I november 1755 erklærede Pasquale Paoli Korsika for en selvstændig nation under navnet den Korsikanske Republik, der skulle være uafhængig af Republikken Genova. Han skabte den Korsikanske forfatning, der var den første forfatning, som var skrevet på italiensk efter oplysningstidens principper, der bl.a. indebar kvindernes ret til at stemme, som senere blev slettet, da franskmændene erobrede øen i 1769. Republikken skabte sin egen administration og et selvstændigt retssystem, og man fik sin egen hær.

Grundlag
Efter en række succesrige angreb, jog Paoli genoveserne væk fra øen bortset fra nogle få kystbyer. Så gik han i gang med at omdanne styreformen, og i den sammenhæng indførte han mange reformer. Han grundlagde et universitet i Corte og skabte den kortvarige "Sankt-Devota-Orden" i 1757 til ære for Korsikas skytshelgen, Sankt Devota.

Det nationale parlament eller lovgivende forsamling blev sammensat af delegerede, der var valgt i hvert valgdistrikt for en 3-årig periode. Alle mænd over 25 år havde valgret. Traditionelt havde kvinderne altid stemt ved landsbyernes valg af råd, dvs. ældsterådet og andre lokale ledere, og man har påstået, at de også stemte ved de nationale valg under Republikken.

Republikken slog sine egne mønter i Murato i 1761, og de var påtrykt Maurerhovedet, Korsikas traditionelle symbol.

Paolis forestillinger om uafhængighed, demokrati og frihed fik støtte fra filosoffer som Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Raynal og Gabriel Bonnot de Mably. Offentliggørelsen i 1766 af James Boswells An Account of Corsica gjorde Paoli berømt over hele Europa. Beyen af Tunis gav Korsika diplomatisk anerkendelse.

Fransk invasion
I 1767 fratog Korsika genoveserne øen Capraia, og da de måtte erkende, at de næppe nogensinde ville opnå at tilbagerobre øen, solgte de deres krav på den til Frankrig ved en traktat i 1768.

Franskmændene invaderede Korsika samme år, og i mere end et år kæmpede Paolis styrker desperat mod invasionshæren for deres nye republik. Men i maj 1769 blev de slået i Slaget ved Ponte novu af voldsomt overlegne styrker under kommando af Greven af Vaux, og de måtte flygte til England. Den franske kontrol med øen blev befæstet, og i 1770 blev den en fransk provins.

Efterspil

Frankrigs erobring af Korsika blev dårligt modtaget i England, der var Korsikas hovedallierede og bidragyder. Det blev betragtet som den engelske regerings fejl, at Korsika var blevet "tabt", da man anså den for at være vigtig for de engelske interesser i den del af Middelhavet. Krisen omkring Korsika svækkede Graftonministeriet og bidrog i sidste ende til dens fald. En række korsikanske flygtninge kæmpede for Storbritannien under den Amerikanske uafhængighedskrig, og de udmærkede sig særligt under belejringen af Gibraltar i 1782.

Håbet om korsikansk uafhængighed og mange af de demokratiske principper fra Republikken Korsika blev genoplivet af Paoli i form af Kongeriget Korsika i årene 1794-1796. Ved den lejlighed blev britiske landstyrker indsat i forsvaret af øen, men deres anstrengelser slog fejl og franskmændene genvandt kontrollen.

Endnu i dag kræver nogle af de korsikanske separatister som f.eks. de (nu opløste) Armata Corsa en genoprettelse af øens republik.

Se også
 Korsikanske forfatning
 Pasquale Paoli
 Korsikas historie

Noter

Eksterne links
 First Corsican constitution (1755) på

Korsikas historie
Forhenværende europæiske lande
Øriger

Republikken Korsika


جامعة ووريك  إحدى جامعات إنجلترا (المملكة المتحدة)، وعضو في مجموعة راسل للجامعات المرموقة. رغم اسمها تقع في مدينة كوفنتري لا في مدينة ووريك.

التصنيف
تهتم جامعة ووريك بالتدريس والبحوث والابتكار واقامة الروابط مع المؤسسات التجارية والصناعية، وحصلت جامعة ووريك على المركز الرابع بين أفضل الجامعات على مستوى المملكة المتحدة بعد أكسفورد وكامبردج وجامعة اندروز وفق تصنيف الجارديان لعام 2010.
وفي عام 2015 صنفت الجامعة على أنها الجامعة الأسرع نمواً في بريطانيا، وثالث أسرع نمو في العالم حسب مؤتمر الجامعات الفتية  متفوقة عن المركز 12 الذي كانت حازته عام 2012  للجامعات التي يبلغ عمرها أقل من 50 سنة.

قسم الرياضيات في الجامعة ضمن أفضل أربعين قسماً حول العالم يتساوى بذلك مع معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية ويتفوق على إمبريال كوليدج لندن.
والجامعة تعتبر ضمن أفضل ثلاثين جامعة عالمياً في مجال الاقتصاد وإدارة الأعمال وتسبق بذلك جامعات عريقة مثل كلية دارتموث في الولايات المتحدة وكلية لندن للأعمال والمعهد الأوروبي لإدارة الأعمال الموجود في فرنسا.

أنشئت كلية ورك لإدارة الأعمال عام 1964 وهي أول كلية إدارة أعمال في أوروبا تحصل على التصنيفات الثلاث المعتمدة لبرامج الماجستير في إدارة الأعمال.

مجموعة ووريك الصناعية
هي وحدة أكاديمية مستقلة وتعنى بالبحوث الصناعية المتقدمة وتطوير المنتجات والحلول على أسس الشراكة مع كبرى الشركات الصناعية مثل رولز رويس وجاغوار-لاند روفر وبي إيه إي سيستمز وإتش إس بي سي، وهي شراكة تمثل الصلة بين الجامعة وهذه الشركات والمؤسسات الصناعية والتجارية والبنوك. وكان تأسيس هذه المجموعة فكرة رائدة لربط الأبحاث الأكاديمية مع الأعمال التجارية، وتطبيق نتائج البحوث على شكل منتجات تجارية. وهي الأولى من نوعها والأكبر على مستوى أوروبا. وتقدم برامج الماجستير والدكتوراه في إدارة الأعمال الهندسية وبحوث العمليات والأعمال الإلكترونية وإدارة العمليات والإدارة المالية والتصنيع الرقمي وأغلب محاضريها من حملة الخبرات العملية بالهندسة والتصنيع وإدارة الأعمال ولها فروع في سنغافورة والصين وتايلند وماليزيا ولها تعاون مشترك مع جامعة بوسطن بأمريكا، إلى جانب مركز أبحاث في نيو يورك.

كلية الهندسة كبيرة مع اقتراب الطلاب الجامعيون 1000 الدراسات العليا 1600 وبدعم من 300 عالم وباحث أكاديمي، ما بين عالم وباحث وموظف. مصدر القوة الرئيسي للمدرسة، هو المزج بين الطراز العالمي للبحوث الأساسية مع قوة خلق الثروة من خلال نتائج استثنائيه ومشاركة وثيقة مع الصناعة. نطاق أنشطتها واسع على جميع الجوانب تشمل الهندسة والصناعة والأعمال التجارية الدولية. والتركيز على البحث والتطوير، وهو يوفر مجموعة واسعة من الخدمات على الصعيدين المحلي والعالمي. اليوم لها صلات مع نحو 500 شركة على خمس قارات مختلفة. وهي رائدة في بناء نموذج دولي للعمل مع الصناعة، بما في ذلك توفير برامج تدريب واسعة النطاق، ولها مراكز في الصين وهونغ كونغ والهند وماليزيا، وجنوب أفريقيا وتايلند.

كلية إدارة الأعمال ووريك (wbs) هي واحدة من أكبر المدارس التجارية في أوروباوتحتل المركز في أعلى بنسبة 1 في المائة في جميع أنحاء العالم
Wbs وتستخدم 371 موظفا وأكثر من 7000 طالب والمشاركين

الطلاب الاجانب في wbs تأتي من 136 بلداً في جميع أنحاء العالم

معرض صور

المصادر

تأسيسات سنة 1965 في إنجلترا
جامعة ورك
مبان ومنشآت في كوفنتري
ووريك
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1965

جامعة ووريك


Chimaerochloa, rod trajnica iz porodice trava smješten u tribus Danthonieae, dio potporodice Danthonioideae. Jedina vrsta je C. archboldii sa Nove Gvineje

Naraste 60-90 cm. visine

Sinonimi
 Chionochloa archboldii (Hitchc.) Conert
 Cortaderia archboldii (Hitchc.) Connor & Edgar
 Danthonia archboldii Hitchc.
 Danthonia macgregorii Jansen

Izvori

Danthonioideae

Chimaerochloa


Boşaltım sisteminin vücut dengesinin (homeostasi) sağlanmasında çok önemli bir yeri vardır. İç üretra deliği ve dış üretra deliği'nden oluşur.

Böbrekler, üreterler ve idrar kesesinden oluşan boşaltım sistemi, yapım-yıkım sırasında ortaya çıkan atık maddelerin atılımından sorumludur. Vücut işlevlerinin sürekliliği için hücrelerden atık maddelerin atılması gerekir. Katı ve sıvı atıklar, kan içinde erimiş olarak taşınırlar ve böbreğe ulaştırılarak süzülürler. Bu atıklar üreterler yoluyla idrar kesesine geçerek, belli aralıklarla idrar olarak depolanıp, değişik aralıklarla vücuttan atılırlar.

Böbrekler

Böbrekler, omurgalılarda bulunan fasulye biçiminde 2 tane boşaltım organıdır. 10 cm kadar olabilen böbrekler, boşaltım sisteminin bir bölümünü oluştururlar. Bu organlar, başta üre olmak üzere atıkları kandan süzer ve onları artmış su ile birlikte idrar olarak boşaltırlar. Böbrekleri ve böbreklere etki eden hastalıkları inceleyen tıbbi dal nefrolojidir. Nefroloji, adını Yunanca "böbrek" anlamına gelen nephros sözcüğünden alır. Böbrek(ler) ile ilgili anlamında kullanılan renal sözcüğü ise Latince renalis sözcüğünden gelir. Kanımızda atık maddelerin yanı sıra karbonhidratların yağların ve proteinlerin sindirilmesi sonucu oluşan küçük moleküller,vitaminler ve su gibi yararlı maddelerde bulunur.

Böbreklerin içindeki süzme birimlerine nefron denir. Her bir nefron; malpighi cisimciği, proksimal tüp, Henle kulpu ve distal tüp adı verilen kanalcıklardan oluşur. Ortalama bir insan böbreğinde 1 ila 2 milyon arasında nefron bulunur. Bu nefronlarda süzülme, geri emilim ve salgılama işlemleri gerçekleşir. Böbreklerin içinde bir de havuzcuk bulunur.

Üreterler

Üreterler, böbrek ile idrar torbası arasında bulunurlar. 25–30 cm uzunluğunda, 4–7 mm çapında, kas liflerinden oluşmuş boru şeklinde yapılardır. Böbreklerde oluşan idrar bu ince borucuklar vasıtasıyla idrar kesesine ulaşır. Üreter pars abdominalis ve pars pelvica olmak üzere iki kısımda incelenir. Üreterin üç yerde darlığı vardır. Birinci darlık başlangıç yerinde, ikinci darlık linea terminalis'i çaprazladığı yerde, üçüncü darlık da idrar kesesine girdiği yerdedir (en dar yeri burasıdır). Diğer adı idrar borusudur.

İdrar Kesesi

İdrar kesesi yoğun kas liflerinden oluşmuş, idrarın depolandığı, genişleme özelliği bulunan torba biçiminde bir yapıdır. İdrar torbası dolduğunda kesenin duvarını oluşturan kas lifleri gerilerek idrara çıkma hissi uyandırır ve duvarındaki kasların kasılması ile idrar kesesi boşalır. Kadınlarda pelvis boşluğunun tabanında, erkeklerde rektumun önünde ve prostatın üzerindedir.

Üretra

İdrarın idrar torbasından alınarak, vücut dışına atıldığı son yerdir. Diğer adı idrar kanalıdır. Prostatik üretra, membranöz üretra, süngerimsi üretra'dan oluşur.

Boşaltıma yardımcı organlar

Akciğerler
Ana madde: Akciğer

Akciğerler soluk alarak vücuda oksijen dağıtır. Sonra kullanılmış  kirli oksijen (karbondioksit) vücuttan dışarı atılır.

Kalın Bağırsak

Sindirim atığı olan posayı anüs yoluyla vücuttan dışarı atar.

Deri

Vücutta bulunan fazla su, tuzu ve ilaç atıklarını terleme yardımıyla vücuttan atar.

Karaciğer

Çok zehirli olan amonyağı daha az zehirli olan üre ve ürik aside dönüştürür. Karaciğerlerde safra kesesi de bulunur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Cowper bezi
 Dış salgı bezi
 Bez (biyoloji)
 Seminal keseler

Kaynakça

Boşaltım sistemi


Toyo may refer to:

Places
Tōyō, Kōchi, a town in Japan
Tōyo, Ehime, a former city in Japan
Toyo Province, a Japanese province divided in 683

Tōyō, Kumamoto, a village located in Yatsuhiro District, Kumamoto, Japan
Tōyō, Tokyo, a neighborhood in Koto, Tokyo.

People
 Mr. Toyo (stagename) ringname of wrestler Rusher Kimura
 Ms. Toyo (stagename) Bogli Leader Katchii

Given name
Toyo Ito (born 1941), Japanese architect
Toyo Mitunobu (1897–1944), Japanese rear admiral
Sesshū Tōyō (1420–1506), Japanese master of ink and wash painting
, Japanese poet
, Japanese samurai
Toyo (queen), Queen of Yamataikoku

Surname
Javier Toyo (born 1977), Venezuelan football goalkeeper
Mohamed Khir Toyo (born 1965), former Dato' Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the state of Selangor in Malaysia

Corporations
Toyo Engineering Corporation, an engineering, procurement and construction company serving mainly the hydrocarbons and petrochemical sectors worldwide
Toyo Tires, a tire company based in Japan
Toyo Kogyo, Japanese carmaker known since 1984 as Mazda

Other uses
Toyo University, a university with several branches in Japan
Toyo College of Food Technology, a private junior college in Kawanishi, Hyōgo, Japan
Tōyō Rapid Railway Line, a commuter rail line owned by Tōyō Rapid Railway Co., Ltd.
Tōyō kanji, the official form of kanji or Japanese written characters from 1946 to 1981
Toyo, the largest size of Siku, a traditional big bass pan flute from the Andes
Toyo Harada, a Valiant Comics character
Toyo, a soy sauce-based product popular in the Philippines
Toyo straw, a shiny, smooth straw made in Japan from rice paper and used for fedora hats

See also

Japanese unisex given names

Toyo


O Anno Museum () é um grupo regional de museus de história cultural e natural localizados em 23 pontos no antigo condado de Hedmark, no sudeste da Noruega.
Foi fundado em 2014, substituindo o antigo Museu Regional de Hedmark (Hedmark fylkesmuseum) e agregando vários museus da região.

Património do museu
No seu conjunto, constitui a maior área de museus ao ar livre do país e igualmente a maior coleção de edifícios museais da Noruega.
Fazem parte do seu património várias atrações turísticas tais como as Ruínas da catedral de Hamar, o Museu Norueguês da Floresta (Norsk Skogmuseum), o Museu do Vale do Glomma (Glomdalsmuseet), o Museu da Emigração Norueguesa (Norsk utvandrermuseum) e o Museu da Indústria de Klevfos (Klevfos industrimuseum).

Ligações externas
Página oficial do Anno Museum

Museus da Noruega
Museus de história natural
Museus de história

Anno Museum


The Iroquois mythic hero Sosondowah was a great hunter known for stalking a supernatural elk, Oh-je-a-neh-doh. Sosondowah was captured by Dawn, a goddess who needed him as a watchman. He fell in love with Gendenwitha ("she who brings the day", also spelled Gendewitha), a human woman. He tried to woo her by singing to her in spring as a bluebird, in summer as a blackbird and in autumn as a hawk, who then tried to take Gendenwitha with him to the sky. Dawn tied him to her doorpost and then changed Gendenwitha into the Morning Star, so he could watch her all night but never be with her.

See also
 Iroquois mythology

References

Iroquois mythology

Sosondowah


Korjeniti jastrebljak (lat. Hypochaeris radicata), zeljasta trajnica iz porodice glavočika raširena po Europi i sjevernoj Africi ali je udomaćen po mnogim prekomorskim zemljama, u Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi, Novom  Zelandu i drugdje. Raste i u Hrvatskoj.

Korijen prodire u dubinu od preko 50 centimetara (otuda mu i ime). Ima uspravnu stabljiku do 50 cm visine. Listovi su skupljeni u prizemnu rozetu, dok je stabljika gola, uspravna, razgranata i bez listova

Cvjetovi su žuti ,dvospolni, skupljeni u glavičate cvatove. Plod je smeđi ahenij.

Mladi listovi su jestivi , sirovi na salatu ili termički obrađeni. Korijen može služiti kao zamjena za kavu. .

Sinonimi
 Achyrophorus radicatus (L.) Scop.
 Porcellites radicata (L.) Cass.

Izvori

Hypochaeridinae
Flora Europe
Flora Hrvatske

Korjeniti jastrebljak


Hrabušice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Spišská Nová Ves din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.521 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Hrabušice este atestată documentar din 1279.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Hrabušice


Kombonijanci, službeno Kombonijski misionari Srca Isusova (lat. Missionarii Comboniani Cordis Iesu, pokrata: MCCJ), izvorno poznati i kao Sinovi Presvetoga Srca Isusova (lat. Congregatio Filiorum S. Cordis Iesu), katolički su misijski red koji je 1867. utemeljio sveti Daniel Comboni u Veroni, pa se nazivaju i Veronskim očevima. Osim u Africi, družba djeluje i u Sjevernoj Americi i Europi.

Nakon putovanja u Afriku 1857., god. 1864. Daniel Comboni pokreće projekt "Spasiti Afriku Afrikom", kako bi potaknuo evangelizaciju u Africi misionarstvom samih Afrikanaca. Red je i osnovan tri godine kasnije. Comboni je 1870. pisao sudionicima Prvoga vatikanskoga sabora, pozivajući ih na zauzimanje za evangelizaciju Afrike. God. 1872. osnovane su i sestre kombonijanke.

Od 1939. red djeluje i u Sjevernoj Americi. U Europi su prisutni u Italiji i Poljskoj. Kombonijanska misija djeluje u Chipeneu, u Mozambiku.

Kombonijanci su ponajprije posvećenici evangelizaciji domorodačkih naroda i plemena (indijanskih i afričkih plemena).

 Istaknuti pripadnici
 Daniel Comboni, utemeljitelj reda
 Maria De Coppi (1939. – 2022.), u Mozambiku djelovala od 1963. do smrti u terorističkom napadu na misiju Chipene u rujnu 2022.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Sjevernoamerička pokrajina kombonijanaca

Kršćanski redovi i društva

Kombonijanci


Emanuel Filiberto af Savoyen (italiensk: Emanuele Filiberto Umberto Reza Ciro René Maria di Savoia, i kort form: Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia; født 22. juni 1972 i Genève, Schweiz) er en schweizisk–italiensk film- og TV-mand og italiensk prins. Han er grandfætter til kong Philippe af Belgien.

Kongelige forfædre
Emanuel Filiberto er søn fhv. kronprins Viktor Emanuel af Savoyen (født 1937). Emanuel Filiberto er den eneste sønnesøn af Umberto 2. af Italien (1904–1983), der var Italiens sidste konge i 1946.

Marie José af Belgien, italiensk dronning i 1946 var hans farmor. Blandt hans oldeforældre var Victor Emanuel 3. af Italien, Elena af Montenegro, Albert 1. af Belgien, Elisabeth i Bayern, belgisk dronning i 1909–1934. Blandt hans tipoldeforældre var Umberto 1. af Italien, grev Filip af Flandern, belgisk tronfølger i 1869–1906 og Karl Theodor, hertug i Bayern (1839–1909).

Familie
I 2003 blev Emanuel Filiberto gift med den kendte franske skuespillerinde Clotilde Courau (født 1969).

Parret er forældre til Victoria (født 28. december 2003) og Luisa (født 16. august 2006).

Clotilde Courau er datter af Catherine du Pontavice des Renardières (født 1948) og baron Jean-Claude Courau (født 1942). Hun er datterdatter af greve Pierre du Pontavice des Renardières (født 16. april 1926).

Film og TV
Emanuel Filiberto har blandt andet medvirket i filmen Vacanze di Natale a Cortina (2011) som sig selv, komedien Lo sposalizio - Matrimonio siciliano (2012) som Tony, i TV-serien Mission (2013) som vært og i TV-serien 20h10 pétantes som sig selv.

Han har også medvirket i Ballando con le stelle (den italienske udgave af Vild med dans).

Strid om de italienske titler
Den 7. juli 2006 gjorde Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta (født 1943), der er fjern slægtning til Emanuel Filiberto, krav på arveretten til den italienske trone. Desuden gjorde Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta krav på efternavnet di Savoia og nogle fyrstelige titler, der traditionelt har tilhørt de italienske konger og kronprinser.

Der har været ført retssager om efternavnet og titlerne.

I retsagerne har Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta's hovedpåstand været, at Viktor Emanuel af Savoyen (far til Emanuel Filiberto) imod den sidste italienske konges (Umberto 2. af Italien) vilje havde indgået et morganatisk ægteskab i 1971. Dermed skulle Viktor Emanuel have mistet arveretten til tronen.

En sidepåstand var, at Emanuel Filiberto er født i et morganatisk ægteskab, og at han derfor – ifølge Amedeo – aldrig haft arveret til tronen.

Referencer

Weblinks

Skuespillere fra Schweiz
Kongelige fra Italien
Personer fra Genève
Huset Savoyen

Emanuel Filiberto af Savoyen (født 1972)


La structure hiérarchique nazie évoque la structure des différentes organisations du Troisième Reich (1933 à 1945). Toutes ces organisations sont structurées étaient basées sur l'ordre hiérarchique de la Wehrmacht.

Structure hiérarchique national-socialiste par rapport à la Wehrmacht

Notes et références

Troisième Reich

Structure hiérarchique nazie


El foramen espinoso, agujero espinoso o agujero redondo menor, es un orificio situado en la base del cráneo, en el ala mayor del hueso esfenoides, donde se dispone posterior y lateralmente al agujero oval.
(Existen dos agujeros, izquierdo y derecho, uno en cada una de las alas del esfenoides)

Comunica la fosa craneal media con la fosa infratemporal,  dando paso a las siguientes estructuras:
 El ramo meníngeo del nervio mandibular.
 La arteria meníngea media, que proviene de la arteria maxilar interna.

No debe confundirse con el agujero redondo mayor, o agujero redondo, que comunica la fosa craneal media con la fosa pterigopalatina.

Referencias

Cráneo

Foramen espinoso


Kentaro Kai (født 1. november 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub FC Gifu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kentaro Kai


Acum și după: ABC-ul Anarhismului comunist este o introducere la principiile de anarhism și comunism anarhist scrisă de Alexander Berkman. Publicată pentru prima dată în 1929 de către Vanguard Press, după ce părți din ea au apărut în Freie Arbeiter Stimme, Acum și După a fost retipărită de mai multe ori, adesea sub titlul Ce este anarhismul comunist? sau Ce este anarhismul?. Datorită prezentării sale privind filosofia anarhisă într-un limbaj simplu, Acum și După a devenit una dintre cele mai cunoscute introduceri la anarhism în tipăritură. Anarhistul Stuart Christie a scris că Acum și După este "printre cele mai bune introduceri la ideile de anarhism în limba engleză". Istoricul Paul Avrich a descris-o ca fiind "un clasic" și a scris că a fost "cea mai clară expunere a anarhismului comunist în limba engleză sau orice altă limbă".

Istorie
Mișcarea anarhistă a fost sub asediu în timpul anilor 1920. Statele Unite deportase sute de anarhiști, inclusiv Berkman și Emma Goldman, în 1919. În nou creata Uniune Sovietică, anarhiștii ruși erau arestați de Ceka și închiși sau executați. În Ucraina, o armată anarhistă condusă de Nestor Makhno fusese învinsă de către Armata Roșie. Sute de anarhiști ruși au fugit în exil în Germania și Franța.

Într-un efort de a revigora mișcarea, Federația Anarhistă Iudaică din New York a cerut lui Berkman, în 1926, să scrie o introducere la anarhism destinată publicului larg. Prin prezentarea principiilor de anarhism într-un limbaj simplu, anarhiștii din New York au sperat că cititorii ar putea fi convinși să sprijine mișcarea sau, cel puțin, că această carte ar putea îmbunătăți imaginea anarhismului și a anarhiștilor în ochii publicului.

Cartea
Lucrarea lui Berkman explică filosofia anarhistă în termeni pe care cititorii neinițiați îi pot înțelege. Capitolele cărții sunt scurte, și multe dintre ele încep cu întrebări (de exemplu, "Este anarhismul violență?" , "Va funcționa anarhismul comunist?"). Un număr de idei pe care el le discută sunt similare cu cele propuse în Cucerirea pâinii de Peter Kropotkin, pe care Berkman îl citează de-a lungul lucrării. Berkman evită felul de jargon și de limbaj tehnic care este adesea folosit de către scriitorii politici în favoarea unui limbaj simplu. După cum scrie el în prefața lui:În 1929, Acum și După a fost publicată de Vanguard Press în New York. În 1937, la un an după moartea lui Berkman, o a doua ediție a fost publicată cu o prefață de Emma Goldman. O ediție britanică a fost publicată în 1942 de Freedom Press în Londra. De atunci, cartea a fost retipărită de multe ori.

Referințe

Note de subsol

Lucrări citate
 Avrich, Paul. Anarhist Portrete. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-691-00609-1.
 Berkman, Alexandru. Ce este Anarhismul? Oakland: AK Press, 2003. ISBN 1-902593-70-7.
 Kenez, Peter. Istoria Uniunii Sovietice de la Început până la Sfârșit. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-86437-2.
 Raleigh, Donald J. Experiența Războiului Civil din Rusia: Politică, Societate și Cultură Revoluționară în Saratov, 1917-1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-691-11320-3.

Legături externe
Edițiile on-line de Acum și După: ABC-ul Comunist Anarhism:
 HTML la Anarchy Archives/Arhive Anarhie
 PDF la Anarchy Archives/Arhive Anarhie
 PDF  la Anarchy is Order/Anarhia este ordine
 HTML la Libcom
 Mai multe formate, inclusiv ePub la Anarchist Library/Biblioteca Anarhistă
Cărți din 1929
Opere filozofice
Anarhism
Cărți politice

Acum și după


Kula, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı Kula köyünün, İl Özel İdaresinden yeterli hizmet alamadığı gerekçesiyle köyün 5 kilometre daha yakın olduğu Bayat ilçesine bağlanması amacıyla 9 Aralık 2018'de yapılan halk oylamasında 68 hayır oyu çıkarken 51 evet oyu çıktı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 124 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 54 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

Kula, Sungurlu


Francesco Barozzi, em latim Franciscus Barocius (Creta, 9 de agosto de 1537 - Veneza, 23 de novembro de 1604), foi um astrônomo e matemático italiano.

Biografia
Francesco Barozzi nasceu em uma família nobre veneziana com posses em Retimno, em Creta. Ele estudou matemática e filosofia na Universidade de Pádua. Em 1559 lecionou na mesma universidade. Barozzi defendia não apenas a utilidade da matemática, mas também o método matemático para a investigação e o treinamento sobre a natureza. Ele também traduziu e publicou obras matemáticas gregas antigas, como as de Proclo, Hero, Pappus e Archimedes. Barozzi possuía uma de suas mais belas coleções do século de antigos manuscritos matemáticos, adquiridos da Universidade de Oxford. Os interesses de Barozzi eram astrologia e também magia e feitiçaria. Ele foi julgado, condenado e penalizado pela inquisição veneziana pelo menos uma vez, mesmo estando livre em 1588. A cratera lunar Barocius é dedicada a Francesco Barozzi.

Honras
A cratera lunar Barocius é dedicada a Francesco Barozzi.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Matemáticos da Itália
Matemáticos do século XVI
Matemáticos da Itália do século XVI
Astrónomos da Itália
Astrónomos do século XVI

Francesco Barozzi


Sömmering ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite am westlichen Rand des Sinus Medii, nordwestlich des Kraters Mösting und südlich von Schröter. Der Krater ist stark erodiert und im Norden und Süden befinden sich zwei große Öffnungen im Wall. Das Innere ist von den Laven der Mare (Mond)ebene überflutet und entsprechend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Anatomen, Anthropologen, Paläontologen und Erfinder Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Sömmering auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Sömmering (Mondkrater)


Turneul celor Patru Trambuline 2014-15 a avut loc în cele patru locuri tradiționale: Oberstdorf, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Innsbruck și Bischofshofen, situate în Germania și Austria, în perioada 29 decembrie 2014 și 06 ianuarie 2015.

Rezultate

Oberstdorf
 HS 137 Schattenbergschanze, Germania
29 decembrie 2014

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 HS 140 Große Olympiaschanze, Germania
1 ianuarie 2015

Innsbruck
 HS 130 Bergiselschanze, Austria
 4 ianuarie 2015

Bischofshofen
 HS 140 Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze, Austria
 6 ianuarie 2015

Clasament General

Clasamentul final al celor patru concursuri. Stefan Kraft a fost câștigătorul Turneului.

Referințe

Legături externe

Sărituri cu schiurile
2015 în sport

Turneul celor Patru Trambuline 2014-2015


Raging Fire est un film film policier hongkongais réalisé par Benny Chan, sorti le 30 juillet 2021 en Chine puis le 19 août 2021 à Hong Kong. Il est le dernier film du réalisateur.

Synopsis
Cheung Sung-bong est un flic exemplaire admiré de tous pour avoir résolu ses affaires avec brio. Mais lors d'une opération d'infiltration, la police est doublée par des justiciers masqués dirigés par Ngo, son ancien protégé : son passé refait alors surface...

Distribution
 Donnie Yen : Cheung Sung-bong (張崇邦)
 Nicholas Tse : Yau Kong-ngo (邱剛敖)
 Qin Lan : Anna Lam (藍可盈)
 Simon Yam : Lok Chi-fai (駱智輝)
 Ray Lui : Yiu Yeuk-sing (姚若成)
 Ben Yuen : Seto Kit (司徒傑)
 Ben Lam :  Au Man-kwai (區萬貴)
 Ken Lo : Ma Kau-wing (馬交榮)
 Patrick Tam : Yuen Ka-po (袁家寶)
 Kenny Wong : Tai Cheuk-yin (戴卓賢)
 Deep Ng : Chow Chi-chun (周子俊)
 Jeana Ho : Turbo Lui (呂慧思)
 Angus Yeung : Cho Ning (曹寧)
 Bruce Tong : Kwan Chung-him (關頌謙)
 Yu Kang : Mok Yik-chuen (莫亦荃)
 German Cheung : Chu Yuk-ming (朱旭明)
 Tony Wu : Law Kim-wah (羅劍華)
 Kwok Fung : Fok Siu-tong (霍兆堂)
 Derek Kok
 Matt Chow
 Fire Lee
 Mak Cheung-ching
 Cheung Kwok-keung
 Julius Brian Siswojo

Distinctions

Récompenses
  cérémonie des Hong Kong Film Awards : meilleur film, meilleure réalisation, meilleur montage et meilleure chorégraphie d'action

Box-office
  :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film hongkongais sorti en 2021
Film policier hongkongais
Film réalisé par Benny Chan
Film tourné à Hong Kong
Film se déroulant à Hong Kong

Raging Fire


Getxo, kuzey İspanya Bask Özerk Bölgesi içindeki Biskay ili'nde bir şehir. Getxo birbirinden epey farklı uc değişik bölgeden oluşmuştur ve toplam nüfusu 88.000 kişi olup Bilbao metropolitan alanı içinde yer almaktadır.

Getxo yuksek gelirli orta sınıfın oturduğu bir Bilbao varoşudur. Ayrıca yine İspanyol orta tabakaya hitap eden yazlik  oteller ve plajlara bu yerel idare birimine bağlı Las Arenas, Èreaga, Arrigúnaga, Azkorri, Gorrondatxe, La Salvaje, Barinatxe semtlerinde bulunmaktadır. Algorta'da bulan eski liman da turistler tarafından popüler olarak tutulmakya olduğu için eğlence (barlar, restoranlar, klupler) bölgesidir.

Les Arenas semtini Bilbao limani uzerinde Portugalete'ye bağlayan yukselir-alcalir demirden kopru insan ve 3500 kg'a kadar otomobillerin bu korfez uzantisi uzerinden gecirmek için yapılmıştır. Bu koprunun iki ayagi altındaki yürüyüş yolları da cok turizt ve ziyaretçi cekmektedir. "Puente Colgant (Asma Kopru0" adı verilen bu kopru İspanya için UNESCO Insanlik Miraslari listesine alinmiştir.

Tarihce

Getxo yasam ve idare bakimdan bir kirsal bölgede bulunan bir koy  (anteiglesia, elizatea) idi. Yerleim merkezi Bilbao halicinin ağzında Algorta adli bir balikci koyu etrafında idi. Koy idre konseyi halicin ağzında bir burun olan Punta Gale'da cok uzak bulumayan "Getxoko Andra Mari" (Baskca) veya "Santa María de Getxo" (İspanyolca) adı verilenkucuk bir kilisede toplanir idi.

19.yy.da Bilbao ve civarında sanayilesme hizlasmaya baslayinca Getxo'nun bazi semtleri zengin burjuvaznin ikametlerini yapıldığı alanlar halne gelip hizla buyuduler. Neguri (Baskca "Kis Kasabasi") adi verilen bir semt ortaya cikip buyudu. Eskibalikci koyu olan Algorta koyu San Nicokas kilisesi etrafind zenginm burjuvazilin yasamayi tercih ettigi semt haline donustu. Korfezin kanalastirilip duzenlenmesi ile Arreta/Les Arenas adli bir bu su kenari semyti cok popular olarak gelişti. Bu semte Bilbao'dan gelen yolu diğer tarafina isci sınıflkar yerlesip Romo adli bir semt kuruldu. Ayni sekilde Naguri yakınında isci sınıfı için Neguri Langile semti geliştirildi. 20. yy. baslarında şehirsel gelişme o zamna kadar kirsal alanlar olan Santa María de Getxo semtini ortay cukartti.

Getxo ve etrafında bulunan Uribe-Kosta adli bölgeler 20. yy. sonlaraina doğru gittij=kce hizla gelişip buyudu. 1980'li yıllar basında bu bölgelerde nüfus sadece 50.000 iken 21. yy basında bu nüfus 83.00 i asti. Getzo ve etrafındaki  Leioa, Berango ve Sopelana kasabalarının nüfusları hep buyuyup katlandi.

Getxo Bask milliyetcilerinin cok ilgilerini cekti. Bu organizasyon Getxo'da epopepyce cok aktivist cektigi bilinmektedir. SKentte yerel idare secimlerel gelen her idareci Bask milliyetci partisi uyesi idi. Şehir asiri miliyetci ETA'nin da hücumlarına ugradi. Ornehgin 19 Mayis 2008 otomobil bombasi.

Demografi

Getxo belediye sınırları içinde nüfus (2008 tahmini itibarıyla)  81.260  kişi olup nüfus yoğunluğu 6834,3 kişi/km² olur. Getxo belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Getxo" maddesi

Resimler

Getxo

Kaynakça

İngilizce Wikipedia "Getxo" maddesi

Dış bağlantılar

Resmi websitesi (Baskca)

İspanya'daki şehirler
Biskay'ın belediyeleri
Büyük Bilbao

Getxo


Jacob Edvard V. Jacobsen (født 22. januar 1889 i Klaksvík, død 27. januar 1947) var en færøsk havnefoged og politiker (JF). Han var valgt til kommunalbestyrelsen i Klaksvík 1922–47 og borgmester 1935–38. Derefter var han valgt til Lagtinget fra Norðoyar 1940–43 og 1945–46.

Referencer

Politikere fra Javnaðarflokkurin
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Kommunalbestyrelsesmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Klaksvik
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne

Jacob E. Jacobsen


Eva Illouz (   ;  ) (Fes,  30 de abril de 1961) é professora de Sociologia na Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém e na Escola de Estudos Avançados em Ciências Sociais em Paris . Ela foi a primeira mulher presidente da Bezalel Academy of Art and Design . Eva Illouz é autora de diversos livros e colaboradora regular do Ha'aretz, Le Monde e Die Zeit. A pesquisa de Illouz está na junção da sociologia das emoções, da cultura e do capitalismo.

Vida
Eva Illouz nasceu em Fes, Marrocos, e mudou-se para a França aos dez anos.  Concluiu o bacharelado em Sociologia, Comunicação e Literatura em Paris, um mestrado em Literatura em Paris e um mestrado em Comunicação pela Universidade Hebraica,  e recebeu seu doutorado em Comunicação e Estudos Culturais na Escola Annenberg de Comunicação da Universidade da Pensilvânia em 1991. Seu mentor foi o Prof. Larry Gross.

Ela atuou como professora visitante na Northwestern University, Princeton University, na Escola de Estudos Avançados em Ciências Sociais em Paris (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales) e como bolsista no Instituto de Estudos Avançados em Berlim ( Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin). Illouz foi um dos fundadores do Programa de Estudos Culturais da Universidade Hebraica. Em 2006, Illouz ingressou no Centro de Estudos da Racionalidade, então dirigido pelo Prof. Edna Ullman-Margalit . Em 2012 foi nomeada primeira mulher Presidente da Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, onde permaneceu até 2015.

Lecionou na Universidade de Tel Aviv até 2000. Em 2004, ingressou no Centro para o Estudo da Racionalidade da Universidade Hebraica, então dirigido por Israel Aumann. Ocupou a Cátedra Rose Isaac em Sociologia na Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém.  Em 2008, ela foi bolsista do Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Berlim. De 2012 a 2015,presidiu a Bezalel Academy of Art and Design .  Ela é Directrice d'Etudes na École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales em Paris desde 2015. Em 2016, Illouz foi o professor convidado Hedi Fritz Niggli na Universidade de Zurique . Em 2019, foi professora convidada Niklas Luhmann em Bielefeld.

Realizações
Seu livro Consuming the Romantic Utopia ganhou Menção Honrosa para o Best Book Award na American Sociological Association, 2000 (seção emoções).  Seu livro Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery ganhou o prêmio de Melhor Livro, American Sociological Association, 2005 Culture Section. Em 2004, Illouz recebeu o prêmio Outstanding Research da Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém. No mesmo ano, Illouz proferiu as palestras Adorno no Instituto de Pesquisa Social de Frankfurt .  Em 2009, o jornal alemão Die Zeit a elegeu como uma das 12 pensadoras mais propensas a "mudar o pensamento do amanhã".  Em 2013, ela recebeu o Prêmio Internacional Annaliese Meier de Excelência em Pesquisa da Fundação Alexander von Humboldt.  Seu livro Why Love Hurts ganhou o prêmio de melhor livro da Alpine Philosophy Society na França.  Também recebeu o Prêmio de Contribuição Recente Excepcional de Sociologia das Emoções de 2014.  Em 2018, Illouz recebeu o prêmio EMET [1], a mais alta distinção científica em Israel. Em julho de 2018, ela também foi nomeada Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur [2] na França.

Um tema dominante diz respeito às maneiras pelas quais o capitalismo transformou os padrões emocionais, tanto no domínio do consumo quanto no da produção.   Em seus últimos trabalhos, ela se concentrou cada vez mais no impacto do capitalismo na sexualidade e nas emoções.

Romance e mercadorias
O primeiro livro de Illouz aborda a mercantilização do romance e a romantização das mercadorias. Olhando para uma ampla amostra de filmes e imagens publicitárias em revistas femininas da década de 1930, a publicidade e a cultura cinematográfica apresentavam as mercadorias como o vetor para experiências emocionais e particularmente a experiência do romance. Mercadorias de vários tipos foram apresentadas como permitindo a experiência de amor e romance. O segundo processo foi o da mercantilização do romance, o processo pelo qual a prática do século 19 de visitar uma mulher, que vai para sua casa, foi substituída pelo namoro: sair e consumir as indústrias cada vez mais poderosas do lazer. Os encontros românticos deslocaram-se do lar para a esfera do lazer do consumidor, de modo que a busca pelo amor romântico se tornou um vetor para o consumo de bens de lazer produzidos pelas indústrias de lazer em expansão.

Oprah Winfrey,  Cold intimacies e Saving the Modern Soul
Em seu terceiro livro, Illouz analisa um dos fenômenos mais fascinantes da década de 1990 – programas de entrevistas na televisão e a persona de Oprah Winfrey. O livro responde a uma pergunta que deixou perplexos os sociólogos e o público em geral: como Oprah Winfrey se tornou um ícone feminino global? Em Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (2007) analisa e, eventualmente, muda a concepção comum (sociológica), que afirma que o capitalismo criou um mundo sem emoção dominado pela racionalidade burocrática; que o comportamento econômico está em conflito com a intimidade e os relacionamentos autênticos; que as esferas pública e privada são opostas e inconciliáveis entre si; e que o verdadeiro amor se opõe a cálculos e interesses privados. Contra tais suposições, Illouz afirma que a cultura do capitalismo tem alimentado uma poderosa cultura emocional – no próprio local de trabalho, na família e em nossas relações com nós mesmos. As relações econômicas tornaram-se emocionais, enquanto as relações próximas e íntimas tornaram-se cada vez mais definidas por modelos econômicos e de contratualismo e lucro.

O livro Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions and the Culture of Self-Help (2008) é uma continuação direta e expansão das Palestras Adorno e do interesse contínuo de Illouz na interação entre emoções, capitalismo e cultura popular (ou mídia). Este livro investiga as razões pelas quais o discurso da terapia, desenvolvido por cientistas acadêmicos, tornou-se rapidamente a linguagem privilegiada para o self.

Seus livros subsequentes mostram que sua pesquisa se torna cada vez mais diversificada: uma parte continua a perguntar o que faz itens culturais ganharem popularidade e sucesso global ( Hard Core Romance ); outra parte de sua pesquisa continua a explorar o efeito do capitalismo no amor e nas emoções românticas ( Why Love Hurts e The End of Love ); um terceiro aspecto de sua pesquisa lida com Israel e o fim da cultura cívica democrática naquele país ( Israel: Ensaio Sociológico ); uma quarta parte trata dos efeitos da psicologia na sociedade com Fabricação de Cidadãos Felizes . Por fim, graças a uma Cátedra em Excelência concedida pela Paris Sciences Lettres na França (PSL) e ao Prêmio Annaliese Maier de Excelência em Pesquisa concedido pela Fundação Humboldt, ela elaborou a noção de emodidade, uma forma de mercadoria cujo valor de uso é provocar emoções.

Psicologia clínica e identidade moderna
Illouz argumenta que a psicologia tem sido central para a constituição da identidade moderna e para a vida emocional moderna: dos anos 1920 aos anos 1960, os psicólogos clínicos tornaram-se um grupo social extraordinariamente dominante quando entraram no exército, na corporação, na escola, no estado, nos serviços sociais, mídia, criação de filhos, sexualidade, casamento, cuidado pastoral da igreja. Em todos esses domínios, a psicologia se estabeleceu como a autoridade máxima em questões de sofrimento humano, oferecendo técnicas para transformar e superar esse sofrimento. Psicólogos de todas as tendências forneceram a principal narrativa de autodesenvolvimento para o século XX. A persuasão psicológica transformou o que era classificado como problema moral em doença e pode, assim, ser entendido como parte integrante do fenômeno mais amplo da medicalização da vida social. O que há de comum entre o tema 1 e o tema 2 é que tanto o amor quanto a saúde psicológica constituem utopias de felicidade para o eu moderno, ambos são mediados pelo consumo e ambos constituem horizontes aos quais o eu moderno aspira. Nesse sentido, um tema abrangente de sua obra pode ser chamado de utopia da felicidade e sua interação com a utopia do consumo .

No centro de Why Love Hurts está a noção de escolha . O livro faz a afirmação um tanto contraintuitiva de que uma das maneiras mais frutíferas de entender a transformação do amor na modernidade é por meio da categoria de escolha. Illouz vê a escolha como a marca cultural definidora da modernidade porque, nas arenas econômica e política, a escolha incorpora as duas faculdades que justificam o exercício da liberdade, ou seja, a racionalidade e a autonomia. Ela estende esse insight ao reino emocional e estuda os vários mecanismos pelos quais na modernidade a escolha de um parceiro mudou e transformou as emoções ativas na vontade dos parceiros que se encontram em uma situação de mercado. Nesse sentido, a escolha é um dos vetores culturais e institucionais mais poderosos que nos ajudam a entender o individualismo moderno. Dado que a escolha é intrínseca à individualidade moderna, como e por que as pessoas escolhem – ou não – entrar em um relacionamento é crucial para entender o amor como uma emoção e um relacionamento.

Essa abordagem difere daquela de economistas e psicólogos para quem a escolha é uma característica natural do exercício da racionalidade, uma propriedade fixa e invariante da mente, como a capacidade de classificar preferências, de agir consistentemente com base nessas preferências hierarquizadas. No entanto, a escolha em geral e a escolha de um parceiro em particular não são menos moldadas pela cultura do que outras características da ação. Este é um tema que Illouz desenvolveu especialmente desde que se tornou membro do Centro de Estudos da Racionalidade da Universidade Hebraica em 2006.

Uma dimensão do trabalho de Illouz foi entender a interseção de classe social e emoção de duas maneiras. Primeiro, como a aula molda as práticas emocionais? Existem formas emocionais que podemos associar à dominação social? E segundo: se as emoções são respostas estratégicas a situações – isto é, se nos ajudam a lidar com as situações e a moldá-las – as classes média e média-alta levam vantagem sobre os pobres e destituídos no campo emocional? Como estabelecem esta vantagem e qual é a sua natureza?

Escritos

 1997: Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. (371 pp.). (Trad. esp.: El consumo de la utopía romántica, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2009, )
 2002: The Culture of Capitalism (in Hebrew). Israel University Broadcast (110 pp.).
 2003: Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery: An Essay on Popular Culture. Columbia University Press (300 pp.)
 2007: Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Polity Press. London. (Trad. esp.: Intimidades congeladas, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2007, )
 2008: Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help/ The University of California Press. ISBN 9780520253735
 2011: Who needs democracy anyway?, Haaretz.
 2011: Neutrality is political, Haaretz.
 2011: A collapse of trust, Haaretz.
 2012: Why Love Hurts: A Sociological Explanation Polity  (appeared first in German: Warum Liebe weh tut. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2011 ).
 2014: Hard Core Romance: Fifty Shades of Grey, Best Sellers and Society, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226153698 (in German: Die neue Liebesordnung: Frauen, Männer und Shades of Grey. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2013. ISBN 9783518064870)
 2015: Israel – Sociological Essays, Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 9783518126837
 2018: Emotions as Commodities: How Commodities Became Authentic. Routledge  (appeared first in German: Wa(h)re Gefühle – Authentizität im Konsumkapitalismus, Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 9783518298084)
 2018: Unloving: A Sociology of Negative Relations. Oxford University Press, forthcoming (appeared first in German: Warum Liebe endet – Eine Soziologie negativer Beziehungen, Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 9783518587232)
 2018: Happycracy: How the Industry of Happiness controls our lives. Polity Press, forthcoming (appeared first in French: Happycratie: Comment l'Industrie du Bonheur contrôle notre vie Premier Parallèle Editeur, Paris. ISBN 9791094841761)

Notas
Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês, cujo título é «Eva Illouz».

Referências
Nascidos em 1961
Naturais de Fez
Professores da Universidade de Tel Aviv
Alunos da Universidade de Paris
Judeus de Israel
Escritoras de Israel
Sociólogos de Israel
Professores da Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém

!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Eva Illouz


Bramming Boldklub er en fodboldklub i Bramming i Sydvestjylland, som blev stiftet i 1899.

Klubbens førstehold spiller i Jyllandsserien pr. 2022.

Eksterne henvisninger
Bramming Boldklub

Fodboldklubber under DBU Jylland
Etableret i 1899
Boldklub

Bramming Boldklub


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ බටහිර ඉන්දියාවේ ජීවත්වන සර්ප විශේෂයකි. අනෙකුත් මාපිලුන් මෙන්ම මද විෂ වේ.

නාමය
හූනන් ආහාරය ගැනීම සඳහා නිවාස තුලට ඇතුළුවන මෙම සර්ප විශේෂය රාත්‍රියේ නිදාසිටින්නන්ට දශ්ඨකිරීම නිසා නිදි මාපිලා යන වදන භාවිතයට පැමින ඇති බව සැලකේ.

නිදි මාපිලා


Ryan Joseph Giggs  (né Wilson; 29 November 1973) is a Welsh football coach and former player. Regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation, Giggs played his entire professional career for Manchester United and briefly served as the club's interim manager.

The son of rugby union and Wales international rugby league footballer Danny Wilson, Giggs was born in Cardiff but moved to Manchester at the age of six when his father joined Swinton RLFC. Predominantly a left midfielder, he began his career with Manchester City, but joined Manchester United on his 14th birthday in 1987. He made his professional debut for the club in 1991 and spent the next 23 years in the first team. He retired from playing with the end of the 2013–14 season, holding the club record for competitive appearances – 963. Towards the end of the 2013–14 season, he became the club's interim player-manager following the sacking of David Moyes. He was assistant manager under Moyes' permanent replacement, Louis van Gaal. Giggs left United in July 2016, following the appointment of José Mourinho. He is co-owner of Salford City, alongside some of his former teammates, commonly referred to as The Class of '92.

At international level, Giggs played for the Wales national team 64 times between 1991 and 2007, and captained the Great Britain team that competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He became the new manager of the Wales national team in January 2018. Wales under Giggs qualified for UEFA Euro 2020. Giggs did not manage the team at the tournament, which was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as he was arrested on suspicion of assault. His assistant manager Rob Page took charge in his absence. Giggs resigned in June 2022, and Page was named as his successor.

Giggs is one of the most decorated footballers of all time. During his time at United, he won 13 Premier League winner's medals – more than any other player in history, four FA Cup winner's medals, three League Cup winner's medals, two UEFA Champions League winner's medals, a FIFA Club World Cup winners medal, an Intercontinental Cup winner's medal, a UEFA Super Cup winner's medal and nine FA Community Shield winner's medals. Manchester United and Liverpool are the only clubs in English football history to have won more league championships than Giggs.

Giggs was the first player in history to win two consecutive PFA Young Player of the Year awards (1992 and 1993), though he did not win the PFA Player of the Year award until 2009. He was the only player to play in each of the first 22 seasons of the Premier League, as well as the only player to score in each of the first 21 seasons. He was elected into the PFA Team of the Century in 2007, the Premier League Team of the Decade in 2003, and the FA Cup Team of the Century. He holds the record for the most assists in Premier League history, with 162. He was named as BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2009. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2007 Birthday Honours for his services to football. He is one of only 44 players to have made over 1,000 career appearances.

Early years
Giggs was born at St David's Hospital in Canton, Cardiff, to Danny Wilson, a rugby union player for Cardiff RFC, and Lynne Giggs (now Lynne Johnson). Giggs is mixed race – his paternal grandfather is a Creole from Sierra Leone – and has spoken of the racism he faced as a child. As a child, Giggs grew up in Ely, a suburb of western Cardiff. His younger brother, Rhodri, is a former manager of EFL League Two club Salford City.

He spent much time with his mother's parents and playing football and rugby league on the roads outside their house in Pentrebane. In 1980, when Giggs was six years old, his father switched from rugby union to rugby league, and signed for Swinton RLFC, forcing the whole family to move north to Swinton, a town in Salford, Greater Manchester. The move was a traumatic one, as Giggs was very close to his grandparents in Cardiff, but he would often return there with his family at weekends or on school holidays.

After moving to Salford, Giggs appeared for the local team, Deans FC, who were coached by Manchester City scout Dennis Schofield. Schofield recommended Giggs to Manchester City, and he was signed up to their School of Excellence. Meanwhile, Giggs continued to play for Salford Boys, who went on to reach the final of the Granada Schools Cup competition at Anfield in 1987. Giggs captained the Salford team to victory over their Blackburn counterparts, was man of the match, and the trophy was presented to him by Liverpool chief scout Ron Yeats. Giggs also played rugby league at schoolboy level.

While playing for Deans, Giggs was observed regularly by local newsagent and Old Trafford steward Harold Wood. Wood spoke personally to Alex Ferguson who sent a scout, and Giggs was eventually offered a trial over the 1986 Christmas period. Giggs played in a match for Salford Boys against a United Under-15s side at The Cliff and scored a hat-trick, with Ferguson watching from his office window. On 29 November 1987 (his 14th birthday), Ferguson turned up at Giggs' house with United scout Joe Brown and offered him two years on associate schoolboy forms. They offered to waive YTS forms and persuaded Giggs to sign by offering the opportunity to turn professional in three years. Using the name Ryan Wilson, Giggs captained England at schoolboy level, playing at Wembley Stadium against Germany in 1989. He changed his surname to that of his mother at the age of 16, when his mother remarried, two years after his parents' separation.

Manchester United

1990–1995: Debut and early career
Giggs was offered his first professional contract on 29 November 1990 (his 17th birthday). He accepted the contract and became a professional two days later (1 December 1990).

At this time, United had recently won the FA Cup – their first major trophy since the appointment of Alex Ferguson as manager in November 1986. After two seasons in the league where they had finished mid-table, they were finally starting to threaten the dominance of Liverpool and Arsenal, though they only managed to finish sixth that season. Ferguson's quest for a successful left-winger had not been an easy one since the departure of Jesper Olsen two years earlier; he had initially signed Ralph Milne, but the player was not a success at United and lasted just one season in the first team before Ferguson secured the Southampton winger Danny Wallace in September 1989. Wallace had failed to shine at Old Trafford, and by the time Giggs turned professional Wallace was contending with 19-year-old Lee Sharpe for the role of first-choice left winger.

Giggs made his League debut against Everton at Old Trafford on 2 March 1991, as a substitute for the injured full-back Denis Irwin in a 2–0 defeat. In his first full start, Giggs was credited with his first-ever goal in a 1–0 win in the Manchester derby on 4 May 1991, though it appeared to be a Colin Hendry own goal. However, he was not included in the squad of 16 that defeated Barcelona in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final 11 days later. Lee Sharpe, who had won the race to displace Danny Wallace, took to the field as United's left winger, while Wallace was selected as a substitute. Giggs became a first-team regular early in the 1991–92 season, yet remained active with the youth system and captained the team, made up of many of "Fergie's Fledglings," to an FA Youth Cup triumph in 1992.

Giggs paved the way as the first of many Manchester United youth players to rise into the first team under Ferguson but as the youngest member of the United first-team squad, Giggs looked to the older players such as Bryan Robson for advice. Robson recommended that Giggs sign up with Harry Swales, the agent that he himself had inherited from Kevin Keegan.

That season, Giggs played in the team that finished as runners-up to Leeds United in the final year of the old First Division before the advent of the Premier League. United had led the table for much of the season before a run of dismal results in April saw them overtaken by the West Yorkshire side. Giggs collected his first piece of silverware on 12 April 1992 as United defeated Nottingham Forest in the League Cup Final after Giggs had set up Brian McClair to score the only goal of the game. In the semi-final he had scored the winning goal against Middlesbrough. At the end of the season, he was voted PFA Young Player of the Year – the award which had been credited to his colleague Lee Sharpe a year earlier.

By the start of the 1992–93 season, the first season of the newly formed Premier League, Giggs had ousted Sharpe to become United's first-choice left-winger. He was recognised as one of English football's two best emerging young wingers, alongside Steve McManaman, who were notable for being a throwback to the Stanley Matthews era of the 1950s winger. Giggs helped United to their first top-division title win for 26 years.

His emergence and the arrival of Eric Cantona heralded the dominance of United in the Premier League. Ferguson was protective of him, refusing to allow Giggs to be interviewed until he turned 20, eventually granting the first interview to the BBC's Des Lynam for Match of the Day in the 1993–94 season. United won the double that season, and Giggs was one of their key players alongside the likes of Cantona, Paul Ince and Mark Hughes. Giggs also played for United in the Football League Cup final, where they lost 3–1 to Aston Villa.

Off the pitch, newspapers claimed Giggs had "single-handedly revolutionised football's image" when he appeared as a teenager "with pace to burn, a bramble patch of black hair bouncing around his puppy popstar face, and a dazzling, gluey relationship between his impossibly fleet left foot and a football." As a result of this, he was afforded many opportunities not normally offered to footballers at his young age, such as hosting his television show, Ryan Giggs' Soccer Skills, which aired in 1994, and also had a book based on the series. Giggs was part of the Premier League's attempt to market itself globally, and he featured on countless football and lad mag covers, becoming a household name and fuelling the era where footballers started to become celebrity idols on a par with pop stars, in and around the mid to late 1990s. Despite his aversion to attention, Giggs also became a teenage pin-up and was once described as the "Premiership's First Poster Boy," and the "boy wonder." He was hailed as the first football star to capture the public imagination in a way unseen since the days of George Best; the irony was that Best and Bobby Charlton used to describe Giggs as their favourite young player, turning up at The Cliff training ground just to watch him. Best once quipped, "One day they might even say that I was another Ryan Giggs."

At the end of the 1993–94 season, Giggs won a second title in a row, and became the first player in history to win two consecutive PFA Young Player of the Year awards, a feat equalled by Robbie Fowler, Wayne Rooney and Dele Alli.

Giggs proved to be a scorer of great goals, with many of them being shortlisted for various Goal of the Season awards. Widely regarded as among his best were those against Queens Park Rangers in 1994, Tottenham in 1994, Everton in 1995, Coventry in 1996, and his solo effort against Arsenal in the replay of the 1999 FA Cup semi-final. During extra time, Giggs picked up possession after Patrick Vieira gave the ball away, then ran from his own half, dribbled past the whole Arsenal back line, including Tony Adams, Lee Dixon and Martin Keown before launching his left-footed strike just under David Seaman's bar and beyond his reach. He famously whipped off his shirt during his goal celebration as he ran over to his teammates. It also has the distinction of being the last ever goal scored in an FA Cup semi-final replay as, from the following season, the FA Cup semi-finals are decided in a single game, with extra time and a penalty shootout if required.

1995–2000
1994–95 saw Giggs restricted through injury to 29 Premier League games and only 1 goal. Later in the season, he recovered his form and fitness, though it was too late to help United to any major trophies. A failure to beat West Ham United on the final day of the season saw them lose the Premier League title to Blackburn Rovers. A week later, Giggs came on as a substitute in the FA Cup final against Everton, but United lost 1–0.

On a more positive side in the 1994–95 season, Giggs did get on the scoresheet twice in the opening Champions League game against IFK Göteborg (a 4–2 win, although United ultimately failed to progress to the quarter-finals) and also managed a goal in the FA Cup fourth-round victory over Wrexham, meaning that he had managed four goals in all competitions that season.

In 1995–96, Giggs returned to full form and played a vital part in United's unique second double, with his goal against Everton at Goodison Park on 9 September 1995 being shortlisted for the "goal of the season" award, though it was eventually beaten by a goal by Manchester City's Georgi Kinkladze. In November that season, Giggs scored two goals in a Premier League match against Southampton, where United won 4–1 to keep up the pressure on a Newcastle United side who actually went ten points clear on 23 December but were finally overhauled by United in mid-March. Giggs was also in the side for United's FA Cup final win over Liverpool on 11 May 1996, though Eric Cantona scored the only goal of the game. By now, Giggs had several new key colleagues in youngsters Gary Neville, Phil Neville, Nicky Butt, David Beckham and Paul Scholes. Beckham took over from Andrei Kanchelskis on the right-wing and Butt succeeded Paul Ince in central midfield to complete a new look United midfield along with Giggs and Roy Keane.

The following season, Giggs had his first real chance to shine in Europe. Having played a key role in United winning their third league title in four seasons, he helped them reach the UEFA Champions League semi-finals, the first United side in 28 years to achieve this. However, their hopes of European glory were ended by Borussia Dortmund, who edged them out by winning each leg of the semi-final 1–0. At the end of this season, Juventus' Alessandro Del Piero told Italian media that Giggs was one of his two favourite players.

In 1997–98, United were pipped to the Premier League title by Arsenal, following a dismal run of form in March and early April, leaving them without a trophy for only the second time since 1989. The following season, Giggs missed a lot of games through injury, but when he was fit his form was excellent and he played in both of United's cup finals that season. Memorable moments were his extra-time goal in the FA Cup semi-final against arch-rivals Arsenal giving United a 2–1 win, and his 90th-minute equaliser in the home leg of the UEFA Champions League semi-final against Juventus.

The highpoint in the 1998–99 season was when Giggs set up the equalising goal scored by Teddy Sheringham in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final that set United on their way to the Treble.

Giggs was also the Man of the Match as United beat Palmeiras 1–0 to claim the Intercontinental Cup later that year.

2000–2005
Giggs became United's longest-serving player when Denis Irwin left in May 2002, and he became a pivotal part of the club, despite still being in his 20s. Giggs continued to excel in the four years that followed the Treble triumph of 1999. United were Premier League champions in three of the four seasons following the treble, as well as reaching the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals three times and the semi-finals once. In April 2001, he signed a new five-year contract.

Giggs celebrated his 10-year anniversary at Old Trafford with a testimonial match against Celtic at the start of the 2001–02 campaign, losing 4–3 in a game featuring a cameo by Eric Cantona. However, this was one of the most disappointing seasons United had endured since Giggs made his debut, as a dismal run of form in early winter ultimately cost them the league title and they were surprisingly knocked out of the Champions League on away goals in the semi-finals by German underdogs Bayer Leverkusen. A year later, on 23 August 2002, he bagged his 100th career goal in a draw with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.

The 2002–03 season was one to forget for Giggs. He was forced to defend his poor form, insisting that he was not finished. This dip in form included being booed off the pitch in the 74th minute of a 1–1 semi-final first leg draw at home to Blackburn Rovers in the League Cup on 7 January and an open-goal miss during a 2–0 defeat against Arsenal in the FA Cup on 16 February that was described as the worst of his career, and prompted chants by the Arsenal fans of "Give it to Giggsy." A week later, on 24 February, Manchester United chief executive Peter Kenyon refused to rule out the possibility of Giggs leaving Old Trafford, saying: "It's too soon to say whether we would even consider a bid, and all we want to do at the moment is concentrate on this season." It was further claimed that a rift in the dressing room was contributing towards Giggs' possible departure. However, the following day, Giggs played one of his most memorable games, in a 3–0 victory against Juventus. After coming on as a substitute for Diego Forlán in the eighth minute, Giggs scored twice, including a goal that would later be heralded as one of his greatest goals and one of his finest Champions League moments.

After speculation throughout the season that Giggs was close to joining Italian club Inter Milan, possibly with Brazilian striker Adriano as a makeweight, Giggs quashed the rumours by saying he was happy at United.

He played in his fourth FA Cup triumph on 22 May 2004, making him one of only two players (the other being Roy Keane) to have won the trophy four times while playing for Manchester United. He has also finished with a runners-up medal three times (1995, 2005 and 2007). His participation in the victory over Liverpool in September 2004 made him the third player to play 600 games for United, alongside Sir Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes. He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of his contribution to the English game.

In 2005, Giggs' form had improved and was no longer suffering with the hamstring injuries which had plagued his career, which he attributed to taking up yoga.

2005–2010

Giggs signed a two-year contract extension with United when chief executive David Gill relented on his normal policy of not signing players over 30 to contracts longer than one year. Giggs benefited from being largely injury-free aside from a series of hamstring problems.

Giggs scored his first goal of the 2006–07 season in a 2–1 victory over Watford on 26 August 2006, with his goal proving to be the winner. Giggs scored the winner in United's next game, a 1–0 home victory over Tottenham Hotspur on 9 September, scoring a header in the eighth minute. Giggs provided a goal and an assist in the final Champions League group game against Benfica on 6 December, with his free-kick being converted by Nemanja Vidić before Giggs headed in a Cristiano Ronaldo cross.

In February 2007, Giggs scored the final three goals of his season. He scored the final goal in a 4–0 away win against Tottenham on 4 February which put United six points clear of Chelsea. On 20 February, Giggs scored the winning goal against Lille in the UEFA Champions League with a quickly taken free-kick that caused the Lille players to walk off the pitch in protest. Giggs later said he was amazed by the situation, as no rule had been broken. On 24 February, Giggs scored the equalising goal against Fulham in a game which United went on to win via a late Cristiano Ronaldo winner to go nine points clear of Chelsea.

On 6 May 2007, with Chelsea only able to manage a 1–1 draw with London rivals Arsenal, Manchester United became the champions of England. In doing so, Giggs set a new record of nine league titles, beating the previous record of eight he shared with Alan Hansen and Phil Neal (who won all of their titles with Liverpool). In the 2007 FA Cup Final, Giggs had a goal ruled out in the 14th minute of extra time after referee Steve Bennett deemed him to have fouled goalkeeper Petr Čech in forcing the ball across the line.

Giggs played a starring role in United's 2007 FA Community Shield victory after netting in the first half to bring the game to a 1–1 draw, which led to penalty triumph for the Red Devils after 'keeper Edwin van der Sar saved all of Chelsea's first three penalties; the goal was Giggs' first professional goal at Wembley Stadium.

In the 2007–08 season, Alex Ferguson adopted a rotation system between Giggs and newcomers Nani and Anderson. Giggs scored his 100th league goal for United against Derby County on 8 December 2007, which United won 4–1. More landmarks have been achieved: on 20 February 2008 he made his 100th appearance in the UEFA Champions League in a game against Lyon and on 11 May 2008, he came on as a substitute for Park Ji-sung to equal Sir Bobby Charlton's record of 758 appearances for United. Giggs scored the second goal in that match, sealing his, and United's, 10th Premier League title. Ten days later, on 21 May 2008, Giggs broke Bobby Charlton's appearance record for United when coming on as an 87th-minute substitute for Paul Scholes in the UEFA Champions League Final against Chelsea. United won the final, defeating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw after extra time, with Giggs converting the winning penalty in sudden death.

At the start of Manchester United's 2008–09 campaign, Sir Alex Ferguson began placing Giggs at central midfield, behind the forwards, instead of his favoured wing position. Sir Alex Ferguson said in an interview, "(Giggs) is a very valuable player, he will be 35 this November but at 35, he can be United's key player. At 25, Ryan would shatter defenders with his run down the flank, but at 35, he will play deeper." Giggs has begun taking his coaching badges and Ferguson has hinted that he would like Giggs to serve as his coaching staff after retirement like Ole Gunnar Solskjær did.

Following speculation earlier in the year, in February 2009, Giggs signed a one-year extension to his current contract – which was due to expire in June 2009. After a successful season, Giggs was short-listed along with four other Manchester United teammates for the PFA Player of the Year. On 26 April 2009, Giggs received the award, despite having started just 12 games throughout the 2008–09 season (at the time of receiving the trophy). This was the first time in his career that Giggs had received the award. Prior to the awards ceremony, Alex Ferguson had given his backing for Giggs to win the award and stated that it would be fitting, given Giggs' long term contribution to the game. Giggs made his 800th appearance for Manchester United on 29 April 2009, in the 1–0 semi-final win over Arsenal in the UEFA Champions League. On 16 May 2009, Manchester United won the Premier League after a 0–0 draw against Arsenal, both United's and Giggs' 11th Premier League titles.

Giggs scored his first Manchester United hat-trick in a pre-season friendly against Hangzhou Greentown after coming on as a second-half substitute.

On 12 September 2009, Giggs made his 700th start for United. Giggs scored his 150th goal for United, only the ninth player to do so for the club, against Wolfsburg in his first UEFA Champions League game of the season. On 28 November 2009, the eve of his 36th birthday, Giggs scored his 100th Premier League goal – all for Manchester United – scoring the final goal in a 4–1 victory over Portsmouth at Fratton Park, and becoming only the 17th player to reach the milestone in the Premier League.

On 30 November 2009, the day after his 36th birthday, it was reported that Giggs would be offered an additional one-year contract which would run until the end of the 2010–11 season and see him past the 20th anniversary of his first game and first goal for United. On the same day, Giggs was nominated for BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2009, which he subsequently won. On 12 December 2009, Giggs' surpassed countryman Gary Speed's outfield record of 535 Premier League games. On 18 December 2009, Giggs signed a one-year contract extension with United, keeping him at the club until June 2011, taking him past the 20th anniversary of his first professional contract and that of his first-team debut – a rare occurrence of a player reaching the 20-year mark with the same club and with unbroken service. On 31 December 2009, Giggs was named the Manchester United Player of the Decade.

2010–2014

On 24 April 2010, Giggs scored the first ever league penalties of his career, netting two penalties in a 3–1 home win over Tottenham Hotspur.

On 16 August 2010, Giggs kept up his record of scoring in every Premier League season since its inception as he netted United's third in their 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in their opening fixture of the new campaign. As he found the net in the final two seasons of the old Football League First Division, he had now scored in 21 successive top division campaigns. On 17 January 2011, Giggs reached 600 league appearances (all for Manchester United), as he played in their goalless draw against Tottenham at White Hart Lane. Giggs signed a one-year contract extension with Manchester United on 18 February, keeping him at the club until June 2012. On 6 March 2011, Giggs surpassed the Manchester United league appearance record of Bobby Charlton by playing his 607th game against Liverpool. On 26 April, against Schalke 04 in the Champions League semi-final first leg, Giggs scored the first goal from a Wayne Rooney pass, also making himself the oldest goalscorer in Champions League history to date. Giggs also played in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final, where Manchester United were defeated 3–1 by Barcelona.

Giggs made his first start of the 2011–12 season in the UEFA Champions League away at Benfica. He scored United's equalising goal in a 1–1 draw at the Estádio da Luz, in the process breaking his own record for the oldest goalscorer in Champions League history. He also became the first man ever to score in 16 different Champions League campaigns, moving clear of Raúl who was tied with Giggs on 15 seasons. Raúl though holds the record for scoring in 14 consecutive Champions League seasons. On 19 November, Giggs played in a league game in his home country of Wales for the first time in his distinguished career against Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium in a United 1–0 win. Giggs maintained his record of scoring in each of the past 22 top-flight seasons by scoring United's third goal against Fulham at Craven Cottage in a 5–0 win on 21 December, his first of the season in the league. On 10 February 2012, Giggs signed a one-year contract extension with Manchester United.

On 26 February 2012, Giggs made his 900th appearance for Manchester United, in a 2–1 away win against Norwich City. He marked the occasion by scoring the winning goal in the 90th minute, scoring from a cross by Ashley Young. After the match, Alex Ferguson told BBC Sport he believed that a player playing in 900 games for one club "won't be done again." By March 2011, Giggs had played with more than 140 different players for the Manchester United first team.

On 19 October 2012, Giggs (just over a month short of his 39th birthday) told The Daily Telegraph that he would like to move into management when he retires as a player. He also said that he was still undecided on whether he would still be playing after the current football season ends.

Giggs scored his first Premier League goal of the 2012–13 season against Everton on 10 February 2013 in a 2–0 home win, extending his goalscoring sequence to 23 consecutive seasons in the highest division including all 21 Premier League seasons.

He signed a new one-year contract with Manchester United on 1 March 2013, keeping him at Old Trafford until June 2014. On 5 March, Giggs made his 1,000th competitive appearance in a 2–1 home loss to Real Madrid in the second leg of the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League. On 4 July, Giggs was appointed as player-coach by new manager David Moyes with immediate effect. Giggs became interim player-manager when Moyes was sacked in April 2014.

On 2 October, after coming off the substitute bench against Shakhtar Donetsk, Giggs became all-time leading appearance holder in the European competition, overtaking Raúl, an achievement he described as "special." In November, Giggs celebrated his 40th birthday, leading to media outlets and football figures praising him for reaching the milestone while still an active professional footballer.

Giggs announced his retirement from professional football on 19 May 2014 in an open letter to all Manchester United fans posted on the club website. Upon retirement, Giggs received many plaudits for the achievements he earned throughout his career, and the longevity of it.

International career

England Schoolboys
Born in Cardiff to Welsh parents, Giggs represented Wales at international level. As a youngster, Giggs captained England Schoolboys, but contrary to popular belief, he was never eligible for the senior England team (eligibility at the schoolboy level depends solely upon the location of the school, in Giggs' case Moorside High School in Salford). In October 2009, new rules were introduced for the Home Nations' associations that would have enabled Giggs to represent England had he not already represented Wales in an official competition, but Giggs has always maintained that he would have chosen to play for Wales anyway; he stated in 2002, "I'd rather go through my career without qualifying for a major championship than play for a country where I wasn't born or which my parents didn't have anything to do with".

In his one year with the England Schoolboys team, Giggs played nine times, all as captain, winning seven matches and losing twice. Among the wins was a 4–0 victory over his Welsh peers, many of whom he would play alongside when he made the step up to the Welsh youth team the following year.

Wales

In May 1991, Giggs made his debut for the Wales Under-21s, a 2–1 victory over Poland in Warsaw. It would turn out to be his only appearance for the team, as he received a call-up to the senior team later that year.

Giggs made his international debut away to Germany in October 1991, coming on as an 84th-minute substitute for Eric Young at the age of  to become the youngest player to appear for the Welsh senior team; he held this record until June 1998, when Ryan Green appeared against Malta at the age of . Wales were still in contention to qualify for UEFA Euro 1992 before the game, but a 4–1 victory for the Germans, who went on to win their remaining games against Belgium and Luxembourg, meant they qualified at Wales' expense.

Giggs' first senior goal for Wales came on 31 March 1993 in a 3–0 win over Belgium in Cardiff in a World Cup qualifying game, the same game in which Ian Rush scored for Wales for a record 24th time.

After his international debut in 1991 against Germany, Giggs missed 18 consecutive friendly games before finally making his first friendly appearance for Wales against Finland in March 2000, by which time he had already accrued 25 caps. The reason for his continued absence from non-competitive fixtures was largely a protective measure against unnecessary injuries; in his autobiography, Giggs states: "At that time, whenever I played two games in one week I always seemed to pick up an injury, so [Alex Ferguson] and I sat down and looked at it game by game. If the international was a friendly, the feeling was that I didn't have to play." Regardless, his regularly withdrawing from Wales squads and routinely missing friendlies was criticised.

In a qualifier against England for the 2006 FIFA World Cup at Old Trafford where Wales lost 2–0, Giggs played against some present and former Manchester United teammates including David Beckham, Gary Neville, and Wayne Rooney. During a 2006 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan on 12 October 2005, Giggs scored a rare double in a 2–0 win, but Wales failed to reach the play-offs.

In September 2006, he played in a friendly against Brazil at White Hart Lane where Wales lost 2–0. Brazil coach Dunga complimented Giggs' performance by stating he would not look out of place playing for the five-time world champions alongside stars such as Kaká and Ronaldinho.

Giggs announced his retirement from international football on Wednesday, 30 May 2007, at a press conference held at The Vale of Glamorgan Hotel, drawing the curtain on a 16-year international career. He cited concentrating on his United career as the main reason for stepping down. His final game for Wales, and as captain, was the Euro 2008 qualifier against the Czech Republic on 2 June at Cardiff. He earned his 64th cap in this game and won the Man of the Match award as Wales drew 0–0. In November, he was one of three players in the final nomination by the FAW for the Wales Player of the Year award, which was ultimately won by Craig Bellamy.

In an interview with the Western Mail on 26 March 2010, Giggs hinted that he might be tempted to come out of international retirement for his country's UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign, in order to cover for the injured Aaron Ramsey. He later clarified his position to BBC Radio Manchester, saying that he would only return to Wales duty in an emergency.

Great Britain

On 28 June 2012, Giggs was confirmed as one of the three over-age players selected for Great Britain to compete at 2012 Summer Olympics alongside Craig Bellamy and Micah Richards, and he was subsequently named the team captain.

He scored with a header against the United Arab Emirates in a 3–1 win on 29 July to become the oldest goalscorer in the football competition at the Summer Olympics at the age of 38 years and 243 days, beating an 88-year-old record that had been held by Egypt's Hussein Hegazi. In addition, by featuring in the same match, he became the oldest outfield Olympic footballer.

Managerial career

Manchester United
Giggs was appointed as a player-coach at Manchester United on 4 July 2013, as part of the coaching staff under new manager David Moyes. When Moyes was sacked on 22 April 2014, after less than 10 months in the job, Giggs took over as the club's interim player-manager, compiling a record of two wins, a draw and a defeat in the final four games of the 2013–14 season. After his final match in charge, a 1–1 draw with Southampton, Giggs admitted to breaking down in tears, in part due to the pressure of managing United, and also said he had struggled to sleep during the period. When Louis van Gaal was announced as Moyes' permanent replacement on 19 May 2014, Giggs was also appointed as Van Gaal's assistant manager.

Giggs was praised for giving debuts to youngsters James Wilson and Tom Lawrence in a 3–1 victory over Hull City, a game in which he brought himself on as a substitute for Lawrence.

Giggs was suggested by many – including Louis van Gaal – as the Dutchman's potential successor at Manchester United. However, following the appointment of Portuguese coach José Mourinho, Giggs announced his departure from the club on 2 July 2016.

Wales

Giggs was appointed manager of the Wales national team on 15 January 2018 on a four-year contract, succeeding Chris Coleman, who had left the role to take up the manager's position at Sunderland the previous November. His first match in charge was in a 6–0 win over China during the 2018 China Cup, where Gareth Bale broke the all-time scoring record previously held by Ian Rush. Later that year, Wales participated in the UEFA Nations League, finishing behind Denmark with six points. In 2019, Wales had a slow start to their qualifying group, only accruing three points from three matches. However, they went unbeaten for the rest of the year, culminating in a 2–0 win over Hungary and securing qualification for UEFA Euro 2020. The resulting tournament was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the next time that Giggs would manage the national team was behind closed doors during the UEFA Nations League campaign. His final match in charge was a 1–0 win over Bulgaria.

On 3 November 2020, and following Giggs' arrest on assault charges, his assistant manager Rob Page became the caretaker manager. On 20 June 2022, it was announced that Giggs would step down from his position due to his upcoming trial.

Player profile

Style of play

A skilful and dynamic left-footed midfielder, Giggs usually played as a traditional out-and-out left-sided midfielder, who would take on opposing defenders, although he was a versatile player, who was capable of playing on either flank, as well as in several other positions; throughout his career he was also fielded in various offensive roles, as a left or right-sided winger or outside forward in an attacking trident, as an attacking midfielder, as a deep-lying forward, or even as a striker. In the later stages of his career, as he lost his pace and athleticism, he was often used as a defensive or central midfielder, or as a deep-lying playmaker; he was even deployed as a full-back on occasion. A quick and technically gifted player, in his prime, his main traits were his speed, acceleration, strength, ball control, flair, dribbling skills, and trickery in possession, as well as his vision; he also was able to refine his crossing and passing ability as his career progressed, which made him an excellent assist provider, and saw him take on more of a playmaking role for his team in later years, which enabled him to dictate play in midfield and create chances for teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. A fast and energetic player, he also drew praise in the media for his tactical intelligence, movement, stamina, work-rate, and consistency; furthermore, he was an accurate free kick taker. In addition to his footballing skills, Giggs also stood out for his leadership and longevity throughout his career.

Discipline
Giggs was never sent off in his 24-season playing career for Manchester United and was only once sent off when playing for Wales, on 5 September 2001 in a World Cup qualifier against Norway; Giggs received a second yellow card in the 86th minute. In November 2003, he was found guilty of improper conduct by the FA due to his behaviour during the Battle of Old Trafford game against Arsenal (one of two United and six Arsenal players charged over the incident); Giggs received a £7,500 fine but avoided suspension. In the same week, Giggs received a two-match suspension from international football for deliberately elbowing Russian player Vadim Evseev in the face during the first leg of the Euro 2004 play-offs. The offence was missed by referee Lucílio Batista, but Giggs was later charged using video evidence.

Endorsements and public image
Giggs featured in advertisements for Reebok, ITV Digital, Kagome tomato juice, Quorn and Celcom. A 1996 Reebok advertisement, which did not feature him, included figures such as Sting, Tom Jones, Richard Attenborough and George Best impersonating him.

According to an article by BBC Sport: "In the early 1990s, Giggs was David Beckham before Beckham was even holding down a place in the United first team. If you put his face on the cover of a football magazine, it guaranteed you the biggest sales of the year. Why? Men would buy it to read about 'the new Best' and girls bought it because they wanted his face all over their bedroom walls. Giggs had the million-pound boot deal (Reebok), the lucrative sponsorship deals in the Far East (Fuji) and the celebrity girlfriends (Dani Behr, Davinia Taylor) at a time when Beckham was being sent on loan to Preston North End."

Giggs features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series, and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Dutch international midfielder Edgar Davids, and Brazilian international fullback Roberto Carlos. Giggs was included in the FIFA 16 and 17 Ultimate Team Legends.

Personal life

Family
Giggs is the son of former rugby union and Wales international rugby league footballer Danny Wilson. Giggs was christened Ryan Joseph Wilson but as a teenager changed his surname to that of his mother after his parents separated. Giggs is said to have inherited his balance and athleticism from his father. He is a distant cousin of the Barbados international footballer Curtis Hutson.

Giggs married his long-time partner, Stacey Cooke, in a private ceremony on 7 September 2007. They have two children, both born in Salford, and lived in Worsley, Greater Manchester, close to where the player grew up. Giggs and Cooke divorced in 2017.

Giggs conducted an eight-year affair with his brother Rhodri's wife, Natasha. The affair resulted in members of Giggs' family repudiating their former ties to Ryan; after Ryan was appointed as manager of the Wales national team, his father Danny said he was "ashamed" of him and that "I can't even bring myself to use his name".

Activism
In August 2006, Giggs became an ambassador for UNICEF UK, in recognition for his work with Manchester United's 'United for UNICEF' partnership with the children's organisation. Giggs visited UNICEF projects in Thailand and told the BBC: "As a footballer I can't imagine life without the use of one of my legs... Sadly this is exactly what happens to thousands of children every year when they accidentally step on a landmine."

Post-playing career
In October 2010, Giggs said he would "probably finish [his] career here [Old Trafford]," and that he could not see himself "dropping down leagues and playing at a lesser level." He said he wanted to go into coaching, describing the management of Manchester United or Wales as "the two ultimate jobs," and stating that he was halfway through his UEFA 'A' coaching licence.

Ahead of his testimonial in 2011, Gary Neville said he would spend the proceeds towards a supporters club and hotel near Old Trafford. Despite objections from Manchester United, Neville's plans were approved in 2012. In 2013, Giggs and Neville launched a hospitality company named GG Hospitality, with plans to build football-themed hotels and cafés around the United Kingdom, initially in Manchester and London. The first operation was a football-themed restaurant named Café Football in Stratford, London, which opened in November 2013, with Hotel Football, previously under the guise of the supporters club Neville announced in 2011, scheduled to be opened in late 2014.

In 2014, it was announced that Giggs, along with former Manchester United players Gary Neville, Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt and Phil Neville, had agreed a deal to purchase Salford City ahead of the 2014–15 season. with plans to get the club to the Football League. The group announced they would take part in a special friendly, with Salford facing a Class of '92 team. On 22 September, the group agreed to sell a 50% stake in the club to billionaire Peter Lim.

In September 2017, along with former United teammates including Gary Neville, Giggs proposed a university in Greater Manchester, named University Academy 92 which would offer "broader courses than traditional degrees" and attract students who "otherwise might not go on to higher education".

In November 2017, it was reported that Giggs had signed a consultancy deal with the Promotion Fund of Vietnamese Football Talents FC (PVF). The two-year deal would involve making two trips per year to Vietnam.

Gagging order

In May 2011, it was reported in non-UK media sources that Giggs was the identity of CTB in CTB v News Group Newspapers, a footballer who had obtained an anonymised gagging order in relation to an alleged extra-marital affair with model Imogen Thomas. Giggs took legal action against the social networking site Twitter after he was named by a user in a list of identities of individuals who had allegedly taken out so-called "super-injunctions". A blogger for Forbes magazine remarked that Giggs had "not heard of the Streisand effect," observing that mentions of his name had increased significantly after the case against Twitter had been reported.

On 22 May 2011, the Sunday Herald, a Scottish newspaper, published a thinly-disguised photograph of Giggs on its front page, with the word "CENSORED" covering his eyes. Sunday Herald editor Richard Walker stated that the London High Court ruling had no force in Scotland, unless copies of the paper were sold in England or Wales. On 23 May, the gagging order set off a political controversy, with Prime Minister David Cameron commenting that the law should be reviewed to "catch up with how people consume media today". On the same day, Liberal Democrat MP John Hemming used parliamentary privilege to name Giggs as CTB.

Arrest and trial
On 3 November 2020, Giggs was arrested on suspicion of two counts of assault against his ex-girlfriend, Kate Greville, and her younger sister, Emma. He denied the charges against him.

In April 2021, he was charged with assault causing actual bodily harm to Kate Greville and common assault against Emma Greville, as well as coercive and controlling behaviour against Kate. On 28 April, he appeared in court, where he denied the charges.

His trial began on 8 August 2022. The jury of seven women and four men was discharged on 31 August, having been unable to reach a verdict on any of the charges. On 18 July 2023, two weeks before he was due to face a retrial, Giggs was cleared as the Crown Prosecution Service withdrew charges. The prosecutor said that Kate Greville was unwilling to give evidence in the retrial.

Career statistics

Club

International
Appearances and goals by national team and year

International goals
Scores and results list Wales / Great Britain goal tally first. The score column indicates the score after each Giggs goal.

Managerial record

Honours
Manchester United
Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Cup: 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
Football League Cup: 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10
FA Community Shield: 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013
UEFA Champions League: 1998–99, 2007–08
UEFA Super Cup: 1991
Intercontinental Cup: 1999
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008

Individual
PFA Young Player of the Year: 1991–92, 1992–93
PFA Team of the Year: 1992–93, 1997–98, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2006–07, 2008–09
PFA Team of the Century: 1997–2007
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2008–09
PFA Merit Award: 2016
FWA Tribute Award: 2007
Bravo Award: 1993
BBC Sports Personality of the Year: 2009
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 1996, 2009
GQ Sportsman of the Year: 2010
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1997–98
Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 1990–91, 1991–92
Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2005–06
Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2001–02): Overall Team of the Decade
Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2001–02): Domestic Team of the Decade
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2011–12): Best Player
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2011–12): Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons public and panel choice
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2011–12): Most Player Appearances (596)
UEFA Champions League 10 Seasons Dream Team (1992 to 2002): 2002
Welsh Footballer of the Year: 1996, 2006
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2006, February 2007
BBC Goal of the Season: 1998–99
 Intercontinental Cup Most Valuable Player of the Match Award: 1999
English Football Hall of Fame Inductee: 2005
UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2006–07
Golden Foot: 2011
Globe Soccer Awards Player Career Award: 2019
One Club Award: 2020
IFFHS Legends

Records
 Has won a record 13 top division English league titles as a player, and only Manchester United player to have winner's medals from all 13 Premier League title wins.
 Most Premier League appearances for a player, with 632 (since surpassed by Gareth Barry).
 Most Premier League assists for a player, with 162.
 Only player to have played in 22 successive Premier League seasons.
 Only player to have scored in 21 successive Premier League seasons.
 Only player to have scored in 17 different Champions League tournaments (includes 11 consecutive tournaments, 1996–97 to 2006–07; Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have a better record with 17)
 Most goals by a British player in the Champions League/European Cup proper history, and 14th overall (not including preliminary rounds).
 Most appearances by a Manchester United player.
 Most starts by a Manchester United player, started in 794 games.
 First player to score 100 Premier League goals for Manchester United.
 Second midfielder to have scored 100 goals in the Premier League for a single club (first being Matt Le Tissier).
 One of four Manchester United players to win two Champions League titles (others are Paul Scholes, Gary Neville and Wes Brown).
 Oldest (37 years, 289 days) player to score in the Champions League, when he scored against Benfica on 14 September 2011.
One of two Manchester United players to win at least 10 top division medals (the other one is Paul Scholes.)
 Oldest (38 years, 243 days) player to score in the Football competition at the Summer Olympics, when he scored against United Arab Emirates on 29 July 2012.
State and civic honours
OBE for services to football: 2007
Honorary Master of Arts degree from the University of Salford for contributions to football and charity work in developing countries: 2008
Freedom of the City of Salford: 7 January 2010. He is the 22nd person to receive the Freedom of the City of Salford.

See also
 List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances
 List of men's footballers with the most official appearances

Notes

References

General sources

External links

Profile at ManUtd.com

1973 births
Living people
Welsh people of Sierra Leonean descent
British sportspeople of Sierra Leonean descent
Footballers from Cardiff
Welsh men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Manchester City F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Wales men's youth international footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Great Britain
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
Welsh football managers
Premier League managers
Manchester United F.C. managers
Wales national football team managers
Salford City F.C. chairmen and investors
People associated with University Academy 92
People educated at Moorside High School
England men's youth international footballers
Welsh autobiographers
People acquitted of assault

Ryan Giggs


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