John Bell Hood (June 1 or June 29, 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood's impetuosity led to high losses among his troops as he moved up in rank. Bruce Catton wrote that "the decision to replace Johnston with Hood was probably the single largest mistake that either government made during the war." Hood's education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U.S. Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his adopted state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for aggressive leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862, after which he was promoted to division command. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm mostly useless for the rest of his life. Transferred with many of Longstreet's troops to the Western Theater, Hood led a massive assault into a gap in the U.S. line at the Battle of Chickamauga but was wounded again, requiring the amputation of his right leg.

Hood returned to field service during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864 and, at the age of 33, was promoted to temporary full general and command of the Army of Tennessee at the outskirts of Atlanta, making him the youngest soldier on either side of the war to be given command of an army. There, he dissipated his army in a series of unsuccessful assaults and was forced to evacuate the besieged city. Leading his men through Alabama and into Tennessee, his army was severely damaged in a massive frontal assault at the Battle of Franklin. He was decisively defeated at the Battle of Nashville by his former West Point instructor, Major General George Henry Thomas, after which he was relieved of command.

After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and worked as a cotton broker and in the insurance business. His business was ruined by a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79. He succumbed to the disease, dying just days after his wife and oldest child, leaving ten destitute orphans.

Early life

John Bell Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky, the son of John Wills Hood (1798–1852), a doctor, and Theodosia French Hood (1801–1886). He was a cousin of future Confederate general G. W. Smith and the nephew of U.S. Representative Richard French. French obtained an appointment for Hood at the United States Military Academy, despite his father's reluctance to support a military career for his son. Hood graduated in 1853, ranked 44th in a class of 52 that originally numbered 96, after a near-expulsion in his final year for excessive demerits (196 of a permissible 200). At West Point, as well as during his later Army years, he was known to friends as "Sam." His classmates included James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield, while he received instruction in artillery from George Henry Thomas. These three men all became U.S. Army generals who would later oppose Hood in battle during the Civil War. The superintendent between 1852 and 1855 was Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee, who would become Hood's commanding general in the Eastern Theater. Notwithstanding his modest record at the academy, in 1860, Hood was appointed chief instructor of cavalry at West Point, a position he declined, citing his desire to remain with his active field regiment and to retain all of his options in light of the impending war.

Hood was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry, served at Fort Jones, California, and later transferred to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry in Texas, where he was commanded by Col. Albert Sidney Johnston and Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee. While commanding a reconnaissance patrol from Fort Mason on July 20, 1857, Hood sustained the first of many wounds that marked his life in military service – an arrow through his left hand during action against the Comanches at Devil's River, Texas. He was promoted to first lieutenant in August 1858.

Civil War

Brigade and division command
Hood resigned from the United States Army immediately after the Battle of Fort Sumter and, dissatisfied with the neutrality of his native Kentucky, decided to serve his adopted state of Texas. He joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, then was promoted to major and sent to command Brigadier General John B. Magruder's cavalry in the lower Virginia Peninsula. Hood and his horsemen took part in a "brilliant" July 12 skirmish at Newport News, capturing 12 men of the 7th New York Regiment of Volunteers as well as two deserters from Fort Monroe. They received high praise from Generals Lee and Magruder. By September 30, the Texan was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry Regiment.

On February 20, 1862, Hood was assigned to command a new brigade of mainly Texas regiments, the Texas Brigade. The brigade was initially formed the previous fall, led by ex-US Senator Louis T. Wigfall, but he resigned his command to take a seat in the Confederate Congress. On March 26, Hood was promoted to brigadier general. Leading the Texas Brigade as part of the Army of Northern Virginia in the Peninsula Campaign, he established his reputation as an aggressive commander, eager to lead his troops personally into battle, and the Texans quickly gained a reputation as one of the army's elite combat units. At the Battle of Eltham's Landing, Hood's men were instrumental in nullifying an amphibious landing by a U.S. division. When commanding general Joseph E. Johnston reflected upon the success Hood's men enjoyed in executing his order "to feel the enemy gently and fall back," he humorously asked, "What would your Texans have done, sir, if I had ordered them to charge and drive back the enemy?" Hood replied, "I suppose, General, they would have driven them into the river, and tried to swim out and capture the gunboats." The Texas Brigade was held in reserve at Seven Pines.

At the Battle of Gaines's Mill on June 27, Hood distinguished himself by leading his brigade in a charge that broke the U.S. line, which was the most successful Confederate performance in the Seven Days Battles. Hood survived unscathed, but over 400 men and most of the officers in the Texas Brigade were killed or wounded. He broke down and wept at the sight of the dead and dying men on the field. After inspecting the U.S. entrenchments, Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson remarked, "The men who carried this position were truly soldiers indeed."

When Maj. Gen. William H.C. Whiting left the army on medical furlough on July 26, Hood became the permanent division commander, and his command was reassigned to Maj. Gen James Longstreet's corps. While the division had numbered five brigades at Seven Pines, several reorganizations reduced it to just two—the Texas Brigade and a brigade of Mississippians commanded by Col. Evander M. Law. Also accompanying them during the Northern Virginia Campaign was the independent South Carolina brigade of Brig. Gen. Nathan "Shanks" Evans, who technically had authority over Hood, his junior in rank, for the campaign. At Second Bull Run, Hood spearheaded the assault on the U.S. left flank that forced them to retreat from the field. Hood's two brigades lost over 1,000 men in the battle, and if Evans's brigade is also counted in, the total would be nearly 1,500 casualties.

In pursuing U.S. forces, Hood was involved in a dispute with Evans over captured ambulances. Evans arrested Hood, but Gen. Lee intervened and retained him in service. During the Maryland Campaign, just before the Battle of South Mountain, Hood was in the rear, still in virtual arrest. His Texas troops shouted to General Lee, "Give us Hood!" Lee restored Hood to command, despite Hood's refusal to apologize for his conduct. For an analysis of the performance of BG Hood at the Battle of South Mountain, see Hood's Defeat Near Fox's Gap September 14, 1862.

During the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division came to the relief of Stonewall Jackson's corps on the Confederate left flank, fighting in the infamous cornfield and turning back an assault by the U.S. I Corps in the West Woods. Afterward, they became engaged with the U.S. XII Corps. In the evening after the battle, Gen. Lee asked Hood where his division was. He responded, "They are lying on the field where you sent them. My division has been almost wiped out." Of his 2,000 men, almost 1,000 were casualties. Jackson was impressed with Hood's performance and recommended his promotion to major general, which occurred effective October 10, 1862.

In the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, Hood's division saw little action, placed in the center, between Longstreet's lines on Marye's Heights and Jackson's lines. And in the spring of 1863, he missed the Battle of Chancellorsville because most of Longstreet's First Corps was on detached duty in Suffolk, Virginia, involving Longstreet himself and Hood's and George Pickett's divisions. When he heard the news of Stonewall Jackson's death after Chancellorsville, he expressed grief for the man he most deeply admired, personally and militarily.

Gettysburg
It was to Hood that Lee wrote on May 21, 1863, before the Gettysburg Campaign on their growing confidence in the Army of Northern Virginia:

At the Battle of Gettysburg, Longstreet's Corps arrived late on the first day, July 1, 1863. General Lee planned an assault for the second day, featuring Longstreet's Corps attacking northeast up the Emmitsburg Road into the U.S. left flank. Hood was dissatisfied with his assignment in the assault because it would face difficult terrain in the boulder-strewn area known as the Devil's Den. He requested permission from Longstreet to move around the left flank of the U.S. army, beyond the mountain known as [Big] Round Top, to strike the U.S. soldiers in their rear area. Longstreet refused permission, citing Lee's orders, despite repeated protests from Hood. Yielding to the inevitable, Hood finally gave in, and his division stepped off around 4 p.m. on July 2. Still, various factors caused it to veer to the east, away from its intended direction, where it would eventually meet with U.S. forces at Little Round Top. As the attack started, Hood was the victim of an artillery shell exploding overhead, severely damaging his left arm, which incapacitated him (although the arm was not amputated). His ranking brigade commander, Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law, assumed command of the division. Still, confusion about orders and command status dissipated the direction and strength of the Confederate attack, significantly affecting the battle's outcome.

Hood recuperated in Richmond, Virginia, where he made a social impression on the ladies of the Confederacy. In August 1863, famous diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote of Hood:

As he recuperated, Hood began a campaign to win the heart of the young, prominent South Carolina socialite Sally Buchanan Preston, known as "Buck" to her friends, whom he had first met while traveling through Richmond in March 1863. Hood later confessed that the flirtatious southern belle had caused him to "surrender at first sight." As he prepared to return to duty in September, Hood proposed marriage to Buck but received only a noncommittal response.

Chickamauga
Meanwhile, in the Western Theater, the Confederate army under General Braxton Bragg was faring poorly. Lee dispatched two divisions of Longstreet's Corps to Tennessee, and Hood was able to rejoin his men at Chickamauga Creek on September 18. Bragg ordered him to form a "mini-corps," merging one of the brigades he had on the field with Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's division. It was then that Hood participated in the Battle of Chickamauga, driving Col. Robert Minty's U.S. brigade from Reed's Bridge and stopping only at Alexander's Bridge, where John T. Wilder's men fired their Spencer repeating rifles on the Confederates. As darkness set in, he chanced upon Gen. John C. Breckinridge, former vice president of the United States, presidential candidate and senator from Kentucky, who also happened to be a cousin of Buck Preston. The remaining two units of Hood's division regrouped with their commander to prepare for the next day's battle.

On the afternoon of the 19th, Hood repulsed an attack by Jefferson C. Davis's U.S. division. He then advanced to assist Brig. Gen Henry D. Clayton's outnumbered men near Lafayette Road. Around this time, Longstreet had arrived; Hood was to be in temporary command of the I Corps, which would serve as part of the Confederate left wing under Longstreet.

On the 20th, Hood led Longstreet's assault that exploited a gap in the Federal line, leading to the defeat of Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans's U.S. Army of the Cumberland. However, Hood was once again wounded severely; his right femur was fractured, and his leg was amputated four inches (100 mm) below the hip. Hood's condition was so grave that the surgeon sent the severed leg with him in the ambulance, assuming they would be buried together. Hood was taken to the home of Col. Francis Little to recover for several weeks before going to Richmond to continue his recovery. Because of Hood's bravery at Chickamauga, Longstreet recommended that he be promoted to lieutenant general as of that date, September 20, 1863; the confirmation by the Confederate Senate occurred on February 11, 1864, as Hood was preparing to return to duty.

During Hood's second recuperation in Richmond that fall, he befriended Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who would subsequently promote him to a more important role. He also resumed his courtship of Buck Preston—a cousin of Breckinridge's—who dashed his hopes on Christmas Eve despite giving him some ambiguously positive signals. Hood confided to Mary Chesnut that the courtship "was the hardest battle he had ever fought in his life." In February, Hood again proposed to Buck, demanding a specific response and receiving a reluctant, embarrassed agreement. However, the Preston family disapproved of Hood, who left for the field unmarried.

Atlanta Campaign and the Army of Tennessee

In the spring of 1864, the Confederate Army of Tennessee, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, was engaged in a campaign of maneuver against William T. Sherman, who was driving from Chattanooga toward Atlanta. Despite his two damaged limbs, Hood performed well in the field, riding as much as 20 miles a day without apparent difficulty, strapped to his horse with his artificial leg hanging stiffly, and an orderly following closely behind with crutches. The leg, made of cork, was donated (along with a couple of spares) by members of his Texas Brigade, who had collected $3,100 in a single day for that purpose; it had been imported from Europe through the U.S. blockade. On May 12, Hood was baptized by Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk, the former Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. Col. Walter H. Rodgers, a witness to the baptism, stated that Hood "looked happy and as though a great burden had been lifted."

During the Atlanta Campaign, Hood urged the normally cautious Johnston to act aggressively. Still, Johnston usually reacted to flanking maneuvers by Sherman with timely withdrawals, similar to his strategy in the Peninsula Campaign. One attempt by Johnston to act decisively in the offensive, during the Battle of Cassville, ironically was foiled by Hood, who had been ordered to attack the flank of one column of Sherman's army, but instead pulled back and entrenched when confronted by the unexpected arrival of a small detachment of that column.

The Army of Tennessee continued withdrawing until it had crossed the last major water barrier before Atlanta, the Chattahoochee River. During this time, Hood had been sending the government in Richmond letters very critical of Johnston's conduct, bypassing official communication channels. The issue came to a head when President Jefferson Davis ordered Gen. Braxton Bragg to travel to Atlanta to personally interview Johnston. After meeting with Johnston, he interviewed Hood and another subordinate, Joseph Wheeler, who told him they had repeatedly urged Johnston to attack. Hood presented a letter that branded Johnston as being both ineffective and weak-willed. He told Bragg, "I have, General, so often urged that we should force the enemy to give us battle as to almost be regarded reckless by the officers high in rank in this army [meaning Johnston and senior corps commander William J. Hardee], since their views have been so directly opposite." Johnston's biographer, Craig L. Symonds, judges that Hood's letter "stepped over the line from unprofessional to outright subversive." Civil War historian Steven E. Woodworth wrote that Hood was "letting his ambition get the better of his honesty" because "the truth was that Hood, more often than Hardee, had counseled Johnston to retreat." However, Hood was not alone in his criticism of Johnston's timidity. In William Hardee's June 22, 1864, letter to General Bragg, he stated, "If the present system continues we may find ourselves at Atlanta before a serious battle is fought." Other generals in the Army agreed with that assessment.

On July 17, 1864, Davis relieved Johnston. He considered replacing him with the more senior Hardee, but Bragg strongly recommended Hood. Bragg had not only been impressed by his interview with Hood but also retained lingering resentments against Hardee from bitter disagreements in previous campaigns. Hood was promoted to the temporary rank of full general on July 18 and given command of the army just outside the gates of Atlanta. (Hood's temporary appointment as a full general was never confirmed by the Confederate Senate. His commission as a lieutenant general resumed on January 23, 1865.) At 33, Hood was the youngest man on either side to be given command of an army. Robert E. Lee gave an ambiguous reply to Davis's request for his opinion about the promotion, calling Hood "a bold fighter, very industrious on the battlefield, careless off". Lee also stated in the same letter to Davis that he had a high opinion of Hood's "gallantry, earnestness, and zeal"; however, he remained "doubtful" as to whether Hood possessed all of the qualities necessary to command an army in the field.

The change of command in the Army of Tennessee did not go unnoticed by Sherman. His subordinates, Maj. Gen. James McPherson and Maj. Gen. John Schofield, shared their knowledge of Hood from their time together at West Point. Upon learning of his new adversary's perceived reckless and gambling tendencies, Sherman planned to use that to his advantage.

Hood conducted the remainder of the Atlanta Campaign with the strong, aggressive actions for which he had become famous. He launched four major attacks that summer in an attempt to break Sherman's siege of Atlanta, starting almost immediately with an attack along Peachtree Creek. After hearing that McPherson was mortally wounded in the Battle of Atlanta, Hood deeply regretted his loss. All of the offensives failed, particularly at the Battle of Ezra Church, with significant Confederate casualties. Finally, on the evening of September 1, 1864, Hood evacuated the city of Atlanta, burning as many military supplies and installations as possible.

Franklin–Nashville Campaign

As Sherman regrouped in Atlanta, preparing for his March to the Sea, Hood and Jefferson Davis met to devise a strategy to defeat him. They planned to attack Sherman's lines of communications between Chattanooga and Atlanta and to move north through Alabama and into central Tennessee, assuming that Sherman would be threatened and follow. Hood's ambitious hope was that he could maneuver Sherman into a decisive battle, defeat him, recruit additional forces in Tennessee and Kentucky, and pass through the Cumberland Gap to come to the aid of Robert E. Lee, who was besieged at Petersburg. However, the plan failed since Sherman felt this development furthered his current objective by removing opposing forces in his path, noting: "If he [Hood] will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations. ...my business is down south." Instead of pursuing Hood with his army, he sent Maj Gen. George Henry Thomas to take control of the U.S. forces in Tennessee and coordinate the defense against Hood, while the bulk of Sherman's forces prepared to march toward Savannah.

During their conference, Davis expressed his disappointment in Hood's performance in defending Atlanta, losing almost 20,000 men in ill-advised frontal assaults for no significant gains, and implied that he was considering replacing Hood in command of the army. After the president's departure for Montgomery, Alabama, he telegraphed Hood that he had decided to retain him in command and, acceding to Hood's request, transferred Hardee out of the Army of Tennessee. He also established a new theater commander to supervise Hood and the department of Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, although the officer selected for the assignment, Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, was not expected to exert any real operational control of the armies in the field.

Hood's Tennessee Campaign lasted from September to December 1864, comprising seven battles and hundreds of miles of marching. He attempted to trap a large part of the U.S. Army of the Ohio under Major General Schofield at Spring Hill, Tennessee, before it could link up with Thomas in Nashville, but command failures and misunderstandings allowed Schofield's men to pass by Hood's army in the night safely. The next day at the Battle of Franklin, Hood sent his men across nearly two miles of open ground without the support of artillery in a last-gasp effort to destroy Schofield's forces before they could withdraw across the Harpeth River and reach the safety of Nashville, which was only a night's march from Franklin. His troops were unsuccessful in their attempt to breach the U.S. breastworks, suffering severe casualties in an assault that is sometimes called the "Pickett's Charge of the West." Hood's exhausted army failed to interfere as the U.S. forces withdrew into Nashville. He later wrote, "[n]ever did troops fight more gallantly" than at Franklin. Some popular histories assert that Hood acted rashly in a fit of rage, resentful that the U.S. Army had slipped past his troops the night before at Spring Hill, and that he wanted to discipline his army by ordering his men to assault against strong odds. Recent scholarship by Eric Jacobson and Stephen M. Hood discounts this as unlikely, as it was not only militarily foolish but Hood was observed to be determined, not angry, by the time he arrived in Franklin.

Unwilling to abandon his original plan, Hood stumbled toward the heavily fortified capital of Tennessee and laid siege with inferior forces, which endured the beginning of a severe winter. U.S. Maj. Gen. Thomas attacked and completely routed Hood two weeks later at the Battle of Nashville. During the battle and the subsequent relentless pursuit to the south, the Army of Tennessee ceased to be an effective fighting force, as the campaign cost the army about 23,500 of its initial strength of 38,000. Hood and the remnants of the army retreated as far as Tupelo, Mississippi. Some survivors eventually joined Joseph E. Johnston for the Carolinas Campaign against Sherman. P.G.T. Beauregard sought permission to replace Hood with Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, and the change of command occurred on January 23, 1865. In a speech to his men, Hood hoped they would support Taylor and avenge their comrades "whose bones lay bleaching upon the fields of Middle Tennessee." He returned to Richmond on February 8.

Final days of the war
In March 1865, Hood requested an assignment to the Trans-Mississippi Theater to report on the situation and assess the possibility of moving troops across the Mississippi River to reinforce the East. He met with Lt. Gen. Taylor in Mississippi in late April and agreed with Taylor's proposal that his force should surrender. He departed to take this recommendation to the commanders remaining in the field. Still, before he arrived in Texas, General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered his forces, and Hood surrendered himself in Natchez, Mississippi, where he was paroled on May 31, 1865.

Race and slavery
In a letter Hood wrote to Sherman on September 12, 1864, Hood described his conviction that "negroes" were an inferior race: "You came into our country with your Army, avowedly for the purpose of subjugating free white men, women, and children, and not only intend to rule over them, but you make negroes your allies, and desire to place over us an inferior race, which we have raised from barbarism to its present position, which is the highest ever attained by that race, in any country in all time."

In the same letter, Hood responded to Sherman's accusation that he did not care for the well-being of the women and children of Atlanta, writing: "I believe, for all the true men, aye, and women and children, in my country, we will fight you to the death. Better die a thousand deaths than submit to live under you or your Government and your Negro allies." Within a year, Hood had surrendered.

Postbellum career

After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and became a cotton broker and worked as president of the Life Association of America, an insurance business. In 1868, he married New Orleans native Anna Marie Hennen, with whom he had 11 children over ten years, including three pairs of twins. He also served the community in numerous philanthropic endeavors, assisting in fund-raising for orphans, widows, and wounded soldiers.

During the postwar period, he began a memoir, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Though rough, incomplete, and unpublished until after his death, this work served to justify his actions, particularly in response to what he considered misleading or false accusations made by Joseph E. Johnston and to negative portrayals in William Tecumseh Sherman's memoirs.

His insurance business collapsed during the Lower Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic of 1878. Soon after, in a single week, the epidemic killed Hood himself, Hood's wife, and his eldest daughter Lydia. His other ten children were left orphaned and destitute. The Texas Brigade Association supported the children for more than 20 years. Seven families in Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Kentucky, and New York eventually adopted all ten.

Legacy
John Bell Hood is interred in the Hennen family tomb at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. He is memorialized by Hood County in Texas, and formerly, the U.S. Army installation, Fort Cavazos which was named Fort Hood, in central Texas.

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, passed over an attempted veto by President Trump, includes a provision that all 10 Army bases named after prominent Confederate military leaders, including Fort Hood, be renamed.

There was a John B. Hood Junior High School at 7625 Hume Dr. in Dallas, Texas, but it was renamed in 2016.

There was a John B. Hood Junior High School at 601 E. 38th St. in Odessa, Texas, but it was renamed in 2015.

Hood Street in Hollywood, Florida, was renamed in 2018.

Stephen Vincent Benét's poem "Army of Northern Virginia" included a passage about Hood:

 Yellow-haired Hood with his wounds and his empty sleeve,
 Leading his Texans, a Viking shape of a man,
 With the thrust and lack of craft of a berserk sword,
 All lion, none of the fox.
              When he supersedes
 Joe Johnston, he is lost, and his army with him,
 But he could lead forlorn hopes with the ghost of Ney.
 His bigboned Texans follow him into the mist.
 Who follows them?

Private Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee Infantry "Maury Greys" wrote the following epitaph to Hood, published in various editions of his memoirs Company Aytch:
 But the half of brave Hood's body molders here.
 The rest was lost in honor's bold career.
 Though fame and limbs he scattered all around;
 Yet still though mangled was with glory crowned.
 For ever ready with his blood to part,
 War left him nothing whole, except his heart.

Watkins was also sympathetic with the Texas general and recounted the private Tennessean soldiers' honor of having to serve under him in several passages. While previously critical of Hood after Nashville, he later changed his opinion. In one of the "Other Sketches" of his aforementioned memoir, he offers the following appraisal of Hood:

In Bell I. Wiley's 1943 book, The Life of Johnny Reb, the Common Soldier of the Confederacy, he recounts that after the defeats in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Hood's troops sang with wry humor a verse about him as part of the song The Yellow Rose of Texas.

 My feet are torn and bloody,
 My heart is full of woe,
 I'm going back to Georgia
 To find my uncle Joe [Johnston].
 You may talk about your Beauregard,
 You may sing of Bobby Lee,
 But the gallant Hood of Texas
 He played hell in Tennessee.

In the 1993 film Gettysburg (the adaptation of Michael Shaara's novel The Killer Angels), and Gods and Generals, adapted from the book by Jeff Shaara, Hood was portrayed by Patrick Gorman. At the time Gorman played Hood in Gods and Generals he would have been almost 40 years older than the age Hood would have been during the events portrayed. Gorman appeared as an older man with graying hair while the real Hood was known for having blonde hair and a youthful appearance.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
 Stephen D. Lee, youngest Confederate lieutenant general.

Notes

References
 Bonds, Russell S. War Like the Thunderbolt: The Battle and Burning of Atlanta. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2009. .
 Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. .
 Chesnut, Mary, Diary of Mary Chesnut. Fairfax, VA: D. Appleton and Company, 1905. .
 Davis, Stephen. 2019. Texas brigadier to the fall of Atlanta: John Bell Hood. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
 Dyer, John P. The Gallant Hood. New York: Smithmark, 1995. . First published 1950 by Bobbs-Merrill.
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .
 Hood, John Bell. Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. . First published 1880 for the Hood Orphan Memorial Fund by G. T. Beauregard.
 Hood, Stephen M. John Bell Hood: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Confederate General. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. .
 Hood, Stephen M. The Lost Papers of Confederate General John Bell Hood.  El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2015. .
 Jacobson, Eric A., and Richard A. Rupp. For Cause & for Country: A Study of the Affair at Spring Hill and the Battle of Franklin. Franklin, TN: O'More Publishing, 2007. .
 Jones, Wilmer L. Generals in Blue and Gray: Davis's Generals. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006. .
 McMurry, Richard M. John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. .
 Older, Curtis L. Hood's Defeat Near Fox's Gap September 14, 1862. Kindle and Apple Books, 2021.
 Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – The Second Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. .
 Sears, Stephen W. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. Ticknor and Fields, 1992. .
 Sword, Wiley. The Confederacy's Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993. . First published with the title Embrace an Angry Wind in 1992 by HarperCollins.
 Symonds, Craig L. Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. .
 Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Watkins, Sam, Co. Aytch. Chattanooga, Tenn.: Times Printing Company, 1900.
 Watkins, Sam, Co. Aytch or, A Side Show of the Big Show and Other Sketches. Plume, 1999. .
 Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. .
Hood's biography in About North Georgia
Hood's biography in Handbook of Texas Online
JohnBellHood.org website

Further reading
 McMurry, Richard M. "John Bell Hood". In The Confederate General, vol. 3, edited by William C. Davis and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991. .
The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies at Making of America, Cornell University
 Davis, Stephen. 2020. Into Tennessee and Failure. Mercer University Press.

External links

Entry for General John B. Hood from the Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Charging into Battle with Hood's Texas Brigade a Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History

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John Bell Hood


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Krásnaya Gorka (Kingisep, Leningrado), localidad del raión de Kingisep del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Kírishi, Leningrado), localidad del raión de Kírishi del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Luga, Leningrado), localidad del raión de Luga del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Vsévolozhsk, Leningrado), localidad del raión de Vsévolozhsk del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Mari-El), localidad del raión de Mari-El del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Moscú), localidad del óblast de Moscú, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Nizhni Nóvgorod), localidad del óblast de Nizhni Nóvgorod, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Omsk), localidad del óblast de Omsk, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Rostov), localidad del óblast de Rostov, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Kinel-Cherkasy, Samara), localidad del raión de Kinel-Cherkasy del óblast de Samara, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Chelnó-Vershiny, Samara), localidad del raión de Chelnó-Vershiny del óblast de Samara, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Sverdlovsk), localidad del óblast de Sverdlovksk, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Tartaristán), localidad de la república de Tartaristán, en Rusia.
Krásnaya Gorka (Vólogda), localidad del óblast de Vólogda, en Rusia.

Krásnaya Gorka (Járkov), localidad del óblast de Járkov, en Ucrania.
Krásnaya Gorka (Chernígov), localidad del óblast de Chernígov, en Ucrania.

Otros

Krásnaya Gorka (festividad), antigua festividad eslava oriental.
Fuerte de Krásnaya Gorka, fortaleza costera de artillería situada al oeste de Lomonósov, en la costa meridional del golfo de Finlandia, en Rusia.

Krásnaya Gorka


Le Lycée Littéraire Portugais (Liceu Literário Português) est un établissement d'enseignement philanthropique historique à but non lucratif fondé en 1868 par des immigrants portugais à Rio de Janeiro, au Brésil. Son siège est actuellement situé dans la rue Senador Dantas, en face du Largo da Carioca, dans le centre-ville. Sa devise est « Dieu, Patrie et Liberté ».

Histoire

L'histoire du Liceu est liée au Retiro Literário Português, une société littéraire fondée en 1859 à Rio de Janeiro, dont les membres se réunissaient périodiquement pour écouter des conférences et lire. Le , un groupe de 28 membres dissidents du Retiro, réunis Rua da Saúde, décident de quitter l'association précédente et en fondent une nouvelle : le Liceu Literário Português. À la tête du groupe se trouvaient Manuel de Faria et José João Martins de Pinho, futur comte d'Alto Mearim. Initialement, le Liceu était une société littéraire similaire au Retiro jusqu'à ce qu'en 1869, à la suggestion du partenaire Francisco Baptista Marques Pinheiro, le Liceu devienne une école du soir pour les Portugais et les Brésiliens. L'objectif de l'institution était donc de diffuser la culture et d'offrir des opportunités d'enseignement, en particulier aux jeunes immigrés portugais de la ville, généralement arrivés dans le pays avec peu d'éducation, ainsi qu'aux Brésiliens<ref name="HISTORIA">Síntesis histórica ''' no sítio oficial do Liceu Literário Português</ref>. Au cours de sa première année de fonctionnement, le Liceu a accueilli gratuitement 94 étudiants dans un bâtiment de la Rua dos Ourives.

Le Liceu a opéré successivement à divers endroits de la Rua da Carioca, de la Rua dos Ourives et de la Rua Sete de Setembro. En 1883, un bâtiment a été acquis sur la Rua da Saúde (actuellement Travessa do Liceu), à Largo da Prainha, actuellement Praça Mauá. Le manoir historique avait appartenu à Felipe Nery de Carvalho et abritait autrefois l'Academia de Marinha. L'inauguration du nouveau quartier général, qui a eu lieu le , a été suivie par plusieurs ministres et personnalités, dont l'empereur D.  lui-même. Les installations d'éclairage au gaz permettaient de proposer des cours du soir, une nouveauté à l'époque à Rio de Janeiro. Pendant 20 ans, au siège de la Rua da Saúde, des cours du soir gratuits dans l'enseignement primaire et secondaire ont été dispensés, en plus de cours gratuits d'astronomie et d'art nautique. L'Empereur lui-même assistait à certaines de ces classes.

Pour étendre ses activités, le bâtiment de la Rua da Saúde a été vendu en 1912 et le Liceu, sous la présidence de Faustino de Sá e Gama, a déménagé dans un nouveau siège, situé sur la Rua Senador Dantas, à Largo da Carioca. Il a subi un incendie en 1932, qui a conduit le président du Liceu, le commandant José Raínho da Silva Carneiro, à promouvoir la construction du siège actuel, un bâtiment de neuf étages de style néo-manuélin, conçu par l'architecte Raul Pena Firme. L'inauguration eut lieu le .

Le hall d'entrée du bâtiment est décoré de grands panneaux d'azulejos de l'artiste portugais Jorge Colaço. Un panneau représente le roi   et le Miracle d'Ourique, et l'autre représente Henri le Navigateur. Il y a aussi des représentations de navigateurs et de guerriers médiévaux maures et portugais.

Le , le bâtiment du Centre culturel a été inauguré, rua Pereira da Silva, à Laranjeiras, où fonctionnera l'Institut de la langue portugaise.

 Activités

Le Liceu Literário Português est une entité philanthropique à but non lucratif dont l'objectif est de promouvoir l'enseignement de la langue portugaise à travers des cours, des séminaires, des conférences, l'édition de livres et d'autres activités. Il encourage également l'échange d'universitaires lusophones et propose des cours de troisième cycle sur des sujets liés à la langue.

Le Centre d'études luso-brésiliennes, maintenu par le Liceu, comprend les unités suivantes :

 Institut de langue portugaise
 Institut luso-brésilien d'histoire
 Institut Afrânio Peixoto d'études portugaises
 Institut luso-brésilien du folklore

Par ailleurs, le Liceu publie la revue semestrielle Confluence'', consacrée aux études linguistiques, notamment de la langue portugaise. Le magazine est actuellement dirigé par Evanildo Bechara et Ricardo Cavaliere.

Références

Articles connexes
 Cabinet royal portugais de lecture

Source de traduction

Bâtiment à Rio de Janeiro
Architecture civile du XXe siècle au Brésil
Enseignement à Rio de Janeiro
Édifice construit en 1938

Lycée littéraire portugais


القربان هو شيء أو نبات أو حيوان وأحياناً إنسان يقدم عادة للقوى التي يعتقد البشر بأنها تتدخل في حياتهم، وذلك خوفاً أو حباً، ويتم ذلك في أوقات محددة، قد تكون دورية أو لحدث معين، وعادةٍ ما يرتبط تقديم القرابين بطقوس أخرى يُجري شعائرها وفق ترتيبات معينة كاهن أو كاهنة، كما يمكن لأي شخص أن يقوم بذلك وفق لاختلاف العقائد والأحوال.

طالع أيضا
 أفخارستيا
 أضحية

مراجع

قربان


Vicente Escudero Esquer (Orihuela, 1921 – Orihuela, 26 de enero de 2006) fue un médico y político español, miembro del Comité Federal del Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) y alcalde de su ciudad natal entre 1983 y 1986.

Biografía
Vinculado a la política desde temprana edad (su padre, el abogado José Escudero Bernícola, fue gobernador civil de Salamanca, Zamora y Granada bajo la Segunda República, y su tío, el prestigioso médico Alberto Escudero Bernícola fue alcalde de Orihuela entre 1932 y 1933), su primera inclinación fue, sin embargo, hacia el ejercicio de la medicina, iniciándose su vocación por esta disciplina durante la Guerra Civil, cuando se empleó como auxiliar sanitario ayudando a su tío, a la sazón cirujano de urgencias en el Hospital número 2 de Madrid, a atender a los heridos del frente republicano. Durante el período de guerra, entabló amistad con el poeta oriolano Miguel Hernández. Cuando éste regresó a España, en octubre de 1937, procedente de la Unión Soviética ―donde había viajado en representación del Ministerio de Instrucción Pública del Gobierno republicano, junto con otros cinco intelectuales y artistas, para asistir en Moscú al V Festival de Teatro Soviético―, el joven Escudero formó parte del grupo de amigos y conocidos que acudió a la estación ferroviaria de Alicante para recibir al poeta y acompañarle en su regreso a Orihuela.

Con la rendición del bando republicano, la familia Escudero Esquer experimentó las consecuencias de la derrota y el exilio forzoso: el cabeza de familia, José Escudero Bernícola, que había sido un activo militante socialista, se vio obligado a dejar a su familia para embarcarse, el 28 de marzo de 1939 (el mismo día que entraban las tropas de Franco en Madrid), en el carguero inglés Stanbrook, que zarpó del puerto de Alicante rumbo a Orán (Argelia francesa) con 2.600 exiliados republicanos a bordo.

Tras finalizar la contienda, Escudero estudió Medicina en la Universidad de Salamanca, y en esta misma ciudad contrajo matrimonio. Detenido en Madrid por las autoridades del régimen franquista, fue trasladado a su ciudad natal, donde permaneció cerca de un año encarcelado en el Seminario Diocesano de San Miguel, entonces reconvertido en prisión. Una vez recobrada la libertad, comenzó a ejercer de manera semiclandestina como médico rural, recorriendo con una moto Lambretta las numerosas y dispersas pedanías del extenso municipio de Orihuela para pasar consulta, frecuentemente de forma gratuita, a los pacientes más humildes. Tras sus intensas jornadas de trabajo por las pedanías oriolanas, se reunía clandestinamente con militantes socialistas, comunistas y anarquistas en el Convento de San Francisco, y aún encontraba tiempo para visitar a las monjas agustinas en el Convento de San Sebastián.

Actividad política en la Transición
En abril de 1975 fue, como miembro de la Junta Democrática de la Provincia de Alicante, uno de los convocantes de la primera manifestación contra la dictadura franquista que tuvo lugar en la provincia de Alicante. La marcha en pleno centro de la capital alicantina, a la que se sumaron casi tres mil personas y que acabó con 33 detenidos, tuvo su continuidad en la constitución de la comisión permanente de la Junta, integrada por representantes de partidos políticos de la izquierda, sindicatos, asociaciones, docentes, estudiantes, independientes, profesionales, feministas y colectivos vecinales, entre ellos la Asamblea Democrática de Orihuela, a la que representó el propio Escudero.

Tras el fin de la dictadura y la reinstauración de la democracia en España, ejerció como cirujano y psiquiatra en la sanidad pública y fue uno de los fundadores de la agrupación socialista de Orihuela en 1977. Además, llegó a ser el primer (y hasta la fecha único) oriolano miembro del Comité Federal del PSOE, pero presentó su dimisión en abril de 1978, junto con otros dos miembros del citado órgano, en protesta por la designación del alicantino Alberto Pérez Ferré como candidato socialista a cubrir un escaño vacante en el Senado.

En las primeras Elecciones municipales democráticas celebradas tras la muerte de Franco (3 de abril de 1979), Escudero fue uno de los cinco ediles socialistas que resultaron elegidos en Orihuela, si bien los comicios los ganó la Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) con mayoría absoluta. En noviembre de 1982, el PSPV-PSOE, segunda fuerza política municipal, se vio beneficiado por la grave crisis interna que vivía la UCD, ya en descomposición: el hasta entonces alcalde por este partido, Francisco García Ortuño, renunció al cargo y provocó una escisión en su grupo municipal. Se convocó un pleno extraordinario para elegir nuevo alcalde y resultó elegido el candidato del PSPV-PSOE, Antonio Lozano Espinosa, gracias a los votos de su grupo, de los dos ediles comunistas y de los siete concejales (entre ellos el exalcalde García Ortuño) que se habían escindido de UCD formando el Grupo Mixto. El nuevo equipo de Gobierno municipal socialista, con Lozano Espinosa y Escudero a la cabeza, se encontró un consistorio en una delicada situación financiera: la deuda del municipio (que por aquel entonces contaba con unos 49.800 habitantes) ascendía a 800 millones de pesetas de la época y había cobros pendientes por valor de 500 millones. Finalmente, la deuda pudo reducirse a la mitad en apenas nueve meses.

Período como alcalde
El 8 de mayo de 1983 concurrió a la segunda convocatoria de Elecciones municipales como cabeza de lista del PSPV-PSOE y, aunque no ganó (la lista más votada fue, por un escaso margen de apenas 22 sufragios, la de la coalición conservadora-regionalista integrada por Alianza Popular, Partido Demócrata Popular, Unión Liberal y Unión Valenciana), logró para su formación, con nueve ediles (los mismos que el partido ganador de los comicios), el mejor resultado electoral cosechado en el municipio oriolano en todas las convocatorias de Elecciones municipales democráticas. Gracias al apoyo de la tercera fuerza municipal, el Centro Democrático y Social (CDS), liderada por el exalcalde García Ortuño, Escudero Esquer fue elegido primer edil de su ciudad en sesión de investidura celebrada el 23 de mayo del citado año, sucediendo en el cargo a su compañero de partido Antonio Lozano Espinosa. Entre las actuaciones más destacadas de su mandato se cuentan la recuperación de la casa natal del poeta oriolano Miguel Hernández, que fue reconvertida en casa-museo tras permanecer durante décadas en situación de abandono, y la reposición de la Cruz de la Muela, una monumental escultura en hierro forjado de 16 metros de altura, símbolo religioso de la ciudad erigido desde 1942 en lo alto de la sierra de Orihuela, que había sido derribado en la madrugada del 1 al 2 de enero de 1985.

En 1986, los grupos municipales de Alianza Popular y Centro Democrático y Social, que sumaban mayoría en el consistorio, solicitaron la convocatoria de un pleno extraordinario del Ayuntamiento de Orihuela para someter a debate una moción de censura contra Escudero. Al no ser atendida su petición, llevaron el caso a la Audiencia Territorial de Valencia, que dictó una sentencia en la que instaba al alcalde a convocar el pleno en un plazo determinado. Contra el fallo judicial, Escudero interpuso un recurso de apelación ante la Sala Tercera de lo Contencioso-administrativo del Tribunal Supremo, pero al agotarse el plazo otorgado por la Audiencia sin haberse resuelto dicho recurso, dimitió. El pleno extraordinario se celebró el 16 de julio de 1986, cuando todavía restaban once meses para agotar la legislatura, y en el mismo resultó elegido nuevo primer edil el controvertido Luis Fernando Cartagena Travesedo (AP), con el apoyo del CDS. Tres meses después, en octubre, el Tribunal Supremo desestimó el recurso de Escudero, confirmando en todas sus partes la sentencia dictada por la Audiencia Territorial y considerando que había mediado "vulneración del libre ejercicio del derecho proclamado en el artículo 23 de la vigente Constitución" (referido al derecho a la participación en los asuntos públicos). Además, obligaba al recurrente tanto a abonar las costas procesales correspondientes al procedimiento ante la Audiencia como las derivadas del recurso de apelación ante el alto tribunal. En las siguientes elecciones locales, celebradas el 10 de junio de 1987, el PSOE de Orihuela se desplomó, quedando con cuatro ediles de los nueve que tenía, frente a una holgada mayoría absoluta de Alianza Popular.

Durante sus años de dedicación política, Escudero fue un personaje muy apreciado por sus convecinos por su talante abierto, afable y progresista. Falleció en su ciudad natal, el 26 de enero de 2006, a los 85 años de edad. La Corporación municipal de Orihuela, con el entonces alcalde José Manuel Medina Cañizares (PP) al frente, le rindió homenaje y asistió al funeral. En mayo de 2007 se inauguró en la ciudad de Orihuela, por iniciativa de todos los grupos políticos con representación en el consistorio, una calle con el nombre del fallecido exalcalde y un busto en altorrelieve conmemorativo, en un acto que contó con la asistencia de su viuda, Francisca Galante; de sus hijos, el abogado José Vicente Escudero Galante (quien fuera candidato del PSPV-PSOE a la alcaldía de Orihuela en 1991, presidente del Ateneo Cultural Casino Orcelitano desde marzo de 2011 y presidente de la Sociedad del Centro Histórico de Orihuela) y Francisco Escudero Galante (historiador, periodista y escritor), y de los miembros de la Corporación municipal oriolana y del Partido Socialista de Orihuela.

Véase también
 José Escudero Bernícola
 Política de España
 Transición Española
 Orihuela
 Ayuntamiento de Orihuela

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de Orihuela
 Sitio web oficial del Partido Socialista de Orihuela

Políticos de España del siglo XX
Alcaldes del Partido Socialista Obrero Español
Alcaldes de Orihuela
Nacidos en Orihuela
Fallecidos en Orihuela

Vicente Escudero Esquer


Alfred Reed (January 25, 1921 – September 17, 2005) was an American neoclassical composer, with more than two hundred published works for concert band, orchestra, chorus, and chamber ensemble to his name. He also traveled extensively as a guest conductor, performing in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Life
Reed was born in New York and began his formal music training at the age of ten. During World War II, he served in the 529th Army Air Force Band. Following his military service, he attended the Juilliard School of Music, studying under Vittorio Giannini, after which he was staff composer and arranger first for NBC, then for ABC. In 1953, he became the conductor of the Baylor Symphony Orchestra at Baylor University, where he received his B.M. in 1955 and his M.M. in 1956. His master's thesis, Rhapsody for Viola and Orchestra, was awarded the Luria Prize in 1959. He was a member of the Beta Tau chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music.

From 1955 to 1966, he was the executive editor of Hansen Publications, a music publisher. He was the professor of music at the University of Miami, where he worked with composer Clifton Williams from 1966 until the latter's death in 1976. Williams' office was across the hall from Reed's office in the University of Miami School of Music, and Reed was chairman of the department of Music Media and Industry and director of the Music Industry Program at the time of his retirement.  He established the first college-level music business curriculum at the University of Miami in 1966, which led other colleges and universities to follow suit.  At the time of his death, he had composition commissions that would have taken him 31 years. Many of Reed's wind band compositions have been released as CD recordings by the Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra.

Works and arrangements

Works for orchestra
 1962 Greensleeves - "What Child is This?"
 American Sketches - No. 1 "Strings 'n Things"
 American Sketches - No. 2 "Fashion Show"
 American Sketches - No. 3 "Country Night"
 American Sketches - No. 4 "By the Lagoon"
 American Sketches - No. 5 "The Mechanical Doll"
 Serenade
 Suite Concertante for strings and harp

Works for concert band

 1944  Russian Christmas Music
 Carol of the Little Russian Children
 Antiphonal Chant
 Village Song
 Cathedral Chorus
 1952 Symphony for Brass and Percussion
 1955 Lumberjack Overture
 1956 Ballade for Solo Eb Alto Saxophone & Band
 1958 Might and Majesty, a Biblical Suite
 1959 Music Man
 The Wells Fargo Wagon
 Till There Was You
 Seventy-Six Trombones
 1962 A Festival Prelude
 1962 A Sacred Suite
 1962 rev. 1986 Greensleeves Fantasy for Concert Band
 1963 A Festive Overture
 1966 Rahoon for Solo Clarinet and Band
 1967 The Music-Makers
 1967 Passacaglia
 1968 Intrada Drammatica
 1968 Wapawekka - White Sands
 1970 A Jubilant Overture
 1970 The Pledge of Allegiance for Concert Band
 1971 A Ceremonial Fanfare
 1972 A Northern Legend
 1972 Armenian Dances Part 1, inspired by a collection of Folk Songs collected by Komitas Vardapet (1869–1935)
 Tzirani Tzar - The Apricot Tree
 Gakavi Yerk - The Partridge's Song
 Hoy, Nazan Eem - Hoy, My Nazan
 Alagyaz
 Gna, Gna - Go, Go!
 1972 Imperatrix
 1972 In Memoriam, an Elegy for the Fallen
 1973 Punchinello, Overture
 1973 Alleluia! Laudamus Te
 1976 First Suite for Band
 March
 Melody
 Rag
 Gallop
 1977 Armenian Dances Part 2
 Hov Arek
 Khoomar
 Lorva Horovel
 1977 Othello A Symphonic Portrait for Symphonic Band in Five Scenes (after William Shakespeare)
 Prelude (Venice) - The tyrant custom hath made the flinty and steel couch of war my thrice-driven bed.
 Aubade (Cyprus) - Good Morning, General
 Othello and Desdemona - She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them.
 Entrance of the Court - Behold, the Lion of Venice!
 The Death of Desdemona; Epilogue - I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way but this….
 1978 Prelude and Capriccio
 1978 Second Suite for Band (Latino Mexicana)
 Son Montuno
 Tango ("Sargasso Serenade")
 Guaracha
 Paso Double ("A la Corrida!")
 1979 Second Symphony for Band
 Lento (ma ritmico)
 Allegro con fuoco
 Molto moderato e sostenuto
 1980 A Christmas Intrada - Commissioned by the Middle Tennessee State University Band; Premiered October 1981 by "The President's Own" United States Marine Band at the 20th Annual Contest of Champions at Middle Tennessee State University.
 1981 Acalarado for Marching Band
 1981 The Hounds of Spring, A Concert Overture
 1981 Rushmore
 1982 Queenston Overture
 1982 The Garden of Proserpine Symphonic Pastorale
 1982 Viva Musica
 1982 Third Suite for Band (Scenes De Ballet)
 Fanfare and Intrada
 Pas de deux
 Polka excentrique
 Danse generale
 1983 Three Revelations from the Lotus Sutra
 To Awaken in the Light of the Universe
 To Contemplate the Depths of the Soul
 To Rejoice in the Beauty of Peace
 1984 Pro Texana Concert-March
 1985 El Camino Real
 1985 Ramparts of Courage
 1986 Second Century
 1988 Praise Jerusalem!
 1988 Third Symphony for Band
 Pesante e molto sostenuto Allegro agitado
 Variations on the "Porazzi" Theme of Wagner
 Allegro deciso
 1990 Mr. Music
 1991 A Springtime Celebration
 1992 Fourth Symphony for Band
 Elegy
 Intermezzo
 Tarantella
 1992 Hymn Variants
 1992–1993 Fourth Suite for Band - City of Music
 Intrada
 Arie
 Marsch
 1993 Concertino for Marimba and Winds
 1993 Greensleeves (arr.)
 1994 Fifth Symphony for Band
 Moderately and sustained
 Sakura (Cherry Blossoms)
 Allegro molto, con fuoco
 1995 Fifth Suite for Band (International Dances)
 Hoe Down (America)
 Sarabande (France)
 Yamabushi Kagura (Japan)
 Hora (Israel and Rumania)
 1995 The King of Love My Shepherd Is
 1997 Sixth Suite for Band
 March Miniature
 Summer Stroll
 Halloween Hobgoblin
 Awa Odori (Japanese Dance)
 1998 Prism
 1999 Millennium III Concert Overture
 2000 Children's Suite for Solo Alto-Saxophone and Band or Wind Ensemble
 Kiyoko's Lullaby
 Kiyoko's Playtime
 2000 Giligia (A Song of Remembrance)
 2002 Exhortation and Praise
 2003 Seventh Suite for Band A Century of Flight - composed as celebration for opening of Noto Airport in Wajima, Ishikawa, Japan and for centennial anniversary of Wright brothers' world's first flying by airplane
 prologue: Look to the Skies!
 Intermezzo: The Winds and Waves of Wajima
 March: To Fly With the Wings of Eagles
 2004 Ebo Signation
 A Christmas Celebration
 Angels We Have Heard On High
 It Came Upon The Midnight Clear
 A O Comell Ye Faithful (Adeste Fideles)
 Silent Night
 A little Concert-Suite
 Intrada
 Siciliana
 Scherzo
 Gigue
 Acclamation! A Global Greeting for Winds'
 Canto E Camdombe
 Choral Prelude In E Minor
 Concertino for Marimbaphon and Winds
 Nocturne
 Scherzetto
 Toccata
 Concerto for Trumpet and Winds
 Curtain Up! (A Theater Overture for Winds)
 Danza Caribe
 Evolutions
 East And West - The Kohoku New Town March
 Golden Jubilee
 Highlights from Exodus (arr.)
 Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring (arr.)
 Jidai - Year Of Years!
 Millennium
 Music in the Air!
 O Little Town based on "O Little Town of Bethlehem" - for Choral Ensemble and Concert Band
 O Most Wonderful for Choral Ensemble and Concert Band
 Ode for Trumpet for Trumpet and Band
 Poetry and Power
 Rosalind in the Forest of Arden
 Seascape for Euphonium solo and Band
 Serenade
 Serenade for Clarinet and Band
 Siciliana Notturno for Alto-Saxophone and Concert Band
 Silver Shadow (Concert March)
 Slavonic Folk Suite for SATB Chorus (optional) and Band
 Children's Carol
 Cathedral Chorus
 Sleepers, Awake! (arr.)
 Symphonic Prelude
 The Big East March
 The Crowning Glory
 The Enchanted Island
 The Golden Years
 Twelfth Night A Musical Masque after William Shakespeare
 Prelude: Illyria
 Viola and Orsino
 The Merry Conspirators
 Malvolio's Lament in "Prison"
 V A Double Wedding, and All's Well!
 Two Bagatelles
 Victory! (Concert March for Winds)
 With Trumpets and Drums for drums, trumpet, voice, and band

Works for choir and orchestra
 All Hall to the Days, Christian Madrigal for harp, piano or guitar in score, strings, mixed choir
 The Pledge of Allegiance for mixed choir and orchestra

Chamber music
 1954 Organ Meditations for solo organ
 1983 Two Bagatelles for trombone quartet
 Double Wind Quintet
 Havana Moon for Clarinet Choir (3 bb, Alto, Bass, CBass), Percussion, Strings Bass
 Pastorale for Clarinet and Piano
 Scherzo Fantastique for Bass, Contrabass Clarinet, Contrabass, Piano, Woodwinds
 Siciliana Notturno for Solo Alto-Saxophone, Piano, Saxophone, Voice, Woodwinds
 Trilogue, Scherzo for Double Bass, Vibraphone, Marimba

External links
Alfred Reed Collection - Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland Libraries
Alfred Reed interview, December 16, 1986

1921 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American male musicians
American classical composers
American male classical composers
Baylor University alumni
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Concert band composers
Distinguished Service to Music Medal recipients
Composers from New York City
University of Miami faculty
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Alfred Reed


ජාතික පාසල්

අනුරාධපුර

 අනුරාධපුර මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය
 කැකිරාව මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය
 ස්වර්ණපාලි බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය
 මෛත්‍රීපාල සේනානායක ජාතික පාසල මැදවච්චිය
 සහිරා විද්‍යාලය අනුරාධපුර
 ගන්තිරියාගම මහින්ද මහා විද්‍යාලය

කොළඹ

	ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ
      නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ
	අනුලා විද්‍යාලය, නුගේගොඩ
	ඉසිපතන විද්‍යාලය
	ඩී. එස්. සේනානායක, විද්‍යාලය
	තර්ස්ටන් විද්‍යාලය
	දේවි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ
	මහානාම විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 03,
	මහාමයා බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය, නුගේගොඩ
පනාගොඩ පරාක්‍රම මහා විද්‍යාලය පනාගොඩ
     රාජකීය විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ
	විසාඛා බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය
 ලුම්බිණි විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 05
	වේල්ස් කුමර විද්‍යාලය, මොරටුව
	වේල්ස් කුමරි විද්‍යාලය, මොරටුව
	වේළුවන මහා විද්‍යාලය
	සිරිමාවෝ බණ්ඩාරනායක මහා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 07
      ශාන්ත පාවුළු බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, මිලාගිරිය
	හින්දු  විද්‍යාලය, බම්බලපිටිය
      හේවාවිතාරණ මහා විද්‍යාලය , කොළඹ(ෙමය ජාතික පාසලක් ෙනාෙව)
     කොටහේන මධ්‍යමහා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 13
හංවැල්ල රාජසිංහ මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය, හංවැල්ල

මහනුවර

පුෂ්පදාන බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය
කිංස්වුඩ් විද්‍යාලය
විද්‍යාර්ථ විද්‍යාලය
පරාක්‍රම විද්‍යාලය,අංකුඹුර
වාරියපොළ ශ්‍රී සුමංගල විද්‍යාලය
වික්‍රමබාහු මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය,ගම්පොල
	ගම්පොළ ජනරාජ බාලක විද්‍යාලය
	උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
	නු/රජවෙල හින්දු ජාතික පාසල, දිගන
	නු/මදින ජාතික පාසල, නුවර
	මහාමායා බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, මහනුවර
	පූජාපිටිය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	ශාන්ත අන්තෝනි විද්‍යාලය, කටුගස්තොට
	ශාන්ත සිල්වෙස්තර විද්‍යාලය
	ශාන්ත පාවුළු විද්‍යාලය, නුවර
	ශ්‍රී ස්වර්ණජෝති ජාතික පාසල, කිරිබත්කුබුර, නුවර
       අල් මනාර් මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය, ගල්හින්න
       අශෝක විද්‍යාලය
       අස්හාර් විද්‍යාලය

ගාල්ල

ගා/පී.ද.එස්.කුලරත්න මහා විද්‍යාලය,අම්බලන්ගොඩ
	අනුලා දේවී බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
ගා/බටේමුල්ල ජාතික පාසල, ඉමදූව
	ආනන්ද මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, ඇල්පිටිය
	උපනන්ද විද්‍යාලය,මානවිල
	ක්‍රිස්තුදේව පිරිමි විද්‍යාලය, බද්දේගම
	ක්‍රිස්තුදේව බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, බද්දේගම
   වඳුරඹ මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, බද්දේගම
	ශාන්ත අන්තෝනි විද්‍යාලය, බද්දේගම
	ශ්‍රී රතනසාර විද්‍යාලය, බද්දේගම
   නාගොඩ ජාතික පාසල, නාගොඩ
	නෙළුව ජාතික පාසල, නෙළුව
	දේවානන්ද විද්‍යාලය, අම්බලන්ගොඩ
	දේවපතිරාජ විද්‍යාලය, රත්ගම
	ධර්මාශෝක විද්‍යාලය, අම්බලන්ගොඩ
	මහින්ද විද්‍යාලය
	මල්හරුස් සුල්හියා ජාතික පාසල
	රිච්මන්ඩ් විද්‍යාලය
	රිපන් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
      රේවත විද්‍යාලය, බළපිටිය
	විද්‍යාලෝක විද්‍යාලය
	ශාන්ත ඇලෝසියුස් විද්‍යාලය
      ශ්‍රී සුමංගල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, හික්කඩුව
 ශ්‍රී නන්දසාර විද්‍යාලය,අම්පේගම
	සවුත්ලන්ඩ් විද්‍යාලය
	සංඝමිත්ත බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
	සියලු සාන්තුවරුන්ගේ පාසල
	සිරිධම්ම විද්‍යාලය, ලබුදූව
   දෝරපේ ජතික පාසල
 ගා/ඉඳිපලේගොඩ මහා විද්‍යාලය පිටිගල

යාපනය

	වුන්දුකුලි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
	චාවකඡ්ඡේරි හින්දු විද්‍යාලය
	යාපනය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	යාපනය විද්‍යාලය, වඩ්ඩුකොඩ්ඩායි
	යාපනය හින්දු විද්‍යාලය
	කොකුවිල් හින්දු විද්‍යාලය
	මහජන විද්‍යාලය, තෙල්ලිප්පලයි
	ශාන්ත ජෝන්ස් විද්‍යාලය
	වෙම්බඩි උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය

කුරුණෑගල

	මලියදේව විද්‍යාලය
   මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය කුලියාපිටිය
	මලියදේව බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
	ශාන්ත ආනා විද්‍යාලය
	ශුද්ධවු පවුලේ බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
	ඉබ්බාගමුව මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, දෙහෙල්ගමුව
	ශාන්ත බෙනඩිට් ආදර්ශ පාසල
	උඩබදලව සුදර්සන විද්‍යාලය
       විජයබා මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, මහව
       හිස්බුල්ලා මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය
 යු.බි වන්නිනායක ජාතික පාසල ,ගල්ගමුව
වාරියපොළ ශ්‍රී සුමංගල විද්‍යාලය ,වාරියපොළ
 මහසෙන් ජාතික පාසල, නිකවැරටිය
මලියදේව ආදර්ශ මහා විද්‍යාලය,කුරුණෑගල
මාස්පොත මහ ව්ද්‍යාලය
මයුරපාද මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය, නාරම්මල
වික්‍රමශිලා මධ්‍ය මහ විද්‍යාලය, ගිරිඋල්ල
සාරානාත් විද්‍යාලය, කුලියාපිටිය

කෑගල්ල

      කෑගලූ විද්‍යාලය, කෑගල්ල
     ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, තෝලංගමුව
      ශාන්ත ජෝසප් විද්‍යාලය, කෑගල්ල
      පින්නවල මධ්‍යමහා විද්‍යාලය, රඹුක්න
      රාජගිරිය මහා විද්‍යාලය, දිප්පිටිය- අරණායක
      වලගම මහා විද්‍යාලය, දෙවලෙගම

මාතලේ

	ක්‍රිස්තුදේව මහා විද්‍යාලය
	රජ්ජමාන මුස්ලිම් විද්‍යාලය, කෙටවල
	ශ්‍රී සංඝමිත්ත බාලිකා ජාතික පාසල, මාතලේ
	ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලය, මාතලේ
	වීර කැපපෙටිපොළ මධ්‍යමහා විද්‍යාලය
	සහිරා විද්‍යාලය, මාතලේ
	රජයේ විද්‍යා විද්‍යාලය, මාතලේ

පොළොන්නරුව

  අානන්ද බාලිකා ජාතික පාසල, හිඟුරක්ගොඩ
  මැදිරිගිරිය ජාතික පාසල
  මින්නේරිය ජාතික පාසල
  රාජකීය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
  [[ලීලරත්න විජේසිංහ මහා විද්‍යාලය
  තෝපාවැව ජාතික පාසල

කළුතර

     රාජකීය විද්‍යාලය හොරණ
     ආනන්ද ශාස්ත්‍රාලය, මතුගම
	ශ්‍රී සුමංගල විද්‍යාලය, පානදුර
	ශ්‍රී සුමංගල බාලිකා පාසල, පානදුර
	කළුතර විද්‍යාලය, කළුතර
	කළුතර බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, කළුතර
	කන්නංගර මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, මතුගම
	බණ්ඩාරගම ජාතික පාසල
	තිස්ස මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	තක්ෂිලා මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, හොරණ
	ශ්‍රීපාලි විද්‍යාලය, හොරණ
      ප්‍රධාන ජාතික පාසල, ධර්ගා නගරය
      මිරිස්වත්ත ජාතික පාසල, දොඩන්ගොඩ
      ශාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය, පානදුර

ගම්පහ

ගුරුකුල විද්‍යාලය, කැළණිය
      ගම්පහ බණ්ඩාරනායක විදුහල
      එල්ලක්කාල මහා විද්‍යාලය, එල්ලක්කාල
      ගලහිටියාව මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, ගනේමුල්ල
      හේනේගම මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාල ජාතික පාසල
      රත්නාවලී බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, ගම්පහ
සංඝබෝධි ජාතික පාසල, නිට්ටඹුව.
      ශාන්ත අන්තෝනි විද්‍යාලය, වත්තල
      ශ්‍රී ධර්මාලෝක විද්‍යාලය, කැළණිය
      විහාරමහාදේවි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, කිරිබත්ගොඩ
      ශ්‍රී පඥානන්ද විද්‍යාලය, සීදුව
      හරිශචන්ද්‍ර ජාතික පාසල මීගමුව
      ක්‍රිස්තුරාජ විද්‍යාලය, තුඩැල්ල
      සියනෑ ජාතික පාසල, දොම්පේ.
      බණ්ඩාරනායක විදුහල. හෙනෙමුල්ල

මාතර

      රාහුල විද්‍යාලය
      සුජාතා විද්‍යාලය
      ශාන්ත තෝමස් කුමර විද්‍යාලය
      ශාන්ත තෝමස් උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
      ශාන්ත ශර්වේසස් මහ විදුහල
      තෙලිජ්ජවිල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
      නාරන්දෙණිය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
 පාලටුව ගුණරතන විද්‍යාලය\
දෙනියාය මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය
පිට්ටබැද්දර ජාතික පාසල
ගොඩපිටිය ජතික පාසල
මොරවක කීර්ති අබේවික්‍රම ජාතික පාසල
මහින්ද රාජපක්ශ විදුහල
දෙනිපිටිය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය

පුත්තලම

      ජෝශප් වාස් විද්‍යාලය, වෙන්නප්පුව
      සේනානායක ජාතික පාසල, මාදම්පෙ
      දම්මිස්සර ජාතික පාසල, නාත්තන්ඩිය
      ශාන්ත මාරියා දෙමළ මහා විද්‍යාලය, පුත්තලම
      සහිරා ජාතික පාසල, පුත්තලම

බදුල්ල

	බ/රිල්පොල ධර්මරාජ මහා විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
	බදුල්ල  මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
	බදුල්ල ධර්මදූත විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
	බණ්ඩාරවෙල ධර්මපාල විද්‍යාලය
	බණ්ඩාරවෙල ධර්මාශෝක මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	බණ්ඩාරවෙල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	හල්පෙ ජාතික පාසල, හල්පෙ
	කහගොල්ල ජාතික පාසල, දියතලාව, බණ්ඩාරවෙල
	බ/කුඩා කුසුම් බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය, බණ්ඩාරවෙල
	මහියංගන ජාතික පාසල, මහියංගනය
	නාඋල්ල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, දෙමෝදර
	ශ්‍රී ජනානන්ද ජාතික පාසල, කදුරුගමුව
	ශාන්ත ජෝශප් විද්‍යාලය, බණ්ඩාරවෙල
	බ/ඌව විද්‍යා විද්‍යාලය, හාලිඇල්ල.
	විශාකා උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
	විහාර මහාදේවි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
	විශාකා විද්‍යාලය, බණ්ඩාරවෙල
	ඌව විද්‍යාලය, බදුල්ල
 බ/කහටරුප්ප ජාතික පාසල,බදුල්ල

මඩකලපුව

	ශාන්ත මිචෙලෙ'ස් විද්‍යාලය, මඩකලපුව
	සිවනන්ධ  ජාතික පාසල, කල්ලඩ්යිප්පොඩයි, මඩකලපුව
	කාට්ටන්කුඩි ජාතික පාසල, කාට්ටන්කුඩි
	ශාන්ත සෙසිලියාස් බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය, මඩකලපුව
	විසෙන්ට් බාලිකා මහා විද්‍යාලය, මඩකලපුව
	අලිගර් මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, මඩකලපුව

අම්පාර

	අඩ්ඩලචෙනෙයි මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
       අක්කරේපත්තු මුස්ලිම් මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය (ජාතික පාසල), අක්කරේපත්තු
	අක්කරයිපත්තු මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	සර්මෙල් ෆාතිමා විද්‍යාලය, කල්මුනෙයි
	ඩී.එස් සේනානායක ජාතික පාසල
	ගසාලි මුස්ලිම් විද්‍යාලය, සම්මන්තුරෙයි
	සම්මන්තුරෙයි මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය
	සහිරා විද්‍යාලය, කල්මුනෙයි
      පදියතලාව ජාතික පාසල
     දෙහිඅත්තකණ්ඩිය ජාතික පාසල.

රත්නපුර

 පඤ්ඤානන්ද මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය, කරවිට
 ආනන්ද මෛත්‍රී මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, බලංගොඩ
 ඇඹිලිපිටිය මහා විද්‍යාලය,  ඇඹිලිපිටිය
 ඇලපාත මහා විද්‍යාලය,  ඇලපාත
 ඇහැලියගොඩ මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, ඇහැලියගොඩ
 ෆර්ගියුසන් උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, රත්නපුරය
 ගන්කන්ද මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, පැල්මඩුල්ල
 සීවලි මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, හිදැල්ලන, රත්නපුරය
 රාහුල ජාතික පාසල, ගොඩකවෙල
 සුමන  බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, රත්නපුර
 ශාන්ත ඇලෝසියුස් විද්‍යාලය ,රත්නපුර
 රඹුක ඊ ගම්මානය විද්‍යාලය, රත්නපුරය
 කුරුවිට මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, කුරුවිට

නුවරඑළිය

 නු/ පොරමඩුල්ල ජාතික පාසල
     ශ්‍රී සුමංගල ජාතික පාසල,නිල්දණ්ඩාහින්න-නුවර එළිය  http://www.sumangalans.wordpress.com/
	ගාමිණි මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, නුවර එළිය
	කිකිළියමාන්න විද්‍යාලයළි
	ශුද්ධ ත්‍රිත්ව විද්‍යාලය
	ශාන්ත පැට්රික් විද්‍යාලය, අවිස්සාවේල්ල
	සුමන මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය, අවිස්සාවේල්ල
	ගාමිණි දිසානායක ජාතික පාසල, කොත්මලේ
අකාරාදී පිලිවෙලට සැකසිය යුතු ලැයිස්තු

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික පාසල් ලැයිස්තුව


Lituânia participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1994, realizados em Lillehammer, na Noruega.

Foi a terceira aparição do país nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno onde foi representado por seis atletas, sendo três homens e três mulheres, que competiram em três esportes.

Competidores
Esta foi a participação por modalidade nesta edição:

Desempenho

Masculino

Feminino

Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Ligações externas

Lituania
1994
Desporto na Lituânia em 1994

Lituânia nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1994


In engineering, defect tracking is the process of tracking the logged defects in a product from beginning to closure (by inspection, testing, or recording feedback from customers), and making new versions of the product that fix the defects. Defect tracking is important in software engineering as complex software systems typically have tens, hundreds, or thousands of defects; therefore, managing, evaluating and prioritizing these defects is a difficult task. When the number of defects gets quite large, and the defects need to be tracked over extended periods of time, use of a defect tracking system can make the management task much easier.

See also

 Bug tracking
 Comparison of issue tracking systems

References

Bug and issue tracking software
Product testing

Defect tracking


Hinatsu Kōnosuke (japanisch  日夏 耿之介, eigentl.: Higuchi Kunito (); * 22. Februar 1890 in Iida (Präfektur Nagano); † 13. Juni 1971 in Tokio) war ein japanischer Lyriker, Literaturwissenschaftler und Übersetzer.

Leben und Wirken
Hinatsu Kōnosuke studierte an der Waseda-Universität, wo er als Professor für englische Literatur wirkte. Er übersetzte romantische und neugotische Gedichte, die seinen eigenen Stil beeinflussten. 1915 gründete er die Zeitschrift Shijin. 1917 debütierte er mit dem von den Werken Oscar Wildes und Edgar Allan Poes beeinflussten Gedichtsammlung Tenshin no shō (). 1919 publizierte er Meiji-Taishō-shishi (明治大正詩史) – "Poetikgeschichter der Meiji- und Taishō-Zeit".

Als Literaturwissenschaftler erhielt er 1949 für erweiterte Ausgabe von Meiji-Taishō-shishi den Yomiuri-Literaturpreis. Für Nihon gendaishi taikei (日本の現代史体系) – "Kompendium der japanischen Gegenwartsdichtung" wurde er 1951 mit dem Mainichi-Kulturpreis ausgezeichnet. Sein Gesamtwerk wurde von 1973 bis 1976 in 8 Bänden herausgegeben.

In seiner Heimatstadt Iida gibt es ein Gedächtnismuseum für Hinatsu.

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Hinatsu Kōnosuke. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 535.

Weblinks
 La Litterature Japonaise - Hinatsu Konosuke

Autor
Lyrik
Literaturwissenschaftler
Übersetzer aus dem Englischen
Übersetzer ins Japanische
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Waseda-Universität)
Japaner
Geboren 1890
Gestorben 1971
Mann

Hinatsu Kōnosuke


Rally Show Santa Domenica je hrvatska automobilistička reli utrka koja se održava u Svetoj Nedelji. Najveća je i najposjećenija predstava u rallyju u jugoistočnoj Europi. Ovim se događajem zaključuje sezona rallyja u Hrvatskoj. Organizira ga jedan od najmlađih hrvatskih auto klubova AKK Sveta Nedelja. Prvi Rally Santa Domenica organizirali su 2010. godine godine. Od te godine održava se svake godine. Zimska utrka po makadamu osvojila i vozače i publiku. Predstava u Svetoj Nedjelji financijski je zbog niskih troškova znatno dostupnija od ostalih rally natjecanja. Zato privlači pored iskusnih i puno novih posada koje se tek žele okušati u rally svijetu. Osim prijavljenih posada, organizatori podijeljuju pozivnice i izabranim posadama vrhunskim imenima iz rally svijeta.

Izdanja i pobjednici

Podloga
2010.-... ?

Baza relija
2010.-... Sveta Nedjelja

Kazalo:

Statistika (2019.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Stranica relija
Auto klub Delta Timing
Dvorana slavnih ECWC
Facebook Rally Show Santa Domenica
Racing.hr
YouTube Kreator TV - Rally Show Santa Domenica 2017. - reportaža

Međunarodna natjecanja u reliju u Hrvatskoj
Sveta Nedelja (Zagrebačka županija)

Rally Show Santa Domenica


John Cody Fidler-Simpson  (born 9 August 1944) is an English foreign correspondent who is currently the world affairs editor of BBC News. He has spent all his working life with the BBC, and has reported from more than 120 countries, including thirty war zones, and interviewed many world leaders. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of Granta magazine.

Early life and education
Simpson was born on 9 August 1944 in Cleveleys, Lancashire, but was taken to his mother's "bomb-damaged house in London" the following week. He says in his autobiography that his father Roy, a property developer, was a Christian scientist. His parents separated when he was seven years old and he chose to remain with his father while his mother cared for his two half sisters. He spent ten years growing up in Dunwich in Suffolk. He was educated at Dulwich College Preparatory School and St Paul's School, followed by Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of Granta magazine. In 1965 he was a member of the Magdalene University Challenge team. A year later Simpson started as a trainee sub-editor at BBC radio news.

Career
Simpson became a BBC reporter in 1970. Early in his career, the then prime minister Harold Wilson, angered by being asked whether he was about to call an election, punched Simpson in the stomach.

Simpson was the BBC's political editor in 1980–1. He presented the Nine O'Clock News in 1981–82 and became diplomatic editor in 1982. He had also served as a correspondent in South Africa, Brussels and Dublin. He became BBC world affairs editor in 1988 and presented an occasional current affairs programme, Simpson's World.

Simpson's reporting career includes the following episodes:
 In November 1969 he interviewed the exiled King of Buganda, Mutesa II, hours before the latter's death in his London flat from alcohol poisoning. The official cause was suicide but some suspected assassination. Simpson told the police the following day that the king, a fellow-graduate of Magdalene College, Cambridge, had been sober and in good spirits, but this line of enquiry was not pursued.
 He travelled back from Paris to Tehran with the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini on 1 February 1979, a return that heralded the Iranian Revolution, as millions lined the streets of the capital.
 In 1989 he avoided bullets at the Beijing Tiananmen Square massacre.
 Simpson reported the fall of Ceauşescu regime in Bucharest later that year.
 He spent the early part of the 1991 Gulf War in Baghdad, before being expelled by the authorities.
 Simpson reported from Belgrade during the Kosovo War of 1999, where he was one of a handful of journalists to remain in the Yugoslav capital after the authorities, at the start of the conflict, expelled those from NATO countries.
 Two years later, he was one of the first reporters to enter Afghanistan in 2001, famously disguising himself by wearing a burqa, and subsequently Kabul in the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.
 Simpson was hunted by Robert Mugabe's forces in Zimbabwe.
 In 2002 he had an interview with the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn just four days before his assassination. Fortuyn was not happy with Simpson and his questions and so sent him away just five minutes after the start of the interview.
 He was the first BBC journalist to answer questions in a war zone from internet users via BBC News Online.
 While reporting on a non-embedded basis from Northern Iraq in the 2003 Iraq war, Simpson was injured in a friendly fire incident when a U.S. warplane bombed the convoy of American and Kurdish forces he was with. The attack was caught on film: a member of Simpson's crew was killed and he himself was left deaf in one ear.

Simpson has freely admitted to using hallucinogenic drugs offered to him by locals in various jungles of the world. This prompted jibes from other panellists when Simpson appeared on BBC Television's topical quiz show Have I Got News For You. On his first appearance Simpson revealed that one hallucination involved a six-foot goldfish putting its flipper round his shoulders while wearing dark glasses and a straw hat.

In 2008 and 2009 Simpson took part in a BBC programme called Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice. It saw Simpson unite with fellow Britons Sir Ranulph Fiennes, the adventurer, and Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the round-the-world yachtsman. The team went on three trips, experiencing each other's adventure field. The first episode, aired on 27 March 2009, saw Simpson, Fiennes and Knox-Johnston go on a news-gathering trip to Afghanistan. The team reported from the Khyber Pass and the Tora Bora mountain complex. The three also undertook a voyage around Cape Horn and an expedition hauling sledges across the deep-frozen Frobisher Bay in the far north of Canada.

During the 2011 Libyan civil war Simpson travelled with the rebels during their westward offensive, reporting on the war from the front lines and coming under fire on several occasions.

In 2016 Simpson presented a Panorama special, "John Simpson: 50 Years on the Frontline", revisiting the people and places that have impacted on him most, revealing his thoughts on the challenges for the future.

In 2018, he described how a previous head of BBC News had recently tried to force him out of the BBC. "I wasn't the only one: he did the same to several eminent broadcasters, on the grounds that the news department was clogged at the top by the aged. I was unsighted by being assured regularly how wonderful my contribution to the BBC was. 'I'd be distraught if you left', he said."

Since 2022 he regularly presents Unspun World with John Simpson for BBC, disecting political opinions from around the world as their world affairs editor.

Awards
Simpson has received various awards, including a CBE in the Gulf War honours list in 1991, an International Emmy for his report for the BBC Ten O'Clock News on the fall of Kabul, the Golden Nymph at the Cannes Film Festival, a Peabody award in the US, and three BAFTAs. He was appointed an honorary fellow of his old college at Cambridge, Magdalene, in 2000, and became the first Chancellor of Roehampton University in 2005.

Various universities have awarded him honorary doctorates:  De Montfort, Suffolk College at the University of East Anglia, Nottingham, Dundee, Southampton, Sussex, St Andrews, Exeter and Leeds. He has received the Ischia International Journalism Award and the Bayeux-Calvados Award for war correspondents. In June 2011 he was made a Freeman of the City of London. Simpson was honoured by the City of Westminster at a Marylebone tree planting ceremony in May 2012.

Personal life
Simpson entered his first marriage in 1965 to American Diane Jean Petteys, with whom he has two daughters who were born in 1969 and 1971, respectively. Following divorce, he married Dee (Adele) Kruger, a South African television producer, in 1996. Their son Rafe was born in January 2006 at age 61. Simpson, whose grandmother was born in Ireland, holds British and Irish citizenship; he moved back to London in 2005 after living in Ireland for several years.

In an interview with the Irish Independent Simpson admitted to using a legal tax avoidance scheme to purchase his London home in 2004, but stated that he would abandon the scheme and pay all applicable domestic taxes on its sale.

He is an Anglican and worships at Chelsea Old Church.

Bibliography

Novels
 Moscow Requiem (1981)
 A Fine and Private Place (1983)
 Moscow, Midnight (2018)
Our Friends in Beijing (2021)

Non-fiction
 The Disappeared: Voices from a Secret War, with Jana Bennett, (1985)
 Behind Iranian Lines (1988)
 Despatches from the Barricades (1990)
 Strange Places, Questionable People (1998)
 A Mad World, My Masters (2000)
 News From No Man's Land (2002)
 The Wars Against Saddam: Taking the Hard Road to Baghdad (2004)
 Days from a Different World: A Memoir of Childhood (2005)
 Not Quite World's End: A Traveller's Tales (2007)
 Twenty Tales From The War Zone (2007)
 Unreliable Sources (2010)
 We Chose to Speak of War and Strife (2016)

References

External links

 Simpson answers questions from fellow-journalists at London's Frontline Club, October 2007
 When suffering gets personal
 Simpson reports on the 100th anniversary of his great grandfather making the first powered flight in Britain

1944 births
Living people
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
BAFTA winners (people)
BBC newsreaders and journalists
British non-fiction writers
British war correspondents
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Contestants on University Challenge
Emmy Award winners
English Anglicans
Naturalised citizens of Ireland
Academics of the University of Roehampton
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People from Dunwich
People from Thornton-Cleveleys
British male writers
British people of Irish descent
Male non-fiction writers
Recipients of Ischia International Journalism Award

John Simpson (journalist)


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Justa Grata Honoria, Batı Roma İmparatoru III. Valentinianus'ün ablası (d. 417)

452


Andrew Bowman (* 21. Juni 1984) ist ein schottischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Andrew Bowman gewann in Schottland fünf Juniorentitel, bevor er 2005 erstmals bei den Erwachsenen erfolgreich war. Drei weitere Titel folgten bis 2008. Außerhalb seiner Heimat war er bei den Dutch International, den Welsh International und den Belgian International erfolgreich.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
badmintonscotland.org.uk

Badmintonspieler (Schottland)
Schottischer Meister (Badminton)
Schotte
Brite
Geboren 1984
Mann
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Schottland)

Andrew Bowman


William Henry King (June 3, 1863November 27, 1949) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist from Salt Lake City, Utah. As a Democrat, King represented Utah in the United States Senate from 1917 until 1941.

Life
King was born in Fillmore, Utah Territory to Josephine (née Henry) and William King. He graduated from Brigham Young Academy in Provo, Utah and attended the University of Deseret (now University of Utah) in Salt Lake City. He served as a missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Great Britain from 1880 to 1883.

After holding local offices and serving two terms in the territorial legislature, he graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He later joined the Utah bar and practiced law. He held other territorial offices and was appointed as an associate justice of the Utah Supreme Court, serving between 1894 and 1896.

After Utah became a state in 1896, King was elected to the United States House of Representatives and served in the 55th Congress from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1899. He was not nominated for a second term, but when his replacement, B. H. Roberts, was denied his seat because he was a polygamist, King was elected to complete Roberts's term. He served from April 2, 1900 to March 3, 1901. He ran for the same position in 1900 and again in 1902, but lost both times.

King was elected to the United States Senate four times, serving between March 4, 1917 and January 3, 1941. In 1918 and 1919, he served on the Overman Committee, which investigated seditious pro-German activity during World War I and Bolshevik-inspired anti-Americanism in the months following the war's end.

Though a Democrat, King was somewhat independent of the popular Democratic president Franklin Delano Roosevelt; he was re-elected in 1934 on the strength of support for Roosevelt's New Deal, but he opposed the proposal to expand the Supreme Court as well as FDR's candidacy for an unprecedented third presidential term. When he ran for re-election in 1940, he lost the Democratic nomination to Congressman Abe Murdock, a "100% New Dealer" who strongly supported Roosevelt.

He served as the President pro tempore of the Senate from 1940-41 during the 76th Congress.

King remained in Washington, D.C., where he practiced law until April 1947. He returned to Utah and died there in 1949. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

King was married twice, first to Louisa Ann "Annie" Lyman, to whom he wed in 1889, and remained with her to her death on April 16, 1906. He was then married to Vera B. Sjodahl, a daughter of Janne M. Sjödahl, from 1912 to his own death in 1949. One of his sons by Vera, David S. King, served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and was a United States Ambassador to both the Malagasy Republic and Mauritius. One of his granddaughters, Jody Olsen, has served as Director of the Peace Corps since 2018. His paternal first cousin, Culbert Olson, was a Governor of California.

King was a direct descendant of Edmund Rice, his family's English immigrant ancestor to Massachusetts Bay Colony, as follows:

 William H. King, son of
 William King (1834–1892), son of
 Thomas Rice King (1813–1879), son of
 Thomas King (1770–1845), son of
 William King (1724–1793), son of
 Ezra Rice King (1697–1746), son of
 Samuel Rice King (1667–1713), son of
 Samuel Rice (1634–1684), son of
 Edmund Rice (1594–1663)

See also
 List of United States senators from Utah

References

External links

William Henry and David S. King papers, MSS 6143 at the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
J. Kubeldzis scrapbooks on William Henry King at the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

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1863 births
1949 deaths
People from Fillmore, Utah
American people of English descent
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Utah
Democratic Party United States senators from Utah
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Utah Territorial judges
Justices of the Utah Supreme Court
19th-century American politicians
19th-century Mormon missionaries
20th-century American politicians
American Mormon missionaries in England
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Brigham Young University alumni
University of Utah alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery

William H. King


ISO 1234 er en ISO-standard for en split.

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 http://bolte.dk/splitter-iso-1234/

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ISO 1234


O Acordo de Buttonwood é o documento fundador do que hoje é a Bolsa de Valores de Nova York e é um dos documentos financeiros mais importantes da história dos Estados Unidos. O acordo organizou a negociação de valores mobiliários na cidade de Nova York e foi assinado em 17 de maio de 1792 entre 24 corretores fora de 68 Wall Street. Segundo a lenda, a assinatura ocorreu sob uma árvore de botão onde suas primeiras transações ocorreram. A Bolsa de Valores de Nova York celebra a assinatura deste acordo em 17 de maio de 1792 como sua fundação.

História
Em março de 1792, vinte e quatro dos principais comerciantes de Nova York se reuniram secretamente no Corre's Hotel para discutir maneiras de colocar ordem no mercado de valores mobiliários. Dois meses depois, em 17 de maio de 1792, esses homens assinaram um documento chamado Acordo de Buttonwood, em homenagem ao seu tradicional ponto de encontro sob uma árvore de botão - não porque foi assinado lá.

Havia muitos corretores envolvidos para se encontrar debaixo de uma árvore. Os negócios eram conduzidos em vários escritórios e cafés. Em 1793, eles coordenaram seus negócios dentro do Tontine Coffee House, na esquina das ruas Wall e Water.

O documento agora faz parte do acervo de arquivos da Bolsa de Valores de Nova York.

Contrato de documento
Em resumo, o acordo tinha duas cláusulas: 1) os corretores negociariam apenas entre si, eliminando os leiloeiros, e 2) as comissões seriam de 0,25%. Ele diz o seguinte:Nós, os Assinantes, Corretores de Compra e Venda de Ações Públicas, por meio deste, prometemos solenemente e nos comprometemos uns com os outros, que não compraremos ou venderemos a partir deste dia para qualquer pessoa, qualquer tipo de Ações Públicas, a menos taxa de comissão de um quarto por cento sobre o valor da espécie e que daremos preferência um ao outro em nossas negociações. Em testemunho do que assumimos neste dia 17 de maio em Nova York, 1792.

Signatários
Os vinte e quatro corretores, conhecidos como Founding and Subsequent Fathers, que assinaram o Acordo de Buttonwood foram (incluindo o local de negócios):

 Peter Anspach … 3 Great Dock Street
 Armstrong & Barnewall… 58 Broad Street
 Andrew D. Barclay … 136 Pearl Street
 Samuel Beebe… Rua Nassau, 21
 G. N. Bleecker … 21 Broad Street
 Leonard Bleecker … 16 Wall Street
 John Bush... 195 Water Street
 John Ferrers... 205 Water Street
 Isaac M. Gomez ... 32 Maiden Lane
 Bernard Hart... 55 Broad Street
 John A. Hardenbrook… Rua Nassau, 24
 Ephraim Hart … 74 Broadway
 John Henry… Rua Duke, 13
 Augustine H. Lawrence … 132 Water Street
 Samuel March... 243 Queen Street
 Charles McEvers Jr. … 194 Water Street
 Julian McEvers... 140 Greenwich Street
 David Reedy … 58 Wall Street
 Robinson & Hartshorne… 198 Queen Street
 Benjamin Seixas … 8 Hanover Square
 Hugh Smith … Café Tontine
 Sutton & Hardy… 20 Wall Street
 Benjamin Winthrop… 2 Great Dock Street
 Alexander Zuntz… 97 Broad Street

Links externos

 Imagem no Museu Virtual e Arquivo de História da Regulação Financeira da Sociedade Histórica da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários
 Video of agreement como parte da história na rede de cabo CNBC.

História dos Estados Unidos
Bolsa de Valores de Nova Iorque
1792 na economia

Acordo de Buttonwood


La Coupe du Kazakhstan 2000-2001 est la  édition de la Coupe du Kazakhstan depuis l'indépendance du pays. Elle prend place du  au .

Cette édition concerne exclusivement les seize clubs de la première division 2000.

La compétition est remportée par le Jenis Astana qui l'emporte face à l'Irtych Pavlodar à l'issue de la finale et gagne sa première coupe nationale.

Huitièmes de finale
Les matchs aller sont joués entre le 8 juillet et le 28 août 2000 et les matchs retour entre le 25 août et le 5 octobre.

Quarts de finale
Les matchs aller sont joués entre le 5 et le 26 octobre 2000 et les matchs retour entre le 11 et le 30 octobre.

Demi-finales
Les matchs aller sont joués le 6 mai 2001 et les matchs retour les 16 et 18 mai suivants.

Finale
La finale de cette édition oppose le Jenis Astana à l'Irtych Pavlodar. Le Jenis dispute à cette occasion sa première finale de coupe tandis que l'Irtych atteint ce stade pour la deuxième fois, l'ayant emporté à l'issue de la saison 1998.

La rencontre est disputée le 17 juin 2001 au stade central d'Almaty. L'Irtych ouvre dans un premier temps le score peu avant la demi-heure de jeu grâce à un penalty de Nilton Mendes pour prendre l'avantage à la mi-temps. Le Jenis finit par réagir à la  par l'intermédiaire d'Arsen Tlekhugov qui remet les deux équipes à égalité. Plus aucun but n'est marqué par la suite, que ce soit dans le temps réglementaire ou la prolongation qui s'ensuit, poussant les deux clubs à se départager lors de la séance des tirs but but. Celle-ci tourne finalement à l'avantage du Jenis qui s'impose sur le score de 5 à 4,  de l'Irtych étant le seul à manquer son tir, et permettant aux Astanais de remporter leur première coupe nationale.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site officiel
  Coupe du Kazakhstan 2000-2001 sur le site de la RSSSF

2000-2001
Sport au Kazakhstan en 2000
Sport au Kazakhstan en 2001
Kazakhstan

Coupe du Kazakhstan de football 2000-2001


«White Ribbon Day» es el primer sencillo lanzado por la banda de rock Delirious?. Fue extraído de su álbum King of Fools en 1997, alcanzando el número 41 en la lista oficial de sencillos del Reino Unido.

El cantante Martin Smith escribió la canción inspirado en un informe de prensa de Irlanda del Norte que había visto a principios de 1996. Allí se mencionaba que un grupo de personas habían adoptado cintas blancas como símbolo de esperanza debido a las bajas civiles del conflicto. El informe incluía la frase: ''La gente ora por el día de las cintas blancas''; esta línea fue incluida en la letra de la canción.

A la luz de los acontecimientos del 11 de septiembre de 2001, la canción fue puesta a libre descarga desde su página oficial. Martin Smith señaló que no fue un intento por ganar popularidad en medio de los terribles acontecimientos, sino que fue un cambio de planes a corto plazo por parte de la banda.

Lista de canciones
 «White Ribbon Day» (Radio versión)
 «White Ribbon Day»
 «Absolutely Absolute»
 «White Ribbon Day (Two mile free fall)»

Posicionamiento

Referencias

Sencillos de 1997
Canciones en inglés

White Ribbon Day


Le ClubONE Riviera (會所1號 水中天), anciennement nommé Star Seafood Restaurant (明星海鮮舫), et auparavant appelé Treasure Floating Restaurant (敦煌畫舫), est un restaurant de Hong Kong situé à Sha Tin. Construit sur un socle de granite de la forme d'un navire accostant le long du rivage, le bâtiment est situé sur la rive est de la rivière , près du croisement de Siu Lek Yuen Road et de Tai Chung Kiu Road. Il sert des dimsum cantonais et des fruits de mer.

En 2007, l'établissement est le plus grand restaurant de dimsum de Hong Kong, avec 150 tables pouvant accueillir 12 personnes chacune.

Le restaurant ferme ses portes début 2018 avant de rouvrir sous le nom de « Club One » à l'été 2018.

Histoire
Le bâtiment remplace le  Shatin qui avait ouvert ses portes en 1963 et qui est remorqué à Canton en 1984. La relocalisation est forcée par le gouvernement pour plusieurs raisons. Tout d'abord, le terrain qui sert de parking au restaurant est attribué à l'Association d'aviron amateur. Deuxièmement, la pollution rejetée par le restaurant se heurte au projet de construction d'un parc municipal le long de la rivière, de concert avec le développement en cours de la ville nouvelle de Sha Tin. Enfin, le bureau des terrains de Sha Tin déclare que la construction d'un tuyau d'égout sous-marin dans la rivière Shing Mun entraverait la capacité du grand navire à sortir du chenal à l'avenir.

Au cours de ses 21 ans à Hong Kong, le premier restaurant fonctionne dans huit endroits, dont la zone située devant un manoir appelé Windermere, le temple Sai Lam, Lek Yuen et le site actuel de la piscine Sha Tin du Jockey Club.

En 1986, le  propose le site, près du mouillage de l'ancien restaurant flottant, pour un appel d'offres. Il est destiné dès le départ à ressembler à un véritable restaurant flottant mais reposant sur des pilotis, car le bureau des terrains de Sha Tin avait déclaré qu'un navire-restaurant ne pouvait plus être exploité sur la rivière Shing Mun et que le restaurant ne polluerait pas la rivière car il aurait un bon raccordement aux égouts.

Le restaurant, éclairé la nuit et reflété dans les eaux calmes de la rivière Shing Mun, est depuis longtemps un point de repère local de Sha Tin. Une critique publiée en 1992 dans le South China Morning Post le décrit comme un « énorme tas de béton qui repose fermement sur la rivière de Sha Tin comme une barge conçue par les hommes de spectacles hollywoodiens Louis B. Mayer et Samuel Goldwyn lors d'un pari ivre [...] si électriquement éblouissant que sa puissance de bougie pure pourrait éclairer la route vers Kai Tak. Criards au-delà de toute imagination, les lustres en cristal des salles à manger principales sont dignes de Versailles, et les sculptures en pierre et les tours de pagode pourraient facilement couler un paquebot ».

Galerie

Voir aussi
 Jumbo Kingdom

Notes et références

Restaurant à Hong Kong
Gastronomie chinoise
Attraction touristique à Hong Kong
Entreprise ayant son siège dans la région administrative spéciale de Hong Kong
Restaurant de fruits de mer

ClubONE Riviera


An Eriocaulon echinospermoideum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Willy Otto Eugen Ruhland. An Eriocaulon echinospermoideum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon echinospermoideum


وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية (ISA؛ عبرية: סוכנות החלל הישראלית، سوخنوت هحلل هيسراليت) جسم حكومي يعنى بتحديث البرنامج الإسرائيلي الفضائي بالأبحاث العلمية والتجارية. أنشئت عام 1983 ورئيسها الحالي البروفسور إسحاق بن إسرائيل.

الرؤية
حسب تصريح 27يوليو 2005:
"الدراسات والأبحاث الفضائية هي المفتاح الجوهري للدفاع عن الحياة في الأرض؛ وكبد التقدم التقني فيها؛ مفتاح وجود المجتمع الحديث؛ صك للتنظيم العلمي المبني على التنمية؛ والتجمع المركزي للمصادر البشرية العلمية والمؤهلة."

والرؤية هي"لإبقاء وتوسيع وجة المقارنة بالنسبة لإسرائيل ووضعها بين الدول العظمى للبحوث الفضائية."

والأهداف الرئيسية للمنظمة تعتمد على:
 وضع وتحديث الأنظمة للأقمار الصناعية للبحوث الفضائية، والدراسات الأرضية من هناك.
 تطوير التقنيات، والمعرفة والبنية التحتية العلمية مطلوبة للبحوث الفضائية.
 ترقية وجه البحوث العلمية الفضائية والاستكشافية، لتقوية الاهتمامات الأممية في إسرائيل.
 تقوية الروابط بين المجتمع الإسرائيلي، وبحوث الفضاء والاستكشافات الكونية.

ووقعت المنظمة اتفاقيات مع وكلات فضاء وهي: ناسا الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، (سينس) فرنسا، (سي أس أي) كندا، (إيسرو) الهند، (دي أل أر) ألمانيا، (إن أس أي يو) أوكرانيا، (أر كاي أي) روسيا، (إن أي ڤي أر) هولندا، (أي إيي بي) برازيل.

تاريخ
في السبعينات والثمانينات من القرن الماضي أصبح لإسرائيل البنية التحتية القادرة على البحوث الفضائية. وكان ذلك بتطوير الأقمار الصناعية وأنظمة الإطلاق، ونجحت في الانضمام إلى النادي الدولي القادر على هذا. في عام 1983 صرحت وزارة العلوم والتقنية الإسرائيلية بأنها سوف تنشئ برنامجها الوطني الفضائي. عام 1984 تم التعاون بين قام مركز علوم الفضاء الوطني بالتعاون مع مصانع الطائرات الإسرائيلية لإطلاق أول قمر صناعي إلى مدارة. ،اثمرت التجربة بإطلاق سلسلة أقمار أفق إلى المدارات بهذا التعاون.

التكلفة
تكلفة هذه الوكالة هي مليون دولار أمريكي، وهي لا تشمل البحوث المعنية للهبوط على كوكب الزهرة( ما يقارب 7 ملايين دولار أمريكي) 70 مليون دولار كلفة البرنامج العسكري، وغيرها من الضرائب الأخرى المعنية.

انظر أيضاً
 القوات الجوية الإسرائيلية
 وزارة العلوم والتكنولوجيا

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 ISA Home Page

العلوم والتقنية في إسرائيل
برنامج إسرائيل الفضائي
تأسيسات سنة 1983 في إسرائيل
منظمات أسست في 1983
منظمات مقرها في إسرائيل
وكالات فضاء

وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية