A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis.

In many preparations of delicate organic compounds, some specific parts of their molecules cannot survive the required reagents or chemical environments. Then, these parts, or groups, must be protected. For example, lithium aluminium hydride is a highly reactive but useful reagent capable of reducing esters to alcohols. It will always react with carbonyl groups, and this cannot be discouraged by any means. When a reduction of an ester is required in the presence of a carbonyl, the attack of the hydride on the carbonyl has to be prevented. For example, the carbonyl is converted into an acetal, which does not react with hydrides. The acetal is then called a protecting group for the carbonyl. After the step involving the hydride is complete, the acetal is removed (by reacting it with an aqueous acid), giving back the original carbonyl. This step is called deprotection.

Protecting groups are more commonly used in small-scale laboratory work and initial development than in industrial production processes because their use adds additional steps and material costs to the process. However, the availability of a cheap chiral building block can overcome these additional costs (e.g. shikimic acid for oseltamivir).

Common protecting groups

Alcohol protecting groups
Protection of alcohols:

 Acetyl (Ac) – Removed by acid or base (see Acetoxy group).
 Benzoyl (Bz) – Removed by acid or base, more stable than Ac group.
 Benzyl (Bn) – Removed by hydrogenolysis. Bn group is widely used in sugar and nucleoside chemistry.
 Methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEM) – Removed by acid.
 Dimethoxytrityl, [bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl] (DMT) – Removed by weak acid. DMT group is widely used for protection of 5'-hydroxy group in nucleosides, particularly in oligonucleotide synthesis.
 Methoxymethyl ether (MOM) – Removed by acid.
 Methoxytrityl [(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl] (MMT) – Removed by acid and hydrogenolysis.
 p-Methoxybenzyl ether (PMB) – Removed by acid, hydrogenolysis, or oxidation - commonly with DDQ .
 p-Methoxyphenyl ether (PMP) – Removed by oxidation.
 Methylthiomethyl ether – Removed by acid.
 Pivaloyl (Piv) – Removed by acid, base or reductant agents. It is substantially more stable than other acyl protecting groups.
 Tert-butyl ethers (tBu) - Removed by acid.
 Tetrahydropyranyl (THP) – Removed by acid.
 Tetrahydrofuran (THF) – Removed by acid.
 Trityl (triphenylmethyl, Tr) – Removed by acid and hydrogenolysis.
 Silyl ether (most popular ones include trimethylsilyl (TMS),  tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS or TBS), tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl (TOM), and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) ethers) – Removed by acid or fluoride ion. (such as NaF, TBAF (tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, HF-Py, or HF-NEt3)). TBDMS and TOM groups are used for protection of 2'-hydroxy function in nucleosides, particularly in oligonucleotide synthesis.
 Methyl ethers – Cleavage is by TMSI in dichloromethane or acetonitrile or chloroform. An alternative method to cleave methyl ethers is BBr3 in DCM
 Ethoxyethyl ethers (EE) – Cleavage more trivial than simple ethers e.g. 1N hydrochloric acid

Amine protecting groups

Protection of amines:
 Carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) group – Removed by hydrogenolysis
 p-Methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Moz or MeOZ) group – Removed by hydrogenolysis, more labile than Cbz
 tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group (common in solid phase peptide synthesis) – Removed by concentrated strong acid (such as HCl or CF3COOH), or by heating to >80 °C.
 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group (Common in solid phase peptide synthesis) – Removed by base, such as piperidine
 Acetyl (Ac) group is common in oligonucleotide synthesis for protection of N4 in cytosine and N6 in adenine nucleic bases and is removed by treatment with a base, most often, with aqueous or gaseous ammonia or methylamine. Ac is too stable to be readily removed from aliphatic amides.
 Benzoyl (Bz) group is common in oligonucleotide synthesis for protection of N4 in cytosine and N6 in adenine nucleic bases and is removed by treatment with a base, most often with aqueous or gaseous ammonia or methylamine. Bz is too stable to be readily removed from aliphatic amides.
 Benzyl (Bn) group – Removed by hydrogenolysis
 Carbamate group – Removed by acid and mild heating.
 p-Methoxybenzyl (PMB) – Removed by hydrogenolysis, more labile than benzyl
 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM) – Removed by hydrogenolysis, more labile than p-methoxybenzyl
 p-Methoxyphenyl (PMP) group – Removed by ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (CAN)
 Tosyl (Ts) group – Removed by concentrated acid (HBr, H2SO4) & strong reducing agents (sodium in liquid ammonia or sodium naphthalenide)
 Troc (trichloroethyl chloroformate ) group – Removed by Zn insertion in the presence of acetic acid
 Other Sulfonamides (Nosyl & Nps) groups – Removed by samarium iodide, thiophenol or other soft thiol nucleophiles, or tributyltin hydride

Carbonyl protecting groups
Protection of carbonyl groups:
 Acetals and Ketals – Removed by acid. Normally, the cleavage of acyclic acetals is easier than of cyclic acetals.
 Acylals – Removed by Lewis acids.
 Dithianes – Removed by metal salts or oxidizing agents.

Carboxylic acid protecting groups
Protection of carboxylic acids:
 Methyl esters – Removed by acid or base.
 Benzyl esters – Removed by hydrogenolysis.
 tert-Butyl esters – Removed by acid, base and some reductants.
 Esters of 2,6-disubstituted phenols (e.g. 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) – Removed at room temperature by DBU-catalyzed methanolysis under high-pressure conditions.
 Silyl esters – Removed by acid, base and organometallic reagents.
 Orthoesters – Removed by mild aqueous acid to form ester, which is removed according to ester properties.
 Oxazoline – Removed by strong hot acid (pH < 1, T > 100 °C) or alkali (pH > 12, T > 100 °C), but not e.g. LiAlH4, organolithium reagents or Grignard (organomagnesium) reagents

Phosphate protecting groups
 2-cyanoethyl – removed by mild base. The group is widely used in oligonucleotide synthesis.
 Methyl (Me) – removed by strong nucleophiles e.c. thiophenole/TEA.

Terminal alkyne protecting groups
 Propargyl alcohols in the Favorskii reaction,
 Silyl groups, especially in protection of the acetylene itself.

Other
 Photolabile protecting groups

Orthogonal protection

Orthogonal protection is a strategy allowing the specific deprotection of one protective group in a multiply-protected structure without affecting the others. For example, the amino acid tyrosine could be protected as a benzyl ester on the carboxyl group, a fluorenylmethylenoxy carbamate on the amine group, and a tert-butyl ether on the phenol group. The benzyl ester can be removed by hydrogenolysis, the fluorenylmethylenoxy group (Fmoc) by bases (such as piperidine), and the phenolic tert-butyl ether cleaved with acids (e.g. with trifluoroacetic acid).

A common example for this application, the Fmoc-peptide synthesis, in which peptides are grown in solution and on solid phase is very important. The protecting groups in solid-phase synthesis with regard to the reaction conditions such as reaction time, temperature and reagents can be standardized so that they are carried out by a machine, while yields of well over 99% can be achieved. Otherwise, the separation of the resulting mixture of reaction products is virtually impossible.

The technique was introduced in the field of peptide synthesis by Robert Bruce Merrifield in 1977. As a proof of concept orthogonal deprotection is demonstrated in a photochemical transesterification by trimethylsilyldiazomethane utilizing the kinetic isotope effect:

Due to this effect the quantum yield for deprotection of the right-side ester group is reduced and it stays intact. Significantly by placing the deuterium atoms next to the left-side ester group or by changing the wavelength to 254 nm the other monoarene is obtained.

Criticism
The use of protective groups is pervasive but not without criticism.  In practical terms their use adds two steps (protection-deprotection sequence) to a synthesis, either or both of which can dramatically lower chemical yield. Crucially, added complexity impedes the use of synthetic total synthesis in drug discovery. In contrast biomimetic synthesis does not employ protective groups. As an alternative, Baran presented a novel protective-group free synthesis of the compound hapalindole U. The previously published synthesis according to Baran, contained 20 steps with multiple protective group manipulations (two confirmed):

Industrial applications
Although the use of protecting groups is not preferred in industrial syntheses, they are still used in industrial contexts, e.g.:

 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu, an antiviral drug) Roche synthesis
 Sucralose (sweetener)

References

External links

 Introduction of protecting group and mechanism of deprotection
 Senior undergraduate study notes on this subject, from Prof. Rizzo.
 A further set of study notes in tutorial form, with guidance and comments, from Profs. Grossman and Cammers.
 A review by Prof. Kocienski.
 A user site excerpting the classic Greene and Wuts text regarding stability of a few key groups, from this reference's extensive tables.

Chemical synthesis

Protecting group


Jalalabad puede referirse a:

Afganistán

Jalalabad, ciudad y capital de la provincia de Nangarhar.

Azerbaiyán
 Jalilabad, ciudad, también llamada Cəlilabad.

India
 Jalalabad, ciudad en el estado de Punyab.
 Jalalabad, ciudad y municipio de Uttar Pradesh.
 Jalalabad, localidad del distrito de Bijnor.
 Mangalore, temporalmente renombrada Jalalabad por Tipu Sultan en el siglo XVIII.

Irán
 Jalalabad, villa del condado Khalkhal.

Kirguistán
 Jalal-Abad, capital de la provincia de Jalal-Abad.

Jalalabad (desambiguación)


An Habenaria macraithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Peter S. `Bill' Lavarack. An Habenaria macraithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria macraithii


الدماغ الأمامي  أو  أو الدماغ المُقَدَّم يتألف الدماغ الأمامي من:
 الدماغ الانتهائي والذي هو نفسه المخ
 الدماغ البيني.

المراجع

علم الأحياء النمائي الحيواني
مخ

دماغ أمامي


Det nye Raadhus i Lyngby er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1941.

Handling
30. maj 1939 nedlægges grundstenen til Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommunes nye rådhus. Indenrigsminister Bertel Dahlgaard indmurer den første sten. Sommeren 1939: Kælderen er færddigstøbt. 23. december: Hele bygningen er færdiggstøbt. 20. marts 1940: Kransen hejses op til rejsegilde. På Kongens 70 års fødselsdag pyntes facaden op. Maj 1941 står bygningen færdig, og 10. juni er der indvielsesfest med bl.a. statminister Stauning, prins Knud og prinsesse Caroline-Mathilde samt Kongen og Dronningen. Sognerådsformanden byder velkommen, og stiftsamtmanden holder tale. Til slut udsigten fra terrassen og trappetårnet 360 grader rundt.

Medvirkende

 Kong Christian X
 Dronning Alexandrine
 Prins Knud
 Arveprinsesse Caroline-Mathilde
 Thorvald Stauning

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1941

Det nye Raadhus i Lyngby


Patrick Groetzki (født 4. juli 1989 i Pforzheim) er en tysk håndboldspiller, der spiller for den tyske Bundesligaklub Rhein-Neckar Löwen og på det tyske landshold. Han er venstrehåndet og spiller venstre fløj.

Groetzki begyndte sin karriere i SG Pforzheim/Eutingen, hvor han spillede som ung. Som 18-årig kom han til Rhein-Neckar Löwen, hvor han har spillet lige siden. I 2018 blev han den spiller, der har spillet flest kampe for klubben, da han nåede kamp 344.

Han var med på det tyske juniorlandshold, der i 2009 vandt VM-guld med finalesejr over Danmark. Han fik debut på A-landsholdet 17. juni 2009 i en kamp mod Hviderusland. Han har siden spillet mere end 150 kampe for holdet, og han var blandt andet med ved OL 2016, hvor Tyskland vandt bronze. Groetzki fik dog ikke spilletid i turneringen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Spillerprofil på Rhein-Neckar Löwen officiel webside

Håndboldspillere fra Rhein-Neckar Löwen
Håndboldspillere fra Tyskland
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Tyskland ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Tyskland
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske medaljevindere i håndbold

Patrick Groetzki


පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග විවිධවූ භාෂාවන්ට, ප්‍රාදේශීය විවිධත්වයන්ට සහ තාක්ෂණික අවශ්‍යතාවයන් මත අනුහුරු කිරීමේ ක්‍රම ජාත්‍යන්තරීකරණය සහ ප්‍රාදේශීයකරණය වේ.  ජාත්‍යන්තරීකරණය යනු ඉංජිනේරුමය වෙනස්කිරීම් වලින් තොරව විවධ භාෂාවන්ට හා  දිශාවන්ට අනුහුරු කිරිමට  පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග සැලසුම් කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියයි. ප්‍රාදේශීයකරණය යනු ජාත්‍යන්තරීකරණය කරන ලද මෘදුකාංගයක් නිශ්චිත දිශාවකට හෝ භාෂාවකට එම ප්‍රාදේශීය-අනුරූපී සංරචක සහ අකුරු පරිවර්තන යොදමින් එය අනුහුරු කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියයි.

ජාත්‍යන්තරීකරණය සහ ප්‍රාදේශීයකරණය


La procédure législative décrite ci-dessous règle la manière dont une nouvelle loi est créée en Suisse.

Phase d'impulsion
Divers acteurs peuvent initier un acte législatif au niveau fédéral (Constitution fédérale, loi fédérale, ordonnance de l'Assemblée fédérale, arrêté fédéral). C'est le cas des groupes d'intérêts, des associations, du gouvernement ( Conseil fédéral ), des cantons, de l'administration fédérale, des commissions parlementaires,  des groupes parlementaires de l'Assemblée fédérale, ainsi que  de parlementaires à titre individuel. En fonction de l'acteur, les instruments sont les suivants:

 Initiative populaire
 Initiative d'un canton
 Activité administrative
 Initiative parlementaire
 Motion

Politique en Suisse

Procédure législative (Suisse)


Peter Campbell McNeish, med kunstnernavnet Pete Shelley (født 17. april 1955, død 6. december 2018) var en engelsk sanger, sangskriver og rockguitarist. Han blev født i Leigh, Lancashire, men voksede op i Bolton, Manchester. Shelley var bedst kendt som grundlægger af, og frontmand i, bandet Buzzcocks. Hans mest kendte sang som solist er "Homosapien" (1981).

Shelley døde 6. december 2018, 63 år gammel, af et hjerteanfald i sit hjem i Estland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Interview med Pete Shelley

Guitarister fra Storbritannien
Sangere fra England
Sangskrivere fra Storbritannien

Pete Shelley


نشيد جيبوتي الوطني كتب كلماته (آدم علمي) باللغة الصومالية ولحنه (عبدي روبله) واعتمد عام 1977 بعد استقلال جيبوتي عن فرنسا.

الكلمات بـالصومالية

Hinjinne u sara kaca
Calankaan harraad iyo
Haydaar u mudateen.

Hir cagaarku qariyayiyo
Habkay samadu tahayoo
Xiddig dhi igleh hoorshoo
Caddaan lagu hadheeyaay.

Maxaa haybad kugu yaal.

الترجمة إلى العربية

انهضوا بقوة إلى حيث رفعنا رايتنا
تلك الراية التي كلفتنا الغالي والنفيس
مع مزيد من العطش والألم

رايتنا بألونها التي أخذت أبد الدهر
أخضرها من الأرض، وأزرقها من السماء
والأبيض لون السلام، وسطه النجم الأحمر بلون الدم

يا رايتنا، كم تبعثين على الفخر !!!

مراجع

جيبوتي
الموسيقى الجيبوتية
جيبوتي
رموز جيبوتي الوطنية

نشيد جيبوتي الوطني


Carlos Hugo Aztarain (Buenos Aires, 1945) es un periodista y escritor argentino radicado en España.

Periodista que desde el año 1970 reside en la ciudad de Madrid, España. Colaborando en diversas publicaciones españolas (Diario 16, Hola, Diez Minutos, Cinema 2002, entre otras) y extranjeras como Cinelandia (México); Plateia y Cinema Novo (Portugal), Radiolandia, TV Guia, Antena (Argentina) y durante varios años fue corresponsal de The Hollywood Reporter (USA) y Heraldo del Cine (Argentina). Durante 16 años ha editado la revista profesional Euro-Movies International. En 2010 regresa a Argentina como corresponsal de EIG Multimedia (España) editora de las revistas: Cambio 16, CineArte 16, Cuadernos para el Diálogo . Es miembro de la Asociación de Cronistas Cinematográficos de la Argentina. Ha sido jurado en numerosos Festivales de Cine y Televisión.

Véase también
Inmigración argentina en España

Libros publicados

 "Breve Cronolgía del Cine Argentino" (1975)
 "Ayer y Hoy del Cine Argentino" (1988)
 "Jean Gabin, 50 años de cine francés" (2005)

Emigrantes argentinos hacia España
Escritores de Argentina del siglo XX
Escritores de Argentina del siglo XXI
Escritores de España del siglo XX
Escritores de España del siglo XXI
Escritores de género masculino de Argentina
Escritores de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Periodistas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Periodistas masculinos de Argentina
Periodistas de España

Carlos Hugo Aztarain


Gytha Ogg (usually called Nanny Ogg) is a character from Terry Pratchett's Discworld series. She is a witch and a member of the Lancre Coven. Gytha is known for her practical approach to magic and her no-nonsense attitude. She is also renowned for her culinary skills and is an excellent cook. Gytha Ogg is often depicted as a strong, capable, and independent character, with a sharp sense of humor. She frequently appears in the Discworld series, particularly in the books featuring the Lancre witches.

Personality
The character of Nanny Ogg is based on someone Pratchett knew in real life, "an old lady who liked a drink and a laugh, but...I suspect you could find someone like her on any street." Discworld illustrator Paul Kidby expressed a similar view of the character, writing "I like to think we all know someone like Nanny Ogg, a person who enjoys a drink and has led a happy and full life."

Nanny Ogg has been married three times, and is the mother of fifteen children and has many grandchildren and great-grandchildren. She has a talent for getting along with others. As described in Maskerade, after knowing her for fifteen minutes, people feel as if they have known her all of their lives.

Comparison with Granny
Nanny Ogg is a more down-to-earth character than Esme Weatherwax. Granny Weatherwax comes across as judgmental, whereas Nanny is broadminded. She appears to be kinder than Granny but is prepared to make tough decisions if necessary. Incurring Nanny's wrath is suggested to be dangerous  of her kind personality. In Pratchett's short story "The Sea and Little Fishes" Nanny Ogg also identifies herself, and the Ogg family as a whole, as having immense natural magical talent, but less willing to work hard like the Weatherwaxes do.

Contrary to Granny Weatherwax, and the stereotype of witches in general, Nanny Ogg does not live in an isolated cottage but in a well-looked-after townhouse in the capital of Lancre with her eldest and youngest sons living to either side. Her house is called Tir Nani Ogg ("Nanny Ogg's place", and a pun on the Tír na nÓg, the Gaelic name for the Land of the Ever-Young). She shares this home with Greebo, a tomcat of evil aura and aroma and astonishing viciousness, whom she still sees as a sweet kitten.

Exploits
Nanny enjoys food and drink, despite only having one remaining tooth. Within the Discworld universe, Nanny has written several books: The Joye of Snacks (a cookbook of aphrodisiac recipes, the publication of which plays a role in the plot of Maskerade) Mother Ogg's Tales For Tiny Folk and Nanny Ogg's Cookbook.

When she is drunk or bathing, Nanny sings bawdy songs such as "The Hedgehog Can Never Be Buggered At All" or "The Hedgehog Song" Only a few lines appear in the Discworld books, but many readers have written their versions. Another Nanny Ogg song is "A Wizard's Staff has a Knob on the End", a version of which has been written by Heather Wood, with music by Dave Greenslade. It is also notable that Nanny Ogg once gave Agnes Nitt lessons on how to sing, including how to sing in harmony with herself (using her alter ego, Perdita).

Nanny Ogg is known for her romantic exploits. She has a very cheerful, practical attitude regarding sexuality and frequently offers unsolicited advice and anecdotes. As a young woman, she was the muse and subject of Leonard of Quirm's masterpiece, the Mona Ogg. While she had numerous sexual partners as an unmarried woman and later as a widow, she claims that she was never unfaithful to any of her husbands while married.

Nanny Ogg is very funny and has a tremendous laugh. She has also been credited with a grin "that should have been locked up for the sake of public decency" and her face has been described as looking like "a friendly pumpkin."

Role and power
The witches of the Lancre coven reflect the roles of Maiden, Mother, and Crone, with Nanny Ogg as the Mother. Nuttall observes that, while some of the Discworld witch characters progress through these roles, Nanny is associated "purely with the role of the Mother"  In addition to being the matriarch of a large family, Nanny also fulfills a Mother role in the community; "she is a talented midwife, and takes a maternal attitude to the majority of people she meets". In Thief of Time, Nanny Ogg is acknowledged as the best midwife in the world, and has experience with non-human species like trolls. She briefly takes on young Tiffany Aching as an apprentice after the death of Tiffany's previous mentor, Miss Treason.

While Nanny Ogg's bawdy sense of humor and sexually active past "would seem to contradict her association with the role of Mother", Nuttall points to this as evidence that Nanny "never truly fitted the role of Maiden" and that the character "represents female sexuality as powerful, natural, and something to be celebrated". Even in old age, she enjoys flirting and male attention, such as with the dwarf Casanunda.

Nanny Ogg has impressive social skills, and often relies upon these rather than witchcraft to gather information or persuade others. Throughout the series she demonstrates the ability to socialize with all kinds of people, which sometimes leaves Granny wondering 'if Gytha has some sort of special magic'. In The Art of Discworld, Pratchett writes, "I've always suspected that Nanny is, deep down, the most powerful of the witches, and part of her charm lies in the way she prevents people from finding this out."

Family
Nanny Ogg is the matriarch of her vast extended family. Although she is an affectionate mother and grandmother, Nanny is a tyrant to her daughters-in-law and orders them to perform household chores.

Nanny Ogg claims, in Lords and Ladies, that her ancestors invented the ancient language of Oggham, the Discworld equivalent of the ancient Irish runic language Ogham.

Several of Nanny's relatives play supporting roles in the Discworld books. Many others are mentioned briefly.

Jason Ogg
Eldest son of Nanny Ogg, first mentioned in Wyrd Sisters. Like his father before him, he is the Lancre blacksmith. He is also the leader of the Lancre Morris Men, who treat Morris dancing as something between a contact sport and a martial art.

Jason is something of a gentle giant (somewhat like Constable Bluejohn), and very deferring and respectful to his mother and other witches.

Shawn Ogg
Youngest son of Nanny Ogg. First appears in Wyrd Sisters as a guard at Lancre Castle. He later becomes Lancre's entire army, as well as the civil service and most of the palace staff. According to Nanny Ogg's Cookbook, he has been granted the Order of the Lancrastian Empire. He is also notable for inventing the Lancrastian Army Knife.

Shane Ogg
Nanny's grandson, Shane is a sailor and has taught her some 'basic foreign language', mostly made up of mangled words from French and other European languages.

Neville Ogg
Neville is a thief and (prior to the events of Maskerade) stole all the lead from the roof of the Ankh-Morpork Opera House. Afterward he hid at Mrs. Palm's establishment. When Nanny Ogg and Granny Weatherwax visit Ankh-Morpork in Maskerade they also seek lodging with Mrs. Palm, and are surprised to learn that this is a brothel rather than a boarding house.

Adaptations
In the Wyrd Sisters animated adaptation, Nanny Ogg was voiced by June Whitfield. In the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Wyrd Sisters, she was played by Lynda Baron.

Reception and legacy
Nanny Ogg, along with Rincewind, was pictured on first-class Royal Mail stamps in March 2011.

In The Art of Discworld, Pratchett mentions a fossil species of Mesozoic ginkgo known as Ginkgoites nannyoggiae.

References

Discworld witches
Literary characters introduced in 1988
Fictional writers

Nanny Ogg


Sinectica (, ) este o metodă de rezolvare a problemelor, în special în grupuri care caută să ilumineze și să utilizeze factorii implicați în gândirea creativă, fie în tehnică, fie în creația artistică.

Conceptul de sinectică și metoda numită cu acest termen au fost propuse de William J. J. Gordon, profesor la Universitatea Harvard - SUA și de George M. Prince. Termenul sinectică are originea în limba greacă și are semnificația de îmbinare de elemente diferite și aparent nerelevante (insignifiante), având drept scop de bază eliberarea față de constrângeri impuse în cadrul problemei formulate, evadarea din gândirea-șablon, pentru crearea de idei originale - viabile. Gordon a considerat că principiul de bază în creativitate este acela că orice om are darul latent al invențiilor, care însă nu este dezvoltat. Autorul sinecticii consideră că mergând dincolo de problemă, pășind în afara acesteia, prin utilizarea imaginației, se ajunge la o abordare mai eficientă.

Etapele sinecticii

Metoda presupune parcurgerea următoarelor etape de bază:

1. Definirea de către moderatorul ședinței a problemei, așa cum a fost percepută, a fondului problemei, ceea ce a fost încercat precum și scopul acțiunii posibile. Problema este exprimată prin declarații de dorințe sub forma: "Aș dori să..." sau "Cum să..." Moderatorul trebuie să fie o persoană calificată în aplicarea acestei metode, iar în sinectică mai este denumit și
"jongler", având rolul de a evoca metafore, prin formularea de întrebări.

2. Grupul generează numeroase "puncte de pornire" sau idei spontane, uneori improvizații iraționale care conduc la asocieri de idei. Starea sufletească  trebuie să fie expansivă și fără constrângeri. Așa-zisele "puncte de pornire" nu sunt propuneri de soluții, ci articulează alte dorințe pentru a declanșa un proces de creație. Pot fi folosite diferite tehnici de declanșare a punctelor de pornire, de exemplu, "analogii", "excursii creative mentale" în diferite ramuri ale tehnicii. Analogiile pot fi directe, personale și simbolice (contradicții). Excursiile mentale se bazează pe asocieri verbale și pe imagini. În vederea asocierilor verbale, un cuvânt anume din formularea "Cum să..." este utilizat pentru a declanșa o succesiune de alte cuvinte asociate care să conducă la inițierea de idei sau soluții imprevizibile, care ar putea fi chiar fanteziste; acestea pot fi apoi forțate să se alinieze la realitatea problemei. Chiar dacă imaginile sau sugestiile oferite sunt aparent ilogice, membrii grupului se străduiesc să găsească puncte comune cu problema definită la punctul 1. Scopul principal al "excursiei creative" este de a găsi un nou punct de vedere asupra problemei analizate, prin utilizarea tehnicilor de inversie, empatie, fantezie, evocare etc. Scopul analogiilor este de a găsi în alte domenii ale tehnicii situații similare cu cele din problemă. Tehnica inversiei este o metodă intuitivă de creație care constă în abordarea inversă a problemei, dintr-un punct de vedere total diferit (invers) decât se realizează în mod curent.

3. Se selectează un punct de vedere interesant, original și practic. Dispoziția sufletească se deplasează acum spre o abordare mai concentrată decât în etapele 1 și 2. Moderatorul ședinței și membrii grupului aleg punctele de vedere favorite (pe baza interesului lor sau a atracției ideii). Membrii grupului își împărtășesc opțiunile lor, însă selecția finală aparține moderatorului.

4. Sunt generate idei pentru a ajuta să se realizeze punctul de vedere selectat, utilizând tehnicile de declanșare menționate în etapa 2. Moderatorul le selectează pe cele care par interesante.

5. Se verifică înțelegerea acestor idei prin parafrazarea lor și verificând cu autorii lor analogiile până ce parafraza este corectă. Este selectată o idee pentru răspunsul detaliat.

6. Răspunsul detaliat. Sunt listate toate caracteristicile pozitive concepute ale ideii selectate. Apoi este exprimată o singură problemă/preocupare/concluzie ca soluție. Soluțiile sunt exprimate în întregime în termenii: "Ceea ce veți face este..."

7. Reciclare sau sfârșit. Se revine la etapa 4 până ce au fost explorate suficiente idei pentru acest punct de vedere final. Se face reciclarea până ce moderatorul are o soluție finală (concretă) pe care este mulțumit să o aplice.

Note

Bibliografie
 James E. Marran, Donald V. Rogan, Synectics: An explanation of the process and some comments on its application in the secondary school.versiune online
Creativitate
Rezolvare de probleme

Sinectică


Hello, I Love You pjesma je američkog rock sastava The Doors. Pjesmu je napisao Jim Morrison još 1965., ali je snimljena i objavljena kao singl 1968. dok je na B strani pjesma "Love Street". Obje pjesme su na trećem albumu sastava Waiting for the Sun. Na nekim singlovima ova pjesma ponekad ima duži naziv "Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name?".
Ova pjesma i pjesma "Light My Fire" postali su jedini singlovi sastava koji su bili na Billboard Hot 100. "Hello, I Love You" također je bila uspješana u Velikoj Britaniji, gdje do tada sastav nije imao široku popularnost. Kada je pjesma objavljena čule su se kritike da je vrlo slična pjesmi "All Day and All of the Night" sastava The Kinks no članovi sastava su odlučno zanijekali bilo kakav oblik plagiranja i bili su mišljenja da je sličnost slučajna.

Pjesma se može čuti u filmu Forrest Gump.

Singlovi 1960-ih
Američke skladbe

Hello, I Love You


Arum apulum, otrovna zeljasta biljka iz porodice kozlačevki. Izvorni areal ove vrste je JI. Italija, raste u Apuliji na malom geografskom području oko Gioia del Colle između Barija i Taranta. Zadiranje u njegov raspon ljudskim djelovanjem dovelo je do toga da postaje sve rijeđi. Na Crvenom popisu IUCN-a nalazi se kao ranjiva.

A. apulum je gomoljasti geofit skromne veličine (30-40cm) s tamnozelenim oštro-strijelastim lišćem koje se pojavljuje u jesenskim mjesecima nakon čega slijedi cvat u proljeće koji ima blijedo limetno-zelenu ljusku s kestenjastim tonom i smeđe-kestenastim vrhom. Smrdljiva aroma koju ispuštaju cvjetovi je osebujna, ali nije tako jaka kao kod mnogih drugih Aruma.

Izvori

Kozlac

Arum apulum


Cephas may refer to:

Religion
The title of Saint Peter
Diocese of Cephas, an ancient episcopal seat of the Roman province of Mesopotamia, in present-day Tur Abdin, Turkey
Cephas of Iconium, among the Seventy Disciples of Jesus, bishop of Iconium or Colophon, Pamphylia
Moses Bar Cephas or Moses Bar-Kepha (c. 813–903), Syriac writer and bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church

People

Given name
Cephas Yao Agbemenu (born 1951), Ghanaian sculptor and a traditional African wood carver and Art Professor
Céphas Bansah (born 1948), Ngoryifia ("developmental chief") of the Gbi Traditional area of Hohoe, Ghana
Cephas Chimedza (born 1984), Zimbabwean footballer
Cephas Lemba (born 1970), Zambian sprinter
Cephas Lumina, Zambian lawyer and human rights expert
Cephas Malele (born 1994), Angolan-born Swiss footballer
Cephas Matafi (born 1971), Zimbabwean long-distance runner
Cephas Mark (1872–1942), Canadian druggist and political figure
Cephas Msipa (1931–2016), Zimbabwean politician
Cephas Pasipamiri, Zimbabwean long distance and marathon runner
Cephas Quested, leader of the Aldington Gang, a 19th-century band of smugglers in England
Cephas Thompson (1775–1856), American itinerant portrait painter
Cephas Washburn (1793–1860), Christian missionary and educator
Cephas Zhuwao (born 1984), Zimbabwean cricketer
Cephas Fianyeku (born 1979) Ghanaian Banker and criminologist

Middle name
Collen Cephas Gwiyo, Zimbabwean politician and deputy secretary general of the Zimbabwe Congress
Edward Cephas John Stevens (1837–1915), New Zealand politician
Jasmine Cephas Jones (born 1989), American actress
Ron Cephas Jones (1957-2023), American actor

Surname
Diana Cephas, African American plaintiff in freedom suit
Kassian Cephas (1845–1912), Javanese photographer
McColm Cephas (born 1978), Liberian footballer

Other uses
Cephas & Wiggins, an American acoustic blues duo

Cephas


Cayo Carenas (llamada antes Cayo Arenas) es una isla en la Bahía de Cienfuegos, que pertenece al país caribeño de Cuba y que administrativamente depende de la Provincia de Cienfuegos. Se localiza al noreste de la Punta Tamboril, al noroeste de Banco de Piedras y de Cayo Alcatraz, al sureste del Banco Tomasito y al suroeste del Banco Jucaral en las coordenadas geográficas  227 kilómetros al suroeste de la Capital del país La Habana.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Cuba
 Geografía de América

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Cuba

Cayo Carenas


Ali Bouali (født 16 oktober 1981 i Zaanstad, Nederlandene), bedre kendt som Ali B er en nederlandsk rapper og komiker af Marokkansk oprindelse og bor i Almere, Nederlandene.

Ali B har også arbejdet som tv-studievært, stand-upcomedian og forvalter han sammen med sin hustru managementkontor SPEC. I løbet af det første årti af det 21 århundrede, steg Ali B's popularitet med sine hits "Rampeneren", "Leipe mocro flavour", "Ik ben je zat" , og hans bidrag på sangen "Wat zou je doen?" af Marco Borsato. Rapperen blev hædret med en TMF Award i 2005 og 2006. I løbet af sin karriere, arbejder(e) han har med Akon, Yes-R, Ziggi, The Opposites, The Partysquad og Fresku og Lijpe.

Biografi
Han tilbragte sine første år i Zaanstad, men i en alder af to år, flyttede Ali B til Amsterdam. Efter at have hørt om antallet Moordenaar af Osdorp Posse blev han interesseret i hiphop og startede med at rappe. Selv om en del af sin familie fortsat blev boende i Amsterdam flyttede Ali på fjorten år med sin mor til Almere, hvor han for alvor begyndte at arbejde på sin musik karriere.

Han kaldte sig selv Ali B, fordi medierne på denne måde hentyder til kriminelle i nyheder. I Almere gav Ali B sin første koncert, og han vandt Poetry Slam i 2000/2001. I 2012, erklærede Ali B, at han i sin ungdom havde været afhængig af ludomani og stoffer og at han handlede i forbudte stoffer for at få penge.

Ali B spiller rollen som den erfarne gangster Hassan Kamikaze i den belgiske krimifilm Patser, som landede i de nederlandske biografer den 1. februar 2018.

Karriere
Fra 2000 har Ali B deltaget i flere talentshows som Wanted, og stod han i december 2002 i finalen af De grote Prijs van Nederland i kategori r&b/hip-hop, hvor han tabte til sanger Corey. Men hans deltagelse gik ikke ubemærket hen, og han fik to måneder efter finalen en kontrakt med Warner Music. Singlen "Waar gaat dit heen?"  blev udgivet der nåede anden pladsen på The Box' hitlisten. Også sin næste video "Leven van de straat", blev populær på musik-kanalen. Hans gennembrud til det store publikum kom med sin singlen "Ik ben je zat," som han lavede sammen med Brace, der nåede tredjepladsen i De Nederlandse Top 40. Ved hans energiske, underholdende og til tider en smule frække live optrædener, fik Ali meget hurtigt anerkendelse, og var et hyppigt set gæst i (debat)programmer i radio og på tv.

Optrædener
For War Child optrådte han i 2004, sammen med Marco Borsato på en af Borsatos koncerter i Rotterdams Feyenoordstadium, De Kuip, dette samarbejde udmøntede i singlen Wat zou je doen? som udkom i september og kom direkte på første pladsen på hitlisten.

Han vekslede mellem store optrædener og mindre. Han stod den 1. september 2004 således sammen med Amerikanske rappere, 50 Cent og G-Unit i Rotterdam Ahoy og den 18. september på Herfstpop i Rijswijk. I 2004 vandt han popprijs 2004.

Ali B inspillede "Zeven Dagen Lang" af bots for platentiendaagse i 2005. 2005 blev et travlt år for Ali B, hvor han lavede en tv-serie, "Rap Around The World", hvor han besøgte udviklingslandene og hvor han viste i hvilken situationer de unge mennesker må leve. Desuden lånte Ali B hans stemme til den nederlandske version af den animerede film Robotter, startede han med Ja-R sit eget radioprogram på Juize FM, og besøgte han Dr. Leo Kannerhuis (center for autisme), i Oosterbeek. I 2005 vandt Ali B da også forskellige priser, blandt andet en TMF Award i kategorien "Bedste Nye Kunstner" og to MOBO Awards for bedste video og bedste nationale single. Rapperen fik også en voks statue på Madame Tussauds.

I 2006 inspillede den Amerikanske rapper Akon, sammen med Ali B og Ja-R en nederlandsk version af singlen "Ghetto" . Ali B genudgav samme år fodbold kampsangen "Wij houden van Oranje", André Hazes fra 1988.

Andre hits fulgte snart efter, som Rampeneren, Leipe Mocro Flavour og Zomervibe. Den 13. oktober vandt Ali B hans anden TMF Award, denne gang i kategorien "Best Urban Act'.

I slutningen af 2006 var Ali Bouali tilbage på scenen med Marco Borsato i sin koncertserie Symphonica in Rosso. I tillæg til hans store hit, Wat zou je doen?, rappede Ali B sammen med Ja-R på en særlig version af Dromen zijn bedrog.

Ved udgangen af 2007 gave Ali B en intim koncert i Liempde for et velgørenhed. Der blev samlet over € 16.000 euro ind.

Tv-programmer

I april og maj 2008 kom Ali B med sin egen program De Flat van Ali B (Ali B's lejlighed) på tv. I maj 2008, lavede Ali B en sensation ved at være den første der bogstaveligt talt rappede 101 "barer" (regler) i rap-udsendelse fra 101 Barz. I 2011 lavede han en serie i otte deler. Ali B op volle toeren, og i 2014 blev han tv-vært for den nye TROS-program Ali B en de 40 wensen og Ali B en de muziekkaravaan.

2011-nu
I begyndelsen af 2011 startede han sin tv-show Ali B op volle toeren, hvor han og en kollega rapper i hver episode besøger en kunstner fra fortiden. Han bragte også et show kaldet Ali B geeft antwoord og anoncerede et eponym album.

Ja-R og Darryl udgav et nyt album under B's pladeselskab. Han bekendtgjorde at hans gamle ven Brace, efter en vanskelig periode, havde tegnet en pladekontrakt med B's SPEC entertainment. I 2013 blev det offentliggjort, at Ali B ville blive den nye dommer på The voice of Holland. Fra 2016 er Ali B sammen med Ilse DeLange også de nye dommere for junior udgaven The Voice Kids. I 2016 blev hans talent Irmani slået af DeLanges Esmeé, men i 2017 blev hans talent Iris Verhoek vinderen af talentshowet. Allerede ved hendes audition havde han spurgt hende at vælge for ham så at han en gang kunne vinde.

Han udførte i 2016, under den traditionelle 5. maj koncert på Amstel, befrielses sangen Nieuwe held som han selv havde skrevet.

Personlige liv
Ali B giftede sig i 2006 med sin chef, med hvem han har to sønner, der er født i 2009 og 2011. Også, Ali B, agent og svoger til fodboldspilleren Abel Tamata.

Discography

Singles

Filmografi
 Patser, 2018

Kilde
 Artiklen er oversat fra Wikipedia på nederlandsk og engelsk

Eksterne links
 Den officielle hjemmeside for Ali B
 Ali B på hjemmesiden for 3VOOR12
 Biografi popinstituut.nl

Pseudonymer

Ali B


La Neta S est une berline familiale routière électrique produite par le constructeur automobile chinois Neta Automobile, propriété de la holding Hozon Auto, fabriquée par la Zhejiang Hezhong New Energy Automobile Company.

Présentation

Neta Automobile a lancé la Neta S lors du salon de l'automobile de Shanghai en avril 2021.

Selon Hozon Auto, la Neta S est équipée de 3 lidars, de 5 radars automobiles à ondes millimétriques et de 6 caméras et elle a une autonomie de 800 km pour le modèle de base et de 1 100 km pour le modèle haut de gamme.

L'électronique de la Neta S est co-développée avec Huawei.

Concept car
La Neta S est préfigurée par le concept car Neta Eureka 03 Concept présentée au salon de l'automobile de Pékin 2020.

L'Eureka 03 est capable d'atteindre 100 km/h (62 mph) en 4 secondes et a une autonomie de 800 km (497 miles) sur le cycle NEDC. Selon l'entreprise, l'Eureka 03 dispose également d'un système de conduite autonome de niveau 4.

Notes et références

Lien externe

Automobile électrique
Automobile des années 2020
Berline

Neta S


La compagnie Feugham est une troupe professionnelle de théâtre basé à Bafoussam au Cameroun. La compagnie est aussi un espace d'écriture, d'exposition et de répétitions.

Elle est codirigée par le dramaturge et metteur en scène Kouam Tawa.

Histoire
La compagnie Feugham est fondée par Wakeu Fogaing et Kouam Tawa qu'il co-dirige depuis 1993.

La compagnie accueille des metteures en scène comme Catherine Boskowitz. Elle joue des pièces dans les réseaux culturels au Cameroun et à l'étranger. L'espace de la compagnie sert aussi de lieu d'exposition. Bernard Tankou y a animé des ateliers d'écriture pour enfants.

Notes et références

Troupe de théâtre
Théâtre africain
Culture camerounaise

Compagnie Feugham


Los Evangelios de Egmond (KB, 76 F 1) es un evangeliario iluminado del siglo . Es el manuscrito superviviente más antiguo que muestra escenas con holandeses, y constituye uno de los tesoros de arte cristiano más antiguo de los Países Bajos. Forma parte de la colección de la Biblioteca nacional de los Países Bajos.

El códice, que contiene los cuatro evangelios en latín, fue realizado aproximadamente entre 850 y 875 en Reims, en el noroeste de Francia. Está compuesto por 218 folios de vitela de 231 mm por 207 mm. El texto está escrito en minúscula carolina, a veinte líneas por página. La iluminación, de estilo franco-sajón, se realizó poco después, alrededor del año 900. El manuscrito presenta diez miniaturas, doce páginas con las tablas canónicas y ocho miniaturas a toda página

Hacia 975 pasó a manos de Teodorico II, conde de Holanda, quien lo donó a la Abadía de Egmond, probablemente para conmemorar la dedicación de su iglesia, que había mandado reconstruir en piedra. Para dar testimonio del hecho, encargó que se agregaran dos miniaturas. Una muestra a Teodorico y su esposa Hildegard mientras depositan el manuscrito en el altar; en la otra se ve al matrimonio en oración frente a Adalberto de Egmond, santo patrón de Egmond.

El evangeliario permaneció en la abadía hasta el siglo , cuando fue llevado primero hacia Haarlem y más tarde a Colonia, para protegerlo de los disturbios causados durante la furia iconoclasta. Fue redescubierto en Utrecht a principios del siglo  y adquirido por la Biblioteca Real holandesa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Facsímil digital  en el sitio web de la Biblioteca nacional de los Países Bajos

Egmond
Manuscritos bíblicos del siglo IX
Manuscritos iluminados del siglo IX
Manuscritos iluminados otonianos

Evangelios de Egmond


Tjörvabálkur (fræðiheiti: (Rhytismatales)) er bálkur í Leotiomycetes innan Ascomycota.

Ættkvíslir

Eftirfarandi ættkvíslir innan Rhytismatales hafa ekki verið alveg staðfestar í ættum (incertae sedis). Þær ættkvíslir sem eru með spurningamerki fyrir framan nafnið eru með nokkuð óvissa stöðu.

?Apiodiscus
?Bonanseja
Brunaudia
Cavaraella
?Didymascus
Gelineostroma
?Haplophyse
Heufleria
Hypodermellina
?Irydyonia
?Karstenia
?Laquearia
Lasiostictella
?Melittosporiella
Mellitiosporium
Metadothis
Neophacidium
Ocotomyces
Phaeophacidium
Propolidium
?Pseudotrochila
?Tridens

Tilvísanir

Sníkjusveppir
Asksveppir

Tjörvabálkur


La batalla de Marj al-Suffar o de Shaqhab tomó lugar entre el 20 y 22 de abril de 1303 entre las fuerzas del Sultanato mameluco de Egipto y del Ilkanato del Imperio mongol y el Reino armenio de Cilicia cerca de Kiswe, Siria. La batalla terminó en un gran desastre para los mongoles, dando por finalizado el intento de Ghazan de conquistar definitivamente Siria. Tras esta batalla los mongoles no volvieron a lanzar nuevas invasiones contra Siria.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Boyle, J. A., editor (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume V. The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52106-936-6.
 Breasted, James Henry (1927). A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Nueva York: Ardent Media.
 Kurkjian, Vahan M. (2008) [1958]. . Nueva York: Indo-European Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60444-012-6.

Marj al-Suffar
Marj al-Suffar
Marj al-Suffar
Siria en el siglo XIV
Batallas del Sultanato mameluco
Conflictos en 1303
Marj al Suffar
Marj al Suffar

Batalla de Marj al-Suffar


An Chloris texensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Valentine Nash. An Chloris texensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chloris, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Texas. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Chloris

Chloris texensis


Reach for Tomorrow este o colecție de povestiri științifico-fantastice scrise de Arthur C. Clarke și publicată în 1956 de Ballantine Books.

Cuprins
"Prefață"
"Rescue Party"
"A Walk in the Dark"
"The Forgotten Enemy"
"Technical Error"
"The Parasite"
"The Fires Within"
"The Awakening"
"Trouble With the Natives"
"The Curse"
"Time's Arrow"
"Jupiter Five"
"The Possessed"

Ediții

Referințe

Legături externe

 Open Library's entry for Reach for Tomorrow

Vezi și
1956 în științifico-fantastic

Colecții de povestiri de Arthur C. Clarke
Cărți din 1956
Colecții de povestiri științifico-fantastice
1956 în științifico-fantastic
Cărți Ballantine Books

Reach for Tomorrow


Sebastian Grapă (n. ) este un fost senator român, ales în 2012.

Acuzații de corupție
La data de 1 martie 2017 Sebastian Grapă, la data faptelor consilier județean Brașov, a fost trimis în judecată, de către Direcția Națională Anticorupție, sub acuzația de dare de mită și complicitate la abuz în serviciu.

Alături de alți inculpați, Sebastian Grapă ar fi prejudiciat Consiliul Județean Brașov cu peste 1 milion de lei prin derularea unor contracte supraevaluate cu mai multe primării din județ.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Senatori români 2012-2016
Politicieni români în viață

Sebastian Grapă


An Agrostis bjoerkmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Widén. An Agrostis bjoerkmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis bjoerkmannii


An Steudnera colocasioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Steudnera colocasioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Steudnera, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Steudnera

Steudnera colocasioides


Lu Marival, nome artístico de Lucília Lima Albuquerque (São Paulo, 13 de dezembro de 1913 - São Paulo, 03 de fevereiro de 2000) foi uma importante atriz brasileira das décadas de 1930 e 1940, destacando-se por suas atuações nos filmes da Cinédia.

Biografia
Lu Marival, nome artístico de Lucília Lima Albuquerque nasceu na cidade de São Paulo, em 13 de dezembro de 1913. Sua mãe era cantora lírica. Ainda muito jovem inicia sua carreira em teatro amador, indo posteriormente estudar na Europa, tornando-se uma virtuose de piano.

Como início da Cinédia, destaca-se ao participar de um dos principais filmes nacionais, Ganga Bruta (1933) , de Humberto Mauro. Ainda em 1933 participaria do filme A Voz do Carnaval, tendo sido eleita a Rainha das Atrizes, em concurso realizado pelo Retiro dos Artistas.

Após gravar o filme O Brasileiro João de Souza, em 1944, afastou-se da carreira artística.

Faleceu na cidade de São Paulo em 03 de fevereiro de 2000.

Filmografia

No Teatro

1935 - Deus1935 - Saudade1937 - Anna Christie1937 - Assim... Não É Pecado1937 - O Gosto da Vida1937 - O Hóspede do Quarto Nº 21937 - Uma Loura Oxigenada1938 - Malibu1938 - O Homem Que Nasceu Duas Vezes1940 - Pertinho do Céu1941 - A Comédia da Vida1941 - Mulheres Modernas1941 - Sonho de Jesus1942 - A Casa Branca da Serra1942 - A Comédia da Vida1942 - A Dama das Camélias1942 - A Mulher Sem Pecado1942 - Caxias1942 - Esquecer1942 - Guerras do Alecrim e da Manjerona1942 - Mulheres Modernas1942 - O Caçador de Esmeraldas1942 - O Homem Que Não Soube Amar1942 -  O Revelão1942 - Ombro, Armas!1943/1944 - Deus''

Ligações externas

Atrizes de cinema do Brasil
Atrizes de teatro do Brasil

Lu Marival


Le parc national de Salla est un parc national finlandais situé dans la municipalité de Salla à l'est de la région de Laponie. Créé le 1er janvier 2022, il est le plus récent et le 41ème parc national finlandais, et couvre une superficie de 99,83 kilomètres carrés.

Le parc national se compose de forêts anciennes et de petites tourbières très représentatives, ainsi que de collines et de crêtes de forme glaciaire. La partie ouest du parc national est bordée par le centre touristique et de ski de Sallatunturi, la partie est par la frontière finno-russe. L'agglomération de Salla est à moins de 10 km au nord-ouest.

Géographie et nature
La zone du parc national de Salla est surtout composée de forêts anciennes, de tourbières et de tourbières boisées très représentatives, de crêtes et de glissements de terrain formés par les glaciers et l'érosion. Iso Pyhätunturi et Pieni Pyhätunturi ou Sallatunturi ouvrent des vues sur le paysage montagneux environnant. À une altitude d'environ 300 à 400 m, à Kaunisharju poussent des forêts naturelles et des épinettes de plus de 200 ans. Le tombeau d'Aatsing, une impressionnante vallée de gorge jusqu'à 250 mètres de profondeur, ajoute des variations de hauteur à la région, avec des concentrations particulières d'espèces menacées au fond et sur les pentes. Les falaises rocheuses dolomitiques de Könkäänmaa, qui sont étroitement liées au tombeau d'Aatsinki, contiennent également des dépôts particulièrement importants d'espèces de mousses de falaises calcaires menacées dans tout le pays.

Itinéraires et attractions
Il existe plusieurs itinéraires adaptés aux excursions d'une journée dans le parc national, et avec le réseau d'itinéraires à proximité, il est possible de faire des randonnées plus longues. Un sentier de randonnée FAQ à l'échelle nationale traverse le parc national. Il y a cinq abris et deux huttes dans le parc national de Salla. De plus, à proximité du parc national se trouvent plusieurs refuges, maisons et abris. Les structures de service et les routes existantes seront réhabilitées après la création du parc national, et une nouvelle maison sera construite. Début 2022, le parc national de Salla ne disposait pas encore d'un plan de gestion et d'utilisation.

Le point culminant du parc national est l'Iso Pyhätunturi avec 477 mètres de haut dans sa partie ouest, qui, avec le petit Pyhätunturi, qui ne fait pas partie du parc national, forme Sallatunturi. Au sommet d'Iso Pyhätunturi, il y a une tour d'observation et de belles vues sur le parc national, mais aussi plus loin des collines telles que Rukatunturi à Kuusamo (70 kilomètres au sud), Pyhätunturi à Pelkosenniemi (75 kilomètres au nord-ouest) et les vieux Sallatunturi et Rohmoiva sur la partie russe.

Situé au milieu du parc national, Pahaojankuru est une gorge escarpée le long du ruisseau Pahaoja. À l'extrémité sud du parc national se trouve l'étang sauvage de Kolmiloukkonen avec des cabanes sur les rives opposées. L'endroit est bien adapté aux familles car il est proche d'un parking. Dans la partie sud, il y a aussi la pinède Kaunisharju, qui se compose de deux crêtes consécutives le long de la route régionale 950, Hanhiharju et Kauniinhaudanharju.

Établissement
La municipalité de Salla a déposé une initiative auprès du ministère de l' Environnement le 26 février 2019 pour clarifier les conditions de création du parc national de Salla et préparer sa création. Des initiatives ont été prises auprès du Ministère de l'environnement pour établir un parc national sur quatre autres sites également. Le ministère a préparé un rapport comparant les initiatives des parcs nationaux, qui a examiné les points forts des cinq candidats nommés selon des critères uniformes et a conclu avec le parc national de Salla dans son rapport achevé en novembre 2020. Selon l'étude, la zone de Sallatunturi remplit particulièrement bien les conditions fixées par la loi sur la conservation de la nature et les parcs nationaux de l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN). La zone proposée serait connectée au réseau russe d'aires protégées et compléterait la chaîne de parcs nationaux de la zone verte fennoscandienne.

La principale raison du choix de Salla comme parc national à créer sous le gouvernement de Sanna Marin a été de promouvoir la réalisation d'un parc national de nature sauvage éloigné de la Finlande encombrée sur des trajets à faible émission de carbone, principalement en transports en commun. La zone du parc national dispose d'une liaison ferroviaire depuis la zone métropolitaine d'Helsinki et l'aéroport d'Helsinki-Vantaa jusqu'à Kemijärvi et d'autres liaisons en bus vers les itinéraires de la zone touristique de Salla. Malgré son éloignement, le parc national de Salla est exceptionnellement bien accessible par les transports en commun par rapport aux parcs nationaux actuels de Finlande, en particulier ceux du nord du pays.

La zone présentée comme un parc national était déjà une destination relativement populaire pour la randonnée et les loisirs nature. En 2019, environ 57 000 visites ont été recensées dans la réserve naturelle de Sallatunturi. Selon ce chiffre, l'impact économique régional total était d'environ 5,2 millions d'euros et l'impact total sur l'emploi était d'environ 40 personnes. Les coûts d'établissement du parc national de Salla sont estimés par Metsähallitus à environ 4,5 millions d'euros.

La zone proposée comme parc national appartient en grande partie à la zone Aatsinki-Onkamo du réseau Natura 2000 de l'Union européenne. La réserve naturelle de Sallatunturi a été créée dans la zone Natura 2000 par un décret gouvernemental en 2017. Des parties de la région de Kaunisharju et d'Onkamojärvi font l'objet du programme de protection des forêts anciennes de la Finlande du Nord. Les marais du tombeau d'Aatsing, quant à eux, font partie d'une décision de principe adoptée par le gouvernement en 1981 sur un programme national de base pour la protection des tourbières.

Notes et références

Parc national en Finlande
Parc national créé en 2022

Parc national de Salla


Kırgıl, Samsun ilinin Salıpazarı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 57 km, Salıpazarı ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Salıpazarı'nın mahalleleri

Kırgıl, Salıpazarı


mt oni 35000k hadissi nayak gewanna oni ane helpkrnnako heta ude 10.30ta gewanna oni loku pink freind

Logogram


John Scudamore,  vicomte Scudamore ( - ) est un diplomate et homme politique anglais qui siège à la Chambre des communes à plusieurs reprises entre 1621 et 1629. En 1628, il est créé vicomte Scudamore dans la pairie irlandaise.

Biographie
Scudamore est le fils aîné de James Scudamore, de Holme Lacy, Herefordshire, et de Mary Scudamore, fille de Thomas Throckmorton. Il s'inscrit au Magdalen College d'Oxford le 8 novembre 1616 et est admis au Middle Temple en 1617. À partir de novembre 1618, il voyage en France, et revient l'année suivante après la mort de son père. Son grand-père, John Scudamore lui obtient le titre de baronnet le  juin 1620 lui donnant une préséance locale de trois ans.

En 1621, Scudamore est élu député du Herefordshire. Il est nommé juge de paix en 1622. En 1622, il entretient une chaleureuse amitié avec William Laud (plus tard archevêque de Cantorbéry) et suit ses opinions religieuses. Il restaure notamment l'église de l'Abbaye Dore, l'église de l'ancienne abbaye cistercienne, dont les biens sont revenus à sa famille lors de la dissolution. Il l'a fait dans le plus pur style laudien. Il travaille également sur d'autres églises et dote certaines de dîmes inappropriées. Scudamore succède à son grand-père dans le domaine familial en 1623. Il fait partie du Conseil des Marches le 25 août 1623. En 1624, il est réélu député du Herefordshire. Il est créé baron Dromore et vicomte Scudamore dans la pairie d'Irlande le  juillet 1628. Toujours en 1628, il est élu député de Hereford et siège jusqu'en 1629, date à laquelle le roi Charles décide de gouverner sans parlement pendant onze ans.

De 1635 à 1639, Scudamore est ambassadeur en France et suscite la polémique en ornant la chapelle de l'ambassade dans le style laudien. Cependant, le comte de Leicester, résolument protestant, est nommé ambassadeur extraordinaire à sa tête, de sorte qu'ils ne peuvent s'entendre sur la politique.

Scudamore n'est pas particulièrement actif à son retour en Angleterre et sa première participation à la guerre civile anglaise est limitée. Il est l'un des « neuf dignes » - neuf juges qui forment la direction royaliste du Herefordshire à l'été 1642. En partie à cause de sa rivalité avec Coningsby pour le contrôle du Herefordshire, Hereford est cédé à une petite force parlementaire en 1643. Scudamore est envoyé à Londres comme délinquant et y reste assigné à résidence jusqu'en 1647. Après la Restauration anglaise, il reprend divers offices locaux.

En 1615, Scudamore épouse Elizabeth Porter, fille de Arthur Porter de Llanthony, Monmouthshire, et sa femme Ann Danvers, fille de John Danvers, de Dauntsey, Wiltshire. Un tableau de Marcus Gheeraerts le jeune est commandé pour commémorer cela.

Scudamore est décédé à l'âge de . Il est remplacé dans ses titres par son petit-fils, John Scudamore.

Références

Liens externes

Ambassadeur d'Angleterre en France
Personnalité liée au Herefordshire
Vicomte de la pairie d'Irlande
Membre du Middle Temple
Étudiant de Magdalen College (Oxford)
Décès en mai 1671
Naissance en mars 1601
Décès à 70 ans

John Scudamore (1er vicomte Scudamore)


Ein Arbeitsbündnis ist ein sozialer Vertrag über Zusammenarbeit. Der Begriff geht auf die Psychoanalyse zurück und wird auch in der Schulpädagogik verwendet.

Psychoanalyse

Hier ist das Arbeitsbündnis kennzeichnend für die Zusammenarbeit von Therapeut und Klient in der Therapie. Es stellt ein Konzept dar, das in der Psychoanalyse und in der Gestalttherapie, der Re-Inszenierung traumatischer und konflikthafter Situationen und Wünsche des Analysanden als der realistische Teil der Beziehung gegenübersteht.

Schule

Ein Arbeitsbündnis im Unterricht regelt die zwischen Lehrer und Schüler bestehenden Rechte und Pflichten, Leistungserwartungen und daraus folgenden Konsequenzen. In der Sozialarbeit wird durch ein solches Bündnis "das Festlegen oder Verabreden von Regeln und Zielen in der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Sozialarbeiter und Klient" festgelegt. Es ist "in der Anfangsphase einer Problembearbeitung das Ziel eines Erstgesprächs".

Einzelnachweise

Soziologie der Arbeit
Psychotherapie
Gestalttherapie

Arbeitsbündnis


Gölçayır, Köprüköy - Erzurum ili Köprüköy ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gölçayır, Ortahisar - Trabzon ili Ortahisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gölçayır, Akşehir - Konya ili Akşehir ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Gölçayır


Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. On January 13, 1982, the Boeing 737-222 registered as N62AF crashed into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River just after take off from Washington National Airport.

Striking the bridge, which carries Interstate 395 between Washington, DC, and Arlington County, Virginia, it hit seven occupied vehicles and destroyed  of guard rail before plunging through the ice into the Potomac River. The aircraft was carrying 74 passengers and five crew members. Only four passengers and one crew member (a flight attendant) were rescued from the crash and survived. Another passenger, Arland D. Williams, Jr., assisted in the rescue of the survivors, but drowned before he could be rescued. Four motorists on the bridge were killed. The survivors were rescued from the icy river by civilians and professionals. President Ronald Reagan commended these acts during his State of the Union speech 13 days later.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the cause of the accident was pilot error. The pilots failed to switch on the engines' internal ice protection systems, used reverse thrust in a snowstorm prior to takeoff, tried to use the jet exhaust of a plane in front of them to melt their ice, and failed to abandon the takeoff even after detecting a power problem while taxiing and having ice and snow build up on the wings.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved, a Boeing 737-222, registered as N62AF, was manufactured in 1969 and previously flown by United Airlines under the registration N9050U. It was sold to Air Florida in 1980. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines, and had flown over 27,000 hours before the crash.

Cockpit crew

The pilot, Captain Larry M. Wheaton, aged 34, was hired by Air Florida in October 1978 as a first officer. He was promoted to captain in August 1980. At the time of the accident, he had about 8,300 total flight hours, with 2,322 hours of commercial jet experience, all logged at Air Florida. He had logged 1,752 hours on the Boeing 737, the accident aircraft type, 1,100 of those hours as captain.

Wheaton was described by fellow pilots as a quiet person, with good operational skills and knowledge, who had operated well in high-workload flying situations. His leadership style was described as similar to those of other pilots. On May 8, 1980, though, he was suspended after failing a Boeing 737 company line check and was found to be unsatisfactory in these areas: adherence to regulations, checklist usage, flight procedures such as departures and cruise control, and approaches and landings. He resumed his duties after passing a retest on August 27, 1980. On April 24, 1981, he received an unsatisfactory grade on a company recurrent proficiency check when he showed deficiencies in memory items, knowledge of aircraft systems, and aircraft limitations. Three days later, he satisfactorily passed a proficiency recheck.

The first officer, Roger A. Pettit, aged 31, was hired by Air Florida on October 3, 1980, as a first officer on the Boeing 737. At the time of the accident, he had around 3,353 flight hours, 992 with Air Florida, all on the 737. From October 1977 to October 1980, he had been a fighter pilot in the US Air Force, accumulating 669 hours as a flight examiner, instructor pilot, and ground instructor in an F-15 fighter unit.

The first officer was described by personal friends and pilots as a witty, bright, outgoing individual with an excellent command of physical and mental skills in aircraft piloting. Those who had flown with him during stressful flight operations said that during those times, he remained the same witty, sharp individual, "who knew his limitations." Several persons said that he was the type of pilot who would not hesitate to speak up if he knew something specific was wrong with flight operations.

Alternating the role of "primary pilot" between the pilot in command (PIC), the captain, and second in command (SIC), the first officer, is customary in commercial airline operations, with pilots swapping roles after each leg. One pilot is designated the pilot flying (PF) and the other as pilot not flying (PNF); however, the PIC retains the ultimate authority for all aircraft operations and safety. The first officer was on the controls as the PF during the Air Florida Flight 90 accident.

Background

Weather conditions
On Wednesday, January 13, 1982, Washington National Airport (DCA) was closed by a heavy snowstorm that produced  of snow. It reopened at noon under marginal conditions as the snowfall began to slacken.

That afternoon, the plane was to return to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport in Dania, Florida, with an intermediate stop at Tampa International Airport. The scheduled departure time was delayed about 1 hour and 45 minutes because of a backlog of arrivals and departures caused by the temporary closing of Washington National Airport. As the plane was readied for departure from DCA, a moderate snowfall continued and the air temperature was .

Improper de-icing procedures
The Boeing 737 was deiced with a mixture of heated water and monopropylene glycol by American Airlines, under a ground-service agreement with Air Florida. That agreement specified that covers for the pitot tubes, static ports, and engine inlets had to be used, but the American Airlines employees failed to comply with those rules. One deicing vehicle was used by two different operators, who chose widely different mixture percentages to deice the left and right sides of the aircraft. Subsequent testing of the deicing truck showed, "the mixture dispensed differed substantially from the mixture selected" (18% actual vs. 30% selected). The inaccurate mixture was the result of the replacement of the standard nozzle, "...which is specially modified and calibrated, with a non-modified, commercially available nozzle." The operator had no means to determine if the proportioning valves were operating properly because no "mix monitor" was installed on the nozzle.

Events of crash

Flight
The plane had trouble leaving the gate when the ground-services tow motor could not get traction on the ice. For roughly 30 to 90 seconds, the crew attempted to back away from the gate using the reverse thrust of the engines (a powerback), which proved futile. Boeing operations bulletins had warned against using reverse thrust in those kinds of conditions.

Eventually, a tug ground unit properly equipped with snow chains was used to push the aircraft back from the gate. After leaving the gate, the aircraft waited in a taxi line with many other aircraft for 49 minutes before reaching the takeoff runway. The pilot apparently decided not to return to the gate for reapplication of deicing, fearing that the flight's departure would be even further delayed. More snow and ice accumulated on the wings during that period, and the crew was aware of that fact when they decided to take off. Heavy snow was falling during their takeoff roll at 3:59 pm EST.

Though the outside temperature was well below freezing and snow was falling, the crew did not activate the engine anti-ice system. This system uses heat from the engines to prevent sensors from freezing, ensuring accurate readings.

While running through the takeoff checklist, the following conversation snippet took place (CAM-1 is the captain, CAM-2 is the first officer):

Despite the icing conditions with weather temperature of about , the crew failed to activate the engine anti-ice systems, which caused the engine pressure ratio (EPR) thrust indicators to provide false readings. The correct engine power setting for the temperature and airport altitude of Washington National at the time was 2.04 EPR, but analysis of the engine noise recorded on the cockpit voice recorder indicated that the actual power output corresponded with an engine pressure ratio of only 1.70.

Neither pilot had much experience flying in snowy, cold weather. The captain had made only eight takeoffs or landings in snowy conditions on the 737, and the first officer had flown in snow only twice.

Adding to the plane's troubles was the pilots' decision to maneuver closely behind a DC-9 that was taxiing just ahead of them prior to takeoff, due to their mistaken belief that the warmth from the DC-9's engines would melt the snow and ice that had accumulated on Flight 90's wings. This action, which went specifically against flight-manual recommendations for an icing situation, actually contributed to icing on the 737. The exhaust gases from the other aircraft melted the snow on the wings, but during takeoff, instead of falling off the plane, this slush mixture froze on the wings' leading edges and the engine inlet nose cone.

As the takeoff roll began, the first officer noted several times to the captain that the instrument panel readings he was seeing did not seem to reflect reality (he was referring to the fact that the plane did not appear to have developed as much power as it needed for takeoff, despite the instruments indicating otherwise). The captain dismissed these concerns and let the takeoff proceed. Investigators determined that plenty of time and space on the runway remained for the captain to have abandoned the takeoff, and criticized his refusal to listen to his first officer, who was correct that the instrument panel readings were wrong. The pilot was told not to delay because another aircraft was  out on final approach to the same runway. The following is a transcript of Flight 90's cockpit voice recorder during the plane's acceleration down the runway.

As the plane became briefly airborne, the voice recorder picked up the following from the cockpit, with the sound of the stick-shaker (a device that warns that the plane is in danger of stalling) in the background:

The aircraft traveled almost half a mile (800 m) farther down the runway than is customary before liftoff was accomplished. Survivors of the crash indicated the trip over the runway was extremely rough, with survivor Joe Stiley—a businessman and private pilot—saying that he believed that they would not get airborne and would "fall off the end of the runway". When the plane became airborne, Stiley told his co-worker (and survivor) Nikki Felch to assume the crash position, with some nearby passengers following their example.

Although the 737 did manage to become airborne, it attained a maximum altitude of just  before it began losing altitude. Recorders later indicated that the aircraft was airborne for just 30 seconds. At 4:01 pm EST, it crashed into the 14th Street Bridge across the Potomac River,  from the end of the runway. The plane hit six cars and a truck on the bridge, and tore away  of the bridge's rail and  of the bridge's wall. The aircraft then plunged into the freezing Potomac River. It fell between two of the three spans of the bridge, between the I-395 northbound span (the Rochambeau Bridge) and the HOV north- and southbound spans, about  offshore. All but the tail section quickly became submerged.

Of the people on board the aircraft:

 Four of the crew members (including both pilots) died.
 One crew member was seriously injured.
 Seventy of the 74 passengers died.
 Nineteen occupants were believed to have survived the impact, but their injuries prevented them from escaping.

Of the motorists on the bridge involved:

 Four sustained fatal injuries
 One sustained serious injuries
 Three sustained minor injuries

Clinging to the tail section of the broken airliner in the ice-choked Potomac River were flight attendant Kelly Duncan and four passengers: Patricia "Nikki" Felch, Joe Stiley, Arland D. Williams Jr. (strapped and tangled in his seat), and Priscilla Tirado. Duncan inflated the only flotation device they could find, and passed it to the severely injured Felch. Passenger Bert Hamilton, who was floating in the water nearby, was the first to be pulled from the water.

Crash response

Many federal offices in downtown Washington had closed early that day in response to quickly developing blizzard conditions. Thus, a massive backup of traffic existed on almost all of the city's roads, making reaching the crash site by ambulances very difficult. The Coast Guard's  harbor tugboat Capstan (WYTL 65601) and its crew were based nearby; their duties include ice breaking and responding to water rescues. The Capstan was considerably farther downriver on another search-and-rescue mission. Emergency ground response was greatly hampered by ice-covered roads and gridlocked traffic; ambulances dispatched at 4:07 pm took 20 minutes to reach the crash scene. Ambulances attempting to reach the crash site were even driven down the sidewalk in front of the White House. Rescuers who reached the site were unable to assist survivors in the water because they did not have adequate equipment to reach them. Water temperature, which was about 34 degrees Fahrenheit, as well as heavy ice made swimming out to them impossible. Multiple attempts to throw a makeshift lifeline (made out of belts and any other things available that could be tied together) out to the survivors proved ineffective. The rescue attempts by emergency officials and witnesses were recorded and broadcast live by area news reporters, and as the accident occurred in the nation's capital, large numbers of media personnel were on hand to provide quick and extensive coverage.

Roger Olian, a sheet-metal foreman at St. Elizabeths Hospital, a Washington psychiatric hospital, was on his way home across the 14th Street Bridge in his truck when he heard a man yelling that an aircraft was in the water. He was the first to jump into the water to attempt to reach the survivors. At the same time, several military personnel from the Pentagon—Steve Raynes, Aldo De La Cruz, and Steve Bell—ran down to the water's edge to help Olian.

At this point, flight controllers were aware only that the plane had disappeared from radar and was not responding to radio calls, but had no idea of either what had happened or the plane's location.

Around 4:20 pm EST, Eagle 1, a United States Park Police Bell 206L-1 Long Ranger helicopter, based at the "Eagles Nest" at Anacostia Park in Washington, arrived and began attempting to airlift the survivors to shore. At great risk to themselves, the crew worked close to the water's surface, at one time coming so close to the ice-clogged river that the helicopter's skids dipped beneath the surface. At this point, survivors had been in the 34 degree water for over 20 minutes.

The helicopter crew lowered a line to survivors to tow them to shore. First to receive the line was Bert Hamilton, who was treading water about  from the plane's floating tail and closest to the helicopter. The pilot pulled him across the ice to shore, while avoiding the sides of the bridge. By then, some fire/rescue personnel had arrived to join the military personnel and civilians who pulled Hamilton (and the next/last three survivors) from the water's edge up to waiting ambulances; rescuers and civilians on the banks had to duck to avoid the helicopter's rotors. The helicopter returned to the aircraft's tail, and this time Arland D. Williams Jr. (sometimes referred to as "the sixth passenger") caught the line. Williams, not able to unstrap himself from the wreckage, passed the line to flight attendant Kelly Duncan, who was towed to shore. On its third trip back to the wreckage, the helicopter lowered two lifelines, fearing that the remaining survivors had only a few minutes before succumbing to hypothermia. Williams, still strapped into the wreckage, passed one line to Joe Stiley, who was holding on to a panic-stricken and blinded (from jet fuel) Priscilla Tirado, who had lost her husband and baby. Stiley's co-worker, Nikki Felch, took the second line. As the helicopter pulled the three through the water and blocks of ice toward shore, both Tirado and Felch lost their grip and fell back into the water. While being dragged through the ice to the riverbank by the helicopter, Stiley broke multiple ribs.

Priscilla Tirado was too weak to grab the line when the helicopter returned to her. A watching bystander, Congressional Budget Office assistant Lenny Skutnik, stripped off his coat and boots, and in short sleeves, dove into the icy water and swam out to successfully pull her to shore. The helicopter then proceeded to where Felch had fallen, and paramedic Gene Windsor stepped out onto the helicopter skid and grabbed her by the clothing to lift her onto the skid with him, bringing her to shore. From the time the helicopter had arrived on scene to Felch's rescue, 10 minutes had passed.

When the helicopter crew returned for Williams, the wreckage he was strapped into had rolled slightly, submerging him; according to the coroner, Williams was the only passenger to die by drowning. His body and those of the other occupants were recovered later.

The inclement weather had caused an early start to Washington's rush-hour traffic, frustrating the response time of emergency crews. The early rush hour also meant that trains on the Washington Metro were full when just 30 minutes after Flight 90 crashed, the Metro suffered its first fatal crash, at Federal Triangle station. This meant that Washington's nearest airport, one of its main bridges in or out of the city, and one of its busiest subway lines were all closed simultaneously, paralyzing much of the metropolitan area.

Responses in the news media
The first member of the news media to arrive was Chester Panzer of WRC-TV. A crew member and he, returning from another story, had been stuck in traffic in their news vehicle on the George Washington Parkway when the plane crashed a few hundred yards away from them. Minutes later, they were shooting video footage of the crash scene, showing wreckage and survivors in the water, along with the arrival of first responders. Chester captured Lenny Skutnik's memorable plunge to pull Priscilla Tirado from the icy water. His work earned him 1983 Pulitzer Prize finalist honors for spot news photography.

Charles "Charlie" Pereira, a photographer with the United States Park Police, was in the Chief's office when the call came in that Air Florida Flight 90 had crashed. Charlie ran to the 14th street bridge and captured the only still images from the rescue. He was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his photography.

John Goldsmith, an off-beat reporter for WDVM-TV (now WUSA), happened to be at National Airport prior to the incident doing a story on the snowstorm, and even caught footage of Flight 90 prior to takeoff. He was first on the air with the story.

News media outlets followed the story with diligence. Notably, The Washington Post published a story about the then-unidentified survivor of the crash, Arland D. Williams Jr., who had handed the lifeline to others and drowned before he could be rescued:

The day after the crash, on Washington, DC, radio, WWDC shock jock Howard Stern pretended to call the Air Florida ticket counter to ask about buying tickets to the 14th Street Bridge.

NTSB investigation and conclusion
The 737 had broken into several large pieces upon impact—the nose and cockpit section, the cabin up to the wing attachment point, the cabin from behind the wings to the rear airstairs, and the empennage. Although actual impact speeds were low and well within survivability limits, the structural breakup of the fuselage and exposure to freezing water nonetheless proved fatal for all persons aboard the plane except those seated in the tail section. The NTSB concluded that the accident was not survivable. Determining the position of the rudder, slats, elevators, and ailerons was not possible due to impact damage and destruction of the majority of flight control systems.

The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the crash included the flight crew's failure to enforce a sterile cockpit during the final preflight checklist procedure. The engines' anti-ice heaters were not engaged during ground operation and takeoff. The decision to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft, and the captain's failure to reject the takeoff during the early stage, when his attention was called to anomalous engine instrument readings, were also erroneous.

The NTSB further stated:

Long-term aftermath

Honors
The "sixth passenger", who had survived the crash and had repeatedly given up the rescue lines to other survivors before drowning, was later identified as 46-year-old bank examiner Arland D. Williams, Jr. The repaired span of the 14th Street Bridge complex over the Potomac River at the crash site, then named the Rochambeau Bridge, was renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in his honor. The Citadel in South Carolina, from which he graduated in 1957, has several memorials to him. In 2003, the new Arland D. Williams Jr. Elementary School was dedicated in his hometown of Mattoon in Coles County, Illinois.

Civilians Roger Olian and Lenny Skutnik received the Coast Guard's Gold Lifesaving Medal. Arland D. Williams, Jr. also received the award posthumously. Skutnik was introduced to the joint session of the U.S. Congress during President Ronald Reagan's State of the Union speech later that month.

The Coast Guard awarded a Silver Lifesaving Medal to two crewmen of the U.S. Park Police helicopter Eagle 1. As the U.S. Park Police are part of the United States Department of the Interior, pilot Donald W. Usher and paramedic Melvin E. Windsor also received the Interior Department's Valor Award, presented in a special ceremony soon after the accident by Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt. Usher later became superintendent of the National Park Service Law Enforcement Training Center located at FLETC in Brunswick, Georgia, before retiring in December 2012.

Roger Olian, Lenny Skutnik, Donald Usher, and Melvin Windsor each received the Carnegie Hero Fund Medal. Kelly Duncan, the only surviving flight attendant, was recognized in the NTSB accident report for her "unselfish act" of giving the only life vest she could find to a passenger.

Regulatory and procedure changes
The investigation following the crash, especially regarding the failure of the captain to respond to crew concerns about the deicing procedure, led to a number of reforms in pilot-training regulations. Partial blame was placed on the young, inexperienced flight crew, who had a combined age of only 65 and had begun their careers as commercial pilots less than five years earlier. Typical of upstart, low-cost carriers, Air Florida frequently hired youthful pilots who worked for less money than veterans, and were for the most part seeking to gain flight experience prior to joining a major airline. It became a widely used case study for both air crews and rescue workers.

Contribution to demise of Air Florida
Air Florida began lowering its service and reducing the number of its employees to cope with decreasing finances and fare wars. The airline ultimately filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection two and a half years after the crash.

Disagreement arose over whether the Air Florida crash was a significant factor in the company's failure. Ken Kaye of the South Florida Sun Sentinel said, "The Air Florida accident led to the carrier's eventual demise. Though it was once a robust airline, flying to 30 cities through Florida, the Northeast, and the Caribbean, the company filed for bankruptcy and grounded its fleet in July 1984." Good Morning America also stated, "The Air Florida accident led to the carrier's eventual demise".

Weeks after the accident, Air Florida's CEO and founder, Eli Timoner, had a debilitating stroke at age 53, causing additional management strain on the carrier. Timoner retired the following year and was replaced by Donald Lloyd-Jones.

Suzy Hagstrom of the Orlando Sentinel said, "Chronologically, the crash of Flight 90 may have marked the beginning of the end for Air Florida, but aviation experts say it did not cause or trigger the carrier's demise". Paul Turk, the publications director of the aviation consultancy firm Avmark Inc., said that many airlines faced difficulties in the 1980s due to fare wars, a recession, and decline in travel, and that Air Florida had already faced increasing debt and financial losses prior to the crash. Turk argued, "Air Florida would have folded without the crash". Thomas Canning, a senior airline analyst for Standard & Poor's, said, "I don't believe one crash can make or break an airline; there were a lot of other factors involved in Air Florida's bankruptcy."

In popular culture

The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic TV series Mayday (also called Air Crash Investigation or Air Emergency) dramatized the accident in an episode titled "Disaster on the Potomac" (aired in some countries as "Tragedy on the Potomac").

The PBS series Nova featured the crash in season 2, episode 2, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Brush With Death".

The National Geographic Channel series Seconds From Disaster also dramatized the accident entitled "Plane Crash in the Potomac".

Aircrash Confidential also covered the accident in one of their episodes.

The crash was also dramatized in the 1984 made-for-TV movie Flight 90: Disaster on the Potomac.

Critical Rescue has also dedicated an entire episode to the heroes of the disaster.

The flight has also been shown on the show When Weather Changed History on US-based The Weather Channel.

The National Law Enforcement Museum, which opened in Washington, DC, in 2018, has footage of the crash on display along with interviews of survivors and other first-hand accounts. The display includes the U.S. Park Police helicopter involved in the rescue of Flight 90's survivors.

Arland D Williams, Jr., is commemorated in Sarah Hickman's song "Last Man in the Water".

See also

 Random Hearts – a novel which was inspired by the disaster
Similar accidents:
Arrow Air Flight 1285R – crash of a McDonnell Douglas DC-8 at Gander Airport in 1985 due to wing icing.
Continental Airlines Flight 1713 – crash of a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 on takeoff when having taxied to the runway without clearance, causing confusion for air traffic controllers, leading the flight to sit on the ground for too long after deicing at Stapleton International Airport in Denver in 1987.   The copilot then pulled the nose up too severely on rotation, stalling the aircraft.
Air Ontario Flight 1363 – crashed in Dryden, Ontario, in March 1989 after the flight crew did not deice their jet.
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751 – a 1991 crash-landing of a McDonnell Douglas MD-81 in Sweden by Stefan G. Rasmussen after ice was accumulated in the engines.
USAir Flight 405 – crash of a Fokker 28 at LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York City, in 1992. The crash was caused by icing, improper deicing procedures, pilot error, and unforeseen delays.
American Eagle Flight 4184 – crashed after flying into unforeseen icing conditions in 1994.
Comair Flight 3272 – lost control due to icing on the wing near Detroit Metropolitan Airport in 1997.
China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210 – crashed shortly after takeoff in 2004 after the jet collected a layer of frost overnight and was not deiced.
Emirates Flight 407 – a near miss in 2009 after the crew incorrectly calculated the takeoff weight and did not apply enough thrust to take off properly. The crew managed to regain control of the aircraft and make an emergency landing.
Sol Líneas Aéreas Flight 5428 – crashed due to icing in Argentina in 2011.

References

Further reading

 Trivers, R. L. & Newton, H. P. "The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception?" Science Digest (November 1982): pp. 66–67, 111.
 Shribman, David. "Electronic Sleuths Seek Crash Data". The New York Times. Thursday January 21, 1982. Lake City Final Edition, Sec. A, p. 14, Col. 4 (674 words). Available on ProQuest.

 Roads to the Future website – 14th Street Bridge, the Air Florida Crash, and Subway Disaster
 Cockpit voice recording transcript for the crash of Air Florida Flight 90
 "Bridge of Sighs"The Observer (2003 report on the survivors 21 years later)
 "Days of Disaster1949 & 1982", Arlington Fire Journal (detailed account of Arlington County Fire Dept. operations at crash site)
 "We're Not Going To Make It", Time
 "The 30th anniversary of the Air Florida plane crash", The Washington Post (photo gallery)

External links

 Executive Summary – NTSB Report AAR-82/08 Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport Washington, D.C. January 13, 1982
 Aircraft Accident Report: Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge, Near Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C., January 13, 1982 – National Transportation Safety Board report (PDF, 140 pages)
 Alternative link
 Pre-crash photos of N62AF

1982 in Washington, D.C.
1982 meteorology
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original
Air Florida accidents and incidents
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by ice
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents in Virginia
Airliner accidents and incidents in Washington, D.C.
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1982
Bridge disasters caused by collision
January 1982 events in the United States
Potomac River
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
Airliner accidents and incidents involving ground collisions

Air Florida Flight 90


Campanula carpatha er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Karpathos (eyja í suðurhluta Eyjahafs.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula carpatha


من كلمتين هو الالبوم الثاني للفنانه المصري محمد عدوية، تم إصداره عام 2006 من إنتاج شركة كلمه ميوزيك للصوتيات والمرئيات، وهو ثاني البوم يجمع بين محمد عدوية وشركة كلمه ميوزيك.

قائمة الأغاني
 اديني حبيبك - 04:09
 الموال - 03:47
 أنت فاهمني - 02:57
 باعرف أخبارك - 03:58
 بتحبي فيه ايه - 03:55
 حكايه روح - 05:19
 دعوه ام - 04:13
 غاب عنه ضميره - 03:53
 تعالا هنا - 04:19
 كام سؤال - 04:24
 كلمه وضايقتها - 03:28
 من كلمتين - 03:42

ألبومات باللغة العربية
ألبومات محمد عدوية

من كلمتين (ألبوم)


Rosendalen (, Rozova dolina) er en region i Bulgarien, der ligger lige syd for Balkanbjergene og den østlige del af Sredna Gora. Geologisk set består den af to floddale, i vesten af Stryama og i øst af Tundzha.

Kazanlaks Rosendal er 10-12 kilometer bred og ca. 95 kilometr lang, med en gennemsnitshøjde på 350 meter og et areal på 1895 kvadratkilometer.

Kalofer Rosendalen dækker et areal på 1387 kvadratkilometer, er 55 kilometer lang og 16 kilometer bred.

Dalen er berømt for dens rosendykningsindustri, der har eksisteret i flere hundrede år, og som producerer ca. halvdelen (1.7 ton) er verdensproduktionen af rosenolie. Kazanlak er centrum for roseolieindustrien. Andre vigtige byer er Karlovo, Sopot, Kalofer og Pavel banya. Hvert år afholdes festivaller for at fejre roserne og rosenolie. Firmaer i sundheds- og skønhedsindustrien har slået sig ned i denne region og bygget deres hovedkvarter her.

Høstsæsonen ligger fra maj til juni. I denne periode har området en behagelig lugt, og er dækket af blomster. Indsamlingen, traditionelt et kvindearbejde, kræver stor behændighed og tålmodighed. Blomsterne lægges enkeltvis i kurve der så sendes til destillerier. Det er et populært turistmål i Bulgarien, med arrangementer omkring Kazanlak.

September 2014 godkendte EU-Kommissionen bulgarsk rosenolie («Bulgarsko rozovo maslo») som et beskyttet geografisk varemærke.

Rose Valley Glacier på Livingston Island på Sydshetlandsøerne, Antarktis er opkaldt efter Rosendalen.

Se også
 Rosa damascena

Noter

Eksterne links

Bulgarien
Dale

Rosendalen (Bulgarien)


2004 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Madden NFL 2005, NBA Live 2005, ESPN NBA 2K5, Tony Hawk's Underground 2, WWE Smackdown! vs. Raw, Doom 3, Dragon Quest VIII, Gran Turismo 4, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Half-Life 2, Halo 2, Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, Myst IV: Revelation, Ninja Gaiden, Pokémon FireRed/LeafGreen/Emerald, Everybody's Golf 4 (Hot Shots Golf Fore!), Prince of Persia: Warrior Within, and World of Warcraft. New intellectual properties included Fable, Far Cry, FlatOut, Killzone, Katamari Damacy, Monster Hunter, N, Red Dead Revolver, SingStar, and Sacred. The Nintendo DS was also launched that year.

The year has been retrospectively considered one of the best and most important in video game history due to the release of numerous critically acclaimed, commercially successful and influential titles across all platforms and genres at the time. The year's best-selling video game was Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. The year's most critically acclaimed titles were Dragon Quest VIII and Gran Turismo 4 in Japan, and Half-Life 2 and San Andreas in the West.

Events
January 20 – Wired'''s Vaporware Awards gives its first "Lifetime Achievement Award" to recurring winner Duke Nukem Forever.
February 26 – Castle Wolfenstein creator Silas Warner dies at age 54.
March 4 – Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences hosts 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards; inducts Peter Molyneux into the AIAS Hall of Fame.
March 22–26 – Game Developers Conference hosts 4th annual Game Developers Choice Awards and Gama Network's 6th annual Independent Games Festival (IGF).
May 11 – Nintendo officially announces its "Revolution" (later named Wii) console.
May 11–13 – The 10th annual E3 is held in Los Angeles, California, United States.
July – IEMA (Interactive Entertainment Merchants Association) hosts 5th annual Executive Summit.
August 3 – Doom 3 is released, restarting the breakthrough franchise, and featured complex graphics features such as unified lighting and shadowing, real-time fully dynamic per-pixel lighting and stencil shadowing. The game became id's best selling game to date.
October 12 – EA Sports launches the multi-format FIFA Football 2005. It is the last major title to be released for the original PlayStation console.
November – Counter-Strike: Source and Half-Life 2 are officially released on PC around the world, bringing in a new era for the first-person shooter genre of video games, with advanced graphics & physics.
November 5 – Nobuo Uematsu resigns from Square Enix and becomes a freelancer, starting his own business, called Smile Please Co., Ltd.

Business
January 12 – Ubisoft acquires Tiwak.
February – Electronic Arts consolidates, rolls most of Maxis and all of Origin Systems into its Redwood Shores, California HQ.
March – Microsoft announces XNA the successor of DirectX as the default API for "Longhorn", and Xenon.
April 6 – Midway Games acquires Surreal Software.
April 13 – T1, a South Korean esports organization, is founded.
May – Sammy Corporation buys a controlling share in Sega Corporation at a cost of $1.1 billion creating the new company, Sega Sammy Holdings, one of the biggest video game companies in the world.
July – Square Enix restructures executive branches around the world.
September 1 – Acclaim declares bankruptcy and closes its doors.
October 11 – Midway Games acquires Inevitable Entertainment and renames it Midway Studios Austin.
November 30 – Midway Games acquires developer Paradox Development.
December 13 – Electronic Arts purchases a 5-year exclusive agreement for the rights to the NFL, which includes NFL teams, stadiums and players for use in EA's football video games.
December 20 – Electronic Arts purchases 20% stake in Ubisoft. The purchase at the time was considered "hostile", by Ubisoft.

Hardware releases

Trends
In 2004, the total U.S. sales of video game hardware, software and accessories was $9.9 billion compared with $10 billion in 2003. Total software sales rose 8 percent over the previous year to $6.2 billion. Additionally, sales of portable software titles exceeded $1 billion for the first time. Hardware sales were down 27 percent for the year due in part to shortages during the holiday season and price reductions from all systems.

Video game consoles
GameCube
Xbox
PlayStation 2
Sony released an internal hard drive for the PlayStation 2 on March 23
The third major hardware revision of the PlayStation 2 (model number SCPH-70000) was released in Japan on November 1

Handheld game systems
The dominant handheld systems in 2004 were:
Game Boy Advance SP
N-Gage

Additionally, Nokia released an updated version of their original N-Gage, called the N-Gage QD. Nintendo released the Nintendo DS on November 21 in the United States. In Japan Sony released the PlayStation Portable on December 12.

Best-selling video games

 Japan

 United States

 PAL regions

 Top game rentals in the United States

Critically acclaimed titles

 Famitsu
In Japan, the following video game releases in 2004 entered Famitsu'' magazine's "Platinum Hall of Fame" and received Famitsu scores of at least 36 out of 40.

Metacritic and GameRankings
In the West, Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews.

Notable releases

See also
2004 in games

References

Video games by year

2004 in video games


"Buttons" este un cântec al cântăreței australiane Sia. "Buttons" a fost lansat ca un single promoțional în 2007 și ca cel de-al patrulea disc single oficial final de pe albumul ei din 2008, Some People Have Real Problems. Cântecul este o piesă bunus pe ediția australiană și o piesă ascunsă (urmată după "Lullaby") pe ediția internațională al albumului.

Remix-urile au fost lansate în Statele Unite ale Americii pe data de 25 noiembrie 2008 și disc single digital de o piesă în Noua Zelandă pe data de 9 februarie 2009 prin intermediul casei de discuri Spinnin Records.

Versiunea Vocal Mix de Chris Lake este inclusă pe albumul "Ultra Music Festival 03" Remix-ul CSS este inclus pe albumul "Triple J Hottest 100, Vol. 17" după ce a venit la numărul 50 în sondajul anual.

Videoclip
Videoclipul a fost regizat de Kris Moyes și lansat în iulie 2007. În acesta, Sia înfruntă în mod repetat capul și fața de viteze care o împinge la un pas de asfixiere și deranjament facial. Videoclipul a fost încărcat de Perez Hilton pe blog-ul său și a fost vizualizat de peste 250.000 de ori în 3 ore. Datorită comentariilor negative despre aspectul ei, Sia a postat pe blog despre dezamăgirea ei citind acest lucru, cu referire în mod special citind despre dinții ei strâmbați (un dinte care este rupt sau nu în aliniere cu ceilalți). În acest blog, a discutat de asemenea modul în care conceptul videoclipului a fost dezvoltat, cum videoclipul a fost "distractiv" "în afară de momentul cu prinsoriile de haine întregi pe fața mea", dar modul în care videoclipul a făcut-o faimoasă s-a meritat destul de mult. Acest blog de asemenea a încărcat pe site-ul lui Perez Hilton în 31 iulie.

Videoclipul rămâne unul dintre cele mai cunoscute videoclipuri ale ei până în prezent.

Lista pieselor
The Remixes (US)
 "Buttons" (Jimmy Vallance Edit) – 2:58
 "Buttons" (Jimmy Vallance Remix) – 7:02
 "Buttons" (Chris Lake Remix) – 6:42
 "Buttons" (Chris Lake Dub) – 6:40
 "Buttons" (Markus Schulz Coldharbour Remix) – 6:57
 "Buttons" (Markus Schulz Coldharbour Dub) – 6:15

New Zealand Version
 "Buttons" (Bart Hendrix Deep Dope Remix)  – 6:10

The Remixes (International)
 "Buttons"  (Jimmy Vallance Edit) – 2:58
 "Buttons"  (Original Mix) – 7:02
 "Buttons" (Chris Lake Vocal Mix)	 – 6:42
 "Buttons" (Markus Schulz Vocal Mix) – 6:57
 "Buttons" (CSS Remix) – 3:26
 "Buttons" (Filterheadz Remix) – 7:45
 "Buttons" (Chris Lake Dub Mix) – 6:40
"Buttons" (Markus Schulz Dub Mix)  – 6:15

Clasamente

Referințe

Legături externe

Discuri single
Discuri single din 2008
Cântece din 2008
Sia

Buttons (cântec de Sia)