Orașul vechi (în  sau "") este cartierul istoric vechi al orașului Baku, zonă istorico-arhitecturală protejată. Cea mai veche parte a orașului Baku este înconjurată cu  bine conservate. În zona protejată, cu o suprafață de , trăiesc 1300 de familii.

Zona protejată este locuită încă din Epoca Bronzului. Cercetările arheologice au constatat că deja în secolele al VIII-leaal IX-lea, zona era dens populată, având dezvoltate meșteșuguri și comerț. După ce, în secolul al XV-lea,  s-au mutat din Șamahî la Baku, a început o perioadă de "cristalizare" a vieții de aici. În 1748-1806,  a fost capitala . În 1806, rușii au ocupat Baku, iar dezvoltarea a stagnat, până când dezvoltarea rapidă a exploatării petrolului la Marea Caspică la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea a dus la stabilirea multor locuitori în afara zidurilor orașului.

În  se află cunoscutele monumente arhitecturale  și , capodopere ale arhitecturii azere. În afara acestora, în zona protejată se află zeci de alte monumente istorico-arhitecturale – moschee, caravanseraiuri, băi, case de locuit.

În 1977,  a fost declarat rezervație arhitecturală, iar în 2000 Turnul Fecioarei și complexul palatului Șirvanșahilor, au fost incluse de UNESCO în lista patrimoniului mondial.

Locație
Rezervația istorico-arhitecturală se află în  al orașului Baku, pe un mic deal înlălțat pe malul Mării Caspice. Rezervația se află la o înălțime de 8-10 metri, fiind înconjurată de  de . La sud-est, orașului vechi este mărginit de , la nord-vest de , și la est se află . La est de orașul vechi trece strada Aziz Aliev, iar în sud-vest se mărginește cu parcul Vahid.

Istorie

Perioada veche

Orașul Baku s-a dezvoltat în jurul cetății din centrul vechi, înconjurată cu ziduri și șanțuri. Nici arheologic și nici istoric, nu se știu multe despre formarea orașului Baku. Se crede că a fost favorizată de resursele naturale de petrol și sare, precum și de poziția favorabilă  pe malul mării. În timpul săpăturilor arheologice din curtea , s-au găsit unelte din secolele al III-lea-I î.e.n., și vase ceramice din secolele al IV-lea-I î.e.n., la  s-au găsit în timpul săpăturilor arheologice săgeți de fier și figurine feminine de lut din Epoca Fierului, în timp ce coloanele găsite contribuie la datarea orașului în Antichitte. În secolul I î.e.n., la Baku exista deja un mic oraș-port.

Evul Mediu timpuriu

În timpul dinastiei Sasanide, cetatea din centrul orașului Baku, Abșeron, făcea parte din provincia specială imperială Șirvan. După ocuparea teritoriului de către arabi, împreună cu  Șamahî, Derbent și alte orașe, conducătorii regiunii au început să fie numiți . , Al-Masudi și alți câțiva istorici arabi au relatat că Hosrov Anușirvan s-a ocupat de administrarea regiunii; el a dat pentru prima oară titlul de șirvanșahi conducătorilor din regiunea Șirvan. Există doar informații succinte despre secolele al VII-lea-al X-lea despre Baku. Se știe că orașul a fost atacat de  și de ruși dinspre nord. În 914,  portul Baku. Potrivit lui al-Masudi, ei erau interesați de teritoriul bogat în petrol de la Baku. Neavând o flotă militară la Marea Caspică Șirvanșahul  a trebuit să recurgă la nave comerciale pentru a-și transporta soldații. Potrivit lui al-Masudi, ca rezultat al acestui atac al rușilor, mii de musulmani au murit și s-au înecat în mare. Atacurile către coastele Mării Caspice la Baku și Abșeron s-au repetat de mai multe ori în perioadele ulterioare.

În secolele al X-lea-al XI-lea,  a slăbit treptat și, ca urmare, conducătorii locali, inclusiv cei din Șirvan, au început să acționeze independent. Orașe bogate în acele vremuri, Șamahî și Baku au fost frecvent atacate de popoarele vecine. În 1030, la Baku, rutenii care atacau dinspre nord s-au ciocnit cu trupele șirvanșahului . Rutenii, care i-au învins pe șirvanșahi pe râul Araz, au cucerit Beylagan, cel mai bogat oraș din . Un an mai târziu, rutenii, au atacat din nou Șirvanul prin Baku, dar comandantul  ședadid din Aran  i-a izgonit pe ruteni din .

Din cauza incursiunilor turco-oguze prin Caucaz în secolul al XI-lea, în deceniul al cincilea, șirvanșahii au luat măsuri pentru apărarea orașelor. Din această perioadă provin primele atestări ale uzilor. În secolul al XI-lea, puternicul trib al uzilor a fondat un  care a început să amenințe Orientul Mijlociu. În 1066, uzii, conduși de Tekin cel Negru, au atacat Șirvanul și Baku. După Tekin cel Negru, uzii au mai atacat de câteva ori Șirvanul, în frunte cu Kaimas și cu Alp Arslan. Shirvanshahs au reușit însă să-și apere independența. Abia după venirea la putere a conducătorului arab Sau-Tegin, șirvahșahul  a trebuit să accepte suzeranitatea selgiucidă. În a doua jumătate a secolului al XII-lea, atabeiul Eldiguz a cucerit întregul Șirvan, inclusiv Baku. Deși la sfârșitul secolului al XII-lea, șirvanșahii erau independenți, ei plăteau tribut atabeilor eldiguzizi.

După un puternic cutremur din 1191, care a produs multe pagube în Șamahî, șirvanșahul  și-a mutat reședința la Baku. În perioada guvernării șirvanșahilor s-au ridicat în Baku, numeroase construcții. În secolul al XII-lea, s-au construit zidurile cetății și s-au consolidat fortificațiile, inclusiv . Se știe că în timpul luptelor cu selgiucizii, șirvanșahii s-au aliat cu regii georgieni. Izvoare georgiene consemnează că, în 1222, pentru a participa la nuntă, fiul reginei Tamara și al regelui Gheorghe al IV-lea Lasha, a ajuns la Baku. Ca unul din cele mai bogate orașe din Șirvan, și cel mai important port la Marea Caspică, importanța Baku a început să crească. Șirvanșahul Ahsitan ibn Manuciohra îi vorbea despre fortăreața de necucerit de la Baku lui Haqani, care o compara cu orașul , apărat de cetatea Horasan.

În 1258, nepotul lui Genghis-han, , a asediat Bagdadul, a desființat  și a fondat dinastia  și Ilhanatul. Ilhanii din Caucazul de Sud nu recunoșteau autoritatea Hoardei de Aur, cu care au intrat într-un conflict care a durat un secol. În acei ani, Derbent și Baku au trecut de la un stat la altul. Șirvanșahii din acea perioadă au condus țara ca vasali ai mongolilor și au participat la campaniile acestora. În timpul ilhanilor, Baku a fost loc de iernat pentru conducătorii mongoli. În 1297, a sosit în oraș în acel scop . Odoriko Pordenone scria despre acesta: "Aici (la ) a petrecut hanul vara, și iarna s-a mutat într-un oraș numit Bakux (Vasis)."

La începutul secolului al XIV-lea, după prăbușirea dinastiei mongole, șirvanșahii s-au luptat cu  și . Orașul a trecut în mâinile acestora din urmă, după cum demonstrează monedele descoperite în Baku, datând de prin 1360, inscripționate cu numele sultanului  . Monede din secolul al XIV-lea, bătute de Toktamıș și Timur Lenk, demonstrează că Șirvanul a fost expus marșurilor acestora. Șirvanșahul Ibrahim I a fost de partea emirului Timur împotriva sultanului otoman Baiazid Fulgerul și în 1400 l-a însoțit pe Timur în Siria, unde au cucerit Alepul. După moartea lui Timur, sirvanșahii și-au redobândit independența. După ce Qara Yusif a unificat toată țara, șirvanșahii au acceptat vasalitatea față de Qaraqoyunlu, dar Ibrahim al II-lea controla efectiv Șaki și mare parte din Derbent.

Cercetările arheologice
În 1970, în nordul orașului veci (turnul mic) pe o suprafață de 80 m², s-au efectuat săpături arheologice, și, la 2 metri adâncime s-au descoperit ruinele unei case din secolele al XII-lea–al XIII-lea cu mici acareturi și cu ziduri de piatră. În curte erau corturi, fântâni de piatră, și țevi de ceramică. În stratul găsit se află și ceramică arsă și nearsă, vase de lut, bucăți de cupru, mărgele albastre de ceramică, monezi emise de șirvanșahi S-au efectuat săpături arheologie și în est, la  pe o suprafață de 16x8 m.

Pe lângă fundațiile zidurilor unor clădiri dreptunghiulare, s-au găsit gropi de gunoi și fântâni, precum și numeroase vase de ceramică arse și nearse și resturi de cupru și de fier, obiecte din sticlă și ceramică. S-au găsit numeroase obiecte din ceramică obișnuită și arsă. Obiectele din ceramică arsă sunt colorate și împodobite cu diferite ornamente, sculpturi și picturi. În straturile inferioare, predomină ornamentele monocrome. S-au găsit mai multe pietre de moară și monezi ale ,

Monumente istorice

  – din partea sud-estică a . Construit în secolul al XII-lea pe locul unei clădiri mai veche, preislamice. Unii specialiști consideră că aceea era un altar al cultului focului și deci din secolele al VII-lea–al VIII-lea. Turnul a devenit o parte a sistemului defensiv al Bakuului în timpul . Până în 1907, turnul a funcționat și ca far. Restaurat în 1960, funcționează ca muzeu din 1964. La primele trei etaje ale turnului, sunt expuse artifacte din secolul al XII-lea descoperite acolo. La etajul al patrulea, este o expoziție de arme medievale. De formă cilindrică, turnul are o înălțime de , cu un diametru ce variază între 5 metri la bază și 4 la vârf, având 8 etaje.
 Poarta Șamahi (sau Poarta Qoșa qala) este una dintre principalele intrări în cetatea Baku. Spre sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, era și singura intrare în oraș, alături de "poarta Șah Abbas" . În 1868, guvernatorul militar al Bakuului a propus Districtului Militar Caucaz demolarea zidurilor cetății pentru înfrumusețarea orașului. Doi ani mai târziu, s-a hotărât dărâmarea zidurilor exterioare, mai joase. În 1896, problema s-a pus din nou în duma orașului, iar "poarta Zülfüqar han" a fost mutată la poarta Șamahi. De atunci a început să i se spună "poarta Qoșa qala".
  – complexul palatului medieval al șirvanșahilor se află în centrul orașului vechi, pe un deal. Palatul a fost construit între secolele al XII-lea și al XV-lea. Complexul este împărțit în trei curți interioare, pe trei nivele. Reședința șirvanșahilor, mormântul șirvanșahului Farruh Fasar și  se află la cel mai înalt nivel. Moscheea șahilor și alte morminte ale șirvanșahilor se află mai jos. Mormântul a fost construit din ordinul șirvanșahului  pentru mama și fiul său. Dedesubt se află  și rezervoarele de apă. Toate cele trei niveluri sunt înconjurate de ziduri, formând un complex. Singura clădire din complex datând din secolul al XVI-lea este "poarta Murad", construită, conform inscripției, în anul 994 al erei islamice (1585-1586) de sultanul Murad al III-lea.
  – secolul al XV-lea construit din ordinul lui Hadji Bani de arhitectul Hadji Qayıb. Băile se află pe drumul caravanelor. A fost îngropată mult timp și descoperită în 1964.
  datează din secolul al XV-lea și se află în incinta palatului, în estul curții inferioare. Ca și majoritatea băilor din Abșeron, a fost construită în subteran, la suprafață fiind doar acoperișurile. Acolo este acum un sit arheologic.
  - construite în secolul al XVIII-lea de Ağa Mikayıl din Șamahi în sud-vestul Bakuului. Zona locuită de oamenii de rând, unde s-au construit băile, se numea "Hamamçılar məhləsi". Intrarea se face din strada Kiçik Qala. Băile și vestiarele au o formă pătrată. Compoziția băilor este împărțită de arcade și domuri.
  din secolul al XVII-lea de la poarta Salyan se numeau și "Băile dulci", deoarece clienții erau serviți cu ceai dulce. Cuprind vestibul, vestiare, băi și piscine. După restaurarea din 1970, au început să fie operate de "Yașıl aptek" ("Farmacia verde").
  datează din secolul al XII-lea, de formă pătrată, are o curte dreptunghiulară. În Evul Mediu, intrarea se făcea numai dinspre mare.
  datează din secolul al XV-lea și se află în fața Turnul Fecioarelor, pe strada Turnului, vis-a-vis de caravanseraiul Buhara.  Caravanseraiul a fost construit de adepți ai cultului focului din orașul pakistanez . Are o curte pătrată înconjurată de clădiri mai vechi.
  din secolul al XV-lea se află vis-a-vis de Turnul Fecioarei, pe strada Qüllə, lângă caravanseraiul Multanenilor. Are plan orizontal și o curte octogonală. La restaurarea din 1964 i s-au înlăturat toate adăugirile.
  din secolul al XVII-lea a fost construit de Kasim-bei din Baku și urmașii săi. În plan pătrat, are două ieșiri pe aceeași axă.
 Moscheea palatului aflată în complexul palatului șirvanșahilor, construită în secolul al XV-lea, are plan dreptunghiular. Inscripția de pe minaret arată că a fost construită în anul 845 al erei islamice (1441/1442).
  este numită și moscheea Sınıqqala pentru minaretele ei. A fost ridicată în 1078 de Mohammed ibn Abu Bakr. În 1723 amiralul rus Matiușkin a venit cu o flotă de 15 vase și a atacat orașul. Una din ghiulele a lovit minaretul moscheii și l-a făcut să se încline.
 Moscheea Hazrat Ali a fost construită în secolul al XVII-lea pe vechiul drum comercial de caravane. A fost ctitorită de Yəhya Murtuzan, care a fost și înmormântat în curtea acesteia. Mormântul se află acum la intrarea în moschee.
  a fost construită în secolul al IX-lea. A fost descoperită în 1990-1993 de arheologul F. Ibrahimov. După alte săpături arheologice efectuate în 1998, s-au curățat cele două încăperi. Inscripția de pe locul imamului este scrisă în scriere kufi, iar epigrafa M. Nematova crede că ea înseamnă: "Puterea este a Domnului". Arheologul F. Ibrahimov o atribuie importantei figuri religioase și științifice .
 Moscheea șeicului Ibrahim, construită în 1415, se află în sudul orașului vechi, pe drumul comercial spre poarta Salyan. Pisania indică faptul că a fost ridicată de Hadji Emirșah Yaqub. O altă inscripție arată că a fost reparată de Ağa Qafar Hadji Murad. A fost construită în anul 818 al erei islamice (1415) de sultanul Șeic Ibrahim. Construiă în plan dreptunghiular, are acoperiș de piatră. În secolul al XIX-lea, fațada a fost împărțită în trei straturi și i s-au adăugat trei ferestre.
 Biserica "Sfântul Nicolae" a fost construită în fața casei hanului din Baku lângă Poarta Șamahî în 1850–1859. Autorii proiectului arhitectural în stil bizantin au fost Simon Hiter și Karlampi Pallistov. Biserica, înaltă de 45 de metri, a fost parțial demolată în 1930.

Galerie

Note

Patrimoniul mondial în Azerbaidjan
Clădiri și structuri din secolul al VII-lea
Fondări în secolul al VII-lea în Azerbaidjan

Centrul istoric din Baku


Hans Drakenberg () a fost un scrimer suedez specializat pe spadă. A fost laureat cu argint pe echipe la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1936, clasându-se pe locul 4 la individual. A fost și campion mondial la individual în 1936 și dublu vicecampion pe echipe în 1935 și 1949. Pentru realizările sale a primit medalia de aur a cotidianului Svenska Dagbladet.

Referințe

  Hans Drakenberg pe Comitetului Olimpic Suedez

Scrimeri suedezi
Medaliați olimpici cu argint suedezi
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1936
Spadasini

Hans Drakenberg


يوكوهاما إف مارينوس () هو ناد ياباني لكرة القدم، تأسس في العام 1972م، وسمي في ذلك الوقت بنادي نيسان الرياضي، بعدها تغير اسمه إلى «يوكوهاما مارينوس» والذي تم دمجه مع نادي يوكوهاما فلوغلز ليكون نادي «يوكوهاما إف مارينوس» سنة 1992م.

انجازات النادي
حصل نادي نيسان (يوكوهاما مارينوس) على بطولة كأس الكؤوس الأسيوية لموسم 1991-1992 للمرة الأولى في تاريخه بعد فوزه على نادي النصر السعودي وحصل على البطولة للمرة الثانية على التوالي بعد ان فاز على برسبولس الإيراني لموسم 1992-1993، وبعد دمج الأندية تأهل النادي الياباني لنصف النهائي للمرة الثالثة على التوالي لمواجهة نادي جنوب الصين، إلا أنها انسحبت من المشاركة طواعية.

أهم اللاعبين الذين لعبوا للنادي خلال تاريخه
 رامون دياز
 نستور غوروسيتو
 ألبرتو أكوستا
 رامون ميدينا بيللو
 ديفيد بيسكونتي
 غوستافو زاباتا
 خوليو سيزار بالديفييزو
 رونييليتون دوس سانتوس
 مارسيو رودريغيز
 ماركيز باتيستا دي أبريو
 غوران يوريتش
 كوينتن مارتينوس
 دوشان بيتكوفيتش
 يون أندوني غويكوتشيا
 خوليو ساليناس

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Yokohama F. Marinos at دوري كرة القدم للمحترفين

كرة القدم في يوكوهاما
يوكوهاما مارينوس
أندية الدوري الياباني
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1972
أندية كرة قدم في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 1972 في اليابان
فرق رياضية في يوكوهاما
نيسان

يوكوهاما إف مارينوس


The Real Book is a musicians' fake book – a compilation of lead sheets for jazz standards.  Fake books had been around at least since the late 1920s, but their organization was haphazard, and their content did not always keep pace with contemporary musical styles.  The Real Book was initially produced by two students at the Berklee College of Music in the 1970s, as an updated fake book.  It became so popular that the book was eventually "legitimized" by publisher Hal Leonard, and re-released in a series of editions and transpositions for various instruments.

Background
For years, musicians had been producing "lead sheets", so called because they contained only rough outlines of music pieces rather than fully notated scores.  These lead sheets were collected together in volumes and sold to other musicians. These books gave the musician enough basic information – melody, chord symbols, structure, lyrics – to "fake" their way through the tune, that is, to perform a credible version of a tune that they might not be familiar with, and for which they lacked a full score. Hence these collections became known as "fake books".

Early fake books were mainly used by professional bands who performed mostly standards, often more geared to society and dance bands rather than jazz ensembles, and devoted much space to show tunes, novelty tunes, traditional jazz, etc. The first three Real Book volumes, in contrast, contained many bebop and other jazz standards that were likely to be encountered on jazz gigs at the time. For this reason, the books were quickly adopted among jazz players in the 1970s, particularly on the East Coast of the United States.

The original Real Book volumes, like earlier fake books, were printed without securing copyright releases or paying royalties, and they were thus illegal. These unlicensed books were all sold through informal connections, such as for cash in the backs of music stores, and between musicians. In 2004, the Real Book material was acquired by the publisher Hal Leonard and licensed for legal sale. Many new volumes were eventually added to the series, and some of the errors in the original volumes were corrected. These books also inspired a similar series, offered by the Sher Music Co., called The New Real Book.

The Real Book is published in editions to suit both transposing (B, E, F) and non-transposing (C) instruments, as well as bass clef and voice editions ("low" and "high" voice, with lyrics). Each edition is identically paginated.

History
Compositions by Steve Swallow, Paul Bley, and Chick Corea are heavily represented in The Real Book with jazz standards and classic jazz compositions. Those were the songs that were played most in Boston in the early 1970s when the book was written. When Swallow was asked about the origin in February 2018, he said the book was written by students at Berklee who wanted to make money. They asked permission to use some of his songs, and he agreed. Swallow asked Bley and Steve Kuhn if they wanted some of their songs included, and they did; so they all contributed lead sheets. Swallow helped briefly with editing.

Then I watched these guys finally get the book together. One of them had a beautiful manuscript that subsequently became classic—it's called the Real Book font, and it imitates with uncanny accuracy his hand. He went on to be a big-time music copyist in Hollywood... The irony is that shortly after the book was put out, some other people realized they could photocopy it and sell it themselves, and the two guys who did all the work and put the book together made a lot less money than they had hoped to because there were imitation Real Books out there almost immediately... The Real Book was imperfect; there were wrong changes throughout it, but it was tremendously more accurate than what existed previously. And also, it was a lot more legible; it was easy to read."

Only the first volume is the original. The two following volumes of The Real Book were produced. Volume 2 is printed in characteristically "rough" handwriting and transcription, while the third volume is typeset on a computer. The transcriptions in The Real Book are unlicensed; no royalties are paid to the musicians whose songs appear in the book. Consequently, the book violates copyright and is therefore illegal. In the past, it was usually sold surreptitiously in local music stores, often hidden behind the counter for customers who asked. PDF editions of the book are often available illegally on P2P networks.

The name is a play on words from the common name for these types of song folios: "fake book", though it might have been influenced by the Boston alternative weekly newspaper, The Real Paper, started by writers of The Phoenix newspaper in Boston after a labor dispute.

A variety of dates have been attributed to the book. The April 1990 issue of Esquire featured The Real Book in the "Man at His Best" column by Mark Roman in an article called "Clef Notes". He stated, "I don't know a jazzman who hasn't owned, borrowed, or Xeroxed pages from a Real Book at least once in his career," and he quoted John F. Voigt, music librarian at Berklee. "The Real Book came out around 1971. The only material available in print then was crap."

Another feature surfaced on April 10, 1994, in The New York Times article "Flying Below the Radar of Copyrights". Guitarist Bill Wurtzel was quoted as saying, "Everyone has one, but no one knows where they come from." The writer of the article, Michael Lydon, said, "I got mine in 1987 from a bassist who lives in Queens and who attended the Berklee School of Music in Boston; many in jazz circles suspect that students there reproduced the first copies of it in the mid-70s."

Pat Metheny claims that while teaching at Berklee College of Music from 1973 to 1974, one of his guitar students and one of Gary Burton's vibraphone students (both of whom wish to remain anonymous) invented the idea of assembling the anthology that would form The Real Book. Early editions included several compositions by Metheny as "Untitled Tune" as they had not yet been recorded and released.

Hal Leonard
In 2004, the music publisher Hal Leonard obtained the rights to most of the tunes contained in the original Real Book and published the first legal edition, calling it the Real Book Sixth Edition in tacit acknowledgment of the five previous illegal versions. The cover and binding are identical to the "old" Real Book, and the books employ a font similar to the handwritten style of the originals. One hundred and thirty-seven tunes were omitted from the 6th edition that were in the 5th, and 90 new tunes were added.

Hal Leonard released The Real Book, Volume II, Second Edition in answer to the Real Book, Volume II. This was followed by The Real Book, Volume III, Second Edition (July 2006), The Real Book, Volume IV (December 2010), The Real Book, Volume V  (June 2013), and The Real Book, Volume VI (June 2016). These books contain much of the same material as their counterparts, and in most cases charts from Hal Leonard books are compatible with the Real Book charts. In some cases, compatibility issues occur where corrections have been made to some of the mistakes in the 5th edition charts; in other cases, 6th edition charts reference changes on different recordings from those cited in the previous edition.

Selected editions

Note: The New Real Book, also in 3 volumes, published by Sher Music Co., is another legal and readily available modern alternative. The collection of tunes in it differs from the original Real Book. This edition offers some of the same songs, with different transcriptions and notation.

Some other music publishers also apply the term Real Book to their own publications — for example, the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music publishes The AB Real Book. Alfred Publishing Co. has three Real Books.

See also
 Ralph Patt, author of The Vanilla Book of 400 chord progressions for jazz standards
 Chas. H. Hansen Music Corp., pioneer publisher of legitimate fake books

References

External links
 99% Invisible podcast episode on the Berklee book from the 1970s

Song books

sv:Fakebook#The Real Book

Real Book


Sunnyvale, California is a city in Santa Clara County in Silicon Valley.

Sunnyvale may also refer to:

Places

America
Sunnyvale, Missouri, a former village in northern Newton County, Missouri, United States
Sunnyvale, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, Texas, United States

Australia
Sunnyvale, South Australia a locality on Yorke Peninsula

New Zealand
Sunnyvale, Auckland, a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand
Sunnyvale, Otago, a suburb of Dunedin, New Zealand
Sunnyvale Park, a sports venue in Sunnyvale, Dunedin

Arts, entertainment, and media
Sunnyvale, the original title of the romantic comedy film Opie Gets Laid
Sunnyvale, the fictional suburb from the Australian comedy TV series, Housos
Sunnyvale Trailer Park, the fictional home of the characters of Trailer Park Boys
Sunnyvale, a fictional town in the Fear Street books by R. L. Stine

See also
Sunnydale (disambiguation)

Sunnyvale (disambiguation)


An Asphodelus bento-rainhae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Antonio Rodrigo Pinto da Silva. An Asphodelus bento-rainhae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Asphodelus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. b. bento-rainhae
 A. b. salmanticus

Mga kasarigan

Asphodelus

Asphodelus bento-rainhae


لا روشيل أو رجَّالة  هي مدينة فرنسية معروفة بأهميتها التاريخية، تقع على الساحل الغربي الفرنسي على المحيط الأطلسي. هي مركز إقليم شارنت ماريتيم والمدينة الكبرى فيه وثاني أكبر مدينة في منطقة بواتو شارنت. عدد سكانها 74.123 نسمة. وتتميز المدينة بميناء ذي مناظر جميلة، وقاعة المدينة المبنية في القرن السادس عشر الميلادي.

جغرافيا
تقع لا روشيل في وسط الساحل الفرنسي للمحيط الأطلسي مقابل جزيرة ري وجزيرة أوليرون اللتان تحميان مينائها من الأمواج الصاخبة الغربية القوية. وهي مركز إقليم شارنت ماريتيم وتقع في شمال غربه وهي أكبر مدينة فيه وثاني أكبر مدينة في منطقة بواتو شارنت بعد عاصمتها بواتييه. تقع على بعد 125 كم جنوب غرب تلك المدينة و 147 كم جنوب نانت و 187 كم شمال بوردو و 472 كم جنوب غرب باريس.

تاريخ
اتخذت لا روشيل صفة المدينة في القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي في العصور الوسطى. في بداية القرن الثاني عشر في موقع المدينة الحديثة تم بناء قلعة من قِبَل لورد محلي وفي عام 1130 سيطر عليها دوق آكيتانيا الذي أحاطها بسور وأعطاها ميثاق ميناء حر. ومع وريثة دوق آكيتانيا إليانور آكيتيان (1122 – 1204) وبزواجها من لويس السابع ملك فرنسا في عام 1137 خضعت لا روشيل لحكم فرنسا ولكن بعد إلغاء هذا الزواج وزواجها اللاحق من هنري الثاني ملك إنجلترا في عام 1154 خضعت لا روشيل لحكم إنجلترا. هذا الوضع فتح السوق الإنجليزي لصادرات المدينة من الملح والخمر المحلي وبالإضافة إلى وجود كل من فرسان الهيكل وفرسان الإسبتارية في المدينة تحولت إلى أكبر ميناء على الساحل الأطلسي. في عام 1224 حاصر جيش ملك فرنسا لا روشيل وعادت المدينة إليه بعد هزيمة قوات ملك إنجلترا.

في وقت حرب المئة عام خضعت لا روشيل لحكم ملك إنجلترا مؤقتاً عدة مرات وخصوصا من 1360 إلى 1372 عندما حاصرها جيش ملك فرنسا وهكذا أجبر عمدة المدينة وسكانها أن يغادروها المحتلين الإنجليز. في مقابل دخول القوات الفرنسية في المدينة، تفاوض العمدة للحصول على امتيازات تعطي المدينة استقلالا واسعا.

في القرن السادس عشر الميلادي ومع تطوير الإصلاح البروتستانتي أصبحت لا روشيل مدينة بروتستانتية وخلال حروب فرنسا الدينية عانت المدينة كثيرا من معارضتها للتيار الكاثوليكي وأصبحت واحدة من أربعة معاقل بروتستانتية أذن بها ملك فرنسا. و مع قدوم هنري الرابع كملك لفرنسا وهو كان بروتستانتي سابقا صدر مرسوم نانت في عام 1598 الذي أنشأ حول 150 مناطق حماية بروتستانتية في فرنسا بما فيها لا روشيل.

في القرن السابع عشر الميلادي استمرت التوترات الدينية وفي عام 1621 أعلن عمدة لا روشيل استقلالها ووضع دستور دولة بروتستانتية. تمكن أسطول لاروشل من المقاومة ضد سفن ملك فرنسا. لإنهاء هذه المقاومة نظم الكاردينال ريشيليو وزير الملك الفرنسي لويس الثالث عشر حصار المدينة وحظر وصول أسطول إنجليزي إلى ميناء المدينة ليساعدها. في نهاية الأمر استسلمت لا روشيل في عام 1628 بسبب نقص الغذاء وخسر البروتستانت هنا كل حقوقهم السياسية إلا حريتهم للعبادة. بعد ذلك عان البروتستانت في لا روشيل اضطهادا جديدا، وتم طرد 300 أسرة في 1661 وبلغ ذروته مع إلغاء مرسوم نانت في 1685 وإنهاء حرية العبادة للبروتستانت في فرنسا. هاجر العديد منهم وأسّسوا مدن مثل نيو روشيل في محيط نيويورك في أمريكا.

وكانت الفترة التي تلت الحروب الدينية مزدهرة، تميزت بالتبادلات المكثفة مع أمريكا وشارك تجار لا روشيل في الإتجار في العبيد من أفريقيا إلى جزر الأنتيل وفي السكر منها أو في الفرو من كندا إلى فرنسا. في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر، كان يستنزف ميناء لا روشيل أكثر من نصف حركة المرور الاستعماري إلى فرنسا الجديدة.

مع معاهدة باريس التي عيّنت كندا إلى بريطانيا العظمى، المنتصرة في حرب السنوات السبع في عام 1763، ثم مع الحروب النابليونية والحصار من بريطانيا العظمى في بداية القرن التاسع عشر، فقدت لا روشيل الفرص المتاحة في السوق وتناقص دور ميناؤها. في عام 1810 أمر نابوليون بنقل مركز إقليم شارنت إنفيريور (حايا شارنت ماريتيم) من سانتس إلى لا روشيل. وصلت السكك الحديدية إلى لا روشيل في عام 1857 واُفتتح ميناء جديد أكبر في عام 1890.

كانت تقع لا روشيل عند تقاطع خطوط السكك الحديدية التي تربط بوردو ونانت وبواتييه. وفي أوائل القرن العشرين تزايدت حركة السكك الحديدية بشكل ملحوظ، ولا سيما بسبب السياحة الساحلية. في عام 1939 تم افتتاح مطار المدينة. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية استخدم المحتلين النازيين الميناء كقاعدة للغواصات، التي تعرضت للقصف من قبل الحلفاء البريطانيين والأمريكيين. وعندما تحررت بقية فرنسا منذ منتصف عام 1944، كانت المدينة واحدة من المناطق التي لا تزال محتلة حتى 8 مايو 1945، يوم الهدنة.

كانت لا روشيل مدينة رائدة في البيئة الحضرية مع منطقة المُشاة الأولى من فرنسا في عام 1970، وأول سيارات كهربائية في الخدمة الذاتية في عام 1999. تتميز المدينة بأكبر ثامن ميناء فرنسي، الذي يتعامل أساسا الهيدروكربونات والحبوب والأخشاب الاستوائية، وميناء الصيد وأكبر مارينا في أوروبا.

شخصيات
 رينيه أنطوان فيرشو دي ريومور (1683 - 1757) هو عالم فرنسي في الفيزياء والعلوم الطبيعية.
 أيميه جاك بونبلان (1773-1858) هو عالم نبات.
 أوجين فرومنتان (1820 – 1876) هو رسام وكاتب.

مدن توأم
 الصويرة – المغرب
 لوبيك – ألمانيا
 نيو روتشيل، نيويورك – الولايات المتحدة
 بيتروزوفودسك – روسيا

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن ساحلية مأهولة في فرنسا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 10
بلديات إقليم شارنت ماريتيم
عمالات فرنسا
قواعد غواصات البحرية الألمانية
مدن في آكيتين الجديدة
مستوطنات محصنة

لا روشيل


محمد هيثم الخياط (1937 - 5 سبتمبر 2020) هو طبيب ومعجمي سوري، وكان كبير مستشاري المدير الإقليمي لمكتب منظمة الصحة العالمية الإقليمي لشرق البحر المتوسط، وعضو مجلس أمناء الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين وعضو مجلس أمناء المنظمة الإسلامية للعلوم الطبية ورئيس تحرير المجلة الصحية لشرق المتوسط ومقرر مشروع المعجم الطبي الموحد. كما كان عضوًا في أغلبية مجامع اللغة العربية؛ فهو عضو مجامع اللغة العربية في دمشق وعمان والقاهرة وغيرها. كان أيضًا عضوًا في أكثر من 20 جمعية علمية في مختلف أنحاء العالم.

حياته
اسمه الكامل محمد هيثم بن أحمد حمدي الخياط، ولد في حي المهاجرين بدمشق في سوريا عام 1937، والده هو الطبيب أحمد حمدي الخياط (1899-1981) والذي يُعد من الآباء المؤسسين لجامعة دمشق ومؤسس نقابة أطباء دمشق. درس محمد العلوم الشرعية على مشايخ دمشق، وتبحّر في علوم اللغة العربية. كما درس الثانوية العامة في إحدى مدارس دمشق، ثم درس العلوم الطبية في كلية الطب البشري بجامعة دمشق وحصل منها على درجة بكالوريوس في الطب عام 1959، حيث كانت فترة الدراسة 7 سنوات آنذاك. ثم حصل على شهادة أهلية التعليم العالي في العلوم الكيميائية الحيوية من جامعة بروكسل في بلجيكا عام 1969.

كان عضوًا في لجنة مسجد الجامعة السورية، ونشر بعض الأبحاث فيها. كما عمل رئيسًا لقسم الطب المخبري في جامعة دمشق في الفترة ما بين 1971 حتى 1981، كما كان مقررًا للجنة المصطلحات في مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق بين عامي 1976 و1983. ثُم أصبح مدير البرنامج العربي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية عام 1983. كان أيضًا عضوًا في مجلس أمناء المركز العربي للوثائق والمطبوعات الصحية عام 1987. أصبح في عام 1991 رئيس تحرير المجلة الصحية لشرق المتوسط، وفي عام 1996 أصبح عضوًا في مجلس أمناء المنظمة الإسلامية للعلوم الطبية، وكبير مستشاري المدير الإقليمي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية عام 1999. كما كان عضوًا في مجلس أمناء الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين عام 2004. كان أيضًا عضوًا في أكثر من 20 جمعية علمية في مختلف أنحاء العالم منها أكاديمية نيويورك للعلوم، والمجمع العلمي الهندي وغيرها.

فضَّل في العقد الأخير من حياته، التقاعد اختيارًا من جميع مناصبه وأعماله، حيث استقر بمنزله الكائن في حي مصر الجديدة بالقاهرة. كما يُذكر أنه مُتزوج من الصيدلانية دعد العاص، ولديه ولدين الحمد وعمرو.

مؤلفاته
أصدر كتابه الأول في علم النبات عام 1955 وكان آنذاك طالبًا. أصدر أكثر من 25 كتابًا باللغات العربية والفرنسية والإنكليزية، ومنها بعض المعاجم، كما نشرت له مئات المقالات باللغات العربية والفرنسية والإنكليزية والألمانية والإيطالية في مختلف المجالات. كتب كتبًا في الطب والصحة والكيمياء وعلم النبات واللغة العربية والأخلاق الإسلامية. شارك في تأليف المناهج والمقررات الطبية لجامعتي دمشق وحلب.

ومن أبرز الكتب التي ألفها: المعدة بيت الداء والحمية بيت الدواء (1996)، في سبيل العربية (1997)، المرأة المسلمة وقضايا العصر (2008)، فقه الطبيب... ندوات حوارة ـ تفاعلية، الصحةُ حقاً من حقوق الإنسان في الإسلام، معالم العبادات.

المعجم الطبي الموحد

المعجم الطبي الموحد  هو معجمٌ طبي متعدِّد اللغات ضمن مشروع لإنشاء منظومة مصطلحات وتوحيدها من أجل تعريب العلوم الطبية والصحية في الوطن العربي. صدرت الطبعة الأولى منه عبر اتحاد الأطباء العرب عام 1973.

يُعد الدكتور محمد هيثم الخياط مُقرر لجنة العمل الخاصة بالمصطلحات الطبية العربية في المعجم الطبي الموحد، ويظهر اسمه على غلاف الطبعة الرابعة من المُعجم، والصادرة عن منظمة الصحة العالمية عبر مكتبة لبنان ناشرون عام 2009. قدّم لهذه الطبعة الدكتور حسين عبد الرزاق الجزائري، وهو المدير الإقليمي لمكتب منظمة الصحة العالمية الإقليمي لشرق البحر المتوسط، وذكر فيها:

وفاته
تُوفي محمد هيثم الخيَّاط في القاهرة يوم 5 سبتمبر 2020 الموافق فيه 17 محرم 1442 هـ عن عمرٍ ناهز 83 عامًا، ونعاه مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة في صفحته الرسمية على الفيسبوك: . كما نعاه اتحاد الأطباء العرب، والاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين.

كما نعاه عددٌ من الشخصيات منهم عصام العطار حيث قال ، وهيثم المالح حيث قال  وأكمل قائلًا .

المراجع

أشخاص من دمشق
أطباء سوريون
أعضاء الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين
أعضاء مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة
أعضاء مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق
أعضاء مجمع اللغة العربية بعمان
خريجو جامعة دمشق
معجميون سوريون
مواليد 1359 هـ
مواليد 1937
مواليد في دمشق
موظفو منظمة الصحة العالمية
وفيات 1442 هـ
وفيات 2020
وفيات في القاهرة
لغويون عرب في القرن 20
لغويون عرب في القرن 21

محمد هيثم الخياط


Gaetano Scirea (født 25. maj 1953, død 3. september 1989) var en italiensk fodboldspiller (sweeper), der hyppigt regnes som en af de bedste forsvarspillere i fodboldens historie.

Klubkarriere

Efter at have startet sin karriere hos Atalanta skiftede Scirea i 1974 til Torino-storklubben Juventus, hvor han spillede resten af sin seniorkarriere. I løbet af de følgende 14 år spillede han næsten 400 Serie A-kampe for klubben, hvor han blev en krumtap i forsvaret på et hold, der i denne periode var et af de absolut stærkeste i Europa. Scirea var blandt andet med til at vinde hele syv italienske mesterskaber, to Coppa Italia-titler samt samtlige de tre store daværende europæiske klubturneringer, Mesterholdenes Europa Cup, Pokalvindernes Europa Cup og UEFA Cuppen.

Scirea var kendt som en forudseende spiller, der sjældent lod sig overliste af modstanderen. I løbet af sin 16 år lange karriere modtog han heller ikke et eneste rødt kort.

Landshold

For det italienske landshold spillede Scirea hele 78 kampe, hvori han scorede to mål. Hans første landskamp var en venskabskamp mod Grækenland 30. december 1975. Han var efterfølgende en del af italernes trup til både VM 1978 i Argentina og EM 1980 på hjemmebane. Ved begge turneringer spillede han i alle italienernes kampe.

Ved VM 1982 i Spanien var Scirea en afgørende brik på italienernes hold, der vandt guld efter finalesejr over Vesttyskland. Også ved denne turnering spillede han alle holdets kampe, og det samme gjorde han fire år efter ved VM 1986 i Mexico, hvor italienerne dog blev slået ud allerede i 1/8-finalen af Frankrig.

Død

Efter at have afsluttet sin aktive karriere i 1988 blev Scirea ansat af Juventus i en assisterende trænerrolle. I efteråret 1989 var han på en rejse til Polen for at se en kamp med Górnik Zabrze, som Juventus kort tid efter skulle møde i en kamp i UEFA Cuppen. Den 3. september var han i nærheden af byen Babsk involveret i en trafikulykke, hvor bilen med ham og tre øvrige passagerer kolliderede med en tankvogn. Tre af de fire i bilen, herunder Scirea, omkom ved ulykken. Efterfølgende opkaldt Juventus en tribune på deres daværende stadion, Stadio delle Alpi, efter ham.

Titler
Serie A
 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1984 og 1986 med Juventus

Coppa Italia
 1979 og 1983 med Juventus

UEFA Cup
 1977 med Juventus

Pokalvindernes Europa Cup
 1984 med Juventus

UEFA Super Cup
 1984 med Juventus

Intercontinental Cup
 1985 med Juventus

VM
 1982 med Italien

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra Atalanta BC
Fodboldspillere fra Juventus F.C.
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Omkomne ved trafikulykker i Polen
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1978
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1980
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1982
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1986

Gaetano Scirea


Yinka Dare (October 10, 1972 – January 9, 2004) was a Nigerian professional basketball player. A ,  center, he played four seasons in the National Basketball Association.

Early years
Born in Kano, Dare was discovered by Nigerian-born lawyer Lloyd Ukwu during a visit to Lagos in 1991. While Ukwu was driving, he noticed a very tall man sitting on a bench eating a bowl of food. When he asked him how tall he was, Dare said he didn't know.

Dare had previously spent most of his free time playing tennis, but soon picked up basketball for the first time.

High school/college career
Already in the United States, Dare played one season at Milford Academy High, a prep school in New Berlin, New York.
Subsequently, he played college basketball for George Washington University, where he excelled as a player under coach Mike Jarvis, also helping revive the basketball program. As a freshman in 1992–93, he led the Colonials to the NCAA Tournament round of 16 ("The Sweet 16"), the furthest they had ever advanced.

The next year, Dare led the team to the second round of the tournament. He finished his college career averaging 13.8 points and 10.7 rebounds per game; additionally, after just two seasons, he had become the Colonials' all-time leader in blocked shots, averaging more than two per game.

Professional career
Dare was selected in the first round (14th overall) of the 1994 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets, agreeing to a six-year, US$9 million guaranteed contract. In the NBA, he would appear in 110 games in four seasons, all with the Nets; in his rookie campaign, he played for three minutes before getting injured (torn ACL) and missing the rest of the season.

The Nets left him unprotected during the 1995 expansion draft, but Dare was not selected by either the Toronto Raptors or the Vancouver Grizzlies. In his first full season (1995–96), in which he played a personal best 58 out of 82 games, he turned the ball over 72 times while registering no assists, holding the dubious NBA record for most games played in a season, 58, without recording an assist. During his four-year career, he would rack up a total of four assists accompanied by 96 turnovers, while averaging 2.1 points, 2.6 rebounds, and less than 0.1 assists per game.

In early 1998, Dare was traded, along with David Benoit and Kevin Edwards, to the Orlando Magic, for Brian Evans and Rony Seikaly, and was immediately waived. Subsequently, he played intermittently in other leagues including the Continental Basketball Association and United States Basketball League, until 2003.

Death
Dare died in 2004, after collapsing in his home in Englewood, New Jersey. A medical examiner determined that he had suffered a heart attack due to an arrhythmia condition discovered when he was in college.

Lucious Harris, who joined the Nets in 1997–98, Dare's final season, said: "It's a bad situation. I feel for his family. Just 32, to have a heart attack, that's scary. It always seemed like he was in shape. But things happen and you don't understand why."

Kerry Kittles, who played with Dare in the latter's final two seasons with the Nets, said: "He was a quiet guy, didn't talk that much. He worked hard—he didn't really play much, but he was a fun guy to be around. [He was] young: It makes you think... anything can happen any time. It's in the back of your mind [that] it could happen to you."

Jarvis, who coached Dare at George Washington, told The Washington Post: "Yinka was a kind, gentle person. He was nice to my family, as respectful as anybody I've come into contact with. I don't remember him having a bad word to say about anybody; just a nice, sweet kid."

Dare was survived by parents Gabriel and Joan, two sisters and a brother.

Other appearances
Dare appears as a playable character in the Sega Genesis and Super NES ports of NBA Jam Tournament Edition as a "bonus" player, available on the all-rookie squad at the onset of the game.
He appeared in a Puma shoe commercial.

References

External links
NBA.com profile
Stats at Basketball-Reference
Stats at BasketballReference

1972 births
2004 deaths
Centers (basketball)
Fort Wayne Fury players
George Washington Revolutionaries men's basketball players
Milford Academy alumni
National Basketball Association players from Nigeria
New Jersey Nets draft picks
New Jersey Nets players
Nigerian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Sportspeople from Kano
1998 FIBA World Championship players
United States Basketball League players

Yinka Dare


ඔසිරිස් ( නැතහොත් ඕසිර්, අසිරි හෝ ඕසර් වෙනත් උච්චාරණ අතර වේ) යනු ඊජිප්තු දෙවි කෙනෙකි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඔහු මරනින් මතු ජීවිතය, පාතාලය සහ මළවුන්ට අධිපති දෙවියන් ලෙස සැලකුණ ද, ඔහු සංක්‍රාන්තියේ, පුනරුත්ථානයේ සහ පුනර්ජනනයේ දෙවියා ලෙස සැලකීම වඩාත් උචිත ය. සම්ප්‍රදායිකව ඔහුව පාරාවෝ රැවුලක් සහිත කොළ-පැහැ සමක් ඇති මිනිසකු ලෙස නිරූපණය කෙරෙන අතර, අර්ධව මමී-වෙළූ පාද සහිත මොහු දෙපස විශාල පැස්බර පිහාටු දෙකක් සහිත විශේෂ කිරුළක් පැළඳ සංකේතාත්මක හෙණ්ඩුව සහ කසය දරා සිටියි. අතීතයේ ඔසිරිස් යනු පෘථිවි දේවතාවා වන ගෙබ්ගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයා ලෙස සැලකිණි. නමුත් ඇතැම් මූලාශ්‍රවල ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් හිරු-දෙවි රා සහ ආකාශයට අධිපති නුට් බව දැක්වේ. අයිසිස් ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරිය මෙන්ම භාර්යාව ද වූ අතර, හොරස් යනු ඔහුගේ මරණාපර පුත්‍රයා වේ. ඔහු ඛෙන්ටි-අමෙන්ටියු යන විරුදය සමග ද සම්බන්ධ අතර, එහි අර්ථය "බටහිර වැසියන්ගේ පුරෝගාමියා" යන්නයි. මෙය මළවුන්ගේ දේශයේ ඔහු රජු බව හැඟවෙන පදයකි. මළවුන්ගේ පාලකයා ලෙස, ඔසිරිස් ඇතැම්විට "ජීවත් වන්නන්ගේ රජ" ලෙස ද හඳුන්වා ඇත. එයට හේතුව පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවරුන් විසින් ආශිර්වාද ලද මළවුන් "ජීවත් වන්නන්" ලෙස සලකා තිබීමයි.

ඔසිරිස් අයිසිස්, සෙට්, නෙෆ්තිස්, සහ වැඩිමහල් හොරස් යන දෙවිවරුන්ගේ සොහොයුරා වන අතර, ලාබාල හොරස්ගේ පියා වේ. ඔසිරිස් පළමු වරට දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ ඊජිප්තවේ පස්වන රාජවංශයේ මැද කාලයේ වන නමුත්, ඔහු ඊට බොහෝ කලකට පෙර වන්දනයට ලක් වන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක; ඛෙන්ටි-අමෙන්ටියු විරුදය අවම වශයෙන් පළමු රාජවංශ සමයට කාලනිර්ණය කළ හැක. එය පාරාවෝ පදවි නාමයක් ලෙස ද භාවිතා කොට ඇත. ඔසිරිස්ගේ පුරාණෝක්ති පිළිබඳ බොහෝමයක් තොරතුරු හමුවන්නේ පස්වන රාජවංශයේ අග කාලයේ පිරමීඩ පාඨග්‍රන්ථවලින්, පසුව නව රාජධානි මූලාශ්‍ර ලේඛන වන ෂබාකා පාෂාණය සහ හොරස් සහ සෙත් පිළිබඳ වාදය තුළිනි. එසේම වඩාත් පසුකාලීනව, ප්ලූටාර්ක් සහ ඩියඩෝරස් සිකියුලස් වැනි ග්‍රීක ලේඛකයන්ගේ මූලාශ්‍රවලිනි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ආරු
 ඊජිප්තු ආත්මය

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු දෙවි ඔසිරිස්

කෘෂිකාර්මික දෙවිවරු
මරණ දෙවිවරු
පාතාලයේ දෙවිවරු
ඊජිප්තු දෙවිවරු
සශ්‍රීකත්ව දෙවිවරු
සෞඛ්‍ය දෙවිවරු
උපත්-මරණ-යළිඋපත් දෙවිවරු
ස්වභාවධර්ම දෙවිවරු
ආදිකල්පික ආචාර්යවරු
පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු සංකල්ප
හෙලනිස්තික ඊජිප්තු දෙවිවරු

ඔසිරිස්


Swazilands fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Swaziland i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Swazilands fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Swazilands fodboldlandshold


غزو خليج الخنازير   كانت محاولة فاشلة من جانب القوات التي دربتها وكالة المخابرات المركزية من الكوبيين المنفيين لغزو جنوب كوبا وقلب النظام على فيدل كاسترو.

الاستعداد

بدأ التخطيط لتلك الحادثة في 17 مارس 1960، عندما وافق الرئيس الأميركي دوايت أيزنهاور علي اقتراح CIA بدعم المعارضة الكوبية ضد النظام الشيوعي الجديد في كوبا بزعامة كاسترو، ويبدو أن الأمريكيين رفعوا من سقف توقعاتهم بخصوص نجاح المعارضة في ذلك نظراً لتجاربهم السابقة في ذلك.

قاموا بتدريب قوات المعارضة الكوبية بغواتيمالا وتم تشكيل ما يسمي باللواء ، وتم إعطاء اسم كودي للعملية هو Zapata، وكلف مدير CIA السيد ألن دالاس بتولي مسئولية العملية، ولكن أنباء تلك الخطة وصلت إلي الكوبيين عن طريق شبكة عملائهم السرية والـKGB.

كانت العملية تقوم على إنزال قوات الكوماندوس التابعة للـ C.I.A وهي قوات مشكلة من المرتزقة المأجورين ومن العناصر المضادة للثورة الشعبية في كوبا وقد تم تدريب هذه العناصر على أيدي C.I.A في غواتيمالا، وكانت هذه العملية تقوم على إنزال عدد كبير من الجنود في ترينيداد في الصباح الباكر، ولكن جرى تعديل على هذه الخطة ليتم الإنزال في خليج كوتشينوس غربي ترينيداد ليلاً بسبب أن خليج كوتشينوس أقل تعداداً للسكان وأصغر مساحة من ترينيداد وأن المنطقة ملائمة أكثر لعمليات الإنزال، وبحسب تصريحات قادة الـ C.I.A فإن أعداداً كبيرة من المواطنين الكوبيين سيقدمون الدعم لقوات المرتزقة الأمريكية وأن دعم العملية سيأتي من الداخل والخارج على حد سواء.

كان مخطط العملية يقوم على البدء بضرب أهم القواعد الجوية الكوبية قبل يومين من عملية الإنزال بطائرات تحمل إشارة الطيران الحربي الكوبي ويقودها طيارون كوبيون، وتوجه ضربة ثالثة لهذه القواعد الجوية في صبيحة يوم الإنزال، بهدف شل حركة الطيران الكوبي وتمهيد الطريق للتدخل، ومن ثم ضرب الجسور البرية والحديدية في هافانا والمناطق المجاورة. فضلت أمريكا في تلك الفترة البقاء بعيدة عن أضواء العملية، والتظاهر بأن العملية منظمة من قبل القوات المسلحة الكوبية وليست بتوجيه من الخارج.

الهجوم

15 أبريل
كان من المفترض أن تنطلق الطائرات من القاعدة الجوية الأمريكية في نيكاراغوا وأن يتم التمويه لانطلاقها أمام وسائل الإعلام. في 15 أبريل بدأ الهجوم السابق للإنزال بالقاذفات الأمريكية ب 26 على مطارات كوبا وأحياء الهافانا وسانتياغو والعديد من المناطق المجاورة، بدت الغارة الأولى وكأنها نجحت في تحقيق هدفها كما ظن قادة العملية، ولكن في الحقيقة قبيل العملية كانت قيادة الجيش الثوري في كوبا قد غيرت مواقع العديد من الطائرات إلى مطارات احتياطية.

رغم أن الطياريَن الذَين قاما بالغارة الأولى قد نفذا الخطة كما رُسمت لهما فبعد الغارة عادا إلى مطاري (كي ويست، ميامي) والإدعاء بأنهما قد هربا من القوات الحربية الجوية الكوبية، وانضما إلى القوى المعادية للثورة.

17 أبريل
ورغم إخفاق العملية في أولى غاراتها إلا أن الرئيس الأمريكي كينيدي لم يلغ خطة الإنزال بل أصدر قراراً بإلغاء الغارة الثانية (قبيل الإنزال)، بدأ الإنزال من السفن المتواجدة على شواطئ كوبا وهي: (هيوستون، ليك تشارلز، ريو ايسكونديدو، كاريبه، اتلانتيكو)، بدأ الإنزال ليلاً واستمر حتى فجر 17 أبريل، بعد إنجاز الإنزال انتشر المئات من المرتزقة على الشواطئ واتجهوا إلى الداخل حيث كان لهم بالمرصاد الميليشيات الشعبية التي قاومت بعنف في محاولة لمنع هذه المجموعات من التقدم، وكسب الوقت لحين قدوم قوات الجيش الثوري.

قامت 4 طائرات نقل تحمل أسماء Houston Rio Escondido, Caribe, and Atlantico بنقل 1511 من عناصر المعارضة الكوبية (اللواء 2506) المدربين جيداً وتم إنزالهم في خليج الخنازير Bay of Pigs علي الساحل الجنوبي لكوبا، وكان بحوزتهم طائرتي LCIs تحمل أسماء Blagar and Barbara J وبها تجهيزات وتعيينات للعملية.

بعد ساعتين من الإنزال، قامت 5 طائرات C-46 وطائرة C-45 بإبرار 177 مظلي من اللواء 2506 بمنطقة Horquita، وفي الوقت نفسه، تم إنزال مجموعة أخرى إلي منطقة Giron لضمان السيطرة علي الطريق من San Blas حتي Giron. تمكنت مجموعات التدخل من التغلغل لعدة كيلومترات داخل الجزيرة واستطاعت هذه المجموعات السيطرة على عدد من المواقع الهامة على الجزيرة، ولكن سرعة ودقة القيادة الرئيسية للقوات المسلحة الثورية في كوبا كانت أقوى إذ استطاعت إيقاف تقدم المرتزقة الأمريكان والاستيلاء على المواقع المحتلة من قبل هذه المجموعات.

18 أبريل
وفي يوم الهجوم، 18 أبريل، تم شن غارات جوية من 6 طائرات B-26 ضد مواقع الميليشيا الكوبية واستخدمت خلالها القنابل والصواريخ والنابالم وأحدثت إصابات عديدة تقرب من 1800 إصابة.

وفي الساعة 8 صباحا، كانت قدرات الميليشيا الكوبية تتزايد، وتتدفق عليهم المدفعية والدبابات، وعانت قوات اللواء 2506 من إصابات جسيمة وذلك أثناء محاولات الميليشيا الكوبية زحزحتهم نحو الشاطئ..

19 أبريل

في يوم الهجوم في 19 أبريل، تم القيام بأخر الغارات الجوية وسميت Mad Dog Flight من 4 طائرات B-26، ولكن الكوبيون أسقطوا طائرتين B-26 وقتل 4 أمريكيين بسبب ذلك، وتم إسقاط طائرة B-26 أخرى في منطقة Giron، وأخلت إحدى الطائرات C-46 طيار تلك الطائرة المحطمة الذي يدعي Matias Farias.

ومع ظروف غياب الدعم الجوي، ونفاذ الذخيرة، إنسحبت قوات اللواء 2506 إلي الشاطئ، وقامت سفن الدعم القريبة من الشاطئ بمحاولة إخلاء تلك القوات إلا انهم لم تتمكن من ذلك، وانتهت بذلك عملية خليج الخنازير بالفشل الذريع. هكذا فشلت عملية خليج كوتشينوس (أو خليج الخنازير) فشلاً ذريعاً وكان من نتيجة هذه العملية أن الجيش الثوري الكوبي قد أسر 1179 شخصاً من مجموعات الإنزال واستولى على خمس دبابات ثقيلة (شيرمان) وعشرات من الأسلحة الفردية وثمانية رشاشات ثقيلة والكثير من الرشاشات والأسلحة المضادة للطائرات وعشر سيارات نقل عسكرية وتم إغراق أربع سفن وإسقاط 12 طائرة قاذفة. وبالتحقيق مع الأسرى تبين أنهم جميعاً من أنصار باتيستا وأنهم جميعاً قد صرحوا بأن الاستخبارات الأمريكية قد دربتهم، وكان لفشل العملية صدمة حقيقية للقيادة الأمريكية، وللرئيس الأمريكي جون كينيدي ذاته.

ردود الأفعال
 لم تنجح C.I.A بالتستر على اشتراكها في العملية فقد صرّح وزير الخارجية الكوبي (راؤول روا) في الجلسة السياسية الخاصة للأمم المتحدة: .
 استخدم خامنئي لدى استقباله من المعلمين بمناسبة أسبوع المعلم في إيران عبارة خليج الخنازير خطابا لآمريكا بسبب إجراء المناورات المختلفة في الخليج العربي. و قال لهم «لماذا جاؤوا من اقاصي الأرض إلى هنا ويجرون المناورات؟ اذهبوا واجروا مناوراتكم في خليج الخنازير.» كناية عن فشلهم في هذا الخليج.

انظر أيضًا
 حرب الخنزير

مصادر
 الجرائم الأمريكية في 100 عام

مراجع

الولايات المتحدة في 1961
كوبا في 1961
أحداث أبريل 1961
أحداث أبريل 1961 في أمريكا الشمالية
أنشطة وكالة المخابرات المركزية في الأمريكتين
التاريخ العسكري في 1961
العلاقات الأمريكية الكوبية العسكرية
إمبريالية
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة في الحرب الباردة
تورط الولايات المتحدة في تغيير النظام
حروب بالوكالة
حوادث بحرية في 1961
حوادث بحرية في كوبا
رئاسة جون كينيدي
ضد الإمبريالية في أمريكا الشمالية
عمليات وكالة المخابرات المركزية
غزوات الولايات المتحدة
فيدل كاسترو
ما بعد الثورة الكوبية
خليج الخنازير
معارك كوبا
مكافحة الشيوعية في الولايات المتحدة
نزاعات في 1961
غزو كوبا

غزو خليج الخنازير


Cea de-a 52-a ediție a Premiilor Academiei Americane de Film și Științe (cunoscută și prin acronimul AMPAS) a avut loc în ziua de 14 aprilie 1980 la Dorothy Chandler Pavilion din Los Angeles, California.

Omul de televiziune Johnny Carson a fost prezentatorul (sau gazda) serii, glumind pe întreaga durată a desfășurării ceremoniei, pe seama președintelui american Jimmy Carter, care, conform glumei perpetuate în varii moduri, ar fi lucrat intens la "eliberarea ceremoniilor", o clară referire la  Criza ostaticilor din Iran.

Multiple nominalizări și premii

Următoarele filme au avut multiple nominalizări:
 9 nominalizări: All That Jazz și Kramer versus Kramer
 8 nominalizări: Apocalypse Now
 5 nominalizări: Breaking Away
 4 nominalizări: The China Syndrome, Norma Rae și The Rose
 3 nominalizări: 1941 (film din 1978), La Cage aux Folles și Star Trek: The Motion Picture
 2 nominalizări: '10 (film din 1978), Alien, ...And Justice for All, Being There, The Black Hole, The Black Stallion, A Little Romance, Manhattan (film din 1978), The Muppet Movie și Starting OverThe following films received multiple awards.
 5 premii Oscar: Kramer vs. Kramer 4 premii Oscar:: All That Jazz 2 premii Oscar:: Apocalypse Now și Norma Rae''

 Premiile Academiei Americane de Film

Câștigătorii sunt primii listați, numele lor fiind îngroșate (în boldface''')  și indicate cu un dublu "semn stilet" (double dagger) — ().

Prezentatori
Lista de mai jos, prezintă în ordine cronologică, prezentatorii premiilor sau muzicienii care au interpretat numere muzicale.

Alte articole
 A 37-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur
 1979 în film
 Lista ceremoniilor acordării Academy Awards
 A 22-a ediție a Premiilor Grammy
 Premiile Emmy (a 31-a ediție)
 Premiile Emmy (a 32-a ediție)
 Premiile BAFTA
 Premiile Tony

Note, referințe

Legături externe
  Pagina oficială
  Google Search

1979 în film
1979 în Statele Unite ale Americii
Evenimente din aprilie 1980
Premii din 1979
Premii în film acordate în 1979
! 1979

Oscar 1979


Vydrník este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Poprad din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.226 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Hrabušice.

Istoric
Localitatea Vydrník este atestată documentar din 1294.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vydrník


An Machaerina hirta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Machaerina hirta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Machaerina, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Samoa. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Machaerina

Machaerina hirta


An Schoenus tesquorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John McConnell Black. An Schoenus tesquorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus tesquorum


Albert Marie Victor Lemée (1872 - 1961) fue un zoólogo, botánico y naturalista francés. Desarrolló importantes exploraciones botánicas a la Guyana Francesa

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 1955. Flore de la Guyane française: Dilléniacées à Composées. Volumen 3 de Flore de la Guyane française. Editor Impr. Commerciale & Administrative
 -------------------------------, . 1950. Contribution à l'étude des Lépidoptères du Haut-Tonkin (Nord Vietnam) et de Saïgon. Números 1-10 de Contribution: Avec le concours pour diverses familles d'Hétérocères. Editor	Libraries Lechevalier, 82 pp.
 -------------------------------. 1941. Dictionnaire descriptif et synonymique des genres de plantes phanérogames. Volumen 8. Editor Imprimerie commerciale et administrative

Eponimia
 (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Lemeea P.V.Heath

Bibliografía utilizada
 . 2009. The Timber Press dictionary of plant names. Edición	ilustrada de Timber Press, 920 pp. ISBN	1604691158

Referencias

Zoólogos de Francia del siglo XX
Naturalistas de Francia del siglo XX
Botánicos de Francia del siglo XX
Exploradores de Francia del siglo XX
Escritores en francés

Albert Marie Victor Lemée


Dominique Bastien, né le  à Roubaix en France, est un ancien entrepreneur et un pilote automobile. Après avoir émigré avec ses parents de France aux États-Unis dans les années 1960, Il a été naturalisé américain le 13 juin 1986.

Il a participé ou participe actuellement, aux mains de voitures de Grand tourisme à des championnats tels que le Championnat du monde d'endurance, les 24H Series ainsi que les 24 Heures du Mans.

Carrière professionnelle
En 1991, Dominique Bastien avait fonde l'entreprise Specialty Brands of America, une entreprise spécialisée dans le monde de l'alimentaire alimentaire vendant des spécialités américaines. En 2014, il a vendu  son entreprise à B&G Foods pour la somme de 155 millions de dollars.

Carrière sportive

Palmarès

Résultats aux 24 Heures du Mans

Résultats en Championnat du monde d'endurance

Résultats en Asian Le Mans Series

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Dominique Bastien sur driverdb.com
  Dominique Bastien sur racingsportscars.com

Naissance à Roubaix
Naissance en novembre 1945
Pilote automobile américain
Pilote du Championnat du monde d'endurance
Pilote des 24 Heures du Mans

Dominique Bastien


Evgeni Viktorovich Plushenko (, born 3 November 1982) is a Russian former figure skater. He is a four-time Olympic medalist (2006 gold, 2014 team gold, 2002 & 2010 silver), a three-time World champion (2001, 2003, 2004), a seven-time European champion (2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012), a four-time Grand Prix Final champion (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05), and a ten-time Russian national champion (1999–2002, 2004–2006, 2010, 2012–2013). Plushenko's four Olympic medals once tied with Sweden's Gillis Grafström's record for most Olympic medals in figure skating, which has since been surpassed by Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue. He also won a record total of 22 titles on the Grand Prix circuit.

Early life and education
Plushenko was born on 3 November 1982 in Dzhamku, Solnechny District, Khabarovsk Krai, Soviet Union. His mother was originally from Volgograd, Russian SFSR, and his father, a carpenter, was born in Donetsk, Russia. He has an older sister. Plushenko lived in Volgograd before moving to Saint Petersburg in 1994. His mother died on 10 July 2015.

A 1998 graduate of school No. 91 in Petrogradsky District, he began studying at the Lesgaft University in 2000, graduating in 2005, and at the Faculty of tourism and hospitality of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics in 2004.

His surname is most commonly romanized as Plushenko but other variations exist. The Cyrillic shcha ("щ") may be transliterated as 'shch' (scholarly šč), but the simplified variant 'sh' is often used for convention. The letter "ю" is pronounced "yu", so a more accurate transliteration would be "Plyushchenko". His given name is romanized as Evgeni or Yevgeny.

Skating career

Early career
Since Plushenko frequently suffered from colds, his mother decided he needed exercise and enrolled him in figure skating lessons at age four. His first coach was Tatiana Skala. He trained in Volgograd, Russia until his ice rink closed when he was 11 years old. In 1994, his mother took him to Saint Petersburg to train under the guidance of Alexei Mishin.

Plushenko made quick progress on the international scene. He became the youngest ever World Junior Champion and World medalist at age 14, winning the 1997 World Junior Championships. The following year, at age 15, he won the bronze medal at the 1998 World Championships.

1999–2001
Plushenko developed a rivalry with Alexei Yagudin, with whom he trained under Mishin until Yagudin left in 1998. In 2000, Plushenko defeated Yagudin at the 2000 European Championships, but finished fourth at the 2000 World Championships.

Plushenko had a very successful 2000–01 season, winning every event he entered, including his first World title.

2002–2006
At the 2002 Winter Olympics, Plushenko and Yagudin were considered co-favorites. Plushenko finished 4th in the short program after falling on his quadruple toe loop, but skated a free skating to "Carmen" and pulled up to finish in 2nd place overall.

Plushenko won most of the competitions he entered in the following four years. He finished second only twice. The first time was to Emanuel Sandhu at the 2003–04 Grand Prix Final for misunderstanding the new ISU Judging System which was now in use. The second was the 2004 European Championships, where he lost to Brian Joubert. He had a difficult 2004–05 season. At the 2005 World Championships in Moscow, Russia, an injury forced him to withdraw after the short program. He eventually required groin surgery. He underwent surgery to correct the problem in Munich, Germany in spring 2005.

Going into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Plushenko was the overwhelming favorite because of his past success under the new judging system. Plushenko skated two solid programs and became the Olympic champion. He finished the short program ten points ahead of his closest rival, setting a new ISU record for the short program. His free skating was just as strong, and also set a new ISU record. Plushenko's free skating music was specially arranged for him by violinist Edvin Marton.

2006–2008: Hiatus

Plushenko took a break from competitive skating following the 2006 Olympic season. He has said the off-season helped him rest and recover from past knee injuries he has battled.

After seeing the poor results of Russian skaters at the 2007 World Championships (the worst since 1960), Plushenko was worried about Russia losing its status as a dominant force in figure skating, and was also concerned that Russia might even lose confidence for its skaters for the 2010 Winter Olympics. He announced in April 2007 that he decided to return to competitive skating for the 2007–08 season to keep Russia at a competitive level with other countries until the next generation of Russian skaters could take over but a return to the ice did not materialize. Plushenko also stated that he planned to compete in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

In 2008, Plushenko, together with violinist Edvin Marton, accompanied Dima Bilan on stage as part of the winning Eurovision Song Contest performance "Believe" in Belgrade, Serbia. Plushenko skated on stage as part of the performance.

2009–2010: Return to competition
In March 2009, Plushenko announced that he had returned to training with longtime coach Alexei Mishin in order to prepare for the 2010 Olympics.

Plushenko led the short program in his return to skating at the 2009 Cup of Russia on 23 October 2009. He earned 82.25 points for the short, and won the free skating with a score of 158.40. Overall, he won the gold in his comeback with a total of 240.65 points.

In December 2009, Plushenko signed a partnership agreement with the international management agency FlashLight led by the sports agent Andreas Goller.

At the 2010 Russian Championships, Plushenko earned 100.09 points for his short program. He received 171.50 points in the free skating to win his eighth Russian Championship with 271.59 points.

At the 2010 European Championships, Plushenko set a new world record score in the short program by scoring 91.30 points, and went on to win the event for a sixth time with a total score of 255.39 points.

He skated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and received a score of 90.85 for his short program performance, breaking the Olympic record and leading all competitors. Following his skate, Plushenko said "Without a quad it's not men's figure skating. I will do the quad in any case. I believe that the quad is the future of figure skating. The quad is necessary, that is my opinion."

Plushenko finished second in the free skating and second overall, ultimately winning the silver medal with a total score of 256.36, 1.31 points behind the winner Evan Lysacek. In the free skating, he landed a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination but left a planned double loop out of a combination jump. He and Lysacek received a similar total score for program components, but Plushenko had a lower total technical elements score than Lysacek. He said of the gold medal winner, Evan Lysacek, "I think we need to change the judging system – a quad is a quad. If an Olympic champion doesn't do a quad, well I don't know..." In an interview to Russian newspaper Izvestia, Plushenko brought attention to the fact that, following his short program, three judges placed him 21st and 22nd for skating skills. He said, "Strangely, the computer did not drop any one of the three. But what it did instead was to drop those judges who awarded me first place. Under the current system, if this is the way judges' marks are awarded, you can win, and you can just as equally lose. Don't get me wrong. I don't want to criticize the new rules, they are not bad. But they do need further refinement." He also expressed dismay over the Russian Figure Skating Federation not standing up for one of their athletes. "After the short program, I should have had at least a 5 point lead over my competitors. In the end, however, the gap amounted to a mere 0.55 to which our Federation did not react at all." Russian skating champion Irina Rodnina said that although she had hoped he would win, Lysacek had a stronger overall performance. At the same time, some well-known Russian skaters and coaches said they supported Plushenko and believe he deserved the gold medal. Among them were figure skater Elvis Stojko and the coaches Reinhardt Ketterer, Tatiana Tarasova, and Galina Zmievskaya.

Plushenko became the only living single skater to have won medals at three Olympics. He withdrew from the 2010 World Championships citing injury.

Loss of eligibility and reinstatement
Plushenko skated in exhibitions soon after his withdrawal from Worlds. On 28 June 2010, the International Skating Union announced that Plushenko had lost his eligibility due to participating in skating shows in March and April without the Russian figure skating federation's authorization. He was given 21 days to appeal this decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which he did not do. As a result, his loss of eligibility became final as announced by the ISU on 23 August 2010. However, a request for reinstatement could be made in line with ISU regulations subject to a review and decision by the ISU Council. In September 2010, he stated his goal of competing at the 2014 Winter Olympics. In October 2010, he competed in the Japan Open 2010 as part of the European team. Each team was allowed to have an "ineligible" member. He placed third in the men's event.

Plushenko skated in ice shows around the world while continuing to train for a possible return to competition by practicing quad Salchows and quad loops. In April 2011, he sent a letter to the Russian figure skating federation president, Aleksandr Gorshkov, seeking reinstatement. Plushenko said he hoped the ban was not a retaliation of his criticism of the judging at the Olympics and that he would like to return to competition with a clean slate. Although he said he would have liked to compete at the 2011 World Championships if the ban had been lifted, he did not feel he would have been ready due to lost training time as a result of injury. On 12 June 2011, it was announced that the ISU had reinstated him by a unanimous vote.

2011–2012 season: Return to competition
On 12 June 2011, Plushenko said that he had undergone knee surgery due to a meniscus problem but would be back on track within two weeks. Although his left knee continued bothering him, he resumed training in Mishin's group, alongside Artur Gachinski, saying "Competition is always good, remember there was a time when Alexei Urmanov, Alexei Yagudin and I all trained together. We pushed each other. With Artur in the group, I have a sparring partner. He does a quad and I have to do a quad as well." He declined an offer to skate in a 50-show tour in order to train.

In December 2011, Plushenko competed at the 2012 Russian Championships. He won the short program with a score of 88.24 and then won the free skating with a score of 171.43, to win his ninth national title. He was named to the Russian team for the 2012 European Championships, although he had not competed internationally recently enough to have the minimum technical elements scores (20 in the short program, 35 in the free). The Russian figure skating federation asked the ISU to allow him to compete, with Aleksandr Gorshkov saying that the minimum scores were designed to filter out weak skaters. In January 2012, the ISU released a statement confirming that Plushenko had been allowed to participate in the 2012 European Championships. On 26 January 2012, Plushenko confirmed that he would undergo additional surgery on his meniscus after the competition and would be unable to compete at the 2012 World Championships.

Plushenko competed at the 2012 European Championships, his first international competition since 2010. He earned a score of 84.71 for his short program and a personal-best score of 176.52 for free skating. His overall competition score of 261.23 points was also a personal best and earned him his seventh European title. He became only the third men's skater to capture seven European titles and the only one to do so in modern history. He is surpassed only by two skaters from the early history of the sport, Sweden's Ulrich Salchow, who won nine titles from 1898 to 1913, and Austria's Karl Schafer, who won eight from 1929 to 1936. In a post-Europeans interview, Plushenko said that he had not planned to compete after 2010 but found he missed the adrenaline of competition. He underwent surgery on his left knee to clean up the meniscus and repair a cartilage on 23 February 2012 in Germany. In February 2012, Plushenko also mentioned a back problem due to spinal disc herniation. It was later determined that back surgery would not be necessary. Mishin clarified that Plushenko was in good health overall.

2012–2013
In April and July 2012, Plushenko worked with Italian choreographer Pasquale Camerlengo on a new short program. In late June 2012, he also worked with Japanese choreographer Kenji Miyamoto on his free skating for the following season. His work on quad Salchows and Lutzes aggravated his spinal problem and he flew to Munich, Germany for surgery, which involved searing a disk hernia with a liquid. Although doctors recommended he stay off the ice for a month, Plushenko returned in seven days, explaining "I felt that I need to run fast in order to defend my position. I had the National Championships coming up, so, not only did I start to train too early, but I started to train too intensely." His decision led to complications and he received an injection, a block, in Saint Petersburg. He lost some of his jumps but got them back before the 2013 Russian Championships in Sochi, Russia. Plushenko won his 10th national title at the event. He said his plan was to compete at the 2013 European and World Championships if his health allowed him.

Plushenko withdrew from the 2013 European Championships after the short program due to his back problem. He underwent surgery on 31 January 2013 in Tel Aviv, Israel to replace a spinal disk with a synthetic one.

2013–2014

As part of his preparation for the 2013–2014 season, Plushenko planned summer training camps in Pinzolo, Italy and Tartu, Estonia, followed by training in Saint Petersburg and Sochi.

On 7 November 2013, Plushenko returned to competition at the 22nd Volvo Open Cup in Riga, Latvia where he won the gold medal with an overall score of 263.25 points. He landed a 4T, 3A, 3A-3T in the free skating and obtained the minimum TES needed to compete at the 2014 Winter Olympics. He had one Grand Prix assignment, the 2013 Rostelecom Cup, but withdrew due to a minor knee injury. At the 2014 Russian Championships, Plushenko placed first in the short program and second in the free skating. He finished second overall behind Maxim Kovtun, his first loss at Nationals since placing third in 1998.

On 22 January 2014, it was announced that Plushenko had been awarded Russia's men's spot for the 2014 Winter Olympics. It was his fourth Olympics appearance. Offered the opportunity to be Russia's flagbearer, he said it was a great honor but he could not accept due to the competition schedule.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Plushenko competed in both the short and free skating segments of the team figure skating competition. He placed second in the short program with a personal best score of 91.39 behind Yuzuru Hanyu of Japan. He placed first in the free skating portion with a score of 168.20, garnering 19 points for his team. Russia won gold, ten points ahead of Canada who got silver. This was Plushenko's second Olympic gold medal, giving him a total of four Olympic medals, and he became one of the oldest figure skating Olympic champions. This tied him with Sweden's Gillis Grafström for the record of the most Olympic medals by a figure skater, since surpassed by the ice dance team of Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue. This was also Russia's first gold at the games.

After struggling with a back injury during practice, Plushenko decided to withdraw from the men's singles competition following his pre-short program warm up on 13 February 2014. It was announced shortly after that he would be retiring from competitive skating, but was "not ruling out" the possibility of returning for the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. On 2 March 2014, Plushenko announced that he was going to have another back surgery citing a snapped pin in his back, and ended any plans for a return to professional competition.

After Sochi Olympics
Plushenko expressed interest in coaching when he ended his skating career. After retiring officially from competition in March 2017, he opened his own skating school.

He was the coach of Adelina Sotnikova, Russia's controversial 2014 Olympic champion, from April 2017 until she retired in 2020. He is also the coach of Stanislava Konstantinova and Ekaterina Ryabova.

Records and achievements

Evgeni Plushenko has won four Olympic medals, which, at the time, tied with Gillis Grafström's record for most Olympic medals in figure skating. Plushenko is known for his dynamic performances, and technical advancement of the sport.

Plushenko is the first male skater to perform the Biellmann spin in the senior competitions. At the 1999 NHK Trophy, he became the first skater to perform a 4T–3T–2Lo combination in competition. He has since landed the combination 26 times. Plushenko is also the first to land 4T–3T–3Lo and 3A-1Lo-3F in competition. He first landed the combination at the 2002 Cup of Russia and has since landed it four times. He is the first skater to complete the 3A-3F combination.

Plushenko is also the first to perform a 3T–3T–3Lo–2Lo combination, which he first did at the 2001 ARD Gala. At the 2006 Russian Championships, he landed a six jump combination (3T–3T–2Lo–2Lo–2Lo–2Lo) in his exhibition program. He performed a 3A-3T-3Lo combination at the exhibition finale of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Plushenko has consistently landed 4T in competitions and landed a 4S in Samara, Russia during the 2004 Russian Cup series. It is estimated that he has landed a total of about 100 quads in competition.

Plushenko has worked on and landed 4Lo and 4Lz in practice, but has never completed any of them in competition. He has also worked on a 3A-4T combination.

At the age of 16, Plushenko became the youngest male skater to ever receive a perfect score of 6.0. He received a total of seventy five 6.0's before the new Code of Points judging system was introduced. Under the Code of Points system, he has set 13 world record scores (5 in the short program, 4 in free skating, and 4 in the combined total).

Coaching career
Plushenko's current students include:

 Sofia Muravieva  → Champion 2021 JGP Austria, finished 6th at 2022 Russian Nationals
 Anastasia Zinina
 Veronika Zhilina  → from May 2020 – present
 Sofia Titova  → from May 2020 – present
 Sofia Shifrina  → from June 2022 – present
 Alena Zhilina  → from May 2020 – present

Former students include:

 Alexandra Trusova  → From May 2020 – May 2021.
 Alena Kostornaia  → from July 2020 – March 2021.
 Ekaterina Ryabova  → Finished 13th at 2019 Worlds and 6th at 2020 Europeans.
 Stanislava Konstantinova  → from February 2020 to January 2021.
 Anastasia Tarakanova  → 4th at 2018 JGP Final, 7th 2019 Russian Jr. Nationals
 Serafima Sakhanovich  → Champion 2019 CS Tallinn Trophy

List of Plushenko's world record scores
Plushenko has broken 13 world records in his career:

Advancement of skating competition
Plushenko has taken a strong position opposing the current official ban on quad jumps in the women's short program stating: "When Usain Bolt runs faster than everyone else, should he run with weights? Why should ladies skating be held back? It is not fair to them. There should be equality", referring to men not being restricted as to the use of quad jumps in competition. Plushenko has advocated the position that both men and women should be equally allowed to use the quad jump in skating competition without gender discrimination.

Political career
In 2006, Plushenko joined the political party A Just Russia, and in March 2007, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg. Following the 2010 Olympics, he announced his intention to quit politics. In April 2010, he gained public attention for poor attendance, having attended only 11 of 123 parliamentary sessions since his election. In December 2011, he announced he was leaving politics to train for the 2014 Olympics. He quit A Just Russia and said he had no plans to join another political party.

Personal life
On 18 June 2005, Plushenko married Maria Ermak, a sociology student at the Saint Petersburg State University, in a ceremony at the Hotel Astoria in Saint Petersburg. Their son, Egor Evgenievich (originally Kristian), was born on 15 June 2006. In February 2008, they were officially divorced. In August 2009, Plushenko announced his engagement to Yana Rudkovskaya, the record producer for Russian singer Dima Bilan. They were married on 12 September 2009. Their first son, Alexander, was born in January 2013 with their second, Arseniy, born in September 2020.

In March 2022, Plushenko published an Instagram video in which he endorsed Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and called it an "unavoidable special operation". In December 2022, the Ukrainian Parliament sanctioned Plushenko for his support of the war.

Programs

Post-2017

Pre-2017

Competitive highlights
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix

Detailed results
Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.

  – This is a team event, medals are awarded for the team results only.
  – team placement
  – dates of competition, not event
  – Total Factored Placements
 World records highlighted in bold and italic

References

External links

 Evgeni Plushenko at fskate.ru
 Evgeni Plushenko at IceNetwork

! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78" | World Records Holder

1982 births
Living people
People from Solnechny District
Russian male single skaters
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic figure skaters for Russia
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" I class
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Sportspeople from Khabarovsk Krai
Members of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg

Evgeni Plushenko


Kesikköprü Barajı, Ankara'nın Balâ ilçesinde, Kızılırmak üzerinde, sulama  ve enerji üretimi amacı ile 1959 - 1966 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır. Toprak ve kaya gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 900.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 49,10 m'dir. Normal su kotunda göl hacmi 95,00 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 6,50 km²'dir. 11.860 hektarlık bir alana sulama  hizmeti vermekte, HES (hidroelektrik santralı) 76 MW'lik güç kapasitesi ile yılda 250 GWh elektrik enerjisi üretimi sağlamaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kesikköprü Web Sitesi

Türkiye'deki hidroelektrik santralleri
Ankara ilindeki barajlar

Kesikköprü Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali


Aidi, Fas kökenli köpek ırkı. Eğitime yatkın ve dayanıklıdır. Avcılık, çobanlık ve bekçilikte kullanılır.

Kökeni
Kökeni tam olarak bilinmiyor. Muhtemelen Fas Sahrası'nın bazı bölgelerinde ortaya çıktı ve yetenekleri sayesinde varlığını günümüze kadar bozulmadan sürdürebildi.

Temel Özellikleri

Fas dışında çok az bilinir. çoban, bekçi, muhafız, çakal avcısı olarak kullanılır. Zehirli yılanların varlığını sezme yeteneği vardır. Tüyleri kalındır ve boynunda onu gündüzleri güçlü ve kavurucu güneş ışıklarından, geceleri ise şiddetli ayazdan koruyan bir yelesi vardır. Özellikle kabileler ve avcılar için iyi bir köpektir. Güçlü, dayanıklı bir köpektir. Airedale Terrier'e biraz benzer. Meraklı, sinirli, iyi arkadaştır ve eğitime çok yatkındır.

Dış bağlantılar
Aidi Irk Bilgisi

Köpek ırkları

Aidi


Anthurium coriaceum é uma espécie de planta do gênero Anthurium e da família Araceae.

É comercializada como planta ornamental.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1839 por George Don.

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Pothos coriaceus  Graham
 Anthurium glaucescens  Kunth
 Anthurium glaucum  Schott
 Anthurium reflexum  G.Don
 Anthurium rubriflorum  Engl.
 Anthurium subcaulescens  (Vell.) Stellfeld
 Pothos reflexus  Hoffm. ex Kunth
 Pothos subcaulescens  Vell.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná e Rio de Janeiro, chegando ao norte até o Rio Grande do Norte.  A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta estacional semidecidual, floresta ombrófila pluvial e vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Ligações externas
 Anthurium coriaceum no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Anthurium
Plantas descritas em 1839
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Anthurium coriaceum


Mark Justin Roiland (født 21. februar 1980 i Manteca, Californien, USA) er en amerikansk skuespiller, forfatter, tv-instruktør og producent. Han er bedst kendt for at være medskaber og executive producer på Adult Swim-animationsserien, Rick and Morty, hvori han lægger stemme til seriens hovedpersoner. Han er derudover også kendt for at lægge stemme til Jarlen af Lemongrab i Eventyrtid.

Projekter

Film
 Underdogs (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Rippers; USA version)

Fjernsyn
 Pig Goat Banana Cricket (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (several characters)
 Yo Gabba Gabba (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Sea Queen)
 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Forever (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (credited som Rustin Joyland)
 Community (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Ice Cube Head)
 The Simpsons afsnit Mathlete's Feat (2015) - Gæste-animator, Gæsteoptræden (som Rick Sanchez, Morty Smith)
 Rick and Morty (2013–nu) - Co-Creator, Executive Producer, Stemmeskuespiller (som Rick Sanchez, Morty Smith)
 Out There (2013) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Chris Novak)
 Gravity Falls (2012–nu) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Blendin Blandin, Bobby Renzobbi)
 Adventure Time (2011–nu) - Stemmeskuespiller (som The Earl of Lemongrab, Lemonhope, Lemongrab subjects)
 Web Soup (2011) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Chilly the Christmsom Pole)
 Fish Hooks (2010–2014) - Stemmeskuespiller (som Oscar), Forfatter
 Yacht Rock (2005–2010) - Skuespiller (som Christopher Cross/ Chris Geppert)
 The Sarah Silverman Program (2007–2010) - Skuespiller (som Blonde Craig)
 Marooned? (2009) - Skuespiller (som Cadet Moore)
 Acceptable TV (2007) - Director, Skuespiller, Stemmeskuespiller, Producer
 Channel 101 (2006) - Director, Skuespiller, Producer, Forfatter
 Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker (2004) - Skuespiller (Rhonda's Son)
 Lsomer Fart (2004) - Skuespiller (som the Person in the news)
 Fresh Baked Video Games (2006) - Producer
 House of Cosbys (2005) - Creator, Forfatter, Stemmeskuespiller (Curiosity Cosby, Data Analysis Cosby)
 Premiere Women in Hollywood Awards (2004) - Producer
 Crossballs: The Debate Show (2004) - Producer
 Comedy Central Nus: The Commies (2003) - Producer
 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (2003) - Somsociate Producer

Videospil
 Dota 2 (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller (Rick and Morty Announcer Pack)
 Dr. Langeskov, The Tiger, and the Terribly Cursed Emerald (2015) - Stemmeskuespiller

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Komikere fra USA
Filmskuespillere fra USA

Justin Roiland


Le Polyptyque de Bologne est une peinture à la tempera et à l'or sur panneau () de Giotto di Bondone et ses assistants, datable d'environ 1330-1334, conservée à  la Pinacothèque nationale de Bologne. Il est signé « OP [US] MAGISTRI IOCTI D [E] FLOR [ENTI] A » sur la marche du trône de Marie.

Histoire

Le polyptyque est décrit pour la première fois en 1732 par Giampietro Zanotti qui le trouve dans la sacristie de l'église Santa Maria degli Angeli, alors en périphérie de la ville de Bologne,aujourd'hui perdue. Zanotti lui-même découvre également la signature, affirmant que le client était probablement Gerra Pepoli. En réalité, cette affirmation est sans fondement historique et, de plus, il semble peu probable que Gerra Pepoli ait appelé le plus grand peintre de l'époque pour décorer une église d'une importance aussi secondaire alors que la famille Pepoli est propriétaire de nombreuses chapelles dans les églises bolonaises les plus importantes. Il a été démontré de manière convaincante en 2015 que le client était en réalité le légat papal Bertrand du Pouget, qui aurait commandé à Giotto, en 1330-1334, le retable de la chapelle privée du pape Jean XXII au sein du Palazzo-Castello di Porta Galliera à Bologne. Lorsque le palais a été démoli par les Bolonais en révolte contre le légat papal en 1334, l'Annonciation sculptée par Giovanni di Balduccio pour la chapelle principale et le panneau de Giotto pour la chapelle privée ont été déplacés hors les murs, vers la petite église Santa Maria degli Angeli, probablement pour leur iconographie qui convenait bien au nom de l'église.

Le polyptyque fut démembré en 1808, lors des spoliations napoléoniennes, et reconstitué seulement en 1894, lorsqu'une charpente à flèches et piliers fut reconstruite qui endommagea partiellement les extrémités des panneaux ; à part cela, l'état de conservation est bon. Depuis cette année-là, le polyptyque est exposé à la Pinacothèque nationale de Bologne.

Datation
Le panneau est signé par Giotto, mais non daté, et il n'y a pas non plus de documents écrits permettant d'établir la datation. D'un point de vue purement stylistique, la posture lâche et l'équilibre dynamique des personnages, éléments distinctifs de toute la production giottesque tardive, placent le tableau loin de la linéarité du Polyptyque Baroncelli, daté vers 1328, excluant que le polyptyque bolonais puisse avoir été peint à cette date ou avant.

Concernant la date précise, les savants ont formulé trois hypothèses. La première hypothèse est que le tableau a été peint vers 1330, comme l'ont écrit Giovanni Previtali (1967), Alessandro Conti (1993), Alessandro Tomei (1995) Massimo Medica (2000), Miklós Boskovits (2000), Angelo Tartuferi (2007) et Julian Gardner (2009). Cette hypothèse est suggérée par les documents et étayée par des données historiques. L'abondante documentation atteste Giotto à Naples, à la cour du roi Robert  de Naples dit Robert d'Anjou, entre le 8 décembre 1328 (mais probablement encore plus tôt, puisque le 23 janvier 1328, son fils aîné Giovanni est nommé procureur général de Giotto à Florence en vue peut-être du départ imminent de ce dernier) et le 26 avril 1332, mais présente une lacune en 1329-1330, suggérant que l'artiste est absent de Naples à cette période. Des données historiques attestent également que jusqu'à la fin de 1330, le roi de Naples est un allié de Bertrand du Pouget qui règne à Bologne ;  il ne peut donc être exclu que l'artiste favori et salarié du roi de Naples ait été gentiment cédé à l'allié pour travailler à Bologne. Au cours de 1330, la politique du légat pontifical bolonais change soudainement et il s'allie avec Jean  de Bavière pour prendre le contrôle des villes qui sont fidèles à Robert d'Anjou. Il est donc peu probable que l'artiste ait pu séjourner à Bologne au-delà de 1330.

La deuxième hypothèse est que le panneau a été peint entre le départ de Naples, après avril 1332, et le retour définitif à Florence, le 12 avril 1334. Cette hypothèse, acceptée par Ferdinando Bologna (1969), Pierluigi Leone de Castris (1986) et Damien Cerutti (2015), repose uniquement sur l'hypothèse que l'artiste n'aurait pas pu être à Bologne au cours des cinq années précédentes, car la documentation veut qu'il soit à Naples. Cependant, il semble très peu probable qu'un artiste qui a reçu une très riche donation de pension de Robert d'Anjou, qui d'ailleurs pouvait être retirée par arrêté royal à tout moment, ait pu aller peindre dans la ville administrée par Bertrand du Pouget, qui est devenu après 1330 le plus grand des ennemis du roi de Naples.

La troisième hypothèse est que le panneau a été peint après le 12 avril 1334, comme le prétend Erling Skaug (2013). Cette hypothèse repose sur le fait que la signature de Giotto porte le titre de « magister », titre que Giotto ne reçut à Florence qu'à cette date. Cependant, tous les documents royaux napolitains de 1328-1332 font précéder le nom de Giotto de l'appellatif « magistro », permettant d'abandonner ainsi cette hypothèse.

Description

Le panneau central montre la Vierge en majesté, ou la Vierge à l'Enfant assise sur un élégant trône de pierre dans une perspective intuitive, se référant au modèle de la Vierge d'Ognissanti. Le modelé est tendre et la couleur appliquée avec habileté, une indication de l'autographe probable du compartiment. Son visage est physionomiquement différent de celui des Madones florentines, mais « padanizzato », peut-être suivant un modèle fourni par le client. Elle deviendra un modèle pour tous les peintres bolognais du .

Sur les côtés, quatre compartiments présentent chacun un saint en pied, sur un sol sombre uniforme, commun à tous les panneaux, et un simple fond doré. À gauche, saint Pierre, avec le bâton pastoral tient les grandes clefs du ciel dans sa main. L'archange Gabriel suit, tourné vers Marie comme dans l'Annonciation, portant le rouleau avec les premiers mots de son message (Je vous salue Marie) ; il tient un bâton sur son épaule, qui doit représenter l'attribut traditionnel du lys blanc, à offrir à Marie comme symbole de sa pureté ; ou peut-être est-ce le bâton du héraut, comme dans toutes les Annonciations byzantines ; le bâton, souvent un trèfle, a donné naissance au lys. À droite saint Michel, de face, tient le globe et l'épée avec laquelle il transperce le dragon de l'Apocalypse à ses pieds. Enfin, saint Paul, avec la robe rouge typique, la longue barbe brune a les attributs de l'épée et des lettres. Sous chaque saint, figure aussi une inscription explicative avec le nom. Il est évident qu'ils sont couplés symétriquement : les deux grands apôtres patrons de l'Église romaine et deux archanges.

Dans la pointe du panneau central, Dieu le père éternel est figuré avec un globe et une clé, tandis que dans la prédelle, les têtes de saints sont représentées dans des sortes de clipei : Jean le Baptiste, Marie dans la douleur, le Christ comme un homme de douleurs, Jean douloureux et Marie Madeleine.

Style
Dans ce panneau, le « renouveau » certain du dynamisme est caractéristique des œuvres de Giotto dans les années 10 du siècle, comme le Polyptyque de Santa Reparata conservé aujourd'hui dans la Cathédrale Santa Maria del Fiore de Florence (vers 1310) et la Vierge en Majesté entre Saints et Vertus dans un collection (1315-1320). Les poses des deux saints Pierre et Paul suggèrent un mouvement qui n'en est peut-être pas un, mais qui en même temps ne fige pas les deux personnages. Les deux archanges Gabriel et Michel montrent un mouvement encore plus marqué. Dans toutes ces figures, cependant, le mouvement n'est pas désinvolte, mais presque raffiné. L'équilibre général et l'équilibre des masses corporelles ressortent. Tout se passe comme si Giotto avait combiné dans ce polyptyque son dynamisme vif de la décennie du siècle, avec le raffinement courtois du goût martinien de la Madone et des Saints de la National Gallery of Art de Washington (vers 1320). Cette synthèse s'est matérialisée dans ce que l'on peut considérer comme le style mature de Giotto, un langage essentiel, pertinent à la réalité sans sacrifier la noblesse figurative des sujets représentés.

Ce nouveau langage de « raffinement en douceur » n'est cependant pas l'apanage de Giotto. Dans les œuvres contemporaines, son élève Taddeo Gaddi et le Siennois Lippo Memmi adaptaient également leur élégance courtoise à des postures ou des mouvements plus détendus. Les fenêtres temporelles de toutes ces œuvres se chevauchent, ce qui rend difficile aujourd'hui de désigner un précurseur de ce nouveau langage.

Références

Bibliographie

 Maurizia Tazartes, Giotto, Rizzoli, Milan 2004.
 Edi Baccheschi, Œuvre complète de Giotto, Rizzoli, Milan 1977.
 Serena Romano, Giotto XXIe siècle, dans Giotto. L'Italia, Electa, Milan 2015.

Articles connexes
 Polyptyque Baroncelli

Liens externes

  Polittico, site web de la pinacothèque nationale de Bologne

Tableau de Giotto di Bondone
Tableau du XIVe siècle
Vierge Marie dans la peinture
Saint chrétien dans la peinture
Polyptyque
Saint Michel Archange dans la peinture
Saint Gabriel Archange dans la peinture
Paul de Tarse dans la peinture
Pierre apôtre dans la peinture
Maestà
Œuvre de Giotto di Bondone en Italie
Œuvre conservée à la pinacothèque nationale de Bologne

Polyptyque de Bologne