Gráfica Editora Paraná Cultural, mais conhecida como Grafipar, foi uma editora brasileira de histórias em quadrinhos. Foi fundada em Curitiba nos anos 1960 pelo libanês Said Mohamad El Kathib, inicialmente com o nome apenas de Paraná Cultural.

Até a primeira metade dos anos 1970, a Grafipar publicava apenas livros, tais como Dicionário Cultural da Língua Portuguesa (de Mansur Guérios), A História do Paraná e O Paraná e a Caricatura. Em 1977, contudo, Faruk El-Khatib, filho do fundador da editora, resolveu investir na publicação de revistas, especialmente no segmento de revistas eróticas. A primeira experiência foi com a revista de bolso Peteca, que mesclava erotismo e conteúdo educativo sobre sexo. A primeira edição vendeu 100 mil exemplares, sendo que 31.500 logo no lançamento. A revista teve ao todo 115 edições.

Embora o Brasil estivesse sob a censura da ditadura militar brasileira, Faruk contava com a amizade pessoal com um censor para conseguir lançar suas publicações sem maiores problemas. Chegou a ter a primeira publicação brasileira voltada para o público homossexual, a revista Rose, que foi feita inicialmente para as mulheres interessadas em nu masculino mas acabou sendo mais consumida pelo público gay.

Em 1978, Claudio Seto conheceu Faruk, três anos antes, Seto havia se mudado para Curitiba e se tornado ilustrador de um jornal local, na Grafipar, reviveu sua personagem Maria Erótica, publicada anteriormente na EDREL de Minami Keizi, ambos experimentaram o estilo mangá na EDREL. Seto também criou uma heroina de faroeste, Katy Apache, uma brasileira criada entre índios apaches. Katy foi inspirada na personagem de Raquel Welch no filme de faroeste Hannie Caulder de 1971, onde vestia apenas um poncho.

Os quadrinhos começaram a aparecer dentro das revistas eróticas e foram ganhando destaque a ponto de surgir a necessidade e contratar artistas para a criação de materiais em quantidade suficiente para suprir a crescente demanda. Isso levou também à criação de uma linha de quadrinhos eróticos com revistas como Maria Erótica, Quadrinhos Eróticos, Fêmeas, Próton, Katy Apache, Perícia, entre diversas outras.

O sucesso de vendas da Grafipar atraiu diversos artistas para Curitiba, pois a proximidade com a editora aumentaria o volume de trabalho e, consequentemente, os ganhos financeiros, já que a grande maioria trabalhava como freelancer. Os primeiros autores a se mudar foram Mozart Couto, Flavio Colin, Julio Shimamoto, Franco de Rosa, Gustavo Machado, Fernando Bonini, Itamar Gonçalves, Watson Portela, Eros Maichrowicz, entre outros. Por razões variadas, quase todos tornaram-se vizinhos no bairro Vila Maria, que acabou ficando informalmente conhecida como "Vila dos Quadrinistas".

O auge da editora foi nos anos 1980. Porém, nessa mesma época a censura começou a ficar mais branda e, à medida em que a proibição ao erotismo diminuía, aumentava a concorrência, especialmente após começarem a surgir diversas publicações com fotografia erótica e com nu frontal (que por muito tempo foi proibido).

Seto tentou emplacar o estilo mangá na editora, com o seu herói Super-Pinóquio,  (nitidamente baseado em Astro Boy de Osamu Tezuka e no Pinóquio de Carlo Collodi) e Robô Gigante, que continha duas histórias: uma sobre um robô gigante, roteirizado por Seto e ilustrado por Watson Portela, e Ultraboy, uma espécie de Ultraman brasileiro, de Franco de Rosa. Franco de Rosa também criou Zamor, o selvagem, ilustrado por Watson Portela, Mozart Couto  e Gustavo Machado, a série contava a história de guerreiro usando uma faca tecnológica na América do Sul pré-histórica,  época em que existiria o lendário continente Atlântida, a princípio publicado em uma revista erótica, o personagem teve um almanaque de 100 páginas. Inspirado no sucesso do filme de animação Heavy Metal (1981), que teve como base a revista de mesmo nome (uma espécie de versão americana da revista francesa Métal hurlant), foi lançado o Almanaque Xanadu, nessa revista, Watson Portela publicou Xanadu, uma outra HQ em estilo mangá.

A editora tentou publicar quadrinhos infantojuvenil e até quadrinhos com pornografia explicita no selo Bico de Pena, mas as dificuldades econômicas do país aliada a problemas de gerência fizeram com que a editora fechasse definitivamente em 1983. Diversos artistas que haviam se mudado para Curitiba foram para São Paulo ou Rio de Janeiro em busca de novas oportunidades em outras editoras.

Em 2003, a Grafipar foi homenageada pelo Prêmio Angelo Agostini com uma medalha de incentivo entregue pela comissão organizadora do evento a personalidades e instituições ligadas aos quadrinhos distribuídas em seis "categorias". Ao lado das editoras D-Arte, EBAL, GEP e Vecchi, a Grafipar foi homenageada como "Editora clássica".

A trajetória da Grafipar foi ainda tema do livro Maria Erótica e o Clamor do Sexo, de Gonçalo Junior. Continuação de A Guerra dos Gibis, que abordava a história dos quadrinhos brasileiros de 1933 a 1964, este novo livro deu sequência à pesquisa falando sobre 1964 a 1985, priorizando a censura durante a Ditadura Militar Brasileira e tendo como principal foco a história das editoras Edrel e Grafipar.

Editoras de banda desenhada do Brasil
Ganhadores do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Editoras extintas do Brasil
Editoras extintas de banda desenhada

Grafipar


An Hordeum chilense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Jakob Roemer ngan Schult.. An Hordeum chilense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hordeum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hordeum

Hordeum chilense


Les épreuves de Ski de fond aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2022 se tiendront le  au  au centre de biathlon et de ski de fond de Zhangjiakou.

Les catégories de handicaps sont debout guidés (déficient visuel), assis et debout

Trois types d'épreuves individuelles seront présents :
 Distances courtes ou sprint : 1,5 km (debout Hommes/Femmes) ou 1,1 km (luge Hommes/Femmes)
 Distances moyennes : 10 km (debout Hommes) ou 7,5 km (luge Hommes/debout Femmes) ou 5 km (luge Femmes)
 Distances longues : 20 km (debout Hommes) ou 15 km (luge Hommes/debout Femmes) ou 12 km (luge Femmes)

Il y a également deux épreuves toutes classes de handicap : un relais mixte (au moins un homme et au moins une femmes) 4 × 2,5 km , relais ouvert (au moins deux fondeurs) 4 × 2,5 km ; dans ces épreuves de relais, il peut y avoir entre deux et quatre personnes hors guide.

Les catégories de handicaps sont déficient visuel avec guide, assis en luge et debout.

Il n'y a pas de quota propre au ski de fond, sachant que le paraski nordique regroupe le ski de fond et le biathlon.

Un comité national peut se voir attribuer un maximum de vingt (20) places de qualification masculines et quatorze (14) places de qualification féminines. Des exceptions peuvent être faites via la méthode d'allocation sur invitation de la commission bipartite. Pour être éligible, il faut être classé et avoir au moins une course de 180 points ou moins sur la liste des points de classement WPBT ou WPCC au 14 février 2022.

97 fondeurs masculins et 67 féminines sont qualifiés au regard de leur classement en fin de saison ; les autres concurrents font l'objet d'une invitation bipartite émises par l'IPC et la fédération internationale.

Un comité national ne peut inscrire qu'une seule équipe par épreuve de relais avec des athlètes qui se sont qualifiés à au moins une épreuve individuelle (ski de fond ou biathlon).

Médaillés

Tableau des médailles

Notes et références

Liens externes

2022
Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2022
Jeux paralympiques de 2022
Ski en 2022

Ski de fond aux Jeux paralympiques de 2022


Campos Sales es un municipio brasileño del estado del Ceará. Está localizado en la microrregión de la Chapada del Araripe, mesorregión del Sur Cearense. Tiene 26 270 habitantes (2003) y 1082,77 km².

Política
La administración municipal se localiza en la sede: Campos Sales.

Geografía

Clima
Tropical caliente semiárido con un promedio de lluvias media de 650 mm con lluvias concentradas de enero a la abril.

Hidrografía y recursos hídricos
Los principales cursos de agua son los arroyos: Concepción, Bastiões y Negro; y represa del Pozo de Piedra.

Enlaces externos

 Mapa de Campos Sales
 Mapa de Campos Sales
 Página del IBGE
 Página del Ceará

Referencias

Localidades de Ceará

Campos Sales (Ceará)


La Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Jurídicas de la Universidad de Magallanes  fue creada en el año 2002, como resultado de la reorganización académica de la ex Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, se encuentra en el Campus Central de la Universidad de Magallanes, junto a la Facultad de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud, su Decana es doña Sonia Zuvanich Hirmas.

Departamentos y Carreras

Departamento de Administración y Economía

 Auditoría
 Ingeniería Comercial
 Técnico en Administración
 Secretariado Ejecutivo
 Analista Financiero

Departamento de Ciencias Jurídicas

 Derecho
 Asistente Judicial

Véase también

Universidad de Magallanes
Campus Central de la Universidad de Magallanes

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de la Universidad de Magallanes

Facultades de la Universidad de Magallanes
Facultades de Ciencias Económicas de Chile
Magallanes


Porto Rico está programado para competir nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, no Chile, de 20 de outubro a 5 de novembro de 2023. Será a 19.ª aparição de Porto Rico nos Jogos Pan-Americanos, tendo participado de todas as edições desde a estreia dos Jogos, em 1951.

Atletas
Abaixo está a lista do número de atletas (por gênero) participando dos jogos por esporte/disciplina.

Basquetebol

5x5

Masculino

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe masculina (de 12 atletas) após terminar em sexto na Copa América de Basquetebol Masculino de 2022.

Sumário

3x3

Masculino

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe masculina (de 4 atletas) após vencer os Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021.

Sumário

Feminino

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe feminina (de 4 atletas) após terminar entre as seis melhores nações do ranking mundial de 3x3 da FIBA, não qualificadas previamente.

Sumário

Boliche

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe de três homens e três mulheres.

Canoagem

Velocidade
Porto Rico qualificou um total de três canoístas masculinos de velocidade.

Masculino

Caratê

Porto Rico qualificou dois caratecas (um homem e uma mulher) através dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021 e do Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2023.

Kumite

Ciclismo

Porto Rico qualificou um ciclista masculino.

Mountain bike
Porto Rico qualificou um atleta durante o Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2023.

Esgrima

Porto Rico qualificou três esgrimistas (dois homens e uma mulher) através do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Esgrima de 2022 em Assunção, Paraguai.

Individual

Ginástica

Artística
Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe completa de 10 ginastas (cinco homens e cinco mulheres) no Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2023.

Masculino
Classificação individual e por equipes

Legenda de classificação: Q = Classificado para a final por aparelhos

Feminino
Classificação individual e por equipes

Legenda de classificação: Q = Classificado para a final por aparelhos

Handebol

Feminino

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe feminina (de 14 atletas) após ser finalista dos Jogos Centro-Americanos e do Caribe de 2023.

Sumário

Levantamento de peso

Porto Rico qualificou seis halterofilistas (três homens e três mulheres) após as edições de 2021 e 2022 do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Levantamento de Peso.

Lutas

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe de 9 lutadores (8 homens e 1 mulher) através do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Lutas de 2022 e do Campeonato Pan-Americano de Lutas de 2023.

Masculino

Feminino

Patinação sobre rodas

Skate
Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe de dois skatistas masculinos através do Ranking Olímpico Mundial.

Masculino

Softbol

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe feminina (de 18 atletas) em virtude de sua campanha no Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2022.

Sumário

Surfe

Porto Rico qualificou três surfistas (dois homens e uma mulher).

Artístico

Corrida

Taekwondo

Porto Rico qualificou oito atletas (quatro homens e quatro mulheres) durante o Torneio Classificatório para os Jogos Pan-Americanos.

Kyorugi

Poomsae

Tênis de mesa

Porto Rico qualificou uma equipe completa de seis atletas (três homens e três mulheres) através do Campeonato do Caribe de 2023.

Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Tiro com arco

Porto Rico qualificou dois arqueiros durante o Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2022. Porto Rico classificou duas arqueiras durante a Copa Merengue de 2023.

Tiro esportivo

Porto Rico qualificou um total de 15 atiradores esportivos no Campeonato das Américas de Tiro de 2022.

Masculino
Pistola e carabina

Masculino
Espingarda

Feminino
Pistola e carabina

Feminino
Espingarda

Vela

Porto Rico qualificou 4 barcos para um total de 5 velejadores.

Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Ver também
Porto Rico nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024

Países nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023
2023

Porto Rico nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023


بحيرة أونتاريو  أصغر البحيرات العظمى الخمس في أمريكا الشمالية أكثرها اتجاهًا نحو الشرق وتشكل همزة وصل في منظومة سانت لورنس البحرية وبالرغم من أنها مفتوحة للسفن طوال السنة إلا أن معدل مرور السفن فيها أقل مما في البحيرات الأخرى وترتفع البحيرة عن مستوى سطح البحر 75 متر ويعني عمق مياه البحيرة الكبير وانخفاض مستوى سطحها أن ثلثي مياهها يقع دون مستوى سطح البحر ولا تلمسها الرياح والتيارات السطحية ولا تتجمد مياه البحيرة في الشتاء عدا منطقة الساحل حيث يكون الماء ضحلًا وعمق البحيرة يجعل مياهها على السطح أبرد من الهواء فوقها كما أنها أدفئ في الشتاء لذا للبحيرة تأثير معتدل على المناخ في المنطقة ولا ترتفع درجة الحرارة نهارا عند منفذ البحيرة في الجزء الشرقي ودرجات الحرارة على الساحل الجنوبي أكثر اعتدالا حيث تنمو أشجار الفواكه في أرجاء المنطقة الواقعة على جانبي حدود الولايات المتحدة مع كندا ومن المدن الواقعة عليها مدينة تورونتو في كندا. يبدأ منها نهر سان لوران مسيره نحو الشرق قرب مدينة كينغستون و تصب مياه البحيرة في المحيط الأطلسي خلال نهر سانت لورنس و يربط نهر تياجارا و قناة ويلاند بحيرة أونتاريو ببحيرة آيري الواقعة في الجانب الغربي وترتبط البحيرة بنهر هدسون وبمدينة نيويورك بواسطة قناة إيري و نهر جينيسي و أوسيجو و ترينت و همبر وتطل على البحيرة عدة موانئ هامة منها روشتر وكويورج و تورنتو وهاملتون و كنجستون.

أعلام

 وليم غاي كار

اقرأ أيضا
 شلالات بان جيوك ديتيان

مراجع

أونتاريو
البحيرات العظمى
الحدود الأمريكية الكندية
أونتاريو
أونتاريو
أونتاريو
أونتاريو
طريق سانت لورانس البحري

بحيرة أونتاريو


Carl Schleich ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859–1922), deutscher Chirurg und Schriftsteller
 Carl Ludwig Schleich (Politiker) (1899–1944), deutscher Politiker (NSDAP)

Siehe auch:
 Karl Schleich (1788–1840), deutscher Kupferstecher

Carl Schleich


İTÜ Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi, Elektrik mühendisliği, Elektronik ve Haberleşme mühendisliği ve Kontrol mühendisliği bölümlerini barındırmaktadır. Ayazağa yerleşkesinde bulunur. Fakülte programları ABET sürecinden geçmiştir ve 2005 yılında akreditasyon almıştır. Eğitim dili İngilizce ve Türkçe'dir. Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi öğrencilerinin katılımıyla Arıba, Arıba2, ARIBA3(ITURA), ARIBA4, HydroBee gibi projeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca İTÜRO robot olimpiyatları etkinliği de fakülte öğrencilerinin kurduğu İTÜ Kontrol ve Otomasyon Kulübü tarafından yapılmaktadır.

Fakülte tarafından Türkiye'de ilk yüksek gerilim laboratuvarı, ilk Televizyon yayını, ilk stereo radyo yayını, ilk mikroelektronik laboratuvarı ve mikrochip üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Geçmiş
1926 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi (eski adıyla İstanbul Dar-ül Fünun'u) Fen Fakültesi'nde oluşturulan Makine-Elektrik Enstitüsü, 1934 yılında Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'ne (İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi), Elektro-Mekanik Şubesi olarak bağlanmıştır. Bu olay İTÜ Elektrik Mühendisliği Bölümü'nün başlangıcı olmuştur.

1944 yılında Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nin İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'ne dönüştürülmesi sırasında Elektrik Şubesi de Elektrik Fakültesi'ne dönüştürülmüştür. Biri Kuvvetli Akım (Elektrik Mühendisliği) diğeri de Zayıf Akım (Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği) olmak üzere iki öğretim verecek şekilde yapılanmıştır.

1954 yılında kurulmuş olan Maçka Teknik Okulu Elektrik Şubesi de Elektrik Fakültesiyle iç içe sürdürülen dört yıllık bir öğretimle Elektrik Mühendisi yetiştirmiş, 1969 yılında Okul Maçka Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi'ne dönüştürülmüş, bu yeni fakültenin Elektrik Mühendisliği Bölümü daha sonra Maçka Elektrik Fakültesi biçiminde örgütlenmiştir. Maçka Elektrik Fakültesi 1982 yılında İTÜ Elektrik Fakültesi'ne katılmıştır.

Yine 1982 yılında, İTÜ Elektrik Fakültesi'nin Zayıf Akım Kolu yerine Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği bölümü, Kuvvetli Akım Kolu yerine Elektrik Mühendisliği bölümü kurulmuş, bunların yanı sıra çağın gelişmeleri doğrultusunda bir de Kontrol ve Bilgisayar Mühendisliği bölümü oluşturulmuştur. 1983 yılında fakültenin adı Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi olarak değiştirilmiştir.

1998 yılında Bilgisayar Mühendisliği kurulmuştür. 2001 yılında Kontrol Mühendisliği ayrı bir bölüm olarak kurulmuştur. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği de Elektronik mühendisliği ve Telekomünikasyon mühendisliği şeklinde iki ayrı bölüme ayrılmıştır.

2005 yılında bütün programlar ABET akreditasyonu kazanmıştır. 2010 yılında Bilgisayar Mühendisliği bölümü Bilgisayar ve Bilişim Fakültesi'ne dahil olmuştur. Elektronik ve Telekomünikasyon mühendislikleri birleşmiş ve Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği tekrar oluşturulmuştur.

Ünlü Mezunlar
 Bedri Karafakıoğlu
 Duran Leblebici
 Faruk Yarman
 Mehmet Hacim Kamoy
 Selçuk Bayraktar
 Turgut Özal
 Yılmaz Tokad
 Yusuf Leblebici

Bölümler
 Elektrik Mühendisliği Bölümü
 Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Bölümü
 Kontrol ve Otomasyon Mühendisliği Bölümü

Ayrıca bakınız
ARIBA
İTÜRO
Elektrik mühendisliği
Elektronik ve haberleşme mühendisliği
Kontrol mühendisliği

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İTÜ Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi
 İTÜ UHUZAM (Uydu Yer İstasyonu)

İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Elektrik-Elektronik Fakültesi


João Henrique Böhn, Barão de Böhn (; Bremen,  — Rio de Janeiro, ) foi um militar e nobre alemão, nasceu na cidade alemã de Bremen em 1708 e faleceu no Rio de Janeiro em 1783. É conhecido no Brasil pela sua participação na Guerra Hispano-Portuguesa de 1776 à 1777, na qual obteve a recuperação do Rio Grande do Sul, até então ocupado pelos espanhóis.

Biografia
Böhn nasceu na cidade de Bremen, a 20 de Junho de 1708, cidade em que governou militarmente a serviço da Inglaterra, em 1764, como coronel e barão. Participou da Guerra dos Sete Anos (1756-1763) junto com seu mestre, o Conde de Lippe.

Em 1762 o Conde de Lippe foi contratado por Portugal, na missão de reorganizar o exército português, e trouxe consigo o coronel Henrique Böhn, como seu ajudante-geral. O Conde de Lippe, ao indicar Böhn para o serviço em Portugal, o descreveu como: "energético, valente e disciplinador". Terminada a guerra, Böhn ainda permaneceria em Portugal como assessor militar do Marquês de Pombal (primeiro ministro de Portugal). Seu contrato com o governo português lhe concedeu a patente de marechal de campo e o tratamento honorário de conde.

Serviço no Brasil
Em 1767 Böhn foi enviado ao Brasil para reorganizar as tropas brasileiras, conforme o Conde de Lippe já havia feito com o exército português. Chegou ao Rio de Janeiro, em 5 de outubro de 1767, acompanhado de sua esposa Agnes Judith Sibilly von Dinklage, que viria a falecer nessa mesma cidade por volta de 1775. Veio investido das funções que exerceu até morrer: Inspetor Geral, comandante e administrador de todas as tropas de infantaria, cavalaria e artilharia do Brasil, tendo como superior imediato o Vice-Rei, desde que este não contrariasse instruções que recebera de Portugal.

Integravam a comitiva de Böhn três regimentos de Infantaria vindos de Moura, Bragança e Estremoz e cerca de 70 oficiais já familiarizados com a doutrina militar do Conde Lippe, composta de 13 regulamentos. Sua missão era uniformizar e unificar o Exército Colonial do Brasil e subordiná-lo a um Comando Geral Superior. Até então o Exército Colonial do Brasil não possuía uma Doutrina Militar padrão. Cada tropa seguia as indicações, caprichos e conhecimentos de cada comandante, além das diferenças de cada Capitania. Dentre os planos de Böhn estava a recuperação do Rio Grande do Sul e a fortificação das bases militares terrestres e navais do Rio de Janeiro e da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Com a ajuda dos engenheiros militares Marechal Jaques Funk, Coronel José Custódio Faria e Capitão Francisco Róscio o Rio tornou-se uma das cidades mais bem protegida do mundo.

Em 1774 Böhn partiu para o Rio Grande comandando o Exército do Sul, com a missão de, a partir de bases em São José do Norte, Porto Alegre e Rio Pardo, expulsar os espanhóis do Rio Grande do Sul, que já dominavam metade de seu território há 13 anos, com suas bases nas localidades de Rio Grande, Santa Tecla (próximo a Bagé), e São Martinho (próximo da atual Santa Maria). A missão de retomada do Rio Grande do Sul acabou resultando na Guerra Hispano-Portuguesa de 1776-1777 e teve como resultado a retomada do Rio Grande do Sul pelos portugueses e a conquista da Colônia do Sacramento pelos espanhóis. Sobre as ações militares no Sul do Brasil, Böhn escreveu um livro em francês intitulado "Memórias Relativas à Expedição do Rio Grande da qual fui encarregado pelo rei D. José I, de 1774 ao final em 1779, contendo cartas que escrevi ao Marquês do Lavradio, Vice-Rei do Brasil".

Retornando do Rio Grande, Böhn viveu quatro anos no Rio de Janeiro. No dia 17 de Julho de 1782, aos 74 anos de idade, sofreu um acidente quando o seu cavalo tombou durante um exercício de equitação. Em consequência, o velho general sofreu ferimentos graves, mas conseguiu sobreviver por mais um ano e, por esta graça converteu-se ao catolicismo, oito dias depois. O fato teve grande repercussão no Rio de Janeiro, em todas as classes sociais. Foram celebrados diversos Te Deum em várias igrejas. A Irmandade dos Militares mandou celebrar missa, em ação de graças, muito concorrida, que contou com a presença do Vice-Rei e do Bispo do Rio Janeiro. Böhn faleceu a 22 de Dezembro de 1783, sendo sepultado no Convento de Santo Antônio, ligado às tradições militares do Rio de Janeiro.

Nascidos em 1708
Mortos em 1783
Generais de Portugal do século XVIII
Pessoas relacionadas ao Exército Brasileiro
Exército Português
História militar do Brasil

João Henrique Böhn


The flag of Arkansas, also known as the Arkansas flag, consists of a red field charged with a large blue-bordered white lozenge (diamond). Twenty-nine five-pointed stars appear on the flag: twenty-five small white stars within the blue border, and four larger blue stars in the white diamond. The inscription "ARKANSAS" appears in blue within the white lozenge, with one star above and three stars below. The star above and the two outer stars below point upwards; the inner star below points downwards. The flag was designed by Willie K. Hocker of Wabbaseka, a member of Pine Bluff Chapter of the Arkansas Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

History
In 1912, the Pine Bluff Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution decided to present the newly commissioned battleship USS Arkansas with an official state flag. The chapter contacted Arkansas secretary of state Earle E. Hodges requesting information on how to obtain the state's flag. Hodges then informed the chapter that in fact no such state flag existed. With Hodge's support, the Pine Bluff Chapter began a statewide contest to design a new state flag. A committee was appointed, and it asked for designs to be submitted for consideration. Hocker's design was "a rectangular field of red, on which is placed a large white diamond, bordered by a wide band of blue. Across the diamond is the word 'ARKANSAS'," (placed there by request of the committee) "and the blue stars, one above, two below the word. On the blue band are placed 25 white stars." This flag was adopted by the Arkansas legislature on February 26, 1913.

In 1923, the legislature added a fourth star, representing the Confederate States. This fourth star was originally placed so that there were two stars above the state name and two below; this was to include the Confederate States alongside France, Spain, and the United States. Since this disturbed the other two meanings of the original three stars, the legislature corrected this in 1924 by placing the fourth star above "ARKANSAS" and the original three stars below it, as it is today. The 1924 design was confirmed as law in 1987 by Act 116, signed by Governor Bill Clinton.

In 2011, Act 1205 (formerly House Bill 1546) was signed by Governor Mike Beebe, adding some more details to the flag. In the terms of colors, the red and blue used on the flag of Arkansas are Old Glory Red and Old Glory Blue. The Act also stated that flags purchased by the secretary of state must be manufactured in the United States.

In 2018, the original 1913 Arkansas state flag and a 1923 version both underwent an estimated $20,000 in restoration cost.

Symbolism
The flag's elements have a complex symbolism. According to the 1987 state law defining the flag, the diamond represents Arkansas' status as "the only diamond-bearing state in the Union". (Crater of Diamonds State Park was the only diamond mine in North America at the time, before more recent discoveries in Colorado and Montana. However, the state park is still the only place that the public can search for, and keep, diamonds.)

The number (25) of white stars around the border of the diamond represents Arkansas' position as the 25th state to join the Union.

The star above "ARKANSAS" represents the Confederacy, to which Arkansas was admitted on May 18, 1861.

The three stars below "ARKANSAS" have three separate meanings:
 The three other nations to which Arkansas has belonged (France, Spain, and the U.S.)
 The Louisiana Purchase, which brought Arkansas into the U.S., was signed in 1803.
 Arkansas was the third state (after Louisiana and Missouri) formed from the Louisiana Purchase.
The statute states that the two outer, upward-pointing stars of the three are considered "twin stars" representing the "twin states" of Arkansas and Michigan, which it claims were admitted together on June 15, 1836.  However, that part of the statute contains two inaccuracies:
 The three stars were in a single row in Hocker's original design; they were not arranged in a triangle until later. Though one source indicates that the "twin states" symbolism was added by the 44th Arkansas General Assembly, another states Hocker's "twin stars" are actually two of the 25 stars in the diamond, in the far left and right points; the latter is more consistent with the original design, even though Michigan is actually the 26th state.
 While both states' acts of admission were signed by President Andrew Jackson on that day and Arkansas became a state immediately, Michigan was offered admission only on condition of ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for the Upper Peninsula. Once that happened, it was finally admitted on January 26, 1837.

In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed the Arkansas state flag 45th in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territory flags ranked.

Salute
The law defining the flag also defines a text to be used in saluting the flag: "I salute the Arkansas Flag with its diamond and stars. We pledge our loyalty to thee." The salute was written by author Virginia Belcher Brock.

See also

 List of Arkansas state symbols
 List of flags by design
 List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia

References

Further reading

External links

 Arkansas state flag protocol

1913 establishments in Arkansas
Arkansas statutes
Daughters of the American Revolution
Arkansas
Arkansas
Lost Cause of the Confederacy
Arkansas

Flag of Arkansas


NGC 4605 es una galaxia espiral en la constelación de la Osa Mayor.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Galaxias espirales
Constelación de la Osa Mayor
4605
7831
42408
Grupo M81

NGC 4605


මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හා උතුරු අයර්ලන්ත එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා (), යනු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආණ්ඩු ප්‍රධානියා වෙයි. අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා සහ ඔහුගේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ අමාත්‍යවරුන් ඇතුළු ඔහුගේ අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය රජයට, පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට, ඔවුන්ගේ දේශපාලන පක්ෂයට සහ ඔවුන් හරහා ඡන්දදායකයින්ට ඔවුන්ගේ රජයේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති සහ මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා ඒකාබද්ධව වගකිව යුතුය. වත්මන් අගමැති, කොන්සර්වේටිව් පක්ෂ නායක රිෂී සුනාක්, 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් 25 වන දින රජු විසින් පත් කරන ලදී.රොබට් වල්පෝල් පළමු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති විය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැතිවරු ඔවුන්ගේ පාලන කාලය තුළ 10 ඩව්නිං වීදියේ වාසය කරති.

මූලාශ්‍ර

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අගමැති


() යනු ජපානයේ නගරයක් වන අතර, එය ක්යූශූ දූපතේ පිහිටා ඇති නාගසාකි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ අගනුවර මෙන්ම විශාලතම නගරයද වේ. එය 16 වන සියවසේ සිට 19 වන සියවස දක්වා අතර කාලය තුල පෘතුගීසි සහ අනෙකුත් යුරෝපීය ජාතීන් රැසකගේ වෙළඳ මධ්‍යස්ථානයක්ද විය. නාගසාකි නගරයේ පිහිටා ඇති ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලි සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමට අයත් ස්ථාන රැසක් යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම ලැයිස්තුවට ඇතුලත් කිරීම සඳහා නිර්දේශ වී ඇත. නාගසාකි නගරයේ කොටසක්, පළමු චීන-ජපාන යුද්ධය සහ රුසියානු-ජපාන යුද්ධය පැවති කාලසීමාවේදී ජපාන අධිරාජ්‍ය නාවික හමුදාවට අයත් කඳවුරක් පිහිටුවීමටද යොදාගෙන ඇත. නාගසාකි යන්නෙහි අර්ථය වන්නේ "දිගු තුඩුව" යන්නයි.

නාගසාකි නගරය ලොව න්‍යෂ්ටික ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක්වූ දෙවන සහ දැනට අවසන් නගරය ලෙස සැලකේ. ඊට හේතුව වන්නේ දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය අවසන් වීමට දින කිහිපයකට පෙර, එනම් 1945 අගෝස්තු 9 වෙනිදා පෙ.ව. 11:02 ට ඇමරිකාව විසින් නාගසාකි නගරයට "ෆැට් මෑන්" නමැති පරමාණු බෝම්බය හෙලීමයි.

2009 ජනවාරි 1 දිනට නගරයේ ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 446,007ක් වන අතර ජනගහන ඝනත්වය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයට පුද්ගලයින් 1,100ක් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය

මධ්‍යකාලීන සහ පූර්ව නූතන ඉතිහාසය
1543 වසරේ පෘතුගීසි ගවේශකයින් නාගසාකියට ගොඩ බැසීමට පෙර එය පැවතියේ, වැඩි ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකමක් නොමැති, කුඩා වරායන් කිහිපයකින් සමන්විත ධීවර නගරයක් ලෙසය. නගරයට මුලින්ම පැමිණි විදේශිකයන්ගෙන් අයෙකු වූයේ පෘතුගීසි ජාතික ෆර්නාවෝ මෙන්ඩිස් පින්ටෝය. ඔහු පෘතුගීසි නෞකාවකින් පැමිණ ටනෙගශිමා ප්‍රදේශයට ගොඩබසින ලද්දෙකි.

එයින් පසු නැන්බැන් වෙළඳාම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, පෘතුගීසි නෞකා, ජපානය සමග විධිමත් වෙළඳ සම්බන්ධතා අරඹමින් ජපානයට නිතරම යාත්‍රා කරන්නට විය. එමගින් චීනය ඇතුළු   බාහිර ලෝකය සමග පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලැබූ ජපාන වෙළඳ සම්බන්ධතා තවදුරටත් වර්ධනය විය. චීනය හා ජපානය අතර ඊට පෙර පැවති වාණිජ සහ දේශපාලන සබඳතා දකුණු චීන මුහුදේදී සිදුවූ වුකෝ මංකොල්ලය වැනි සිදුවීම් නිසා බිඳවැටිණි. නමුත් පෘතුගීසීන්ගේ පැමිණීමෙන් පසු, ජපානය සහ චීනය අතර අතරමැදියන් ලෙස කටයුතු කිරීමට පෘතුගීසින් ක්‍රියා කළහ. මෙම වෙළඳ කටයුතු වලට හවුල් වූ පාර්ශව වලටත්, ඒවායෙන් ඉමහත් ලාභ ලැබීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වූ ක්යූශූ හි දයිමියෝවරයාටත්, ඒ වන විට තිබූ ප්‍රධාන ගැටලුව වූයේ ක්යූශූ දූපතේ වරායක් නොමැති වීමයි.

මේ කාලය අතරතුර 1549 දී නවාරේ රාජධානියේ මිෂනාරිවරයෙකු වූ ශාන්ත ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් සේවියර් දකුණු ක්යූශූ ප්‍රදේශයේ කගොශිමාවට සැපත් වී, ඉන්පසු ජපානය පුරා ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුමක් දියත් කළේය. පසුව 1551 දී හෙතෙම චීනයට ගිය අතර ටික කලකට පසු එහිදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයින් අතර දයිමියෝවරු රැසක්ද වේ. ඕමුරා සුමිටාඩා ඒ අතරින් ප්‍රධාන වේ. ඔහු ක්‍රිස්තියානි (කිරිශිටාන්) ආගම වැළඳගැනීම ඔහුට ඉමහත් ලාභ ගෙන දුන්නේය. පෘතුගීසි නෞකා වලට ලැබෙන ආදායමෙන් කොටසක් ඔහුටද හිමිවීම ඊට හේතුවයි. 1569 වසරේදී පෘතුගීසි නැව් නැවත්වීම සඳහා නාගසාකියේ වරායක් තැනීමට ඕමුරා විසින් අවසර දෙන ලදී. මිෂනාරිවරයෙකු වූ ගැස්පර් විලේලා සහ පෘතුගීසි කපිතාන්-මේජර් ට්‍රිස්ටාවෝ වාස් ද වෙයිගා යන අයගේ අධීක්ෂණය යටතේ ද, ඕමුරාගේ පෞද්ගලික සහයෝගයෙන්ද, 1571 වන විටදී එම වරාය සාදා නිම විය.

කුඩා වරාය ගම්මානයක් ලෙස පැවති නාගසාකිය ඉතා ඉක්මනින් වරාය නගරයක් දක්වා දියුණු විය. ඒ හරහා දුම්කොළ, පාන්, රෙදිපිළි සහ පෘතුගීසි ස්පොන්ජ්-කේක් වර්ගයක් වන කසුතෙරා (castellas) වැනි දෑ ජපානයට ආනයනය කල අතර, ඒවා ජපාන සංස්කෘතියට එකතු විය. තෙම්පුරා නමැති ආහාරය ජපන් සංස්කෘතියට එකතු වූයේ peixinho-da-horta නමැති පෘතුගීසි කෑම වට්ටෝරුවකට අනුවය. පෘතුගීසීන්ගේ ආගමනය ජපන් සංස්කෘතියට බලපෑ ආකාරය පෙන්වීමට එය හොඳ උදාහරණයකි. පෘතුගීසින් විසින් චීනයෙන්ද ජපානයට භාණ්ඩ ගෙන එන ලදී.

සෙන්ගොකු යුගයේදී පවතී අස්ථාවර භාවය නිසා කතෝලික නගරයක් කතෝලික නොවන දයිමියෝවරයෙකු අතට පත්වීම වැලැක්වීමට, නාගසාකියේ පාලනය සොසයිටි ඔෆ් ජීසස් නමැති කතෝලික සංවිධානය වෙත පවරා ගැනීමට සුමිටාඩා සහ මිෂනාරියෙකු වූ ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වැලිග්නානෝ යන අය විසින් සැලැස්මක් දියත් කළහ. මේ හේතුවෙන් 1580 වසරෙන් පසු කෙටි කාලයකට නාගසාකිය එම කතෝලික සංවිධානයේ කොලනියක් බවට පත්විය. එය ඔවුන්ගේ පරිපාලන සහ මිලිටරි බලයට යටත් විය. නාගසාකිය මෙලෙස කතෝලික කොලනියක් බවට පත්වීම නිසා, ජපානයේ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශ වලදී තාඩන පීඩන වලට ලක්වන කතෝලිකයන් නාගසාකියට පැමිණ පදිංචි වූහ. ටොයොටොමි හිඩෙයෝෂි විසින් දියත් කරනු ලැබූ ජපානය එක්සත් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය 1587 දී ක්යූශූ දූපතට පැමිණියහ. ඒ වනවිට දකුණු ජපානය තුල ඉතා විශාල වශයෙන් කතෝලික දහම ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇති ආකාරයත්, ජපාන දේශපාලනයට මිෂනාරීන් විසින් සිදුකර ඇති බලපෑමත් දුටු හිඩෙයෝෂි, සියලුම මිෂනාරීන් දකුණු ජපාන දේශපාලනයෙන් නෙරපා දමා එහි පාලන බලය සියතට ගත්තේය. කෙසේවෙතත් මෙහිදී ඔවුන්ව බලෙන් පිටුවහල් කිරීමක් සිදු නොවුනි. එම නිසා නාගසාකියේ වැඩි ජනකායක් තවදුරටත් කතෝලික දහමම ඇදහූහ.

1596 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වූ සැන් ෆෙලිප් නෞකාව ෂිකොකු වෙරළට ආසන්නයේදී අනතුරකට ලක් විය. ජපානයට එල්ල වූ ඉබරියානු ආක්‍රමණයකදී, එහි යුධ බලඇණිය ලෙස කටයුතු කර ඇත්තේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කානුවන් බව, එම නැවේ කපිතාන්වරයාගෙන් හිඩෙයෝෂි දැනගත්තේය. ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර ලෙස එම වසරේ පෙබරවාරි 5 වෙනිදා නාගසාකියේ කතෝලිකයන් 26 දෙනෙකු කුරුසියේ ඇණ ගසා මරාදැමීමට හෙතෙම නියෝග කළේය. කෙසේවෙතත් පෘතුගීසි වෙළෙන්දන් පිටුවහල් කිරීමක් සිදු නොවුණු අතර, එම නිසාම නගරය තව දුරටත් දියුණුවට පත්විය.

1602 දී ඔගස්ටීනියන් මිෂනාරීන්ද ජපානයට පැමිණියහ. ටෝකුගාවා ඉයෙයාසු 1603 දී බලයට පත්වන විටත් කතෝලික දහම ප්‍රභලව ව්‍යාප්තව පැවතිනි. සෙකිගහරා සටන පැවති අවස්ථාවේ කතෝලික දයිමියෝවරු රැසක් මිත්‍ර පාක්ෂිකව කටයුතු කළහ. ඔවුන්ට එරෙහිව සටන් කිරීමට ටොකුගාවාට බලයක් නොතිබුණි. එක් අවස්තාවකදී ඔසාකා මාලිගාව අල්ලාගත් අතර ටොයොටොමි හිඩෙයෝෂිගේ දරුවෙකුද ඝාතනය විය. කෙසේවෙතත් ටොකුගාවාගේ බලප්‍රදේශය අරක්ශා කරගනීමට හෙතෙම සමත්විය. මේ අතරම ඕලන්ද සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයින්ද වෙළඳාම සඳහා ජපානයට පැමිණි අතර, ආගමික බලපෑම් වලින් තොරව වෙළඳ කටයුතු කිරීමට ඔවුන් කටයුතු කළහ. 1614 වසරේදී කතෝලික දහම නිල වශයෙන් ජපානය තුල තහනම් වූ අතර, සියලුම මිෂනාරීන්ට ජපානය අතහැර යන ලෙස නියෝග කෙරිණි. බොහොමයක් කතෝලික දයිමියෝවරු ඔවුන්ගේ ආගම අත්හැර ඔවුන්ගේ රාජකාරි දිගටම කරගෙන යාමට එකඟ වූහ. නමුත් ඉතිරි පිරිස ආගම අත්හැරීමෙන් තොරව ජපානයෙන් පිටවී, මැකාවු, ලූසන්, සහ අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ ඇති ජපන් නගරවලට ගොස් ජීවත් වූහ. ක්යූශූ දූපතෙත්, ඉන් පිටත ජපානයේ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශ වලත් සිටි කතෝලිකයන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමෙන් ඉවත් වීමට බලකිරීම සඳහා ඉතා සාහසික ව්‍යාපාරයක් දියත් විය. එමගින් විශාල පිරිසක් කතෝලික දහම අත්හරින ලද අතර, තවත් විශාල පිරිසකට දරුණු පහරදීම් සහ ඝාතනයන්ට ලක්වීමට සිදුවිය.

එයින් පසුව මෙයිජි ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය දක්වා කාලය තුල ජපානයේ කතෝලිකයන් විසින් සිදුකරනු ලැබූ සැලකියයුතු මට්ටමේ එකම මිලිටරි ක්‍රියාව වූයේ 1637 දී සිදුවූ ෂිමබාරා කැරැල්ල වේ. කෙසේවෙතත් මෙම කැරැල්ලට යුරෝපීයයන් සෘජුවම සම්බන්ධ බවට සාක්ෂි හමුවී නොමැත. නමුත් ෂිමබාරා ප්‍රදේශය දශක ගණනාවක් පුරා ක්‍රිස්තියානි හන් පරිපාලනමය ඒකකයක් ලෙස පැවතිනි.

ආශ්‍රිත

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

ආසියාව
විකිපීඩියා ආසියානු මාසය 2015
ජපානය
ජපානයේ නගර
නගර
දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය

නාගසාකි


Pikrokrosin, glikoz ve safranal'ın tepkimesinden meydana gelir. Safran çiçeğinden elde edilen safran baharatında bulunur. Pikronoksinin tadı acıdır ve safranın tadında en etkili olan bileşiktir.

Pikrokrosinin zeaksantin isimli karotenoidin yıkım ürünü olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Glikozitler
Aldehitler
Safran

Pikrokrosin


Broozer est un groupe de sludge metal australien, originaire de Melbourne.

Biographie
Le groupe est formé en 2010. En 2012, le groupe participe au Bastardfest, avant de participer au Slaughterfest à Sydney en 2013. En 2012, Grindhead Records publie son premier album, 12.04.12, enregistré sous la direction de Jason Fuller dans les studios Goatsound de Melbourne. Le même label publie son deuxième album, II, en 2015. Jusqu'à présent, au cours de sa carrière, le groupe joue notamment avec Beastwars, Monarch!, Blood Duster, Psycroptic, King Parrot, Captain Cleanoff et participe également à des festivals comme le Bloodrock Fest à Perth ou le Comafest à Sydney.

Style musical
Selon Brian Giffin dans son , le groupe joue du sludge metal lourd et techniquement un peu exigeant. Robyn Morrison de heavymag.com.au déclare dans sa critique de II que le groupe avait plus en commun avec des groupes comme Exhorder ou Autopsy qu'avec Acid Bath par exemple. La basse, qui sonne parfois comme une fuzz, est particulièrement frappante dans les chansons. Les chansons oscilleraient entre grooves et passages plus proches du death metal ou du death metal old school. Des samples de films sont utilisés dans certaines chansons et des incursions dans le punk hardcore sont également caractéristiques. Le groupe joue certes du sludge, mais il est présenté avec la rigueur et l'attitude du death metal. Benjen Merritt de metalobsession.net a également fait une critique de l'album et a constaté que Broozer ne s'égare pas dans le stoner metal ou le rock psychédélique comme d'autres groupes de sludge, mais reste fidèle au genre. Il utilise des riffs simples et puissants et un chant agressif. Les riffs donneraient une impression de chaos. Dans les chansons, le groupe utilise parfois des indications de mesure impaires.

Discographie
 2012 : 12.04.12 (album, Grindhead Records)
 2015 : II (album, Grindhead Records)

Notes et références

Groupe de sludge metal
Groupe musical formé en 2010

Broozer


Die kasachische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Tennisnationalmannschaft Kasachstans. Der Davis Cup ist der wichtigste Wettbewerb für Nationalmannschaften im Herren-Tennis, analog zum Fed Cup bei den Damen.

Geschichte
Seit 1995 nimmt Kasachstan am Davis Cup teil, wobei einige Spieler bereits zuvor für das Team der damaligen Sowjetunion gespielt haben. Das beste Ergebnis erzielte Kasachstan im Jahr 2011 bei seiner zweiten Teilnahme in der Weltgruppe. Nach einem 3:2 gegen Tschechien zog die Mannschaft ins Viertelfinale ein, unterlag dort aber anschließend Argentinien mit 0:5. Dieses Ergebnis konnte Kasachstan 2013, 2014 und 2015 wiederholen.

Erfolgreichster Spieler ist Alexei Kedrjuk, der innerhalb von 15 Jahren insgesamt 66 Partien gewinnen konnte.

Eine Besonderheit der Mannschaft stellt die Herkunft der meisten Spieler dar: Aufgrund der schlechten Perspektive in der russischen Davis-Cup-Mannschaft haben sich bereits mehrere Spieler entschlossen, die kasachische Staatsbürgerschaft anzunehmen, um künftig im Davis Cup starten zu können. Im Sommer 2008 ließen sich zum Beispiel Andrei Golubew, Michail Kukuschkin und Juri Schtschukin gleichzeitig einbürgern. Auch Jewgeni Koroljow startete seine Profikarriere zunächst unter der russischen Flagge. Aufgrund der plötzlichen qualitativen Verbesserung gelang es der Mannschaft auch prompt, bis in die Weltgruppe vorzustoßen.

Aktuelles Team
Folgende Spieler traten bislang im Davis Cup 2016 für ihr Land an:
 Andrei Golubew
 Michail Kukuschkin
 Alexander Nedowessow

Siehe auch
Kasachische Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Mannschaft

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
D
Daviscup

Kasachische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


221026 Jeancoester este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
221026 Jeancoester este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Saint-Sulpice de Bernard Christophe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,45 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 5,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 221001-222000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2005
Centura de asteroizi

221026 Jeancoester


Wendel Polich (Ruski Krstur, Imperio austrohúngaro, 26 de abril de 1892 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 27 de noviembre de 1979), también conocido como Vendel Polich, fue un astrólogo de la Argentina creador del sistema Topocéntrico de casas y colaborador del Centro Astrológico de Buenos Aires.

Biografía
Nació en el seno de una familia húngara en Voivodina, que en aquel entonces formaba parte del Imperio austrohúngaro y que actualmente es parte de la República de Serbia. Completó sus estudios de Matemáticas en Budapest y dictó clases, pero la anexión de su provincia natal a Yugoslavia lo llevó a emigrar a la Argentina en 1924. Se inició en el estudio de astrología en 1934. Residió en Quilmes el resto de su vida. En 1942 conoció en Buenos Aires al inglés Anthony Nelson Page, con quien llevó adelante sus investigaciones astrológicas hasta su muerte en 1970. Juntos crearon el sistema Topocéntrico de casas, al que presentaron en publicaciones especializadas en Inglaterra en los años '60 y que suscitó gran interés a nivel internacional. El sistema fue ampliamente difundido en los países de habla hispana por el Centro Astrológico de Buenos Aires y la edición por parte de su director Eloy Ricardo Dumón de varios artículos de Polich y Page en la revista Astrología, de las Tablas de Casas topocéntricas y del libro del propio Vendel Polich El Sistema Topocéntrico. Dicho sistema se extendió a muchas otras aplicaciones que fueron más allá de las meras casas astrológicas, generando una corriente denominada Topocentrismo, que tiene un fuerte impacto en la astrología de los países de América Latina.

Su hija, Selma Polich, continuó trabajando en la misma línea, especializándose en la investigación estadística, así como la hija de ésta, Alejandra Eusebi Polich, directora de la Escuela de Astrología de Quilmes y Directora y Presidenta de la Fundación Centro Astrológico de Buenos Aires.

Obras
 El Sistema Topocéntrico (1976). Regulus, Buenos Aires.
 Numerosos artículos sobre astrología y el sistema Topocéntrico en las revistas Spica, Londres; Astrología, Buenos Aires; y Gran Fraternidad Universal, Venezuela. Algunos en colaboración con A. Nelson Page.

Referencias

Astrólogos de Argentina
Astrólogos del siglo XX

Wendel Polich


Tajni grad je četvrti i posljednji album zagrebačkog benda Haustor dok je bio aktivan.

Popis pjesama

Albumi sastava Haustor
Albumi iz 1988.

Tajni grad


Hanger Lane é uma estação do Metropolitano de Londres em Hanger Hill, Ealing, na fronteira entre o oeste e o noroeste de Londres. Ele está localizado no ramal West Ruislip da linha Central, entre as estações Perivale e North Acton, e está na Zona 3 do Travelcard.

Fica a uma curta caminhada da Estação Park Royal na linha Piccadilly. As duas linhas cruzam um pouco a leste da estação Hanger Lane.

História
A Great Western Railway (GWR) abriu a Twyford Abbey Halt logo a leste do local em 1 de maio de 1904 como parte do projeto GWR e Great Central Railway Joint Railway (a New North Main Line) em direção a High Wycombe. Foi fechada em 1 de maio de 1911, substituído pela estação de Brentham a oeste do local atual. Essa estação foi fechada entre 1915 e 1920 devido às economias da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Brentham e a maioria das estações da linha principal entre North Acton e West Ruislip foram finalmente fechadas em 1947, quando a linha Central foi estendida de North Acton em trilhos eletrificados construídos sob o New Works Programme da LPTB de 1935; o atraso deveu-se à Segunda Guerra Mundial.

A estação da linha Central foi inaugurada em 30 de junho de 1947 como "Hanger Lane", pois ficava perto dessa estrada.

A entrada e o telhado da bilheteria subterrânea formam o centro do Sistema giratório de Hanger Lane, uma rotatória complexa no oeste de Londres, onde a A40 Western Avenue cruza a A406 North Circular Road em uma passagem subterrânea. Os passageiros devem usar passagens subterrâneas de pedestres sob o giratório para acessar a estação, que fica acima do solo.

Em 2012 o exterior do edifício da estação foi repintado, reformado e recebeu novos roundels do Metrô de Londres.

Em 2018, foi anunciado que a estação ganharia acesso gratuito até 2022, como parte de um investimento de £ 200 milhões para aumentar o número de estações acessíveis no Metrô.

Desenvolvimento
Em 2004, a empresa multinacional Diageo concordou em construir plataformas a leste para um intercâmbio com Park Royal na linha Piccadilly, como parte de seu parque empresarial First Central, construído no local da (agora demolida) cervejaria Guinness. Em junho de 2022, isso não aconteceu.

Conexões
As linhas 95, 112, 226, 483 e 487 de ônibus de Londres atendem a estação.

Galeria

Estações do Metro de Londres

Hanger Lane (Metropolitano de Londres)


بلدية بيسيانا (بالكاتالانية: Veciana) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 171 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في أناويا
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

فيسيانا


William Thomas Pipes (April 15, 1850 – October 7, 1909) was a politician in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Biography

Pipes was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. He ran in the 1878 federal election against Charles Tupper, but was unable to wrest away Tupper's seat in the House of Commons of Canada. In 1882, Pipes ran as a Liberal candidate in the provincial election and won a seat.

The Liberals unexpectedly won the most seats in the legislature despite the fact that they had no leader. William S. Fielding was at the time editor of the Halifax Morning Chronicle and could have become premier, but declined due to his lack of financial resources.

The caucus selected Pipes to lead the party and become the sixth Premier. The position was an unpaid one at the time, so Pipes had to continue his law practice. Pipes served as premier for two years, but was hobbled by personal problems and the need to earn a living. He induced Fielding to enter cabinet, and they became close collaborators.

The principal policy objective of the Pipes government was to secure a transfer of the Pictou railway line from the federal government to the province and to purchase and complete the privately owned "Eastern Extension Railway". The federal and provincial governments were unable to agree on a price, and the Pipes government abandoned the project. The Pipes government also tried to get financial assistance from Ottawa, but was unsuccessful, and was forced to cut government spending.

Pipes' personal situation became increasingly untenable, and his relations with his cabinet (aside from Fielding) were frayed. On July 15, 1884, Pipes resigned as Premier, and nominated Fielding as his successor.

Pipes broke with Fielding in 1886, however, as Fielding moved for the province's secession from Canadian confederation due to the federal government's neglect of the province's demands. During that year's election, Pipes referred to Fielding's campaign as "the putrid carcass of repeal".

In 1887, Pipes again attempted to win a seat in the federal House of Commons, but again failed to dislodge Tupper. In 1906, he returned to provincial politics, and served as Attorney-General in the cabinet of  Premier George Henry Murray until his death in Boston.

Pipes was involved in business as director of Amherst Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co, a large shareholder in the Rhodes Curry Company, and director and secretary of the Nova Scotia Lumber Company. He held these positions during his time as a provincial cabinet minister.

References

1882 in Canada
Canadian Methodists
Canadian people of English descent
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
People from Amherst, Nova Scotia
Premiers of Nova Scotia
1850 births
1909 deaths
Nova Scotia political party leaders

William Thomas Pipes


جبل العميِّد هو أحد الجبال السوداء المشهورة التي تجمعت من مقذوفات بركانية جراء سيول العصر الجليدي ويقع شمال هضبة الديرع ضمن سلاسل جبال رمان الأسمر ، في منطقة الثنية إلى الشمال من وادي هدباء جنوب مدينة حائل بنحو 35 كم.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة جبال السعودية

مراجع

عميد

جبل العميد


Le Ford Carousel (également orthographié Carrousel) est un concept car développé par Ford en 1973. Dérivé du Ford Econoline/Club Wagon de troisième génération, le Carousel a exploré un certain nombre de concepts que les monospaces du marché américain des années 1980 ont ensuite mis en production, servant d'alternative aux breaks full-size et aux fourgonnettes pour passagers.

Appelé «fourgonnette pour garage», le Carousel comportait une conception bicorps (par opposition à la configuration monocorps du Volkswagen Transporter) et des sièges sur trois rangées orientés vers l'avant.

Conçu et stylisé par Dick Nesbitt (concepteur de la Ford Mustang II), le prototype Carousel a été construit pour Ford par Carron & Company d'Inkster (Michigan).

Développement
En 1972, les concepteurs des camions Ford avaient commencé les derniers travaux de conception sur le programme «Nantucket», le nom de code du Ford Econoline/Club Wagon de 1975. Bien que déplacer son moteur de plusieurs pouces vers l'avant augmenterait considérablement l'espace pour les passagers, la hauteur de la carrosserie de la plupart des versions du Club Wagon devait atteindre près de 7 pieds de haut, n'ayant que quelques pouces d'espace libre à travers une ouverture de porte de garage standard; une taille accrue aurait diminué la fonctionnalité en tant que véhicule personnel.

En 1972, Lee Iaccoca dirigeait le studio de design des camions Ford et il voulait créer une «fourgonnette pour garage» dérivée du programme «Nantucket» sous le nom de code «Carousel». En plus d'abaisser le toit de la fourgonnette Club Wagon d'environ un pied (à six pieds de haut, plus proche en taille de l'Econoline de première génération), un autre objectif de conception du programme Carousel était de donner au véhicule un style plus «automobile».

Pour sa commercialisation, le «Carousel» était destiné à la commercialisation auprès des acheteurs de breaks et de fourgonnettes de grande taille; le véhicule de production (le nom de production est inconnu) se serait inséré entre le Ford LTD Country Squire et le Ford Club Wagon en termes de taille et de capacité de chargement.

Aperçu
Le Ford Carousel avait un châssis dérivé de l'Econoline/Club Wagon de troisième génération (alors en développement) avec une longueur d'empattement de 124 pouces (la longueur de l'empattement pour l'Econoline standard de 1975 à 1987). Le Carousel a été conçu avec sa propre carrosserie, se distinguant par une ligne de toit plus basse. Abaissé à une hauteur d'environ six pieds, le Carousel a été conçu avec une hauteur inférieure à celle du Volkswagen Microbus de 6,4 pieds. Le prototype Carousel a adopté son groupe motopropulseur de l'Econoline et du Country Squire, utilisant un V8 460 et une transmission automatique C6 de Ford à 3 vitesses.

Le prototype Ford Carousel est un véhicule cinq places; une banquette arrière rabattable à plat (pour s'adapter à la hauteur du plancher de la zone de chargement) a été développée pour le véhicule. Dans le cadre de son développement, plusieurs configurations intérieures ont été conçues, dont deux banquettes arrière et des sièges orientés latéralement. Pour davantage attirer les acheteurs de breaks, la ligne de toit du Carousel a été stylisée avec du verre (en ligne avec le Chevrolet Nomad du milieu des années 1950); l'extérieur était équipé d'un revêtement en similibois. Semblable à un break, la porte arrière du Carousel était équipée d'un hayon et d'une lunette arrière escamotable. Dans la lignée du Club Wagon, le Carousel était équipé de «sièges baquets» à l'avant.

En tant que prototype, le Carousel a adopté des composants d'autres véhicules Ford, y compris le tableau de bord de la Thunderbird et des éléments intérieurs (ainsi que les enjoliveurs) de la LTD Brougham.

Sort
En 1973, le Carousel est passé d'un prototype en cours d'exécution à un véhicule prêt une approbation de production, pour un lancement potentiel en 1975 ou 1976. Tout en gagnant le soutien d'Henry Ford II, le Carousel a fait face à l'opposition interne d'autres dirigeants de Ford, qui craignaient qu'une conception de véhicule non éprouvée puisse potentiellement menacer les ventes des (très rentables) Ford LTD Country Squire et Mercury Colony Park.

Après la crise énergétique de 1973 et la récession du milieu des années 1970, Ford a été contraint de réduire le développement de nouveaux véhicules. En 1974, Henry Ford II a demandé la fin du programme Carousel, car il ne remplaçait aucune gamme de modèles Ford ou Lincoln-Mercury existante.

Épilogue
En 1978, Lee Iacocca a été licencié de Ford; plusieurs mois plus tard, le directeur de la planification des produits, Hal Sperlich, a également quitté l'entreprise. Peu de temps après, les deux cadres ont été embauchés pour des rôles similaires chez la Chrysler Corporation. Cela conduirait au développement des monospaces Chrysler pour l'année modèle 1984. Alors que la construction globale du Plymouth Voyager et du Dodge Caravan de 1984 (basés sur la plate-forme K des berlines compactes de Chrysler) différerait grandement du Ford Carousel, ils suivaient une configuration bicorps similaire, commercialisés en tant que véhicules familiaux avec une empreinte de garage plus petite que les breaks full-size.

Au même moment où Chrysler a commencé la production de monospaces, Ford a revisité l'idée d'une fourgonnette pour garage pour la première fois. En 1984, la société a dévoilé le Ford Aerostar pour la première fois; tout comme le Carousel, c'était le prototype d'un véhicule prévu pour la production. Mi-1985, l'Aerostar a commencé les ventes sous forme de véhicule de production.

Alors que l'économie de carburant avait joué un rôle clé dans la disparition du Carousel, elle deviendrait un facteur majeur derrière la conception de l'Aerostar. Au lieu d'une plate-forme de fourgonnette full-size, l'Aerostar partageait de nombreux composants avec le pick-up léger Ford Ranger. Abandonnant la conception bicorps précédente, dans un design similaire au Ford Transit européen, l'Aerostar utilisait une conception monocorps avec le capot et le pare-brise inclinés à un angle similaire. Après l'année modèle 1997, l'Aerostar a été abandonné; Ford l'avait largement remplacé par le Ford Windstar et le Mercury Villager (ce dernier construit en co-entreprise avec Nissan) en 1995. Le Windstar suivrait en grande partie la conception mise en place par Chrysler, en adoptant une traction avant et une construction à carrosserie unitaire basée sur une plate-forme de voiture.

Références

Carousel

Ford Carousel


Sögustríð er hugtak sem er notað til þess að lýsa þeim átökum sem eiga sér stað á milli hópa sem vilja ná yfirráðum yfir því hvernig sagan er skrifuð, oftar en ekki til pólitísks ávinnings. Hugtakið er ekki bundið einum sérstökum atburði heldur lýsa sér þau á þann veg að hagsmunaaðilar telja nauðsynlegt að leggja þurfi meiri áherslu á ákveðna hluti sögunnar, og ástæður þess eru margar en þjóðerniskennd spilar oft veigamikið hlutverk.

Í Bandaríkjunum, sem og annarsstaðar, hefur á undanförnum áratugum sagan verið endurskrifuð til þess að ná einnig yfir þá hópa sem voru áður ekki hluti af henni, vegna þess hafa sprottið upp miklar deilur að undanförnu en kynþáttur hefur m.a. gegnt stóru hlutverki þessara sögustríða. Sögustríðin hafa því verið barátta á milli hópa sem telja þjóðarsöguna þurfa að innihalda upplifun þeirra eitt sinn kúguðu og þeirra sem telja það ógna núverandi pólitískri hugmyndafræði og trúarlegum- og menningarlegum gildum þjóðarinnar. Þessi sögustríð teljast hluti af hinum svokölluðu Menningarstríðum Bandaríkjanna sem voru áberandi á 20. öldinni, sögustríðin voru áberandi á 9. og 10. áratug síðustu aldar og urðu aftur áberandi í valdatíð Donald Trump, Bandaríkjaforseta.

Saga sögustríðanna
Umræðan um hvernig sagan eigi að vera túlkuð hefur lengi verið deilumál innan Bandaríkjanna og kvíðinn yfir and-Ameríska sögukennslu er ekki nýr af nálinni. Sögukennsla í grunn- og framhaldsskólum Bandaríkjanna hefur lengi verið pólitísk og umræðan oft sprottið upp í kjölfar stríða háð af Bandaríkjamönnum en þá hefur verið lögð áhersla á þjóðerniskennd (e. patriotism). Sem dæmi setti New York fylki í lög árið 1918 að grunnskólar mættu ekki kenna efni sem sýndi ótryggð við Bandaríkin eða hömpaðu erlendum ríkjum sem Bandaríkin væru í stríði við. Sama var á teningnum í Kalda Stríðinu en allar kennsluskrár sem þóttu fjalla um kommúnisma á of jákvæðan hátt voru endurgerðar. Á undanförnum áratugum hefur hinsvegar þessari þjóðerniskennd í sögukennslu verið ögrað af nýjum hópum sem vilja að saga Bandaríkjanna sé kennd með tilliti til allra þeirra hópa sem komu að því að byggja landið upp, jafnvel þó að sú saga taki á þeim köflum í sögu Bandaríkjanna sem eru hvað svartastir.

Sögustríðin í háskólum á 9. og 10. áratugnum
Skólakennsla hefur ávallt verið ágreiningsefni í Bandaríkjunum enda telja margir grunn, framhalds og háskóla gegna mikilvægu hlutverki í að verja og endurskapa Bandarísk gildi. Sögustríðin eru hluti af stærri átökum menningarstríða innan Bandaríkjanna og eru ekki þau eina sem teygja anga sína inn í menntakerfið. Trúarbrögð hafa einnig verið átakalínur menningarstríðanna innan menntakerfisins og í því samhengi má nefna hæstaréttarmál á borð við Engel gegn Vitale frá því árinu 1962 sem úrskurðaði að það væri ekki í samræmi við stjórnarskrá Bandaríkjanna að fara með formlega bænir í ríkisskólum.

Langvarandi deilur varðandi háskóla og kennslu þeirra, sem náðu hámarki snemma á 10. áratug 20. aldar, undirstrikuðu aðgreiningu íhaldsmanna og það sem þeir töldu vera nýja harðsvíraða og vinstrisinnaða and-Ameríska fræðimanna stétt. Þær deilur sem höfðu átt sér stað um æðri menntun innan Bandaríkjanna og áróður íhaldsmanna gegn þessum ríkisstofnunum olli því að almenningsálit á æðri menntun dalaði alverulega. Sú skoðun sem var ríkjandi meðal margra var að ný elíta fræðimanna væri að eyðileggja það besta úr vestrænni menningu með rétttrúuðum (e. politically correct) fjölmenningarlegum kennsluaðferðum. Bækur sem voru skrifaðar af þekktum hægrisinnuðum einstaklingum, eins og The Closing of the American Mind, Cultural Literacy, Illiberal Education, Tenured Radicals og Telling the Truth, undirstrikuðu skoðanir rithöfunda á háskólum landsins og höfðu mikil áhrif á almenningsálit.

National History Standards deilan

Lynne Cheney átti upphaflega hugmyndina að National History Standards, eða samræmdri námskrá fyrir sögukennslu í Bandaríkjunum, árið 1989 þegar hún gegndi formennsku í National Endowment for the Humanites (NEH). Hugmyndin var sú að menntamálaráðuneyti Bandaríkjanna ásamt NEH styrktu National Center for History in the Schools til þess að búa til nýja samrænda námskrá í sögu fyrir skóla Bandaríkjanna en Cheney og fleiri voru andvíg námskránum sem höfðu þróast frá því á 7. áratugnum, þær þóttu og frjálslyndar og fjölmenningarlegar. Þetta ríkisstyrkta verkefni var unnið með fjölbreyttu liði sérfræðingi af mörgum sviðum, og mörgum stofnunum sem voru í fyrstu hikular við að taka þátt vegna þess að sögukennsla í skólum í Bandaríkjunum hefur lengi verið ágreiningsmál en samþykktu á endanum. Margir sagnfræðingar voru sömuleiðis efins um verkefnið en ekki vegna þess að þeir mótmæltu samræmdari sögukennslu í Bandaríkjunum heldur voru efasemdir um raunveruleg markmið Bush ríkisstjórnarinnar með þessu verkefni. Líkt og kom fram áður þá ráða einstök ríki yfir eigin námskrán og átti þetta verkefni einungis að vera leiðbeinandi fyrir ríkin.

Verkefnið fór friðsamlega af stað og tók það hátt í þrjú ár að klára það en á þeim tíma var komið nýtt andlit í Hvíta Húsið en Bill Clinton var kjörinn árið 1992 í forsetaembættið. Verkefninu sem lauk árið 1994 endaði í hatrömmum deilum þar sem Cheney birti grein í The Wall Street Journal, skömmu áður en kynna átti nýju samræmdu námskrána, undir fyrirsögninni "The End of History". Í greininni réðst Cheney harkalega á námskrárdrögin og taldi hana of neikvæða og vera pólitíska hlutdræg. Allt of mikil áhersla hafði verið lögð á neikvæða hluti sögu Bandaríkjanna á borð við McCartyisma og þrælahaldið en lítið minnst á mikilvæga menn eins og Ulysses S. Grant og Robert E. Lee. Ásakaði hún Clinton ríkisstjórnina um að standa að baki þess að hreinsa mikilvæga kafla úr sögu Bandaríkjanna.

Í kjölfar greinar Cheney spratt upp mótmælahrina íhaldsmanna sem hver á fætum öðrum fóru hörðum orðum um hina nýju samræmdu námskrá. Hún var einnig gagnrýnd af fræðimönnum og verkalýðsleiðtogum sem töldust ekki íhaldsamir, svo fór að í upphafi árs 1995 var námskránni hafnað á þingi með 99 atkvæðum gegn einu. Þrátt fyrir það er námskráin notuð meðal margra kennara víðsvegar um Bandaríkin.

Enola Gay málið
Árið 1994 urðu deilur vegna undirbúnings 50 ára minningarathafnar Smithsonian safnsins á stríðslokum seinni heimstyrjaldarinnar sem átti að fara fram ári seinna. Skipuleggjendur undirbjuggu sýningu sem innihélt flugvélina Enola Gay sem notuð var til þess að varpa kjarnorkusprengju á japönsku borgina Hiroshima undir lok seinni heimstyrjaldar. Setja  átti sýningunana fram á þann veg að hún fengi safngesti til þess að velta fyrir sér siðferði notkunar kjarnorkuvopna. Sýningin fékk mikla gagnrýni fyrir þessa uppsetningu og voru skipuleggjendur sýningarinnar ásakaðir um að svívirða þjóðarstoltinu (e. national honour).
Gagnrýnendur sýningarinnar, fyrrum hermenn og hernaðarsamtök m.a., töldu skipuleggjendur leggja of mikla áherslu á fórnarlömb sprengjunnar, frekar en ástæðum þess að henni var varpað eða hlutverki hennar í að enda stríðinu. Sýningin vakti verulega athygli fræðimanna og stjórnmálamanna sem hafa átt í langvarandi deilum um siðferði notkun kjarnorkuvopna á japanskar borgir í seinni heimstyrjöldinni. Á endanum ákvöðu skipuleggjendur sýningarinnar að aflýsa henni.

Þrátt fyrir að Enola Gay væri í hugum margra táknmynd hernaðarmáttar Bandaríkjanna, hafði hún aldrei verið opinberlega sýnd fyrr en 1995. Það var aðallega vegna gagnstæðra hugmynda um hvað hún táknaði: mátt Bandaríkjanna og sigur þeirra í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni, eða upphaf martraðarvaldandi kjarnorkualdar.

Martin Harwit, forstjóri loftferða- og geimvísindadeildar Smithsonian safnsins frá 1988-1995, skipaði teymi til að skipuleggja sýningarhald. Ákveðið var að sýna Enola Gay á myrkan hátt útfrá nýjum sagnfræðistraumum og rannsóknum. Í júlí 1993 gaf teymið frá sér áætlun þar sem stóð að markmiðið væri að "fá safngesti til að hugsa um og skoða aftur þá atburði sem leiddu til endaloka síðari heimsstyrjaldarinnar og upphaf kalda stríðsins. Jafnframt stjórnmála- og hernaðarlega þætti sem leiddi að ákvörðuninni um að sleppa kjarnorkusprengjunni, þjáningu íbúa Hiroshima og Nagasaki og langtíma áhrif atburða 6. og 9. ágúst 1945."

Í handritinu á sýningunni, sem fékk nafnið "Crossroads", voru meðal annars yfirlýsingar flotaforingjans William Leahy frá 1950, þar sem hann fordæmdi árásina og sagði hana siðferðislega ranga, og hershöfðingjans Dwight Eisenhower, sem var mótfallinn árásinni og lét Truman forseta vita af því. Einnig stóð til að hafa með í sýningunni frásagnir japanskra fórnarlamba, ásamt minjum og myndum af sprengisvæðunum.

Þegar "Crossroads" handritið var gert opinbert fóru íhaldssöm samtök, undir stjórn Air Force Association og valdamikils félags reyndra hermanna, American Legion, í átak við koma í veg fyrir að sýningin yrði haldin. Þau sögðu hana svívirða hvern þann her-, sjóliðs- og flugmann sem barðist í stríðinu og niðra þessa flugvél með því að sýna hana í þessari neikvæðu sýningu. Sýningin varð því partur af menningarstríðum Bandaríkjanna í tengslum við spurninguna sem margir höfðu skoðun á: "Hvernig viljum við að saga Bandaríkjanna verði sýnd?".

Eftir að hafa endurskrifað handritið nokkrum sinnum, sem nú- og fyrrverandi hermenn andmæltu, ákvað Smithsonian safnið að hætta við sýninguna og sýna aðeins Enola Gay flugvélina staka og án sýningartexta, fyrir utan nokkra minningarskyldi.

Sögustríðin í nútímanum
Kom líka upp í valdatíð Bandaríkjanna
Í Bandaríkjunum er valdið um kennsluskrá grunnskólanna í höndum hvers fylkis og er mismunandi vegna ólíkra áherslna á sögu hvers fylkis. Í grunnskólum Bandaríkjanna er margt ábótasamt varðandi kennslu á sögu þeldökkra í landinu, en samkvæmt rannsóknum minnast mörg fylki lítillega á þrælahald og frelsstríðið sem mikilvægan þátt í sögu Bandaríkjanna. Þrátt fyrir að á undanförnum áratugum hafi verið lögð meiri áhersla á sögu þeldökkra í grunnskólum Bandaríkjanna eiga sér ennþá stað deilur um hver áherslan eigi að vera varðandi frelsisstríðið og þrælahald.     Ákveðin málefni varðandi túlkun sögunnar í fylkjum Bandaríkjanna hafa valdið deilum á milli fylkinga en hluti ástæðu þess er að mikilvægur kafli í sögu þeldökkra í Bandaríkjunum, Frelsisstríðið, var háð og tapað af þessum ríkjum sem líta á þá sem gáfu líf sitt fyrir málstað ríkisins hetjur. Í Texas, sem dæmi, er einungis nýlega farið að kenna þrælahald sem eina af aðalástæðum þess að Frelsisstríðið átti sér stað, en áður var þrælahald látið spila minna mikilvægu hlutverki sem orsök stríðsins.

Í tíð Donald Trump
Nýlegasta dæmið um átök sögustríðanna var þegar að Donald Trump, forseti Bandaríkjanna, hótaði að halda eftir fjármagni til grunnskóla í Kaliforníu fylki ef þeir tóku upp kennslu úr hinu svokallaða 1619 verkefni. Verkefnið, sem dagblaðið New York Times á heiðurinn af, leggur til með að kennsluskrá bandarískra grunn- og framhaldsskóla verði breytt og leggi áherslu á að upphaf Bandaríkjanna miðist við árið 1619, með komu fyrstu afrísku þrælanna til Virginíu, en ekki árið 1776 þegar Bandaríkin lýsti yfir sjálfstæði frá Bretlandi.    Ákveðnir aðilar innan repúblikanaflokksins hafa ötullega barist gegn því að saga þrælahalds verði kennd í grunn- og framhaldsskólum en í kjölfar 1619 verkefnisins lagði fram öldungardeildarþingmaður Arkansas-ríkis Tom Cotton fram frumvarp um að varðveita sögu Bandaríkjanna undir heitinu Björgum sögu Bandaríkjanna (e. Saving American History). Í því er lagt til bann við að 1619 verkefnið, sem Cotton fullyrðir að sé áróður vinstri manna, fái fé úr opinberum sjóðum.

Tilvísanir

Saga Bandaríkjanna

Sögustríðin í Bandaríkjunum


Blueberry Hill steht für:

 Blueberry Hill, Popsong

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Blueberry Hill (Alabama), im Elmore County
 Blueberry Hill (Kentucky), im Fayette County
 Blueberry Hill (Maryland), im Worcester County
 Blueberry Hill (Mississippi), im Lincoln County
 Blueberry Hill (Texas), im Montgomery County

Erhebungen in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Blueberry Hill (Alaska)
 Blueberry Hill (Arkansas)
 Blueberry Hill (Hügel, Kentucky)
 Blueberry Hill (Cumberland County, Maine)
 Blueberry Hill (Kennebec County, Maine)
 Blueberry Hill (Massachusetts)
 Blueberry Hill (Minnesota)
 Blueberry Hill (Addison County, Vermont)
 Blueberry Hill (Rutland County, Vermont, 379 m)
 Blueberry Hill (Rutland County, Vermont, 501 m)
 Blueberry Hill (Windsor County, Vermont)

Filme:
 Blueberry Hill (1988), US-amerikanischer Film von Strathford Hamilton
 Blueberry Hill (1989), belgischer Film von Robbe De Hert

Siehe auch:
 Blueberry Hills

Blueberry Hill (Begriffsklärung)


දිසා රෝහල් () යනු  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරෝග්‍යශාලා වර්ගයකි.

දිසා රෝහල්
ආරෝග්‍යශාලා

දිසා රෝහල්


Lagarostrobos franklinii er tegund af barrtrjám í gagnviðarætt sem vex í Tasmaníu í Ástralíu. Hún er eina tegund sinnar ættkvíslar. Þetta er langlíft (yfir 2000 ára) tré, allt að 20m hátt.

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Lagarostrobos


Keenen Ivory Desuma Wayans (born June 8, 1958) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He is a member of the Wayans family of entertainers. Wayans first came to prominence as the host and the creator of the 1990–1994 Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color. He has produced, directed and/or written several films, starting with Hollywood Shuffle, which he cowrote, in 1987.

A majority of his films have included him and one or more of his brothers and sisters in the cast.

One of these films, Scary Movie (2000), which Wayans directed, was the highest-grossing movie directed by an African American until it was surpassed by Tim Story's Fantastic Four in 2005. From 1997 to 1998, he hosted the talk show The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show. Most recently, he was a judge for the eighth season of Last Comic Standing.

Life and career
Wayans was born in Harlem, New York City, son of Howell Stouten Wayans, a supermarket manager, and his wife Elvira Alethia (Green), a homemaker and social worker. He was born the second of ten children. Genealogical TV show Finding Your Roots revealed that his paternal line traced back to Madagascar. His father was a devout Jehovah's Witness. The family later moved to  Manhattan's Fulton housing projects, where he primarily grew up. He attended Seward Park High School during his teenage years, and attended Tuskegee University on an engineering scholarship. He entertained his friends at college with made-up stories about life in New York. One semester before graduation, he dropped out of school to focus on comedy.

During his first set performing at The Improv in New York, Wayans met Robert Townsend, who helped him learn about the comedy business. Townsend and Wayans drove cross country to Los Angeles together when Wayans moved to Los Angeles in 1980. Wayans worked there as an actor. He had a regular role as a soldier on a television series titled For Love and Honor.  He also appeared on Hill Street Blues as a famous NFL linebacker.

Townsend wrote, directed, and starred in the movie Hollywood Shuffle; Wayans was costar and cowriter. The movie's success allowed him to raise the money to make I'm Gonna Git You Sucka. Fox Broadcasting Company approached Wayans to offer him his own show. Wayans wanted to produce a variety show similar to Saturday Night Live, with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content.

Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the show's content before its television debut. Wayans created, wrote, and starred in the show, titled In Living Color, a sketch comedy television series that originally ran on the Fox Network from 1990 to 1994.

Wayans is a vegetarian, and has promoted the diet in a public service announcement in 2006 for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.

In Living Color

Characters
Death Row Comic (Prison Cable Access)
Frenchie
Ice Man (Homeboy Shopping Network)
Tom Brothers (The Brothers Brothers)
Wes (Wes & Les)

Impressions
Arsenio Hall
Billy Dee Williams
Don Cornelius
Jesse Jackson
Little Richard
Mike Tyson
Marsha Warfield
Milli (Rob Pilatus) of Milli Vanilli
Morgan Freeman (Damon Wayans was Hoke Coburn from Driving Miss Daisy/Riding Miss Daisy, Principal Joe Clark from Lean on Me)
Rick James
Steve Harvey
Carl Weathers (as Apollo Creed)

Filmography

Writing/producing/directing credits

References

External links

1958 births
American male film actors
American people of Malagasy descent
African-American male comedians
American male comedians
African-American film directors
Comedy film directors
Parody film directors
American parodists
African-American screenwriters
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American sketch comedians
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Film directors from New York City
American male screenwriters
African-American television producers
Television producers from New York City
American television talk show hosts
Late night television talk show hosts
American television writers
Living people
Male actors from New York City
Keenen Ivory
African-American television talk show hosts
African-American male actors
American male television actors
American male television writers
Comedians from New York City
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Film producers from New York (state)
People from Chelsea, Manhattan
Seward Park High School alumni
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
African-American male writers

Keenen Ivory Wayans


Rio Branco do Ivaí es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Posee un área de 386 km² representando el 0,1935 % del estado, 0,0684 % de la región y 0,0045 % de todo el territorio brasileño. Se localiza a una latitud 24°19'26" sur y a una longitud 51°18'46" oeste, estando a una altitud de 650. Su población estimada en 2000 era de 3.758 habitantes.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 3.897
 Urbana: 919
 Rural: 2.978
 Hombres: 1.962
 Mujeres: 1.935

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²):

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil):

Expectativa de vida (años):

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer):

Tasa de alfabetización:

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,670
 IDH-M Salario: 0,557
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,702
 IDH-M Educación: 0,752

Hidrografía
Río Ivaí es el mayor río de la región, con varias naciente, siendo fortalecido por el río Branco, el cual desagua en el Ivaí, y recorre los arredores de la ciudad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Rio Branco do Ivaí


Son of Dracula se poate referi la:

 Son of Dracula (film din 1943), un film horror din 1943 cu Lon Chaney Jr.
 Son of Dracula (film din 1974), un film horror din 1974 cu Harry Nilsson și Ringo Starr, precum și o coloană sonoră cu acest titlu al filmului respectiv
 Son of Dracula (benzi desenate), o carte de benzi desenate din anii 1970

Son of Dracula


The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) was an informal collaboration of academics devoted to Latter-day Saint historical scholarship. The organization was established in 1979 as a non-profit organization by John. W. Welch.  In 1997, the group became a formal part of Brigham Young University (BYU), which is owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In 2006, the group became a formal part of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, formerly known as the Institute for the Study and Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts, BYU.  FARMS has since been absorbed into the Maxwell Institute's Laura F. Willes Center for Book of Mormon Studies.

FARMS supported and sponsored what it considered to be "faithful scholarship", which includes academic study and research in support of Christianity and Mormonism, and in particular, the official position of the LDS Church. This research primarily concerned the Book of Mormon, the Book of Abraham, the Old Testament, the New Testament, early Christian history, ancient temples, and other related subjects. While allowing some degree of academic freedom to its scholars, FARMS was committed to the conclusion that LDS scriptures are authentic, historical texts written by prophets of God. FARMS has been criticized by scholars and critics who classify it as an apologetics organization that operated under the auspices of the LDS Church.

History

FARMS was organized by John W. Welch in California in 1979 as a private, not-for-profit educational organization, and Welch brought the foundation with him when he came to teach at BYU in 1980. In 1997, FARMS was invited to become part of BYU by Gordon B. Hinckley, LDS Church president and chairman of the BYU Board of Trustees. Hinckley noted: "FARMS represents the efforts of sincere and dedicated scholars. It has grown to provide strong support and defense of the Church on a professional basis. I wish to express my strong congratulations and appreciation for those who started this effort and who have shepherded it to this point."

In 2001, BYU consolidated FARMS with the Center for the Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts (CPART) and the Middle Eastern Texts Initiative (METI) to form the Institute for the Study and Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts (ISPART). In 2006, ISPART was renamed as the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. Welch was tasked with editing BYU Studies, which was originally slated to join the Maxwell Institute with FARMS. BYU Studies did not ultimately join the Maxwell Institute, however, and Welch's role with FARMS diminished. FARMS continued as a nominal sub-unit of the Maxwell Institute without a distinctive cluster of BYU faculty and staff. It has since been subsumed into the Laura F. Willes Center for Book of Mormon Studies, which "deals principally with the Book of Mormon in ancient and modern settings, as well as with the Doctrine and Covenants, the Pearl of Great Price, and related subjects."

As of 2013, M. Gerald Bradford was the director of the Maxwell Institute, with Brian M. Hauglid as the director of the Willes Center.

In late 2010, Daniel C. Peterson, editor of the FARMS Review for over twenty years, announced the journal would be renamed Mormon Studies Review to reflect "readjustments over the past several years in what is now known as the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship; the old title, FARMS, no longer reflects the way we're organized. ... We look forward to continuing under the new name." In mid-2012, the director of the Maxwell Institute removed Peterson from editorship of the Review. Peterson retained his title of editor-in-chief of the Institute's Middle Eastern Texts Initiative until resigning from that post in September 2013. In March 2013, J. Spencer Fluhman was named as the new editor of the Mormon Studies Review, along with a new board featuring a variety of scholars interested in Mormon studies.

Peer review and scholarly credentials

Work produced under FARMS's auspices has been critiqued by Mormons, ex-Mormons, secular scholars, and evangelical Christians.

FARMS has stated that the work it supported "conforms to established canons of scholarship, is peer reviewed, and reflects solely the views of individual authors and editors." John A. Tvedtnes, formerly with FARMS and now retired, claims that "the academic credentials of people who publish with FARMS are questioned only by the critics, never by bona fide scholars," noting that "[t]he list of articles and books published in non-LDS scholarly presses by FARMS authors is impressive indeed. If the critics do not accept FARMS authors as scholars, those authors are at least so acknowledged by the world's scholarly community."

Two evangelical Christian scholars, Carl Mosser and Paul Owen, closely examined the scholarship produced by FARMS. Their subsequent report at the April 25, 1997, Far West Annual Meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, lauded the high quality of FARMS' scholarship, concluding that their fellow evangelicals had lost the apologetic battle against the Mormons largely due to excellent research and publication by FARMS.

Apologetics

FARMS was an important center for producing work that analyzed the Book of Mormon as an ancient text. It also produced work which critiqued claims by both Mormon enthusiasts, disaffected Mormons, and opponents from evangelical Christianity. Such work has been published in the FARMS Review until 2010, when it was replaced by Mormon Studies Review.

Scholars, such as John L. Sorenson, say that the publications of FARMS represented a new trend within Mormonism: the emergence of progressive forms of Mormon orthodoxy. While its scholars are committed to literal interpretations of Mormon faith claims, they are willing to rethink traditional understandings of those claims. For example, FARMS has published a limited geography model for the Book of Mormon. This suggests that the events chronicled in the Book of Mormon occurred in a much smaller region than the traditional understanding, which argues the same events occurred across the entire Western hemisphere. Sorenson writes that supporters of the limited geography idea, including some high-ranking church leaders, believe this model is consistent with anthropological, archaeological and genetic findings about indigenous peoples in the Americas, as well as with the text of the Book of Mormon.

Controversies

FARMS has also been a focus of some controversy both inside and outside the Mormon community, often in response to negative critiques of the works of various scholars. For instance, after his work was reviewed in a FARMS publication, molecular biologist Simon Southerton, a former member of the LDS Church and author of Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church, claimed the organization existed merely to "prop up faith in the Book of Mormon" and that its work "stretched the bounds of credibility to breaking point on almost every critical issue."

Polemics

Some have accused FARMS of engaging in mean-spirited polemics. One example of this occurred with Signature Books' publication of Grant H. Palmer's book An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. The publication of this book immediately resulted in five negative book reviews by FARMS. Ron Priddis of Signature Books responded to these reviews by stating: "Is nothing beyond the reach of sarcasm by FARMS polemicists?" Priddis refers to the book reviews by FARMS as "tabloid scholarship."

Some authors associated with FARMS have been accused of making ad hominem attacks. FARMS has also been criticized for employing the label "anti-Mormon", and then discounting such works as biased based largely on this pronouncement. In a speech offered before the Sunstone Symposium (titled "Why I No Longer Trust the FARMS Review of Books"), John Hatch said, "After reading the (FARMS) reviews myself, it appears to me, and is my opinion, that FARMS is interested in making Mormonism's past appear as normal as possible to readers by attacking history books that discuss complex or difficult aspects of the church's past. As one who hopes to some day contribute to the body of the New Mormon History, I am deeply troubled by what I see as continued efforts to attack honest scholarly work."

Publications

The following periodicals were published under the FARMS imprint, which was phased out as FARMS was absorbed into BYU's Neal A. Maxwell Institute.

FARMS has republished much work by the LDS scholar Hugh Nibley in the 19-volume Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. It has also published other books, as well as audio and video recordings.

See also
Reformed Egyptian

Notes

References
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External links

Maxwell Institute Blog

Book of Mormon studies
Book publishing companies based in Utah
Brigham Young University
Foundation for Ancient
Mormon apologetics
Maxwell Institute
Research institutes established in 1979
1979 establishments in California


Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of what is now known as the African continent. It was established in 146 BC, following the Roman Republic's conquest of Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day Tunisia, the northeast of Algeria, and the coast of western Libya along the Gulf of Sirte. The territory was originally and still is inhabited by Berber people, known in Latin as Mauri, indigenous to all of North Africa west of Egypt. In the 9th century BC, Semitic Phoenicians from Western Asia built settlements along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea to facilitate shipping. Carthage, rising to prominence in the 8th century BC, became the predominant of these.

Africa was one of the wealthiest provinces in the western part of the Roman Empire, second only to Italy. In addition to Carthage, other large settlements in the province were Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia), the capital of Byzacena, and Hippo Regius (modern Annaba, Algeria).

History

Rome's first province in northern Africa was established by the Roman Republic in 146 BC, following its conquest of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus in the Third Punic War. It is possible that the name "Africa" comes from the Berber word "afer", "ifri" or "Aourigha" (whose name would have been pronounced Afarika) that designated a tribe.

Utica, which had fought on the side of the Romans in the war, was formed as the administrative capital. The remaining territory was left in the domain of the Berber Numidian client king Massinissa. At this time, the Roman policy in Africa was simply to prevent another great power from rising on the Northwest Africa.

In 118 BC, the Numidian prince Jugurtha attempted to reunify the smaller kingdoms. However, upon his death, much of Jugurtha's territory was placed in the control of the Berber Mauritanian client king Bocchus; and, by that time, the romanisation of Africa was firmly rooted.

During Caesar's civil war, Caesar created a new African province from territory taken from the Numidians. The original province was called Africa vetus with the newer province suffixed nova. But during the Second Triumvirate, the two provinces were unified, possibly in 35 BC, in consequence of border conflicts: governors of the province won three triumphs between 34 and 28 BC. Further expansion of the province continued under the emperor Augustus, with conflicts recorded through to AD 6. By 27 BC, Africa was assigned as one of the senatorial provinces in the Augustan settlements and eventually became known as Africa proconsularis, as it was ruled by a proconsul rather than a legate of the emperor.

After Diocletian's administrative reforms, it was split into Africa Zeugitana (which retained the name Africa Proconsularis, as it was governed by a proconsul) in the north, Africa Byzacena (corresponding to eastern Tunisia) to its south, and Africa Tripolitania (corresponding to southern Tunisia and northwest Libya) to the south and southeast of Africa Byzacena, all of which were part of the Dioecesis Africae. Old Africa (Africa Vetus), which generally includes the areas mentioned, was also known by the Romans (Pliny) as Africa propria, of which Carthage was the capital.

The region remained a part of the Roman empire until the Germanic migrations of the 5th century. The Vandals crossed into Northwest Africa from Spain in 429 and overran the area by 439 and founded their own kingdom, including Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics. The Vandals controlled the country as a warrior-elite but faced strong resistance from the native Berbers. The Vandals also persecuted Chalcedonian Roman Africans and Berbers, as the Vandals were adherents of Arianism (the semi-trinitarian doctrines of Arius, a priest of Egypt). Towards the end of the 5th century, the Vandal state fell into decline, abandoning most of the interior territories to the Mauri and other Berber tribes of the region.

In AD 533, Emperor Justinian, using a Vandal dynastic dispute as pretext, sent an army under the general Belisarius to recover Africa. In a short campaign, Belisarius defeated the Vandals, entered Carthage in triumph and re-established Roman rule over the province. The restored Roman administration was successful in fending off the attacks of the Amazigh desert tribes, and by means of an extensive fortification network managed to extend its rule once again to the interior.

The northwest African provinces, together with the Roman possessions in Spain, were grouped into the Praetorian prefecture of Africa, this time separate from Praetorian prefecture of Italy, and transferred to Exarchate of Africa by Emperor Maurice. The Exarchate prospered, and from it resulted the overthrow of the emperor Phocas by Heraclius in 610. Heraclius briefly considered moving the imperial capital from Constantinople to Carthage.

After 640, the exarchate managed to stave off the Muslim Conquest, but in 698, the Muslim Umayyad army from Egypt sacked Carthage and conquered the Exarchate, ending Roman and Christian rule in Northwest Africa.

Timetable

Legend

 Mauretania Tingitana belonged to Diocese of Spain under Praetorian prefecture of Gaul, rather than Diocese of Africa under Praetorian prefecture of Italy, from Diocletianic provincial reforms to Vandalic conquest, i.e. during the rule of Western Roman Empire in a broader sense.

Roman Africans

The Roman military presence of Northwest Africa was relatively small, consisting of about 28,000 troops and auxiliaries in Numidia and the two Mauretanian provinces. Starting in the 2nd century AD, these garrisons were manned mostly by local inhabitants. A sizable Latin-speaking population developed that was multinational in background, sharing the northwest African region with those speaking Punic and Berber languages. Imperial security forces began to be drawn from the local population, including the Berbers.

Abun-Nasr, in his A History of the Maghrib, said that "What made the Berbers accept the Roman way of life all the more readily was that the Romans, though a colonizing people who captured their lands by the might of their arms, did not display any racial exclusiveness and were remarkably tolerant of Berber religious cults, be they indigenous or borrowed from the Carthaginians. However, the Roman territory in Africa was unevenly penetrated by Roman culture. Pockets of non-Romanized Berbers continued to exist throughout the Roman period, even such as in the rural areas of the deeply romanised regions of Tunisia and Numidia."

By the end of the Western Roman Empire nearly all of the Maghreb was fully romanised, according to Mommsen in his The Provinces of the Roman Empire. Roman Africans enjoyed a high level of prosperity. This prosperity (and romanisation) touched partially even the populations living outside the Roman limes (mainly the Garamantes and the Getuli), who were reached with Roman expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa.

Economy

The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", Northwest Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the 2nd century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip, and wool.

The incorporation of colonial cities into the Roman Empire brought an unparalleled degree of urbanization to vast areas of territory, particularly in Northwest Africa. This level of rapid urbanization had a structural impact on the town economy, and artisan production in Roman cities became closely tied to the agrarian spheres of production. As Rome's population grew, so did her demand for Northwest African produce. This flourishing trade allowed the Northwest African provinces to increase artisan production in rapidly developing cities, making them highly organized urban centers. Many Roman cities shared both consumer and producer model city aspects, as artisanal activity was directly related to the economic role cities played in long-distance trade networks.

The urban population became increasingly engaged in the craft and service sectors and less in agrarian employment, until a significant portion of the town's vitality came from the sale or trade of products through middlemen to markets in areas both rural and abroad. The changes that occurred in the infrastructure for agricultural processing, like olive oil and wine production, as trade continued to develop both cities and commerce directly influenced the volume of artisan production. The scale, quality, and demand for these products reached its acme in Roman Northwest Africa.

Pottery production

The Northwest African provinces spanned across regions rich with olive plantations and potters' clay sources, which led to the early development of fine Ancient Roman pottery, especially African Red Slip terra sigillata tableware and clay oil lamp manufacture, as a crucial industry. Lamps provided the most common form of illumination in Rome. They were used for public and private lighting, as votive offerings in temples, lighting at festivals, and as grave goods. As the craft developed and increased in quality and craftsmanship, the Northwest African creations began to rival their Italian and Grecian models and eventually surpassed them in merit and in demand.

The innovative use of molds around the 1st century BC allowed for a much greater variety of shapes and decorative style, and the skill of the lamp maker was demonstrated by the quality of the decoration found typically on the flat top of the lamp, or discus, and the outer rim, or shoulder. The production process took several stages. The decorative motifs were created using small individual molds, and were then added as appliqué to a plain archetype of the lamp. The embellished lamp was then used to make two plaster half molds, one lower half and one upper half mold, and multiple copies were then able to be mass-produced. Decorative motifs ranged according to the lamp's function and to popular taste.

Ornate patterning of squares and circles were later added to the shoulder with a stylus, as well as palm trees, small fish, animals, and flower patterns. The discus was reserved for conventional scenes of gods, goddesses, mythological subjects, scenes from daily life, erotic scenes, and natural images. The strongly Christian identity of post-Roman society in Northwest Africa is exemplified in the later instances of Northwest African lamps, on which scenes of Christian images like saints, crosses, and biblical figures became commonly articulated topics. Traditional mythological symbols had enduring popularity as well, which can be traced back to Northwest Africa's Punic heritage. Many of the early Northwest African lamps that have been excavated, especially those of high quality, have the name of the manufacturer inscribed on the base, which gives evidence of a highly competitive and thriving local market that developed early and continued to influence and bolster the economy.

African Terra Sigillata
After a period of artisanal, political, and social decline in the 3rd century AD, lamp-making revived and accelerated. The introduction of fine local red-fired clays in the late 4th century triggered this revival. African Red Slip ware (ARS), or African Terra Sigillata, revolutionized the pottery and lamp-making industry.

ARS ware was produced from the last third of the 1st century AD onwards, and was of major importance in the mid-to-late Roman periods. Famous in antiquity as "fine" or high-quality tableware, it was distributed both regionally and throughout the Mediterranean basin along well-established and heavily trafficked trade routes. Northwest Africa's economy flourished as its products were dispersed and demand for its products dramatically increased.

Initially, the ARS lamp designs imitated the simple design of 3rd- to 4th-century courseware lamps, often with globules on the shoulder or with fluted walls. More ornate designs appeared before the early 5th century as demand spurred on the creative process. The development and widespread distribution of ARS finewares marks the most distinctive phase of Northwest African pottery-making.

These characteristic pottery lamps were produced in large quantities by efficiently organized production centers with large-scale manufacturing abilities. They can be attributed to specific pottery-making centers in northern and central Tunisia by way of chemical analysis, allowing archeologists to trace distribution patterns from their source through the regions and across the Mediterranean. Some major ARS centers in central Tunisia are Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, Henchir el-Guellal (Djilma), and Henchir es-Srira, all of which have ARS lamp artifacts attributed to them by the microscopic chemical makeup of the clay fabric as well as macroscopic style prevalent in that region.

Local pottery markets fueled the economy of not only the towns, but the entire region and supported markets abroad. Certain vessel forms, fabrics, and decorative techniques like rouletting, appliqué, and stamped décor, are specific for a certain region and even for a certain pottery center. If neither form nor decoration of the material is identifiable, it is possible to trace an item using chemical analysis, not just to a certain region but even to its place of production by comparing its makeup to a matrix of important northeastern and central Tunisian potteries.

Christianity

See also
 List of Roman governors of Africa
 Ifriqiya
 African Romance
 Lex Manciana
 Fossatum Africae
 Roman limes
 Roman roads in Africa
 Kingdom of Africa
 Byzantine North Africa

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Orietta Dora Cordovana, Segni e immagini del potere tra antico e tardoantico: I Severi e la provincia Africa proconsularis. Seconda edizione rivista ed aggiornata (Catania: Prisma, 2007) (Testi e studi di storia antica)
 Elizabeth Fentress, "Romanizing the Berbers," Past & Present, 190 (2006), pp. 3–33.
 Erich S. Gruen, Rethinking the Other in Antiquity (Princeton, PUP, 2010), pp. 197–222.

 Lennox Manton, Roman North Africa (1988).

 Susan Raven, Rome in Africa, 3rd ed. (London, 1993).
 Duane R. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier (New York and London, Routledge, 2003).
 John Stewart, African states and rulers (2006)
 Dick Whittaker, "Ethnic discourses on the frontiers of Roman Africa", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), pp. 189–206.

External links
 Roman Africa at www.unrv.com

2nd-century BC establishments
2nd-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
5th-century disestablishments
5th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire
140s BC establishments
146 BC
Algeria in the Roman era
Libya in the Roman era
Provinces of the Roman Empire
Roman provinces in Africa
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
Tunisia in the Roman era

Africa (Roman province)


غنوا معانا، برنامج ومسلسل تلفزيوني للأطفال كان يعرض عصر كل يوم سبت عام 1980.

المراجع

برامج تلفزيونية للأطفال
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أردنية

غنوا معانا


25 de Mayo – eigentlich Veinticinco de Mayo – ist eine Ortschaft in Uruguay.

Geographie
25 de Mayo befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Departamento Florida in dessen Sektor 12. Der Ort liegt im westlichen Teil des Departamentos unweit der westlich verlaufenden, vom Arroyo de la Virgen gebildeten Grenze zum Nachbardepartamento San José zwischen Cuchilla del Pintado und Cuchilla de Santa Lucía. Nächstgelegene Ansiedlungen sind im Süden Cardal, im Südosten Mendoza Chico und im Nordosten, unweit der ebenfalls dort gelegenen Departamento-Hauptstadt Florida, der Ort Berrondo. Südlich fließt der südwestlich von 25 de Mayo entspringende Arroyo Sauce, ein rechtsseitiger Nebenfluss des in wenigen Kilometern östlicher Entfernung vorbeiführenden Río Santa Lucía Chico. Am Nordrand des Ortes passiert mit dem Arroyo Isla Mala ein weiterer Nebenfluss des Río Santa Lucía Chico, der zudem dort am Paso Marengo vom Arroyo de la Feliciana gespeist wird.

Geschichte
25 de Mayo wurde am 17. Juli 1918 durch das Ley No. 6.196 als Pueblo kategorisiert.

Infrastruktur
Durch den Ort führt die Bahnstrecke Montevideo–Paso de los Toros.

Einwohner
Die Einwohnerzahl 25 de Mayos beträgt 1.852 (Stand: 2011), davon 883 männliche und 969 weibliche.

Quelle: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Weblinks
 Stadtplan von 25 de Mayo (PDF; 107 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Departamento Florida

25 de Mayo (Uruguay)


O Club Universitario de Deportes em 2017, participou de duas competições: Campeonato Peruano e Copa Libertadores.

Competições

Campeonato Peruano
O Campeonato Descentralizado de 2017 foi a 101ª edição da Primeira Divisão Peruana e a 52ª com o nome de Descentralizado.

Torneo de Verano

Torneo Apertura

Torneo Clausura

Classificação Geral
O Universitario terminou na quarta posição e se classificou para a Copa Libertadores no ano seguinte.

Copa Libertadores
A Copa Libertadores 2017 foi a quinquagésima oitava edição do mais importante torneio de clubes da América do Sul, organizado pela Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol. O Universitario enfrentou o Deportivo Capiatá na segunda fase.
Segunda fase

Temporadas do Club Universitario de Deportes
Temporadas 2017 de clubes de futebol

Temporada do Club Universitario de Deportes de 2017


المَقرن أو مقرن (بالأمازيغية: amger ⴰⵎⴳⴻⵔ) هي قرية تابعة لمعتمدية زغوان بالشمال التونسي وتبعد على مركز الولاية بحوالي 5 كلم. وتوجد بها مدرسة و مؤسستان للتعليم العالي إحداهما وهي الأقدم المدرسة العليا للفلاحة بالمقرن.

كلمة مقرن هي كلمة أمازيغية و أصلها «أمڨرن»، ومعناها بالأمازيغية «المنجل».

قرى ولاية زغوان

المقرن (تونس)