Homerton College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Its first premises were acquired in Homerton, London in 1768, by an informal gathering of Protestant dissenters with origins in the seventeenth century. In 1894, the college moved from Homerton High Street, Hackney, London, to Cambridge. Homerton was admitted as an "Approved Society" of the university in 1976, and received its Royal charter in 2010, affirming its status as a full college of the university. The college celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018.

With around 600 undergraduates, 750 postgraduates, and 90 fellows, it has more students than any other Cambridge college but, because only half of those are resident undergraduates, its undergraduate presence is similar to large colleges such as Trinity and St John's. The college has particularly strong ties to public service, as well as academia, having educated many prominent dissenting thinkers, educationalists, politicians, and missionary explorers.

The college has extensive grounds which encompass sports fields, water features and beehives, and the focal point of the college, its Victorian Gothic hall. It also has a wide range of student clubs and societies, including Homerton College Boat Club, Homerton College Music Society and the Homerton College Rugby Football Club.

History

Early history

The college's origins date back to the seventeenth century. In 1695, a Congregation Fund was created in London to educate Calvinist ministers. As non-conformists, they were barred by law from attending Oxbridge colleges, and so studied a modern curriculum, with particular emphasis on philosophy, science, and modern history. In 1730, a formal society – known as the King's Head Society after the pub at the Royal Exchange where they held their meetings – was founded to sponsor young men to attend dissenting academies. Today, a secret society and discussion club at the college of the same name maintains some of its traditions. By 1768, the Society was large enough to need its own premises, so it purchased a large property in Homerton High Street, in London's East End.

By 1817, the institution had become known as "Homerton Academy Society", later "Homerton College Society". At that time, it produced some of the nation's foremost dissenting figures, many closely involved in the movements opposed to the slave trade and the Corn Laws. For several years, the college was affiliated to the University of London, but when its theological function was moved to New College London in 1850, it was re-founded by the Congregational Board of Education to concentrate on the study of education itself. It did so by transferring its theological courses to New College London, of which the Rev. John Harris DD was the Congregationalist Principal, and by extending and rebuilding the old mansion house and 1820s buildings of the academy, at a cost of £10,000. The college reopened in April 1852 as the Training Institution of the Congregational Board of Education, with Samuel Morley as its treasurer. Shortly afterwards, it began admitting women students. Then Principal John Horobin called an end to mixed education in 1896, shortly after the move to Cambridge, and the college remained all-women for 80 years thereafter.

Towards the end of the century, the growth of industry had turned the village of Homerton into a manufacturing centre, lowering the quality of life of the students and, between 1878 and 1885, there were seven deaths from tuberculosis, smallpox and typhoid. At the same time, increasing numbers of students required more space.

In 1881, former students of Homerton College who were members of Glyn Cricket Club formed a football section to help keep their players fit during the winter months. The football section continued to grow over the ensuing years and is now Leyton Orient Football Club – a fact acknowledged by an annual match between the college's football team and that of the Leyton Orient Supporters Club.

Move to Cambridge
In 1894, the Congregational Board of Education were able to purchase the estate of Cavendish College, Cambridge (named after the then-Chancellor of the university and not to be confused with Lucy Cavendish College) which had become available. It had been founded to allow poorer students to sit Cambridge tripos exams without the expense of joining a true Cambridge college. It was briefly recognised as a "Public Hostel" of the university in 1882, but a lack of money had brought the venture to an end.

All its estates and furniture were bought for £10,000 by the Congregational Board, and students and staff moved from the old Hackney premises into the vacant college buildings at Cambridge. Initially taking the name of Homerton New College at Cavendish College, it shortly afterwards became just Homerton College, Cambridge. John Charles Horobin became the first Principal: his portrait hangs in the college's Great Hall.

The first woman to head the college was Mary Miller Allan, who was responsible for Homerton's national reputation as a trainer of women teachers. Her successor in 1935 was Miss Alice Skillicorn, a former HMI, who took the college through World War Two, during which time it was bombed. Dame Beryl Paston Brown was Principal in the 1960s, at a time when Homerton's numbers doubled after the introduction of three-year training courses in 1960.

In December 1976, under the headship of Principal Alison Cheveley Shrubsole, Homerton was accepted as an Approved Society of the University of Cambridge following a 3–1 vote of the Regent House in favour of its admission. The possibility of introducing a Cambridge Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree had been given as one of the reasons for the original move into Cambridge. It was after the shake-up and governmental criticisms of teacher training in the early 1970s that the university admitted Homerton because, by then, all of its students were doing four-year honours courses.

In late 2000, the Regent House approved a proposal to "converge" Homerton with the rest of the university. Convergence involved the transfer of most of the college's teaching and research activity to the new University of Cambridge Faculty of Education and the diversification of the college into a wide range of Tripos subjects. In September 2001, Homerton admitted its first non-education Tripos students. At the same time the old BEd degree was retired in favour of a three-year B.A. in Education, followed by a one-year Post Graduate Certificate of Education.

At the time of convergence, it was envisaged that Homerton would move from the status of Approved Society to that of Approved Foundation or full college. In December 2008 Homerton's application to move to full college status was approved by the University Council. The change in status was completed with the grant of a Royal Charter on 11 March 2010.

Buildings and grounds

The original Victorian Cavendish College buildings were constructed in 1876 in the Gothic Revival style, using a combination of red Suffolk brick and Bath stone dressings. One of the most notable features is an oak doorway with an ogee arch flanked above by ornamental grotesques. Several years later, the Cambridge architect William Wren designed additions to the eastern end of the college buildings in the Neo-Gothic style – now occupied by the Principal's office. The castellated tower is the tallest part of the original college buildings, and it is possible to see the spires of Ely Cathedral on a clear day from its uppermost floor.

The Great Hall is one of the largest and grandest dining halls in Cambridge. When it was built in 1889 it was the largest college hall in Cambridge. It now houses one of the college's most notable works of art – the celebrated Pre-Raphaelite piece by Jane Benham Hay known as 'The Florentine Procession', painted in the 1860s and winning 'Picture of the Year' in the 1867 Saturday Review. Also encircling the Hall are portraits of former Principals of the college. The Hall itself features a hammer-beam roof, American walnut panelling, a gallery, rose windows, a fleche, and a bell originating from the old college in London which sounds before the College Grace is read at Formal dinner. A new dining hall was designed by Feilden Fowles and opened in 2022; Rowan Moore named it as one of his five best buildings of the year.

Other notable buildings of the college include the Ibberson Building built in 1914 (named after its architect, Herbert George Ibberson) which is considered by many – including Nikolaus Pevsner in his Buildings of England – to be the college's most significant building; a fact mirrored by its Grade Two listed status, the only listed building on the site. An example of arts and crafts style architecture, its present-day Combination Room was probably the only grade two listed gymnasium in the world. Also of interest is Trumpington House (completed in 1847, and which once held the college's wine collection in its basement) built in the style of classical revival and currently leased to the Faculty of Education.

Like the majority of Cambridge colleges, Homerton offers on-site accommodation for its students for all three years. This is provided by four purpose-built accommodation buildings: East House, West House, South Court (the latest addition to the college, opened in 2007), and Harrison House. Harrison House exclusively houses graduate students and fellows, and was opened in November 2006. Harrison House is named after Sir David Harrison.  Other accommodation is provided in the ABC and D&E blocks, both part of the main college buildings, as well as in Queen's Wing (opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1957) which also contains the Homerton Union of Students and both the Undergraduate and Graduate Common Rooms. Outside of university terms, the accommodation attracts extensive use for conference purposes.

Like the other colleges of the university, Homerton's library includes thousands of books covering numerous academic disciplines. Unique to Homerton, however, is a children's book collection, which contains early editions of many famous books from 1780 onwards.

Homerton has more green space around its buildings than many other Cambridge colleges. In its grounds are several rare examples of wild orchids and over 150 species of plants, which act as a rich habitat for various forms of wildlife – including grey squirrels, carrion crows, woodpeckers, stock doves, rabbits, the 'College fox', and in the summer a small colony of swifts, which nest under the eaves of the roof of the Cavendish building after their return from Africa. There is also a large orchard, where students relax in warm weather.

Student life

Traditions

Homerton has several unique traditions. At its Matriculation Dinner new undergraduates are made to form two lines and drink wine from the 'Homerton Horn' – an African cow horn with silver mounts, whilst speaking several Anglo-Saxon phrases to one another (including the greeting "Wassail!", and the response "Frith and Freondship sae th'y'" – 'peace and friendship be with you'). In recent years, the tradition has been adapted so that undergraduates say these Anglo-Saxon phrases to the person sat across from them on the table, and take subsequent drinks from their own glasses, rather than every undergraduate drinking from the ceremonial horn, which has historically resulted in epidemics of 'Freshers Flu'.

Because the college was all-female for much of its history, the design of the college gown is that of those traditionally worn by female undergraduates in early twentieth century Cambridge (this is shared by all the historically-female colleges: Girton, Newnham, and Murray Edwards).  The gown is based on the original Cambridge black gown, still worn by undergraduates at Peterhouse, but has the slits in the sleeves closed up.  As a homage to its all-female origins, or simply because the college has never had one re-designed, this gown is now worn by all undergraduates at the college regardless of sex.

Homerton Union of Students
The Homerton Union of Students is one of the most active student unions in the university. The President - the only paid, sabbatical Presidency of all the Cambridge colleges - manages, along with a Vice-President Internal and a Vice President External, a team of students on the executive committee and a team of 'Liberation officers'. Together, they organise 'Freshers Week'. Homerton's Fresher's week is longer than in most colleges, where students only have two to three days of 'Freshers week' before the start of term. They also organise events throughout the year for students, as well as offer pastoral support.

May Ball
The college holds an annual May Ball in Cambridge. In 2018, the ball was attended by over 1500 guests, the largest ever hosted on Homerton's grounds, to celebrate the college's 250th anniversary.

Homerton Charter Choir
The college's Charter Choir sing evensong every Tuesday and is formed of choral scholars and volunteers from the college and the wider community. The choir tours abroad once a year, recently travelling to Portsmouth, Gibraltar and Iceland. The choir is directed by Daniel Trocmé-Latter, the Music Director of Studies at the college.

Boat Club
Homerton College Boat Club (HCBC) is the rowing club of the college. HCBC colours are navy blue with white trim, although the club's Zephyr (garment) is white with blue trim. The blade colour is white with a single blue (RAL-290-20-30) vertical stripe. It is traditional to wear a sock of each of the boat club's colours when racing with a blue sock on the foot opposite the rigger.

The Men's 1st VIII hold the Oxbridge record for the most places advanced during one series of bumps (either Mays, Lents, or Torpids/Eights for Oxford), advancing 13 places in the May Bumps 2001, where the crew moved up a division to division 3 and also won blades.

Widening Participation
In 2022, Homerton made offers to five students, who are among more than 50 candidates from backgrounds of educational disadvantage to be offered a place on the University of Cambridge's first-ever pre-degree foundation year.

People associated with Homerton

Principals, treasurers, fellows (including honorary fellows) or students who studied at Homerton Academy or Homerton College before and after it officially became part of Cambridge University. Graduates of the college are collectively known as Homertonians.

Principals
A list of Homerton principals since the college moved to Cambridge in 1894:

References

Further reading

 Warner, Dr Peter. Lecture on the history of Homerton College (Michaelmas term 2004)

External links

 Homerton College website
 Homerton College JCR website
 Homerton College MCR website (Graduate Society)

Educational institutions established in 1976
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
History of the London Borough of Hackney
1976 establishments in England
Teacher training colleges in the United Kingdom

Homerton College, Cambridge


USS Kearsarge foi um encouraçado da Marinha dos Estados Unidos e navio líder de sua classe de encouraçados pré-dreadnought. Ele recebeu o nome do sloop-of-war USS Kearsarge, famoso por afundar o , e foi o único couraçado da Marinha dos Estados Unidos que não recebeu o nome de um estado.

Sua quilha foi lançada pela Newport News Shipbuilding, de Virgínia, em 30 de junho de 1896. Ele foi lançado em 24 de março de 1898, patrocinado pela Sra. Elizabeth Winslow (nascida Maynard), esposa do contra-almirante Herbert Winslow, e comissionado em 20 fevereiro de 1900.

Entre 1903 e 1907, Kearsarge serviu na Frota do Atlântico Norte, e de 1907 a 1909 navegou como parte da Grande Frota Branca. Em 1909 foi descomissionado para modernização, que foi concluída em 1911. Em 1915 serviu no Atlântico e entre 1916 e 1919 serviu como navio-escola. Ele foi convertido em um navio guindaste em 1920, renomeado Crane Ship No. 1 em 1941 e vendido para sucata em 1955.

Projeto
A classe da qual Keasarge fazia parte foi projetada para atuar na defesa costeira. Eles tinham um deslocamento de 10 470 toneladas, um comprimento total de 114 metros, uma boca de 22 metros e um calado de sete metros. Os dois motores a vapor de expansão tripla vertical de 3 cilindros e cinco caldeiras Scotch, conectadas a dois eixos de hélice, produziam um total de 9 705 quilowatts, e deram aos couraçados a capacidade de chegarem a uma velocidade máxima de dezesseis nós (31 quilômetros por hora). Kearsarge foi tripulado por quarenta oficiais e 514 praças, um total de 554 tripulantes.

Kearsarge tinha duas torres duplas, com dois canhões de 330 milímetros (em baixo) e dois de 203 milímetros (em cima) cada, colocadas uma em cima da outra. Os canhões e a blindagem da torre foram projetados pelo Bureau of Ordnance, enquanto a própria torre foi projetada pelo Bureau of Construction and Repair. Isso fez com que os canhões fossem montados bem atrás na torre, tornando as portas muito grandes. O almirante William Sims afirmou que, como resultado, um projétil disparado poderia atingir os depósitos abaixo, explodindo os canhões. Este design era consideravelmente diferente de outros encouraçados de sua época, que concentravam suas torres principais em posições mais vantajosas, além de possuirem apenas uma bateria secundária, ou seja, canhões de até 240 milímetros, embora tenham sido principalmente utilizados canhões de 152 milímetros (A Classe Shikishima é um típico exemplo dessa configuração de baterias). Portanto, este design dava continuidade ao que foi feito no USS Indiana no quesito da criação de um novo tipo de bateria, a intermediária, feita principalmente para auxiliar a bateria principal nos combates a longa distância.

Além desse armamento, Kearsarge carregava quatorze canhões de 127 milímetros, vinte de 57 milímetros, oito  de 37 milímetros, quatro metralhadoras de sete milímetros e quatro tubos de torpedo de 457 milímetros. Kearsarge tinha uma borda livre muito baixa, o que resultou em suas armas se tornando inutilizáveis com mau tempo.

O cinturão de blindagem da linha d'água do navio era de 419 milímetros de espessura e as torres dos canhões principais foram protegidas por placas de 381 a 432 milímetros, enquanto as torres secundárias tinham 152 a 279 milímetros. As barbetas tinham 318 a 381 milímetros de espessura, enquanto a torre de comando tinha 254 milímetros de blindagem. As placas de sua blindagem eram feitas de aço.

Kearsarge carregava dezesseis barcos menores. Um cúter a vapor de doze metros de comprimento, com capacidade para sessenta homens, juntamente com outro cúter de dez metros, eram utilizados para transporte geral para o porto, podendo rebocar os demais barcos se necessário. Duas lanchas de dez metros, cada uma capaz de transportar 64 homens, eram os "barcos de trabalho". Havia dez embarcações de nove metros: quatro lanchas, cada uma com capacidade para 45 homens, a barca do Almirante, duas baleeiras (que serviam de botes salva-vidas) e a "carruagem do Capitão". Quatro barcos menores completavam o sistema de botes do Kearsarge: dois barcos de seis metros, e dois botes catamarãs de cinco metros.

Construção

Kearsarge teve sua contrução autorizada em 2 de março de 1895, o contrato para sua construção foi concedido em 2 de janeiro de 1896, e a quilha do navio foi batida em 30 de junho de 1896 pela Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company na Virgínia. O custo total foi de 5.043.591,68 de dólares americanos. Foi o segundo navio a ter este nome, sendo que o primeiro foi a chalupa da Guerra Civil Americana , e foi o primeiro navio da Marinha dos Estados Unidos a ser nomeado por ato do Congresso. Ele foi o único encouraçado dos EUA que não recebeu o nome de um estado. Ele foi batizado em 24 de março de 1898 (no mesmo dia que seu navio irmão, Kentucky) pela Sra. Elizabeth Winslow (nascida Maynard), a esposa do capitão Herbert Winslow, nora do capitão John Ancrum Winslow, o comandante do Kearsarge original. Ele foi comissionado em 20 de fevereiro de 1900, sob o comando do capitão William M. Folger.

Histórico de serviço

Início de carreira
Assim que entrou em serviço, foi nomeado como nau-capitânia do Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte. Kearsarge navegava ao longo da costa atlântica e do Mar do Caribe durante este período. Em maio de 1901 o capitão Bowman H. McCalla assumiu o comando de Kearsarge, embora em maio de 1902 o navio estivesse sendo comandado pelo capitão Joseph Newton Hemphill. Após ser realocado como nau-capitânia do Esquadrão Europeu, partiu de Sandy Hook em 3 de junho de 1903, a caminho de Kiel, Alemanha. Ele foi visitado pelo imperador Guilherme II da Alemanha em 25 de junho, e pelo príncipe de Gales – que mais tarde se tornaria o rei George V do Reino Unido – em 13 de julho.

Kearsarge retornou a Bar Harbor, Maine, em 26 de julho, e retomou sua posição original. Em 1º de dezembro o navio partiu de Nova York para a Baía de Guantánamo, Cuba, onde esteve presente quando os Estados Unidos tomaram posse formal da Base Naval de Guantánamo em 10 de dezembro. Em 26 de março de 1904, o capitão Raymond P. Rodgers assumiu o comando do navio. Após alguns exercícios no Mar do Caribe, Kearsarge partiu com o Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte para Lisboa, Portugal, onde conheceu o rei Carlos I em 11 de junho de 1904. O Dia da Independência foi comemorado pela tripulação do encouraçado quando estavam na Baía de Phaleron, Grécia, com o rei Jorge I da Grécia e seu filho, o príncipe André da Grécia e Dinamarca e sua nora, princesa Alice de Battenberg. O esquadrão visitou Corfu, Trieste, e Fiume antes de retornar a Newport, Rhode Island, em 29 de agosto de 1904.

Em 31 de março de 1905,  substituiu Kearsarge como navio-almirante da Frota do Atlântico Norte, embora ainda tenha permanecido na frota. O capitão Herbert Winslow assumiu o comando do navio em dezembro. Em 13 de abril de 1906, enquanto participava de um exercício em Cabo Cruz, Cuba, a pólvora de um dos seus canhões de 330 milímetros explodiu acidentalmente, matando dois oficiais e oito homens.

Grande Frota Branca
Anexado à Quarta Divisão do Segundo Esquadrão, e sob o comando do Capitão Hamilton Hutchins, navegou em 16 de dezembro de 1907 com a Grande Frota Branca. A frota partiu de Hampton Roads, passou por Trinidad e Rio de Janeiro, e depois passou pelo Estreito de Magalhães. De lá passou pela costa oeste da América do Sul, visitando Punta Arenas e Valparaíso, Chile, Callao, Peru, e Baía de Magdalena, México. A frota chegou a San Diego em 14 de abril de 1908 e seguiu para São Francisco em 6 de maio. Dois meses depois, os encouraçados partiram para Honolulu, Havaí, e de lá para Auckland, Nova Zelândia, chegando em 9 de agosto. A frota passou por Sydney, Austrália, em 20 de agosto, e depois de uma semana partiu para Melbourne.

Kearsarge partiu de Albany, Austrália Ocidental, em 18 de setembro para portos nas Ilhas Filipinas, Japão, China e Ceilão antes de transitar pelo Canal de Suez. A frota se dividiu em Port Said, com Kearsarge partindo em 10 de janeiro de 1909 para Malta, e chegando a Argel em 24 de janeiro, antes de se reencontrar com a frota em Gibraltar em 1 de fevereiro. Ele retornou a Hampton Roads em 22 de fevereiro e foi inspecionado pelo presidente dos EUA, Theodore Roosevelt.

Primeira Guerra Mundial

Tal como aconteceu com a maioria dos navios da Grande Frota Branca, Kearsarge foi modernizado em seu retorno. Ele foi descomissionado no Estaleiro Naval da Filadélfia em 4 de setembro de 1909, e a modernização foi concluída em 1911, a um custo de 675.000 dólares. O navio recebeu mastros de treliça, novas caldeiras aquatubulares e outros quatro canhões de 127 milímetros. Os canhões de 25 milímetros foram removidos, assim como dezesseis dos canhões de 152 milímetros. Ele foi recomissionado em 23 de junho de 1915, e operou ao longo da costa atlântica. Em 17 de setembro, ele deixou a Filadélfia para desembarcar um destacamento de fuzileiros navais dos EUA em Veracruz, México, permanecendo lá de 28 de setembro de 1915 a 5 de janeiro de 1916. Ele então carregou os fuzileiros navais para Nova Orleans, Louisiana, antes de se juntar a Frota Reserva do Atlântico na Filadélfia em 4 de fevereiro. Até os Estados Unidos entrarem na Primeira Guerra Mundial, treinou as  de Massachusetts e Maine. Durante a guerra, foi usado para treinar tripulações da Guarda Armada e engenheiros navais durante cruzeiros ao longo da costa atlântica. Em 18 de agosto de 1918, Kearsarge resgatou 26 sobreviventes da barca norueguesa Nordhav que havia sido afundada pelo , levando-os para Boston.

Período entreguerras

Entre 29 de maio e 29 de agosto de 1919, Kearsarge treinou aspirantes da Academia Naval dos Estados Unidos no Caribe. Kearsarge partiu de Annapolis, Maryland para o Philadelphia Navy Yard, onde foi descomissionado em 10 de maio ou 18 de maio de 1920.

Kearsarge foi convertido em um navio guindaste, e recebeu a designação "IX-16" em 17 de julho de 1920, mas foi alterado para "AB-1" em 5 de agosto. Suas torres, superestrutura e blindagem foram removidas e substituídas por um grande guindaste giratório com capacidade de elevação de 250 toneladas, bem como bolhas de três metros em seu casco, o que melhorou sua estabilidade. O navio guindaste foi utilizado com frequência nos próximos 20 anos, incluindo o levantamento do  em 1939.

Segunda Guerra Mundial
Em 6 de novembro de 1941, Kearsarge foi renomeado Navio Guindaste No. 1, permitindo que seu nome fosse dado a , e mais tarde para . Ele continuou seu serviço, no entanto, manuseando canhões, torres, blindagens e outros serviços do género para navios como , , ,  e .

Ele foi transferido para o Estaleiro Naval de São Francisco em 1945, onde participou da construção do Hornet e do  e da reconstrução do . Uma de suas últimas atribuições foi realizar levantar peças durante a remontagem de outro navio guindaste, YD-171 (ex-Schimmkran nº 1) na Ilha Terminal. Em 1948 ele deixou a Costa Oeste para o Estaleiro Naval de Boston. Em 22 de junho de 1955, seu nome foi retirado do Registro Naval e foi vendido para sucata em 9 de agosto.

Bibliografia

Livros

 Gardiner, Robert and Lambert, Andrew Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905. Conways, London, 2001,
 Roberts, J. "The Pre-Dreadnought Age" in Gardiner Steam, Steel and Shellfire.
 Campbell, J. "Naval Armaments and Armour" in Gardiner Steam, Steel and Shellfire.

Jornais

Recursos online

Classe Kearsarge
Navios de 1898
Navios construídos pela Newport News Shipbuilding
Navios construídos na Virgínia
Couraçados da Marinha dos Estados Unidos
Couraçados dos Estados Unidos na Primeira Guerra Mundial

USS Kearsarge (BB-5)


Mariana Çukuru (Challenger Çukuru), Dünya üzerinde bilinen en derin noktadır. Büyük Okyanus'ta, Guam Adası'nın güney batısında, Japonya ve Endonezya arasında, iki ülkeye de aşağı yukarı eşit uzaklıkta yer alır. Yapılan son ölçümlere göre en derin noktası yaklaşık 10.994 metredir. Uzunluğu 2.542 kilometre genişliği ise 69 kilometredir.

Okyanusal nitelikte iki plakanın çarpıştığı sınırda derin çukurlar oluşabilir. Mariana çukuru da, Pasifik Plaka ile Mariana Plakası'nın çarpışması sonucu oluşmuş bir çukurdur ve iki plaka sınırındadır.

Suyun içine atılan 1 kilogram kütleli metalin tabana ulaşması, yaklaşık olarak 1 saat sürer. Ancak, suyun yoğunluğu ve metalin özkütlesi de hesaba katıldığında, tabana ulaşma süresi artıp azalabilir. Dip noktasındaki basınç ise yeryüzündeki basınca göre yaklaşık 1000 kat daha fazladır.

Mariana Çukuru'nda hayat belirtileri vardır. Yapılan araştırmalar, aşırı basınçlı ve soğuk ortamda yaşayabilen birçok mikroorganizma, balık ve yengeç türünü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Buradaki yaşamın temel dayanağı, 300 dereceye ulaşan volkanik püskürmeler ve buradan çıkan sülfürü metabolize edebilen bakterilerdir. Bu kadar derinde yaşayan balık türlerinin hayatları yüzlerce yılı bulabilmektedir. Buradaki canlıların, çok eski prehistorik dönemlerden bu yana aynı kaldığı düşünülmektedir.

23 Ocak 1960'ta, İsviçreli bilim insanı Jacques Piccard ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Donanması'ndan Teğmen Donald Walsh, Trieste Batiskapı içinde Mariana Çukuru'na inebilmeyi başaran ilk insanlar olmuşlardır. İlk anda 11.521 metre (37,799 feet)'lik bir derinliğe inildiği hesaplanmış, ancak 1995 yılında yapılan ölçümlerde doğru derinliğin 10.916 metre (35,814 feet) olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Derin noktaya iniş yaklaşık 3 saat 15 dakika sürmüş, burada 20 dakikalık bir sürenin ardından tekrar yüzeye çıkılmasıyla toplamda 5 saatlik bir sürede dalış ve yüzeye çıkış tamamlanmıştır.

25 Mart 2012'de, Kanadalı yönetmen James Cameron "Dikey Torpil (Deepsea Challenger)" adlı özel denizaltısıyla Mariana Çukuru'na tek başına inmeyi başardı. 156 dakikada dünyanın tabanına inen, 3 saat incelemelerde bulunan Cameron, beklenenden daha kısa sürede, 70 dakikada yüzeye çıktı. Cameron tarafından bizzat tasarlanıp Avustralyalı mühendislerce inşa edilen denizaltı, Çukur'da bulunan metrekare başına 7.250 tonun üzerindeki basınca dayanıklıdır.

13 Mayıs 2019'da Amerikalı deniz altı kâşifi Victor Vescovo, Pasifik Okyanusu'nda yer alan Mariana Çukuru'na daldı. Dipteki yüksek basınca dayanacak şekilde üretilen dalış aracıyla 10 bin 927 metre derine inen ve çukurun dibinde 4 saat kalan Vescovo, incelemeleri sırasında deniz canlıları ile renkli kayalık yapıların yanı sıra plastik poşet ve şeker ambalajları buldu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Mariana Çukuru dalışı (25 Mart 2012) – Deepsea Challenger.
Mariana Çukuru dalışı (23 Ocak 1960)  – Trieste
Mariana Çukuru dalışı (50. yıl)  – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh.
Mariana Çukuru – To Scale.
Mariana Çukuru – Maps (Google).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia  – Mariana Arc (podcast).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist  – Ring of Fire (2004–2006).

Filipin Denizi
Büyük Okyanus'taki okyanus çukurları
En uç noktalar
Endonezya'daki yeryüzü şekilleri
Yitim zonları

Mariana Çukuru


Breitendelle (auch Breidendelle) ist eine untergegangene Siedlungsstätte der heutigen Stadt Battenberg (Eder) im Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg in Hessen.

Lage
Der Ort lag östlich von Alertshausen. Über die Hohe Warte Richtung dem heutigen Gehöft Binsenbach in einem Seitental. Die Siedlungsstelle existiert noch unter dem Flurnamen em Brehredoal (im Breitental) weiter.

Geschichte
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde der Ort im Jahre 1059. In diesem Jahr gehörte die villa (Landhaus) Breidendelle zur Pfarrei Elsoff.  Der adlige Grundherr Buobo von Elsoff vollzog in diesem Jahr die Abspaltung von der raumländischen Mutterkirche. Um in Elsoff die Messe, Taufe und die Fürbitte der Verstorbenen abhalten zu dürfen, übertrug er der Kirche zu Raumland einen Teil seiner Ländereien. In der dazugehörenden Urkunde tauchen die Ortschaften Schwarzenau, Beddelhausen, Elsoff und Alertshausen auf. Ebenfalls finden sich die wüst gewordenen Dörfer, Gospershausen, Oberruhn und Leinefa wieder. Wann der Ort aufgegeben wurde kann nicht genau gesagt werden. Aufgegeben wurde der Ort höchstwahrscheinlich aufgrund der Höhenlage und des damit verbundenen Wassermangels.

Literatur
Günther Wrede: Territorialgeschichte der Grafschaft Wittgenstein (= Marburger Studien zur älteren deutschen Geschichte. Reihe 1: Arbeiten zum geschichtlichen Atlas von Hessen und Nassau. H. 3, ). Elwert, Marburg 1927 (Zugleich: Marburg, Universität, Dissertation, 1927).
 Lars Womelsdorf, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Ortschaft Alertshausen

Breitendelle

Breitendelle


Kralj Queensa je američka TV serija koja se emitirala na CBS-u od 21. rujna 1998. do 14. svibnja 2007. Serija sadrži 207 epizoda unutar 9 sezona. U Hrvatskoj se trenutno prikazuje na RTL Kockici.

Radnja
Doug (Kevin James) i Carrie Heffernan (Leah Remini) žive u četvrti Queens u New Yorku. U prvoj epizodi serije saznajemo da se Carriein otac Arthur Spooner (Jerry Stiller) uselio u kuću nakon što je zapalio svoju.

Scene u seriji uglavnom se događaju u kući obitelji Heffernan, dok su neke scene smještene na radnom mjestu Douga i Carrie, u restoranu "Cooper's" ili kod prijatelja.

Glavni likovi
 Doug Heffernan (Kevin James) je glavni lik serije. Radi kao dostavljač za izmišljenu tvrtku IPS zajedno s prijateljem Deaconom. Lijen je i pohlepan, no učinio bi sve kako bi ga ljudi voljeli. Njegov najdraži film (po njemu i najbolji) je Risky Business. Navija za Jetse, Metse, Knickse i Islanderse. Voli svoju ženu Carrie. Čak ju je zaprosio tijekom utakmice Jetsa.
 Carrie Heffernan (Leah Remini) je Dougova supruga. Često se dobro odjeva. Nikada nije završila fakultet.
 Arthur Spooner (Jerry Stiller) je Carriein otac. Vrlo je sarkastičan. Zna biti sebičan samac koji misli da je svijet njegov vlasnik. Vrlo je dobar u ping-pongu.
 Deacon Palmer (Victor Williams) je Dougov najbolji prijatelj. On i njegova žena Kelly imaju 2 sina (Major i Kirby). Često se viđa s Dougom. U jednoj epizodi spominje da je služio u Nacionalnoj gardi.
 Spencer Olchin (Patton Oswalt) je Dougov prijatelj. Upoznali su se još u vrtiću kada mu je Doug bio jedini prijatelj. Odgovoran je i brižan. Ima albanske korijene. Živi s majkom.

Vanjske poveznice
 Kralj Queensa na RTL-u
 Kralj Queensa na MojTV

Američke serije

Kralj Queensa


Perewersew ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Eduard Perewersew (* 1953), sowjetischer Hürdenläufer
 Iwan Fjodorowitsch Perewersew (1914–1978), sowjetischer Schauspieler
 Sergei V. Pereverzyev (* 1955), ukrainischer Mathematiker und Hochschullehrer
 Walerian Fjodorowitsch Perewersew (1882–1968), sowjetischer Literaturwissenschaftler
 Wiktor Michailowitsch Perewersew (* 1958), russisch-sowjetischer Ruderer

Perewersew


Mzab kan henvise til:

 M'Zab-dalen, en region i Algeriet
 Mzab (stamme), en marokkansk stamme
 Mzab gundi, en art af gnavere
 Mzab-Wargla, et sprog

Mzab


Bjørnafjorden peut désigner :

 Bjørnafjorden, commune de Norvège ;
 Bjørnafjorden, fjord de Norvège.

Bjørnafjorden


Petre Tomescu () a fost un om politic român, care a îndeplinit funcția de ministru al muncii, sănătății și ocrotirilor sociale (27 ianuarie 1941 - 23 august 1944) în guvernul Ion Antonescu (3). A fost profesor universitar doctor la Facultatea de medicină umană a Universității din București.

Decorații
 Semnul Onorific "Răsplata Muncii pentru 25 ani în Serviciul Statului" (13 octombrie 1941)
  Ordinul "Coroana României" în gradul de Mare Cruce (7 noiembrie 1941)

Note

Nașteri în 1890
Decese în 1977
Politicieni români
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Miniștri ai sănătății din România
Medici români
Profesori universitari români la Facultățile de Medicină
Români condamnați
Persecutați de către organele de stat ale României comuniste
Oameni din Vălenii de Munte

Petre Tomescu


An Agrostis sesquiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Étienne-Émile Desvaux. An Agrostis sesquiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis sesquiflora


La Citroën-Kégresse P4T est une autochenille Citroën à propulseur Kégresse des années 1920, à usage militaire et civil.

Basée la voiture Citroën B2, l'autochenille P4T est assez semblable au modèle P1T. Elle est remplacée par le modèle P7T à entraînement positif.

Conception

La Citroën-Kégresse P4T reprend les caractéristiques du modèle P1T. Le moteur est le même, un Citroën 9 CV type B de 4 cylindres  de , développant  à .

La chenille en caoutchouc est actionnée par la poulie motrice placée à l'arrière (entraînement dit négatif). La poulie de tension, placée à l'arrière, est maintenant pleine, et non à rayons comme sur la P1T. Le poids du véhicule est réparti sur les quatre galets intermédiaires. Le propulseur est fixé au châssis de l'autochenille par un essieu rigide.

Le moteur consomme  ( en tout terrain) et permet une vitesse maximale sur route de . Le véhicule pèse .

Utilisation

L'autochenille sort fin 1924, passant aux Mines en novembre.

Huit P4T participent à la Croisière noire, expédition d'exploration africaine, d'octobre 1924 à novembre 1925. Six P4T font également un raid de la Tunisie au Tchad de janvier à avril 1925.

L'Armée française achète, en plusieurs marchés, une quarantaine de P4T comme voitures de liaison tous-terrains mais aussi comme tracteurs d'avions ou d'hydravions (pour la Marine). L'Armée achète également seize automitrailleuses sur châssis P4T.
L'Armée portugaise achète des P4T, tout comme l'Armée argentine. L'Armée polonaise achète 135 châssis P4T. 90 de ces châssis reçoivent une carrosserie blindée, type . Le propulseur P4T est également utilisé avec des véhicules britanniques, produits par Crossley.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Lien externe
 .

Kegresse
Véhicule militaire français
Semi-chenillé

Citroën-Kégresse P4T


Yeniden Millî Mücadele Hareketi (YMM, Mücadele Birliği), 1960'lı yılların sonlarında antiemperyalist, antisiyonist, antikomünist, İslamcı öğrenciler tarafından başlatılan aksiyoner bir öğrenci hareketidir. Üyeleri "mücadeleci" olarak bilinir.

Yeniden Millî Mücadele Hareketi, Türkiye'deki mevcut düzeni, "Judeo-Grek Menşeili Kapitalist Sistem" olarak tespit edip kapitalizm, komünizm ve Siyonizme karşı "İslam İdeolojisini" hakim kılma amacı gütmüştür.

Üniversitelerdeki şiddet olayların arttığı ve İslami camiada birçok kesimin orduyu karşısına aldığı bir döneme denk gelen 4 Nisan 1970 tarihinde, Konya'da düzenlenen Millî Mücadele Birliği Mitingi'nde Yaşasın Millî Ordu, Yaşasın Millî Devlet sloganları atarak mukaddesatçı çevrelere ordu konusunda farklı açılımlar kazandırmıştır.

YMM, hareketin mirasını sahiplenme iddiasında olan Millet Partisi tarafından; "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün öncülüğünde gerçekleşmiş olan Millî Mücadele'nin düsturlarının esas alındığı, yerli-millî bir model" olarak tanımlanmakta ve "Yeniden bir Millî Mücadele'ye olan ihtiyaçtan" doğduğu ifade edilmektedir.

Yeniden Millî Mücadele dergisi

Yeniden Millî Mücadele Hareketine ismini veren, Yeniden Millî Mücadele dergisi 3 Şubat 1970 tarihinde yayın hayatına başlamış, milliyetçi görüşleri barındıran yazılar yayınlamıştır.

Toplam on altı sayfa olan YMM dergisi, boy olarak hazırlanmış ve ön-arka kapak sayfaları resimli ve renkli olarak basılmıştır. Derginin son dönem tirajı 25.000 civarındaydı.

YMM dergisinin yayın politikalarını belirleyen ve YMM hareketi kadrolarının eğitiminde esas aldığı çalışmalardan üçü derginin ilk yayın yılında ön ve arka kapak iç sayfalarında yayınlanmıştır. Bunlardan biri hareketin doktrini dile getiren "İlmi Sağ", bir diğeri hareketin fikri ve siyasi kimliğini vurgulayan "İnkılap İlmi" ve üçüncüsü de hareketin metot ve stratejisine açıklık getiren "Yeniden Millî Mücadele'nin Stratejisi" başlıklı yazılardır. Yazar Necati Cebeci, Yeniden Millî Mücadele'den Muhteşem Türkiye'ye, isimli eserinde bu dönemi şu şekilde açıklar:

"Bu dergi yayınlandığı dönemde Türk Milleti üzerinde özellikle de millî çizgideki okuyan gençlik üzerinde, o kadar büyük, o derece inanılmaz bir müspet etki meydana getirmiştir ki; üniversitelerden köy kahvelerine, ev hanımlarından devlet memurlarına, Türk aydınından duyarlı Türk işçisine kadar o kadar geniş bir yelpazede bu dergi gündem oluşturmuş, o döneme damgasını vurmuştur ve genç yaşlı yüz binlerce vatansevere açık öğretim mektebi olarak ulaşmıştır ki bu derginin tesiri, tam manasıyla hayrete ve takdire şayandır."

Gerçek dergisi
Gerçek, Yeniden Millî Mücadele Hareketi'nin İlim, Kültür ve Sanat ayağını Pınar Dergisi ile birlikte üstlenme amacı ile 1 Temmuz 1975 senesinde yayınlanmaya başlamış olan üç aylık araştırma, inceleme dergisidir.

Genel olarak, felsefe, insan bilgisinin kaynağı, ilmi sağ tezi gibi millî kültürün temel öğelerini sistemleştirmek ve millî kültür üzerinde cereyan eden zararlı tesirleri bertaraf etmek amacı ile çalışan bir kadro dergisidir. Bu derginin ilk sayısında, "'Gerçeğin Bilgisi'nin, milletimizin ve insanlığın problemlerini doğru olarak çözmekte başvurulacak tek yol olduğunu ve ancak bu yolla, millî kültürümüz üzerinde süfli tesirleri büyüyerek devam eden gayrı millî bakış açısını, modalaşan zararlı ve zavallı hayalleri yıkabileceğimizi, bilinen bir gerçeği tekrar etmek sayılsa bile, söylemeden geçemeyeceğiz." şeklinde ifade edilmiştir.

Bu amaçla, Türkiye'nin entelektüel birikiminin her türlü görüş ayrılıklarına rağmen bir araya gelmesi ve bu birliğin Millî düşünce sistemi için bir ilerletici güç haline geleceğini varsaymaktadır. Derginin aynı sayısında "Hemen belirtelim ki, Türk aydınları arasında mevcut görüş farkları, aşılmaz bir engel değil; karşılıklı tolerans ve entelektüel kapasitesinin millî hedeflerimize yönelmesi ölçüsünde, ilmi çalışmaları zenginleştiren ve güçlendiren, bir 'ilerletici güç' haline gelecektir." şeklinde ifade edilmektedir.

Bugünün şartlarında, içtimai problemlerin çözümü için, entelektüel bir bakış açısı ile Türk-İslam kültürünün ilmi derinliklerine inmenin, bu kültürü oluşturan parametreleri sistematik biçimde inceleyerek sorunlara alemşümul yanıtlar verebilen bir aksiyon kılavuzu oluşturmanın gerekliliğini vurgulamıştır.

Yayınlandığı dönemde, Mehmet Çetin, Cemil Meriç gibi fikir adamlarını ve güçlü kalemleri bünyesinde barındırmayı başarmış ve işlediği ilmi sağ tezi ile Türk siyaset sahnesine katkı sağlayacak yeni politik hat çizmiştir.

Tarihi

Kuruluşu
1964 senesinde Afyon'da kültür faaliyeti yürüten Aykut Edibali ve Yavuz Arslan Argun'un, Konya'da faaliyet gösteren Necmettin Erişen, İrfan Küçükköy, Mevlit Baltacı, Kemal Yaman, Mevlit Faruk İslamoğlu, Ziya Yürekli, Hasan Elmas ve Mehmet Aydın grubu ile temas etmesiyle hareketin temelleri atılmıştır. 1967 senesinde harekete "Mücadele Birliği" ismi verilmiştir.

Hareketin kurucularından İrfan Küçükköy hareketin kuruluşunu Ellinci Yılımız adıyla yayımlanan yazısında şu şekilde anlatmıştır:

"Bu hareket, ismi 1967 yılında konulmak üzere, 1964 yılının Ağustos ayında başlamıştır. Hukuk Fakültesinde okuyan, yirmi iki yaşında iki gencin, Aykut Edibali ve Yavuz Aslan Argun'un, İhsan Ramiz Bayram aracılığıyla, "birlikte mücadele etmeye", aynı yaşlardaki biz Konyalıları davetiyle, görüşmelerden sonra bizim azimli, içten, umutlu kararımızla başlamıştır. Bunlar, ben İrfan Küçükköy, Mevlit Baltacı, Mustafa Alptekin(aktif olmadı), Kemal Yaman, Mevlit Faruk İslamoğlu, Hasan Elmas, Mehmet Aydın (İlk senelerde ayrıldı) idik. Aynı yıl içinde bize, talebesi Ali Erdoğan aracılığıyla Seyyit Ahsen hoca dahil oldu. Bir sene içinde Konya'dan Necmettin Erişen harekete katıldı ve Adana'yı Konya'ya taşıdı. Gaziantep'te lise öğrencisi iken harekete dahil olan Melih Gökçek, Üniversite'yi kazanmasıyla Ankara'ya geldi, rehberliğe başladı. İstanbul'da Yılmaz Karaoğlu ve başka illerde, başka genç önderler dahil oldular. Böylece hareket başladı."

Yine hareketin kurucularından olan Necmettin Erişen bu dönemi şöyle açıklar:

"MB başlangıç itibarıyla İslam'a gönül vermiş arkadaşlar tarafından kurulmuştur. Bu arkadaşlar hem ibadi, hem fikri, hem siyasi olarak İslam'a yaşamaya azmetmiş arkadaşlardı. İslam'ı anlamak ve anlatmakla kendilerini görevli sayıyorlardı. Komünistlerin hücre, masonların loca faaliyetleri vardı. İslam'ı yozlaştırma amacını güden birçok kulüpler, gizli ve açık faaliyet gösteriyorlardı. Türkiye'de İslam'a düşman devletlerin ajanları faaliyet gösteriyorlardı. Türkiye'de insanların İslam'dan uzaklaşabilmeleri için birçok gayret gösteriliyordu. Bunların önüne çıkabilecek ve onlardan çok daha güçlü olabilecek bir faaliyetin yapılmasının gerekliliğine inanıyorduk. Ve Allah'a dayananların daha güçlü olacağı inancıyla hareket ediyorduk. Muhammed küfrün göbeğinde, çok daha azgın olan insanların arasında nasıl çalışmışsa, nasıl başarıya ulaşmışsa biz de başarılı olup, cahiliyyeyi yenebilirdik. İşte arkadaşlarımızla bu ciddiyette bir çalışma yapmaya karar verdik. Uzun müddet Kur'an-ı Kerim'in üzerinde çalıştık, ayetleri konularına göre tasnifledik. Hareket kabiliyetimizi geliştirecek bütün ayetleri ezberledik. Önemli hadisleri derledik. Konya'da birbirine çok yakın 4-5 arkadaş böyle bir çalışma içinde olduk. Sonunda o döneme göre yoğun bir bilgi birikimine sahip olduk. Etrafa etki edecek canlı bir bakışa ve hayatın içinde bir imana sahiptik. Konya'da bu çalışmaları yaparken, İstanbul'da ve Türkiye'nin değişik illerinde bu çalışmalarımız yavaş yavaş duyulmaya başlandı. İrtibatlarımız arttı. Bu irtibatlarımızı ve birikimimizi bir dernek çatısı altında teşkilatlarına fikri gündeme geldi. Türkiye'deki, İslam dünyasındaki ve dünyadaki bu tür teşkilatlanmaların nasıl olduğunu, başarıya ulaşmış veya ulaşmamış çalışmaları gözden geçirdik. Sonuçta çalışmalarımızda bir adım olsun diye resmî bir kuruluş olarak Mücadele Birliğini 1967'de oluşturduk. Merkezini Konya'da açtık."

İleri dönem

Sancak olarak isimlendirilen şubelerin Anadolu'da yayılması ile hareket ulusal bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Adana, Erzurum, Diyarbakır, Afyon, Çorum, Bursa, Gaziantep, İzmir, Adapazarı, Ankara, Konya gibi illerde sancaklar etkin faaliyet göstermişlerdir.

12 Mart Muhtırası'nın ardından devam eden sıkıyönetim kararları nedeniyle savcı Doğan Öz tarafından açılan bir dava ile kapatılmış, kapatılma süreci YMM mecmuasında "Milletin Müdafaası Devam Ediyor" başlığı ile ayrıntılı biçimde yayınlanmıştır. Kapatılmanın ardından "Tabelalar İner, Mücadele Devam Eder" sloganı sıkça kullanılmıştır.

Mücadele Birliği 1970 sonlarında partileşme aşamasında çeşitli sebeplerle bölünmüştür. Bu bölünmelerin ardından, aralarında hareketin lideri Aykut Edibali'nin de bulunduğu bir grup mücadeleci "Islahatçı Demokrasi Partisi"ni (IDP) kurmuş ve ilerleyen süreçte IDP, üç partinin kendisine dahil olması ile "Millet Partisi" adını almıştır.

Temel görüşleri

İlmî Sağ tezi
Yeniden Millî Mücadele, dünya tarihi boyunca kainat ve hayatı izaha çalışan çeşitli modeller kurulduğunu ve bu modellerin birbirleriyle doğaları gereği sınırsız ve topyekûn bir çatışma halinde olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Yeniden Millî Mücadele'ye göre İlmi Sağ; milletimizin buhrandan kurtuluş mücadelesinde millî vasıf taşıyan bütün kadrolara ve bu milletin evladı olduğunu hisseden bütün vatanperverlere teorik ve pratik bir rehberlik vazifesi yapmak üzere ortaya koyulmuş bir tezdir.

İlmi Sağ, ideolojileri yeni bir paradigmayla yeniden tasnif eder:
"İdeolojiler; doktrinlerin, cemiyet ve insanın yaşama şekillerine ait hedeflerinin toplamıdır.  Doktrin ideolojinin çekirdeğidir. İdeoloji, doktrinin meyvesidir. Doktrin kültür hâlinde iken tespitle iktifâ eder. Doktrin, ideoloji hâline gelince, kâinat ve hayat hakkındaki tespitlerini, temennilerle birleştirir. İdeoloji, doktrininin hedeflerinin sistemleşmesidir. Her ideoloji, anası olan kültüre, kültür ise temeli olan akideye -doktrine- bağlanır. Materyalizm ve İslâm kültürü bu hususta örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Şu halde ideolojilerin temelleri kendi akideleridir. İdeolojiler de doktrinlerine -akidelerine- göre tasnif edilir. Bu akide ise ya sağdır, ya da sol. Sağ akide, kâinat, hayat ve insan gerçeğini normal tespit eden bir imanın ve düşüncenin mevzuudur. Sol akide ise kâinat ve hayat hakkında yanlış bir telakkiyi doktrinleştirir".

Millî Cephe modeli

Türkiye tahlili

YMM, Türkiye'deki mevcut sistemin "Judeo-Grek kaynaklı kapitalist sistem" olduğunu belirtmiş ve bu sistemin millileştirilmesine-İslamileştirilmesine yönelik inkılapçı/devrimci bir ilmi sağ metodu izlemenin gerekliliğini ifade etmiştir.

Dış politika hakkındaki görüşleri

Avrupa Birliği hakkındaki görüşleri

Yeniden Millî Mücadele, Avrupa Birliği içerisinde dinî, millî kültürü, devleti ve ahlakı koruyamayacağımızı iddia etmiştir. Bir modernleşme projesi olarak, yukarıdan aşağıya dayatılmaması gerektiğini, Avrupa Birliği hakkında nihai kararın "millet"e referandum ile sorulması gerektiğini vurgulamıştır.

Yayın organları
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Günümüzde

Hareketin bazı üyeleri günümüzde çeşitli sivil toplum örgütlerinde ve siyasi partilerde faaliyet yürütmektedir.

1980 öncesi YMM hareketinin lideri olan Aykut Edibali 1992 yılında Millet Partisi'ni kurmuş, vefat ettiği 14 Ocak 2022 tarihine kadar genel başkanı olmuştur.

Eleştiriler
YMM hakkında, zamanla hareketten kopanlar tarafından birçok eleştiri kaleme alınmıştır.

Hareketin kurucularından Necmeddin Erişen, ölümünden önce YMM'nin kuruluş aşamasında İslamî bir kaygı güttüğü ve İslamî uyanış taleplerini karşılayabilecek bir yapıda olduğunu, ancak 1971 muhtırası ardından bu kaygının Türk milliyetçiliğine savrulduğu eleştirilerini ifade etmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yeni Asya Gazetesi 28 Mayıs 2007
 Anadolu Eğitim Kültür ve Bilim Vakfı
 Araştırma ve Kültür Vakfı
 Düşünce Platformu

Türkiye'deki siyasi hareketler

Yeniden Millî Mücadele Hareketi


Kento Kawata (født 9. juli 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Tochigi SC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kento Kawata


20. Kolordu, İsmet Bey komutasında Kudüs'te, Megiddo'da savaştı. Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması'ndan sonra, Ereğli-Konya-Ankara yoluyla Ankara'ya gelmiş ve Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'na katılmıştır.

I. Dünya Savaşı

Aralık 1916 Savaş Düzeni
Aralık 1916'da kolordu aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 20. Kolordu (Makedonya Cephesi, Komutan: Mirliva Abdülkerim Paşa)
 49. Tümen (Komutan: Miralay Mahmut Bey)
 144. Piyade Alayı (Komutan: Kaymakam Adil Bey)
 145. Alay (Komutan: Binbaşı Ali Rıza Bey)
 146. Alay (Komutan: Kaymakam Schierholz)
 46. Topçu Alayı (Komutan: Binbaşı M. Behçet Bey)
 50. Tümen (Komutan: Kaymakam Şükrü Naili Bey, Kurmay Başkanı: Yüzbaşı Tevfik Bey)
 157. Piyade Alayı (Komutan: Kaymakam Akif Bey)
 158. Piyade Alayı (Komutan: Binbaşı Nedim Bey)
 169. Piyade Alayı (Komutan: Kaymakam Servet Bey)
 50. Topçu Alayı (Komutan: Binbaşı Sadık Bey)

Ağustos 1917 Savaş Düzeni
Ağustos 1917'de kolordu aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 20. Kolordu (Suriye-Filistin)
 16. Tümen, 54. Tümen

Haziran 1918, Eylül 1918 Savaş Düzeni
Haziran 1918, Eylül 1918'de kolordu aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 20. Kolordu (Filistin)
 26. Tümen, 53. Tümen

Mondros Sonrası

Kasım 1918 Savaş Düzeni
Kasım 1918'de kolordu aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 20. Kolordu (Suriye)
 1. Tümen, 43. Tümen

Ocak 1919 Savaş Düzeni
Ocak 1919'da kolordu aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 20. Kolordu (Anadolu, Ereğli)
 23. Tümen (Afyon)
 3. Piyade Alayı, 58. Piyade Alayı, 143. Piyade Alayı
 24. Tümen (Ereğli)
 69. Piyade Alayı, 89. Piyade Alayı, 159. Piyade Alayı

Kaynakça
 Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7

Kuzey Makedonya tarihi
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun kolorduları
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun askerî birimleri
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Bulgaristan

20. Kolordu (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu)


Lannesdorf, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bonn kentine bağlı bölge. Bad Godesberg idari merkezine bağlıdır. Lannesdorf kayıtlara ilk kez 892 yılında, "Landulvestorph" ve "Landolphestorp" isimleriyle geçmiştir. 1935 yılında Mehlem ile birlikte Bad Godesberg'e, 1969'da da Bonn'a bağlandı. Lannesdorf'un merkezinde bulunan neo-gotik tarza sahip kilise 1970'li yıllarda yıkılıp yerine Herz Jesu Kilisesi inşa edilmiştir. Bölgede 1995'te kurulan Kral Fahd Akademisi, radikal İslamcı çevrelerle bağlantılı olduğu gerekçesiyle 2003 yılında yoğun şekilde tartışma konusu olmuştur.

Lannesdorf


سليم هي قرية تقع في ولاية المسيلة الجزائرية. تبعد عن مدينة المسيلة حوالي 200 كيلومتر.

قرى ولاية المسيلة

سليم (قرية)


Kato is a fictional character from The Green Hornet franchise. This character has appeared with the Green Hornet in radio, film, television, book and comic book versions. Kato is the Hornet's assistant and has been played by a number of actors. On radio, Kato was initially played by Raymond Hayashi, then Roland Parker who had the role for most of the run, and in the later years Mickey Tolan and Paul Carnegie. Keye Luke took the role in the movie serials, and in the television series, he was portrayed by Bruce Lee. Jay Chou played Kato in the 2011 Green Hornet film.

Character history
Kato is Britt Reid's valet, who doubles as The Green Hornet's masked driver and partner to help him in his vigilante adventures, disguised as the activities of a racketeer and his chauffeur/bodyguard/enforcer. According to the storyline, years before the events depicted in the series, Britt Reid saved Kato's life while traveling in the Far East. Depending on the version of the story, this prompts Kato to become Reid's assistant or friend. In the anthology book, The Green Hornet Chronicles from Moonstone Books, author Richard Dean Starr's story "Nothing Gold Can Stay: An Origin Story of Kato" explores the character's background and how he ends up living in America, suggesting that Kato met Britt Reid on a later trip back to his homeland while in search of his mother.

Radio program and nationality
George W. Trendle, the owner of radio station WXYZ in Michigan first created and produced "The Green Hornet" show in 1936, with the scripts being written by Fran Striker. The show became so popular it ran for nearly two decades and spun off at least two films. This was Trendle and Striker's second big radio hit; their first was "The Lone Ranger".

In the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as being Japanese. By 1939, the invasion of China by the Empire of Japan made this bad for public relations, and from that year until 1945 "Britt Reid's Japanese valet" in the show's opening was then simply identified by the announcer as his "faithful valet".  The first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not released to theaters until early 1940, referred in passing to Kato being "a Korean". By 1941, Kato had begun to be referred to as Filipino.  A long-standing, but false, urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor. In serials, Kato was played by Chinese-born American actor Keye Luke. In the 2011 film, Kato (played by Jay Chou) tells Britt Reid that he was born in the Chinese city of Shanghai; Reid replies by saying that he "love[s] Japan".

Television series

The televised series of "The Green Hornet" was created and produced by William Dozier, the owner of Greenway Productions, for ABC. It ran from September 1966 to March 1967 and was then canceled after that one season. Van Williams played the Green Hornet and Bruce Lee played Kato. Dozier was also the creator of the more popular "Batman" television series. Even though he had the Green Hornet and Kato appear on "Batman" three times, they never acquired a large audience.

It was due in part to Bruce Lee's portrayal of this character, that the Green Hornet became more well-known, and that martial arts became more popular in the United States in the 1960s. Indeed, Lee refused to follow the American director's expectation of fisticuff fights and insisted that he be allowed to use his martial arts skills. They became so popular with the audience that Van Williams, who played the Green Hornet, asked to be taught some moves. In a crossover episode of Batman from the same time and companies, Kato has a battle with Robin that ends in a draw (the same thing happens simultaneously with their senior partners). This was in part because Lee refused to participate in a fight that showed Asian-style martial arts being defeated; the original script had the Green Hornet and Kato being beaten by Batman and Robin. The popular impression Lee made at the time is demonstrated by one of the TV series tie-in coloring books produced by Watkins & Strathmore. It is titled Kato's Revenge Featuring the Green Hornet. The Green Hornet'''s success in Hong Kong, where it was popularly known as The Kato Show, led to Lee starring in the feature films that would make him a pop culture icon. This show launched Bruce Lee's adult television and film career.

In the TV series, Kato (portrayed by Bruce Lee) is not at all a mechanic but a professional servant, a highly skilled driver, and a master of the art of war. In all other versions of the story, he is also a mechanic, with the creations of both the special automobile, the Black Beauty, and the Hornet's trademark sleeping gas and the gun that delivers it attributed to him. In the television series, he also becomes an expert in martial arts, which was implied in the first film serial with his use of a tranquilizing "chop" to the back of a thug's neck.

Comic book adaptations
All Green Hornet comic book adaptations have included Kato. These were produced by Helnit (later Holyoke), Harvey, Dell and, tied into the television version, Gold Key. Beginning in 1989 one, published by NOW Comics, established a continuity between the different versions of the story. In this comic, the TV/Bruce Lee version of Kato is the son of the Kato from the radio stories and has the given name Hayashi as an homage to the character's first radio actor.

The comic also establishes a new Kato, a much younger half-sister of the television-based character, Mishi. This female Kato also insists on being treated as the Hornet's full partner rather than a sidekick. However, the Green Hornet, Inc., soon withdrew approval and this character was replaced with the 1960s version after Vol. 1, #10. Her removal was explained by having the Kato family company, Nippon Today, needing her automotive designing services at its Zurich, Switzerland facility. Mishi returns in Volume 2, appearing sporadically in the new costumed identity of the Crimson Wasp, on a vendetta against the criminal, Johnny Dollar. She eventually reveals (in The Green Hornet Vol. 2, #s 12 & 13, August & September 1992) that he had been an embezzling executive at the Swiss plant, whose actions she unwittingly began to expose. Consequently, he had murdered her fiancé and his daughter in an attack that also caused the unknowingly pregnant Mishi, the main target, to miscarry.

In #34, July 1994 issue of that run, she appears in her "Hornet's partner" guise one additional time, as the masked Paul Reid attends a gangland meeting; the rules stated that each "boss" is allowed two "boys". During this period, Hayashi becomes romantically involved with District Attorney Diana Reid, daughter of the original Hornet, who even thinks for a while that she conceived his child. In the final issue, Diana discusses their wedding plans with Mishi. In the last two issues, yet another Kato, a nephew to both of these named Kono, is brought in to allow the aging Hayashi to retire from crime-fighting, but the publisher's ceasing of operations prevents much of him being seen. The Bruce Lee-based Kato is also featured in two of his own spin-off miniseries, written by Mike Baron. The first has him defending a Chinese temple, where he studied kung fu, from the Communist government, while in the second he takes the job of bodyguarding a heroin-addicted rock star. A third solo adventure, also by Baron, was announced and promoted first as another miniseries, then as a graphic novel (now subtitled "Dragons in Eden"), but was left unpublished when NOW folded. The line featured one other version of the character.

The three-issue mini-series The Green Hornet: Dark Tomorrow (June–August 1993) is set approximately one hundred years in the future, and has an Asian-American Green Hornet, real name Clayton Reid, who is corrupted by power and truly becomes the crime boss he is supposed to only pretend to be, fighting a Caucasian Kato. Beyond the reversal of ethnicities, the latter adds the claim that he and the future Hornet are cousins, and the art's depiction of this Hornet's unnamed paternal grandparents resembles Paul Reid and Mishi Kato. Although the future Kato is not further identified here, a later "Reid/Kato Family Trees" feature (in The Green Hornet, Vol. 2, #26, October 1993) gives him the first name Luke.

This comic book incarnation gives a degree of official status to a long-standing error about the character, that in his masked identity he is known as Kato. The name is restricted to his private persona in the original radio series, the two movie serials, and most of the television version (there are two slips in this last medium, one on the Batman appearance, the other in the last filmed episode of the Hornet series itself, "Invasion from Outer Space, Part 2"; this story is well out of sync with the rest of the run, and the writer, director, and even the line producer are people with no other credits on the program). But the NOW comic version made a big point of having the masked assistants called Kato, with the woman at one early point telling the equally new Hornet during their first adventure, "While I'm in this funky get-up, call me Kato. It's part of the tradition".

In the Kevin Smith's 2010 revamp of the continuity, Kato is depicted, in modern times, as the elderly but still physically fit valet of the late Britt Reid, killed by a yakuza mobster going by the Black Hornet sobriquet. The elder Kato, in this version a Japanese, forced to act Filipino to avoid the suspicions and the racist charges against his people during WWII, retires his identity along with Britt Reid, and both men decide to devote themselves to their families, respectively raising their offspring Britt Reid Jr. and Mulan Kato.

After Britt Reid's death, Kato returns in America with Mulan, now the second Kato, to act out the Secret Testament of Britt Reid Sr., who wished, in the event of his death, Kato to destroy every Green Hornet paraphernalia still in his possession and whisk Britt Reid Jr. to Japan, for his safety. However, both offspring refuse Reid's and Kato's will: Mulan Kato, now clad in a close variation of her father's original outfit, storms off to confront the Yakuza, and Britt Reid Jr. manages to steal a Green Hornet costume to help her, despite having little training on his own.

As the new Kato, Mulan is a strong, physically fit, silent warrior woman, able to perform amazing feats with uncanny strength and precision. Despite having been shown, in her late teens, as a peppy, lively, cheery social butterfly, the adult Mulan Kato is a darker, brooding character who never speaks (despite physically able to do so, Mulan prefers speaking as little as she can to prevent the much talkative Britt Reid Jr., and seemingly everyone else, from talking back) and shows little, if no interest at all, for any form of socialization, a thing that seems to distress the second Green Hornet, every bit the suave socialite his father was.

In addition, the limited series Green Hornet: Parallel Lives by writer Jai Nitz, served as a prequel to the 2011 Green Hornet film, exploring the backstory for the film's version of Kato.

In 2013, an eight-issue miniseries called Masks brought together famous heroes from the pulp era. It stars The Shadow, the Green Hornet, Kato, The Spider and Zorro, and was written by Chris Roberson with art by Alex Ross and Dennis Calero.

Films
In 1975, the Taiwanese actor Bruce Li played Kato in Bruce Lee Against Supermen.

A 1994 Hong Kong film, Qing feng xia, starred Kar Lok Chin as a Kato-like masked hero called the Green Hornet (in English subtitles). In one scene, he is reminded of his predecessors, one of whom is represented by a picture of Bruce Lee in his TV Kato costume..
Sony Pictures announced plans for a feature film of the superhero in 2008. Released on January 14, 2011, the film starred Seth Rogen, who took on writing duties along with Superbad co-writer Evan Goldberg. Stephen Chow had originally signed to play Kato, but then dropped out. Taiwanese actor Jay Chou replaced Chow as Kato for the film. In this version, Kato is Chinese and grew up as a poor runaway from his orphanage in Shanghai. He was originally employed by Britt Reid's father James as a car mechanic (also making his coffee with a specially-designed machine he had created for the purpose) before joining Britt on the steps that lead to him becoming the Green Hornet as Britt concluded that they had both been wasting their potential. Kato's martial art skills in this version of the series are so exceptional that he claims that time literally slows down for him when he gets an adrenaline rush in a dangerous situation, as well as his traditional role as mechanic and driver. Although he and Britt have a temporary falling-out when they argue over their respective importance to the "Green Hornet" concept - Kato acting as the actual action man of the Hornet while Britt is the public face as Kato is too fast for any cameras to see him - they patch up their differences in time to destroy the gang of crime lord Chudnofsky.

In 2016, Paramount Pictures and Chernin Entertainment acquired the rights to The Green Hornet and started preliminary work on developing a reboot with Gavin O'Connor attached to produce and direct the film and Sean O'Keefe as writer. In 2020, Amasia Entertainment has gained the rights of the Green Hornet and officially teamed with Universal Pictures for the reboot titled Green Hornet and Kato.

 Video games
Kato appears in The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice (2010) for iPhone, based on the film.

 In other popular culture

 Art, entertainment, and media

 Aretha Franklin's 1967 album I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You contains the song "Save Me" which includes the lyric "Calling the Caped Crusader, Green Hornet, Kato, too / I'm in so much trouble I don't know what to do".
 The 1960s cartoon series Batfink is a parody of both Batman and the Green Hornet. Batfink rides in a pink vehicle called the Battilac, which is driven by his assistant Karate who is a martial artist.
 Bill Cosby parodied The Green Hornet in his c. 1970 syndicated five-minute daily radio program, The Brown Hornet, which he revived in the late 1970s for his Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids cartoon show.
 The 1993 American semi-fictionalized film biography Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, in which Jason Scott Lee (no relation) portrayed Bruce Lee, featured scenes involving the filming of the TV series The Green Hornet. Van Williams, who starred in that TV series, appeared in the film as the show's director.
 A 1994 Hong Kong film, Qing feng xia, stars Kar Lok Chin as a Kato-like masked hero called the Green Hornet in English subtitles. In one scene, he is reminded of his predecessors, one of whom is represented by a picture of Bruce Lee in his TV Kato costume.

 Black Mask is a 1996 Hong Kong action film starring Jet Li. The film is an adaptation of the 1992 manhua Black Mask by Li Chi-Tak. In the film, in homage to The Green Hornet, Black Mask wears a domino mask and chauffeur's cap in the same style as Kato from the series. The Black Mask is even compared to Kato in one scene. In 2002, it was followed by a sequel, Black Mask 2: City of Masks starring Andy On.
 The 2003 film Kill Bill: Volume 1 uses Billy May's theme from the 1960s television series in a sequence where the Bride goes to Tokyo in search of O-Ren Ishii. The Crazy 88 wear masks resembling Bruce Lee's Kato mask.
 In the film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, released late September 2010 in Asia and early 2011 in the United States, there is a large feature of the Green Hornet. The subplot consist of the main character Chen Zhen (played by Donnie Yen) dressing up as a mask vigilante (based on Kato) to stop Japanese assassinations and to protect the people. The director has mentioned that since Bruce Lee played both Chen Zhen (in the 1972 film Fist of Fury) and Kato (in the 1960s television series The Green Hornet) before, the film was a tribute and dedication to Lee.
 In 2016, Season 6  of The Venture Bros. introduces parody characters of Green Hornet and Kato from 1960s television series in the form of the masked crime-fighter Blue Morpho and his assistant Kano in a flashback, the latter having later become a member of the original Team Venture. It is also revealed that Blue Morpho was the father of the orphaned villain The Monarch, and he and Henchman 21 later take on the roles of the Blue Morpho and Kano respectively.
 The 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood has a flashback scene in which stuntman Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt) has a confrontation with Bruce Lee (played by Mike Moh in full Kato gear) on the set of The Green Hornet. In the scene, an impromptu two-out-of-three martial arts match between Booth and Lee takes place, with both men winning one match, but the fight is broken up before the deciding match can finish.

 Notes

References

External links
 Kato of the Green Hornet at the Grand Comics Database
 "Turning Japanese." Snopes''. February 1, 2011.
 William Dozier, the producer and narrator of The Green Hornet TV series, has his papers preserved at the American Heritage Center.

Green Hornet
Comic book sidekicks
Radio characters introduced in 1936
Comics characters introduced in 1940
Fictional Japanese people
Chinese superheroes
Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners
Fictional jujutsuka
Fictional bodyguards
Fictional chauffeurs
Fictional software engineers
Fictional hackers
Fictional henchmen
Fictional inventors
Fictional mechanics
Fictional orphans
Fictional scientists
Fictional vigilantes
Fictional valets
Fictional wushu practitioners
Film sidekicks
Martial artist characters in television
Orphan characters in film
Orphan characters in television
Radio sidekicks
Television sidekicks
Dell Comics characters
Dynamite Entertainment characters
Golden Age superheroes
Film serial characters

Kato (The Green Hornet)


Montagne aux Ombres (en néerlandais: Lommerberg) est une rue bruxelloise de la commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre qui va de l'avenue de l'Atlantique à l'avenue Mostinck sur une longueur totale de 220 mètres.

Historique et description

Situation et accès

Inventaire régional des biens remarquables

Voir aussi
 Liste des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Liens externes
 Commune de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Notes et références

 La Chanson des rues de Woluwe-Saint-Pierre de Jean Francis. Louis Musin Éditeur – Bruxelles 1975

Rue à Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

Montagne aux Ombres


الوعثان أو اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة أيضا اختلاف التوقيت،  يشار إليه طبياً باسم "Desynchronosis" وهو حالة فسيولوجية تحدث نتيجة للتعديلات الطارئة على الساعة البيولوجية للمسافر وتصنف على أنها واحدة من مسببات اضطراب النوم'''. هذا الاضطراب يأتي نتيجة السفر لمسافات طويلة بسرعة عالية (بين الشرق والغرب أو بين الغرب والشرق) على متن طائرة نفاثة.

حالة اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة قد تستمر لعدة أيام، ومعدل الشفاء منها 1 لكل يوم شرق المنطقة الزمنية أو يوم واحد ل1.5 غرب المناطق الزمنية؛ مشار إليها بوصفها مبادئ توجيهية عادلة.

الأسباب
عند السفر عبر عدد من المناطق الزمنية، فان الساعة البيولوجية للجسم تكون خارجة عن التزامن مع وقت الوصول، وذلك لخوضها وقت نهار وليل مناقض للوقت الذي اعتادت عليه. وبهذا يضطرب النمط الطبيعى للجسم حيث أن مجسات الإحساس بالوقت التي تملي عليه مرات تناول الطعام، والنوم، وتنظيم الهرمونات وتغير درجات حرارة الجسم لم تعد تستجيب للبيئة ولا لبعضها البعض في بعض الحالات. وعند الدرجة التي لا يستطيع فيها الجسم إعادة ترتيب هذه الأنماط على الفور، يكون الجسم في حالة اضطراب بسبب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة.

السرعة التي بها يتأقلم الجسم على الجدول الزمني الجديد يعتمد على الفرد، فبعض الناس قد يتطلب منهم عدة أيام للتكيف مع المنطقة الزمنية الجديدة، في حين أن آخرين يتحملون اضطرابات أخف وطأة. وعبور منطقة زمنية واحدة أو اثنتين عادة لا يسبب اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة.

والشروط لا ترتبط بطول الرحلة، ولكن بالتنقل أو المسافة المقطوعة بين (الشرق والغرب). فالطيران لمدة عشر ساعات من أوروبا إلى أفريقيا الجنوبية لا يسبب اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة، حيث أن السفر في المقام الأول بين الشمال والجنوب. ولكن الطيران لمدة خمس ساعات من الغرب إلى الساحل الشرقي للولايات المتحدة قد يؤدي إلى اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة.

عبور خط التاريخ الدولي لا يساهم في اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة، ويتم حساب هذا الاضطراب عبر عدد المناطق الزمنية التي يتم عبورها، وأقصى حد ممكن من الاضطراب هو زائد أو ناقص 12 ساعة. فإذا كان الفارق الزمني بين موقعين أكبر من 12 ساعة، يتم طرح هذا العدد من 24. فعلى سبيل المثال، المنطقة الزمنية بتوقيت جرينتش +14 ستكون في نفس الوقت من اليوم كما بتوقيت جرينتش - 10، على الرغم من أن السابق هو قبل يوم واحد من هذا الأخير.

الأعراض
يمكن أن تختلف أعراض اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة، وهذا يتوقف على مقدار التغير في المنطقة الزمنية. وقد تشمل ما يلي:
 مشاكل في الجهاز الهضمي
 الصداع
 التعب، واضطرابات في النوم، والأرق المؤقت
 توهان، والترنح، والتهيج
 اكتئاب طفيف

وهناك أعراض الأخرى قد تنتسب إلى اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة، مثل الغثيان، وأوجاع الأذن، وتورم القدمين، وأحياناً تكون هذه الأعراض ناتجة عن السفر نفسه وليس عن تغير المنطقة الزمنية.

اتجاه السفر
وهناك بعض الأدلة تشير إلى أن السفر من الغرب إلى شرق يسبب اضطراباً أكثر للغالبية من الناس. وربما يعود ذلك إلا أن معظم الناس لديهم ساعة بيولوجية، والتي هي أطول قليلا من 24 ساعة، مما يجعل البقاء أسهل لاحقاً عن القيام مبكراً.

بل قد تكون الرحلات إلى الشرق تتطلب من الناس البقاء مستيقظين لأكثر من ليلة كاملة من أجل التكيف مع المنطقة الزمنية المحلية. فعلى سبيل المثال، نفس الجدول الزمنى لشخص مسافر جواً إلى الشرق يختلف عما إذا كان مسافراً إلى الغرب:
 غربا من لندن إلى لوس انجليس، فيا BA0279 29 يناير، 2008. فرق المنطقة الزمنية 8 ساعات.

 شرقا من لوس انجليس إلى لندن، فيا BA0278 29 يناير، 2008.

السيناريو الأول يعادل البقاء مستيقظين طوال الليل والذهاب إلى الفراش في السادسة صباحاً اليوم التالي—أي ثمان ساعات في وقت لاحق عن المعتاد. لكن السيناريو الثاني (شرقا) يعادل البقاء مستيقظين طوال الليل والذهاب إلى الفراش عند الثانية ظهراً في اليوم التالي—أي أربع عشرة ساعات بعد الوقت الذي قد يذهب فيه المرء إلى الفراش. بعض النوم على متن الطائرة قد يساعد في هذا الوضع بعض الشيء.

والسفر على متن رحلة ليلية هو سيناريو آخر تجاه الشرق، على سبيل المثال الرحلات المغادرة من الساحل الغربي للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عند منتصف الليل (بالتوقيت الصيفي الباسفيكي / التوقيت الصيفي الباسفيكي) وقادمة تجاه الساحل الشرقي في الصباح الباكر (بتوقيت شرق الولايات المتحدة / بتوقيت جرينتش). بالنسبة للرحلات الأقصر وقتاً وتقدم المناطق الزمنية، فإن الجسم يحصل على أقل مما يجب ليبدأ نشاطه اليومى.

العلاج
نظراً لاختلاف أعراض هذا الاضطراب بين الأفراد، فإنه من الصعب تقييم مدى فعالية أي علاج. والتعديلات التدريجية على مدى عدة أيام عند النوم، مع الحفاظ على مدة النوم من سبع إلى ثمان ساعات يمكن أن يقلل من التعب وأن يمنع الاكتئاب. عندما يكون الهدف هو اللحاق بركب التوقيت المحلي (في مقابل تراجع إلى)، فهذا يمكن تنجنبه عن طريق تجنب النوم ظهراً والأكل في وقت مبكر والعشاء من الأغضل أن يكون غنى بالكربوهيدرات ومنخفض البروتين.

معظم العلاجات الكيميائية والأعشاب الطبية، بما في ذلك الميلاتونين هرمون، لم يتم اختبارها أو يوافق عليها من قبل الهيئات الرسمية مثل إدارة الغذاء والدواءالأمريكية. دراسات قليلة اختبرت استخدام الميلاتونين لعلاج اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة وأعطت نتائج متباينة، وربما يعود ذلك إلى حاجة توقيت الإدارة أن يكون دقيقا وذاتياً.

وكشفت دراسة حديثة أجريت على حيوان الهامسترالقارض، أظهرت أن السيلدينافيل (المعروف تجارياً باسم الفياغرا) أنه ساعد في شفاء بنسبة خمسون بالمائة أسرع مقارنة بنوبات مماثلة عند السفر إلى الشرق، وكانت النتائج سارية المفعول مع جرعات قليلة. ومع ذلك، فإن هذا الاستخدام لم يتم اختباره على البشر، ويعتبر استخدام غير رسمي من قبل الشركات المصنعة.

كما أن وجود مستوى منخفض من الضوء في الليل عجل من معدل الشفاء في كل من السفر إلى الشرق أو الغرب للهامستر من جميع الأعمار بنسبة خمسون بالمائة، ويعتقد أن لهذا صلة بمحاكاة ضوء القمر.

انظر أيضاً
 ساعة بيولوجية
 العلاج بالضوء

المراجع

اضطرابات النوم
طب الفضاء والطيران
مناطق زمنية
نظم يوماوي

اضطراب الرحلات الجوية الطويلة


172996 Stooke este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
172996 Stooke este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Mauna Kea de Paul Wiegert. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 3,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 172001-173000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2006
Centura de asteroizi

172996 Stooke


Jiří Pavlenka (n. 14 aprilie 1992) este un fotbalist profesionist ceh care joacă pe postul de portar pentru Werder Bremen.

Cariera pe echipe

Slavia Praga
Pavlenka a fost transferat de echipa Slavia Prague de la Baník Ostrava în ianuarie 2016 pentru 380.000 €. El a câștigat campionatul cu Slavia Praga în sezonul 2016-2017.

Werder Bremen
În iunie 2017, Pavlenka a ajuns la echipa Werder Bremen, semnând un contract pe trei ani cu opțiune de prelungire pentru al patrulea an. Suma de transfer a fost estimată la 3 milioane de euro. A fost integralist în toate meciurile de campionat din primul sezon la Bremen, cu evoluții apreciate de presa germană. În optimile Cupei Germaniei din sezonul 2018-2019, Pavlenka a parat primele două penaltiuri executate de jucătorii Borussiei Dormund, contribuind semnificativ la calificarea echipei sale în optimi. A fost numit drept omul meciului.

În august 2018, după un sezon bun de debut în Bundesliga, Pavlenka și-a prelungit cu clubul.

Cariera la națională
Pavlenka a jucat cinci meciuri pentru echipa națională sub 21 de ani pentru țara sa.

El a primit primul sa convocare la naționala Cehiei pentru un amical împotriva Slovaciei în martie 2015. El a debutat pentru naționala mare la 15 noiembrie 2016 într-un meci amical împotriva Danemarcei.

Referințe

Legături externe

Fotbaliști internaționali cehi
Fotbaliști ai SV Werder Bremen
Fotbaliști cehi
Portari
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1992

Jiří Pavlenka


An eyeglass prescription is an order written by an eyewear prescriber, such as an optometrist, that specifies the value of all parameters the prescriber has deemed necessary to construct and/or dispense corrective lenses appropriate for a patient. If an eye examination indicates that corrective lenses are appropriate, the prescriber generally provides the patient with an eyewear prescription at the conclusion of the exam.

The parameters specified on spectacle prescriptions vary, but typically include the patient's name, power of the lenses, any prism to be included, the pupillary distance, expiration date, and the prescriber's signature. The prescription is typically determined during a refraction, using a phoropter and asking the patient which of two lenses is better, or by an automated refractor, or through the technique of retinoscopy. A dispensing optician will take a prescription written by an optometrist and order and/or assemble the frames and lenses to then be dispensed to the patient.

Components of a sphero-cylindrical correction

Sphere component

Every corrective lens prescription includes a spherical correction in diopters. Convergent powers are positive (e.g., +4.00 D) and condense light to correct for farsightedness/long-sightedness (hyperopia) or allow the patient to read more comfortably (see presbyopia and binocular vision disorders). Divergent powers are negative (e.g., −3.75 D) and spread out light to correct for nearsightedness/short-sightedness (myopia). If neither convergence nor divergence is required in the prescription, "plano" is used to denote a refractive power of zero.

The term "sphere" comes from the geometry of lenses. Lenses derive their power from curved surfaces. A spherical lens has the same curvature in every direction perpendicular to the optical axis. Spherical lenses are adequate correction when a person has no astigmatism.  To correct for astigmatism, the "cylinder" and "axis" components specify how a particular lens is different from a lens composed of purely spherical surfaces.

Cylinder component
Patients with astigmatism need a cylindrical lens, or more generally a toric lens to see clearly. The geometry of a toric lens focuses light differently in different meridians. A meridian, in this case, is a plane that is incident with the optical axis. For example, a toric lens, when rotated correctly, could focus an object to the image of a horizontal line at one focal distance while focusing a vertical line to a separate focal distance.

The power of a toric lens can be specified by describing how the cylinder (the meridian that is most different from the spherical power) differs from the spherical power. Power evenly transitions between the two powers as you move from the meridian with the most convergence to the meridian with the least convergence. For regular toric lenses, these powers are perpendicular to each other and their location relative to vertical and horizontal are specified by the axis component.

There are two different conventions for indicating the amount of cylinder: "plus cylinder notation" and "minus cylinder notation". In the former, the cylinder power is a number of diopters more convergent than the sphere power. That means the spherical power describes the most divergent meridian and the cylindrical component describes the most convergent. In the minus cylinder notation, the cylinder power is a number of diopters more divergent than the sphere component. In this convention, the sphere power describes the most convergent meridian and the cylinder component describes the most divergent. Europe typically follows the plus cylinder convention while in the US the minus cylinder notation is used by optometrists and the plus cylinder notation is used by ophthalmologists. Minus cylinder notation is also more common in Asia, although either style may be encountered there. There is no difference in these forms of notation and it is easy to convert between them:
 Add the sphere and cylinder numbers together to produce the converted sphere
 Invert the sign of cylinder value
 Add 90° to axis value, and if the new axis value exceeds 180°, subtract 180° from the result
For example, a lens with a vertical power of −3.75 and a horizontal power of −2.25 could be specified as either −2.25 −1.50 × 180 or −3.75 +1.50 × 090.

Axis component
The axis defines the location of the sphere and cylinder powers. The name "axis" comes from the concept of generating a cylinder by rotating a line around an axis. The curve of that cylinder is 90° from that axis of rotation. When dealing with toric lenses, the axis defines the orientation of the steepest and flattest curvatures relative to horizontal and vertical. The "3 o'clock" position is defined as zero, and the 90th meridian is a vertical line. A horizontal line passes through both zero and the 180th meridians. By convention, a horizontal axis is recorded as 180.

In a regular toric lens, the flattest and steepest curvatures are separated by 90°. As a result, the axis of the cylinder is also the meridian with the same power as the recorded sphere power. The cylinder power, as defined above is the power that is most different from the sphere power. Because they are defined relative to each other, it is important to know if the lens is being described in minus cylinder notation, where the sphere power is the most convergent / least divergent power. When using plus cylinder notation, the opposite is true.

If the lens is spherical (there is no cylinder component) then there is no need for an axis. A prescription like this is written with D.S. (diopters sphere) after the sphere power (e.g., −3.00 D.S.).  This verifies that the prescription is truly spherical rather than the cylinder power being omitted in error.

Summary
 correction power is measured in diopters
 by convention, an axis of 90° is vertical, 0° or 180° are horizontal
 if the cylinder power is positive, the lens is most convergent 90° from the axis
 if the cylinder power is negative, the lens is most divergent 90° from the axis
 if the cylinder power is zero, the lens is spherical and has the same power in every meridian

Sample prescription
A prescription of −1.00 +0.25 × 180 describes a lens that has a horizontal power of −1.00 D and a vertical power of −0.75 D. Only ophthalmologists write prescriptions in + cylinder.  An optometrist would write a prescription in - (minus) cylinder.  All spectacle and contact lenses would be made in minus cylinder. Therefore, the above prescription would be written as −0.75 −0.25 × 90.

Abbreviations and terms

Similar to medical prescriptions, eyeglass prescriptions are written on paper pads or included in a patient's electronic health record, and contain a number of different abbreviations and terms:
DV is an abbreviation for distance vision. This specifies the part of the prescription designed primarily to improve far vision. In a bifocal lens, this generally indicates what is to be placed in the top segment.
NV is an abbreviation for near vision. This may represent a single-vision lens prescription to improve near work, or the reading portion of a bifocal lens.
OD is an abbreviation for oculus dexter, Latin for right eye from the patient's point of view. Oculus means eye.
OS is an abbreviation for oculus sinister, Latin for left eye from the patient's point of view.
OU is an abbreviation for oculi uterque, Latin for both eyes.
N.B.: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, RE (right eye), LE (left eye), and BE (both eyes) are used. Sometimes, just right and left are used.
SPH, CYL, and AXIS are values for describing the power of the lens using plus cylinder or minus cylinder notation.
ADD is an abbreviation for Near Addition. This is the additional refractive power to be combined, or added, to the distance power to achieve the ideal near power.
Prism and Base Prism refers to a displacement of the image through the lens, often used to treat strabismus and other binocular vision disorders.  The prism value is measured in prism diopters, and Base refers to the direction of displacement.
 PL is an abbreviation for plano or plain, meaning no prescription
PD or IPD Pupillary Distance or Interpupillary Distance, respectively. It is the distance between pupil centers.
BVD Back vertex distance is the distance between the back of the spectacle lens and the front of the cornea (the front surface of the eye). This is significant in higher prescriptions (usually beyond ±4.00D) as slight changes in the vertex distance for in this range can cause a power to be delivered to the eye other than what was prescribed.

References

External links
 UK optical vouchers explained

Ophthalmology
Corrective lenses
Optometry
Glasses

Eyeglass prescription


CSO Pantelimon este un club de rugby din Pantelimon, județul Ilfov.

Echipa de seniori a fost înființată în 2010. A evoluat în Divizia Națională de Seniori, al doilea eșalon valoric al rugby-ului în România. În sezonul 2011 s-a clasat pe locul patru și s-a calificat în sferturile de finală ale Cupei României. A promovat în SuperLiga în sezonul 2012 sub conducerea lui Mircea Paraschiv. Totuși, a fost desființat la sfârșitul anului 2012 din cauza lipsei finanțării.

Clubul de copii și de juniori este mai vechi. A fost creat în 2002 de Dumitru Sterian, mai cunoscut sub porecla "Cioc", care era atunci consilier municipal. Printre altele, l-a format de la vârsta de opt ani pe Tudorel Bratu, care s-a alăturat echipei naționale a României și a participat la Cupa Mondială de Rugby din 2015.

Referințe

Cluburi de rugby din România
Fondări în 2002

CSO Pantelimon


Sevginin Gücü (orijinal adı: Léon: The Professional); Luc Besson tarafından yazılan ve yönetilen, 1994 yılı Fransa yapımı bir filmdir. Filmin başrollerinde ise bir mafya tetikçisini canlandıran Jean Rêno, ailesi öldürüldükten sonra bir tetikçi tarafından himayeye alınan 12 yaşındaki bir genç kızı canlandıran Natalie Portman (onun ilk filmidir), yolsuz bir DEA ajanını canlandıran Gary Oldman ve tetikçilik işleri yaptıran bir mafyayı canlandıran Danny Aiello yer almaktadır.

Konu

Léon, ABD'nin New York şehrinde ikamet eden, patronu Tony'den aldığı işleri yapan bir tetikçidir. Hayatını kurallardan oluşturmuş, sert ve tam anlamıyla bir profesyoneldir. Ancak Mathilda adında küçük bir kızla yolları kesişince hiç alışık olmadığı bir dünyaya kapısını aralar.

Film, birtakım çevrelerce yaş farkı olan iki kişi arasında aşk olduğu iddiasıyla eleştirilmesine rağmen, Mathilda'nın Léon'a karşı olan hisleri normal aşktan ziyade, kendisine ilk defa iyi davranan birisi karşısında duymuş olduğu sevgidir. Her ne kadar filmin ilerleyen bölümlerinde âşık olduğundan bahsetse de, buradaki aşk ifadesi küçük bir çocuğun duygularını basitçe belirtme şeklidir. Léon'un da Mathilda'ya karşı duyduğu hislerde benzer şekilde hayatında o zamana kadar görmediği bir sıcaklığa duyulan özlem ve buna karşı verilen duygusal tepkidir.

Oyuncular

Eleştiriler
Film IMDB'den 10 üzerinden 8.5 almıştır. En iyi 250 film arasında 34. sıradadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

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Konusu New York'ta geçen filmler
Konusu New Jersey'de geçen filmler
Paris'te çekilmiş filmler
New York'ta çekilmiş filmler
New Jersey'de çekilmiş filmler
1990'larda İngilizce filmler
Kurguda New York Şehri Polis Teşkilatı
Öksüzler ile ilgili filmler
Gaumont Film Company filmleri
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Kurguda aile içi cinayet
Ergenlik öncesi cinsellik ile ilgili filmler
Kiralık katiller ile ilgili filmler
İntikam teması içeren Fransa filmleri

Sevginin Gücü


The Central Siberian Plateau (; ) is a vast mountainous area in Siberia, one of the Great Russian Regions.

Geography
The plateau occupies a great part of central Siberia between the Yenisei and Lena rivers. It is located in the Siberian Platform and extends over an area of , between the Yenisei in the west and the Central Yakutian Lowland in the east. To the south it is bound by the Altai Mountains, Salair Ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, the Eastern and Western Sayan Mountains and other mountains of Tuva, as well as the North Baikal Highlands and Baikal Mountains. To the north of the plateau lie the North Siberian Lowland and to the east the plateau gives way to the Central Yakutian Lowland and the Lena Plateau.

The surface of the Central Siberian Plateau is characterized by the alternation of wide plateaus and ridges, some of the latter sharply jagged. The Central Siberian Plateau covers one-third of Siberia.

Subplateaus and subranges
The system of the Central Siberian Plateau comprises a number of smaller plateaus and subranges, including, among others, the following:

Putorana Plateau, the northwesternmost, highest point Mount Kamen (highest of the plateau system)
Anabar Plateau at the northern end, highest point
Vilyuy Plateau, highest point
Syverma Plateau, highest point Nakson,
Tunguska Plateau, highest point
Lena Plateau, highest point
Lena-Angara Plateau, highest point Namai,
Yenisei Range, highest point
Angara Range, highest point

Climate
The climate is continental with short warm summers and long and severely cold winters. Most of the territory is covered with conifer forests (larch is especially abundant).  The plateau's major river is the Lower Tunguska. Known geologically as the Siberian Traps, mineral resources here are very rich and include coal, iron ore, gold, platinum, diamonds and  natural gas.

See also

Economy of Russia — Natural resources
South Siberian Mountains
Tunguska event
Udachnaya pipe

References

External links

The Demise of the Siberian Plume
№1 Travel Guide

Central Siberian Plateau


أندرو جونسون ، من مواليد 10 فبراير 1981 في بدفورد في إنجلترا، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي برمنغهام سيتي في عام 1997، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2002، وشارك معهم في 83 مباراة وسجل 8 أهداف، وفي عام 2002 انتقل إلى نادي كريستال بالاس، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2006، وشارك معهم في 140 مباراة وسجل 74 هدف، لعب مع إيفرتون من 2006 إلى 2008 حيث انتقل لنادي فولهام ويلعب معهم حتى الآن.

و قد بدأ باللعب مع منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم في عام 2005.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب أندرو جونسون خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في سبعة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 114 هدف ضمن 393 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس أو بالدوري.

خاض أندرو جونسون مسيرته مع نادي برمنغهام سيتي في موسم 1998–99 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 83 مباراة سجل خلالها 8 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي كريستال بالاس في موسم 2002–03 في المرة الأولى ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم ثم في موسم 2014–15 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك طوالها في 143 مباراة سجل خلالها 74 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي إيفرتون في موسم 2006–07 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 61 مباراة سجل خلالها 17 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي فولهام في موسم 2008–09 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 86 مباراة سجل خلالها 13 هدفًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي كوينز بارك رينجرز في موسم 2012–13 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 20 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز من أصل بولندي
رياضيون من بيدفورد
طاقم نادي كريستال بالاس غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو إيفرتون
لاعبو برمنغهام سيتي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو فولهام
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم من بيدفوردشير
لاعبو كوينز بارك رينجرز
لاعبو لتن تاون
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي كريستال بالاس
مواليد 1981
مواليد في بيدفورد
لاعبو كرة قدم من بيدفورد

أندرو جونسون (لاعب)