Raspad sistema  (eng. The Play that goes Wrong) je kazališna predstava autora Henryja Lewisa, Jonathana Sayera i Henrya Shieldsa iz Mischief Theatre Company.

Predstava je osvojila nagradu za najbolju novu komediju na dodjeli nagrada Laurence Olivier 2015. godine.

Mischief Theatre Company autori su predstave Peter Pan Goes Wrong koja je premijerno izvedena u londonskom kazalištu Apollo u prosincu 2015. u kojoj je glumila originalna glumačka postava iz predstave Raspad sistema. Dvije televizijske emisije, adaptacija Peter Pan Goes Wrong i nastavka pod naslovom A Christmas Carol Goes Wrong, emitirane su na BBC One u prosincu 2016. i 2017.

Radnja
Prije početka predstave, publika vidi kako scenski radnici vrše završne pripreme na scenografiji pokušavajući popraviti kamin i pronaći izgubljenog psa.

Fiktivna Politehnička dramska trupa iz Cornleya, koja je na sceni već uprizorila hit naslove kao što su: Lav i ormar (The Lion and The Wardrobe), Mačka (Cat) i Janko i breskva (James and the Peach) ili Janko, gdje ti je breskva? (James, Where's your Peach?), dobila je znatnu ostavštinu i postavlja u kazalištu predstavu Ubojstvo u dvorcu Haversham - smještenu u 1920. o ubojstvu, nalik na klasik Mišolovka. Tekst je odabran jer ima dovoljan broj uloga za sve članove trupe. Tekst Ubojstva u dvorcu Haversham napisala je izmišljena autorica Susie H. K. Brideswell. Tijekom predstave (u predstavi), mnoštvo nezgoda pogađa izvedbu, uključujući zaglavljena vrata, dijelove scenografije koji otpadaju i urušavanja podova. Glumci gube rekvizitu, zaboravljaju tekst (u jednoj sceni glumac ponavlja raniju rečenicu dijaloga uzrokujući time ponavljanje cijele dijaloške sekvence, nekoliko puta), glumci propuštaju šlagvorte, gube koncentraciju, izlaze iz likova, primorani su piti opasne tekućine (i pritom glumiti da im se sviđa), koriste šalabahtere, pogrešno izgovaraju riječi, gaze kolegama po prstima, bivaju skriveni od publike u velikom satu, privatno se obračunavaju iza scene, a glumicu koja doživi nezgodu na sceni tijekom predstave i padne u nesvijest, zamijeni sramežljiva scenska djelatnica kojoj se tijekom izvedbe malo pomalo svide daske koje život znače. Cijeloj izvedbi nimalo ne pomaže smeteni "tonac" koji također, igrom slučaja, biva primoran održati privid predstave po cijenu vlastite sigurnosti. Vrhunac predstave svojevrsna je posveta sceni iz filma Bustera Keatona Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928.).

Praizvedba i hrvatska premijera
Predstava je praizvedena u kazalištu Old Red Lion u Londonu 2012. godine.

Hrvatska premijera bila je 28. siječnja 2019. u kazalištu Kerempuh.

Uloge i likovi

Uloge

Likovi

 Chris Bean, glumi lik inspektora Cartera; voditelj je kazališne trupe, te je ujedno i redatelj, dizajner, kostimograf, izrađivač reklama, voditelj blagajni, novinar i PR osoba, dramaturg, trener glasa, trener dijalekta i koreografer borbe. Ujedno je tijekom proba glumio g. Fitzroya
 Jonathan Harris glumi lik Charlesa Havershama
 Robert Grove, glumi lik Thomasa Colleymoorea
 Dennis Tyde, glumi lik batlera Perkinsa
 Sandra Wilkinson, glumi lik Florence Colleymoore
 Max Bennett glumi likove Cecila Havershama i vrtlara Arthura; ujedno uži član obitelji financijskog donatora glumačkoj trupi
 Annie Twilloil, voditeljica pozornice
Trevor Watson, operater rasvjete i zvuka

Nagrade i nominacije

Londonska produkcija

Broadwayska produkcija

Autorski tim i ansambl
Autorski tim kazališta Kerempuh:

Ansambl:

Međunarodne produkcije
Raspad sistema prevedena je i izvedena u više od 20 zemalja: Kina, Mađarska, Poljska, Španjolska, Grčka, Izrael, Skandinavija, Francuska, Italija, Island, Brazil, Njemačka, Belgija, Nizozemska, Meksiko Argentina, Urugvaj, Turska, Novi Zeland, Hong Kong, Singapur, Filipini, Južna Afrika, Slovenija, Južna Koreja, i Indija.

Vanjske poveznice

 Internetska baza podataka Broadwaya

 Stranica kazališta Kerempuh

Kazalište
Komedija

Raspad sistema


Güneysu, Rize ilinin bir ilçesi.

Tarihçe
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Potamya Osmanlı yazılı kaynaklarında ilk olarak 1486 tarihli Trabzon tapu tahrir defterlerinde görünen, Trabzon İmparatorluğu döneminde kurulmuş önemsiz bir Rum köyü olduğu düşünülmektedir. 1530 tarihli defterlerde 3 mahalle ve 2 köyde oluşan Potamya karyesinde 228 Hristiyan Rum, 28 yeni Müslüman (olmuş Rum), 26 Baştine yaşamakta ve 13 değirmen olduğu kayıtlıydı.. 1924 yılında yerleşimdeki medreseler kapatılınca tepkiyle karşılanmış, 1925 yılında "Şapka İsyanı" olarak bilinen tarihi olay Potamya'da yaşanmıştır. Güneysu, Rize merkez ilçesine bağlı bir bucak merkezi iken 1987 yılında ilçe olmuştur. Güneysu İlçesi'nin eski adı ve halk arasında da yaygın olarak kullanılan ismi Potomya'dır. Çünkü Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde kaynağını dağların kuzeyinden alan birçok kısa mesafeli, gür akışlı akarsulardan olan Taşlıdere Havzası'nın iki önemli kolu olan Salarha Deresi ve Potomya Deresi arasında kaldığından bu ismi almıştır. Yani iki akarsu ortasında yer aldığından Potamya denilmiş ve zamanla halk dilinde Potomya'ya dönüşmüştür. Potamya (Ποτομία) eski Yunancada "dereli" anlamına gelmektedir..

Coğrafya

Güneysu İlçe sınırları yaklaşık olarak  batıda 40 34 doğu boylamından, doğuda 40 44 doğu boylamından, güneyde 40 50 kuzey enleminden ve kuzeyde 41 02 kuzey enleminden geçmektedir. Güneysu, Rize il merkezinin güneydoğusunda Taşlıdere'nin Karadeniz'le birleştiği noktadan güneye doğru gidildikçe dokuzuncu kilometrede yer alan ve 107 km² alana sahip Rize'nin iç kesim ilçelerinden biridir. Şehir merkezinin, kıyıya uzaklığı 14 km olup şehir merkezi rakımı 152 metredir. Doğudan Çayeli, kuzeyden Rize merkeze bağlı topraklar batıdan Rize merkeze ve İkizdere toprakları ve güneyden İkizdere toprakları ve Kaçkar Dağları ile çevrilidir. Kuzey sınırları Karadeniz kıyısından 9 km içeriden başlayıp şehir merkezinin 14.km'de olduğu halde rakımı 152 km'de olması akarsu kenarında  kurulmasının bir sonucudur. Oysa şehir merkezi bile tepelerle çevrili olup, buralarda kurulan yakın köylerde bile (iki üç km mesafede) rakım bu değerin birkaç katına çıkabilmektedir.

İlçe çok engebeli bir rölyefe sahip olup, ilçe sınırları dahilinde yükseltisi 150 m ile 2000 m civarında değişen tepelik alanlar mevcuttur. Bu tepeler yapı, rölyef ve teşekkülat bakımından bir birine benzer özellikler göstermekte olup vadilerle birbirinden ayrılmışlardır. Bu vadilerde büyüklü küçüklü çok sayıda akarsu mevcut olup bunlar daha sonra Taşlı dere havzasının en önemli kolu olan Güneysu (Potamya) deresini meydana getirmektedir. Arazinin çoğu dağlık olup cüzi bir kısmını yaylalar meydana getirmektedir. Denize komşu olmadığı için de Rize genelinde payı %1 olan ovalarından bile tam olarak payını alamamıştır. Bu dağlık arazi ise tamamen bitki örtüsü ile kaplı olup, açık alan görmek mümkün değildir. Bu bitki örtüsü vadilerin derin ve keskin görünümünü yumuşatıp göze hoş bir karakter kazanmasına yardımcı olmaktadır.

İklim

Bölgenin iklim özelliğinden kaynaklanan sürekli yağışlar aşınmayı arttırarak erozyon tehlikesini sürekli gündemde tutmaktadır. Ayrıca bu yağışlar rölyefteki engebe ve toprakta ki namüsait yapı ve doku ile birleşince ilçenin her köşesine can ve mal kaybına müsebbip olan sürpriz sel ve heyelanlarla karşılaşmak mümkün olmaktadır. Nitekim 12 Kasım 2001 ve 23 Temmuz 2002 felaketleri bunun sadece acı iki örneğidir.

Bitki örtüsü

Yörenin bitki örtüsü özelliğine baktığımızda sınırları dışından (kıyıdan) başlayan Kolşik Flora'nın hakimiyetini müşahede etmekteyiz. Ancak belli bir yükseltiden sonra iğne yapraklı ağaçlar hakim duruma geçmekte ve Kaçkarların kuzey sınırlarında sıralanan belli sayı ve büyüklükteki yaylalarda alpin çayırlardan söz etmemiz mümkündür.

Nüfus
Güneysu'nun nüfus yoğunluğu Türkiye ortalamasının üzerinde olup kadın nüfusu erkek nüfusundan daha fazladır. Ayrıca sürekli dışa göç 1990'da 19516 olan Güneysu nüfusunu 2000 yılında 17320'ye geriletmiştir. Dolayısıyla nüfus artış hızı %-11,25'tir. Kırsal nüfus yoğunluğu şehir nüfusundan çok fazladır.Bunun sebebi merkeze yakın köylerin oluşu dolayısıyla insanların köyden merkeze gündüzün gelip gitmesidir. Ayrıca kır nüfusunun şehir nüfusundan fazla olmasının diğer bir sebebi  ilçe sınırları içinde 22 köy olup belediye sınırları içinde 6 mahallenin oluşudur.Yeni kırsal yerleşme sayılarının şehirdeki yerleşmenin 5 katından fazla oluşudur. Güneysu nüfusunu etnik köken bakımından başta Türkler,Laz kökenli Türkleşmiş aileler ve kısmende Gürcüler oluşturmaktadır.

Ekonomi

Güneysu halkının temel geçim kaynağını tarım ve tarıma dayalı sanayi teşkil etmektedir.Bu konuda özellikle çay tarımının hakimiyetinden söz etmek mümkündür. Son yıllarda çaya alternatif olarak kivi de yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır.

Sebzecilik her ailenin kendi ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik olup küçük tarlalarda yapılmaktadır.Ayrıca traktör gibi tarım sanayii araçlarını kullanmaya müsait bir alan olmadığından bütün ekim,biçim işleri çapa vb. el aletleri ile yapılmakta olup insan gücüne dayanmaktadır. Nadiren hayvan gücünden istifade edilir. Hayvancılık faaliyetleri daha çok kırsal alanda olup büyük baş hayvan yetiştiriciliği ön plandadır. Bunun yanında yüksek kesimlerde kıl keçisi ağırlıklı küçükbaş hayvancılık da yapılmaktadır.

Sanayi faaliyetleri olarak çay sanayii gerek üretim gerek istihdam açısından birinci durumdadır. İlçede 1 tane Çaykur'a, 35 tane özel sektöre ait olan çeşitli üretim kapasitesine sahip 37 fabrika mevcut olup, ilçede yetişen çayın işlenmesinin yanı sıra komşu ilçelerden de alınan yaş çayı işleyen bu fabrikalar, ilçenin özel sektör çay sanayii bakımından diğer ilçelerden daha iyi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Güneysu Kaymakamlığı
 Güneysu Belediyesi

Güneysu


Kosmos 2287, ruski navigacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je GLONASS (Glonass br. 767. Uragan br. 67L).
Lansiran je 11. kolovoza 1994. godine u 15:27 s kozmodroma Bajkonura (Tjuratama) u Kazahstanu. Lansiran je u srednje visoku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Proton-K/DM-2 8K72K. Orbita mu je 19.112 km u perigeju i 19.147 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 64,84°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23203. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-050-A. Zemlju obilazi u 675,61 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 1400 kg.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2287


Team Jayco AlUla (UCI-kode: BEX) er et professionelt cykelhold for kvinder, som er baseret i Australien og sponsoreret af Jayco og AlUla. Ryttere fra Team Jayco AlUla konkurrerer i UCI World Cup for kvinder og andre eliteløb rundt om i hele verden.

Holdet

2023

Sejre

2022

Sejre

2021

Sejre

2020

Sejre

2019

Sejre

2018

Sejre

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Cykelhold fra Australien
Cykelhold for kvinder

Team Jayco AlUla (kvinder)


Hemen Her Şeyin Kısa Tarihi ya da özgün adıyla A Short History of Nearly Everything (2003), Bill Bryson'ın genel bilim konuları hakkında yazmış olduğu bir popüler bilim kitabıdır. Bryson kitabını, kimya, paleontoloji, astronomi, parçacık fiziği, yerbilim gibi yerlerin ziyaret edildiği, bir seyahat kitabı havasında yazmıştır.

Yazar, bilimin hikâyesini, Edwin Hubble, Isaac Newton ve Albert Einstein gibi keşifleri olan bilim adamlarının hikâyelerine yer vererek aktarır.

Bryson kitabını insanların ne kadar çok türün yok olmasına neden olduğunu ve insanlığın yeryüzünde yaşamakla ne kadar şanslı olduğunu anlatarak sonlandırır.

Bryson, Hemen Her Şeyin Çok Kısa Tarihi ile okuru bilimin yanıtlamaya çalıştığı en ilginç ve en önemli soruların peşinde eşi görülmemiş bir yolculuğa çıkarıyor. Büyük Patlama'dan (Big Bang) uygarlığın doğuşuna kadar evrenin tüm sırlarını etkileyici bir dille anlatan yazar ilginç anektodlar ve bilimsel keşif hikâyeleri ile aktarıyor. Kitapta Kosmos'ta kaybolmak, Yerkürenin büyüklüğü, Yeni Bir Çağ Doğuyor, Tehlikeli Gezegen,Yaşamın Kendisi ve Bize Giden Yol olmak üzere 6 bölüme ayrılıyor.

The Times, bu kitap için Son derece keyifli bir kitap...Esprili, sürükleyici, iyi araştırılmış, rehber niteliğinde bir bilim seyahatnamesi olarak niteliyor.

Kitap 2004 yılında bilim kitapları için verlen Aventis Ödülü'nü, 2005 yılında da Avrupa birliğinin Descartes Ödülü'nü kazanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 A short history of nearly everything - Bryson

2003 kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
Amerikan kitapları
Bilim kitapları
Aventis ödüllü kitaplar
Descartes ödüllü kitaplar

Hemen Her Şeyin Kısa Tarihi


Die Autobahn Eren Hot–Guangzhou oder Erguang-Autobahn (), chin. Abk. G55, ist eine Autobahn in China, die von der Stadt Eren Hot an der mongolischen Grenze zur südchinesischen Metropole Guangzhou (Kanton) in Guangdong verläuft. Ein weiterer Ast wird als G5511 von Jining durch den Ostteil der Inneren Mongolei verlaufen. Die Autobahn wird nach Fertigstellung eine Länge von 2.685 km erreichen.

Einzelnachweise

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in der Inneren Mongolei
Straße in Shanxi
Straße in Henan
Straße in Hubei
Straße in Hunan
Straße in Guangdong

Autobahn Eren Hot–Guangzhou


Tsubasa Nihei (født 10. september 1994) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tsubasa Nihei


Vriesea fosteriana é uma espécie de planta do gênero Vriesea e da família Bromeliaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1943 por Lyman Bradford Smith.
O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Vriesea fosteriana seideliana  Reitz

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola, terrícola e herbácea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial e vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Costa, A.F.; Moura, R.L.; Neves, B.; Machado, T.M.; Kessous, I.M.; Uribbe, F.P.; Couto, D.R.; Gomes-da-Silva, J. Vriesea  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Vriesea fosteriana no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Vriesea fosteriana no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Vriesea
Plantas descritas em 1943
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Vriesea fosteriana


István Hatvani () a fost un om de știință maghiar, enciclopedist și matematician. Este unul dintre primii statisticieni maghiari. Hatvani a dezvoltat unele din primele elemente din teoria probabilităților.

Biografie

Hatvani s-a născut într-o familie sărăcită de nobili. A studiat în orașul său natal apoi, până în anul 1745, la Colegiul Protestant din Debrețin. Între 1747-1748 și-a continuat studiile la Universitatea din Basel din Elveția, unde a studiat teologia și medicina. Printre profesorii săi au fost și matematicienii Daniel Bernoulli și Johann Bernoulli, care i-au predat matematică, fizică și medicină. Sub conducerea lor,  Hatvani și-a câștigat repede o reputație de om de știință remarcabil.

Datorită unei burse acordate lui de autoritățile orașului Debrețin, a efectuat o serie de cercetări științifice în străinătate. A primit un doctorat în teologie și medicină. Refuzând să devină lector la universitățile din Heidelberg, Marburg și Leiden, în 1748, Hatvani s-a reîntors la Colegiul Protestant Debrețin unde și-a început cariera de profesor de catedră.

În 1783 a fost numit judecător la curtea districtuală din Debrețin.

Activitate științifică

În sprijinul dezvoltării culturii matematice în Ungaria, a început să studieze pentru a dovedi cât de important este rolul acestei științe într-o întreagă serie de științe exacte. El credea că matematica  este singura știință care se poate baza pe concluzii care nu sunt îndoielnice.

În 1757 a publicat lucrarea Introductio ad principia philosophiae solidioris. În această lucrare, a încercat să studieze teoria probabilități , în special bazându-și lucrarea pe baza presupunerilor lui Jacob Bernoulli.

În plus, el a prezentat tabele statistice privind numărul nașterilor din Debrețin pentru anii 1750-1753. Hatvani a scos în evidență numărul copiilor care au murit în decurs de un an de la naștere și, găsind o rată a mortalității mai mare de 34%, a observat că acest indicator este semnificativ mai mare decât în  alte țări europene (în medie, de aproximativ 19%) și căuta să găsească motive medicale pentru a explica rezultatul obținut.

Multe legende sunt asociate cu numele său. După moartea acestui om de știință, au apărut zvonuri care i-au atribuit puteri vrăjitorești și abilitatea de a mări și micșora dimensiunea lucrurilor după voință proprie.

Note

Legături externe
József Szinnyei - Viața și lucrările scriitorilor maghiari IV. Budapesta, 1896

Vezi și
 Listă de statisticieni
 Listă de matematicieni
 Știința și tehnologia în Ungaria

Nașteri în 1718
Decese în 1786
Matematicieni maghiari
Statisticieni maghiari
Enciclopediști maghiari

István Hatvani


Jonathan Roumie (New York), američki je televizijski, filmski i kazališni glumac. Široj javnosti najpoznatiji je po ulozi Isusa u televizijskoj seriji Izabrani.

Životopis
Roumie je rođen i odrastao u New Yorku. Otac mu je Egipćanin, a majka Irkinja. Iako je kršten u Grčkoj pravoslavnoj crkvi, Roumie se obratio na katoličanstvo. Glumačku diplomu stekao je na Školi vizualnih umjetnosti u New Yorku.

Osobni život
Roumie je izvanredni djelitelj svete pričesti u Katoličkoj Crkvi. Od 2009. živi u Los Angelesu.

Nagrade

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Američki filmski glumci
Američki televizijski glumci

Jonathan Roumie


The titles of Earl of Hertford and Marquess of Hertford have been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain.

The third Earldom of Hertford was created in 1559 for Edward Seymour, who was simultaneously created Baron Beauchamp of Hache. His grandson William Seymour was subsequently created Marquess of Hertford and restored to the title of Duke of Somerset; the Marquessate became extinct in 1675 and the other three titles in 1750.

The present Marquessate was created in 1793.  Lord Hertford holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Yarmouth (Peerage of Great Britain, 1793), Earl of Hertford (Peerage of Great Britain, 1750), Viscount Beauchamp (Peerage of Great Britain, 1750), Baron Conway, of Ragley in the County of Warwick (Peerage of England, 1703), and Baron Conway of Killultagh, of Killultagh in the County of Antrim (Peerage of Ireland, 1712).  Lord Hertford's heir uses the style Earl of Yarmouth.

The Marquesses of Hertford are members of the Seymour family headed by the Duke of Somerset. Francis Seymour (1679–1732) was the fourth son of Sir Edward Seymour of Berry Pomeroy, 4th Baronet, a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (Sir Edward's grandson Sir Edward Seymour, 6th Baronet, of Berry Pomeroy succeeded as 8th Duke of Somerset in 1750). Upon the death of his elder brother, Francis succeeded to the estates of his relative Edward Conway, 1st Earl of Conway. In 1703 he was created Baron Conway in the Peerage of England and assumed the additional surname of Conway. In 1712 he was created Baron Conway of Killultagh in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1750 his son Francis Seymour-Conway, 2nd Baron Conway, was created Viscount Beauchamp and Earl of Hertford. These were revivals of titles previously held by the Dukes of Somerset, which had become extinct the same year on the death of Seymour-Conway's kinsman Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset. In 1793 he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Yarmouth and Marquess of Hertford. The latter title had also previously been held by the Dukes of Somerset, but had become extinct in 1675 (see below).

The family seat is Ragley Hall, near Alcester, Warwickshire.

Earls of Hertford, First creation (1138)
Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (d. 1136), traditionally but erroneously called Earl of Hertford
Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1153) Son of the above.
Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173) Brother of the above.
Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (d. 1217) Son of the above.
Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (d. 1230) became 5th Earl of Gloucester in 1218
For further Earls, mergred with the Earl of Gloucester.

Earls of Hertford, Second creation (1537)
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford (1500–1552), forfeit 1552

Earls of Hertford, Third creation (1559)
Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539–1621)
William Seymour, 2nd Earl of Hertford (1587–1660) (became Marquess of Hertford in 1641)

Marquesses of Hertford, First creation (1641)
William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Hertford, 2nd Earl of Hertford (1587–1660) (restored to the Dukedom of Somerset in 1660)
William Seymour, 3rd Duke of Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Hertford, 3rd Earl of Hertford (1651–1671)
John Seymour, 4th Duke of Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Hertford, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1675) (Marquessate extinct 1675)

Earls of Hertford, Third creation (1559; Reverted)
Francis Seymour, 5th Duke of Somerset, 5th Earl of Hertford (1658–1678)
Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, 6th Earl of Hertford (1662–1748)
Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset, 7th Earl of Hertford (1684–1750) (Earldom extinct on his death in 1750)

Barons Conway, Second creation (1703)
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway (1679–1732)
Francis Seymour-Conway, 2nd Baron Conway, (1718–1794) (created Earl of Hertford in 1750 and Marquess of Hertford in 1793)

Earls of Hertford, Fourth creation (1750)
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Conway (1718–1794) (created Marquess of Hertford and Earl of Yarmouth in 1793)

Marquesses of Hertford, Second creation (1793)
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford (1718–1794)
Francis Ingram-Seymour-Conway, 2nd Marquess of Hertford (1743–1822)
Francis Charles Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford (1777–1842)
Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (1800–1870)
Francis Hugh George Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford (1812–1884)
Hugh de Grey Seymour, 6th Marquess of Hertford (1843–1912)
George Francis Alexander Seymour, 7th Marquess of Hertford (1871–1940)
Hugh Edward Conway Seymour, 8th Marquess of Hertford (1930–1997)
Henry Jocelyn Seymour, 9th Marquess of Hertford (b. 1958)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, William Francis Seymour, Earl of Yarmouth (b. 1993)
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his eldest son, Clement Andrew Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp (b. 2019)

Family tree

See also
 Duke of Somerset
 Baron Alcester
 Seymour family
 Earl of Conway

References

Further reading

  on Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

Marquessates in the Peerage of Great Britain
!
1703 establishments in England
1793 establishments in Great Britain
Noble titles created in 1641
Noble titles created in 1793
Extinct marquessates in the Peerage of England
Marquesses of Hertford

Marquess of Hertford


Os veículos policiais nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá são produzidos por diversos fabricantes e estão disponíveis em três grandes tipos de veículos: Veículos de Perseguição Policial (PPV), Veículos de Serviço Especial (SSV) e 'Pacote' de Serviço Especial (SSP).

Os veículos de perseguição policial são os carros de polícia mais comuns. Eles estão equipados para lidar com a grande maioria das tarefas, incluindo chamadas de perseguição e situações urgentes. Veículos de Serviço Especial (SSV) e Pacote de Serviço Especial (SSP) são veículos especializados, como veículos utilitários esportivos e carros esportivos. Eles são geralmente mais pesados e podem vir com pacotes opcionais especializados para tarefas específicas, mas normalmente não são recomendados pelo fabricante para uso como veículos de perseguição.

História
O primeiro carro de polícia foi uma carroça movida a eletricidade nas ruas de Akron, Ohio em 1899. Desde a década de 1920, o Departamento de Polícia de Nova York empregou uma frota de veículos dotados de rádio para ajudar no combate ao crime na cidades.

A introdução da Ford do motor V8 Flathead em seu Modelo 18 em 1932 – o primeiro carro de baixo custo comercializado em massa com um motor V8 – provou ser popular entre os departamentos de polícia e levou a uma forte fidelidade à marca. Por sua vez, isso deu à empresa uma vantagem de captura de mercado que durou até 1968. Nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, as "Três Grandes" (Ford, General Motors e Chrysler) começaram a oferecer pacotes policiais especializados. O primeiro deles era o pacote Ford de 1950, que utilizava o motor Mercury maior e mais potente no menor e mais leve veículo da Ford. Isso acabou com a prática de alguns policiais estaduais de comprar modelos maiores e mais poderosos, porém mais caros, incluindo Buick, Hudson e Chrysler. Em 1969, a Plymouth conquistou o primeiro lugar no mercado policial. A Chrysler manteve essa liderança até que a crise de energia dos anos 1970 levou os compradores a adotarem veículos menores. A Chrysler posteriormente descontinuou sua plataforma de tração traseira em 1989.

Nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá, os departamentos de polícia têm usado historicamente sedãs com tamanho e preço baixo desde a introdução do Modelo A, embora muitos departamentos tenham mudado para intermediários –– como o Plymouth Satellite, Ford Torino e AMC Matador –– nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, algumas polícias rodoviárias estaduais (incluindo as da Califórnia e Missouri) adotaram veículos de performance acessíveis, como o Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro e AMC Javelin para uso como veículos de perseguição em alta velocidade. O Ford LTD, o Plymouth Gran Fury e o Chevrolet Caprice voltaram a ser adquiridos quando tiveram seu tamanho reduzido no final dos anos 1970.

Desde o término do Chevrolet Caprice em 1996 (embora ele retornasse posteriormente em 2010 para uso exclusivo da polícia), o Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor substituiu-o como carro-patrulha padrão, no entanto, a maioria dos Ford Crown Victoria já foram retirados de circulação. Na tentativa de melhor combater a ameaça de impactos na traseira que os veículos de patrulha rodoviária enfrentam quando parados no acostamento, novos modelos podiam ser equipados, opcionalmente, com um sistema de supressão de incêndio. Outros modelos como o Chevrolet Impala (8ª e 9ª gerações), Chevrolet Tahoe e Dodge Charger também ganharam um percentual do mercado. Em setembro de 2011, no entanto, a Ford descontinuou o Crown Victoria em favor do Taurus de 6ª geração. Isso ajudou a Dodge a recuperar a liderança no mercado com o Dodge Charger Pursuit, a partir de 2012.

Veículos policiais diversos podem ser comprados para diversificar a frota de um departamento de polícia a fim de minimizar a interrupção em caso de falha, acidente ou recall.

Apesar de algumas jurisdições (principalmente canadenses) escolherem usar sedans de tração dianteira com motores V6 menores,  V8 de tração traseira ainda é amplamente preferida, devido em parte à sua consistência com o treinamento de perseguição, bem como, em geral, maior confiabilidade. Além disso, os testes com veículos FWD, como o Taurus e o Impala, mostraram-se problemáticos em termos de custos de manutenção. Desde a década de 1920, o Departamento de Polícia de Nova York empregou uma frota de veículos dotados de rádio para ajudar no combate ao crime na cidades.

A introdução da Ford do V-8 de cabeça plana em seu Modelo 18 em 1932 – o primeiro carro de baixo custo comercializado em massa com um motor V8 – provou ser popular entre os departamentos de polícia e levou a uma forte fidelidade à marca. Por sua vez, isso deu à empresa uma vantagem de captura de mercado que durou até 1968. Nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, as "Três Grandes" (Ford, General Motors e Chrysler) começaram a oferecer pacotes policiais especializados. O primeiro deles era o pacote Ford de 1950, que utilizava o motor Mercury maior e mais potente no menor e mais leve veículo da Ford. Isso acabou com a prática de alguns policiais estaduais de comprar modelos maiores e mais poderosos, porém mais caros, incluindo Buick, Hudson e Chrysler. Em 1969, a Plymouth conquistou o primeiro lugar no mercado policial. A Chrysler manteve essa liderança até que a crise de energia dos anos 1970 levou os compradores a adotarem veículos menores. A Chrysler posteriormente descontinuou sua plataforma de tração traseira em 1989. Em 1994, por exemplo, um porta-voz da Ford observou que:

Veículos atuais

Sujeito às leis federais, estaduais, provinciais e locais, qualquer veículo, devidamente modificado, pode ser usado como veículo policial, mas os mais comuns são aqueles projetados ou modificados por fabricantes como veículos policiais ou de serviços especiais. Os veículos utilitários esportivos se tornaram cada vez mais populares nas frotas policiais do Canadá e dos Estados Unidos. Os benefícios frequentemente citados incluem espaço extra para o equipamento e melhor visibilidade externa devido à posição mais elevada do assento em comparação com outros sedãs. Os seguintes veículos foram apresentados pelos fabricantes, em 2021, para a avaliação da Polícia do Estado de Michigan, em seus estudos anuais para o setor:

 Chevrolet Tahoe PPV (RWD e 4WD)
 Dodge Charger Pursuit (AWD e RWD)
 Dodge Durango Pursuit
 Ford Police Interceptor Utility
 Ford F-150

Abaixo estão alguns dos veículos policiais disponíveis.

 Chevrolet Tahoe SSV
 Chevrolet Silverado SSV
 Chevrolet Express Prisoner Transport Van
 Chevrolet Traverse Municipal
 Chevrolet Malibu Municipal
 Dodge Durango SSV
 Ford F-150 SSV
 Ford Expedition/MAX SSV
 Ford Transit SSV
 Ram 1500 Classic SSV

Aparência

Os carros de polícia norte-americanos já foram notados por serem pintados em preto e branco, com as portas e o teto do carro pintados de branco, enquanto o porta-malas, capô, pára-lamas dianteiros e painéis traseiros eram pintados de preto. Os veículos que eram usados normalmente vinham pintados em uma única cor, geralmente branco ou preto, da fábrica e eram usados como tal. O contraste da cor preta ou branca foi adicionado para fazer o veículo se destacar dos veículos civis. Em 2007, a Polícia Provincial de Ontário (OPP) começou a converter sua frota para um esquema em preto e branco após décadas de variedades de pintura. O Departamento de Segurança Interna dos Estados Unidos recomenda, mas não exige, que as agências policiais empreguem um esquema de cores uniforme em preto e branco para facilitar a identificação visual em todo o país.

A partir da década de 1970, as marcações dos veículos policiais tornaram-se cada vez mais elaboradas, com o uso generalizado de computação gráfica e faixas de vinil. Embora os designs em preto e branco ainda sejam usados em muitas jurisdições, os carros podem variar de totalmente branco a totalmente preto. Azuis e verdes de vários tons também são usados com frequência. Marrom, bege e bronzeado são os preferidos da polícia rural e do xerife.

As marcações oficiais também variam de acordo com a jurisdição. As portas laterais e às vezes o capô de um carro de polícia geralmente trazem o emblema da agência ou o selo da cidade, geralmente com acabamento refletivo. Marcações como números de telefone de emergência, mensagens genéricas antidrogas ou anticrime ou mesmo URLs também são adotados. Algumas agências também têm números de identificação impressos nos tetos dos carros de patrulha para rastreamento por aeronave ou para distinguir unidades especializadas, como unidades K-9 ou supervisores.

Atualmente, nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá, o esquema de pintura para cada frota é determinado pela departamento ou pela legislação estadual, como em Minnesota e Ohio. Normalmente, as leis estaduais estabelecem padrões para marcações de veículos policiais e proíbem os veículos civis de usar certas marcações ou esquemas de pintura, como é o caso na Califórnia.

Hoje, a maioria das marcações de frota em veículos de patrulha são criadas a partir de vinil reflexivo com um adesivo que é aplicado de forma destacável. As cores escolhidas para representar a identidade do departamento são normalmente escolhidas por cada departamento, embora alguns estados tenham diretrizes específicas para esquemas de cores e marcações.

Muitas agências adotam "ghost graphics", ou "carros furtivos" com topos lisos e emblema discreto para fiscalização do tráfego. Esses veículos têm marcações que são visíveis apenas em determinados ângulos e iluminação, como na parte traseira ou nas laterais, fazendo com que esses carros pareçam não marcados quando vistos de frente. Esses veículos podem atender à lei como veículo caracterizado, mas não são facilmente identificáveis à distância como um veículo regular. Por razões de segurança pública, algumas jurisdições não permitem que policiais em carros não marcados façam abordagens. Os gráficos em um carro fantasma, embora possam ser mínimos, são considerados suficientes para identificar o veículo como um veículo policial legítimo. Dependendo da jurisdição, esses veículos podem ou não ter permissão para realizar perseguições.

Modelos por fabricante

American Motors Corporation

 Embaixador da AMC (PPV; 1971 a 1974), Patrulhas Rodoviárias Estaduais e departamentos de polícia locais
 AMC Matador (PPV; 1972 a 1974), Departamento de Polícia de Los Angeles e outras agências de aplicação da lei nos EUA e Canadá, bem como unidades da polícia militar
 AMC Javelin 1970, usado pela Polícia Estadual do Alabama, o primeiro carro compacto usado oficialmente por uma grande organização policial

Chrysler

A Chrysler se refere a seus modelos policiais como de "Perseguição" ou "SSV".

 Chrysler Newport 1961-1964,1976,1979
 Chrysler 300 : usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Chrysler 200 : usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Chrysler Sebring : usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Chrysler Concorde : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Chrysler LHS : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Dodge Coronet 1956-1959, 1965-1975
 Dodge Dart 1960-1962, 1976
 Dodge 880 1962-1964
 Dodge Monaco 1973-1978
 Dodge Intrepid (2002-2004)
 Dodge Durango (1998-2010) (SSV, 2012 – Presente, Pursuit 2018 – Presente)
 Dodge Avenger : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Dodge Stratus : usado por muitas agências para uso não marcado.
 Dodge Challenger : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Dodge Charger (2006-presente)
 Dodge Magnum 2005-2008
 Dodge Ram (SSV, 2012 – presente)
 Dodge St. Regis 1979-1981
 Dodge Aspen 1978-1980
 Dodge Diplomat (SSV, Pursuit 1981-1989)
 Dodge Polara (1961-1973)
 Dodge Monaco (1974-1978)
 Dodge Grand Caravan (1984-2019)
 Jeep Cherokee (PPV, 1990 a 2001) (2014-2020): Uso não marcado
 Jeep Grand Cherokee : usado por algumas agências para uso não identificado.
 Jeep Liberty : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Jeep Patriot : Usado por algumas agências para uso não marcado.
 Plymouth Fury 1956-1989
 Plymouth Volare 1978-1980
 Plymouth Plaza 1954-1958
 Plymouth Savoy 1956-1962
 Plymouth Belvedere 1957-1969
 Satélite Plymouth 1970-1974
 Plymouth Valiant 1976

Ford Motor Company

 Ford Torino/Ford Fairlane - 1963–1976
 Ford Galaxie/Ford Custom/Custom 300/Custom 500 - 1957–1976
 Ford Fairmont - 1978–1983
 Ford LTD II - 1977–1979
 Ford LTD - 1984–1985
 Ford Bronco
 Mercury Grand Marquis
 Mercury Monterey - 1970–1974
 Mercury Montego - 1970–1976
 Mercury Milan
 Mercury Sable
 Mercury Zephyr - 1978–1983
 Ford Crown Victoria (a grande maioria das forças policiais na América do Norte usava o Crown Victoria como viatura padrão)
 Ford LTD / LTD-S / LTD Crown Victoria (PPV; 1979–1991)
 Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (CVPI) 1992–2011)
 Ford Explorer (SSV, PI, 1993–presente)
 Ford Expedition (SSV; 1998–presente)
 Ford Escape
 Excursão Ford (SSV)
 Ford F150 (SSV; 2013–presente)
 Ford Super Duty (SSV; 1999–2017)
 Ford Fusion
 Ford Quinhentos.
 Ford Taurus (1990–1995), (1996–2000), (2000–2007) (2008–2009) (PPV 2013–2018)
 Ford Mustang
 Ford Econoline (ainda em serviço com muitos esquadrões antiaéreos, unidades da SWAT e transportes de prisioneiros)

General Motors

 Buick Century 68 (PPV; 1955–1958)
 Buick Century (1998–2005)
 Chevrolet Bel Air (PPV; 1959–1975, até 1981 para o Canadá)
 Chevrolet Biscayne (PPV; 1959–1972, até 1975 para o Canadá)
 Chevrolet Camaro (B4C; 1991–2002)
 Chevrolet Caprice (PPV; 1977–1996, 2011–2017)
 Chevrolet Celebrity (SSP; 1984–1986)
 Chevrolet Cruze
 Chevrolet Delray (PPV; 1958)
 Chevrolet Equinox
 Chevrolet Express (SSP; Transporte de prisioneiros)
 Chevrolet Impala (PPV; 1971–1976, 1977–1985, 2000–2016)
 Chevrolet Lumina (PPV; 1996–1999)
 Chevrolet Malibu (PPV; 1979–1983, 1998–2019)
 Chevrolet Monte Carlo (2000–2005, 2006-2007)
 Chevrolet Nova (PPV; 1975–1979)
 Chevrolet Tahoe (PPV; 1997–1999, 2005–presente)
 Chevrolet Tahoe (SSP; 2001–presente)
 Chevrolet TrailBlazer
 Chevrolet Traverse
 Chevrolet Suburban (SSP)
 Chevrolet Silverado
 GMC Acádia
 GMC Yukon
 Hummer H1 (PPV)
 Pontiac Bonneville
 Pontiac Catalina (PPV; 1971–1981)
 Pontiac G6
 Pontiac G8 (PPV; 2008–2009)
 Pontiac Grand Prix (PPV; 1996–2008)
 Pontiac LeMans (PPV; 1973–1977)
 Pontiac Parisienne (PPV; 1959–1987)

Nissan

 Nissan Altima/Altima Hybrid (2009–2019)

SAAB

 SAAB 900

Studebaker

 Modelo Studebaker Lark
 Studebaker Commander

Subaru

 Subaru Outback

Toyota

 Toyota Camry
 Toyota 4Runner/Toyota Tacoma Usado perto de praias pelo Departamento de Polícia de Los Angeles
 Toyota Prius - usado pelo Departamento de Polícia de Nova York a partir de 2006

Volvo

 Volvo S70 - California Highway Patrol, 1999-2000

Outros veículos policiais

Os departamentos de polícia também usam veículos policiais alternativos. Além disso, a polícia também pode usar veículos apreendidos, apreendidos ou confiscados.

Viaturas usadas ao longo dos anos, mas não se restringindo a:

Alabama

 O Departamento de Polícia de Tuscaloosa já utilizou Mercedes-Benz.
 Em 2011, o Departamento de Polícia de Madison, Alabama, foi presenteado com um Corvette por dois residentes locais.
 Em 1982, o Departamento de Polícia de Prichard usou Volvo 200 em serviço como parte de um contrato de arrendamento com a Volvo. Usado por muitos anos nos mercados europeus, a Volvo esperava estabelecer um mercado nos Estados Unidos para veículos oficiais. Infelizmente, devido a problemas financeiros na cidade de Prichard e altos custos de manutenção de veículos, o experimento durou apenas um ano.

Alberta
A Polícia de Calgary utiliza Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Tahoe, Chrysler 300, Dodge Challenger Hellcat, Dodge Charger, Dodge Durango, Ford Expedition, Ford Explorer, Ford Escape, Ford F-150, Ford Super Duty, Ford Transit, Ford Fusion, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Nissan Rogue, Chrysler 300, Buick Lacrosse, Ford Escape, Ford F-150, Dodge Durango, Jeep Cherokee (KL), Jeep Grand Cherokee, Hyundai Sonata, Nissan Altima, Suzuki Kizashi, Volkswagen Passat, BMW X5 e Ford Fusion, Ford Escape Hybrid, Ford Fusion Hybrid e Toyota Camry Hybrid

Arkansas

 A Polícia do Estado de Arkansas utiliza o Dodge, Ford e Chevrolet

Arizona
Alguns dos veículos que compunham a frota do estado:

 Ford: Tahoe, Explorer, Taurus, F-150, Crown Victoria e Mustang GT
 Dodge: Charger R/T e Dodge Challenger R/T
 Chevrolet: Tahoe, Malibu, Impala, Silverado
 Volvo: S90
 BMW e Kawasaki
 Cadillac: Escalade (apreendido do tráfico de drogas)

British Columbia

 Jaguar, Land Rover, Ford, Chevrolet, Dodge e Volkswagen

Califórnia

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Lamborghini, Nissan, Mercedes-Benz, Tesla, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda, Kia, Pontiac, BMW, Mercury, Mazda, Volkswagen, Jeep, Plymouth, etc.

Colorado

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, AMC, Volvo, SAAB, etc.

Connecticut

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, Jeep, Honda, Audi, Cadillac, etc.

Flórida

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Jeep, etc.

Georgia

 Ford, Chevrolet, Porsche, BMW, Pontiac, Mercury, etc.

Guam

 Dodge, Ford, Nissan, etc.

Havaí

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Nissan, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda, Jeep, etc.

Idaho

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Illinois

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Nissan, Hummer, Infiniti, Humvee, Honda, Pontiac, etc.

Indiana
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Polaris, Harley Davidson, Chrysler, Jeep, Subaru, etc.

Iowa
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Lenco, Jeep, etc.

Kansas
 Dodge, Ford, etc.

Kentucky
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, Humvee, Mercedes-Benz, etc.

Louisiana
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Mercury, etc.

Maine

 A Polícia do Estado do Maine usa vários Ford Mustangs Roush Performance disfarçados na rodovia Maine Turnpike.

Massachusetts
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Buick, Mitsubishi, Honda, Hyundai, Humvee, Volkswagen, etc.

Michigan
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Saturn, Lincoln, Jaguar, etc.

Minnesota
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Jeep, Pontiac, Freightliner, Lenco, etc.

Mississippi
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Missouri
 Ford, Nissan, Humvee, etc.

Newfoundland And Labrador
 Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Nova Hampshire
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Audi, etc.

Nova Jersey
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, BMW, Chrysler, Humvee, etc.

Novo México
 Dodge, Chevrolet, etc.

Nova Iorque
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Nissan, Volkswagen, Toyota, Tesla, etc.

Carolina do Norte
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Dakota do Norte
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Nova Escócia
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Toyota, Honda, Pontiac, Volkswagen, etc.

Ohio
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Ontário
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Oklahoma
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Suzuki, Cadillac, etc.
 O Departamento de Polícia de Tulsa possui um Cadillac Escalade que diz "Este costumava ser o carro de um traficante de drogas, agora é nosso"
 O Departamento de Polícia de Blanchard possui um Chrysler 300 escrito: "Doado pelo seu Traficante de Drogas local".

Oregon
 Ford, Chevrolet, Mini Cooper, Cadillac, Volkswagen, etc.
 O departamento de Polícia de Tigard tem um Cadillac Escalade escrito "Apreendido de um traficante de drogas local" no para-choque traseiro e logotipos do Drug Abuse Resistance Education.

Pensilvânia
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, GMC, Mini Cooper, Pontiac, etc.

Ilha Principe Edward
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, etc.

Porto Rico
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, Nissan, Toyota, Suzuki, etc.

Quebec
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, etc.

Saskatchewan
 Toyota, etc.

Carolina do Sul
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Volvo, BMW, etc.

Tennessee
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Volkswagen, etc.

Texas
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Volvo, etc.

Utah
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Subaru, etc.

Virgínia
 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Nissan, Hyundai, etc.

Washington
 Dodge, Ford, Nissan, Jeep, Subaru, etc.

Wisconsin
 Dodge, Ford, Toyota, etc.

Programa Educacional de Resistência às Drogas e à Violência (D.A.R.E)
Vários programas de Educação para a Resistência ao Abuso de Drogas em departamentos locais têm alguns veículos notáveis marcados como carros de polícia para promover o programa. Os carros DARE aparecem em escolas e desfiles. Normalmente, esses carros são carros de alto desempenho ou que foram apreendidos. Eles são usados para enviar a mensagem de que os traficantes de drogas perdem todas as suas armadilhas glamorosas quando são pegos.

Os carros incluem mas não se limitam a:

 Dodge, Ford, Chevrolet, Nissan, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Mazda, Jaguar, Chrysler, Harley Davidson, White Motor Company, Orion, etc.

Futuro
A Ford encerrou a produção do onipresente Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor em 2011. O modelo foi substituído pelo Ford Police Interceptor Sedan e pelo Ford Police Interceptor Utility. Em 12 de março de 2010, um protótipo do Ford Police Interceptor Sedan baseado na plataforma do Taurus de sexta geração foi demonstrado no Las Vegas Motor Speedway. A Ford garantiu às agências de aplicação da lei que estaria em produção quando o último Crown Victoria fosse construído em setembro de 2011. O carro também foi exibido para gerentes de frota no Canadá e nos Estados Unidos na exposição da National Association of Fleet Administrators (NAFA) em Detroit. Meses depois que o Sedan foi lançado, um protótipo do Ford Police Interceptor Utility baseado na quinta geração do Ford Explorer foi apresentado na fábrica de Chicago, pelo então Vice-Presidente de Marketing, Vendas e Serviços dos EUA, Ken Czubay. A produção do Police Interceptor Sedan começou em 2012 como um modelo 2013.

O Dodge Charger Pursuit foi apresentado pela primeira vez como uma carroceria LX em 2006. Em 2011, como uma carroceria LD, várias mudanças foram feitas para resolver uma série de problemas do modelo anterior. O motor 3.6 V6 oferecia desempenho igual ou melhor do que o Crown Victoria, com uma economia de combustível superior. Os 5.7 Hemi estabeleceu recordes durante os testes anuais com a Polícia do Estado de Michigan. No final de 2014, a Dodge superou muitos seus próprios recordes com a versão AWD, tornando-se o único sedã da Chrysler com AWD e V8. Em meados de 2016, mais de 40% de todos os novos Chargers eram AWD.

Antes do lançamento do AWD a Ford detinha 60% do mercado policial. Em 2015, e especialmente em 2016, a Dodge ganhou margem de mercado.

No fim de 2021 o Departamento de Polícia de Nova Iorque adquiriu 184 Mustang Mach-E, o modelo passou nos testes conduzidos pela Polícia de Michigan, referência em testes do setor, o modelo foi o primeiro veículo totalmente elétrico a passar nos testes. A cidade também estuda adquirir 250 Tesla Model 3.

Veículos policiais

Viatura policial nos Estados Unidos e Canadá


Pumori (nepali: पुमोरि) (Pumo Ri) er et bjerg på grænsen mellem Nepal og Tibet. Pumori ligger otte kilometer vest for Mount Everest. Pumori betyder på sherpa "Bjergdatteren". Bjergbestigere referer sommetider til Pumori som "Everest's datter". George Mallory kaldte bjerget for "Clare Peak" opkaldt efter sin datter.

Bjerget blev første gang besteget af Gerhard Lenser i 1962. Siden har næsten 500 mennesker besteget bjerget. Det har kostet 42 menneskeliv.

Tæt på Pumori ligger Kala Paathar, som er en populær top for mange vandrere i området.

Kilder og henvisninger

Bjerge i Himalaya
Bjerge i Nepal
Bjerge i Kina

Pumori


Bunnicula is a children's novel series. The first installment was written by James and Deborah Howe, and introduced a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula who sucks the juice out of vegetables. After the sudden death of his wife in 1978, Howe continued the project alone. The series consists of seven books, published between 1979 and 2006. Deborah Howe died in June 1978, months before the book first saw print.

The story focuses on the Monroe family and their pets, but is told from the perspective of their dog Harold. Bunnicula is the name of the family's pet rabbit which the Monroes found at a theater during a showing of the film Dracula.

Following the end of the Bunnicula series, James Howe began a spin-off series called Tales from the House of Bunnicula, which is "written" by Howie, the Dachshund puppy who was introduced into the series in Howliday Inn. There is also a series called Bunnicula and Friends: Ready To Read, which consists of six picture books about the adventures of the characters from the story. The main demographic of this book consists of beginner readers.

Characters

Bunnicula
The titular character is a harmless rabbit with unusual eating habits and minor vampiric qualities. Toby, a member of the Monroe family, found the rabbit in a theater while the film Dracula was screening. Bunnicula is subjected to many murder attempts by Chester. The authors never produced an actual origin for him or his abilities, nor did they ever explicitly confirm or deny that Bunnicula is a vampire bunny.

Harold
Harold is an old, scruffy and loving dog under the Monroe's care who narrates the books.

Chester
The highly imaginative, prideful orange tabby cat who loves good literature and milk. Ever since Bunnicula's arrival, Chester becomes increasingly jealous and convinced that the bunny could be a threat, though by the end he becomes friends with Bunnicula. Chester is often paranoid.

Howie
The carefree and sometimes slightly dim Dachshund puppy who was adopted by the Monroes from Chateau Bow-Wow.

Peter "Pete" Monroe
The oldest of two boys who slacks off often. He often bullies his younger brother Toby and the pets, except for Bunnicula.

Toby Monroe
The younger of two boys who is kinder than Pete. He likes to share his snacks with Harold during his late-night readings and is adored by Harold, Chester, Bunnicula, and Howie. Toby's family adopted Bunnicula after the family brought him home.

Series plot
Source:

Bunnicula: A Rabbit-Tale of Mystery (1979)

Howliday Inn (1982)
When the Monroe family decides to leave for a vacation, they send Harold and Chester off to a kennel called Chateau Bow-Wow, where they meet the other inhabitants of the kennel, including a poodle named Louise and two Dachshunds named Heather and Howard. The owner of the kennel, Dr. Greenbriar, takes the week off and the other staff, Jill and Harrison, are overworked. Louise goes missing and Chester becomes convinced that foul play was involved before he vanishes as well. Upon returning, he leads the other animals to find Harrison trying to capture Heather and Howard. Chester tells Harold later that Harrison caught wind that one of the animals in the shelter was very valuable. He kidnapped Louise and then Chester, thinking that it could have been one of them. It is revealed that it was the Dachshunds, who are rare wire-haired Dachshunds. When the Monroe family returns from their vacation, they reveal that they are adopting the runt of the Dachshund litter, who they name Howie.

The Celery Stalks at Midnight (1983)
Bunnicula has gone missing and Chester begins to fear for the town again. He believes that the vegetables that Bunnicula sucks dry could return as the rabbit's vampire slaves to use as an army to take over the town. He, Harold, and Howie set off to search the neighborhood. They witness Toby and Pete wearing dark robes and holding a group of frightened children prisoner. The pets fear that Bunnicula has begun to control people and run to the nearby school. After causing much mayhem they are caught by the Monroes. It is revealed that there was a carnival at the school that day and Toby, Pete and the other children were rehearsing for a play they were going to put on. Bunnicula is discovered to have been entered in the pet show at school. The title is a reference to the 1951 animated film of the same name by John Whitney.

Nighty Nightmare (1987)
Mr. Monroe has a mid-life crisis and wants to do something exciting while he is at his lakeside retreat of Boggy Lake while fishing with Harold, Chester, and Howie. He decides to go camping out in the woods. They meet two men, Bud and Spud, and their dog Dawg. That night, they go out for a walk, and Dawg leads Harold, Chester, and Howie away from his masters and the Monroes to show them something "neat", getting them lost in the woods. Chester begins to suspect that Bud and Spud are planning to murder the Monroes and that Dawg is luring them away to keep them from interfering. Once they reach a house right in the middle of the woods, Chester tells a story about Bunnicula's origin in an attempt to lull Dawg to sleep and allow himself, Harold, and Howie to escape. While the plan is successful, Harold, Howie, and Chester fall asleep along with Dawg, and awaken shortly before dawn. After they return to the Monroes' camp, only to find it trashed and deserted, Dawg reveals that the house they visited is his own. The Monroes also stayed the night with them to avoid the rain, and are relieved that Harold, Howie, and Chester are unharmed.

Return to Howliday Inn (1992)
The Monroe family leaves Harold, Chester, and Howie at Chateau Bow-Wow again. The pets quickly notice differences, including a new group of animals staying there, including a sad Great Dane named Hamlet. The three Monroe pets learn that Hamlet's old owner left him there a long time ago. Chester finds his owner's new address and they leave the chateau to escort Hamlet there. The new address turns out to be a nursing home that does not allow animals. Hamlet finds his old owner, and it is revealed that the owner was a ventriloquist. Using ventriloquism, the pets and patients convince the staff of the nursing home to allow Hamlet to stay. When Harold, Chester, and Howie are picked up at the end, they fool the Monroes with the ventriloquism tricks they learned.

Bunnicula Strikes Again! (1995)
Chester suspects again that Bunnicula is a threatening vampire and starts drinking the rabbit's juice in the daytime so Bunnicula will die of starvation. One night, Harold notices Bunnicula crying while singing him a lullaby. Chester thinks he misses his mother, and in the next few days, he leads the two dogs to search for her to no luck. When Bunnicula becomes increasingly ill, he is taken to the veterinarian. Chester escapes, and both he and Bunnicula are crushed under rubble. Harold and Howie manage to alert the Monroes who dig through the rubble and find them both unharmed. Chester finally accepts Bunnicula.

Bunnicula Meets Edgar Allan Crow (2006)
Pete writes to the author of his (and Howie's) favorite series, FleshCrawlers. He visits the Monroe household and stays in the guestroom, bringing with him his favorite pet crow, Edgar Allan Crow. Everyone is thrilled, except for Chester, who insists that the author, M.T. Graves, is suspicious. Harold and Howie are not convinced, but Chester is convinced that there is a secret society amongst the crows and Edgar is a messenger sent to help Graves transform Bunnicula into a bat. When Bunnicula escapes, the entire party chases after him, and Harold and Howie begin to think that Chester may have been right. M.T. Graves is very careful about a black bag, and when Bunnicula is not found, Chester believes he is trapped in the bag. Harold dumps the bag, only to discover it is filled with stuffed animals. M.T. Graves tells them that he stayed at the Monroes' house so that he could conquer his phobia of animals.

Adaptations
A 1982 animated TV special (from Ruby-Spears) by the same name was created based on the first book and aired on the ABC Weekend Special.

An animated series loosely adapted from the book series began airing on Cartoon Network and on Boomerang on February 6, 2016.

A stage adaptation based on the books was written by Jon Klein and performed by the B Street Theatre in Sacramento, California. An additional stage adaptation was created for a children's theatre at the DR2 Theatre in New York, adapted by writer Charles Busch.

In 2022, Bunnicula: The Graphic Novel, an adaptation of the first book in the series by Andrew Donkin and art by Stephen Gilpin was released.

References

External links

American vampire novels
Series of children's books
ABC Weekend Special
American novels adapted into television shows
Fictional vampires
Atheneum Books books
Book series introduced in 1979
Children's novels about rabbits and hares
Children's novels about cats
Children's novels about dogs

Bunnicula


Dilkea retusa je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Dilkea. Prihvaćeno je ime. Sinonimi su:
 Dilkea acuminata Mast.
 Dilkea magnifica Steyerm.
 Dilkea wallisii Mast.
 Dilkea ulei Harms
 Passiflora helleborifolia Wallis ex Mast.
 Dilkea johannesii Barb.Rodr.
 Dilkea parviflora Killip
Tipska je vrsta podroda Dilkea.
Raste u Boliviji (Pando), Brazilu (Amazonas, Manaus, Acre, Rio Negro), Kolumbiji (Amazonas, Antioquia, Leticia, Caquet, Putumayo, Vaups), Ekvadoru (Napo, Pastaza, Esmeraldas, Orellana, San Lorenzo, Eloy Alfaro, Morona Santiago, Sucumbíos), Peruu (Amazonas, Loreto, Bagua, Maynas, Madre de Dios, Manu, Tambopata, Pasco, Oxapampa, San Martín, Mariscal Caceres, Ucayali, Coronel Portillo), Surinamu (Sipaliwini), Francuskoj Gvajani, Gvajani, Panami i Venezueli (Bolivar, Amazonas, Delta Amacuro), od 100 do 500 metara nadmorske visine.
Nije svrstana u IUCN-ov popis ugroženih vrsta, ali je status ugroženosti "najmanja zabrinutost" (LC).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Dilkea na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Dilkea

Dilkea retusa


Leonardo est une série télévisée historique en huit épisodes de  créée par Frank Spotnitz (X-Files) et Stephen Thompson (Sherlock). La série est produite par Lux Vide en collaboration avec Rai Fiction, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Big Light Productions et Freddie Highmore en association avec France Télévisions et RTVE.

La série est diffusée tout d'abord en Italie à partir du , en Suisse à partir du  et en France à partir du .

Synopsis
En 1506, Léonard de Vinci est accusé du meurtre de Caterina da Cremona. Interrogé par Stefano Giraldi, un officier du duché de Milan, Léonard déroule l'histoire de sa vie.

Fiche technique
 Créateurs : Frank Spotnitz, Steve Thompson
 Producteurs : Lux Vide, Big Light Productions, Rai Fiction, Sony Pictures Television, France Télévisions, RTVE, Alfresco Pictures
 Réalisateurs : Dan Percival, Alexis Sweet
 Musique : John Paesano
 Pays d'origine : , , , ,
 Langue originale : anglais
 Genre : Historique
 Durée :
 Dates de diffusion :
 France : du  au

Distribution

 Aidan Turner  : Léonard de Vinci
 Matilda De Angelis  : Caterina da Cremona
 Freddie Highmore  : Stefano Giraldi
 Carlos Cuevas  : Salaì, surnom de Gian Giacomo Caprotti
 James D'Arcy : Ludovico Sforza
 Miriam Dalmazio: Béatrice d'Este
 Alessandro Sperduti  : Tommaso Masini
 Robin Renucci  : Piero da Vinci
 Gabriel Lo Giudice : Marco
 Josafat Vagni  : Giulio
 Andrew Knott : Alfonso
 Flavio Parenti : Bernardo Bembo
 Massimo De Santis  : Rinaldo Rossi
 Giancarlo Giannini : Andrea del Verrocchio
 Giovanni Scifoni  : Luca Pacioli
 Max Bennett  : Cesare Borgia
 Claudio Castrogiovanni : Ramiro
 Antonio De Matteo  : Galeazzo Sanseverino

Production

Prévue pour 2020, à l'occasion du 500e anniversaire de la mort de Léonard de Vinci, la série a été retardée à cause de la Pandémie de Covid-19. Elle est présentée comme un . Les scénaristes mêlent des éléments biographiques et fictifs pour façonner une enquête qui a notamment pour origine la disparition d'un célèbre tableau du peintre : Léda et le Cygne connu seulement par ses études préparatoires.

La série a nécessité la création de 2500 costumes et la construction de 20 000 mètres carrés de décors dans les studios de Lux Vide à Formello près de Rome pour reconstituer Florence et Milan.
Ayant rencontré un succès international, une saison 2 a été commandée.

Inexactitudes historiques
Bien que les producteurs aient ouvertement déclaré qu'ils s'étaient délibérément éloignés de la réalité historique pour insérer des éléments de fantaisie - tels que l'histoire liée à l'accusation de meurtre à Léonard et le personnage de Catherine de Crémone lui-même - la série télévisée traite toujours d'événements et de personnages historiques réels, il est donc possible de remarquer de nombreuses différences avec l'histoire.

Premier épisode (épisodes 1 et 2)

 La première partie de la série se déroule en 1490 (seize ans avant 1506) et montre Léonard encore élève de Verrocchio, en vérité Léonard a fréquenté l'atelier de ce dernier entre 1468 et 1470, alors qu'en 1490 Verrocchio était déjà mort depuis deux ans et Léonard possédait son propre atelier.
 Le processus de mélange des couleurs a été parmi les premières choses qui ont été enseignées aux apprentis dès leur entrée dans l'atelier, c'est-à-dire à un âge encore enfantin, tandis que dans la série, il est montré un Léonard maintenant adulte que le maître aborde pour la première fois à cette procédure, bien que Léonard lui-même ait déjà peint en couleur secrètement quelques scènes auparavant.
 Léonard, qui s'est d'abord montré comme un élève peu apprécié par Verrocchio, avait en fait déjà collaboré avec ce dernier bien avant le baptême du Christ. En fait, dans le tableau Tobiolo et l'Ange - qui peut être vu dans le contexte de l'étude du maître - les détails du chien et du poisson comme la production de Léonard ont été reconnus.
 Ce n'est pas Ludovico il Moro qui se rend à Florence pour demander les services de Léonard, c'est plutôt Léonard lui-même qui, en 1482, s'installe à Milan envoyé par Laurent Medicis comme joueur de lyre et qui présente à Ludovico une sorte de « curriculum » par lettre.

 Amerigo de' Benci, le père de Genève, était déjà mort au moment où Léonard a commencé le portrait, et pour cette raison, il ne pouvait pas être celui qui mutilait la peinture de la partie inférieure. Il a été réduit dans les siècles suivants, probablement parce que les mains étaient irrémédiablement portées. Geneva elle-même était également mariée depuis au moins un an à Luigi Niccolini (1474) lorsque le portrait a été commandé.
 Bien que le souvenir du cerf-volant soit vrai, comme l'a raconté Léonard lui-même, il ne semble pas que ce dernier ait jamais été considéré comme maudit, ni en tant que nouveau-né ni en tant qu'adulte.
 Bernardo Bembo fut en fait ambassadeur de Florence en 1475 sous le doge Pietro Mocenigo et en 1478 sous le doge Giovanni Mocenigo, dans la série il se présente plutôt comme ambassadeur de Milan et, conformément à son bureau, il aurait eu le devoir de résider à Milan, alors que nous le trouvons initialement à Florence. Sous le doge d'Agostino Barbarigo, qu'il nomma au début, Bernardo occupa d'autres postes non à Florence.
 Bernardo Bembo à l'époque du portrait de Genève (1474-1478) était un homme dans la quarantaine, marié à Elena Marcello et père de cinq enfants (dont le célèbre humaniste Pietro Bembo), alors que dans la série, il serait encore célibataire.
 Il ne semble pas que Ser Piero da Vinci ait jamais nourri de la haine envers son fils Leonardo, au contraire il l'a accueilli dans sa famille et s'est assuré de lui garantir un avenir en le mettant dans l'atelier.

Deuxième épisode (épisodes 3 et 4)

 Le duc Gian Galeazzo déclare à Léonard qu'il déteste la chasse, en vérité il est historiquement documenté que sa plus grande passion était la chasse.
 Lors d'un dîner de cour, nous voyons les ducs et leurs courtisans manger avec leurs mains, en vérité les fourchettes étaient déjà utilisées en permanence en Italie depuis longtemps, contrairement au reste de l'Europe où ils continuaient à utiliser leurs mains, à tel point que le Français et le roi de France lui-même seront alors critiqués par les Italiens comme non civilisés pour leur habitude de manger encore avec leurs mains.
 Comme responsable du complot contre Ludovico Sforza est mentionné « Roi Louis de France », mais tout se passe clairement dans une période antérieure à 1496, et à cette époque le roi de France était encore Charles VIII. De plus, il n'y a jamais eu de tentative d'empoisonnement par Louis d'Orleáns contre Ludovic Sforza.

 Salaì est présenté dans la série comme un jeune voleur et vagabond, en réalité Salaì est entré dans l'atelier de Léonard en tant qu'apprenti à l'âge de dix ans en 1490 et a ensuite été qualifié de « voleur » par Léonard lui-même en raison de ses nombreux marachelle et des petits vols qu'il a commis.
 La série suggère que Ludovico Sforza avait l'habitude de maltraiter sa femme Béatrice d'Este, en vérité d'après les sources de l'époque, il semble que ce soit le duc Gian Galeazzo qui ait battu sa femme Isabelle d'Aragon, alors qu'aucun acte de ce type n'est attribuable à Ludovico.
 Gian Galeazzo est mort à l'âge de vingt-cinq ans en 1494 et non comme un enfant comme le montre la série.

Troisième épisode (épisodes 5 et 6)

 La naissance de Béatrice d'Este a eu lieu d'une manière substantiellement différente de ce qui a été montré dans la série, si en fait en réalité Béatrice est probablement allée rencontrer une naissance prématurée, donnant naissance à un fils déjà mort et mourant à son tour une heure et demie plus tard, dans la série, il est sous-entendu que l'enfant n'est pas né du tout. En outre, à cette époque, la gestion de la grossesse et de l'accouchement était la compétence exclusive des sages-femmes, alors que les médecins n'intervenaient presque jamais et que les hommes n'étaient pas autorisés à entrer dans la salle d'accouchement. Béatrice elle-même avait sa propre sage-femme, comare Frasina da Ferrara, qui l'a aidée pendant ses trois parties.
 S'il est vrai que Ludovic Sforza, détruit par la mort de sa femme, ne pensait à partir de ce moment qu'à l'embellissement de Santa Maria delle Grazie, la Cène fut commandée à Léonard bien avant la mort de Béatrice d'Este, ou en 1494.
 La conquête du duché de Milan a été confiée par le roi Louis XII au célèbre dirigeant Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, et non à Cesare Borgia comme le montre la série.

 Lisa Gherardini déclare pleurer la mort de sa fille nouveau-née de seulement six mois, en vérité il n'était pas d'usage au XVe siècle d'apporter le deuil pour les enfants qui sont morts enfants, comme cela a été fait à la place pour les parents, pour le conjoint ou pour d'autres personnalités importantes, étant la mortalité infantile extrêmement élevée.
 Guidobaldo da Montefeltro déclare à Cesare Borgia qu'il a un fils, en vérité il n'a jamais eu d'enfants, en effet il a été accusé d'impuissance.

Quatrième épisode (épisodes 7 et 8)

 Ludovico Sforza a eu de nombreux enfants, parmi lesquels il a survécu aux deux légitimes de Béatrice d'Este et à au moins trois des illégitimes. L'existence de François (fils de Catherine de Crémone) n'aurait donc pas été un problème pour lui - en effet à la Renaissance, chaque fils bâtard était une source d'orgueil - et les Français n'auraient pas eu l'occasion ou la raison de l'utiliser contre lui pour « revendiquer le royaume ». C'est plutôt Louis XII lui-même qui revendique comme sa possession le duché de Milan, descendant d'un Visconti, et c'est aux menaces de lui que les fils de ludovico durent s'échapper, certainement pas à ceux de leur père.
 Galeazzo Sanseverino, après quelques années passées à la cour impériale d'Innsbruck, s'installa en 1504 en France où il entra dans les grâces de Louis XII, devenant même Grand Écuyer de France, et toujours en France il était en 1506, tandis que dans la série il est montré à Florence et à nouveau au service de Ludovico Sforza.
 La dernière tentative de Ludovico Sforza pour reconquérir Milan remonte au début des années 1500, avant son emprisonnement au château de Loches. Les tentatives de Galeazzo Sanseverino et de l'empereur Maximilien Ier de Habsbourg, tous deux de ses parents, de servir de médiateur avec le roi de France pour obtenir sa libération furent vaines. Rien n'aurait donc pu faire le gonfaloniere Soderini et en fait en réalité son intervention n'a jamais été nécessaire.
 La vue sur le château de Loches montre en réalité le château d'Amboise.

Erreurs récurrentes et lacunes en général

 La barbe n'était absolument pas à la mode dans ces années en Italie, et elle ne le deviendrait pas avant la première décennie des années 1500. C'était en effet un symbole de deuil, donc presque aucun des personnages historiques montrés dans la série, du moins en ce qui concerne les années précédant cette date, n'a jamais amené la barbe dans la réalité.
 Les boucles d'oreilles, que l'on voit porter à de nombreux personnages féminins de la série, n'étaient en vérité pas du tout à la mode à la fin du XVe siècle. Elles étaient en effet l'apanage des femmes d'origine orientale, comme les Grecs de Venise, et des courtisanes.
 Le soi-disant « Palazzo Sforza » où dans la série la famille ducale est montrée vivant, en réalité n'existe pas. La résidence principale des ducs de Milan était le Castello Sforzesco et s'il y avait un palais, c'était celui de l'Arengo, où vivait le père de Ludovico, Francesco Sforza. À l'époque du Moro, cependant, la cour avait déjà déménagé au château et le Palazzo dell'Arengo était utilisé comme bureaux, où entre autres choses Léonard lui-même tenait son atelier.
 Sur les armoiries situées aux portes du Castello Sforzesco, vous pouvez voir l'aigle impérial et la vipère Visconti comme à l'époque de Ludovico il Moro, qui était anachronique en 1506, car à l'époque Milan était sous occupation française et il aurait dû y avoir les armoiries de Louis XII, y compris la vipère Visconti et les lys de France.
 Parmi les étudiants et collaborateurs de Verrocchio, il y avait Lorenzo di Credi (qui a hérité de l'atelier), Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio et Filippino Lippi, mais aucun d'entre eux n'est nommé, remplacé dans la série par des étudiants de fantasy.

Œuvres présentes dans la série

Références

Article connexe
 Léonard de Vinci (mini-série)

Liens externes

Série télévisée de la RAI
Série télévisée biographique
Série télévisée se déroulant au XVe siècle
Série télévisée se déroulant au XVIe siècle
Léonard de Vinci dans la fiction
Série télévisée en anglais
Série télévisée créée en 2021
Série télévisée de France Télévisions
Série télévisée française des années 2020
Série télévisée italienne des années 2020
Série télévisée espagnole des années 2020
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série télévisée britannique des années 2020
Série télévisée tournée en Italie
Série télévisée se déroulant en Italie

Leonardo (série télévisée)


Martini ist ein von dem römischen Namen Martinus abgeleiteter italienischer, ein aus der Normandie stammender französischer Familienname. Der im deutschen Sprachraum verwendete Familienname geht auf den Vornamen Martin mit dem auf "i" endenden lateinischen Genitiv zurück.

Namensträger

A
 Abdul-Kader Martini (* 1942), deutscher Mediziner

 Alberto Martini (1876–1954), italienischer Maler, Grafiker, Kupferstecher und Illustrator
 Alessandro Martini, italienischer Unternehmer, siehe Martini & Rossi

 Alfredo Martini (1921–2014), italienischer Radrennfahrer und Radsporttrainer
 Alphons Martini (1829–1880), deutscher Mediziner
 Andreas Martini (auch Martens, Martinus; um 1520–1561), deutscher Theologe
 Anneli Martini (* 1948), schwedische Schauspielerin
 Anton Stephan von Martini (1792–1861), österreichischer Vizeadmiral und Diplomat
 Angela Martini (* 1986), albanisch-schweizerisches Model
 Arturo Martini (1889–1947), italienischer Bildhauer
 Arwed Martini (1824–1892), deutscher Politiker
 Astrid Martini (* 1965), deutsche Autorin

B
 Baldomero Carlos Martini (* 1939), argentinischer Geistlicher, Bischof von San Justo
 Benedikt Martini (auch Martens; 1608–1685), deutscher Theologe

C
 Carlo Martini (1913–1986), italienischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von L'Aquila
 Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012), italienischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von Mailand
 Carol Martini (vor 1980–vor 2008), deutscher Squashspieler
 Cathleen Martini (* 1982), deutsche Bobfahrerin
 Christian Martini (* 1699, † nach 1739), deutscher Philosoph und Physiker
 Christoph David Anton Martini (1761–1815), deutscher evangelischer Theologe und Hochschullehrer
 Claudia Martini (* 1956), österreichische Schauspielerin

 Corinna Martini (* 1985), deutsche Rennrodlerin
 Cornelius Martini (1568–1621), belgisch-deutscher Philosoph
 Cyriacus Martini (1633–1682), livländischer Theologe

D
 Dörte Martini zum Berge (* 1944), deutsche Politikerin (CDU)

E
 Eberhard Martini (1935–2009), deutscher Bankmanager
 Eberhard Karl Martini (1790–1835), österreichischer Mediziner
 Edgar Martini (1871–1932), deutscher Klassischer Philologe
 Eduard Martini (* 1975), albanischer Fußballspieler
 Emidio Martini (1852–1940), italienischer Klassischer Philologe und Bibliothekar
 Emil de Martini (1902–1969), deutscher Journalist und Schriftsteller
 Enrico Martini (* 1988), deutscher Footballspieler

 Erlend Martini (* 1932), deutscher Mikropaläontologe
 Ernst Martini (1929–2015), deutscher Jurist und Eishockey-Fachautor

F

 Flavio Martini (* 1945), italienischer Radrennfahrer
 Francesco di Giorgio Martini († 1501), italienischer Architekt, Bildhauer und Maler
 Fred Martini, österreichischer Skeletonpilot

 Fritz Martini (1909–1991), deutscher Literaturwissenschaftler
 Fulvio Martini (1923–2003), italienischer Admiral und Nachrichtendienstmitarbeiter

G
 Gerhard Martini (* 1953), deutscher Maler
 Giancarlo Martini (1947–2013), italienischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Giovanni Battista Martini (genannt Padre Martini; 1706–1784), italienischer Komponist
 Gregor Christian Martini (1672–1728), deutscher Rechtsanwalt und Lexikograf
 Greta Martini (* 1985), italienische Pornodarstellerin
 Guido Martini (1881–1964), deutscher Bildhauer
 Gustav Adolf Martini (1916–2007), deutscher Mediziner

H

 Harald Martini (* 1975), deutscher Sänger und Chorleiter
 Helene Martini (1728–1803), Mätresse und Vertraute von Ludwig VIII. von Hessen-Darmstadt
 Hermann Martini (1817–nach 1886), deutscher Fabrikant und Firmengründer
 Hilde Martini-Striegl (1884–1974), rumäniendeutsche Schriftstellerin
 Horst Martini (* 1954), deutscher Mathematiker und Hochschullehrer

J
 Jakob Martini (1570–1649), deutscher Theologe und Philosoph
 Jakob Martini (Mediziner) (* 1659), deutscher Mediziner
 Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1741–1816), deutsch-französischer Komponist
 Joachim Carlos Martini (1931–2015), deutscher Musikforscher und Dirigent

 Josef Martini (1838–1895), österreichischer Fotograf und Maler

 Julien Martini (* 1992), französischer Pokerspieler

K

 Klaudia Martini (* 1950), deutsche Juristin, Managerin und Politikerin (SPD)

L
 Lorenzo Martini (* 1994), italienischer Grasskiläufer
 Louis de Sainte Thérèse Martini (1809–1883), italienischer Geistlicher
 Louise Martini (geb. Maria Louise Chiba, verehelicht Maria Louise Schwarz; 1931–2013), österreichische Schauspielerin
 Ludwig Martini (1805–1878), deutscher Gynäkologe
 Ludwig Günther Martini (1647–1719), deutscher Jurist
 Luigi Martini (* 1949), italienischer Fußballspieler
 Luiz Teixeira Martini (1903– nach 1966), brasilianischer Marineoffizier

M
 Manuela Martini (* 1963), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Mario Martini (* 1969), deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler
 Martin Martini (1565/1566–1610), Schweizer Kupferstecher
 Martino Martini (1614–1661), italienischer Missionar, Kartograph und Historiker

 Mauro Martini (* 1964), italienischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Max Martini (Maler) (1867–1920), deutscher Landschaftsmaler
 Max Martini (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Mia Martini (1947–1995), italienische Sängerin
 Mischa Martini (eigentlich Michael Weyand; * 1956), deutscher Journalist, Verleger und Autor
 Mora Windt-Martini (1937–2014), rumänische Handballspielerin
 Moritz Martini (1794–1875), deutscher Psychiater

N
 Nicolaus Martin (1780–1869), deutscher Fabrikant und Politiker
 Nikolaus Martini (1632–1713), deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler

O
 Olaus Martini (1557–1609), schwedischer lutherischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von Uppsala
 Orville Martini (1928–2019), kanadisch-schweizerischer Eishockey Spieler, Trainer, Experte und Buchautor
 Oskar Martini (1884–1980), deutscher Verwaltungsbeamter
 Otto Martini (1902–1979), deutscher Kameramann, Regisseur, Drehbuchautor und Produzent

P

 Peter Martini (Informatiker) (* 1961), deutscher Informatiker
 Peter Martini (* 1965), deutscher Jurist und Richter am Bundesverwaltungsgericht
 Pierluigi Martini (* 1961), italienischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Plinio Martini (1923–1979), Schweizer Schriftsteller

Q
 Quinto Martini (1908–1990), italienischer Maler, Grafiker und Bildhauer

R
 Raymundus Martinus (auch Raymundus Martini, Ramón Martínez; 1220–1285), spanischer Dominikaner, Hebraist und Theologe
 Rossana Martini (1926–1988), italienische Schauspielerin
 Ruben Martini (* 1982), deutscher Richter am Bundesfinanzhof
 Rudi Martini (1940–2015), deutscher Musikproduzent und Schlagzeuger
 Rudolf Martini (* 1956), deutscher Entwicklungsneurobiologe und Hochschullehrer

S
 Sergio Martini (* 1949), italienischer Bergsteiger
 Simone Martini (1284–1344), italienischer Maler
 Stefanie Martini (* 1990), britische Schauspielerin
 Stina Martini (* 1993), österreichische Eiskunstläuferin

T
 Theresa Martini (* 1989), österreichische Schauspielerin und Sängerin

V
 Vanessa Martini (* 1989), deutsche Fußballspielerin
 Vera Martini, Geburtsname von Vera Winter (* 1951), deutsche Badmintonspielerin
 Vincenzo Martini (um 1750–1806), spanischer Komponist, siehe Vicente Martín y Soler

W
 Werner Theodor Martini (1626–1685), deutscher Rechtsgelehrter
 Wilhelm Martini (1880–1965), deutscher Bildhauer
 Willi Martini (1925–2001), deutscher Kraftfahrzeugmeister, Konstrukteur, Rennfahrer und Kaufmann
 William J. Martini (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Winfried Martini (1905–1991), deutscher Jurist und Journalist
 Wolf Martini (1911–1959), deutscher Schauspieler und Hörspiel- und Synchronsprecher
 Wolfgang Martini (1891–1963), deutscher General und Fernmeldetechniker
 Wolfram Martini (1941–2017), deutscher Klassischer Archäologe

Einzelnachweise

Familienname
Französischer Personenname
Italienischer Personenname

Martini (Familienname)


Orkut was a social networking service owned and operated by Google. The service was designed to help users meet new and old friends and maintain existing relationships. The website was named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten.

Orkut was one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil in 2008.  In 2008, Google announced that Orkut would be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.

On June 30, 2014, Google announced it would be closing Orkut on September 30, 2014. No new accounts could be created starting from July 2014. Users could download their profile archive by Google Takeout.

In April 2022, the website was reactivated.

Features

Orkut's features and interface changed significantly with time. Initially, each member could become a fan of any of the friends in their list and also evaluate whether their friend is "Trustworthy", "Cool", "Sexy" on a scale of 1 to 3 (marked by icons), which was aggregated as a percentage. Unlike Facebook, where one can only view profile details of people in their network, Orkut initially allowed anyone to visit everyone's profile, unless a potential visitor was on a person's "Ignore List" (this feature was eventually changed so that users could choose between showing their profile to all networks or specified ones). Each member was also able to customize their profile preferences and restrict information that appears on their profile from their friends and/or others. Another feature was that any member can add any other member on Orkut to his/her "Crush List".

When a user logged in, they saw the people in their friends list in the order of their login to the site, the first person being the latest one to do so. Orkut's competitors were other social networking sites including Myspace and Facebook. The site Ning was a more direct competitor, as it allowed for the creation of social networks similar to Orkut's "communities".

An Orkut user was also able to add videos to their profile from either YouTube or Google Video with the additional option of creating either restricted or unrestricted polls for polling a community of users. There was at one point an option to integrate GTalk with Orkut, enabling chat and file sharing. Similar to Facebook, users could also use a "like" button to share interests with friends. Users could also change their interface from a wide range of colorful themes in the library. Themes were only available in Brazil and India. Orkut was arguably 'the only thriving social networking site' in India during 2005–2008.

History

Origins
Orkut was quietly launched on January 22, 2004 by Google. Orkut Büyükkökten, a Turkish software engineer, developed it as an independent project while working at Google. While previously working for Affinity Engines, he had developed a similar system, InCircle, intended for use by university alumni groups. In late June 2004, Affinity Engines filed suit against Google, claiming that Büyükkökten and Google had based Orkut on InCircle code. The allegation is based on the presence of 9 identical bugs in Orkut that also existed in InCircles.

Redesigns

First redesign
On August 25, 2007, Orkut announced a redesign and the new UI contained round corners and soft colors, including small logotype at upper left corner. By August 30, 2007, most users on Orkut could see changes on their profile pages as per the new redesign. On August 31, 2007, Orkut announced its new features including improvements to the way you view your friends, 9 rather than 8 of your friends displayed on your homepage and profile page and basic links to your friends' content right under their profile picture as you browse through their different pages. It also announced the initial release of Orkut in 6 new languages: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu. Profile editing could then take place by clicking the settings button under the user profile photo (or alternatively, clicking the blue settings link at the top of any page).

On September 4, 2007, Orkut announced that user would be able to see an "Updates from your friends" box on the homepage, where it would be possible to obtain real-time updates when friends made changes to their profiles, photos and videos. Moreover, in case someone wanted to keep some information on their profile private, Orkut added an opt-out button on the settings page. Scraps were also HTML-enabled letting users post videos or pictures. On November 8, 2007, Orkut greeted its Indian users Happy Diwali by allowing them to change their Orkut look to a Diwali-flavored reddish theme. On April Fools' Day 2008, Orkut temporarily changed its name on its webpage to yogurt, apparently as a prank. On June 2, 2008, Orkut launched its theming engine with a small set of default themes. Photo tagging also was available.

Second redesign: New Orkut

On October 27, 2009, Orkut released their 2nd redesigned version. It was available to only a few users at first. These users were able to send invites to their Orkut friends to join this new version. The new version used Google Web Toolkit (GWT), thus making extensive use of AJAX in the user interface. However, users of the new version could still switch back to the old one.

Google stated the new Orkut was faster, simpler, and more customizable. More particular features included video chat, promotions and easy navigation.

The look was completely new. User interface and workflow were also drastically changed. Orkut added different color choices for the users' profiles. The themes were eventually removed and an Orkut badge was visible for those who didn't change to the new Orkut. The new logo also had the word "My" in it, as in My Orkut. Vertical scroll bars were added in the friend and community list in the home page to allow viewing all friends/communities from the home page itself. In the home page, the recent visitor's list now displayed six most recent visitor's profile image as small clickable icons. Orkut also allowed users to sign in with their Google Mail, or Gmail, credentials.

Messages Black Hole
Before the introduction of the New Orkut, users had two options to message friends: via the scrapbook (equivalent to the Facebook wall) or by sending a private message. Since the New Orkut introduced a privacy control for scraps posted to the scrapbook, the messages system was disabled in this version, but not for those still using the old version. This created a strange situation in which messages sent by a user of the old version to someone using the New Orkut go completely unnoticed by its recipient (the New Orkut does not inform the user of these lost messages, that can only be read if they switch back to the old version).

Controversy

Fake profiles
As with any online social networking community, a number of fake and cloned profiles existed on Orkut. Due to the large number of users and the deactivation of the jail system, the profiles were often left unremoved or, when removed, recreated easily.

Hate groups
In 2005, incidents of racism among Orkut users were reported to police and were documented in Brazilian media. In 2006, a judicial measure was opened by the Brazil federal justice denouncing a 20-year-old student accused of racism against those of Black African ancestry and spreading defamatory content on Orkut. Brazilian Federal Justice subpoenaed Google in March 2006 to explain the crimes that had occurred in Orkut.

Orkut had a Report Abuse feature available for all communities. Orkut communities could be reported if they contain hateful/violent content.

State censorship

In Iran
Orkut was very popular in Iran, but the website was then blocked by the government. According to official reports, this was due to national security issues, and issues about dating and match-making. To get around this block, sites such as orkutproxy.com (now defunct) were made for Iranian users. Other websites such as Yahoo! Groups and Google Groups had communities dedicated to receiving updates on the newest location of Iran's Orkut proxy. At one time it had been possible to bypass governmental blockage of Orkut, but the site had closed its HTTPS pages on all anonymous proxies. Then it was almost impossible for ordinary users to visit this site inside Iran.

Many other sites have been published in Iran since Orkut's blockage, using the same social-networking model – examples include MyPardis, Cloob and Bahaneh.

In the United Arab Emirates
In August 2006, the United Arab Emirates followed the footsteps of Iran in blocking the site. This block was subsequently removed in October 2006. On July 3, 2007, Gulf News revisited the issue, publishing complaints from members of the public against Orkut communities like "Dubai Sex", and officially bringing the complaints to the attention of the state telecom monopoly Etisalat. By July 4, 2007, Etisalat placed a renewed ban on the site, which remained in effect despite Google's promise to negotiate the ban with the UAE.

In Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is another country that had blocked access to Orkut, while Bahrain's Information Ministry was also under pressure to follow suit.

Security

MW.Orc worm
On June 19, 2006, FaceTime Security Labs' security researchers Christopher Boyd and Wayne Porter discovered a worm, dubbed MW.Orc. The worm steals users' banking details, usernames and passwords by propagating through Orkut. The attack was triggered as users launched an executable file disguised as a JPEG file. The initial executable file that caused the infection installed two additional files on the user's computer. These files then e-mailed banking details and passwords to the worm's anonymous creator when infected users clicked on the "My Computer" icon. The infection spread automatically by posting a URL in another user's Orkut Scrapbook, a guestbook where visitors could leave comments visible on the user's page. This link used to lure visitors with a message in Portuguese, falsely claiming to offer additional photos. The message text that carried an infection link varied from case to case. In addition to stealing personal information, the malware could also enable a remote user to control the PC and make it part of a botnet, a network of infected PCs.

The initial executable file (Minhasfotos.exe) created two additional files when activated, winlogon_.jpg and wzip32.exe (located in the System32 Folder). When the user clicked the "My Computer" icon, a mail was sent containing their personal data. In addition, they might be added to an XDCC Botnet (used for file sharing), and the infection link might be sent to other users that they knew in the Orkut network. The infection could be spread manually, but also had the ability to send "back dated" infection links to people in the "friends list" of the infected user. According to statements made by Google, as noted in Facetime's Greynets Blog, the company had implemented a temporary fix for the dangerous worm.

Session management and authentication
On June 22, 2007 Susam Pal and Vipul Agarwal published a security advisory on Orkut vulnerabilities related to authentication issues. The vulnerabilities were considered very dangerous in cybercafes, or in the case of man-in-the-middle attack as they could lead to session hijacking and misuse of legitimate accounts. The vulnerabilities were not known to be fixed yet and therefore posed threat to the Orkut users.

A week later, on June 29, 2007 Susam Pal published another security advisory which described how the Orkut authentication issue could be exploited to hijack Google and Gmail sessions and misuse the compromised account of a legitimate user under certain conditions...

Joseph Hick performed an experiment on the basis of the advisories published by Susam Pal, to find out how long a session remains alive even after a user logs out. His experiment confirmed that the sessions remain alive for 14 days after the user has logged out. It implies that a hijacked session could be used for 14 days by the hijacker because logging out did not kill the session.

W32/KutWormer
On December 19, 2007, a worm written in Javascript started to cause havoc. Created by a Brazilian user called "Rodrigo Lacerda", it automatically made the user join the virus related community and infect all friends' scrapbooks with copies of itself, the worm infected over 700,000 Orkut users. The worm spread through Orkut's tool that allows users to write messages that contain HTML code.

Legal issues

India
On October 10, 2006, the Bombay High Court's Aurangabad bench served a notice on Google for allowing a hate campaign against India. This referred to a community on Orkut called 'We Hate India', which initially carried a picture of an Indian flag being burned and some anti-India content. The High Court order was issued in response to a public-interest petition filed by an Aurangabad advocate. Google had six weeks to respond. Even before the petition was filed, many Orkut users had noticed this community and were mailing or otherwise messaging their contacts on Orkut to report the community as bogus to Google, which could result in its removal. The community has now been deleted but has spawned several 'We hate those who hate India' communities. Prior to the 60th Independence Day of India, Orkut's main page was revamped. The section which usually displayed a collage of photos of various people, showed a stylized Orkut logo. The word Orkut was written in Devanagari script and was colored in Indian national colors. Clicking on the logo redirects to a post by the Orkut India ProductManager, Manu Rekhi, on the Orkut internal blog. There has also been some media outcry against Orkut after a couple of youngsters were apparently lured by fake profiles on the site and later murdered.

On November 24, 2006, Bombay High Court asked the state government to file its reply in connection with a petition demanding a ban on social networking site, Orkut, for hosting an anti-Shivaji Web community.

In 2007, the Pune rural police cracked a rave party filled with narcotics. The accused have been charged under anti-narcotic laws, the (Indian) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropics Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS). Besides the NDPS, according to some media reports, the police were deliberating on the issue of charging the accused under the (Indian) Information Technology Act, 2000 perhaps because Orkut was believed to be a mode of communication for drug abuses of this kind.

The police in India have entered into an agreement with Orkut to have a facility to catch and prosecute those misusing Orkut since complaints are rising.

Brazil
On August 22, 2006, Brazilian Federal Judge José Marcos Lunardelli ordered Google to release by September 28 Orkut user's information of a list of about twenty-four Brazilian nationals, believed to be using Orkut to sell drugs and to be involved in child pornography. The judge ordered Google to pay $23,000 per day in fines until the information is turned over to the Brazilian government. According to the Brazilian government, the information would also be used to identify individuals who are spreading child pornography and hate speech. As of September 27, 2006 Google has stated that it will not release the information, on the grounds that the requested information is on Google servers in the U.S. and not Google servers in Brazil, and is therefore not subject to Brazilian laws.

Shutdown
On June 30, 2014, Google announced that Orkut would be shutting down completely on September 30, 2014. Users could export their photo albums before the final shutdown date. Orkut profiles, scraps, testimonials, and community posts could be exported until September 2016. Google engineering director Paulo Golgher said in a blog post: "Over the past decade, Facebook, YouTube, Blogger and Google+ have taken off, with communities springing up in every corner of the world. Because the growth of these communities has outpaced Orkut's growth, we've decided to bid Orkut farewell." Orkut was the result of a 20 percent project in which Google workers got to spend a fifth of their time on ideas not necessarily related to their job responsibilities.
However, the public contents of all public communities were archived by Google, and are available permanently for consulting online in the Orkut Community Archive  (although editing is no longer possible.)

The website still exists, but shows a letter from the founder.

See also

 Business network
 Google Buzz
 List of Google products
 Social software

References

Further reading
 Das, Anupam, and Susan C. Herring. "Greetings and interpersonal closeness: The case of Bengalis on Orkut." Language & Communication 47 (2016): 53-65. online
 de Sa, Vanessa Mendes Moreira. "Piracy & Social Change| From Orkut to Facebook: How Brazilian Pirate Audiences Utilize Social Media to Create Sharing Subcultures." International Journal of Communication 9 (2015): 18+ online.

External links
 Osama Bin Laden Fan Clubs Build Online Communities
 "Google Won't Hand Data To Brazil Judge". Associated Press at Businessweek

Blog hosting services
Defunct social networking services
Discontinued Google services
Internet properties disestablished in 2014
Internet properties established in 2004

Orkut


Jonathan Dasnières de Veigy (* 5. Januar 1987 in Nîmes) ist ein ehemaliger französischer Tennisspieler.

Karriere

Bis 2008: Werdegang und erste Erfahrungen als Profi
Jonathan Dasnières de Veigy begann im Alter von vier Jahren, Tennis zu spielen. Als Junior konnte er keine größeren Erfolge feiern und auch als Profi dauerte es zwei Jahre, bis er im April 2006 bei einem Satellite-Turnier erstmals Weltranglistenpunkte sammeln konnte. Ein knappes Jahr später gewann er seinen ersten Future-Titel, im Laufe des Jahres 2007 folgten noch zwei weitere Titel dieser Kategorie. 2008 konnte Dasnières de Veigy dann auf der ATP Challenger Tour Fuß fassen, er erreichte dort unter anderem zweimal das Viertelfinale. Zudem gewann er im selben Jahr noch einen weiteren Future-Titel, dadurch verbesserte er sich in die Top 400 der Weltrangliste.

2009–2010: Challenger-Finalteilnahmen und ATP-Debüt
Im August 2009 erreichte Dasnières de Veigy in Saransk und Samarqand bei zwei aufeinander folgenden Challenger-Turnieren jeweils das Finale, ging dort jedoch gegen Íñigo Cervantes sowie Dustin Brown jeweils als Verlierer vom Platz.

Nachdem er im Vorjahr noch bei mehreren ATP-Turnieren in der Qualifikation gescheitert war, schaffte er im Juli 2010 in Båstad erstmals den Sprung ins Hauptfeld eines ATP-Turniers. Dort war er gegen seinen Landsmann Stéphane Robert chancenlos. In der Weltrangliste erreichte er 2010 mit Rang 203 seine bis dahin beste Platzierung, zum Jahresende fiel er jedoch wieder aus den Top 300.

2011–2012: Challenger-Finalteilnahmen und Grand-Slam-Debüt
Im Juli 2011 qualifizierte sich Dasnières de Veigy wie schon im Vorjahr für das ATP-Turnier in Båstad. Gegen den mit einer Wildcard antretenden Andreas Vinciguerra konnte er dann sein erstes ATP-Match gewinnen, bevor er gegen Potito Starace ausschied. Einige Wochen später erreichte er beim Challenger-Turnier in Tampere das Halbfinale und an der Seite von David Guez konnte er seinen ersten Titel in dieser Kategorie gewinnen. Bei den US Open konnte er sich im August 2011 erstmals für ein Grand-Slam-Turnier qualifizieren, er schied jedoch in der ersten Runde gegen Tommy Haas aus. Beim folgenden ATP-Turnier in Metz gelang ihm eine weitere Qualifikation, doch gegen Philipp Kohlschreiber musste er erneut eine Erstrundenniederlage hinnehmen.

Im April 2012 erreichte Dasnières de Veigy in Neapel erstmals seit fast drei Jahren wieder das Einzelfinale eines Challenger-Turniers, in dem er jedoch Andrei Kusnezow unterlag. Nur eine Woche später stand er in Ostrava in einem weiteren Challenger-Endspiel und durch einen Zweisatzsieg über Lokalmatador Jan Hájek gewann er dort seinen ersten Titel. Dadurch gelang ihm erstmals der Einstieg in die Top 200 der Weltrangliste, zudem wurde er vom französischen Tennisverband mit einer Wildcard für die French Open belohnt.

Sein bislang letztes Match spielte er im Oktober 2013 auf einem Challenger-Turnier in Australien. Er beendete im selben Jahr seine Tenniskarriere.

Erfolge

Einzel

Turniersieg

Doppel

Turniersieg

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1987
Mann

Jonathan Dasnières de Veigy