John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel, 4th Baron Maltravers KG (14 February 140812 June 1435) was an English nobleman and military commander during the later phases of the Hundred Years' War. His father, John Fitzalan, 3rd Baron Maltravers, fought a long battle to lay claim to the Arundel earldom, a battle that was not finally resolved until after the father's death, when John Fitzalan the son was finally confirmed in the title in 1433.

Already before this, in 1430, Fitzalan had departed for France, where he held a series of important command positions. He served under John, Duke of Bedford, the uncle of the eight-year-old King Henry VI. Fitzalan was involved in recovering fortresses in the Île-de-France region, and in suppressing local rebellions. His military career ended, however, at the Battle of Gerbevoy in 1435. Refusing to retreat in the face of superior forces, Arundel was shot in the foot and captured. His leg was later amputated, and he died shortly afterwards from the injury. His final resting place was a matter of dispute until the mid-nineteenth century, when his tomb at Arundel Castle was revealed to contain a skeleton missing one leg.

Arundel was considered a great soldier by his contemporaries. He had been a successful commander in France, in a period of decline for the English, and his death was a great loss to his country. He was succeeded by his son Humphrey, who did not live to adulthood. The title of Earl of Arundel then went to John's younger brother, William.

Family background

John Fitzalan was born at Lytchett Matravers in Dorset on 14 February 1408. He was the son of John Fitzalan, 3rd Baron Maltravers (1385–1421) and Eleanor (d. 1455), daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverstone, Gloucestershire. John Fitzalan the elder, through his great-great-grandfather Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel, made a claim on the earldom of Arundel after the death of Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel, in 1415. The claim was disputed, however, by Thomas's three sisters and their families, foremost among these Elizabeth FitzAlan, who had married Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. It is debatable whether Maltravers ever held the title of Earl of Arundel; he was summoned to parliament under this title once, in 1416, but never again. When he died in 1421, the dispute continued under his son, and it was not until 1433 that the younger John FitzAlan finally had his title confirmed in parliament, despite the Mowbrays disputing his claim. Four years earlier, in July 1429, he had received his late father's estates and title.

As a child, John Fitzalan was contracted to marry Constance, who was the daughter of John Cornwall, Baron Fanhope, and through her mother Elizabeth granddaughter of John of Gaunt. The two may or may not have married, but Constance was dead by 1429, when John married Maud, daughter of Robert Lovell.

FitzAlan was knighted in 1426 along with the four-year-old King Henry VI, where he was referred to as "Dominus de Maultravers" ("Lord Maltravers"). In the summer of 1429, he was summoned to parliament, this time styled "Johanni Arundell' Chivaler", meaning he was now Lord Arundel.

In 1430, however, in an indenture for service with the king in France, he was styled Earl of Arundel, a title he also used himself. When he was finally officially recognised in his title of Earl of Arundel in 1433, this was based on the recognition that the title went with the possession of Arundel Castle. In reality though, the grant was just as much a reward for the military services he had by that point rendered in France.

Service in France

John Fitzalan the father had been a prominent soldier in the Hundred Years' War under King Henry V, and the son followed in his father's footsteps. On 23 April 1430, the younger Fitzalan departed for France in the company of the Earl of Huntingdon. There he soon made a name for himself as a soldier, under the command of the king's uncle, John, Duke of Bedford. In June, he took part in the Siege of Compiègne, where Joan of Arc had recently been captured. Later, he raised the siege of Anglure with the help of the Burgundians. On 17 December 1431, he was present when Henry VI was crowned King of France in Paris, where he distinguished himself at the accompanying tournament. FitzAlan's military success led to several important appointments of command; in November 1431, he was made lieutenant of the Rouen garrison, and shortly after also captain of Vernon. In January 1432 he was appointed captain of Verneuil. On the night of 3 February he was taken by surprise while in bed at the Great Tower of Rouen Castle, when a band of French soldiers from nearby Ricarville managed to take the castle. Arundel was hoisted down the walls in a basket, and made his escape. The assailants could not hold the castle, because Marshall Boussac refused to garrison the town; Guillaume de Ricarville was forced to surrender twelve days later. In April 1432, FitzAlan was rewarded for his actions so far by initiation into the Order of the Garter. In a separate action from Rouen Arundel was sent to rescue Saint Lo. from an attack by the duke of Alençon's army, after the town's captain Raoul Tesson had been appointed to replace Suffolk, who was captured at the Battle of Jargeau. The French retreated to the fastness of Mont St Michel, from where they continued to raid Anglo-Norman towns, like Granville in 1433.

From early 1432 onwards, Fitzalan held several regional commands in northern France. One of his tasks was recovering fortresses in the Île-de-France region, at which he was mostly successful. At Lagny-sur-Marne he blew up the bridge to prevent the citizens from reaching the castle, but still failed to take the fortification. In December he was appointed to a regional command in Upper Normandy, but had to defend the town of Sées from a siege. On 10 March 1433, he issued a pardon to the inhabitants when the town was retaken from the Armagnacs.

In July Arundel was instead made lieutenant-general of Lower Normandy. The earl continued his work of recovering lost fortresses that belonged to Ambroise de Loré, Bonsmoulins was taken easily, but Loré's family had occupied Saint-Céneri. After three months of culverin bombardment, the walls were breached and most of the garrison killed. The remainder were allowed to march out unharmed.

In the County of Alençon, a young, tall and courageous earl led the campaign that probably took place in 1433, taking back Saint-Célerin, Sillé-le-Guillaume, where there was a short skirmish. The Armagnacs arrived, and demanded the return of the hostages in the castle; Arundel feigned to agree and departed. As soon as the Armagnacs rode off Arundel returned and took the castle by assault. and by 1434 Beaumont-le-Vicomte. In December 1433, Bedford again appointed him commander in Upper Normandy, as well as captain of Pont-de-l'Arche.

By now the Earl of Arundel might have returned briefly to England in May 1434, when he was in the process of gathering troops for an English expedition to France. But John, Duke of Bedford was forced to raise loans for the soldiers' pay in the Maine campaign. That Spring he was joined in Paris by Talbot with nearly 1000 reinforcements from England. Later in May he was replaced as lieutenant of Upper Normandy by John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and instead received a command between the Seine and Loire rivers. This effectively meant that the two shared the command of Normandy, with Talbot east of the Seine and Arundel to the west.  But they combined operations capturing Beaumont-sur-Oise, and then Creil, which was finally taken on 20 June 1434. In the summer Arundel captured the Mantes-Chartres regional fortresses; it appeared for a time at least the Armagnacs no longer posed a threat to Paris.

On 8 September, Arundel was also made Duke of Touraine – an area held by the French. The grant was made as a reward for his good service, but also in the hope that he would campaign in the area. In October he was made captain of Saint-Lô, where he had to deal with a rebellion in the Bessin area. The Duke of Alençon was trying to exploit the revolt to take control of Avranches, but Arundel managed to prevent the French advance and ended the rebellion.

But in early 1435 the area of western Normandy erupted in popular revolt. Arundel was summoned to call muster from Rouen in order to protect Caen. Arundel was joined by another lieutenant-general Lord Scales from his base at Domfront, commanded to relieve Avranches. Alençon intended to build a fortress at Savigny, but when the English found out, the bailli of Cotentin was required to demolish it. With 800 men, Arundel was sent to recover Rue where he learnt that La Hire was fortifying Gerberoy, only 37 miles east of Rouen. Talbot had previously cleared out the Picardy, but when Arundel arrived he discovered to his surprise La Hire and Poton de Xantrailles had already occupied the fortress. He was forced to give battle or besiege.

Death and aftermath

On the night of 31 May/1 June 1435, Arundel was at Mantes-la-Jolie in the Île-de-France, when he was ordered to relocate north to Gournay-sur-Epte (now Gournay-en-Bray). When he was informed that the French had taken over the nearby fortress at Gerberoy, he moved quickly to attack it. The English met with a large French force at Gerberoy. Many withdrew to Gournay in panic, but Arundel remained to fight. In the ensuing battle, Arundel lost many of his men and was himself hit in the foot by a shot from a culverin, a primitive musket. Heavily wounded, he was taken to Beauvais as a captive of the French. According to the French historian Thomas Basin, Arundel was humiliated by his defeat and refused to receive medical treatment for the damage to his foot. The leg was eventually amputated, but Arundel's life could not be saved; he died of his injuries on 12 June 1435, depriving the English of one of their youngest, most able and dedicated military leaders. Arundel was replaced in his command by Lord Scales.

There was long uncertainty about what had happened to the earl's body. The French chronicler Jehan de Waurin claimed that Arundel had simply been buried in Beauvais. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, the chaplain of the Duke of Norfolk came upon the will of Arundel's squire, Fulk Eyton, when he died later in 1454. Eyton maintained therein that he had secured the earl's body and brought it back to England, for which he had been rewarded with a payment of 1400 Marks. The body was disinterred, brought back to England, and then entombed in the Fitzalan Chapel of Arundel Castle, as Arundel had expressly wished for in his own will. On 16 November 1857, the tomb in the Arundel chapel carrying the earl's effigy was opened. In it was found a skeleton measuring over six feet, with a missing leg.

Arundel's military career coincided with a period of general decline for the English in France. He had been an unusually successful campaigner. His death was lamented in England and celebrated in France. He was referred to as the "English Achilles"; the historian Polydore Vergil called him "a man of singular valour, constancy, and gravity". With his wife, Maud, he had a son, Humphrey, who was born on 30 January 1429. Humphrey succeeded to his father's title, but died on 24 April 1438, while still a minor. John FitzAlan's younger brother, William, was next in line of succession. William was born in 1417 and was created Earl of Arundel in 1438 when he came of age.

Fitzalan family tree
The following simplified family tree shows the background for the dispute over the Arundel title and inheritance. Solid lines denote children and dashed lines marriages.

References

Sources

Secondary

 C de Beaurepaire, Les Etats d e Normandie sous la Domination Anglaise 1422-1435, Évreux 1859

 L Douet-D'Arcq, (ed.), La Chronique d'Enguerran de Montsrelet, Paris, 1859–62, vols 3–6.
 A J R Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France, 1427–1453, London and New Jersey, 1983
 Thomas Rymer, ed., Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae, London, 1726–35, 10 vols.

 J H Wylie, The History of England under Henry the Fifth (1896)

1408 births
1435 deaths
Knights of the Garter
14
04
Dukes of Touraine
Knights of the Bath
People of the Hundred Years' War
John

John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel


Ainhum hastalığı veya kısaca ainhum (dactylolysis spontanea), bir ayak parmağının, çoğunlukla beşinci ayak parmağının otoampütasyonudur.

Ayak parmaklarından birinin (çoğunlukla 5. yani serçe parmağın) düşmesiyle vasıflı bu hastalık özellikle Afrika'da çıplak ayak yürüyen insanlarda görülmektedir. Hastalığın sebebi tam olarak bilinmemektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 OMIM
 eMedicine
 Skin diseases | 5 Ainhum (Dactylolysis spontanea)

Ayak hastalıkları
Ampütasyonlar

Ainhum


Trumanov sindrom je vrsta zablude u kojoj osoba vjeruje da je cijeli njezin život zapravo emisija ili da su gledani na kamerama. Naziv Trumanov sindrom prvi put su upotrijebili 2008. braća Joel Gold i Ian Gold, psihijatar i neuroznanstvenik, tj. poslije filma Trumanov show.

Zabluda o Trumanovom showu nije službeno priznata niti je navedena u Priručniku za dijagnostiku i statistiku Američkog psihijatrijskog udruženja.

Izvori

Psihijatrija

Trumanov sindrom


Lamasu (množina: lamasui) (klinasto pismo: 𒀭𒆗, AN.KAL, sumerski: dlammař, akadski: lamassu) u akadskoj je i asirskoj religiji, dobri duh ili dobro božanstvo, zaštitnik ljudi, domova, građevina i gradova. Lamasui su prikazivani kao nemani s bikovskim tijelom, ljudskom bradatom glavom, orlovskim krilima i s pet nogu. Po dva lamasua bili su sučelice smješteni kao simbolički čuvari na ulazu u hram, kraljevsku palaču ili grad.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Lamasu, Proleksis enciklopedija

Asirija
Babilonska mitologija

Lamasu


Axonopus pressus é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Axonopus e da família Poaceae. O porte
robusto, folhas longilíneas ásperas e os rizomas falciformes imbricados e
rígidos na base dos colmos são características muito úteis para o
reconhecimento de A. pressus.
Essa espécie apresenta afinidades morfológicas com Axonopus suffultus, da qual se diferencia
principalmente pelo fato desta última espécie possuir bainhas esverdeadas com
colo indistinto, lâminas lanceoladas, perfilhos com aspecto flabeliforme e pelo
antécio superior glabro (vs. lâminas lineares e lema superior com alguns
tricomas diminutos e hialinos no ápice).

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1938 por Lorenzo Raimundo Parodi.
O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Axonopus derbyanus  G.A. Black

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo e Tocantins.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica, Caatinga, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de áreas antrópicas, caatinga, campos de altitude, pradaria, campos rupestres, cerrado, savana amazônica e vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Delfini, C.; Maciel, J.R.; Santos, C.A.G.; Zuloaga, F.O.; Valls, J.F.M.; Souza, V.C. 2020. Axonopus  in  Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Axonopus pressus no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Axonopus
Plantas descritas em 1938
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Axonopus pressus


Sukobi u Gorskom Karabahu 2020. bili su oružani sukobi između azerbajdžanskih i armenskih vojnih snaga u Gorskom Karabahu, u sklopu dugotrajnih sukoba u Gorskom Karabahu koji su započeli 1988. god., još prije nego što su tijekom raspada Sovjetskog Saveza 1990.-1991.- god te dvije zemlje stekle neovisnost

Sukobi su započeli tijekom jutra 27. rujna 2020. godine duž linije kontakta Gorskog Karabaha. Obje strane izvijestile su o postojanju vojnih i civilnih žrtava. Kao odgovor na sukobe, Armenija i Gorski Karabah uveli su ratno stanje i potpunu mobilizaciju, dok je Azerbajdžan uveo ratno stanje i policijski sat, s Vilajetom Ejvazovom kao zapovjednikom. Dana 28. rujna u Azerbajdžanu je proglašena djelomična mobilizacija.

Korijeni sukoba
Sukobi Armenije i Azerbajdžana oko regije Gorski Karabah sežu skoro sto godina unazad kada su sovjetske vlasti odlučile da se Gorskokarabaška autonomna oblast priključi tadašnjoj Azerbajdžanskoj Sovjetskoj Socijalističkoj Republici. Međutim, kako se bližio raspad Sovjetskog Saveza, ponovno se postavilo pitanje statusa Gorskog Karabaha.

Tijekom prosinca 1991. godine, na održanom referendumu u Gorskom Karabahu, Armenci su se odlučili za stvaranje nezavisne države. Ubrzo su započeli oružani sukobi između Azerbajdžana i zajedničkih snaga Gorskog Karabaha i Armenije. Primirje je postignuto 12. svibnja 1994. godine; Gorski Karabah de jure je ostao dio Azerbajdžana, ali de facto kontrolu nad teritorijem ima nepriznata država Gorski Karabah.

Nakon što je po zadobivanju neovisnosti početkom 1990.-ih godina Azerbejdžan uspio mnogostruko povećati proizvodnju i izvoz nafte i zemnog plina, bio je Azerbejdžan - koji s 10 milijuna stanovnika ima približno 3 puta veće stanovništvo od Armenija - u stanju više uložiti u u naoružavanje i opremiti svoje vojne snage.

Zbivanja iz 2020. godine
Usprkos primirju zabilježeni su brojni oružani incidenti između armenskih i azerbajdžanskih snaga među kojima su najžešći sukobi bili 2016. godine i u srpnju 2020. godine.

Od srpnja 2020. počele su pogranične čarke na granici Armenije i Azerbajdžana što je kao posljedicu imalo pro-ratne demonstracije u Azerbajdžanu. Propagandnu podršku Azerbajdžanu tada je pružila i Turska.

Turska također garantira postojanje azerbajdžanske eksklave Nakhchivan. Azerbajdžan i Tursku vežu zajedničke povijesne i kulturne veze te često jedni drugima tepaju kako su: "jedna nacija - dvije države". Na drugoj strani granice, Armenci gledaju na tursku podršku Azerbajdžanu kao na "nastavak armenskog genocida".

Rat
Rat je počeo ujutro 27. rujna, ofenzivom azerskih oklopnih snaga kojima je pružalo potporu topništvo i naoružani dronovi. Armenski branitelji su pomoću topništva i navođenih protuoklopnih sustava uspjeli nanijeti izvijesne gubitke nadirućem azerskom oklopništvu, ali su u konačnici bili odbačeni sa svojih početnih položaja na jugoistoku i sjeveru Gorskog Karabaha. Azerbajdžan se pak uspješno koristio naoružanim dronovima za uništavanje armenskih PZO sustava kratkog dometa kojih su uništili trinaestak. U prva tri dana borbenih djelovanja, Azerbajdžan je uspio staviti pod kontrolu dijelove teritorija na jugu Gorskog Karabaha, da bi zatim njihova ofenziva posustala. Idućih nekoliko dana obje su strane izmjenjivale vatru sa statičnih položaja, da bi u protunapadu kojeg su poduzele armenske snage na sjeveru, Armenci su opet uspjeli povratiti dio teritorija. Najozbiljniji protunapad Armenci su poduzeli su četvrtog dana, no isti je završio taktičkim neuspjehom kad su im topništvo i oklop postali izloženi djelovanju neprijateljskih naoružanih dronova i dronova samoubojica.Šestoga dana počela je razmjena topničke i raketne vatre kojom je gađana suparnička infrastruktura. U jutro sedmoga dana Azerbajdžan je krenuo u nova napadna djelovanja, čiji su nositelji bili Prvi, Drugi i Treći korpus Vojske Azerbajdžana na sjeveru samoprozvanog Arcaha, u čemu su polučili određeni uspjeh, ali je napad uskoro zaustavljen.

U nastavku se većina borbi odvijala na jugu koji je gledajući konfiguraciju terena relativno ravan i manje naseljen u usporedbi sa sjeverom gdje dominira planinski teren. Azeri su zatim krenuli u nova napadna djelovanja usmjerena ka gradovima Džebaril i Fizuli u kojima su uspjeli probiti nekoliko slojeva armenskih obrambenih linija koje su činile zonu razdvajanja prema njima. Na koncu je i to napredovanje zaustavljeno.

Dana 10. listopada, Rusija je uspjela isposlovati primirje između dviju zaraćenih strana, ali je ono brzo propalo i nekoliko dana kasnije, azerbajdžanska je strana izvještavala o novim ostvarenim uspjesima na južnoj bojišnici. Drugi pokušaj primirja iz 17. listopada je također brzo propao. Dne 19 listopada azerbajdžanski izvori tvrdili su da je zauzet grad Fizuli, dok su grad Džebaril navodno zauzeli još 10. listopada. Do 22. listopada Azerbajdžan je objavio da je granica s Iranom u potpunosti pod njihovom kontrolom.

Napadna djelovanja oružanih sila Azerbajdžana na južnoj bojišnici zatim su se usmjerena prema sjeverozapadu gdje se nalazi Lačinski koridor, koji čini jedinstvenu komunikaciju i žilu kucavicu iz Armenije prema Gorskom Karabahu. Zbog daljnjeg napredovanja Azera, ova je važna komunikacija došla unutar dometa azerbajdžanskog topništva. Armenska je strana potom objavila da je njihov protunapad zaustavio napredovanje azerbajdžanskih snaga i to na 25 kilometara od Lačinskog koridora. Do 26. listopada dijelovi armenskih snaga, koji su se povukli u planine, krenuli su s malenim gerilskim prepadima na izloženo pješaštvo i oklop Vojske Azerbajdžana.

Dana 29. listopada iz tzv. Republike Arcah su objavili da su azerbajdžanske snage stigle na 5 kilometra od grada Šuše - drugog po veličini grada u Gorskom Karabahu. Dana 8. studenog snage Azerbajdžana uspostavile su kontrolu nad gradom Šušom. Time su ujedno došle na petnaestak kilometra od Stepankerta, glavnog grada samoprozvane Republike Arcah.

Primirje
Nakon pada Šuše 9. studenog azerski predsjednik Ilham Alijev i armenski premijer Nikol Pašinjan uz posredstvo predsjednika Ruske Federacije Vladimira Putina potpisali su mirovni sporazum čime su stale borbe na svim bojišnicama s početkom od 10. studenog 2020. u ponoć. S potpisanim se također usuglasio i predsjednik Republike Arcah - Araik Arutunjan.

Epilog
Ubrzo nakon potpisivanja primirja u Armeniji su izbile nasilne demonstracije usmjerene protiv premijera Nikola Pašinijana kojeg su prosvjednici proglasili izdajnikom. Prosvjednici su također provalili u zgradu parlamenta gdje su izbatinali predsjednika parlamenta Ararata Mirzojana. Dana 12. studenog glasnogovornik armenskog ministarstva obrane podnio je ostavku.

U suprotnosti sa situacijom u Armeniji, vijesti o potpisanom primirju u Azerbajdžanu izazvale su slavlja na ulicama, gdje su mase mahale azerbajdžanskim zastavama. Na dodirna područja između dviju zaraćenih strana, raspoređene su ruske mirovne snage.

U prosincu 2022. god. su vojne snage Azerbejdžana zauzele i blokirale Lačinski koridor, bez oružanog odgovora armenskih snaga ili ruskih mirovnih snaga. Nakon što je u Gorskom Karabahu nastala dramatična nestašica hrane i goriva, započeo je azerbejdžanskim granatiranjem Gorskog Karabaha sukob u Gorskom Karabahu od 19.-20. rujna 2023. koji je završen nakon samo jednog dana pristankom armenskih vlasti u Gorskom Karabahu da posve raspuste svoje vojne snage. Odmah potom su započeli pregovori o političkoj budućnosti Gorskog Karabaha, u glavnom gradu Azerbejdžana Bakuu.

Bilješke
 Prema Sirijskom opservatoriju za ljudska prava, borcima SNA-e i vođama, novinarima i Armeniji. Azerbajdžan i drugi vođe SNA-e odbili su tu tvrdnju.

 Prema Armeniji, tu tvrdnju odbili su Azerbajdžan i Turska.

 Prema Azerbajdžanu i Sirijskom opservatoriju za ljudska prava.

 Prema Turskoj.

 Navodna izvješća, te tvrdnje odbio je Iran.

 Sirijski opservatorij za ljudska prava izvijestio je da je poginulo 28 boraca te da je 62 ozlijeđeno ili nestalo, dok su neidentificirani vođa SNA-e & Jesr Press izvjestili da je 30 boraca poginulo. The Guardian je također potvrdio da su 6 sirijskih boraca poginulo.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Rat u Gorskom Karabahu

Vanjske poveznice

Rat u Gorskom Karabahu
Povijest Armenije
Azerbajdžanska vojna povijest
Gorski Karabah

Drugi rat u Gorskom Karabahu (2020.)


Necturus es un género de salamandras acuáticas de la familia Proteidae endémicas del este de los Estados Unidos de América y sudeste de Canadá. La especie Necturus maculosus es probablemente la más conocida del grupo.

Especies
Según ASW:
 Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937
 Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937
 Necturus lewisi (Brimley, 1924)
 Necturus lodingi Bishop, 1943
 Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)
 Necturus (maculosus) louisianensis (Viosca, 1938)
 Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850)

 Taxonomía
Las relaciones entre las especies de este género están bajo estudio. Recientemente, N. louisianensis fue elevada al estatus de especie, tras ser considerada subespecie de N. maculosus''. Con todo, la mayoría de los herpetólogos no aceptan este cambio hasta que no haya más datos.

Referencias

The centre For North American Herpetology

Enlaces externos

Proteidae

Necturus


Malayca (Malayca : بهاس ملايو/Bahasa Melayu), Malezya, Brunei ve Singapur'da resmî dildir. Tayland, Filipinler, Endonezya gibi ülkelerde yaşayan Malezyalılar tarafından da konuşulmaktadır. Doğu Timor'da da geçerli bir dildir. 20-30 milyon kişi tarafından konuşulduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Tayland-Hindistan kökenli bir dildir.

Kaynakça

Malayca

Malayca


Stiftinga Sunnmøre Museum er sammenslutning af 12 museer i Sunnmøre.

Museet inkluderer følgende afdelinger:
 Sunnmøre Museum i Borgundgavlen i Ålesund
 Aalesunds Museum og fiskerimuseet i Ålesund
 Brudavolltunet i Ørsta
 Dalsfjord fyrmuseum i Dalsfjorden i Volda
 Godøy Kystmuseum på Godøya i Giske
 Herøy Kystmuseum i Herøy
 Norsk Møbelfaglig Senter i Sykkylven
 Sivert Aarflot-museet på Ekset i Volda
 Sykkylven Naturhistoriske Museum i Sykkylven
 Volda Bygdetun i Volda
 Ytste Skotet i Stordal kommune
 Landbruksmuseet for Møre og Romsdal på Gjermundnes i Vestnes

Kilder
 Sunnmøre museum.no

Museer i Norge
Møre og Romsdal

Stiftinga Sunnmøre Museum


Rapidan may refer to:

Minnesota
Rapidan Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota
Rapidan, Minnesota
Rapidan Dam, a concrete gravity dam on the Blue Earth River

Virginia
Rapidan, Virginia
Rapidan Camp, President Hoover's retreat
Rapidan River
Rapidan Wildlife Management Area

Other uses
USS Rapidan (1919–1946), a Patoka-class replenishment oiler

See also
Rapydan, a local anesthetic combination

Rapidan


Gail Ann O'Grady (* 23. Januar 1963 in Detroit, Michigan) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.

Leben
Gail Ann O'Grady wurde als Tochter von Jan und Jim O'Grady, einem Finanzberater, geboren. Sie wuchs in Michigan, Illinois und Wisconsin auf und machte 1981 ihren Abschluss an der Wheaton North High School. Noch bevor sie 1986 nach Los Angeles zog, trat sie in einigen Werbespots auf. Sie spielte unter anderem eine erotische Nachbarin in einem Pepsi-Werbespot mit Michael J. Fox.

Nachdem sie bereits in Fernseh- und Spielfilmen wie Beverly Hills Boys Club, Todesgrüße aus dem Jenseits und Chaos in Hollywood mitgespielt hatte, war es die Rolle der Donna Abandando in der Fernsehserie New York Cops – NYPD Blue, die sie von 1993 bis 1999 spielte, die sie international bekannt machte. Für diese Rolle erhielt sie bei den Satellite Awards 1996 eine Nominierung als beste Nebendarstellerin. Außerdem war sie für die Darstellung der Donna Abandando dreimal für den Emmy als beste Nebendarstellerin und dreimal für die Screen Actors Guild Awards für das beste Schauspielensemble nominiert, wobei sie letzteren Preis bei den Screen Actors Guild Awards 1995 gewinnen konnte.

Gail O'Grady war bisher sechsmal verheiratet. Ihr erster Ehemann war Richard Dasko (1981–1983), es folgten Severin Wunderman (1987), Jeffrey Byron (1990–1991), Steve Fenton (1995–1996), Anthony J. Pellegrino (1998–2000) und John Stamatakis (2004–2008). Mit John Stamatakis hat sie einen gemeinsamen Sohn, der 2004 geboren und nach ihrem älteren Bruder, der im selben Jahr verstarb, benannt wurde.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Filme
 1987: Beverly Hills Boys Club (Billionaire Boys Club, Fernsehfilm)
 1988: Todesgrüße aus dem Jenseits (Blackout)
 1990: Hände weg von Stefanie! (Nobody's Perfect)
 1990: Leute wie wir (People Like Us, Fernsehfilm)
 1991: Chaos in Hollywood (The Hit Man, Fernsehfilm)
 1995: Brutale Exzesse – Skandal in der Navy (She Stood Alone: The Tailhook Scandal, Fernsehfilm)
 1995: Tod nach Schulschluß – Eine Lehrerin unter Anklage (Trial by Fire, Fernsehfilm)
 1996: Das große Basketball-Kidnapping (Celtic Pride)
 1997: Im Spiegelbild der Gewalt (The Three Lives of Karen, Fernsehfilm)
 1997: Medusa's Child – Atombombe an Bord der 737 (Medusa's Child, Fernsehfilm)
 1997: Noch einmal mit Gefühl (That Old Feeling)
 1997: Stunden der Gewalt (Every 9 Seconds, Fernsehfilm)
 1999: Rent a Man – Ein Mann für gewisse Sekunden (Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo)
 1999: Wesleys Feuerprobe (Walking Across Egypt)
 2000: Der Mann der Anderen (Another Woman's Husband)
 2000: Karrieregeil (Out of Sync, Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Ruhet sanft! (Sleep Easy, Hutch Rimes)
 2005: Mayday – Katastrophenflug 52 (Mayday, Fernsehfilm)
 2007: The Sitter – Das Kindermädchen (While the Children Sleep, Fernsehfilm)
 2007: All I want for Christmas (Fernsehfilm)
 2008: Big Fat Important Movie (An American Carol)
 2009: Wake Up! – Lebe deinen Traum (Living Out Loud, Fernsehfilm)
 2009: The House That Jack Built
 2010: Circle
 2010: After the Fall (Fernsehfilm)
 2011: Chromeskull: Laid to Rest 2
 2013: Shadow on the Mesa (Fernsehfilm)
 2013: Sins of the Preacher (Murder in a Small Town, Fernsehfilm)
 2013: The Mystery Cruise (Fernsehfilm)
 2015: Mothers of the Bride
 2015: The Right Girl (Fernsehfilm)
 2015: Enough About Jack (Fernsehfilm)
 2017: Love on Ice (Fernsehfilm)
 2017: Lycan
 2021: The Wedding Pact 2: The Baby Pact

Serien
 1986–1990: Matlock (2 Folgen)
 1988: In der Hitze der Nacht (In the Heat of the Night, Folge 1x03)
 1988: China Beach (11 Folgen)
 1989: Superboy (Folge 1x24)
 1990: Cheers (Folge 8x15)
 1992: Mord ist ihr Hobby (Murder, She Wrote, Folge 8x21)
 1993: Time Trax – Zurück in die Zukunft (Time Trax, Folge 1x03)
 1993: Mann muss nicht sein (Designing Women, 2 Folgen)
 1993–1999: New York Cops – NYPD Blue (NYPD Blue, 58 Folgen)
 2002–2007: Monk (3 Folgen)
 2002–2005: American Dreams (61 Folgen)
 2005: Hot Properties – Gut gebaut und noch zu haben (Hot Properties, 13 Folgen)
 2006: Two and a Half Men (2 Folgen)
 2007: Boston Legal (7 Folgen)
 2008: Desperate Housewives (4 Folgen)
 2008: The Mentalist (Folge 1x01)
 2009: Ghost Whisperer – Stimmen aus dem Jenseits (Ghost Whisperer, Folge 4x22)
 2009: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (Folge 10x19)
 2009: True Jackson (True Jackson, VP, Folge 1x20)
 2010–2011: Hellcats (19 Folgen)
 2011: Hawaii Five-0 (Folge 2x12)
 2013: Rules of Engagement (Folge 7x04)
 2013: The Crazy Ones (Folge 1x01)
 2014–2015: Revenge (11 Folgen)
 2015: Code Black (Folge 1x03)
 2016: Fresh Off the Boat (Folge 3x07)
 2017: Training Day (Folge 1x07)
 2018–2020: Criminal Minds (6 Folgen)

Auszeichnungen
Emmy-Award
 1994: Nominierung als Beste Nebendarstellerin in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue
 1995: Nominierung als Beste Nebendarstellerin in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue
 1996: Nominierung als Beste Nebendarstellerin in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue

Screen Actors Guild Award
 1995: Bestes Schauspielensemble in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue
 1996: Nominierung als Bestes Schauspielensemble in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue
 1997: Nominierung als Bestes Schauspielensemble in einer Dramaserie für NYPD Blue

Satellite Award
 1997: Nominierung als Beste Nebendarstellerin – Fernsehserie, Miniserie oder Fernsehfilm für NYPD Blue

Young Artist Award
 2004: Nominierung als Beliebtestes Elternpaar Mom & Dad in einer Fernsehserie für American Dreams (mit Tom Verica)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Internetpräsenz (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Filmproduzent
Träger des Screen Actors Guild Award
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1963
Frau

Gail O’Grady


هولوفني (Головне́) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في محافظة فولين في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3108 نسمة.

مراجع

مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا
أينزاتسغروبن
تاريخ اليهود في أوكرانيا
مدن أوكرانيا
مذابح الحرب العالمية الثانية
مذابح في أوكرانيا

هولوفني (محافظة فولين)


This is a list of school divisions in Saskatchewan.

There are currently twenty-seven school divisions:  eighteen public divisions, eight Roman Catholic Separate School Divisions, and one fransaskois school division.

When Saskatchewan was created in 1905, there were over five thousand school districts in Saskatchewan operating one room school houses.  In the 1940s, the provincial government instituted an amalgamation process resulting in larger school units, which greatly reduced the number of school divisions.  In 2004, the government announced a further amalgamation process. Seventy-one school divisions  were amalgamated into twelve new school divisions and two re-structured school divisions, while thirteen other school divisions were not affected.

Notes

References

External links
School Divisions map from Government of Saskatchewan
Active List of Saskatchewan Schools/Programs Provincial K-12 Headcount Enrolment (as of September 30, 2018).

Education in Saskatchewan

School divisions
Saskatchewan school districts

List of school divisions in Saskatchewan


«In Your Eyes» (en español: "En tus ojos") es una canción interpretada por Niamh Kavanagh que ganó el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1993 representando a la República de Irlanda.

Se trata de una balada romántica en cuya letra la cantante cuenta cómo, tras estar sola, ha encontrado el amor en los brazos de su amante y cómo la ha cambiado.

Eurovisión 1993
En la noche del festival celebrada en la pequeña localidad irlandesa de Millstreet, la canción fue interpretada en 14º lugar de 25 canciones. Al final de la votación había recibido 187 puntos, siendo declarada ganadora. Fue la segunda victoria irlandesa de tres sucesivas.

Hasta la última votación (la de Malta) Irlanda no se proclamó ganadora, luchando hasta el último momento con la representante británica, Sonia.

Listas
Fue el sencillo más vendido del año 1993 en Irlanda, y llegó al número #24 en la lista semanal británica:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Letra de la canción

Ganadores de Eurovisión
Canciones de Eurovisión de Irlanda

In Your Eyes (canción de Niamh Kavanagh)


يُشير مُصطلح الاجتماعية إلى سمة من سمات الكائنات أي  البشر والحيوانات و المخلوقات الأخرى، و يشير إلى التفاعل بين الكائنات الحية بعضها البعض وجماعية التعايش، بغض النّظر عمّا إذا كانوا يُدركون ذلك أم لا، وبغض النّظر عمّا إذا كان هذا التفاعل بإرادتهم أو كانو مجبرين عليه.

التعريف
مع عدم وجود إتفاق حول معناه، يُستخدم مُصطلح «الاجتماعية» في العديد من المعاني المختلفة ويُعتبر مفهومًا غامضًا، يُشير من بين أمور أخرى إلى:

لعبة الاتجاهات، أو التوجهات أو السلوكيات التي تضع مصالح الآخرين أو نواياهم أو احتياجاتهم في الاعتبار (على النقيض من السلوك غير الاجتماعي) دورًا ما في تحديد الفكرة أو المبدأ، على سبيل المثال: مصطلحات مثل الواقعية الاجتماعية، والعدالة الاجتماعية، والبنائية الاجتماعية، وعلم النفس الاجتماعي، ورأس المال الاجتماعي، يعني أنّ هناك عملية اجتماعية تتم مشاركتها أو مراعاتها، فهي عملية ليست موجودة في الواقعية أو العدالة أو البنائية أو علم النفس أو رأس المال «غير الاجتماعي» العادي.

كما تستخدم صفة «الاجتماعية» في كثير من الأحيان في الخطاب السياسي، على الرغم من أن معناها في السياق يعتمد اعتمادًا كبيرًا على من يستخدمها. في الأوساط اليسارية غالبًا ما تستخدم لتعني سمة إيجابية، بينما في الأوساط اليمينية فهي تستخدم بصورة عامة على أنها تعني سمة سلبية، كما تجدر الإشارة إلى أن هذه الصفة تستخدم عامة أكثر من ذلك بكثير في أحيان عدة من قبل القائمين على اليسار السياسي من قبل أولئك على اليمين السياسي. لهذه الأسباب غالبًا ما يسعى أولئك الذين يسعون لتجنب تكوين الجمعيات مع المناقشات السياسية بين اليسار واليمين لتسمية عملهم مع العبارات التي لا تتضمن كلمة «الاجتماعية». مثال على ذلك هو شبه التجريبية في الرياضيات والتي تسمى في بعض الأحيان البنائية الاجتماعية من قبل أولئك الذين يرون أنها تدخل لا مبرر لها من الاعتبارات الاجتماعية في الممارسة الرياضية.

أصحاب النظريات الاجتماعية
من وجهة نظر كارل ماركس البشر هم أساسًا وبالضرورة وبالتحديد كائنات اجتماعية، وهم بعيدًا عن كونهم «مخلوقات تميل إلى العيش في جماعات» لا يمكنهم البقاء على قيد الحياة وتلبية احتياجاتهم الأخرى إلا من خلال التعاون الاجتماعي وتكوين اتحادات. ولذلك فالخصائص الاجتماعية هي إلى حدٍ كبير حقيقة موضوعية، مطبوعة وأُكدَّ عليها منذ الميلاد عن طريق عمليات التنشئة الاجتماعية؛ ووفقًا لماركس، في إنتاج وإعادة إنتاج الحياة المادية، ويجب على الناس أن يدخلوا بالضرورة في علاقات إنتاج وهي علاقات «مستقلة عن إرادتهم».

على النقيض من ذلك، فإن عالم الاجتماع ماكس فيبر على سبيل المثال يُحدّد تصرف الإنسان بأنه «عمل اجتماعي» إذن، بحكم المعاني الموضوعية المرتبطة بالتصرفات التي يقوم بها الأفراد، فإنها «تأخذ في الاعتبار سلوك الآخرين، وبالتالي هي موجهة في مسارها».

العملية الاجتماعية في «الاشتراكية»
كان مصطلح «الاشتراكية»، والمُستخدَم منذُ ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر حتّى الآن في فرنسا والمملكة المتحدة، مُرتبطًا ارتباطًا مباشرًا بما كان يُسمّى المسألة الاجتماعية. في جوهرها، فإن الاشتراكيين الأوائل اعتبروا أنّ ظهور سوق تنافسي لم تقم بإنشاء مجتمعات «الحرية والمساواة والإخاء» لجميع المواطنين، الأمر الذي يتطلّب تدخلاً من السياسة والإصلاح الاجتماعي لمعالجة المشاكل الاجتماعية والظلم والمظالم (وهو موضوع الخطابات المطولة للأديب جان جاك روسو في عمله الكلاسيكي العقد الاجتماعي)، في الأصل، غالبًا ما يستخدم مصطلح «اشتراكي» بالتبادل مع «تعاوني» و«تبادلي» و«اتحادي» و«جمعي» في إشارة إلى المؤسسة الاقتصادية التي دعا إليها الاشتراكيون على النقيض من المشاريع الخاصة والهياكل التنظيمية للشركات الملازمة لفكر الرأسمالية.

وقد تطور المفهوم الحديث للاشتراكية استجابة لتطور الرأسمالية الصناعية. جاء مصطلح «الاجتماعية» في «الاشتراكية» الحديثة للإشارة إلى وجهة نظر محددة، كما يشير إلى فهم الاشتراكيين لتطور المواد والقوى الاقتصادية ومحددات السلوك البشري في المجتمع. على وجه التحديد، فإنه يدل على منظور أن سلوك البشر يتحدد بشكل كبير من قبل بيئة اجتماعية فورية، وعلى أن أساليب التنظيم الاجتماعي لم تكن عبارة عن نواتج خارقة للطبيعة أو ميتافيزيقية، ولكنها منتجات للنظام الاجتماعي والبيئة الاجتماعية، والتي كانت بدورها منتجات من مستوى التكنولوجيا / نمط الإنتاج (العالم المادي)، وبالتالي كانت تتغير باستمرار. لم تكن النظم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية نتاجًا لطبيعة الإنسان الفطرية، ولكنها نتاج للنموذج الأساسي من التنظيم الاقتصادي ومستوى التكنولوجيا في مجتمع معين، مما يعني أن العلاقات الاجتماعية للإنسان والهياكل التحفيزية ستغير أيضًا العلاقات الاجتماعية والتنظيم الاجتماعي استجابة للتحسينات في التكنولوجيا والقوى المادية المتطورة (علاقات الإنتاج)، شكل هذا المنظور الجزء الأكبر من الأساس في كتاب «المفهوم المادي للتاريخ» المفهوم المادي للتاريخ لكارل ماركس.

الاستخدامات الحديثة
في المجتمع المعاصر كثيرًا ما يشير مصطلح «اجتماعي» إلى سياسات إعادة التوزيع الحكومية التي تهدف إلى تطبيق الموارد من أجل المصلحة العامة، على سبيل المثال الضمان الاجتماعي. ثم تشمل اهتمامات السياسة مشاكل الإقصاء الاجتماعي والتماسك الاجتماعي، وهنا، يتناقض مصطلح «الاجتماعية» مع «الخصوصية» ومع التمييز بين نطاقات العام والخاص (أو المخصص)، حيث تحدد ملكية العلاقات الوصول إلى الموارد والاهتمام.

وغالبًا ما يتناقض المجال الاجتماعي أيضًا مع مجال الطبيعة المادية، ولكن في البيولوجيا الاجتماعية يُرسم الشبه بين الإنسان والكائنات الحية الأخرى من أجل شرح السلوك الاجتماعي من حيث العوامل البيولوجية. يضاف مصطلح «الاجتماعية» أيضًا في مختلف التخصصات الأكاديمية الفرعية الأخرى مثل الجغرافيا الاجتماعية وعلم النفس الاجتماعي وعلم الإنسان الاجتماعي والفلسفة الاجتماعية وعلم الوجود الاجتماعي والإحصاءات الاجتماعية ونظرية الخيار الاجتماعي في علم الرياضيات.

انظر أيضًا
 علم الاجتماع
 شبكة اجتماعية
 علم الأعصاب الاجتماعي
 علم النفس الاجتماعي
 المهارات الاجتماعية
 دعم اجتماعي
 التقويض الاجتماعي
 بيئة اجتماعية

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Dolwick, JS. 2009. The 'Social' and Beyond: Introducing Actor Network Theory, article examining different meanings of the concept 'social'

مصطلحات علم الاجتماع

اجتماعية


"The Adventure of the Dark Angels" is a Sherlock Holmes murder mystery by Adrian Conan Doyle, the youngest son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Sherlock Holmes creator.  The story was published in the 1954 collection The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in Collier's on 7 August 1953, and was illustrated by Robert Fawcett in Collier's.

Plot

Holmes and Dr. Watson arrive at their residence to discover that Daphne Ferrers is waiting to consult with Holmes about the behavior of her father, Josua Ferrers of Abbotstanding in Hampshire.  Not only has her father selected the most isolated abode after retiring from his business interests in Sicily, but he has become even more reclusive and agitated due to the appearance of pictures of angels of death on his property.  After a few calculations, Holmes knows that he must move quickly to prevent a tragedy, but arrives too late to save Josua Ferrers' life.

References

Dark Angels
1953 short stories
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Works originally published in Collier's

The Adventure of the Dark Angels


Hans og Gréta er þekkt þýsk barnasaga sem Grimmsbræður gáfu út árið 1812. Sagan segir frá systkinunum Hans og Grétu sem eru skilin eftir í skógi og rekast á norn sem býr í sælgætishúsi. Nornin reynir að fita börnin þar sem hún hyggst éta þau. Grétu tekst að leika á nornina og þau flýja þaðan með fjársjóð. Mörg leikrit og önnur verk hafa verið samin út frá sögunni.

Grimmsævintýri

Hans og Gréta


Dr. Mahathir ibn Mohamad (Alor Setar, Malezija, 10. srpnja 1925.) - malezijski političar koji je od 1981. godine do 2003. godine bio premijer Malezije. Ponovo je postao premijer 10. svibnja 2018. godine, po drugi put, poslije neočekivane pobjede na izborima njegove, tada opozicijske stranke. Time je postao najstariji svjetski lider s 92 godine. Podnio je ostavku u veljači 2020. godine nakon neuspjelog pokušaja formiranja nove vladajuće koalicije.

Rođen i odrastao u Alor Setaru, u malezijskoj državi Kedah, Mahathir je odlično prolazio u školi i postao je liječnik. Bio je aktivan u Ujedinjenoj Malezijskoj nacionalnoj organizaciji (UMNO) prije nego što je ušao u parlament 1964. godine. Služio je jedan mandat prije nego što je izgubio mjesto, nakon čega je došao u sukob s premijerom Tunku Abdulom Rahmanom i bio izbačen iz UMNO-a. Kada je Abdula Rahman podnio ostavku, Mahathir je ponovo ušao u UMNO i parlament, a unaprijeđen je u Vladu, gdje je obavljao funkciju ministra obrazovanja od 1974. godine do 1978. godine te ministra trgovine i industrije od 1978. godine do 1981. godine. Postao je zamjenik premijera 1976. godine. Godine 1981., položio je zakletvu na mjestu premijera nakon ostavke svog prethodnika Husseina Onna.

Tijekom njegovog dugogodišnjeg mandata Malezija je doživjela veliki ekonomski procvat i postala jedan od azijskih tigrova. Siromaštvo je gotovo iskorijenjeno i nastala je multietnička srednja klasa čime je Malezija barem djelomično postala pošteđena krvavih etničkih i vjerskih sukoba koje su je bile mučile u prošlosti. Godine 1997. Mahathir se suočio s istočnoazijskom ekonomskom krizom i uspješno je prebrodio tako što je potpuno ignorirao savjete Zapada (MMF-a, Svjetske banke, SAD-a, Europske unije).

Iako je podržavao američke investicije, Mahathir je bio žestoki kritičar američke vanjske politike, zapadne ekonomske politike i rata u Iraku.

Dana, 22. lipnja 2002. najavio je povlačenje s funkcije premijera, što je i učinio godinu dana kasnije.

Ponovo je postao premijer 10. svibnja 2018. godine, po drugi put, poslije neočekivane pobjede na izborima njegove, tada opozicijske stranke. Time je postao najstariji svjetski lider s 92 godine. Podnio je ostavku u veljači 2020. godine nakon neuspjelog pokušaja formiranja nove vladajuće koalicije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Razgovor s Mahathirom Mohamadom, serijal Recite Al Jazeeri, Al Jazeera Balkans, 4. srpnja 2023.

Malezija
Predsjednici vlada
Političari nakon Drugog svjetskog rata
Političari nakon 1989.

Mahathir Mohamad


The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City. They often drew inspiration from surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular action painting, abstract expressionism, jazz, improvisational theater, experimental music, and the interaction of friends in the New York City art world's vanguard circle.

People
Frank O'Hara was at the center of the group before his death in 1966. Because of his numerous friendships and his post as a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, he provided connections between the poets and painters such as Jane Freilicher, Fairfield Porter, and Larry Rivers (who was O'Hara's lover). There were many joint works and collaborations, particularly between poets such as O'Hara, Kenneth Koch, John Ashbery, and James Schuyler: Rivers inspired a play by Koch, Koch and Ashbery together wrote the poem "A Postcard to Popeye", Ashbery and Schuyler wrote the novel A Nest of Ninnies, and Schuyler collaborated on an ode with O'Hara, whose portrait was painted by Rivers.

Ron Padgett, Dick Gallup, Joe Brainard, and Ted Berrigan came to the group from Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Koch, O'Hara, Schuyler, and Ashbery were quite different as poets, but they admired each other and had much in common personally:

 Except for Schuyler, all overlapped at Harvard University,
 Except for Ashbery, all did military service,
 Except for Koch, all reviewed art,
 Except for Ashbery, all lived in New York during their formative years as poets.

All four were inspired by French Surrealists such as Raymond Roussel, Pierre Reverdy, and Guillaume Apollinaire. David Lehman, in his book on the New York poets, wrote: "They favored wit, humor and the advanced irony of the blague (that is, the insolent prank or jest) in ways more suggestive of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg than of the New York School abstract expressionist painters after whom they were named."

Poetry
Concerning the New York School poets, critics argued that their work was a reaction to the Confessionalist movement in Contemporary Poetry.  Their poetic subject matter was often light, violent, or observational, while their writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled.

The poets often wrote in an immediate and spontaneous manner reminiscent of stream of consciousness writing, often using vivid imagery. They drew on inspiration from Surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular the action painting of their friends in the New York City art world circle such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning.

Poets often associated with the New York School include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, Joe Brainard, Kenneth Koch, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest, Ted Berrigan, Bernadette Mayer, Alice Notley, Tom Clark, Clark Coolidge, David Shapiro, Lorenzo Thomas, Ted Greenwald, Eileen Myles, Kenward Elmslie, John Giorno, Barbara Barg, Jerome Sala, Elaine Equi, Frank Lima, Ron Padgett, Lewis Warsh, Tom Savage and Joseph Ceravolo.

Visual art

The New York School which represented the New York abstract expressionists of the 1950s was documented through a series of artists' committee invitational exhibitions commencing with the 9th Street Art Exhibition in 1951 and followed by consecutive exhibitions at the Stable Gallery, NYC: Second Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1953; Third Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1954; Fourth Annual Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, 1955; Fifth Annual Exhibitions of Painting and Sculpture, 1956 and Sixth New York Artists' Annual Exhibition, 1957.

Included in the New York School were Bradley Walker Tomlin, Robert Goodnough, Rosemarie Beck, Joan Mitchell, and Philip Guston.

Other New York School artists, including those of the 1960s, have included painters Richard Pousette-Dart, Cecile Gray Bazelon, William Baziotes, Nell Blaine, Seymour Boardman, Ilya Bolotowsky, Ernest Briggs, Peter Busa, Lawrence Calcagno, Nicolas Carone, Nanno de Groot, Beauford Delaney, Lynne Mapp Drexler, Edward Dugmore, Amaranth Ehrenhalt, John Ferren, Perle Fine, Joseph Glasco, Karl Hagedorn, John Hultberg, Albert Kotin, Clarence Major, Knox Martin, Hugh Mesibov, Ray Parker, Misha Reznikoff, Joop Sanders William Scharf, Ethel Schwabacher, Kendall Shaw, Gloria Shapiro, Thomas Sills, Merton Simpson, Hedda Sterne, and Jack Stewart. In addition, painter/sculptors Karel Appel, Claire Falkenstein, Betty Parsons, and Antoni Tàpies are known as members of the New York School.

Galleries
The Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City specializes in 1950s and 1960s New York School art, and exhibits expressionism, geometric abstraction, and painterly abstraction. It most frequently exhibits works in oil and acrylic, as well as sculpture. The Tibor de Nagy Gallery and Stable Gallery have also exhibited New York School art, and in 1998, the Gagosian Gallery also in New York City presented an exhibit of New York School art.

Music

The term also refers to a circle of composers in the 1950s which included John Cage, Morton Feldman, Earle Brown and Christian Wolff. Their music influenced the music and events of the Fluxus group, and drew its name from the Abstract Expressionist painters above.

Dance
During the 1960s the Judson Dance Theater located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York City, revolutionized Modern dance. Combining in new ways the idea of Performance art, radical and new Choreography, sound from avant-garde composers, and dancers in collaboration with several New York School Visual artists.

The group of artists that formed Judson Dance Theater are considered the founders of Postmodern dance. The theater grew out of a dance composition class taught by Robert Dunn, a musician who had studied with John Cage. The artists involved with Judson Dance Theater were avant-garde experimenatalists who rejected the confines of ballet technique, vocabulary and theory.

The first Judson concert took place on July 6, 1962, with dance works presented by Steve Paxton, Freddie Herko, David Gordon, Alex and Deborah Hay, Yvonne Rainer, Elaine Summers, William Davis, and Ruth Emerson. Seminal dance artists that were a part of the Judson Dance Theater include:
David Gordon, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Lucinda Childs, Deborah Hay, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Aileen Passloff, and Meredith Monk. The years 1962 to 1964 are considered the golden age of the Judson Dance Theater.

During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s New York School artists collaborated with several other choreographer / dancers including: Simone Forti, Anna Halprin, Merce Cunningham, Martha Graham, and Paul Taylor.

References

Bibliography
 Philip Pavia; Natalie Edgar, Club without walls: selection from the Journals of Philip Pavia, New York: Midmarch Arts, 2007.
 Irving Sandler, ''The New York School: the painters & sculptors of the fifties,'', New York; London: Harper and Row, 1978. ,
 Irving Sandler, '' The triumph of American painting: a history of abstract expressionism'', New York; London: Harper and Row, 1977. ,
 Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.)
 Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.)
 Statutes of Liberty, The New York School of Poets, Geoff Ward, Second Edition, 2001.
 The New American Poetry, 1945–1960, Donald Merriam Allen, 1969.
 An Anthology of New York Poets, Ron Padgett (ed.) and David Shapiro (ed.), 1970.
 Marjorie Perloff, Frank O'Hara: Poet Among Painters, University of Texas Press, 1977.
 The Last Avant-Garde: The Making of the New York School of Poets, David Lehman, 1998.
 Maurice Tuchman (ed.), The New York School, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1965.
 Dore Ashton, The New York School: A Cultural Reckoning, Penguin Books, 1979.
 Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art : Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War,  Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Abstract expressionism
American contemporary art
Modern art
Modernism
American literary movements
Cultural history of New York City
Modernist poetry in English
American art movements
20th-century American literature

New York School (art)


În chimia analitică calitativă, analiza calitativă anorganică face referire la totalitatea metodelor de analiză chimică prin intermediul cărora se determină identitatea elementelor chimice dintr-o probă. Altfel spus, analiza calitativă anorganică ajută la aprobarea prezenței anumitor analiți anorganici. Adesea, metodele se concentrează pe detecția anumitor ioni, de aceea ele se aplică pe probe dizolvate, aduse în soluție apoasă (sau într-un alt solvent anorganic corespunzător). Soluțiile obținute sunt tratate cu diverși reactivi, care dau reacții chimice caracteristice doar pentru anumiți ioni. În urma reacțiilor pot avea loc schimbări de culoare, precipitări sau alte schimbări vizibile.

Etapele analizei calitative includ: analiza preliminară, identificarea cationilor și identificarea anionilor. Pe baza unor  proprietăți chimice comune, ionii au fost grupați în mai multe grupe analitice, pentru a fi mai ușoară separarea și identificarea lor.

Analiza preliminară
Înaintea analizei preliminare, este necesară, bineînțeles, prelevarea probelor, pregătirea acestora de analiză (sfărâmare, omogenizare) și reducerea lor. Analiza sau proba preliminară are ca scop furnizarea unei imagini aproximative asupra probei ce urmează să fie analizate. Aceasta se realizează de obicei în stare solidă.

Metodele aplicate în analiza preliminară sunt:
 Analiza organoleptică
 Testul colorației flăcării
 Încălzirea în tub închis
 Încălzirea pe cărbune
 Formarea perlelor
 Comportamentul față de acizi
 Comportamentul față de baze
 Trecerea în soluție (dizolvarea în solvent favorabil)

Culoarea probei

Culoarea probei poate oferii detalii importante referitoare la compoziția acesteia. În tabelul de mai jos se regăsesc culorile caracterisitice unor ioni:

Testul flăcării

Analiza cationilor
După proprietățile lor chimice, cationii sunt clasificați de obicei în șase grupe analitice. Fiecare grupă are un reactiv de grupă, care este folosit pentru separarea (precipitarea) acestora din soluția probei. Pentru obținerea unor rezultate concludente, separarea se face de obicei într-o anumită ordine cunoscută, deoarece unii cationi, dacă nu sunt separați la timp, pot precipita în alte grupe și pot deranja analiza. Analiza calitativă a cationilor se bazează produsele de solubilitate: din moment ce fiecare cation precipită la o anumită concentrație optimă, trebuiesc realizate aceste condiții pentru ca precipitarea să fie totală.

Grupa I de cationi

Grupa II de cationi

Grupa III de cationi

Grupa IV de cationi

Grupa V de cationi

Grupa VI de cationi

Analiza anionilor

Grupa I de anioni

Grupa II de anioni

Grupa III de anioni

Grupa IV de anioni

Grupa V de anioni

Vezi și
 Test de flacără

Referințe

Chimie analitică

Analiză calitativă anorganică


Outotec Oyj () er en finsk virksomhed med hovedsæde i Espoo. Koncernen tilbyder teknologier og services indenfor metal og mineralbearbejdningsindustrien. Fokus er på fremstilling af maskiner og udvikling af metoder, som faciliterer de forskellige trin i metaludvinding og mineralforarbejdning fra malm til rent metal eller mineral, herunder slibning og fysisk adskillelse af malm og smeltning og udvaskning af grundmetaller og ædelmetaller. Der tilbydes også ingeniørarbejde og produktservicering.

I 2015 var koncernens omsætning på 1,2 mia. €, og der var 4.859 medarbejdere.

Outotec var tidligere en helejet forretningsenhed i Outokumpu, som blev etableret i slutningen af 1940'erne, men som blev fraspaltet til en selvstændig virksomhed i juni 2006. Moderselskabet Outotec fokuserede derefter sine forretninger på rustfrit stål. Kort efter fraspaltning blev Outotec børsnoteret på Helsinki Stock Exchange og virksomheden blev hurtigt en del af aktieindekset OMXH25.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Usage of Outotec technologies in Russia

Espoo
Fremstillingsvirksomheder fra Finland
Ingeniørvirksomheder fra Finland

Outotec


Vikingebuen er en forening bestående af de førende danske vikingeattraktioner, der bedriver forskningsbaseret formidling om vikingetiden: Nationalmuseet, Vikingeskibsmuseet i Roskilde, Sagnlandet Lejre, Trelleborg, Vikingemuseet Ladby, Kongernes Jelling, Museet Ribes Vikinger, Ribe VikingeCenter, Bork Vikingehavn, Vikingecenter Fyrkat, Lindholm Høje Museet, Vikingeborgen Borgring, Lejre Museum og Kroppedal Museum.

Vikingebuen har eksisteret som et uformelt samarbejde siden 2013. Først i 2018 blev foreningen formelt dannet.

I december 2015 modtog Vikingebuen en bevilling fra Kulturministeriet under puljen CulturePlus til udvikling af dansk vikingeturisme i samarbejde med VisitDenmark.

Projektet gik blandt andet ud på at udvikle en ny fælles fortælling om de danske vikinger, med henblik på at tiltrække flere danske og udenlandske turister. Projektets potentiale indenfor turismeøkonomi blev bakket op af flere eksperter.

Projektet førte dog også til en del offentlig debat om brug og misbrug af vikingerne i markedsføring af Danmark som turismedestination. Forfatteren Knud Romer udtalte bl.a. at "Danmark skal ikke være en temapark", ligesom Politiken skrev kritisk om udviklingen af vikingeturisme.

Et vigtigt resultat af projektet var udgivelsen af Turen går til vikingetiden på Politikens Forlag i november 2017.

Kilder og henvisninger

Museer i Danmark
Turisme i Danmark
Vikingetidsmuseer
Brancheforeninger i Danmark
Etableret i 2018

Vikingebuen


Malagueta pepper (), a variety of Capsicum frutescens, is a type of chili pepper widely used in Brazil, the Caribbean, Portugal, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It got its name from the unrelated melegueta pepper, an African spice from Guinea which is a member of the ginger family.

The malagueta pepper is a small, tapered chili that grows to about 5 cm (2 in) in length. It has a range of 60,000 to 100,000 Scoville units.

Nomenclature
Two sizes are seen in markets, which sometimes have different names: the smaller ones are called  in Brazil, and as  (a Swahili name) in Mozambique and in Portugal, though this name is now also used for a newer, derived African cultivar, the  pepper), while the larger ones are called  in both Brazil and Portugal. They are not different varieties, just peppers of different maturities from the same plant. It is also known in Angola by the names of jindungo, ndongo, nedungo, and pripíri in various local languages. In Cape Verde, malagueta is called  and  in the Criola language.

Some botanical and culinary writers continue to confuse malagueta chili and melegueta pepper due simply to their similar names.

History
The first Europeans to have contact with this species were the crew members who accompanied Christopher Columbus when they first landed in the Caribbean in 1492. In addition to being a noble delicacy much appreciated by the ancient inhabitants of the Americas, it was also used as a natural dye and, above all, as a medicine.

The spicy capsaicin content of the chilis must have aroused the interest of the Portuguese, who for decades have been looking for easier sources for the then-rare black pepper of Asia (the piquant compound in which is piperine); one of the major motivations for the Columbian voyages was to discover a new route to Asia for direct trade in spices, silks, and other Asian goods. At the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Portuguese traded from the Gulf of Guinea a very popular African spice as a substitute for the black pepper: Aframomum melegueta (today in disuse in the West, but known as grains of paradise), which was then best known as melegueta pepper. Although African slaves loved the grains of paradise already familiar in their culture, they were fascinated by the fiery Capsicum pepper. The name was applied to the local chilis, as , because the chili's piquancy was reminiscent of Old World pepper.

In the period of intense exchanges and trips between Europe and the Americas known today as the Columbian exchange, Portuguese navigators took this new "malagueta" to Portugal and to Brazil, where it became known as , , or ; to Africa, where it became very popular as jindungo and piri-piri; and eventually to Asia, where it became an ingredient of curries and other spicy dishes. Because of its qualities, less than a century after being brought to Europe this chili pepper spread to many other Old World cultures and became integrated with local cuisines, including in Arabia, India, Thailand, China, and surrounding regions.

Uses

This pepper is used to season many regional dishes and sauces in Brazil and Mozambique. In Portugal, it is mainly used to season poultry dishes and traditional cooking. Moqueca, a traditional dish in Brazil, includes it.

In Brazil, what is now being sold as malagueta may well be a recent hybrid, while what is now referred to as , ,  may well be the original malagueta, and was actually the only malagueta on the market 30 years ago. While there have been claims that , , and  are other names for malagueta, these are quite different, and they appear to belong in the Capsicum chinense species.

In the cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe, piri-piri sauce made with malagueta peppers is commonly available as a condiment in restaurants throughout São Tomé and Príncipe, as well as in Portugal.

In the Dominican Republic, malagueta is mixed with allspice to make a preparation called .

In the municipality of Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, the malagueta pepper is also used to ward off the evil eye, which is rooted in feelings of envy.

See also
Piri Piri
Siling labuyo
Tabasco pepper
List of Capsicum cultivars

References

Portuguese cuisine
Spices
Chili peppers
Brazilian cuisine
Capsicum cultivars

Malagueta pepper


Golovkov , es un jútor del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Se sitúa en la orilla izquierda del río Bélaya, afluente del Kubán, 36 km al noroeste de Beloréchensk y 44 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 16 habitantes en 2011.

Pertenece al municipio Riazánskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Головков (Краснодарский край).
Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar

Golovkov


Bağören, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Zamanında çok fazla üzüm bağı bulundurduğu için Bağören adını almıştır. Ayrıca mahallenin kirazı da meşhurdur.

Coğrafya
Ankara iline 71 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 21 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Bağören, Kızılcahamam


Carl Rudolph Fiebig (født 10. februar 1812 i Egernførde, død 23. februar 1874 i København) var en dansk portrætmaler.

Virke
Han var søn af Maler Andreas Heinrich Fiebig og Ida født Petersen og voksede op i Egernførde, hvor han nød den første Undervisning i Kunsten hos portrætmaler Hans Friederich Baasch. Han kom i 1832 til København for at besøge Kunstakademiet, hvis lille sølvmedalje han vandt 1837. Samtidig lagde han sig efter portrætfaget under J.L. Lunds vejledning og udstillede på Charlottenborg Forårsudstilling udelukkende som portrætmaler fra 1837 til 1869. I alt blev det til ca. 90 portrætter, som blev offentligt udstillet. Han var temmelig søgt som sådan, da hans billeder lignede godt og han var meget billig med dem; dog havde de ikke betydeligt kunstværd. Blandt hans arbejder kan nævnes Frederik VII's og Grevinde Danners portrætter på Jægerspris Slot. I sine sidste år holdt han på grund af svaghed op med at male, eller i al fald kom hans billeder ikke på udstillingen. Han har foruden portrætter malet nogle alterbilleder til landsbykirker til dels på Island og i Sverige, tillige var han tegnelærer.

Fiebig ægtede i 1840 Marie Anna Adolphine Spiegelhalter (født 28. juli 1820 i Slesvig by, død 12. januar 1867 i København), datter af vagtmester ved Christianæ Plejehus i Egernførde Wilhelm Spiegelhalter og Sophie født Schrøder.

Han er begravet på Assistens Kirkegård.

Værker
 Portræt af drejermester Jørgen Gertner (1839) og
 hans hustru Johanne Wilhelmine Henriette, født Hockemeyer (1841)
 Prins Frederik Ferdinand (udstillet 1842)
 Generalmajor Carl von Ewald (udstillet 1843)
 Marie Amalie Henriette Stricker, født Stenzing (1844-48)
 Pauline Amalie Henriette Stricker (1844-48)
 Cathrine Marie Alexandrine Flensborg, født d'Origny (1847)
 Cecilie Caroline Smith, født de Coninck (litografi herefter 1852)
 Boghandler Christian Steen (1852)
 Drengeportræt (1852)
 Maria Bojesen (udstillet 1853)
 Læge J.C.W. Wendt (udstillet 1853)
 Professor Arnold Andreas Bull Ahrensen (1853) og
 hans hustru Nelly Marie, født Busch (1854)
 Generalmajor Hans Staal Lützen (1853, Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot)
 Kammerherre L.N. Scheele (før 1854, Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot)
 Barneportræt af Emma Henriette Erneste Regine Bilsted (dateret 1854), privateje
 Ubekendt mand (1855)
 Kong Frederik VII (ca. 1862, Hotel Phoenix, København)
 Manufakturhandler Brandes (udstillet 1865)
 Overhofmarskal Carl Løvenskiold (ca. 1870, Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot og tidligere på Løvenborg)
 Baron Herman Frederik Løvenskiold (1871)
 Baronesse Frederikke Juliane M. Løvenskiold (tidligere på Løvenborg)
 Kong Frederik VII og Grevinde Danner (begge Jægerspris Slot)
 Forfatteren Frederik Dreier (Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot, tilskrevet)
Tegninger:
 Prins Frederik Ferdinand og prinsesse Caroline (begge udstillet 1844)
Altertavler:
 Kristi opstandelse (1861, Jordløse Kirke)
 Kristus i Getsemane (1862, Solbjerg Kirke)
 Endvidere altertavler i Sverige

Kilder

Malere fra Danmark
Portrætmalere
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Egernførde

Carl Fiebig


El neologismo Egosurfing (un compuesto de Ego (gr. 'yo') y surf (ing. 'navegar por Internet') designa, en jerga de internet, la práctica de buscar el propio nombre en bases de datos, medios escritos, Internet y otros documentos para comprobar la cantidad de información acumulada. Según un estudio de 2007 un 47 % de los encuestados admitió haberlo practicado en al menos una ocasión.

La revista Wired acuñó la palabra en 1995 para referirse a esa acción. En 2011 se incluyó en el Oxford Dictionary of English.

En 2010, la escritora balear Llucia Ramis fue galardonada con el Premio Josep Pla de la Editorial Destino por su libro Egosurfing.

Véase también

 Jerga de Internet

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Artículo de Wired

Cultura de Internet

Egosurfing


Orensy Rodrigues da Silva (Jataí, 12 de abril de 1933 - Andradina, 8 de agosto de 1998) foi um médico veterinário, pecuarista, agricultor e político brasileiro, filiado ao PTB.

Biografia
Foi eleito em 1970 para a Câmara dos Deputados. pela ARENA com 32.586 votos para o estado de São Paulo. Foi o primeiro goiano a ser eleito e tomar posse pelo Estado de São Paulo depois que Justiça Eleitoral recusou-se a diplomar o catalano, Rio Branco Paranhos (26.231 votos) foi eleito deputado federal em 1962 sendo efetivado William Salem, que acabaria cassado pelo Ato Institucional Número Um em 1964. Foi prefeito do município de Andradina do estado brasileiro de São Paulo pelo PTB de 1º de janeiro de 1993 até 15 de outubro de 1996 pelo sufrágio universal.

Ver também
 Eleições estaduais em São Paulo em 1970

Ligações externas

Alunos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
Prefeitos de Andradina
Pecuaristas do estado de São Paulo
Deputados federais do Brasil por São Paulo
Membros da Aliança Renovadora Nacional
Naturais de Jataí (Goiás)
Pecuaristas de Goiás
Veterinários de Goiás
Veterinários do estado de São Paulo

Orensy Rodrigues da Silva


Rossby waves, also known as planetary waves, are a type of inertial wave naturally occurring in rotating fluids. They were first identified by Sweden-born American meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby in the Earth's atmosphere in 1939. They are observed in the atmospheres and oceans of Earth and other planets, owing to the rotation of Earth or of the planet involved. Atmospheric Rossby waves on Earth are giant meanders in high-altitude winds that have a major influence on weather. These waves are associated with pressure systems and the jet stream (especially around the polar vortices). Oceanic Rossby waves move along the thermocline: the boundary between the warm upper layer and the cold deeper part of the ocean.

Rossby wave types

Atmospheric waves
Atmospheric Rossby waves result from the conservation of potential vorticity and are influenced by the Coriolis force and pressure gradient. The image on the left sketches fundamental principles of the wave, e.g., its restoring force and westward phase velocity. The rotation causes fluids to turn to the right as they move in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. For example, a fluid that moves from the equator toward the north pole will deviate toward the east; a fluid moving toward the equator from the north will deviate toward the west. These deviations are caused by the Coriolis force and conservation of potential vorticity which leads to changes of relative vorticity. This is analogous to conservation of angular momentum in mechanics. In planetary atmospheres, including Earth, Rossby waves are due to the variation in the Coriolis effect with latitude.

One can identify a terrestrial Rossby wave as its phase velocity, marked by its wave crest, always has a westward component. However, the collected set of Rossby waves may appear to move in either direction with what is known as its group velocity. In general, shorter waves have an eastward group velocity and long waves a westward group velocity.

The terms "barotropic" and "baroclinic" are used to distinguish the vertical structure of Rossby waves. Barotropic Rossby waves do not vary in the vertical, and have the fastest propagation speeds. The baroclinic wave modes, on the other hand, do vary in the vertical. They are also slower, with speeds of only a few centimeters per second or less.

Most investigations of Rossby waves have been done on those in Earth's atmosphere.
Rossby waves in the Earth's atmosphere are easy to observe as (usually 4–6) large-scale meanders of the jet stream. When these deviations become very pronounced, masses of cold or warm air detach, and become low-strength cyclones and anticyclones, respectively, and are responsible for day-to-day weather patterns at mid-latitudes. The action of Rossby waves partially explains why eastern continental edges in the Northern Hemisphere, such as the Northeast United States and Eastern Canada, are colder than Western Europe at the same latitudes, and why the Mediterranean is dry during summer (Rodwell–Hoskins mechanism).

Poleward-propagating atmospheric waves
Deep convection (heat transfer) to the troposphere is enhanced over very warm sea surfaces in the tropics, such as during El Niño events.  This tropical forcing generates atmospheric Rossby waves that have a poleward and eastward migration.

Poleward-propagating Rossby waves explain many of the observed statistical connections between low- and high-latitude climates. One such phenomenon is sudden stratospheric warming. Poleward-propagating Rossby waves are an important and unambiguous part of the variability in the Northern Hemisphere, as expressed in the Pacific North America pattern.  Similar mechanisms apply in the Southern Hemisphere and partly explain the strong variability in the Amundsen Sea region of Antarctica. In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection.

Rossby waves on other planets

Atmospheric Rossby waves, like Kelvin waves, can occur on any rotating planet with an atmosphere.  The Y-shaped cloud feature on Venus is attributed to Kelvin and Rossby waves.

Oceanic waves
Oceanic Rossby waves are large-scale waves within an ocean basin. They have a low amplitude, in the order of centimetres (at the surface) to metres (at the thermocline), compared with atmospheric Rossby waves which are in the order of hundreds of kilometres. They may take months to cross an ocean basin. They gain momentum from wind stress at the ocean surface layer and are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in forcing, due to both the wind and buoyancy. Both barotropic and baroclinic waves cause variations of the sea surface height, although the length of the waves made them difficult to detect until the advent of satellite altimetry. Satellite observations have confirmed the existence of oceanic Rossby waves.

Baroclinic waves also generate significant displacements of the oceanic thermocline, often of tens of meters. Satellite observations have revealed the stately progression of Rossby waves across all the ocean basins, particularly at low- and mid-latitudes. These waves can take months or even years to cross a basin like the Pacific.

Rossby waves have been suggested as an important mechanism to account for the heating of the ocean on Europa, a moon of Jupiter.

Waves in astrophysical discs
Rossby wave instabilities are also thought to be found in astrophysical discs, for example, around newly forming stars.

Amplification of Rossby waves

It has been proposed that a number of regional weather extremes in the Northern Hemisphere associated with blocked atmospheric circulation patterns may have been caused by quasiresonant amplification of Rossby waves. Examples include the 2013 European floods, the 2012 China floods, the 2010 Russian heat wave, the 2010 Pakistan floods and the 2003 European heat wave. Even taking global warming into account, the 2003 heat wave would have been highly unlikely without such a mechanism.

Normally freely travelling synoptic-scale Rossby waves and quasistationary planetary-scale Rossby waves exist in the mid-latitudes with only weak interactions. The hypothesis, proposed by Vladimir Petoukhov, Stefan Rahmstorf, Stefan Petri, and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, is that under some circumstances these waves interact to produce the static pattern. For this to happen, they suggest, the zonal (east-west) wave number of both types of wave should be in the range 6–8, the synoptic waves should be arrested within the troposphere (so that energy does not escape to the stratosphere) and mid-latitude waveguides should trap the quasistationary components of the synoptic waves. In this case the planetary-scale waves may respond unusually strongly to orography and thermal sources and sinks because of "quasiresonance".

A 2017 study by Mann, Rahmstorf, et al. connected the phenomenon of anthropogenic Arctic amplification to planetary wave resonance and extreme weather events.

Mathematical definitions

Free barotropic Rossby waves under a zonal flow with linearized vorticity equation

To start with, a zonal mean flow, U, can be considered to be perturbed where U is constant in time and space. Let  be the total horizontal wind field, where u and v are the components of the wind in the x- and y- directions, respectively.  The total wind field can be written as a mean flow, U, with a small superimposed perturbation, u′ and v′.

The perturbation is assumed to be much smaller than the mean zonal flow.

The relative vorticity  and the perturbations  and  can be written in terms of the stream function  (assuming non-divergent flow, for which the stream function completely describes the flow):

Considering a parcel of air that has no relative vorticity before perturbation (uniform U has no vorticity) but with planetary vorticity f as a function of the latitude, perturbation will lead to a slight change of latitude, so the perturbed relative vorticity must change in order to conserve potential vorticity. Also the above approximation U >> u''' ensures that the perturbation flow does not advect relative vorticity.

with .  Plug in the definition of stream function to obtain:

Using the method of undetermined coefficients one can consider a traveling wave solution with zonal and meridional wavenumbers k and ℓ, respectively, and frequency :

This yields the dispersion relation:

The zonal (x-direction) phase speed and group velocity of the Rossby wave are then given by

where c is the phase speed, cg is the group speed, U is the mean westerly flow,  is the Rossby parameter, k is the zonal wavenumber, and ℓ is the meridional wavenumber. It is noted that the zonal phase speed of Rossby waves is always westward (traveling east to west) relative to mean flow U, but the zonal group speed of Rossby waves can be eastward or westward depending on wavenumber.

Rossby parameter
The Rossby parameter is defined as the rate of change of the Coriolis frequency along the meridional direction:

where  is the latitude, ω is the angular speed of the Earth's rotation, and a'' is the mean radius of the Earth.

If , there will be no Rossby waves; Rossby waves owe their origin to the gradient of the tangential speed of the planetary rotation (planetary vorticity). A "cylinder" planet has no Rossby waves. It also means that at the equator of any rotating, sphere-like planet, including Earth, one will still have Rossby waves, despite the fact that , because . These are known as Equatorial Rossby waves.

See also
Atmospheric wave
Equatorial wave
Equatorial Rossby wave – mathematical treatment
Harmonic
Kelvin wave
Polar vortex
Rossby whistle

References

Bibliography

External links
Description of Rossby Waves from the American Meteorological Society
An introduction to oceanic Rossby waves and their study with satellite data
Rossby waves and extreme weather (Video)

Physical oceanography
Atmospheric dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Waves

Rossby wave


Fashions of 1934  é um filme musical pre-Code estadunidense de 1934, do gênero comédia romântica, dirigido por William Dieterle com números musicais criados e dirigidos por Busby Berkeley. O roteiro de F. Hugh Herbert e Carl Erickson foi baseado na história "The Fashion Plate", de Harry Collins e Warren Duff. O filme é estrelado por William Powell, Bette Davis, Frank McHugh e Hugh Herbert.

Algum tempo após o lançamento inicial, o título "Fashions of 1934" foi alterado para "Fashions", substituindo o título original em um cartão escrito "William Powell in Fashions".

Sinopse
Quando a empresa de investimentos de Sherwood Nash (William Powell) em Manhattan vai à falência, ele une forças com seu parceiro Snap (Frank McHugh) e a estilista Lynn Mason (Bette Davis) para fornecer cópias baratas de vestidos de alta-costura de Paris às lojas de desconto. Lynn descobre que Oscar Barroco (Reginald Owen), um estilista aclamado, se inspira em livros antigos de fantasia, e começa a criar designs da mesma maneira, assinando cada um com o nome de um designer já estabelecido.

Sherwood percebe que a companheira de Baroque, a suposta grã-duquesa Alix (Verree Teasdale), é realmente Mabel McGuire, sua velha amiga de Hoboken, Nova Jérsia, e ameaça revelar sua identidade a menos que ela convença Baroque a desenhar os figurinos de um espetáculo musical que ele estrelará. Baroque compra um suprimento de penas de avestruz de Joe Ward (Hugh Herbert), amigo de Sherwood, e começa a desenhar os figurinos. Sherwood então abre a Maison Elegance, uma nova marca de moda parisiense que se torna rapidamente um grande sucesso até que Baroque descobre que Lynn está forjando seus esboços.

Elenco

 William Powell como Sherwood Nash
 Bette Davis como Lynn Mason
 Frank McHugh como Snap
 Hugh Herbert como Joe Ward
 Reginald Owen como Oscar Baroque
 Verree Teasdale como Grã-duquesa Alix
 Henry O'Neill como Duryea
 Phillip Reed como Jimmy Blake
 Gordon Westcott como Harry Brent
 Dorothy Burgess como Glenda
 Etienne Girardot como Glass
 William Burress como Feldman
 Nella Walker como Sra. Van Tyle
 Spencer Charters como Homem
 Harry Beresford como Livreiro de Paris

Notas do elenco:
 Arthur Treacher, aparecendo em seu quarto filme em Hollywood, desempenhou seu primeiro papel como um mordomo, papel que desempenharia muitas vezes ao longo de sua carreira.

Produção
Com este filme, Jack L. Warner, chefe da Warner Bros., tentou mudar a persona de tela de Bette Davis, colocando-a em uma peruca loira platinada e cílios postiços, e vestindo-a em trajes glamourosos. A atriz, que estava tentando convencer o chefe do estúdio a emprestá-la à RKO para que ela pudesse interpretar a garçonete desleixada Mildred Rogers em "Escravos do Desejo", ficou chocada com a transformação, reclamando que eles estavam tentando transformá-la em Greta Garbo. Em uma entrevista para Kathryn Dougherty, editora da revista Photoplay, Davis reclamou: "Eu não posso sair desses sulcos horríveis. Eles simplesmente não vão me levar a sério. Olhe para mim neste filme toda arrumada como uma imitação de terceira categoria das rainhas glamourosas da MGM. Isso não sou eu. Eu nunca serei um cavalinho de roupa ou um símbolo romântico". Para Gerald Clarke, da Time, ela lamentou: "Eu parecia alguém vestida com roupas de mãe. Mas foi uma grande oportunidade porque aprendi com a experiência. Nunca mais deixei que fizessem isso comigo. Nunca!"

Os títulos de produção para o filme, que foi filmado nos estúdios da Warner Bros. em Burbank, Califórnia em 1933, foram "King of Fashion" e "Fashion Follies of 1934". Warners listou os escritores Gene Markey e Katherine Scola como tendo adaptado a história original, que era a base para a produção do enredo, mas de acordo com a Screen Writers Guild, eles não tiveram nada a ver com o filme.

Músicas
Os números musicais do filme incluíram "Spin a Little Web of Dreams" e "Broken Melody", de Sammy Fain e Irving Kahal, e "Mon Homme (My Man)", de Maurice Yvain, Albert Willemetz e Jacques Charles. Harry Warren escreveu o tema musical sem título que acompanha o desfile de moda.

Recepção

Mordaunt Hall, do The New York Times, descreveu o filme como "um show rápido", e adicionou: "A história é animada, os vestidos são interessantes, e os espetáculos de Busby Berkeley com dançarinas de Hollywood são impressionantes ... William Diaderle, aquele diretor especialista que foi responsável por vários filmes imaginativos, se sai bem nessa produção em particular".

A revista Variety chamou-o de "um pouco inimaginável e inconsistente ... mas tem cor, luzes, traços, classe, garotas e muita roupa ... Apenas o motivo e como Bette Davis entra no filme não soa como verdade".

Bilheteria
O filme foi considerado uma decepção de bilheteria para a Warner Bros. De acordo com os registros da Warner Bros., o filme arrecadou US$ 570.000 nacionalmente e US$ 395.000 no exterior, totalizando US$ 965.000 mundialmente.

Ligações externas

Filmes da década de 1930
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1934
Filmes de comédia musical dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia musical da década de 1930
Filmes de comédia romântica da década de 1930
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dirigidos por William Dieterle
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes baseados em contos
Filmes baseados em obras de autores dos Estados Unidos
Filmes da Warner Bros.
Filmes sobre moda
Filmes ambientados em Paris

Fashions of 1934


Der Große Preis von Brasilien 2012 (offiziell Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2012) fand am 25. November auf dem Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo statt und war das zwanzigste und letzte Rennen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2012.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Großen Preis der USA führte Sebastian Vettel in der Fahrerwertung mit 13 Punkten vor auf Fernando Alonso und mit 67 Punkten vor Kimi Räikkönen. In der Konstrukteurswertung führte Red Bull-Renault mit 73 Punkten vor Ferrari und mit 87 Punkten vor McLaren-Mercedes. Red Bull-Renault stand bereits als Konstrukteursweltmeister fest.

Damit Alonso in der Fahrerwertung den Rückstand auf Vettel aufzuholen und noch Weltmeister werden konnte, musste eines der folgenden Rennergebnisse eintreten:

 Bei einem Sieg von Alonso durfte Vettel maximal Fünfter werden. Bei einem Sieg Alonsos und einem vierten Platz Vettels wären beide Fahrer punktgleich gewesen, und in diesem Fall hätte die Anzahl der Rennsiege (fünf für Vettel, vier für Alonso) den Ausschlag gegeben.
 Bei einem zweiten Platz von Alonso durfte Vettel maximal Platz 8 erreichen.
 Bei einem dritten Platz von Alonso durfte Vettel maximal Platz 10 erreichen. Platz 9 von Vettel hätte ebenfalls einen Gleichstand nach Punkten ergeben, in dem Vettel bevorteilt wäre.

Beim Großen Preis von Brasilien stellt Pirelli den Fahrern die Reifenmischungen P Zero Hard (silber) und P Zero Medium (weiß) sowie für Nässe Cinturato Intermediates (grün) und Cinturato Full-Wets (blau) zur Verfügung. Im ersten freien Training erhielten die Piloten zusätzlich zwei Reifensätze eines Prototyps für die Saison 2013.

Mit Michael Schumacher (viermal), Felipe Massa, Mark Webber (jeweils zweimal), Räikkönen und Vettel (jeweils einmal) traten fünf ehemalige Sieger zu diesem Grand Prix an.

Als Rennkommissare fungieren Silvia Bellot (ESP), Garry Connelly (AUS), Felipe Giaffone (BRA) und Tom Kristensen (DEN).

Schumacher, Bruno Senna, Narain Karthikeyan, Witali Petrow und Timo Glock bestritten ihren letzten Grand Prix.

Training
Im ersten freien Training erzielte Lewis Hamilton die Bestzeit vor Vettel und Webber. In diesem Training übernahm Valtteri Bottas den Williams von Senna und Giedo van der Garde den Caterham von Heikki Kovalainen.

Im zweiten freien Training blieben die ersten drei Positionen unverändert.

Im dritten freien Training übernahm mit Jenson Button erneut ein McLaren-Pilot die Spitzenposition vor den Red-Bull-Fahrern Vettel und Webber ein.

Qualifying
Vor dem Qualifying hatte es geregnet, sodass die Strecke zu Beginn des Qualifyings unterschiedlich nass war. Es war jedoch so trocken, dass die Piloten die schnellsten Runden auf Slicks fuhren. Hamilton war der schnellste Pilot. Die HRT-, Marussia- und Caterham-Piloten sowie Romain Grosjean schieden aus. Grosjean fiel in diesem Abschnitt ebenfalls durch eine leichte Berührung mit Pedro de la Rosa auf der Start-Ziel-Kurve auf, bei der sich Grosjean den Frontflügel beschädigte. Die Rennkommissare beurteilten diese Berührung als Rennunfall und verhängten keine Sanktionen. Im zweiten Abschnitt fuhr Vettel die schnellste Runde. Die Toro-Rosso- und Sauber-Piloten sowie Schumacher, Senna und Paul di Resta schieden aus. Im dritten Segment erhielt Hamilton die Führung zurück und sicherte sich die Pole-Position vor Button und Webber.

In der Startaufstellung wurden Pastor Maldonado um zehn und de la Rosa um fünf Positionen nach hinten versetzt – Maldonado aufgrund einer dritten Verwarnung, diesmal für das Auslassen einer Kontrollwiegung. De la Rosa erhielt die Startplatzstrafe, da er sein Getriebe vorzeitig gewechselt hatte. Da er den letzten Platz belegte, blieb die Strafe somit ohne Auswirkung.

Die Aspiranten auf die Fahrerweltmeisterschaft Vettel und Alonso erhielten die Startpositionen vier und sieben.

Rennen
Vor dem Rennen, das das letzte von Schumacher war, fuhr dieser mit einer Flagge, auf der "Thank you" stand, in die Startaufstellung.

Das Rennen wurde auf einer leicht feuchten Strecke gestartet. Die Piloten verwendeten aber allesamt Slicks. Während die beiden McLaren-Piloten den Start für sich entschieden und ohne Positionswechsel vorne fuhren, gab es dahinter einige Duelle und Verschiebungen. Vettel verlor in der ersten Kurve bereits einige Positionen und fiel unter anderem hinter die beiden Ferrari-Fahrer, die gut starteten, zurück. In der Descida do Lago bremste Vettel zu früh. Während Räikkönen noch auswich, rutschte Senna auf der Innenseite der Kurve in Vettel und drehte ihn um. Auch Sergio Pérez wurde von Senna getroffen. Während Senna und Pérez umgehend ausschieden, fuhr Vettel mit beschädigtem linken Unterboden und Auspuff dem Feld hinterher. Senna und Vettel sahen die Schuld für diese Kollision beim jeweils anderen Piloten. Eine Runde später schied auch Sennas Teamkollege Maldonado von der Strecke rutschend aus. Maldonado fuhr über einen nassen Kerb und kam in den Reifenstapeln zum Stehen.

In der zweiten Runde ging Alonso vor der ersten Kurve gleichzeitig an Massa und Webber vorbei auf die dritte Position. In den nächsten Runden nahm der Regen etwas zu, sodass die Strecke immer rutschiger wurde. In der fünften Runde verbremste er sich vor der ersten Kurve und verlor dabei eine Position an Nico Hülkenberg. Er blieb aber vor Webber, der kurz darauf auch von Massa überholt wurde.

Während sich Webber anschließend von der Strecke drehte und Positionen verlor, schied Grosjean nach einem Unfall in der Mergulho aus. Sein Fahrzeug hatte mit kalten Reifen plötzlich übersteuert. An der Spitze entwickelte sich parallel ein Duell zwischen Hamilton und Button, bei dem Button zunächst nur kurzzeitig an Hamilton vorbeiging. In der achten Runde ging Button aber endgültig an Hamilton vorbei.

In den nächsten Runden entschieden sich einige Fahrer für einen Wechsel auf Intermediate-Reifen, da es immer nasser wurde. Von den vorderen Piloten verzichteten nur Button und Hülkenberg, der damit auf die zweite Position kam, auf einen Wechsel auf Intermediates.

In der 18. Runde kam es an der Spitze zum Führungswechsel und Hülkenberg übernahm erstmals die Führung eines Formel-1-Rennens. In der Zwischenzeit hatte Vettel seinen Rückstand auf Alonso beinahe vollständig abgebaut und lag eine Position hinter ihm auf der fünften Position. Kurz darauf begannen alle Piloten, die auf Intermediates gewechselt hatten, wieder zurück auf Slicks zu wechseln, da der Regen nicht angehalten hatte und die Strecke wieder trockener war. Button und Hülkenberg hatten somit mit ihrem Wechselverzicht die richtige Entscheidung getroffen und lagen in etwa 45 Sekunden vor dem drittplatzierten Hamilton.

In der 23. kam das Safety-Car auf die Strecke, da einige Teile auf der Strecke lagen und sich kurz zuvor Nico Rosberg beim Überfahren eines Teils einen Reifen beschädigt hatte. Button und Hülkenberg nutzen die Safety-Car-Phase für einen Boxenstopp und wechselten auf die härtere Reifenmischung. Die überrundeten Piloten erhielten somit die Möglichkeit, wieder in die Führungsrunde zurückzukommen, da ihnen erlaubt wurde, das Safety Car zu überholen.

Beim Restart blieben die ersten vier Positionen an der Spitze unverändert. Vettel verlor seinen fünften Platz aber an Kamui Kobayashi, der im S do Senna sowohl an Webber, als auch an Vettel vorbeiging. Während Hülkenberg zunächst die Spitzenposition behielt, ging Hamilton eine Runde nach dem Restart an Button vorbei auf die zweite Position und Alonso verlor kurz darauf den vierten Platz an Kobayashi. Allerdings gelang es Alonso, kurz darauf wieder an Kobayashi vorbeizufahren. Vettel verlor in der Zwischenzeit einen weiteren Platz, da Massa ihn überholte. Kurz darauf ging Massa auch an Kobayashi vorbei.

Während der Regen wieder zunahm, ging Hamilton in der 48. Runde an Hülkenberg, der leicht rutschte, vorbei und übernahm die Führung. Die ersten Piloten wechselten in dieser Rennphase auf Intermediates. Auch Vettel ging an die Box, allerdings entschied er sich dafür, auf Slicks zu bleiben. In der 54. Runde kam es zu einer kuriosen Szene mit Räikkönen im Mittelpunkt. Räikkönen drehte sich von der Strecke und versuchte hinter der Streckenbegrenzung über die alte Fahrbahn zurück auf die Strecke zu fahren. Allerdings war der Weg zurück auf die Strecke durch ein Tor versperrt, sodass er wendete und hinter der Begrenzung zurück auf die Strecke fuhr. Räikkönen erklärte nach dem Rennen, dass er den Weg über die alte Strecke beim Großen Preis von Brasilien 2001 entdeckt hatte und das Tor damals noch offen war.

In der 55. Runde griff Hülkenberg vor der ersten Kurve Hamilton an. Dabei verlor er das Auto und rutschte in Hamilton. Während Hülkenberg weiterfuhr und anschließend mit einer Durchfahrtsstrafe für das Verursachen einer Kollision belegt wurde, schied Hamilton mit gebrochener Radaufhängung aus. Damit übernahm sein Teamkollege Button die Führung des Rennens.

In den nächsten Runden kamen die Piloten an die Box, um auf Intermediates zu wechseln. Vettel, dessen Stopp nicht optimal lief, fiel dadurch aus den Punkten heraus, während Alonso auf den dritten Platz vorrückte und kurz darauf von seinem Teamkollegen Massa auf den zweiten Platz vorgelassen wurde. Vettel schaffte es in der Schlussphase des Rennens noch auf den sechsten Platz. Sein letztes Überholmanöver gelang ihm gegen Schumacher.

In der 66. Runde kam es im Duell um den elften Platz zu einem für die Konstrukteurs-Weltmeisterschaft entscheidenden Positionswechsel.  Petrow ging an Charles Pic vorbei und erreichte schließlich auf dem elften Platz das Ziel. Damit wurde Petrow zum besten Piloten, der keine Punkte eingefahren hatte, und Caterham überholte Marussia in der Weltmeisterschaft.

Kurz vor Rennende verunglückte di Resta in der Arquibancadas und löste eine Safety-Car-Phase aus. Di Resta blieb ohne Verletzungen und verließ das Auto aus eigener Kraft.

Das Rennen wurde schließlich unter gelben Flaggen beendet und Button gewann vor Alonso, Massa, Webber und Hülkenberg. Vettel, der auf dem sechsten Platz ins Ziel kam, reichte dieser Platz zum Gewinn seines dritten Weltmeistertitels. Vettel wurde zum jüngsten Piloten, dem dies gelang und zudem nach Juan Manuel Fangio und Michael Schumacher zum dritten Piloten, dem drei Weltmeistertitel in Folge gelangen. Grand-Prix-Sieger Button gestand nach dem Rennen, dass er zunächst Alonso für den Weltmeister gehalten habe, da er davon ausgegangen war, dass Vettel zu Beginn des Rennens ausgeschieden wäre. Für Button war es der 15. und letzte Sieg in der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft.

Die restlichen Punkte gingen an Schumacher, Jean-Éric Vergne, Kobayashi und Räikkönen.

In der Weltmeisterschaft belegte Alonso mit drei Punkten Rückstand den zweiten Platz. Obwohl er bereits zwei Weltmeistertitel eingefahren hatte, bezeichnete er nach dem Rennen die Saison 2012 als beste Saison seiner Karriere. Räikkönen wurde Dritter. Bei den Konstrukteuren blieben die ersten Positionen unverändert, sodass Ferrari den zweiten und McLaren-Mercedes den dritten Platz hinter Red Bull-Renault übernahm.

Meldeliste

 Anmerkungen

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

 Anmerkungen

Rennen

 Anmerkungen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten zehn des Rennens bekommen 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

2012
Brasilien
Sportveranstaltung in São Paulo
Autódromo José Carlos Pace

Großer Preis von Brasilien 2012


Diego Matías Rodríguez (født 25. juni 1989) er en argentinsk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina

Diego Matías Rodríguez


Die Clarke Range ist ein von tropisch/subtropischem Regenwald bedeckter Gebirgszug im zentralen Queensland, Australien.

Lage
Die Clarke Range ist ein Teil der Great Dividing Range und liegt etwa 30 km von der Ostküste und 65 km westlich der Küstenstadt Mackay. Der höchste Punkt ist der Mount Dalrymple und Mount William mit etwa  Höhe.

Der Gebirgszug besteht aus Granit. Die Hänge der Clarke Range formen den Unterlauf des Pioneer River Valley. Der Broken River fließt auch durch die Berge und mündet im Westen in den Burdekin River.

Auf einer Expedition unter Führung von John Mackay überwanden die ersten Europäer am 18. Mai 1860 diesen Gebirgszug.

Die Hauptstraße windet sich eng und scharf über den Gebirgszug und kann nicht mit Anhängern befahren werden.

Vogelschutz
Etwa 950 km² der Clarke Range umfasst der Eungella-Nationalpark, der als Important Bird Area durch BirdLife International anerkannt ist, weil es ein Schutzgebiet für die Lichenostomus hindwoodi, für eine isolierte nördliche Population der Gelbnacken-Laubenvogel (Sericulus chrysocephalus) und eine große Anzahl von (Burhinus grallarius) ist.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Gebirge der Great Dividing Range

Einzelnachweise

Gebirge in Australien und Ozeanien
Gebirge in Queensland
Great Dividing Range

Clarke Range


بييترو أريتينو  (ولد 1492 - توفي 1556) هو شاعر وكاتب إيطالي من أبرز أدباء عصر النهضة، وقد ذاع صيته واشتهر بهجائه اللاذع لأصحاب السُلطة في زمانه. كتب ست مسرحيات منها خمس كوميدية. أشهر مسرحياته كانت بعنوان «الحياة في البلاط» La cortigiana عام 1534. كما كتب عدداً من الرسائل ضمنها في ستة مجلدات وذلك بين الأعوام 1537 و1557.

قيل بأنه توفي اختناقاً من شدة الضحك.

أعماله

أعماله الشعرية

 Sonetti lussuriosi
 Dubbi amorosi
 Lettere
 Ragionamenti
 Orlandino

أعماله الكوميدية
 Fraza
 La cortigiana
 Il marescalco
 La talanta
 Lo ipocrito
 Il filosofo

أعماله التراجيدية
 Orazia

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعلام إل جي بي تي إيطالية القرن 16
أشخاص من أريتسو
أعلام عصر النهضة
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون إل جي بي تي
شخصيات إل جي بي تي القرن 16
شعراء وشاعرات إيطاليون
كتاب أدب إباحي
كتاب دراما ومسرح إيطاليون
كتاب مثليون
كتاب مثليون من إيطاليا
كتاب وكاتبات دراما ومسرح إيطاليون
مواليد 1492
مواليد في أريتسو
وفيات 1556
وفيات بسبب الضحك
وفيات في البندقية
شعراء مثليون إيطاليون
كتاب دراما ومسرح مثليون إيطاليون

بييترو أريتينو