Elstree Studios is a generic term which can refer to several current and demolished British film studios and television studios based in or around the town of Borehamwood and village of Elstree in Hertfordshire, England. Production studios have been located in the area since 1914 when film production began there.

Films shot at Elstree include: Britain's first sound film, Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1929), The Dam Busters (1955), Moby Dick (1956), Summer Holiday (1963), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Where Eagles Dare (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), Star Wars (1977), The Shining (1980) and the Indiana Jones films.

Television shows shot at Elstree include The Avengers, Danger Man, The Prisoner, UFO, Robot Wars, The Muppet Show, EastEnders, Holby City, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Big Brother. The music video for Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" was filmed at Elstree in November 1975.

Currently, two major sites remain in use in Borehamwood: Elstree Studios on Shenley Road and the BBC Elstree Centre on Eldon Avenue. A third, Sky Studios Elstree is currently under construction, whilst a fourth Millennium Studios still exists in a much reduced capacity where it trades as Studio 2000.

History and facilities

Despite being called "Elstree Studios", only one studio has ever been located in Elstree itself, the remainder residing in the adjacent town of Borehamwood. When the studios were being established, Elstree was significantly larger than Borehamwood. Nowadays, Borehamwood is larger, but the old names have remained in use.

The civil parish that contains the town was called "Elstree". The local railway station was originally known as "Elstree" (nowadays, it is called ""). The local telephone exchange was also called "Elstree".

Eldon Avenue Studios, Borehamwood

The Neptune Film Company opened the first studios in Borehamwood in 1914. Production ceased during 1917, and the studio was sold to the Ideal Film Company who used the site up until 1924.

During 1928, the studio was sold to Ludwig Blattner who connected it to the electricity mains and introduced a German system of sound recording. The Blattner Studio was leased to Joe Rock Productions during 1934, which purchased the site two years later. Rock Productions built four new large stages. The site was again sold, and taken over by the British National Films Company between 1939 and 1948, although during this period a large portion of the studio was taken over by the British government for war work.

During 1953, the studios were bought by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., mainly for television production and were later sold to Lew Grade's Associated Television (ATV). The Eldon Avenue centre became the main television production hub for ATV. The smaller Studios A and B were used for schools and sitcoms, while Studio C was a drama studio. Studio D, with permanent audience seating, was used for light entertainment programmes such as the ATV Morecambe and Wise series Two of a Kind (1961–68) and The Muppet Show (1976–81).

When ATV was restructured as Central Independent Television in 1982, one of the conditions of its licence renewal by the governing body of the ITV network, the Independent Broadcasting Authority, was that ATV should leave any London-centric facilities and become more focused on the Midlands, the part of the United Kingdom to which it broadcast ITV programmes. They remained in operation by Central up until July 1983.

The BBC bought the Elstree site in 1984 to produce its new soap opera EastEnders (first aired on 19 February 1985). In addition to EastEnders, many other programmes have been made there including Top of the Pops, 'Allo 'Allo!, You Rang, M'Lord?, Grange Hill, Hangar 17 and Holby City. Most of the site is now devoted to EastEnders production, but Studio D is available for hire via BBC Studioworks.

Elstree Studios, Shenley Rd, Borehamwood

British National Pictures Ltd. purchased  of land on the south side of Shenley Road and began construction of two large film stages in 1925. The first film produced there was Madame Pompadour (1927). The company was renamed British International Pictures (BIP) and a second stage was ready for production in 1928.

Alfred Hitchcock made Blackmail (1929), the first British talkie at the studios in 1929. At the end of the silent-film era, six new sound stages were built; three of these were sold to the British & Dominions Film Corporation. BIP became Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) in 1933. During World War II, the studios were used by the War Office for storage.

In 1946, Warner Brothers acquired a substantial interest in ABPC, appointed a new board and decided to rebuild the stages. In 1969, EMI gained control of ABPC and the studios were renamed EMI-Elstree Studios. In 1969, Bryan Forbes was appointed head of production of the film studio (see EMI Films). His tenure was short-lived and marked by financial problems, brought about by deliberately withheld funding and failed projects. Forbes resigned in 1971. During the period 1970–73, when EMI had a short-lived production and distribution deal with the American Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio, the facilities were known as the EMI-MGM Elstree Studios.

In 1974, Andrew Mitchell took over from Ian Scott as managing director of the studios but was almost immediately told to close the facility and lay off all the staff. This was halted, but only with significant job cuts and closure of some facilities. The studio's immediate survival was secured through the facilities being used for Star Wars (1977). This led to subsequent Lucas productions such as the Star Wars sequels and Indiana Jones franchise being made at Elstree and also brought in director Steven Spielberg. In 1979, Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI after EMI's debacle with its invention of the CT scanner, and the studios were renamed Thorn-EMI Elstree Studios.

The studios were put up for sale in 1985. Acquired by the entertainment and property company Brent Walker, most of the backlot and several facilities were demolished to build a Tesco superstore. A "Save Our Studios" campaign led to the site being purchased by Hertsmere Borough Council in February 1996 and management company, Elstree Film & Television Studios Ltd was appointed to run the studios in 2000.

The studios at Shenley Road are used for both film and television production, and the studios are the permanent home of BBC Studioworks during the redevelopment of Television Centre. Shows such as Strictly Come Dancing and Pointless are recorded there.

Station Road Studios, Borehamwood

A single large stage was built in Station Road in 1928 by Whitehall Films Ltd, but the company was wound up in 1930. In 1935, Julius Hagen, the owner of Twickenham Studios, bought the site and formed a new company, JH Studios.

In 1937, financial difficulties forced Hagen to sell the studios to MP Productions owned by producer J Banberger.

During World War II, the studio was used by the government for storage.

In 1950, the site was bought by J. Arthur Rank, who renamed it Gate Studios and made religious films.

Production ceased in 1957, and the site was sold to Andrew Harkness, a manufacturer of cinema screens. Harkness Screens moved out of the site in 2004 having established a global manufacturing base in France and the US and relocated its UK operation to a new production facility in Stevenage. The building in Borehamwood was demolished in 2006 to make way for apartments new properties, the development being named Gate Studios in homage to the former site.

Imperial Studios, Borehamwood

In 1930, the British and Dominions Film Corporation bought three new sound stages from British International Pictures Ltd on the adjoining site before their construction was completed, which they named "Imperial Studios". Alexander Korda made one of his greatest successes at the studio,  The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), which starred Charles Laughton as the King. The film's success in the United States and elsewhere persuaded United Artists and The Prudential to invest in Korda's proposed Denham Film Studios.

Film production continued until 1936 when fire destroyed the three stages. British and Dominions made a substantial investment in Pinewood Studios at Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, and moved production there. The support buildings in Borehamwood that remained after the fire were sold off to various companies including Frank Landsdown Ltd, which opened a film vault service. The Rank Organisation bought the music stage for the production of documentary films. It later became the headquarters of the film and sound-effect libraries.

MGM British, Borehamwood

Amalgamated Studios Ltd constructed a large studio on the north side of Elstree Way between 1935 and 1937, but its plans collapsed and the facility was soon sold to Rank, who never used it for making films. After a brief period owned by the Prudential, the studios were purchased by the American film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in 1944 and was renamed MGM-British Studios. After improvements the studio contained seven stages totalling over  of floor space. MGM sometimes leased the studios to other film companies including the 20th Century Fox-produced The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958), for which a large set of a Chinese town, complete with artificial lakes, covering some 500,000 square feet, was constructed.

Several stages were taken up with the sets for 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) over its extended production schedule, and indeed Stanley Kubrick's film is sometimes blamed for making the studios financially unviable. The facility continued to be used until 1970 when MGM closed the studios. The American company formed a short-lived deal with EMI, while the site of its former studios was redeveloped for industrial use and housing.

Danziger Studios, Elstree

In 1956 the Danziger brothers converted a wartime plane engine testing factory into a film studio they called "New Elstree", which was located to the west of the Aldenham Reservoir. The  site had six sound stages and employed 200. It was used mainly for second features and television series, but was closed by 1962 and sold in 1965. The site is now occupied by "The Waterfront" business park on the A411 Elstree Road.

Millennium Studios, Elstree Way, Borehamwood
Established in 1993, the Millennium Studios on the south side of Elstree Way (opposite the site of the former MGM-British studios) offered television and film production space together with associated services. Productions shot there include the first series of CBBC's The Mysti Show in 2004 and one year of Channel 5's Trisha Goddard in 2005. Millennium Studios relocated to Thurleigh near Bedford in 2010.

A single television studio, Studio 2000, remains on the Borehamwood site, and has been used for Rude Tube.

Sky Studios Elstree, Borehamwood
In December 2019, media conglomerate Sky announced plans to develop a new studio facility at Rowley Lane. The new studios were expected to open in 2022, and to have 13 stages with the smallest being approximately . The site is also expected to house post-production facilities and an on-site screening cinema. A further 10 stages could be added in a proposal ("Sky Studios Elstree North") to extend the site northward.

There is also a proposal for a separate 21-stage Hertswood Studios immediately to the north of the proposed Sky Studios Elstree North site.

Timeline
The following table lists all the various names of studios over time.

See also

 List of British film studios
 The Elstree Project, an oral history project capturing stories from crew members who have worked at the studios in Elstree and Borehamwood
 "Elstree" (song)
 Lists of productions shot at each of the Elstree studios:
 List of films and television shows shot at Elstree Studios
 List of films and television shows shot at Clarendon Road Studios, Elstree

 List of films shot at MGM-British Studios, Elstree

References

Sources
 Leslie Banks, The Elstree Story: Twenty-One Years of Film-Making.  Clarke and Cockeran. 88 pages. With contributions by Douglas Fairbanks, Alfred Hitchcock, Ralph Richardson, Victory Saville, Googie Withers, Anna Neagle and John Mills.

 Peecher, John Phillip (1983) The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi.  Ballantine Books.  .
 Warren, Patricia (1983). Elstree: The British Hollywood. Columbus Books: London, .
 Warren, Patricia, (1983). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History.  Batsford.   .
 Welsh, Paul (1996). Elstree Film & Television Festival Programme. Elstree and Borehamwood Town Council.

External links

 The Elstree Project – "Oral history interviews, showcasing Elstree's rich cultural filmmaking heritage

British film studios
Buildings and structures in Hertfordshire
Television studios in England
Borehamwood
History of television in the United Kingdom

Elstree Studios


Die Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1995 fand im Februar 1995 in Tallinn statt. Es war die 31. Austragung der Titelkämpfe.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
Statistiken zum estnischen Badminton

1995
Badminton 1995
Badmintonwettbewerb in Tallinn

Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1995


Jen Chia-Hsüan conocida artísticamente como Selina (31 de octubre de 1981, Taipéi), es una cantante taiwanesa integrante del grupo femenino S.H.E. El 11 de junio de 2004, se graduó de la Universidad Nacional de Taiwán, obteniendo la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación, con una especialización cívica y el liderazgo. En septiembre de 2006, Selina publicó su primer libro titulada, Selina ama partida (爱 的 小 珠珠), que enseña a los lectores cómo utilizar sus cuentas para realizar diseños. El 22 de octubre de 2010, Selina sufrió un accidente, a causa de un explosivo mientras que ella se encontraba en un rodaje de la serie "Tengo una cita con la primavera" (我 和 春天 有 个 约会), junto con su coestrella Yu Haoming. Selina ya que sufrió algunas quemaduras de tercer grado con el 54% de su cuerpo y tenía que someterse a un injerto de piel para su tratamiento, operación en sus manos, piernas y la espalda.

Carrera
El 8 de agosto de 2000, HIM Internacional de Música celebró un evento organizado por Universal 2000del Talento y la Belleza, un concurso dirigido para damás. Su hermana menor (Kimi Jen) realmente quería ingresar a este concurso, pero ella era demasiado joven. En cambio, Selina se unió a la contienda en su lugar. El concurso tuvo alrededor de 1000 participantes y después de muchas rondas de cansancio de competición, siete concursantes nuevamente entraron en la segunda ronda. Las tres integrantes de S.H.E, se formaron.

Después de la competencia, la compañía discográfica le dio a las siete concursantes para entrar a una audición. Selina Jen fue la ganadora real de este concurso. Ella captó la atención de la primera ronda interpretando un tema musical de Coco Lee titulada "Before I Fall In Love" y entró a la ronda final sin ningún problema. Selina Jen también interpretó otra canción titulada "Reflection" de Christina Aguilera. Debido a su nerviosismo durante la ronda final, Selina fue llamada dos veces, cuando se anunció que ganadora, no había sido llamada para participar. Sin embargo, las tres futuros inegrantes de SHE se firmaron junto al sello de HIM International Music.

Colaboraciones
La voz de Selina participó con reconocidos canatnates, siendo la solista del sello HIM en el roster (独唱 情歌 "Love Song Solo"), así como Leehom Wang (你 是 我 心 内 的 一 首歌 "You Are The canción dentro de mi corazón"). La colaboración con Lee-Hom fue tan exitoso que un rumor surgido afirmando que Selina era seducir a Lee-Hom. Selina en una conferencia de prensa aclaró el malentendido, del rumor que salió de Huang Zi Jiao.

Filmografía

Programas de variedades

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Official Profile @ HIM International
  赛琳娜Selina的新浪微博

Cantantes femeninas de Taiwán
Cantantes taiwaneses de Mandopop
Actrices de Taiwán

Selina Jen


The Amur bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus) is a small fish of the carp family. It is sometimes just called "bitterling", which dates back to the time when the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) was still considered conspecific with R. sericeus, and "bitterling" properly refers to any species in entire genus Rhodeus. The Amur bitterling is found in Siberia, while the European bitterling is found from European Russia westwards.

Mussels form an essential part of its reproductive system, with bitterling eggs being laid inside them. Long thought to be symbiotic with the mussels (whose larval phase attaches to fish gills during development), recent research has indicated they are in fact parasitic, with co-evolution being seen in Chinese bitterling and mussel species.

Bitterlings usually reside in areas with dense plant growth. They are hardy fish, and can survive in water that is not very well oxygenated. They grow to be 3-4 in long at most. The bitterling's diet consists of plant material and small larvae of insects.

Colour variation
Transparent scale variants of bitterlings occur, though not commonly, and are exploited in the aquarium trade.

References

Rhodeus
Fish described in 1776

Amur bitterling


Hatşepsut veya Hatçepsut; Antik Mısır'da 18. Hanedan döneminde hüküm sürmüş kadın firavun. Annesi Ahmose (Ahmos/Yahmos) babası I. Thutmose'dir (Tutmos/Akheperkhare). Hatşepsut'un iktidarda bulunduğu zaman dilimi konusunda çeşitli görüşler vardır. Hepsinin ortak noktası kendisinin tek başına ülkesini yönetmiş ilk gerçek kadın yönetici olduğunu desteklemektedir. Bunlara göre, en erken MÖ 1503 yılında iktidara gelmiş ve en geç MÖ 1445 iktidarı son ermiştir.

Üvey kardeşi, babasının Mutnefert'ten olan oğlu II. Thutmose ile evlenmiştir. Firavun II. Thutmose'nin annesinin yarı asil olmasından dolayı firavuna meşruiyet kazandırmak için planlanan bu evlilikten Hatşepsut bir kız çocuk doğurdu, fakat erkek evlat doğuramadı. Firavun II. Thutmose ise bir harem kızından erkek çocuk -III. Thutmose- sahibi oldu. Kral beklenmedik bir şekilde ölünce tahta doğal varisi III. Thutmose geçecekti, fakat genç veliaht ülkeyi yönetmek için oldukça küçük bir yaştaydı. Bu nedenle üvey annesi Hatşepsut, genç kral büyüyene kadar Firavun naipliği görevini almış, sonra ise dönemin baş rahibi ile bir anlaşma yaparak ülkeyi otuz yıl boyunca tek başına yönetmiştir.

Ülkede huzurlu bir ortam sağladıktan sonra, büyük imar işleri gerçekleştirmiştir. Hatşepsut, o dönemdeki en büyük ticaret yolunun da girişimcisiydi ve bu dönemde Mısır, Hatçepsut sayesinde refaha kavuşmuştur.

Evli oldukları dönemde kocası bir dansöz olan Aset'i ikinci eş olarak almıştır. İkinci eşle aynı zamanda hamile kalan Hatşepsut ikinci kız çocuğunu, Aset ise ilk oğlan çocuğunu doğurmuştur. Bu çocuğu kendi çocuğu gibi seven Hatşepsut, kızlarının kendisinin aksine çok narin kızlar olmasından hoşlanmamıştır.

Uzun süren hakimiyet yılları boyunca barışçı bir politika izleyen Hatşepsut, yalnızca isyan bastırmak için sefere çıkmıştır. Aset'in oğlu III. Thutmose'nin vezirini ve arkadaşlarını öldürmesi üzerine zehir içerek intihar ettiği iddia edilse de bu konuda herhangi bir delil yoktur. Pek çok kaynak Hatşepsut'un kemik kanserinden vefat ettiğini savunur.

Hatşepsut'un, yaklaşık 22 yıl süren iktidarı sonrasında yerine III. Thutmose geçmiştir.

Tarihte adı kayıtlara geçen ilk kadındır. Mısırın güneyinde bulunan Punt topraklarının keşfedilmesi için on emir vermiştir. Kraliçe olduktan sonra bir kral gibi giyinmiş ve takma sakal kullanmıştır. Çünkü çeşitli törenlerde takma sakal kullanmak firavunların geleneğidir.

Takma sakal geleneğinin dışında Hatşepsut'un Mısır Sanatında omuzları çıplak, göğüsten yoksun ve hatta kendi tapınağındaki bir duvar resminde erkek genital organına sahip bir çocuk olarak erkeksi özelliklere sahip şekilde betimlendiği görülmektedir. Bu betimlemelerin Hatşepsut'un tahtındaki meşruiyetini sağlamak için olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Hatşepsut her firavun gibi beş ayrı isme sahiptir. Bu beş farklı isim doğum adı, taht adı, Horus adı, Nebty adı ve Altın Horus adı altında toplanır.

Doğum adı: Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut: Khnumt-Amun: Amun'a bağlı olan. Hatshepsut: Asil kadınların önde geleni
Taht adı: Maat-ka-ra: Ra'nın ruhunun adaleti/doğruluğu
Horus adı: Wesretkau: Ruhların(Ra'nın ruhlarının) gücü
Nebty adı: Wadjrenput: Yılların gelişimi
Altın Horus adı: Netjeretkhau: Görünüşün ilahiliği.

Kaynaklar ve Dipnotlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Maat-ka-Ra Hatschepsut (Almanca ve İngilizce)
 Hatşepsut Tapınağı [Video]
 Hatşepsut Kimdir

MÖ 16. yüzyılda doğanlar
MÖ 15. yüzyılda ölenler
MÖ 16. yüzyıl liderleri
MÖ 16. yüzyıl kadınları
MÖ 15. yüzyıl liderleri
MÖ 15. yüzyıl dini liderleri
MÖ 15. yüzyıl kadınları
Mısır'ın onsekizinci hanedanı Firavunları
Antik Mısır kraliçeleri
Mumyalar
Damnatio memoriae

Hatşepsut


Marianne Deborah Williamson () este un învățător spiritual și autoare a peste zece cărți, patru dintre ele fiind bestseller New York Times.

Viața și cariera
Marianne Williamson este cea mai mică dintre cei trei copii ai lui Samuel Williamson și Sophie Ann. După absolvirea Liceului Bellaire din Houston, a studiat pentru doi ani teatrul și filosofia la Colegiul Pomona în Claremont, California, înainte de a se muta la New York în dorința formării unei cariere de cântăreață de cabaret.

Marianne Williamson este un conferențiar recunoscut internațional și autoare de cărți bestseller, precum: "A Return to Love"(O întoarcere la iubire), "Healing the Soul of America"(Vindecarea sufletului Americii), "A Woman's Worth"(Valoarea unei femei), "Illuminata"(Iluminata), "Everyday Grace"(Grația de fiecare zi), "The Gift of Change"(Darul schimbării), "The Age of Miracles"(Vârsta miracolelor), "Enchanted Love" (Iubire magică). Printre alte lucrări, Williamson a organizat multe acte de caritate pe tot cuprinsul țării, pentru oameni cu boli fatale (a fondat proiectul Angel Food, în Los Angeles). A pus totodată bazele campaniei în vederea formării unui Departament American pentru Pace.

Cărți publicate
 A Return to Love
 Imagine What America Could Be in the 21st Century: Visions of a Better Future from Leading American Thinkers
 Emma & Mommy Talk to God
 Healing the Soul of America: Reclaiming Our Voices as Spiritual Citizens
 A Woman's Worth
 Enchanted Love: The Mystical Power of Intimate Relationships
 Everyday Grace: Having Hope, Finding Forgiveness, And Making Miracles
 Illuminata: A Return to Prayer
 The Gift of Change
 The Law of Divine Compensation: On Work, Money and Miracles

Printre cărțile publicate și în limba română se numără: "Curs de pierdere în greutate", "Legea compensației divine în profesie, bani și miracole", "Vârsta miracolelor".

Note

Legături externe
 Website oficial;
 Interviu cu Marianne Williamson

Nașteri în 1952
Scriitori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Americani în viață

Marianne Williamson


est une série télévisée belge en huit épisodes de 50 minutes, créée par Gert Goovaerts et Lynnsey Peeters et diffusée du  au  sur Één.

Cette série est inédite dans tous les pays francophones.

Cette série a comme toile de fond le GR 5, un sentier de grande randonnée qui part de la mer du Nord (Hoek van Holland/Rotterdam aux Pays Bas) pour rejoindre la mer Méditerranée (Nice en France).

Synopsis
Lisa, partie faire le GR5 toute seule, disparaît sans laisser de traces. Cinq ans plus tard, ses amis retracent son parcours pour comprendre ce qui lui est arrivé.

Fiche technique
 Réalisateur : Jan Matthys
 Titre original : GR5
 Scénario : Gert Goovaerts, Lynnsey Peeters
 Musique : Jeroen Swinnen
 Directeur de la photographie : Richard Donnelly, Kris Vandegoor
 Durée : 8 × 50 minutes

Distribution
Violet Braeckman : Zoë Everaert
Boris Van Severen : Michiel
Laurian Callebaut : Ylena Janssens
Indra Cauwels : Lisa Mahieu
Lucas Van den Eynde : Piet Mahieu
Viv Van Dingenen : Karen Mahieu
Saïd Boumazoughe : Asim Lakdar
Eric Godon : Pol Moreau
Michai Geyzen : Bart
Emiel Schevenhels : Storm
Erico Salamone : Zakar
Mostafa Benkerroum : Mohammed
Yassine Chioukh : Jihadi
Dorine Henning : Isabelle

Épisodes
Les épisodes, sans titres, sont numérotés de un à huit.

Références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2020
Série télévisée belge des années 2020
Série télévisée de la VRT

GR5 : into the wilderness


Jesper Henriksen eller Jesper Henrichsen (født cirka 1425, død før 1493) var en dansk magister og adelsmand, der blev den første rektor for Københavns Universitet i 1479.

Jesper Henriksen var søn af Henrik Nielsen til Sandagergård, rigsrådsmedlem i Erik af Pommerns regeringsperiode. Henriksen var oprindeligt kannik i Lund og blev senere dekan ved Københavns Domkirke. Han indtog en række andre poster, blandt andet som kannik i Odense, og de fleste af posterne bestyrede han ved hjælp af vikarer. Som dekan ved domkapitlet gav han tilladelse til, at det nydannede Københavns Universitet kunne afholde forelæsninger i kapitlets skole i 1478, og året efter udpegede Christian 1. ham som Rector magnificus, den første rektor for universitetet, et embede han holdt igen 1482 og 1483.

Referencer

Rektorer ved Københavns Universitet
Danskere i 1400-tallet
Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Godsejere fra Danmark

Jesper Henriksen


135. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 135. vestlige længdekreds
 135. østlige længdekreds

135. længdegrad


Jarrell is a city in Williamson County, Texas, United States. It was incorporated as a city in 2001. The total population is 1,753 according to the 2020 census.

History
Founded in 1909 by real estate developer O.D. Jarrell, along with E. C. Haeber and B. N. Dover, the town was settled at the intersection of an old stagecoach road and the Bartlett Western Railroad that was under construction. Soon after the railroad was completed, a saloon, two stores, a post office, and a bank were built. Because of the proximity of Jarrell to the railroad, Jarrell received all of the people and most of the buildings of nearby Corn Hill, Texas, thus killing that town.   The city reached a population peak of 500 residents in 1914. The closing of the railway in 1935 and the decline of the cotton industry, however, led to a long-term recession. At one point, Jarrell had only 200 residents. After this low point, the city experienced a recovery that increased its population to 410 by 1990. Over 15 new businesses opened in Jarrell in 2009.

Geography

Climate
The climate in the area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jarrell has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Tornadoes
Jarrell has been affected by 2 major tornadoes in its history. The first one was an F3 that occurred on May 17, 1989, killing 1 person and injuring 28 people. It damaged mainly the southern side of town.
On May 27, 1997, an F5 tornado devastated the northern side of town. The hardest-hit area was the Double Creek Estates subdivision, which was completely obliterated, with all of the homes in the neighborhood being destroyed. 27 people were killed in the tornado.

Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,753 people, 417 households, and 365 families residing in the city.

Government
The current Mayor of Jarrell is Patrick Sherek.

Education

Jarrell is served by the Jarrell Independent School District. The district currently has two elementary, one middle school and one high school.

Between 2012 and 2019 student enrollment more than doubled. The district's middle school was built in 2014, but is undergoing an expansion in 2018–2019 to gain more classroom and science labs so that it can better accommodate the growing population of students. The high school is also being expanded including the addition of a performing arts center.

Infrastructure

Emergency services are provided by the Jarrell Fire Department, operating under Williamson County ESD#5.

The city has a police department with Patrick South currently serving as the Chief of Police.

References

Notes

External links

 Official City of Jarrell website

 Official Jarrell VFD Website

Cities in Texas
Cities in Williamson County, Texas
Greater Austin

Jarrell, Texas


Senendec (Farsça: سنندج; Kürtçe: سنه, Sine), İran'ın Kürdistan Eyaleti'nin yönetim merkezi olan şehir.

2006 tahminlerine göre şehrin nüfusu 311.446 kişidir. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 1480 metre Tahran'a uzaklığı ise 512 km'dir. Şehir nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu Kürtler'den oluşmaktadır.

Resimler

Kaynakça

İran'daki ostan merkezleri
Kürdistan Eyaleti'ndeki şehirler
Kürdistan Eyaleti'ndeki şehristan merkezleri
Kürdistan Eyaleti'ndeki bahş merkezleri
Senendec şehristanı'ndaki yerleşim birimleri

Senendec


Marta & Guldsaksen er en dansk TV-serie som handler om den polskfødte frisør Marta og hendes frisørsalon på Nørrebro i København.

I Martas salon kommer de gamle nørrebroere for at snakke, hygge og møde hinanden, samt for at blive klippet og onduleret.

Tilrettelæggelse og foto er af Lisbet Barrett og Vibeke Heide-Jørgensen.

Referencer

Dokumentarserier fra Danmark
Danske tv-serier fra 2010'erne

Marta & Guldsaksen


Without You (englisch für "Ohne Dich") steht für:
 Without You (Badfinger-Lied) (1970)
 Without You (Mötley-Crüe-Lied) (1989)
 Without You (David-Guetta-Lied) (2011)
 Without You (Fernsehserie), britische Fernsehserie (2011)

Siehe auch:
 Without You I'm Nothing (Album von Placebo 1998)
 With or Without You (Begriffsklärung)
 Ohne Dich (Begriffsklärung)

Without You


An Cyperus leucocephalus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Anders Jahan Retzius. An Cyperus leucocephalus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus leucocephalus


Minde Station (Minde stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Vossebanen, der ligger i kvarteret Minde i Bergen i Norge. Den er endestation for den sydlige del af banen, der i dag er et sidespor til Bergen Station.

Stationen blev oprettet som trinbræt 13. april 1889. Den blev opgraderet til holdeplads 1. marts 1892 og til station omkring 1915. 1. august 1964 omlagdes fjerntrafikken på strækningen mellem Tunestveit og Bergen, hvor stationen ligger, til en ny, i forbindelse med at Ulrikstunnelen blev taget i brug. Lokaltrafikken på den gamle strækning mellem Bergen og Nesttun fortsatte dog indtil 31. januar 1965. Derudover var der godstrafik mellem Bergen og Midttun indtil 1. marts 1980, hvor strækningen mellem Minde og Midttun blev nedlagt. Minde fik status som godsterminal i 1983.

Den første stationsbygning blev opført i 1883 efter tegninger af Balthazar Lange. Den blev senere flyttet til Ål i Hallingdal og benyttet som bolig. Minde fik en ny stationsbygning i 1913, der blev opført efter tegninger af Egill Reimers. Den blev flyttet i 1933 for at give plads til flere spor på stationen. Bygningen blev revet ned i 1981.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Vossebanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Jernbanestationer i Bergen
Etableret i 1889

Minde Station


Cognomen ("bilinen adıyla") anlamına gelen Latince bir isimlendirme terimidir. Köken olarak Roma isimlendirme geleneği' ne göre bir Roma Yurttaşının 3. ismidir. Terim aynı zamanda günümüzde ara sıra takma ad veya lakap ile eş anlamlı kullanılmaktadır.

Roma isimlerinin sınırlı doğası yüzünden, bazen cognomen bir aileyi diğer bir aileden ayırt etmek için gelişim gösterdi, bazen de bir savaşta olduğu gibi ilgi çekici olayları arşivlerken. Scipio Africanus Major cognomen'e bir örnek ancak bazen özellikle general Gaius Marius gibi bazı Romalılar cognomen taşımazlardı. Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin son dönemlerinde, hernasılsa, cognomen (Latince çoğul: cognomina) günlük kullanımda sıradan bir hale gelmiştir.

Bir tezat olarak en onurlu cognomenler başarılı generaller tarafından benimsenirken, birçok cognomen fiziksel ya da kişisel tuhaflık kökenlidir; örneğin, Rufus 'kızıl saçlı' ya da ' Scaevola' 'solak' gibi.

Günümüzde, birçok önemli Romalıyı cognomen ile tanırız; örneğin,Marcus Tullius Cicero için 'nohut anlamında Cicero ve Gaius Julius Caesar için 'Sezar(caesar)'. Historia Augusta bu cognomen için 3 değişik açıklama getirir: ilki Caesar savaşta bir fil tarafından öldürüldü (Moorcada Fil=caesai) ; ikincisi çok sık saçlıydı (Latince caesaries); ya da parlak gri gözleri (Latince oculis caesiis) vardı.

Kaynakça

Roma İmparatorluğu
Latince deyimler

Cognomen


Hirvensalo es una isla que pertenece a la ciudad de Turku, en Finlandia. Se divide en 14 distritos, siendo los más grandes Moikoinen, Kukola y Haarla. La mayor parte de la actividad económica de la isla se concentra en el barrio de Moikoinen, que cuenta con una escuela, tiendas, una iglesia luterana, y una oficina de correos. La población total de la isla es 6.547 personas (datos de 2004).

Hirvensalo anteriormente formaba parte del municipio de Maaria, hasta que fue anexado a la ciudad de Turku en el año de 1944.

Distritos

Véase también
 Geografía de Finlandia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Finlandia Propia
Turku

Hirvensalo


En Rundtur i København er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1934. Filmen er ufærdig.

Handling
Under højstemt oplæsning af et næsten 8 minutter langt 'digt' føres seerne fra grønttorvet på Israels Plads, fisketorvet på Gammel Strand og blomstertorvet på Højbro Plads forbi Christiansborg til en tur gennem Dyrehaven og videre til Sorgenfri Slot, hvor Kong Christian 10. rider ud på sin hest. Turen slutter ved nattetide på Rådhuspladsen med de mange lysreklamer.

Medvirkende
 Thorvald Stauning
 Kong Christian 10.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1934
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

En Rundtur i København


Merlucidele sau  merluciidele, merlucciidele (Merlucciidae) (din latină mer, mare, maris = de mare, marin + lucius = știucă, adică știucă de mare) este o familie de pești marini care trăiesc în apele temperate și subtropicale din Oceanul Pacific și Oceanul Atlantic la marginea platoului continental și pe taluzul superior. Spre deosebire de peștii din familia gadide au numai două înotătoare dorsale și  nu au o mustăcioară pe fața ventrală a fălcii inferioare. Familia include 5 genuri și 24 specii, în Marea Neagră trăiește o singură specie: Merluccius merluccius (merluciul european).

Particularitățile morfologice
Spre deosebire de peștii din familia gadide, merlucidele au numai două înotătoare dorsale, prima radie completă a înotătoarei dorsale este flexibilă și elastică, iar înotătoarele ventrale au întotdeauna 7-9 radii, nu au o mustăcioară pe fața ventrală a fălcii inferioare; lobii olfactivi ai creierului sunt situați la jumătatea distanței dintre creierul anterior (prozencefal) și capsulele nazale, oasele frontale sunt perechi, vomerul are dinți.

Morfologia și anatomia
Merlucidele sunt pești de dimensiuni medii (până la 140 cm lungime) cu corpul zvelt, alungit, rotunjit anterior, comprimat lateral posterior.

Au capul mare sau de dimensiuni medii, puțin turtit în partea superioară la majoritatea speciilor; lungimea sa se cuprinde de 3,5-4,5 ori în lungime totală. Pe partea superioară a capului se află o creasta mare în formă de V. Ochii sunt mari, diametrul lor reprezintă 1/2-1/5 din lungimea capului. Spre deosebire de gadide,  merlucidele nu au o mustăcioară mentonieră pe bărbie (adică pe fața ventrală a fălcii inferioare).

Gura merlucidelor este mare, terminală. Fălcile sunt mari și ocupă aproape jumătate din lungimea capului, falca inferioară proeminează ușor înaintea celei superioare la cele mai multe specii, capătul posterior al fălcii superioare ajunge sub mijlocul ochilor. Gura este prevăzută la cele mai multe specii cu dinți mari conici, ascuțiți și lungi pe fălci, care seamănă cu gura știucii; dinții de falca superioară sunt dispuși pe două rânduri neregulate sau într-un singur rând. Au dinți și pe capul vomerului, dar nu și pe palatine.

Merlucidele au  două înotătoare dorsale, cu excepția genului Lyconodes cu o singură înotătoare dorsală; prima înotătoare dorsală cu 8-13 radii are baza scurtă și triunghiulară, a doua înotătoare dorsală cu 34-46 radii are baza lungă și crestată aproape de mijlocul său; primele radii principale din înotătoarea dorsală sunt spinoase la cele mai multe specii. Înotătoarea anală unică cu 35-46 radii este divizată în două părți de o crestătură; ea este similară în lungime și formă cu cea de a doua înotătoare dorsală. Înotătoarea caudală este trunchiată, slab bifurcată sau conică. Înotătoarea caudală la genul Merluccius nu fuzionează cu cea dorsală și anală; la celelalte genuri (Macruronus, Steindachneria, Lyconus, Lyconodes) ai familiei înotătoarea caudală este alungită în formă de bici și se contopește cu cea dorsală și anală. Înotătoarele pectorale sunt destul de lungi și se prelungesc dincolo de anus. Înotătoarele ventrale cu 7-10 radii sunt normal dezvoltate la majoritatea speciilor,  ele se inseră înaintea înotătoarelor pectorale. Anusul este situat aproape de originea înotătoarei anale la majoritatea speciilor.

Merlucidele au solzi mici, cicloizi. Ele au 7 raze branhiostege și 48-58 vertebre. Cecurile pilorice absente. Oasele frontale sunt separate, cu creste care diverg din creasta occipitală și delimitează o depresiune triunghiulară mare. Spinul neural al primei vertebre ferm atașat la osul supraoccipital al craniului.

Coloritul
Coloritul este de obicei argintiu, atunci când sunt vii, cenușiu oțelit pe spate, mai deschis pe flancuri, alb-argintiu pe abdomen.

Merluccius este de obicei cenușiu-purpuriu sau gri-fer pe spate, alb-argintiu pe flancuri și abdomen; Macruronus este albastru-deschis pe spate, alb-argintiu pe abdomen, înotătoarele sunt negricioase; Steindachneria are partea dorsală cafeniu-deschisă, abdomenul purpuriu.

Răspândire geografică și habitatul
Merlucidele sunt pești marini, care trăiesc în apele temperate și subtropicale din Oceanul Atlantic, estul Oceanului Pacific, Tasmania și Noua Zeelandă. În Marea Neagră trăiește o singură specie Merluccius merluccius (merluciul european).

Sunt pești bentopelagici semiabisali și abisali care trăiesc la marginea platoului continental și pe partea superioară a taluzului continental, se găsesc de la apele puțin adânci de lângă țărm până la mai mult de 1000 m adâncime, cele mai multe specii, dacă nu toate, întreprind deplasări pe verticală, pe timp de noapte pentru a se hrăni; a fost observate de asemenea migrații sezoniere spre țărm și invers.

Cele 17 specii de Merluccius sunt răspândite pe ambele litorale ale Oceanului Atlantic, în estul Oceanului Pacific și lângă sudul Noii Zeelande. Acești pești trăiesc pe platoul continental și pe taluzul superior, dar unele pătrund în estuare și / sau în apele foarte adânci la peste 1000 m adâncime.

Cele patru specii de Macruronus sunt răspândite în apele subantarctice, inclusiv în sudul Americii de Sud, Africa de Sud, sudul Australiei și Noua Zeelandă. Ele trăiesc în bancuri mari pe platoul continental.

Genul Lyconus constă din 3 specii din Oceanul Atlantic (unde are aparent o distribuție antitropicală) și din sud-vestul Oceanului Pacific. Genul Steindachneria este reprezentat de o singură specie din apele adânci din Golful Mexic și Caraibe.

Hrana
Toate speciile de Merluccius sunt răpitoare vorace, dar preferințele lor alimentare se schimbă în timpul creșterii, puietul se hrănește în principal cu nevertebrate (crustacee, în special cu Euphausiaceae și Pandalidae), iar adulții se hrănesc predominant cu pești și cefalopode.

Reproducerea
Speciile de Merluccius depun icrele primăvara, vara și toamna. Icrele sunt pelagice, puietul se dezvolta rapid, femeile trăiesc mai mult și devin mai mari decât masculii. Biologia celorlalte genuri este slab cunoscută în prezent.

Importanța economică
Speciile din apele temperate sunt, în general, mai mari decât speciile de apă caldă și au o importanță comercială mare, dar aproape toate speciile de merlucidele au o anumită importanță comercială.

Merlucidele au carne albă, sub formă de fulgi, și săracă în grăsimi și sunt comercializate în stare proaspătă, congelată, refrigerată sub formă de file, uscate, sărate, în saramură, conservate,  afumate și ca făină de pește

Pescuitul comercial al merlucciidelor s-a dezvoltat recent (merlucciidele au fost considerate a fi pești fără valoare economică în trecut); unsprezece specii de Merluccius și două specii de Macruronus sunt acum pescuite comercial. Cantitățile pescuite anual la nivel mondial de merlucciide s-a ridicat la 1 977 837 t în 1987, ceea ce face ca merlucciidele să fie cea de a doua familie de importantă economică a ordinului gadiforme. Aproximativ 30% din cantitățile pescuite în 1987 de merlucciide au fost prinse în sud-vestul Oceanului Atlantic și 23% în partea central-estică a Oceanului Atlantic. Celelalte zone în care au fost pescuite economic sunt, în ordinea descrescătoare a importanței: nord-estul Pacificului, sud-estul Pacificului, sud-vestul Pacificului, nord-vestul Atlanticului, nord-estul Atlanticului, Marea Mediterană și Marea Neagră, sud-estul Atlanticului, partea vest-centrală a Atlanticului și partea est-centrală a Pacificului.

Cele mai importante specii prinse au fost: Merluccius hubbsi (22,9% din cantitățile pescuite mondial), Merluccius capensis și Merluccius paradoxus (ambele 22,4%), urmate de Merluccius productus, Macruronus novaezelandiae, Macruronus magellanicus, Merluccius merluccius, Merluccius polylepis, Merluccius bilinearis, Merluccius gayi, Merluccius senegalensis, Merluccius australis și Merluccius polli.

Merlucidele sunt pescuite în principal cu traule cu panouri, dar sunt de asemenea folosite capcane și vârșe.

Sistematica

În clasificările mai vechi merlucidele erau incluse ca o subfamilie în familia gadide. Familia Merlucciidae include 2 subfamilii, 5 genuri și 24 specii actuale.

Joseph S. Nelson în cartea sa "Fishes of the World. Fifth Edition. 2016" descrie 3 familii de merlucide: familia Macruronidae (3 genuri Lyconus, Macruronus, și Lyconodes), familia Merlucciidae (un gen, Merluccius) și familia Steindachneriidae (un gen, Steindachneria).

Subfamilia Merlucciinae.
Genul Merluccius
Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill, 1814)
Merluccius albidus (Mitchill, 1818)
Merluccius gayi gayi (Guichenot, 1848)
Merluccius gayi (Guichenot, 1848)
Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855)
Merluccius capensis Castelnau, 1861
Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872)
Merluccius angustimanus Garman, 1899
Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933
Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950
Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat, 1950
Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg, 1954
Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960
Merluccius hernandezi Mathews, 1985
Merluccius patagonicus Lloris & Matallanas, 2003
Merluccius tasmanicus Matallanas & Lloris, 2006
 Genul Macruronus
Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector, 1871)
Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907
Macruronus capensis Davies, 1950
Macruronus maderensis Maul, 1951
 Genul Lyconus
Lyconus pinnatus Günther, 1887
Lyconus brachycolus Holt & Byrne, 1906
 Genul Lyconodes
Lyconodes argenteus Gilchrist, 1922
Subfamilia Steindachneriinae
 Genul Steindachneria
Steindachneria argentea Goode & Bean, 1896

Fosilele
Fosilele sunt cunoscute din Eocen, † Rhinocephalus din Marea Britanie, și din oligocen, †Merluccius errans din Caucaz.

Note

Legături externe
 Family Merlucciidae - Merluccid hakes. FishBase
 Hake (genus Merluccius). Encyclopædia Britannica

Merlucciidae

Merlucide


An Bambusa villosula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz. An Bambusa villosula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Myanmar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa villosula


Teerasil Dangda (født 6. juni 1988) er en fodboldspiller fra Thailand, der spiller for den thailandske klub Muangthong United. Han er i øjeblikket lånt ud til den japanske J. League klub Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Han spiller også for Thailands fodboldlandshold.

Eksterne henvisninger

Teerasil Dangda På Transfermarkt

Fodboldspillere fra Thailand

Teerasil Dangda


Medan verfügt über mehrere Flughäfen:

 Flughafen Polonia (Medan), alter internationaler Flughafen von Medan, im Stadtzentrum gelegen
 Flughafen Kuala Namu (Medan), neuer internationaler Flughafen von Medan, östlich von Medan, am 25. Juli 2013 eröffnet

Flughafen Medan


Ulubey Kanyonu, Uşak ilinin Ulubey ilçesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan kanyon.  Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı tarafından 27 Haziran 2013'te tabiat parkı ilan edilmiştir.

Ekoloji
Kanyondan Ulubey Deresi ve Banaz Çayı'nın geçmesi nedeniyle flora ve fauna bakımından zengindir.

Flora

Oluşumu
Kanyon 3.zamanın sonlarından 4.zamanın başlarına kadar geçen oluşum sürecinde tektonik hareketlerden etkilenmiş ve günümüzde Ege Bölgesi'nde yer alan Horst-Graben yapı şeklini ulaşmıştır. Büyük Menderes Grabeni'nin çökmesi, karstik oluşum süreciyle kanyonun oluşumunun bağlantılıdır. Büyük Menderes Grabeni'nin de gerçekleşen en az üç çökmesi ile birlikte aşındırma hareketleri başlamıştır. Böylece Ulubey Deresi ve Banaz Çayı'nın da geçtiği yerlerde derin menderes vadiler oluşmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ağaçlandırma
 Türkiye'deki millî parklar listesi
 Türkiye'deki tabiat parkları listesi

Kaynakça

2. Seyitoğlu, G., Alçiçek, M.C., Işık, V., Alçiçek, H., Mayda, S., Varol, B., Yılmaz, I., Esat, K., 2009. The stratigraphical position of Kemiklitepe fossil locality (Eşme, Uşak) revised: Implications for the Late Cenozoic sedimentary basin development and extensional tectonics in western Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie, 251, 1-15.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233581269_The_stratigraphical_position_of_Kemiklitepe_fossil_locality_Esme_Usak_revised_Implications_for_the_Late_Cenozoic_sedimentary_basin_development_and_extensional_tectonics_in_western_Turkey

Dış bağlantılar
 Ulubey Kanyonu Tabiat Parkı

Türkiye'nin kanyonları
Türkiye'deki tabiat parkları
Uşak coğrafyası
Kanyon
2013'te Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
2013'te kurulan korumalı bölgeler

Ulubey Kanyonu


La Pala (parfois appelée Francisco Murature) est une localité dans la province de Buenos Aires, en Argentine. Elle est située dans le partido d'Adolfo Alsina.

Géographie
La Pala se situe à  au sud-ouest de Buenos Aires et à  au nord-ouest de Carhué, chef-lieu du partido. La localité est proche de la frontière entre la province de Buenos Aires et la province de La Pampa (environ ). Aucun cours d'eau ne traverse La Pala.

Transports
La localité est reliée à Carhué par le chemin provincial secondaire 001-01, et à Villa Maza par le chemin provincial secondaire 001-07. La Pala disposait d'une liaison ferroviaire avec Catriló et Rivera par le Chemin de fer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ligne Huinca Renancó-General Pico-Catriló-Darregueira).

Toponymie

La Pala signifie « la pelle » en espagnol et provient d'une exploitation agricole voisine. La localité est aussi appelée Francisco Murature du nom du possesseur originel des terrains sur lesquels elle a été bâtie.

Histoire

L'histoire de La Pala commence en 1882 lors de la vente de  de terrains à Francisco Murature. Il fit don d'une partie de ses terres pour la création d'une gare inaugurée en 1907, sous le nom de L. Garro. Le , la gare prit le nom de Murature et Garro devint le nom d'une autre gare établie sur des terrains donnés par Francisco Murature. En 1979, cette date a été choisie comme date de fondation officielle de La Pala. Depuis 1904, des colons dirigés par Don Joaquín Migliore s'étaient installés pour pratiquer l'agriculture, et le lieu où ils s'établirent, à  de la gare, prit le nom de Francisco Murature ou La Pala. Après la fermeture de la gare, dans les années 1970, et plus tard de la liaison ferroviaire, la localité perdit sa délégation municipale et une partie importante de sa population.

Population et société
La Pala comptait  en 2010, représentant une légère augmentation par rapport à sa population de  en 2001. On enregistrait  en 1991 et le village avait droit à sa propre délégation municipale. Aujourd'hui il dépend de celle de Villa Maza, représentée par Fernando Volpe.

On trouve une petite école et un petit parc pour enfants à La Pala. Il y a aussi une chapelle catholique dédiée à San Raúl (Saint Raoul) et un petit ermitage. Une grande partie des services de la localité ont fermé durant les années 1980 et 1990 avec la chute de la population.

Économie
L'économie de La Pala est principalement agricole. Avant la fermeture de la gare, les agriculteurs exportaient leurs produits par voie ferroviaire vers les centres urbains voisins.

Sports

Football
On trouve un club de football à La Pala : le Club Atlético Murature.

Culture et loisirs

Patrimoine culturel et touristique
 Place San Martín, au centre du village.
 Ancienne gare de la localité, inaugurée en 1907.
 Chapelle San Raúl (Saint Raoul).

Personnalités

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Carte détaillée de la province de Buenos Aires
  Site officiel du partido d'Adolfo Alsina, section dédiée à Villa Maza, dont dépend La Pala
  site officiel du partido.
 Coordonnées :

Ville dans la province de Buenos Aires
Division administrative fondée en 1907

La Pala (Buenos Aires)


Gråhovedet gås () er en andefugl, der lever i det sydlige Chile og på Ildlandet.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Ænder
Patagoniens fugle

Gråhovedet gås


Die Randol Township ist eine von 10 Townships im Cape Girardeau County im Südosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Missouri.

Geografie
Die Randol Township liegt am Westufer des Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Illinois bildet. Die Mündung des Ohio bei Cairo an der Schnittstelle der Bundesstaaten Missouri, Illinois und Kentucky befindet sich rund 70 km südöstlich.

Die Randol Township liegt auf 37°23′17″ nördlicher Breite und 89°32′45″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 173,31 km², die sich auf 169,11 km² Land- und 4,2 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Im Nordosten der Randol Township befindet sich der Trail of Tears State Park, dessen nördliche Hälfte bereits in der Shawnee Township liegt.

Die Randol Township grenzt innerhalb des Cape Girardeau County im Süden an die Cape Girardeau Township, im Westen an die Byrd Township und im Norden an die Shawnee Township. Im Osten bildet der Mississippi die Grenze zum Union County in Illinois.

Verkehr
Durch den Südwesten der Township verläuft die Interstate 55, die die kürzeste Verbindung von St. Louis nach Memphis bildet. Weiter östlich verläuft parallel zum Mississippi die Missouri State Route 177.

Durch die Randol Township verläuft eine Eisenbahnlinie der BNSF Railway, die entlang des gesamten Laufs des Mississippi führt.

Der nächstgelegene Flughafen ist der rund 25 km südlich der Township gelegene Cape Girardeau Regional Airport.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 4431 Einwohner. Neben Streubesiedlung, den nördlichen Randbereichen von Cape Girardeau und dem östlichen Vorortbereich von Jackson existieren in der Township drei gemeindefreie Siedlungen:

 Bainbridge
 Egypt Mills
 Oriole

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Randol Township
  Histopolis -  Randol Township

Randol Township


Alfredo Castelli (Milano, 26. lipnja 1947.) talijanski je autor i pisac stripova.

Biografija
Rođen u Milanu, Castelli je svoju strip karijeru započeo u ranoj mladosti, stvarajući strip Scheletrino, humorističnu seriju za talijanski strip Diabolik, kada je imao samo 16 godina.

Godine 1966. s Paolom Salom stvorio je Comics Club 104, prvi talijanski fanzin posvećen stripu. Godinu dana kasnije Castelli je počeo pisati scenarije za nekoliko talijanskih stripova, uključujući Pedrito el Drito i Piccola Eva koje su objavili Universo, Cucciolo i Tiramolla za Edizioni Alpe i Topolino za Mondadori.

Castelli se zatim proširio na televiziju, napisavši nekoliko reklama, kao i seriju Cappuccetto a Pois s Marijom Perego i scenarij za film Il tunel sotto il mondo. Godine 1969. godine sudjelovao je u humorističnom časopisu Tilt. Godinu dana kasnije, zajedno s Pierom Carpijem, Castelli je stvorio časopis Horror u kojem je objavio svoju strip Zio Boris. Zatim se pridružio osoblju Il Corriere dei Ragazzi kao urednik/umjetnik/pisac. Za ovaj je časopis stvorio L'Ombra, osobni prikaz Nevidljivog čovjeka kojeg je nacrtao Ferdinando Tacconi; Gli Aristocratici, skupina gospode lopova, opet Tacconijeve umjetnosti; Otto Kruntz, ludi znanstvenik kojeg je nacrtao Daniele Faragazzi; i L'Omino Bufo, apsurdistički humoristični strip koji je Castelli sam nacrtao.

Godine 1978. Castelli je za magazin Supergulp napisao avanture Allana Quatermaina, istraživača specijaliziranog za arheološke misterije koji su nagovijestili najpoznatije Castellijevo stvaralaštvo.

Iste godine Castelli započinje suradnju s izdavačem Sergiom Bonellijem, pišući priče za Zagora i Mister Noa. Dvije godine kasnije, poslao je ideju za novu seriju Bonelliju na temelju njujorškog istraživača koji je istraživao znanstvene misterije: nakon dvije godine trudnoće, 1982. stvorio je Martina Mystèrea. Serija koju je u početku crtao Giancarlo Alessandrini, označila je prekretnicu u talijanskoj povijesti popularnog stripa, uvodeći moderne i sofisticirane teme na tržište kojim dominiraju tradicionalne pustolovine namijenjene mlađoj publici. Martin Mystère otvorio je vrata mnogim drugim likovima npvpg smjera, kako Bonellija, tako i drugih izdavača.

Godine 1983. Castelli i Guido "Silver" Silvestri oživjeli su časopis Eureka. Međutim, propalo je nakon samo 12 izdanja. Godine 1992. Castelli je lansirao novu seriju Zona X, spin-off Martina Mystèrea, koja je trajala do 1999. godine.

Castelli je također napisao knjigu o prvih 25 godina američkog novinskog stripa (1895–1919) pod naslovom Eccoci ancora qui .

Izvori

 Alfredo Castelli  na inducks.org
 (talijanski) Interview with Alfredo Castelli

Talijanski crtači stripa
Talijanski autori stripa
Životopisi, Milano

Alfredo Castelli


Johannes Eberhard Steiniger (* 18 juin 1987 à Bad Dürkheim) est un homme politique allemand de l'CDU et professeur de lycée. Il est depuis les Élections fédérales allemandes de 2013 Membre du Bundestag allemand.

Député de la dix-neuvième législature du Bundestag
Député de la vingtième législature du Bundestag
Personnalité de l'Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne
Naissance en juin 1987
Naissance à Bad Dürkheim

Johannes Steiniger


Der Jüdische Friedhof Gleicherwiesen liegt im thüringischen Gleicherwiesen, einem Ortsteil der Stadt Römhild im Landkreis Hildburghausen.

Geschichte
Die Ursprünge einer neuzeitlichen jüdischen Gemeinde in Gleicherwiesen gehen auf das Jahr 1680 zurück, als sich erstmals vier Juden niederlassen durften. 1833 hatte der Ort 189 jüdische Einwohner, 1875 waren es 233 und 1925 noch 46. Die letzten sechs wurden 1942 deportiert. Eine Synagoge wurde 1787 eröffnet und den jüdischen Friedhof legte die Gemeinde 1846 an. Das Einzugsgebiet des Begräbnisplatzes umfasste die jüdischen Gemeinden in Gleicherwiesen und ab 1885 Simmershausen. Davor wurden die Verstorbenen vor allem in Kleinbardorf beigesetzt. Die letzte Beisetzung war 1940.

Lage und Charakterisierung
Der Friedhof befindet sich südöstlich des Dorfes am Streufdorfer Weg. Es sind noch etwa 180 Grabsteine (Mazewa) vorhanden.

Weblinks

Gleicherwiesen
Bauwerk in Römhild
Gleicherwiesen
Erbaut in den 1840er Jahren
Gleicherwiesen
Gleicherwiesen

Jüdischer Friedhof (Gleicherwiesen)


Glaciar Vinciguerra y turberas asociadas es el sitio Ramsar más austral del mundo (al 2011), ubicado en el departamento Ushuaia de la provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Fue designado el 16 de septiembre de 2009 con el número 1886 y en Argentina es el sitio n.º 19.

Características
El sitio tiene una superficie de 2760 ha. Hay dos grupos principales de humedales: el glaciar, con lagunas vinculadas, glaciares de roca, bancos de nivación semipermanentes, ambientes de permafrost y humedales de altura; y las turberas del valle de Andorra que incluyen turbales de Sphagnum y de ciperáceas y ambientes de bosque anegado sobre turba.

El glaciar Vinciguerra es el más importante de la provincia de Tierra del Fuego por su extensión (72 ha) y sus cualidades paisajísticas. El agua de fusión del glaciar y de los ambientes níveos relacionados desemboca en la laguna de los Témpanos, que en el verano presenta variaciones de hasta 30 cm entre la mañana y la tarde, con caudales máximos de deshielo de 1 m³/s; en la época invernal la laguna se congela totalmente y el escurrimiento es de 0,020 m³/s.

Fitogeografía
 Desierto altoandino: se desarrolla sobre los 700 m de altura; la flora está constituida por líquenes.
 Tundra andina: entre los 700 m y 550 m, con vegetación rala y resistente.
 Bosque subantártico de nothofagus: hasta los 550 m, donde predomina la lenga, el ñire y el guindo o coihue de Magallanes.

Hay una especie amenazada, endémica de Argentina, el musgo Skottsbergia paradoxa, incluido en la lista roja de IUCN.

Fauna
-Aves: las aves más frecuentes son el churrete acanelado, la dormilona tontita, las becasinas, la perdicita cordillerana austral, el   churrín magallánico, el cordillerano austral o yal andino, el cauquén y el cóndor.

-Mamíferos: ratón de cola larga, ratón de hocico bayo, castores (especie introducida), zorros colorados, guanacos.

Amenazas
La cría de caballos, que se alimentan de brotes de nothofagus, la tala de árboles para uso doméstico, el crecimiento urbano de la ciudad de Ushuaia y, en menor medida, la extracción de turba.

Sobre el glaciar se desarrollan estudios glaciológicos desde el año 2003 ya que se encuentra en un proceso de notable retroceso debido al cambio climático.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Toda la información presentada ha sido extraída de:
Iturraspe,R., Urciuolo,A. y Guillén, A. (2009) Ficha informativa del Sitio Ramsar "Glaciar Vinciguerra y Turberas Asociadas" https://web.archive.org/web/20111125180712/http://www.recursoshidricostdf.com.ar/

Departamento Ushuaia
Humedales de Argentina
Reservas naturales de Argentina
Sitios Ramsar en Argentina


Jeffrey Howard Archer, baron Archer af Weston-super-Mare (født 15. april 1940) er en engelsk forfatter og tidligere politiker. Hans spændingsromaner har solgt mere end 250 millioner eksemplarer over.

Før han blev forfatter var Archer medlem af Underhuset i Storbritannien for det Det Konservative Parti (1969-1974) i Underhuset. En økonomisk skandale i form af en fejlslagen aktiespekulation medførte dog, at han ikke genopstillede.

Senere fik Archer betydelige indtægter fra sin forfattervirksomhed, og han blev herefter næstformand for det Konservative Parti (1985–1986), men han måtte imidlertid atter gå af som følge af en skandale, hvor en avis skrev, at han, der var gift og havde to børn, havde været på hotel med en prostitueret. Sagen udviklede sig, da han sagsøgte avisen for injurier og i den forbindelse benyttede sig alibier fra flere sider.

Trods skandalen blev han adlet og dermed life peer, dvs. livstidsmedlem af Overhuset i 1992. Archers politiske karriere i partiet blev afsluttet med en dom for mened, der udsprang af injuriesagen fra 1987, og han måtte afsone et fængselsophold i 2001-03 som følge heraf. Han sidder dog fortsat i Overhuset, nu som partiuafhængigt medlem.

Bibliografi

Kane & Abel-serien
 Shall We Tell the President? (1977, 1983, , 1979)
 Kane and Abel (1980, , 1980)
 The Prodigal Daughter (1982, , 1985)

Fængeseldagbøger
 Hell – Belmarsh (2002)
 Purgatory – Wayland (2003)
 Heaven – North Sea Camp (2004)

Andre romaner
 Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less (1976, , 1979)
 First Among Equals (1984, , 1986)
 A Matter of Honour (1986, , 1990)
 As the Crow Flies (1991, , 1992)
 Honour Among Thieves (1993)
 The Fourth Estate (1996)
 The Eleventh Commandment (1998)
 Sons of Fortune (2002)
 False Impression (2005)
 The Gospel According to Judas by Benjamin Iscariot (2007), sammen med Francis J. Moloney
 A Prisoner of Birth (2008)
 Paths of Glory (2009)

Clifton-krønikerne
 Only Time Will Tell (2011, , 2016)
 The Sins of the Father (2012, , 2017)
 Best Kept Secret (2013, , 2017)
 Be Careful What You Wish For (2014, , 2018)
 Mightier Than the Sword (2015, , 2018)
 Cometh the Hour (2016)
 This Was a Man (2017)

Drama
 Beyond Reasonable Doubt (1987)
 Exclusive (1989)
 The Accused (2000)

Noveller - samlinger
 A Quiver Full of Arrows (1980)
 A Twist in the Tale (1989)
 Twelve Red Herrings (1994)
 The Collected Short Stories (1997)
 To Cut a Long Story Short (2000)
 Cat O'Nine Tales (2006)
 And Thereby Hangs a Tale (2010)
 The New Collected Short Stories (2011)

Børne- og ungdomslitteratur
 The First Miracle (1980)
 By Royal Appointment (1980)
 Willy Visits the Square World (1980)
 Willy and the Killer Kipper (1981)

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 [cjeffreyarcher.co.uk Officiel hjemmeside]

Forfattere fra England
Politikere fra England

Jeffrey Archer


ලංකාතිලක විහාරය යන්නෙන් පහත දෑ අදහස් විය හැක:
 ලංකාතිලක විහාරය, පොළොන්නරුව - පොළොන්නරුව පිහිටි පුරාණ බෞද්ධ විහාර මන්දිරයක් වේ. චූලවංශයට අනූව එය පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමා (ක්‍රි.ව. 1153-1186) විසින් ඉදිකරවන ලද්දක් සේ සැළකේ.
 ලංකාතිලක විහාරය, උඩුනුවර - මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් උඩුනුවර ග්‍රාමයේ පිහිටි පුරාණ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථානයක් වේ. එය පිළිමතලාව හන්දියේ සිට දවුලගල මාර්ගයේ කිලෝමීටර 4ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටයි.

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

ලංකාතිලක විහාරය


أوسكار كوكوشكا Oskar Kokoschka (ولد في 1 مارس 1886 في بوشلارن – ومات في 22 فبراير 1980 في مونتروس في سويسرا) هو رسام ومصور وأديب نمساوي يتنمي إلى الحركة التعبيرية.

حياته

ولد أوسكار كوكوشكا في الأول من مارس 1886 وهو الابن الثاني للتاجر الرحالة جوستاف يوزف كوكوشكا، وأمه ماريا رومانا (مولودة بقلب لويدل) في مدينة بوشلارن في ولاية النمسا السفلى على ضفاف نهر الدانوب. وكان أسلاف العائلة صائغي مجوهرات في براج. انتقلت العائلة في عام 1887 إلى فيينا، ومات الابن الأكبر جوستاف في العام نفسه. وولدت أخته بيرتا بعد عامين وأخوه الأصغر بوهوسلاف بعد ثلاثة أعوام.

التحق كوكوشكا بمدرسة حكومية في فيرنج ضاحية في فيينا. وتنتمي أولى رسومه إلى تلك الفترة. ثم درس في مدرسة للصناعات الفنية في فيينا بين عامي 1905 و 1909، وكان أحد معلميه هو جوستاف كليمت، وإحدى زميلاته إلزه أولتيين كازيمير. وكان كوكوشكا متأثرا في تلك الفترة بأعمال فان جوخ، وكان رافضا للأسلوب الشبابي الذي ان سائدا في تلك الفترة. وأدى ذلك إلى أن رسومه الأولى التي كانت بصفة خاصة بورتريهات تضج بالإحساس، لم تلق التقدير الذي كانت تستحقه. ولهذا السبب رحل إلى برلين في عام 1910، ثم عاد إلى فيينا في العام التالي 1911.

ألما مالر ومتطوع الحرب (1911- 1916)

في عام 1911 تعرف على ألما مالر Alma Mahler وصارت صديقته وعاش معها منذ عام 1912. ونتجت عن ذلك الحب العديد من الأعمال الفنية. وتشي الرسائل المتبادلة بينهما بالعاطفة الجارفة لدى كل منهما تجاه الآخر. وشهدت أساليبه في الرسم تحولا في تلك الفترة فبدأ استخدام فرشات ألون عريضة. وفي ذلك العام حملت ألما جنينا أجهضته ضد إرادة كوكوشكا. وأدى ذلك إلى انهيار العلاقة بينهما، وكان لذلك آثار بعيدة المدى على كوكوشكا. فتطوع في الخدمة العسكرية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، وأصيب في رئتيه إصابة بالغة. لكنه تجاوز الإصابة وعمل رساما حربيا على الجبهة. وفي العام نفسه نشرت مجموعتين من رسوماته الحجرية.

دريسدن والرحلات (1917 – 1931)

في عام 1917 انتقل إلى دريسدن. وعمل أستاذا في الأكاديمية الفنية فيها بين عامي 1919 و 1926. وبعد خروجه المفاجئ من الأكاديمية قام بعدة رحلات عبر أوروبا وشمال أفريقيا وبلاد شرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط، والتي ألهمته الكثير من البورتريهات للمن وللمناظر الطبيعية.

فيينا، باريس، براج، رابطة أوسكار كوكوشكا (1931- 1938)

وفي عام 1931 عاد كوكوشكا إلى فيينا، وأقام عدة معارض في باريس وفيينا وأقام فترات طويلة في كلتا المدينتين. وفي عام 1933 قرر الإقامة في فيينا نهائيا، غير أنه وبعد وفاة امه في عام 1934 وجد نفسه مضطرا بسبب الظروف السياسية في ألمانيا والنمسا إلى الهروب في العام نفسه إلى براج، حيث تعرف على أولدا بالكوفسكا والتي تزوجها فيما بعد.

وفي عام 1937 تكونت رابطة أوسكار كوكوشكا في براج، وتبنت أفكارا فنية المعادية للنظام النازي في ألمانيا. وكان من بين من رأس الرابطة يتو بالدن وهاينتس فيرنر وكورت لاده. وكانت الرابطة تجتمع مرة كل أسبوعين وكانوا يقيمون المعارض الفنية والاحتفالات الفنية في بيت المهاجرين Stranice.

إنجلترا (1938- 1953)

وبعد إعلان التعبئة العامة في تشيكوسلوفاكيا في مايو 1938، هرب كوكوشكا من جديد هذه المرة إلى بريطانيا العظمى، حيث صنف النازيون أعماله على أنها فن مشوه. وخلال تلك الفترة التي قضاها كوكوشكا في المنفى الإنجليزي كان عضوا نشطا في مظمة المنفى النمساوية Young Austria. وفي عام 1941 تزوج أولدا بالكوفسكا في أحد المخابئ في لندن. وحصل على الجنسية البريطانية في عام 1946، وأقام أكبر معاضه بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية في زيورخ وبازل. واستعاد الجنسية النمساوية مرة أخرى في عام 1975.

فيلينوف Villeneuve

أسس كوكوشكا بالاشتراك مع فريدريش فيلتس في عام 1953 الأكاديمية الصيفية الدولية للفن التشكيلي في زالتسبورج. ورحل في نفس العام إلى فيلينوف على ضفاف بحيرة جينيف في سويسرا. ثم قام بعدة رحلات داخل وخارج أوروبا، وقدم أعماله الأولى بصورة جديدة في سويسرا والنمسا واليابان.

وكان كوكوشكا من المشاركين في documenta I في عام 1955، وفي documenta II في عام 1959 وفي documenta III في عام 1964 في كاسل.

مات كوكوشكا في 22 فبراير 1980 في مونتروس Montroux، ودفن في مقبرة في كلارنس Clarens. وبعد موته أنشأت جائزة أوسكار كوكوشكا Oskar-Kokoschka-Preis للفن التشكيلي.

إرثه

تأسست مؤسسة كوكوشكا Kokoschka-Stiftung في عام 1988، والتي تحتفظ في متحف يينش في Vevey بأكثر من ألف عمل. وتدير أرملته أولدا المؤسسة.

من أعماله

لوحات

صورة ذاتية 1918

جسر كارل في براج 1934

كتاباته الأدبية

كتب كوكوشكا المقالات الصحفية والقصائد وكتب سيرته الذاتية بعنوان «حياتي» Mein Leben في عام 1971. ونشرت رسائله في عام 1984. وأعيد تقديم مسرحياته في التسعينات مرات عديدة. ومنها:

القاتل أمل النساء 1909

شجيرة الشوك المحترق 1911

أيوب 1917

Orpheus und Eurydike 1919

روابط خارجية

مراجع

القرن 20
المذهب التعبيري
بريطانيون متجنسون
بريطانيون من أصل تشيكي
بريطانيون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
حاصلون على وسام الاستحقاق (فئة مدنية)
حائزون على وسام الإمبراطورية البريطانية من رتبة قائد
خريجو جامعة الفنون التطبيقية فيينا
رسامو مناظر طبيعية بريطانيون
رسامو مناظر طبيعية نمساويون
رسامون بريطانيون
رسامون بريطانيون في القرن 20
رسامون مستشرقون
رسامون نمساويون
رسامون نمساويون في القرن 20
صناع طباعة نمساويون
عسكريون نمساويون مجريون شاركوا في الحرب العالمية الأولى
فنانون ذكور بريطانيون في القرن 20
فنانون ذكور في القرن 20
فنانون ذكور نمساويون في القرن 20
كتاب مسرحيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1886
نمساويون من أصل تشيكي
نمساويون مهاجرون إلى إسكتلندا
نمساويون مهاجرون إلى تشيكوسلوفاكيا
نمساويون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
وفيات 1980
وفيات في مونترو

أوسكار كوكوشكا


جورة بدران هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء كسروان في محافظة جبل لبنان. وتحيط بها قرى عزر وغبالة. وهي ترتفع نحو 1000 - 1160 متر عن سطح البحر.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء كسروان
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

جورة بدران


Juan Manuel Leguizamón (Santiago del Estero, 6 de junio de 1983) es un exjugador argentino de rugby que se desempeñó como ala. Formó parte de la Selección nacional de 2003 a 2019.

En abril de 2022, anunció su retiro del rugby.

Carrera
Inició su carrera en el Santiago Lawn Tennis Club, luego jugó una temporada y media en el San Isidro Club, donde se coronó campeón en 2004.

Europa
En julio de 2005, fichó para London Irish en la English Guinness Premiership. En 2008, jugó para Stade Français Paris. En agosto de 2011, acordó su pase al Lyon Olympique y con ellos llegó a jugar en la segunda división.

Súper Rugby
En 2015, firmó contrato para jugar con Jaguares en el Super Rugby. Fue seleccionado para jugar con los Barbarians.

Estados Unidos
Había decidido retirarse en 2019, pero en noviembre decidió aceptar la oferta estadounidense de los Seattle Seawolves de Washington para la temporada 2020.

Selección nacional
Marcelo Loffreda lo convocó a los Pumas para enfrentar a Japón en 2003, Argentina ganó 68–36 en Buenos Aires y Leguizamón anotó su primer try. Es el primero de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero en alcanzar la selección absoluta.

En 2005 se afianzó en el equipo, en una serie de pruebas contra Italia en Salta; luego fue a jugar tres partidos durante las pruebas de noviembre, contra los Springboks como titular y frente a Escocia y la Azzurri como suplente. Al año siguiente jugó en dos partidos en junio frente a Gales y ante los All Blacks.

En su último mundial jugó contra los Estados Unidos y se retiró internacionalmente. En total jugó 87 partidos (de los registros más altos) y marcó trece tries (65 puntos).

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo
Loffreda lo llevó a Francia 2007 y reemplazó al lesionado Gonzalo Longo. Allí ganó todos los partidos de la fase de grupos y sobresalió durante el partido inaugural contra Francia.

Santiago Phelan lo llevó a Nueva Zelanda 2011 como titular indiscutido, Daniel Hourcade en Inglaterra 2015 lo hizo suplente de Juan Fernández Lobbe y finalmente Mario Ledesma lo seleccionó como suplente de Marcos Kremer para Japón 2019.

Estilo de juego

Un jugador fuerte, también podía desempeñarse en el puesto de octavo. Durante su tiempo en los Pumas formó con Longo, Juan y Carlos Fernández Lobbe, Lucas Ostiglia, Leonardo Senatore, Julio Farías Cabello, Pablo Matera y Javier Ortega Desio.

Fue elogiado por su compromiso en la defensa, entrega con sus compañeros y potencia de ataque. Se criticó su falta de ritmo, poca de agilidad y la improlijidad: como en el partido por el tercer puesto de Francia 2007, cuando recibió una tarjeta amarilla al proporcionarle un tackle alto a la estrella Sébastien Chabal.

Palmarés
 Campeón del Campeonato Sudamericano de 2005 y 2006.
 Medalla de bronce en la Copa Mundial de Rugby de 2007.
 Campeón del Rugby Pro D2 de 2013–14.
 Campeón del Top 12 de la URBA de 2004.

Referencias

Deportistas de la provincia de Santiago del Estero
Jugadores de rugby de Argentina
Jugadores de la selección de rugby de Argentina
Jugadores del London Irish
Jugadores del Stade Français Paris
Jugadores del Lyon Olympique
Jugadores de rugby de Jaguares (Super Rugby)
Jugadores de los Seattle Seawolves

Juan Leguizamón


Unreal Tournament is a first-person arena shooter video game developed by Epic Games and Digital Extremes. The second installment in the Unreal series, it was first published by GT Interactive in 1999 for Windows, and later released on the PlayStation 2 and Dreamcast by Infogrames in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Players compete in a series of matches of various types, with the general aim of out-killing opponents. The PC and Dreamcast versions support multiplayer online or over a local area network. Free expansion packs were released, some of which were bundled with a 2000 re-release: Unreal Tournament: Game of the Year Edition.

Powered by the Unreal Engine, Unreal Tournament received universal acclaim, often being considered one of the greatest video games ever made, with reviewers praising the graphics, level design and gameplay, though the console ports were noted for having limitations. The design of the game shifted the series' focus to competitive multiplayer action with the releases of sequels Unreal Tournament 2003 in 2002, Unreal Tournament 2004 in 2004, and Unreal Tournament 3 in 2007. In 2014, a pre-alpha version of a new game in the series was released titled simply Unreal Tournament. In 2017, Epic cancelled the game.

Gameplay

Unreal Tournament is an arena first-person shooter, with head-to-head multiplayer deathmatches being the primary focus of the game. The single-player campaign is a series of arena matches played with bots, where the player competes for the title of Grand Champion. The player moves up the tournament ladder in order to challenge the current champion, Xan Kriegor, a mysterious being with exceptional skill. Also available is a practice mode, in which, as its name implies, the player practices a match. Match settings (such as score and time limits) can be customized. Also available are "mutators", which drastically alter gameplay aspects, such as "InstaGib", which makes players compete with instant-kill Shock Rifles instead of the normal weapons. Weapons include the Enforcer, the Rocket Launcher and the Ripper, which fires ricocheting blades. Each weapon has two firing modes which have different effects: for example, Rippers can also fire non-ricocheting blades that explode on impact. A special weapon is the Redeemer, which fires a miniature nuke and causes a very large and powerful explosion.

Items such as body armor (which reduces damage taken), health packs (which heal players) and damage amplifiers are scattered across levels. Levels are set in a variety of environments, including spaceships, outposts and buildings like castles and monasteries. Many contain features such as elevators (lifts) and teleporters and obstacles such as water and lava. The game is backwards compatible with the majority of Unreal multiplayer maps. The PC version includes a level editor in which players can create their own levels, and the PlayStation 2 version supports the use of a USB keyboard and mouse, enabling players to play in a similar manner to the PC version.

For team matches, bots are used to fill the roles of the player's teammates. The player can choose the bots' skill level or have it automatically adjust to the player's performance. Bots can be further customized by changing attributes such as names, appearance and weapon preferences. In team matches, players can give orders to bots on their team. The PC version supports multiplayer mode over the internet or a local area network (the original Unreal was mainly a single-player game).

Game types
 Assault: This game type is played with two teams, one assaulting a "base" and the other defending it. The map is set up with objectives which the attacking team must complete (usually in sequence) such as shutting down a power generator, or entering an area. The team who first attacks then defends, and attempts to defend for the entire time they attacked. If they accomplish this, they win. If the team defending first assaults the base faster than the other team, they win. If both teams defend for the maximum amount of time the match is a tie. The Dreamcast version does not feature this mode.
 Capture the Flag: Players compete to capture the other team's flag and return it to their base. Competitive teams must use a great deal of teamplay. Both teams must defend the base from incoming attackers and get into the other team's base, take their flag and return to base.
 Deathmatch: A classic every-man-for-himself player vs. player combat. The objective is to out-kill all opposing players.
 Domination: Two teams compete to control various control points to earn points. Standard maps contain three control points. Control of these points is initially accomplished through occupation (physically occupying the space), but control of a point continues until a player from another team occupies the space. The first team to reach the point limit, or that has the most points when a time limit has expired, wins.
 Last Man Standing: Similar to Deathmatch, the player's objective is to remain alive longer than their opponents, putting an emphasis on number of deaths rather than kills. Players start with all weapons (except the Redeemer) fully loaded and have a set number of lives. Power-ups, including health and ammunition packs, are unavailable. Once a player runs out of lives, they lose.
 Team Deathmatch: Up to four teams compete to out-kill the opposing teams.

Four "bonus packs" were released, each adding maps, characters, or features. For example, Bonus Pack 1 adds "relics" as mutators. Relics are special items that grant a significant advantage to their holder. They include (but are not limited to), the Relic of Vengeance, which creates an explosion when its holder dies, the Relic of Regeneration, which regenerates the health of the holder, and the Relic of Redemption, which makes its holder respawn elsewhere with full health and weapons intact when they would normally die. Bonus Pack 4 adds a new version of Xan Kriegor.

Plot

During the Human–Skaarj war, the New Earth Government was formed. Mining was the primary method of financing the war, but was unpopular with the working class, who grew weary of the working conditions and the war. The humans were losing the war, and riots broke out. The Terran system was surrounded by Skaarj forces, but a government team destroyed their mothership, and the Skaarj withdrew. Afterward, revolts and violence among the mining colonies were on the increase, and efforts to deal with them were unsuccessful. The government then came up with the idea of giving the violence an outlet instead. "Consensual murder" was legalized in the year 2291, enabling people to fight to the death under organized conditions. The Liandri Mining Corporation worked with the government and organized leagues and public exhibitions. Soon, these matches became more profitable than mining, and Liandri formed a professional league to compete in a "Grand Tournament", the most popular event in the sport. The game takes place in 2341, fifty years after the fights were first legalized.

Development

With a budget of $2 million, using 350,000 lines of C++ and UnrealScript, Unreal Tournament took around a year and a half to develop. When Unreal (the first installment of the Unreal series) was released in May 1998, it was well received by the press. However, it soon became apparent that the quality of the network code used for multiplayer matches was hampering the game's further success. In the months following Unreals release, improving the game's multiplayer part became the top priority of the development team. Epic Games started considering an official expansion pack intended to improve the network code while also featuring new maps and other gameplay elements.

The team began work on the expansion in summer 1998, but the task became complicated by Epic's organizational structure. During the development of Unreal, the team members at Digital Extremes were working in Ontario, Canada, while the members at Epic were based in North Carolina, United States, requiring regular travel to Ontario. To remedy this, Epic decided to centralize the teams in Raleigh, North Carolina, and by September, work on the expansion could begin. Lead programmer Steve Polge set about laying the foundations for the new game types, such as Capture the Flag and Domination, and level designers created the first round of maps for testing. The content grew quickly, and soon the team realized that it had underestimated the task. In November, after a meeting with publisher GT Interactive, Mark Rein suggested releasing the work as a stand-alone game instead of an expansion. The team was reticent at first, but soon accepted the idea, and in December the game became known internally as Unreal: Tournament Edition.

The development team for Unreal Tournament consisted of around 16 people. Most team members had worked on Unreal, though Epic hired a number of new developers to reinforce the team. Programmer Brandon Reinhart was one such hire, joining Epic in August 1998 to help with the support of Unreal and the development of Unreal Tournament. In December 1998, Reinhart discovered an Unreal mod called UBrowser, which provided a new user interface for finding multiplayer matches. After showing it to James Schmalz, the lead designer at Digital Extremes, Schmalz decided to hire the mod's author, Jack Porter. After only a few weeks Porter was already working with the team, replacing the game's existing menu system with his new interface. Epic founder Tim Sweeney worked on improving the networking code along with Steve Polge, who also wrote code for AI, player physics and general gameplay. Erik de Neve was responsible for the LOD character rendering, and various extra optimizations.

During the game's development, the team lacked artists. The art director at Epic Games, Shane Caudle, and the artists at Digital Extremes could not make enough new textures because of the amount of diversity in characters and maps. To help with the skin and texture production, Epic contracted Steve Garofalo. The game's level and content management program, UnrealEd, was written in Visual Basic and considered buggy, but no one had time to fix it. The game engine had an object-oriented design, and the scripting language, UnrealScript, was considered to be more like Java. The modularity of the object-oriented design meant that programmers could make large changes without affecting other parts of the game. Other tools used during development included Microsoft Visual Studio and 3D Studio Max. All of the weapon sound effects were created by Sonic Mayhem. The soundtrack for the game, which employed the system of module files, was written by Alexander Brandon, Michiel van den Bos, Andrew Sega, Dan Gardopee, Peter Hajba and Tero Kostermaa. Unreal Tournament had support for the EAX Version 2.0 3D positional audio technology by Creative Labs and A3D 2.0 HRTF technology by Aureal Semiconductor out of the box.

In 1999, Epic Games released a playable demo on September 16. This version of the demo was only compatible with Glide-based accelerators. An updated demo version, with support for OpenGL and Direct3D cards, was released on September 28. Unreal Tournament went gold (became ready for release) on November 16, shipping a few days later on November 22. The Mac version went gold on December 15. The Dreamcast version was developed by Secret Level, who had to drop Assault mode, along with many larger maps, due to the Dreamcast having insufficient memory. In December 28, Brandon Reinhart announced plans to release Linux libraries of Unreal Tournament through SourceForge: "I've chosen the Artistic License. I feel that it allows mod developers a lot of freedom with the open code, while not putting Epic into any weird positions with the undisclosed part of the engine". The goal of the project was to improve the quality of the Linux port of the game as well as strengthen the mod authoring community and teach Epic about open source projects. On August 1, 2000, Loki Software announced an exclusive agreement with Epic Games to maintain and support the Linux version of Unreal Tournament, offering new features, addressing any technical issues and achieving revision parity with the Windows version. Bonus Pack 1 was released on February 25, 2000. Unreal Tournament was re-released in fall (autumn) 2000 as Unreal Tournament: Game of the Year Edition, which includes the first three bonus packs and mods such as Rocket Arena, a one-on-one combat mode.

Reception

In the United States alone, Unreal Tournament sold 100,998 copies by the end of 1999, according to PC Data. The game's sales in the country reached 128,766 copies, for revenues of $5.42 million, by early 2000. This placed it behind competitor Quake III: Arena over the same period. From January through October 2000, Unreal Tournament sold 234,451 units and earned $8.94 million in the region. The game ultimately received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. By November 2001, Unreal Tournaments total sales were close to 2 million units.

Upon its release, Unreal Tournament received universal acclaim from critics, earning an overall score of 92 out of 100 on aggregate review website Metacritic. Similarly, Unreal Tournament earned an overall score of 94% on the video gaming review aggregator GameRankings. Mainstream press reviews lauded the title for its graphics, gameplay and level design, with Computer and Video Games concluding "Unreal Tournament is nothing short of a technical and game-playing marvel destined to hold you—as it did us—wailing with happiness and wasting far too many precious hours hammering keyboards. An absolute joy to behold". In March 2000, Unreal Tournament was second on a list of best-selling games in Computer Dealer News trade magazine. However, the development team believed sales would have been higher if the game was released in October 1999.

Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot praised the graphics, noting: "As good as the original Unreal looked, Unreal Tournament looks even better. The character models and skins look excellent, and there are quite a few choices to make when designing your character". He also praised the multiplayer gameplay, weapons and level design: "The first-person shooter genre is fiercely competitive. But Unreal Tournament rises above the rest with its solid multiplayer performance, from its good weapon balance to its great level design". The game was similarly reviewed by GameSpy, who concluded: "Unreal Tournament raises the bar for first person teamplay games. The mutators, bots, teams and sheer number of maps give the game an awesome depth and replayability. This game is stuffed with content and polished until it gleams". British magazine PC Zone was pleased with the "very intelligent" bots, but criticized the "truly terrible" music. AllGame complimented the addictiveness of Assault mode, and the game's replay value, calling it "a glowing, shining beacon in a sea of multi-player games". Computer and Video Games found the game to have an "excellent" single-player mode, adding that with an average AI skill the player will "progress with little serious effort, taking a thrilling ride through spectacularly atmospheric levels and increasing numbers of opponents". Eurogamer echoed that sentiment, and commented that the game is playable on low-end systems.

Writing for GamePro, Nash Werner said the multiplayer flexibility was "inmense", adding that mutators like low gravity, Sniper Arena and Chainsaw Melee "change everything about the way deathmatch is played". Game Revolution agreed and praised the bots and maps, although it complained that player models were not particularly varied and that the game was not "as visually appealing as the original Unreal". IGN stated that Unreal Tournament received the highest ever score at the time of their review, describing the game as nearly flawless. British magazine PC Gamer complimented the artificial intelligence, and its American counterpart did the same to the game's "gorgeous" graphics and "incredible" editing tools. Computer Games Strategy Plus described the artificial intelligence as "outstanding", and commented that the Domination and Assault modes add interest. The Electric Playground, who rated the game 10 out of 10, praised the "innovative" level design, while Computer Gaming World gave it five stars out of five, saying "UT has completely redeemed both Epic and the Unreal franchise to action gamers. With the combination of great AI, depth and variety of gameplay, and accessibility to both newbies and the hardcore, UT has shot the pulse-pounding mayhem of multiplayer shooters to new heights".

The Macintosh version of Unreal Tournament was equally praised. IGN enjoyed the "perfect" gameplay and multiplayer options, but criticized the high system requirements and the user interface. Nevertheless, the game was described as "the must have title for your Mac". Happy Puppy described the game as "king of deathmatch" due to its "incredible value" gaming and "amazing" variety. Inside Mac Games praised the replay value, but criticized the high system requirements. In December 1999, Unreal Tournament was inducted into the Macworld Hall of Fame.

Reviewing the Dreamcast version, Gamezilla complimented the sound, but criticized the graphics and lack of a plot. Happy Puppy described the game as "intensely fun", but criticized the "mediocre" sound. Edge criticized the lack of Assault mode. The British Dreamcast Magazine (not to be confused with the Official Dreamcast Magazine or DC-UK) was ambivalent to the port's gameplay, visuals and sounds, noting its "blasting" action and the removal of online multiplayer from the European version of the game. GameSpy cited both slow framerate speeds and low sound quality as problems with the Dreamcast version. Scott Steinberg of Maxim rated the game 4 out of 5 stars, labeling it as a "stone-cold killer" that "runs like Carl Lewis on a Jolt Cola binge" while noting its "surprisingly workable" standard game pad controls.

The PlayStation 2 release did not fare as well as the PC and Dreamcast versions. GameSpy criticized the graphics of the PS2 version, saying "Graphically, the PS2 version of Unreal Tournament seems uninspired". Its conclusion said about sluggish gameplay, somewhat washed out colors and textures. IGN praised the replayability, and stated that the sound is faithful to the PC version. Gamezilla criticized the PlayStation 2 version's lack of multiplayer support compared to the PC version along with Game Informer, who said despite its flaws, the game "holds its own as one of the best FPSs out there". On the other hand, the port scored 3 out of 10 in the television show The Electric Playground, with the reviewer lauding the audio and graphics but feeling that the controls could have been better implemented: "Control, or lack thereof, is the biggest thorn in the side of Unreal Tournament. The game simply does not play well with the Dual Shock controller. Epic has implemented a dual analog layout (one stick controls movement while the other stick controls aim) which sounds good in theory, but is horrid in practice. We tried to use the Dual Shock layout for a solid hour and ended up doing nothing more than walking into walls and spinning around wildly. The other Unreal Tournament contestants probably thought that our character was possessed".

In addition to receiving Eurogamer first-ever perfect score, Unreal Tournament was named by the site one of the best games of 1999. Launch editor John Bye chose the shooter as the game of the past decade (1999–2009) and said: "Unreal Tournament is one of the few games in the early days of Eurogamer that I kept going back to months after I'd finished reviewing it, a game that I played to unwind after a long day playing other games. Whether it was trying to break the one-minute barrier in the speed running mayhem of Assault mode, battling back and forth amongst the alleyways of Domination, or dropping shrapnel shells at people's feet with the wonderfully chunky flak cannon in a fast and furious free-for-all deathmatch, Unreal Tournament was an endless source of entertainment". In 2004, Unreal Tournament was inducted into the Computer Gaming World Hall of Fame. Unreal Tournament was a nominee for PC Gamer USs 1999 "Best Action Game" and "Best Multiplayer Game" awards, which went to Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Rogue Spear and Team Fortress Classic, respectively. They called it "a brilliant multiplayer game that blew its main rival Quake III away with awesome bots, graphics, game types and online functionality". Unreal Tournament was named as a finalist by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences for "Game of the Year", "Computer Game of the Year", "Computer Action Game of the Year", and won "Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering" at the 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. The Dreamcast version Unreal Tournament was a finalist for "11th Annual GamePro Readers' Choice Awards" for "Best Combat Game of The Year", but lost to Halo: Combat Evolved for Xbox.

In 2011, G4tv included two maps from this game, Facing Worlds and DM-Deck 16, in its list of the "Most Influential FPS Multiplayer Maps Ever". In 2013, PC Gamer labeled the Flak Cannon the greatest gun in PC gaming. In 2014, Complex magazine placed Unreal Tournament as number three on its list of "The 50 Best First Person Shooters Of All Time", while Moviepilot placed it as number two on its list of "The 7 Most Influential Video Games Ever". In November 2014, Kotaku named Facing Worlds the best multiplayer map. In January 2016, Red Bull labeled Facing Worlds one of the 10 greatest FPS multiplayer levels of all time. In July 2016, the game was ranked number 20 on Bit-Tech The 50 Best PC Games of All Time.

Awards

Player community

Lead designer Cliff Bleszinski credited much of the game's success to its community. As he said in the November 2001 issue of Maximum PC, "Unreal Tournament would not have sold nearly two million copies if it did not have support from the community... We ship the very same tools that we used to build the game, and folks use these tools to realize their own visions of first-person action". Like Unreal, Unreal Tournament is designed to be easily programmable and highly modularized. Through its scripting environment UnrealScript and level editor UnrealEd, developers are able to modify easily most parts of the game to both manipulate default game behavior and to supplement the game with their own mods. These range from slight changes on some aspects of gameplay (such as map voting) to total conversions. One modification, ChaosUT, became popular enough that it was included with the 'Game of the Year' edition of the game, while Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror was released as a stand-alone retail product.

Unreal Tournament was played at the World Cyber Games in 2001 and 2002.

Legacy
The success of the original Unreal Tournament spawned four sequels, including Unreal Tournament 2003 and Unreal Tournament 2004, Unreal Tournament 3 and the cancelled Unreal Tournament reboot. The yearly naming structure, based around marketing the franchise as a competitive sports title, was abandoned before the launch of the third sequel. Digital Extremes announced Dark Sector in 2000, which was planned as a spiritual successor to Unreal Tournament.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

1999 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Digital Extremes games
Dreamcast games
Esports games
Epic Games games
First-person shooters
GT Interactive games
Infogrames games
Linux games
MacSoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
PlayStation 2 games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Unreal (video game series)
Unreal Engine games
Video games about death games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Alexander Brandon
Video games scored by Michiel van den Bos
Video games scored by Peter Hajba
Video games set in the 24th century
Video games with AI-versus-AI modes
Video games with user-generated gameplay content
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Unreal Tournament