An eraser (also known as a rubber in some Commonwealth countries, including South Africa  from the material first used) is an article of stationery that is used for removing marks from paper or skin (e.g. parchment or vellum). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Less expensive erasers are made from synthetic rubber and synthetic soy-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from vinyl, plastic, or gum-like materials.

At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a pencil; later, more abrasive ink erasers were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from chalkboards and whiteboards.

History

Before rubber erasers used today, tablets of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Bits of rough stone such as sandstone or pumice were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink.  Crustless bread was used; a Meiji period (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount.  So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger.  "

In 1770 English engineer Edward Nairne is reported to have developed the first widely marketed rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as gum elastic or by its Native American name (via French) caoutchouc. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three shillings per half-inch cube. According to Nairne, he inadvertently picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was described by Joseph Priestley on April 15, 1770, in a footnote: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange." In 1770 the word rubber was in general use for any object used for rubbing; the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.

However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered the process of vulcanization, a method that would cure rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.

On March 30, 1858, Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, United States, received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. It was later invalidated because it was determined to be simply a composite of two devices rather than an entirely new product.

Erasers may be free-standing blocks (block and wedge eraser), or conical caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (cap eraser). A barrel or click eraser is a device shaped like a pencil, but instead of being filled with pencil lead, its barrel contains a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers. Novelty erasers made in shapes intended to be amusing are often made of hard vinyl, which tends to smear heavy markings when used as an eraser.

Types

Pencil or cap erasers

Originally made from natural rubber, but now usually from cheaper SBR, this type contains mineral fillers and an abrasive such as pumice with a plasticizer such as vegetable oil.  They are relatively hard (in order to remain attached to the pencil) and frequently colored pink.
They can also be permanently attached to the end of a pencil with a ferrule.

Artist's gum eraser
The stylized word "Art gum" was first used in 1903 and trademarked in the United States in 1907. That type of eraser was originally made from oils such as corn oil vulcanized with sulfur dichloride although may now be made from natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl compounds. It is very soft yet retains its shape and is not mechanically plastic, but crumbles as it is used. It is especially suited to cleaning large areas without damaging the paper. However, they are so soft as to be imprecise in use. The removed graphite is carried away in the crumbles, leaving the eraser clean, but resulting in a lot of eraser residue. This residue must then be brushed away with care, as the eraser particles are coated with the graphite and can make new marks.  Art gum erasers are traditionally tan or brown, but some are blue.

Vinyl erasers

High-quality plasticized vinyl or other "plastic" erasers, originally trademarked Mylar in the mid-20th century, are softer, non-abrasive, and erase cleaner than standard rubber erasers. This is because the removed graphite does not remain on the eraser as much as rubber erasers, but is instead absorbed into the discarded vinyl scraps. Being softer and non-abrasive, they are less likely to damage canvas or paper. Engineers favor this type of eraser for work on technical drawings due to their gentleness on paper with less smearing to surrounding areas. They often come in white and can be found in a variety of shapes.  More recently, very low-cost erasers are manufactured from highly plasticized vinyl compounds and made in decorative shapes.

Elastomer erasers
In these types, a thermoplastic elastomer combines a styrene resin elastomer and an olefin resin. These erasers have better erasability for erasing pencil marks compared to conventional vinyl erasers. Elastomers can be formed into thin cylindrical or other shapes to be used as extendable erasers.

Kneaded erasers

Kneaded erasers (called putty rubbers outside the United States) have a plastic consistency and are common to most artists' standard toolkit. They can be pulled into a point for erasing small areas and tight detail erasing, molded into a textured surface and used as a reverse stamp to give texture, or used in a "blotting" manner to lighten lines or shading without completely erasing them. They gradually lose their efficacy and resilience as they become infused with particles picked up from erasing and from their environment. They are not suited to erase large areas because of their tendency to deform under vigorous erasing.

Poster putty
Commonly sold in retail outlets with school supplies and home improvement products, this soft, malleable putty appears in many colors and under numerous brand names. Intended to adhere posters and prints to walls without damaging the underlying wall surface, poster putty works much the same as traditional kneaded erasers, but with a greater tack and in some circumstances, lifting strength. Poster putty does not erase so much as lighten by directly pulling particles of graphite, charcoal or pastel from a drawing. In this regard, poster putty does not smudge or damage work in the process. Repeatedly touching the putty to a drawing pulls ever more medium free, gradually lightening the work in a controlled fashion. Poster putty can be shaped into fine points or knife edges, making it ideal for detailed or small areas of work. It can be rolled across a surface to create visual textures. Poster putty loses its efficacy with use, becoming less tacky as the material grows polluted with debris and oils from the user's skin.

Electric erasers

The electric eraser was invented in 1932 by Albert J. Dremel of Racine, Wisconsin, United States. It used a replaceable cylinder of eraser material held by a chuck driven on the axis of a motor. The speed of rotation allowed less pressure to be used, which minimized paper damage. Originally standard pencil-eraser rubber was used, later replaced by higher-performance vinyl. Dremel went on to develop an entire line of hand-held rotary power tools.

Fiberglass erasers
A fiberglass eraser, a bundle of very fine glass fibers, can be used for erasing and other tasks requiring abrasion. Typically the eraser is a pen-shaped device with a replaceable insert with glass fibers, which wear down in use. The fibers are very hard; in addition to removing pencil and pen markings, such erasers are used for cleaning traces on electronic circuit boards to facilitate soldering, removing rust, and many other applications. As an example of an unusual use, a fiberglass eraser was used for preparing a Pterosaur fossil embedded in a very hard and massive limestone. Because fiberglass erasers  shed fiberglass dust when used, care must be taken during and after use to avoid accidental contamination with this abrasive dust in sensitive areas of the body, especially in the eyes.

Other
Felt chalkboard erasers or blackboard dusters are used to erase chalk markings on a chalkboard. Chalk writing leaves light-colored particles weakly adhering to a dark surface (e.g., white on black, or yellow on green); it can be rubbed off with a soft material, such as a rag. Erasers for chalkboards are made, with a block of plastic or wood, much larger than an eraser for pen or pencil, with a layer of felt on one side. The block is held in the hand and the felt rubbed against the writing, which it easily wipes off. Chalk dust is released, some of which sticks to the eraser until it is cleaned, usually by hitting it against a hard surface.

Various types of eraser, depending upon the board and the type of ink used, are used to erase a whiteboard.

Dedicated erasers that are supplied with some ballpens and permanent markers are intended only to erase the ink of the writing instrument they are made for; sometimes this is done by making the ink bond more strongly to the material of an eraser than the surface it was applied to.

See also
Ink eraser
Chalkboard eraser
Kneaded eraser

References

Bibliography
 Petroski, Henry (1989). The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance..

External links

 Eraser: How Products are Made,  Volume 5 (1997)  by Rose Secrest

 Goodyear Rubber History

Correction instruments
Writing implements
Visual arts materials
British inventions

Eraser


Revideret romanisering af koreansk er det officielle system for romanisering af koreansk i Sydkorea. Systemet blev taget i brug i år 2000 og erstatter det tidligere benyttede system McCune-Reischauer, som blev taget i brug i 1984. Det nye system er på mange måder lig det, som blev benyttet før 1984, bortset fra at det gamle system ikke repræsenterede konsonanter på en god måde, fordi udtalen ændres (hvilket særlig ikke-koreanere mærker) afhængig af hvor i ordet, de står.

Revideret romanisering bruger ingen ikke-alfabetiske symboler (diakritiske tegn) med undtagelse af, og som oftest valgfri, brug af bindestreg.

Udviklingen af systemet blev startet i 1995 af Nationalt institut for koreansk sprog og officielt lanceret den 4. juli 2000 af det sydkoreanske departement for kultur og turisme. Departementet argumenterede for, at man med systemet ville reducere brugen af specielle tegn, hvilket skulle gøre det lettere at bruge, eller rettere lettere at ignorere diakritiske tegn på datamaskiner. Dermed rationaliserer det også koreansk sprog med hensyn til brug af enkel ASCII-tekst i internet-domænenavne.

Transkriptionsregler

Vokaler

konsonanter

Særtræk
Træk ved den reviderede romaniseringen er:
 어 og 으 skrives som digrafer med to vokaler, henholdsvis eo og eu.
 ㅝ skrives wo og ㅢ skrives ui.
 Aspirerede konsonanter (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ) har ingen apostrof (k, t, p og ch) som med McCune-Reischauer. Deres uaspirerede modsvarigheder (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ) skrives med bogstaver, som ikke er stumme på engelsk (g, d, b og j). Men både aspirerede og uaspirerede konsonanter skrives som k, t og p når det er i slutningen af ordet, eller når det følges af en konsonant, undtaget, hvis man ønsker præcsition.
 ㅅ skrives altid som s, aldrig som sh.
 ㄹ er r før en vokal l før en konsonant og i slutningen af et ord. Dobbel ㄹ er altid ll.

Desuden findes der specielle regler for fonologi, som gør undtagelser for translitterationen.

Andre regler og anbefalinger
 Den valgfrie bindestreg kan bruges for at utvetydiggøre stavelser, som for eksempel jeong-eum (정음) kontra jeon-geum (전금). Når tydeliggørelse ønskes, bruges bindestregen som en ieung-ækvivalent for at adskille indledende vokal-stavelser og stavelser uden: jeong-eum (정음) men jeongeum (전금).
 Brug af bindestregen er ikke nødvendig, men tilladt, mellem stavelser i koreanske personnavne.
 Fonologiske undtagelser gælder ikke ved personnavne. Disse translitteres som de skrives med Hangul.
 Stavelser i koreanske administrative enheder (som do) skilles fra stednavnet med en bindestreg.
 Navn på geografiske seværdigheder og kunstige strukturer kobles til stednavnet.
 Brug af stort forbogstav i egennavne.

Brug
Det er ikke forventet, at revideret romanisering skal blive taget op som det officielle system for romanisering af koreanske familienavne. For eksempel vil det almindelige familienav Lee (이) blive I (Yi i efter McCune-Reischauer) i dette nye systemet.

Der opfordres til, at både personnavne og kommercielle navne ændres, men det kræves ikke. Alle koreanske lærebøger blev pålagt at følge det nye system fra 28. februar 2002. Engelsksprogede aviser i Sydkorea var oprindelig modstandere af systemet og henviste til dets mangler, men har senere givet efter for pres fra myndighederne. Korea Herald følger det reviderede system, mens Korea Times følger McCune-Reischauer, men uden breve.

Nordkorea fortsætter med at bruge en version af McCune-Reischauer. Specialister på koreansk sprog har en tendens til at bruge McCune-Reischauer, mens lingvister gerne benytter Yale-romaniseringen.

Kritik

Til trods for de sydkoreanske myndigheders intentioner om at rationalisere romaniseringen af koreanske ord og navn blev det nye system mødt af kritik fra blandt andet udlændinge i landet. Mange af disse mente, at revideringen indeholdt mange fejl og mangler og følte sig tilsidesatte, fordi de ikke var konsulterede på forhånd, eftersom de udgør den største gruppe af brugere af romaniseret koreansk i Sydkorea. Departementet for kultur og turisme svarede på sin side, at det nye system ikke blev etableret for udlændinge, og at mange udenlandske eksperter blev konsulteret på forhånd, men man erkendte samtidig, at det nye system ikke var perfekt, særlig i forhold til koreansk udtale. Der var McCune-Reischauer bedre, men havde på sin side mindre overensstemmelse mellem konsonanter i hangul og det latinske alfabet.

Trods problemerne med udtale var de fleste trods alt tilfredse, men med kompromisser i forhold til navne. Brugt korrekt i akademia ville særlig udlændinge få udtaleproblemer, men også dette spørgsmål er der delte meninger om. Når det gælder navne som er det eneste store problemområde, blev kun det første bogstav påvirket, og det fordi det er i begyndelsen af et ord eller frase at det, når man søger efter domænenavne kan gå galt.

MoCT pegede på, at Kina oplevede en tilsvarende strid med internationale brugere, da Beijing-regeringen gennemførte sin egen standardisering (Beijing blev tidligere stavet "Peking").

Kritikere af den reviderede romanisering mener, at direkte overføring af koreanske til latinske tegn (for eksempel ㄱ som g), som er varemærke for det nye system, forenkler for meget og klarer ikke at få udtalen til at blive naturlig, når konsonantens placering forandres (for eksempel i begyndelsen af et ord, ㄱ er udtalt som en kombination af aspireret k og a g og ikke som et normalt g).

Kritikerne klager også over, at folk, som ikke er fortrolige med stavelser på Hangul, kan blive forvirrede over hvad "eo" og "eu" er ment at repræsentere i det nye system.

Med almindelige engelske ord som "geography", "Leonardo" og "neon" repræsenterer en gengivelse af en dobbel-lyd for eo at denne vil en overføring til koreanske ord ikke opfange, at eo er ment at repræsentere en vokal, som høres som "son" eller "fun". En almindelig klage, mange udlændinge og besøgende har, er, at begge romaniseringsformer reducerer deres mulighed for at komme i nærheden af en korrekt og forståelig gengivelse af koreansk udtale.

Se også
 McCune-Reischauer
 Yale-romanisering (koreansk)

Eksterne henvisninger
 Romanisering af koreansk (National Academy of the Korean Language)
 Offisielle instruksjoner
 Mirror site  fra præsidentens kontor (kode til EUC-KR manuelt)
 Simplified Table for et hurtigt overblik (kode til EUC-KR manuelt)

Romaniseringssystemer for koreansk
Koreansk sprog

Revideret romanisering af koreansk


Cranichidinae é uma subtribo de plantas da subfamilia Orchidoideae dentro da família Orchidaceae.

Proposto por Lindley Os membros deste subtribo apresentam polínia granular, caudículos rudimentário ou inexistente. O apêndice é mentoso e forma a base dos sépalos laterais e os lábios. Flores não recolhidas.

Géneros:

Referências

Ligações externas

 List of Orchid Gera (Cedric Maunder)

Cranichidinae


Paramount Media Networks (founded as MTV Networks in 1984 and known under this name until 2011; thereafter known as Viacom Media Networks until 2019) is an American mass media division of Paramount Global that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and online brands. Its related international division is Paramount International Networks.

The division's original namesake, MTV, is managed through a subsidiary called MTV Entertainment Group.

History

Pre-launch: Warner Communications joint venture (1977–1984)
Warner Cable Communications was founded on December 1, 1977, by Warner Cable, itself a division of Warner Communications, to launch QUBE, an interactive cable television network. Seeing the potential in the creation of new cable networks, Warner Cable divested QUBE's biggest brands, Star Channel, Pinwheel and Sight on Sound, into nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. The original Channel C-3, by then known as Pinwheel, became Nickelodeon in April 1979. As a result of these actions, Warner Cable Communications would then be rebranded as Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, becoming a joint venture between Warner Cable and American Express.

In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network dedicated to arts and films, on December 1, 1980. Full control of the channel, however, was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984; NBC would acquire Bravo in 2003, and the channel is now currently owned by Comcast's NBCUniversal.

On August 1, 1981, MTV debuted.

In 1983, concerned by the strategic and financial failure of its pay-TV venture The Movie Channel (started to reap the benefits Time Inc. was having with HBO and Cinemax), WASEC established a joint venture with Viacom, merging TMC with their premium movie network Showtime to form Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc.; WASEC, however, had no operational involvement in the joint venture.

Launch as MTV Networks, Viacom gets full ownership (1984–2011)
On June 25, 1984, Warner Communications made the decision to divest Nickelodeon, MTV, and VH-1 (launched in 1985; Warner acquired it from Turner) into a new public corporation called MTV Networks. A year later, Warner would acquire the 50% stake from American Express.

On August 27, 1985, Warner sold 31% of MTV Networks to Viacom, with Warner also selling 19% of its Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. joint to Viacom as well.

In November 1985, Viacom announced that it had plans to buy the remaining 69% of MTV Networks from Warner for $326 million, The acquisition was completed on May 20, 1986.

In 2003, MTV Networks assumed full ownership of Comedy Central from AOL Time Warner.

On December 31, 2005, the remnants of MTV Networks and Showtime Networks were separated following Viacom's split into two entities: CBS Corporation, which retained CBS, UPN, Simon & Schuster and Showtime Networks (Showtime, The Movie Channel, and Flix), and a spun-off company under the Viacom name, which took ownership of Paramount Pictures, BET Networks and MTV Networks (Comedy Central, MTV, Nickelodeon, and VH1). MTV Networks was renamed Viacom Media Networks in 2011.

Expansion (2011–2019)
In the fall of 2012, media analysts began to report that ratings among some of Viacom's leading brands in the U.S. were experiencing declines in viewership. MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon were of most concern to investors as the three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets.

In 2017, Viacom announced a five-point restructuring plan, in which the company would pour most of its resources behind six "flagship brands". These were MTV, Comedy Central, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr. Channel, BET, and Paramount Pictures. In February 2017, cable channels CMT and TV Land were moved from the Kids and Family Group to the Global Entertainment Group under Kevin Kay, joining up with Spike TV. During the same month, it was announced that Spike would be relaunched as Paramount Network in 2018, aligning with the namesake film studio and being positioned as Viacom's main general entertainment outlet.

In October 2018, Kevin Kay was announced to be leaving his position as head of the Entertainment Group. CMT was transferred from the Entertainment Group to the Music Group under president Chris McCarthy, with his exit. Executive Kent Alterman would take charge of Paramount Network and TV Land to go with his current leadership of Comedy Central and Bellator MMA.

In 2019, after acquiring the free streaming service Pluto TV, Viacom would launch several channels on the service branded after its Media Networks and company–owned IP.

Reintroduction and re-merger with CBS (2019–present)
In August 2019, Viacom announced that it would merge with CBS Corporation, reuniting the two entities under the ViacomCBS name. The merger closed on December 4, 2019. Announced on November 11, 2019, as part of the re–merger, the Media Networks division was renamed ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks, and reorganized. MTV, VH1, CMT and Logo were reorganized into the "Entertainment & Youth Group", with the addition of Comedy Central, Paramount Network, Smithsonian Channel, and TV Land. BET Networks was merged with Showtime Networks under CEO David Nevins, who also temporarily gained oversight of Pop TV (formerly co-owned with Lionsgate); Pop TV was transferred to the Entertainment & Youth Group on January 15, 2020. On February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS was renamed as Paramount Global, and ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks was renamed Paramount Media Networks. On May 9, 2023, Paramount announced that it would restructure its U.S. domestic network business.

Channels list

Current channels

Former channels and blocks
 BET Networks (moved under CBS Entertainment Group)
 Bravo (sold to Rainbow Media in 1984; later purchased by General Electric's NBC Entertainment division in 2003, and NBCUniversal a year after)
 C-3 (officially launched as Nickelodeon, in 1988, the "Pinwheel" block replaced with the "Nick Jr." block)
 Sight on Sound (officially launched as MTV in 1981)
 Nick GAS ((1999–2007), 2009 (on Dish Network)); replaced by the 24-hour The N on cable, DirecTV and more with Turner's Cartoon Network (West feed on Dish Network)
 VH1 Uno (2000–2008); became MTVU, focusing on music videos aimed at college-aged students.
 NickMom (2012–2016), late-night block, focusing on mothers.
 Noggin (TV Channel) (1999–2009); replaced by the Nick Jr. Channel in 2009, but relaunched with the "Noggin" streaming app in March 2015
 TEENick (Nickelodeon block) (2001–2009)); merged brand with "The N" to form TeenNick
 The N (Noggin block) (2002–2007), channel (2007-2009); merged brand with "TEENick" to form TeenNick
 NickRewind (2011–2022), classic-oriented, late-night block on TeenNick
 SNICK (1992–2005)
 Nick on CBS/Nick Jr. on CBS (2000–2006)
 Showtime Beyond (1999–2020), became SHO×BET focusing on African-American actors in film.
 MTVX, became MTV Jams in 2002, focusing on hip-hop music, rebranding under the BET banner in October 2015.
 VH121 (moved under BET Networks)
 VH1 MegaHits, became Logo TV in 2005, focusing on cultural gay themes.

Notes
1Channel was originally launched under Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment and tested as Sight on Sound until 1981, when it officially launched as MTV.

2Channel started as Ha!, merged with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became entirely owned by Viacom in 2003.

3Originally TNN from 1983 to 2003 (as The Nashville Network until 1997; as The National Network until 2003) and as Spike until January 2018.

4Channel was originally known as VH1 MegaHits before being discontinued in July 2005 to facilitate Logo launch.

5Channel was previously owned by Gaylord Entertainment Company, acquired in 1997 by the CBS Cable division of CBS Corporation, and became part of MTV Networks when CBS merged with Viacom.

6Channel created as VH1 Country before Viacom/CBS merger.

7Channel was originally launched under Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment and tested as Pinwheel until 1979, then was officially launched as Nickelodeon.

8Channel space was previously held by Noggin (a joint venture with Sesame Workshop) before being replaced with the Nick Jr. Channel in 2009.

9Channel was originally known as MTV Hits before being rebranded as NickMusic on September 9, 2016.

10Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons (styled as "nicktoons") once more in 2009.

11Channel space was previously held by Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids from 1999 to 2007, and a 24-hour version of Noggin's The N brand from 2007 to 2009.

12Channel originally owned by the first incarnation of Viacom, and earlier with former partner Warner-Amex, and later became part of CBS Corporation following Viacom's split in 2006. Showtime was established in 1976, and The Movie Channel was established in 1973 as Star Channel and relaunched under its current name in 1979.

13Channel was originally co-owned by CBS Corporation through Showtime Networks and the Smithsonian Institution until November 7, 2019, when the Institution sold its equity interest to Showtime.

14Channel was originally a block on Nick at Nite.

15Previously owned by CBS Corporation, and before 2019, half of the share was owned by Lionsgate. Formerly known as TVGN, TV Guide Network, and TV Guide Channel.

16Established by Viacom's Showtime Networks in 1992 and later became part of CBS Corporation following Viacom's split in 2006.

17Channel was formerly Showtime Beyond from 1999 and was discontinued on July 15, 2020.

18Channel was originally known as "Star Channel" until it was bought by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment before becoming "The Movie Channel" in 1979.

19Channel was originally known as VH1 Smooth before being relaunched as VH1 Classic Rock on August 1, 1999. The channel was renamed VH1 Classic in 2000 and was later rebranded as MTV Classic on August 1, 2016.

20Channel was originally known as Music: High Definition (MHD) before being rebranded as Palladia on September 1, 2008. On February 1, 2016, the channel was rebranded as MTV Live.

21Channel was originally a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV, and launched on January 1, 1985, in the former space of Turner's short-lived Cable Music Channel.

22Channel slot was originally VH1 Uno, until MTV Networks on Campus replaced VH1 Uno with a televised simulcast of MTVU. The college campus feed of MTVU no longer exists but the public feed is still on a limited amount of MSOs.

Other properties

Internet
Through its Networks division, Paramount also owns internet properties, such as MTV News and AwesomenessTV. The company ran a virtual world system, Virtual MTV, in the late 2000s.

The company has owned various other internet properties including virtual pets website Neopets; Flash game websites AddictingGames.com and Shockwave.com; online content production company Atom Entertainment; along with RateMyProfessors.com, GameTrailers, and iFilm, all of which have been shut down or sold off during 2000s and 2010s.

During the first quarter of 2008, iFilm was merged into Spike with its website re–branded and re–purposed as Spike.com.

In 2014, Viacom purchased a stake in multi-channel network Defy Media, while offloading GameTrailers, Addicting Games, and Shockwave to Defy.

Gaming
In 2006, Viacom acquired Harmonix, a video game studio oriented towards music video games and the original developer of the Guitar Hero franchise, for $175 million. The two subsequently collaborated on the creation of Rock Band. That year, Viacom also acquired the gaming–oriented communications platform Xfire.

In 2010, Harmonix was divested to an investment firm to become an independent studio, and Xfire was sold.

In 2011, Viacom established a short–lived, in–house development studio known as 345 Games, which was dedicated primarily to developing games based on Comedy Central, MTV and Spike properties.

Units

MTV Entertainment Group

MTV Entertainment Group is a subsidiary of Paramount Media Networks and serves as the holdings company for the more general entertainment brands such as its flagships MTV, Comedy Central, and Paramount Network.

 MTV
 MTV2
 MTV Classic
 MTV Live
 MTVU
 MTV Tres
 Comedy Central
 Comedy Central Now
 Comedy Central Records
 South Park Digital Studios (joint venture with Trey Parker & Matt Stone's South Park Studios)
 CMT
 CMT Canada (10%)
 CMT Music
 Logo TV
 SnowGlobe Music Festival
 Paramount Network
 Pop
 Smithsonian Channel
 United Kingdom
 Canada (6.67% minority stake; joint venture with Blue Ant Media)
 TV Land

In 2022, MTV Entertainment Group partnered up with Second Chance Studios to launch Media careers.

Showtime Networks, Inc.

Showtime Networks Inc. is a subsidiary of Paramount Media Networks that oversees the company's premium cable television channels, including its flagship service Showtime.

 Showtime
 The Movie Channel
 Flix

Nickelodeon Group

Nickelodeon Group (also known as Nickelodeon Networks Inc. and as its family distribution name called Paramount Kids and Family Group) is an American entertainment company that oversees Paramount's kids' cable television channels, including its flagship service Nickelodeon.

 Nickelodeon
 Nick at Nite
 Nick Jr. Channel
 Nicktoons
 TeenNick
 NickMusic

References

Mass media companies established in 1977
Mass media companies established in 1984
Cable network groups in the United States
Television broadcasting companies of the United States
Domestic Media Networks
Peabody Award winners
Companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1977
American companies established in 1984
1986 mergers and acquisitions

Paramount Media Networks


C4MIP (abréviation de Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project, soit Projet de comparaison de modèles couplés du cycle du carbone ) est un projet conjoint entre le Programme international géosphère-biosphère (IGBP) et le Programme mondial de recherche sur le climat (WCRP). Il s'agit d'un projet d'intercomparaison de modèles sur le modèle de l' Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, mais pour des modèles climatiques mondiaux qui incluent un cycle interactif du carbone.

Liens externes
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050402053554/http://climate.ornl.gov/c4mip/

Modèles de calcul

C4MIP


, est une série de manga japonaise par Taichi Kawazoe. Elle est prépubliée dans le Monthly Shōnen Gangan de Square Enix depuis  et dix volumes reliés sont parus au . Une adaptation en série d'animation produite par le studio japonais TNK est diffusée entre  et .

Synopsis
À seulement , Kikuru est déjà un aventurier reconnu. Toutefois, il perd sa motivation car il n'a jamais eu de relation avec une femme. Enome, une responsable de la guilde, parvient alors à le convaincre de faire équipe avec Hitamu, une combattante en arts martiaux débutante. Kikuru commence ainsi à faire équipe avec plusieurs aventurières, dont la malchance les amènera à chaque fois à se retrouver dans des situations érotiques lors de leurs affrontements avec des monstres.

Personnages

Production et supports

Manga
Écrit et illustré par Taichi Kawazoe,  commence sa prépublication dans le magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan de Square Enix le . Au , dix volumes reliés ont été publiés.

Liste des volumes

|}

Anime
Une adaptation en série d'animation est annoncée le . La série est produite par le studio japonais TNK et réalisée par Takuya Asaoka, avec des scripts écrits par  et des conceptions de personnages gérées par Hiraku Kaneko.

Du fait de certains contenus à caractère sexuel, elle se décline en quatre versions, plus ou moins censurées, selon le média :
 la , pour la plupart des chaînes de télévision, dans laquelle les images et les sons sont fortement censurés, selon la règlementation japonaise ;
 la version , pour quelques chaînes de télévision ;
 la , pour la chaîne payante AT-X, sans censure d'image ;
 la version , sans aucune censure, réservée aux éditions Blu-ray et DVD.

La diffusion à la télévision débute le , pour la version censurée. La diffusion de la version « immorale » débute une semaine plus tard (ou deux, selon le média), soit le .

En France, la série est diffusée en simulcast par la plateforme de streaming ADN, qui propose les deux versions .

Liste des épisodes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Manga

Liens externes

Shōnen manga
Manga paru dans le Monthly Shōnen Gangan
Manga publié par Square Enix
Animation réalisée par TNK
Série diffusée sur Animation Digital Network

Immoral Guild


VM i badminton 1977 var det første VM i badminton afholdt af International Badminton Federation. Mesterskabet blev afviklet i Malmö, Sverige i perioden 3. - 8. maj 1977.

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Kilder

Noter

Sport i 1977
1977

VM i badminton 1977


(IPA: , VOS Spelling: tjanting, ) is a pen-like tool used to apply liquid hot wax ( ) in the batik-making process in Indonesia, more precisely batik tulis (lit. "written batik"). Traditional Tjanting consists of copper wax-container with small pipe spout and bamboo handle. Traditional tjanting is made of copper, bronze, zinc or iron material, however modern version might use teflon.

Etymology

 is derived from Javanese word of canthing  (IPA: ) which means the small scooping tool.

History

Canting is originated in Java and invented by the Javanese, it is believed to be invented since  12th century.
G. P. Rouffaer reported that the gringsing batik pattern was already known by the 12th century in Kediri, East Java. He concluded that this delicate pattern could only be created by the canting, an etching tool that holds a small reservoir of hot wax.

Design

A canting consists of:
 Nyamplung: a rounded liquid wax container, made from copper.
 Cucuk (IPA:): a small copper pipe or spout that connects to nyamplung container, it is where the liquid wax comes out to be applied to the cloth.
 Gagang: canting holder, usually made from bamboo or wood.

The size of canting may be varied according to the desired dot size or line thickness to be applied to the cloth. A batik craftsperson uses canting in a similar fashion as drawing using a pen.

Types

There are three ways of classifying the types of canting:
 Based on its function:
 Canting Rengrengan: canting that is ideally used to make a batik pattern for the first time.
 Canting Isen: canting that is ideally used to fill a pattern that has been made beforehand.
 Based on the diameter of its cucuk:
 Small Canting: canting that has a small-sized cucuk with a diameter of less than 1 millimeter and is usually used as Canting Isen.
 Medium Canting: canting that has a medium-sized cucuk with a diameter of 1 – 2.5 millimeters and is usually used as Canting Rengrengan.
 Large Canting: canting with a large-sized cucuk with a diameter of more than 2.5 millimeters and is usually used to make a larger batik pattern or to fill a pattern that has been made beforehand with a block of wax.
 Based on the number of its cucuk:
 Canting Cecekan: canting with one cucuk.
 Canting Laron/Loron: canting with two cucuk.
 Canting Telon: canting with three cucuk that forms an equilateral triangle.
 Canting Prapatan: canting with four cucuk that forms a square.
 Canting Liman: canting with five cucuk that forms a square with a dot in the center of the square.
 Canting Byok: canting with an odd number of cucuk and is equal to or more than seven cucuk that forms a circle with a dot in the center of the circle.
 Canting Renteng/Galaran: canting with four or six cucuk that forms two parallel lines.

Technique

Firstly, the cloth must be washed, soaked and beaten with a large mallet. The hot and liquid wax is scooped from small wajan (wok) heated upon small stove. The batik craftsperson sometimes blow the spout tip of canting to allow the liquid wax to flow smoothly and to avoid clogging, then they draw the line or dot upon the cloth, applying the liquid wax, following the patterns and images that previously had been drawn using pencil. A pattern is then drawn with hot wax called malam using  canting. The wax functions as a dye-resist. After this, the cloth is dipped in a dye bath containing the first colour. After the cloth is dry, the wax is removed by scraping or boiling the cloth. This process is repeated as many times as the number of colours desired. For larger areas of cloth which need to be covered, the wax is applied using a tool called tonyok nemboki/mopoki.

See also

 Batik
 Indonesian culture

References

Batik
Indonesian culture

Canting


Oligochaeta () is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms.  Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), and freshwater or semiterrestrial microdrile forms, including the tubificids, pot worms and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae) and several interstitial marine worms.

With around 10,000 known species, the Oligochaeta make up about half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few setae (chaetae) or "bristles" on their outer body surfaces, and lack parapodia, unlike polychaeta.

Diversity
Oligochaetes are well-segmented worms and most have a spacious body cavity (coelom) used as a hydroskeleton. They range in length from less than  up to  in the 'giant' species such as the giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis) and the Mekong worm (Amynthas mekongianus).

Terrestrial oligochaetes are commonly known as earthworms and burrow into the soil. The four main families with large numbers of species are Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Moniligastridae. Earthworms are found in all parts of the world except for deserts. They have a requirement for moist surroundings and the larger species create burrows that may go down several metres (yards) while young individuals and smaller species are restricted to the top few centimetres of soil. The largest numbers are found in humus-rich soils and acid soils. A few species are found in trees, among damp moss and in the debris that accumulates in leaf axils and crevices; some others make their homes in the rosettes of bromeliads.

The majority of aquatic oligochaetes are small, slender worms, whose organs can be seen through the transparent body wall. They burrow into the sediment or live among the vegetation mostly in shallow, freshwater environments. Some are transitional between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, inhabiting swamps, mud or the borders of water bodies. About two hundred species are marine, mostly in the families Enchytraeidae and Naididae; these are found largely in the tidal and shallow subtidal zones, but a few are found at abyssal depths.

Anatomy
The first segment, or prostomium, of oligochaetes is usually a smooth lobe or cone without sensory organs, although it is sometimes extended to form a tentacle. The remaining segments have no appendages, but they do have a small number of bristles, or chaetae. These tend to be longer in aquatic forms than in the burrowing earthworms, and can have a variety of shapes.

Each segment has four bundles of chaetae, with two on the underside, and the others on the sides. The bundles can contain one to 25 chaetae, and include muscles to pull them in and out of the body. This enables the worm to gain a grip on the soil or mud as it burrows into the substrate. When burrowing, the body moves peristaltically, alternately contracting and stretching to push itself forward.

A number of segments in the forward part of the body are modified by the presence of numerous secretory glands. Together, they form the clitellum, which is important in reproduction.

Internal anatomy
Most oligochaetes are detritus feeders, although some genera are predaceous, such as Agriodrilus and Phagodrilus. The digestive tract is essentially a tube running the length of the body, but has a powerful muscular pharynx immediately behind the mouth cavity. In many species, the pharynx simply helps the worm suck in food, but in many aquatic species, it can be turned inside out and placed over food like a suction cup before being pulled back in.

The remainder of the digestive tract may include a crop for storage of food, and a gizzard for grinding it up, although these are not present in all species. The oesophagus includes "calciferous glands" that maintain calcium balance by excreting indigestible calcium carbonate into the gut. A number of yellowish chloragogen cells surround the intestine and the dorsal blood vessel, forming a tissue that functions in a similar fashion to the vertebrate liver. Some of these cells also float freely in the body cavity, where they are referred to as "eleocytes".

Most oligochaetes have no gills or similar structures, and simply breathe through their moist skin. The few exceptions generally have simple, filamentous gills. Excretion is through small ducts known as metanephridia. Terrestrial oligochaetes secrete urea, but the aquatic forms typically secrete ammonia, which dissolves rapidly into the water.

The vascular system consists of two main vessels connected by lateral vessels in each segment. Blood is carried forward in the dorsal vessel (in the upper part of the body) and back through the ventral vessel (underneath), before passing into a sinus surrounding the intestine. Some of the smaller vessels are muscular, effectively forming hearts; from one to five pairs of such hearts is typical. The blood of oligochaetes contains haemoglobin in all but the smallest of species, which have no need of respiratory pigments.

The nervous system consists of two ventral nerve cords, which are usually fused into a single structure, and three or four pairs of smaller nerves per body segment. Only a few aquatic oligochaetes have eyes, and even then they are only simply ocelli. Nonetheless, their skin has several individual photoreceptors, allowing the worm to sense the presence of light, and burrow away from it. Oligochaetes can taste their surroundings using chemoreceptors located in tubercles across their body, and their skin is also supplied with numerous free nerve endings that presumably contribute to their sense of touch.

Distribution and habitat
Oligochaetes occur in every continent in the world occupying terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Of the 1700 known aquatic species, about 600 are marine and 100 inhabit groundwater. Aquatic oligochaetes occur in most groups, with the Naididae being the most speciose.

Locomotion
Movement and burrowing of earthworms is performed by peristalsis, with the alternation of contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles. To move forward, the anterior portion of the worm is extended forward by the contraction of the circular muscles, while the portion just behind this is made shorter and fatter by the contraction of longitudinal muscles. Next the anterior circular muscles relax, and a wave of circular contraction moves backwards along the worm. At the  same time, the cheatae expand to grip the ground as the body shortens and are retracted as it lengthens. The steps are typically  long and the worm moves at the rate of seven to ten steps per minute. The worm is able to reverse its direction of travel with the tail leading. Aquatic species use a similar means of locomotion to work their way through sediment and massed vegetation, but the tiny Aeolosomatids swim by means of the cilia on their prostomia.

Burrowing is performed by forcing the front end of the worm into a crevice and widening the gap by body expansion. Large quantities of soil are swallowed in the process. This is mixed with mucus as it passes through the gut, being used to plaster the tunnel walls, forming a lining. Excess material is extruded on the ground surface, forming a faecal casting. The burrow may have two entrances and several vertical and horizontal tunnels.

Reproduction
Whereas in general, polychaetes are marine and have separate sexes, external sperm transfer and external fertilisation, oligochaetes live on land or in fresh water, are hermaphrodites, have no external sperm transfer and fertilisation takes place in the clitellum or cocoon. However there are exceptions to this, with some polychaetes inhabiting non-marine environments and a few species of oligochaetes being marine. Development of the offspring also differs between the two subclasses. The eggs of polychaetes are deposited in the sea where they develop into trochophore larvae that disperse as part of the plankton, while the yolky eggs of oligochaetes do not have a larval stage and develop directly into juvenile worms in the cocoon.

Reproduction among oligochaetes is mainly by sexual means but clonal reproduction is common in some genera, especially among aquatic species. Members of the Naididae reproduce asexually, primarily by paratomy, in which the body breaks into two pieces after the "pregeneration" of certain anterior structures by the posterior portion. Other species undergo fragmentation, in which the worm breaks into several pieces, each of which develops into a new worm. Parthenogenesis also occurs in some species.

Evolution and taxonomy
With their soft bodies, earthworms do not fossilize well, though they may form trace fossils. The name Protoscolex was given to a genus of segmented worms without bristles found in the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, United States. Another species placed in the same genus was found in Herefordshire, England, but it is unclear whether these worms are in fact oligochaetes. Stephenson postulated in 1930 that the common ancestor of oligochaetes came from the primitive aquatic family Lumbriculidae. The more advanced families such as Glossoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae and Microchaetidae may have evolved later than the other families. Because of its ability to colonise new areas and become dominant, the Lumbricidae has followed humans round the world and displaced many native species of earthworm.

An early but now outdated classification system was to divide the oligochaetes into "Megadrili", the larger terrestrial species, and "Microdili", the smaller, mostly aquatic ones.

Families

 Acanthodrilidae Claus, 1880 (including Diplocardiinae Michaelsen, 1900)
 Ailoscolecidae Bouché, 1969 (including Komarekionidae Gates, 1974)
 Alluroididae Michaelsen, 1900
 Almidae Duboscq, 1902
 Criodrilidae Vejdovsky, 1884 (including Biwadrilidae Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971)
 Dorydrilidae Cook, 1971
 Enchytraeidae Vejdovsky, 1879
 Eudrilidae Claus, 1880
 Exxidae Blakemore, 2000
 Glossoscolecidae Michaelsen, 1900
 Haplotaxidae Michaelsen, 1900
 Hormogastridae Michaelsen, 1900 (including Vignysinae Bouché, 1970 and Xaninae Diaz Cosin et al., 1989)
 Kynotidae Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971
 Lumbricidae Claus, 1876 (including Diporodrilinae Bouché, 1970; Eiseniinae Omodeo, 1956; Spermophorodrilinae Omodeo & Rota, 1989; Postandrilinae Qiu & Bouché, 1998; Allolobophorinae Kvavadze, 2000 and Helodrilinae Kvavadze, 2000)
 Lumbriculidae Vejdovsky, 1884
 Lutodrilidae McMahan, 1978
 Megascolecidae Rosa, 1891 (including Pontodrilinae Vejdovsky, 1884; Plutellinae Vejdovsky, 1884 and Argilophilinae Fender & McKey-Fender, 1990)
 Microchaetidae Michaelsen, 1900
 Moniligastridae Claus, 1880
 Naididae / Tubificidae Vejdovsky, 1884 (including Naidinae Ehrenberg, 1831)
 Narapidae Righi, 1983
 Ocnerodrilidae Beddard, 1891 (including Malabariinae Gates, 1966)
 Octochaetidae Michaelsen, 1900 (including Benhamiinae Michaelsen, 1895/7)
 Opistocystidae Cernosvitov, 1936
 Parvidrilidae Erséus, 1999
 Phreodrilidae Beddard, 1891
 Propappidae Coates, 1986
 Randiellidae Erséus & Strehlow, 1986
 Sparganophilidae Michaelsen, 1918
 Syngenodrilidae Smith & Green, 1919
 Tiguassuidae Brinkhurst, 1988
 Tritogeniidae Plisko, 2013
 Tumakidae Righi, 1995

References

Bibliography
 Blakemore, R. J. (2005). Whither Octochaetidae? – its family status reviewed.   In: Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy II. Eds. A. A. & V. V. Pop. Proceedings IOTM2, Cluj University Press. Romania. Pp. 63–84. http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/Octochaetidae5.pdf ; https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182537/http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/Octochaetidae5.pdf.
 Blakemore, R. J. (2006). Revised Key to Earthworm Families (Ch. 9). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World – 2nd Edition (2006).  Eds.: N. Kaneko & M. T. Ito. COE Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM Publication. Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20080105055856/http://bio-eco.eis.ynu.ac.jp/eng/database/earthworm/.

 Michaelsen, W. (1900). Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin.  Pp. xxix+575, figs. 1-13. Online here: http://mail2web.com/cgi-bin/redir.asp?lid=0&newsite=https://archive.org/details/oligochaeta10mich.
Plisko, J.D. (2013). A new family Tritogeniidae for the genera Tritogenia and Michalakus, earlier accredited to the composite Microchaetidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta). African Invertebrates 54 (1): 69–92.
 Siddall, M. E., Apakupakul, K, Burreson, E. M., Coates, K. A., Erséus, C, Gelder, S. R., Källersjö, M, & Trapido-Rosenthal, H. (2001). Validating Livanow's Hypothesis: Molecular Data Agree that Leeches, Branchiobdellidans and Acanthobdella peledina form a Monophyletic Group of Oligochaetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21: 346-351. http://research.amnh.org/~siddall/pub/livanow.pdf.
 Stephenson, J. (1930). The Oligochaeta. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Pp. 978.

External links

Composting
Annelids
Clitellata

Oligochaeta


Güney Mahallesi, Sakarya ilinin Hendek ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Güney mahallesi, Osmanlı döneminde 1890-1900 civarında köy olarak kurulmuştur.  Mahalleye ilk olarak Rize'nin Fındıklı ilçesinin Sulak (Mzuğu) köyünden gelen İslamoğulları sülalesinden Aziz, İlyas, Hurşit (Huşut) yerleşmiştir.

Mahalle ilk olarak Kadifekale'ye bağlıyken 1950 yılında buradan ayrılarak Güney Köyü adını almıştır. 2014 yılı büyükşehir yasası ile mahalleye çevrilerek adı Güney Mahallesi olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Sakarya'nın merkez ilçesi Adapazarı'na 59 km, Hendek ilçesine 24 km uzaklıktadır. Mahalle yaklaşık olarak 785 hektar arazi üzerine kurulmuştur. Rakımı 750-800 metre civarındadır.

Köyün altından Aksu Deresi akmaktadır.

Ekonomi
Mahallenin geliri fındık üretiminden sağlanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda arıcılık da yapılmaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 https://www.nufusune.com/185211-sakarya-hendek-guney-mahallesi-nufusu

Hendek'in mahalleleri

Güney, Hendek


Međimurje County (;  ; ) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje. Despite being the smallest Croatian county by size, it is the most densely populated one (not including the City of Zagreb). The county seat is Čakovec, which is also the largest city of the county.

The county borders Slovenia in the north-west and Hungary in the east, with about 20 kilometers of Slovenian territory separating it from Austria. The south-eastern corner of the county is near the town of Legrad and the confluence of the Mura into the Drava. The closest bigger cities include Varaždin and Koprivnica in Croatia, Lendava, Murska Sobota and Maribor in Slovenia, as well as Nagykanizsa in Hungary and Graz in Austria. The Croatian capital of Zagreb is about 90 kilometers south-west of Čakovec.

There are slopes of the Alpine foothills in the north-western part of the county, the Upper Međimurje, making it suitable for vineyards. The south-eastern part of the county, the Lower Međimurje, touches the flat Pannonian Plain. The flat parts of the region are also largely used for agriculture, which mostly includes fields of cereals, maize and potato, as well as orchards, which are mostly planted with apple trees. There are two major hydroelectric power plants along the southern border of the county, on the Drava River.

Name and symbols

Besides its Croatian name (Međimurska županija), the county is also known as Muraköz megye in Hungarian, Medžimurska županija in Slovene, and Murinsel in German.

Throughout the past, the historical region of Međimurje was referred to by several names. In Latin, it was called Insula intra Dravum et Muram, Insula Muro-Dravana and Hortus Slavoniae Superior (or Hortus Croatiae). The names Insula intra Dravum et Muram and Insula Muro-Dravana mean "island between the Mura and the Drava", referring to the two rivers bordering the region. The name Hortus Croatiae means "the [flower] garden of Croatia". In Hungarian, the region is known as Muraköz, and in German as Murinsel. In Croatian, it was referred to by several names as well, including Mejmorje, Medžmorje and Medžimorje (in Kajkavian), as well as Međumurje and Međimurje (in Shtokavian).

The Kajkavian toponym Medžimorje is believed to have been the original name of the region. It originated in the 6th or 7th century, which makes it older than the Latin toponyms that were first mentioned in feudalism. The name Medžimorje is derived from the Proto-Slavic preposition medji and the noun morje. It literally means "land surrounded by water", i.e. "island". Međimorje is also an archaic common noun that was used in Kajkavian Croatian, also meaning "island". However, the names Međimurje (Shtokavian Croatian), Muraköz (Hungarian), and Murinsel (German) all contain the hydronym Mura (or Mur). The name Murinsel means "island on the Mura". This led to some dilemmas in the usage of the Croatian names Međimorje and Međimurje. In Kajkavian Croatian the name is Medžimurje, or Medžimorje, and in the Prekmurje dialect it is Medmürje or Nedžimurje.

The region's unofficial symbols include the turtle dove (Croatian: grlica gugutka, but locally referred to just as grlica), which is one of the most common birds in the region, and the violet (ljubičica). The region is often called Međimurje malo, which is Croatian for "Little Međimurje".

Geography

Međimurje County covers the plains between two rivers – the Mura and the Drava. The Mura flows along the county's northern border with the Slovenian region of Prekmurje (Municipality of Lendava, Municipality of Ljutomer and Municipality of Ormož) and its eastern border with Hungary's Zala County, while the Drava flows along the county's southern border with two other Croatian counties – Varaždin County and Koprivnica-Križevci County. The Trnava River flows through the middle of the county.

There are two reservoir lakes on the Drava – Lake Varaždin and Lake Dubrava – both built to serve the two hydroelectric power plants based in the county. Lake Dubrava, located near the city of Prelog, is the biggest artificial lake in Croatia and the second largest lake overall in the country. The power plant using Lake Varaždin is named after the county seat, Čakovec, while the one using Lake Dubrava is named Dubrava, taking its name from the nearby village of Donja Dubrava.

The county's elevation ranges between 120 and 344 metres above sea level, the latter being the elevation of its highest hill, Mohokos. Čakovec has an elevation of between 160 and 165 metres above sea level. Throughout the past, there were occasional earthquakes in the region. One of significant strength hit the region in 1880, while another in 1738 devastated Čakovec and particularly the nearby Šenkovec.

Of the county's total area of 729.5 km2, around 360 km2 are used in agriculture. Due to the high population density, agricultural land is divided into 21,000 units averaging  each. 27.5 km2 are covered with orchards. 11 km2 is the hilly area, located in the north-western part of the county, with villages like Štrigova and numerous vineyards. Grasslands and forests cover an area of around 105 km2. The biggest forest is Murščak, located between Domašinec and Donji Hrašćan.

Climate
The climate is continental. Summers are quite hot. Daily temperatures during the summer months usually range between 20 °C and 30 °C, but can reach as high as 40 °C in July and August, when they can also stay above 30 °C for several days. Thunderstorms and rapid weather changes are common throughout the summer months, as well as in late spring, with a particularly stormy period being between mid-June and mid-July, when they often occur on a daily basis.

Springs and autumns are usually calm, although rapid weather changes can also be common during the two seasons. Winters can be very severe, with early-morning temperatures sometimes reaching as low as -20 °C. During the winter months, daily temperatures usually range between -10 °C and 10 °C. January is usually the coldest month, during which daily temperatures can stay below 0 °C for several days. Snowfall usually occurs between late October and early March. Fog can be a common early-morning occurrence between late summer and early spring, with all-day fog sometimes occurring during the coldest months.

Warm weather, with daily temperatures around 15 °C, can occur as early as mid-February and as late as mid-November. In early October and late March, daily temperatures can also reach as high as 20 °C. However, February and November are generally cold months, with occasional heavy snow and daily temperatures around 0 °C, while March and October are generally cool, with occasional light snow and daily temperatures ranging between 0 °C and 15 °C. In March and October, it is also common for the temperature to drop below 0 °C over night, even when the daily temperature is in the range between 10 °C and 15 °C.

Administrative division
There are three towns in Međimurje County – Čakovec, Prelog and Mursko Središće. The county seat, Čakovec, has an urban population of around 15,147, with a population of 27,820 in the administrative area.

There are also several municipalities in the county, with their seats including Belica, Dekanovec, Domašinec, Donja Dubrava, Donji Kraljevec, Donji Vidovec, Goričan, Gornji Mihaljevec, Kotoriba, Mala Subotica, Nedelišće, Orehovica, Podturen, Pribislavec, Selnica, Strahoninec, Sveta Marija, Sveti Juraj na Bregu, Sveti Martin na Muri, Šenkovec, Štrigova and Vratišinec. Nedelišće, Pribislavec, Strahoninec and Šenkovec are all located on the outskirts of Čakovec, with Belica approximately 5 kilometers from the city's centre.

If not including the City of Zagreb, Međimurje is the smallest Croatian county, with an area of 729.5 km2. Nevertheless, with an average population of 156 people/km2, it is the most densely populated Croatian county, again if the City of Zagreb is not included.

Demographics

In the 2011 census, the total population of the county was 113,804. During the same census, a total of 106,744 residents of the county identified themselves as Croats. The following ethnic minorities were represented by more than 100 people in the 2011 census: Romani (5,107), Slovenes (516), Serbs (249), Albanians (200), and Russians (137).

The demographics of the region changed swiftly in the period between 1950 and 1975, with a significant reduction in the size of the family. From the national perspective, the population is moving toward the Istria region, while the seasonal workforce moves toward Zagreb and the southern parts of Croatia. The natural population increase is minimal.

Language and education

The official language of Međimurje County, as in the whole of Croatia, is the Shtokavian dialect of Croatian. However, the local dialect is Kajkavian, which is commonly spoken and understood among the people native to the region. In Kajkavian there is a number of Hungarian and German loanwords, but the Međimurian Kajkavian dialect sees the strongest Hungarian and German influence. The Međimurian dialect forms dialect continuum to the Prekmurje dialect (Southern Dolinsko dialect near Lendava) and the dialect of Prlekija. The artists of the Međimurje seek to cultivate the local dialect, including Franjo Mesarić–Frenki writer and poet, and Vlado Mihaljević, writer, singer, cantor and searcher.

Each municipality seat has an eight-year elementary school. However, there are also local schools in many smaller villages within each municipality, where the pupils can complete the first four years of their primary education. After that, they are moved to the main school of their municipality to complete the remaining four years, usually travelling to the school by a school bus.

Čakovec has three eight-year elementary schools. There are also several high schools in Čakovec, including the Gymnasium and schools offering secondary education for jobs in technology, industry, transport, construction, economy and trade. The smaller city of Prelog also offers secondary education for jobs in catering, tourism and economy.

The city of Čakovec also has two institutions of higher education – the Faculty of Teacher Education (Učiteljski fakultet) and the Polytechnic of Međimurje (Međimursko veleučilište). The Faculty of Teacher Education in Čakovec is part of the University of Zagreb.

History

Early history

The first organized human habitations here can be traced back to the Stone Age. There is a Neolithic site called Ferenčica near Prelog. There are archaeological sites that date from the Bronze Age, and 3rd century sites called Ciglišće and Varaščine .

During the Iron Age, the Indo-European tribes identified in the area were Celts, Serets and Pannons, and the region became part of the Roman empire. In the 1st century, the Romans knew the area as Insula intra Dravam et Muram ("island between the Drava and Mura rivers") according to the geographer Strabo. The region was part of the Roman province of Pannonia and later part of the Pannonia Superior.

Čakovec was originally called Aquama ("the wet city"), because the area was marshland. During the Migration Period, many different tribes, such as Huns, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths, passed through the region. The region was part of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths, the state of the Lombards, the Avar Khaganate, and the Frankish Kingdom. The Slavs, which settled this region in the 6th century, gained independence after destruction of the Avar Khaganate. In the 9th century, it was included in the Slavic state of Lower Pannonia. According to some sources, the area was also part of the Great Moravia.

Medieval history
The Hungarians occupied the region in 896 and expanded to the river Sava, but as the Principality of Hungary transformed to the Kingdom of Hungary, the borders with the Kingdom of Croatia were set along the river Drava. In 1102 Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary. During 13th century tradesmen and merchants (mostly ethnic Germans) started to arrive and began to develop the urban localities that are present today. Prelog (Perlak) was founded in 1264, shortly after the invasion of the Mongols in 1242, and the other settlements followed. Later it was part of Zala County. In the beginning of the 14th century, the area was ruled by powerful semi-independent oligarch Henrik Kőszegi.

Čakovec (Csáktornya) got its name from Count Dimitry Csáky, who at the beginning of the 13th century erected the timber fortification that eventually was "Csáky's tower", mentioned for the first time in 1328. King Charles I named Čakovec as the capitol in 1333. In 1350, King Louis I. gave the land to viceroy (Ban) Stjepan I Lacković, a member of the ruling Lacković family of Transylvania. It remained Lacković property until 1397, when King Sigismund executed Stjepan II Lacković, and took back the area to the Crown.

In 1405, the Celje family received Međimurje (Muraköz) as a gift from the Crown, and the land was mortgaged. The monastery in Goričan (Goritsán) managed the administration of the seat of the main territorial dominion as an attorney of the Celje family. King Matthias Corvinus bought the mortgage and donated the land to John I Ernuszt and his son, who were Jewish merchants from Sweden, living in Buda. The monastery in Goričan, which had managed the administration of the seat of the main territorial dominion, was dissolved. The seat of the administration of the main territorial dominion Goričan came under the administration of the Bishop of Ljubljana. It remained in the hands of the Ernušts until 1526, when the family died out without heir.

Since 1526, the region became part of the Habsburg monarchy, as did Kingdom of Hungary along with Croatia. It followed a succession and inheritance dispute between the Keglević family and the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand I. Since 1530 until 1790 Goričan was by interdictum under the administration of the Bishop of Zagreb as an attorney of both the Emperor and the Keglević family to prevent any violent confrontations between them both, but Čakovec became the seat of the administration of the main territorial dominion in 1546, because even the Bishop Simon Erdődy (1518–1543, Bishop of Zagreb) could not prevent a violent confrontation between the Emperor and Petar Keglević in 1542/43. In 1546 the Diet in Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava) approved the transfer of Čakovec and Međimurje to Nikola Šubić Zrinski.

Rapid development began in 1547 under the ruling Zrinski family. In 1579 the craftsmen and merchants outside the walls of Čakovec Castle (csáktornyai kastély) were granted the right to trade; this was the beginning of the formal and legal city structure. The area was of importance as a trade center with Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary positioned nearby on the main roads, facilitating the exchange of goods, crafts and ideas. The region was also a military buffer zone against the expanding Ottoman Empire.

Nikola Šubić Zrinski ruled as Nicholas IV (1508–1566). He was a hero of the Battle of Szigetvár of the Habsburg-Ottoman wars. Then followed his son, Juraj IV Zrinski (George IV), until 1603, and his grandson Nikola VI. Zrinski (Nicholas VI) until 1624. Next was another grandson, a brother of Nicholas VI, Juraj V Zrinski (George V). He was poisoned in 1626 by the general Albrecht Wallenstein in Pressburg and was buried in Pauline Monastery of Sveta Jelena (St. Helen in English) near Čakovec, next to the graves of his ancestors. He was followed by his son Nikola VII Zrinski (Nicholas VII), (1620–1664), a famous Croatian Ban. At the coronation of Ferdinand IV, he carried the sword of state and was made Captain General of Croatia. He was killed while hunting in the forest near Kuršanec (Kursanecz), apparently by a wounded wild boar, but there were rumors that he had been murdered by the order of the Habsburg court. His brother, Petar Zrinski (Peter IV), was noted for his role in the attempted Croatian-Hungarian rebellion of 1664-1670 which ultimately led to his execution for treason. His wife, Katarina Zrinska, died imprisoned for the same offence on 16 November 1673 in Graz. On 19 August 1691 the son of Nicholas VII, Adam Zrinski, fell at Battle of Slankamen while fighting against the Ottoman Empire. Parts of Međimurje remained in the hands of the Zrinski family until the end of the 17th century. The last male member of the family, Ivan Antun Zrinski (John IV), died in prison in 1703.

In 1715, during the period of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Count Michael Althan became the owner of Međimurje; he received the land for his loyal services. In 1720, the region was detached from Croatia and was included into the main part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. In 1738, Čakovec Castle was hit by an earthquake, which caused tremendous damage. The owners of the city made some repairs, but in 1741, fire caused additional damage. The castle started to decay.

The Church of St. Jerome was rebuilt in 1749 in Štrigova (Stridóvár) by the famous artist Ivan Ranger following the demolition of the original 15th century-built chapel by an earthquake in 1738.

Ignacije Szentmartony, a Jesuit from Kotoriba (Kottori), was a royal mathematician and astronomer in Lisbon and in 1754 an explorer of Brazil on behalf of the Portuguese government.

In 1791 Count György Festetics bought Međimurje, including Čakovec Castle and Feštetić Castle (Festetics kastély) in the neighboring village of Pribislavec (Zalaújvár), which remained in the property of Feštetić family until 1923.

On 19 April 1848 Josip Jelačić proclaimed a union of Croatian provinces, and their separation from the Kingdom of Hungary. By 1868, the former status quo was restored. Within the years 1860 to 1889 the railroad was introduced, while in 1893 electric power started illuminating most of the city streets. According to the 1910 census, the population of Međimurje numbered 90,387 people, including 82,829 Croats and 6,766 Hungarians.

The Magyarization between the 1870s-1910s introduced the concept of Međimurian language (muraközi nyelv). According to this view, the spoken language in Međimurje was not Croatian or Kajkavian, but Međimurian Slavic, which is a separate Slavic language-family. József Margitai was the main propagandist of the Međimurian language and he published few Međimurian books. The propagandists exploited idea that the Croatians are dissatisfied with the new Serbo-Croatian language.

Margitai propagated in Međimurian the usefulness of the assimilation in the Međimurje and the superiority of the Hungarian nation. The fake Međimurian literary language in fact was only little different from the Kajkavian literary language.

Modern history (after World War I)

In 1918, after the collapse of the monarchic union of Austria-Hungary, and after the disarmament of the local police, the Međimurje region fell into civil disorder. The National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs  in Zagreb sent hastily assembled troops, which crossed the river Drava and reached Čakovec where they were defeated. In the second attempt to capture the region in late 1918, troops commanded by Slavko Kvaternik forced the Hungarian troops to abandon the region. On 9 January 1919, Međimurje joined to the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia).

In the Southern region, in the Slovene March (today the Prekmurje and Raba March near Szentgotthárd) there emerged independence-autonomy movements. József Klekl expressed the program of the autonomous (or independent) Slovene March. Oszkár Jászi, who is supported the Slovene and Croatian minority, completed the program in a proposal: the Slovene March and the Međimurje should be merged. The program did not materialize.

Until 1922 the region was part of Varaždin County. From 1922 to 1929 the region was part of the Maribor Oblast, from 1929 to 1939 part of the Sava Banovina and from 1939 to 1941 part of the Banovina of Croatia.

Upon signing the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia became a member of the Axis powers. In spite of this, after the coup Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis forces on 6 April 1941 and was subsequently occupied and partitioned. Between 1941 and 1945, Međimurje was occupied and annexed by Hungary. At this time some re-settlement of ethnic Croats who were settled in the region after 1918 occurred. Bulgarian troops within the Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front captured the region in the spring of 1945, and the region became part of the socialist Croatia within restored Yugoslavia.

Culture and cuisine

Festivals

One notable traditional festival is the Fašnik, a carnival-like event held in February. The event's name is derived from the German word Fasching, describing similar events mostly held in Austria and Bavaria. The festival has been observed for centuries, with masked people participating in public parades and celebrations to drive off the demons of darkness and winter. The main festivities of the Fašnik period are usually held in the centre of Čakovec, with a parade of masked people from the entire region walking through the city's streets to reach its central square, where a hanged hay doll representing the Fašnik is traditionally burned down to signify victory over the demons of darkness and winter, as well as to mark the end of festivities.

Another notable and highly attended festival held in Čakovec is the Porcijunkulovo, an annual fair which takes place on the streets around the city's centre between 30 July and 5 August. At the fair, many of the region's traditional products, such as baskets, can be purchased and people can also see how some of the products are made. Many of the region's traditional foods are served during the festivities and there is a daily entertainment program at a temporary stage set up at the city's central square.

Food
For many centuries, Međimurje was part of Hungary, whose influence is evident in its history and culture. Once, the only notable place where one could have experienced the local cuisine and culture was Međimurska hiža, a restaurant near the village of Mačkovec, about 5 kilometers north of Čakovec. The restaurant was heavily damaged by fire in the late 1990s and never reopened. However, a number of new restaurants serving the region's traditional food have opened over the years.

The traditional food during the Fašnik period are a type of doughnuts known in Croatian as krafne, although the local people also use several similar names for the food. As well as being the traditional food of the Fašnik period, krafne are also a popular everyday food in the region and are sold in local stores and bakeries throughout the year. The traditional food of the Porcijunkulovo festivities is lángos, whose name is spelled langoš in Croatian. Another notable sweet food is a type of nut roll called orehnjača, which is filled with walnut cream. Its name is derived from oreh, meaning "walnut" in the local Kajkavian dialect. A similar cake filled with poppy seed is called makovnjača, with its name derived from mak, the Croatian word for poppy.

There is also a type of corn mush called žganci, which is usually served with liquid sour cream, buttermilk or warm milk. Cottage cheese is also a popular food in the region. It can either be served with liquid sour cream to form a dish known in the local dialect as sir z vrhnjom, which translates as "cheese with cream", or used to make turoš, in which case it is cone-shaped and dried. Sir z vrhnjom is often spiced with red paprika, which is also one of the main ingredients in turoš. Cottage cheese is also used as one of the fillings in a pastry called štrukli.

Some of the other traditional foods of the region include a type of pasta called mlinci, white and black sausages, known as čurke, which is served with sour cabbage, as well as other dried or otherwise preserved meat, such as meso z tiblice, which is stored in a small, usually wooden barrel called tiblica. There are also some vegetable dishes, while the production of wine is ubiquitous in the hilly landscape of the region's northwest. The diet of the region is part of the Croatian cuisine, which is known for its diversity.

Recreation
There are spas used for recreation in Vučkovec and around Sveti Martin na Muri, both in the northern part of the county and near the Mura. There are also more than 200 clubs for various sporting and recreational activities such as mountaineering, fishing, bowling, CB radio, parachuting and flying small aircraft, including unpowered gliders and powered hang gliders. Hunting also attracts numerous hunters in low game and birds.

Other cultural notes

The Škola Animiranog Filma is a school of animation based in Čakovec.

In Čakovec Castle, there is a museum and an art gallery. In Šenkovec, in the chapel of Sveta Jelena.  and in the church of Sveti Jeronim in Štrigova, there are Baroque frescoes of Ivan Ranger dating between 1776 and 1786. Prelog is home to the beautiful church of  Sveti Jakob, built in 1761.

More than 15,000 local songs have been collected here by ethnomusicologist Vinko Žganec. He was influenced in his work by Franjo Kuhač, and encouraged by Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. The German national anthem, Das Lied der Deutschen, composed by Joseph Haydn, is thought by some scholars to be derived from the folk song known in Međimurje under the name Stal Se Jesem; for details, see Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser. An Austrian national song was composed by Franz von Suppé, who was born in Split, and the lyrics of the Austrian national anthem were written by Paula von Preradovic, granddaughter of poet Petar Preradović, born near Pitomača.

Transport

The region of Međimurje is a strong transport hub. The main roads and railroads going through the county connect several Central and Eastern European countries with the Croatian cities of Varaždin, Zagreb (the country's capital), Karlovac, and Rijeka (the country's principal seaport), as well as the rest of the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast, which is a popular summer destination for tourists.

Međimurje had three railroads. M501 railway is the line of international significance that connects Međimurje with Hungary and Slovenia. M501 railway was part of first railroad in the county that was built in 1860, connecting Budapest with the Adriatic ports of Rijeka and Trieste, and this was  first railroad ever built in the present-day Croatia. The village of Kotoriba, located near the Hungarian border in the south-eastern part of the county, was the site of the first railway station building in Croatia.  R201 railway connects Čakovec with Varaždin and Zagreb. L101 railway connects Čakovec with Mursko Središće and with Slovenian town of Lendava.

Around 21 kilometers of the A4 motorway, built in the 1990s, is located within the county's borders. The highway connects Hungary with Zagreb, and is also an important connection from Čakovec and Prelog to Zagreb, as it can be accessed near the village of Sveti Križ, located approximately halfway between the two cities. The Goričan Border Crossing and the Zrinski Bridge are also located on the highway. Near Zagreb, the A4 highway is connected with the A1 motorway, from which several cities along the Adriatic coast can be reached, as well as the A3 motorway, which goes through the southern parts of Slavonia all the way to the Serbian border.

A small sports airfield with one grassy runway is located near the village of Pribislavec, just outside Čakovec. It is mainly used by light aircraft and unpowered gliders. Panoramic flights over the region are also organised from the airfield. Occasionally, the airfield is also used by powered hang gliders, although these aircraft more commonly use a smaller airfield on the shores of the Drava, just outside Prelog. For many years, the airfield in Pribislavec also hosted an annual air show in August, which, however, was not held in 2009 and 2010. There are plans in the works to build a bridge over the Mura River to connect the villages of Kerkaszentkirály in Hungary and Podturen in Međimurje County.

Business, economy and resources

An estimated 22,000 people are employed in the county, with around 60% of them in bigger companies. Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, more than 17,000 people from the region have been employed abroad, in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and beyond. The region is considered one of the nation's richest and most prosperous.

Agriculture and food production
Throughout its history, the region was heavily agricultural and even today many work in that sector. The total percentage of people involved in agriculture is 12.7%, which is above the national average.

Since the 4th century BC, there have been ship mills in use, particularly along the Mura River, some of which remained in use until the 20th century. The last surviving ship mill in the county is also located on the Mura River, between Sveti Martin na Muri and Mursko Središće. It is now a historic monument and a well-known regional tourist attraction. The famous Međimurje horse (Međimurski konj) breed of horses was for many years harnessed to the streetcars of Vienna.

Some of the largest food companies in the region include Agromeđimurje, Čakovečki mlinovi and Vajda. METSS, formerly called Trgocentar, operates a large number of convenience stores in the region. In Čakovec, many people are also employed in a number of shopping malls run by local, national and international companies.

Manufacturing
Industry has mostly developed in and around Čakovec, as well as in the south-eastern parts of the county. Međimurska trikotaža Čakovec or MTČ was one of the most successful textile and clothing companies in northern Croatia for years. Some of the other well known clothing companies in the region include Čateks and the Mursko Središće-based Modeks. There are also some footwear companies based in the region, the most prominent of them being Jelen.

The Čakovec-based Zrinski is a printing and publishing company. Nedelišće was home to one of the first Croatian printing presses, operating there as early as 1570. The production of metal and PVC is significant in the region. There are several construction companies based in the region. Some of the largest local companies in these businesses include Ferro-Preis, TMT, Tehnix, Meplast, Muraplast, Tegra and Beton. Basket weaving is one of the oldest businesses in the region, with Međimurjeplet being the largest local company. Chairs, small items of furniture and other decorative items are also woven in addition to baskets. The most common weaving materials include twigs, rattan and bamboo.

Mining
There are deposits of coal around Mursko Središće, Peklenica and Lopatinec. Lopatinec got its name from lopata, the Croatian word for "shovel". Coal mining was part of the local economy between 1946 and 1972, but has eventually become unprofitable. The total output at that time was close to 4,600,000 tonnes.  Estimated reserves are 200,000,000 tonnes, although new technologies and approaches would be needed to extract it profitably. The village of Križovec might be the only place in the world where people extract coal by pulling it by hand from the bottom of the river.

Gold can be found in the sands of both the Mura and Drava Rivers. In 1955, a geological survey calculated the concentration of gold in the Drava to be between 2.5 and 24.4 mg/m3, occasionally reaching 111 to 150 mg/m3. On the banks of Drava river near Donji Vidovec, one can still witness the process of gold prospecting as it used to be practiced during the gold rush.
In historical times, Prelog was the center for distribution of rock salt for this part of the kingdom.

Oil and gas
The region was the first in Croatia where deposits of gas and crude oil were found, in 1856, around the villages of Selnica and Peklenica. The latter even got its name from pekel, the word for "hell" in the local Kajkavian dialect, since the people quickly noticed the peculiar properties of the dark, greasy liquid in small ponds appearing spontaneously on the ground. The reserves were initially calculated to be around 170,000 tonnes. There was exploitation from 1886 to 1889 and into the 20th century.

The first crude oil pipeline built in this part of Europe was between Mursko Središće and the nearby town of Selnica in 1901. At that time the annual production was less than 7,000 tons. Today, a modern pipeline stretches from Omišalj on the Adriatic island of Krk and Sisak toward the oil refinery in the Slovenian city of Lendava, not far from Mursko Središće. There are also gas deposits in Mihovljan, a suburban village on the northern outskirts of Čakovec.

Hydroelectric and geothermal resources
There are three hydroelectric power plants with dams and two reservoir lakes built on the Drava. The Varaždin Hydroelectric Power plant fed from Lake Ormož, Čakovec Hydroelectric Power Plant is fed from the smaller Lake Varaždin and opened in 1982, while the Dubrava Hydroelectric Power Plant is fed from the larger Lake Dubrava and opened in 1989. The latter two hydroelectric power plants provide 161,6 MW of electric power. Their dams, levees, canals and reservoirs are also used for flood control and irrigation.

The extraction of gravel is also significant for the region. There is currently around 10 gravel pits, located in the southern and eastern parts of the region. During the 1990s, some of the gravel pits also became popular bathing and entertainment resorts during the summers, with restaurants and sports grounds built around them. Nowadays, the Totomore resort near the village of Totovec is the most notable resort of this kind, while a couple of other similar resorts closed during the early 2000s.

Geothermal resources also exist in the region, although they cannot be considered a profitable energy source. Instead, they are used for leisure and recreation.

Acknowledgements
 Međimurje has been named Green Destinations region at the ITB Berlin fair.

Gallery

Local notable people

 Lidija Bajuk - musician, entertainer
 Lujo Bezeredi - sculptor
 Dragutin Feletar - academician, historian writer
 Joža Horvat - adventurer, writer
 Robert Jarni - football player and manager
 Ladislav Kralj-Međimurec - painter
 Dražen Ladić - football player (goalkeeper) and manager
 Nikola Pavic - poet
 Franjo Punčec - tennis player
 Ivan Ranger - painter
 Rudolf Steiner - philosopher, thinker
 Ignacije Szentmartony - explorer
 Josip Štolcer-Slavenski - composer
 Nikola Zrinski - soldier, poet, philosopher
 Petar Zrinski - soldier
 Vinko Žganec - folklorist, ethnomusicologist

References

External links

Counties of Croatia
Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary

Međimurje County


Der Sender Hof (Hohensaas) war ein 1978 errichteter und 2018 gesprengter Mittelwellensender des Bayerischen Rundfunks für Hörfunk.

Standort
Der Standort der Senderanlage war das namensgebende Gewerbegebiet Hohensaas am westlichen Stadtrand von Hof (Saale) in der Nähe der Bundesstraße 15 in Richtung Wölbattendorf, etwa vier Kilometer westlich der Hofer Innenstadt. Die Sendeanlage stand direkt neben der Wetterstation des Deutschen Wetterdiensts an der Straßenecke An der Hohensaas/Hohe Straße gegenüber dem Bauhof des Landkreises Hof.

Als Antennenträger kam seit 1999 ein 74 Meter hoher obengespeister Stahlfachwerkmast zum Einsatz. Er entsprach von der Art und Weise her den Sendemasten der Langwellensender Aholming und Donebach.

Da der Sendemast die technischen Anlagen der Bundeswehr in der nahen Hochfranken-Kaserne störte, sprengte am Morgen des 28. Oktober 2018 im Auftrag des Bayerischen Rundfunks eine Spezialfirma kontrolliert den Mast. Im Anschluss erfolgte der weitere Rückbau.

Programmgeschichte
Der Sender wurde als Kleinsender für die Region Hof (Saale) zur Einführung des Genfer Wellenplans am 23. November 1978 auf der Frequenz 520 kHz, welche unterhalb des eigentlichen Mittelwellenbandes liegt, in Betrieb genommen. Bis 1991 wurde generell das Programm Bayern 1 ausgestrahlt. Von Mai 1991 bis August 2000 wurde das Nachrichtenprogramm B5 aktuell ausgestrahlt. Danach wurde bis Oktober 2007 wieder Bayern 1 abgestrahlt. Danach erfolgte ein Wechsel zum neuen Jugendprogramm Bavarian Open Radio, welches am 5. Mai 2008 in on3-radio umbenannt wurde. Dies wurde bis zum 10. Januar 2011 beibehalten. Seitdem wurde die Schlager- und Volksmusikwelle Bayern plus bis zum 30. September 2015 ausgestrahlt.

Von Anfang 2015 bis zum 24. November 2016 wurde der Standort auch zur Ausstrahlung von DAB genutzt, wobei nur das Ensemble des Bayerischen Rundfunks auf Kanal 11D verbreitet wurde.

Frequenz, Sendeleistung und Versorgungsgebiet
Seit dem Genfer Wellenplan von 1978 wurde auf der Frequenz 520 kHz, mit einer Sendeleistung von 0,2 Kilowatt EMRP gesendet. Weil diese Frequenz außerhalb des offiziellen Mittelwellenbereichs liegt, war er praktisch der einzige Sender auf dieser Frequenz, so dass er gut für Ausbreitungstests im Mittelwellenbereich genutzt werden konnte. Im Jahr 1999 fand die Errichtung des neuen 74 Meter hohen neuen Sendemasts statt, wofür der nicht mehr benötigte Reflektormast des Sender Ismaning abgebaut und in Hof wieder aufgebaut wurde. Da aber viele moderne Radios die bisherige Frequenz des Hofer Senders 520 kHz, welche nicht im offiziellen Mittelwellenband liegt, nicht mehr empfangen konnten, erfolgte im Zuge des Neubaus eine Frequenzänderung auf 729 kHz. Dafür wurde der Sender für einige Wochen abgeschaltet. Bei der Wiederinbetriebnahme musste der Sender am Nachmittag des 17. Dezember 1999 wegen starker Leistungsschwankungen wieder abgeschaltet werden. Seit dem 20. Dezember 1999 sendete er nun konstant auf der neuen Frequenz. Am 30. September 2015 um 12:45 erfolgte die endgültige Abschaltung aller bayerischen MW-Sender. Der Sender Hof (Hohensaas) sendete mit dem Sender Würzburg (Frankenwarte), wie auch schon zuvor, auf gleicher Frequenz im Gleichwellenbetrieb.

Das Versorgungsgebiet erstreckte sich auf das Stadtgebiet von Hof (Saale) und auf Teile der Landkreise Hof, Vogtland (Sachsen) und Saale-Orla (Thüringen).

Bilder

Siehe auch
 RIAS-Sender Hof

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hof Hohensaas Sender
Hof Hohensaas Sender

Sender Hof (Hohensaas)


Direcția 9 este o asociație culturală înființată în anul 2013 de poetul român Adrian Suciu.

Obiective
Scopul asociației este sprijinirea, editorial și financiar, a poeților debutanți, dar și revalorizarea și reintroducerea în circulație a unor poeți consacrați.
"Sîntem o entitate privată, nu datorăm nimic establishment-ului literar autohton, ne asumăm proiecte literare și culturale, precum și parteneriate și colaborări, în deplină libertate, fără alte criterii decît binele și frumosul în accepțiunea noastră." (Adrian Suciu)

Activitate
Asociația Culturală Direcția 9 își propune să aducă poezia în fața oamenilor prin organizarea de recitaluri, turnee și înregistări video.
Acordă premii literare și este prezentă la evenimente literare naționale și internaționale.
Conceptul prin care se realizează promovarea poeziei poartă numele de "Poezia vie".
În 2014, Direcția 9 a lansat o amplă videotecă de poezie contemporană românească, conținând înregistrări realizate în cadrul evenimentelor asociației.

În 2015, sunt inaugurate Atelierele Literare Poezia Vie și Cenaclul 9, destinate stimulării creativității tinerilor poeți.

Volume publicate în colecțiile Poezia Vie și Poezia 9

2013
 Valeriu Mircea Popa – Cercul de camfor – Ed. Herg Benet
 Carmen Ciumărnean – Cafea de anul trecut – Ed. Herg Benet
 Ciprian Chirvasiu – Nimeni, nimic, niciodată – Ed. Herg Benet

2014
 George G. Asztalos – InfraRouge – Ed. Karth
 Dan Herciu – JAMA – Ed. Karth
 Marius Dumitrescu – Tâlharul cel bun – Ed. Karth
 Emil Iulian Sude – Scărarul – Ed. Grinta
 Cristina Cîrniceanu – Fața tandră a infernului – Ed. Grinta
 Raluca Oana Ciceu – Sfaturi pentru tinerii muribunzi – Ed. Grinta

2015
 Silvia Bitere – S-Via del Mar – Ed. Grinta
 Adrian Suciu – Profetul popular – ediție bilingvă româno-ebraică – Ed. Zur-Ott, Israel
 Adrian Pârvu – Poeme din casa de lemn – Ed. Grinta
 Adrian Cîrstea – Întoarcerea în paradis – Ed. Grinta
 Valentin Leahu – Cu sufletul seară – Ed. Grinta
 Marie Vrânceanu – Toamna amanților – Ed. Grinta
 Vali Orțan – Glonțul predestinat – Ed. Grinta
 Marius Dumitrescu – Târziu dar neînserat – Ed. Grinta
 Alina Marieta Ion – Cu fața la stradă – Ed. Grinta

2016
 Anca Hirschpek – Nu poți salva nimic – Ed. Grinta
 Tudor Voicu – Sticle goale fiare vechi – Ed. Grinta
 Silviu Dachin – Bilet în lojă – Ed. Grinta
 Letiția Vladislav – Viață într-un pumn de lacrimi – Ed. Grinta
 Irina Lazăr – Fragment de joc – Ed. Grinta

2017
 Eugen Pohonțu – În sensul copilului – Ed. Grinta
 Darie Lăzărescu – Recordando – Ed. Grinta
 George Gîtlan – Poeme din flori – Ed. Grinta
 Liliana Filișan – Egofobia LilithEvei – Ed. Grinta
 Florin Dochia – Produse derivate – Ed. Grinta
 Luminița Potîrniche – Despre zboruri căzând – Ed. Grinta
 Ion Toma Ionescu – Ceară și miere – Ed. Grinta
 Nicolae Silade – miniepistole – Ed. Grinta
 Paul Spirescu  – Trepte  – Ed. Grinta

2018
 Tudor Gheorghe Calotescu – poeții nu știu să moară – Ed. Grinta
 Carmen Secere – aproape fericiți – Ed. Grinta
 Dorin Croitor - priveghi fără obiect - Ed. Grinta
 George Mihalcea - decameronul valah - Ed. Grinta
 Simona Toma - o simonă - Ed. Grinta

2019
 Adrian Cîrstea - rongorongo - Ed. Grinta
 Multe dintre cărțile publicate au câștigat premii literare importante și beneficiază de o critică favorabilă.

Recitalurile Poezia Vie
Direcția 9 promovează poezia, aducând-o în fața publicului. Poezia vie s-a aflat în foarte multe dintre orașele țării (Constanța, Sibiu, Iași, Târgoviște, Cluj, București, Bistrița, Dej, Zalău, Baia-Mare, Brașov, Galați, Ploiești, Caransebeș, Râmnicu-Sărat etc.), dar și în comunitatea românilor din diaspora: Italia, Suedia, Ierusalim.

 Poezia Vie București (ianuarie 2015) însoțiți de Raul Cârstea & Adi Manolovici,
 Poezia Vie Brașov (februarie 2015) însoțiți de Nicu Nicușor,
 Poezia Vie – Maria și poeții (martie 2015) alături de Maria Gheorghiu,
 Poezia Vie Galați (martie 2015) și Poezia Vie București (aprilie 2015),
 Atelierele Poezia Vie Vama Veche (1-3 mai 2015),
 Poezia Vie la Caransebeș (februarie 2016),
 Poezia Vie la Râmnicu Sărat (aprilie 2016)
 Poezia Vie Costinești 2018
 Tabăra Internațională Poezia Vie Costinești 2019
 Poezia Vie Chișinău 2021

Festivaluri și premii
La Sibiu, se desfășoară anual Festivalul de Poezie Artgothica, organizat în colaborare cu Asociația Artgothica Sibiu, Consiliul Județean și Consiliul Local Sibiu. În cadrul festivalului se acordă premiile Mircea Ivănescu pentru Cartea de Poezie a Anului și premiul Mopete pentru debut în poezie.

Gala Tinerilor Poeți Traian T. Coșovei (desfășurată anual, în luna noiembrie) este un eveniment în memoria poetului Traian T. Coșovei organizat în colaborare cu Editura Tracus Arte, în cadrul căruia se acordă premiile pentru debut în Poezie "Traian T. Coșovei" și "1, 2, 3...".

Premiile Ciprian Chirvasiu pentru poezie cu cântec și Trofeul Marius Dumitrescu

Note

Legături externe
Poezia Vie - înregistrări video

Maria Gheorghiu în dialog cu Adrian Suciu, Întâlniri capitale, Radio România București fm, 2018

Adrian Suciu - cu poezia prin muzică, Întâlniri capitale cu Maria Gheorghiu, Radio România București fm, 2019

Organizații literare

Direcția 9


الأمير مشهور بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (1374 هـ / 1954 - 8 شوال 1425 هـ / 21 نوفمبر 2004) الابن التاسع والعشرين من سلسلة أبناء الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

مولده ونشأته
الابن التاسع والعشرين من سلسلة أبناء الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود, ولد في الرياض عام 1954 ميلادية وهو أحد أحفاد الملك عبد العزيز بدأ تعليمه في مدرسة الملك عبد العزيز في الرياض, في تعليمه التمهيدي فدخل الأبتدائية في معهد الأنجال ثم درس المتوسطة في معهد الأنجال وغادر المملكة مع ابن عمه الأمير خالد الفيصل إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ودرس في معهد جورج واشنطن وتخرج منها أي الثانوية بدبلوم وتخرج الأمير خالد الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود عام 1384هـ وبعده بعام تخرج الأمير مشهور بن سعود بن عبد العزيز وذلك في العلوم السياسية في جامعة كالفورنيا بدرجة بكالوريوس، في عام 1385هـ وعاد إلى المملكة العربية السعودية بنفس العام.

وفاته
توفي الأمير مشهور بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود يوم الأحد 8 شوال 1425 هـ الموافق 21 نوفمبر 2004 إثر أزمة قلبية

أبناؤه
 الأمير بندر.
 الأميرة بيان.
 الأميرة دلال.
 الأميرة البندري.

مراجع

آل سعود
أبناء سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا
سعوديون مسجونون في الخارج
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 20
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 21
مواليد 1954
مواليد في الرياض
وفيات 2004

مشهور بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Port Elizabeth (afríkanska: Die Baai) (xhosa: iBhayi) er hafnarborg í Suður-Afríku, við Indlandshaf. Hún er sjötta fjölmennasta borg landsins með tæpa milljón íbúa (2020). Í grennd er Addoþjóðgarðurinn.

Borgir í Suður-Afríku

Port Elizabeth


Rudolf Graf Apponyi von Nagyappony (* 1. August 1812 in Karlsruhe; † 31. Mai 1876 in Venedig) war ein österreichisch-ungarischer Diplomat.

Leben
Der Adlige aus dem Hause Apponyi verfolgte die Laufbahn des diplomatischen Dienstes. Er nahm im Laufe seiner Karriere wichtige Positionen ein.

Laufbahn
 Gesandter im Kurfürstentum Hessen und Großherzogtum Baden (1847–1849)
 Gesandter in Turin, Königreich Sardinien (1849–1853)
 Gesandter in München (1853–1856)
 Gesandter in London (7. März 1856–28. Oktober 1860)
 Botschafter am Hof von St. James in London (28. Oktober 1860–8. November 1871) und als solcher 1864 Teilnehmer an der Londoner Konferenz
 Botschafter in Paris (13. Dezember 1871–30. April 1876)
 1875 für Österreich-Ungarn in Paris  Unterzeichner der Meterkonvention.

Ehrungen
Graf Apponyi war Träger des Großkreuzes des Österreichisch-kaiserlichen Leopolds-Ordens und seit 1865 des Ordens vom Goldenen Vlies.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
Biographie im Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich

Botschafter (Kaisertum Österreich)
Botschafter (Österreich-Ungarn)
Gesandter in Bayern
Österreichischer Botschafter in Frankreich
Österreichischer Botschafter in den Vereinigten Staaten
Träger des ö.k. Leopold-Ordens (Großkreuz)
Rudolf
Geboren 1812
Gestorben 1876
Mann

Rudolf Apponyi


(11084) Giò, denumire internațională (11084) Gio, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11084 Giò este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Farra d'Isonzo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 3,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

11084 Giò