Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430/1431 – 10 November 1495) was a Hohenzollern princess who became a Scandinavian queen by marriage under the Kalmar Union. She was Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from her marriage to King Christopher III in 1445 until Christopher died in 1448. As the wife of King Christian I, Dorothea was Queen of Denmark from their marriage in 1449 and Queen of Norway from 1450 until Christian's death in 1481. She was also Queen of Sweden during Christian's reign in that kingdom from 1457 to 1464. She served as interim regent during the interregnum in 1448, and as regent in the absence of her second spouse during his reign. She was the mother of two future kings of Denmark: John (r. 1481–1513) and Frederick I (r. 1523–1533).

Early life

Dorothea was born in 1430 or 1431 to John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, and Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg (1405–1465). She had two sisters: Barbara (1423–1481), who became Marchioness of Mantua, and Elisabeth (14??-1451), who became Duchess of Pomerania.
From about the age of eight, she lived in Bayreuth, where her father was ruler. In 1443, Christopher of Bavaria, the newly elected King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, inherited Oberpfalz close to Bayreuth, and a marriage was suggested between Christopher and Dorothea to secure her father's support for Christopher's power over his German domain. The engagement was proclaimed prior to the application of Papal dispensation for affinity in February 1445, which was approved 10 March.

Marriage to Christopher of Bavaria
On 12 September 1445, the wedding ceremony was conducted between Christopher and Dorothea in Copenhagen, followed by the coronation of Dorothea as queen. The King had financed it with a special tax in all three Kingdoms, and the occasion is described as one of the most elaborate in Nordic Medieval history. The festivities lasted for eight days and was attended by the Princes of Braunschweig, Hesse and Bavaria and envoys of the Hanseatic League and the Teutonic Order as well as the nobility of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Dorothea made her entrance in the city escorted by noblemen from all three Kingdoms dressed in gold riding on white horses, and crowned Queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway by bishops from all three Kingdoms with the golden crown from the Vadstena Abbey. On 15 September, she was granted dowers in all three Kingdoms: Roskilde, Ringsted, Haraldsborg and Skioldenses in Denmark; Jämtland in Norway, and Örebro, Närke and Värmland in Sweden. Should she chose to live outside of Scandinavia as a widow, she would instead be given a fortune of 45,000 Rhine guilders, one third from each Kingdom.

Queen Dorothea left for Sweden with the King in January 1446, where they visited Vadstena Abbey and her dower Örebro. During this visit, she met her future antagonist Charles, Lord High Constable of Sweden. According to the chronicle Karlskrönikan, their meeting was a good one during which Charles presented her and her ladies-in-waiting with many gifts. The couple returned to Denmark in September.
The marriage between Dorothea and Christopher was politically favorable: her father governed Christopher's German domain and was a loyal supporter and adviser. It did not result in any offspring, however, and according to Ericus Olai, the marriage was in fact not sexually active.

In January 1448, King Christopher died childless, which resulted in a succession crisis that immediately broke the Kalmar Union of the three Kingdoms. Queen dowager Dorothea, being the only royal in Denmark, was proclaimed interim regent of Denmark until a new monarch could be elected. In Sweden, however, the Lord High Constable was elected as King Charles VIII, who was soon elected king of Norway as well. In September, Christian of Oldenburg was elected monarch as Christian I of Denmark and the queen dowager turned over the power to him upon his election.

Marriage to Christian I of Denmark
Queen Dorothea was given a proposal from king Casimir IV of Poland and Albert VI, Archduke of Austria, but she chose to remain in Denmark and marry the newly elected king, Christian I of Denmark. The wedding ceremony was conducted 26 October 1449, followed by the coronation of Christian and herself as king and queen of Denmark. She renounced her existing dower lands in Denmark and Norway, which were replaced with Kalundborg and Samsø in Denmark, and Romerike in Norway, but refused to renounce her Swedish dower lands. The election of Charles as king in Sweden and Norway deprived her of her dower lands in these kingdoms. The newly married couple's ambition was to have Christian crowned in Sweden and Norway as well, and thereby reunite the shattered Kalmar Union.

Christian was crowned in Norway in 1450. The task to win back Sweden was more difficult, and Dorothea waged a long campaign to recruit followers among the Swedish clerics and nobility. Her message to her followers was that their elected king Charles VIII, as her former Lord Constable and subject, was to be regarded as an usurper and a traitor who had broken his vow by depriving her, his former queen, of her dower lands in Sweden. In 1455, she also appealed to the Pope. In February 1457 her campaign succeeded when the rebellion of Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna deposed Charles VIII, who fled to Germany. Christian was elected king of Sweden in July 1457, thereby reuniting the three Nordic kingdoms. Dorothea made an official entry in Stockholm in December, and her Swedish dower lands were returned to her. In May 1458 the Swedish council approved her and Christian's wish that their sons be secured in the succession to the Swedish throne, a position they had already been granted in Denmark and Norway. The king and queen returned to Denmark in July 1458.

In 1460, Christian bought the Duchy of Schleswig and Holstein, which placed him in debt. He raised taxes to offset this debt, which destroyed his support in Sweden.  Sweden again elected Charles VIII as king in 1464. The loss of Sweden was a blow to Queen Dorothea, who started a lifelong campaign to have her spouse (and later her son) again elected king of Sweden, to restore the Kalmar Union of the three Kingdoms and to retrieve her Swedish dower lands.

The loss of her personal dower lands enabled her to pursue the Swedish cause in court, and she sued Charles VIII before the Pope in Rome for depriving her of her dower lands. When Charles VIII was succeeded as the regent of Sweden by Sten Sture the Elder, she pursued her case against him.

In 1475, she traveled to Italy and visited her sister Barbara in Mantua, and Pope Sixtus IV in Rome, and formally applied to have Sten Sture excommunicated. Under excommunication, the Swedish kingdom would be placed under interdict, which would be economically and politically ruinous, resulting in the fall of the Swedish regent and the election of the Danish king as king of Sweden. This was a driving force for the queen during the last twenty years of her life. Following her visit to Rome in May 1475, Sixtus IV subsequently issued a bull to King Christian permitting the establishment of a university in Denmark. As a result, the University of Copenhagen was inaugurated in 1479.

In Denmark, Queen Dorothea was granted the Slotsloven, which gave her the right to command all the castles in Denmark, and she served as regent whenever  the king was absent. Her personal wealth also gave her influence. When King Christian acquired Holstein and Schleswig in 1460 and was unable to pay, she loaned him the amount necessary to buy these domains and incorporate them into Denmark. By 1470, she had de facto seized control over Holstein and Schleswig: when Christian was unable to pay back the loan she had given him to buy the domains, she took over the rule of Holstein (1479) and Schleswig (1480) herself and ruled them as her own fiefs. After the death of her father in 1464, she battled her uncle Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, over the inheritance.

Queen Dorothea has been described as efficient and ambitious, haughty and frugal.

Queen Dowager
Christian I died on 21 May 1481 and was succeeded by their son John, King of Denmark. As queen dowager, she preferred to reside at Kalundborg Castle. She remained politically active during the reign of her son until her death. She granted the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein to her younger son Frederick, but it caused a conflict with her elder son and ended in the division of the Duchy between her sons.

Dorothea continued with her ambition to reunite the Kalmar Union of the Nordic Kingdoms, now by having her son elected king of Sweden rather than her spouse by ousting the Swedish regent through an excommunication. In January 1482, she informed her son the king of this plan, and in 1488 she made a second trip to her sister Barbara in Mantua, meeting with Frederick III in Innsbrück, and Pope Innocent VIII in Rome.  Dorothea again pressed the matter of excommunicating the Swedish regent. It was with great difficulty that the Swedish envoy in Rome, Hemming Gadh, managed to prevent this. The queen dowager continued this fight until her death: the matter was resolved three years later when her son stated he did not wish to pursue the matter further. Though she died before her son was elected king of Sweden, her work is regarded to have contributed to this outcome.

Dorothea died on 25 November 1495, and is interred next to her second spouse in Roskilde Cathedral.

Issue

References

Further reading

External links

 Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon (Danish)

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1430s births
1495 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
House of Hohenzollern
House of Palatinate-Neumarkt
Danish royal consorts
Norwegian royal consorts
Dorothy
Countesses of Oldenburg
Regents of Denmark
15th-century women rulers
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
15th-century Swedish people
15th-century Swedish women
15th-century German women
15th-century German people
15th-century Danish women
15th-century Danish people
15th-century Norwegian people
15th-century Norwegian women
Remarried royal consorts
Christian I of Denmark
Queen mothers
Daughters of monarchs

Dorothea of Brandenburg


තාරා දේවි පිළිමය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් හමුවී ඇති සහ ක්‍රිව 8 වන සියවසට කාල නිර්ණය කර ඇති, තාරා දේවි බෝධිසත්ත්වවරියගේ රන්-ආලේපිත ලෝකඩ පිළිමයකි. දහනවවන සියවසෙහි මුල් අවදියෙහි අහම්බෙන් හමුවී ඇති මෙම පිළිමය, 1830දී  බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කෞතුකාගාරය වෙත භාරදී ඇත්තේ,  ලංකාවේ හිටපු ආණ්ඩුකාරවර, ශ්‍රීමත් රොබට් බ්‍රවුන්රිග් විසිනි.

පසුබිම
ක්‍රිපූ තුන්වන සියවසෙහි සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකා ද්වීපය  තුල අවිච්ඡින්න ඉතිහාසයකට බුද්ධාගම උරුමකම් කියයි. මෙම කාල සීමාව,  පණ්ඩුකාභය රජ විසින් ක්‍රිපූ 377දී පිහිටුවුනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය දක්වා දිවෙයි. අනුරාධපුර යුගයෙහිදී, සංස්කෘතිය, නීති රීති සහ, පාලන ක්‍රම වලට බලපෑම් ඇති කරමින් ප්‍රබල භූමිකාවක් දැරීමට බුද්ධාගම සමත්වී ඇත. තාරා දේවි පිළිමය දක්වන්නේ, බුද්ධාගම සහ හින්දු ආගම  අතර සංස්කෘතික අන්තර්ක්‍රියාවයි. පෙරදී හින්දු මාතෘ දෙවඟනක්ව සිට ඇති තාරා දේවි, පසුව බුද්ධාගම තුල නව භූමිකාවක් සඳහා ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය කර ඇත.  අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ වෙනත් බොහෝ රටවල් මෙන්ම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවද වර්තමානයේ  ථේරවාද බෞද්ධ රටක් වෙයි .

වරෙක මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව, මුර දේවතාවි පත්තිනි දේවියගේ මූර්තියක් ලෙසින් සැලකුණු නමුදු, දැන් එකඟතාවයකට එලඹ ඇත්තේ ප්‍රතිමාව තාරා දේවියගේ බවයි. මෙම හඳුනාගැනුම නිසා පැහැදිලි සාක්ෂ්‍ය සපයන්නේ මධ්‍යතන යුගයෙහිදී ථේරවාදි ඇදහිලි ක්‍රමය මෙන්ම  මහායාන බුද්ධාගමද ලංකාවේ පැවතීම නිසා බුදුන්වහන්සේට පරිබාහිර දෙයටද වන්දනා කිරීමට බෞද්ධයන්ට අවකාශ තිබුණු බවයි. ප්‍රතිමාව විසින් යෝජනා කර සිටිනුයේ තාරා දේවිය දෙවඟනක් ලෙස වන්දනා ලැබූ බවත් හා පුරුෂ දේවියෙකුගේ බිසවක් මෙන් පමණක් නොසැලකුණු බවත්ය.

විස්තරය
මූර්තියෙන් පිළිඹිබු කෙරෙනුයේ,  ඉටි මැකුම් ක්‍රමය භාවිතයෙන් ඝන ලෝකඩයෙන් වාත්තු කරන ලද දෙවඟනකගේ හිටි පිළිමයකි. තථ්‍ය දේහ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් සතරෙන් තුන් පංගුවක් පමණ වන ප්‍රතිමාව, සුඛෝපභෝගී රන්වන් පෙනුමක් ලබාදෙනු වස්, රන් ආලේපිත කොට ඇත. දෙවඟනගේ පෑතැටි මෝස්තරයෙහි සිහිනිඟ හා පුළුලුකුලැති දේහයෙහි ඉහළ කොටස නග්න වන අතර පහළ කොටසෙහි උකුළ පෙදෙසට ගැට ගසන ලද වස්ත්‍රයක පහළ වාටිය වළලුකර දක්වා තරම් විහිදෙයි. තාරා දේවියගේ දකුණත, දානමය මුද්‍රාවක් දක්වන අතර, ඇයගේ වමතෙහි   නෙළුම් මලක් දරා සිටි බවට විශ්වාසයක් පවතින මුත්, එය නැතිවී ගොස් ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත

බෞද්ධ කලාව

තාරා දේවි පිළිමය


Uma série convexa, em matemática, particularmente em análise funcional e análise convexa,  é uma série da forma  onde  são todos elementos de um espaço vetorial topológico ,e todos  são números reais não negativos que somam  (isto é, tal que ).

Tipos de série convexa
Suponha que  é um subconjunto de  e  é uma série convexa em

 Se todos  pertencem a  então a série convexa é chamada de série convexa com elementos de .
 Se o conjunto  é um conjunto limitado (von Neumann) então a série chamada de série b-convexa.
 A série convexa  é dito ser uma série convergente se a seqüência de somas parciais converge em  a algum elemento de  que é chamado de soma da série convexa.
 A série convexa é chamada Cauchy se  é uma série Cauchy, que por definição significa que a sequência de somas parciais  é uma sequência de Cauchy.

Matemática
Análise funcional

Série convexa


An Baldellia alpestris in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni José María Laínz Ribalaygua. An Baldellia alpestris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Baldellia, ngan familia nga Alismataceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Baldellia

Baldellia alpestris


La usabilidad inducida consiste en la inserción de gráficos superpuestos durante la navegación web, con el objetivo de fomentar la realización de ciertas acciones y orientar a los usuarios para que visualicen los contenidos clave de la página web, facilitando la usabilidad.
Como parte de las técnicas de usabilidad, la usabilidad inducida contribuye a mejorar la conversión de los proyectos web. Igualmente, complementa las técnicas de inducibilidad más habituales para canalizar el recorrido de los usuarios a través de las páginas.

La aplicación más común de la usabilidad inducida se ejecuta mostrando un dibujo a mano alzada, representando un círculo o una flecha y que remarca el próximo clic a realizar por el usuario. Este elemento gráfico se mostrará una vez que la carga de la web se haya completado. Como complemento al elemento gráfico, se puede emplear una llamada a la acción en forma de texto.

Principios de aplicación
La usabilidad inducida debe seguir varios principios:
El número de elementos gráficos mostrados debe ser muy reducido durante la visita del usuario
Los elementos usados no deben entorpecer la navegación o la lectura de los contenidos ni impedir al usuario realizar otra acción distinta a la resaltada
No deben emplearse efectos molestos visualmente para el usuario como pueden ser los parpadeos

Pasos para la implementación
Para implementar acciones de usabilidad inducida se deben seguir los siguientes pasos:
Definir el objetivo de la acción
Definir la llamada a la acción con un mensaje claro y directo que no excederá de los 30 caracteres
Programar la secuencia:
Carga de la página
Aparición del elemento gráfico
Aparición de la llamada a la acción
Desaparición de los componentes emergentes
La carga de los elementos de Usabilidad Inducida, se realiza entre 3 y 5 segundos después de la finalización de la carga de la web.
El tiempo de exposición será de entre 2 y 4 segundos. Una vez transcurrido este periodo, los elementos desaparecerán
Las acciones de usabilidad inducida no se mostraran siempre, el sistema identifica al usuario mediante cookies cuándo mostrarse. No se muestra dos veces las misma acción a un único usuario
Las acciones deben revisar periódicamente para adaptarse a la evolución de la web.
Los datos de navegación aportados por las herramientas de analítica web son una buena fuente de información para orientar las nuevas acciones de usabilidad inducida que se pretendan emprender.

Desarrollo web

Usabilidad inducida


Çukurören, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Çukurviran olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Çukurören, Çorum


(9674) Slovenija es un asteroide que forma parte del cinturón de asteroides y fue descubierto el 23 de agosto de 1998 por el equipo del Observatorio de Črni Vrh desde el observatorio homónimo, cerca de Idrija, Eslovenia.

Designación y nombre
Slovenija fue designado al principio como .
Más tarde, en 1999, se nombró por el estado centroeuropeo de Eslovenia, lugar de descubrimiento del asteroide.

Características orbitales
Slovenija orbita a una distancia media de 2,568 ua del Sol, pudiendo acercarse hasta 2,237 ua y alejarse hasta 2,9 ua. Tiene una excentricidad de 0,1291 y una inclinación orbital de 8,48 grados. Emplea 1503 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol. El movimiento de Slovenija sobre el fondo estelar es de 0,2395 grados por día.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Slovenija es 13,8.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (9601) al (9700)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por el Observatorio de Črni Vrh
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio de Črni Vrh
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1998
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(9674) Slovenija


أولو (بالفنلندية: Oulu؛ بالسويدية: Uleåborg) مدينة فنلندية يقطنها حوالي  ساكن ()، عاصمة إقليم بوهيانما الشمالية. هي أكبر المدن في شمال فنلندا والخامسة على مستوى البلاد. وهي إحدى أقصى مدن العالم شمالاً.

التاريخ

أسس كارل التاسع ملك السويد المدينة سنة 20 يوليو 1605 مقابل القلعة بنيت في جزيرة لينانسآري. هذه وقعت بعد التسويات السلمية مواتية مع الروس، والتي أزالت خطر وقوع هجوم عبر الممر المائي الرئيسي بين الشرق والغرب، ونهر أولو. وكانت مأهولة بالسكان والمناطق المحيطة بها قبل ذلك بكثير. تقع أولو من خليج بوتنيا، عند مصب نهر أولويوكي، وهو موقع تجاري قديم. ومعنى اسم أولو في اللغة تعنى 'مياه الفيضان'. وكانت مدينة أولو عاصمة لمقاطعة أولو 1776-2009.

في 1822، دمر حريق ضخم كثيراً من المدينة. أُلقيت على عاتق المعماري كارل لودفيش إنغل والمعروف في المقام الأول بمبانيه الكلاسيكية الحديثة (الأسلوب الإمبراطوري) حول ساحة مجلس الشيوخ بهلسنكي بوضع مخططاً لإعادة بناء المدينة. لا يزال هذا التصميم أساس مخطط مركز مدينة أولو مع تغييرات طفيفة. ومن تصاميمه أيضاً بـُنيت كاتدرائية أولو في العام 1832 في حين تم الانتهاء من البرج في عام 1844.

من اشتهارها بخشب القطران وسمك السلمون في الماضي، تطورت أولو إلى مركز رئيسي في مجال التكنولوجيا العالية ولا سيما تكنولوجيا المعلومات والتكنولوجيا الصحية. تشمل الصناعات البارزة الأخرى صقل الأخشاب وكذلك الورق وصناعة الصلب. تبعد جامعة أولو ستة كيلومترات إلى الشمال من وسط المدينة. يقع مطار أولو في بلدية أولونسالو المجاورة، وهو ثاني أكثر المطارات نشاطاً في فنلندا.

دُمجت بلدية أوليكيمينكي في مدينة أولو في 1 يناير 2009.

الاسم
كان هناك عدد من الاقتراحات لأصل اسم أولو. نظرية واحدة، والأكثر احتمالا، هو أنه سيكون من اشتقاق من كلمة فينية أوغرية تعني «مياه فيضان». لعلها كلمة دخيل من اللغة الصامية كما في الصامية الجنوبية åulo، ومعنى «ذوبان الجليد» أو åulot معنى «ذوبان الجليد». كما كانت هناك تكهنات بأن väylä الكلمات («الممر، قناة») وuoma («قناة النهر، والسرير») وسافو في الشمال uula كلمة جدلية هو على الارجح الحصول على قرض من oalli كلمة سامي ومتصلة أولو الاسم. هناك نظرية أخرى ترى الكلمة vuo الفنلندية التي تعني الفيضان، هي صيغة مـُعاد بناؤها لغوياً *uva وتعني «قاع النهر»، هو الأصل التاريخي للاسم.

الثقافة
أشهر صادرات مدينة أولو الثقافية هي بطولة العالم للغيتار هوائي، وجوقة مييسكوورو هوتايات، وفرقة الميتال المنحلة سنتنسد.

يقيم في المدينة العديد من الفنانين والكتاب والموسيقيين. مجموعة متنوعة من الحفلات الموسيقية، سواء الروك والموسيقى الكلاسيكية، والجاز، وكذلك الأحداث الثقافية الأخرى تجري كل عام، على سبيل المثال، مهرجان أولو للموسيقى والفيديو—الدولة المضيفة بطولة العالم للغيتار هوائي وموزيكساين مسابقة أفلام الموسيقى—في آب / أغسطس، صخرة مهرجان سنوي كيوستوك في يوليو، ومهرجان الموسيقى أولو في فصل الشتاء، ومهرجان أولونسالو الموسيقى في الصيف، مهرجان أولو الإيرلندي في أكتوبر والأطفال الدولي السينمائي في نوفمبر تشرين الثاني. كالماه هو معدن الموت لحني النطاق من أولو، فنلندا التي شكلت في عام 1998.

مشاهير أولو
 الموسيقار ليفي ماديتويا
 ثلاثة رؤساء سابقين للبلاد، كآرلو يوهو ستولبيرغ، كووستي كاليو ومارتي أهتيسآري
 فرقة البلاك ميتال إيمبالد نازاريني.
 يوني بيتكانن، مدافع فريق كارولينا هوريكانس بالدوري الأمريكي لهوكي الجليد.

المعالم

 تييتوما (Tietomaa)، مركز العلوم مع أكثر من 150 معرض.
 حديقة أينولا، كانت سابقاً حديقة نباتية الجامعية قبل نقل الجامعة إلى لينانما.
 مركز منحدرات النهر، في منطقة مصب نهر أولو تتألف من جزر صغيرة متصلة بالجسور، والنوافير في وسط النهر، وتضم منطقة مباني سكنية من تصميم ألفار آلتو.
 شارع روتواري للمشاة
 ساحة السوق مع مكتبة المدينة، ومسرح المدينة ومخازن الملح والقطران القديمة
 حديقة مانرهايم
 كاتدرائية أولو
 هوبيسآرت، وهي منطقة حديقة كبيرة تقع عند مصب نهر أولو
 نصب ف.م. فرانزن التذكاري.
 متحف بوهيانما الشمالية
 متحف منشرة باتينييمي
 متحف المركبات
 حديقة جامعة أولو النباتية (تقع في لينانما)
 متحف أولو للفنون
 المعرض القطبي
 تكنوبوليس، قرية التكنولوجيا
 توركانسآري (الموقع) (متحف تاريخي في الهواء الطلق)

أماكن الجذب أخرى

 مهرجان أولو لفيديو الموسيقى
 بطولة العالم الغيتار الهوائي
 مهرجان كيو ستوك للروك (الموقع)
 مهرجان يالوميتالي لموسيقى الميتال
 يالوميتالي الشتوي
 قاعة ماديتويا، تستضيف مركز أولو للموسيقى (الموقع) مقر أوركسترا أولو السمفونية
 قاعة أولو (كبير المرافق الرياضية والتي تتكون من قبة منخفضة، والتي تبدو إلى حد ما مثل صحن طائر هابط)
 ماراتون أولو حدث في أواخر مايو (منذ 1989)
 هذا الحدث ترفا التزلج مارس المبكر (منذ 1889)
 السباحة الشتوية بطولة العالم

التعليم
تقع بالمدينة جامعة أولو وجامعة أولو للعلوم التطبيقية (سابقا أولو بوليتكنيك).

تعد أولو مقراً لأقصى مدرسة الهندسة المعمارية شمالية في العالم. المدرسة معروفة بأفكارها الإقليمية القوية لتطوير الهندسة المعمارية. تدعى هذه الحركة «مدرسة أولو» ("Oulun koulu") للعمارة.

المواصلات
يخدم مطار أولو المدينة، وثاني أكبر مطار في فنلندا من حيث الحجم الركاب. ويقع مطار أولو في البلاد المجاورة Oulunsalo، على بعد 15 كيلومترا (9 ميل) من وسط المدينة.

ميناء أولو هو واحد من أكثر الموانئ ازدحاما داخل خليج باثينيان. تشمل ميناء أولو أربعة مجالات ميناء منفصلة : Vihreäsaari النفط والاحواض والسائبة، والاحواض Nuottasaari والاحواض والارصفة Oritkari Toppila.

الوقت أقصر من السفر أولو محطة سكة حديد لمحطة سكك حديد هلسنكى الوسطى 5 ح 44 دقيقة، التي تديرها الواقع الافتراضي. وجهات أخرى من بينها، على سبيل المثال، كولاري، روفانييمي، سينايوكي وتامبيري.

الطريق الأكثر أهمية في أولو هو الطريق السريع 4 (E8/E75) الذي يمتد من هلسنكي إلى أوتسيوكي عبر لهتي، يوفاسكولا، أولو، وكيمي روفانييمي. الطرق السريعة الأخرى التي تعمل من وإلى أولو هي الطريق السريع 20 إلى كوسامو والطريق السريع 22 إلى كايآني.

التوظيف
بحلول 31 ديسمبر 2005، كان يعمل السكان الناشطين العاملين على النحو التالي :

في عام 2008، كان أهم أرباب العمل :

الرياضة

هوكي الجليد هي أكثر الرياضات متابعة في أولو. فاز فريق المدينة في هوكي الجليد أولو كاربات بلقب بطولة دوري النخبة الفنلندي ست مرات (1981، 2004، 2005، 2007، 2008 و 2014). كما تحصلوا على مركز الوصيف في كأس ابطال أوروبا مرتين عامي 2005 و 2006.

لأولو فريقان في دوري الدرجة أعلى لرياضة الباندي. أصبح أولون لويستنسيورا بطل فنلندا 14 مرة، وأولون بالونسيورا 7 مرات. وفي عام 2001 كانت المدينة المكان الرئيسي لبطولة العالم للباندي.

ينافس نادي آ سي أولو ضمن دوري الدرجة الأولى الفنلندي لكرة القدم.

ماراثون وعدو تروا هو حدث يقام سنوياً في أواخر مايو (منذ 1989).

العلاقات الدولية

التوأمة
أولو متوأمة مع:

صداقة
  سنداي، اليابان (منذ 2005)

وصلات الخارجية
 مدينة أولو – الموقع الرسمي
 65 درجة شمالا : جريدة أولو باللغة الإنجليزية
 أولو هذا أسبوع جدول فاعليات

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1605
تأسيسات سنة 1605 في السويد
دوقية فنلندا الكبرى
مدن فنلندا

مدن وبلدات ساحلية في بحر البلطيق

أولو


Luis Raul Esteves ( — ) est un général de division, premier portoricain et premier citoyen américain d'origine hispanique sorti diplômé de l'Académie militaire des États-Unis. Il est aussi le fondateur de la Garde nationale de Porto Rico. À l'Académie, où il côtoya dans sa classe Dwight Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, , James Van Fleet ou George E. Stratemeyer, Esteves fut le premier à atteindre le grade de général.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire militaire de Porto Rico
 Histoire de Porto Rico pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 65 régiment d'infanterie

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Élève de l'Académie militaire de West Point
Récipiendaire de la Legion of Merit
Militaire américain de la Première Guerre mondiale
Militaire portoricain
Décès en mars 1958
Décès à 64 ans
Naissance en avril 1893
Major général de l'United States Army

Luis R. Esteves


Tryggelev Nor er et nor der ligger på vestkysten af Sydlangeland. Det  er  et fuglereservat der er  ejet og administreret af Fugleværnsfonden. Noret  har en   afvekslende natur, med fersk- og saltvandspåvirkede enge og moseområder med rørskove, krat, strandeng, overdrev  og frie vandflader skaber levested for mange fuglearter.  Noret er et af de mest fuglerige vådområder i Danmark. Her yngler ca. 70 forskellige arter, hvoraf flere er sjældne bl.a. rørdrum, plettet rørvagtel, rørhøg og skægmejse.

Tidligere modtog Tryggelev Nor kvælstofrigt drænvand fra en pumpestation, som afvandede Nørreballe Nor i nordøst, men med en naturgenopretningen af Nørreballe Nor i 2005, er en stor del af tilledningen af kvælstof til Tryggelev Nor nu ophørt, og hele området vil med tiden udvikle et mere næringsfattigt og renere miljø.

Tryggelev Nor har aldrig været drænet. Det imponerende fugleområde undgik de voldsomme forandringer i landskabet, da landindvindingen på Sydlangeland tog fart fra sidste halvdel af 1800-tallet og frem til midten i forrige århundrede. Diger med tilhørende pumpestationer blev opført. Magleby Nor og Henninge Nor og til sidst Nørreballe Nor blev tørlagt og opdyrket. Men siden 1980'erne er det gået den anden vej, mod en mere varieret natur.

Landskabet

Tryggelev Nor hører til den række af strandsøer langs Langelands sydvestkyst, der oprindeligt er afspærret fra forbindelse med havet af strandvolde. Af tilsvarende nor kan nævnes Piledybet, Salme Nor og Klise Nor, alle beliggende langs kysten mellem Ristinge og Bagenkop. I dag er Tryggelev Nor beskyttet mod havet af et stensat dige, og foran diget er en smal sandstrand. Med års mellemrum sker det, at diget gennembrydes under en vestenstorm. Bl.a. blev diget gennembrudt i vinteren 1995, hvor en 10 m bred strøm gav anledning til vandfornyelse i noret.

Lammebjerg midt i Tryggelev Nor samt Fårebanke, Galtebjerg og Store Egebjerg, der alle ligger indenfor fredningsgrænsen er alle hatbakker, som gør det langelandske landskab til noget særligt og seværdigt. Hatbakkerne, som på langelandsk kaldes banker, blev skabt i istidens slutfase, formentlig i småsøer oven på den smeltende is.

Nordøst for Tryggelev Nor og bag det røde og nu nedlagte pumpehus ligger Nørreballe Nor, som formentlig er skabt af dødis. Under afsmeltningen af den "døde" ismasse dannedes den smalle smeltevandsdal, som fører ned til Tryggelev og som i dag er vanddækket.

Naturbeskyttelse
Tryggelev Nor og de  omgivende landarealer,  i alt 122 ha. er fredet, og   der er kun offentlig adgang ad afmærkede stier, der udgår fra P-pladserne ved Tryggelev Nor og fra langdyssen ved Nørreballe Nor.  Noret er sammen med , Nørreballe og Salme Nor  en del af et område på 180 hektar, som ejes af Fugleværnsfonden.

Ved P-pladsen ved Tryggelev Nor findes et minimuseum, der beretter om området natur- og kulturhistorie. Herfra udgår to korte vandrestier til fugleskjul ved henholdsvis Tryggelev og Salme Nor.

Tryggelev Nor  er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 127 Sydfynske Øhav, og er både habitatområde og fuglebeskyttelsesområde.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
Om Tryggevælde Nor på fredninger.dk
 Folder med kort over området
 Natura 2000 -området Sydfynske Øhav   Natura 2000-plan 2016-2021 område nr. 127
 Om Tryggevælde Nor  på fuglevaernsfonden.dk

Naturbeskyttelse i Danmark
Langeland
Nor
Fredede arealer i Danmark
EU-habitatområder i Danmark
Fuglebeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
Naturgenopretning i Danmark

Tryggelev Nor


كيفة بلدة موريتانية و عاصمة ولاية العصابة. تبعد كيفة 600 كلم شرق العاصمة الموريتانية نواكشوط.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكيفة:

أعلام
 المصطفى ولد محمد السالك
 عبد الرحمن سيساكو

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في موريتانيا
بلديات موريتانيا
عواصم ولايات موريتانيا
مدن موريتانيا
ولاية العصابة
بلديات ولاية العصابة

كيفة


A11, A 11 or A-11 may refer to:

Military
 Aero A.11, a Czechoslovakian bomber produced before World War II
 Consolidated A-11, an attack version of the Consolidated P-30 fighter plane of the 1930s
 HMS A11, an A-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 Matilda Mk I, a British Army infantry tank
 Aggregate 11, a proposed military rocket of Nazi Germany
 A-11 Ghibli, the Italian designation for the AMX International AMX

Roads
A11 road, in several countries

Other uses
 Apollo 11
 A-11 offense, an American Football shotgun formation involving 2 quarterbacks and 9 other potentially eligible receivers
 Arrows A11, a 1989 British racing car
 ATC code A11 Vitamins, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 British NVC community A11 (Potamogeton pectinatus - Myriophyllum spicatum community), a British Isles plant community
 Chery A11, a 1999 Chinese car
 HLA-A11, an HLA-A serotype
 American Airlines Flight 11, a plane that was hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks
 English Opening, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 Apple A11, an ARM SoC mobile processor designed by Apple.
 "A-11", a 1963 country song written by Hank Cochran

A11


Nobecovirus je podrod virusa iz roda Betacoronavirus. Virusi u grupi prethodno su bili poznati kao koronavirusi grupe 2d.

Struktura
Virusi ovog podroda, kao i drugi koronavirusi, imaju omotnicu lipidnog dvosloja u kojoj su usidreni strukturni proteini membrane (M), ovojnice (E) i šiljka (S).

Vidi još
 Betacoronavirus
 Coronaviridae
 Koronavirus

Izvori

Betacoronavirus

Nobecovirus


Langweidmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil des Marktes Pleinfeld im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (Mittelfranken, Bayern). Die Einöde existiert an der heutigen Stelle erst seit der Stauung des Großen Brombachsees. Früher lag der Ort auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Ramsberg (1978 nach Pleinfeld eingemeindet) im früheren Landkreis Weißenburg in Bayern.

Lage
Die Mühle lag bis zum Bau des Großen Brombachsees nördlich von Ramsberg am Brombach. In ihrer Nähe mündete der Igelsbach in den Brombach. Nachbarmühlen am Brombach waren in nordwestlicher Richtung die ebenfalls zur Gemeinde Ramsberg gehörende Öfeleinsmühle und in südöstlicher Richtung die früher zur Gemeinde Allmannsdorf (heute Pleinfeld) gehörende Mandlesmühle. Eine am Igelsbach benachbarte, auch seit dem Bau des Fränkischen Seenlandes abgegangene Mühle war die zur früheren Gemeinde Enderndorf gehörende Sägmühle. Der heutige Ort liegt zwischen Pleinfeld und St. Veit nahe der Banzermühle und dem Banzerbach in direkter Nähe zur Kreisstraße WUG 3.

Geschichte
Der Mühlenname taucht als "Lanckweid Mulle" erstmals 1536 im Hauptzinsbuch der Deutschordenskommende Ellingen auf. Als Deutschordensuntertan, der auf der Mühle sitzt, wird in diesem Salbuch ein Lenhartt Schwartzenloher genannt. Der Ortsname wird als "Mühle bei der langen Weide" gedeutet; er leitet sich ab von dem Flurnamen "Langweide", die sich von Ramsberg bis zur Langweidmühle erstreckte. 1607 ist mit Hans Wildt ein weiterer Müller der "Langwaidtmühl" genannt. Während die Vogteiabgabe und die Gült der Kommende zu reichen waren, übte nach einem Beleg von 1612 die Fraisch das markgräflich-ansbachischen Amt Gunzenhausen aus und erhielt dafür Abgaben aus der Mühle. Das blieb so bis zum Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reichs – mit der Ausnahme, dass das Oberamt Gunzenhausen 1792 mit dem Markgrafentum Ansbach preußisch wurde.

Infolge des Reichsdeputationshauptschlusses und der Säkularisation des Deutschen Ordens durch Napoléon Bonaparte ging die Langweidmühle wie auch die Birkenmühle und die Öfeleinsmühle 1806 mit allen Rechten an das Königreich Bayern über. Nunmehr gehörte sie im Landgericht/Rentamt Gunzenhausen ab 1808 mit Ramsberg dem Steuerdistrikt Thannhausen, ab 1811 der Ruralgemeinde Ramsberg und ab 1818 der vergrößerten Landgemeinde Ramsberg an. Ab 1857 gehörte Ramsberg mit seinen Mühlen zum Landgericht Ellingen und zum Rentamt (und später zum Bezirksamt/Landkreis) Weißenburg.

Die Mühlräder der Säg- und Mahlmühle wurden in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zum Zweck der Stromerzeugung durch Francis-Turbinen ersetzt. Die letzte Müllerfamilie namens Egerer führte den Betrieb bis zum Aufkauf und Abriss durch den Bayerischen Staat in den 1970er/1980er Jahren im Zuge des Baus des Großen Brombachsees. Das Sägewerk wurde unter der Straßenbezeichnung "Langweidmühle 1" von der Familie Egerer in einem Waldstück direkt westlich von Pleinfeld neu errichtet.

Einwohnerzahlen
 1818: 17 Einwohner
 1824: 20 Einwohner, 1 Anwesen
 1831: 17 Einwohner, 2 Häuser
 1856: 22 Einwohner, 4 Häuser, 3 Familien
 1950: 17 Einwohner, 2 Gebäude
 1961: 11 Einwohner, 2 Wohngebäude

Literatur

Weblinks

 Geschichte der Langweidmühle auf Fränkisches-Seenland.de
 Die durch den Brombachsee verloren gegangenen Mühlen

Einzelnachweise

Abgegangenes Bauwerk im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Ortsteil von Pleinfeld
Zerstört in den 1980er Jahren
Mühle im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Mühle in Europa
Geschichte (Pleinfeld)
Einzelsiedlung
Ersterwähnung 1536

Langweidmühle


An Luzula nipponica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Yoshisuke Satake, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Kirschner och Miyam.. An Luzula nipponica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula nipponica


HMS Sheffield was a Type 42 guided missile destroyer and the second Royal Navy ship to be named after the city of Sheffield in Yorkshire. Commissioned on 16 February 1975 the Sheffield was part of the Task Force 317 sent to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. She was struck and heavily damaged by an Exocet air-launched anti-ship missile from an Argentine Super Étendard aircraft on 4 May 1982 and foundered while under tow on 10 May 1982.

Design

The first of the Type 42 class, Sheffield, was initially fitted with the odd-looking "Mickey Mouse" ears on her funnel tops which were in fact exhaust deflectors – "Loxton bends" – for the Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines, to guide the high-temperature exhaust efflux sidewards and minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this provided a prominent target for then-new infrared homing missiles, only Sheffield and the next two in the class, the Argentinian Hércules and Santísima Trinidad, had these 'ears'. Sheffield was the only one of her class to not be fitted with STWS II triple anti-submarine torpedo tubes.

Construction

Ordered in 1968 Sheffield was laid down on 15 January 1970 and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering at Barrow-in-Furness. An explosion during construction killed two dockyard workers and damaged a section of hull which was replaced with a section from an identical ship, , being built for the Argentine Navy. Sheffield was launched on 10 June 1971 by Queen Elizabeth II and was estimated to have cost £23,200,000 to build.

As the first of her class of Royal Navy destroyers, Sheffield spent her first years trying out the new systems and the Sea Dart missile system, particularly as the intended Sea Dart trials ship, , suffered serious fires and problems with its steam systems restricting its use in the late 1970s. It was not until 1980 that Sheffield became effective, with Sea Dart and partial installation of electronic warfare Abbey Hill systems. Following a refit in the early 1980s, significant design issues with the ship's Type 909 radar (which was responsible for control and targeting of the Sea Dart missiles) were identified. The ship lacked an electronic countermeasures (ECM) jammer.

Service history

In June 1981 she participated in Exercise Roebuck, following which she fired five Sea Dart missiles. Following participation in Exercise Ocean Safari she sailed in November 1981 to undertake patrols in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.

She was undergoing maintenance at Mombasa when Captain James Salt took over command on 26 January 1982. Both Salt (whose most recent service had been in submarines) and his second in command (who had been an anti-submarine helicopter observer) had little or no relevant experience in surface ships and little experience in air defence.

In March 1982 the ship transited north through the Suez Canal to participate in Exercise Spring Train, which was held in the Atlantic Ocean.

Departs for the Falklands

In response to the Argentine invasion of the Falklands Islands, Sheffield was ordered on 2 April 1982 to join the task force being assembled to retake the islands. Ammunition and supplies were loaded, loose fittings stowed,  and unnecessary memorabilia disembarked. All carpets were removed except for those on Deck 1 and above (which subsequently caught fire when she was hit). To avoid her being mistaken for the Argentine Hércules and Santísima Trinidad, a vertical black marking was painted on the funnel and down to the side to her waterline to aid recognition.

Departing for the South Atlantic on 2 April, Sheffield reached Ascension Island on 14 April, accompanied by , , ,  to be later joined by . They joined other vessels of the Task Force 317 and commenced operations in the Total Exclusion Zone around the Falklands on 1 May 1982.

It was British policy that any Royal Navy vessel that suspected itself to be under missile attack turn toward the threat, accelerate to maximum speed and fire chaff to prevent the ship being caught defenceless. The codeword used to start this procedure was 'handbrake', which had to be broadcast once the signal of the Super E Agave radar of Super Étendard aircraft was picked up. Within the task force, the threat from the Type 209 submarine was seen as a higher priority than the threat from the air. Following the sinking of , Captain Salt had ordered the ship to change course every 90 seconds to counter any potential Argentine submarine threat.

Sinking

Argentinean attack

Sheffield was first detected by an Argentine Naval Aviation Lockheed SP-2H Neptune (2-P-112) patrol aircraft at 07:50 on 4 May 1982. The Neptune kept the British ships under surveillance, verifying Sheffields position again at 08:14 and 08:43. Two Argentine Navy Super Étendards, both armed with AM39 Exocets, took off from Río Grande naval air base at 09:45 and met with an Argentine Air Force KC-130H Hercules tanker to refuel at 10:00. The two aircraft were 3-A-202, piloted by mission commander Capitán de Fragata (Lieutenant Commander) Augusto Bedacarratz, and 3-A-203, piloted by Teniente (Lieutenant) Armando Mayora.

In the two weeks leading up to the attack, Argentinian pilots had been practising tactics against their own ships, including Type 42 destroyers of the same class as Sheffield, and therefore knew the radar horizon, detection distances, and reaction times of the ship radar, as well as the optimal procedure to programme the Exocet missile for a successful attack profile.  The technique they used is known colloquially as "Pecking the Lobes", in reference to the aircraft probing the side lobes of the emitting radar using the radar warning receiver.  The aircraft could avoid detection by avoiding the main lobe of the emitting radar.

At 10:35, the Neptune climbed to  and detected one large and two medium-sized contacts. A few minutes later, the Neptune updated the Super Étendards with the positions. Flying at very low altitude, at approximately 10:50 both Super Étendards climbed to  to verify these contacts, but failed to locate them and returned to low altitude. They later climbed again and after a few seconds of scanning, the targets appeared on their radar screens.

Both pilots loaded the coordinates into their weapons systems, returned to low level, and after last minute checks, each launched an AM39 Exocet missile at 11:04 while  away from their targets. The Super Étendards did not need to refuel again from the KC-130, which had been waiting, and landed at Río Grande at 12:04.

Supporting the mission were an Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 as a decoy and two IAI Daggers as the KC-130 escorts.

On Sheffield

At approximately 10:00 on 4 May, Sheffield was at defence watches (second degree readiness), the southernmost of three Type 42 destroyers (the others being  and ) operating as a forward anti-aircraft picket  to the west of the main task force which were south-east of the Falklands. The weather was fair and the sea calm with a 2-metre swell. , which was with the main task force, was responsible for Anti-Air Warfare Coordination (AAWC). Sheffield had relieved her sister ship Coventry as the latter was having technical trouble with her Type 965 radar.

Prior to the attack, Sheffields radar operators had been experiencing difficulty distinguishing Mirage and Super Étendard aircraft, and the destroyer may have lacked effective IFF or radar jamming. Despite intelligence briefings that identified an Exocet attack by Super Étendards as possible, Sheffield had assessed the Exocet threat as overrated for the previous two days, and disregarded another as a false alarm.

As the Type 965 could not detect low-flying aircraft, the two incoming enemy aircraft were not detected flying at . The two planes were detected at a distance of only  by the UAA1, a radar warning receiver. This was then confirmed by the 965M long range aircraft warning radar of Glasgow when the aircraft popped up to  above sea-level for a radar check at . The Glasgow immediately went to action stations, and communicated the warning codeword 'Handbrake' by UHF and HF to all task force ships. The radar contacts were also seen by Invincible, which directed Sea Harriers on combat patrol to investigate, but they detected nothing. The AAWC on Invincible declared the radar contacts as false and left the Air Warning at yellow, instead of raising it to red.

In response to Glasgows  warning, an order to stand to was issued to the crews of the 4.5 inch gun, Sea Dart and 20 mm guns. The aircraft were detected on the forward Type 909 radar but not on the aft set. Sheffields UAA1 sensor was then blocked by an unauthorised transmission by the ship's satellite communications systems (SCOT). No information was received via data link from Glasgow. Seven seconds later, the first Exocet missile was fired, in response to which Glasgow fired its chaff. Onboard Sheffield, it was not until smoke from the missile was sighted by lookouts that the crew realised they were under attack. The bridge officers did not call the captain to the bridge, made no call to action stations, made no evasive measures, and made no effort to prepare the 4.5-inch gun, the Sea Dart missiles, or order chaff to be fired. The antiair warfare officer was called to the operations room by the principal warfare officer, arriving just before the first missile hit.

Two Exocets had been launched, the second missile being sighted by Yarmouth and missing Sheffield, splashing into the sea  off her port beam. The Exocet that struck Sheffield hit her on the starboard side at deck level 2, travelling through the junior ratings' scullery and breaching the Forward Auxiliary Machinery Room/Forward Engine Room bulkhead  above the waterline, creating a hole in the hull roughly  by . Contemporary accounts suggested that the missile failed to explode, despite disabling the ship's electrical distribution systems and breaching the pressurised sea water fire main. The damage to the fire system severely hampered any firefighting response and eventually doomed the ship to be consumed by the fire.

At the time of the hit, the captain was off duty in his cabin after having previously visited the operations room, while Sheffields anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) was in the wardroom chatting to the stewards and his assistant was in the heads. Sheffield and Coventry were chatting over UHF and communications ceased until an unidentified message was heard flatly stating, "Sheffield is hit."

Response
The flagship, , dispatched the escorts  and  to investigate, and a helicopter was launched. Confusion reigned until Sheffields Lynx helicopter unexpectedly landed aboard Hermes carrying the air operations officer and operations officer, confirming the strike.

With the principal fire fighting systems out of action due to the loss of the fire main, the crew were reduced to fighting the fire using portable electrically powered pumps and buckets.  The control of firefighting lacked cohesion and was uncoordinated with no emergency HQ being established, while crew members were unclear as to where Command was located. Arrow and Yarmouth  assisted in fighting the fire from the outside (to little effect) by stationing themselves to port and starboard respectively.

The crew of Sheffield fought for almost four hours to save the ship before Captain Salt made the decision to abandon ship due to the risk of fires igniting the Sea Dart magazine, the loss of the combat capability of the destroyer, and the exposed position to air attack of Arrow and Yarmouth. Most of the Sheffields crew climbed over onto Arrow, a few transferred by Gemini RHIB to Yarmouth, while some were taken by helicopter to Hermes. As Sheffields crew departed in Arrow, Sub-lieutenant Carrington-Wood led the crew in singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from Monty Python's Life of Brian.

Over the next six days from 4 May 1982, as the ship drifted, five inspections were made to see if any equipment was worth salvaging. Orders were issued to shore up the hole in Sheffields starboard side and tow the ship to South Georgia. Before these orders were issued, the burnt-out hulk had already been taken under tow by Yarmouth. The high seas that the ship was towed through caused slow flooding through the hole in the ship's side, causing a list to starboard and which eventually caused Sheffield to roll over and sink on the edge of the Total Exclusion Zone in  of water at  on 10 May 1982, the first Royal Navy vessel sunk in action since World War II.

Loss of life
Of the 281 crew members, 20 (mainly on duty in the galley area and computer room) died in the attack with another 26–63injured, mostly from burns, smoke inhalation or shock. Only one body was recovered. The survivors were taken to Ascension Island on the tanker British Esk. The wreck is a war grave and designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.

Board of inquiry

In response to the loss of the ship, a Ministry of Defence (MOD) Board of Inquiry was convened in HMS Nelson on 7 June 1982. They reported their findings on 28 June 1982. The board's report severely criticized the ship's fire-fighting equipment, training and procedures identifying that the critical factors leading to loss of Sheffield were:
Failure to respond to HMS Glasgows detection and communication of two approaching Super Etendards by immediately going to action stations, activating the Sea Dart and launching chaff decoys;
Lack of ECM jamming capability;
Lack of a point defence system;
Inadequate operator training, in particular simulated realistic low-level target acquisition.
Slow response of the available Type 909 Sea Dart tracking radar and its operator limited the possible response.
The spread of the fire was not adequately controlled due to the presence of ignitable material coverings, lack of adequate curtains and sealing to restrict smoke and fires. There was also a shortage of breathing apparatus while the forward escape manholes were found to be too small for men who actually were wearing breathing apparatus.

Captain Salt's handling of the ship following the impact of the missile, and his later decision to abandon the ship, were not faulted. The board, however, found that the principal warfare officer and the anti-air warfare officer (AAWO) were guilty of negligence. Admiral John Fieldhouse, the commander in chief of the navy, decided not to court-martial them, undertake any other disciplinary action or any form of formal administrative proceedings.

It was not until 2006, following an extensive campaign by ex-RN personnel, that a heavily censored summary of the board's findings that concealed all of the board's key conclusions and criticisms, including the findings of negligence was released by the Ministry of Defence under UK Freedom of Information laws.

In 2015, a MOD re-assessment of the attack concluded that the Exocet warhead did indeed detonate inside Sheffield, with the results supported by analysis using modern damage analysis tools not available in 1982 and evidence from weapon hits and trials conducted since the end of the Falklands campaign.

In 2017, a complete copy of the report was issued, revealing information that according to The Guardian had been "suppressed" from the summary of the board's findings in the 2006 release. The Guardian explained the missing information as being due to the British Government's attempts to sell off the remaining Type 42 destroyers at the same time. In the "uncensored" report, multiple issues that left the ship unprepared for the attack were identified, including findings of negligence against two officers, who according to The Guardian "escaped court martial and did not face disciplinary action, apparently in order to avoid undermining the euphoria that gripped much of the UK at the end of the war". Among other findings, the "uncensored" report showed that the ship was not sufficiently prepared to ward off an attack, during the attack the anti-air warfare officer was not in the operations room, while his assistant had gone to the toilet. The anti-air warfare officer did not believe Sheffield was within the range of attack of the Argentinian Air Force.

Fire
The sinking of Sheffield is sometimes blamed on a superstructure made wholly or partially from magnesium-aluminium alloy, the melting point and ignition temperature of which are significantly lower than those of steel. However, this is incorrect as Sheffields superstructure was made entirely of mild steel. The confusion is related to the US and British navies abandoning aluminium alloys after several fires in the 1970s involving  and  and other ships that had aluminium alloy superstructures. The sinking of the Type 21 frigates  and , both of which had aluminium alloy superstructures, probably also had an effect on this belief, though these cases are again incorrect and the presence of aluminium alloy had nothing to do with their loss.

The fires in Sheffield and other ships damaged by fire caused a later shift by the Royal Navy from the nylon and synthetic fabrics then worn by British sailors. The synthetics had a tendency to melt onto the skin, causing more severe burns than if the crew had been wearing non-synthetic clothing.

See also
List of ships sunk by missiles

Notes

References

External links

 BBC article about the sinking
 Official Website of the HMS Sheffield Association
 Report of Board of Inquiry at HMS Nelson into loss of HMS Sheffield, May 1982. This is the redacted version.
 Sources for the study of HMS Sheffield  Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives

Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Shipwrecks of the Falklands War
Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1982
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1971 ships
Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
Ships sunk by Argentine aircraft

HMS Sheffield (D80)


L'église Saint-Basile de Sil (ukrainien : Церква святого Василія Великого (Сіль)) est classée comme monument national ukrainien et au Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Elle est située à Sil (Ukraine) en Ukraine.

C'est une église en bois du Parc national de l'Ouj. Une première église est connue en 1479, elle était dédiée à la Vierge Marie, ayant brûlée il fut décidé d'en édifier une nouvelle. L'église actuelle a été édifiée à Syanky en 1703 dans le style boyko puis transporté par des attelages de bœufs à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Art ukrainien.
 Culture ukrainienne.
 Liste des musées d'art en Ukraine.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Patrimoine classé d'Ukraine
Patrimoine mondial en Ukraine
Sil
Sil
Oblast de Transcarpatie
Édifice religieux du XVIIe siècle en Ukraine

Église Saint-Basile de Sil


Indien deltog i sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, som blev arrangeret i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2016.

Medaljer

Medaljevinderne

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Indien ved sommer-OL 2016


El Aeropuerto de Pevek-Apapélguino (; ICAO: UHMP; IATA: PWE), se encuentra en la población de Apapélguino, a 15 km al noreste de Pevek, en el distrito autónomo de Chukotka, Rusia.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR de Pevek-Apapélguino (ICAO: UHMP).

Además de Anádyr y Tiksi, Pevek-Apapélguino es el único aeropuerto del extremo oriental del océano Ártico con calificación de 1ª clase.

Los servicios aeroportuarios los presta la compañía ChukotAvia.

Pista
El aeropuerto de Pevek-Apapélguino dispone de una pequeña pista de tierra en dirección 17/35 de 2500x42 m. (8202x138 pies).

El pavimento es del tipo 23/R/A/X/T, que permite un peso máximo al despegue de 100 toneladas.

Es adecuado para ser utilizado por los siguientes tipos de aeronaves : Antonov An-24, Antonov An-26, Ilyushin Il-76, Tupolev Tu-134, Tupolev Tu-154, Tupolev Tu-204, Boeing 757, y clases menores, y todo tipo de helicópteros.

Aerolíneas y destinos

Aeropuerto de emergencia ETOPS
Pevek-Apapélguino es utilizado como aeropuerto de emergencia para aviones bimotores como los Airbus A300, Airbus A310, Airbus A330, Boeing 737, Boeing 757, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Gulfstream V G500/G550 o Gulfstream IV G350/G450 cuando realizan rutas polares. Los aeropuertos rusos de Chulman-Nériungri, Salejard, Norilsk-Alykel, Polyarny, Yakutsk, Mirni, Bratsk, Blagovéshchensk-Ignatievo, Irkutsk, Játanga y Tiksi forman parte de los aeropuertos de emergencia para cumplir con los requisitos ETOPS.

Transporte terrestre
Autobús de línea

El aeropuerto está situado a unos 15 km del centro de Pevek y es fácilmente accesible en unos 20-30 minutos por la carretera Apapélguino-Pevek

Véase también
ETOPS

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Características técnicas del aeropuerto - Índice de aeropuertos de Rusia (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 . Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
  (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 Diagrama del aeropuerto en la base de datos de aeropuertos rusos. (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 Historial de accidentes en Pevek-Apapélguino (en inglés) Consultado el 27 de marzo de 2012
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Chukotka en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 27 de marzo de 2012

Pevek

Aeropuerto de Pevek-Apapélguino


Qinghai (eða Tsinghai) (kínverska: 青海; rómönskun: Qīnghǎi) er landlukt hérað í norðvesturhluta Alþýðulýðveldisins Kína. Það er eitt stærsta stjórnsýsluhérað Kína að flatarmáli en með 5.6 milljónir íbúa telst það fámennt. Héraðið sem er að miklu staðsett á Tíbet-hásléttunni hefur fjölda þjóðarbrota, þar á meðal Han, Hui, Tu, og Mongóla. Qinghai, sem hefur í aldir verið heimili hirðingja, er þekkt fyrir hrossarækt og hefur nýlegra orðið mikilvæg uppspretta jarðolíu og kola. Höfuðborgin er Xining.

Landfræðileg afmörkun

Qinghai hérað er að miklu staðsett á Tíbet-hásléttunni í norðvestur Kína. Nafnið "Qinghai" er dregið af Qinghai vatni ("Bláa vatni") í norðausturhluta héraðsins. Það er stærsta vatn Kína.

Héraðið afmarkast í norðri og austri af Gansu héraði, í suðaustri af Sichuan héraði, í suðri og vestri af sjálfstjórnarsvæðinu Tíbet og í vestri og norðvestri af Úígúrska sjálfstjórnarhéraðinu Xinjiang.

Landsvæði héraðsins spannar um 721.000 ferkílómetrar og er það í umfangi fjórða stærsta héraðið í Kína.

Höfuðborgin Xining í austurhluta Qinghai er um 220 kílómetra vestur af Lanzhou borg í Gansu.

Hið mikla Gulafljót næstlengsta fljót Kína, á upptök sín í Bayan Har-fjöllum á Tíbet-hásléttunni í Qinghai. Það rennur í gegnum níu héruð og loks út í Bóhaíhaf.

Saga

Ræktanlegt land nálægt Qinghai vatni hefur byggst alt frá forsögulegum tíma og gæti hafa verið upphaflegt heimili ættbálkanna sem síðar settust að í Tíbet. Svæðið, sem kallast Amdo á Tíbet, var lengi talið hluti af Tíbet. Á tímum Hanveldisins var vísaði til íbúa svæðisins sem Qiang og reynt var að halda þeim frá Hanveldinu með því að koma byggja herstöðvar við vatninu árið fjórðu öld e.Kr. Þær voru fljótt yfirgefnar en undir lok Hanveldisins, var sett upp stjórnsýsla austur af vatninu.

Svæðið í Qinghai var fært undir stjórn Tjingveldisins árið 1724. Eftir að því var steypt af stóli árið 1911 komst svæðið undir stjórn kínverska stríðsherrans og múslimans Ma Qi, uns Lýðveldið Kína treysti miðstýringu árið 1928 og stofnaði til Qinghai héraðs.

Árið 1932 réðst Tíbet inn í héraðið og reyndi að ná yfirráðum yfir suðurhluta þess. Kínverskir herjir höfðu betur.

Á meðan Kínverska borgarastyrjöldin geysaði 1927-1950 og Seinna stríð Kína og Japans á árunum 1937 til 1945, var Qinghai hérað tiltölulega ósnortið.

Íbúar

Héraðið hefur lengi verið deigla fyrir fjölda þjóðarbrota, þar á meðal Han, Tíbeta, Hui, Tu, Mongóla og Sala. Han kínverjar eru ríflega helmingur íbúanna en Tíbetar um fimmtungur. Yfir 37 viðurkenndir þjóðernishópar eru meðal íbúa Qinghai, 5,6 milljónir, en innlendir minnihlutahópar eru alls 45,5% íbúanna.

Ríkjandi trúarbrögð í Qinghai eru kínversk trúarbrögð (þar með talin daoismi og konfúsíusismi) og kínverskur búddismi meðal Han-Kínverja. Hinn fjölmenni hluti Tíbeta stunda tíbetskan búddisma eða tíbetsku trúarbrögðin Bön. Flestir Hui-Kínverjar héraðsins iðka íslam trú. Tæpt prósent íbúa héraðsins eru kristin.

Efnahagur

Qinghai, sem hefur í aldir verið heimili hirðingja með kvikfé milli bithaga án fastrar búsetu. Það er þekkt fyrir hrossarækt og hefur nýlegra orðið mikilvæg uppspretta jarðolíu og kola.

Stóriðja héraðsins nær til framleiðslu á járni og stáli, staðsett nálægt höfuðborginni Xining. Olía og jarðgas frá vatnasvæði Qinghai hafa einnig verið mikilvægur þáttur í efnahagslífinu. Salt er einnig nýtt við fjölmörg saltvötn héraðsins.

En fyrir utan höfuðborgarsvæðið, er stærstur hluti Qinghai enn vanþróaður. Á kínverskan mælikvarða er hagkerfi héraðsins lítið og landsframleiðsla á mann er með því lægsta í Kína.

Verulegur skortur á innviðum kemur í veg fyrir efnahagslega möguleika á nýtingu ríkra náttúruauðlinda héraðsins.

Myndir

Tenglar

 Ensk vefsíða Encyclopaedia Britannica um Qinghai. Inniheldur ýmsar upplýsingar um héraðið t.d. sögu, landslag, skipulag og markverða staði.

 Kínverskur vefur héraðsstjórnar Qinghai.  Inniheldur ýmsar upplýsingar um sögu, skipulag, fréttir.

Heimildir

Héruð í Kína

Qinghai


Le championnat de football du Liechtenstein de 1934, était le premier car tous les clubs du Liechtenstein étaient non seulement membres de la fédération suisse mais aussi de la fédération cantonale de Saint-Gall, qui avait placé tous les clubs du Liechtenstein dans un groupe régional, dont les vainqueurs étaient déclarés champions du Liechtenstein. L'édition 1937 n'avait qu'un seul participant (le FC Triesen), le championnat a donc été décerné sans qu'aucun match ne soit disputé. Aucune autre édition n'a été jouée (mais la Coupe du Liechtenstein a commencé après la Seconde Guerre mondiale).

Championnat

1934

Le championnat de 1934, qui se déroule du 18 mars au 8 mai, fait partie du championnat cantonal de Saint-Gall.
Champion : FC Triesen

1935

Le championnat de 1935 se joue en tournoi, tous les matchs ont eu lieu le 31 juillet.

Champion : FC Triesen (2)

1936

Le championnat de 1936 se déroule sous la forme d'un match aller-retour et d'un match additionnel puisque les deux équipes ont chacune gagné un match.

Champion : FC Vaduz (1)

1937

Un seul club s'est inscrit, ce qui lui a valu le titre par défaut.

Champion : FC Triesen (3)

Palmarès

Notes et références

Lien externe
 RSSSF-Liechtenstein Championships 1934-1937

Compétition de football au Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Compétition de football disparue

Championnat du Liechtenstein de football


Slut Pop est le quatrième EP (extended play) de la chanteuse allemande Kim Petras. Il a été publié le 11 février 2022 chez Republic Records.

Genèse de l'EP
Lors de son travail sur son deuxième album et sur d'autres projets musicaux après sa signature chez Republic Records en 2021, Petras évoque dans une interview avec le magazine Paper de s'être plus orientée vers des thèmes sexuels. L'une de ses inspirations était l'album Blackout de Britney Spears. Elle précise :

La production de l'EP a été terminée en deux mois. La liste des chansons a été constituée quand elle avait réalisé avoir assez de chansons parlant du même thème pour lui dédier tout un projet.

Composition

Style musical
Poursuivant le style électro-dance-pop de Kim Petras, Slut Pop se rapproche musicalement davantage au techno, un choix qui fait référence à la culture de club allemande et à sa volonté d'apporter en tant que chanteuse allemande des influences européennes dans ses chansons qui retrouvent leur audience notamment aux États-Unis. Pour son caractère artificiel et ses éléments musicaux empruntés de la scène pop des années 2000, l'EP est classée dans le genre hyperpop.

Paroles
Alors que le précédent single Coconuts fait déjà des allusions métaphoriquement sexuelles (« My coconuts! You can put 'em in your mouth »), les paroles sur Slut Pop sont beaucoup plus explicites par rapport au reste de la discographie. L'EP a été décrit comme un album  « x-rated » (interdit aux mineurs). Sexpositif, Slut Pop serait aussi inspiré de la communauté des travailleurs du sexe.

Promotion
Fin janvier 2022, Petras débute la communication autour de son projet sur les réseaux sociaux. Elle a partagé aussi le nom de domaine kimisaslut.com qui fait atterrir sur son site officiel. Publié trois jours avant la fête de la Saint-Valentin, l'EP à titres provocateurs a été mis en contexte de cet événement. Lors de la sortie, Petras annonce la Slut Tour dont les concerts relativement courts se déroulent dans différents clubs à Los Angeles dans une seule nuit. En avril 2022, Petras a commencé sa première performance au Coachella Festival par les chansons de Slut Pop.

Réception critique
Slut Pop reçoit des critiques mixtes. Certains critiques apprécient le concept artistique inspiré des années 2000 et estiment le message sexpositif de l'EP porté par une chanteuse trans comme geste important pour la visibilité de la communauté LGBT dans la musique mais aussi dans la société.

D'autres crtiques problématisent la collaboration de Petras avec le producteur Dr. Luke qui lui depuis 2014 est accusé d'aggressions sexuelles par la chanteuse Kesha, notamment sur un projet à titres provocateurs et sujets sexuels. Dans ce contexte, certains utilisateurs sur Twitter ont reproché à Petras d'avoir mentionné la chanteuse Lady Gaga sur le titre Throat Goat alors qu'elle avait témoigné contre Dr. Luke.

Liste des chansons
Toutes les chansons ont été produites par Dr. Luke.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Album musical sorti en 2022
EP de musique électronique

Slut Pop


Benz er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Usedom-Süd i den nordøstlige
del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Kommunen strækker sig fra halvøen Cosim i vest til Gothensee mod øst, midt i Naturpark Insel Usedom. Byen ligger lige syd for Schmollensee. Denne del af  Usedomer Achterlandes kaldes, grundet det bakkede landskab, Usedomer Schweiz. Cirka tolv kilometer sydvest for kommunen ligger byen Usedom, og tre kilometer mod nordøst ligger bade byen Heringsdorf.

Bundesstraße B 111 går gennem kommunens område.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Befolkningsstatistik mm

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Usedom-Syd
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Benz (Usedom)


Pagan şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Pagan (Din); Paganizme inanan kişi
 Pagan (Ada); Mariana Takımadaları'na bağlı 50 km² bir volkanik ada.
 Pagan (şehir), Myanmar'da terk edilip 9.-13. yüzyıllar arasında yapılmış binlerce Buda tapınağı bulunan tarihî şehir.

Pagan (anlam ayrımı)


أغدا ألقاك هي أغنية ألفها الشاعر السوداني الهادي آدم، ولحنها محمد عبد الوهاب، وغنتها أم كلثوم عام 1971.

الأغنية
هي الأغنية الوحيدة التي ألفها المؤلف السوداني الهادي آدم لأم كلثوم ولحنها محمد عبد الوهاب. غنتها أم كلثوم على دار الأوبرا في القاهرة عام 1971. من كلمات أغنية:

اغدا القاك

أغداً ألقاك يا خوف فؤادي من غدِ

يالشوقي واحتراقي في انتظار الموعد

آه كم أخشى غدي هذا وأرجوه اقترابا

كنت أستدنيه لكن هبته لما أنابَ

وأهلت فرحة القرب به حين استجابا

هكذا أحتمل العمر نعيماً وعذابا

مهجة حرة وقلباً مسه الشوق فذابا

أغداً ألقاك

أنت يا جنة حبي واشتياقي وجنوني

أنت يا قبلة روحي وانطلاقي وشجوني

أغداً تشرق أضواؤك في ليل عيوني

آه من فرحة أحلامي ومن خوف ظنوني

كم أناديك وفي لحني حنين ودعاء

يا رجائي أنا كم عذبني طول الرجاء

أنا لو لا أنت لم أحفل بمن راح وجاء

أنا أحيا لغدِ الآن بأحلام اللقاء

فأت أو لا تأتي أو فإفعل بقلبي ما تشاء

أغداً ألقاك

هذه الدنيا كتابٌ أنت فيه الفكر

هذه الدنيا ليالٍ أنت فيها العمر

هذه الدنيا عيونٌ أنت فيها البصر

هذه الدنيا سماءٌ أنت فيها القمر

فارحم القلب الذي يصبو إليك

فغداً تملكه بين يديك

وغداً تأتلق الجنة أنهاراً وظلاّ

وغداً ننسى فلا نأسى على ماضٍ تولّى

وغداً نزهو فلا نعرف للغيب محلا

وغداً للحاضر الزاهر نحيا ليس إلا

قد يكون الغيب حلواً.. إنما الحاضر أحلى

أغداً ألقاك

قصة الأغنية
«قصيدة الغد»:
 كلمات (الهادي آدم) وتعود قصتها إلى قيام الشاعر بحب إحدى الفتيات من عليا القوم وكان والدها من الأغنياء وكان يرفض الشاعر بصفته طبقه أقل من ابنته وبعد إلحاح الفتاة على والدها بأن يقوم بلقاء الشاعر حتى يحكم عليه بعيد عن المظهر وبعد طول عناء وافق الوالد على هذا اللقاء، وحينما علم الشاعر بهذا اللقاء لم ينم طول الليل وظل سهران أمام بيت حبيبته ينتظر هذا الموعد وفي تلك الليلة قام بتأليف تلك الكلمات الجميلة التي كانت تصف حالته.
 كل الشعراء كانوا يحلمون بأن تغني قصائدهم سيدة الغناء العربي أم كلثوم ويلحنها الموسيقار الكبير محمد عبد الوهاب، وعند زيارتها للخرطوم نهاية الستينات وبعد الاستقبال الكبير لها، قررت أن تغني قصيدة لأحد شعرائها، وكان أن وقع اختيارها على قصيدته الغد التي حولت اسمها إلى أغداً ألقاك وغنتها بالتوب السوداني في المسرح القومي أم درمان في الخرطوم عام 1968 وعام 1971 دار الأوبرا المصرية ليسمعها الجمهور العربي من الخليج إلى المحيط. وكانت سعادة الهادي آدم كبيرة بهذا العمل نشر ديوان كوخ الأشواق الذي صدر بالقاهرة عام 1966 وفيه قصيدته الشهيرة.

قصة أخرى
القصيدة اسمها الأصلي في ديوان كوخ الأشواق هو الغد. فلم يكن الأستاذ الهادي يميل إلى ذكر المناسبة إلّا أنه شعر بضرورة ذكر المناسبة لفهم القصيدة. لكن لقصيدة رومانسية كالغد وغيرها كان يرى أن تظل بدون حتى همس بمناسبتها حتى تكون مِلكاً لكل من يسمعها، مُعبرة عنه ليشعر أنها قيلت عنه. هكذا كانت فلسفته.

لكن مناسبة وملابسات غناء أم كلثوم لها هو ما شابهه الكثير من اللبس والروايات غير الحقيقية.

عن اختيار أم كلثوم لها قال: زارت أم كلثوم السودان عام 1968 لتغني لمصلحة المجهود الحربي بعد النكسة في 1967 في إطار جولتها في عدد من الدول العربية للغرض ذاته، وقررت وقتها أن تغني لعدد من شعراء الدول العربية من بينها السعودية ولبنان، وعندما زارت السودان استقبلت استقبالا رسميا وشعبيا رائعا، ولذا اتخذت قرارا بأن تغني لأحد شعراء السودان، وبدأت تبحث في الشعر السوداني عبر قراءة عدد من الدواوين لشعراء سودانيين، فتم اختيار الغد من بينها.

بعدها نُسق لمقابلة الشاعر بكوكب الشرق وعبد الوهاب من خلال الاتصال بوزارة التعليم السودانية حيث اُخطر بواسطة الوزارة بهذا الطلب فتمت المراسلات وتم التنسيق لزيارة مصر وتم اللقاء. غير أن عبد الوهاب كانت له تعليقات لحنية تخص النص فقام الشاعر باجراء تعديلات على ما هو قائم وتم حذف أبيات وإضافة أخرى عبر عدة جلسات، ليخرج نص جديد مختلف نوعا ما عما كان في الديوان. وأخذ عبد الوهاب القصيدة ولحنها في لبنان واستغرق تلحينها عاماً كاملاً وأُجل غناءها لوفاة الرئيس عبد الناصر. ثم غنيت لأول مرة في 1971 بمسرح سينما قصر النيل بالقاهرة.

المراجع

المصادر
 جريدة الشرق الأوسط رحيل الهادي آدم وقصة قصيدة أغدا ألقاك

أغاني أم كلثوم
قصائد عربية

أغدا ألقاك


Theodore Shaw Wilson (November 24, 1912 – July 31, 1986) was an American jazz pianist. Described by critic Scott Yanow as "the definitive swing pianist", Wilson's piano style was gentle, elegant, and virtuosic. His style was highly influenced by Earl Hines and Art Tatum. His work was featured on the records of many of the biggest names in jazz, including Louis Armstrong, Lena Horne, Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, and Ella Fitzgerald. With Goodman, he was one of the first black musicians to perform prominently alongside white musicians. In addition to his extensive work as a sideman, Wilson also led his own groups and recording sessions from the late 1920s to the 1980s.

Life and career

Early life
Wilson was born in Austin, Texas. Under his parents as school teachers, his early music education began at the age 6 with piano. Then, he studied violin, oboe, and clarinet at Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama.

From the 1929 to the early 1930s
Wilson moved to Detroit with his brother and musician Gus Wilson. Wilson began his first professional career in 1929 with Speed Webb's band. He took over the pianist position of Milton Senior band from Art Tatum in 1930. After touring with the band in Chicago, he decided to stay in Chicago and worked with Louis Armstrong and his orchestra between 1931-1933. He also understudied Earl Hines in Hines's Grand Terrace Cafe Orchestra before moving to New York to perform with Benny Carter's Chocolate Dandies in 1933.

From the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s
In 1935, while jamming with Benny Goodman and Carl Bellinger at a house party held by Mildred Bailey, they caught the attention of producer John Hammond, who arranged several recording sessions for them. These recordings became the basis of the Benny Goodman Trio, which consisted of Goodman, Wilson, and drummer Gene Krupa (and, later, Lionel Hampton). The trio performed during the Goodman band's intermissions. By joining the trio, Wilson became one of the first black musicians to perform prominently in a racially integrated group.

Hammond was also instrumental in getting Wilson a contract with Brunswick from 1935 to 1939 to record hot swing arrangements of the popular songs of the day, with the growing jukebox trade in mind. During these years, he also took part in many sessions with swing musicians such as Lester Young, Roy Eldridge, Charlie Shavers, Red Norvo, Buck Clayton, and Ben Webster. Thirty eight of his recordings have been hits and these are mostly chamber jazz recordings with singers such as Lena Horne, Helen Ward, Ella Fitzgerald, Mildred Bailey, and Billie Holiday. Among those vocals, Billie Holiday and Teddy Wilson made fourteen sides together in 1935 alone. From 1939 to 1942, he recorded for Columbia Records. He also left his residency with Goodman's band and formed his own fifteen-piece big band in 1939, but it only lasted around a year due to the lack of individuality in his band. In 1944, he returned to his sidemen position in the Benny Goodman Sextet and his musical association with Goodman continued until 1962. In the mid to the late 1940s, Wilson mainly focused on studio recordings, on-screen performances, and radio broadcasts, instead of playing on public stages.

Café Society
After the demise of his big band, Wilson formed a sextet that performed at Café Society from 1940 to 1944. There, he led jazz shows called "chamber jazz" with a dance orchestra composed of himself, Frankie Newton, Ed Hall, and Billie Holiday. He was dubbed the "Marxist Mozart" by Howard "Stretch" Johnson due to his support for left-wing causes: he performed in benefit concerts for The New Masses journal and for Russian War Relief, and he chaired the Artists' Committee to elect Benjamin J. Davis (a New York City council member running on the Communist Party USA ballot line). Later, the FBI suspended Wilson's performing activities on broadcast, radio, and social activities alleging that he was involved in Communism.

The late 1940s and 1950s
From 1945 to 1952, Wilson taught at the Juilliard School. After that, he toured across numerous countries in Europe, including Scandinavia, England, Scotland, Germany, Holland, and Switzerland. In the 1950s, he recorded for Verve Records. Wilson can also be seen appearing as himself in the motion pictures Hollywood Hotel (1937) and The Benny Goodman Story (1955). He later worked as music director for the Dick Cavett Show.

Later years
Wilson resided in suburban Hillsdale, New Jersey. He was married three times, including to the songwriter Irene Kitchings. He performed as a soloist and with pickup groups until the final years of his life, including leading a trio with his sons Theodore Wilson on bass and Steven Wilson on drums.

In 1979, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.

He died of stomach cancer in New Britain, Connecticut, on July 31, 1986, aged 73. He is buried at Fairview Cemetery in New Britain. In addition to Theodore and Steven, Wilson had three more children, William, James (Jim) and Dune.

Musical style
According to Wilson, he was first exposed to jazz by listening to the music of Duke Ellington, Earl Hines, Louis Armstrong, and Fats Waller. He then developed his own musical vocabulary based on the styles of Art Tatum and Earl Hines. When it comes to Tatum's influence, Wilson's fast right-hand runs can be traced to Tatum's similar right-hand embellishments. However, Wilson's playing focused on diatonic, "inside" harmonic ideas based on triads and extensions. He also pursued a style of improvisation based on lyrical melodic development. Furthermore, Wilson's playing is characterized by consistent dynamic expression with an elegant touch. His fluid runs and gracefully relaxed rhythmic coordination with clean and even phrasing might have been reflected by his reserved personality and his experience with Benny Goodman under racial segregation. Teddy Wilson contributed to modernizing the pianistic articulation in contrast to the raw Harlem Stride Piano.

While adapting tenth voicing in his left hand and horn-like doubled-octave playing in the right hand from Earl Hines, he pursued a lighter and thinner texture with a relatively simple rhythmic ideas and a single melodic device than Hines.

Though he played with a lot of bebop musicians such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie during his work as a sideman, he held on to swing vocabulary based on chord tone arpeggios and diatonic harmony. His playing on "Congo Blues" for Red Norvo and His Sextet in 1945, for examples, demonstrates the stylistic contrast between Wilson and Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker.

Wilson's style went on to influence other pianists such as his contemporary Mary Lou Williams, Mel Powell, Billy Kyle, Jess Stacy, and Joe Bushkin.

Select discography

Solo
1942: Columbia Presents Teddy Wilson
1972: With Billie in Mind (Chiaroscuro)
1983: Alone (Storyville)

As leader
1944: Teddy Wilson Sextet (The Onyx Club New York Original Live Recordings)
1949: Teddy Wilson Featuring Billie Holiday
1952: Runnin' Wild (MGM)
1952: Just A Mood – Teddy Wilson Quartet Starring Harry James & Red Norvo (Columbia EP B-1569/5-1277)
1955: The Creative Teddy Wilson (Norgran) – also released as For Quiet Lovers (Verve)
1956: Pres and Teddy (Verve) with Lester Young
1956: I Got Rhythm (Verve)
1956: Intimate Listening (Verve)
1956: These Tunes Remind Me of You (Verve)
1957: The Impeccable Mr. Wilson (Verve)
1957: The Teddy Wilson Trio & Gerry Mulligan Quartet with Bob Brookmeyer at Newport (Verve)
1957: The Touch of Teddy Wilson (Verve)
1959: Mr. Wilson and Mr. Gershwin (Columbia)
1959: Gypsy in Jazz (Columbia)
1959: And Then They Wrote... (Columbia)
1963: Teddy Wilson 1964  (Cameo)
1967: Moonglow (Black Lion)
1968: The Noble Art of Teddy Wilson (Metronome)
1973: Runnin' Wild (Black Lion)
1976: Live at Santa Tecla
1980: Teddy Wilson Trio Revisits the Goodman Years
1990: Air Mail Special

As sideman
1933–1942: Billie Holiday, The Quintessential Billie Holiday (Volumes 1-9); Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia 1933–1944 (Columbia)
1935: Mildred Bailey, Mildred Bailey and Her Alley Cats (Columbia)
1935–1939: Benny Goodman, The Complete RCA Victor Small Group Recordings (RCA)
1938: Benny Goodman, The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert (Columbia)
1946-1947: Sarah Vaughan, The Chronological Classics: Sarah Vaughan 1946–1947 (Classics)
1954: Ben Webster, Music for Loving (Norgran)
1973: Eiji Kitamura, Swing Special
1974: Phoebe Snow Phoebe Snow (album) (Shelter Records)
1975: Eiji Kitamura, Teddy and Eiji- Live Session
1980: Eiji Kitamura, Teddy Wilson Meets Eiji Kitamura

References

External links

 Teddy Wilson on BlueBlackJazz.com

Teddy Wilson music, papers, and artifacts, Institute of Jazz Studies, (Rutgers University)

1912 births
1986 deaths
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People from Hillsdale, New Jersey
Big band bandleaders
Swing pianists
Mainstream jazz pianists
African-American pianists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Tuskegee University alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Brunswick Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Verve Records artists
American jazz educators
Benny Goodman Orchestra members
Musicraft Records artists
20th-century American pianists
Educators from Texas
Educators from New Jersey
Jazz musicians from Texas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Chocolate Dandies members
Black Lion Records artists
20th-century African-American musicians
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut

Teddy Wilson


Tegnekul (også kulkridt) er trækul specielt beregnet til kunstneriske formål. Kullet fremstilles typisk af tynde pilekviste som tørdestilleres i specielle ilt-tætte ovne. Ved cirka 250 grader Celsius fordamper al væske og gasser fra træet. Tilbage er kun kul og en del tjære.  Godt tegnekul giver en jævn sværte og indeholder op til 95 % rent kul.

Kultegning kræver et papir med en struktur, som kullet kan gnides af imod. Kullet fæster imidlertid ofte dårligt på papiret. For at kunne holde, er det derfor nødvendigt at give kultegninger en særlig beskyttelse. Dette kan gøres med et tyndt lag lak til at holde på kullet. Denne lak, gerne kaldt fiksativ, kan for eksempel bestå af harpiks opløst i ætanol (sprit). Dette sprøjtes med en fiksersprøjte over tegningens forside, eller alternativt mod bagsiden, hvorved fiksativet suges ind i i det mere eller mindre porøse papir og klistrer kulkornene fast nedefra.

Tegnekul udvikledes blandt kunstnere, som begyndte gøre pennelignende skitser med kullet og anvendte det til hele kunstværker. Picasso er blandt dem som anvendte tegnekul i sine billeder.

Naturligt tegnekul er blødt i konsistensen og dækker med sorte og grå toner.

Galleri

Kul
Kunst

Tegnekul


Courland Düklüğü 1654–1659 ve sonra 1660–1689 yılları arasında Tobago'da kurduğu kısa süreli kolonisi ile Amerika'yı kolonileştiren en küçük ulus olmuştur. Courland, modern Letonya'da Polonya-Litvanya Milletler Topluluğu'nun feodal sistemi altında 1561'de düklük olarak kurulmuştur ve nüfusu 200.000'di. Baltık Alman azınlık eğitimli, yöneten ve ticaretle uğraşan sınıfı oluşturuyordu. Letonyalı çoğunluk ise köylü sınıfını oluşturmaktaydı. Dük Jacob Kettler'in yönetimi altında, düklük refah seviyesinde zirveye ulaşmıştır. Batı Avrupa'ya olan seyahatleri boyunca, Jacob ticari fikirler konusunda istekli bir hale gelmiştir ve düklük metal işçiliği ve gemi yapımı konusu daha çok gelişmeye başlamıştır. Ticaret ilişkileri sadece yakın ülkelerle değil Büyük Britanya, Fransa, Hollanda, Portekiz ve diğer ülkelerle de gelişmişti. Kettler, Windau ve Libau ana limanlarıyla Avrupa'nın en büyük ticaret filolarından birini kurmuştu.

Düklüğün gemileri Batı Hint Adaları'na 1637 gibi çok erken tarihlerde ticaret seferleri düzenliyorlardı, bu seferlerde Courland gemisi Tobago'da 212 yerleşimci ile bir koloni kurma girişiminde bulunmuştur. Adada bulunan daha önceki Hollanda kolonisi İspanyollar tarafından birkaç ay öncesinde yokedilmişti. İlk Courland kolonisi, 1639'da yapılan ikinci girişim gibi yine başarısızlığı uğramıştı. 1642'de, Kaptan Caroon'a ait iki gemi 300 yerleşimci ile Courland Koyu'nun kuzey sahiline yerleşmeye çalışmışlardır fakat Karayip yerlileri tarafından kısa sürede geri püskürtülmüşlerdir. Courland'ın ilgisi değişmiş ve Düklük 1651'de ilk başarılı kolonisini kazanmıştır fakat bu koloni Afrika'da Gambia Nehri üzerinde St. Andrews Adası'nda kurulmuştur ve burada Jacob Kalesi'ni inşa etmişlerdir.

Kısa süre sonra, 20 Mayıs 1654'te, diğer bir koloni Das Wappen der Herzogin von Kurland isimli geminin varmasıyla Tobago'da kurulmuştur. Gemi Tobago'yu işgal etmek için 42 top, 25 subay, 124 Courlandli asker ve 80 kolonici aile taşımaktaydı. Kaptan Willem Mollens adanın adını "Yeni Courland" olarak ilan etmiştir. Adanın güney-batı kısmına bir kale dikilmiştir, Jekabforts (James Kalesi) ve çevresinde bulunan kasabaya Jekaba pilseta (Jamestown) ismi verilmiştir. Diğer verilen isimler arasında Büyük Courland Koyu, James Koyu, Courland Mülkü, Yeni Jelgave, Liepaja Koyu ve Küçük Courland Koyu bulunmaktadır. Bir Evangelik Lüteriyen kilisesi Courlandliler tarafından adaya gelişlerinin ilk yılında yapılmıştır. İkinci Hollanda kolonisi birkaç ay sonra kurulmaya başlamıştır ve çok geçmeden Courland yerleşimini sayı olarak geçmişlerdir. 1657'de 120 Courlandli kolonici gelmiştir, fakat Hollanda kolonisi bir sonraki sene 500 Fransız yerleşimcinin kendilerine katılmasıyla 1.200 kişilik nüfusa ulaşmıştır.

Avrupa'ya ihraç edilen mallar arasında şeker, tütün, kahve, pamuk, zencefil, çivitotu, rom, kakao, kaplumbağa kabuğu, tropikal kuşlar ve tüyleri bulunmaktaydı.

Courland Düklüğü İsveç ve Polonya için ilgi odağıydı. 1655'te İsveç ordusu Düklük sınırlarına girmiştir ve Kuzey Savaşları (1655–1660) başlamıştır. Dük Jacob İsveç ordusu tarafından 1658–1660 yılları arasında tutsak tutulmuştur. Bu dönem boyunca, her iki koloni de Hollandalı koloniciler tarafından alınmıştır ve ticaret filoları ve fabrikaları yok edilmiştir. Hollandalı yerleşimciler adada bulunan James Kalesi'nin etrafını sararak Courland Valisi Hubert de Beveren'i teslim olmaya zorlamışlardır. Courland, Yeni Courland'den resmi olarak 11 Aralık 1659 tarihinde çekilmiştir. Savaş 1660'ta imzalanan Oliwa Antlaşması ile sona ermiştir, antlaşmaya dayanarak Tobago Courland'e geri verilmiştir. Courlandliler Tobago'yu 1666'da, muhtemelen o yıl gerçekleşen bir korsan saldırısı sonucunda terk etmişlerdir. 1668'de bir Courland gemisi Jacob Kalesi'ni geri almak istemiştir fakat Hollanda tarafından geri püskürtülmüştür. Tobago Jacob'un hükmünün son yıllarında kısa süreliğine Temmuz 1680'de geri alınmıştır, fakat bu da başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmıştır. Filoyu ve fabrikaları yenilemeye başlamıştır fakat Düklük eski refah seviyesine bir daha ulaşamamıştır. Ada Mart 1683 ile Haziran 1686 tarihleri arasında terk edilmiş durumda kalmıştır ve bir sene önce Courland tarafından satılmasından kısa süre sonra Mayıs 1690'da Courlandliler Tobago'yu kalıcı olarak terk etmişlerdir, buna rağmen vazifesi başında bulunmayan valiler 1795 yılına kadar atanmaya devam etmiştir.

Courland Koyu'nun yakınında bulunan Courland Anıtı Düklük yerleşimcilerinin anısınadır.

Yeni Courland (Tobago) Valileri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Tobago: Hollanda ve Courlandli yerleşimcilerin tarihi

Courland
Tobago
Trinidad ve Tobago tarihi
Eski Kurlandiya kolonileri

Amerika'nın Courland kolonileştirmesi


The term diaspora language, coined in the 1980s, is a sociolinguistic idea referring to a variety of languages spoken by peoples with common roots who have dispersed, under various pressures and often globally. The emergence and evolution of a diaspora language is usually part of a larger attempt to retain cultural identity.

Examples

Molisanne (Molise Slavic)
Though possessing certain elements of Slavic languages, Molise Slavic is also influenced by Italian. Considered an endangered language, Molise Slavic is spoken by approximately 3,500 people in the villages of Montemitro, San Felice del Molise, and Acquaviva Collecroce in southern Molise, as well as elsewhere in southern Italy.  The language developed as a result of refugees arriving in Italy from the eastern Adriatic coast during the 15th and 16th centuries.

Istro-Romanian
Another diaspora language is Istro-Romanian, spoken by the Istro-Romanians. Like Molise Slavic, it is considered endangered, with only 500 to 1000 speakers remaining.  Istro-Romanian developed when the ancestors of these individuals migrated to Istria from Transylvania (some say Serbia) during the 12th century.

AAVE in the African American Diaspora
A study of African American enclaves in Nova Scotia, Canada and Samaná, Dominican Republic shows a high similarity in the African American Vernacular English (AAVE) spoken there and the early versions of AAVE that originated in the south during the 19th century. AAVE in the United States on the other hand has changed substantially due in part to the Great Migration that happened in the twentieth century. Unusually, while most examples have a diaspora causing differences in language due to influence from another culture and languages, these enclaves maintained a form of language closer to the historical source, or branching point.

Hindlish or Hinglish
The great number of Hindi speakers in the United Kingdom has produced a strain of the language unlike that spoken on the Indian subcontinent where it began.  This has given rise to Hindlish, also known as Hinglish, an informal term for the mixture of Hindi and English that includes such phrases as city kotwali or "city police station."  Hinglish is not considered a full-blown diaspora language but it appears to be developing into one.

Yiddish and the Jewish Diaspora
Yiddish is a major linguistic creation of the Jewish Diaspora, originating in what is now Germany. It is one of many languages that emerged as a result of the migration of the Jewish people throughout Europe, alongside Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), Italkian (Judeo-Italian), Knaanic (Judeo-Slavic), Yevanic (Judeo-Greek), and Zarphatic (Judeo-French). Of these languages, Yiddish produced the most significant literature and served as an icon of Jewish identity throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

Yoruba or Lucumi
The Yoruba language can be found across the globe, on every continent, however enforced migration under colonial slavery resulted in a particular density in the Americas and pressure on Yoruba speakers to adapt or assimilate. In the Caribbean, in particular, Yoruba culture, religion, and language have co-evolved with the needs of the enslaved populations, generating extensive hybridization and surviving into the current era.  The Santeria religion draws its roots from Catholic, Yoruba and Native American spiritual traditions, and its liturgical language is Lucumi, a dialect of the original predominantly Nigerian Yoruba.

Canadian Gaelic
In the aftermath of the Highland and Lowland Clearances, a great number of Scots emigrated to Canada, proportionately more than the other Anglo New World countries of the United States, Australia, and even New Zealand.  They brought with them their language, and while many spoke Scots or English, a great number spoke Gaelic.  It was even debated in the early days of Canadian Confederation whether to make Gaelic (inclusive of both the Scottish and Irish varieties) the third official language of Canada, and, if Irish and Scottish are counted together, Gaelic was the most common native tongue amongst the Fathers of Confederation of Canada, more common than French or English, and the first Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, spoke it as his mother tongue.  Canadian Gaelic is considered to be similar to the western dialects of Gaidhlig in Scotland.

Canadian Ukrainian
In the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the province of Galicia was considered the poorest in all of Europe, and was considerably over-populated.  While the western part, containing Warsaw, was more densely populated and better maintained, the eastern part, overwhelmingly Ukrainian, was considered the most backward part of the Empire and good for little more than as a source of troops for the army.  This led to a mass exodus of citizens, along with Ukrainians from the neighbouring region of Bukovina, to Canada, settling primarily in the Western provinces of The Prairies.  They brought with them not just their religion – western Ukrainians are predominately Ukrainian Catholic whereas the rest of Ukraine is largely Eastern Orthodox – but also their language.  To this day, Canadian Ukrainian is clearly reminiscent of the Western dialects, and has minimal influence from Russian (given that it had never been part of the Russian Empire and was only conquered by the Soviet Union after WWII, long after the Canadian Ukrainian community had been established), but proportionately greater influence from Polish and German, such as loanwords.  The Canadian dialect frequently uses English words for technologies or concepts developed since the start of the 20th century, so while vocabulary like "coal" and "shoe" remain the same as their counterparts in Ukraine, newer concepts frequently use English loanwords for items such as "truck" and "cash register."

See also
 Immigrant language
 Heritage language
 Canadian Gaelic
 Creole language

References

Sociolinguistics

Diaspora studies

Diaspora language


Kara Ahmed Paşa, (ö. 29 Eylül 1555, İstanbul), Kanuni Sultan Süleyman döneminde 6 Ekim 1553 ile 28 Eylül 1555 tarihleri arasında sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır. I. Selim'in en küçük kızı ve Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın en küçük kız kardeşi Fatma Sultan'ın eşidir.

Hayatı

Arnavut asıllıdır. "Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi" vakfiyesinde babasının adı "Abdülmuîn" olarak verilmiştir. Devşirme sistemi kapsamında İstanbul'a geldi ve Enderun'da yetişti. "Kapıcıbaşı" rütbesiyle Enderun'dan mezun oldu. Mezuniyetinin ardından önce "kapıcıbaşı", ardından 1534'te "yeniçeri ağası" olarak tayin edildi.

Kara Ahmed Paşa, Osmanlı ordusu ile Boğdan Seferi'ne katıldı. 1551'de Sokullu Mehmed Paşa'nın Temeşvar kuşatmasındaki başarısızlığı, Lipova ve Erdel'in kaybedilmesi üzerine Ahmed Paşa, 22 Nisan 1552'de "ikinci vezir" sıfatıyla Boğdan Seferi komutanlığına tayin edildi. Erdel'in yeniden ele geçirilmesinin hedeflendiği bu seferde Temeşvar Kalesi'ni kuşattı. 28 gün süren zorlu bir mücadelenin sonunda 26 Temmuz 1552'de kale teslim alındı.

1553'te Nahcivan Seferi'ne katılmak üzere İstanbul'a döndü.

Sadrazam Rüstem Paşa daha önce kendine bağlı bir ordu ile Anadolu'da ilerlemeye devam etmekteydi. İddiaya göre Rüstem Paşa, büyük Şehzade Mustafa'ya karşı Hürrem Sultan'ın hazırladığı iddia edilen komplo planını uygulamaya koydu. Sefer sırasında padişaha, Şehzade Mustafa'nın tahtı ele geçirmek için planlar yaptığını bildiren raporlar gönderilmişti. Sultan Süleyman, büyük oğlundan şüphelenmeye başladı ve meselenin hâlli için şehzadenin cezalandırılmasına karar verildi. Şehzade Mustafa, 6 Ekim'de Konya Ereğlisi'nde sefer ordusuna erişti. Otağ-ı Hümâyûn'a vardığında cellatlar tarafından karşılandı ve dilsiz cellatlar tarafından boğularak idam edildi.

Kapıkulu bölüğü, Şehzade Mustafa'nın idamından çok etkilendiler ve bunu bir cinayet sanıp eyleme geçtiler. Bunda kabahatlinin Sadrazam Rüstem Paşa olduğunu düşündüler. Bunun haberini hemen alan padişah aynı gün Sadrazam Rüstem Paşa'yı azletti ve damadı olan Rüstem Paşa'yı İstanbul'a geri gönderdi. Böylece 6 Ekim 1553 günü ikinci vezir olan Kara Ahmed Paşa'ya sedaret mühürü verilerek o yeni Sadrazam olarak atandı. 28 Eylül 1555'te Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın emri ile boğdurularak idam edildi.

Değerlendirme
Sicil-î Osmanî'de şöyle değerlendirilmiştir:
Gazi, gayretli, herkese haddince riayet eder, insaflı bir zat idi.

Eserleri
Topkapı'da kıymetli çinilerle süslü olan cami kendisinin olup vefatından az evvel yaptırmaya başlamış ise de tamamlanmasını görememiştir. (bkz. Gazi Ahmed Paşa Camii) Vefatında eksik kalan kısımlara kethudası Hüsrev Bey tarafından tamamlatılmış ve camii 1559/60 yılında ibadete açılmıştır. Kendisi camii yanında gömülüdür.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
2003 yapımı Hürrem Sultan dizisinde Hüseyin Avni Danyal, 2011 yapımı Muhteşem Yüzyıl dizisinde ise Yetkin Dikinciler tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yükseliş dönemi Osmanlı sadrazamları listesi

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954, 8. bas.:2003) Osmanlı Tarihi II. Cilt, İstanbul'un Fethinden Kanunî Sultan Süleyman'ın Ölümüne Kadar , Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu ISBN 975-16-0012-X say.:551
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami, (2011), İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi 6 Cilt, İstanbul:Doğu Kütüphanesi, ISBN 9789944397681 C.:5 say.:18
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Uluçam, Müjdat, "Ahmed Paşa (Kara)", (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.1 s.149 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 Clot, Andre, (Tr.çev.:Ilgaz, Turhan) (1987, 4.bas.:1994), Muhteşem Süleyman, İstanbul:Milliyet Yayınları

Dış bağlantılar
 Emecen, Feridun, "Kara Ahmed Paşa" (2001) Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt:24 Sayfa:357-358 İstanbul:TDV Yayınları. Online:
 Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar), "Ahmed Paşa (Kara)" (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, C.I say. 198-199, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 Online:

Arnavut asıllı Osmanlı siyasetçileri
16. yüzyılda Osmanlı sadrazamları
I. Süleyman'ın sadrazamları
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
1555 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler

Kara Ahmed Paşa


12278 Kisohinoki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12278 Kisohinoki este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

12278 Kisohinoki


Fritz Martin ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Fritz Martin (Fabrikant) (?–1974), deutscher Fabrikant und Firmengründer
 Fritz Martin (Maler) (1909–1995), deutscher Maler

Siehe auch:
 Friedrich Martin

Fritz Martin


An Chordifex leucoblepharus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernest Friedrich Gilg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Barbara Gillian Briggs och Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson. An Chordifex leucoblepharus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chordifex, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chordifex

Chordifex leucoblepharus