Underarm bowling is a style of bowling in cricket. The style is as old as the sport itself. Until the introduction of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th century, bowling was performed in the same way as in the sport of bowls, with the ball being delivered with the hand below the waist.  Bowls may well be an older game than cricket and it is possible that it provided a template for delivering a ball with a degree of accuracy.

History
For centuries, bowling in cricket was performed exactly as in the sport of bowls because the ball was rolled or skimmed along the ground.  The bowlers may have used variations in pace but the basic action was essentially the same.  There are surviving illustrations from the first half of the eighteenth century which depict the bowler with one knee bent forward and his bowling hand close to the ground, while the ball trundles (if slow) or skims (if quick) towards a batsman armed with a bat shaped something like a large hockey stick and guarding a two-stump wicket.

Cricket's first great bowling revolution occurred probably in the 1760s when bowlers started to pitch the ball instead of rolling it along the ground.  The change was evolutionary and has been described as the event that took cricket out of its "pioneering phase" into what may be termed its "pre-modern phase" (i.e., which ended when overarm bowling ushered in the modern game in 1864) and effectively created a different code of cricket, just as there are now two different codes of rugby football.

The pitched delivery was well established by 1772 when detailed scorecards became commonplace and the straight bat had already replaced the curved one by that time. There is no doubt that the straight bat was invented to contest the pitched delivery. It has been said that the inventor was John Small of Hambledon but it is unlikely that he actually invented it; rather, he was the first great batsman to master its use.

The 1760s are one of cricket's "Dark Ages"; a good deal more is known about the decades 1731–1750 than of 1751–1770. This has largely to do with the impact of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 which not only claimed the sport's manpower but also its patronage. Pitching may have begun during that period, but little is known about it for it seems to have been introduced and widely accepted without the huge controversies that surrounded the later implementations of roundarm and overarm.

The first known codification of the Laws of Cricket, created by the London Cricket Club in 1744, makes no mention of prescribed bowling action and does not say the ball must be delivered at ground level, which suggests a pitched delivery would not be illegal. The rules for bowlers in the 1744 Laws focus on the position of the hind foot during delivery (i.e., it had to be behind the bowling crease) and overstepping is the only specified cause for calling a no-ball. The umpires were granted "discretion" and so presumably would call no-ball if, say, a ball was thrown by the bowler.

One of the first great bowlers to employ the pitched delivery to good effect was Edward "Lumpy" Stevens of Chertsey and Surrey. There is a surviving rhyme about him to the effect that "honest Lumpy did allow he ne'er would pitch but o'er a brow". In those days, the leading bowler on each side had choice of precisely where the wickets would be placed and Lumpy was adept at finding a spot where the turf was uneven on a good length so that he could use his repertoire of shooters, twisters and risers. Lumpy was a true professional who studied the arts and crafts of the game to seek continuous improvement as a bowler. He is known to have observed the flight of the ball and experimented for long hours with variations of line, length and speed of delivery until he had mastered the art of pitching.

Other great bowlers of the late 18th century were Thomas Brett and David Harris, both of the Hambledon club. They were fast bowlers whereas Lumpy relied on variety of pace. A notable bowler of the time was Lamborn who spun the ball in an unorthodox fashion and may have been the first unorthodox spinner.

Underarm bowling was effective while pitch conditions were difficult for batsmen due to being uneven and uncovered. In time, especially after the opening of Lord's and the development of groundsmanship, pitches began to improve and batsmen were able to play longer innings than previously.  In the 1780s and 1790s, one of the best batsmen around was Tom Walker, who was also a very useful slow bowler. Walker was another improviser like Lumpy and he began to experiment by bowling with his hand away from his body. It is not clear how high he raised his hand but it could have been waist height. He was accused of "jerking" the ball and so delivering it in an unfair and improper manner. He was censured for his trouble and was forced to return to his normal underarm lobs, but he had sown the seeds of bowling's next revolution.

This was roundarm, so called because the hand is held out from the body (i.e., between waist and shoulder height) at the point of delivery. The roundarm style was promoted successively by John Willes, William Lillywhite and Jem Broadbridge until it was finally legalised, amid furious controversy, in 1835 with an amendment to the rule in 1845.

Roundarm did not mean the end of underarm, which continued well into the overarm era that began in 1864. William Clarke, founder of the All England Eleven in 1845, remained a highly effective underarm bowler long after roundarm began. Others who sometimes bowled underarm into the overarm era were James Grundy and James Southerton.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, underarm had more or less disappeared and was rarely seen thereafter, although exceptions did occur. There were cases where a bowler had been injured and so completed his over with underarms. In more controversial circumstances, there were instances of bowlers who had been no-balled for throwing who decided to bowl underarm to get through the over.

George Simpson-Hayward was an England hero of the 1909–10 series in South Africa with his underarm bowling.  Reference books often refer to him as the "last great lob bowler", but other descriptions suggest he was a ferocious under-arm spinner of the ball, getting immense turn off the pitch through a fairly low trajectory, rather than being a true "lobster".

Lob bowling

In cricket, lob bowling is a largely disused style of bowling. It has become illegal under Law 24.1 to use underarm bowling without prior agreement before the match, an amendment to the laws of cricket that was made following the notorious incident in the 1980–81 World Series match.

It was used in the game in the 19th century, where trajectory was the most important consideration. Lob bowlers, both right and left-handed, sometimes attempted 'donkey drops', attempting to pitch the ball on the stumps from as great a height as possible, preferably with the ball descending behind the batsman standing at the crease.

The last regular bowler of lobs in international cricket was George Simpson-Hayward, in the period before the First World War. He bowled with a much lower trajectory than most earlier lob bowlers, imparting great spin to the ball with constant variation of pace as well.

Others famous "lobsters" include Digby Jephson. As an underarm bowler he had an action a little like setting a wood in crown green bowling.

The last specialist lob bowler to play first-class cricket in England was Trevor Molony who made three appearances in the County Championship for Surrey in 1921, by which time the style was already essentially defunct.

Charles Palmer (1919–2005), who played for Worcestershire and Leicestershire, sometimes used donkey-drops to good effect.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a story about a similar style of bowling called The Story of Spedegue's Dropper.

Today the laws pertaining to the bowling of "beamers" would be likely to render that kind of bowling illegal, and it would probably be deemed a no-ball. In accordance with Law 41.7.1, a ball that passes the batsman's waist height on the full is a no-ball.

Lob bowling is still sometimes found in low-level village cricket; these deliveries are known as donkey-drops. More usually these are over-arm deliveries; but round-arm is also possible and would more closely approximate a traditional lob.

In modern cricket

Underarm bowling became virtually extinct after the First World War.  Trevor Molony, who represented Surrey in three matches in 1921, is considered as the last specialist lob-bowler to play first-class cricket. However, Gerald Brodribb in his book on this subject lists about twenty-five instances since that time when underarm lob bowling was employed as an occasional tactic in first-class matches. The list of bowlers who have tried this includes Hedley Verity, Jack Iverson, Mike Brearley, George Brown, Wilf Wooller, Maharaja of Patiala and Fred Root.

Bowlers have employed underarm bowling for a variety of reasons. When the Trinidadian cricketer Syed Mubarak Ali was no-balled 30 times for throwing in a match against Barbados in 1942, he resorted to simply rolling the ball along the ground to avoid more no-balls. In similar circumstances, South African bowler Geoff Griffin did the same in an exhibition match that followed the Test against England at Lord's in 1960, where he had already been no-balled. As rain threatened to end the match between Victoria and MCC in 1928–29, the MCC bowler Fred Barratt rolled the ball along the ground to allow Bill Woodfull to score a four to complete his hundred and Victoria to win.

But some of the modern instances of underarm deliveries occurred when bowlers did it in frustration to register some form of protest; when Lancashire batted on for too long against Oxford University at Oxford in 1990, Phil Gerrans, an Australian playing for Oxford, bowled a ball underarm. Since he had not informed the umpire of the change of action, he was no-balled. This appears to be the most recent recorded instance of underarm bowling in first-class cricket.

Definition
Technically speaking, an underarm delivery is one in which the bowler's hand does not rise above the level of the waist.  The Laws of Cricket now (2000 Code) declare that an underarm delivery is illegal unless otherwise agreed before the match.

A delivery is a no-ball if it bounces more than twice before passing the popping crease: an underarm delivery cannot be performed rolling along the ground. A pitched underarm delivery is a good ball, providing it only pitches once, and providing the opposing captain has agreed beforehand that the style may be used. It is unlikely that any bowler would reintroduce the style, given modern pitch conditions.

1981 incident

A highly controversial incident occurred in the final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup at the MCG in 1981 when Australian bowler Trevor Chappell, under orders from his captain and brother Greg Chappell, rolled the final ball along the ground to batsman Brian McKechnie to avoid the possibility of it being hit for the six runs that New Zealand needed to tie the match.

In informal cricket
Underarm bowling still plays a role in informal garden cricket games, which are often played by less athletic people or young children. Novices at playing the game often find it awkward or difficult to bowl overarm or roundarm either effectively or accurately, so can be allowed to bowl underarm by general consensus. Since underarm bowling is also slower than overarm or roundarm, it is easier for novice batsmen to hit the ball, making it ideal for informal and children's cricket.

References

External links
 Laws of cricket

Further reading
 Gerald Brodribb, The Lost Art, Boundary Books, 1997.
 Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970
 Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862
 R. J. Reynolds, "Under-arm and Round-arm Bowling in 19th Century Cricket"  The Cricket Statistician, Spring 1997, pp. 6–10

Cricket terminology
Bowling (cricket)
English cricket in the 18th century
English cricket in the 19th century

Underarm bowling


Waterfront–SEU es una estación subterránea en la línea Verde del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en el Southwest Waterfront en Washington D.C..

Conexiones de autobuses
 WMATA Metrobus
 DC Circulator
 MTA Maryland Commuter Bus
 OmniRide Commuter

Lugares de interés
 Arena Stage
 Fort Lesley McNair
 Titanic Memorial

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: Waterfront-SEU Station
 StationMasters Online: Waterfront-SEU Station
 The Schumin Web Transit Center: Waterfront-SEU Station
 4th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1991
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Washington)

Waterfront–SEU (Metro de Washington)


Aval, üçüncü kişinin ya da poliçede imzası bulunanlardan birinin müteselsil sorumluluk hükümlerine göre senet bedelini üstlenmesi. Aval, 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 700-702. maddelerinde düzenlenmiştir.

Aval kambiyo senetlerine özgü bir tür müteselsil kefalettir. Bir kimse cirantalar arasında yer alabileceği gibi, senette imzaları bulunanlardan (senet borçlularından) biri ya da birkaçı için aval vermek suretiyle de senedi daha teminatlı bir hale getirebilir.

Aval senede bağlı bir kefalet olduğundan poliçe, şekil şartlarındaki noksanlıktan dolayı kambiyo senedi olma niteliğine sahip olmadığı takdirde hükümsüz olur. Aynı nedenle lehine aval verilen kişi, gerçekte senet borçlusu değilse de aval hükümsüzdür.

Öte yandan poliçenin şekle bağlı nedenler dışında başka sebeplerle geçersiz olması halinde dahi aval verenin taahhüdü caridir. Örneğin lehine aval verilen kişi ehliyetsiz olsa bile, aval geçerlidir.

Hamil, borç ödenmediği takdirde keşideciye, cirantalara ya da aval verene başvurabilir. Her durumda, müracaat için gerekli yasal şartlara uyulması gerekecektir.

Poliçe bedelini ödeyen aval veren taraf, lehine aval vermiş olduğu kişi ya da kişilerin yerine geçerek rücu hakkına sahip olur. Ancak, lehine aval verilebilecek kişilere karşı ileri sürülebilecek def'iler, aval verene karşı ileri sürülemez.

Kefalet sözleşmelerinde açıkça müteselsil kefalet ibaresi yoksa kefalet müteselsil değildir. Ancak aval her durumda müteselsil kefalet hükümlerindedir.

Aval, poliçe bedelinin tamamı için verilebileceği gibi, bir kısmı içinde verilebilir. Yani kısmi aval geçerlidir.

Aval, poliçe ya da eklenen alonj üzerine, "aval içindir" ya da bu anlamda bir ifade yazılarak ve altına imza atılarak yapılır. Kimin lehine aval verildiği belirtilmemiş ise aval, keşideci lehine verilmiş sayılacaktır. Aynı şekilde poliçe ön yüzüne tek başına atılan imza da -muhatap ve keşideci imzası dışında- keşideci lehine verilmiş aval hükmündedir.

Poliçe veya bononun ön yüzüne yazılır ve geri dönülemez (gayrı kabili rücu) niteliği taşır.

Ekonomi terimleri

Aval


Petroglyphen aus prähistorischer Zeit sind auf den Philippinen selten. Sie wurden bisher nur in Angono, Provinz Rizal, und Bontoc, Mountain Province, Petroglyphen gefunden. Des Weiteren existieren an drei Orten prähistorische Felsmalereien. Alle Fundorte wurden mit dem Präsidentenerlass 374 zum nationalen Kulturerbe der Philippinen erklärt und unter Schutz gestellt. Seit 2006 stehen die Petroglyphen und Felsmalereien auf den Philippinen zusammenfassend auf der Vorschlagsliste der Philippinen zur Aufnahme in die Welterbeliste der UNESCO. Sie stellen nach allgemeiner Auffassung die ältesten künstlerischen Darstellungen auf den Philippinen dar.

Petroglyphen von Angono
Die Petroglyphen von Angono finden sich im gebirgigen Teil der Gemeinde nahe der Gemeindegrenze zu Antipolo City und Binangonan. Sie wurden unter einem Felsvorsprung, der 632 Meter lang, 4,68 Meter hoch und 8,2 Meter tief ist, durch Ritzen in den Tuffstein des Berges eingraviert. Die Petroglyphen bedecken die Felswand auf einer Länge von 25 Metern bis in eine Höhe von 3,70 Meter. Es sind insgesamt 127 Figuren identifiziert worden, die 51 verschiedene Merkmale aufweisen. Sie stellen nach allgemeiner Auffassung Kinder und Jugendliche dar. Ähnliche Stilelemente konnten auch bei Petroglyphen in Thailand, Sulawesi und Malaysia gefunden werden. Die Gravuren entstanden über einen längeren Zeitraum, da die Figuren in ihrer Ausrichtung und Größe keine Verbindungsmerkmale aufweisen. Für die Künstler und neolithischen Betrachter hatten sie wahrscheinlich spirituelle Bedeutung. Laut den Untersuchungsergebnissen des Nationalen Museums der Philippinen entstanden die Petroglyphen wahrscheinlich um 3000 bis 2000 v. Chr. in der späten philippinischen Jungsteinzeit. An einer Stelle an der Felswand konnte auch eine verblichene Felsmalerei entdeckt werden.

Petroglyphen von Bontoc
Die Petroglyphen von Bontoc wurden auf dem Gebiet des Barangays Alab entdeckt. Sie wurden durch Picken in Felsblöcke eingraviert, die an markanten Stellen in der Cordillera Central liegen. Die Elemente wurden als weibliche Geschlechtsteile identifiziert und weisen typische Merkmale der Darstellung aus dem Polynesischen Siedlungsraum auf. Ihr Alter wurde auf 3500 Jahre oder jünger geschätzt.

Felsmalereien
Es existieren auf den Philippinen an drei verschiedenen Orten Felsmalereien. Dieses sind die Höhlen von Peñablanca im Norden der Insel Luzon, die Singnapan-Höhlen im Süden der Insel Palawan und auf der Anda-Halbinsel, Provinz Bohol. Es lassen sich zwei unterschiedliche Maltechniken unterscheiden. Während in Peñablanca und den Singnapan-Höhlen Holzkohle zum Zeichnen verwendet wurde, ist auf der Anda-Halbinsel rotes eisenhaltiges Hämatit verwendet worden. Eine Altersbestimmung der Felsmalereien steht noch aus.

Siehe auch
Andere archäologische Ausgrabungsorte der Philippinen
 Archäologische Ausgrabungsstätte Arubo
 Archäologische Ausgrabungsstätten im Cagayan Valley
 Archäologische Ausgrabungsstätte Butuan City
 Kabayan-Mumien

Weblinks
 Eintrag in der Tentativelist der UNESCO (englisch)
 Zeitlinie der Geschichte der Philippinen (englisch) (PDF; 355 kB)

Archäologischer Fundplatz auf den Philippinen
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Asien
Bildende Kunst (Philippinen)
Luzon
!
Philippinische Schrift

Petroglyphen auf den Philippinen


بلدية أرايا-مايستو (بالإسبانية: Arraya-Maestu) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية أرايا-مايستو 722 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 قائمة البلديات في ألافا.

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية أرايا-مايستو

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا
تأسيسات سنة 1958 في منطقة الباسك ذاتية الحكم

أرايا-مايستو


Jasmin Feige (geb. Fischer; * 20. Juni 1959 in Leverkusen; † 19. Juni 1988 bei Kürten) war eine deutsche Weit- und Hochspringerin.

1979 wurde sie bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Wien Sechste im Hochsprung. Bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften 1981 in Grenoble gewann sie Bronze im Weitsprung und wurde Fünfte im Hochsprung.

Ebenfalls im Weitsprung wurde sie Achte bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften 1983 in Budapest, Fünfte bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften 1985 in Piräus und Sechste bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften 1986 in Madrid.

1987 wurde sie deutsche Vizemeisterin im Weitsprung. In der Halle holte sie zweimal den nationalen Titel (1983, 1985) und wurde viermal Vizemeisterin (1984, 1986–1988).

Jasmin Feige startete für die LG Bayer Leverkusen. Sie kam bei einem Motorradunfall auf der Bundesstraße 506 ums Leben. Sie hinterließ eine 1981 geborene Tochter.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 Hochsprung: 1,86 m, 18. Mai 1980, Gelsenkirchen
 Halle: 1,89 m, 6. Februar 1981, Sindelfingen
 Weitsprung: 6,63 m, 21. August 1985, Zürich
 Halle: 6,71 m, 16. Februar 1985, Dortmund

Weitspringer (Deutschland)
Hochspringer (Deutschland)
Frau
Geboren 1959
Gestorben 1988
Deutscher

Jasmin Feige


ChemFET, sau tranzistor chimic cu efect de câmp, este un tip de tranzistor cu efect de câmp care acționează ca un senzor chimic. Acesta este un structural asemănător unui tranzistor MOSFET, în care sarcina electrică de pe electrodul poartă, este aplicată printr-un proces chimic. Acesta poate fi folosit pentru a detecta atomi, molecule, ioni în lichide și gaze.

ISFET, tranzistorul cu efect de câmp sensibil la ioni, este cel mai cunoscut subtip de dispozitiv ChemFET. Acesta este utilizat pentru a detecta ioni in electroliți.

ENFET este un ChemFET specializat pentru detectarea de biomolecule specifice, folosind enzime.

Referințe

Electrochimie
Electrozi
Instrumente de măsură
Senzori

Tranzistor chimic cu efect de câmp


Ole von Beust (born 13 April 1955) is a former German politician who was First Mayor of Hamburg from 31 October 2001 to 25 August 2010, serving as President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2007 on for one year. He was succeeded as mayor by Christoph Ahlhaus.

Life and work
Born in Hamburg as Carl-Friedrich Arp Freiherr von Beust, he is the son of Achim Helge Freiherr von Beust and Hanna, née Wolff, who was considered half Jewish in Nazi Germany. The von Beust family is an old noble family from the Altmark, which appears in 1228 for the first time. Through his father he is a descendant of Saxon and Austrian statesman Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust. He had his nickname Ole registered as his first name.

In 1971 von Beust became a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1973, after finishing high school, he worked for CDU parliamentary group in the Hamburg Parliament ("Hamburgische Bürgerschaft"), a position he held until he started to study law in 1975 at the University of Hamburg. From 1977 until 1983 he was Hamburg president of the youth organisation of his party. Since 1978 von Beust has been a member of the Hamburg city-state's parliament. In 1983 he successfully completed his studies and became an independent lawyer.

He has been a member of the ruling council of the Hamburg Land CDU since 1992, and of the national ruling council of the CDU party since 1998.

First Mayor of Hamburg
First term

On 31 October 2001, Ole von Beust became First Mayor of Hamburg.

When Hamburg experienced an exodus of jobs after major corporations including cigarette-maker Reemtsma, travel and shipping company Hapag-Lloyd, haircare products-maker Hans Schwarzkopf and the Vereins and Westbank AG were acquired by companies outside of Hamburg, von Beust had the city's investment arm, the Hamburger Gesellschaft für Beteiligungsverwaltung, join forces with retailer Tchibo for the acquisition of cosmetics maker Beiersdorf in 2003. This put American multinational Procter & Gamble out of the bidding and preserved Beiersdorf as a publicly traded, stand-alone company in Hamburg.

As host of Hamburg's annual St. Matthew's Day banquet for the city's civic and business leaders, von Beust invited several high-ranking guests of honour to the city, including Queen Silvia of Sweden (2003), King Abdullah II of Jordan (2005), Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark (2006), President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania (2008).

On 19 August 2003, von Beust dismissed his vice-mayor, Ronald Schill, causing a scandal. Von Beust had earlier dismissed Walter Wellinghausen, senator of the interior and Schill's most important official, without consulting Schill beforehand. This was due to public allegations of misconduct on Wellinghausen's part. In a private conversation, Schill then demanded that von Beust take back the dismissal, allegedly using personal threats. Von Beust then decided to dismiss Schill as well.

In the (preassigned) press conference Schill held minutes after he had heard of his own dismissal, he spoke vaguely of "homosexual relationships", a "flat in an infamous hustler district" and "certain things happened that let one infer the occurrence of love acts" between von Beust and Roger Kusch, who von Beust had appointed minister (in German city-states "senator") of justice. Von Beust in turn stated that Schill threatened to make his alleged liaison with Kusch public under the premise that von Beust intermingled public and private affairs. He said he had no sexual relationship with Kusch, that they merely knew each other for 25 years and were good friends, and that von Beust was Kusch's landlord. "This is all – absolutely all", according to von Beust.

His unprepared statement to the press quickly earned Schill a homophobic reputation. A popular radio-station broadcast a song calling him "Mega-Proll" (mega redneck) and gay and lesbian associations protested vocally. Schill however later affirmed von Beust's version of the story, except for the accusations of blackmail, saying that he warned von Beust to stay clear of nepotism, and that this had nothing to do with von Beust's sexual orientation. He stated "I have nothing against homosexuals".

In a later interview, von Beust's father confirmed that his son is indeed homosexual. Von Beust himself considers his sexual orientation a private matter; when asked directly he usually ironically refers the interviewer to his father. He has been in a relationship with his partner Lukas Förster since 2009 when the high school student completed an internship at the town hall. In 2013, the 56-year-old ex-mayor married his 22-year-old partner.

Second term

The Hamburg elections of 29 February 2004, ended with an unprecedented landslide victory for Ole von Beust and the CDU, with the party achieving an overall majority in the city-state's parliament. The CDU gained 47.2 percent of the vote, a full 21-point increase from the previous election in September 2001. This was the first time since 1993 the city-state has had only a single ruling party.

Under von Beust's leadership, the Hamburg state government made the decision to commence construction of the Elbphilharmonie, a concert hall in the  quarter.

Between 2007 and 2009, von Beust was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state, which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany.

Third term

In the Hamburg elections of 24 February 2008, the CDU gained 42.6 percent of the vote. Thus, the CDU continued to be the strongest party in Hamburg. However, since the CDU lost its absolute majority, it formed a coalition government with the Greens. At the time, the two party's cooperation was widely seen as a test for a possible coalition at the national level.

In February 2009, von Beust and Minister President Peter Harry Carstensen of Schleswig-Holstein agreed on a €13 billion bailout of state-owned shipping financier HSH Nordbank. The two states were forced to intervene after the SoFFin fund, which had been set up by the federal government in 2008 to stabilize the financial markets, said it could not help out HSH Nordbank until it got rid of all its bad debts.

Ahead of the 2009 national elections, von Beust was tipped as potential Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development in the cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel; in the negotiations on a coalition agreement with the FDP, however, the position went to Dirk Niebel.

In 2010, von Beust became the first German state leader to indicate that his state was in principle willing to provide humanitarian solutions for former Guantanamo inmates approved for release; Hamburg later accepted one released detainee.

On 18 July 2010, von Beust announced his resignation, to take effect on 25 August. Leaving office alongside von Beust were Karin von Welck, Hamburg's State Minister for Culture, and Volkmar Schoen of the senate chancellery.

Shortly after, voters in Hamburg toppled von Beust's proposed education reforms in the city-state's first binding referendum. The vote assured the preservation of Hamburg's four-year primary schools, rather than extending primary education to six years, which the ruling coalition of Christian Democrats and Greens had proposed.

Life after politics
Upon leaving active politics, von Beust opened his own law firm and joined consultancy Roland Berger as advisor. In 2012, he succeeded Klaus von Dohnányi as Executive Director of the Hamburg Foundation for Politically Persecuted People.

During a strike of ground crew at Frankfurt Airport in February 2012, von Beust was appointed as arbitrator by airport operator Fraport for negotiations with trade union GdF. The union accepted his proposed settlement plan; Fraport, however, rejected the deal.

In addition, von Beust has been holding various paid and unpaid positions, including the following:
 Friends of the Fraekelufer Synagogue, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Alliander AG, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2016)
 BoxDirect AG, Member of the Supervisory Board
 CH2 Contorhaus Hansestadt Hamburg AG, Chairman of the Supervisory Board
 Donner & Reuschel, Advisor (since 2014)
 ECE Projektmanagement, Member of the Sustainability Board
 Germela, Member of the Advisory Board
 Varengold Bank, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2013)
 Wirtschaftsrat der CDU, Member of the Board
 Rotary International, Member
 HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, Ex-Officio Chairman of the Supervisory Board (2010)

In late 2015, von Beust was named co-chairman (alongside Jürgen Trittin and Matthias Platzeck) of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending by early 2016 how to safeguard the funding of fulfilling Germany's exit from nuclear energy. By April 2016, the commission agreed to ask the power firms to pay €23.3 billion ($26.4 billion) into a state fund to cover the costs of nuclear waste storage.

Political positions
For the 2021 national elections, von Beust endorsed Markus Söder as the Christian Democrats' joint candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Recognition
Von Beust was a finalist for the World Mayor prize of 2010.

Notes
  However, the title provides no legal privileges of any sort in Germany.

See also

 List of LGBT heads of government

References

External links

 Ole von Beust - CDU-Hamburg site
 City Mayors profile

1955 births
Presidents of the German Bundesrat
Mayors of Hamburg
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Barons of Germany
Gay politicians
Living people
German people of Jewish descent
University of Hamburg alumni
German gay men
LGBT conservatism
LGBT nobility
LGBT mayors of places in Germany
LGBT legislators in Germany
LGBT governors and heads of sub-national entities

Ole von Beust


Floptical refers to a type of floppy disk drive that combines magnetic and optical technologies to store data on media similar to standard -inch floppy disks. The name is a portmanteau of the words "floppy" and "optical". It refers specifically to one brand of drive and disk system, but is also used more generically to refer to any system using similar techniques.

The original Floptical technology was announced in 1988 and introduced late in 1991 by Insite Peripherals, a venture funded company set up by Jim Adkisson, one of the key engineers behind the original -inch floppy disk drive development at Shugart Associates in 1976. The main shareholders were Maxell, Iomega and 3M.

Technical aspects

The technology involves reading and writing data magnetically, while optically aligning the read/write head in the drive using grooves in the disk being sensed by an infrared LED and sensor (a form of visual servo). The magnetic head touches the recording surface, as it does in a normal floppy drive. The optical servo tracks allow for an increase in the tracking precision of the magnetic head, from the usual 135 tracks per inch to  tracks per inch. Floptical disks provide 21 MB of storage. The drive has a second set of read/write heads so that it can read from and write to standard 720 KB and 1.44 MB ( KB) disks as well.

To allow for a high degree of compatibility with existing SCSI host adapters, Floptical drives were designed to work as a standard floppy disk drive, and not as a removable hard disk. To ensure this, a "write lockout" feature was added in the firmware, effectively inhibiting writing (including any kind of formatting) of the media. It is possible to unlock the drive by issuing a SCSI Mode Sense Command, and Insite also issued EPROMs where this feature was not present.

At least two models were produced, one with a manual lever that mechanically ejected the disc from the drive, and another with a small pinhole into which a paperclip can be inserted, in case the device rejected or ignored SCSI eject commands.

Market performance
Insite licensed the floptical technology to a number of companies, including Matsushita, Iomega, Maxell/Hitachi and others. A number of these companies later formed the Floptical Technology Association, or FTA, to try to have the format adopted as a replacement of standard floppy disks.

Around 70,000 Insite Flopticals are believed to have been sold worldwide in the product's lifetime. Silicon Graphics used them in their SGI Indigo and SGI Indy series of computer workstations. It was also reported that Commodore International had selected the Insite Floptical for its Amiga 3000. However, this did not take place, and while Flopticals were installed in many Amiga systems, they were sold by either Insite, TTR Development or Digital Micronics (DMI), and not bundled by Commodore.

Iomega licensed the Floptical technology as early as 1989 and produced a compatible drive known as the Insider.

A few years later, a number of other companies introduced Floptical-like but incompatible systems:

Iomega introduced their own ZIP-100 system storing 100 MB in 1994, which would go on to sell into the tens of millions. Later versions would increase the capacity to 250 and 750 MB.

Another similar system was Imation's LS‑120 SuperDisk in 1996. The LS-120 stored 120 MB of data while retaining the ability to work with normal -inch disks, interfacing as a standard floppy for better compatibility. A later LS-240 version would store up to 240 MB.

A smaller competitor was the almost unknown Caleb UHD144 in 1997.

Since 1998, Sony also tried their own Floptical-based format, the Sony HiFD, but quality control problems ruined its reputation. The first version could store 150 MB, but it was soon replaced by a 200 MB version.

There was serious consideration that one of these systems would succeed where the Floptical failed and replace the standard floppy disk outright, but the rapid introduction of writable CD-ROM systems in the early 2000s made the market disappear.

Operating system support
Support of Floptical drives is present in all Microsoft Windows NT operating systems up to Windows 2000, where it figures as 20.8 MB drive format option in the FORMAT command options. The FORMAT command in Windows XP and newer lacks support of the Floptical drive.  Floptical support exists in SCO OpenServer as well. SCSI-equipped Macintosh computers could boot from a Mac operating system installed on a Floptical; a formatting utility application was provided to erase and format Floptical disks. Likewise, Silicon Graphics's IRIX operating system includes Floptical support.

See also

 Magneto-optical drive
 SuperDisk (LS-120)
 Zip drive

References

Further reading

Optical computer storage
Floppy disk computer storage
Computer-related introductions in 1991

Floptical


Brtvljenje vakuuma ili vakuumsko brtvljenje ima za cilj brtvljenje spojeva uređaja i instalacija u kojima vlada vakuum jest da se spriječi štetno prodiranje zraka u njih. Za brtvljenje vakuuma do oko 98% mogu se upotrijebiti brtvila koja se upotrebljavaju i za brtvljenje pri tlakovima koja se upotrebljavaju i za brtvljenje pri tlakovima iznad atmosferskog, ako su ostali uvjeti jednaki. Pri tome dolaze u obzir plosnate i posebno profilirane brtve od elastičnih materijala (meka brtva). Najveće opterećenje gumenih profiliranih brtava za spojeve izložene djelovanju vakuuma, koji se često rastavljaju, ne treba prelaziti 2,5 N/mm2, dok se inače dopušta 4 N/mm2, zavisno od kakvoće gume. Jedan od načina brtvljenja pri još nižim tlakovima je pomoću brtvene tekućine.

Brtvljenje spojeva pokretljivih dijelova fluidima
Brtvljenje spojeva pokretljivih dijelova fluidima ima dosta sličnosti s bezdodirnim brtvljenjem, od kojeg se razlikuje samo time što brtveni fluid nije sam medij koji se brtvi, već neki drugi. Njegova je glavna prednost što praktički postiže potpunu nepropusnost spoja. Za brtvljenje fluidima najviše služe tekućine, a rjeđe plinovi. Prema nastajanju brtvenog tlaka u brtvenim tekućinama razlikuje se samostalno brtvljenje i brtvljenje dovođenjem tekućine pod tlakom.

Pri samostalnom brtvljenju tekućina potrebni brtveni tlak nastaje pod utjecajem centrifugalne sile dijelova koji se gibaju (na primjer rotora). Zbog toga ovo brtvljenje dolazi u obzir za primjenu tamo gdje samo jedan dio spoja se vrti. Prema pretpostavkama rotacijskog gibanja i hidraulike, za izračunavanje razlike tlakova Δp koja pri tome može biti zabrtvena stupcem tekućine s visinom h, treba primijeniti izraz:

gdje je: g - ubrzanje zemljine sile teže, γ - specifična težina brtvene tekućine, ω - kutna brzina vrtnje, p1 - tlak fluida čije istjecanje treba spriječiti, p2 - tlak brtvene tekućine, du - unutarnji promjer fluida čije istjecanje treba spriječiti, dv - vanjski promjer fluida čije istjecanje treba spriječiti. Kad su površine rotora glatke, a sloj brtvene tekućine tanak, umjesto ω u gornji izraz treba staviti ω' = ω/2. Prednost ovog načina brtvljenja je u tome što nema gubitaka brtvene tekućine.

Pri brtvljenju fluidima koji se dovode izvana, njihov tlak mora biti veći i od tlaka fluida čije se protjecanje među brtvenim površinama želi spriječiti, i od atmosferskog tlaka. Pri tome među brtvenim površinama umjesto fluida protječe brtvena tekućina, što je povezano s gubitcima. Taj se nedostatak može ublažiti smanjivanjem zračnosti među brtvenim površinama i upotrebom gušćih brtvenih tekućina. Međutim, ovaj način brtvljenja ne primjenjuje se sam, nego kao dodatna mjera u nekim slučajevima brtvljenja brtvenicama, a brtvilo ujedno smanjuje gubitke brtvene tekućine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strojarstvo
Hidraulika
Strojevi

Brtvljenje vakuuma


Ménage é um filme de suspense brasileiro de 2022, dirigido por Luan Cardoso, que também escreve o roteiro em parceria com Lucca Bertollini e Ana Souto, os quais também produzem o filme ao lado de Daniella Origuela. O filme acompanha a trajetória de três políticos ao longo de uma noite regada a drogas e relações sexuais, que culmina na morte de uma garota por overdose.

O filme teve sua estreia mundial em 9 de dezembro de 2020 no Rio Fantastik Festival e foi lançado no Brasil a partir de 17 de março de 2022 pela Lira Filmes.

Sinopse
Em um motel, três políticos se reúnem para viver uma noite de sexo e muita droga após um evento de convenção nacional do partido que os três fazem parte. A situação parece estar sob controle até eles constatarem a morte de uma garota de programa que os acompanhava por causa de uma overdose de heroína. O advogado Veiga (Lino Camilo), o deputado Roberto (Francisco Gaspar) e o candidato a governador Ariel (Vinícius Ferreira) precisam buscar uma maneira de contornar essa situação.

Elenco

Produção
O filme é um thriller de baixo orçamento, que mistura suspense e fantasia para representar o submundo da política brasileira. Foi produzido pela empresa Quixó Produções, com produção assinada pelo próprio diretor, Luan Cardoso, Lucca Bertolini, Daniella Origuela e Ana Souto. O roteiro é assumidamente autoral e também é escrito parcialmente pelo próprio diretor. A produção buscou referências nos famosos filmes da era da Boca do Lixo, produzidos no Brasil na década de 1970. As gravações aconteceram em 2017.

Lançamento
A estreia mundial de Ménage aconteceu em 9 de dezembro de 2020, quando foi selecionado para ser exibido no Rio Fantastik Festival, onde foi eleito como melhor filme. Em janeiro de 2021 estreou na Grécia no Athens International Monthly Art Film Festival. Em 28 de janeiro de 2021 foi exibido no Reino Unido durante o evento Lift-Off Global Network. Em fevereiro, foi lançado na Turquia durante o Anatolia International Film Festival.

Em março de 2021, voltou a ser exibido no Brasil no Festival de Cinema de Caruaru e no Inhapim Cine Festival. No mês seguinte, abril, foi exibido no Festival de Cinema Fantástico de Porto Alegre. No mesmo mês ainda foi exibido no Canadá no Toronto Independent Festival of Cift e na Colômbia no SFTF Film Festival. Em maio, foi exibido nos festivais brasileiros FESTCiMM e Festival Saindo da Gaveta. Em 15 dezembro de 2021 estreou em Portugal no Lisbon Cinefest.

O lançamento comercial no Brasil ocorreu em 17 de março de 2022 em 12 cidades Brasileiras onde ficou 4 semanas em cartaz.

Recepção

Crítica
O filme teve carreira exitosa no circuito de festivais do gênero fantástico, tendo ganhado 24 prêmios nos 20 festivais em que participou. Seu lançamento comercial em 14 salas de cinema no Brasil, recebeu críticas mistas e calorosas por parte dos críticos de cinema.

Rodrigo Fonseca do jornal carioca Correio da Manhã definiu o filme como "Um surpreendente ensaio de suspense político no cinema brasileiro, capaz de dialogar com os bem-sucedidos exercícios dessa cartilha, sobretudo "O corte" (2005), de Costa-Gravas.".

Gabriel Elysio do site Republica do Medo comenta que "Cardoso coloca em tela o desprezo que a classe política tem pela própria política."

Do site Esqueletos no Armário, Gustavo Fiaux: "É instigante assistir a um filme nacional que foge da tangente e fala tão abertamente sobre política pelo viés do horror, como faz Ménage, um thriller psicológico com requintes de crueldade e surrealismo."

Escrevendo para o website Esquina da Cultura, Matheus Mans definiu o filme como bem intencionado em sua proposta, porém com uma execução mediana: "Ménage merece atenção por ser apenas o primeiro filme de Cardoso, tão jovem e que mostra talento -- só a mudança de direção da narrativa já é rica demais."

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

 Ménage no Filme B

Filmes do Brasil de 2022
Filmes de suspense do Brasil
Filmes de suspense da década de 2020
Filmes em língua portuguesa

Ménage (filme)


An Bulbostylis barbata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christen Friis Rottbøll, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Bulbostylis barbata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 B. b. barbata
 B. b. pulchella

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis barbata


Jean Leon (Santander, 1928-Los Ángeles, 1996), nacido como Ángel Ceferino Carrión Madrazo y registrado posteriormente  como Justo Ramón León, fue un empresario español afincado en Estados Unidos.

Biografía
Su casa familiar se destruyó en el incendio de Santander de 1941, por lo que se trasladó a Barcelona. Su padre y un hermano mayor murieron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial al ser torpedeado su barco por error durante un viaje marítimo. En Barcelona trabajó algunos meses como planchista en la fábrica de camiones Pegaso. En 1947 se trasladó a Francia andando. En Francia fue camarero; en Le Havre se embarcó como polizón rumbo a Nueva York. Allí, sin saber inglés, fue recogeplatos en el Rockefeller Center. En 1950 se estableció en Hollywood. Se nacionalizó estadounidense y entró a trabajar en el restaurante de Frank Sinatra y Joe DiMaggio, el Villa Capri, donde conoció a muchas celebrities y adoptó su seudónimo, hay quien dice que como homenaje a su gran amigo James Dean, de cuyo nombre y apellido habría escogido la inicial y tres últimas letras para crear su ya célebre «Jean». Precisamente con James Dean fundaría el Restaurante La Scala, en Beverly Hills, en 1956. El local se puso de moda entre las estrellas hollywoodienses y tras la muerte de Dean, Leon se quedó como único anfitrión. El cáterin de La Scala sirvió la última cena, a domicilio, a Marilyn Monroe, antes de suicidarse. El escritor y fotógrafo Alexis de Vilar, que en 1973 era corresponsal de la revista Fotogramas en Hollywood y con quien Jean Leon jugaba a veces al tenis junto a Natalie Wood y Robert Wagner, le pidió trabajo por lo que durante unos meses hizo de lavaplatos en La Scala, hasta donde se dirigía en un Cadillac de su novia, la directora de Motion Pictures of America. Jean Leon residía por aquella época en la cercana Malibú.

Jean Leon, insatisfecho con el vino que servían en su restaurante, decidió elaborarlo él mismo. Después de un viaje a Francia y España, en 1963 compró 150 hectáreas en Torrelavit, Alto Panadés. Arrancó las cepas y las reemplazó por cabernet sauvignon, merlot y chardonnay, entonces desconocidas en la comarca. Delegó en el enólogo Jaume Rovira la elaboración de unos caldos que destacan por su fuerte personalidad. En 1973 salieron al mercado las primeras botellas Jean Leon, cosecha de 1969. Era el primer vino cabernet sauvignon elaborado en España. En 1976 obtuvo la denominación de origen. En 1981, Ronald Reagan eligió el vino Jean Leon para la fiesta de su investidura. Inicialmente, el vino estaba destinado al mercado americano, pero en 1983 pasó a comercializarse en España.

Fumador empedernido, Jean Leon enfermó de cáncer y vendió sus bodegas a Miguel A. Torres Riera, con la condición de que su enólogo, Jaume Rovira, continuase al frente. Leon se dedicó a viajar por el mundo a bordo de su bajel La Scala di mare, recalando en Tailandia, donde proyectaba abrir un restaurante de diseño frente al mar. La enfermedad le obligó a retornar a Los Ángeles, donde falleció, dejando inconcluso el proyecto tailandés.

El Ayuntamiento de Santander dio a una calle su nombre. El periodista Sebastián Moreno escribió su biografía Jean León. El rey de Beverly Hills. El cineasta Agustí Vila realizó el documental biográfico 3055. Jean Leon (2006), basado en su historia personal.

Dado que la mayor parte de la documentación sobre Jean Leon está escrita en inglés, su apellido no suele escribirse con tilde, si bien él mismo firmaba «Jean León», con tilde, como puede apreciarse en gran parte de las botellas de las bodegas Jean Leon, que llevan copia de su firma autógrafa.

Calle de Jean Leon en Santander
Actualmente tiene una calle con su nombre en su ciudad natal.

Enlaces externos
 Jean Leon/Ceferino Carrión: El dulce sabor del sueño americano
 Jean Leon: Vida exagerada, por Xavier Moret
 Sitio oficial

Referencias

Empresarios de Cantabria
Empresarios de Barcelona
Restauradores de España
Restauradores de Estados Unidos
Exiliados españoles en Estados Unidos
Nacionalizados de Estados Unidos
Viticultores
Nacidos en Santander (España)
Fallecidos en Los Ángeles
Cántabros del siglo XX

Jean Leon


Onthophagus signaticollis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Frey em 1970.

Referências

Ligações externas

signaticollis
Coleópteros descritos em 1970

Onthophagus signaticollis


Elena Dron (născută Gonța; ) a fost prima femeie-inginer din România.

S-a născut în 1897 în familia unui preot din satul Puțintei, raionul Orhei. A urmat clasele primare la școala din sat, iar studiile secundare le-a făcut la Liceul Eparhial din Chișinău. În anii 1916–1917 a învățat la  din Harkov, după care revine în Basarabia. În 1923 absolvește Facultatea de Construcții a Institutului Politehnic din București. Deoarece a fost prima femeie din România care a absolvit o facultate de inginerie, Elena a fost înscrisă în "Cartea de aur" a Politehnicii din București.

Elena s-a căsătorit în 1922 cu colegul său de clasă Dumitru Dron, fost deputat în Sfatul Țării și combatant pe frontul din Moldova. Împreună, au crescut trei copii: Andrei, Tatiana și Eugenia. Cei doi soți și fiica Tatiana au fost înmormântați alături la Simeria, județul Hunedoara.

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1897
Decese în 1989
Ingineri moldoveni
Ingineri români
Femei din Republica Moldova
Oameni din ținutul Orhei

Elena Dron


An Bambusa tulda in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh. An Bambusa tulda in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bambusa

Bambusa tulda


Royal Air Force Menwith Hill or more simply RAF Menwith Hill is a Royal Air Force station near Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, which provides communications and intelligence support services to the United Kingdom and the United States. The site contains an extensive satellite ground station and is a communications intercept and missile warning site. It has been described as the largest electronic monitoring station in the world.

RAF Menwith Hill is owned by the Ministry of Defence (MoD), but made available to the US Department of Defense (DoD) under the NATO Status of Forces Agreement 1951 and other, undisclosed agreements between the US and British governments. His Majesty's Government (HMG) is entitled to possession of the site and retains control over its use and its facilities, though the administration of the base is the responsibility of the US authorities, with support provided by around 400 staff from Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), in addition to United States Air Force (USAF) and US National Security Agency (NSA) personnel. In 2014, the number of American personnel was reduced as part of a streamlining of operations due to improvements in technology.

The site acts as a ground station for a number of satellites operated by the US National Reconnaissance Office, on behalf of the NSA, with antennas contained in numerous distinctive white radomes, locally referred to as "the golf balls", and is alleged to be an element of the ECHELON system.

The site is one of three main sites operated by the United States across the globe as a major satellite monitoring station and intelligence gathering location. The other two sites are located in America and Australia, having similar roles and working together with RAF Menwith Hill to develop knowledge around American, British and Australian interests. The Australian site is known as the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap.

History

Establishment of station (1954 – 1959)
In 1954, the British War Office purchased  of land at Nessfield Farm, located approximately  west of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. The area purchased soon increased to  and were made available by the British Government to the United States Department of Defense. The site was considered by the US as suitable for gathering signals intelligence from the northern parts of Western Europe and Eastern Europe, specifically the Soviet Union and its associated Warsaw Pact countries. The Yorkshire Dales' low level of background radio noise made it an especially good location for the task. The UK provided assurances to the US that the site would be available to them for at least 21 years.

Construction of the station on behalf of the United States Army Security Agency (USASA) began in April 1956. Building costs at the time were $6.8 million as well as a further $1.2 million for personnel housing. Initially named Field Station 8613, the site was renamed 13th USASA Field Station on 1 January 1957 and again renamed on 1 January 1959, as Menwith Hill Station. Due to adverse ground conditions and weather, there were delays to the construction programme, with the station finally becoming operational during June 1959.

Early years (1960 – 1966)
Operationally, Menwith Hill was assigned to the USASA Headquarters in Frankfurt, West Germany, whereas for logistical support it was attached to the US Air Force's Third Air Force, which at the time had its headquarters in the UK. Security at the station was provided by a US Army military police detachment and the British Air Ministry Constabulary. However, if the site was compromised during an invasion, three earth-covered bunkers contained ammunition and thermite charges which could be used to destroy classified equipment and material.

The station initially comprised a headquarters building, barracks, dependent housing and support facilities such as a cinema and social clubs. The operations building was located inside a secure compound, within a large antenna field, approximately  from the main site. It was equipped with large high frequency (HF) directional rhombic antennas that could detect signals from around the globe. Over two-hundred Collins R-390A HF communications receivers were used to collect a vast range of signal in the HF band, including carrier waves, voice signals, and burst transmissions. Within the operations centre was the communications centre which was manned by cryptographers using deciphering equipment, however a large amount of the signals collected were encrypted before being forwarded for processing to the US National Security Agency's Fort Meade facility in Maryland.

Transfer to the National Security Agency (1966 – 1996)
In the 1960s, as a result of developments in digital technology and the increased use of satellites for signals intelligence, the specialist skills of engineers and technicians within the National Security Agency (NSA) and their contractors became increasingly important. Therefore, on 1 August 1966, with the agreement of the British Government, control of Menwith Hill Station was handed from the US Army to the NSA when it became a field element of the agency. The NSA expanded the station during the 1970s and 1980s, with the operations centre extended and new buildings erected. The first two radomes, designed to protect satellite receiver and transmission dishes (colloquially known as 'golf balls' and now synonymous with the station) were installed in 1974, at which point around 800 personnel were believed to work there.

In 1976, 21 years after the initial tenure arrangements were agreed with the US, the British Government renewed assurances that the site would continue to be available for a further 21 years.

Menwith Hill came to public attention in 1980 when British magazine the New Statesman published an article which suggested that the station was the world's largest phone tapping facility and highlighted the secrecy afforded to it by the British and US governments. Investigations found that during the early 1960s, Menwith Hill was integrated into the General Post Office's microwave relay network known as 'Backbone', via a high-capacity underground cable link to the Hunters Stones communications tower, located approximately  to the south of the station. It was alleged the link allowed mass interception of civilian telephone and telex communications between the United States, UK and Europe. At the time, eight radomes were now present at Menwith Hill, connecting it with other sites in the NSA's satellite communications network and alleged to allow the surveillance of communications in foreign countries. In response to the article the NSA said "We do radio relays - material comes in from a variety of places and is rerouted. It is a switching operation. We route it sometimes to the UK and sometimes to the US". The suggestion that national and international communications were monitored was denied.

A detachment of the US Army 704th Military Intelligence (MI) Brigade was established at Menwith Hill in 1985. In 1992, the detachment became A Company of the 743rd Military Intelligence Battalion, 704th MI Brigade.

The US Air Force's 6951st Electronic Security Squadron was formed at Menwith Hill on 1 May 1991. It was later re-designated as the 451st Intelligence Squadron on 1 October 1993.

In 1995, the US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) became the executive agent for Menwith Hill on behalf of the National Security Agency. INSCOM transformed A Company, 743rd Military Intelligence Battalion into the 713th Military Intelligence Group. In 2000, the group added a second company and was re-designated as the 109th Military Intelligence Group.

RAF Menwith Hill (1996 to present)
On 19 February 1996, the station was renamed RAF Menwith Hill, an administrative change to align the base with other sites made available to the United States by the United Kingdom.

During a 1997 court case, British Telecom revealed that in 1975, its predecessor, the Post Office, installed two cables between Menwith Hill and a coaxial cable that connected to the microwave radio station at Hunters Stones, which was part of the long-distance telephone network. This connection was replaced in 1992 by a new high capacity fibre-optic cable. Later, two additional cables were added over which telephone and other communications could go to and from the base. These cables were capable of transmitting over 100,000 phone calls simultaneously.

On 1 October 2000, the 451st Intelligence Squadron, was re-designated as the 451st Information Operations Squadron, before reverting to the 451st Intelligence Squadron on 1 April 2007.

On 19 July 2002, US Army INSCOM transferred responsibility for administrative and logistical support for Menwith Hill to the US Air Force, to bring the site in-line with other facilities in the UK made available to the US. Notwithstanding, the US Army retained a presence and in place of the 109th Military Intelligence Group, INSCOM formed a provisional battalion designated as the Menwith Hill Battalion (Provisional).  On 18 October 2008 the unit, under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel, was re-designated as the 307th Military Intelligence Battalion, subordinate to the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade headquartered at Wiesbaden, Germany. On 16 October 2009, the battalion was re-designated as the 709th Military Intelligence Battalion.

According to an article in a 2003 issue of an internal NSA newsletter, "Menwith is a large site (several hundred NSA civilians)". In March 2012 researcher Steve Schofield of BASIC produced a 65-page report called "Lifting the Lid on Menwith Hill", funded by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust and commissioned and published by the Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). Menwith Hill's primary mission is to provide "intelligence support for UK, US and allied interests". The base's multimillion-pound expansion, Project Phoenix, is "one of the largest and most sophisticated high technology programs carried out anywhere in the UK over the last 10 years". Of the 1,800 employees in 2012, 400 were British and 1,200 were American employees of the NSA.

During the 2009 G-20 London Summit NSA intercept specialists based at Menwith Hill attempted to target and decode the encrypted telephone calls of the Russian president Dmitry Medvedev.

The 451st Intelligence Squadron, was inactivated on 24 June 2015.

Facilities
Planning permission was granted in August 2019 for the construction of three new radomes at the site, bringing the total number to thirty-seven. The three new radomes would be  in diameter and located in the southern part of the site.

Extension of the site means that it now covers .

Role and operations

Ownership and administration
RAF Menwith Hill is owned by the British Ministry of Defence (MOD). Although designated as an RAF station, it is made available to the United States Department of Defense (DOD) under the 1951 NATO Status of Forces Agreement and other classified arrangements. The MOD retains control over the site's use and facilities, however the administration of the site is the responsibility of the US authorities.

The US Air Force's 421st Air Base Squadron provides Menwith Hill with base and mission support services. The squadron is part of the 423rd Air Base Group which in turn is part of the 501st Combat Support Wing, both of which have their headquarters at RAF Alconbury in Cambridgeshire.

Mission
According to the Royal Air Force "RAF Menwith Hill is an integral part of the US DOD world-wide defence communications network. Its primary mission is to provide intelligence support for UK, US and allied interests." The site is a field station of the US National Security Agency (NSA), with personnel from other parts of the DOD also present. UK personnel from the MOD and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) are integrated into both the operational and administrative elements of the site.

In November 2017, the British Government advised that 1,205 personnel worked at the station, comprising 33 staff from the US military, 344 US contractors, 250 US civilians, 7 UK military (5 Royal Navy and 2 RAF), 85 UK contractors and 486 UK civilians (including those employed by GCHQ).

Security
Site security is provided by the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP). One of three MDP Central Support Group units is based at Menwith Hill, providing armed officers who can be deployed regionally at short notice, to support wider MDP operations.

On 1 April 2006, RAF Menwith Hill was designated as a protected site for the purposes of Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. The effect of the act was to make it a specific criminal offence for a person to trespass into the station.

ECHELON Interception System

In 1988, investigative journalist Duncan Campbell revealed, in an article entitled "Somebody's listening" and published in New Statesman, the existence of the ECHELON surveillance program, an extension of the UKUSA Agreement on global signals intelligence Sigint. He also detailed how the eavesdropping operations worked. Duncan Campbell presented a report commissioned by STOA concerning the ECHELON system, at a "hearing of the Committee on Citizens Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs on the subject the European Union and data protection" which prompted the European Union to set up the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System.

On 5 July 2000, the European Union set up the European Parliament's Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System stated that the global system for the interception of private and commercial communications was operating by means of "cooperation proportionate to their capabilities" among the US, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand under the UKUSA. ... It seems likely ... that its name is in fact ECHELON." The Committee raised concerns about the incompatibility of the interception of private and commercial communications with the fundamental right to respect for private life (Article 8 of the ECHR). They were also concerned that interception of commercial communications could be used for "competitive intelligence-gathering rather than combating corruption." During the early 1970s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill.

In 1999 he wrote a report on COMINT entitled Interception Capabilities 2000 for the European Parliament.

In 1996 author and investigative journalist, Nicky Hager in his book entitled Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network, provided a detailed account of ECHELON, the worldwide electronic surveillance system used by an intelligence alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

On 3 November 1999, the BBC reported that they had confirmation from the Australian Government of the existence of a powerful "global spying network" codenamed Echelon, that can eavesdrop on every single phone call, fax or e-mail, anywhere on the planet" with Britain and the United States as the chief protagonists. They confirmed that Menwith Hill was "linked directly to the headquarters of the US National Security Agency (NSA) at Fort Meade in Maryland."

Demonstrations
Between 1984 and 1995 a number of peace camps were established in close proximity to the station. A number of other individual protests have also taken place, predominantly related to nuclear proliferation and strategic missile defense. Protests also occurred at other US military locations in the UK such as Greenham Common.

Objections to the Strategic Defense Initiative have led to demonstrators storming the perimeter fence, and to demands in 2007 from Labour MPs for a full debate about missile defence and Menwith Hill. Actions continue into 2006.

One particular local activist, Lindis Percy, was prosecuted, over a protracted period, under a number of different laws.

In April 2012 activists affiliated with the global Occupy Movement held a four-day campsite at Menwith Hill. Protesters said they hoped the camp would "reignite the debate locally, nationally and globally about whether the subversive and undemocratic nature of activities at the base are acceptable, or indeed accountable, to the British public. This debate however, never happened outside of the fringe elements of society."

See also

 List of Royal Air Force stations
 Listening station
 Menwith Hill Elementary/High School
 United States Air Forces in Europe
 United States Air Force in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

External links
 Menwith Hill Accountability Campaign
Yorkshire CND – Menwith Hill

Menwith Hill
Military installations of the United States in the United Kingdom
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
National Security Agency facilities
Earth stations in England
UKUSA listening stations
Menwith Hill, RAF
Organisations based in North Yorkshire
Nidderdale
Buildings and structures in North Yorkshire
1959 establishments in England

RAF Menwith Hill


Stewart Grand Prix je bivša britanska momčad Formule 1.

Paul Stewart, sin Jackiea Stewarta, 1988. je kupio momčad Gary Evans Motorsport Team te ga nazvao Paul Stewart Racing. Ekipa se 1989. natjecala u Britanskoj Formuli 3. Do 1996., natejcali su se u Formuli 3, Europskoj Formuli 3000 i Formuli Vauxhall Lotus, te osvojio ukupno 12 naslova s preko 100 pobjeda.

Uoći prve sezone u Formuli 1, Jackie Stewart je dogovorio petogodišnju suradnju s Fordom. Vozačku postavu činili su Brazilac Rubens Barrichello i Danac Jan Magnussen. Sezona 1997. nije bila pretjerano uspješna. Motor je otkazao čak 16 puta, a jedine bodove za momčad osvojio je Barrichello na VN Monaka, kada je bio drugi u utrci.

Nova šasija SF02, za 1998., nije bila puno bolja od prehodne, a momčad se i dalje mučila s pouzdanjem Fordovih motora. Barrichello je osvojio bodove na VN Španjolske i VN Kanade, a Magnusenn je nakon Montreala zamijenjen Nizozemcem Josom Verstappenom.

Sezona 1999., bila je najbolja u Stewartovoj povijesti u Formuli 1. Ford je odlučio napraviti novi CR-1 motor koji je bio brz od početka, no imao je i malih problema sa zagrijavanjem. Momčad dovodi Britanca Johnnyja Herberta, kao zamjenu za Verstappena. Barrichello osvaja dva 3. mjesta na VN San Marina i VN Francuske, na kojoj je ostvario i jedino prvo startno mjesto za Stewart. Senzacija za momčad dogodila se na VN Europe kada je na kišnom Nürburgringu odustalo 14 vozača. Pobjedu je odnio Herbert, dok je Barrichello još jednom bio treći. Najuspješniju sezonu, Stewart je završio na visokom četvrtom mjestu u poretku konstruktora s 36 bodova.

Momčad je na kraju godine kupljena od strane Forda te preimenovana u Jaguar Racing.

Rezultati

Izvori
Zaboravljene momčadi - Stewart Grand Prix F1Puls, objavljeno 4. prosinca 2016. Pristupljeno 8. travnja 2017.

Vanjske poveznice
statsf1.com

Momčadi Formule 1
Formula 1 u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu

Stewart Grand Prix


An Johnsonia acaulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher. An Johnsonia acaulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Johnsonia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Johnsonia

Johnsonia acaulis


Govhar Beydullayeva est une joueuse d'échecs azerbaïdjanaise née le  à Zulfi.

Au , elle est la troisième joueuse azerbaïdjanaise et la  joueuse mondiale avec un classement Elo de .

Biographie et carrière
Govhar Beydullayeva est née à Zulfi en Arabie saoudite. Elle a obtenu le titre de maître international féminin en 2020.

Compétitions internationales
Govhar Beydullayeva a remporté trois médailles au championnat d'Europe d'échecs de la jeunesse : deux médailles d'argent en 2014 et 2015 dans la catégorie des filles de moins de 12 ans et une médaille  d'or en 2017 dans la catégorie des filles de moins de 14 ans avec 8,5 points marqués en 9 parties.

En 2017, à 14 ans, elle marqua 5 points sur 11 au championnat d'Europe d'échecs individuel féminin adulte.

En avril 2022, Govhar Beydullayeva marqua 7 points sur 11 au championnat d'Europe d'échecs individuel mixte.

En 2016, lors de l'olympiade de Bakou féminine, elle marqua 6 points sur 11 au troisième échiquier de l'équipe C.

En 2021, elle remporte la médaille de bronze par équipe au championnat d'Europe d'échecs des nations.

En octobre 2023, Beydullayeva termine le championnat à la première place en récoltant 9 points en 11 matchs lors du championnat du monde junior d'échecs rapides des moins de 20 ans organisé sur l'île de Sardaigne, en Italie.

Championnats d'Azerbaïdjan

En 2012, Govhar Beydullayeva remporte le championnat d'échecs de la jeunesse azerbaïdjanaise dans le groupe d'âge des filles de moins de 10 ans, puis elle répète ce succès trois fois en 2013, 2015 et 2016.

En 2019, elle prend la troisième place du championnat d'échecs féminin d'Azerbaïdjan.

En 2020 et 2021, elle remporte la médaille d'argent au championnat féminin d'Azerbaïdjan. Elle finit par remporter le championnat féminin d'Azerbaïdjan lors de l'édition 2022, puis à nouveau en 2023.

En 2022, elle remporte le championnat du monde junior féminin.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 2003
Joueuse azerbaïdjanaise d'échecs
Championne du monde d'échecs junior

Govhar Beydullayeva


Apfelsdorf steht für
Orte in der Slowakei
Apfelsdorf, deutscher Name von Jablonov,
Apfelsdorf an der Gran, deutscher Name von Horné Opatovce

Apfelsdorf


Weohstan, Wēohstān o Wīhstān (protonórdico: *Wīhastainaz, que significa "piedra sagrada"; nórdico antiguo Vésteinn y Wǣstēn) es un personaje semi-legendario, un guerrero vikingo que aparece en el poema épico anglosajón Beowulf y, según algunos historiadores, también en el escandinavo Kálfsvísa.

En ambos poemas, Beowulf y Kálfsvísa, Weohstan (Vésteinn) lucha al lado de su rey Onela (Áli) contra Eadgils (Aðils).

Beowulf
Según la versión de la historia que puede leerse en la obra Beowulf, Weohstan es padre de Wiglaf, pertenecía al clan familiar de los Waegmunding. Ecgþeow, padre de Beowulf, también pertenecía al mismo clan, por lo que ambos personajes están vinculados en algún grado de parentesco.

Parece que Weohstan había muerto de edad avanzada antes de la acción descrita en la última parte del poema. Weohstan aparece en la línea 2602 de Beowulf, y mantuvo derechos y propiedades en bien comunal en Geatland, que Beowulf le había otorgado.

Cuando el príncipe Scylfing, Eanmund se rebeló contra su tío Onela, rey de los suiones (suecos), Weohstan luchó en el lado de Onela y mató al príncipe fugitivo Eanmund en el campo de batalla; Onela le recompensó con la espada y armadura de Eanmund, que en su vejez los cedió a su hijo Wiglaf. En aquel tiempo Weohstan y Wiglaf «vivieron entre los gautas». Su nombre aparece en varias secciones donde se menciona a Wiglaf como «hijo de Weohstan».

El filólogo alemán especializado en inglés antiguo e inglés medio Frederick Klaeber (1863 - 1954) considera que Onela no buscaba saldar una deuda de sangre con Weohstan: cuando murió Onela y se convirtió en rey de los suiones el hermano de Eanmund, Eadgils, Weohstan creyó más prudente abandonar el servicio a los Scylfing, y por eso se fue a vivir entre los gautas.

Kálfsvísa

En Skáldskaparmál de Snorri Sturluson, aparece un poema llamado Kálfsvísa, donde aparece el nombre de Weohstan en nórdico antiguo, Vésteinn; también aparece junto a su rey Onela (Áli) y enemigo Eadgils (Aðils) y el poema se centra en la batalla en el lago helado de Vänern, tras la cual Klaeber sugiere que el exilio de Weohstan tiene lugar.

Aparentemente, la sección del poema menciona a Weohstan y sus guerreros cabalgando juntos con el rey Onela sobre el hielo, donde se enfrentaron a Eadgils. Lamentablemente, el escaldo autor de Kálfsvísa plantea la cita como si el lector conociese la historia o fuese familiar con sus personajes, por lo que no ofrece mucha más información. De todas formas, en todas las fuentes Eadgils gana la batalla.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Sturluson, Snorri: Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway; trad.: Lee M. Hollander. Reedición. University of Texas Press (Publicaciones de la Universidad de Texas en Austin), 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

Enlaces externos

 Beowulf en inglés antiguo.

 Beowulf: Modern English translation de Francis Barton Gummere

 Beowulf: Modern English translation de John Lesslie Hall

Héroes de la mitología y las leyendas nórdicas
Guerreros vikingos
Vikingos de Suecia
Personajes de Beowulf

Weohstan


Wojciech Nowicki (Białystok, 22. veljače 1989.)  poljski atletičar u disciplini bacanje kladiva, osvajač brončane medalje na Olimpijskim igrama u Rio de Janeiro 2016.

Natjecao se za atletski klub Podlasie iz Białystoka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
IAAF-ov profil

Poljski bacači kladiva
Životopisi, Białystok

Wojciech Nowicki