Kirkegårdsvej er gade i Sundbyøster i København, der går fra Øresundsvej til Højdevej. Gaden blev navngivet omkring 1889 efter sin funktion som adgangsvej til Sundby Kirkegård. Gaden kan dog genfindes på kort fra området fra før den tid.

Gadens bebyggelse er en blanding af ældre etageejendomme fra begyndelsen af 1900-tallet, lavere ejendomme fra samme tid og noget nyere byggeri. En af de nyere etageejendomme er nr. 2-4, der blev opført i 1974. I stueetagen har der været skiftende supermarkeder. Først Malta, så HH-Supermarked og en Føtex og fra 2016 en Netto. Hvor bygningen ligger nu lå i begyndelsen af 1940'erne en del af Haveforeningen Nordre Røse. Omkring 1950 havde Waldorff Papir-Industri en lang lagerbygning her. Firmaet havde fabrik lidt længere henne på den anden side af gaden. Fabriksbygningerne i nr. 25 eksisterer stadig men huser nu fysioterapi og daginstitutioner.

Nr. 21 med den savtakkede facade er opført i 1915 og er missionshus for Luthersk Missionsforening. Bygningen benyttes desuden af forskellige andre organisationer, blandt andet Chinese Church in Copenhagen og en færøsk menighed. I nr. 27 ligger butikken Amager Records, der har fået succes med salg af vinylplader. Den ligger lige før Sundby Kirkegård fra 1872, som gaden har navn efter. Kirkegården er på ca. 10 hektar fordelt på en afdeling mellem Kirkegårdsvej og Kastrupvej og en anden med kapel og krematorium mellem Kastrupvej og Backersvej. En 14 m bred stribe langs med Kirkegårdsvej blev udlagt til anlægget Sundby Have i 2011.

Noter

Gader i København
Amager Øst

Kirkegårdsvej


John Michael Hardwick (December 31, 1958 – August 8, 2023) was an American voice actor, comedian, writer, producer and YouTuber. He was best known as the voice of Dale Gribble in the animated American television series King of the Hill. He was also its staff writer, story editor and producer. He had three Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and in 1999 he won an Emmy for producing King of the Hill.

Early life
John Michael Hardwick was born in Austin, Texas, on December 31, 1958. He attended Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. After graduating with a BA degree in journalism, he worked for a decade as a bartender in live blues bars in Dallas and Austin, including Nick's Uptown, Sixth Street Live and The Greenville Bar & Grill.

Career
Starting in 1990, Hardwick performed stand-up comedy for a number of years, appearing at such venues as the Dallas Improv and the Velveeta Room in Austin and appearing on shows including Evening at the Improv and Caroline's Comedy Hour. He was the first comic to appear on The Jon Stewart Show. In 1995, he worked the Montreal Comedy Festival, where Brandon Tartikoff saw his set and signed him to a sitcom on NBC, which never materialized.

After Hardwick signed with the Strauss-McGarr agency, he was continually booked in stand-up across the United States. While at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles, he performed a set about his father in Texas. Afterward, he was approached by television writers and producers Greg Daniels and Mike Judge, who were helping create the Texan-themed comedy King of the Hill.

The role of Dale Gribble was originally offered to Daniel Stern, but producers were unable to agree with Stern on a salary. Instead, Hardwick won it by not arguing about money. He performed the role for the show's entire 13-year run and appeared in 257 of 258 episodes. At the time of his death, he was set to reprise the role again in the upcoming revival, it was later revealed that Hardwick had recorded "a couple" of new episodes for the revival prior to his death.

On September 12, 2012, Hardwick created a YouTube channel, though it had no uploads until 2015. In December 2018, he started regularly uploading new content. As of May 2023, the channel had 17,500 subscribers and over 608,000 views, primarily streaming song parodies and monologues in Dale's voice.

Death
Hardwick died at home in Austin on August 8, 2023, at the age of 64.

Filmography

Television

Video games

Music videos

References

External links

1958 births
2023 deaths
American male comedians
American humorists
Male actors from Austin, Texas
Male actors from Houston
American male voice actors
Texas Tech University alumni
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Comedians from Texas
American producers
American screenwriters
Screenwriters from Texas
Television producers from Texas
American YouTubers

Johnny Hardwick


Uma sessão solene da Assembleia da República é uma sessão especial que pode ser realizada em qualquer ocasião especial, sendo a mais importante a Sessão Solene Comemorativa do 25 de abril. Pode servir, também, para receber Chefes de Estado estrangeiros ou líderes de organizações internacionais de que Portugal faça parte, como para evocar outros eventos ou memória de personalidades. As sessões são realizadas por iniciativa do Presidente da Assembleia da República.

Principais categorias de sessões solenes

Sessão Solene Comemorativa do 25 de abril

A Sessão Solene Comemorativa do 25 de abril é uma sessão comemorativa que tem lugar na Assembleia da República todos os anos no dia 25 de abril, em homenagem à Revolução dos Cravos ocorrida no mesmo dia no ano de 1974. Não há limite de tempo para os discursos, sendo que a sessão começa com o discurso do representante do menor partido com assento parlamentar e terminando com os discursos do Presidente da Assembleia da República e do Presidente da República. Cada sessão inicia e termina com a execução do hino nacional "A Portuguesa" pela banda da Guarda Nacional Republicana.

Sessão Solene de Boas-Vindas

Uma Sessão Solene de Boas-Vindas pode ser realizada aquando a visita de chefes de Estado estrangeiros ou líderes de organizações internacionais de que Portugal faça parte. Normalmente realiza-se enquadrado numa visita de Estado a Portugal, à exceção da sessão solene ao Presidente da Ucrânia, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a 21 de abril de 2022, que fez através de videoconferência, devido à situação de conflito provocada pela invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022. Essas sessões contam com a intervenção do chefe de Estado estrangeiro ou líder de organizações internacionais de que Portugal faça parte, e do Presidente da Assembleia da República Portuguesa.

Sessões Solenes Comemorativas especiais

Sessões solenes da Assembleia da República Portuguesa


Payamdüzü, Tunceli ilinin Çemişgezek ilçesine bağlı bir köyüdür.

Tarihçe
1530 yılı tahririnde yerleşimden, "Selisor-i Süflā (Hinsor-i Süflā)" adıyla Çemişgezek sancağının Ulukale nahiyesine bağlı bir köy olarak bahsedilmektedir. 1835 yılı nüfus sayımında "Sinsor" adıyla Çemişkezek kaza merkezine bağlı görülen köyde; 12 hanede olmak üzere 30 Gayrimüslim erkek nüfus, 15 hanede de 56 Müslüman erkek nüfus yaşamakta olup sayım kaydında Müslüman ailelerden bazılarının Ovacık'tan gelerek köye yerleştiği belirtilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 107 km, Çemişgezek ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Çemişgezek belde ve köyleri

Payamdüzü, Çemişgezek


Musala (tur. musalla ← arap. muṣallā ) je molitveni prostor u islamu. Prostor je na otvorenom i na njemu vjernici skupno mole bajramsku molitvu. Bajramska musala morala biti prostrana radi primanja mnoštva vjernika. Potrebno je da je na povoljnom prirodnom položaju, zbog čega su morale biti udaljene od središta grada. Zato je ona mjesto u prirodi gdje muslimani na otvorenom prostoru zajednički vrše stanovite pobožnosti. Čest slučaj u Bosni i Hercegovini bio je da su bile pored neke rijeke. Prema mnogim hadisima Alahov Poslanik prakticirao klanjati bajram-namaz na musali – otvorenom prostoru. Musale u Bosni i Hercegovini imali su Sanski Most, Banja Luka, Musala, Tešanj i dr.

Izvori

Islam

Musala (islam)


Benedikt Röcker (født 19. november 1989) er en tidligere professionel fodboldspiller fra Tyskland, der blandt andet har spillet for Brøndby IF.

Han skiftede i juni 2016 til Brøndby IF.

Karriere
Röcker fik i slutningen af 2012 sin debut for VfB Stuttgart i en Europa League-kamp mod Molde FK. Den 10. juni 2013 forlængede han med klubben.

Greuther Fürth
Omkring samme tid, et år senere, skiftede Röcker til Greuther Fürth.

Brøndby IF

I juni 2016 skiftede Röcker til Brøndby IF på en tre-årig kontrakt. Hvor han blev forenet med sin tidligere træner fra Sonnenhof Großaspach Alexander Zorniger. Röcker etablerede sig hurtigt ind i startopstillingen, og var en del af holdet der slog Hibernian og Hertha BSC ud af Europa League kvalifikationsfase og playoffrunde 2016-17 i sine første måneder i klubben, før man tabte til den græske klub Panathinaikos over 2 opgør i den sidste del af play-off runden. Han fik i alt 46 kampe i sin første sæson, da Brøndby sluttede sæsonen på en anden plads i superligaen og nåede finalen i DBU Pokalen, hvor de endte med at tabe 3–1 til lokalrivalerne fra FCK.

I den efterfølgende sæson, var Röcker en fast del i det centrale forsvar hvor han enten havde Hjörtur Hermannsson eller Paulus Arajuuri ved sin side, da Brøndby var kandidater til at vinde ligaen. Men måtte i sidste ende se sig slået af FC Midtjylland til sidst, da man mistede førstepladsen i næst sidste spillerunde i en 2-2 kamp mod AC Horsens.
De havde mere succes i DBU Pokalen 2017-18, da Röcker scorede et vigtigt mål da Brøndby slog Silkeborg IF 1-3 sejr i finalen der sikrede Brøndby deres første trofæ i 10 år.
Röcker, havde en god sæson med 40 kampe i alt og 5 mål.
I januar 2019 blev Röcker forfremmet fra viceanfører til kaptajn i Brøndby IF, efter at Johan Larsson havde forladt klubben.
Men han fik ikke meget spilletid den sidste del af sæsonen, da Brøndby havde fyret Alexander Zorniger og klubben sluttede på en fjedre plads. Röcker fik 25 kampe og scorede 1 mål i sin sidste sæson for Brøndby, da hans kontrakt udløb i slutningen af sæsonen.

Wehen Wiesbaden
Den 13 juni 2019, skiftede Röcker til den tyske klub SV Wehen Wiesbaden der lige var rykket op i 2. Bundesliga på en to årig kontrakt, på en fri transfer. Han fik i alt 21 total kampe i sæsonen og scorede 1 mål, da Wehen Wiesbaden sluttede på 17. pladsen i tabellen og måtte en tur ned i 3. Liga.

I starten af den nye sæson var Röcker nødsaget til at følge med på tribunerne på grund af springerknæ i højre knæ, og i november 2020 viste yderligere undersøgelse, at han havde lidt bruskskader, som krævede operation.
Skaden holdt ham ude på ubestemt tid.

Den 24 juni 2021, annoncerede Röcker sin pensionering fra professionel fodbold efter ikke at have optrådt i sæsonen 2020-21. Han sagde, at beslutningen var "uundgåelig" på grund af hans skade.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra SG Sonnenhof Großaspach
Fodboldspillere fra VfB Stuttgart
Fodboldspillere fra Greuther Fürth
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF

Benedikt Röcker


En médecine, un effet tardif est une affection qui apparaît après la phase aiguë d'une affection antérieure considérée comme sa cause. Un effet tardif résulte soit directement de l'affection antérieure ou bien indirectement du traitement de cette affection (chirurgie, chimiothérapie, ...).

Certains effets tardifs peuvent survenir des décennies plus tard. Historiquement, les effets tardifs ont été très difficiles à relier à leurs causes, mais à mesure que la survie et la durée de vie ont augmenté et que le "suivi" est devenu une pratique courante, ces liens s'établissent.

Une période, souvent très longue, de santé non affectée distingue un effet tardif d'une séquelle ou d'une complication. Un code correspondait à cette condition dans la CIM-9, mais n'est plus présent dans la CIM-10 .

Exemples
 La varicelle peut être suivie des décennies plus tard par le zona ;
 La chimiothérapie, la radiothérapie et la chirurgie pour guérir un cancer peuvent entraîner des années plus tard un cancer non apparenté et l'infertilité ou l'hypofertilité ;
 Les survivantes d'une leucémie infantile traitées par radiothérapie crânienne peuvent être incapables d'allaiter, car elle ne produisent pas de lait

Voir aussi
 Effet indésirable

Notes et références

Épidémiologie

Effet tardif


Helmut Schubert (* 3. Oktober 1951; † 14. März 2012) war ein deutscher Werkstoffwissenschaftler.

Leben
Helmut Schubert studierte von 1974 bis 1980 an der RWTH Aachen und wurde 1987 an der Universität Stuttgart zum Dr. rer. nat. promoviert. Nach Tätigkeit am Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung in Stuttgart übernahm er 1995 die Leitung des Fachgebiets Keramik der Fakultät Prozesswissenschaften an der Technischen Universität Berlin.

Als Prodekan und Dekan für Studium und Lehre war er wesentlich an der Entwicklung der Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge seiner Fakultät beteiligt. Er war Ombudsmann der TU Berlin und leitete die Kommission für Forschung und wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs des Akademischen Senats.

Mit der Gründung des Exzellenzclusters Unifying Concepts in Catalysis im Jahr 2007 gehörte Schubert zu dessen Kernteam.

Zu seinen Forschungsschwerpunkten gehörten neben der Keramischen Prozesstechnik und dem Katalysatordesign auch das Design biomedizinischer Materialien.

Weblinks
 Kurzbiografie mit Foto auf berlin-sciences.com
 Schuberts medizintechnische Forschung und Publikationen auf der Seite des Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies

Einzelnachweise

Werkstoffwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Berlin)
Deutscher
Geboren 1951
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Helmut Schubert (Werkstoffwissenschaftler)


es una serie de manga escrita por Meito Manjo e ilustrada por Seiji Wakayama. Fue publicada en la revista Magazine Special de la editorial Kodansha durante agosto de 2006 y culminó dos años después, con un total de 8 volúmenes. Una adaptación a serie de anime producida por Studio Deen fue emitida octubre de 2007 y marzo de 2008. La serie fue dirigida por Hiroshi Watanabe y emitida en TV Tokyo.

Argumento
Treinta años antes de los acontecimientos de la serie, la ciudad de Tokio fue destruida por un terremoto. Desde las ruinas de la antigua megalópolis, Kyuto se estableció, una nueva ciudad donde las apariciones sobrenaturales aumentan progresivamente y el único capaz de acabar con ello es Hyuuga Mayuki, un joven e inteligente detective quién contará con la ayuda de su mayordomo y empleada de servicio doméstico.

Personajes

Seiyu: Miyuki Sawashiro
Es un joven detective de 12 años de edad, con habilidades especiales para el resolver de problemas. Debido a que es el jefe de la familia Hyuga, éste tiene un poder llamado Shinchi el cual es otorgado al nuevo jefe de dicha familia. Sus aliados son Seiran, su mayordomo y Hatsumi, su empleada de servicio doméstico. Estos siempre están a su lado y al igual que Mayuki cuentan también con ciertas habilidades. Curiosamente, Mayuki jamás ha asistido a la escuela, aunque se destaca por tener gran inteligencia en todos los temas y materias. Su padre adoptivo, fue el anterior jefe de la familia Huyga y cuándo Mayuki le sucedió, comenzó a sentirse celoso de él y a hacer maldad. Es un chico bajo, de cabello corto, color rubio y ojos azules.

Seiyu: Junichi Suwabe
Seiran es mayordomo de Mayuki. Un hombre alto, de cabello negro y ojos castaños. Se encuentra en una base secreta de algún tipo, donde se puede vigilar todos los sucedos de Kyuto, así también como el paradero de Mayuki. Pertenece a la familia Shinano, quién tiene una estrecha relación con la familia Hyuga, además le hizo una promesa a la madre del joven detective de que él siempre lo protegería. A lo largo de la serie se muestra que tiene dos hermanos: Shien y Seiju Shinano, este último hizo parte también de la familia Hyuga debido a que tenía gran percepción extrasensorial y fue su jefe, siendo sucedido por Mayuki.

Seiyu: Kana Ueda
Empleada de servicio doméstico de Mayuki. Es una joven de cabello corto, color azul y de ojos castaños. Mantiene en ella casi siempre una gran sonrisa y amabilidad. Hatsumi es una de las dos "Aya" (o muñeca) que controla Seiran y lucha con su cabello como un látigo.

La antagonista de la serie. Byakko es una misteriosa mujer que está buscando el poder de la inmortalidad. Su hermana mayor es Yoko, quién se convirtió cuándo Byakko todavía era muy joven el "Aya" (o muñeca) de Shien, uno de los hermanos de Seiran. Byakko viendo esto se deprimió y por eso decidió convertirse en la muñeca de Seiju Shinano, otro de los hermanos de Seiran.

Antagonista de la serie y padre de Mayuki. Seiju es uno de los tres hermanos Shinano, sin embargo y debido a su percepción extrasensorial la familia Huyga le adoptó para tener un heredero y fue renombrado como Masaki, convirtiéndose también en el jefe de la familia. Luego de que Mayuki nació, ese título pasó a ser de él y Seiju comenzó a hacer maldad y a sentirse celoso de Mayuki, ya que quería su poder. Es hermano de Seiran, el mayordomo de Mayuki y Shien y al igual que sus hermanos, es un usuario de muñeca, controlando a Byakko, quién se convirtió en ello.

Shien es el hermano mayor de los Shinano. Tiene una personalidad infantil e irritante, además es el nuevo director de la escuela a la que comienza a asistir Mayuki. Vivía en Suiza con Shara Huyga, la madre de Mayuki, pero regresó a Japón para ver a su hermano Seiran y de paso asegurar del bienestar de Mayuki. Al igual que sus hermanos, Seiran y Seiju es un usuario de muñeca, controlando a Yoko, la hermana mayor de Byakko.

Yoko
Es la hermana mayor de Byakko y es el "Aya" (o muñeca) de Shien Shinano. También se desempeña como secretaria de él, pues es director de la escuela a la que Mayuki comienza a asistir.

Seiyu: Ryoka Yuzuki
Sanae es la otra muñeca que controla Seiran y cuándo está en su forma, utiliza unas garras para luchar. Siempre está buscando participar en una aventura con Mayuki y sus amigos.

Seiyu: Nana Inoue
Minori es una chica, una de las primeras amistades que Mayuki consigue en su primera vez en la escuela. Ella parece estar enamorada de Mayuki y a veces se puda ver compitiendo por el cariño de él con Yaya Yatomi.

Seiyu: Satomi Sato
Yae (también conocida como "Yaya" o "Yayako") es una chica que aparentemente parece padecimiento de asma, aunque más tarde se descubre que en realidad sufre de alergia del polvo mineral que es causado por la contaminación en el Centro Industrial donde ella vive. Ella también parece estar enamorada de Mayuki y compote por su cariño con Minori Izumi.

Seiyu: Marina Inoue)
Rakuta en el hermano mayor entre gemelos. Él es muy tranquilo y calculador y siempre mantiene la calma ante cualquier situación, además tiene la habilidad de predecir los hechos que sucederán el futuro.

Seiyu: Romi Park
Kota es el hermano menor entre gemelos. En comparación con su hermano Rakuta, es más impetuoso y no piensa antes de actuar. Kota parece estar enamorado de Yaya, sin embargo en varias ocasiones ve cómo esta va tras Mayuki, teniéndole envidia.

Seiyu: Sayaka Ohara
Es una detective que estaba escéptica de Mayuki cuándo se conocieron, sin embargo le dio un cierto grado de respeto después de aclarar algunas sospechas en torno él. Es compañera de Inogami, quién también es detective y siempre atienden casos, junto con Mayuki.

Es un detective masculino, quién Miyako acompaña en todos los casos, junto con Mayuki. Él es también amigo cercano de Mayuki y se le puede ver muy serio, aunque también muy divertido para subir el estado de ánimo de Tomaru cuándo está bajo.

Shara Hyūga
Es la madre de Mayuki, sin embargo no está a su lado debido a que vive en Suiza con el hermano mayor de los Shinano, Shien y por eso lo dejó al cuidado de Seiran. Tanto ella como Mayuki son muy parecidos físicamente: comparten el mismo color de cabello y ojos.

Maru
Es un el perro de Mayuki, grande y de pelaje blanco. Siempre acompaña a Mayuki y sus amigos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial manga
 Sitio web oficial anime

Manga de 2006
Anime de 2007
Manga publicado en Shōnen Magazine

Suteki Tantei Labyrinth


Valentin Ceaușescu (né le 17 février 1948) est un physicien roumain. Il est l'aîné et le seul enfant survivant de l'ancien président communiste Nicolae Ceaușescu et de sa femme, Elena.

Biographie
Valentin Ceaușescu est diplômé de l'Imperial College de Londres et a été physicien au sein de l'Institut central de physique à Bucarest.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Physicien roumain du XXe siècle
Physicien roumain du XXIe siècle
Personnalité liée à Bucarest
Naissance en février 1948

Valentin Ceaușescu


was a town located in Kawanabe District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Chiran is famous for producing Japanese tea.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,667 and the density of 113.71 persons per km². The total area was 120.19 km².

On December 1, 2007, Chiran, along with the town of Ei (from Ibusuki District), and the town of Kawanabe (also from Kawanabe District), was merged to form the new city of Minamikyūshū.

Education
Chiran has one junior high school: Chiran Junior High School, with 300 students.

Economy
Chiran has one of wire harness trading company.

Sorayoi
Sorayoi is one of the festivals that takes place on a night of full moon for children between four and thirteen. Sorayoi is short for Sorewayoi, meaning that's good.

Visitor attractions
 Chiran Castle - A castle ruin, one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles .
 Chiran Samurai District - preserved samurai district with residence and garden in the Edo period.
 Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots

Gallery

See also
 Groups of Traditional Buildings
 Chiran Special Attack Peace Museum

References

External links

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Chiran, Kagoshima


تضم جائزة نوبل مجموعة من الجوائز العالمية السنوية التي تمنحها لجان إسكندنافية في عدد من المجالات تقديراً للجهود والتطويرات الثقافية والعلمية، علماً أنها قد أُنشئت بناءً على وصية الكيميائي السويدي ألفريد نوبل عام 1895، ومُنحت منذ ذلك الحين لما يزيد عن 800 فردٍ.

قُدّمت جوائز نوبل في كل من الفيزياء، والكيمياء، والفيزيولوجيا أو الطب، والأدب والسلام لأول مرة عام 1901، ومن ثم أُضيف عليها تكريم آخر في مجال الاقتصاد منذ عام 1969، تُمنح جائزة السلام في أوسلو في النرويج، بينما يجري التكريم المتعلق بالمجالات الأخرى في ستكهولم عاصمة السويد، وتُعتبر جائزة نوبل على نطاق واسع أهم الجوائز المرموقة في مجالات الأدب، والطب، والفيزياء، والكيمياء، والسلام والاقتصاد. يشكّل المسلمون ما يزيد عن 23% من تعداد سكّان العالم، وقد نال 12 شخصاً مسلماً جائزة نوبل بين عام 1901 وعام 2015، أي حوالي 1.4% من مجمل جوائز نوبل،  وقد مُنح منهم سبعة هذه الجائزة للسلام، بما في ذلك تكريم ياسر عرفات المثير للجدل، وقد كان محمد عبد السلام الحائز على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1979 فرداً من الجماعة الأحمدية في باكستان، كما كان عزيز سانجار ثاني تركي وأول مسلم ينال جائزة نوبل في مجال البيولوجيا الجزيئية عام 2015.

في السلام

في الأدب

في العلوم

في الفيزياء

في الكيمياء

انظر أيضًا
 يهود حازوا جائزة نوبل.
 مسيحيون حازوا جائزة نوبل.
 هندوس حازوا جائزة نوبل.

مراجع

قوائم المسلمين
مسلمون
قوائم علماء حسب الدين

قائمة المسلمين الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل


Isobryales, nekadašnji red pravih mahovina. U njerga je uključivano 120 vrsta u 10 porodica.

Opisao ga je M. Fleisch. 1920.

Porodice
 Cyrtopodaceae M. Fleisch.
 Fontinalaceae Schimp.
 Hydropogonaceae W.H. Welch
 Lepyrodontaceae Broth.
 Prionodontaceae Broth.
 Ptychomniaceae M. Fleisch.
 Regmatodontaceae Broth.
 Rutenbergiaceae M. Fleisch.
 Trachypodaceae M. Fleisch.
 Wardiaceae W.H. Welch

Izvori

Sistematika

Isobryales


Herfugl (fræðiheiti: Upupa epops) er bleikbrúnn fugl sem finnst víðsvegar um Evrópu, Asíu og Afríku.

Tenglar

Herfuglar

Herfugl


Henry Cavendish (d. 10 Ekim 1731, Nice, Fransa - ö. 24 Şubat 1810, Londra, İngiltere), İngiliz kimyager ve fizikçi. Çok çeşitli alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği deneylerle, havanın bileşimi, hidrojenin niteliği ve özellikleri, bazı cisimlerin özgül ısıları, suyun bileşimi ve elektriğin çeşitli özellikleri gibi konularda buluşlar yapmıştır. Cavendish deneyi olarak adlandırılan bir yöntemle Dünya'nın kütlesini ve yoğunluğunu ölçmüştür.

1749-1753 arasında Cambridge Üniversitesi'ne bağlı Peterhouse College'a devam ettiyse de burayı bitiremedi. Londra yakınlarında bir laboratuvar kurarak, bilimsel toplantılar dışında hiç kimseyle özel yakınlık ve dostluk kurmaksızın içine kapanık bir yaşam süren, ailesiyle bile çok ender görüşen, çekingen ve az konuşan bir bilim insanı olarak tanındı. Çalışmalarını yayımlama gereği bile duymayacak kadar laboratuvarına kapanmasına, elli yıla yakın bilimsel çalışma yaşamında yalnızca yirmi kadar inceleme yayımlamasına karşın, 1803'te Fransa'nın sekiz yabancı üyesinden biriydi, adı çağının en büyük bilim insanları arasında anılıyordu. İngiltere'deki Cambridge Üniversitesi'nde, öğretim üyesi arasına katılmayan, hatta diploma bile almayan bu ünlü öğrencisinin adını sonradan Cavendish Laboratuvarı'na vererek ölümsüzleştirdi. 1766'da çeşitli gazların elde edilmesine ilişkin üç bölümlük makalesinden başlayarak yayımlamak amacıyla yazdıkları olduysa da pek çok tamamlanmış araştırmasının ayrıntılarını yayımlamadı.

Cavendish, elektrik yüklü iki cismin arasındaki kuvvetin, aralarındaki uzaklığın karesiyle ters orantılı olduğunu ortaya attı. Elektrostatiğin bu temel yasası daha sonra Fransız fizikçi C.A. Coulomb tarafından geliştirilerek onun adını almıştır. Cavendish bir sığacın (kondansatör) sığasının, sığacı oluşturan levhaların arasına yerleştirilen maddenin cinsine bağlı olduğunu da Michael Faraday'dan önce gösterdi. Matematikte çok iyi bilinen ama, o güne değin elektrik deneylerine ilişkin olarak hiç kullanılmayan potansiyel kavramını özgürce kullandı. Cavendish potansiyel kavramına dayanarak iyi bir iletkenin yüzeyindeki bütün noktaların ortak bir referans noktasına (yer) göre aynı potansiyele sahip oldukları görüşünü geliştirdi. Değişik iletkenlerle yaptığı bir dizi deney sonucunda, iletkenin uçları arasındaki potansiyel farkının, içinden geçen akımla doğru orantılı olduğunu saptayarak bu alanda Alman fizikçi George Simon Ohm'un 1827'de ortaya koyduğu yasayı daha önce bulmuş oldu. Elektrik akımını ölçme olanağı bulunmadığından, kendi vücudunu ölçü aracı olarak kullanıyor, akım şiddetini kestirebilmek için elektrotların uçlarını elleriyle tutarak, elektrik şokunu parmaklarında mı, bileklerine kadar mı, yoksa dirseklerine kadar mı duyduğuna bakıyordu. Yüz yıl kadar sonra, Cavendish'in defterleri ve el yazısı notları bulununca, bütün bu araştırmalar İskoçyalı büyük matematiksel fizikçi James Clerk Maxwell tarafından yinelendi.

Elektrik ile İlgili Çalışmaları
Cavendish'in bu alanda yaptığı çalışmaları özellikle sığa, elektrostatik ve yalıtkanlar üzerineydi. Yaptığı çalışmaların deneysel olarak da ispatına önem veren Cavendish, bu çalışmalarını yayınlama, paylaşma taraftarı değildi. Cavendish'in bu çalışmaları ölümünden yüz yıl sonra matematiksel fizikçi James Clerk Maxwell tarafından yinelenmiş ve dönemin bilim adamlarına önemli kaynaklar haline gelmiştir.

Cavendish, elektrik yüklü iki cismin arasındaki kuvvetin, aralarındaki uzaklığın karesiyle ters orantılı olduğunu ortaya atan ilk bilim insanıdır. Cavendish'in bu çalışması daha sonra Coulomb tarafından geliştirilerek yasa haline gelmiştir. Cavendish tarafından temeli oluşturulan bu çalışma Coulomb Ters Kare Yasası olarak bilinir ve elektrostatiğin temelini oluşturur. Bunu yanı sıra Cavendish, bir kondansatörün sığasının o kondansatörü oluşturan levhaların arasında bulunan maddenin cinsine bağlı olduğunu, Micheal Faraday'dan önce göstermiştir. Yani  di elektrik katsayısından bahseden ilk bilim insanıdır. Elektrik alanında yaptığı çalışmalarla birçok bilim insanına ışık tutan Cavendish, aynı zamanda elektrikte potansiyel kavramını kullanan ilk bilim insanıdır. O dönemlerde elektriğin ölçümü, elektrometre ile yapılmaktaydı. Elektrometre içinde bulunan iki altın yaprağın, elektrikle yüklendiklerinde birbirlerini itmeleri sonucunda aralarında oluşan açıya bakılarak saptanır ve buna elektriklenme derecesi denirdi.

Cavendish, iyi bir iletkenin yüzeyindeki bütün noktaların ortak bir referans noktasına göre aynı potansiyele sahip oldukları görüşüyle potansiyel fark kavramını kullanan ilk bilim insanıdır. Daha sonra iletkenler üzerindeki çalışmalarını devam ettiren Cavendish, değişik iletkenlerle yaptığı deneyler sonucunda, iletkenin uçları arasındaki potansiyel farkın, içinden geçen akım miktarı ile doğru orantılı olduğunu saptamıştır.

Kimya Alanındaki Çalışmaları
Henry Cavendish'in bu alanda yaptığı en önemli çalışma su bileşimi üzerinedir. Cavendish o dönemde suyun bir element olmadığını oksijen ve hidrojenin sentezinden meydana geldiğini ispatlamıştır. Cavendish'in kimya alanındaki çalışmalarının büyük çoğunluğu gazlar üzerineydi. Özellikle hidrojenin yapısıyla yakından ilgilenen Cavendish, makalelerinde asitlerle metallerin tepkimesinden hidrojen gazının oluştuğunu belirtti ve bunu yanar hava olarak adlandırdı. Daha sonrasında hava üzerine yaptığı çalışmalarda havada oksijen ve azotun yanı sıra başka gazlarında olduğunu söyledi. Onun bu tezi yüz yıl sonra aragon ve diğer soygazların bulunmasını kolaylaştırdı.

Dünyanın Kütlesinin ve Yoğunluğunun Hesaplanması (Cavendish Deneyi)
Cavendish'in en önemli deneyi kütle çekimi üzerine yapmış olduğu deneydir. Bu deneyde Cavendish'in ilk amacı büyük kürelerin küçük küreler üzerinde yarattığı kütle çekimi etkisini bulabilmekti. Çünkü bu sayede kütle çekim kuvveti sabitini (G) bulabilir, buradan da yerkürenin kütlesine ulaşabilirdi. Madenden yapılmış bir çubuğu tam ortasından ince bir telle astı. Sonra çubuğun 2 ucuna kurşundan yapılmış iki küçük küreyi taktı. Çubuğun iki ucunda bulunan bu iki küreye büyük kurşun küreleri yaklaştırdı. Büyük ve küçük küreler  arasında oluşan çekim kuvveti sonucu çubuk dönmeye başladı ve bu dönme sonucu teldeki burkulmayı ölçerek çekim kuvvetini ölçtü.  Bilim için bütün imkanlarını kullanmaktan kaçınmayan Cavendish, bu deney için evinin bir odasına bu düzenekleri kurdu ve çok hassas ölçümler olduğu için yan odadan teleskop aracılığı ile bu deneyi gözlemledi çünkü odada hiçbir gürültü dahi olmamalıydı. 17 tane hassas ölçüm sonucunda Newton'un çekim kuvveti denklemlerinden de yararlanarak Yerküre'nin ağırlığının 6 septilyon tona yakın olduğunu açıkladı. Günümüzde ise dünyanın kütlesinin 5.9 septilyon civarında olduğu tahmin ediliyor. 1797 yılında dönemin imkanlarıyla yapılan bu deneyin sonucunun böylesine yakın olması oldukça şaşırtıcı.

Kaynakça

1731 doğumlular
1810 yılında ölenler
İngiliz fizikçiler
İngiliz kimyagerler
Elektrikçi bilim insanları
18. yüzyılda İngilizler
Royal Society üyeleri

Henry Cavendish


Nicholas James Christopher Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater  (born 9 January 1942), is a British hereditary peer and former member of the House of Lords who sat as a Conservative. He succeeded his great-grandfather in the viscountcy of Ullswater in 1949, being one of very few peers to have succeeded a great-grandfather in a title.

He served as a whip and a minister under Margaret Thatcher and John Major between 1989 and 1995 culminating in serving as the Minister of State for Housing from 1994 to 1995.

Early life
Lowther was the son of John Lowther (1910–1942), and Priscilla Lambert (1917–1945). His father was secretary to HRH The Duke of Kent, who served as best man at their 1937 wedding. His father died alongside the Duke in the Dunbeath air crash.

Lowther was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Political career
Lowther was made a Lord-in-waiting (whip) in January 1989 by Margaret Thatcher before becoming Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Employment in July 1990. He was retained by John Major in that role until 1993, when he became Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms (Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords). He remained in this role for a year. He became Minister of State for Housing at the Department of the Environment (as well as a Privy Counsellor) in 1994, but left the Government in a 1995 reshuffle.

Princess Margaret
In 1998, he was appointed Private Secretary to Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, and continued in this office until her death in 2002. He was appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order in the special Honours List issued by the Queen after the Princess's death.

Return to politics
As a member of a Royal Household he could not take part in partisan politics and did not seek to remain in the House of Lords when the House of Lords Act 1999 was passed. But after the death of the Viscount of Oxfuird in January 2003, he won the all-house by-election, enabling him to return to the House of Lords.

On 22 May 2006, Lord Ullswater was nominated for the newly created post of Lord Speaker, and in the election held on 28 June 2006 emerged in third place out of nine candidates. He served as one of the Deputy Speakers in the Lords until May 2020; from June 2020 until May 2021, he served as Deputy Chairman of Committees. His great-grandfather, James Lowther, served as Speaker of the House of Commons 1905–1921.

Ullswater retired from the House of Lords on 20 July 2022.

Other interests
Lord Ullswater is the Chairman of Lonsdale Settled Estates Ltd and a Director of Lowther Trustees Limited, both companies that manage the family landholdings in Cumbria.

Arms

Personal life
Lord Ullswater was an amateur jockey in his youth.

In 1967, he married Susan Weatherby. The couple has two sons and two daughters:
Hon. Emma Mary Lowther, (b. 1968)
Hon. Clare Priscilla Lowther, (b. 1970)
Hon. Benjamin James Lowther (b. 1975)
Hon. Edward John Lowther (b. 1981)

The family lives at Docking in Norfolk.

References

1942 births
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at West Downs School
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Nicholas
Ullswater
Ullswater
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater


A Estação Anna Creek é a maior estação de gado em funcionamento do mundo. Ela está localizada no estado australiano da Austrália Meridional.

Descrição
A Estação Anna Creek ocupa uma área de , que é um pouco maior que o estado brasileiro de Sergipe e maior que algumas dezenas de países. É  maior que sua rival mais próxima, a Estação de Alexandria, no Território do Norte do país. Tem mais de sete vezes o tamanho do maior rancho dos Estados Unidos, o King Ranch, no Texas, que tem .

A estação é uma região pastoral árida. Em 16 de dezembro de 2016, a estação era propriedade da Williams Cattle Company, uma empresa familiar que comprou Anna Creek da S. Kidman & Co, dobrando sua área total sob arrendamentos pastoris. O município mais próximo é William Creek (que é cercado pela Estação Anna Creek), mas a cidade mais próxima para transporte de cargas é Coober Pedy.

História
A propriedade foi originalmente estabelecida em 1863, mas mudou-se para sua localização atual em 1872. Era originalmente usada para criação de ovelhas, mas devido às perdas com ataques de dingos, seu foco foi mudado para criação de gado.

Apesar de seu tamanho, em 2007 a Estação Anna Creek abrigava apenas 1.500 cabeças de gado devido à seca dos anos 2000 na Austrália. Em 2008, quando a estação era de propriedade da S. Kidman and Co Ltd, havia oito funcionários em tempo integral e eles começaram a se desfazer de todo o gado. Após inundações em 2010, as condições melhoraram e a estação foi reabastecida. Tinha 10.000 cabeças de gado em maio de 2011 e hoje é capaz de transportar até 16.500 cabeças de gado durante uma boa temporada. A estação cria gado Santa Gertrudis, raça adequada a climas quentes e secos.

Em meados de abril de 2016, foi anunciado que a empresa de gado da Austrália do Sul, Williams Cattle Company, adquiriria a Anna Creek da S Kidman & Co, operaçãonsujeita à aprovação do Conselho de Revisão de Investimentos Estrangeiros sobre a venda do restante da participação de Kidman a um consórcio liderado pelo grupo chinês Dakang Australia Holdings. O tesoureiro federal Scott Morrison bloqueou a venda no final daquele mês, sob alegação de interesse nacional, visto que Anna Creek está localizada em uma área de teste de armas. Morrison já havia bloqueado a venda de Kidman para uma empresa chinesa relacionada, o Pengxin Group. Em dezembro, Anna Creek foi finalmente vendida para uma empresa familiar da Austrália do Sul, Williams Cattle Company, por cerca de US$ 16 milhões, enquanto o resto do império Kidman foi vendido para um consórcio formado pela magnata da mineração Gina Rinehart, a Hancock Prospecting, proprietária de 67%, e a Empresa chinesa Shanghai CRED, possuindo 33%. A família Williams planejava investir pesadamente em novas águas e pátios de caminhões para facilitar o aumento do estoque transportado na estação.

A vida em Anna Creek
Há uma propriedade principal em Anna Creek e uma estação secundária em The Peake. Embora as propriedades sejam muito isoladas, elas possuem telecomunicações via satélite, incluindo televisão e internet. O Coober Pedy Oodnadatta One Day Mail Run entrega correspondência duas vezes por semana e pode trazer uma pequena quantidade de mercadorias. As Ruínas de Peake, incluindo as de um antigo escritório de telégrafo, cemitério, mina e fornos de cal na estação externa, bem como as Ruínas da Estação Telegráfica de Strangways Springs, estão listadas no Registro de Patrimônio do estado da Austrália Meridional.

Antigamente havia uma grande força de trabalho de criadores de gado em Anna Creek, que reunia o gado em cavalos. Hoje, aeronaves leves são usadas para avistar animais que são cercados por criadores de gado em motocicletas, exigindo uma mão de obra bem menor.

Extremo Norte (Austrália do Sul)

Estação Anna Creek


La Ruta Estatal de Arizona 289, y abreviada SR 289 (en inglés: Arizona State Route 289) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Arizona. La carretera inicia en el oeste desde Peña Blanca Dam hacia el este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 16,6 km (10.33 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Arizona 289 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Arizona por sus siglas en inglés ADOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de ADOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Arizona

Ruta Estatal de Arizona 289


الأمراض المدارية المهملة هي مجموعة متنوعة من الالتهابات المدارية الشائعة بين السكان ذوي الدخل المنخفض في المناطق النامية في أفريقيا وآسيا والأمريكتين. وهي ناتجة عن مجموعة متنوعة من العوامل الممرضة مثل الفيروسات والبكتيريا والأوالي والديدان الطفيلية. تختلف هذه الأمراض عن الأمراض المعدية الثلاثة الكبرى (الإيدز والسل والملاريا)، والتي تتلقى بشكل عام علاجًا وتمويلًا بحثيًا أكثر. في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء، يمكن مقارنة تأثير هذه الأمراض كمجموعة بالملاريا والسل. يمكن أن تؤدي العدوى المشتركة للأمراض المدارية المهملة إلى جعل الإيدز والسل أكثر خطورة.

في بعض الحالات، تكون العلاجات غير مكلفة نسبيًا. على سبيل المثال، يبلغ علاج داء البلهارسيا 0.20 دولار أمريكي لكل طفل سنويًا. لكن في عام 2010، أشارت التقديرات إلى أن مكافحة الأمراض المهملة تتطلب تمويلًا يتراوح بين 2-3 مليار دولار أمريكي على مدى 5-7 سنين تالية. التزمت بعض شركات الأدوية بالتبرع بجميع العلاجات اللازمة للأدوية، ونجحوا بإعطاء الأدوية على نطاق واسع (على سبيل المثال، طرد الديدان) في العديد من البلدان. رغم ذلك، غالبًا ما يكون الوصول إلى التدابير الوقائية أكثر سهولة في الدول المتقدمة، لكنها ليست متاحة عالميًا في المناطق الأفقر.

في الدول المتقدمة، تصيب الأمراض المدارية المهملة أفقر الأفراد في المجتمع. في الولايات المتحدة، هناك ما يصل إلى 1.46 مليون أسرة بما في ذلك 2.8 مليون طفل يعيشون على أقل من دولارين في اليوم. في بلدان مثل هذه، غالبًا ما تطغى قضايا الصحة العامة الأخرى على الأمراض المدارية المهملة. ومع ذلك، تعرّض العديد من هذه القضايا السكان للخطر في الدول المتقدمة مثل الدول النامية. على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تنشأ مشاكل أخرى من الفقر الذي يعرض الأفراد لناقلات هذه الأمراض، مثل عدم توفر السكن الملائم.

تعطي منظمة الصحة العالمية الأولوية لعشرين مرض مداري مهمل، رغم أن المنظمات الأخرى تعرّف الأمراض المدارية المهملة بشكل مختلف. أُضيفت الإصابة بالفطار الاصطباغي وغيره من الفطريات العميقة والجرب والطفيليات البرانية الأخرى والتسمم بلدغات الأفاعي إلى القائمة في عام 2017. تعد هذه الأمراض شائعة في 149 دولة، وتصيب أكثر من 1.4 مليار شخص (بما في ذلك أكثر من 500 مليون طفل) وتكلف الاقتصادات النامية مليارات الدولارات سنويًا. أسفرت عن وفاة 142000 في عام 2013-انخفاضًا من 204000 حالة وفاة في عام 1990. استُهدف اثنان من الأمراض العشرين بهدف استئصالها (داء التنينات (داء دودة غينيا) بحلول عام 2015 والداء العليقي بحلول عام 2020)، وأربعة بهدف القضاء عليها (التراخوما المسببة للعمى، وداء المثقبيات الأفريقي البشري، والجذام، وداء الفيل) بحلول عام 2020.

قائمة الأمراض
هناك جدل بين منظمة الصحة العالمية ومراكز مكافحة الأمراض واتقائها وخبراء الأمراض المعدية حول الأمراض المصنفة على أنها أمراض مدارية مهملة. أشار فيسي، باحث في الأمراض المدارية المهملة، إلى 13 مرض مداري مهمل: داء الأسكارس، وقرحة بورولي، وداء شاغاس، وداء التنينات، وعدوى دودة الأنسيلوستوما، وداء المثقبيات الأفريقي البشري، وداء الليشمانيات، والجذام، وداء الفيل، وداء كلابية الذنب، وداء البلهارسيات، والتراخوما، وداء المسلكات. ذكر فينويك 12 مرض مداري مهمل «أساسي»: نفس الحالات المذكورة أعلاه، باستثناء دودة الأنسيلوستوما.

تنتج هذه الأمراض عن أربع فئات مختلفة من مسببات الأمراض: (1) الأوالي (مرض شاغاس، داء المثقبيات الأفريقي البشري، داء الليشمانيات)؛ (2) البكتيريا (قرحة بورولي، الجذام، التراخوما، الداء العليقي)، (3) الديدان الطفيلية أو التوالي (داء الكيسات المذنبة/ داء الشريطيات، داء التنينات، داء المشوكات، داء المبيضات المنقولة بالغذاء، داء الفيل، داء كلابية الذنب، داء البلهارسيات، وداء الديدان الطفيلية المنقولة بالتربة)؛ (4) الفيروسات (حمى الضنك والتشيكونغوانيا وداء الكلب).

قرحة بورولي
تنتج قرحة بورولي عن بكتيريا المتفطرة المقرحة. وهي إحدى الكائنات الحية التي تسبب السل والجذام، لكن المتفطرة المقرحة تنتج سمًا هو المايكولاكتون الذي يخرب الأنسجة. يعد مدى انتشار قرحة بورولي غير معروف. خطر الوفاة منخفض، رغم أن العدوى الثانوية يمكن أن تكون قاتلة. تسبب هذه القرحة تشوهًا وعجزًا وآفات جلدية، ويمكن تداركها بإجراءات مبكرة كالعلاج بالصادات الحيوية والجراحة. تنتشر في أفريقيا وآسيا وأمريكا اللاتينية.

مرض شاغاس
يُعرف مرض شاغاس أيضًا باسم داء المثقبيات الأمريكي. هناك نحو 15 مليون شخص مصاب بمرض شاغاس. تكون احتمالية الإمراضية أعلى لدى الأفراد المصابين بنقص مناعة والأطفال والمسنين، ولكنها منخفضة جدًا إذا عولجت مبكرًا. لا يؤدي مرض شاغاس إلى الوفاة بسرعة، بل يسبب أعراض مزمنة منهكة لعدة سنوات. يحدث المرض نتيجة عدوى بالأوالي الناقلة وينتقل بالتماس مع براز الفسافس الملوث بالتريبانوسوما الكروزية. يمكن أن تدخل الأوالي إلى الجسم عن طريق لدغة الحشرة أو تشققات الجلد أو الأغشية المخاطية. يمكن أن تحدث العدوى بتناول الطعام الملوث بها والتلامس مع سوائل الجسم الملوثة. هناك مرحلتان لمرض شاغاس. عادةً ما تكون المرحلة الحادة بدون أعراض. تشمل الأعراض الأولى القرحة الصلبة، ووذمة مدارية أرجوانية أحادية الجانب، وتضخم العقد اللمفية الموضعي، وحمى مصحوبة بمجموعة متنوعة من الأعراض الأخرى بحسب موقع الإصابة. تحدث المرحلة المزمنة في 30% من إجمالي حالات العدوى ويمكن أن تتخذ ثلاثة أشكال، آفات عديمة الأعراض (الأكثر شيوعًا) وآفات قلبية وهضمية.

يمكن الوقاية من مرض شاغاس عن طريق تجنب لدغات الحشرات برش المبيدات الحشرية والوقاية المنزلية واستخدام الناموسيات والأغذية الصحية والرعاية الطبية والممارسات المخبرية والفحوصات. يمكن علاجه أيضًا بالأدوية، رغم أنها قد تسبب آثار جانبية شديدة. يمكن تشخيصه من خلال اختبار مصلي، رغم أن الاختبار ليس دقيقًا جدًا.

حمى الضنك والشيكونغونيا
هناك 50-100 مليون إصابة بفيروس حمى الضنك سنويًا. عادةً ما تكون حمى الضنك غير مميتة، لكن الإصابة بإحدى الأنماط المصلية الأربعة يمكن أن تزيد من التعرض اللاحق للأنماط المصلية الأخرى، ما يؤدي إلى مرض قاتل محتمل يسمى حمى الضنك الشديد. تنجم حمى الضنك عن فيروسة مصفرة، وتنتشر غالبًا عن طريق لدغة بعوضة الزاعجة المصرية. لا يوجد علاج لأي من حمى الضنك أو حمى الضنك الشديدة بما تتجاوز الرعاية التلطيفية. تشمل الأعراض حمى شديدة وأعراض شبيهة بالإنفلونزا. تنتشر في آسيا وأمريكا اللاتينية وشمال أستراليا.

الشيكونغونيا هو مرض فيروسي منقول بالمفصليات ينتقل عن طريق البعوضة الزاعجة المنقطة بالأبيض والزاعجة المصرية. عُزل الفيروس لأول مرة عند تفشيه في تنزانيا عام 1952. ينتمي فيروس الشيكونغونيا إلى جنس الفيروسة الألفاوية وعائلة الفيروسات الطخائية. كلمة شيكونغونيا مشتقة من اللغة الماكوندية وتعني «ما ينحني»، وهذا يشير إلى آلام المفاصل الشديدة التي تسببها لدى المريض. يمكن الخلط بين الأعراض، التي تظهر بشكل عام بعد 5-7 أيام من التعرض، مع حمى الضنك وتشمل هذه الأعراض الحمى والطفح الجلدي والصداع وآلام المفاصل والتورم. ينتشر المرض بشكل رئيسي في أفريقيا وآسيا.

قائمة الأمراض

المثقبيات
 داء الليشمانيات
 داء المثقبيات الأفريقي (مرض النوم)
 داء المثقبيات الأمريكي (داء شاغاس)

الديدان الطفيلية
 داء البلهارسيات
 داء الفيلاريات
 داء كلابية الذنب (العمى النهري)
 داء التنينات

الجراثيم
 الجذام
 قرحة بورولي
 التراخوما
 الكوليرا
 أمراض اللولبيات المتوطنة مثل الداء العليقي (اليوز) والبنتا والزهري المتوطن

الأخماج الفيروسية
 الحمى الصفراء
 حمى الدنك
 التهاب الدماغ الياباني

مراجع

أمراض مدارية
أمراض معدية
أمراض واضطرابات الإنسان
الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية
تطهير المياه

مرض استوائي مهمل


1. ŽNL Istarska u sezoni 2016./17. predstavlja 1. rang županijske lige u Istarskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudjelovalo je 13 klubova, a prvak je Uljanik iz Pule.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 13. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (14. – 26. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

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|-
|BANJ ||align="left"|Banjole
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|-
|BUJ ||align="left"|Buje
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|-
|IST ||align="left"|Istra Pula
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|JEDO ||align="left"|Jedinstvo Omladinac Nedešćina
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|-
|LIŽ ||align="left"|Ližnjan
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|-
|MED ||align="left"|Medulin 1921
|1:2 ||1:0 ||2:0 ||6:0 ||2:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||0:1 ||1:4 ||3:0 ||3:0 ||1:1 ||0:1 ||1:1
|-
|POTU ||align="left"|Potpićan Učka 72
|0:2 ||2:1 ||1:1 ||2:0 ||3:1||3:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||0:1 ||4:0 ||3:0 ||3:0 ||2:4 ||2:0
|-
|ULJA ||align="left"|Uljanik Pula
|0:0 ||4:0 ||5:0 ||5:0 ||5:0 ||2:1 ||4:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||1:0 ||6:1 ||4:0 ||0:0 ||7:0
|-
|UMM ||align="left"|Umag – Mladost
|0:2 ||1:7 ||0:0 ||2:0 ||2:1 ||0:4 ||1:0 ||0:2 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||2:5 ||3:1 ||1:3 ||1:0
|-
|VAL ||align="left"|Valbandon '72
|2:2 ||2:5 ||1:0 ||2:0 ||1:1 ||1:4 ||3:2 ||0:7 ||1:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||3:2 ||1:1 ||1:1
|-
|VEV ||align="left"|Veli Vrh Pula
|1:2 ||4:3 ||1:1 ||6:0 ||0:2 ||2:2 ||1:3 ||1:5 ||1:0 ||2:2 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||1:1 ||2:0
|-
|VRS ||align="left"|Vrsar
|1:1  ||4:1 ||2:0 ||2:0 ||3:0 ||5:1 ||3:0 ||2:2 ||4:1 ||2:2 ||2:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | ||3:1
|-
|ŽMI ||align="left"|Žminj
|2:1 ||1:0 ||2:1 ||1:1 ||3:0 ||0:3 ||0:6 ||2:2 ||2:1 ||4:0 ||0:2' ||1:4 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |
|}Ažurirano 15. srpnja 2017. godine.''

Poveznice
 Nogometni savez Županije Istarske
 1. ŽNL Istarska
 2. ŽNL Istarska 2016./17.
 3. ŽNL Istarska 2016./17.
 Kup Nogometnog saveza Županije Istarske 2016./17.
 MŽNL NS Rijeka 2016./17.
 ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2016./17.
 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2016./17.

Izvori
 nszi.hr, 1. ŽNL Istarska , pristupljeno 15. srpnja 2017.
 nszi.hr, Bilteni , pristupljeno 15. srpnja 2017.
 nszi.hr, Bilten NS Istarske županije, Natjecateljska godina 2016./2017., br. 47 (383/2017), objavljeno 9. lipnja 2017., preuzeto 15. srpnja 2017.
 istrasport.eu, 1. ŽNL istarska 2016./17., rezultati sezone i ljestvica, pristupljeno 15. srpnja 2017.
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2016./17., 5. rang - 1. ŽNL
 istrasport.eu, 1. ŽNL istarska , pristupljeno 15. srpnja 2017.

2016-17
Istarska-1

1. ŽNL Istarska 2016./17.


Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network.

Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. Although as early as 1951, Barbara McClintock showed interaction between two genetic loci, Activator (Ac) and Dissociator (Ds), in the color formation of maize seeds, the first discovery of a gene regulation system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved in lactose metabolism are expressed by E. coli only in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose.

In multicellular organisms, gene regulation drives cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in the embryo, leading to the creation of different cell types that possess different gene expression profiles from the same genome sequence. Although this does not explain how gene regulation originated, evolutionary biologists include it as a partial explanation of how evolution works at a molecular level, and it is central to the science of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo").

Regulated stages of gene expression
Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from signaling to transcription to post-translational modification of a protein. The following is a list of stages where gene expression is regulated, where the most extensively utilized point is transcription initiation, the first stage in transcription:
 Signal transduction
 Chromatin, chromatin remodeling, chromatin domains
 Transcription
 Post-transcriptional modification
 RNA transport
 Translation
 mRNA degradation

Modification of DNA

In eukaryotes, the accessibility of large regions of DNA can depend on its chromatin structure, which can be altered as a result of histone modifications directed by DNA methylation, ncRNA, or DNA-binding protein.  Hence these modifications may up or down regulate the expression of a gene. Some of these modifications that regulate gene expression are inheritable and are referred to as epigenetic regulation.

Structural

Transcription of DNA is dictated by its structure. In general, the density of its packing is indicative of the frequency of transcription. Octameric protein complexes called histones together with a segment of DNA wound around the eight histone proteins (together referred to as a nucleosome) are responsible for the amount of supercoiling of DNA, and these complexes can be temporarily modified by processes such as phosphorylation or more permanently modified by processes such as methylation. Such modifications are considered to be responsible for more or less permanent changes in gene expression levels.

Chemical

Methylation of DNA is a common method of gene silencing. DNA is typically methylated by methyltransferase enzymes on cytosine nucleotides in a CpG dinucleotide sequence (also called "CpG islands" when densely clustered). Analysis of the pattern of methylation in a given region of DNA (which can be a promoter) can be achieved through a method called bisulfite mapping. Methylated cytosine residues are unchanged by the treatment, whereas unmethylated ones are changed to uracil. The differences are analyzed by DNA sequencing or by methods developed to quantify SNPs, such as Pyrosequencing (Biotage) or MassArray (Sequenom), measuring the relative amounts of C/T at the CG dinucleotide. Abnormal methylation patterns are thought to be involved in oncogenesis.

Histone acetylation is also an important process in transcription. Histone acetyltransferase enzymes (HATs) such as CREB-binding protein also dissociate the DNA from the histone complex, allowing transcription to proceed. Often, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation work together in gene silencing. The combination of the two seems to be a signal for DNA to be packed more densely, lowering gene expression.

Regulation of transcription

Regulation of transcription thus controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created. Transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase can be regulated by several mechanisms.
Specificity factors alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promoter or set of promoters, making it more or less likely to bind to them (i.e., sigma factors used in prokaryotic transcription).
Repressors bind to the Operator, coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase's progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. The image to the right demonstrates regulation by a repressor in the lac operon.
General transcription factors position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein-coding sequence and then release the polymerase to transcribe the mRNA.
Activators enhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a particular promoter, encouraging the expression of the gene. Activators do this by increasing the attraction of RNA polymerase for the promoter, through interactions with subunits of the RNA polymerase or indirectly by changing the structure of the DNA.
Enhancers are sites on the DNA helix that are bound by activators in order to loop the DNA bringing a specific promoter to the initiation complex. Enhancers are much more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes, where only a few examples exist (to date).
Silencers are regions of DNA sequences that, when bound by particular transcription factors, can silence expression of the gene.

Regulation by RNA
RNA can be an important regulator of gene activity, e.g. by microRNA (miRNA), antisense-RNA, or long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). LncRNAs differ from mRNAs in the sense that they have specified subcellular locations and functions. They were first discovered to be located in the nucleus and chromatin, and the localizations and functions are highly diverse now. Some still reside in chromatin where they interact with proteins. While this lncRNA ultimately affects gene expression in neuronal disorders such as Parkinson, Huntington, and Alzheimer disease, others, such as, PNCTR(pyrimidine-rich non-coding transcriptors), play a role in lung cancer. Given their role in disease, lncRNAs are potential biomarkers and may be useful targets for drugs or gene therapy, although there are no approved drugs that targert lncRNAs yet. The number of lncRNAs in the human genome remains poorly defined, but some estimates range from 16,000 to 100,000 lnc genes.

Epigenetic gene regulation

Epigenetics refers to the modification of genes that is not changing the DNA or RNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications are also a key factor in influencing gene expression. They occur on genomic DNA and histones and their chemical modifications regulate gene expression in a more efficient manner. There are several modifications of DNA (usually methylation) and more than 100 modifications of RNA in mammalian cells." Those modifications result in altered protein binding to DNA and a change in RNA stability and translation efficiency.

Special cases in human biology and disease

Regulation of transcription in cancer

In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites.  When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes silenced.  Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations.   However, transcriptional silencing may be of more importance than mutation in causing progression to cancer.  For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see regulation of transcription in cancer).  Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by other epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered expression of microRNAs.  In breast cancer, transcriptional repression of BRCA1 may occur more frequently by over-expressed microRNA-182 than by hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter (see Low expression of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancers).

Regulation of transcription in addiction

One of the cardinal features of addiction is its persistence.  The persistent behavioral changes appear to be due to long-lasting changes, resulting from epigenetic alterations affecting gene expression, within particular regions of the brain.  Drugs of abuse cause three types of epigenetic alteration in the brain.  These are (1) histone acetylations and histone methylations, (2) DNA methylation at CpG sites, and (3) epigenetic downregulation or upregulation of microRNAs.  (See Epigenetics of cocaine addiction for some details.)

Chronic nicotine intake in mice alters brain cell epigenetic control of gene expression through acetylation of histones.  This increases expression in the brain of the protein FosB, important in addiction.   Cigarette addiction was also studied in about 16,000 humans, including never smokers, current smokers, and those who had quit smoking for up to 30 years.  In blood cells, more than 18,000 CpG sites (of the roughly 450,000 analyzed CpG sites in the genome) had frequently altered methylation among current smokers.  These CpG sites occurred in over 7,000 genes, or roughly a third of known human genes.  The majority of the differentially methylated CpG sites returned to the level of never-smokers within five years of smoking cessation.  However, 2,568 CpGs among 942 genes remained differentially methylated in former versus never smokers.  Such remaining epigenetic changes can be viewed as "molecular scars" that may affect gene expression.

In rodent models, drugs of abuse, including cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol and tobacco smoke products, all cause DNA damage in the brain.  During repair of DNA damages some individual repair events can alter the methylation of DNA and/or the acetylations or methylations of histones at the sites of damage, and thus can contribute to leaving an epigenetic scar on chromatin.

Such epigenetic scars likely contribute to the persistent epigenetic changes found in addiction.

Regulation of transcription in learning and memory

In mammals, methylation of cytosine (see Figure) in DNA is a major regulatory mediator.  Methylated cytosines primarily occur in dinucleotide sequences where cytosine is followed by a guanine, a CpG site.  The total number of CpG sites in the human genome is approximately 28 million. and generally about 70% of all CpG sites have a methylated cytosine.

In a rat, a painful learning experience, contextual fear conditioning, can result in a life-long fearful memory after a single training event.  Cytosine methylation is altered in the promoter regions of about 9.17% of all genes in the hippocampus neuron DNA of a rat that has been subjected to a brief fear conditioning experience.  The hippocampus is where new memories are initially stored.

Methylation of CpGs in a promoter region of a gene represses transcription while methylation of CpGs in the body of a gene increases expression.  TET enzymes play a central role in demethylation of methylated cytosines.  Demethylation of CpGs in a gene promoter by TET enzyme activity increases transcription of the gene.

When contextual fear conditioning is applied to a rat, more than 5,000 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (of 500 nucleotides each) occur in the rat hippocampus neural genome both one hour and 24 hours after the conditioning in the hippocampus.  This causes about 500 genes to be up-regulated (often due to demethylation of CpG sites in a promoter region) and about 1,000 genes to be down-regulated (often due to newly formed 5-methylcytosine at CpG sites in a promoter region).  The pattern of induced and repressed genes within neurons appears to provide a molecular basis for forming the first transient memory of this training event in the hippocampus of the rat brain.

Post-transcriptional regulation

After the DNA is transcribed and mRNA is formed, there must be some sort of regulation on how much the mRNA is translated into proteins. Cells do this by modulating the capping, splicing, addition of a Poly(A) Tail, the sequence-specific nuclear export rates, and, in several contexts, sequestration of the RNA transcript. These processes occur in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. This modulation is a result of a protein or transcript that, in turn, is regulated and may have an affinity for certain sequences.

Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs

Three prime untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. Such 3'-UTRs often contain both binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3'-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. The 3'-UTR also may have silencer regions that bind repressor proteins that inhibit the expression of a mRNA.

The 3'-UTR often contains miRNA response elements (MREs). MREs are sequences to which miRNAs bind.  These are prevalent motifs within 3'-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3'-UTRs (e.g. including silencer regions), MREs make up about half of the motifs.

As of 2014, the miRBase web site, an archive of miRNA sequences and annotations, listed 28,645 entries in 233 biologic species.  Of these, 1,881 miRNAs were in annotated human miRNA loci.  miRNAs were predicted to have an average of about four hundred target mRNAs (affecting expression of several hundred genes).  Freidman et al. estimate that >45,000 miRNA target sites within human mRNA 3'-UTRs are conserved above background levels, and >60% of human protein-coding genes have been under selective pressure to maintain pairing to miRNAs.

Direct experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique mRNAs. Other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).

The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. For instance, in gastrointestinal cancers, a 2015 paper identified nine miRNAs as epigenetically altered and effective in down-regulating DNA repair enzymes.

The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be important in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders.

Regulation of translation

The translation of mRNA can also be controlled by a number of mechanisms, mostly at the level of initiation. Recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit can indeed be modulated by mRNA secondary structure, antisense RNA binding, or protein binding. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, a large number of RNA binding proteins exist, which often are directed to their target sequence by the secondary structure of the transcript, which may change depending on certain conditions, such as temperature or presence of a ligand (aptamer). Some transcripts act as ribozymes and self-regulate their expression.

Examples of gene regulation
 Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g., a drug) induces (i.e., initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
 The induction of heat shock proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
 The Lac operon is an interesting example of how gene expression can be regulated.
 Viruses, despite having only a few genes, possess mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, typically into an early and late phase, using collinear systems regulated by anti-terminators (lambda phage) or splicing modulators (HIV).
 Gal4 is a transcriptional activator that controls the expression of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 (all of which code for the metabolic of galactose in yeast). The GAL4/UAS system has been used in a variety of organisms across various phyla to study gene expression.

Developmental biology

A large number of studied regulatory systems come from developmental biology. Examples include:
 The colinearity of the Hox gene cluster with their nested antero-posterior patterning
 Pattern generation of the hand (digits - interdigits): the gradient of sonic hedgehog (secreted inducing factor) from the zone of polarizing activity in the limb, which creates a gradient of active Gli3, which activates Gremlin, which inhibits BMPs also secreted in the limb, results in the formation of an alternating pattern of activity as a result of this reaction–diffusion system.
 Somitogenesis is the creation of segments (somites) from a uniform tissue (Pre-somitic Mesoderm). They are formed sequentially from anterior to posterior. This is achieved in amniotes possibly by means of two opposing gradients, Retinoic acid in the anterior (wavefront) and Wnt and Fgf in the posterior, coupled to an oscillating pattern (segmentation clock) composed of FGF + Notch and Wnt in antiphase.
 Sex determination in the soma of a Drosophila requires the sensing of the ratio of autosomal genes to sex chromosome-encoded genes, which results in the production of sexless splicing factor in females, resulting in the female isoform of doublesex.

Circuitry

Up-regulation and down-regulation
Up-regulation is a process that occurs within a cell triggered by a signal (originating internal or external to the cell), which results in increased expression of one or more genes and as a result the proteins encoded by those genes. Conversely, down-regulation is a process resulting in decreased gene and corresponding protein expression.
 Up-regulation occurs, for example, when a cell is deficient in some kind of receptor. In this case, more receptor protein is synthesized and transported to the membrane of the cell and, thus, the sensitivity of the cell is brought back to normal, reestablishing homeostasis.
 Down-regulation occurs, for example, when a cell is overstimulated by a neurotransmitter, hormone, or drug for a prolonged period of time, and the expression of the receptor protein is decreased in order to protect the cell (see also tachyphylaxis).

Inducible vs. repressible systems

Gene Regulation can be summarized by the response of the respective system:
 Inducible systems - An inducible system is off unless there is the presence of some molecule (called an inducer) that allows for gene expression. The molecule is said to "induce expression". The manner by which this happens is dependent on the control mechanisms as well as differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 Repressible systems - A repressible system is on except in the presence of some molecule (called a corepressor) that suppresses gene expression. The molecule is said to "repress expression". The manner by which this happens is dependent on the control mechanisms as well as differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The GAL4/UAS system is an example of both an inducible and repressible system. Gal4 binds an upstream activation sequence (UAS) to activate the transcription of the GAL1/GAL7/GAL10 cassette. On the other hand, a MIG1 response to the presence of glucose can inhibit GAL4 and therefore stop the expression of the GAL1/GAL7/GAL10 cassette.

Theoretical circuits
 Repressor/Inducer: an activation of a sensor results in the change of expression of a gene
 negative feedback: the gene product downregulates its own production directly or indirectly, which can result in
 keeping transcript levels constant/proportional to a factor
 inhibition of run-away reactions when coupled with a positive feedback loop
 creating an oscillator by taking advantage in the time delay of transcription and translation, given that the mRNA and protein half-life is shorter
 positive feedback: the gene product upregulates its own production directly or indirectly, which can result in
 signal amplification
 bistable switches when two genes inhibit each other and both have positive feedback
 pattern generation

Study methods

In general, most experiments investigating differential expression used whole cell extracts of RNA, called steady-state levels, to determine which genes changed and by how much. These are, however, not informative of where the regulation has occurred and may mask conflicting regulatory processes (see post-transcriptional regulation), but it is still the most commonly analysed (quantitative PCR and DNA microarray).

When studying gene expression, there are several methods to look at the various stages. In eukaryotes these include:
 The local chromatin environment of the region can be determined by ChIP-chip analysis by pulling down RNA Polymerase II, Histone 3 modifications, Trithorax-group protein, Polycomb-group protein, or any other DNA-binding element to which a good antibody is available.
 Epistatic interactions can be investigated by synthetic genetic array analysis
 Due to post-transcriptional regulation, transcription rates and total RNA levels differ significantly. To measure the transcription rates nuclear run-on assays can be done and newer high-throughput methods are being developed, using thiol labelling instead of radioactivity.
 Only 5% of the RNA polymerised in the nucleus exits, and not only introns, abortive products, and non-sense transcripts are degradated.  Therefore, the differences in nuclear and cytoplasmic levels can be seen by separating the two fractions by gentle lysis.
 Alternative splicing can be analysed with a splicing array or with a tiling array (see DNA microarray).
 All in vivo RNA is complexed as RNPs. The quantity of transcripts bound to specific protein can be also analysed by RIP-Chip. For example, DCP2 will give an indication of sequestered protein; ribosome-bound gives and indication of transcripts active in transcription (although a more dated method, called polysome fractionation, is still popular in some labs)
 Protein levels can be analysed by Mass spectrometry, which can be compared only to quantitative PCR data, as microarray data is relative and not absolute.
 RNA and protein degradation rates are measured by means of transcription inhibitors (actinomycin D or α-Amanitin) or translation inhibitors (Cycloheximide), respectively.

See also
 Artificial transcription factors (small molecules that mimic transcription factor protein)
 Cellular model
 Conserved non-coding DNA sequence
 Enhancer (genetics)
 Gene structure
 Spatiotemporal gene expression

Notes and references

Bibliography

External links
 Plant Transcription Factor Database and Plant Transcriptional Regulation Data and Analysis Platform

 ChIPBase An open database for decoding the transcriptional regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes from ChIP-seq data.

Gene expression
DNA
RNA
Post-translational modification
Evolutionary developmental biology

Regulation of gene expression


Aecio (en latín, Aetius; en italiano, Ezio) puede referirse a:

Personajes históricos
 Aecio, filósofo griego de la Escuela peripatética;
 Aecio, general romano vencedor de Atila en los Campos Cataláunicos;
 Aecio de Amida, médico y escritor bizantino;
 Aecio Neves, político brasileño.

Música
Óperas con libreto de Pietro Metastasio que tienen por título Aecio (Ezio en italiano) y que corresponden a los siguientes músicos:

 Aecio (Alessandri)
 Aecio (Anfossi)
 Aecio (Auletta)
 Aecio (Bach)
 Aecio (Bertoni)
 Aecio (Broschi)
 Aecio (Galuppi)
 Aecio (Gassmann)
 Aecio (Gazzaniga)
 Aecio (Gluck)
 Aecio (Guglielmi)
 Aecio (Händel)
 Aecio (Hasse)
 Aecio (Jommelli)
 Aecio (Lampugnani)
 Aecio (Latilla)
 Aecio (Majo)
 Aecio (Mercadante)
 Aecio (Myslivecek)
 Aecio (Pérez)
 Aecio (Pescetti)
 Aecio (Porpora)
 Aecio (Sacchini )
 Aecio (Sarro)
 Aecio (Scarlatti, G)
 Aecio (Tarchi )
 Aecio (Traetta)
 Aecio (Vento)

O bien alguna otra del siguiente anexo:

Anexo: Óperas tituladas "Aecio"

Aecio (desambiguación)


Aderus sumatroe é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1894.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Sumatra (Indonésia).

Referências

sumatroe
Insetos descritos em 1894
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus sumatroe


Acroporiites, monotipski rod pravih mahovina u porodici Sematophyllaceae.

Rod i vrsta opisani su 2004.

Izvori

Sematophyllaceae

Acroporiites


SRB or Srb may refer to:

Places
 Serbia (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code SRB), a country in Central/Southeastern Europe
 Srb, a village in Croatia

Organizations
 State Research Bureau (organisation), former Ugandan intelligence agency
 Single Resolution Board, EU banking authority

Science and technology
 Storage Resource Broker, a computer data grid management system
 Sulfate-reducing bacteria
 Sulfur-reducing bacteria
 Service Request Block, in IBM operating systems
 Solid rocket booster
 SRb, a subtype of semiregular variable star
 Swedish Red-and-White or , a breed of cattle

Other uses
 Sonic's Rendezvous Band, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
 Daniel Srb (born 1964), Croatian politician
 Sora language (ISO 639-3 code srb), a Munda language of India

SRB


Hans Günther Schönmann (* 24. Mai 1921 in München; † 6. Februar 2012 in Krailling) war ein deutscher Bankmanager.

Leben
Der promovierte Jurist Schönmann trat 1949 in die Bayerische Vereinsbank ein. 1957 rückte er in den Vorstand der Bayerischen Handelsbank auf, 1966 wurde er in den Vorstand der Bayerischen Vereinsbank berufen, dem er bis zur Pensionierung 1986 angehörte. Danach war er Mitglied, später bis 1993 Vorsitzender des Beirats der Bank.

Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied des AGV München.

Ehrungen
 Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 Bayerischer Verdienstorden
 Ehrensenator der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Einzelnachweise

Bankmanager
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Träger des Bayerischen Verdienstordens
Ehrensenator der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Korporierter im SV
Deutscher
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Hans Günther Schönmann


بلدية فيابالاثوس (بالإسبانية: Villapalacios) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية فيابالاثوس 703 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية فيابالاثوس

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط

فيابالاثوس


Erwin Freiherr Zeidler von Görz (Beč, 8. veljače 1865. – Villach, 3. siječnja 1945.) bio je visoki inženjerijski časnik Austro-Ugarske vojske. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata istakao se kao zapovjednik 58. divizije na Talijanskom bojištu, pogotovo tijekom obrane Gorice u prvih šest Sočanskih bitaka.

Odlikovan najvišim austrijskim odlikovanjem; Viteški križ vojnog reda Marije Terezije.

Životopis
Erwin Zeidler bio je sin profesora i nakon završene srednje škole ušao je u bečku kadetsku školu. 18. kolovoza 1885. promaknut je u poručnika Carskog korpusa Inženjerije

1. studenoga 1888. promaknut je u natporučnika i do 1893. bio je dodijeljen načelniku inženjerije vojnog zapovjedništva za Dalmaciju u Zadru. 1. studenoga 1894. postao je kapetanom inženjerijskog zbora u Kotoru i upravljao utvrđivanjem visova i izgradnjom cesta. Od 1897. do 1899. bio je načelnik 5. pionirske terenske čete u Trentu. svibnja 1901. uzdignut je u čin bojnika, do 1905. bio je XIII. raspoređen u korpus i postao nastavnik tamošnje zborne časničke škole. 1. studenoga 1909. promaknut je u čin pukovnika, a 1910. dobio je dužnost načelnika inženjerije Trebinja (Bosna). U godinama 1912. do 1914. bio je direktor gradnje utvrda oko Sarajeva.

U listopadu je preuzima zapovijedanje 16. brdskom brigadom, te s njom sudjeluje u borbama u zapadnoj Srbiji i Bosni. Od prosinca 1914. do veljače sljedeće godine zapovijedao je 48. pješačkom divizijom i konačno je u ožujku 1915. postavljen za zapovjednika novoosnovane 58. pješačke divizije, dodijeljene vitalnim obrambenim položajima Gorice, od brda Sabotina do brda Podgore duž obala lijevo od Soče. Činile su je dvije brdske brigade: 4. i 5. brdska brigada, uglavnom sastavljene od vojnika iz Dalmacije.

Ustroj Zeidlerove 58. pješačke divizije u svibnju 1915. godine

 4. brdska brigada (GM Theodor Konopicky)
 37. domobranska pješačka pukovnija (Gruž) (3)
 II. bojna 52. pješačke pukovnije (Pečuh)
 III. bojna 69. pješačke pukovnije (Stolni Biograd)
 1. eskadron dalmatinskih konjaničkih strijelaca (Sinj)
 Brdski topnički divizijun 4. brdske brigade
 3. bitnica 11. brdske topničke pukovnije (Sarajevo)
 1. bitnica 13. brdske topničke pukovnije (Kotor)
 5. brdska brigada (GM Maximilian Nöhring)
 23. domobranska pješačka  pukovnija (Zadar) (3)
 I. bojna 22. pješačke pukovnije (Sinj)
 V. bojna 22. pješačke pukovnije (Sinj)
 2. eskadron dalmatinskih konjaničkih strijelaca (Sinj)
 Samostalni dalmatinski brdski topnički divizijun (Sinj) (2)
 58. poljska topnička brigada (4)
58. pješačkom divizijom general Zeidler zapovjedati će kroz svih 11 talijanskih ofenziva na Soči, Austro-Njemačkom prodoru kod Kobarida, kada će 58. divizija prva ući u oslobođenu Gorciu, sve do lipnja 1918. i posljednje austrijske ofenzive prvoga svjetskog rata na rijeci Piavi.

1. svibnja 1917. General Zeidler promaknut je u podmaršala. Dana 17. kolovoza 1917. odlikovan je Viteškim križem vojnog reda Marije Terezije, čime je stekao status baruna u Austriji.

U lipnju 1918. podmaršal Zeidler preuzeo je XXIII. korpus, Sočanska armije, na fronti Piave, kojim zapovjeda do kraja rata.

Godine 1940. podmaršal Zeidler dobio je počasni čin generala pješaštva njemačkog Wehrmachta.

U Villachu je ulica "Zeidler-von-Görz-Straße" u blizini glavne željezničke stanice nazvana po njemu.

Odličja

  Viteški križ vojnog reda Marije Terezije
  Vitez 1. reda Reda željezne krune
  Vitez velikog križa carskog reda Leopolda
  Vitez velikog križa carskog reda Franje Josipa s ratnim odlikovanjima
  Vojni križ za zasluge 2. razreda s ratnim odlikovanjima i mačevima
  Pozlaćena brončana medalja za hrabrost (Signum Laudis)
  Srebrna medalja za hrabrost (Signum Laudis)
  Počasni čin general pješaštva (Wermacht)

Literatura

 Tado Oršolić, 22. Dalmatinska pješačka pukovnija "Grof Von Lacy", HAZU, 2019.
 John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War, Praeger, 2001.
 Sergio Chersovani, Mitja Juren, La testa di ponte di Gorizia (1915-1916), Ass.Isonzo - Gruppo di Ricerca Storica, ottobre 2010.

Poveznice

 INFANTERIEREGIMENTER der ö.u. Armee im Mai 1914
 Isonzofront.com - Austro-Hungarian Regiments[neaktivna poveznica

Izvori

Austrougarski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Životopisi, Beč

Erwin Zeidler (podmaršal)


"Drive" er en sang af det alternative rockband R.E.M.. Den udkom som førstesinglen fra gruppens ottende studiealbum Automatic for the People i 1992. Selvom den ikke var lige så kommercielt succesfuld som de tidligere førstesingler "Losing My Religion," "Stand" og "The One I Love" i USA, så blev det R.E.M.'s næststørste hit på UK Singles Charts på dette tidspunkt, hvor den toppede som nummer 11. Den toppede som nummer 28 på Billboard Hot 100. Sangen nåede nummer 1 på Modern Rock Tracks og nummer 2 på Mainstream Rock Tracks.

På trods af sangens succesen og popularitet, var den ikke med på gruppens opsamlingsalbum In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 fra  Warner Bros. Records. En liveversion af sangen var dog inkluderet på dobbelt CD specialudgaven af In Time, som indeholdt sjældne sange, liveversioner og B-sider. Denne version var en "funk"-version, der aldrig er blevet optaget i et studie.

Det er den første sang, som Michael Stipe har skrevet på en computer.

Sangen er inkluderet på live DVD'en Perfect Square fra 203, live CD/DVD R.E.M. Live fra 2007 og livealbummet Live at The Olympia (og den medfølgende DVD This Is Not a Show). Sangen blev også samplet til Eminems sang "Space Bound", på hans album Recovery fra 2010.

B-siden, "Winged Mammal Theme", er omarbejdelse af "Batman Theme", der oprindeligt skulle have optrådt i Batman Returns; sangen blev ikke brugt i den endelige version af filmen.

Spor
Alle sange er skrevet af Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills og Michael Stipe medmindre andet er noteret.

US 7", kassettebånd og CD single
 "Drive" – 4:25
 "Winged Mammal Theme" – 2:55

UK "Collector's Edition" CD Single
 "Drive" – 4:25
 "It's a Free World Baby" – 5:11
 "Winged Mammal Theme" – 2:55
 "First We Take Manhattan" (Leonard Cohen) – 6:06

DE CD Maxi-Single
 "Drive" – 4:25
 "World Leader Pretend" – 4:15
 "Winged Mammal Theme" – 2:55

FR CD Maxi-Single
 "Drive" – 4:25
 "World Leader Pretend" – 4:15
 "First We Take Manhattan" – 6:06

UK and DE 7" and Cassette Single
 "Drive" – 4:25
 "World Leader Pretend" – 4:15

Hitlister

Referencer

Sange fra 1992
R.E.M. sange

Drive (R.E.M.-sang)