Dimetrodon ( or ; ) is a genus of non-mammalian synapsid that lived during the Cisuralian age of the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago. It is a member of the family Sphenacodontidae. With most species measuring  long and weighing , the most prominent feature of Dimetrodon is the large neural spine sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending from the vertebrae. It was an obligate quadruped (it could only walk on four legs) and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the Southwestern United States, the majority of these coming from a geological deposit called the Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, its fossils have also been found in Germany and over a dozen species have been named since the genus was first erected in 1878.

Dimetrodon is often mistaken for a dinosaur or as a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the advent of dinosaurs. Although reptile-like in appearance and physiology, Dimetrodon is much more closely related to mammals than to reptiles, though it is not a direct ancestor of mammals. Dimetrodon is assigned to the "non-mammalian synapsids", a group traditionally – but incorrectly – called "mammal-like reptiles", but now known as stem mammals. This groups Dimetrodon together with mammals in the clade Synapsida, while reptiles are placed in a separate clade, Sauropsida. Single openings in the skull behind each eye, known as temporal fenestrae, and other skull features distinguish Dimetrodon and true mammals from most of the earliest sauropsids.

Dimetrodon was probably one of the apex predators of the Cisuralian ecosystems, feeding on fish and tetrapods, including reptiles and amphibians. Smaller Dimetrodon species may have had different ecological roles. The sail of Dimetrodon may have been used to stabilize its spine or to heat and cool its body as a form of thermoregulation. Some recent studies argue that the sail would have been ineffective at removing heat from the body, due to large species being discovered with small sails and small species being discovered with large sails, essentially ruling out heat regulation as its main purpose. The sail was most likely used in courtship display, including threatening away rivals or showing off to potential mates.

Description

Dimetrodon was a quadrupedal, sail-backed synapsid that most likely had a semi-sprawling posture between that of a mammal and a lizard and also could walk in a more upright stance with its body and the majority or all of its tail off the ground. Most Dimetrodon species ranged in length from  and are estimated to have weighed between . The smallest known species D. teutonis was about  long and weighed . The larger species of Dimetrodon were among the largest predators of the Early Permian, although the closely related Tappenosaurus, known from skeletal fragments in slightly younger rocks, may have been even larger at an estimated  long. Although some Dimetrodon species could grow very large, many juvenile specimens are known.

Skull

A single large opening on either side of the back of the skull links Dimetrodon to mammals and distinguishes it from most of the earliest sauropsids, which either lack openings or have two openings. Features such as ridges on the inside of the nasal cavity and a ridge at the back of the lower jaw are thought to be part of an evolutionary progression from early four-limbed land-dwelling vertebrates to mammals.

The skull of Dimetrodon is tall and compressed laterally, or side-to-side. The eye sockets are positioned high and far back in the skull. Behind each eye socket is a single hole called an infratemporal fenestra. An additional hole in the skull, the supratemporal fenestra, can be seen when viewed from above. The back of the skull (the occiput) is oriented at a slight upward angle, a feature that it shares with all other early synapsids. The upper margin of the skull slopes downward in a convex arc to the tip of the snout. The tip of the upper jaw, formed by the premaxilla bone, is raised above the part of the jaw formed by the maxilla bone to form a maxillary "step". Within this step is a diastema, a gap in the tooth row. Its skull was more heavily built than a dinosaur's skull.

Teeth
The size of the teeth varies greatly along the length of the jaws, lending Dimetrodon its name, which means "two measures of tooth" in reference to sets of small and large teeth. One or two pairs of caniniforms (large, pointed, canine-like teeth) extend from the maxilla. Large incisor teeth are also present at the tips of the upper and lower jaws, rooted in the premaxillae and dentary bones. Small teeth are present around the maxillary "step" and behind the caniniforms, becoming smaller further back in the jaw.

Many teeth are widest at their midsections and narrow closer to the jaws, giving them the appearance of a teardrop. Teardrop-shaped teeth are unique to Dimetrodon and other closely related sphenacodontids, which helps to distinguish them from other early synapsids. As in many other early synapsids, the teeth of most Dimetrodon species are serrated at their edges. The serrations of Dimetrodon teeth were so fine that they resembled tiny cracks. The dinosaur Albertosaurus had similarly crack-like serrations, but, at the base of each serration was a round void, which would have functioned to distribute force over a larger surface area and prevent the stresses of feeding from causing the crack to spread through the tooth. Unlike Albertosaurus, Dimetrodon teeth lacked adaptations that would stop cracks from forming at their serrations. The teeth of D. teutonis lack serrations, but still have sharp edges.

A 2014 study shows that Dimetrodon was in an arms race against its prey. The smaller species, D. milleri, had no tooth serrations because it ate small prey. As prey grew larger, several Dimetrodon species started developing serrations on their teeth and increasing in size. For instance, D. limbatus had enamel serrations that helped it cut through flesh (which were similar to the serrations that can be found on Secodontosaurus). The second-largest species, D. grandis, has denticle serrations similar to those of sharks and theropod dinosaurs, making its teeth even more specialized for slicing through flesh. As Dimetrodons prey grew larger, the various species responded by growing to larger sizes and developing ever-sharper teeth. The thickness and mass of the teeth of Dimetrodon may also have been an adaptation for increasing dental longevity.

 Nasal cavity
On the inner surface of the nasal section of skull are ridges called nasoturbinals, which may have supported cartilage that increased the area of the olfactory epithelium, the layer of tissue that detects odors. These ridges are much smaller than those of later synapsids from the Late Permian and Triassic, whose large nasoturbinals are taken as evidence for warm-bloodedness because they may have supported mucous membranes that warmed and moistened incoming air. Thus, the nasal cavity of Dimetrodon is transitional between those of early land vertebrates and mammals.

 Jaw joint and ear
Another transitional feature of Dimetrodon is a ridge in the back of the jaw called the reflected lamina, which is found on the articular bone, which connects to the quadrate bone of the skull to form the jaw joint. In later mammal ancestors, the articular and quadrate separated from the jaw joint, while the articular developed into the malleus bone of the middle ear. The reflected lamina became part of a ring called the tympanic annulus that supports the ear drum in all living mammals.

 Tail

The tail of Dimetrodon makes up a large portion of its total body length and includes around 50 caudal vertebrae. Tails were missing or incomplete in the first described skeletons of Dimetrodon. The only caudal vertebrae known were the 11 closest to the hip. Since these first few caudal vertebrae narrow rapidly as they progress farther from the hip, many paleontologists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries thought that Dimetrodon had a very short tail. A largely complete tail of Dimetrodon was not described until 1927.

 Sail

The sail of Dimetrodon is formed by elongated neural spines projecting from the vertebrae. Each spine varies in cross-sectional shape from its base to its tip in what is known as "dimetrodont" differentiation. Near the vertebra body, the spine cross section is laterally compressed into a rectangular shape and, closer to the tip, it takes on a figure-eight shape as a groove runs along either side of the spine. The figure-eight shape is thought to reinforce the spine, preventing bending and fractures. A cross section of the spine of one specimen of Dimetrodon giganhomogenes is rectangular in shape but preserves figure-eight shaped rings close to its center, indicating that the shape of spines may change as individuals age. The microscopic anatomy of each spine varies from base to tip, indicating where it was embedded in the muscles of the back and where it was exposed as part of a sail. The lower or proximal portion of the spine has a rough surface that would have served as an anchoring point for the epaxial muscles of the back and also has a network of connective tissues called Sharpey's fibers that indicate it was embedded within the body. Higher up on the distal (outer) portion of the spine, the bone surface is smoother. The periosteum, a layer of tissue surrounding the bone, is covered in small grooves that presumably supported the blood vessels that vascularized the sail.

The large groove that runs the length of the spine was once thought to be a channel for blood vessels, but since the bone does not contain vascular canals, the sail is not thought to have been as highly vascularized as once thought. Some specimens of Dimetrodon preserve deformed areas of the neural spines that appear to be healed-over fractures. The cortical bone that grew over these breaks is highly vascularized, suggesting that soft tissue must have been present on the sail to supply the site with blood vessels. Layered lamellar bone makes up most of the neural spine's cross-sectional area, and contains lines of arrested growth that can be used to determine the age of each individual at death. In many specimens of D. gigashomogenes, the distal portions of spines bend sharply, indicating that the sail would have had an irregular profile in life. Their crookedness suggests that soft tissue may not have extended all the way to the tips of the spines, meaning that the sail's webbing may not have been as extensive as it is commonly imagined.

 Skin

No fossil evidence of Dimetrodons skin has yet been found. Impressions of the skin of a related animal, Estemmenosuchus, indicate that it would have been smooth and well-provided with glands, but this form of skin may not have applied to Dimetrodon, as its lineage is fairly distant. Dimetrodon also may have had large scutes on the underside of its tail and belly, as other synapsids had these. Evidence from the varanopid Ascendonanus suggests that some early synapsids may have had squamate-like scales. However, some recent studies have put varanopids as taxonomically closer to diapsid reptiles.

 Classification history

 Earliest discoveries

The earliest discovery of Dimetrodon fossils were of a maxilla recovered in 1845 by a man named Donald McLeod, living in the British colony of Prince Edward Island. These fossils were purchased by John William Johnson, a Canadian geologist, and then described by Joseph Leidy in 1854 as the mandible of Bathygnathus borealis, a large carnivore related to Thecodontosaurus, although it was later reclassified as a species of Dimetrodon in 2015, as Dimetrodon borealis.

 First descriptions by Cope
Fossils now attributed to Dimetrodon were first studied by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in the 1870s. Cope had obtained the fossils along with those of many other Permian tetrapods from several collectors who had been exploring a group of rocks in Texas called the Red Beds. Among these collectors were Swiss naturalist Jacob Boll, Texas geologist W. F. Cummins, and amateur paleontologist Charles Hazelius Sternberg. Most of Cope's specimens went to the American Museum of Natural History or to the University of Chicago's Walker Museum (most of the Walker fossil collection is now housed in the Field Museum of Natural History).

Sternberg sent some of his own specimens to German paleontologist Ferdinand Broili at Munich University, although Broili was not as prolific as Cope in describing specimens. Cope's rival Othniel Charles Marsh also collected some bones of Dimetrodon, which he sent to the Walker Museum. The first use of the name Dimetrodon came in 1878 when Cope named the species Dimetrodon incisivus, Dimetrodon rectiformis, and Dimetrodon gigas in the scientific journal Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.

The first description of a Dimetrodon fossil came a year earlier, though, when Cope named the species Clepsydrops limbatus from the Texas Red Beds. (The name Clepsydrops was first coined by Cope in 1875 for sphenacodontid remains from Vermilion County, Illinois, and was later employed for many sphenacontid specimens from Texas; many new species of sphenacodontids from Texas were assigned to either Clepsydrops or Dimetrodon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.) C. limbatus was reclassified as a species of Dimetrodon in 1940, meaning that Cope's 1877 paper was the first record of Dimetrodon.

Cope was the first to describe a sail-backed synapsid with the naming of C. natalis in his 1878 paper, although he called the sail a fin and compared it to the crests of the modern basilisk lizard (Basilicus). Sails were not preserved in the specimens of D. incisivus and D. gigas that Cope described in his 1878 paper, but elongated spines were present in the D. rectiformis specimen he described. Cope commented on the purpose of the sail in 1886, writing, "The utility is difficult to imagine. Unless the animal had aquatic habits, and swam on its back, the crest or fin must have been in the way of active movements... The limbs are not long enough nor the claws acute enough to demonstrate arboreal habits, as in the existing genus Basilicus, where a similar crest exists."

 Early 20th century descriptions

In the first few decades of the 20th century, American paleontologist E. C. Case authored many studies on Dimetrodon and described several new species. He received funding from the Carnegie Institution for his study of many Dimetrodon specimens in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History and several other museums. Many of these fossils had been collected by Cope but had not been thoroughly described, as Cope was known for erecting new species on the basis of only a few bone fragments.

Beginning in the late 1920s, paleontologist Alfred Romer restudied many Dimetrodon specimens and named several new species. In 1940, Romer coauthored a large study with Llewellyn Ivor Price called "Review of the Pelycosauria" in which the species of Dimetrodon named by Cope and Case were reassessed. Most of the species names considered valid by Romer and Price are still used today.

 New specimens
In the decades following Romer and Price's monograph, many Dimetrodon specimens were described from localities outside Texas and Oklahoma. The first was described from the Four Corners region of Utah in 1966 and another was described from Arizona in 1969. In 1975, Olson reported Dimetrodon material from Ohio. A new species of Dimetrodon called D. occidentalis (meaning "western Dimetrodon") was named in 1977 from New Mexico. The specimens found in Utah and Arizona probably also belong to D. occidentalis.

Before these discoveries, a theory existed that a midcontinental seaway separated what is now Texas and Oklahoma from more western lands during the Early Permian, isolating Dimetrodon to a small region of North America, while a smaller sphenacodontid called Sphenacodon dominated the western area. While this seaway probably did exist, the discovery of fossils outside Texas and Oklahoma show that its extent was limited and that it was not an effective barrier to the distribution of Dimetrodon.

In 2001, a new species of Dimetrodon called D. teutonis was described from the Lower Permian Bromacker locality at the Thuringian Forest of Germany, extending the geographic range of Dimetrodon outside North America for the first time.

 Species

Twenty species of Dimetrodon have been named since the genus was first described in 1878. Many have been synonymized with older named species, and some now belong to different genera.

Summary

Dimetrodon limbatus

Dimetrodon limbatus was first described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1877 as Clepsydrops limbatus. (The name Clepsydrops was first coined by Cope in 1875 for sphenacodontid remains from Vermilion County, Illinois, and was later employed for many sphenacontid specimens from Texas; many new species of sphenacodontids from Texas were assigned to either Clepsydrops or Dimetrodon in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.) Based on a specimen from the Red Beds of Texas, it was the first known sail-backed synapsid. In 1940, paleontologists Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Ivor Price reassigned C. limbatus to the genus Dimetrodon, making D. limbatus the type species of Dimetrodon.

Dimetrodon incisivus
The first use of the name Dimetrodon came in 1878 when Cope named the species Dimetrodon incisivus along with Dimetrodon rectiformis and Dimetrodon gigas.

Dimetrodon rectiformis
Dimetrodon rectiformis was named alongside Dimetrodon incisivus in Cope's 1878 paper, and was the only one of the three named species to preserve elongated neural spines. In 1907, paleontologist E. C. Case moved D. rectiformis into the species D. incisivus. D. incisivus was later synonymous with the type species Dimetrodon limbatus, making D. rectiformis a synonym of D. limbatus.

Dimetrodon semiradicatus
Described in 1881 on the basis of upper jaw bones, Dimetrodon semiradicatus was the last species named by Cope. In 1907, E. C. Case synonymized D. semiradicatus with D. incisivus based on similarities in the shape of the teeth and skull bones. D. incisivus''' and D. semiradicatus are now considered synonyms of D. limbatus.

Dimetrodon dollovianusDimetrodon dollovianus was first described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1888 as Embolophorus dollovianus. In 1903, E. C. Case published a lengthy description of E. dollovianus, which he later referred to Dimetrodon.

Dimetrodon grandis

Paleontologist E. C. Case named a new species of sail-backed synapsid, Theropleura grandis, in 1907. In 1940, Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Ivor Price reassigned Theropleura grandis to Dimetrodon, erecting the species D. grandis.

Dimetrodon gigas
In his 1878 paper on fossils from Texas, Cope named Clepsydrops gigas along with the first named species of Dimetrodon, D. limbatus, D. incisivus, and D. rectiformis. Case reclassified C. gigas as a new species of Dimetrodon in 1907. Case also described a very well preserved skull of Dimetrodon in 1904, attributing it to the species Dimetrodon gigas. In 1919, Charles W. Gilmore attributed a nearly complete specimen of Dimetrodon to D. gigas. Dimetrodon gigas is now recognized as a synonym of D. grandis.

Dimetrodon giganhomogenesDimetrodon giganhomogenes was named by E. C. Case in 1907 and is still considered a valid species of Dimetrodon.

Dimetrodon macrospondylusDimetrodon macrospondylus was first described by Cope in 1884 as Clepsydrops macrospondylus. In 1907, Case reclassified it as Dimetrodon macrospondylus.

Dimetrodon platycentrusDimetrodon platycentrus was first described by Case in his 1907 monograph. It is now considered a synonym of Dimetrodon macrospondylus.

Dimetrodon natalis

Paleontologist Alfred Romer erected the species Dimetrodon natalis in 1936, previously described as Clepsydrops natalis. D. natalis was the smallest known species of Dimetrodon at that time, and was found alongside remains of the larger-bodied D. limbatus.

Dimetrodon booneorumDimetrodon booneorum was first described by Alfred Romer in 1937 on the basis of remains from Texas.

"Dimetrodon" kempaeDimetrodon kempae was named by Romer in 1937, in the same paper as D. booneorum, D. loomisi, and D. milleri. Dimetrodon kempae was named on the basis of a single humerus and a few vertebrae, and may therefore be a nomen dubium that cannot be distinguished as a unique species of Dimetrodon. In 1940, Romer and Price raised the possibility that D. kempae may not fall within the genus Dimetrodon, preferring to classify it as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis.

Dimetrodon loomisiDimetrodon loomisi was first described by Alfred Romer in 1937 along with D. booneorum, D. kempae, and D. milleri. Remains have been found in Texas and Oklahoma.

Dimetrodon milleriDimetrodon milleri was described by Romer in 1937. It is one of the smallest species of Dimetrodon in North America and may be closely related to D. occidentalis, another small-bodied species. D. milleri is known from two skeletons, one nearly complete (MCZ 1365) and another less complete but larger (MCZ 1367). D. milleri is the oldest known species of Dimetrodon.

Besides its small size, D. milleri differs from other species of Dimetrodon in that its neural spines are circular rather than figure-eight shaped in cross-section. Its vertebrae are also shorter in height relative to the rest of the skeleton than those of other Dimetrodon species. The skull is tall and the snout is short relative to the temporal region. A short vertebrae and tall skull are also seen in the species D. booneorum, D. limbatus and D. grandis, suggesting that D. milleri may be the first of an evolutionary progression between these species.

Dimetrodon angelensisDimetrodon angelensis was named by paleontologist Everett C. Olson in 1962. Specimens of the species were reported from the San Angelo Formation of Texas. It is also the largest species of Dimetrodon.

Dimetrodon occidentalisDimetrodon occidentalis was named in 1977 from New Mexico. Its name means "western Dimetrodon" because it is the only North American species of Dimetrodon known west of Texas and Oklahoma. It was named on the basis of a single skeleton belonging to a relatively small individual. The small size of D. occidentalis is similar to that of D. milleri, suggesting a close relationship. Dimetrodon specimens found in Utah and Arizona probably also belong to D. occidentalis.

Dimetrodon teutonisDimetrodon teutonis was named in 2001 from the Thuringian Forest of Germany and was the first species of Dimetrodon to be described outside North America. It is also the smallest species of Dimetrodon.

Species assigned to different genera

Dimetrodon cruciger
In 1878, Cope published a paper called "The Theromorphous Reptilia" in which he described Dimetrodon cruciger. D. cruciger was distinguished by the small projections that extended from either side of each neural spine like the branches of a tree. In 1886, Cope moved D. cruciger to the genus Naosaurus because he considered its spines so different from those of other Dimetrodon species that the species deserved its own genus. Naosaurus would later be synonymized with Edaphosaurus, a genus which Cope named in 1882 on the basis of skulls that evidently belonged to herbivorous animals given their blunt crushing teeth.

Dimetrodon longiramus
E. C. Case named the species Dimetrodon longiramus in 1907 on the basis of a scapula and elongated mandible from the Belle Plains Formation of Texas. In 1940, Romer and Price recognized that the D. longiramus material belonged to the same taxon as another specimen described by paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston in 1916, which included a similarly elongated mandible and a long maxilla. Williston did not consider his specimen to belong to Dimetrodon but instead classified it as an ophiacodontid. Romer and Price assigned Case and Williston's specimens to a newly erected genus and species, Secodontosaurus longiramus, that was closely related to Dimetrodon.

 Phylogenetic classification Dimetrodon is an early member of a group called synapsids, which include mammals and many of their extinct relatives, though it is not an ancestor of any mammal (which appeared millions of years later). It is often mistaken for a dinosaur in popular culture, despite having become extinct some 40 million years (Ma) before the first appearance of dinosaurs in the Triassic period. As a synapsid, Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs or any living reptile. By the early 1900s most paleontologists called Dimetrodon a reptile in accordance with Linnean taxonomy, which ranked Reptilia as a class and Dimetrodon as a genus within that class. Mammals were assigned to a separate class, and Dimetrodon was described as a "mammal-like reptile". Paleontologists theorized that mammals evolved from this group in (what they called) a reptile-to-mammal transition.

 Phylogenetic taxonomy of Synapsida

Under phylogenetic systematics, the descendants of the last common ancestor of Dimetrodon and all living reptiles would include all mammals because Dimetrodon is more closely related to mammals than to any living reptile. Thus, if it is desired to avoid the clade that contains both mammals and the living reptiles, then Dimetrodon must not be included in that clade—nor any other "mammal-like reptile". Descendants of the last common ancestor of mammals and reptiles (which appeared around 310 Ma in the Late Carboniferous) are therefore split into two clades: Synapsida, which includes Dimetrodon and mammals, and Sauropsida, which includes living reptiles and all extinct reptiles more closely related to them than to mammals.

Within clade Synapsida, Dimetrodon is part of the clade Sphenacodontia, which was first proposed as an early synapsid group in 1940 by paleontologists Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Ivor Price, along with the groups Ophiacodontia and Edaphosauria. All three groups are known from the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. Romer and Price distinguished them primarily by postcranial features such as the shapes of limbs and vertebrae. Ophiacodontia was considered the most primitive group because its members appeared the most reptilian, and Sphenacodontia was the most advanced because its members appeared the most like a group called Therapsida, which included the closest relatives to mammals. Romer and Price placed another group of early synapsids called varanopids within Sphenacodontia, considering them to be more primitive than other sphenacodonts like Dimetrodon. They thought varanopids and Dimetrodon-like sphenacodonts were closely related because both groups were carnivorous, although varanopids are much smaller and more lizard-like, lacking sails.

The modern view of synapsid relationships was proposed by paleontologist Robert R. Reisz in 1986, whose study included features mostly found in the skull rather than in the postcranial skeleton. Dimetrodon is still considered a sphenacodont under this phylogeny, but varanodontids are now considered more basal synapsids, falling outside clade Sphenacodontia. Within Sphenacodontia is the group Sphenacodontoidea, which in turn contains Sphenacodontidae and Therapsida. Sphenacodontidae is the group containing Dimetrodon and several other sail-backed synapsids like Sphenacodon and Secodontosaurus, while Therapsida includes mammals and their mostly Permian and Triassic relatives.

Below is the cladogram Clade Synapsida, which follows this phylogeny of Synapsida as modified from the analysis of Benson (2012).

The below cladogram shows the relationships of a few Dimetrodon species, from Brink et al., (2015).

 Paleobiology

 Function of neural spines

Paleontologists have proposed many ways in which the sail could have functioned in life. Some of the first to think about its purpose suggested that the sail may have served as camouflage among reeds while Dimetrodon waited for prey, or as an actual boat-like sail to catch the wind while the animal was in the water. Another is that the long neural spines could have stabilized the trunk by restricting up-and-down movement, which would allow for a more efficient side-to-side movement while walking.

 Thermoregulation
In 1940, Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Ivor Price proposed that the sail served a thermoregulatory function, allowing individuals to warm their bodies with the Sun's heat. In the following years, many models were created to estimate the effectiveness of thermoregulation in Dimetrodon. For example, in a 1973 article in the journal Nature, paleontologists C. D. Bramwell and P. B. Fellgett estimated that it took a  individual about one and a half hours for its body temperature to rise from . In 1986, Steven C. Haack concluded that the warming was slower than previously thought and that the process probably took four hours. Using a model based on a variety of environmental factors and hypothesized physiological aspects of Dimetrodon, Haack found that the sail allowed Dimetrodon to warm faster in the morning and reach a slightly higher body temperature during the day, but that it was ineffective in releasing excess heat and did not allow Dimetrodon to retain a higher body temperature at night. In 1999, a group of mechanical engineers created a computer model to analyze the ability of the sail to regulate body temperature during different seasons, and concluded that the sail was beneficial for capturing and releasing heat at all times in the year.

Most of these studies give two thermoregulatory roles for the sail of Dimetrodon: one as a means of warming quickly in the morning, and another as a way to cool down when body temperature becomes high. Dimetrodon and all other Early Permian land vertebrates are assumed to have been cold-blooded or poikilothermic, relying on the sun to maintain a high body temperature. Because of its large size, Dimetrodon had high thermal inertia, meaning that changes in body temperature occurred more slowly in it than in smaller-bodied animals. As temperatures rose in the mornings, the small-bodied prey of Dimetrodon could warm their bodies much faster than could something the size of Dimetrodon. Many paleontologists including Haack have proposed that the sail of Dimetrodon may have allowed it to warm quickly in the morning in order to keep pace with its prey. The sail's large surface area also meant heat could dissipate quickly into the surroundings, useful if the animal needed to release excess heat produced by metabolism or absorbed from the sun. Dimetrodon may have angled its sail away from the sun to cool off or restricted blood flow to the sail to maintain heat at night.

In 1986, J. Scott Turner and C. Richard Tracy proposed that the evolution of a sail in Dimetrodon was related to the evolution of warm-bloodedness in mammal ancestors. They thought that the sail of Dimetrodon enabled it to be homeothermic, maintaining a constant, albeit low, body temperature. Mammals are also homeothermic, although they differ from Dimetrodon in being endothermic, controlling their body temperature internally through heightened metabolism. Turner and Tracy noted that early therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids closely related to mammals, had long limbs which can release heat in a manner similar to that of the sail of Dimetrodon. The homeothermy that developed in animals like Dimetrodon may have carried over to therapsids through a modification of body shape, which would eventually develop into the warm-bloodedness of mammals.

Recent studies on the sail of Dimetrodon and other sphenacodontids support Haack's 1986 contention that the sail was poorly adapted to releasing heat and maintaining a stable body temperature. The presence of sails in small-bodied species of Dimetrodon such as D. milleri and D. teutonis does not fit the idea that the sail's purpose was thermoregulation because smaller sails are less able to transfer heat and because small bodies can absorb and release heat easily on their own. Moreover, close relatives of Dimetrodon such as Sphenacodon have very low crests that would have been useless as thermoregulatory devices. The large sail of Dimetrodon is thought to have developed gradually from these smaller crests, meaning that over most of the sail's evolutionary history, thermoregulation could not have served an important function.

Although the function of its sail remains uncertain, Dimetrodon and other Sphenacodontids were likely to have been whole-body endotherms, characterised by a high energy metabolism (tachymetabolism) and probably a capacity for maintaining a high and stable body temperature. This conclusion was part of an amniote-wide study that found tachymetabolic endothermy to have been widespread throughout, and likely plesiomorphic to both synapsids and sauropsids. For Dimetrodon the evidence was the endothermy-indicative size of the foramina through which blood was delivered to their long bones and the high blood pressure that would have been necessary to provide blood to the tops of the well-vascularised spines supporting the sail.

Larger bodied specimens of Dimetrodon have larger sails relative to their size, an example of positive allometry. Positive allometry may benefit thermoregulation because it means that, as individuals get larger, surface area increases faster than mass. Larger-bodied animals generate a great deal of heat through metabolism, and the amount of heat that must be dissipated from the body surface is significantly greater than what must be dissipated by smaller-bodied animals. Effective heat dissipation can be predicted across many different animals with a single relationship between mass and surface area. However, a 2010 study of allometry in Dimetrodon found a different relationship between its sail and body mass: the actual scaling exponent of the sail was much larger than the exponent expected in an animal adapted to heat dissipation. The researchers concluded that the sail of Dimetrodon grew at a much faster rate than was necessary for thermoregulation, and suggested that sexual selection was the primary reason for its evolution.

 Sexual selection
The allometric exponent for sail height is similar in magnitude to the scaling of interspecific antler length to shoulder height in cervids. Furthermore, as Bakker (1970) observed in the context of Dimetrodon, many lizard species raise a dorsal ridge of skin during threat and courtship displays, and positively allometric, sexually dimorphic frills and dewlaps are present in extant lizards (Echelle et al. 1978; Christian et al. 1995). There is also evidence of sexual dimorphism both in the robustness of the skeleton and in the relative height of the spines of D. limbatus (Romer and Price 1940).

 Sexual dimorphism Dimetrodon may have been sexually dimorphic, meaning that males and females had slightly different body sizes. Some specimens of Dimetrodon have been hypothesized as males because they have thicker bones, larger sails, longer skulls, and more pronounced maxillary "steps" than others. Based on these differences, the mounted skeletons in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH 4636) and the Field Museum of Natural History may be males and the skeletons in the Denver Museum of Nature and Science (MCZ 1347) and the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History may be females.

 Paleoecology

Fossils of Dimetrodon are known from the United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Ohio) and Germany, areas that were part of the supercontinent Euramerica during the Early Permian. Within the United States, almost all material attributed to Dimetrodon has come from three geological groups in north-central Texas and south-central Oklahoma: the Clear Fork Group, the Wichita Group, and the Pease River Group.Nelson, John W., Robert W. Hook, and Dan S. Chaney (2013). Lithostratigraphy of the Lower Permian (Leonardian) Clear Fork Formation of North-Central Texas from The Carboniferous-Permian Transition: Bulletin 60, ed. Spencer G. Lucas et al. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, pg. 286-311. Retrieved December 28, 2017. Most fossil finds are part of lowland ecosystems which, during the Permian, would have been vast wetlands. In particular, the Red Beds of Texas is an area of great diversity of fossil tetrapods, or four-limbed vertebrates. In addition to Dimetrodon, the most common tetrapods in the Red Beds and throughout Early Permian deposits in the southwestern United States, are the amphibians Archeria, Diplocaulus, Eryops, and Trimerorhachis, the reptiliomorph Seymouria, the reptile Captorhinus, and the synapsids Ophiacodon and Edaphosaurus. These tetrapods made up a group of animals that paleontologist Everett C. Olson called the "Permo-Carboniferous chronofauna", a fauna that dominated the continental Euramerican ecosystem for several million years. Based on the geology of deposits like the Red Beds, the fauna is thought to have inhabited a well-vegetated lowland deltaic ecosystem.

 Food web

Olson made many inferences on the paleoecology of the Texas Red beds and the role of Dimetrodon within its ecosystem. He proposed several main types of ecosystems in which the earliest tetrapods lived. Dimetrodon belonged to the most primitive ecosystem, which developed from aquatic food webs. In it, aquatic plants were the primary producers and were largely fed upon by fish and aquatic invertebrates. Most land vertebrates fed on these aquatic primary consumers. Dimetrodon was probably the top predator of the Red Beds ecosystem, feeding on a variety of organisms such as the shark Xenacanthus, the aquatic amphibians Trimerorhachis and Diplocaulus, and the terrestrial tetrapods Seymouria and Trematops. Insects are known from the Early Permian Red Beds and were probably involved to some degree in the same food web as Dimetrodon, feeding small reptiles like Captorhinus. The Red Beds assemblage also included some of the first large land-living herbivores like Edaphosaurus and Diadectes. Feeding primarily on terrestrial plants, these herbivores did not derive their energy from aquatic food webs. According to Olson, the best modern analogue for the ecosystem Dimetrodon inhabited is the Everglades. The exact lifestyle of Dimetrodon (amphibious to terrestrial) has long been controversial, but bone microanatomy supports a terrestrial lifestyle, which implies that it would have fed mostly on land, on the banks, or in very shallow water. Evidence also exists for Dimetrodon preying on aestivating Diplocaulus during times of drought, with three partially eaten juvenile Diplocaulus in a burrow of eight bearing teeth marks from a Dimetrodon that unearthed and killed them.

The only species of Dimetrodon found outside the southwestern United States is D. teutonis from Germany. Its remains were found in the Tambach Formation in a fossil site called the Bromacker locality. The Bromacker's assemblage of Early Permian tetrapods is unusual in that there are few large-bodied synapsids serving the role of top predators. D. teutonis is estimated to have been only  in length, too small to prey on the large diadectid herbivores that are abundant in the Bromacker assemblage. It more likely ate small vertebrates and insects. Only three fossils can be attributed to large predators, and they are thought to have been either large varanopids or small sphenacodonts, both of which could potentially prey on D. teutonis. In contrast to the lowland deltaic Red Beds of Texas, the Bromacker deposits are thought to have represented an upland environment with no aquatic species. It is possible that large-bodied carnivores were not part of the Bromacker assemblage because they were dependent on large aquatic amphibians for food.

See also

 References

 External links

 Dimetrodon Palaeos page on Dimetrodon Introduction to the Pelycosaurs University of California Museum of Paleontology webpage on early synapsids, including Dimetrodon''

Permian Germany
Sphenacodontidae
Cisuralian synapsids of Europe
Cisuralian synapsids of North America
Prehistoric synapsid genera
Transitional fossils
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Fossil taxa described in 1878
Cisuralian genus first appearances
Cisuralian genus extinctions
Apex predators

Dimetrodon


María Fernanda Castro Maya   (nascida c. 1993, no México) é uma ativista mexicana autônoma dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência.

Ativismo
Em decorrência de sua deficiência intelectual, María Fernanda Castro Maya faz parte da Confederação Mexicana de Organizações em favor das Pessoas de Discapacidade Intelectual, que toma ações para assegurar que se cumprem os direitos das pessoas com deficiência do apoio da Human Rights Watch. Entre outros, pediu a todos os partidos políticos mexicanos que considerem a deficiência intelectual e as dificuldades de aprendizagem nas medidas que implementam:

María Fernanda pessoalmente advoga pela acessibilidade linguística de documentos vinculados a decisões políticas, além da inclusão de pessoas com deficiência em partidos políticos e atas eleitorais. Ademais, María Fernanda fez parte da delegação mexicana que apresentou às Nações Unidas um relatório sobre os direitos das pessoas com deficiência e, desde 2020, é representante regional do grupo Empower Us, que pertence à rede global Inclusion International. Também encabeçou a consulta online sobre a participação política das pessoas com deficiência intelectual e psicossocial e moderou uma mesa de trabalho à Encontro Internacional de Autogestores.

María Fernanda até apresentou uma proposta ao Parlamento das Pessoas com Deficiência 2022 para reformar o Código Civil da Cidade do México e erradicar a figura do curador. A proposta foi enviada ao Congresso da Cidade do México à espera de uma resposta.

Reconhecimento
Em 2022, María Fernanda foi incluída na lista da BBC das 100 mulheres mais influentes do mundo por defender os direitos das pessoas com deficiência do México e lutar em prol de sua participação política.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Pessoas com deficiência
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022
Ativistas do México
Pessoas vivas

María Fernanda Castro Maya


Vučja stopa (jabučnjak, koren šuplji, lat. Aristolochia), biljni rod iz porodice kopitnjakovki (Aristolochiaceae). Latinsko ime porodice došlo je po ovome rodu, dok je hrvatski naziv porodice došao po rodu kopitnjaka  (Asarum). Ime roda dolazi iz grčkih riječi aristos (odličan) i lochos (porodilja), jer se u prošlosti koristila za poticanje poroda, no u većini slučajeva žuta vučja stopa se koristila za izazivanje pobačaja.

Rod vučja stopa sastoji se od preko 480 vrsta trajnica, od kojih najmanje pet živi i na području Hrvatske, to su žuta vučja stopa (A. clematitis), blijeda vučja stopa ili jabuka vučja (A. pallida) i okruglolisna vučja stopa ili jabuka vučja obla (A. rotunda). Vrste hrvatska vučja stopa (A. croatica) i A. lutea ponekad se navode kao različite vrste, a ponekad da je A. croatica sinonim za A. lutea

Žuta vučja stopa je otrovna, posebno za goveda i konje, a smatra se i da izaziva rak i endemsku nefropatiju.

Vrste

 Aristolochia acontophylla Pfeifer
 Aristolochia acuminata Lam.
 Aristolochia acutifolia Duch.
 Aristolochia adalica Tosunoglu & Malyer
 Aristolochia adiastola G.A.Romero & Elad.Fernández
 Aristolochia albertiana Ahumada
 Aristolochia albida Duch.
 Aristolochia albopilosa M.González, S.González & Barrie
 Aristolochia alexandriana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia altanii Ilçim & Behçet
 Aristolochia amara (Aubl.) Poncy
 Aristolochia andina F.González & I.G.Vargas
 Aristolochia anguicida Jacq.
 Aristolochia angustifolia Cham.
 Aristolochia apoloensis Rusby
 Aristolochia arborescens L.
 Aristolochia arcuata Mast.
 Aristolochia arenicola Hance
 Aristolochia argentina Griseb.
 Aristolochia assamica D.Borah & T.V.Do
 Aristolochia assisii J.Freitas, Lírio & F.González
 Aristolochia atropurpurea Parish ex Hook.f.
 Aristolochia auricularia Boiss.
 Aristolochia australopithecurus (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia austrochinensis C.Y.Cheng & J.S.Ma
 Aristolochia baetica L.
 Aristolochia bahiensis F.González
 Aristolochia baracoensis R.Rankin
 Aristolochia barbourii Barringer
 Aristolochia baseri Malyer & S.Erken
 Aristolochia batucensis Wiggins & Rollins
 Aristolochia biakensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia bianorii Sennen & Pau
 Aristolochia bicolor Ule
 Aristolochia bilabiata L.
 Aristolochia billardieri Jaub. & Sp.
 Aristolochia bilobata L.
 Aristolochia binhthuanensis T.V.Do
 Aristolochia birostris Duch.
 Aristolochia bodamae Dingler
 Aristolochia boliviensis Kuntze
 Aristolochia bonettiana Elad.Fernández & G.A.Romero
 Aristolochia boosii Panter
 Aristolochia bottae Jaub. & Sp.
 Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
 Aristolochia bracteosa Duch.
 Aristolochia brevifolia (Cham.) Hauman
 Aristolochia brevilabris Bornm.
 Aristolochia brevipes Benth.
 Aristolochia bridgesii (Klotzsch) Duch.
 Aristolochia brunneomaculata I.S.Abreu & Giul.
 Aristolochia buchtienii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia bukuti Poncy
 Aristolochia buntingii Pfeifer
 Aristolochia burchellii Mast.
 Aristolochia burelae Herzog
 Aristolochia burkartii Ahumada
 Aristolochia cabrerae Ahumada
 Aristolochia cambodiana Pierre ex Lecomte
 Aristolochia cardiantha Pfeifer
 Aristolochia carterae Pfeifer
 Aristolochia castellana (E.Nardi) A.Costa
 Aristolochia castellanosii Ahumada
 Aristolochia caudata Jacq.
 Aristolochia cauliflora Ule
 Aristolochia ceresensis Kuntze
 Aristolochia ceropegioides S.Moore
 Aristolochia chachapoyensis Ahumada
 Aristolochia chalmersii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia chamissonis (Klotzsch) Duch.
 Aristolochia chilensis Bridges ex Lindl.
 Aristolochia chiquitensis Duch.
 Aristolochia chlamydophylla C.Y.Wu ex S.M.Hwang
 Aristolochia chrismuelleriana W.N.Takeuchi
 Aristolochia chrysochlora Barb.Rodr.
 Aristolochia cilicica P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia clavidenia Griseb.
 Aristolochia clematitis L.
 Aristolochia clementis Alain
 Aristolochia clusii Lojac.
 Aristolochia cochinchinensis T.V.Do
 Aristolochia colimensis Santana Mich.
 Aristolochia colombiana F.González
 Aristolochia colossifolia Hoehne
 Aristolochia consimilis Mast.
 Aristolochia constricta Griseb.
 Aristolochia contorta Bunge
 Aristolochia conversiae Pfeifer
 Aristolochia cordiflora Mutis ex Kunth
 Aristolochia cordigera Willd. ex Klotzsch
 Aristolochia cornuta Mast.
 Aristolochia cortinata Reinecke
 Aristolochia coryi I.M.Johnst.
 Aristolochia crassinervia O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia cremersii Poncy
 Aristolochia cretica Lam.
 Aristolochia croatica Horvatic
 Aristolochia curtisii King
 Aristolochia curviflora Malme
 Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia cynanchifolia Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia daemoninoxia Mast.
 Aristolochia dalyi F.González
 Aristolochia davilae Calzada, G.Flores & O.Téllez
 Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc.
 Aristolochia decandra Ding Hou
 Aristolochia delavayi Franch.
 Aristolochia deltantha F.Muell.
 Aristolochia deltoidea Kunth
 Aristolochia dictyophlebia Merr. & L.M.Perry
 Aristolochia didyma S.Moore
 Aristolochia dielsiana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia dinghoui F.González & Poncy
 Aristolochia disticha Mast.
 Aristolochia durangensis Pfeifer
 Aristolochia echinata Barb.Rodr.
 Aristolochia ehrenbergiana Cham.
 Aristolochia ekmanii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia embergeri Nozeran & N.Hallé
 Aristolochia emiliae Santana Mich. & Solís
 Aristolochia engleriana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia enricoi (Luino, L.Gaut. & Callm.) comb.ined.
 Aristolochia erecta L.
 Aristolochia eriantha Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze
 Aristolochia filipendulina Duch.
 Aristolochia fimbriata Cham.
 Aristolochia flava Poncy
 Aristolochia flexuosa Duch.
 Aristolochia floribunda Lem.
 Aristolochia foetida Kunth
 Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.
 Aristolochia fordiana Hemsl.
 Aristolochia fosteri Barringer
 Aristolochia foveolata Merr.
 Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz
 Aristolochia fujianensis S.M.Hwang
 Aristolochia gabonensis Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia gardneri Duch.
 Aristolochia gaudichaudii Duch.
 Aristolochia gehrtii Hoehne
 Aristolochia geniculata E.Nardi
 Aristolochia gibertii Hook.
 Aristolochia gigantea Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia ginzbergeri Ahumada
 Aristolochia glandulosa J.Kickx f.
 Aristolochia glaucifolia Ridl.
 Aristolochia glossa Pfeifer
 Aristolochia goldieana Hook.f.
 Aristolochia goliathiana Mich.J.Parsons
 Aristolochia goudotii Duch.
 Aristolochia gracilifolia O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia gracilipedunculata F.González
 Aristolochia grandiflora Sw.
 Aristolochia guadalajarana S.Watson
 Aristolochia guanacastensis J.E.Jiménez & M.A.Blanco
 Aristolochia guentheri O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia guianensis Poncy
 Aristolochia guichardii P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia gurinderi K.Ravik., U.L.Tiwari & N.Balach.
 Aristolochia haitiensis Ekman & O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia hansenii Phuph.
 Aristolochia harmandiana Pierre ex Lecomte
 Aristolochia helix Phuph.
 Aristolochia heppii Merxm.
 Aristolochia hians Willd.
 Aristolochia hilariana Duch.
 Aristolochia hirta L.
 Aristolochia hispida Pohl ex Duch.
 Aristolochia hockii De Wild.
 Aristolochia hoehneana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia holostylis F.González
 Aristolochia holtzei F.Muell.
 Aristolochia humilis Merr.
 Aristolochia hypoglauca Kuhlm.
 Aristolochia hyrcana P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.
 Aristolochia impressinervia C.F.Liang
 Aristolochia incisa Duch.
 Aristolochia incisiloba Jongkind
 Aristolochia indica L.
 Aristolochia inflata Kunth
 Aristolochia insolita J.Freitas & M.Peixoto
 Aristolochia iquitensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia islandica Pfeifer
 Aristolochia jackii Steud.
 Aristolochia jingiangensis H.Zhang & C.K.Hsieh
 Aristolochia kachinensis Ohi-Toma, Nob.Tanaka & J.Murata
 Aristolochia karwinskii Duch.
 Aristolochia kepara (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia keratuma F.González & Pabón-Mora
 Aristolochia killipiana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia klossii Ridl.
 Aristolochia klugii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia kongkandae Phuph.
 Aristolochia krausei P.H.Davis
 Aristolochia krisagathra Sivar. & Pradeep
 Aristolochia krukoffii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia labiata Willd.
 Aristolochia lagesiana Ule
 Aristolochia laheyana (F.M.Bailey) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia lanceolatolorata S.Moore
 Aristolochia laotica T.V.Do
 Aristolochia lassa I.M.Johnst.
 Aristolochia lauterbachiana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia leonensis Scott Elliot
 Aristolochia leprieurii Duch.
 Aristolochia leptosticta Urb.
 Aristolochia leuconeura Linden
 Aristolochia leytensis Merr.
 Aristolochia limai Hoehne
 Aristolochia lindeniana Duch.
 Aristolochia lindneri A.Berger
 Aristolochia linearifolia Wright ex Griseb.
 Aristolochia lingua Malme
 Aristolochia lingulata Ule
 Aristolochia linnemannii Warb.
 Aristolochia littoralis Parodi
 Aristolochia longgangensis C.F.Liang
 Aristolochia longispathulata F.González
 Aristolochia longissima M.A.Blanco, J.E.Jiménez & Aguilar
 Aristolochia lorenae J.Freitas & F.González
 Aristolochia lozaniana F.González
 Aristolochia lutea Desf.
 Aristolochia lutescens Duch.
 Aristolochia luudamcui T.V.Do
 Aristolochia luzmariana Santana Mich.
 Aristolochia lycica P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia macgregorii Merr.
 Aristolochia macrocarpa Duch.
 Aristolochia macroura Gomes
 Aristolochia manantlanensis Santana Mich.
 Aristolochia manaosensis Ahumada
 Aristolochia mannii Hook.f.
 Aristolochia manokwariensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia maranonensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia marianensis Ahumada
 Aristolochia marioniana Elad.Fernández & G.A.Romero
 Aristolochia mathewsii Duch.
 Aristolochia maurorum L.
 Aristolochia maxima Jacq.
 Aristolochia medicinalis R.E.Schult.
 Aristolochia melanoglossa Speg.
 Aristolochia melastoma Silva Manso ex Duch.
 Aristolochia melgueiroi Barringer & F.Guánchez
 Aristolochia meridionaliana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia meridionalis E.M.Ross
 Aristolochia merxmuelleri Greuter & E.Mayer
 Aristolochia micrantha Duch.
 Aristolochia microstoma Boiss. & Spruner
 Aristolochia minutiflora Ridl. ex Gamble
 Aristolochia mishuyacensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia momandul K.Schum.
 Aristolochia montana Ekman & O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia monticola Brandegee
 Aristolochia morae F.González
 Aristolochia mossii S.Moore
 Aristolochia mutabilis Pfeifer
 Aristolochia mycteria Pfeifer
 Aristolochia nahua Paizanni & Santana Mich.
 Aristolochia nana S.Watson
 Aristolochia nardiana I.M.Turner
 Aristolochia navicularis E.Nardi
 Aristolochia naviculilimba Ding Hou
 Aristolochia nelsonii Eastw.
 Aristolochia nevesarmondiana Hoehne
 Aristolochia novoguineensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia nummularifolia Kunth
 Aristolochia oaxacana Eastw.
 Aristolochia oblongata Jacq.
 Aristolochia oblongifolia Brandegee
 Aristolochia occidentalis Santana Mich. & S.Lemus Juarez
 Aristolochia odora Steud.
 Aristolochia odoratissima L.
 Aristolochia olivieri Colleg. ex Boiss.
 Aristolochia ophioides L.Marión
 Aristolochia oranensis Ahumada
 Aristolochia orbicularis Duch.
 Aristolochia ornithopterae Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia ornithorhyncha J.E.Jiménez, M.A.Blanco & Aguilar
 Aristolochia ovalifolia Duch.
 Aristolochia pacayacensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia pacifica Santana Mich. & Paizanni
 Aristolochia paecilantha Boiss.
 Aristolochia pallida Willd.
 Aristolochia palmeri S.Watson
 Aristolochia pannosoides Hoehne
 Aristolochia papillaris Mast.
 Aristolochia papillifolia Ding Hou
 Aristolochia paradisiana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia paramaribensis Duch.
 Aristolochia parvifolia Sm.
 Aristolochia passiflorifolia A.Rich.
 Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel
 Aristolochia paulistana Hoehne
 Aristolochia peltata L.
 Aristolochia peltatodeltoidea Hoehne
 Aristolochia peninsulensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia pentandra Jacq.
 Aristolochia perangustifolia Phuph.
 Aristolochia peruviana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia phetchaburiensis Chuakul & Saralamp
 Aristolochia philippinensis Warb.
 Aristolochia phuphathanaphongiana T.V.Do
 Aristolochia physodes Ule
 Aristolochia pierrei Lecomte
 Aristolochia pilosa Kunth
 Aristolochia pistolochia L.
 Aristolochia pithecurus Ridl.
 Aristolochia pohliana Duch.
 Aristolochia poluninii P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia polymorpha S.M.Hwang
 Aristolochia pontica Lam.
 Aristolochia poomae Phuph.
 Aristolochia pothieri Pierre ex Lecomte
 Aristolochia povedae J.E.Jiménez & M.A.Blanco
 Aristolochia praevenosa F.Muell.
 Aristolochia preussii Engl.
 Aristolochia pringlei Rose
 Aristolochia promissa Mast.
 Aristolochia prostrata Duch.
 Aristolochia pseudotriangularis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia pubera R.Br.
 Aristolochia pubescens Willd. ex Duch.
 Aristolochia pueblana J.F.Ortega & R.V.Ortega
 Aristolochia punctata Lam.
 Aristolochia purhepecha Santana Mich. & Cuevas
 Aristolochia pyriflora Lombardi & D.Frank
 Aristolochia quercetorum Standl.
 Aristolochia quiricoana J.E.Jiménez, M.A.Blanco & M.Cedeño
 Aristolochia raja Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia repanda D.Subram.
 Aristolochia rethyae Kashung, Barman & Gajurel
 Aristolochia rhizantha Lundell
 Aristolochia ridicula N.E.Br.
 Aristolochia rigida Duch.
 Aristolochia ringens Vahl
 Aristolochia robertii Ahumada
 Aristolochia rojasiana (Chodat & Hassl.) F.González
 Aristolochia rostrata Pfeifer
 Aristolochia rotunda L.
 Aristolochia rugosa Lam.
 Aristolochia ruiziana (Klotzsch) Duch.
 Aristolochia rumicifolia Mart. & Zucc.
 Aristolochia rumphii Kostel.
 Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana Mich. & Guzm.-Hern.
 Aristolochia samanensis O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia samarensis Merr.
 Aristolochia savannoidea Paizanni & M.Ramírez
 Aristolochia schlechteri Lauterb.
 Aristolochia schottii L.Marión
 Aristolochia schreiteri Ahumada
 Aristolochia schultzeana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia schulzii Ahumada
 Aristolochia schunkeana F.González
 Aristolochia secunda Pfeifer
 Aristolochia sempervirens L.
 Aristolochia sepicola Mast.
 Aristolochia sepikensis (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia sericea Blanco
 Aristolochia sessilifolia (Klotzsch) Malme
 Aristolochia setosa Duch.
 Aristolochia sicula Tineo
 Aristolochia silvatica Barb.Rodr.
 Aristolochia sinaloae Brandegee
 Aristolochia smilacina (Klotzsch) Duch.
 Aristolochia socorroensis Pfeifer
 Aristolochia sparusifolia (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia stahelii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia stenocarpa Kuntze
 Aristolochia stenosiphon P.H.Davis & M.S.Khan
 Aristolochia steupii Woronow
 Aristolochia stomachoidis Hoehne
 Aristolochia stuckertii Speg.
 Aristolochia styloglossa Pfeifer
 Aristolochia subglobosa J.Freitas, Lírio & F.González
 Aristolochia surinamensis Willd.
 Aristolochia taliscana Hook. & Arn.
 Aristolochia tamnifolia (Klotzsch) Duch.
 Aristolochia tentaculata O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia tequilana S.Watson
 Aristolochia teretiflora Pfeifer
 Aristolochia thotteaeformis T.V.Do & Luu
 Aristolochia thozetii F.Muell.
 Aristolochia tigrina A.Rich.
 Aristolochia tithonusiana (Mich.J.Parsons) Buchwalder & Wanke
 Aristolochia tonduzii O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia transtillifera Ding Hou
 Aristolochia tresmariae Ferris
 Aristolochia triactina Hook.f.
 Aristolochia trianae Duch.
 Aristolochia triangularis Cham.
 Aristolochia trichostoma Griseb.
 Aristolochia trilobata L.
 Aristolochia trulliformis Mast.
 Aristolochia truncata Fielding & Gardner
 Aristolochia tuberosa C.F.Liang & S.M.Hwang
 Aristolochia tubiflora Dunn
 Aristolochia tuitensis Santana Mich. & Paizanni
 Aristolochia tyrrhena E.Nardi & Arrigoni
 Aristolochia uhdeana Duch.
 Aristolochia urbaniana Taub.
 Aristolochia urupaensis Hoehne
 Aristolochia variifolia Duch.
 Aristolochia versabilifolia Pfeifer
 Aristolochia vestita Ohi-Toma, P.Li & Watan.-Toma
 Aristolochia viperina Chodat & Hassl.
 Aristolochia vitiensis A.C.Sm.
 Aristolochia wankeana J.Freitas, F.González & Poncy
 Aristolochia warmingii Mast.
 Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standl.
 Aristolochia weberbaueri O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia weddellii Duch.
 Aristolochia wendeliana Hoehne
 Aristolochia werdermanniana O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia whitei I.M.Johnst.
 Aristolochia williamsii Rusby
 Aristolochia wrightii Seem.
 Aristolochia xerophytica R.E.Schult.
 Aristolochia yalaensis Phuph.
 Aristolochia yungasensis Rusby
 Aristolochia zebrina J.Freitas & F.González
 Aristolochia zenkeri Engl.
 Aristolochia zhongdianensis J.S.Ma
 Aristolochia zollingeriana Miq.
 Aristolochia ×domingensis Ekman & O.C.Schmidt
 Aristolochia ×gueneri Malyer & Tosunoglu
 Aristolochia ×gypsicola Tosunoglu & Malyer

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kopitnjakovke

Vučja stopa


Tom Dugan peut nommer :
 Tom Dugan (1889-1955), acteur américain.
  (né en 1961), acteur américain.

Tom Dugan


Allium nigrum es una especie de planta bulbosa geófita del género Allium, perteneciente a la familia de las amarilidáceas, del orden de las Asparagales. Se distribuye por la región del Mediterráneo.

Descripción
Allium nigrum, es un ajo muy robusto de tallo cilíndrico y inflorescencia hemisférica. Las flores son muy aparentes con los tépalos dispuestos en forma de estrella y gruesos de 2-3 mm, de color rosado. La bráctea que cubre la inflorescencia se divide en 2-4 lóbulos.

Observaciones: Ajo de floración temprana si lo comparamos con la mayoría de ajos de floración estival.

Taxonomía

Allium nigrum fue descrita por  Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 430, en el año 1762. (Sep 1762)
 El Allium nigrum descrito por All. es el Allium narcissiflorum de Vill.
 El Allium nigrum descrito por M.Bieb. es el Allium decipiens subsp. decipiens
 El Allium nigrum descrito por Sm. es el Allium nigrum de L.

EtimologíaAllium: nombre genérico muy antiguo. Las plantas de este género eran conocidos tanto por los romanos como por los griegos. Sin embargo, parece que el término tiene un origen celta y significa "quemar", en referencia al fuerte olor acre de la planta. Uno de los primeros en utilizar este nombre para fines botánicos fue el naturalista francés Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708).nigrum: epíteto latino que significa "de color negro".
Citología
Número de cromosomas de Allium nigrum (Fam. Liliaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos:
2n=16.
SinonimiaAllium afrum  (Zucc.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 455. 1843.Allium bauerianum Baker, Gard. Chron. 1874(2): 131. 1874.Allium cyrilli var. magicum (L.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 737. 1882.Allium littoreum G.DonAllium magicum L., Sp. Pl.: 296, err.. 1762, nom. rej.Allium narcissifolium Lam., 1779Allium odorum Ten.Allium paucibulbosum (Haw.) Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 53. 1840.Caloscordum nigrum (L.) Banfi & GalassoCanidia magica (L.) Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 92. 1866, nom. inval.Kalabotis nigrum (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 19. 1837.
 Molium nigrum (L.) Haw., Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 1832: 284. 1832.
 Molium paucibulbosum Haw., Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 1832: 284. 1832.
 Ophioscorodon magicum (L.) Wallr., Sched. Crit.: 129. 1822.
 Ornithogalum afrum'' Zucc., Cent. Observ. Pl.: 25. 1806.

Nombre común
 Castellano: ajo de España, ajo-lirio, ajo pinto, ajo porro, ajo silvestre, suspiros de España.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/AlliumSpeciesTwo#hollandicum

nigrum
Flora de la cuenca mediterránea
Plantas descritas en 1762
Plantas descritas por Linnaeus

Allium nigrum


Patricia Young (* 1954 in Victoria, British Columbia, Kanada) ist eine kanadische Schriftstellerin und Dichterin. Die Verfasserin von Gedichten und Kurzgeschichten wurde mehrfach mit Literaturpreisen ausgezeichnet. So unter anderem 1988 und 1998 mit dem Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize sowie 1990 mit dem Pat Lowther Award und 2006 mit dem Meltcalf-Rooke Award.

Leben

Patricia Young wurde 1954 in Victoria, British Columbia, geboren.
Die feministische Autorin hat seit ihrem Erstlingswerk Travelling the floodwaters (1983) bis heute zehn Gedichtbände, eine Kurzgeschichtensammlung und drei Anthologien veröffentlicht.

Sie unterrichtete Englische Literatur an der University of Victoria, war Redaktionsassistentin beim The Malahat Review für Kreatives Schreiben und fungierte als Writer-in-residence an verschiedenen kanadischen Universitäten, so auch 2008 am WIR an der University of New Brunswick.

Für All I Ever Needed was a Beautiful Room (1987) erhielt sie 1988 den zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize und zwei Jahre später für The mad and beautiful mothers (1989) den Pat Lowther Award. Als eine der wenigen kanadischen Dichterinnen konnte Patricia Young 1998 den Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize ein zweites Mal gewinnen, diesmal mit What I Remember from My Time on Earth. Für ihre Kurzgeschichtensammlung Airstream, die sie aufgrund einer Umorientierung um 2000 in der Poesie verfasste, wurde sie 2006 mit dem Meltcalf-Rooke Award ausgezeichnet. Darüber hinaus wurde das Werk auf der Shortlist des Butler Prize geführt und gehörte zu den besten Büchern des Jahres laut  The Globe and Mail.

Über ihre Schreibphilosophie äußerte sie sich folgendermaßen: "Although I've written poetry for twenty-five years, I haven't consciously worked out a personal 'poetics'. I'm not consciously aware of writing a particular sort of poem, a surreal, lyric, literal or any other kind of poem; I have never tried to fit my poems into any kind of school of thought. I am aware that there is a movement of poets who refuse to write within a narrative or linear framework (going so far as to be rigorously 'disassociative') and though I am somewhat sympathetic to their resistance to conventional narrative forms, I personally wouldn't go so far as to dismiss narrative entirely. I wouldn't dismiss anything, in fact. I use whatever works for the poem of the moment. I don't think one sits down and decides, today I will write a totally random poem, or today I will write a traditional narrative poem. The material and/or content influence the shape of the poem. Or, you could say, the poem finds its own shape. The brain craves, I think, some sort of meaning no matter how elliptical or nebulous. To write random lines, without any internal connection, is ultimately boring and meaningless, at least to me. What I do know is that in poetry anything can happen. The freedom to say anything, go anywhere, is, for me, the great pleasure of writing poetry. Being an earthbound creature with all the limitations this implies, I find the liberation of words thrilling."

Patricia Young ist mit dem Schriftsteller und Universitätsdozenten Terence Young verheiratet, hat zwei erwachsene Kinder und lebt in Victoria, British Columbia.

Werk

Lyrik
 Travelling the floodwaters. Turnstone Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-88801-082-7.
 Melancholy ain't no baby. Ragweed Press, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 1985, ISBN 978-0-920304-46-4.
 All I ever needed was a beautiful room. Oolichan Books. 1987. ISBN 978-0-88982-073-9.
 The mad and beautiful mothers. Ragweed Press, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 1989. ISBN 978-0-920304-79-2.
 Those Were The Mermaid Days: poems. Ragweed Press, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 1991. ISBN 0-921556-14-4.
 More watery still: poems. Anansi, Concord, Ontario, 1993. ISBN 978-0-88784-541-3.
 What I remember from my time on earth: poems. Anansi, Toronto 1997. ISBN 978-0-88784-592-5.
 Ruin and beauty. House of Anansi Press, Toronto 2000. ISBN 978-0-88784-649-6.
 Here Come the Moonbathers. Biblioasis, Emeryville, Ontario, 2008. ISBN 978-1-897231-43-2.
 An auto-erotic history of swings. Sono Nis Press, Winlaw (British Columbia) 2010, ISBN 978-1-55039-178-7.

Kurzgeschichten
 Airstream. Biblioasis, Windsor, Ontario, 2006. ISBN 978-1-897231-01-2.

Anthologien
 A Walk by the Seine, Canadian Poets on Paris. Black Moss Press, 1996.
 Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of American Poetry. Monitor Book Co., 1995/96.
 Making Connections: Literacy from a Feminist Perspective. Canadian Congress for Learning Opportunities for Women, 1996.

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen

 1987: Federation of B. C. Writers, Literary Rites Competition, 1. Preis
 1988: National Magazine Award for Poetry, Silbermedaille
 1988: C.B.C. Literary Competition, 1988, 2. Platz
 1988: Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize für All I Ever Needed was a Beautiful Room
 1990: Pat Lowther Award für The mad and beautiful mothers
 1993: Governor General's Award Nominierung für More Watery Still
 1998: Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize für What I Remember from My Time on Earth
 2000: Governor General's Award Nominierung für Ruin & Beauty.
 2001: Other Voices Fiction Award, 1. Preis
 2001: Matrix, Erster Preis in der Kategorie Fiction
 2003: cbc Literary Competition
 2004: Shortlist Journey Prize
 2006: Meltcalf-Rooke Award, für Airstream

 2007: Shortlist Butler Prize für Airstream
 2009: Shortlist Bridport Prize
 2010: ARC's Confederation Poetry Prize für das Gedicht The Night of the Apocalypse Yahweh Tinkles the Ivories
 2013: Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize, Nominierung für Night-Eater

Weblinks
 Website von Patricia Young
 Bibliographie auf Canadian Poetry Online – University of Toronto. Abgerufen am 17. April 2012.
 Auswahl von sechs Gedichten auf Canadian Poetry Online – University of Toronto. Abgerufen am 18. April 2012.
 Lorna Crozier, Patricia Young, Patrick Lane, Mark Jarman, Jack Hodgins, Linda Rogers, Marion Farrant, Susan Musgrave, Bill Gaston, Marlene Cookshaw, W. D. Valgardson: Tips from authors. In: The Claremont Review. The International Magazin for Young Adult Writers. 2011. Abgerufen am 18. April 2012.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Lyrik
Kurzgeschichte
Herausgeber
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Kanadier
Geboren 1954
Frau

Patricia Young


Nina Tarakanova (ca.1911-1994) est une danseuse de ballet russe, artiste des Ballets russes des années 20 et 30 .

Biographie
Elle est née en Russie. Elle serait apparentée à la légendaire princesse Tarakanova. Après la révolution de 1917, Nina Tarakanova émigre à Paris où elle est formée par la grande ballerine du Maryinsky, Mathilde Kschessinska, aux côtés de Tatiana Riabouchinska et David Lichine.

Elle commence sa carrière avec les Ballets russes du colonel de Basil. Elle crée des rôles dans Beach (1932), Le Beau Danube (1933) et  Les Présages de Léonide Massine (1933); Elle apparait pour la première fois en Grande-Bretagne au début des années 30, puis passe dans la compagnie de  avec laquelle elle se produit durant plusieurs saisons au Coliseum Theatre en 1934 et 1935, dansant le rôle de la Ballerine dans Petrouchka et Swanhilda dans Coppélia.

En 1937, elle danse avec les Ballets russes de Monte-Carlo de René Blum, et élargit son répertoire avec Carnaval, Ode, Les Elfes, chorégraphie de Michel Fokine; musique de Mendelssohn; Le Lac des cygnes et Les Sylphides. Elle excelle dans des rôles à demi-caractère comme la danseuse de rue dans Beau Danube de Léonide Massine qui l'a choisie comme la marchande de gants dans la Gaite Parisienne. Elle joue le rôle à Monte Carlo, lors de la première le 5 avril 1938 et à Londres. Alexandra Danilova lui reprend le rôle pour la tournée américaine. Tarakanova, mécontente d'être évincée, quitte la compagnie.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, après s'être installée en Angleterre, elle part en tournée avec le tout nouveau Ballet international de Mona Inglesby. Le 19 mai 1941, la compagnie entame une tournée provinciale à l'Alhambra Theatre de Glasgow, suivie d'une saison de six semaines la même année au Lyric Theatre, à Londres. Tarakanova  crée le rôle de Vénus dans Planetomania, musique de , première au théâtre royal de Birmingham, le 28 mai 1941 et Maria dans le ballet Twelfth Night, musique de Grieg, première au Royal Court Theatre de Liverpool, le 12 mai 1943; deux ballets chorégraphiés par Inglesby. Elle danse également le rôle de la tentatrice dans la version d'Everyman, chorégraphiée par Inglesby, en 1943, sur une musique de Richard Strauss.

Vers la fin de la guerre, elle quitte le ballet pour danser dans une opérette russe intitulée Merry-Go-Round mise en scène par Eugene Iskoldoff.

Retirée de la scène, elle enseigne pendant une courte période dans une école de ballet russe à Chelsea.

En 1951, elle aide son ancienne professeure Mathilde Kschessinska à donner un cours de danse russe.

Après la mort de son deuxième mari, elle quitte Londres et entre dans un hospice du Devon.

Vie privée
En 1938, au sommet de sa carrière lors d'une saison à Drury Lane, Tarakanova épouse Gray Shaw, un homme d'affaires écossais, réalisateur britannique, propriétaire terrien et armateur. Ils divorcent par la suite.

Après la guerre, elle épouse Neil Maclaren (1909-1988), ancien conservateur de la National Gallery.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :
.
.
.

Liens externes

Danseuse de danse classique
Danseuse russe du XXe siècle
Ballets russes
Décès en juin 1994
Décès dans le Somerset
Date de naissance incertaine (XXe siècle)
Naissance dans l'Empire russe

Nina Tarakanova


Adrian Văncică (n. 18 martie 1977, Târgoviște) este un actor român de film, teatru, televiziune și voce. A absolvit Universitatea Națională de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București, Facultatea de Teatru, specialitatea actorie la clasa prof. univ. dr. Mircea Albulescu. Este actor angajat al Teatrului Nottara din București și interpretul lui Celentano, prietenul de băutură a lui Firicel a lu' Cimpoaie (Cuzin Toma) din Las Fierbinți, serialul de comedie difuzat pe ProTV.

A fost nominalizat la Premiul Gopo pentru cel mai bun actor în rol secundar în 2009 pentru rolul Vali Iordache din filmul Boogie și 2018 pentru rolul polițistului din Ultima zi.

Este fiul lui Ion Văncică și al Mariei Ionescu de la Brad, nepoata lui Ion Ionescu de la Brad.

Filmografie

 Visul lui Liviu (2004) - Umbra
 Hârtia va fi albastră (2006) - sergent Pană
 Margo (2006) - Tudor
 Doi Crai (2007)
 Boogie (2008) - Iordache
 Cutia de viteze (2008) - Craiu
 Amintiri din Epoca de Aur 1: Tovarăși, frumoasă e viața! (2009) - vocea asistentului fotografului
 Amintiri din Epoca de Aur 2: Dragoste în timpul liber (2009) - primul șofer
 Medalia de onoare (2009) - Sorin
 Marți, după Crăciun (2010)
 Visul lui Adalbert (2011) - Fildeș Croitoru
 Așteptând zorile (2011) - Radu
 Bora Bora (2011) - jandarm
 Tată deocamdată (2011)- Doru
 Mamaia (2013) - Remus
 Roxanne (2013)
 America, venim! (2014)
 Un etaj mai jos (2015)
 6,9 pe Scara Richter (2016) - Robert
 Bacalaureat (2016) - Gelu T
 Ultima zi (2016) - polițistul
 Scurtcircuit (2017)
 Alice T. (2018) - Nelu
 Cadoul de Crăciun (2018) - tatăl
 Iubirea descurcată (2022) - Bogdan Stan

Piese de teatru

 Scandal la operă
 Vacanță în Guadelupa
 Metoda
 39 de trepte
 Hangița
 Zeul măcelului
 În cădere liberă

Referințe

Legături externe
 Filme cu Adrian Văncică - www.cinemagia.ro

Nașteri în 1977
Nașteri pe 18 martie
Actori de film români

Actori de teatru români
Actori de televiziune români
Actori de voce români
Actori români
Actori români din secolul al XIX-lea
Actori români din secolul al XX-lea
Târgovișteni

Adrian Văncică


Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 Besançon – 6 June 1948, Bandol) was a French engineer and industrialist who played a key role in the development of photography and cinema.

Early life and education
Lumière was one of four children of Claude-Antoine Lumière, a photographer and painter, and his wife Jeanne-Joséphine (née Costille). At the Martinière Technical School he gained highest marks in his class.

Career
At age 17, Lumière invented a new process for film development using a dry plate. This process was significantly successful for the family business, permitting the opening of a new factory with an eventual production of 15 million plates per year. Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope inspired his and his brother's subsequent work on the cinematograph.

Louis Lumière is most often associated with the name of his brother, Auguste Lumière, under the name of the Lumière brothers. This comparison is a little excessive with regard to the invention of the cinematograph, since in reality, Auguste failed in his attempt to manufacture the first machine, and passed it to his brother who made the invention succeed. On the other hand, Louis was the director of all the first animated photographic views of the Lumière Society, which Auguste sometimes attended only as an amateur actor (Le Repas de bébé, La Pêche aux poissons rouges, Démolition d'un mur, etc.). But the contract signed between the two brothers provided that they be systematically associated, both morally and financially, in all their work and discoveries. Although his dear brother did not believe the cinematograph was a big deal and was of no commercial value.

References

External links

 Louis Lumière at IMDb

Auguste and Louis Lumière
1864 births
1948 deaths
Silent film directors

Louis Lumière


Geraldine may refer to:

People
 Geraldine (name), the feminine form of the first name Gerald, with list of people thus named.
 The Geraldines, Irish dynasty descended from the Anglo-Norman Gerald FitzWalter de Windsor
 Geraldine of Albania, the Queen Consort of Zog I.

Places
 Geraldine, New Zealand
 Geraldine (New Zealand electorate)
 Geraldine, Alabama, United States
 Geraldine, Montana, United States

Characters
 Geraldine, a character in the poem "Christabel" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Geraldine McQueen (character), a fictional singer, played by Peter Kay
 Geraldine Jones (character), a comedy persona of Flip Wilson
 Geraldine Granger, a fictional character in the British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley
 Geraldine Littlejohn, a character in the film Cyberbully

Films
 Geraldine (1929 film), a 1929 American romantic comedy film
 Geraldine (1953 film), a 1953 American comedy film
 Geraldine (2000 film), a 2000 French animated short film

Music
 Geraldine, an opera by Michael William Balfe
 "Geraldine" (song), by Glasvegas
 Geraldine, stage name of Geraldine Brannigan

Other
 "Geraldine", adjective (e.g. "Geraldine cause", "Geraldine loyalties") meaning 'having to do with the FitzGerald dynasty' in medieval Ireland
 , a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918

See also
 Geraldino (disambiguation)

Geraldine


Christopher "Chris" Theoret Duarte (Montreal, 13 de junho de 1997) é um jogador canadense-dominicano de basquete profissional que atualmente joga no Indiana Pacers da National Basketball Association (NBA).

Ele jogou basquete universitário no Northwest Florida State College e na Universidade de Oregon e foi selecionado pelos Pacers como a 13º escolha geral no draft da NBA de 2021.

Início da vida e carreira no ensino médio
O local de nascimento de Duarte é listado como Puerto Plata, República Dominicana ou Montreal, Canadá. Seu pai, um canadense, morreu quando ele tinha seis meses de idade. Ele compartilhou o amor pelo basquete com seu irmão mais velho. Ele se mudou da República Dominicana para Nova York para jogar seus dois últimos anos de basquete no ensino médio na Redemption Christian Academy em Troy.

Classificado como o quinto melhor jogador de Nova York pela 247Sports, Duarte originalmente se comprometeu a jogar basquete universitário em Western Kentucky, mas começou sua carreira no Northwest Florida State College.

Carreira universitária

Northwest Florida State (2017–2019)
Em sua temporada de calouro no Northwest Florida State College, Duarte teve médias de 12,1 pontos, 6,7 rebotes e dois roubos de bola em 23,3 minutos e foi selecionado para a Primeira-Equipe da Conferência Panhandle após ajudar seu time a chegar à Elite Eight do Torneio da NJCAA.

Em 20 de setembro de 2018, ele anunciou que continuaria sua carreira na Universidade de Oregon da Divisão I da NCAA após mais uma temporada em Northwest Florida State.

Em seu segundo ano, Duarte teve médias de 19 pontos, 7,1 rebotes e 2,5 assistências e ajudou sua equipe a retornar ao Elite Eight do Torneio da NJCAA. Ele foi reconhecido como Jogador do Ano da NABC NJCAA e Jogador do Ano da Conferência Panhandle pela votação da mídia e dos treinadores.

Oregon (2019–2021)
Em 5 de novembro de 2019, Duarte fez sua estreia por Oregon e marcou 16 pontos na vitória contra Fresno State. Em 29 de dezembro, ele registrou 31 pontos, seis assistências e cinco rebotes em uma vitória por 98-59 sobre Alabama State. Um dia depois, ele foi nomeado o Jogador da Semana da Conferência Pac-12.

Em 23 de janeiro de 2020, Duarte registrou 30 pontos, 11 rebotes e oito roubos de bola na vitória por 79-70 sobre USC. Ele estabeleceu o recorde da Matthew Knight Arena de mais roubos de bola em um único jogo e se tornou o primeiro jogador da Divisão I com pelo menos 30 pontos, 11 rebotes e oito roubos de bola desde Alvin Young do Niagara em 1999. Duarte foi posteriormente nomeado Jogador da Semana da Pac-12 pela segunda vez e Jogador Nacional da Semana da Associação de Escritores de Basquete dos Estados Unidos (USBWA). Ele terminou a temporada com médias de 12,9 pontos, 5,6 rebotes e 1,7 roubos de bola.

Durante a temporada de 2020-21, Duarte levou Oregon a uma aparição no Sweet Sixteen do Torneio da NCAA. Em 3 de abril de 2021, Duarte foi nomeado o ganhador do Prêmio Jerry West de 2021 como o melhor armador do basquete universitário. Ele foi também reconhecido como o Jogador do Ano da Pac-12 e para a Terceira-Equipe All-American pela Associated Press.

Em 29 de março de 2021, o técnico do Oregon, Dana Altman, indicou em uma entrevista coletiva que Duarte entraria no draft da NBA de 2021.

Carreira profissional

Indiana Pacers (2021–Presente)
Duarte foi selecionado pelo Indiana Pacers como a 13ª escolha no draft da NBA de 2021. Em 4 de agosto de 2021, ele assinou um contrato de 4 anos e US$17 milhões com os Pacers.

Em 20 de outubro, Duarte fez sua estreia na NBA e registrou 27 pontos, cinco rebotes e um roubo de bola em uma derrota por 123-122 para o Charlotte Hornets. Ele estabeleceu o recorde de mais pontos em sua estreia como novato pelos Pacers. Em 4 de abril de 2022, ele foi descartado pelo restante da temporada com uma lesão no dedo do pé.

Estatísticas da carreira

NBA

Temporada regular

Universitário

Fonte:

Ligações externas

 Biografia de Oregon Ducks
 Biografia do Northwest Florida State Raiders

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1997
Basquetebolistas do Canadá
Basquetebolistas do Indiana Pacers

Chris Duarte


Um coqueador retardado é um tipo de coqueador cujo processo consiste em aquecer uma alimentação de óleo residual até sua temperatura de craqueamento térmico em um forno com múltiplas passagens paralelas. Isso quebra as moléculas de hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa e pesada do óleo residual em óleo de coque e coque de petróleo.

A coqueificação (ou coqueamento) retardada é um dos processos unitários usados em muitas refinarias de petróleo. Uma unidade de coqueamento retardado pode ter 4 tambores. No entanto, unidades maiores têm pares de tambores em tandem (pares atrelados), alguns com até 8 tambores, cada um dos quais pode ter diâmetros de até 10 metros e altura total de até 43 metros.

O rendimento de coque do processo de coqueamento retardado varia de cerca de 18 a 30 por cento em peso do óleo residual da matéria-prima, dependendo da composição da matéria-prima e das variáveis operacionais. Muitas refinarias em todo o mundo produzem de 2.000 a 3.000 toneladas por dia de coque de petróleo e algumas produzem ainda mais.

Diagrama de fluxo esquemático e descrição

O diagrama de fluxo e a descrição nesta seção são baseados em uma unidade de coqueamento retardado com um único par de tambores de coque e um forno de matéria-prima. No entanto, como mencionado acima, unidades maiores podem ter até 4 pares de tambores (8 tambores no total), bem como um forno para cada par de tambores de coque.

O óleo residual da unidade de destilação a vácuo (às vezes incluindo óleos de alto ponto de ebulição de outras fontes dentro da refinaria) é bombeado para o fundo da coluna de destilação chamada fracionador principal. A partir daí, é bombeado, juntamente com algum vapor injetado, para o forno a combustível e aquecido até sua temperatura de craqueamento térmico de cerca de 480°C. O craqueamento térmico começa no tubo entre o forno e os primeiros tambores de coque e termina no tambor de coque que está em operação. O vapor injetado ajuda a minimizar a deposição de coque dentro dos tubos do forno.

Bombeando o óleo residual de entrada no fundo do fracionador principal, em vez de diretamente no forno, pré-aquece o óleo residual fazendo com que ele entre em contato com os vapores quentes no fundo do fracionador. Ao mesmo tempo, alguns dos vapores quentes se condensam em um líquido de alto ponto de ebulição que recicla de volta para o forno junto com o óleo residual quente.

À medida que o craqueamento ocorre no tambor, o gasóleo e os componentes mais leves são gerados na fase de vapor e separados do líquido e dos sólidos. O efluente do tambor é vapor, exceto por qualquer arrastamento de líquidos ou sólidos, e é direcionado para o fracionador principal onde é separado nas frações de ponto de ebulição desejadas.

O coque sólido é depositado e permanece no tambor de coque em uma estrutura porosa que permite o escoamento através dos poros. Dependendo do ciclo geral do tambor de coque usado, um tambor de coque pode levar de 16 a 24 horas para encher.

Depois, quando o primeiro tambor está cheio de coque solidificado, a mistura quente do forno é transferida para o segundo tambor. nquanto o segundo tambor está enchendo, o primeiro tambor cheio é vaporizado para reduzir o teor de hidrocarbonetos do coque de petróleo e, em seguida, resfriado com água para resfriá-lo. Os cabeçotes superior e inferior do tanque são removidos e o coque de petróleo sólido é então espirrado para fora do tambor de coque com um bocal de água de alta pressão, onde cai em um poço, almofada ou eclusa (canal de recuperação) para armazenamento.

História

O coque de petróleo foi feito pela primeira vez na década de 1860 nas primeiras refinarias de petróleo na Pensilvânia, que fervia o óleo em pequenos alambiques de destilação de ferro para recuperar o querosene, um óleo de lâmpada muito necessário. Os alambiques eram aquecidos por fogueiras a lenha ou carvão embaixo deles, que superaqueciam e coqueavam o óleo perto do fundo. Depois que a destilação acabava, o alambique era resfriado e os trabalhadores podiam então desenterrar o coque e o alcatrão.

- Em 1913, William Merriam Burton, trabalhando como químico para a refinaria Standard Oil of Indiana em Whiting, Indiana, obteve uma patente para o processo de craqueamento térmico de Burton que ele havia desenvolvido. Mais tarde, ele se tornaria o presidente da Standard Oil of Indiana antes de se aposentar.

- Em 1929, com base no processo de craqueamento térmico de Burton, a Standard Oil of Indiana construiu o primeiro coqueador retardado. Exigiu um descoqueamento manual muito árduo.

- No final da década de 1930, a Shell Oil desenvolveu um processo de descoqueamento hidráulico, usando água de alta pressão em sua refinaria em Wood River, Illinois. Isso possibilitou, pelo fato de ter dois tambores de coque, que o descoqueamento retardado se tornasse um processo semi-contínuo.

- De 1955 em diante aumentou o uso de coqueamento retardado.

- Em 2002, havia 130 refinarias de petróleo em todo o mundo produzindo 172.000 toneladas por dia de coque de petróleo. Incluídos nesses dados mundiais, cerca de 59 unidades de coqueamento estavam operando nos Estados Unidos e produzindo 114.000 toneladas por dia de coque

Usos do coque de petróleo

O coque produzido em um coqueador retardado tem muitos usos e aplicações comerciais. O maior uso é como combustível.

Os usos do coque verde são:

- Como combustível para aquecedores de ambiente, grandes geradores de vapor industriais, combustão em leito fluidizado, unidades de ciclo combinado de gaseificação integrada (IGCC) e estufas para secagem de cimento.

- Nas fundições de carbeto de silício

- Para a produção de coque de alto-forno

Os usos do coque calcinado são:

- Como ânodos na produção de alumínio
- Na produção de dióxido de titânio
- Como um redutor de carbono na fabricação de ferro fundido e aço
- Produção de eletrodos de grafite e outros produtos de grafite, como escovas de grafite usadas em equipamentos elétricos
- Em materiais estruturais de carbono

Outros processos de produção de coque de petróleo

Existem outros processos de refino de petróleo para a produção de coque de petróleo, a saber, os processos Fluid Coking e Flexicoking, ambos desenvolvidos e licenciados pela ExxonMobil Research and Engineering. A primeira unidade comercial entrou em operação em 1955. Quarenta e três anos depois, a partir de 1998, havia 18 dessas unidades operando no mundo, sendo 6 nos Estados Unidos.

Existem outros processos de coqueificação semelhantes, mas não produzem coque de petróleo. Por exemplo, o Flash Coker Lurgi-VZK que produz coque pela pirólise da biomassa.

Combustíveis

Coqueificação retardada


Spaniens U/18-fodboldlandshold er Spaniens landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 18 år og administreres af Real Federación Española de Fútbol] (RFEF).

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Spaniens U/18-fodboldlandshold


ශම්මි ප්ර්නාන්දු ගෙ අලුත් සිංදුවක් වෙන මේ සින්දුවලාවට

පද

ඇස් කෝණේ ඉගි බිගි පෙලහර මට දෝ පෑවේ හිත්මානේ ලස්සන මල් පෙරහැරවල් යන්නේ පෙනෙනා දා ආසයි මා පාටයි ලා රෝසයි දෙකම්මුලම ආහ් ලාවට දුටුව ඔබේ - කෝමල වලට ඇදේ රවුමට ඔය උකුලේ - හිත ගැටගැහිලා වගේ වර්ණ එකිනෙක යොදා - දැමු ලස්සන රටා එන්න ලගටම පුංචි සරුංගලේ මගෙ ඔයා ඉන්න තනිකම මකා - දෙන්නකෝ ලගට වෙලා යන්නේ බොරුවට නේද ඉතින් පස්ස හරවලා හිතට කලන්තේ හදලා... කොහෙද දුවන්නේ නොබලා(එ නොබලා) ලාවට... කෙල්ලේ මං දෙස බලා - අල්ල උඩ අත තියා ඉල්ල ගන්නකෝ මේ ආදරේ ඔබට වෙන් කලා දෙන්න දැන්වත් බහා - ගන්නම් ඔබව වඩා දෙන්නටම පසු තැවෙන්න වෙයි වුණොත් තව පමා හිතට කලන්තේ හදලා... කොහෙද දුවන්නේ නොබලා(එ නොබලා) ලාවට..

පද රචනය

Written & Directed By රවින්දු අබෙයිරහ්න

ගායනය

ශම්මි pranaandhu

Laawata


Hrvatska pokrajina Družbe Isusove (lat. Provincia Croatiae Societatis Iesu) je upravno područje Družbe Isusove na čijem području žive i djeluju isusovci, a obuhvaća područje Hrvatske (Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Opatija, Dubrovnik), Bosne i Hercegovine (Sarajevo), Srbije (Beograd) te Crne Gore (Kotor, Otok Gospe od Milosti). Na tomu području nalaze se isusovačke zajednice u kojima žive i djeluju isusovci u duhu svoga osnivača sv. Ignacije Lojolskog.

Povijest

Isusovci u Hrvatskoj i okolnim zemljama do ukinuća Družbe 1773. godine

Dubrovačka Republika još je za vrijeme života sv. Ignacija Lojolskoga nastojala dobiti isusovce, a i sam je sv. Ignacije ozbiljno pomišljao osnovati kolegij u Dubrovniku. No isusovci u Hrvatsku stižu tek 1559. godine kada je Nikola Bobadilla, jedan od prvih Ignacijevih drugova, dvije godine boravio u Zadru i Dubrovniku. Treba spomenuti da je prvi Hrvat isusovac bio Toma Zdelarić koji je u Družbu stupio 1554. godine, a njegovim su stopama krenuli i drugi, no svi su oni djelovali u inozemstvu.

Isusovci su u drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća neuspješno nastojali osnovati zajednice u Dubrovniku i Kotoru. Tek početkom 17. stoljeća započinju osnivati trajnije zajednice na području današnje Hrvatske provincije Družbe Isusove. Otvaraju zajednice u Dubrovniku (1604.), Zagrebu (1606.), Beogradu (1613.), Rijeci (1627.), Varaždinu (1632.), Osijeku (1687.), Petrovaradinu (1693.), Požegi (1698.) i Splitu (1722.). Isusovci se ponajviše bave odgojem i školstvom, pa gotovo u svim mjestima osnivaju gimnazije sa šest razreda s latinskim nastavnim jezikom. U Zagrebu godine 1607. osnivaju gimnaziju, a u istom su gradu 1662. otvorili Akademiju sa studijem filozofije i teologije, koja je 1669. poveljom cara Leopolda I. dobila sveučilišna prava i povlastice. I u drugim gradovima isusovci osnivaju gimnazije: u Rijeci (1627.), Varaždinu (1636.) i Požegi (1698) koje su vodili do 1773. godine kada je papa Klement XIV. ukinuo Družbu Isusovu. Također su vodili gimnazije u Beogradu (1613. – 1622.; 1724. – 1739.), Dubrovniku (1619./20. – 1638.) i Osijeku (1727. – 1737.; 1763. – 1773.). Isusovci su zaslužni i za osnivanje prvih javnih pomorskih škola na Jadranu: Riječanin Franjo Ksaver Orlando u Trstu 1754. godine osnovao je prvu javnu nautičku školu na Jadranu.

Osim školske djelatnosti isusovci su u vrijeme prije ukinuća propovijedali, katehizirali, brinuli o bolesnicima i zatvorenicima u gradovima te su pastoralno djelovali među kršćanima pod Turcima u Slavoniji, Srbiji i Ugarskoj. Redovito su održavali pučke misije iz hrvatskih kolegija i misijskih postaja na turskom području.

Isusovci u Hrvatskoj i okolnim zemljama nakon ponovne uspostave Družbe 1814. godine

Družba Isusova ukinuta je 1773. godine, a ponovno je uspostavljena 1814. godine. No prošlo je gotovo četrdeset godine prije nego što su se isusovci vratili u Hrvatsku.

Najprije su u Dubrovnik 1843. godine došli talijanski isusovci koji su djelovali u župama u istočnoj Hercegovini, a godine 1852. započeli su pučke misije. Talijanski su isusovci vodili gimnazije i sjemeništa u Dubrovniku (1854. – 1868.) i u Zadru (1865. – 1893.), nekoliko župa (Stravča, Opuzen, Veli Lošinj), misijsku postaju u Splitu (1879) i interni odgojni zavod u Kraljevici (1884. – 1908.).

Austrijski su isusovci, s druge strane, vodili sirotište u Požegi (1858. – 1871.), a treba spomenuti kako su 1882. otvorili gimnaziju u Travniku, dok su bogosloviju u Sarajevu uspostavili 1893. godine. U Zagrebu su pak osnovali rezidenciju 1902. godine.

Nastanak Hrvatske pokrajine Družbe Isusove

Isusovci su tek u 20. stoljeću uspostavili samostalnu provinciju u Hrvata: najprije je 1909. godine uspostavljena Hrvatska misija ovisna o Austrougarskoj provinciji u Beču; deset godina kasnije – nakon raspada Austro-Ugarske – Hrvatska misija Družbe Isusove postaje Jugoslavenskom viceprovincijom, a od 1941. Dobiva status provincije i naziva se  naziva se Hrvatska provincija.

Ustroj i djelovanje

Središte Provincije danas se nalazi u Zagrebu, a isusovci su također prisutni u Rijeci, Opatiji, Osijeku, Splitu, Dubrovniku, Beogradu, Sarajevu, Kotoru i Otoku Gospe od Milosti. U suvremeno doba značajni su odgojni i znanstveni rad u kolegiju na Jordanovcu u Zagrebu koji obuhvaća sljedeće ustanove: Fakultet filozofije i religijskih znanosti, Filozofski-teološki institut, Znanstvenu knjižnicu "Juraj Habdelić", časopis Obnovljeni život te više nizova izdanja iz teologije, filozofije, psihologije, povijesti i drugih područja. Kada je riječ o odgojnome području, treba istaknuti i Isusovačku klasičnu gimnaziju u Osijeku. Osim odgojnoga-znanstvenoga rada, važno mjesto zauzimaju: davanje duhovnih vježbi; Isusovačka služba za izbjeglice koja prati, služi i zagovara prava izbjeglica i drugih nasilno raseljenih osoba; te rad s mladima.

Poznati isusovci u Hrvata

Znanstveno područje
Isusovci su svojim intelektualnim apostolatom zadužili hrvatsku kulturu i znanost. Bartol Kašić je 1604. godine napisao prvu gramatiku hrvatskoga jezika Temelji ilirskoga jezika u dvije knjige (Institutionum linguae illyricae libri duo), a u rukopisu je ostao njegov prijevod cijeloga Svetoga pisma jer je u Rimu bilo spriječeno njegovo tiskanje (rukopis je objavljen tek 1999.). Valja spomenuti i Ardelija Della Bellu, talijanskoga isusovca, koji je napisao trojezični rječnik (Dizionario italiano, latino, illirico, 1728.) i hrvatsku gramatiku na talijanskome jeziku; zatim Jurja Habdelića koji je 1670. napisao hrvatsko-latinski rječnik Dictionar ili reči slovenske zvekšega v kup zebrane, v red postavljene i dijačkemi zlahkotene; te Jakova Mikalju koji je 1651. godine sastavio hrvatsko-talijansko-latinski rječnik Blago jezika slovinskoga ili Slovnik u komu izgovaraju se rječi slovinske latinski i dijački. Od važnijih isusovačkih filozofa i znanstvenika treba spomenuti Franju Jambrehovića, Kazimira Bedekovića te Ruđera Boškovića, jednog od najvećih znanstvenika uopće.

Književno područje
Isusovci su djelovali i kao pisci i pjesnici, a među poznatijima su Antun Kanižlić, Rajmund Kunić i Bernard Džamanjić, a iz novijega vremena poznat je pjesnik Milan Pavelić. Treba istaknuti i Petra Pericu, apostola mladeži i pobožnosti Srca Isusova, koji je spjevao poznate pjesme "Do nebesa" i "Zdravo Djevo", a kojeg su na otoku Daksi, zajedno s najmanje 35 Dubrovčana, strijeljali partizani.

Hrvatski isusovački misionari
Hrvatski su se isusovci angažirali i u misijama: Ivan Ratkaj misionarski je djelovao u Meksiku, a Ferdinand Konšćak djelovao je u Donjoj Kaliforniji (Meksiko). Potonji je poznat po tome što je sredinom 18. stoljeća razriješio dilemu dugu više od dva stoljeća dokazavši da Donja Kalifornija nije otok već poluotok. Konačno, treba istaknuti primjer jednog od najpoznatijih hrvatskih misionara patra Antu Gabrića koji je misijski djelovao u Indiji, a za kojeg se vodi proces za proglašenje blaženim.

Ustanove Hrvatske pokrajine Družbe Isusove

 Fakultet filozofije i religijskih znanosti
 Filozofsko-teološki institut Družbe Isusove
 Znanstvena knjižnica Juraj Habdelić
 Kolegij Družbe Isusove na Jordanovcu (Zagreb)
 Časopis Obnovljeni život
 Isusovačka klasična gimnazija s pravom javnosti u Osijeku
 Dom duhovnih vježbi, Opatija
 Isusovačka služba za izbjeglice (JRS)
 Radio Marija

Bibliografija
 Vladimir Horvat (uredio), Isusovci u Hrvata: zbornik radova s međunarodnoga znanstvenog simpozija »Isusovci na vjerskom, znanstvenom i kulturnom području u Hrvata«, Zagreb, 1992. (482 str.)
 Marijan Steiner i Ivan Šestak (ur.), Jubilej Družbe Isusove: 200. godina od ponovne uspostave (1814. – 2014.), Hrvatska pokrajina Družbe Isusove, Zagreb, 2014. (133 str.), ISBN 9789532311426
 Valentin Miklobušec, Hrabro i vjerno služenje : isusovci Stjepan i Franjo Jambreković, FTI, Zagreb, 2018., ISBN 9789532311617

Povezani članci
 Dodatak:Popis hrvatskih isusovaca
 Papinsko sveučilište Gregoriana
 Papinski orijentalni institut
 Papinski ruski kolegij sv. Terezije od Djeteta Isusa
 Radio Vatikan

Izvori

 Valentin Miklobušec, Hrabro i vjerno služenje : isusovci Stjepan i Franjo Jambreković, FTI, Zagreb, 2018., ISBN 9789532311617
 Sto godina obnovljene Družbe Isusove i bazilike Srca Isusova u Zagrebu, ika.hkm.hr, objavljeno 15. prosinca 2002., pristupljeno 2. rujna 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Hrvatska pokrajina Družbe Isusove, službena stranica

Družba Isusova

Hrvatska pokrajina Družbe Isusove


Rodrigo de Mandiá y Parga (Ferrol, La Coruña, 1607 - Astorga, León, 20 de octubre de 1674) fue un jurista y eclesiástico español.

Hijo de Diego Yaces de Mandiá y de Isabel Fernández de Leizo y Doca, miembros acomodados de la pequeña nobleza gallega, estudió en el colegio mayor de San Clemente de la universidad de Santiago de Compostela y en el de Cuenca de la universidad de Salamanca.

Ordenado como sacerdote hacia 1643, fue provisor en Mondoñedo, Osma, Sigüenza, Cuenca, Jaén, canónigo y chantre de Santiago, obispo titular de Siria desde 1652 y vicario en Madrid por el arzobispo de Toledo Baltasar Moscoso y Sandoval, cancelario y maestrescuela en la universidad de Salamanca, obispo de Almería desde 1663 y de Astorga desde 1672.

Referencias

Bibliografía
Couceiro Freijomil, A. (1952): Diccionario Bio-Bibliográfico de Escritores. Santiago de Compostela. Pág. 370.

Obispos de Almería
Obispos de Astorga
Obispos de España del siglo XVII
Alumnado de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XVII
Colegiales del Colegio Mayor de Cuenca
Obispos nombrados por Alejandro VII
Nacidos en Ferrol
Obispos católicos del siglo XVII

Rodrigo de Mandiá y Parga


Louis Surugue o de Surgis (París, h. 1686-Grand-Vaux, cerca de Savigny-sur-Orge, 6 de octubre de 1762) fue un grabador e impresor francés de la época rococó.

Carrera
Estudió con Bernard Picart, a quien acompañó a los Países Bajos en 1710. Volvió a Francia en 1715, y se estableció como productor, estampador y comerciante de grabados.

En 1730 fue aprobado por la Real Academia de Pintura y Escultura, donde conseguiría ingresar cinco años después tras presentar dos grabados: Retrato de Joseph Christophe (copia de un original de François-Hubert Drouais) y Retrato de Louis de Boullogne el joven (copia de A. Mathieu).

Surugue participó en las más célebres series de grabados del momento: Recueil Crozat (1729-42), Galerie Royale de Dresde (1753-57), Galerie de Versailles, Roman Comique de Paul Scarron (1729-39), Recueil Julienne...

Grabó tanto retratos como escenas de género, con un estilo cuidadoso y líneas muy precisas, por lo que fue muy demandado. Una de sus obras maestras es el retrato Madame de ** con vestido de baile, cuya inscripción oculta pícaramente el nombre con asteriscos. Es copia de un pastel del Charles-Antoine Coypel de 1746. Tradicionalmente esta efigie se asociaba con Madame Pompadour, y de hecho figura copiada en una biografía de ella publicada en 1766, pero investigaciones posteriores la identifican como Charlotte Gaucher, Madame de Mouchy. El Museo Británico de Londres, que posee un ejemplar, sigue tal hipótesis.

Surugue reunió una gran colección de estampas, que a su muerte pasaron a manos del grabador e impresor Pierre-François Basan, y que éste vendería años después.

Su hijo Pierre-Louis (1716-1772) fue también grabador.

Referencias
Breve biografía de Surugue (en inglés)

Enlaces externos

 Obras digitalizadas de Louis Surugue en la Biblioteca Digital Hispánica de la Biblioteca Nacional de España

Grabadores de Francia del siglo XVIII
Miembros de la Academia real de pintura y de escultura
Nacidos en París

Louis Surugue