The Punisher es un videojuego de disparos en tercera persona desarrollado por Volition y publicado por THQ. Fue lanzado en 2005 para PlayStation 2, Xbox y Microsoft Windows; Un juego para teléfonos móviles también fue desarrollado por Amplified Games y lanzado en 2004. El juego está protagonizado por el antihéroe de Marvel Comics, The Punisher. Luego de que su familia es asesinada por la mafia, Frank Castle dedica su vida a castigar a los criminales. Los jugadores toman el control del vigilante para seguir criminales y matarlos. La historia del juego es una mezcla de la película de 2004, así también como la serie de 2000, Welcome Back, Frank.

The Punisher recibe la voz del actor Thomas Jane, el mismo que lo interpretó en la película de 2004.

Jugabilidad

La jugabilidad en The Punisher ofrece una combinación de exploración, sigilo y combate. Cuando se enfrenta a un enemigo, el Punisher puede atacar o acercarse sigilosamente a realizar una "muerte rápida" de un solo botón. Dependiendo del villano, su ubicación, y el nivel de agresión del jugador, una de numerosas agresiones mortales serán llevadas a cabo. Los entornos del juego también cuentan con puntos de interrogatorio, donde el vigilante en esencia puede torturar a sus enemigos, obligando a compartir información que pueda ayudarle en su búsqueda.

El juego cuenta con muchos cameos de personajes de Marvel Comics, tales como Iron Man, Nick Furia, Viuda Negra, Matt Murdock (el álter ego de Daredevil), Guerrillero, Kingpin y Bullseye. También están presentes varios personajes de Welcome Back, Frank, como los detectives Martin Soap y Molly Van Richtofen, los vecinos de Punisher Joan y Spacker Dave, Ma Gnucci, El Ruso y el General Kreigkopf.

Historia

El juego comienza con el Punisher siendo capturado por agentes de la policía después de matar a varios delincuentes de la Yakuza en un edificio desconocido. Después de abandonar el edificio, es arrestado por la policía y más tarde es transferido a la Isla Ryker y es interrogado por los detectives Molly Van Richtofen y Martin Soap. El resto del juego se produce en momentos de flashback durante el interrogatorio.

En primer lugar, el Punisher atraviesa las calles y salva a una mujer de un asaltante, y después invade un fumadero y mata a su dueño (apodado Damage) al lanzarlo de varios pisos sobre el suelo. Después de casi ser atropellado por un coche a su salida, el Punisher sigue el vehículo a un desarmadero. Después de matar a todos los criminales allí, se entera de que es propiedad de la familia mafiosa Gnucci (dirigida por Ma Gnucci) porque Carlo Duka (el propietario individual del negocio) es un teniente Gnucci. El Punisher mata a Duka lanzándolo en un compactador de coches donde Duka es triturado. En una misión posterior, el Punisher mata a Bobby Gnucci (uno de los hijos de Ma Gnucci) en el bar de Lucky disparándole varias veces.

Ma Gnucci contrata al Guerrillero para capturar a Joan, una vecina del Punisher. El Punisher la sigue hasta el Zoológico de Central Park, donde la rescata. La próxima misión tiene lugar en la Funeraria de Grey, en el funeral de Bobby Gnucci. El Punisher mata a Eddie Gnucci (el otro hijo de Gnucci) lanzándolo por una ventana donde es empalado en una estaca de la entrada. El Punisher luego viaja a la finca Gnucci para matar al Guerrillero y a la mismísima Ma Gnucci. Después de luchar con los hombres restantes de Ma, Punisher entonces pelea contra el Guerrillero a quien derrota en un tiroteo. Para terminar con él, Punisher le arranca el brazo y le dispara el arma en el pecho, que lanza al Guerrillero varios metros sobre el suelo. Castle lanza a Ma por la ventana del piso más alto de su mansión.

Durante el asalto de Punisher en la finca Gnucci, se entera de que los Gnucci están recibiendo dinero de drogas de los mercenarios rusos en el muelle de Nueva York. En los muelles, se entera de que el General Kreigkopf planea traficar armas nucleares en la ciudad de Nueva York. Después de atacar a los hombres en un barco de carga que supuestamente llevaba el arma (no estaba a bordo) y ser asaltado en su apartamento por un gigantesco hombre llamado El Ruso, el Punisher ataca la Isla Grand Nixon, su siguiente pista en la ubicación del arma. En la isla, el Punisher se encuentra con Nick Furia, que lo ayuda a derrotar a Kreigkopf y al Ruso, así como impedir que se lance la bomba nuclear. Ambos escapan antes de que los misiles sean detonados, destruyendo la Isla Grand Nixon.

Al regresar a casa, El Punisher descubre que Kingpin se ha encargado de los chantajes de los antiguos Gnucci. Él ataca la sede de Kingpin, las Industrias Fisk, donde el Punisher derrota a Bullseye arrojándolo por una ventana del último piso del rascacielos. Kingpin le dice al Punisher que sus verdaderos enemigos son los Yakuza japoneses. El Punisher se entera de que este grupo de Yakuza son llamados el Sol Eterno, y están tratando de controlar a los restantes Gnucci y las operaciones rusas del crimen.

El Punisher luego visita las Torres Stark, una instalación propiedad de Tony Stark (Iron Man), tras enterarse de que el Sol Eterno están tratando de robar algunas armas de alta tecnología y armadura. El Punisher decide asaltar el edificio Takagi, la casa del líder del Sol Eterno, Takagi. Él descubre que Puzzle se ha infiltrado en la banda, y está ganando seguidores. Mientras que Puzzle está encarcelado en la Isla Ryker, el Sol Eterno ya está pensando en dominarlo. Después de escapar del edificio Takagi, el Punisher permite ser capturado por el Det. Martin Soap, que ha estado proporcionando información al Punisher, y es llevado a la Isla Ryker, para hacer frente a Puzzle allí, en ese momento, los flashbacks regresan al día actual con la historia, y el resto del juego se lleva a cabo en el presente.

Durante el interrogatorio, la cárcel estalla en un alboroto. El Punisher escapa de su celda, y comienza a luchar a través de los internos y los miembros restantes del Sol Eterno que El Punisher dejó vivos. Llega a la azotea y se encuentra cara a cara con Puzzle, y termina derrotándolo a pesar de la armadura de Iron Man que porta Puzzle. A medida que el Punisher sale en un helicóptero, él lanza a Puzzle, causándole la muerte.

En la escena post-créditos, Kingpin está planeando su venganza contra el Punisher por la vergüenza que le causó mientras un trabajador de salud sube a Bullseye a una camilla.

Personajes principales

 Punisher - El personaje principal del juego, un vigilante muy violento y hastiado. El actor Thomas Jane regresó a darle voz al personaje.
 Puzzle - Archienemigo del Punisher. El personaje de Puzzle es diferente de su encarnación del cómic. Él es presentado como John Saint, el hijo desfigurado del villano de la película, Howard Saint.
 Detective Martin Soap - Un detective de la policía y amigo del Punisher, lo ayudó a escapar de la custodia en la prisión de la Isla Ryker.
 Teniente Molly Von Richtofen - Una investigadora de la policía que interroga al Punisher.
 Spacker Dave - Vecino del Punisher, y genio técnico que lo ayuda durante el ataque a las Torres Stark.
 Joan - Vecina de al lado del Punisher. Ella es secuestrada por el Guerrillero en el zoológico de Central Park como cebo para el Punisher.
 General Kreigkopf - Un exgeneral del ejército estadounidense caído en desgracia. Kreigkopf está planeando lanzar un misil nuclear a Nueva York a causa de su odio a los Estados Unidos.
 Takagi - El líder original de la banda yakuza "Sol Eterno" antes de que Puzzle se hace cargo de la misma.
 Guerrillero - Un exagente de la CIA. Uno de sus brazos es un arma de fuego.
 El Ruso - Un asesino a sueldo contratado por el GeneraL Kreigkopf.
 Ma Gnucci - La matriarca de un sindicato de la mafia. Sus hijos sirven como sus lugartenientes en sus operaciones.
 Viuda Negra - Agente de S.H.I.E.L.D., ayuda al Punisher a acabar con los mercenarios rusos en el muelle 74.
 Nick Fury - Líder de S.H.I.E.L.D., ayuda al Punisher en la isla de Kreigkopf.
 Matt Murdock - El abogado asignado al Punisher, que es la identidad secreta de Daredevil, pero no aparece como el superhéroe. Lo menciona un matón en el nivel "Bar de Lucky" cuando se pregunta si éste podría hacer frente a Sonny Corleone, a lo que otro responde que es «un personaje de cómic», y también es mencionado en el nivel "Edificio Takagi" cuando se cuenta que Daredevil se enfrentó a cien hombres MGH, y aparece con su identidad civil al final del nivel "Industrias Fisk", pero el Punisher rechaza su ayuda legal apenas entra.
 Iron Man - Propietario y director general de Industrias Stark. Él aparece al final del nivel "Torres Stark" luchando contra las fuerzas Yakuza que tratan de tomar el edificio. Se hace un guiño al alcoholismo de Stark cuando éste, luego de enterarse de que le robaron algunas piezas y planos de su armadura, dice "Necesito un trago".
 Bullseye - Asesino a sueldo contratado por Kingpin. Ataca al Punisher durante el ataque a Industrias Fisk.
 Kingpin - Ejecuta la mayor parte de las actividades ilegales en Nueva York. Kingpin sorpresivamente parece querer vengarse del Punisher al final del juego, incluso sabiendo que el Punisher fue engañado por Puzzle para debilitar a Fisk.

Armas

 Semiautomática calibre .45: se desbloquea en el nivel "El antro de drogas"
 Escopeta de aire comprimido: se desbloquea en el nivel "El antro de drogas"
 Subfusil calibre .40: se desbloquea en el nivel "La finca Gnucci"
 Pistola ametralladora calibre .45: se desbloquea en el nivel "Taller de desguace"
 Pistola semiautomática calibre .50: se desbloquea en el nivel "El Igor Baltiysky"
 Pistola ametralladora 5.56mm: se desbloquea en el nivel "La funeraria de Grey"
 Rifle de asalto de 5.56mm: se desbloquea en el nivel "El zoológico"
 Subfusil 5.7mm: se desbloquea en el nivel "Industrias Fisk"
 Rifle de asalto de 7.62mm: se desbloquea en el nivel "Muelle 74"
 Arma anticarro: se desbloquea en el nivel "Muelle 74"
 Escopeta automática modificada: se desbloquea en el nivel "Edificio Takagi"
 Rifle de combate: se desbloquea en el nivel "Torre Stark"
 Lanzallamas: se desbloquea en el nivel "El Igor Baltiysky"
 Lanzagranadas: se desbloquea en el nivel "Muelle 74"
 Cañón de mano: se desbloquea en el nivel "La finca de Gnucci"
 Ametralladora: se desbloquea en el nivel "La funeraria de Grey"
 Revólver: se desbloquea en el nivel "Bar de Lucky"
 Fusil de precisión: se desbloquea en el nivel "Isla Grand Nixon"

Recepción

El juego recibió críticas mixtas, criticando los efectos del juego, el sonido y la jugabilidad lineal y repetitiva, pero alabando su sistema de tortura, historia, la enorme cantidad de violencia y al mismo Punisher.

Controversia

The Punisher contiene escenas de tortura y desmembramiento muy espantosas y, en consecuencia, tiene la distinción de ser uno de los únicos juegos amenazados con una calificación ESRB de AO estrictamente por la violencia. Aunque nunca recibió oficialmente la calificación, los desarrolladores optaron por colocar las escenas del "interrogatorio" en blanco y negro para reducir su naturaleza gráfica con el fin de lograr la calificación M mucho más comercial, años más tarde en la versión para PC se pueden quitar las escenas de blanco y negro gracias a un parche dejando las escenas de muerte ser visibles a todo color, este videojuego es clasificado como uno de los más violentos y brutales pero por raro que sea es superado por violencia otros juegos como  Postal, Manhunt 2 y Hatred.

En el Reino Unido, el BBFC obligó a THQ a ampliar aún más el efecto de solarización de las escenas, el distanciamiento de la cámara antes de los asesinatos y la adición de un efecto de zum en ellas, con el fin de pasarlo con un certificado de 18, haciendo a The Punisher, uno de los únicos juegos en requerir cortes de BBFC con el fin de ser clasificados para 18. En Australia, el ACB exigió recortes similares, incluida la eliminación de dos escenas en total.  En Alemania, el juego fue colocado en la infame lista BPjS/BPjM.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 The Punisher en Internet Movie Database

Videojuegos de 2004
Videojuegos de disparos en tercera persona
Videojuegos de crimen organizado
Videojuegos de superhéroes
Videojuegos de Punisher
Videojuegos de Marvel Comics
Videojuegos de Sony Pictures
Videojuegos de Volition
Videojuegos de THQ
Controversias de obscenidad en videojuegos
Videojuegos censurados
Videojuegos con motor Havok
Videojuegos para PlayStation 2
Videojuegos para Windows
Videojuegos para Xbox

The Punisher (videojuego de 2005)


Auufer er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Breitenburg under Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Auufer liegger ved floden Stör lige syd for byen Kellinghusen. En komunegrænsen dannes af vandløbene Stör, Bramau og Hörner Au, hvilke er grunden til kommunens navn.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Auufer


This is a list of notable hospitals in India.

Various medical colleges and medicine related educational institutes also serve as hospitals. For those, refer List of medical colleges in India. For a list of psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes in India refer List of psychiatric hospitals in India.

Chain hospitals
Various chain or network hospitals operate in various cities of India. These are:
 Apollo Hospitals
 Asian Institute of Medical Sciences
 Aster DM Healthcare
 Billroth Hospitals
 Care Hospitals
 Command Hospital
 Council of Christian Hospitals
 Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
 Fortis Healthcare
 Global Hospitals Group
 Hinduja Healthcare Limited
 Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
 L. V. Prasad Eye Institutes
 LifeSpring Hospitals
 Max Healthcare
 Manipal Hospitals
 Medica Hospitals
 Metro Group of Hospitals
 Narayana Health
 Paras Healthcare
 Regional Cancer Centre
 Sahyadri Hospital
 Shalby Hospital
 Sir Jamshetjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals
 Sterling Hospitals
 Vasan Healthcare
 Wockhardt Hospitals

Andhra Pradesh

Anantapuram
 Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Puttaparthi

Tirupati
 Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS)

Vijayawada
 Manipal Hospitals
 Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
 L. V. Prasad Eye Institute
 Siddhartha Medical College, NTR University of Health Sciences
 Rainbow Hospitals
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre

Visakhapatnam

 Apollo Hospitals, Visakhapatnam
 Care Hospitals
 Government ENT Hospital, Visakhapatnam
 Government Regional Eye Hospital
 Government TB and Chest Hospital, Visakhapatnam
 Government Victoria Hospital
 Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital & Research Centre
 Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
 King George Hospital
 L. V. Prasad Eye Institute
 Rainbow Hospitals
 Rani Chandramani Devi Government Hospital
 SevenHills Hospital
 Visakha Institute of Medical Sciences

Assam

Guwahati
 Gauhati Medical College and Hospital
 GNRC
Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
Apollo Hospitals

Dibrugarh
 Assam Medical College

Silchar
 SMCH – Silchar Medical College and Hospital

Jorhat
 Jorhat Medical College and Hospital
 Medical Institute Jorhat

Tezpur
 Tezpur Medical College and Hospital
Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health

Diphu
 Diphu Medical College and Hospital

Barpeta
 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital

Bihar

Bhagalpur
 Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital

Darbhanga
 Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital
 Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital

Bettiah
 Government Medical College and MJK Hospital

Gaya
 Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital

Katihar
 Katihar Medical College

Muzaffarpur
 Sri Krishna Medical College

Patna
 AIIMS Patna
 Ford Hospital and Research Centre
 Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Patna Sahib
 Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IGIMS)
 Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Kankarbagh
 Patna Medical College Hospital, Ashok Raj Patna

Sasaram
 Narayan Medical College and Hospital

Chandigarh
 Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12

Delhi

Goa
Institute of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour

Gujarat

Ahmedabad
 Ahmedabad Civil Hospital
 B.J. Medical College, Asarwa
 GCRI, Ahmedabad
 Shalby Hospital

Amreli
 Shantabaa Medical College Hospital, Amreli

Baroda
 Baroda Medical College Hospitals at M S University

Bhavnagar
 Government Medical College Hospital Bhavnagar

Jamnagar
 Irwin Group of Hospitals renamed as Guru Gobind Singh Hospital at M. P. Shah Medical College

Junagadh
 GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Junagadh

Rajkot
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot & Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College Hospital, Rajkot

Surat
 Smimer Hospital

Nadiad
 Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital

Haryana

Faridabad

 Asian Institute of Medical Sciences
 Fortis Escorts Hospital
 Metro Hospital

Gurugram
 Fortis Memorial Research Institute
 Manipal Hospitals (formerly known as Columbia Asia)
 Max Hospital
 Medanta - The Medicity
 Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
 Paras Hospitals

Hisar
 Ganga Ram Hospital

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla

 Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla (Snowdown Hospital)
 Deendayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Shimla (Ripon Hospital)

Others

 Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Medical College and Hospital, Mandi

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Bengaluru
 Apollo Hospitals
 Bangalore Medical College
 Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals
 Bangalore Medical College
 Columbia Asia, Hebbal
 Columbia Asia, Yeshwanthpur
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
 Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore
 Minto Eye Hospital, Bangalore Medical College
 Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology
 Narayana Hrudayalaya, Hosur Road
 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Nimhans), Bangalore
 Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital
 SDS Tuberculosis and Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest diseases
 Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Jayanagar
 St. Johns Medical College
 Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital, Bangalore Medical College
 Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College
 Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Whitefield, Bangalore
 Basaveshwara Teaching and General Hospital, Gulbarga

Gulbarga
 Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Sedam road

Mysore
 All India Institute of Speech and Hearing [AIISH],  Manasagangotri
 Krishna Rajendra Hospital
 Cheluvamba Hospital
 Narayana Multispeciality Hospital
 Columbia Asia, Belvadi
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre

Mangalore
 A J Institute of Medical Science

Manipal
 Kasturba Medical College

Kerala

Alappuzha
 Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha

Kozhikode (Calicut)
 Government Medical College, Kozhikode
 Aster MIMS
 The Cradle Hospital Calicut
 Chest Hospital
 Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS)
 Medical College Hospital

Kochi
 Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
 Aster Medcity
 General Hospital, Ernakulam
 Indira Gandhi Cooperative Hospital
 Lakeshore Hospital
 Lisie Hospital
 Little Flower Hospital
 Medical Trust Hospital
 Rajagiri Hospital
 Renai medicity
 Saraf Hospital
 Sunrise Hospital

Kollam
 Azeezia Medical College, Meeyannoor, Kollam
 Employee's State Insurance Hospital & Medical College
 N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences
 Travancore Medical College Hospital

Kottayam
 Medical College Hospital, Athirumpuzha
 St. Thomas Hospital, Chethipuzha, Changanacherry

Palakkad
 Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, Kanniampuram, Ottapalam

Thiruvananthapuram
 Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology
 Credence Hospital, Ulloor
 Divya Prabha Eye Hospital
 Medical College Hospital
 Regional Cancer Centre
 Mission Hospital, Pothencode
 TB Hospital

Thrissur
 Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar
 Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur
 Amala Ayurvedic Hospital and Research Centre, Amala Nagar

Madhya Pradesh

Bhopal
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal
 Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal and associated Hamidia Hospital, Kamla Nehru Hospital

Indore
 Maharaja Yeshwantrao Hospital

Jabalpur
 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur

Gwalior
 Cancer Hospital & Research Centre
 Sahara Hospital

Maharashtra

Aurangabad
 Hedgewar Hospital
 MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad

Mumbai
 Asian Heart Institute, Bandra-Kurla Complex
 Bhabha Hospital, Bandra
 Bhaktivedanta Hospital, Mira Road
 Bombay Hospital, Marine Lines
 Breach Candy Hospital, Mahalaxmi
 D Y Patil Hospital, Nerul
 Cooper Hospital, Vile Parle
 Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, Fort
 Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals, Sandhurst Road
 Hinduja Healthcare Surgical, Khar, Mumbai
 Hinduja Hospital, Mahim, Mumbai
 Holy Family Hospital, Bandra
 Hurkisondas Hospital, Girgaon
 Jaslok Hospital, Pedar Road
 Lilavati Hospital, Bandra
 Lokmanya Tilak Hospital, Sion
 Nanavati Hospital, Vile Parle
 Prince Aly Khan Hospital, Byculla
 Rajawadi Hospital, Ghatkopar
 Saifee Hospital, Charni Road
 KEM Hospital, Parel
 Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospital, Shivaji Park, Mumbai
 Shushrusha's Suman Ramesh Tulsiani Hospital, Vikhroli, Mumbai
 Sunrise Hospital, Bhandup
 Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel
 Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Parel

Nashik
Shree Saibaba Heart Institute And Research Centre

Pune
 Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital
 Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital
 Hardikar Hospital
 Jehangir Hospital
 Joshi Hospital
 Ruby Hall Clinic
 Sassoon Hospital
Sahyadri Hospital

Nagpur
 Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur
 Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur
 N.K.P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences Popularly known as Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur

Wardha
 Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram

Yavatmal
 Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College

Manipur

Regional Institute of Medical Sciences
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences

Meghalaya
 North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences

Nagaland

Odisha

Bhubaneswar
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
 AMRI Hospital
 Apollo Bhubaneswar
 KIDS Hospital
 Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital
 Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences
 Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences
 Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital

Balangir
 Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital

Balasore
 Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital

Baripada
 Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital

Berhampur
 MKCG Medical College and Hospital

Cuttack
 Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital

Keonjhar
 Dharanidhar Medical College and Hospital

Koraput
 Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital

Puri
 Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital

Rourkela
 Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital

Sambalpur
 Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

Sundargarh
 Government Medical College and Hospital, Sundargarh

Rayagada
 Christian Hospital, Bissam Cuttack

Pondicherry
 Aravind Eye Hospital
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
 Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam
 Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet
 Rajiv Gandhi Government Women And Children's Hospital
 Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
 Aarupadai Veedu Medical College
 Vinayaka Missions Medical College
 Sri Venkateswara medical College, hospital & Research Centre

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Chennai

 Adyar Cancer Institute
 Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road
 Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital
 Billroth Hospitals
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
 Fortis Malar Hospital
 Global Hospitals & Health City
 Government General Hospital
 Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine
 Government Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine
 Government multi-super speciality hospital
 Government Royapettah Hospital
 Stanley Medical College and Hospital
 Hindu Mission Hospital
 Kilpauk Medical College Hospital
 Madras Medical Mission
 MIOT Hospital
 National Institute of Siddha
 Perambur railway hospital
 Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital
 Sankara Nethralaya
 Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital
 Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
 Sundaram Medical Foundation (SMF Hospital), Anna Nagar
 Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital
 Voluntary Health Services

Coimbatore
 Aravind Eye Hospital
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre
 PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
 Sankara Eye Foundation
 Sri Ramakrishna Hospital

Madurai
 Apollo Hospitals
 Aravind Eye Hospital
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre

Salem
 Aravind Eye Hospital
 Vasan Eye Care Hospital
 Vinayaka Mission Hospital

Vellore
 Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre Melvisharam
 Christian Medical College & Hospital
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Katpadi
 Government Vellore Medical College Hospital
 Vasan Eye Care Hospital

Tiruchirappalli
 Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock

Tirunelveli
 Adiparasakthi Hospital
 Krishna Hospital
 Shifa Hospital

Nagercoil
 Catherine Booth Hospital
 Little Flower Hospital
 Dr. Jeyasekharan Hospital & Nursing Home

Telangana

Hyderabad
 Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
 Yashoda Hospitals, Malakpet, Secunderabad, Somajiguda
 Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Domalguda & Jubilee Hills
 Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital, Vidyanagar
 Fernandez Hospital, Bogulkunta
 L. V. Prasad Eye Institute
 LifeSpring Hospitals
 National Institute of Mentally Handicapped, Newbowenpally
 Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Somajiguda
 Osmania General Hospital, Afzal Gunj
 Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Mehidipatnam

Warangal
 Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital

Nizamabad
 Government General Hospital, Nizamabad

Tripura
 Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital
Agartala Government Medical College

Uttar Pradesh

Aligarh
 Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (AMU)
 KK Hospital

Ghaziabad

 Manipal Hospital
 Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali

Kanpur
 Hallet Hospital
 Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College
 Regency Hospital
 J L Rohatgi Memorial Eye Hospital
 Rama Medical College

Lucknow
 Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University
 Mayo Hospital
 Sahara Hospital
 SGPGI
 Medanta Hospital

Moradabad
 Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre

Noida

 Fortis Hospital
 Jaypee Hospital
 Kailash Hospital
 Max Multi Speciality Centre
 Metro Hospitals & Heart Institute

Prayagraj
 Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital

Varanasi
Sir Sunderlal Hospital (IMS BHU)

West Bengal

See also
 Healthcare in India
 Indian states ranking by institutional delivery

References

List of hospitals in India


Rivka Wolbe (1923-2018), fille du rabbin Avraham Grodzinski, épouse du rabbin Shlomo Wolbe, auteur d'un livre de mémoire sur sa vie durant la Shoah.
 Shlomo Wolbe (1914-2005), rabbin israélien d'origine allemande, un des représentants importants du mouvement du Moussar aux  et s. IL est l'époux de Rivka Wolbe.

Homonymie de patronyme
Patronyme germanique
Patronyme juif

Wolbe


Christopher Charles Norris (born 6 November 1947) is a British philosopher and literary critic.

Career

Norris completed his PhD in English at University College London in 1975. After an early career in literary and music criticism (during the late 1970s, he wrote for the now-defunct magazine Records and Recording), Norris moved in 1991 to the Cardiff Philosophy Department. In 1997, he was awarded the title of Distinguished Research Professor in the Cardiff School of English, Communication & Philosophy. He has also held fellowships and visiting appointments at a number of institutions, including the University of California, Berkeley, the City University of New York, Aarhus University, and Dartmouth College.

He is one of the world's leading scholars on deconstruction, and the work of Jacques Derrida. He has written numerous books and papers on literary theory, continental philosophy, philosophy of music, philosophy of language and philosophy of science. More recently, he has been focussing on the work of Alain Badiou in relation with both the analytic tradition (particularly analytic philosophy of mathematics) and with the philosophy of Derrida.

Selected works
 Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. London; New York: Methuen, 1982
 Deconstructive Turn: Essays in the Rhetoric of Philosophy. New York: Routledge, 1983/2010
 Inside the Myth: Orwell, Views from the Left (Ed). London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1984
 The Contest of Faculties: Philosophy and Theory After Deconstruction. 1985
 Derrida (Fontana Modern Masters). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987
 Paul de Man: Deconstruction and the Critique of the Aesthetic Ideology. Routledge, 1988/2009
 What's Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory and the Ends of Philosophy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990
 Spinoza and the Origins of Modern Critical Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991
 Uncritical Theory: Postmodernism, Intellectuals, and the Gulf War. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1992
 Truth and the Ethics of Criticism. Manchester University Press, 1994.
 Resources of Realism: Truth, Meaning, and Interpretation. Palgrave, 1997
 Against Relativism: Philosophy of Science, Deconstruction, and Critical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997
 New Idols of the Cave: On the Limits of Anti-realism. Manchester University Press, 1997
 Quantum Theory and the Flight from Realism: Philosophical Responses to Quantum Mechanics. London; New York: Routledge, 2000
 Minding the Gap: Epistemology and Philosophy of Science in the Two Traditions. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000
 Hilary Putnam: Realism, Reason, and the Uses of Uncertainty.. Manchester University Press, 2002
 Truth Matters: Realism, Anti-realism and Response-dependence. Edinburgh University Press, 2002
 Platonism, music and the listener's share. London: Continuum, 2006
 Badiou's Being and Event: A reader's guide. London; New York: Continuum, 2009
 Re-thinking the Cogito. Naturalism, Rationalism and the Venture of Thought. London; New York: Continuum, 2010
 Derrida, Badiou, and the Formal Imperative. Continuum, 2012
 Philosophy Outside-in: A Critique of Academic Reason. Edinburgh University Press, 2013

See also
List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction

References

External links
Christopher Norris' webpage at Cardiff University
Audio recording of Norris  on the role of philosophy in relation to neuroscience at Cardiff 'Philosophy Cafe'
CBC Podcast for the series 'How to think about science' with Christopher Norris discussing scientific realism

1947 births
Living people
Dartmouth College faculty
Deconstruction
British literary critics
Alumni of University College London
Academics of Cardiff University
English philosophers

Christopher Norris (critic)


The TI-86 is a programmable graphing calculator introduced in 1996 which was produced by Texas Instruments. The TI-86 uses the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. It is partially backwards-compatible with its predecessor, the TI-85.

In addition to having a larger screen than the TI-83, the TI-86 also allows the user to type in lower case and Greek letters and features five softkeys, which improve menu navigation and can be programmed by the user for quick access to common operations such as decimal-to-fraction conversion. The calculator also handles vectors, matrices and complex numbers better than the TI-83. One drawback, however, is that the statistics package on the TI-83 range doesn't come preloaded on the TI-86. However, it can be downloaded from the Texas Instruments program archive and installed on the calculator using the link cable.

The TI-86 has been discontinued.

Specifications
CPU: Zilog Z80 6 MHz
RAM: 128 KB, 96 KB user-accessible
ROM: 256 KB non-upgradable
Display: 128×64 pixels high-contrast monochrome LCD
Data Communication: Serial link port; allows two TI-86 calculators to be connected to each other, or one TI-86 to be connected to a PC, for data transfer via a special link cable
Programming Languages: TI-BASIC, Z80 Assembly language (ASM)
Power: 4×AAA, 1×CR1616 or CR1620 (for backup power)

See also
 Comparison of Texas Instruments graphing calculators

References

External links
Official Texas Instruments TI-86 page (Internet Archive)
ticalc.org hosts a large collection of downloadable freeware programs for the TI-86 can be found at along with programming tutorials and hardware extensions
CalcG.org - Very organized and large archive of games and programs.
The Guide - the largest set of tutorials for TI-86 assembly programming
Texas Instruments Program Archive (archived)
Complete Disassembly of a TI-86

Graphing calculators
Texas Instruments programmable calculators
Products introduced in 1997
Z80

TI-86


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1965.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was Pakistan International Airlines Flight 705, a Boeing 720 which crashed on final approach into Cairo, Egypt on 20 May, killing 121 of the 127 people on board.

Events
 In the Mediterranean, the United States Navy Sixth Fleet general stores issue ship  conducts what is probably the first night vertical replenishment (VERTREP) of an aircraft carrier, using the Sikorsky SH-3A Sea King antisubmarine helicopter.

January
 January 1 – Trans-Canada Airlines is renamed Air Canada.
 January 2 – Denis Healey, the United Kingdoms Secretary of Defence, cancels the nation's fighter and military transport programmes and orders the purchase of the US-built F-4 Phantom and C-130 Hercules in their place.
 January 26 – President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco of Brazil decides that the Brazilian Air Force henceforth will control all Brazilian fixed-wing military aircraft, including those aboard the aircraft carrier Minas Gerais, and that the Brazilian Navy will control all seagoing rotary-wing aircraft. Key Brazilian naval personnel resign in protest.

February
 February 7 – 49 U.S. Navy bombers from aircraft carriers in the Gulf of Tonkin begin Operation Flaming Dart, striking enemy barracks and facilities at Đồng Hới, North Vietnam.
 February 8
Republic of Vietnam Air Force aircraft led by Republic of Vietnam Air Force Commander Air Vice Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky strike an enemy barracks at Vinh, North Vietnam, during Operation Flaming Dart.
Making an unusually steep bank a few minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport to avoid colliding with a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707, a Douglas DC-7B operating as Eastern Airlines Flight 663 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean  south-southwest of Jones Beach State Park on Long Island, New York. All 84 people on board die.
 February 11 – Operation Flaming Dart II begins as 99 U.S. Navy carrier aircraft attack enemy logistics and communications at Chanh Hoa barracks in southern North Vietnam near the DMZ.
 February 13 – President Lyndon B. Johnson authorizes Operation Rolling Thunder, a campaign of air strikes against North Vietnam.
 February 15 – G Meher sets out from Culver City, California on a journey to become the first woman to cross the United States by helicopter.
 February 19
U.S. Air Force B-57 Canberra bombers become the first American aircraft to provide direct support to South Vietnamese Army ground units in combat.
Lufthansa signs up as the first customer for the forthcoming Boeing 737.
 February 24 – U.S. Air Force aircraft fly a massive number of tactical air sorties to break up a Communist ambush of South Vietnamese ground forces in Vietnams Central Highlands.

March
 March 1 – The combat debut of the Republic F-105 Thunderchief takes place, as U.S. Air Force F-105D aircraft based at Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam, begin bombing missions over North Vietnam.
 March 2 – Operation Rolling Thunder, a massive American air campaign against North Vietnam, begins.
 March 3 – The United States begins Operation Blue Tree, medium-altitude photographic reconnaissance and bomb damage assessment flights over North Vietnam.
 March 6 – A United States Navy Sikorsky SH-3A Sea King piloted by Commander James R. Milliford makes the first non-stop helicopter flight across North America, launching from the antisubmarine aircraft carrier  at San Diego, California, and landing aboard the attack aircraft carrier  in the Atlantic Ocean off Jacksonville, Florida. The distance travelled is , a new straight-line distance record for helicopters.
 March 8 – Aeroflot Flight 513, a Tupolev Tu-124V (registration CCCP-45028), stalls at an altitude of  immediately after takeoff from Kuibyshev Airport in Kuibyshev in the Soviet Union and crashes in a snow-covered field, killing 30 of the 39 people on board.
 March 16 – Flying a MiG Ye-155, Soviet test pilot Alexander V. Fedotov achieves an average speed of  over a  circuit. The flight sets new world speed records for the distance with a  payload, a  payload, and no payload.
 March 31 – U.S. Marine Corps UH-34 transport helicopters escorted by U.S. Army UH-1B helicopter gunships come under heavy Viet Cong ground fire while attempting to drop off 435 South Vietnamese troops in a landing zone  south of Da Nang, South Vietnam. Thirty-five helicopters become involved; three are shot down and 19 damaged.

April
 April 1 – Tasman Empire Airways becomes Air New Zealand.
 April 3
 United States Air Force and U.S. Navy aircraft begin covert Operation Steel Tiger armed reconnaissance flights over southeastern Laos.
The first jet-to-jet combat of the Vietnam War occurs. Although all American aircraft involved return safely, the North Vietnamese Air Force claims to have shot down a U.S. Navy F-8 Crusader fighter and in future years celebrates April 3 as "North Vietnamese Air Force Day."
The U.S. Air Force mounts the first and largest U.S. air strike against the Thanh Hóa Railroad and Highway Bridge in North Vietnam, which the bridge survives. Despite 873 sorties against it over the next seven years, the bridge will not be destroyed until April 1972.
 April 4 – During a U.S. Air Force strike on the Thanh Hóa Bridge, North Vietnamese Air Force MiG-17 fighters attack a formation of U.S. Air Force F-105 Thunderchief strike aircraft, shooting down two F-105s. They are the first aircraft lost in air-to-air combat by either side during the Vietnam War.
 April 5 – A U.S. Navy RF-8 Crusader reconnaissance aircraft photographs an SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile (SAM) site under construction in North Vietnam for the first time, but President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration does not authorize strikes against North Vietnamese SAM sites until late July. To meet the threat the SA-2s pose, during April the U.S. Air Force adds radar homing and warning equipment to its Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and deploys EB-66B Destroyer electronic countermeasures aircraft to Southeast Asia.
 April 5 – The BAC One-Eleven receives its airworthiness certificate.
 April 6
The United Kingdom cancels the BAC TSR.2 in favour of procuring the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark for the Royal Air Force. In the end, the RAF does not buy the F-111, either.
United Air Lines places orders for new aircraft worth $US 750 million, the largest airliner purchase in history at the time.
 April 9 – U.S. Navy F-4 Phantom IIs of Fighter Squadron 96 (VF-96) clash with Chinese MiG-17 fighters over the South China Sea south of Hainan. One F-4B is shot down, but VF-96 claims one MiG-17 destroyed.
 April 10 – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff submit a plan for Operation Rolling Thunder which includes a list of major fixed targets in North Vietnam in its section Alpha. It begins the U.S. Navy use of the term "Alpha strike", meaning a large attack by an aircraft carrier air wing.
 April 14 – After aborting its first landing attempt at Jersey Airport on Jersey in the Channel Islands due to low cloud cover, British United Airways Flight 1030X, a Douglas C-47B operated by the British United Airways affiliate British United (C.I.) Airways, strikes the outermost pole of the approach lighting system with its right wing on its second landing attempt. The wing breaks off and the aircraft rolls upside down and crashes, killing 26 of the 27 people on board; one flight attendant survives.
 April 15 – U.S. Navy carrier aircraft strike Viet Cong positions at Black Virgin Mountain in South Vietnam.
 April 23 – The first production C-141A Starlifter cargo aircraft is delivered to the U.S. Air Force's Military Airlift Command.

May
 May 1 – A Lockheed YF-12 sets a new international airspeed record of .
 May 3
The U.S. Marine Corpss first attack helicopters, modified UH-1Es of Marine Observation Squadron 2 (VMO-2), arrive at Da Nang, South Vietnam, to begin operations in the Vietnam War.
Howard Hughes liquidates his holdings of Trans World Airlines stock. He sells 6,584,937 shares and nets $546.5 million.
 May 5 – After having trouble seeing the runway while attempting to land in heavy fog at Los Rodeos Airport on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, the pilot of Iberia Flight 401, a Lockheed L-1049 Constellation, attempts a go-around. Just after he applies full power to begin the go-around, the airliner strikes a tractor on the runway and crashes alongside the runway into Los Rodeos gorge, killing 30 of the 49 people on board.
 May 12 – The prototype HFB 320 Hansa Jet crashes due to a tail design problem; killed was manufacturer Hamburger Flugzeugbau's chief test pilot.
 May 13 – The United States suspends Operation Rolling Thunder strikes against North Vietnam.
 May 15 – The U.S. Navy deploys its first aircraft carrier to Dixie Station in the South China Sea off South Vietnams Mekong Delta. It is a single-carrier station for the provision of air support in South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and will remain in use until August 1966.
 May 18
The United States resumes Operation Rolling Thunder strikes against North Vietnam.
Members of the United States Naval Reserve begin a volunteer airlift to support forces in South Vietnam, flying Naval Reserve C-54 Skymasters and C-118 Liftmasters on weekends. They will log 19,000 flight hours over the next 18 months alone.
 May 20 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 705, a Boeing 720-040B on an inaugural flight carrying mostly journalists and owners of travel agencies and crewed by what the airline considered its best crew members, crashes short of the runway while descending to land at Cairo International Airport in Cairo, Egypt, killing 119 of the 125 people on board and injuring all six survivors.
 May 21 – Ernest C. Brace, an American civilian pilot flying passengers and cargo into Laos for Bird & Son under a Central Intelligence Agency contract, is taken prisoner by Communist ground troops after landing his helicopter in a dry rice paddy in Laos. He will become the longest-held civilian prisoner-of-war of the Vietnam War, serving seven years, 10 months, and one week before being released on March 28, 1973.
 May 25 – The Soviet Union announces the construction of surface-to-air missile sites in North Vietnam around Hanoi.
 May 26 – Sir Geoffrey de Havilland dies, aged 82.

June
 June 5
The U.S. Navy begins full-time staffing of Dixie Station off South Vietnam by one aircraft carrier.
The U.S. Navys aircraft carrier presence in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam reaches five ships.
 June 15 – Two U.S. Army UH-1D Iroquois helicopters collide in mid-air over Fort Benning, Georgia, in the United States, killing 18 people.
 June 17 – Two U.S. Navy F-4B Phantom II fighters of Fighter Squadron 21 (VF-21) shoot down four North Vietnamese MiG-17s. They are the first American air-to-air kills of the Vietnam War.
 June 18 – In Operation Arc Light, the U.S. Air Force flies the first Boeing B-52 Stratofortress missions of the Vietnam War, striking enemy positions in Bến Cát District in South Vietnam. "Arc Light" will become a commonly used term for B-52 raids during the Vietnam War.
 June 25 – A U.S. Air Force Boeing C135-A bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff at MCAS El Toro in Orange County, California, killing all 85 on board.
 June 27 – The Vietnam Wars largest airmobile operation thus far takes place as 150 helicopters airlift the U.S. Armys 173rd Airborne Brigade and two South Vietnamese Army airborne battalions to attack a Viet Cong stronghold just north of Biên Hòa, South Vietnam.

July
 The U.S. Navys A-6 Intruder bomber sees its first combat as it enters service in the Vietnam War.
 July 1
The U.S. Army combines the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) with the 2nd Infantry Division to form the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), a unique division that includes three airborne-qualified battalions and several battalions of helicopters which are integral to its combat elements, allowing it to engage in helicopter assault operations.
Continental Airlines Flight 12, a Boeing 707-124 with 66 people on board, overruns the runway while landing at Kansas City Downtown Airport in Kansas City, Missouri, and breaks into three pieces. There are no fatalities.
 July 6 – A Handley Page Hastings C1A of the Royal Air Forces No. 36 Squadron crashes at Little Baldon, Oxfordshire, England, just after takeoff from RAF Abingdon on a parachute training exercise, killing all 41 men on board.
 July 7 – McDonnell Aircraft completes its 1,000th F-4 Phantom II.
 July 8
A bomb explodes in a rear lavatory aboard Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21, a Douglas DC-6B, in mid-air over British Columbia, Canada, blowing the tail section off. The aircraft crashes, killing all 52 people on board. The bomber is never identified.
During filming of the movie The Flight of the Phoenix, American movie stunt pilot Paul Mantz is killed at Winterhaven, California, piloting the Tallmantz Phoenix P-1 – a unique plane built especially for the film – when it breaks in half and crashes after he goes to full throttle to recover from striking a small hillock. A stuntman standing behind Mantz in the cockpit suffers serious injuries.
 July 10
Two F-4C Phantom II fighters of the 45th Tactical Fighter Squadron shoot down two MiG-17 (NATO reporting name "Fresco") fighters over North Vietnam, scoring the U.S. Air Forces first aerial victories of the Vietnam War.
A Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748-101 Series 1 lands heavily on a grass runway at Lympne Airport, Kent, England, digs in its nose wheel, overturns, and crashes, losing both wings and its starboard tailplane. All 52 people on board survive, although at least three are injured.
 July 11 – A U.S. Air Force 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing EC-121H Warning Star crashes in the Atlantic Ocean off Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing 16 of the 19-man crew.
 July 24 – An SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile shoots down an aircraft for the first time in the Vietnam War. The victim is a U.S. Air Force F-4 Phantom II fighter operating over North Vietnam.
 July 27 – American aircraft strike a surface-to-air missile site for the first time, attacking an SA-2 Guideline site in North Vietnam.

August
 Chinese anti-aircraft units begin operating in North Vietnam.
 Kingdom of Libya Airlines – the future Libyan Airlines – begins flight operations.
 August 12 – The United States authorizes Operation Iron Hand air missions in Vietnam to detect and suppress enemy surface-to-air-missile sites. The early Iron Hand strikes result in many losses to the attacking American aircraft.
 August 16 – United Airlines Flight 389, a Boeing 727-22, crashes into Lake Michigan east of Fort Sheridan, Illinois. All 30 people on board die, including Clarence "Clancy" Sayen, a former president of the Air Line Pilots Association.
 August 23 – Air Wisconsin begins flight operations.
 August 24 – An American military C-130 Hercules aircraft carrying 71 passengers and crew crashes into Yau Tong Bay in Hong Kong shortly after takeoff. The plane is carrying U.S. military personnel, mostly U.S. Marines flying back to South Vietnam after leave during the Vietnam War. Thirteen people reportedly survive the crash.
 August 31 – At Honolulu International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii, 14-year-old Harry Fegerstrom boards Hawaiian Airlines Flight 358, a Douglas DC-3 bound for Lihue Airport in Lihue, Kauai, and announces that he is hijacking the airliner to protest the State of Hawaii′s lack of political sovereignty. The incident ends without injury to anyone when Fegerstrom surrenders peacefully.

September
 The Royal Air Force carries out air strikes against Yemeni guerrillas near Aden.
 American aircraft strike the Hanoi and Haiphong areas in North Vietnam for the first time.
 September 1 – As India and Pakistan fight for control of Kashmir in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which had broken out in August, the Indian Army requests support from the Indian Air Force in defending against the Pakistan Army′s Operation Grand Slam. Pakistan Air Force F-86 Sabre fighters intercept 12 Indian de Havilland Vampires that are sent to strafe Pakistani tanks, shooting down three Vampires without loss to themselves. It is history's first combat between the air forces of India and Pakistan since their independence from the United Kingdom.
 September 3 – Pakistan Air Force F-86 Sabre fighters intercept four Indian Air Force Dassault MD.454 Mystère IVa fighter-bombers over Kashmir. Luring the F-86s into a trap, the Mystères flee when the F-86s arrive, and four Indian Folland Gnat F.1 fighters intercept the F-86s. In the ensuing dogfight, Indian Squadron Leader Trevor Keelor fires his Gnat's 30-mm cannons at an F-86 and claims to have shot it down, the first claim of an air-to-air victory in Indian Air Force history, although the Pakistanis report that the F-86 returns safely. One Gnat is lost when it lands at the Pakistani airfield at Pasrur after its pilot becomes lost and it runs low on fuel; the Pakistanis claim it surrendered to a Pakistani F-104 Starfighter.
 September 4
Flying a Pakistan Air Force F-104A Starfighter, Flight Lieutenant Aftab Alam Khan attacks four Indian Air Force Mystères strafing a passenger train and claims one shot down using a GAR-8 Sidewinder air-to-air missile, the first missile kill in the history of the Pakistan Air Force and the first in history by a Mach 2-capable aircraft of any country. India denies losing the Mystère, claiming an explosion Khan saw was merely the Mystère's drop tank exploding after the Mystère pilot jettisoned it.
A flight of three Pakistani F-86 Sabres flying at low altitude to attack the India's Adampur Air Force Base intercepts four Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters at . During a turning dogfight that goes down to treetop level that reaches speeds as low as 200 knots (, Pakistan Air Force Squadron Leader Muhammad Mahmood Alam claims two Hunters shot down, although India acknowledges the loss of only one.
Three Pakistani F-86 Sabres led by Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui engage two Indian Hawker Hunters over the Indian Air Force's Halwara Air Force Station. After Rafiqui shoots down one Hunter, four more Indian Hunters arrive. In the ensuing low-level dogfight, the Pakistanis claim four Hunters destroyed, but two Pakistani Sabres are shot down, including that of Rafiqui, who ejects too low and is killed.
 September 7
After Indian Air Force Mystères surprise Pakistan's PAF Base Sargodha at Sargodha, Pakistan, in a dawn raid, Pakistan Air Force Flight Lieutenant Amjad Hussain Khan sets off in pursuit of two Mystères in an F-104A Starfighter. After ejecting from his plane, he returns to the base later in the day after a journey by bicycle, horse, and helicopter, claiming to have shot down both Mystères, the second so close to his Starfighter that his engine ingested debris, forcing him to eject. India acknowledges the loss of only one Mystère, claiming that Khan actually fired at it twice, and credits its pilot, Squadron Leader Ajjamada B. Devaiah, with shooting down Khan's F-104 before himself dying in action. Local villagers claim they saw the two aircraft collide and crash.
Intercepting a second wave of Indian aircraft – seven Hawker Hunters – attacking PAF Sargodha, Squadron Leader Muhammad Mahmood Alam, flying an F-86F Sabre, claims one Hunter shot down with a GAR-8 Sidewinder and four more in only 30 seconds by gunfire, bringing his score to seven kills. India vigorously denies his claim, but numerous witnesses confirm the kills and two Hunters crash in Pakistan.
Air combat in the Indo-Pakistani War. previously limited to Kashmir, spreads to East Pakistan, as the Indian Air Force sends two English Electric Canberra bombers based at Kalaikunda Air Force Station across the Bay of Bengal to strike the Pakistani Air Force F-86 Sabre base at Chittagong. They drop  bombs on the base, which is empty of aircraft, and the bombs do not explode. Then they are intercepted by Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters on their return flight, which initially mistake them for virtually identical Pakistani B-57 Canberra bombers before realizing that they are Indian Canberras. While the Canberras are on the ground apt Kalaikunda to rearm and refuel, Pakistan Air Force F-86s from Chittagong – which had staged through Tejgaon Airport in Dacca and thus had been absent from Chittagong during the Canberra raid – attack Kalaikunda and destroy both Canberras and four de Havilland Vampires. All the F-86s return safely. Nine Indian Hawker Hunters intercept a follow-up raid on Kalaikunda by Pakistani F-86s and shoot down one Sabre, killing its pilot, and damage another beyond repair.
 September 11 – The United States Army′s 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) arrives in South Vietnam with 400 helicopters.
 September 13 – A new hot air balloon altitude record of  is set.
 September 16 – Pakistan Air Force Squadron Leader Muhammad Mahmood Alam and his wingman encounter two Indian Hawker Hunters over Indian territory. Alam's wingman is shot down, but Alam shoots down the Indian wingman and damages the other Hunter with a GAR-8 Sidewinder air-to-air missile. Although the Hunter returns to base, Pakistan credits Alam with two kills. His score of nine makes him Pakistan's ace of aces.
 September 17 – The Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-120B Clipper Constitution, operating as Flight 292, crashes into Chances Peak on Montserrat, killing all 30 people on board. In 1957, the aircraft involved had been the first Boeing 707 to fly.
 September 20 – A UH-2 Seasprite makes the U.S. Navy's first helicopter rescue of a pilot downed in North Vietnam.
 September 20–21 (overnight) – A Pakistan Air Force F-104 Starfighter makes a night interception of four Indian English Electra Canberra bombers as they fly toward India after a night raid on PAF Sargodha, shooting down one of them and killing one of its two-man crew.
 September 23 – A ceasefire brings the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War to an end. Neutral observers estimate that during the conflict India has lost an estimated 70 to 80 aircraft, while Pakistan has lost 20.
 September 27 – Flying Tiger Line takes delivery of its first jet aircraft, a Boeing 707.
 September 30 – Republic Aviation becomes a division of the Fairchild-Hiller Corporation.

October
 October 3 – The final elements of the United States Army′s 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to arrive in Vietnam reach its base at Camp Radcliff, An Khê, South Vietnam, bringing the division to full strength there. The division will be the first to place the CH-47 Chinook helicopter in combat; the Chinooks ability to carry artillery quickly across rough terrain will revolutionize ground warfare.
 October 4–5 (overnight) – Pope Paul VI flies from New York City to Rome aboard a Trans World Airlines charter flight after completing his historic visit to New York, the only visit to the United States of his papacy.
 October 8 – The 20th Helicopter Squadron becomes the first U.S. Air Force cargo helicopter unit to deploy to South Vietnam, operating CH-3C helicopters. It supports Air Force Special Operations "Pony Express" covert operations, primarily in Laos.
 October 11 – At Molokai Airport in Hoolehua, Molokai, Hawaii, two disgruntled United States Navy sailors produce hunting knives aboard Aloha Airlines Flight 755, a Fairchild F27 bound for Honolulu International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii, and demand to be flown to their home towns of White Earth, Minnesota, and Watonga, Oklahoma. They are subdued with shotguns and flares.
 October 14 – The United States Air Force′s first North American XB-70A Valkyrie – Air Vehicle 1 (AV-1) – surpasses Mach 3 for the first time, reaching Mach 3.02 at an altitude of .
 October 17 – Over North Vietnam, American aircraft carry out their first successful Iron Hand surface-to-air-missile (SAM) site detection and suppression mission.
 October 19 – The U.S. Army's month-long Ia Drang campaign begins in South Vietnam. It will be the first combat action of the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and the first major combat between American and North Vietnamese forces.
 October 19–25 – U.S. Army attack helicopters and U.S. Air Force cargo aircraft play a major role in lifting the Siege of Plei Me in South Vietnam.
 October 22 – Nicholas Piantanida's attempt to set a new free-fall skydiving altitude record comes to an abortive end when wind shear tears off the top of his Strato Jump I balloon, forcing to him abandon the attempt after reaching only . Piantanida parachutes to safety, landing in the Saint Paul, Minnesota, city dump.
 October 26 – Armed with a pellet gun, 20-year-old Cuban exile Luis Medina Perez hijacks National Airlines Flight 209 – a Lockheed L-188 Electra flying from Miami to Key West, Florida, with 33 people aboard – and demands that it fly him to Havana, Cuba, so that he can beg Fidel Castro to allow his family to emigrate to the United States. The flight crew invites him to sit in the cockpit jump seat for the trip, and after he relaxes, the flight engineer quietly hands a fire axe to the captain, who uses it to pin Perez's arm against the wall and make him drop his weapon. With Perez under guard by United States Navy personnel aboard the airliner as passengers, the plane lands at Key West only nine minutes behind schedule.
 October 27 – A raid by Viet Cong sappers against the U.S. Marine Corpss Marble Mountain Air Facility in South Vietnam destroys 13 UH-1E and six UH-34 helicopters and damages four UH-1Es and 26 UH-34s.

November
 November 8 – American Airlines Flight 383, a Boeing 727-123, crashes on approach to Greater Cincinnati Airport in Hebron, Kentucky, killing 58 of the 62 people on board. Among the four survivors – all injured – is the American record producer Israel Horowitz.
 November 11
Aeroflot Flight 99, a Tupolev Tu-124V (registration CCCP-45086) is on its descent to Murmansk Airport in Murmansk in the Soviet Union when it enters a strong snow squall  short of the runway and goes off course. The pilot mistakes a light on the ground for the runway threshold and descends for a landing, and the airliner crashes on the ice-covered surface of Lake Kilpyavr, killing 32 of the 64 people on board.
United Airlines Flight 227, a Boeing 727-22, crashes short of the runway while attempting to land at Salt Lake City International Airport in Salt Lake City, Utah, killing 43 of the 91 people on board. American rodeo cowboy Bill Linderman is among the dead.
 November 14–18 – The Battle of Ia Drang in South Vietnam is the culmination of the Ia Drang Valley campaign. The U.S. Armys helicopter assault concept has made its combat debut as the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) undergoes its baptism of fire, losing only four helicopters to North Vietnamese fire during the campaign.
 November 15 – A Flying Tigers Boeing 707 makes the first polar circumnavigation of the world, in 62 hours 27 minutes.
 November 17 – Wishing to fly to Cuba to liberate political prisoners of the Castro regime and armed with two guns, 16-year-old Thomas Robinson hijacks National Airlines Flight 30, a Douglas DC-8 flying from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Melbourne, Florida, with 91 people aboard, firing six shots through the floor of the airliner with a .22-caliber pistol. A passenger engages Robinson in a discussion of numismatics and coin collecting – one of Robinson's hobbies – and, when he puts both his guns down to inspect some gold coins, two officials from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration′s Project Gemini aboard as passengers tackle and subdue him.

December
 December 1 – "Freedom Flights" operating twice daily five days a week begin, using commercial aircraft to bring Cubans wishing to flee Cuba to the United States. By the time they end in April 1973, the "Freedom Flights" will have transported an estimated 300,000 Cubans from Cuba to the United States in the "largest airborne refugee operation in American history."
 December 2 – The United States Navy aircraft carrier  becomes the first nuclear-powered warship to see combat when she launches air strikes at the Viet Cong near Biên Hòa, South Vietnam.
 December 4 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 853, a Lockheed Super Constellation with 54 people on board, and Trans World Airlines Flight 42, a Boeing 707-131B carrying 58 people, collide over Carmel, New York, with the Boeings left wing striking the Super Constellations tail. The Boeing lands safely at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, while the Super Constellation crash-lands in a pasture on Hunt Mountain near Danbury, Connecticut, and catches fire; four of those aboard the Super Constellation die.
 December 5 – A U.S. Navy A-4E Skyhawk carrying a B43 nuclear bomb falls overboard from the aircraft carrier  into  of water while the ship is in the Philippine Sea. The plane, pilot and weapon are never recovered.
 December 12 – William Randolph Lovelace II, an American physician who made contributions to aerospace medicine in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is killed in the crash of a Cutter Air Service Beechcraft Travel Air near Aspen, Colorado, when its pilot becomes disoriented and flies into a blind canyon. The pilot and Lovelace's wife also die in the crash.
 December 21 – New York Airways commences helicopter services in New York City between the roof of the Pan Am Building in Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens.
 December 22 – American aircraft attack industrial targets in North Vietnam for the first time.
 December 25 – Hoping to begin peace talks with the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese, President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration orders a cessation of American air strikes in Vietnam.
 December 26 – American air strikes in South Vietnam and Laos resume.
 December 31 – Two hijackers attempt to commandeer an Aeroflot airliner in the Soviet Union, but security forces subdue them. One person is killed during the incident.

First flights

January
 January 30 – Distributor Wing DW-1

February
 February 19 – Cessna 188
 February 25 – Douglas DC-9
 February 27 – Antonov An-22 (NATO reporting name "Cock")

April
 April 2 – Partenavia Oscar
 April 13 – Swearingen Merlin
 April 15 – Aérospatiale Puma prototype SA.330
 April 22 – Transavia PL-12 Airtruk

May
 May 7 – Canadair CL-84 Dynavert
 May 20 – De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

June
 June 2 – Aerotec Uirapuru
 June 4 – Nanchang Q-5
 June 13 – Britten-Norman Islander

July
 July 16 – OV-10 Bronco
 July 19 – Breguet Atlantic

August
 August 12 – Fuji FA200 Aero Subaru
 August 18 – Kamov Ka-26
 August 25 – Prototype of Cessna 401 and 402
 August 27 – HMPAC Puffin II
 August 31 – Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

September
 September 7 – Bell Model 209, prototype of the AH-1G Cobra
 September 27 – A-7 Corsair II

October
 October 9 – Chasle Tourbillon
 October 14 – Cessna 421 Golden Eagle
 October 25 – Sukhoi Su-7U (NATO reporting name "Moujik")

November
 Agusta A 106

Entered service
 Antonov An-14 (NATO reporting name "Clod")
 Tupolev Tu-126 (NATO reporting name "Moss") with the Soviet Air Force
 Vickers Super VC10

April
 April 1 – NAMC YS-11 with Japan Domestic Airlines
 April 9 – BAC One-Eleven with British United Airways

May 1965
 Beagle Basset CC.Mk.1 with the Royal Air Force

November
 November 30 – Convair CV-600 with Central Airlines

December
 December 22 – Convair CV-640 with Caribair

References

Aviation by year

1965 in aviation


A Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina foi considerada uma das 10 melhores universidade brasileiras em uma pesquisa elaborada pela empresa britânica Quacquarelli Symonds. A Lista a seguir descreve alguns dos centros de ensino, departamentos, coordenadorias especiais e cursos da UFSC :

Legenda (cursos de pós-graduação):

 E: Especialização lato sensu
 MA: Mestrado acadêmico
 MD: Mestrado profissional
 D: Doutorado
 PD: Pós-doutorado

Ligações externas

 Página Oficial

Universidades de Santa Catarina

Lista de centros de ensino da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina


L'église de la Transfiguration est une église située à Cressé, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

Cette église romane a beaucoup souffert et a subi de nombreuses remises en état à partir d'une bâtisse initiale datant du XIIe siècle voire du XIe siècle.

L'église est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur
Le clocher, tour carrée à toit presque plat, est couvert d'une coupole sur trompes. La nef a été pratiquement entièrement reconstruite. La façade, moderne, s'élève sur les bases de fortes colonnes romanes.

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Cressé
Monument historique classé en 1913
Cressé
Cressé
Cressé

Église de la Transfiguration de Cressé


فتحية  (تلفظ في تركيا: فِتْ ياه)، هي مدينة تركية وأحد المديريات ال13 بمحافظة موغلا في منطقة بحر إيجة،  وهي أحد مدن الريفيرا التركية. تبلغ مساحتها 3,059 كم2 ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 147,000 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2016م، وهي مدينة حديثة نسبيا وموقعها سياحي هام، وتقع بالقرب من مكان مدينة «تلميسوس» (Telmessos) الأثرية التي يُعتقد أنها أُسست عام 3000 ق.م. وهو ما يمكن ملاحظته من الآثار الموجودة في المدينة، مثل المسرح الهيليني على الرصيف البحري الرئيسي للمدينة.

كانت «فتحية» تُعرف سابقاً باسم ماكري ؛ حتى تم ترحيل السكان اليونانيين من المنطقة تبعا لشروط اتفاقية التبادل السكاني عام 1923م بين اليونان وتركيا ومن ثم تأسست مدينة أخرى في اليونان اسمها نيا ماكري، وجاء الأتراك من اليونان وسكنوا «ماكري» التي تحول اسمها إلى «فتحية».

تُعتبر المدينة أحد المراكز السياحية المعروفة بتركيا وخاصة خلال فصل الصيف، وهي تعتبر منتجعا سياحيا عالميا.

يوجد بفتحية حوالي 7000 عائلة بريطانية  تتولى مهمة استقبال طلاب اللغة الإنجليزية لديها بالتنسيق مع معهد (International Mediterranean Academy) لتدريس اللغة الإنجليزية في بلدة «حصار أونو»  التي تبعد 5 كم تقريبا عن «فتحية» و2 كم عن مدينة «أولودنيز»  الساحلية على الريفيرا التركية.

مديرية «فتحية» هي ثاني أكبر مديرية في محافظة موغلا بعد مديرية بودروم من ناحية عدد السكان، وتحاول مديرية فتحية أن تتحول إلى محافظة أيضا ولكن القانون التركي الحالي الخاص لا يسمح.

تاريخ المدينة

تقع مدينة «فتحية» الحديثة في نفس موقع مدينة «تلميسوس» (Telmessos) القديمة، والتي يمكن رؤية آثارها في المدينة، مثل المسرح الهلنستي بجوار الرصيف البحري والميناء الرئيسي.

الإغريق
توجد أسطورة إغريقية قديمة «ليقية» تشرح مصدر اسم «تلميسوس» بأن الإله الإغريقي أبولو وقع في حب أجينور الابنة الصغرى لملك فينيسيا، فيتنكر ككلب صغير ويكسب حب الابنة الخجولة. وبعد أن يظهر مرة أخرى كرجل وسيم، يصبح لديهما ابن اسموه «تلميسوس» ومعناه: «أرض الأنوار»، وكان هذا هو اسم المدينة.

الفرس
أصبحت مدينة «تلميسوس» جزءا من الإمبراطورية الفارسية بعد أن غزاها القائد الفارسي «هرباغوس» (Harpagos) عام 547 قبل الميلاد كما غزا أيضا باقي المدن الكارية والليقية. انضمت مدينة «تلميسوس» إلى «الحلف الديلي» (Attic-Delos Union)  الذي تأسس في منتصف القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد تحت قيادة أثينا بهدف مواصلة القتال ضد الإمبراطورية الفارسية بعد النصر اليوناني في معركة بلاتيا ونهاية غزو الفرس الثاني لليونان. وعلى الرغم من أن مدينة «تلميسوس» تركت الحلف فيما بعد وأصبحت مدينة مستقلة، إلا أنها واصلت علاقاتها مع «الحلف الديلي» حتى القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد.

البيزنطيون

لا يُعرف الكثير عن المدينة خلال العصور البيزنطية.

تشهد المباني الباقية إلى الآن إلى وجود فترة ازدهار في العصور القديمة المتأخرة، ولكن تم هجر معظم المدينة في القرنين السابع والثامن بسبب الحروب الإسلامية البيزنطية. تم تحصين المدينة في القرن الثامن، وكان اسمها «تلميسوس» أو «أناستاسيوبوليس» (Anastasioupolis) في حوالي عام 800م.

بحلول القرن العاشر نُسي الاسم القديم وأصبحت المدينة تُعرف باسم ماكري  ومعناه «الطويلة»، من اسم الجزيرة الموجودة عند مدخل الميناء.

في القرنين الثاني عشر والثالث عشر ظهرت علامات تجدد الرخاء، إذ تم توسيع أسوار المدينة، وعُثر على تقرير قديم يرجع لعام 1106م يذكر مدينة ماكري ويعدّها أحد مراكز إنتاج العطور، كما يصف التقرير بعض الأعمال الجغرافية في المدينة من القرن الثالث عشر توضح بأنها كانت مركزاً تجارياً.

الترك
فتح الترك المنطقة كلها في أواخر القرن الثاني عشر أو أوائل القرن الثالث عشر.

حكم أمراء الأناضول من بني منتشا  مدينة «تلميسوس» ابتداء من عام 1284م، تحت اسم «بسكازا» .

العثمانيون
أصبحت مدينة «تلميسوس» أو «ماكري» جزءا من الإمبراطورية العثمانية في عام 1424م.

نمت المدينة بشكل كبير في القرن 19، وكان بها عدد كبير من السكان اليونانيين في هذا الوقت. بعد اتفاقية التبادل السكاني بين اليونان وتركيا عام 1923م، تم إرسال اليونانيين من ماكري  إلى اليونان حيث أسسوا بلدة «ماكري الجديدة» (نيا ماكري)  في اليونان،  وتم إعادة توطين الأتراك العائدين من اليونان بموجب الإتفاقية، في مدينة ماكري.

بعد تبادل السكان بين تركيا واليونان، ما زالت الكنيسة اليونانية الأرثوذكسية المهجورة قائمة حتى الآن في مدينة «كاياكوي»  القريبة من «فتحية»، والتي كان اسمها الأسبق «ليفيسي» (Levissi).

الزلازل
شهدت فتحية العديد من الزلازل مثل زلزال 1856م، وتعود آخر الزلازل الكبيرة المؤثرة إلى عامي 1957م و 1961م، حيث كان هناك 67 ضحية و 3200 مبنى متضرر بعد زلزال 25 أبريل 1957م الذي بلغت شدته 7.1 على مقياس ريختر.

تم إعادة بناء المدينة منذ ذلك الحين والآن لديها ميناء حديث ومرسى مارينا.

في زلزال 10 يونيو عام 2012م لم تقع خسائر في الأرواح أو الممتلكات خلال الزلزال الذي وقع بشدة 6.1 على مقياس ريختر، ولكن أبنية بعض البيوت وأماكن العمل تضررت.

حادثة رحلة الطائرة الفرنسية 152
في 3 أغسطس 1953م، وأثناء رحلة الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية رقم 152 من باريس إلى طهران مع التوقف في روما وبيروت، حطّت الطائرة «لوكهيد إل-749 كونستليشن» اضطرارياً على الماء أثناء توجهها من روما إلى بيروت بعد توقف أحد محركاتها في الهواء عن العمل، وتصادف ذلك في «خليج فتحية» قبالة «كيزيل أدا» ، ثم غرقت الطائرة بعد هبوطها على الماء في الخليج بساعة.

غرق أربعة في البحر من بين أفراد طاقم الطائرة البالغ عددهم أفراد 8 و 34 راكبا، ولا زال موضع غرق الطائرة غير معروف.

استضاف سكان مدينة «فتحية» الناجين خلال إقامتهم في المدينة.

اسم المدينة
في عام 1934م، تم تغيير اسم المدينة إلى «فتحية» على شرف النقيب الشهيد  (1887م - 24 فبراير 1914م) الذي تخرج في القوات البحرية العثمانية 1907م ثم تلقي تعليم الطيران في بريستول بإنجلترا 1911م وكان أحد أوائل الطيارين في سلاح الجو العثماني.

أثناء أول رحلة من نوعها، رحلة إسطنبول-القاهرة، سقطت طائرته في 3 مارس 1914م في قرية السمراء جنوب شرق مدينة طبريا بالقرب من دمشق واستشهد، قبل الوصول إلى هدفه النهائي في القاهرة، ودُفن في مقبرة صلاح الدين الأيوبي بمدينة دمشق وما زال قبره هناك.

السياحة

فتحية هي أحد من المراكز السياحية المعروفة في تركيا وتحظى بشعبية خاصة خلال فصل الصيف.

يوجد بفتحية أيضًا «مقبرة أمينتاس» ،  وهي مقبرة كبيرة بناها الليكيين عام 350 قبل الميلاد.

بعض المواقع التاريخية الأخرى التي تستحق الزيارة هي:
 «مدينة قادياندا القديمة».
 المدينة اليونانية القديمة في «قاياكوي» .
 «أفكولي» .
 جزيرة «جيميلار» .
 «آية نيكولا» .

المدن السياحية الأكثر شعبية في فتحية هي:
 «أولودنيز» .
 منطقة شاطئ «جاليس» .
 «حصار أونو» .
 «أوفاجيك» .

توجد جزيرة «كيزيلادا»  في خليج فتحية وهي على بعد  خارج المدينة،  وهي محطة شهيرة لجولات القوارب.

توجد أيضا مواقع غوص رائعة وتُعد «أفكولا»  واحدة من أشهرها.

يوجد بها الكثير من الكهوف مفتوحة للزيارة والسياحة.

يوجد عند فنار جزيرة «كيزيلادا»  مطعمًا للمأكولات البحرية وفندقاً صغيراً به تسع غرف.

توجد في منطقة فتحية أماكن طبيعية فريدة وخلابة «وادي الفراشة»  و «خليج اليقطين» أو «كاباك كويو» .

توجد جولات بحرية بالقارب لما يسمى: بالـ«12 جزيرة».

في 2006 تم اختيار شاطئ «أولودنيز»  كأجمل شاطئ في العالم بنسبة ترشيح 82%، وبخلاف ذلك توجد شواطئ سياحية عالمية أخرى مثل:

 بلجيكيز  أو .
 شاطئ تشاليش
 شاطئ إيزتوزو  في داليان .
 شاطئ كاباك كويو .

متحف فتحية
«متحف فتحية»  متحف غني بالآثار القديمة والحديثة يشهد على توالي سلسلة من الحضارات التي كانت موجودة في تلك المنطقة، بدءا من حضارة ليقيا القديمة.

التحف التي يرجع تاريخها إلى 3000 قبل الميلاد وإلى الفترة البيزنطية، معروضة في قاعتين ومعرض في الهواء الطلق.

المناخ
تتمتع فتحية بمناخ البحر الأبيض المتوسط، فمناخها في الصيف حار جاف بمعدل 34 درجة مئوية (93° فهرنهايت) نهارًا، وشتائها بارد ممطر بمعدل 16 درجة مئوية (61° فهرنهايت) نهارًا.

المواصلات
«مطار دالامان الدولي» يخدم مناطق فتحية.

يوجد حافلات صغيرة «دولموش»  للتنقل داخل المدينة وبين المدن والقرى، ومعنى «دولموش» بالتركية: «على ما يبدو محشوة» ولكن تلك الحافلات الصغيرة ليست مزدحمة في «فتحية»، وهو اسم عام لتلك الحافلات المنتشرة بكل أنحاء تركيا وقبرص الشمالية.

الرياضة

هناك رياضات عديدة بمنطقة فتحية، ومنها رياضات سياحية.

 يتنافس فريق كرة القدم المحترف في المدينة «فتحية سبور»  في دوري الدرجة الأولى التركي ، ولعب بالمجموعة البيضاء بمسابقة «توتو سبورتس» الماليزية الثانية في موسم 2014-2015م. تأسس الفريق عام 1933م.

 رياضة «إرتحال المغامرات البريّة»  أو السير الجبلي على طريق ليقيا.
 رياضة الهبوط بالمظلات من أعلى منحدرات جبل باباداغ  بفتحية.
 رياضة التنزه بركوب الخيل.
 رياضة التنزه بركوب السيارات (رحلات بالشاحنات وبالسيارات الجيب).
 الغوص في «برج أف» .
 رياضة الإبحار بالمراكب "الشِرَاعية"  على شاطئ «تشاليش» .

الرياضات المائية

 رياضة الدراجات المائية (جات سكي) .
 رياضة الشراع الطائر بمظلة الطيران (الإبحار المظلي)  .
 رياضة التزلج على الماء  .
 قوارب القدم (الطوف)  .
 الموزة المائية .
 حلقة الماء (رينجو) .
 رياضة التزلج على الماء بالرياح  .
 رياضة التجديف .
 رياضة «ركوب الطوافات» أو «ترميث النهر»  في نهر «دالامان تشايي» .

مناطق المدينة

تمتد المنطقة الحضرية لمدينة فتحية من الميناء الداخلي وحتى أكثر من سبعة أميال، وتضم عدة قرى إلى المدينة.

الشمال
يقع إلى الشمال من وسط المدينة منطقة «شاطئ تشاليش» ، والتي تضم الشارع الرئيسي في شارع «باريش مانتشو» الرئيسيّ المُشّجر  إلى جانب ممشى واسع على طول الساحل، حيث يوجد الكثير من الفنادق. هذا الشاطئ يُعتبر بمثابة شاطئ «مدينة فتحية» لأن «مدينة فتحية» لا تملك شاطئا خاصاً بها.

الشرق
في الشرق، تقع مناطق «غونلوك باشي»  و«تشام كوي»  و«جمهوريِّت» ، وكذلك «إيسين كوي»  في الجنوب الشرقي.

وسط المدينة
وسط المدينة هو المنطقة الواقعة بين المرسى و«سوق فتحية» بالقرب من ملعب كرة القدم.

الجنوب
تقع بلدتي «كاياكوي»  و«أولودنيز» ، علي بعد حوالي ميلين إلى الجنوب الغربي والجنوب على التوالي. وتمتاز «أولودنيز» بشاطئها وبحيرتها الزرقاء الشهيرة على مستوى العالم.

تتوفر أيضا فرصة ممارسة رياضة «الطيران المظلي»  من فوق «جبل باباداغ»  بجوار بلدة «أولودنيز».

انظر أيضا
 الريفيرا التركية.

مراجع

فتحية
أقضية محافظة موغلا
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة موغلا
الريفيرا التركية
العلاقات التركية اليونانية
العلاقات العثمانية اليونانية
بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في تركيا
فتحية سبور
مدن تركيا
مدن ساحلية في تركيا
منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط (تركيا)
مواقع إغريقية في تركيا

فتحية


Earthling est le troisième album studio solo de l'auteur-compositeur-interprète américain Eddie Vedder. L'album est sorti le 11 février 2022 chez Republic Records et Seattle Surf.

Réception critique
Earthling a reçu des critiques généralement positives de la part des critiques. Sur Metacritic, l'album a reçu une note moyenne de 78 sur 100, ce qui indique des "avis généralement favorables", sur la base de 14 avis.

Liste des chansons

Personnel
Musiciens

 Eddie Vedder – chant (toutes les chansons), chœurs (1, 3, 4, 6, 9–11), guitare (1, 5, 6, 10, 13), claviers (1), tenor guitar (3), batterie (7), ukulélé (8), piano (12), percussion (13)
 Andrew Watt – basse (1–7, 9–13), guitare (1–8, 11–13), claviers (1, 13), chœurs (3–6, 10), piano (3), percussion (6, 7, 10), arrangement de cordes (7, 12), batterie (11), drum machine (12)
 Chad Smith – batterie (1–6, 8–10), percussions (3, 5)
 Josh Klinghoffer – guitare (1–5, 7, 9, 10), claviers (1, 3, 6–9, 12, 13), percussions (1, 2, 9), piano (1–3, 5–7, 9), basse (2, 8); chœurs, orgue (5)
 Harper Vedder – chœurs (3)
 Benmont Tench – Hammond organ (3, 11)
 David Campbell – chef d'orchestre, arrangement de cordes (7, 12); arrangement de cuivres, conducteur des cordes (12)
 Alyssa Park – concert master, violon (7, 12)
 Paula Hochhalter – violoncelle (7, 12)
 Jacob Braun – violoncelle (7, 12)
 Sara Parkins – violon (7, 12)
 Josefina Vergara – violon (7, 12)
 Tammy Hatwan – violon (7, 12)
 Olivia Vedder – chœurs (10)
 Stevie Wonder – harmonica (10)
 Abe Laboriel Jr. – batterie, percussions (11)
 Elton John – chant, chœurs, piano (11)
 Joshua Ranz – clarinette (12)
 Ringo Starr – batterie, percussions (12)
 Steve Kujala – flute (12)
 Dylan Hart – cor d'harmonie (12)
 Thomas Hooten – piccolo trumpet (12)
 Danny Long – piano (13)
 Edward Severson Jr. – chant (13)

Technique

 Andrew Watt – production
 Randy Merrill – maîtrise
 John Burton - mastering (8), ingénierie supplémentaire (2, 11)
 Serban Ghenea – mélange
 Bryce Bordone – ingénierie du mixage (1, 2, 4–6, 8–13)
 Paul Lamalfa – ingénierie
 Marco Sonzini – ingénierie (1, 2, 4–6, 8–13), assistance en ingénierie (3), ingénierie supplémentaire (7)
 Steve Churchyard - ingénierie (7, 12)
 Scott Moore – assistant technique (7, 12)
 Bettie Ross – coordination de la production (7, 12)
 Suzie Katayama – coordination de la production (7, 12)

Conception

 Eddie Vedder  – mise en page, police de caractères
 Joe Spix – mise en page, police de caractères
 Danny Clinch – photographie

Références

Notes

Références

Album produit par Andrew Watt
Album publié par Republic Records
Album musical sorti en 2022

Earthling (album d'Eddie Vedder)


පළමුවන ගජබාහු  '''

ආක්‍රමණිකයෙක්ද අමුත්තෙක්ද?
ගජබාහු සිහිපත් කරණ ප්‍රධාන සංසිද්ධි වනුයේ සොළී දේශ සිමාව අනුක්‍රමණය කිරිමත් ඔහුගේ පියා රජකළ කාලයේදී සිරකරැවන් ලෙස අල්ලාගත් 12,000 ක් සිංහලයින් මුදවා ගැනිමටත්ය. ඔහුගේ රාජකාරි කාලය වු සත්‍ය සිදුවිම් හා සිද්ධෂි යථර්ථය පිලිබද තරමක අවිනිශ්චිත භාවයක් පවතී.

ඉහත කී පරිදි ගජබහුගේ ඉන්දියානු ආගමණයක් පිළිබද යම්කිමසි හෝඩුවාවක් මහාවංශයේ සදහන්ව නැත. අනෙක් අතට මහනුවර රාජධානිය පිළිබද 17 වන ශත වර්ෂයේ සම්පාදනය වු රාජායපියේ මුලික තොරතුරැ දක්වා ඇත. ගජබාහු යුධ හමුදාවක් සමග මුහුද බෑකල නිල මහ යෝධයාගේ සහාය ඇතිව ඉන්දියාවට සාරක්ෂිතාව පෝක් සමුද්‍රය වෙත තිරණය කර ඇත. ඉන්දියාවේදදී ගජබාහු සිංහල සිරකරැවන් 12,000 නිදහස් කරගත් අතර වන්දි වශයෙන් දෙමළ ජාතික  12,000 චෝල රජතුමාගෙන් ලබා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම දෙමළ සිරකරැවන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජිවත් විම සදහා පදිංචිවිමට පහසුකම් සැපයු අතර එයින් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් මාතලේ නව නගරයේ යන අලුත්කුරැ කෝරලේ (නුතන වයඹ පලාත) පදිංචි වුහ. රාජාවලිය මෙම සිද්ධිය මෙදේ පැහැදිලි කරයි. ගජබාහු රජතුමාගේ යෝධයෙකු වු නිල දසමග යගදාව මගින් මුහුද දෙබාකොට සොළී රජටේ අගනුවරට ලගා වුහ. එහිදි සොළි රවි ත්‍රස්තවාදින්ට පහර දුන් අතර සැක් රජ වෙන් සිංහසනයේ වුන මේ අතර නිල මහ යෝධයා නගරයේ සිටින අලින් අල්ලා ඔවුන් එකිනෙකා සමග/ ගැටිමට සලස්වා මරණයට පත්කරන ලදි. නගරයේ ඇති වු මෙම වසංගත පිලිබද ඇමතිවරැ රජතුමා දැනුවත් කලේය. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් පෙස ඒ පිලිබද රජතුමා ගජබා වවිමසන ලදී.  සිංහලුන් විශාල පිරිසක් මෙහි පැමිණයේ නගර විනාශ කිරිමටද? යැයි විමසන ලදි ගජබාහු රජතුමා පිලිතුරැ දෙමින් මා සමග පැමිනි කුඩා ළමයෙක් මා ලග සිටින අතර හමුදාවන් මා සතුව නොපවි යැයි හේතු පැහැදිලි කරන ලදි. ඉන් අනතුරැව සොලි රජ ඔබ යුද හසුදාවක් නොමැතිව මෙහි පැමිණයේ ඇයි දැයි විමසිය. ගජබාහු පිළිතුරැ දෙමින් මාගේ පියාගේ කාලයේ ඔබගේ පියා මිනිසුන් 12,000 සිරකරැවන් ලෙස මෙහි ගෙනවිත් ඇත. මම ඔවුන් නැවත ලබා ගැනිමට පැමිණියෙමි යැයි පැවසිය. මෙයට පිළිතුරැ දෙමින් සෝළි රජ අතීතියේ සිට අපගේ පවුලේ රජකෙනෙකු දෙවිවරැන් සිටින නගරයට ගොස් අසුරයන් සමග යුද වැදි ජයග්‍රහනක් ලබා ගන්නා ලදි යැයි පවසා මිනිසුන් නිදහස් කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේපකරන ලදි. එවිට ගජබා කෝපයට පත් වෙමින් වහාම මාගේ 12,000 මිනිසුන් ආපසු දෙන ලෙස ඊට අමතරව තවත් 12,000 ලබා දෙන ලෙසත් නැතහොත් මා මෙම නගරය විනාශ කර අළු බවට පත්කරමි යැයි තර්ජනය කරන ලදි. මෙය ප්‍රකාශ කිරිමෙන් සමග වැලි මිරිකා වතුර ගෙන පෙන්වන ලදි. වැලි මිරිකිම සදහා ඔහුගේ යගදාව යොදා ගන්නා ලදි මේ ආකාරයෙන් සොලි රජ බියගන්නා මුල් මිනිසුන් සංඛ්‍යවේන් එයට පොළි වශයෙන් සමාන මිනිසුන් සංඛ්‍යාවක් වශයෙන් මිනිසුන් 24,000 කුත් ලබා ගන්නා ලදි. එයට අමතරය ඔහු විසින් පත්තිනි දේවියගෙන් මැණිල් වලින් සාදන ලද පාසලඹ සහ සතර දේවල වල දෙවියන්ගේ සුවිශේෂ සලකුණු සහ වළගම්බා රජු දවස ගෙන ආ දොණි ධාතුව ගනිමින් අනාගතයේ මෙවැනි දේ සිදුනොකරව බවට තදින් අවදා කරමින් පිටත් වුහ. මෙයට වෙනසක් ලෙස දෙමල මුලාශු ශ්‍රි ලාංකික රජකවු වු ගජබාගේ පැමිණිම සුහද සංචාරයක් ලෙස සදහන් කර ඇත. සිලාපතිකරන් ඔහුට දෙවරක් සදහන් කර ඇත. පළමු විශේෂ සිද්ධිය නම් ඔහු චෝර රජුවරයෙකු වු සෙන්තුවුවාන් සමග පළමු ගවනේදි කනාගි දෙවගන වෙන යාඥා කිරිමයි. පසුව ඔහු චෝරා රජු සමග මිතුරැකම හොද තත්ත්වයෙන් නැවතත් ඇති කර ගන්නා ලදි.

එසේම මෙය යුද්ධමය මෙහෙයුක් නොවන බවත් සදහන්ව තිරණය කර ඇත. සියලු දේම පසුව ගජබා සහ සෙන්ගුවාන් යන දෙදෙනාම එබද්ධ වු නැවුම් සාමයන් සදහා කැපවු බවපැහැදිලි වේ. අනිත් අතට ගත් විට මේවා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයේ වු ප්‍රධාන මුලාශ්‍ර වන මහාවංශය යන සිලාපතිකරන් කිසිදු ප්‍රචන්ඩ ක්‍රියාවක් සහන් කර නැත තවදුරටත් ශිපබතිකරන්හි ඇතුලත් වු දේ පිළිබද ප්‍රශ්න කිරිමේදි ගජබාහු සහ සෙන්ගුවාන් අතර හමුවිම එක්තරා කාවාමය බලපත්‍රයක් ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සම්පාදනය කරන කර ඇත.

මේවාද බලන්න
 සිංහලේ රාජාවලිය

මූලාශ්‍ර
 'The Cult of the Goddess Pattini', Gamini Obeysekara, University of Chicago Press 1984
 Lakadiva.org : http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/

බාහිර සබැදි
 The Temple of Pattini, Kandy, Sri Lanka
 Sri Lanka's early kings

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය

පළමුවන ගජබාහු රජ


Thit Jensen er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1951 instrueret af Jens Henriksen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Arkivoptagelser, som i 1953 blev anvendt til filmen: Thit Jensen, i anledning af hendes 50 års forfatterjubilæum.

Forfatterinden Thit Jensen interviewes i sit hjem af Karl Bjarnhof. Hun fortæller om den betydning, indtrykkene fra barndommen fik for dannelsen af hendes meninger, navnlig med hensyn til kvindens stilling, og beretter om sin kamp for sine ideer om "frivilligt moderskab". Optagelserne har fundet sted i hjemmet på Toftegårds Plads i København.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1951

Thit Jensen (dokumentarfilm)


L'équipe du Botswana féminine de hockey sur gazon est la sélection nationale du Botswana représentant le pays dans les compétitions internationales féminines de hockey sur gazon.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
Le Botswana n'a jamais participé à un tournoi féminin de hockey sur gazon des Jeux olympiques.

Coupe du monde
Le Botswana n'a jamais participé à la Coupe du monde.

Coupe d'Afrique des nations
1994 :

Notes et références

Botswana
Équipe du Botswana
Hockey sur gazon au Botswana

Équipe du Botswana féminine de hockey sur gazon