasyon durumlarında olduğu gibi nokta mutasyonlar sonucu meydana gelen fenotipik değişimler de, nokta mutasyonun neresinde gerçekleştiğine bağlıdır.

Üreme hücrelerinde oluşan nokta mutasyonları döllere aktarılır. Örneğin, orak hücre anemisinde hemoglobinin bir polipeptit zincirini sentezleyen geninde bir nokta mutasyonu oluşmuştur. Bu ise tek bir nükleotitte değişme (kalıp DNA zincirinde), anormal bir proteinin üretilmesine neden olur. Timin yerine adenin girmesi, mRNA'da adenin yerine urasilin gelmesine ve bu da translasyonda valin adlı amino asitin yanlışlıkla proteinin yapısına girmesi bu hastalığın temelini oluşturur.

Çeşitleri

Çeşitli nokta mutasyon tipleri vardır. DNA'ya baz ilavesi (insersiyon) ya da çıkarılması (delesyon) en zararlı iki mutasyon tipidir. Kodonların kayma sonucu yanlış okunmasına çerçeve kayması mutasyonu (frameshift) denir. Baz çifti eklenmesinde, eğer üçüncü bazda bir değişme meydana gelirse çoğunlukla bir değişme olmaz. Örneğin, GGC yerine GGU olursa gene glisin aminoasiti polipeptite eklenmiş olur. Diğer yer değiştirmeler ise değişik biçimlerde sonuçlanabilir. Baz eklenmesi ya da çıkması ise değişik amino asitlerin eklenmesini sağladığı gibi, durma kodlarının okunmasına da sebep olabilir.

Karşılıklı olan bir pürin-pirimidin (örn. A-T) çiftiyle başka bir pürin-pirimidin (örn. G-C) çiftinin yer değiştirmesiyle oluşabileceği gibi, bir pirimidin-pürin (örn. C-G) ile bir pürin-pirimidin (örn. G-C) bazının çaprazlama olarak yer değiştirmesiyle de oluşabilir. Bu tür mutasyonlar kendiliğinden oluşabileceği gibi, bazı bazların benzerleriyle yer değiştirmesiyle de ortaya çıkabilir.

Nokta mutasyonları genellikle tek bir kodonu etkilediğinden çok büyük değişimlere yol açmaz.

Örneğin, mutasyona uğramış kodon aynı aminoasidi kodlamaya devam eder ya da proteinin işlevini değiştirmeyen başka bir aminoasit kodlanabilir. Ama bazı durumlarda, DNA molekülündeki tek bir nükleotidin değişmesi bile çok önemli sonuçlar doğurabilir. Örnek olarak orak hücreli kansızlık verilebilir. Bu hastalık kalıtsaldır. Eğer bu hastalık böyle bir nokta mutasyonu nedeniyle meydana geliyorsa ve eğer çocuk mutasyona uğramış geni iki ebeveyninden de alıyorsa bunun sonuçları kötü olabilir.

Bir aminoasidi kodlayan bir kodunu hiçbir a.a'yı kodlamayan bir koduna, örneğin bir sonlama kodununa (stop kodunu) dönüştüren mutasyonlara "Anlamsız Mutasyon" denir. Bu tür mutasyonlar, protein sentezinin normalden önce sonlanmasına, dolayısıyla genin biyolojik işlevini görememesine yol açar. Bir aminoasidi kodlayan kodunun, başka bir aminoasidi kodlayan koduna dönüşmesine ise "Yanlış Anlamlı Mutasyon" denir.

Eksilme ya da eklenme mutasyonları, nokta mutasyonlarından çok daha önemli değişikliklerin sorumlusudur. DNA zincirinde bir ya da birden fazla bazın eksilmesi ya da eklenmesi, genellikle eklenme ya da eksilmenin olduğu noktadan başlayarak kod okuma çerçevesinin kaymasına yol açar. Bu yüzden gen yapısında önemli değişiklikler meydana getirir. Örneğin:

TAG GGC ATA ACG ATT dizisinde, ilk kodonda oluşan bir mutasyonla bir A bazının eklendiği varsayılırsa, bu yeni dizi TAA GGG CAT AAC GAT T şeklinde okunmaya başlanacak ve bu farklı dizi, okuma çerçevesindeki kayma nedeniyle bambaşka bir aminoasidi kodlayacaktır. Birden fazla kodonda ortaya çıkan bu tür değişikliklerin daha önemli ve ciddi sonuçlar doğurması doğaldır. Mutasyona uğramış DNA dizileri de tıpkı normal DNA dizileri gibi eşlenir,çoğalır ve dölden döle normal diziler gibi aktarılır. Mutasyon geçirmiş kalıtsal bilgi ancak yeni bir mutasyonla eski durumuna dönebilir. Geri dönüşlü mutasyon denen ikinci mutasyon özgün genin yapısını onarır ve yeniden normal işlevini kazandırabilir; bazen de, ilk mutasyonun oluştuğu bölgeden başka bir bölgede ortaya çıkan baskılayıcı mutasyon denen ikinci bir mutasyonun ilk mutasyonun etkisini tamamen ya da bir ölçüde yok edebilir.
Eşeyli olarak üreyen insanda ve diğer tüm üstün yapılı canlılarda mutasyonlar, oluştukları hücreleri cinsinden iki grupta incelenebilir. Eşey hücrelerinde oluşan mutasyonlara "Tohumsal Mutasyon", bunların dışındaki tüm diğer hücrelerdeki mutasyonlara ise "Somatik Mutasyon" denir.

Somatik mutasyonların en çarpıcı örneği mavi gözlü insanlarda gözlenebilir. Mavi göz, bir pigmentin eksikliğinden ileri gelen çekinik(resesif) bir karakterdir. Ortaya çıkabilmesi için hem anneden hem de babadan çekinik karakter genini (b) alması gerekir. Baskın karakter geninden (B) bir tane bile alan insanlar kahverengi gözlü (Bb) olurlar. Bazen ender olarak, mavi gözlü insanların -genelde bir- gözünde kahverengi bir bölge görülür. Bu özellik büyük olasılıkla, göz hücrelerinde oluşan ve b genini B'ye değiştiren bir somatik mutasyonla oluşur. Ancak bu tür mutasyonlar eşey hücrelerini etkilemediğinden kuşaklara aktarılamaz. Ama mavi gözlü iki insanın kahverengi gözlü çocuklarının olması ancak eşey hücrelerindeki bir mutasyon sonucunda ortaya çıkar. Özellikle tohumsal mutasyonlar, kalıtımın incelenmesinde ve insan evriminin gelecekteki yönünü belirleyen ipuçları olarak da incelenmeye değer olgulardır.

Sebepleri

Ultraviyole ışınları, X ışınları gibi iyonize radyasyon, kozmik ışınlar, radyoaktif materyallerin emisyonları gibi yüksek enerjili radyasyon, mutasyonlara neden olur. İyonize radyasyon, basit tek baz değişimlerine sebep olabilir. Bazı mutajenik kimyasallar, etkilerini doğrudan bir bazı başka bir baza değiştirerek yaparlar. Örneğin, nitroz asidi sitozindeki amino grubunu deamine ederek Urasil oluşturur.

Sonuçları

Yeni oluşan mutasyonların çoğu doğal dengeyi bozduğu için zararlı, hatta kalıtsal hastalıkların birçoğunda olduğu gibi ölümcüldür. Bu zararlı genlerin toplumda yayılmasını önleyebilmek, ancak mutasyona uğramış kalıtsal bilgiyi taşıyan canlının üreme yeteneğinin azalmasına ya da yok olmasına bağlıdır.

Bir dış etkinin mutasyona yol açabilmesi (mutajen olması) için hücre içine girip etkinliğini gösterebilmesi gerekir. Örneğin Güneş'in morötesi ışınları, girim gücü düşük olduğu için yalnızca deri hücrelerinde somatik mutasyona yol açabilirken, girim gücü yüksek olan X ışınları ya da atom bombası ışımaları tohumsal mutasyona yol açabilen çok güçlü etkenlerdir. Bu tür mutasyonların birçok örneği yakın zamanda Çernobil patlaması sonucunda çevredeki birçok canlı türünde gözlenmiştir. Günümüzde bile bu patlama sonrası etrafa saçılan radyoaktif maddelerin neden olduğu somatik mutasyonların görünür sonuçları vardır. Halen Rusya ve Karadeniz Bölgesi'ndeki kanser oranları çok yüksektir.

Mutasyonun diğer bir sonucu da hücre bölünmesindeki kontrol mekanizmasını ortadan kaldırabilmesidir. Bunun bilinen en tehlikeli sonucu ise hücrenin kontrolsüz bölünmesi yani kanserdir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mutasyon
 Mutant
 İnsersiyon
 Delesyon

Moleküler genetik

Nokta mutasyon


Mutare, formerly known as Umtali, is the most populous city in the province of Manicaland, and the third most populous city in Zimbabwe, having surpassed Gweru in the 2012 census, with an urban population of 224,802 and approximately 260,567 in the surrounding districts giving the wider metropolitan area a total population of over 500,000 people. Mutare is also the capital of Manicaland province and the largest city in Eastern Zimbabwe.

Located near the border with Mozambique, Mutare has long been a centre of trade and a key terminus en route to the port of Beira (in Beira, Mozambique). Mutare is hub for trade with railway links, pipeline transport and highways linking the coast with Harare and the interior. Other traditional industries include timber, papermaking, commerce, food processing, telecommunications, and transportation. In addition the city serves as a gateway to the scenic Eastern Highlands, nearby Gorongosa National Park and the Mozambique coast.

History

Although the city was founded in the late nineteenth century, the region has a long history of trading caravans passing through on the way to the Indian Ocean, from ports such as Sofala, to inland settlements, such as Great Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is also renowned for its soapstone carvings and figurines which are evidence of these trade routes, dating as far back as the late African Iron Age (c. 900 AD) right up to the colonial period. A large hoard of soapstone carvings, jewellery, weapons, sherds and other objects were found in the vicinity of Mutare by the British archaeologist E M Andrews at the beginning of the twentieth century - they were later donated by the trustees of Cecil Rhodes to the British Museum in 1905. The soapstone figures, which are both anthropomorphic and zoomorphic, might have been part of a votive offering, as they were discovered near what appeared to be an altar.
Mutare was founded in 1897 as a fort, about 8 km from the border with Mozambique, and is just 290 km from the Mozambican port of Beira, earning Mutare the title of "Zimbabwe's Gateway to the Sea". It is sometimes also called  "Gateway to the Eastern Highlands". Many Zimbabwean locals refer to it as 'Kumakomoyo' (place of many mountains). There is a border railway station on the railway line from Bulawayo to Beira with a railways mechanical workshop.

The area was the site of Chief Mutasa's kraal. In 1890 A. R. Coquhoun was given concessionary rights and Fort Umtali (the fort later became Mutare) was established between the Tsambe and Mutare Rivers. The word mutare originates from the word 'Utare' meaning iron (or possibly meaning gold). The name was probably given to the river as a result of gold being discovered in the Penhalonga valley through which the Mutare River runs.

In 1891 the location was moved to a site now known as Old Mutare, about 14 km north of the city centre. In 1896 the construction of the railway between Beira and Bulawayo led to the town being moved a third time so that it was closer to the railway line – compensation was paid by the British South Africa Company to the townspeople for the cost of moving. The town was proclaimed a municipality on 11 June 1914 and in 1971 it was granted city status. The name was officially changed from Umtali to Mutare in 1982.

The white population in Umtali dropped from 9,950 in 1969 to 8,600 in June 1978.

The city had a tramway from January 26, 1897 to May 23, 1921 which transported passengers from the Railway station up to the (then Umtali Club) now Mutare Club. The Tramway was at the centre of Main Street where the palm trees now stand.

There were plans to set up a Stock Exchange in Umtali. The main post office was at the site where CABS centre now stands.

Climate
Despite its subtropical location, the city has a humid subtropical climate, of the highland variety moderated by its altitude. The average annual temperature is 19 °C, surprisingly low for its moderate altitude (about the same as Harare which is 360 metres higher.) This is due to its sheltered position against the mountain ridge of Cecil Kop which encourages cool breezes from lower altitude to the east and south. The coldest month is July (minimum 6 °C and maximum 20 °C) and the hottest month is October (minimum 16 °C and maximum 32 °C). The annual rainfall is 818 mm. Rain falls mostly in the months December to February although heavy showers are possible before and after this period. The wettest month on record was January 1926 which received 580 mm while January 1991 received only 24 mm.

The city's climate is also influenced by its proximity to the ocean, compared to other Zimbabwean cities. This leads to warm to hot summers and mild winters. Winter is not particularly frosty with cool mornings often followed by mild sunny weather. Spring can feature "four seasons in a day" weather, but from March to June it is generally settled and mild. Temperatures during summer can reach 30 °C (86 °F). Due to its maritime influence, Mutare's temperate climate stands out considering its latitude. Prevailing winds in the city are mainly a cool, moist southeasterly and during late spring and winter alternating with  subtropical winds from the north in summer.

Location
The town lies north of the Bvumba Mountains and south of the Imbeza Valley.  Christmas Pass is a mountain pass that leads into the city from the west. The pass was so named by some of the colonial pioneers who camped at the foot of the pass on Christmas Day 1890.

Mutare is home to several tourist attractions such as, the Mutare Museum, the Utopia House Museum dedicated to Kingsley Fairbridge, the National Gallery of Zimbabwe, Murahwa Hill, known for its rock paintings and Iron Age village, Cross Kopje with a memorial to Zimbabweans and Mozambicans killed in World War I and a nature reserve Cecil Kopje and Tigers Kloof. The Mutare Boys' High Chapel was constructed in honour of former Old boys who perished in World War II, situated on a hilly knoll at Mutare Boys High (then Umtali Boys High).

Mutare is served by rail with daily passenger and freight links to Nyazura, Rusape and Harare.

There are three small aerodromes; the smallest is at Mutare Provincial Hospital, a very small light aircraft strip for emergency evacuation (now defunct),a light plane aerodrome in Sakubva near Mutare Teachers College, and the Grand Reef Airport just outside the city at Irene. There is yet a fourth airport which was constructed in Chiadzwa to carry diamonds for processing in Harare.

Demographics

In 1965, Mutare had a population of 46,000. The racial makeup was split between 36,100 black Africans, 560 Asians, 340 Coloureds, and 9,100 whites.

The population is predominantly Shona, the majority of them speaking the Manyika dialect. Manyika people are locally known as Samanyika. According to the 2012 census data, Mutare has a population of 260,567. This marks a rapid increase from a population of 69,621 in 1982 and 131,367 in 1992.

Cityscape

Mutare, like most cities in Zimbabwe, classifies residential suburbs according to population density, Low density, Medium density and High density. In the past, as was done across Southern Africa during the colonial period, people were segregated to suburbs according to their racial ethnicity. Whites inhabited the Eastern upmarket suburbs the low-density suburbs, with Coloured people (mixed race) living in suburbs like Florida and black Africans being segregated to the townships of Sakubva and Dangamvura.

The most upscale suburbs (low-density suburbs) such as Murambi, Fairbridge Park, Morningside, Tiger's Kloof and the Avenues are located on the north and east ends of the city. The suburb of Avenues is found just east of the city centre on the way to Tiger's Kloof and Murambi, bordering Morningside.

East of the CBD is the suburbs of Palmerstone, Darlington, Greenside and Bordervale, which are all near the border with Mozambique.

In the west are the medium-density (i.e. middle class) suburbs of Yeovil (the majority of street names are named after English counties e.g. Sussex Gardens, Hampshire, Devonshire), Westlea (the majority all streets in Westlea are named after Australasian cities, (e.g. Canberra, Auckland, Sydney, Perth and Christchurch) and Florida (the streets in Florida have English Kings' names, e.g. Henry, Alfred, Richard, George), as well as the high-density suburb of Chikanga, which was constructed in phases, beginning in the late eighties.

Further west of Chikanga lies Garikai, Bernwin and Hobhouse. South of the railway tracks, is the working class suburb of Sakubva, which contains nearly half of the city's population despite an area of less than four square miles. Sakubva is considered to be the poorest of Mutare's suburbs, and its economy is centred around a large outdoor food and flea market and the "Musika weHuku" (The Chicken Market). The market has been recently razed in the recent exercise to clean up the city and in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and moved elsewhere.

South of the city, hidden from view from the rest of the city by a series of hills, is the high-density suburb of Dangamvura. The affluent areas of Weirmouth (Plots) and Fern Valley are also on the southern outskirts of the city; in these areas, residential lots exceed an acre, and market gardening is an economic activity. Nearby Fern Valley, is home to the new state university, the Manicaland College of Applied Sciences.

To the south east, in the mountains from the Prince of Wales viewpoint (with views of Mozambique below), lies the scenic Vumba Mountain range, an area of immense great natural beauty and temperate climate, and home to an indigenous afromontane forests, exotic trees, such as pine and oak and the upscale, Leopard Rock Hotel, as well as resort areas for horse riding, kayaking, mountain climbing mountain trails, a food processing plant and large plantations of pine and wattle forests.

Further south along the road to Masvingo, beyond the city limits is the high-density town of Zimunya. Mutare's main industrial areas lie south of the railway and west of Sakubva, although there is some light industry just east of the southern part of the city centre at "Greenmarket" and surrounding areas.

These are some of the major suburbs of Mutare.

Infrastructure

The city has one of the most important railway stations on the Beira–Bulawayo railway. Mutare is generally a clean town with the city council collecting rubbish daily, most of the roads in the older parts of the city are paved (or were paved before), however, due to years of neglect and mismanagement and corruption, public infrastructure is in shambles with roads and street lighting in a critical state,
there is a main park in the city just before the cricket grounds that is also underutilised and not in good shape. A game park called the Cecil Kop is located in Tigers Kloof and also lacks proper management.
most of the buildings in the city are low-rise buildings with the tallest being 8 floors high. however, the city has a pleasant ambience. there are generally no sidewalks on all roads outside the city centre and the downtown area seems more dilapidated and neglected. The post-independent city council does not seem to have strict building codes for new office and commercial buildings in the city centre which would allow for the expansion of high and modern architecture for a growing city that aims to match global standards.
Mutareans, like most of zimbabweans, prefer to live in houses made of brick, usually brick under tile or asbestos. there are no shanty towns, shacks or squatter camps in Mutare as they are illegal and residents could face penalties or demolition for not building houses to code. however, as the city expands and develops, the town planners have not considered playgrounds for children, street naming, pedestrian pavements, cycle tracks, proper drainage and flora (tree-lined streets) in their planning of new suburbs generally resulting in unpleasant-looking narrow neighbourhood streets.
Mutare has a lot of shops for groceries and hardware. There are high quality furniture shops. There are generally shopping centers in all suburbs with a big shopping mall in Dangamvura.there are clinics in all suburbs as well as a main General Hospital and infectious diseases hospital. Maternity hospitals are also available in the city. The city generally has very good infrastructure that may need a bit of working on.

Transportation
Mutare is well connected by several roads which are asphalted and decent but potholes are increasingly common. The A3 motorway leads inland towards Harare and also passes through Rusape and Marondera, while the A9 turns southward into the southern Eastern Highlands and Chimanimani. To the east is EN9 which connects Mutare to Chimoio and with the coastal city of Beira. Traffic is often heavy since this is one of Zimbabwe's main routes to the sea. There is also a lot of cross-border traffic with people visiting the nearby cities of Manica and Chimoio.

Commuter buses are a popular way of travelling for traffic across the border and from outlying villages. Higher quality intercity buses are also available to both Harare and Beira, Mozambique.

Mutare is served by a small airport that is largely geared toward small aircraft and chartered flights. The nearest international gateway is in, Harare some 214 km (133 mi) west.there is the Aerodrome close to sakubva and the Grand Reef Airport in Irene just a short distance outside the city.

The National Railways of Zimbabwe serves Mutare with overnight train service from Harare three times a week, leaving Harare at 9:30PM on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays, arriving  early the next morning at dawn. There are no cross-border rail services from Mozambique, which are limited to freight. The Mutare railway station is just southwest of the city centre.

Economy
The main activities of the area are farming farming- forestry, dairy, horticulture,  mining, manufacturing, services - the city's name Mutare is derived from "metal" Utare possibly gold which used to be smelted by the indigenous population for centuries - and forestry. Two of the largest food producers in Zimbabwe, Cairns Foods and Tanganda Tea, operate in Mutare.

Mining includes gold at Redwing Mine, Penhalonga and some smaller mines, diamonds in Marange and gravel quarries around the city. There are a number of forestry companies including The Wattle Company, Allied Timbers, formerly FCZ, Border Timbers and Timcon Investments. The main timber products include rough sawn timber, wattle bark, charcoal, various doors and frames and mouldings. The major timber produced is pine, sydney blue gum, black wattle, and some hardwoods on a smaller scale.
The railway is linked to Mocambique and is Zimbabwes gateway to the sea. The rail system however requires revamping and also including flyovers tunnels and or underpasses to avoid interaction with road traffic.
Mutare has numerous hotels including Holiday Inn, Golden Peacock, Mountview, Eastgate and numerous lodges.
There are a number of new manufacturing companies such as Willowton which manufactures edible oils, margarines, soaps and also Mega Market a major distributor of rice, spaghetti, various sauces salt, beans and numerous consumer goods.
Mutare has a vehicle assembly Quest which assembles Buses Trucks and other vehicles.
There are also numerous retail outlets, stationery shops, fuel service stations, computer equipment sellers eg EMachines, Mutare Computers.
There are a number of freight companies eg Tinmac, EMaster, Mantray, Augastalane Freight,Madziro, Tisu Anhu Acho among others
Banks in Mutare include Stanbic Bank a member of Standard Bank group,CBZ, Nedbank, MBCA, Agribank, POSB, Cabs, Ecobank, BancABC, FBC, First Capital formerly Barclays. Standard Chartered has closed shop in Mutare
Civic Center is the Mutare city council headquarters. It issues licenses eg shop licences, parking licenses, dog licensing, housing, industry planning certification online and other local authority by law certifications.
Mutare has a small aerodrome that services small aircraft, helicopters. The city is in dire need of a proper airport for meaningful tourism to occur. There is also need for improved road networks, shopping mall/s and improved social amenities

Education
Mutare is home to schools and tertiary institutions :

Primary education
 Baring Primary School
 Chancellor Junior School
 Chikanga Primary School
 Cross Kopje Junior School
 Chirovakamwe
 Dangamvura Primary School
 Hillcrest Preparatory School (Private school)
 Mutanda Primary School
 Mutare Junior School
 New Dangare Primary School
 Rujeko Primary School
 Sakubva Primary School
 Rock of Ages Private Junior School
 Murahwa Hill Primary School
 St Joseph's Primary School
 Sheni Primary School
 Zamba Primary School
 Zimunya Primary School
 Sacred Heart Primary School
 Chisamba Primary School
 Matika Primary School
 Joshua Dhube Primary School
 Zhawari Primary School
 Dangare primary School
 Mutukwa primary School
 Hartzell Central Primary School
 Elim Primary School Penhalonga
 Imbeza Primary School

Secondary education
 Hartzell High School
 Chikanga Secondary School
 Dangamvura High School
 Elise Gledhill High School
 Hillcrest College (private school)
 Mutare Boys' High School
 Mutare Girls' High School
 Nyamauru High School
 Sakubva High School (Dangwe)
 Sakubva High 2 School (Rushingo)
 St Dominic's High School
 St Joseph's High School
 St Mary's Secondary School
There are a number of private colleges around the city.

Tertiary institutions
 Africa University, a pan-African United Methodist funded university of about 5,000 students
 Marymount Teachers' College
 Mutare Teachers College
 Mutare Polytechnic
 Magamba Training Centre
 Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences
 Zimbabwe College of Forestry

Notable residents
 Washington Arubi - professional footballer
 Onismor Bhasera - professional footballer, formerly at Plymouth Argyle in England, now with SuperSport United F.C. in South Africa
 Herbert Chitepo - (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975), Zimbabwe's first black lawyer and Chairman of ZANU July 1963 – 18 March 1975
 Genius Chidzikwe - tennis player
 Stephen Courtauld - philanthropist
 Mario Frangoulis - Greek classical singer
 Godfrey Herbert - Royal Navy officer of both world wars.
 Willard Katsande -  professional footballer with Kaizer Chiefs
 Adiel Kugotsi - professional cricketer
 Donal Lamont - Catholic bishop of Umtali/Mutare 1957–82, an outspoken opponent of the Ian Smith government; expelled from Rhodesia in 1977 after a high-profile trial
 Trevor Madondo - (1976–2001), one of the first black cricket players in Zimbabwe
 Blessing Makunike (24 January 1977 – 13 March 2004) - professional footballer with CAPS United and Zimbabwe national team
 Supa Mandiwanzira -  Minister of Information, Media and Broadcasting Services
 Chiwoniso Maraire (5 March 1976 – 24 July 2013) - an accomplished Mbira player, singer, songwriter, and exponent of Zimbabwean mbira music
 Agrippa Masiyakurima - businessman, philantrhopist, and politician
 Tino Mawoyo - Zimbabwean cricketer, born and raised in Mutare
 C.W. Mercer - British author who wrote under the pen name Dornford Yates; lived near the city from 1948 until his death in 1960
 Bjorn Mordt - cricketer
 Opa Muchinguri - government minister
 Lawrence Mudehwe - the first Executive Mayor to be elected as an independent candidate in Zimbabwe; served for two terms
 Arthur Mutambara - former Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe on 11 February 2009
 Bishop Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa - prime minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
 Tichafa Samuel Parirenyatwa (1927–1962) - Zimbabwe's first black medical doctor
 Douglas Rogers -  journalist and memoirist was born in the city in 1968 and raised there
 Edgar Tekere (1937–2011) - politician
 Morgan Tsvangirai - ex-Prime Minister and MDC opposition leader
 Farai Tumbare - Zimbabwean basketball player
 Dion Yatras - professional cricketer

Twin towns – sister cities

References

External links

 City of Mutare website
 Mutare poem (Nhetembo in Shona) at http://nyobvo.com/2018/05/20/mutare/

Mutare District
Populated places in Manicaland Province
Provincial capitals in Zimbabwe
1897 establishments in the British Empire
Populated places established in 1897

Mutare


Manuel Leite da Silva (Penedo, c. 1694  Garanhuns, 03 de janeiro de 1791) foi um nobre, político, militar e latifundiário do Brasil Colonial. É considerado o fundador da cidade de Pedra.

Biografia
Nascido por volta de 1694 e falecido com avançada idade à 03 de janeiro de 1791, Manuel Leite da Silva era filho de Bento Leite de Oliveira, fidalgo português natural das proximidades de Guimarães, radicado na Capitania de Pernambuco durante a segunda metade do século XVII, e de sua esposa, Inocência da Silva Cavalcanti. Portanto, era neto materno de Manuel Ferreira da Silva, português conhecido como "o Carapuça de Onça", capitão de ordenanças, e de sua esposa, Ana Potência de Brito Cavalcanti, descendente dos Holanda e dos Cavalcanti.

Manuel Leite da Silva ocupou os postos de capitão-mor e Comandante-Regente de Ararobá. Considerado o fundador da cidade de Pedra, foi escolhido vereador por ocasião da inauguração da vila de Cimbres (em 03 de março de 1762), assumindo, em 1770, a presidência do Senado da Câmara e o cargo de juiz ordinário. Construtor de mundos no deserto de Borborema, os motivos que o teriam levado a se estabelecer nos sertões são alvos de diversas especulações, dentre as quais inclui-se a de lá se ter refugiado após a derrota na Guerra dos Mascates, pois, como integrante da nobreza da terra, teria se aliado à Bernardo Vieira de Melo e ao seu grupo simpatizante do movimento republicanista-aristocrático de 1710.

Abastado proprietário rural, possuiu a grande Fazenda Pedra de Puxinanã, para a criação de gado, a qual passou a se denominar, após alguns anos, Conceição da Pedra, onde foi fundado o atual município de Pedra.

Genealogia
Casado com Maria Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, sua parente, filha de Manuel de Araújo Cavalcanti, capitão de cavalos da freguesia da Várzea, e de Brásia Cavalcanti Bezerra. Neta paterna de Bernardino de Araújo Pereira, capitão de cavalos da freguesia de Ipojuca e Irmão da Misericórdia de Olinda, e de Úrsula Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. Neta materna de Cosme Bezerra Monteiro, Irmão da Misericórdia de Olinda, e de Leonarda Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. Descendente, portanto, de Arnau de Holanda, Filippo Cavalcanti, Jerônimo de Albuquerque, Domingos Bezerra Felpa de Barbuda, Branca Dias, Diogo Fernandes Santiago, Belchior da Rosa, Brites Mendes de Vasconcelos, Muira Ubi, dentre tantos outros. Desse casamento, nasceram:

 Inocência da Silva Cavalcanti. Casada com seu primo, o Coronel Teotônio Monteiro da Rocha, juiz ordinário de Ararobá, filho do fidalgo português Manuel Monteiro da Rocha, capitão-mor e juiz ordinário de Ararobá na primeira metade do século XVIII, e de Francisca Leite de Oliveira, irmã de Manuel Leite da Silva. Com sucessão.
 Manuel Leite Cavalcanti, capitão comandante das ordenanças, proprietário da Fazenda Riacho do Cordeiro, em Pedra. Casado com sua parente, Maria Filipa Cavalcanti, filha de Antônio de Carvalho Cavalcanti de Andrada e de Jerônima Luzia Paes Barreto de Albuquerque. Com sucessão.
 Luís Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, capitão comandante das ordenanças e juiz ordinário de Ararobá, proprietário da Fazenda Campo Limpo, em Cimbres. Casado com Maria Teresa da Soledade, irmã de Dom Francisco Ferreira da Silva. Com sucessão.
 Maria das Montanhas Cavalcanti. Casada com o Capitão José Fernandes Tenório de Albuquerque, abastado proprietário das Fazendas Santo Antônio das Varzinhas e Santa Rosa, ambas em Águas Belas, filho de José Fernandes Nogueira e de Ana Tenório, como bisneto do nobre espanhol Don Juan Tenorio de Molina. Com sucessão nas famílias Tenório Cavalcanti e Tenório de Albuquerque.
 Lourenço Bezerra Cavalcanti, capitão comandante das ordenanças, proprietário das Fazendas Panelas, Santo Antônio, Gameleira, Pico, Pombas, Bacú e Santa Quitéria, na ribeira do Ipanema. Casado com sua parente, Ana José Joaquina Cavalcanti,  filha de Antônio de Carvalho Cavalcanti de Andrada e de Jerônima Luzia Paes Barreto de Albuquerque. Com sucessão.
 Leonardo Bezerra Cavalcanti, capitão comandante das ordenanças, Irmão dos Santos Lugares de Jerusalém, Irmão de Nossa Senhora do Amparo da cidade de Olinda e Irmão Terceiro do Patriarca São Francisco do Recife. Proprietário da Fazenda Caraíba, na Ribeira do Cordeiro, e de outras terras em Buique, da Fazenda Perí-Perí, em Pedra, e das Fazendas Sapucaia e Saco do Tapuia, em Garanhuns. Casado com Catarina de Alexandria Pessoa, filha de Manuel Camelo de Sá e de Luísa Lins da Rocha, descendente dos alemães Gaspar Wanderley e de Cibaldo Lins. Com sucessão.
 Bento Leite Cavalcanti. Casado com Luzia Tenório, filha de José Fernandes Nogueira e de Ana Tenório. Com sucessão.
 Josefa Leite Cavalcanti, solteira e sem sucessão.
 Teresa de Jesus Cavalcanti, solteira e sem sucessão.
 Ana Potência de Brito Cavalcanti. Casada com o Capitão Francisco Vaz da Silva, parente do supracitado José Fernandes Nogueira. Com sucessão.
 Brásia Cavalcanti Bezerra. Casada com o Capitão Félix da Costa Monteiro, filho dos supracitados Capitão-Mor Manuel Monteiro da Rocha e Francisca Leite de Oliveira. Com sucessão.

Descendentes ilustres

 Sérgio Loreto
 Carlos de Lima Cavalcanti
 Natalício Tenório Cavalcanti de Albuquerque
 Paulo Jacinto Tenório
 Francisco Alves Cavalcanti Camboim
 Natalício Camboim de Vasconcelos
 Armando Monteiro Filho
 Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti
 Ulisses Lins
 Etelvino Lins
 Lourenço Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Maranhão
 André Cavalcanti d'Albuquerque
 Apolônio Sales

Referências

Nobres do Brasil
Militares do Brasil Colonial
Naturais de Penedo (Alagoas)

Manuel Leite da Silva


Burunca, Büyükorhan - Bursa ili Büyükorhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Burunca, Bafra - Samsun ili Bafra ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Burunca


The Bangka Belitung Islands () is a province of Indonesia. Situated off the southeastern coast of Sumatra, the province comprises two main land masses — Bangka and Belitung — and numerous smaller islands. Bangka Belitung is bordered by the Bangka Strait to the west, the Natuna Sea to the north, the Java Sea is to the south and the Karimata Strait to the east. The province's capital and largest city is Pangkalpinang. The province shares maritime borders with South Sumatra to the west, Riau Islands to the north, Banten, the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, and Central Java to the south, and West Kalimantan to the east. Bangka Belitung covers a land area of  and had a population of 1,455,678 according to the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 1,494,621.

Bangka Belitung has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, which, however, are disappearing due to deforestation. Mount Maras, located on the island of Bangka, is the province's highest point, with a height of . There are several rivers in the province, such as the Sebuku River, Baturusa River and Mendo River. Bangka Belitung is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse; major ethnic groups including Malays, Chinese and Javanese. Indonesian is the official language, while the local Malay dialect and Hakka serves as the lingua franca of the province.

Historically, Bangka Belitung has been part of the kingdoms of Sriwijaya, Majapahit and Palembang, before becoming a colony of foreign empires (Dutch, British and Japanese). Bangka Belitung was a residency within the Dutch East Indies. Upon the independence of Indonesia, the region was administered as part of the province of Sumatra and subsequently of South Sumatra. Bangka Belitung officially became the 31st province of Indonesia in 2000.

Etymology
The name "Bangka" is derived from the word wangka (वन्च, 'vanca') meaning "tin" in Sanskrit, because this region is indeed rich in tin mining. The name "Wangka" first appeared along with the name "Swarnabhumi" in the Indian literary book Milindrapantha from the 1st Century BC. Swarnabhumi is identified as the island of Sumatra, the strong allegation that the so-called "Wangka" is the island of Bangka. Louis-Charles Damais, in his book Epigraphy and History of the Nusantara, affirms that Bangka comes from the word vowel (vanca).

The name "Belitung" is derived from Billitonite meaning the Black Meteorite in Dutch, which is commonly found in the island of Belitung. This stone itself was discovered at the time of tin mining in Belitung. Later on, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications began named the island Billitonite or Billiton. Nowadays, Billitonite or Black Meteorite, is a distinct souvenir from Belitung Island.

History

Bangka Belitung is an area that has a unique range of cultures and languages. Just like other provinces in Indonesia, Bangka Belitung were European and Japanese colonies. Prior to the colonial era, Bangka Belitung was part the Sriwijaya and Majapahit kingdoms who settled Bangka Belitung to expand their power.

The first Europeans arrived in Bangka was the British on 20 May 1812. However, with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the British left Bangka Belitung, and the Dutch took over. Due to the agreement, the Dutch were able to take control of the Pacific Islands. However, there was a coup attempt by local elite through Depati Barin and his son Depati Amir causing a war from 1849 to 1851 to oppose the colonization in Bangka Belitung, the war was won by the Dutch and Depati Amir was exiled to Kupang in East Nusa Tenggara. Depati Amir was memorialized as a national hero and his name was remembered through its regional airport, the Depati Amir Airport.

During WWII, the Empire of Japan briefly occupied the region. Following the surrender of Japan and the end of the war, the islands become part of an independent Indonesia.

Bangka Belitung has a long history of Chinese in-migration, mainly Hakka. Chinese people in the 13th century had started to migrate into the Bangka region. In the 17th century, the rulers of Palembang saw there was extraordinary potential and later they founded tin mines in Belitung. The tin mine was the main reason the Dutch decided to bring contract workers from mainland China, resettling in Belitung. The tin helped drive the island's development and make it the place it is today. Since then, some of the Chinese migrants returned to china while others decided to stay. The ones who decided to stay began assimilating with local people and this was followed by intermarriages. They live peacefully in spite of differences in religion and ethnicity. When anti-Chinese riots occurred in some parts of Indonesia at the end of the Suharto regime in 1998, the locals and those of Chinese descent were not much concerned and still lived peacefully in the Bangka Belitung province.

Bangka Belitung province was created as the 31st province by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia based on Law No. 27 of 2000, having been formerly part of the province of South Sumatra. The provincial capital is Pangkalpinang.

Weather and climate
In 2007 the moisture in the Bangka Belitung Islands ranged from 77.4% to 87.3% with an average monthly reach of 83.1%, with a rainfall of  and air pressure during 2007 approximately 1010.1 MBS. The average temperature during 2007 in the province reached  with an average maximum temperature of  and average minimum temperature of . The maximum air temperature was highest in October, with temperatures of , while the minimum temperature was lowest in February and March with temperatures of .

Bangka Belitung Islands have tropical climate influenced monsoons are experiencing a wet month for seven months throughout the year and dry month for five months continuously. In 2007 the dry months occurred in August to October with rainy days 11–15 days per month. For the month of wet rainy days 16–27 days per month, occurred in January to July and November to December.

Geography

Bangka Belitung is entirely surrounded by water. It is bordered by Natuna Sea to the north, Karimata Strait to the east, Java Sea to the south and Bangka Strait to the west. The natural state of Bangka Belitung province is largely a plateau, valley and a small portion of the mountains and hills. Lowland altitude average of about  above sea level and altitude mountain areas among others to Mount Maras reach  in Belinyu District, Bangka. Mount Tajam Kaki height is approximately  above sea level on the island of Belitung. As for the hilly areas like Bukit Menumbing reaches a height of approximately  in the Bukit Nenas and Mangkol district with a height of about  above sea level in the Pangkalan Baru district. Soil in Bangka Belitung generally has a pH or acidic soil reaction averaging below 5, but has a very high aluminium content. Within it are various minerals, such as tin, sand, quartz sand, granite, kaolin, clay, and others.

The province is connected by sea waters and small islands. Bangka Belitung is an integral part of the plains of Sunda, so that its waters are part of the Sunda Shelf with a sea depth of no more than 30 metres. As regards the water area, Bangka Belitung has two types of waters, namely the open waters and semi-enclosed waters. Open water contained around Bangka island located to the north, east and south of the island of Bangka. While there is a semi-enclosed waters in the straits and bays Kelabat Bangka in Bangka North. Waters on the island of Belitung are generally open. In addition, as the territorial waters of the sea, the area of Bangka Belitung Island also has many rivers such as Baturusa, Layang, Manise, and Kurau rivers.

Bangka Belitung has various kinds of quality wood that is traded outside the region, such as , , , , ,  and . Other forest plants found in the island are , , , , , , , , , , various species of mangrove, and others. Other forest products are natural honey and rattan. Bangka Belitung is also known for its bitter honey. Fauna in Bangka Belitung have more common similarities with the fauna in the Riau Archipelago and Peninsular Malaysia than with Sumatra. Some of the animals that can be found in Bangka Belitung are deer, wild boar, beruk, eagle, weasel, and hare, among others.

Economy
In 2007, GDP at current prices in Bangka Belitung province with oil and gas amounted to 17,895,017 million, while the GDP without oil and gas amounted to 17,369,399 million. When compared with the previous year showed an increase where in 2006 the GDP at current prices with the oil and gas is 15,920,529 million and the GDP without oil and gas amounted to 15,299,647 million. Likewise, GDP at constant 2000 prices, either with or without oil and gas in 2007 showed an increase. The rate of economic growth in Bangka Belitung province in 2007 has improved compared to 2006. Based on the calculation of GDP at constant 2000 prices, the economic growth rate in 2007 with oil and gas is about 4.54 percent and non-oil economic growth is around 5.37 percent. The value of GDP at 2000 constant prices in 2006 with oil and gas is 9,053,906 million in 2007 increased to 9,645,062 million, while without the oil and gas into 9,257,539 million.

The economy in Bangka Belitung Province in 2007 is supported by the primary sector and secondary sector. The primary sector includes agriculture and mining and quarrying. The primary sector has a considerable contribution each by 18.67 percent and 20.40 percent. While in the secondary sector, namely the manufacturing sector provides a sizeable contribution in the GDP Bangka Belitung province that is equal to 22.51 per cent and for electricity, gas and water supply and construction sectors each contributed 0.65 percent and 5,87 percent. For the tertiary sector is trade, hotel and restaurant sector, transport and communications, financial services, leasing and business services sector and the services sector has accounted for 34.81 percent. In terms of the use of GDP at current prices is used for household consumption. In 2007 the amount of household consumption expenditure amounted to 9,015,057 million or about 50.38 percent of total GDP. Besides foreign trade activities also have a substantial contribution to exports worth 8,741,217 million or 48.84 percent and for imports were valued at 5,284,414 million or 29.53 percent of total GDP.

The balance of trade which include exports and imports of Bangka Belitung province in 2007 increased the value of the surplus from the previous year. The value of exports in 2007 reached 1254.43 million US dollars, up 17.38 percent over the previous year. While the value of imports declined from 25.09 million US dollars in 2006 to 21.58 million in 2007 or a decrease of 16.27 percent. The amount of trade surplus in 2007 amounted to 1232.85 million US dollars. Thus the surplus value in 2007 increased by 18.13 percent.

Industry
In 2007, Bangka Belitung province was dominated by the chemical industry and building materials in quantity, with as many as 1,187 business units spread across the districts and cities, mostly in Central Bangka Regency with 339 business units. Employment in the industrial sector reached 19,462 people where 7,375 were in the largest employment group of metal machinery and electronics industry. The handicraft industry in the Bangka Belitung Islands is a result of agricultural processing industry, fishery, agriculture and marine products. Industrial craft cultivated population are hand crafted pewter industry in the form of tin, bracelets, rings, and sticks from the root bahar, woven caps, traditional caps and so on. While the craft industry in the form of food and confectionery in the form of paste, , brittle, crackers, and others.

Health
According to the Indonesian Health Department, Bangka Belitung is highly malarious area, with an annual malaria incidence rate of 29.3/1000 population.

Administrative divisions

When formed in 2000, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung was composed of just two regencies (Bangka Regency and Belitung Regency) together with one independent city (Pangkalpinang). On 25 February 2003 three parts of Bangka Regency were split off to form the separate regencies of Bangka Rarat, Bangka Selatan and Bangka Tengah, while the eastern half of Belitung Regency was split off to form a new Beliting Timur regency. These are all listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and at the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.

Tourism

Bangka Belitung has numerous beaches and several small islands. Some beaches are famous for their natural attractiveness with blue sea waters, variety of coral reefs, white sand, and giant granite rock formations. Thus, Bangka Belitung beaches have attracted tourists from around the world. Some of the well-known beaches in Bangka Island are Pasir Padi, Matras, Parai Tenggiri, Tanjung Pesona, Rambak, Teluk Limau, Teluk Uber, Tanjung Penyusuk, Tanjung Kalian and Tanjung Kerasak.

Some of the beaches in Belitung Island are Tanjung Kiras, Tanjung Pendam, Tanjung Tinggi, Tanjung Kelayang Beach, Tanjung Binga, Panyaeran Beach, Tanjung Kubu, Teluk Gembira, and Tanjung Ru Beach. Most of the beaches in Belitung features the sites for diving, scuba, snorkeling, fishing and sailing.

Demographics

The population of Bangka Belitung Province in 2010 amounted to 1,223,296 inhabitants, showing a 36.06 percent increase from the 2000 Population Census. The population increased to 1,455,678 at the 2020 Census, and the official estimate in mid 2022 was 1,494,621. The local Malay who lived in the province are locally called "Melayu Bangka & Melayu Belitung".

The male population in 2020 was 749,548 and the female population was 706,130. The sex ratio of the same year amounted to 106.15, meaning that on average in 2020 for every 206 residents in Bangka Belitung there were 100 women and 106 men. The annual population growth rate in Bangka Belitung province in the decade from 2010 amounted to 1.70 percent (compared with 3.13% in the preceding decade). If the growth was reviewed by district / city for the period 2010-2020, the average annual growth rate was highest in the City of Pangkalpinang at 2.19 percent, followed by 2.06 percent in the Central Bangka Regency. The number of households in Bangka Belitung in 2010 about 311 145 households and counties that have the largest number of households is Bangka amounted to 70 468 households and who have the lowest number of households is East Belitung amounted to 27 941 households.

The population density Bangka Belitung province in 2020 reached 88.6 people per km2; when seen by district / city, Pangkalpinang had the highest density of 2,444.8 people per km2 and East Belitung District had the lowest density of 50.7 people per km2.

Ethnicity

Bangka Island and Belitung Island were originally inhabited by the Orang Laut, over the course of a long history formed by the process of culture and acculturation. The Orang Laut themselves came from various islands. Sea people from Belitung sailed and inhabited the coast along the Malay Peninsula, then returned to Bangka Island and Belitung Island, while those who lived in the Riau Islands sailed to Bangka. There are also groups of Orang Laut from Sulawesi and Kalimantan. In the next wave, the Bugis, who were originally from South Sulawesi, came and settled in Bangka, Belitung and Riau. Then came the Johor Malay, Siantan Malay, Malay-Chinese, and also native Chinese, mingling during the process of acculturation and culture. Finally came the Minangkabau, Javanese, Banjarese, Madurese, Acehnese and some other ethnic groups.

The Malay is the largest ethnic group in the province. They form around 52.5% of the total population. The Malays are mostly concentrated around the interior of Bangka and Belitung. The Malay are divided into the Bangka Malay and the Belitung Malay. These 2 group are slightly different ranging from their culture to their language. Most of the Malays works in either the farming industry or the fishing industry. The Malay in Bangka Belitung have a very distinct lifestyle compared to other Malay people, especially with those in Malaysia.

The second largest ethnic group is the Chinese, forming around 29.1% of the total population. The Chinese are mostly concentrated in the coastal part of Bangka and Belitung or urban areas. The Chinese in Bangka Belitung were originally from Southern China, especially from the Guangdong province, migrating from the 18th century to the early 20th century to have better job opportunities. During the colonial era, most of the Chinese worked in the mining industry as well as making their own businesses. Most of the Chinese in Bangka Belitung are Hakka, while significant Hokkien and Cantonese communities also exist. The Chinese culture in Bangka is slightly different from the Chinese in Belitung. The Chinese in Bangka were imported in the early 18th century when the mine was officially opened. They generally did not bring their wives and thus married indigenous people, so the Chinese in Bangka are mostly peranakans who speak the Hakka Language mixed with Malay. Belitung Chinese are considered "totok" ("full-blooded") because when they came in the 19th century they brought their wives. They adapted to the culture of the archipelago, among others, by changing their clothing into local clothing such as clothes with kebaya kurung or sarong. They still speak with the original Hakka language spoken in China today.

The rest of the population consist of immigrants from other parts of Indonesia such as the Javanese, Minangkabau and the Bugis.

Religion

Based on the Population Census in 2015, the percentage of religion in Bangka Belitung is Muslim 88.71%, Buddhist 4.49%, Christianity 3.37% (Protestant 2.06% and Roman Catholic 1.31%), Confucian 3.30% and Hindu 0.09%.

Bangka Belitung has 730 mosques, 87 Protestant churches, 30 Catholic churches and 48 monasteries. Number of pilgrims registered and departed to Mecca in 2007 as many as 1012 pilgrims.

Employment
The population of Bangka Belitung Islands aged 15 years and above or which includes the Working Age Population (PUK) in 2007 as many as 766,428 people or 69.25 percent of the total population. 66.78 percent of the PUK is included in the workforce population (working and / or seeking employment) and the remaining 33.72 percent are non-workforce residents (schools, taking care of households and others).
The labor force participation rate of Bangka Belitung Islands in 2007 amounted to 66.28 percent meaning that 66 percent of the working age population is economically active. The open unemployment rate for the Bangka Belitung Islands in the same year amounted to 6.49 percent, meaning that out of 100 people including the labor force, on average 5-6 people are job seekers. The working age population when viewed from the employment sector shows that as much as 34.4 percent of the working age working population is absorbed in the agricultural sector, 20.9 percent is absorbed by the mining sector and the trade sector absorbs 18.7 percent.

Education
The history of universities in Bangka Belitung was initiated by the inauguration of Sriwijaya Bangka Bangka University in 1970s. But in accordance with the regulations that did not allow state universities to open branches, the university was closed in the early 1980s. Those educators in Bangka Island who cared about the importance of higher education then initiated the presence of universities in Bangka by forming the Foundation of Education Bangka (Yapertiba), which later in 1982 founded STIH Pertiba with the Department of Law and STIE Pertiba with Management majors located in Pangkalpinang City. Yapertiba also established STAI Bangka located in Sungailiat City. PT. Timah Tbk. participated in developing the world of higher education by establishing the Polytechnic of Tin Manufacturing in 1994, located in Sungailiat City which has 3 majors. In the 1990s, Pangkalpinang City Government took part in establishing the Nursing Academy to produce reliable health workers in accordance with the needs of the region located in Pangkalpinang District Hospital. Yapertiba in 1999 established STIPER Bangka located in Sungailiat City in 1999, then STIPER Bangka in 2006 merged into part of University of Bangka Belitung. In 1999 also stands Bakti Accounting Academy founded by Yayasan Pendidikan Bakti.

In Belitung Island a number of educational observers in 1999 established the Belitung Management Academy. STIE IBEK Babel was also present to enliven the world of higher education in Bangka which was established in 2000 located in Pangkalpinang City with majoring in Accounting and Management. In 2001 AMIK Atma Luhur stood in Pangkalpinang City with a specialty in informatics expertise, has 2 majors namely Management Informatics and Computer Accounting. In the same year STIKES Abdi Nusa was also present at Pangkalpinang with Public Health department. In 2003 the Stisipol Pahlawan 12 and TT Pahlawan 12 were established in Sungailiat City. The Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2005 established STAIN Syekh Abdurrahman Sidik located in West Mendo District. In 2006 stood the first university in Bangka Belitung namely University of Bangka Belitung (UBB) which was the forerunner to the establishment of a state university in Bangka Belitung. UBB is a merger of 3 universities namely Polman Timah, STIPER Bangka and STT Heroes 12. In February 2009 UBB officially became a state university with the signing of MoU submission of all UBB assets from Yayasan Cendikia Bangka to Dirjen Dikti Depdiknas.

See also
 List of people from the Bangka Belitung Islands

References

Further reading
 Somers Heidhues, Mary F.(1992)Bangka tin and Mentok pepper : Chinese settlement on an Indonesian island Singapore : Social Isuues in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

States and territories established in 2000
Provinces of Indonesia
2000 establishments in Indonesia

Bangka Belitung Islands


Sóleyjar (fræðiheiti Ranunculus) er stór ættkvísl (500 - 600 tegundir) í sóleyjabálki.  Yfirleitt eru þetta fjölærar jurtir, sjaldan ein- eða tvíærar, sem vaxa oft í eða við vatn. Margar tegundirnar eru eitraðar, en eitrið verður yfirleitt óvirkt við þurrkun. Útbreiðslan er á öllum heimsálfunum að undanskildu Suðurskautslandinu. Margar tegundirnar eru ræktaðar til skrauts.

Á Íslandi vaxa eftirfarandi tegundir:
 Brennisóley (Ranunculus acris eða R. subborealis)
 Dvergsóley (Ranunculus pygmaeus)
 Flagasóley (Ranunculus reptans)
 Jöklasóley (Ranunculus glacialis)
 Lónasóley (Ranunculus trichophyllus)
 Sifjarsóley (Ranunculus auricomus)
 Skriðsóley (Ranunculus repens)
 Trefjasóley (Ranunculus hyperboreus)

Tilvísanir

Sóleyjaætt

Sóleyjar


Boughedir est un patronyme porté notamment par :

 Férid Boughedir (1944-), réalisateur tunisien de cinéma ;
 Mourad Boughedir (1976-), joueur franco-algérien de basket-ball ;
 Taoufik Boughedir (1916-2010), journaliste, dramaturge et homme de culture tunisien.

Boughedir


"Afsnit 10 af Casper & Mandrilaftalen" er det tiende afsnit af DR2s tv-sketchprogram Casper & Mandrilaftalen fra 1999.

Casper Christensen opgiver karrieren efter at have set Finn Nørbygaards nye show, og erstattes af Bjarne Goldbæk som studievært.

Anders Matthesen er gæsteoptrædende i dette afsnit.

Blandt de figurer fra Casper & Mandrilaftalens univers som optræder er Bjarne Goldbæk, Doktor Medcalf, Dåsen Allan, Finn Nørbygaard & Finn Nørbygaard, Lars Pejsekammer, Svenne O'Lotta, Cornelius Heinesen, Pelle Stærkhylster og Elvira Bo

Casper & Mandrilaftalen

Afsnit 10 af Casper & Mandrilaftalen


Kojot Varalica (Coyote the Trickster), lik varalice u pričama Indijanaca zapadne obale, sjeverozapadnog Platoa, Velikog bazena, prerija i jugozapada.

Na zapadnoj obali, Velikom bazenu i sjeverozapadnoj visoravni gdje je nazivan Yelis (Coos); Ja'mul (Achumawi), Mo'luptsini'sla (Alsea); Ispilyay (Cayuse); Itsappa, Itsappe, Izabui, Isapaippi, Isapaippu, Isa'opaippeh, Itsappu, Isappu (Shoshone-Bannock-Paiute); Sinawavi (Chemehuevi); Talapus (Chinook), Kojot je ozbiljnija mitološka figura nego što je to slučaj dalje na jugu. Iako i dalje igra ulogu varalice u mnogim sjeverozapadnim pričama, Kojot se također smatra cijenjenim dobročiniteljem ljudi, odgovornim za tako važna djela kao što je donošenje vatre ljudima, podučavanje vještinama civilizacije i pomaganje u oblikovanju svijeta za njihovu dobrobit. Među plemenima Shoshone, Bannock i Paiute, Coyote je mlađi brat cijenjenog boga kreatora Esa (Vuka), a iako je neodgovoran i društveno neprikladan lik, on također pomaže bratu u njegovim važnim zadacima. Kod nekih kalifornijskih plemena Kojot je kreator čovječanstva ili čak svijeta, često u suradnji s drugim božanskim životinjskim duhovima. U folkloru drugih kalifornijskih plemena Kojot djeluje kao zlonamjernija sila prirode koja donosi opasnost i uništenje drugim likovima.

Kojot (Ma'ii, Ma'yee, Mai, Mbai, Mba', Ba'ts'oosee, Ma'ch'ose, Mba'ts'oose, Isily) je najčešći prevarant među plemenima na jugozapadu (iako u nekim zajednicama, iste priče koje se pripisuju Kojotu umjesto toga prikazuju Lisicu kao heroja, kao što to čine mnoge meksičke narodne priče.) U tradicijama jugozapada, Kojot je ponekad od pomoći ljudima, ali ponekad njegovo naglo i glupo ponašanje uzrokuje probleme svima oko njega. Često biva ubijen vlastitom nesmotrenošću, ali uvijek nakon toga oživi. Poput drugih legendarnih bića jugozapada, Kojot se ponekad opisuje kao ljudski oblik, a drugi put kao životinjski. Čak i kada ima oblik čovjeka, priče o jugozapadu često crpe humor iz Kojotovog ponašanja koje podsjeća na pseće (jede i njuši izmet, pokušava se pariti s članovima svoje obitelji, zavija u neprikladno vrijeme, itd.)

U mitologiji ravničarskih Indijanaca Kojot (Mica, Maca, Chirich) je jedna od dvije glavne figure prevaranata. (Drugi je Iktomi ili Pauk, a iste priče se često pričaju s Kojotom kao glavnim likom u jednoj zajednici i Iktomijem/Paukom kao glavnim likom u drugoj.)

U pričama ravničarskih Indijanaca, Kojot gotovo uvijek poprima oblik čovjeka. Pametan je, ali bezobziran, i neprestano dovodi sebe i ljude oko sebe u probleme svojim društveno neprimjerenim ponašanjem poput pohlepe, hvalisavosti, laganja i jurnjave za ženama. Priče o kojotima obično su duhovite prirode, a mnoge od njih sadrže ono što se danas smatra 'humorom za odrasle'. Ostale legende o ravničarskim kojotima upozoravajuće su priče o posljedicama lošeg ponašanja i opasnostima interakcije s neodgovornim ljudima. Iako Kojot obično ili za dlaku izbjegne smrt ili se vrati u život nakon što je ubijen, smrtnici oko njega nisu uvijek te sreće.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (prevaranti)
Mitologija Sijuksa
Arikara mitologija
Cheyenne mitologija
Blackfoot mitologija
Caddo mitologija
Apačka mitologija
Navaho mitologija
Cahuilla
Hopi mitologija

Kojot Varalica


Bláhvelja (fræðiheiti: Aurelia aurita) er tegund marglytta sem finnst meðal annars við Ísland. Bláhvelja er nánast glær og þekkist á fjórum skeifulaga kynkirtlum sem sjást þegar horft er ofan á hveljuna. Þó er erfitt að greina bláhvelju frá skyldum tegundum af Aurelia-ættkvíslinni og til þess þarf yfirleitt að gera DNA-próf.

Útbreiðsla og búsvæði
Bláhvelja lifir í Norður-Atlantshafi. Hún finnst meðfram ströndum Evrópu og Norður-Ameríku þar sem hún sækir helst í víkur, strendur og sjávarlón.

Bláhvelja er algeng við Ísland og er skaðlaus.

Vistfræði
Bláhveljur lifa að mestu á svifi, þar á meðal á lindýrum, krabbadýrum, lirfum möttuldýra, hjóldýrum, ungum burstaormum, kúsilþörungum, ýmsum eggjum og öðrum smáum lífverum. Stundum éta þær önnur hveldýr eða kambhveljur. Bláhveljur nota stingfrumur til að veiða bráð og vernda sig gegn afræningjum.

Bláhveljur innihalda hátt hlutfall fjölómettaðra fitusýra og þær eru því gjarnan étnar af rándýrum. Helstu afræningjar bláhvelja eru tunglfiskur, leðurskjaldbökur, aðrar hveljur og frumdýr.

Tilvísanir

Holdýr

Bláglytta


Die Grotte du Bief Paroux ist eine wasserführende Horizontalhöhle in den Kalkschichten des Malm an der französisch-schweizerischen Grenze in der Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Sie liegt in der Nähe der Ortschaft Goumois auf der französischen Seite des Doubs.

Die hydrogeologischen Verhältnisse, d. h. die unberechenbaren Veränderungen des Wasserstandes, haben 2001 beinahe zu einer Tragödie geführt. Von einem Besuch der Höhle durch höhlenunkundige Touristen oder bei schlechter oder unsicherer Witterung ist dringend abzuraten. Es wird Spezialausrüstung benötigt (Neoprenanzug u. a.).

Höhlenrettung von 2001
Im Mai 2001 wurden sieben Studierende der Zürcher Hochschule für Soziale Arbeit und ihre 32-jährige Höhlenführerin vom Hochwasser überrascht und eingeschlossen. "Trotz Warnungen eines ortsansässigen Wirtes angesichts der kritischen Wetterlage und begleitet von nur gerade einer blutjungen «Erlebnispädagogik»-Höhlenforscherin" stiegen die Studierenden ein. Dank eines Großeinsatzes von Feuerwehren, Polizei und Spezialisten (Taucher, Ärzte usw.), der jenen vom Jahr 1986 in der nahe gelegenen Höhle von Theusseret noch übertraf, waren die Eingeschlossenen nach rund 72 Stunden wieder frei. An der Rettungsaktion beteiligten sich zeitweilig mehr als 200 Spezialkräfte. Die Kosten werden auf über 300'000 Franken geschätzt.

Einzelnachweise

Höhle in Europa
Höhle in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Geographie (Département Doubs)

Grotte du Bief Paroux


La Ruta Estatal de California 29, y abreviada SR 29 (en inglés: California State Route 29) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 170 km (105.648 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 29 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 29 es atravesada principalmente por la  cerca de Napa en Calistoga cerca de Clearlake cerca de Lakeport.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado
California @ AARoads - State Route 29
Caltrans: Route 29 highway conditions
California Highways: SR 29
Cal-NExUS: Route 29 North
Cal-NExUS: Route 29 South

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras del condado de Solano
Carreteras del condado de Napa
Carreteras del condado de Lake

Ruta Estatal de California 29


Hippeastrum ferreyrae é uma planta bulbosa herbácea perene , pertencente à família Amaryllidaceae, nativa do Peru.

Descrição
Hippeastrum ferreyrae é considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção de acordo com a IUCN (1997).

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita pela primeira vez e nomeada por Hamilton Paul Traub em 1950 como Amaryllis ferreyrae. Foi transferido para o gênero Hippeastrum por Roy Emile Gereau e Lois Brako em 1993.

Referências

Fontes

 GBIF: Hippeastrum ferreyrae

ferreyrae
Plantas descritas em 1950
Flora da América do Sul

Hippeastrum ferreyrae


This is a list of the municipalities of Sweden by average net wealth of its inhabitants in 2007 according to Statistics Sweden.

References

Municipalities, wealth
Municipalities, wealth
Sweden, Municipalities, wealth

List of municipalities of Sweden by wealth


August Mikkelsen, né le  à Tromsø en Norvège, est un footballeur norvégien qui évolue au poste de milieu offensif à l'Hammarby IF.

Biographie

En club
Né à Tromsø en Norvège August Mikkelsen est formé par le Tromsdalen UIL puis au Tromsø IL. En  il est prêté à son ancien club, le Tromsdalen UIL, où il commence sa carrière. Il joue son premier match en professionnel le  lors d'une rencontre de deuxième division norvégienne face au Notodden FK. Il entre en jeu et son équipe s'impose par quatre buts à deux.

Il fait ensuite son retour au Tromsø IL et joue son premier match avec ce club lors d'une rencontre d'Eliteserien, le , contre l'Odds BK. Il entre en jeu lors de cette rencontre perdue par son équipe (1-2 score final). Il inscrit son premier but le  suivant, à l'occasion d'une rencontre de coupe de Norvège face au Melbo IL. Il est titularisé et son équipe l'emporte par deux buts à un.

Mikkelsen réalise son premier doublé en professionnel le 24 juillet 2021, lors d'une rencontre de coupe de Norvège contre le Skanland OIF. Titularisé ce jour-là, il participe à la large victoire de son équipe avec ses deux buts (0-11 score final).

Lors de la saison 2022, Mikkelsen se fait notamment remarquer le 28 août 2022 contre le Rosenborg BK en réalisant son premier doublé en championnat. Auteur de l'ouverture du score ce jour-là, il est également celui qui donne la victoire de son équipe en inscrivant le dernier but des siens dans le temps additionnel de la deuxième période (4-3 score final).

Le , August Mikkelsen rejoint la Suède afin de s'engager en faveur de l'Hammarby IF. Il signe un contrat courant jusqu'en .

Mikkelsen inscrit son premier but pour Hammarby le , lors d'une rencontre de championnat face au Djurgårdens IF. Il est titularisé et participe à la victoire de son équipe par quatre buts à trois.

En sélection
August Mikkelsen représente l'équipe de Norvège des moins de 19 ans à deux reprises en 2019.

En septembre 2022, August Mikkelsen récompensé de ses prestations avec le Tromsø IL en étant appelé pour la première fois avec l'équipe de Norvège espoirs, mais il doit finalement déclarer forfait en raison d'une blessure.

Statistiques

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur norvégien
Joueur du Tromsdalen UIL
Joueur du Tromsø IL
Joueur du Hammarby IF
Naissance en octobre 2000
Naissance à Tromsø

August Mikkelsen


Žalčari (lat. Aculeta) je monofiletička grupa srednje velikih ili velikih kukaca opnokrilaca (lat. Hymenoptera) kojemu pripadaju, pčele, mravi i ose. Njihov tipičan organ za obranu je uvlačiv žalac koji je u vezi s otrovnom žlijezdom. Usni organi su za grizenje ili za lizanje i sisanje. Ličinke su im bez nogu te se ženke o njima brinu i donose im hranu.

Mnoge vrste žive u zajednicama. U tu skupinu ubrajamo samotne, poludruževne i druževne vrste poput mrava (lat. Formicidae), osa (lat. Vespidae), pčela (lat. Apidae) i dr. Žalčarima je osobitost briga za potomstvo, vrlo rijetka u drugih kukaca.

Aculeata ima rang infrareda ili divizije

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kukci

Žalčari


El marquesado de Covarrubias de Leyva es un título nobiliario español creado el 22 de febrero de 1693 por el rey Carlos II de España a favor de Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva, Maestre de Campo, gobernador de Ostende, Cambray y Nieuport, en Flandes.

El título fue rehabilitado por Alfonso XIII de España el 23 de junio de 1922.

Denominación
La denominación del título se refiere a sus dos apellidos, paterno y materno, del primer titular.

Marqueses de Covarrubias de Leyva

Historia de los Marqueses de Covarrubias de Leyva
 Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva, I marqués de Covarrubias de Leyva.

Rehabilitado en 1922 por Alfonso XIII:

 Fernando Suárez de Tangil y Angulo (1886-1964), II marqués de Covarrubias de Leyva.
 Casó con María de la Concepción de Guzmán y O'Farrill, IV condesa de Vallellano grande de España. Le sucedió, en 1966, su hijo:

 Jorge Luis Suárez de Tangil y Guzmán, III marqués de Covarrubias de Leyva.
 Casó con María de la Luz Meneses de Orozco y Orozco (?-Madrid, octubre de 2005). Le sucedió, en 2012, su hijo:

 Fernando Suárez de Tangil y Meneses de Orozco, IV marqués de Covarrubias de Leyva'''.
 Casó con Cristina Peletier Maura.

Referencias

Covarrubias de Leyva
Covarrubias de Leyva
España en 1693
España en 1922

Marquesado de Covarrubias de Leyva


Soarele scamator este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Genoveva Georgescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974

Soarele scamator


Yalınlı, Eskişehir ilinin Beylikova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 84 km, Beylikova ilçesine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Beylikova'nın mahalleleri

Yalınlı, Beylikova


( - ) est un lieutenant-général de l'armée impériale japonaise. Directeur de l'institut de recherche sur les technologies de l'aviation de l'armée pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est une figure clé du développement scientifique et technologique du service aérien de l'Armée impériale japonaise, et aussi plus particulièrement pour son implication dans les premiers efforts de développement d'une bombe atomique japonaise pendant les premières phases de la guerre.

Biographie
Originaire de la préfecture d'Okayama, Yasuda fréquente des écoles de cadets militaires d'Osaka dans sa jeunesse puis sort diplômé de la  promotion de l'académie de l'Armée impériale japonaise en 1909. Il se spécialise principalement dans l'ingénierie et les ballons d'observation. Il est diplômé de l'école d'artillerie en 1912 avec les honneurs, mais est affecté à une compagnie de transmissions (télégraphe) à sa demande. Ses capacités techniques sont bientôt reconnues par ses supérieurs, qui le parrainent pour fréquenter la faculté d'ingénierie de l'université impériale de Tokyo de 1913 à 1916, où il se spécialise en électrotechnique.

Après avoir obtenu son diplôme, Yasuda retourne au service militaire régulier en tant qu'officier en chef des transmissions dans l'armée japonaise de garnison de Chine, et en tant qu'instructeur à l'école d'artillerie. Il est ensuite détaché par l'armée japonaise du Guandong à l'inspection générale de l'entraînement militaire et est envoyé en Allemagne pour une formation complémentaire. À son retour au Japon, il est nommé directeur du département de recherche de l'École des transmissions de l'armée entre 1932 et 1934. Alors qu'il est affecté au ministère de l'Armée, il sert comme chef de la section des fortifications pour les affaires militaires au Bureau de l'administration militaire jusqu'en 1937, date à laquelle il devient attaché à l'institut de recherche technique aéronautique de l'armée. D'abord à la tête du  bureau, il est également chef des munitions de l'aviation de campagne avant de revenir à l'institut en tant que directeur de la recherche technique aéronautique de l'armée, avec le grade de général de division à la fin de l'année. En 1937, il est promu au titre honorifique de cinquième  junior.

À la fin des années 1930, Yasuda s'intéresse à la physique nucléaire, en particulier au potentiel de grandes libérations d'énergie par la fission nucléaire, après avoir lu des articles scientifiques publiés aux États-Unis et en Allemagne. En avril 1940, sachant que de réserves potentielles d'uranium sont disponibles en Corée, le lieutenant-général Yasuda ordonne au lieutenant-colonel Tatsusaburo Suzuki de préparer un rapport sur les possibilités de développement d'une arme nucléaire. L'équipe constituée par Suzuki comprend un certain nombre de scientifiques ayant travaillé auparavant avec Niels Bohr ou Ernest Lawrence. Recevant un rapport favorable en décembre, Yasuda transmet cette information à l'institut de recherche physique et chimique qui, à son tour, confie le projet au physicien nucléaire Yoshio Nishina. Cependant, ses propositions pour produire une arme sont réduites à un simple projet de recherche en raison des contraintes de la guerre sur les ressources japonaises.

Entre 1942 et 1944, Yasuda est commandant de la  armée aérienne basée à Tokyo, chef du département aéronautique de l'armée et de l'inspection générale de l'aviation avant d'être relevé de ses fonctions en avril 1944. Il est un fervent partisan de l'utilisation de  contre les bombardiers américains. Servant comme membre du Conseil suprême de guerre pendant les dernières années de la guerre, Yasuda revient également au commandement de la  armée aérienne dans le cadre des préparatifs de la défense finale des îles du Japon face à une prochaine invasion américaine, cependant, il prend sa retraite peu de temps avant la fin de la guerre. Il meurt en 1964.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes
Pacific War Online Encyclopedia

Naissance en janvier 1889
Naissance dans la préfecture d'Okayama
Décès en août 1964
Décès à 75 ans
Général japonais
Militaire japonais de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Étudiant de l'université de Tokyo

Takeo Yasuda


An Octomeria mauritii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guido Frederico João Pabst ngan Moutinho. An Octomeria mauritii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octomeria

Octomeria mauritii


Isla Arabi (en árabe: جزيرة العربی, Jaziratal Arabi) es una de las islas de Arabia Saudita cerca de la isla Farsi en el Golfo Pérsico.

Junto con la isla de Farsi, Arabi fue una vez objeto de una disputa territorial entre Irán y Arabia Saudita, pero los dos países llegaron a un acuerdo en la década de 1960, en la que Irán reconoció la soberanía de Arabia Saudita sobre la isla de Arabi.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Arabia Saudita
 Geografía de Asia

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Arabia Saudita

Isla Arabi


A Diocese de Berhampur (Latim:Dioecesis Berhampurensis) é uma diocese localizada no município de Berhampur, no estado de Orissa, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Cuttack-Bhubaneswar na Índia. Foi fundada em 24 de janeiro de 1974 pelo Papa Paulo VI. Com uma população católica de 70.740 habitantes, sendo 1,5% da população total, possui 26 paróquias com dados de 2020.

História

Em 24 de janeiro de 1974 o Papa Paulo VI cria a Diocese de Berhampur através do território da Diocese de Cuttack. Em 2016 a Diocese de Berhampur perde território para a formação da Diocese de Rayagada.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da diocese em 1974.

Berhampur
Berhampur

Diocese de Berhampur


La Fundació Arranz-Bravo es un espacio de arte contemporáneo en L'Hospitalet de Llobregat que tiene el doble objetivo de difundir la obra del pintor Eduard Arranz-Bravo (Barcelona, 1941) y promocionar la joven creación contemporánea. A la espera de la inauguración de su sede definitiva en el Antic Molí de L'Hospitalet, la Fundación tiene su espacio provisional en los antiguos almacenes de la fábrica textil Tecla Sala, en un proyecto diseñado por el arquitecto Jordi Garcés. La Fundación está integrada en la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona.

Exposición
La Fundació cuenta con una colección de 340 obras de Arranz-Bravo entre pintura, obra sobre papel, grabados y esculturas, donadas por el propio artista y que ejemplifican sus diferentes periodos creativos. La Fundación organiza también varias exposiciones y actividades que tienen como protagonista el arte emergente y el pensamiento contemporáneo. El otro foco de actividad de la Fundació Arranz-Bravo es la actividad educativa, destinada especialmente a escuelas y centros sociales de Hospitalet.

Véase también
 Museo de Hospitalet de Llobregat

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Blog de la Fundación Arranz-Bravo
 Catálogos en línea de la Fundació Arranz-Bravo
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Fundaciones de Cataluña
Museos biográficos y casas museo de España
Museos de arte contemporáneo de Cataluña
Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
Museos de España inaugurados en 2009
Museos de Hospitalet de Llobregat
Organizaciones fundadas en 2009

Fundación Arranz-Bravo


The War of the Oranges (; ; ) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal. It was a precursor to the Peninsular Wars, resulting in the Treaty of Badajoz, the loss of Portuguese territory, in particular Olivenza, as well as ultimately setting the stage for the complete invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by French forces.

Background
In 1800, First Consul Bonaparte and his ally, the Spanish prime-minister and Generalissimo Manuel de Godoy, sent an ultimatum to Portugal, the last British ally on the continent, demanding that she break her alliance with Britain. Portugal refused to cede, and, in April 1801, French troops arrived in the country. They were bolstered by Spanish troops under the command of Manuel de Godoy. Godoy had, under his command, the Spanish Army of Extremadura, with five divisions.

War
The Spanish attack on Portugal started on the early morning of 20 May, and focused on the Portuguese border region that included the main Garrison Town and Fortifications of Elvas and the smaller fortified towns of Campo Maior, Olivença (Olivenza in Spanish) and Juromenha. The main force of the Spanish Army advanced to Elvas, while two divisions advanced to Campo Maior and another division advanced to Olivença and Juromenha. Without having their fortifications complete and defended only by a few hundred soldiers, most of the militias, Olivença and nearby Juromenha quickly surrendered to the Spanish forces. The Portuguese garrison of Campo Maior - under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Dias Azevedo - resisted the assault for 17 days, forcing the Spanish to maintain two entire divisions in its siege. The main Spanish force - under the direct command of Godoy - tried to assault Elvas but was easily repelled by the strong Portuguese garrison commanded by General Francisco de Noronha. The Spanish troops then withdrew to a safe distance from the fortress, with Godoy not daring to attack it again until the end of the war. The war entered in a stalemate, with most of the Spanish forces held in sieges of fortresses and the rest not being able to face the blockade made by the main core of the Portuguese Army, in order to advance further inside Portugal. Despite this, Godoy picked oranges from the outside of Elvas and sent them to the Queen of Spain with the message that he would proceed to Lisbon. Thus, the conflict became known as the "War of the Oranges".

Peace
On 6 June 1801 Portugal agreed to the tenets of the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal agreed to close its ports to English ships, to give commercial concessions to France, to cede Olivenza to Spain and to pay an indemnity. On 29 September 1801 Portugal agreed to both maintaining the tenets of the Treaty of Badajoz and the alterations made to it, which were all embodied within the Treaty of Madrid.

In response, from July 1801 until the signing of the Peace of Amiens in 1802, a British force of 3,500 men under Colonel William Henry Clinton occupied the Portuguese island of Madeira in the North Atlantic Ocean. Intended to forestall any French or Spanish attack on the island, the occupation took place with the tacit consent of the Portuguese.

Aftermath
After the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, in which the Franco-Spanish fleet lost to Britain, the government of Portugal restored relations with its old ally. This led France to declare the Peace of Badajoz treaty cancelled, again marching on Portugal and invading it, starting the Peninsular War, that lasted from 1807 to 1814.

The French invasion forced the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil in 1807, with Rio de Janeiro becoming the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy. From Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese monarch denounced the Treaty of Badajoz as having been signed under coercion, declaring it "null and ineffective".

Later on, the Treaty of Vienna - signed by Spain in 1817 - stated clearly that the winning countries are to "endeavour with the mightiest conciliatory effort to return Olivença to Portuguese authority".

After the Napoleonic Wars, and the Congress of Vienna, neither Spain nor Portugal gave back the territories acquired both in America (Eastern Missions) and the Peninsula (Olivença); the latter remaining an issue with the Portuguese government (see Question of Olivença).

References

Further reading

See also
History of Portugal (1777–1834)
Kingdom of Northern Lusitania
Disputed status of Olivenza
Timeline of Portuguese history

Conflicts in 1801
19th century in Spain
Oranges
Wars involving France
Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving Spain
1801 in Portugal
Portugal–Spain military relations
France–Portugal military relations
1801 in Spain
1801 in France
May 1801 events
June 1801 events

War of the Oranges


الدوسة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.
ارتفاعها عن سطح البحر حوالي 400 م مناخها حار صيفاً و بارد شتاءً مع رياحها الباردة القطبية(الهواء الشرقي).
عائلاتها شريتح الاكثرية و عبد القادر و العلي و الحلو و غيرهم.

تمتاز بالتين الصيفي و الشتوي و الفواكه و الخضار، ويوجد في الدوسه 4 مدارس و مهنية رسمية

عائلة شريتح  هي العائلة الأبرز  فيها و تتلوها عاءلة المرعبي و أبرزهم العميد مصطفى شريتح و العميد علاء الدين شريتح و المختار باشي شريتح و عارف المرعبي و محمود المرعبي، تمتاز بالتين و الزيتون
اسميت بالدوسة و ذلك لوجود اثر قدم لحصان نبي على ضفاف نهر الدوسة، تمتاز بهواء قوي و بارد جدا سمي الهواء الشرقي.

المراجع

الدريب
قرى لبنان

الدوسة


En parmiddag er en dansk kortfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Anton Brandt Thykier.

Handling
Isaks liv er gået i stå. For syv måneder siden var han ude for en ulykke og blev lam fra livet og ned. Han har stort set ikke set sin familie siden ulykken, og hans liv er i spåner. Da han og kæresten, Mette, bliver inviteret til en parmiddag i lillebroren, Johannes' nye lejlighed, støder han uventet ind i en gammel flamme: Johannes' nye kæreste, Freja. Isak har svært ved at kapere lillebrorens lykke og forvandler langsomt aftenen til et akavet helvede, hvor alle forsøger at opretholde den lykkelige overflade for enhver pris.

Medvirkende
 Anne Reumert
 Kenneth M. Christensen
 Jan Brandi
 Anna Berentina

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

En parmiddag


محمد الفائز القيرواني الطراز شاعر ومربي تونسي. ولد بالقيروان سنة 1902 على الأرجح. رعاه والده فعوض عنه يتم الأم وعمل على تعليمه القرآن في الكتاتيب وعلى تلقينه علوم العربية في جامع عقبة عندما كان فرعا لجامعة الزيتونة. اكتسب محمد الفائز عمقا في المعرفة وجزالة في اللفظ حفزاه على قول الشعر صبيا والانخراط بمجالس أدباء القيروان.

لما شب انتقل إلى مدينة تونس طالبا العلم في جامعها الأعظم والأدب في منتديات مثقفيها ورجال أدبها من أمثال محمد العربي الكبادي ومحمد التميمي ثم عاد إلى القيروان فعلّم بمدارسها ولمع بمجالسها رفقة أترابه من أمثال محمد الحليوي وصالح السويسي ومحمد الشاذلي عطاء الله وقد كتب حينها أشعار وقصائد أعجبت كل من سمعها من زملائه وتلاميذه.

توفي يوم 25 أوت أوان اصطيافه في مدينة المنستير سنة 1953 ودفن بالقيروان.

تربويون عرب
شعراء قيروانيون
مواليد 1902
وفيات 1372 هـ
وفيات 1953

محمد الفائز


بلدية سيستاو  هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة بيسكاي, التي تقع في منطقة الباسك شمالي إسبانيا.

أعلام
 جون لوبيز
 خوسيه لويس بانيثو
 غونزالو دياز
 أمادور بالما
 أندريس غارسيا لا كال
 جون غونزاليس

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيسكاي
بلديات بيسكاي

سيستاو


Knoxville es una ciudad estadounidense unicada en el condado de Knox, estado de Tennessee.

Knoxville también puede referirse a:
Lugares
 Knoxville (Arkansas), pueblo en el condado de Johnson, estado estadounidense de Arkansas.
 Knoxville (Georgia), lugar designado por el censo en el condado de Crawford, estado estadounidense de Georgia.
 Knoxville (Illinois), ciudad en el condado de Knox, estado estadounidense de Illinois.
 Knoxville (Iowa), ciudad en el condado de Marion, estado estadounidense de Iowa.
 Municipio de Knoxville (condado de Marion, Iowa).
 Municipio de Knoxville (condado de Ray, Misuri).
 New Knoxville (Ohio), villa ubicada en el condado de Auglaize, estado estadounidense de Ohio.
 Knoxville (Pensilvania), borough en el condado de Tioga, estado estadounidense de Pensilvania.

Personas
 Johnny Knoxville, actor estadounidense.

Otros usos
 Exposición Internacional de Knoxville (1982).

Knoxville (desambiguación)


Utvrde:
 Stari grad (Omiš), tvrđava nad Omišem
 Fortica (Hvar)
 Fortica (Novigrad)
 Fortica (Otočac), tvrđava na istoimenom brdu iznad grada Otočca
 Fortica (Pag), tvrđava u Pagu
 Tvrđava Juraj III. kod grada Visa
 Tvrđava Fortica (Podveležje)

Brda:
 Fortica (brdo iznad Mrkoplja)
 Fortica (brdo iznad Mostara)

Izvori

Fortica


An Cyperus algeriensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Väre ngan Ilkka Toivo Kalervo Kukkonen. An Cyperus algeriensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Algeria. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus algeriensis


Free the Slaves is an international non-governmental organization and lobby group, established to campaign against the modern practice of slavery around the world. It was formed as the sister organization of Anti-Slavery International but has since become a separate entity and has no relationship with it. The organization was created as a result of research done by Kevin Bales in his book, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy.

Programs
Free the Slaves currently operates in India, Nepal, Ghana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Senegal, the Dominican Republic, and Brazil. The countries are targeted based on the prevalence of slavery. The organization gives "Freedom Awards" to honor people and organizations fighting to end slavery. Winners have included Veeru Kohli (2009) and Timea Nagy, 2012.

Supporters
Free the Slaves has worked with musicians such as Jason Mraz and Grammy Award winner Esperanza Spalding. Spalding performed a benefit concert for FTS in December 2012, featuring Bobby McFerrin, Gretchen Parlato, and a special guest appearance by Paul Simon. Spalding also raised money for the organization during her summer tour.

Other supporters over the years have included Carla Gugino, Vincent Kartheiser, Camilla Belle, Forest Whitaker, Demi Moore, and Ashton Kutcher.

Criticism
In response to Kevin Bales's interview with Democracy Now! about Free The Slaves, investigative journalist Christian Parenti wrote a criticism of Bales claiming he had made false claims about the chocolate industry. Specifically, Parenti argues that

Bales goes around fund raising, flogging his book and promoting himself on the basis that he has successfully reformed the chocolate industry and largely halted its use of child labor in West Africa. But no such thing has happened ... Bales' organization FTS defended the chocolate industry when the Department of Labor sought to list cocoa as a product tainted by slave and child labor.

References

External links
 Free The Slaves
 Anti-Slavery International homepage
"The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today" on Democracy Now!

Organizations that combat human trafficking
Organizations established in 2001
Abolitionism in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
501(c)(3) organizations

Free the Slaves


සර්වබලධාරී දේව සංකල්පය සහ ආගමික මත පිළිපඳව ක්‍රමවත් අධ්‍යයනය දේව ධර්මය නම්වේ. සමාන්‍යෙයන් මෙම අධ්‍යයනයන් සිදුකෙරෙන්නේ සෙමනේරියක, සර්වබලධාරී දෙවත්‍ව පාසලක හෝ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයකය.

දේව ධර්මය

දේව ධර්මය


Pearcea, biljni rod iz porodice gesnerijevki (Gesneriaceae) smješten u podtribus Gloxiniinae, dio tribusa Gesnerieae, potporodica Gesnerioideae. Pripada mu 18 vrsta sa istočnih padina Anda

Vrste

 Pearcea abunda (Wiehler) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea bella L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea bilabiata L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea cordata L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea fuscicalyx L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea glabrata L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea gracilis L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea grandifolia L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea hispidissima (Wiehler) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea hypocyrtiflora (Hook.fil.) Regel
 Pearcea intermedia L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea pileifolia J.L.Clark & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea purpurea (Poepp.) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea reticulata (Fritsch) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea rhodotricha (Cuatrec.) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea schimpfii Mansf.
 Pearcea sprucei (Britton) L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog
 Pearcea strigosa L.P.Kvist & L.E.Skog

Izvori

Gesnerijevke

Pearcea