CIDC-FM (103.5 FM, Z103.5) is a radio station licensed to Orangeville, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Evanov Communications, the station broadcasts a rhythmic contemporary format targeting the Greater Toronto Area. Its studios are located on Dundas Street West in the Eatonville neighbourhood in the Etobicoke district of Toronto.

CIDC has historically been known for having a dance and electronic music-leaning format, and has sponsored electronic music events and released co-branded dance music CDs. CIDC held a 2.0 share of the market in Numeris's Spring 2018 ratings.

Due to its signal location near Orangeville, the station covers Barrie and Kitchener in addition to rimshotting Downtown Toronto. The station has often marketed itself as a Toronto station, while Evanov made repeated attempts to move or otherwise modify CIDC's signal to better serve the GTA, almost all of which were denied by the CRTC for neglecting its formal city of licence. The CRTC also reprimanded CIDC for not specifically devoting enough on-air community interest programming, news, sports and information specific to Orangeville or Dufferin County, as specified in its original approval.

History
The Orangeville area was struck by a massive F4 tornado as part of the 1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak on May 31, 1985, and the community felt it did not receive adequate warning from stations in Toronto. As such, an application was made to the CRTC for a radio station to serve Orangeville. CRTC approval was given for the station on September 10, 1986, under a guideline not to solicit advertising from Toronto, Barrie or Brampton. The station's frequency allocation was originally specified for Guelph, and was moved to Orangeville to allow for the service.

CIDC was launched on May 1, 1987, on 103.5 FM with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a site located northwest of Orangeville. Its transmitter's terrain, which measured  height above average terrain, and tower height of  meant it was  higher than the top of CN Tower. CIDC's launch format as "DC 103.5" was 70's/80's hits.

On September 28, 1994, the CRTC approved the ownership transfer of Dufferin Communications from its shareholders to CKMW Radio Ltd., operator of Brampton multicultural station CIAO. The station was branded Hot 103.5 in February 1995 (later calling it "Hot 103 dot 5"), playing only dance music. The station then began adding more R&B and pop tracks to its Top 40/dance playlist in February 1998, and was renamed Hits 103.5.

On July 28, 2000, approval was given to relocate the transmitter site from 6 km west of Orangeville town hall to 11 km east of Orangeville town hall and decrease the station's power from 50,000 watts to 30,700 watts.

In late December 2000, the station was re-branded as Z103.5 (with the decimal point heard as "dot"), with the slogan "The Hit Music Channel", though the CIDC call letters were retained. The slogan was later changed to simply "Today's Hit Music".

Until the summer of 2006, CIDC was the only radio station in Canada that played dance music since CING-FM changed formats in 2001. It was the only Top 40 station left in Toronto after CISS-FM became "Jack FM" in 2003. For a brief period in 2001, CKDX-FM also played dance music but poor ratings led it to switch to an oldies format.

In the summer of 2006, Evanov launched a new station in Halifax, Nova Scotia, also on 103.5, patterned after CIDC, though with a different logo and slogan. In 2011, Evanov began to brand all it stations only by whole numbers. In January 2012, the Halifax station relaunched their Top 40/Dance format and began patterning their direction after its sister station in Winnipeg, CHWE, who uses the moniker Energy 106. However, while the Winnipeg station continues to do well, the Halifax outlet would see their fortunes take a downturn in ratings and format changes that resulted in their flip to Country in September 2015.

Rival CKFM-FM switched from adult top 40 to CHR due to high airplay on top-played singles, while CIDC-FM tweaked its format by adding some adult top 40 singles, such as Bon Jovi's What Do You Got?. Rival CKIS-FM dropped their rhythmic lean and went more mainstream in February 2011. At that same time, CIDC did the reverse: from mainstream to a rhythmic-lean, although it still plays a small percentage of dance music, which was slightly increased by 2015. Most non-top 40 dance hits remain at the station, although they are classics. It continues to report on Mediabase & Nielsen BDS as a contemporary hit radio. As of the summer of 2012, the station's slogan is "#1 For Hit Music", following the other top 40 stations in Toronto, CKIS-FM and CKFM-FM, which both claimed to be "Toronto's #1 Hit Music Station". As of 2016, CIDC reverted to the slogan "All The Hits."

Despite the decrease in dance music, the station's highest-rated program continues to be The Drive @ 5 Street Mix with DJ Danny D. The show is mixed live with vinyl records and Compact Discs. In 2000, the show started out as a 30-minute Friday afternoon mix, but soon expanded into a 1-hour set. By 2004–2005, the set was so popular that CIDC introduced the "Drive @ 5" five times a week. Recently, as of 2008, high-profile guest DJ's have started to mix live for the Drive @ 5 on several occasions including David Guetta, Tiesto, and Armin van Buuren (his show A State of Trance can be heard Sunday nights on this station). The station also had a Saturday Night edition of the "Drive @ 5 Street Mix" for a time. A similar show, The Power Mix with DJ Spence Diamonds, used to air three nights a week (Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday nights). The show, which featured urban music, was cut in the fall of 2007. In 2011, the station introduced a mix show during the lunch hour, dedicated to hits from the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, called the Wayback Lunch.

The station aired some programming hosted by Canadian DJ Chris Sheppard in the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, including Pirate Radio and Groove Station.

CIDC also had a weekly show on Sundays called the Freestyle Frenzy, hosted by veteran Tony Monaco. It was solely a show of freestyle music and mixes. It aired from June 4, 1995, to January 2004, and was replaced with Ryan Seacrest's American Top 40 countdown. As of the summer of 2008, that show was removed from the schedule. CKFM-FM later picked up the show after its relaunch as Virgin Radio.

MC Mario also previously held regular Sunday programming called "The Mixdown" which ran for a full hour in the afternoon until 2004

Dance music makes up approximately 20-30% of the CIDC playlist and programming.

Currently, the station competes with fellow top 40 stations CKFM-FM and CKIS-FM, and to a lesser extent, hot AC station CHUM-FM.

On September 21, 2020, CIDC-FM launched a digital signal in the HD Radio format.

Attempts to relocate
On January 12, 2015, Evanov filed an application for permission to relocate CIDC's transmitter to Georgetown, using the tower of its sister station CIAO-AM, and increase its average power from 37.5 kW to 51 kW. Evanov stated that the move would help to improve reception in Downtown Toronto (especially inside buildings) to add one million potential new listeners, and deploy HD Radio services simulcasting CIAO and CIRR-FM. The application was denied by the CRTC, citing that the proposed changes would reduce coverage in Orangeville and increase its strength in an out-of-market area, thus neglecting its city of licence. The CRTC ruled that Evanov did not "[demonstrate] a financial need justifying the proposed technical changes". On September 15, 2017, Evanov submitted an application to increase the effective radiated power of CIDC-FM, with no change in frequency.

During CIDC's licence renewal process, the CRTC also noted that the station had been neglecting its city of licence in its news and information content, relating specifically to the GTA as a whole rather than Orangeville; the station's website and social presences contain no mention at all of Orangeville, or of any news and weather. As a condition of its licence renewal, the CRTC ordered the station to regularly broadcast content of direct and particular relevance to Orangeville (including news headlines and other local information), traffic and weather reports for markets within its signal contours, refrain from exclusively devoting this coverage to Toronto, and to identify as an Orangeville station.

In 2018, Evanov filed an application to swap CIDC and CIRR's frequencies and change their ERP, with CIDC moving to 103.9 under reduced power to specifically serve the Orangeville market, and CIRR moving to a full-power signal on 103.5, which would inherit CIDC's existing programming. Evanov proposed moving the previous LGBT community programming on CIRR to an HD Radio subchannel, committing to produce five original hours of programming per-day. Evanov also filed another application to change CIDC-FM's frequency from 103.5 to 103.7. The application was denied by the CRTC on January 31, 2020, who ruled that it would undermine the commission's competitive licensing process, and cited technical restrictions related to use of the frequencies in both markets.

Compilations
Z103.5 has released various music compilation CDs, mixed by DJ Danny D and later The Hammer. The 3 series included Hitmix, Streetmix, and Summer Rush, named after the concert of the same name. They released from 2002 until 2018.

Concerts and live-to-air programs
The station annually hosts a number of live concert events. Past and present concerts include the Hot Rush (created in 1993 as Energy Rush, now Summer Rush), Euro-Freestyle Invasion (now Euro Invasion), and Partymania. Most of the concerts are sold-out because they are mostly filled with performances by dance artists that usually don't get much publicity. Its sister station in Halifax also started holding a similar Summer Rush concert in 2007, usually around the same time as its Toronto sibling.

The Summer Rush has been held at various venues over the years, including the Molson Amphitheatre at Ontario Place, Polson Pier (previously known as The Docks), and, more recently, the Kingswood Theatre at Canada's Wonderland. Typically, venues have changed every three to five years. There have been over a hundred artists featured from Europe, South America, USA, and Canada, including Real McCoy (twice – 1997 and 2009), Culture Beat (twice – 1993 and 2004) Cascada (three times – 2004, 2006, 2008), DHT, B4-4 (a crowd favourite), Joee, Sarina Paris, Len, The Boomtang Boys, Snap!, Waldo's People, Do (singing DJ Sammy's "Heaven"), Haiducci, DC Project, Jam & Spoon, Elissa, Stevie B, Ian Van Dahl, Sash!, Rupee, Kevin Lyttle, Jesse McCartney, JoJo, Elise Estrada, Basshunter and Daddy Yankee.

The station also hosts live-to-airs from various Toronto-area nightclubs three to five nights per week. Wednesdays have been wayback playbacks from Club Menage since 2002 (hence the term Wayback Wednesdays), but they have recently moved to Gravity Soundbar, Bloke, and now Ristorante Buonanotte. Thursdays are live from Sugar Daddy's in Mississauga, playing the best R&B, Hip-Hop, Reggae, and Dancehall. Fridays they broadcast out of Gravity Soundbar. Saturday nights are live from My Apartment in Mississauga.

On November 11, 2015, Tony Monaco announced that after nearly 14 years, Wayback Wednesdays would end on November 25, 2015.

On March 23, 2016, Wayback Wednesdays returned to Z103.5, back by popular demand, broadcasting live from Ristorante Buonanotte. Low turnouts at the venue caused the show's cancellation a few months later.

References

External links

IDC
IDC
Orangeville, Ontario
IDC
Etobicoke
IDC
Radio stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Ontario

CIDC-FM


Selfjorden er en fjord på nordøstsiden af Moskenesøya i Flakstad kommune i Nordland fylke  i Norge. Den går   omtrent 7 kilometer i sydvestlig retning fra indløbet mellem Moberget i vest og Geitøya i øst. Mod nordøst er der passage til Norskehavet via Hovdanvika, Røssøystraumen og Rambergsvika og fra Andopsnes går Sundstraumen mod syd  og giver passage til Vestfjorden.
Fjorden går mellem Langneset og Kitinden (757 moh.) på nordsiden og Nesfjellet og Narvtinden (677 moh.) på sydsiden. De indre 700 meter hedder Laukvika, og er omgivet af Småtindan, Middagstinden, Nonstinden og Tverrfjellet. Mellem Tverrfjellet og Vegneset, ved foden af Kitinden, går fjordarmen Stormarkpollen  1,7 kilometer i nordvestlig retning ind mod foden af Ryptinden (613 moh.).

Største bebyggelse er den lille bygd Krystad, som er endepunkt for Fylkesve 986 (Nordland) på nordvestsiden. Der er spredt bebyggelse langs lokalvejen til Selfjord. Europavej E10 går langs den nordøstlige del af fjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland

Flakstad
Lofoten
Moskenesøya

Selfjorden (Flakstad)


An Paepalanthus microphorus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Silveira. An Paepalanthus microphorus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paepalanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paepalanthus

Paepalanthus microphorus


بلدية ماسكيفا (بالكاتالانية: Masquefa) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 7.747 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في أناويا
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

ماسغويفا


An Anthurium tenuifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Anthurium tenuifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium tenuifolium


Olaylar
 1381 - Wat Tyler öncülüğündeki köylü isyancılar, Londra'yı basarak Hükûmet binalarını ateşe verdi, hapishaneleri boşalttı ve zenginlerle yargıçların kafalarını uçurdu.
 1550 - Mimar Sinan'ın eseri Süleymaniye Camii'nin temeli atıldı.
 1859 - Erzurum'daki şiddetli depremde, kentin yarısından fazlası hasar gördü ve 3 bin kişi öldü.
 1872 - Namık Kemal, İbret gazetesi'ni yayımladı. Bu fikir gazetesi, 27 gün sonra kapatıldı.
 1878 - Berlin'de, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Çarlık Rusyası, Büyük Britanya, Alman İmparatorluğu, Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu, İtalya Krallığı ve Fransa arasında, Berlin Antlaşması olarak adlandırılan barış antlaşmasını imzalamak üzere kongre toplandı.
 1891 - İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi ziyarete açıldı.
 1921 - Mustafa Kemal, Ankara'ya gelen Fransa Temsilcisi Henry Franklin-Bouillon ile görüştü.
 1924 - Fransa'da Gaston Doumergue, Cumhurbaşkanlığı'na seçildi.
 1928 - Türkiye ile Düyunu Umumiye (Osmanlı borçları) alacaklıları arasında sözleşme imzalandı.
 1934 - Adolf Hitler ile Mussolini, İtalya'nın Venedik kentinde bir araya geldiler. Daha sonra bu buluşmadaki izlenimlerini anlatırken Mussolini, Hitler'den "aptal küçük maymun" diye bahsedecektir.
 1939 - Başbakan Refik Saydam CHP parti grubuna Hatay Antlaşması'nın parafe edildiğini haber verdi.
 1946 - Üniversitelere özerklik veren 4936 sayılı kanun kabul edildi.
 1951 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Dışişleri Bakanı Dean Acheson, Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü'nün (NATO) Avrupalı üyelerinden Türkiye'nin Pakt'a kabul edilmesini istedi.
 1952 - Fikir İşçileri Kanunu kabul edildi.
 1957 - Siyahi lider Martin Luther King ile ABD Başkan Yardımcısı Nixon görüştüler.
 1961 - Batı Almanya'ya işçi gönderilmesinin esaslarını düzenleyen protokol imzalandı. İlk işçi kafilesi, 24 Haziran'da trenle yola çıktı.
 1962 - Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi'nden ayrılan Osman Bölükbaşı ve arkadaşları Millet Partisi'ni kurdu.
 1963 - 1459 Harp Okulu öğrencisinin yargılanmasına başlandı.
 1966 - Ankara'da ilk kapalı devre televizyon yayını için hazırlıklara başlandı.
 1968 - Üniversitelerde başlayan boykot ve işgal eylemleri hızla yayılmaya başladı. İstanbul'dan sonra Ankara'da da 10 fakültede öğrenciler dersleri boykot ettiler. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi işgal edildi.
 1969 - Irak Hava Kuvvetleri'ne ait iki jet uçağı, yanlışlıkla Hakkâri'yi bombaladı.
 1971 - Kültür Bakanlığı kuruldu. Bakanlığa Talat Halman atandı.
 1972 - Boğaziçi Üniversitesi öğrencisi Banu Ergüder, içinde ceset bulunan bavulla yakalandı. Ergüder'in tecavüze karşı öldürdüğü ifadesine karşın, cinayeti örgütsel anlaşmazlık nedeniyle aynı üniversite öğrencilerinden Zeynel Altındağ'ın işlediği ortaya çıktı. Sıkıyönetimce aranan Adil Ovalıoğlu'nun öldürülmesine adı karışan Garbis Altınoğlu da yakalandı.
 1972 - THKP-C davasında hüküm giyen Necmi Demir, Kamil Dede ve Ziya Yılmaz'ın idam kararları Yargıtay'da bozuldu.
 1973 - Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde, Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemeleri Kanunu kabul edildi.
 1977 - Başbakan Süleyman Demirel istifa etti. Hükûmeti kurma görevi Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Genel Başkanı Bülent Ecevit'e verildi.
 1983 - Pioneer 10 uzay sondası, güneş sistemi dışına çıkan ilk insan yapımı nesne oldu.
 1991 - Türkiye ile Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti arasında pasaport uygulaması kaldırıldı.
 1993 - Süleyman Demirel'in Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesiyle boşalan DYP Genel Başkanlığı'na Tansu Çiller seçildi.
 1993 - Kim Campbell, Kanada'nın ilk kadın Başbakanı seçildi.
 2000 - Papa II. Jean Paul'e suikast girişiminden İtalya'da cezaevinde yatan Mehmet Ali Ağca, Türkiye'ye iade edildi.
 2002 - Afganistan'da geleneksel Meclis "Loya Jirga" toplanarak, Geçici Hükûmet Başkanı olarak Hamid Karzai'yi seçti.
 2006 - MacGyver adlı Amerikan dizisinin 6. sezon DVD'si çıktı.
 2009 - İran Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçim sonuçları açıklandı. Seçimi Mahmud Ahmedinejad kazandı. Sonuçlar açıklanır açıklanmaz ülkede protesto gösterileri başladı. Kısa süre sonra da isyana dönüştü.
 2013 - Sibel Siber, KKTC'nin ilk kadın başbakanı oldu.

Doğumlar
 823 - II. Charles, Kutsal Roma İmparatoru (ö. 877)
 839 - III. Charles, Kutsal Roma imparatoru (ö. 888)
 1367 - Taejong, Joseon Krallığı'nın üçüncü kralıdır (ö. 1422)
 1773 - Thomas Young, İngiliz bilim insanı ve dil bilimci (ö. 1829)
 1790 - José Antonio Páez, Venezuelalı lider (ö. 1873)
 1831 - James Clerk Maxwell, İskoç teorik fizikçi, matematikçi ve elektromanyetik teorinin kurucusu (ö. 1879)
 1865 - William Butler Yeats, İrlandalı şair ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1939)
 1888 - Fernando Pessoa, Portekizli şair (ö. 1935)
 1897 - Paavo Nurmi, Fin atlet (ö. 1973)
 1911 - Luis Alvarez, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1988)
 1918 - Helmut Lent, Nazi Almanyası pilotu (gece avcısı olarak bilinen) (ö. 1944)
 1925 - Jak Kamhi, Türk iş insanı (ö. 2020)
 1928 - John Forbes Nash, Amerikalı matematikçi ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2015)
 1931 - Irvin D. Yalom, Rus asıllı Amerikalı psikiyatrist, varoluşçu, psikoterapist, yazar ve eğitimci
 1935 - Mehmet Üstünkaya, Türk iş insanı ve Beşiktaş JK yöneticisi (ö. 2000)
 1937 - Alla Yoshpe, Rus pop şarkıcısı (ö. 2021)
 1941 - Tony Hateley, İngiliz futbolcu (ö. 2014)
 1943 - Malcolm McDowell, İngiliz aktör
 1944 - Ban Ki-moon, Güney Koreli politikacı ve Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Sekreteri
 1951 - Stellan Skarsgård, İsveçli oyuncu
 1952 - Hikmet Körmükçü, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1953 - Tim Allen, Amerikalı komedyen ve aktör
 1955 - Alan Hansen, İskoç futbolcu
 1958 - Füsun Demirel, Türk tiyatro, film ve dizi oyuncusu ve çevirmen
 1962 - Ally Sheedy, Amerikalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1964 - Kathy Burke, İngiliz oyuncu, komedyen ve tiyatro yönetmeni
 1965 - Vahide Perçin, Türk tiyatro, film ve dizi oyuncusu
 1966 - Grigori Perelman, Rus matematikçi
 1967 - Peter Buchman, Amerikalı senarist
 1970 - Julián Gil, Arjantinli oyuncu ve eski model
 1971 - Jeffrey Pierce, Amerikalı oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1971 - Tarık, Türk şarkıcı
 1972 - Ufuk Sarıca, Türk eski basketbolcu
 1973 - Kasia Kowalska, Polonyalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı prodüktör ve oyuncu
 1973 - Ville Laihiala, Fin müzisyen ve Sentenced grubu vokalisti
 1974 - Selma Björnsdóttir, İzlandalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1974 - Takahiro Sakurai, Japon seslendirme sanatçısı
 1975 - Jeff Davis, Amerikalı yazar ve yapımcı
 1975 - Toni Ribas, İspanyol porno aktörü
 1978 - Richard Kingson, Ganalı futbolcu
 1980 - Florent Malouda, Fransız millî futbolcu
 1980 - Sarah Connor, Alman şarkıcı
 1981 - Chris Evans, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1983 - Rebeca Linares, İspanyol porno oyuncusu
 1986 - Kat Dennings, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1986 - Måns Zelmerlöw, İsveçli şarkıcı, sunucu ve dansçı
 1988 - Satoru Hayashi, Japon eski futbolcu
 1989 - Diana Hacıyeva, Azerbaycanlı şarkıcı
 1989 - Andreas Samaris, Yunan futbolcu
 1989 - Hassan Whiteside, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1990 - Aaron Johnson, İngiliz oyuncu
 1991 - Ryan Mason, İngiliz antrenör ve eski futbolcu
 1991 - Lorenzo Reyes, Şilili millî futbolcu
 1992 - Kim Jin-su, Güney Koreli millî futbolcu
 1993 - Milan Jevtović, Sırp futbolcu
 1993 - Thomas Partey, Ganalı millî futbolcu
 1993 - Denis Ten, Kazak buz patenci (ö. 2018)
 1995 - Petra Vlhová, Slovak Dünya Kupası alp disiplini kayakçısı
 1996 - Kingsley Coman, Fransız futbolcu
 1997 - Arca Tülüoğlu, Türk basketbolcu
 2000 - Penny Oleksiak, Kanadalı serbest stil ve kelebek yüzücü

Ölümler
 976 - I. Mansur (Samani), 961-976 yılları arasında hüküm süren Samani hükümdarı
 1036 - Zahir, 1021-1036 döneminde Fatimiler Halifeliği yedinci halifesi (d. 1005)
 1231 - Padova'lı Antonio, Fransisken rahibi, manevi doktrin uzmanı, tanınmış vaiz ve mucize gösterici (d. 1195)
 1645 - Miyamoto Musaşi, Japon kılıç üstadı (d. 1584)
 1933 - Şeref Bey, Türk futbolcu, teknik direktör ve futbol hakemi (Beşiktaş futbol şubesinin kurucusu ve ilk kaptanı) (d. 1894)
 1948 - Osamu Dazai, Japon yazar (d. 1909)
 1965 - Refik Fersan, Türk besteci ve müzik bilimci (d. 1893)
 1965 - Martin Buber, Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu doğumlu filozof (d. 1878)
 1974 - Turgut Zaim, Türk ressam ve dekoratör (d. 1906)
 1977 - Matthew Garber, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1956)
 1978 - Paul Wittek, Avusturyalı tarihçi, doğubilimci ve yazar (d. 1894)
 1982 - Halid bin Abdül Aziz, Suudi Arabistan Kralı (d. 1912)
 1986 - Benny Goodman, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1909)
 1987 - Cemil Meriç, Türk yazar ve çevirmen (d. 1916)
 1987 - Geraldine Page, Amerikalı aktris ve En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1924)
 1992 - Pumpuang Duangjan, Taylandlı şarkıcı (d. 1961)
 1998 - Lucio Costa, Brezilyalı mimar ve şehir planlamacısı (d. 1902)
 2000 - Ágnes Ságvári, Macar tarihçi ve akademisyen (d. 1928)
 2005 - Álvaro Cunhal, Portekizli komünist siyasetçi (d. 1912)
 2005 - Jesús Moncada, Katalan dilinde İspanyol yazar (d. 1941)
 2006 - Charles Haughey, İrlanda Başbakanı (d. 1925)
 2009 - Micuharu Misawa, Japon profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1962)
 2010 - Combo Ayouba, Komorlu asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1953)
 2012 - Roger Garaudy, Fransız düşünür ve yazar (d. 1913)
 2012 - William Knowles, Amerikalı kimyager (d. 1917)
 2013 - Muhammed el-Hilayvi, Suudi eski millî futbolcu (d. 1971)
 2014 - Gyula Grosics, Eski Macar kaleci (d. 1926)
 2014 - Sara Widén, İsveçli soprano ve opera sanatçısı (d. 1981)
 2016 - Ofelya Hambardzumyan, Ermeni halk müziği şarkıcısı (d. 1925)
 2017 - Yōko Nogiwa, Japon oyuncu (d. 1936)
 2017 - Ulf Stark, İsveçli yazar ve senarist (d. 1944)
 2018 - Alfredo Pasillas, Meksikalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1966)
 2018 - Anne Donovan, Amerikalı eski kadın basketbolcu ve antrenör (d. 1961)
 2018 - D.J. Fontana, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1931)
 2018 - Charles Vinci, Eski Olimpiyat ve Dünya Şampiyonu Amerikalı halterci (d. 1933)
 2019 - Pat Bowlen, Amerikalı spor yöneticisi ve iş insanı (d. 1944)
 2019 - Edith González, Meksikalı telenovela ve film aktris (d. 1964)
 2019 - Şeref Has, Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1936)
 2020 - Sheikh Md Abdullah, Bangladeşli politikacı ve avukat (d. 1945)
 2020 - Sabiha Khanum, Pakistanlı kadın oyuncu (d. 1935)
 2020 - Mohammed Nasim, Bangladeşli politikacı (d. 1948)
 2020 - Jean Raspail, Fransız yazar, gezgin ve kaşif (d. 1925)
 2021 - Ned Beatty, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1937)
 2021 - Hrihori Çapkis, Ukraynalı dansçı ve koreograf (d. 1930)
 2021 - John Gabriel, Amerikalı aktör, şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve yapımcı (d. 1931)
 2021 - Ashley Henley, Amerikalı eğitimci ve siyasetçi (d. 1981)
 2021 - Nikita Mandryka, Fransız çizgi roman sanatçısı ve yazar (d. 1940)
 2021 - Nirmal Saini, Hint voleybolcu ve spor yöneticisi (d. 1938)
 2022 - Nikolaos Deligiorgis, Yunan gazeteci, yazar ve yayıncı (d. 1937)
 2022 - Henri Garcin, Belçikalı aktör (d. 1929)
 2022 - Giuseppe Pericu, İtalyan siyasetçi ve akademisyen (d. 1937)
 2022 - Rolando Serrano, Kolombiyalı profesyonel futbolcudur (d. 1938)
 2023 - Cormac McCarthy, Amerikalı yazar ve Pulitzer Ödülü sahibi (d. 1933)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0613
13

13 Haziran


Olaylar
 Şubat - Jül Sezar senato tarafından ömür büyu diktatör seçilince Lepidus'u vekil tayin etti.
 15 Mart - Jül Sezar, tüm iktidarı kendi elinde toplamasına karşı olan senatörler tarafından anayasal hükûmeti geri getirmek amacıyla suikast sonucu öldürüldü.
 2 Eylül - Caesarion, henüz üç yaşındayken annesi Kleopatra VII ile birlikte müşterek kral olarak Antik Mısır tahtına çıktı.

Doğumlar
 Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Romalı konsül (ö. 20)

Ölümler
 15 Mart - Jül Sezar, eylemleriyle Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin Roma İmparatorluğu'na dönüşmesinde kritik bir rol oynayan Romalı lider (d. MÖ 100)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Romalı konsül (d. MÖ 134)

MÖ 44


Amalie-Marie Nybroe Fjeldmose (født 1989) er en dansk skuespillerinde og psykoterapeut. Amalies første rolle var i børneprgrammet Olivia - hvoffor hvoffor dit og hvoffor dat, som vistes på DR i årene 2000-2002.

Karriere
 2000: Astrid i Skjulte spor (tv-serie)
 2012-2013: Dina i musicalen Skammerens datter baseret på bogen af samme navn (Østre Gasværk)
 2018: Puk i Nissebanden i Julemandens Land (Odense teater)
 2018: Amalie i Mig og Ulf (musical)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Psykoterapeuter

Amalie Fjeldmose


Dubrovnik u pozno ljeto, međunarodni glazbeni festival koji se održava u Dubrovniku.

Organizira ga Dubrovački simfonijski orkestar. Prvo izdanje festivala bilo je 2013. godine. Održava se svake godine od konca kolovoza do potkraj rujna. Nakana osnivača je zadržati prisutnost glazbe i kulturnog života i nakon Dubrovačkih ljetnih igara. Već prvo izdanje naišlo je na sjajan prijam kod publike. Festivalski program čine sadržaji kao što su simfonijski koncerti, komorni koncerti, recitali i sl. Svi se održavaju u ambijentu Kneževa dvora. Izvođači su hrvatski glazbenici u suradnji s međunarodno priznatim gostujućim umjetnicima. Sviraju poznata djela svjetskih i hrvatskih skladatelja. Na festivalu su bila i predstavljanja albuma i izvođene su skladbe iz mjuziklâ.

Među izvođačima koji su nastupali su: Viktor Tretjakov, Natalija Lihopoj, James Dick, Janja Vuletić, Dubravka Tomšič, Diego Tosi, Giovanni Angeleri, Aleksej Semenenko, Severin von Eckardstein, Dmitrij Sinkovski, Martina Filjak, Daniel Froschauer, Dubravka Mušović Šeparović, Marija Grazio, Naira Asatrjan, Maroje Brčić, Marija Pavlović, Marin Maras, Đana Kahriman, Srđan Bulat, Katja Markotić, Nikolina Pinko, Martina Gojčeta Silić, Marko Fortunato, Marko Špehar, Matija Dedić, Darko Jurković, i ini. Dirigirali su im poznati dirigenti Christopha Campestrinija, Thomasa Rosnera, Stefana Sanderlinga, Nicholasa Miltona, Renchanga Fua, Charlesa Olivieri-Munroea, Christopha Koeniga, Darrella Ang, TaeJung Leeja. Ostvarene su suradnje s poznatim imenima kao s Komornim studiom Zagrebačke filharmonije, Akademskim zborom Pro musica, Laus akademijom i ansamblom Plazarius.

Izvori

Dubrovnik
Hrvatski glazbeni festivali

Dubrovnik u pozno ljeto


ජනපද කල්‍යාණිය නන්ද කුමරු හා විවාහ ගිවිස ගැනීමට සිටි කුමරියයි.ඇය නන්ද කුමරුගේම සොහොයුරිය විය.ජනපද කල්‍යාණියගේ මුල් නම වූයේ සුන්දරී නන්දා ය.
නන්දා කුමරිය ඉතා රූමත් තරුණියක් වූ හෙයින් ඇය ජනපද කල්‍යාණි  ලෙසත් විටෙක රූප නන්දා නමිනුත් බෞද්ධ පොත්පත් වල සදහන් වේ .
බුදුන් වහන්සේ බුද්ධත්වයට පත්වීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රථම වරට සිය නෑයන්ට ධර්ම දේශනා කිරීමට පෑමිණි දිනයේ නන්ද කුමරුන්ගේ විවාහ මංගල්‍යත්, රාජ්‍යය අභිෂේක මංගල්‍යයත් යන මංගල්‍යය ත්‍රිත්වයම පැවැත් වීමට සූදානම් කර තිබුණි.බුදුන් ධර්ම දේශනාව අවසානයේ දන් වළදා පාත්‍රය නන්ද කුමරු හට දී තමා සමග එන්නැයි කීවෝය.විවාහයට සූදානම් වෙමින් සිටි ජනපද කල්‍යාණි කුමරිය වහා දුවවිත් "ආර්ය කුල පුත්‍රය ගිය සැනින් ඉක්මනින් එන්න"යැයි කීවාය.නමුත් බුදුන් වහන්සේ නන්ද කුමරු මහණ කලෝය.
නන්දා ජනපද කල්‍යාණි කුමරියද පසු කලක මහණ වී රහත් බව ලැබූහ.

ජනපද කල්‍යාණි


Mohd. Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano Begum [1985 (1) SCALE 767 = 1985 (3) SCR 844 = 1985 (2) SCC 556 = AIR 1985 SC 945], commonly referred to as the Shah Bano case, was a controversial maintenance lawsuit in India, in which the Supreme Court delivered a judgment favouring maintenance given to an aggrieved divorced Muslim woman. Then the  Congress government enacted a law with its most controversial aspect being the right to maintenance for the period of iddat after the divorce, and shifting the onus of maintaining her to her relatives or the Waqf Board. It was seen as discriminatory as it denied right to basic maintenance available to Muslim women under secular law.

Shah Bano Begum, from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, was divorced by her husband in 1978. She filed a criminal suit in the Supreme Court of India, in which she won the right to alimony from her husband. However, some Muslim politicians mounted a campaign for the verdict's nullification. The judgement in favour of the woman in this case evoked criticisms among Muslims, some of whom cited the Qur'an to show that the judgement was in conflict with Islamic law. It triggered controversy about the extent of having different civil codes for different religions in India.

The case caused the Congress government, with its absolute majority, to pass the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, which diluted the judgment of the Supreme Court and restricted the right of Muslim divorcées to alimony from their former husbands for only 90 days after the divorce (the period of iddah in Islamic law). However, in later judgements including the Danial Latifi v. Union of India case and Shamima Farooqui v. Shahid Khan, the Supreme Court of India interpreted the act in a manner reassuring the validity of the case and consequently upheld the Shah Bano judgement, and The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 was nullified. Some Muslims, including the All India Shia Personal Law Board, supported the Supreme Court's order to make the right to maintenance of a divorced Muslim wife absolute.

Background
In 1932, Shah Bano, a Muslim woman, was married to Mohammed Ahmad Khan, an affluent and well-known advocate in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, and had five children from the marriage. After 14 years, Khan took a younger woman as his second wife. Then after years of living with both wives, he divorced Shah Bano when she was 62 years old. In April 1978, when Khan stopped giving her the 200 per month he had apparently promised, claiming that she had no means to support herself and her children, she filed a criminal suit at a local court in Indore, against her husband under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, asking him for a maintenance amount of 500 for herself and her children. In November 1978 her husband gave an irrevocable talaq (divorce) to her which was his prerogative under Islamic law and took up the defence that hence Bano had ceased to be his wife and therefore he was under no obligation to provide maintenance for her as except prescribed under the Islamic law which was in total 5,400. In August 1979, the local court directed Khan to pay a sum of 25 per month to Bano by way of maintenance. On 1 July 1980, on a revisional application of Bano, the High Court of Madhya Pradesh enhanced the amount of maintenance to 179.20 per month. Khan then filed a petition to appeal before the Supreme Court claiming that Shah Bano is not his responsibility anymore because Mr. Khan had a second marriage which is also permitted under Islamic Law.

Opinion of Supreme Court
On 3 February 1981, the two judge bench composed of Justice Murtaza Fazal Ali and A. Varadarajan who first heard the matter, in light of the earlier decisions of the court which had held that section 125 of the Code applies to Muslims also, referred Khan's appeal to a larger Bench. Muslim bodies All India Muslim Personal Law Board and Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind joined the case as intervenor. The matter was then heard by a five-judge bench composed of Chief Justice Chandrachud, Rangnath Misra, D. A. Desai, O. Chinnappa Reddy, and E. S. Venkataramiah. On 23 April 1985, Supreme Court in a unanimous decision, dismissed the appeal and confirmed the judgment of the High Court.

Supreme Court concluded that "there is no conflict between the provisions of section 125 and those of the Muslim Personal Law on the question of the Muslim husband's obligation to provide maintenance for a divorced wife who is unable to maintain herself." After referring to the Quran, holding it to the greatest authority on the subject, it held that there was no doubt that the Quran imposes an obligation on the Muslim husband to make provision for or to provide maintenance to the divorced wife. Shah Bano approached the courts for securing maintenance from her husband. When the case reached the Supreme Court of India, seven years had elapsed. The Supreme Court invoked Section 125 of Code of Criminal Procedure, which applies to everyone regardless of caste, creed, or religion. It ruled that Shah Bano be given maintenance money, similar to alimony.

The Court also regretted that article 44 of the Constitution of India in relation to bringing of Uniform Civil Code in India remained a dead letter and held that a common civil code will help the cause of national integration by removing disparate loyalties to laws which have conflicting ideologies.

Movement against the judgment
The Shah Bano judgment, as claimed, became the centre of raging controversy, with the press turning it into a major national issue. The Shah Bano judgment elicited a protest from many sections of Muslims who also took to the streets against what they saw, and what they were led to believe, was an attack on their religion and their right to their own religious personal laws.
Some Muslims felt threatened by what they perceived as an encroachment on the Muslim Personal Law, and protested loudly at the judgment. The spokesmen for some were the Barelvi leader Obaidullah Khan Azmi and Syed Kazi. At the forefront was All India Muslim Personal Law Board, an organization formed in 1973 devoted to upholding what they saw as Sharia (Muslim Personal Law).

Dilution of the effect of the judgment

In the 1984 Indian general election, Indian National Congress had won absolute majority in the parliament. After the Shah Bano judgment, many leaders in the Indian National Congress suggested to the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi that if the government did not enact a law in Parliament overturning the Supreme Court judgement, the Congress would face decimation in the polls ahead.

In 1986, the Parliament of India passed an act titled The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, that nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the Shah Bano judgment. Diluting the Supreme Court judgment, the act allowed maintenance to a divorced woman only during the period of iddat, or till 90 days after the divorce, according to the provisions of Islamic law. This was in stark contrast to Section 125 of the Code. The 'liability' of husband to pay the maintenance was thus restricted to the period of the iddat only."

The "Statement of Objects and Reasons" of the act stated that "the Shah Bano decision had led to some controversy as to the obligation of the Muslim husband to pay maintenance to the divorced wife and hence opportunity was therefore taken to specify the rights which a Muslim divorced woman is entitled to at the time of divorce and to protect her interests."

Reactions to the act
The law received severe criticism from several sections of the society. The Opposition called it another act of "appeasement" towards the minority community by the Indian National Congress. The All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA) organised demonstrations of Muslim women against the move to deprive them of rights that they had hitherto shared with the Hindus.

The Bharatiya Janata Party regarded it as an 'appeasement' of the Muslim community and discriminatory to non-Muslim men and saw it as a "violation of the sanctity of the country's highest court". The 'Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act' was seen as discriminatory as it denied divorced Muslim women the right to basic maintenance which women of other faiths had access to under secular law. Makarand Paranjape sees the overruling of Supreme Court verdict in Shah Bano case which happened when the Congress party was in power, as one of the examples of the party's pseudo-secular tactics which allowed "cynical manipulation of religion for political ends". Lawyer and former law minister of India, Ram Jethmalani has termed the act as "retrogressive obscurantism for short-term minority populism". Rajiv Gandhi's colleague Arif Mohammad Khan who was INC member and a minister in Gandhi's cabinet resigned from the post and party in protest.

Critics of the Act point out that while divorce is within the purview of personal laws, maintenance is not, and thus it is discriminatory to exclude Muslim women from a civil law. Exclusion of non-Muslim men from a law that appears inherently beneficial to men is also pointed out by them. Hindu nationalists have repeatedly contended that a separate Muslim code is tantamount to preferential treatment and demanded a uniform civil code.

Later developments
The Act has led to Muslim women receiving a large, one-time payment from their husbands during the period of iddat, instead of a maximum monthly payment of 500 – an upper limit which has since been removed. Cases of women getting lump sum payments for lifetime maintenance are becoming common. However it is seen that despite its unique feature of no ceiling on quantum of maintenance, the Act is sparingly used because of the lack of its knowledge even among lawyers. The legal fraternity generally uses the CrPC provision while moving maintenance petitions, considering it handy.

The Shah Bano case had once again spurred the debate on the Uniform Civil Code in India. The Hindu Right led by parties like the Jan Sangh in its metamorphosis as the Bharatiya Janata Party, became an advocate for secular laws across the board. However, their opposition to the reforms was based on the argument that no similar provisions would be applied for the Muslims on the claim that they weren't sufficiently advanced. The pressure exerted by orthodox Muslims caused women's organizations and secularists to cave in.

This case had long term implications. The case became a milestone in Muslim women's fight for equal rights in matters of marriage and divorce in regular courts.

Challenge to the validity of the Act
The constitutional validity of The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 was challenged before the Supreme Court in Danial Latifi & Anr v. Union Of India by Daniel Latifi in 2001, who was the lawyer of Shah Bano in the Shah Bano case. The Supreme Court tried to maintain a balancing act, attempting to uphold Muslim women's rights without addressing the constitutionality of gender and religious discrimination in personal law. Court reiterated the validity of the Shah Bano judgment. The Muslim Personal Law Board, an intervenor, questioned the authority of the court to interpret religious texts.

The Court concluded that the Act does not, in fact, preclude maintenance for divorced Muslim women, and that Muslim men must pay spousal support until such time as the divorced wife remarries. However the Court held that if the Act accorded Muslim divorcees unequal rights to spousal support compared with the provisions of the secular law under section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, then the law would in fact, be unconstitutional. Further the Supreme Court construed the statutory provision in such a manner that it does not fall foul of articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India. The provision in question is Section 3(1)(a) of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 which states that "a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be made and paid to her within the iddat period by her former husband". The Court held this provision means that reasonable and fair provision and maintenance is not limited for the iddat period (as evidenced by the use of word "within" and not "for"). It extends for the entire life of the divorced wife until she remarries.

See also
 The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986
 Arif Mohammad Khan
Saifuddin Choudhury
 Pseudo-secularism
 Triple talaq in India - Shayara Bano Case

Notes

References

 Shourie, Arun (2006). Indian controversies: Essays on religion in politics. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
 Shourie, Arun (2012). World of fatwas or the sharia in action. HarperCollins India.

External links

 Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs. Shah Bano Begum & Ors. (Supreme Court Judgement)

 Shah Bano: Muslim Women's Right
 Shah Bano: One Woman Who Inspired The Nation
 Small documentary on the Shah Bano Case on the series Pradhanmantri by ABP News

Divorce law in India
Islam in India
Muslim politics in India
Women's rights in Islam
Indore
Supreme Court of India cases
1985 in case law
1985 in Indian law
Islam-related controversies in Asia
Rajiv Gandhi administration
Law about religion in India

Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum


منتخب صربيا لكرة اليد هو الممثل الرسمي لدولة صربيا في لعبة كرة اليد.

النتائج
 البطل   الوصيف   المركز الثالث   المركز الرابع

الألعاب الأولمبية

بطولة العالم

بطولة أوروبا

مراجع

رياضة رجالية في صربيا
فرق رياضية وطنية صربية
كرة يد في صربيا
صربيا
منتخبات كرة اليد
منتخبات كرة يد وطنية رجالية

منتخب صربيا لكرة اليد


Armenska nacionalna knjižnica (arm. Հայաստանի Ազգային Գրադարան) je nacionalna knjižnica Armenije koja se nalazi u glavnom gradu Erevanu. Danas predstavlja glavni informacijski i kulturni centar zemlje.

Knjižnica je osnovana 1832. godine kao dio državne gimnazije a njezinu zgradu je dizajnirao domaći neoklasični arhitekt Aleksandar Tamanian. U njoj se nalazi najveća zbirka armenskih tiskanih materijala a uključuje i Urbatagirk (najstariju printanu knjigu na armenskom jeziku), Azdarar (najstarije izdane novine na armenskom jeziku) te prvu mapu, printanu u Amsterdamu pred kraj 17. stoljeća. Knjižni fond iznosi 6,6 milijuna knjiga.

Prvi ravnatelj knjižnice bio je Stepan Kanayan koji je uložio napore u prikupljanje i kupovinu knjižnog materijala u Tbilisiju, Ahalciheu, Bakuu i Karsu. U razdoblju od 1925. do 1990. knjižnica je nosila ime po armenskom boljševičkom revolucionaru Aleksandru Miasnikianu.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web stranica Armenske nacionalne knjižnice

Nacionalne knjižnice
Građevine u Armeniji

Armenska nacionalna knjižnica


"Jeg hører i Natten den vuggende Lyd" er et digt af Holger Drachmann fra samlingen Sange ved Havet – Venezia (1877). Digtet blev skrevet under en rejse til Italien i 1876, hvor Drachmann besøgte Venedig.

Digtet er en del af lyrikantologien i Kulturkanonen fra 2006.

Digtet
"Jeg hører i Natten den vuggende Lyd" indeholder tre strofer på hver tretten linjer, hvoraf den sidste er gennemgående i alle strofer ("Snehvide, Snehvide, Du døde!"). Rimmønsteret er A-B-C-C-A-D-E-E-D-F-F-G-G.

Lyden af bølgerne i Venedigs kanaler får digteren til at tænke på sin hustru, Vilhelmine Erichsen, som han opfatter som eventyrfiguren Snehvide, hvor hun tilsyneladende er død (Vilhelmine var ikke død, men parret var gået fra hinanden), og de syv småbitte dværge bærer hende på ligfærden. Digtet bærer præg af digterens skyldfølelse, da han måske magter at genoplive Snehvide (dvs. genoptage forholdet til Vilhelmine).

Referencer

Digte fra Danmark
Litteratur i 1877
Kulturkanonen

Jeg hører i Natten den vuggende Lyd


George Henry Preble (February 25, 1816 – March 1, 1885) was an American naval officer and writer, notable for his history of the flag of the United States and for taking the first photograph of the Fort McHenry flag that inspired the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Early life and education
He was born in Portland, Maine, into a seafaring family; his father was sea captain Enoch Preble, whose brother was the noted Commodore Edward Preble. George entered the Navy as a midshipman on December 10, 1835, serving on the frigate  until 1838.

Career
He was in the Florida war in 1841, and was on the sloop  for its circumnavigation of the world in 1843–1845, taking ashore the first American force to land in China. In the Mexican–American War, he participated in the capture of Alvarado, Veracruz, and Tuxpan. He became master on July 15, 1847, and lieutenant on February 5, 1848. While serving on the frigate , he went with Matthew C. Perry to Japan in 1853, during which Preble surveyed various harbors in the Far East.

After a period as lighthouse inspector and at Charlestown Navy Yard, he served on , 1859–1861, then took command of the steam-gunboat , serving with David Farragut on the Mississippi River, was promoted to commander on July 16, 1862, and given command of the steam-sloop  blockading Mobile Bay.

When the Confederate cruiser  eluded him, Preble was dismissed from the Navy, but was reinstated after the captain of Florida testified that superior speed alone had saved him.

Additionally, each of the officers on Oneida testified that Preble had done no wrong. According to their accounts, Florida appeared at around 5:00 pm on September 4, 1862, bearing the ensign of a ship of the English Navy. Preble was in command of Oneida and . Because the other ships were in for repairs, the usual complement of six ships had been reduced to two. Winona had been dispatched to chase another blockade runner and was returning from that chase when Florida began her run. One of Oneidas iron boilers had been shut down for repairs, leaving only one in operation. (One of the officers stated that the Navy's choice to use cheaper iron rather than steel was the actual cause of the problem.)
When Florida began her run, Preble moved to placeOneida in front of Florida. At 6:00 pm, he ordered shots fired across her bow. Believing that the ship was English, two warning shots were fired over her bow and a third shot into her forefoot (The part of a ship at which the prow joins the keel) instead of the customary single warning shot. All three shots were fired within three minutes of her being in range of Oneidas guns. When Florida did not stop, Preble ordered the fourth shot be sent into the enemy ship. This shot missed, at which time Florida lowered her false ensign, and made directly for Fort Morgan. It was not until this point that Preble could be sure that the ship was a Confederate vessel. With one boiler out of commission, Oneida was unable to keep pace with Florida, which escaped into the bay. However, Oneida kept up fire on the ship for 29 minutes until it was safely under the protection of Fort Morgan. In addition to the speed issue, the reports state that there were some visibility issues that contributed to poor marksmanship of Oneidas gun crew.

After being reinstated, Preble commanded the sailing sloop , only to have Florida escape him once again, off Madeira.

Writing career
Preble was also known as a writer on naval and historical topics and as a collector of naval documents. His extensive personal library of books and documents related to the sea is located in The George Henry Preble Collection at the Navy Department Library. He was also active in various learned and genealogical societies of the time. In 1868, he published a genealogical history of the Preble family in North America, which included his biography and portrait, as well as that of his famous uncle, Edward The book also set forth a defense of his actions that led to his dismissal from the Navy, as well as the efforts of himself and others that led to his exoneration and reinstatement. In 1872, he published his History of the American Flag, which is still cited as a source. He also took care of the original "Star-Spangled Banner" which had flown over Fort McHenry and had the flag sewn to a piece of sailcloth in order to preserve it.

Later life and death
After the war, Preble commanded the steamer , and rescued 600 passengers from the wrecked steamer Golden Rule. He was at the Boston Navy Yard from 1865 to 1868, where he was promoted to captain on March 16, 1867, then commanded the screw steamer  until 1870. He became commodore on November 2, 1871, commanded the Philadelphia Navy Yard from 1873 to 1875, became rear admiral on September 30, 1876, and retired in 1878.

He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

In 1873 Preble was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society

Preble died while living near Boston, Massachusetts, on March 1, 1885.   He is buried near his famous uncle in the Eastern Cemetery in Portland, Maine.

Publications
 Chase of the Rebel Steamer of War "Oreto" (Cambridge, 1862)
  A genealogical Sketch of the First Three Generations of Prebles in America (Boston, 1868)
 First Cruise of the United States Frigate "Essex" (Salem, 1870)
 History of the American Flag (Albany, 1872)
 History of Steam Navigation (Philadelphia, 1883)
  History of the Flag of the United States of America (1880)

Notes

References

Attribution

External links

 Photograph of Rear Admiral George Henry Preble from the Maine Memory Network
 George Henry Preble Papers, 1858–1869 MS 381 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

1816 births
1885 deaths
Union Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
American naval historians
American male non-fiction writers
United States Navy admirals
Writers from Portland, Maine
Vexillologists
Tylden family
Burials at Eastern Cemetery
Members of the American Antiquarian Society

George Henry Preble


Un motocultor (cunoscut și sub alte denumiri ca: motosapă, motofreză, motocultivator sau tractor monoax de putere mică) este un utilaj agricol cu motor pentru prelucrarea terenului. Are un motor de mică putere (cu benzină sau motorină), două roți motoare pentru deplasare și este echipat cu un anumit număr de sape rotative (sau freze), care au sarcina de a răscoli solul sau de a efectua diverse procedee agricole, după caz. Motocultoarele profesionale si semiprofesionale pot oferi intre 60 si 100cm latime de sapare, uneori mai mult.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Terminology and Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements
 Agricultural Machinery Management Data
 Field cultivator patent

Utilaje agricole
Tractoare

Motocultor


Sklatovi, porodica morskih pasa smještena u vlastiti red sklatovke (Squatiniformes). Sastoji se od samo jednog roda (sklat; Squatina) s 25 vrsta iz Atlantika i Pacifika. Žive na morskom dnu gdje se ukopavaju u mulj i pijesak, a tipično im je što su spljoštenog tijela i širokih prsnih peraja. Hrane se svim morskim organizmima: ribama, rakovima, glavonošcima, školjkašima i puževima.

Narastu maksimalo do dva metra dužine. U jadranu žive dvije vrste, sklat žutac (Squatina oculata) i sklat sivac (Squatina squatina). Danas su mnoge vrste ugrožene.

Vrste

 Squatina aculeata Cuvier, 1829
 Squatina africana Regan, 1908
 Squatina albipunctata Last & White, 2008
 Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930)
 Squatina armata (Philippi, 1887)
 Squatina australis Regan, 1906
 Squatina caillieti Walsh, Ebert & Compagno, 2011
 Squatina californica Ayres, 1859
 Squatina david Acero, Tavera, Anguila & Hernández, 2016
 Squatina dumeril Lesueur, 1818
 Squatina formosa Shen & Ting, 1972
 Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936
 Squatina heteroptera Castro-Aguirre, Espinosa Pérez & Huidobro Campos, 2007
 Squatina japonica Bleeker, 1858
 Squatina legnota Last & White, 2008
 Squatina mexicana Castro-Aguirre, Espinosa Pérez & Huidobro Campos, 2007
 Squatina nebulosa Regan, 1906
 Squatina occulta Vooren & da Silva, 1992
 Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840
 Squatina pseudocellata Last & White, 2008
 Squatina punctata Marini, 1936
 Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Squatina tergocellata McCulloch, 1914
 Squatina tergocellatoides Chen, 1963
 Squatina varii Vaz & Carvalho, 2018

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Morski psi

Sklatovi


Novomijáilovskoye  es un selo del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, frente a Grigorpoliskaya, 25 km al sudeste de Gulkévichi y 158 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 578 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Otrado-Olginskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Новомихайловское (Гулькевичский район).
  en Panoramio.

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Novomijáilovskoye (Gulkévichi, Krasnodar)


Håbets Pris eller engelsk Prize of Hope er en teaterpris der uddeles hvert andet år i Danmark i Aasen, Nordjylland, og hvert andet år i Californien, USA.

Prismodtagere
 1989. Trevor Davies.  Festival of Fools, København, Danmark.
 1990. Alexander Jochwed. Teaterværkstedet Den Blå Hest, Århus, Danmark.
 1991. Tage Hind. Institut for Dramaturgi, Århus Universitet, Danmark.
 1992. Iben Nagel Rasmussen. Odin Teatret, Holstebro, Danmark.
 1994. Arne Aabenhus & Asger Hulgaard. Dansk  Amatør Teater Samvirke.
 1995. Hans Hellberg. Narren, Stockholm, Sverige.
 1996. Hans Rønne. Teatret, Odder, Danmark.
 1997. Grenland Friteater. Porsgrunn. Norge.
 1998. Chris Torch. Intercult Stockholm.
 1999. Randi Patterson. Living Movement & Nyt Dansk Danseteater.
 2000. Åsa Simma. Samisk teater og film. Sameland.
 2001. Klaus Hoffmeyer. Skuespilchef ved Det Kongelige Teater.
 2002. Helle Ryslinge. Filminstruktør, København.
 2003. Bådteatret, ved kaptajnerne Tue Biering, Rolf Heim og Emil Korf-Hansen.
 2004. Finn Hesselager.
 2005. Dell'Arte International. Blue Lake, Californien, USA.
 2007. Poul Fly Plejdrup. Scenograf, Odder, Danmark.
 2008. Tim Robbins og The Actors´ Gang. Los Angeles, USA
 2009. Suzanne Osten. Teatret "Unga Klara", Stockholms stadsteater, Sverige.
 2010. Human Nature. v/ David Simpson & Jane Lapiner, Petrolia, USA.
 2011. Eugenio Barba og Odin Teatret. Holstebro, Danmark.
 2012. Geoff Hoyle og Dan Hoyle. San Francisco, USA.
 2013. Christian Lollike. Dramatiker, Café Teatret, København, Danmark.
 2014. Clowns without Borders.
 2015. Théâtre du Soleil & Ariane Mnouchkine. "La Cartoucherie", Paris, Frankrig.
 2016. Cornerstone Theater Company. Los Angeles, USA.
 2017. C:ntact & Henrik Hartmann. Edison Scenen, Frederiksberg, Danmark.
2018. Universes Theater Company, New York, USA.
2019. Kitt Johnson, X-Act, København. Danmark.

Referencer

Teaterpriser fra Danmark
Etableret i 1989

Håbets Pris


العبدة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الهضبات. وفيها معبر الحدود الشمالية مع سوريا.

المراجع

مدن لبنان

العبدة


Olaylar
 II. Filip, Makedonya kralı olarak tahta çıktı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

MÖ 359


Genicanthus semifasciatus é uma espécie de peixe da família Pomacanthidae.

Referências

Pomacantídeos

Genicanthus semifasciatus


Garry Parker (* 7. September 1965 in Oxford) ist ein ehemaliger englischer Fußballspieler. Seine erfolgreichste Zeit verbrachte er zwischen 1988 und 1991 bei Nottingham Forest. Seit dem 1. Juli 2010 gehört er dem Trainerteam von Neil Lennon beim schottischen Erstligisten Celtic Glasgow an.

Spielerkarriere

Luton Town und Hull City (1983–1988)
Garry Parker begann seine Profikarriere beim englischen Erstligisten Luton Town, erspielte sich jedoch in den folgenden drei Jahren keinen Stammplatz in Luton. Am 21. Februar 1986 wechselte er daher zum Zweitligisten Hull City. Parker verbrachte zwei Spielzeiten als Stammspieler in der Football League Second Division und machte dabei vor allem 1987/88 mit acht Treffern in vierunddreißig Ligaspielen auf sich aufmerksam.

Nottingham Forest (1988–1991)
Am 24. März 1988 wurde er vom Erstligisten Nottingham Forest verpflichtet. Der von Brian Clough trainierte Verein erreichte in der Saison 1988/89 den dritten Tabellenplatz und steigerte die gute Ligaplatzierung mit dem Gewinn des englischen Ligapokal 1988/89. Im Finale bezwang die Mannschaft um Garry Parker (22 Ligaspiele/7 Tore) seinen ehemaligen Verein Luton Town mit 3:1. Ein Jahr später bestätigte die Mannschaft diesen Erfolg durch ein 1:0 im Ligapokalfinale 1990 gegen Oldham Athletic. Auch im prestigeträchtigeren FA Cup agierte die Mannschaft erfolgreich. Nach zwei Halbfinalteilnahmen 1988 und 1989, zog die Mannschaft ins FA Cup Finale 1991 ein. Am 18. Mai 1991 verlor die Mannschaft von Garry Parker jedoch vor 80.000 Zuschauern in Wembley mit 1:2 nach Verlängerung gegen die Tottenham Hotspur.

Aston Villa (1991–1995)
Nach dreieinhalb Jahren in Nottingham unterzeichnete Parker am 29. November 1991 einen Vertrag bei Aston Villa. In der neu gegründeten Premier League 1992/93 gewann Parker (37 Spiele/9 Tore) mit seinem Team die Vizemeisterschaft hinter Manchester United. Die Saison 1993/94 verlief für ihn mit zwei Toren in neunzehn Spielen deutlich schlechter. Aston Villa gewann in dieser Spielzeit den englischen Ligapokal 1993/94 durch ein 3:1 gegen Manchester United. Garry Parker stand jedoch nicht im Kader für die Finalpartie.

Leicester City (1995–2001)
Am 10. Februar 1995 wechselte er mit 29 Jahren Leicester City. Mit dem Aufsteiger stieg er am Saisonende aus der Premier League 1994/95 in die zweite Liga ab. 1996 gelang der Mannschaft nach einem fünften Platz in der regulären Saison durch ein 2:1 nach Verlängerung im Play-off-Finale gegen Crystal Palace der direkte Wiederaufstieg in die erste Liga. In der Premier League 1996/97 sicherte sich der Aufsteiger dieses Mal als Neunter den Klassenerhalt, zudem zog die Mannschaft ins Ligapokalfinale 1997 ein. Nach einem 1:1 n. V. im ersten Spiel gegen den FC Middlesbrough, gewann Leicester das Wiederholungsspiel mit 1:0 n. V. und sicherte sich damit den Titel. Sein letztes Ligaspiel für Leicester bestritt er am 30. Januar 1999. 2001 agierte er kurzzeitig als Interimstrainer, ehe er am 21. Dezember 2001 den Verein verließ.

Titel und Erfolge
 Ligapokalsieger: 1989 (3:1 gegen Luton Town) und 1990 (1:0 gegen Oldham Athletic)
 FA-Cup-Finalist: 1991 (1:2 n. V. gegen die Tottenham Hotspur)
 Ligapokalsieger: 1997 (1:1 n. V. und 1:0 n. V. gegen den FC Middlesbrough)

Weblinks

 Daten der einzelnen Spielzeiten
 Garry Parker bei Nottingham Forest

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Luton Town)
Fußballspieler (Hull City)
Fußballspieler (Nottingham Forest)
Fußballspieler (Aston Villa)
Fußballspieler (Leicester City)
Brite
Engländer
Geboren 1965
Mann

Garry Parker


دانيا راميريز (بالإسبانية: Dania Ramírez) ممثلة دومنيكية-أمريكية من مواليد 8 نوفمبر 1979.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

ممثلون من سانتو دومينغو
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سانتو دومينغو
أمريكيون من أصل دومينيكاني
دومينيكانيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات أمريكيات من أصل إسباني وأمريكي لاتيني
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات دومينيكانيات
ممثلون أمريكيون من أصل هسباني ولاتيني
مواليد 1979
مواليد في سانتو دومينغو

دانيا راميريز


Toplinski val, je razdoblje pretjerano vrućeg vremena, koje može biti popraćeno visokom vlagom, posebno u oceanskim klimatskim zemljama. Iako se definicije razlikuju,  toplinski val obično se mjeri u odnosu na uobičajeno vrijeme u tom području i u odnosu na normalne temperature u sezoni. Temperature koje ljudi iz vruće klime smatraju normalnima mogu se nazvati toplinskim valom u hladnijem području ako su izvan uobičajenog klimatskog uzorka za to područje.

Izraz se primjenjuje na varijacije vrućeg vremena i na izvanredne vrućine koje se mogu dogoditi samo jednom u stoljeću. Snažni toplinski valovi uzrokovali su katastrofalne propadanje usjeva, tisuće smrtnih slučajeva zbog hipertermije i široko rasprostranjene nestanke struje zbog povećane upotrebe klima uređaja. Toplinski val smatra se ekstremnim vremenom koje može biti prirodna katastrofa i opasnost jer toplina i sunčeva svjetlost mogu pregrijati ljudsko tijelo. Toplinski valovi se obično mogu otkriti pomoću instrumenata za predviđanje kako bi se mogao uputiti poziv upozorenja.

Definicija
Definicija temeljena na indeksu trajanja toplinskog vala Fricha i suradnika glasi da se toplinski val javlja kada dnevna maksimalna temperatura dulja od pet uzastopnih dana premaši prosječnu maksimalnu temperaturu za 5 ° C, pri čemu je normalno razdoblje 1961–1990.

Službena, recenzirana definicija iz Pojmovnika meteorologije je:

Razdoblje nenormalno i neugodno vrućeg i obično vlažnog vremena.

Da bi toplinski val bio takav period, trebao bi trajati najmanje jedan dan, ali obično traje od nekoliko dana do nekoliko tjedana. 1900. godine A. T. Burrows rigidnije je definirao "toplinski val" kao čaroliju od tri ili više dana u svakom od kojih maksimalna temperatura sjene doseže ili prelazi 32,2 ° C. Realnije, kriteriji udobnosti za bilo koju regiju ovise o normalnim uvjetima tog područja.

Svjetska meteorološka organizacija definira toplinski val kao 5 ili više uzastopnih dana produljene vrućine u kojima je dnevna maksimalna temperatura viša od prosječne maksimalne temperature za 5 ° C ili više. Međutim, neke su države smislile vlastite kriterije za definiranje toplinskog vala.

Nastanak

Toplinski valovi nastaju kad visoki pritisak iznad (od 3000 do 7600 metara) ojača i zadrži se u regiji nekoliko dana do nekoliko tjedana. To je uobičajeno ljeti (i na sjevernoj i na južnoj hemisferi) jer mlazni tok 'prati sunce'. Na strani ekvatora mlazne struje, u gornjim slojevima atmosfere, nalazi se područje visokog tlaka.

Ljetni vremenski obrasci uglavnom se sporije mijenjaju nego zimi. Kao rezultat, ovaj visoki tlak gornje razine također se polako kreće. Pod visokim pritiskom zrak se spušta (tone) prema površini, zagrijavajući se i sušeći se adijabatski, kočeći konvekciju i sprečavajući stvaranje oblaka. Smanjenje oblaka povećava zračenje kratkog vala koje dopire do površine. Niski tlak na površini dovodi do površinskog vjetra s nižih geografskih širina koji donosi topli zrak, pojačavajući zagrijavanje. Alternativno, površinski vjetrovi mogli bi puhati iz vruće kontinentalne unutrašnjosti prema obalnom pojasu, što bi tamo dovodilo do toplinskih valova, ili od visokog uzvišenja prema niskom uzvišenju, povećavajući slijeganje, a time i adijabatsko zagrijavanje.

U istočnim Sjedinjenim Državama toplinski val može se dogoditi kada sustav visokog tlaka podrijetlom iz Meksičkog zaljeva postane stacionaran tik uz Atlantsku obalu (tipično poznat kao Bermuda). Vruće vlažne zračne mase stvaraju se nad Meksičkim zaljevom i Karipskim morem, dok vruće suhe zračne mase nastaju nad pustinjom jugozapadom i sjevernim Meksikom. JZ vjetrovi na stražnjoj strani Visoke nastavljaju pumpati vrući, vlažni zrak zaljevskog sjeveroistoka što rezultira vrelom i vlažnim vremenom za veći dio istočnih država.

U provinciji Western Cape u Južnoj Africi, toplinski val može se dogoditi kada se podmorje s niskim tlakom i visokim tlakom u zraku kombiniraju u Bergwind. Zrak se zagrijava kako se spušta iz unutrašnjosti Karooa, a temperatura će porasti oko 10 ° C iz unutrašnjosti do obale. Vlažnosti su obično vrlo niske, a ljeti temperature mogu biti i preko 40 ° C. Najviše službene temperature zabilježene u Južnoj Africi (51,5 ° C) zabilježene su jednog ljeta tijekom bergwind-a koji se dogodio duž obale Eastern Cape.

Globalno zagrijavanje povećava vjerojatnost ekstremnih vremenskih događaja, poput toplinskih valova, mnogo više nego što pojačava umjerenije događaje.

Prirodna i vještačka oštećenja

Zdravlje

Psihološki i sociološki učinci
Uz fizički stres, prekomjerna vrućina uzrokuje i psihološki stres, u mjeri koja utječe na performanse, a povezana je i s porastom nasilnog kriminala. Visoke temperature povezane su s povećanim sukobima kako na međuljudskoj razini tako i na društvenoj razini. U svakom društvu stope kriminala rastu kad temperature rastu, posebno nasilni zločini poput napada, ubojstava i silovanja. Nadalje, u politički nestabilnim zemljama visoke temperature su otežavajući čimbenik koji vodi prema građanskim ratovima.

Uz to, visoke temperature imaju značajan utjecaj na prihod. Studija okruga u Sjedinjenim Državama otkrila je da ekonomska produktivnost pojedinih dana opada za oko 1,7% za svaki Celzijev stupanj iznad 15 ° C.

Nestašice struje
Neuobičajeno vruće temperature mogu uzrokovati porast potražnje za električnom energijom tijekom vršnih ljetnih sati od 16 do 19 sati. kad se klima uređaji naprežu kako bi nadvladali vrućinu. Ako se toplinski val protegne na tri dana ili više, noćne se temperature ne ohlade, a toplinska masa u kućama i zgradama zadržava toplinu iz prethodnih dana. Zbog ovog nakupljanja vrućine klima uređaji se uključuju ranije i ostaju uključeni kasnije tijekom dana. Kao rezultat, dostupne opskrbe električnom energijom dovode se u pitanje tijekom većeg, šireg, vršnog razdoblja potrošnje električne energije.

Fizičko oštećenje
Toplinski valovi mogu i mogu uzrokovati kopčanje i otapanje cesta i autocesta, pucanje vodovoda i detoniranje energetskih transformatora, što uzrokuje požare.

Ako se tijekom suše dogodi toplinski val koji isušuje vegetaciju, to može pridonijeti bušovitim i šumskim požarima. Tijekom katastrofalnog vala vrućine koji je pogodio Europu 2003. godine, požari su bjesnili preko Portugala, uništavajući preko 3.010 četvornih kilometara (1.160 kvadratnih milja) ili 301.000 hektara (740.000 hektara) šume i 440 četvornih kilometara (170 kvadratnih milja) ili 44.000 hektara (110.000 hektara) ) poljoprivrednog zemljišta i uzrokuje štetu vrijednu oko milijardu eura. Vrhunska poljoprivredna zemljišta imaju sustave za navodnjavanje s kojima se podupiru usjevi. Toplinski valovi uzrokuju šumske požare.

Toplinski valovi također mogu oštetiti željeznice, poput izvijanja i prevrtanja tračnica, što može dovesti do usporenijeg prometa, kašnjenja, pa čak i otkazivanja usluga kad su tračnice preopasne da bi ih vlakovi prelazili. Kinking do sunca nastaje kad se određene vrste dizajna tračnica, poput zavarenih tračnica kratkog presjeka ili tračnica ribljih ploča, prošire i potisnu na druge dijelove tračnice, što dovodi do njihovog iskrivljenja i prevrtanja. Umiranje sunca može biti ozbiljan problem u vrućim klimatskim uvjetima poput juga SAD-a, dijelova Kanade, Bliskog istoka itd.

U toplinskom valu 2013. u Engleskoj, raspršivači (koji se obično viđaju samo u snijegu) poslani su na ceste za topljenje asfalta.

Globalno zatopljenje
Klimatski modeli otkrivaju da će budući valovi vrućina imati intenzivniji zemljopisni obrazac. Rezultati modela pokazuju da će područja povezana s jakim valovima vrućine u Chicagu 1995. i Parizu 2003. doživjeti intenzivnije, češće i dugotrajnije toplinske valove u drugoj polovici 21. stoljeća. Toplinski valovi danas se u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi događaju paralelno s uvjetima atmosferske cirkulacije. Povećane antropogene aktivnosti koje uzrokuju povećane emisije stakleničkih plinova pokazuju da će toplinski valovi biti ozbiljniji.

Toplinski valovi i suša kao rezultat smanjuju unos ugljika u ekosustav. Unos ugljika poznat je i pod nazivom sekvestracija ugljika. Predviđa se da će se događaji ekstremnih vrućina dogoditi s povećanim globalnim zagrijavanjem, što stavlja stres na ekosustave. Stres na ekosustavima zbog pojačanih valova topline u budućnosti smanjit će biološku produktivnost. To će uzrokovati promjene u povratnim informacijama o ciklusu ugljika u ekosustavu, jer će biti manje vegetacije koja će zadržavati ugljik iz atmosfere, što će samo više pridonijeti zagrijavanju atmosfere.

Donositelji politika, financijeri i istraživači reagirajući na sve veće vrućine stvorili su koaliciju Extreme Heat Resiliance Alliance pod Atlantskim vijećem kako bi se zalagali za imenovanje toplinskih valova, njihovo mjerenje i rangiranje kako bi izgradili bolju svijest o njihovim utjecajima.

Izvori

Vremenske opasnosti
Meteorološke pojave
Prirodne katastrofe

Toplinski val


Egidius Lucas Maria Wensing ( - ) est un espérantiste néerlandais.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Egidius Wensing nait le  à Rotterdam, aux Pays-Bas.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Espérantiste néerlandais
Espérantisation en 1930
Naissance en octobre 1913
Naissance à Rotterdam
Décès en avril 2004
Décès à 90 ans

Egidius Wensing


Pabedinskas ist ein litauischer männlicher Familienname, abgeleitet vom russischen Wort pobeda ('Победа' 'Sieg').

Weibliche Formen
Pabedinskaitė (ledig)
Pabedinskienė (verheiratet)

Namensträger
 Skirmantas Pabedinskas (* 1945), Journalist und Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas

Familienname
Litauischer Personenname

Pabedinskas


Mojzesz Seiden ou Maurice Seiden, né le  à Rzeszów (Pologne) et mort le  à Savigny-en-Septaine (Cher), est un médecin juif d'origine polonaise, réfugié en France et membre de la résistance. Il est l'une des 36 victimes juives de la Milice, dans la Tragédie des puits de Guerry.

Biographie
Mojzesz Seiden est né le 13 octobre 1912 à Rzeszów (Pologne).
Il se réfugie avec sa famille en France avant 1939. Son épouse Sulamite Seiden, née Wajsberg, est née le 22 septembre 1913 à Varsovie en Pologne. Leur fille, Irène Seiden, est née le 19 octobre 1940 dans le 14e arrondissement de Paris.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Maurice Seiden quitte la région parisienne pour se réfugier dans le Doubs, en Zone libre.

Suivant l'adoption des lois sur le statut des Juifs du régime de Vichy, il ne peut plus pratiquer la médecine. Il travaille alors dans une usine métallurgique à Aubigny-sur-Nère dans le Cher, puis dans des entreprises agricoles ou forestières.

Résistant
En liaison avec le mouvement Vengeance, il rassemble des résistants. Robert Baronnet, le futur commandant FTP « Renaudin », le met en relation avec le Front national sous le nom de Maurice Sorel. Il devient responsable du service de renseignements et inter-militaire régional FTP.

Arrestation et assassinat
Suivant une dénonciation, il est arrêté le 26 mai 1944 (entre le 24 et le 27 mai) à Vierzon ou dans les environs par le Sicherheitsdienst de Bourges.

Il est longuement interrogé et torturé par le gestapiste d'Aubigny-sur-Nère en fonction à la Kommandantur de Bourges Pierre Paoli.

Son corps est retrouvé avec ceux des autres Juifs assassinés dans la Tragédie des puits de Guerry, en juillet et août 1944 à Savigny-en-Septaine dans le sud-est du département du Cher.

Identification de son corps
Les 18 et 19 octobre 1944, les corps sont sortis des puits. Un seul reste anonyme, inconnu et non réclamé. On sait seulement qu'il est extrait de prison le 26 juillet 1944. Le corps est identifié sept mois plus tard, le 16 avril 1945,  Le corps anonyme est celui de Maurice Seiden.

Inhumation
Maurice Seiden est inhumé dans le carré militaire du cimetière de Bourges.

Famille
Pierre Paoli fait arrêter, le 27 mai 1944 , l'épouse de Maurice Seiden, Sulamite (30 ans), et leur fille Irène (3 ans), à leur domicile de Blancafort. Elles sont déportées dans le convoi n°76, en date du 30 juin 1944,  de Drancy vers Auschwitz, où elles sont assassinées à leur arrivée.

Hommages
 Une plaque commémorative est inaugurée en juillet 2018, à Blancafort, dernière adresse de la famille Seiden, au numéro 25 de la route d'Argent.
 Son nom est gravé sur les plaques commémoratives de Saint-Amand-Montrond et de la ferme de Guerry ainsi que sur celle de la fédération communiste du Cher à Bourges.

Bibliographie
 Serge Klarsfeld. Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France. Beate et Serge Klarsfeld: Paris, 1978. Nouvelle édition, mise à jour, avec une liste alphabétique des noms.FFDJF (Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France), 2012.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Charles Krameisen
 Tragédie des puits de Guerry
 Pierre Paoli

Naissance en octobre 1912
Naissance en Pologne
Médecin français du XXe siècle
Résistant français
Victime de la Shoah en France
Décès en juillet 1944
Décès dans le Cher
Décès à 31 ans
Mort assassiné par la Milice française
Victime polonaise de la Shoah

Mojzesz Seiden


Mads Roke Clausen (født 2. juni 1968 i Vordingborg) har siden 2021 været direktør i LOS (Landsorganisationen for sociale tilbud). Han var tidligere direktør i Mødrehjælpen og formand for Frivilligrådet.

Karriere og tillidshverv
Mads Roke Clausen har siden 1. maj 2021 været direktør i LOS (Landsorganisationen for sociale tilbud). I 12 år var han direktør for Fonden Mødrehjælpen, og i 2018 påbegyndte Clausen sin ph.d. på Roskilde Universitet og London School of Economics. Før det var han ansat i Arbejdsministeriet som taleskriver for Arbejdsminister Ove Hygum og projektleder for udviklingen af regeringens seniorpolitik i samarbejde med arbejdsmarkedets parter. Han har desuden været ansat i Socialministeriet, hvor han ligeledes har arbejdet med frivilligt, socialt arbejde.

Clausen er bestyrelsesmedlem i Lilljeborgfonden og Bikubenfonden. Fra 2018 til 2021 var han formand for Frivilligrådet. Derudover fungerede han som formand For Komitéen For Good Governance i frivillige, sociale organisationer fra 2019 til 2021.

Han blev i 2022 tildelt ordenen Ridder af Dannebrog for sin indsats på det sociale område og på frivilligområdet.

Uddannelse

 Postgraduate Diploma in Organizational Leadership fra Saïd Business School, University of Oxford med distinction for afhandling om organisationskulturens betydning for performance I frivillige sociale organisationer (2017). Han fik i den forbindelse prisen som Outstanding Alumnus of the Oxford Advanced Management and Leadership Programme.
 Han har en Diplomuddannelse i Kommunikation – Danmarks Forvaltningshøjskole (2002).
 Er uddannet cand.scient.adm. fra Roskilde Universitet (1997)
 Læst social policy ved The University of Edinburgh, Department of Social Policy and Social Work (1994-95).

Noter

Direktører fra Danmark
Personer fra Vordingborg
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Mads Roke Clausen


'Rosamunde' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1941 par le rosiériste néerlandais Mathias Leenders. Son nom (Rosemonde en français) rend hommage à ce prénom et à la musique de scène de Franz Schubert, Rosamunde, composée en 1823.

Description
Ce petit rosier floribunda présente des fleurs en quart de rosette d'un rose franc à rose corail, doubles (17-25 pétales) dont la floraison est remontante. Elles sont peu parfumées. Son petit buisson s'élève de 60 cm à 80 cm de hauteur.

Sa zone de rusticité est de 6b à 9b; cette variété résiste donc aux hivers froids. Elle est particulièrement adaptée au climat méditerranéen car elle supporte bien la chaleur. On peut l'admirer à l'Europa-Rosarium de Sangerhausen en Allemagne. Cette jolie rose éclaire les devants des mixed-borders en faisant contraste avec des vivaces, surtout si plusieurs pieds sont plantés en bordure.

Elle est issue d'un semis non nommé et du pollen de 'Permanent Wave' (Leenders, 1932). Elle est devenue rare aujourd'hui dans les catalogues.

Descendance
Le croisement avec 'Sommerwind' (Kordes, 1985) x ['Milrose' (Delbard, 1965) x 'Rosamunde'] a donné naissance à 'Léonard de Vinci' (Meilland, 1994).

Notes et références

Cultivar de rosier
Rosier floribunda

Rosamunde (rose)


يهتم العلماء بمعرفة بنية الكون من منظار واسع عن طريق مشاهدة توزيع المادة ومن ضمنها النجوم والمجرات في الكون ودراسة الضوء المنبعث منها سواء كان ضوءا مرئيا أو أشعة سينية أو أشعة غاما وغيرها. كما يهتم العلماء بدراسة توزيع الهيدروجين في الكون عبر أبعاد كبيرة تقدر بمليارات السنوات الضوئية وذلك بقياس موجته الكهرومغناكيسية البالغ طول موجتها 21 سنتيمتر . ويبدو من توزيع المجرات والنجوم أنها تكون تجمعات، وتنضم تلك التجمعات إلى تجمعات أكبر وكما يبدو أن التجمعات منفصلة عن بعضها البعض وتوجد بينها فراغات عائلة تقاس بمئات السنوات الضوئية وتلك الفراغات تكاد تكون خالية من المادة . وتتصل المجموعات بعضها البعض بفتيلات كونية Galaxy filament من المادة . وعند النظر إلى تكوين الكون على مستوى أكبر من ذلك بإته يبدو متجانسا تنتشر فيه المادة انتشارا متساويا.

تجمعات وفراغات

يبدو أن البنية الكونية تبدا بالنجوم التي تتجمع في مجرات، وتتجمع تلك المجرات في مجموعات منها، والي بدورها تتجمع بدورها في تجمعات أعظم وتفصلها فراغات مهولة . وكان الاعتقاد قبل عام 1989 أو تجمعات المجرات هي أكبر بناية في الكون وأنها موزعة توزيعا متساويا. إلا أن الدراسة التالية المسماة ريدشيفت redshift survey أطهر وجود ما يسمى بالجدار العظيم . وهي مجموعة مسكحة من تجمعات المجرات يبلغ طولها 500 مليون سنة ضوئية وعرضها نحو 200 مليون سنة ضوئية . ولكن سمكها لا يزيد عن 15 مليون سنة ضوئية . ولم يكن في استطاعة الإنسان رؤية هذا الجدار العظيم من قبل لأنه يستلزم مسحا بالتلسكوبات في ثلاثة أبعاد . وفي أبريل عام 2003 بين المسح أكتشاف جدار عظيم آخر سمي Sloan Great Wall.

التجمعات العظمى للمجرات حول مجرتنا وأبعادها(خريطة)

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 انفجار عظيم
 مجموعات وعناقيد المجرات
 اندروميدا
 عناقيد مجرية هائلة

بنية الكون من منظار واسع

بنية الكون من منظار واسع


පේන්ටර් ඔෆ් ද වින්ඩ් () යනු 2008දී විකාශය වූ දකුණු කොරියානු ඓතිහාසික රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය මූන් ගියුන්-යොං සහ පාක් ෂින්-යැං විසින් සිදු කරයි. මෙය ලී ජුං-මියුං විසින් රචිත ජනප්‍රිය ඓතිහාසික ප්‍රබන්ධ නවකථාවක් ඇසුරෙන් නිර්මාණය වූවකි. ජොසොන් චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියකු වූ ෂින් යුන්-බොක් නැමැත්තා සමහර විට කාන්තාවක් විය හැකි යැයි යන තර්කය මත පිහිටා රචිත එය සිය පියාගේ මිනීමරුන් සොයායාමට පිරිමියකු මෙන් වෙස්වලා ගත් යුන්-බොක් නැමැති තරුණ සිතුවම් ශිල්පිණිය වටා ගෙතුණකි. ඇයට කිම් හොං-දෝ නැමැති විශිෂ්ට චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියා මුණගැසෙන අතර, ඔහු ඇයව ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියකු වීමට මෙහෙයවයි. ගුරුවරයා සහ ශිෂ්‍යයා ලෙස ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා අතර ප්‍රබල මිතුදමක් ගොඩනැගේ.

මෙම නාට්‍යය 2010 ෂැංහයි රූපවාහිනී උළෙලේ දී ආසියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් සඳහා වන විශේෂ සම්මානය ඇතුළු සම්මාන ගණනාවක්ම දිනා ඇත. 2008 SBS නාට්‍ය සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී නිළි මූන් ගියුන්-යොං ප්‍රධාන ත්‍යාගය මෙන්ම, 2009 බෙක්සං කලා සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී හොඳම රූපවාහිනී නිළිය සහ 2008 ග්‍රිමේ සම්මානය ද මෙහි රඟපෑම වෙනුවෙන් දිනාගත්තා ය.

කථාපුවත
1766දී සිත්තරකු මෙන්ම දොහ්වාසියෝ කලා පාසලේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ සමාජිකයකු යූ කං සු-හං මරාදමා ඇති බව දැනගන්නට ලැබේ. ඒ වන විට කිරුළහිමි කුමරුගේ පුත්‍රයා වූ අනාගත ජොංජෝ රජු (1752-1800, ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ 22වන රජ) ඔහුට රහසිගත රාජකාරියක් භාර දී තිබිණි. එනම් කිරුළහිමි කුමරුගේ ආලේඛය සිතුවමක් ඇඳීම සඳහායි. කං සු-හංගේ මරණය පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනය කරන අතරතුර, දෝහ්වාසියෝහි තවත් ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ සාමාජිකයකු වූ සියෝ ජිං ද මියයයි. මීට අමතරව, සියෝ ජංගේ බිරිඳ ඝාතනය වන අතර, දියණිය අතුරුදන් වේ. වසර දහයකට පසු, දොහ්වාසියෝහි ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ සාමාජිකයකු වන කිම් හොං-දෝ හට ෂින් යුන්-බොක් නැමැති නව ශිෂ්‍යයකු හමු වේ. යුන්-බොක්ගේ විශේෂ දක්ෂතාවය හඳුනාගන්නා හොං-දෝ, ඔහුව අවට සිටින තැනැත්තන්ගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණවලින් ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට උත්සාහ දරයි. යුන්-බොක් දක්ෂතාව ජොංජෝ රජු ද හඳුනා ගනියි. සාමාන්‍ය ජනයා පිළිබඳ යතාර්ථය රජුට වටහා දෙන කිම් හොං-දෝ සහ ෂින් යුන්-බොක් රජුගේ දෙනෙත් ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි. කෙසේනමුත්, බලවත් මාලිග නිලධාරීන් මෙම සිත්තරුන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් මිදීමට කුමන්ත්‍රණ කරන අතර අවසානයේ ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා දොහ්වාසියෝවලින් නෙරපා හැරෙයි. අනතුරුව රජු ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාට වසර දහයකට පෙර කං සු-හං විසින් සිතුවම් කළ සිය පියාගේ ආලේඛය සිතුවම සොයාගැනීමට රහසේම නියෝග කරයි. සතුරන්ගේ බාධා ජයගන්නා කිම් හොං-දෝ සහ ෂින් යුන්-බොක් සිතුවම සොයා ගැනීමට සමත් වෙති. මෙම සිතුවම සොයාගැනීමත් සමග, සියෝ ජිංගේ මරණය පිටුපස ඇති අභිරහස ද අනාවරණය වේ. සැබැවින්ම සියෝ ජිං යනු ෂින් යුන්-බොක්ගේ පියායි. තමා සැබැවින්ම ෂින් යුන්-බොක්ට ප්‍රේම කරන බව කිම් හොං-දෝ වටහා ගනියි. කෙසේනමුත්, ඔහු ෂින්ගෙන් දුරස්වීමට උත්සාහ දරන්නේ මෙය අසම්මත සම්බන්ධයක් බැවිනි. නමුත් සැමදෙනාම විස්මයට පත්කරමින් ෂින් යුන්-බොක් යනු කාන්තාවක බව හෙළි වේ. ඇය පුරුෂයකු ලෙස වෙස්වලාගෙන, පුරුෂයන්ට පමණක් සීමා වූ දොහ්වාසියෝ වෙත ඇතුළු වන්නේ සිය පියාගේ මරණය පිළිබඳ අභිරහස හෙළි කරගැනීම සඳහායි.

චරිත නිරූපණය

මූන් ගියුන්-යොං, ෂින් යුන්-බොක් ලෙස
කිම් යූ-ජුං, ළමා යුන්-බොක් ලෙස
පාක් ෂින්-යැං, කිම් හොං-දෝ ලෙස
ර්යු ස්‍යුං-ර්යොං, කිම් ජෝ-න්‍යුන් ලෙස
බේ සූ-බින්, ජොංජෝ රජු ලෙස
මූන් චේ-වොන්, ජුං-හ්යාං ලෙස; ගිසෙංවරියකි
ලී ජූන්, ෂින් යොං-බොක් ලෙස
ලී බ්යුං-ජූන්, ළමා යොං-බොක් ලෙස
පාක් හ්යුක්-ක්වොන්, ලී ඉන්-මූන් ලෙස; හොං-දෝගේ මිතුරා
ඉම් ජි-ඉයුන්, ජොංසුන් අගබිසව ලෙස
ජුං ඉන්-ගි, හොං ගුක්-යොං ලෙස
කිම් ඉයුං-සූ, ජං බ්යුක්-සූ ලෙස
ආන් සුක්-හ්වන්, ෂින් හන්-යොං ලෙස; යුන්-බොක්ගේ හදාගත් පියා
පාක් ජින්-වූ, ජං හ්යෝ-වොන් ලෙස
හන් ජුං-සූ, සියෝ ජිං ලෙස
ලී මි-යොං, මොක් ක්යේ-වොල් ලෙස
යූන් ජූ-සං, කං සු-හං ලෙස
ලී ක්යුං-හ්වා, මියොං ලෙස; සියෝ ජිංගේ බිරිඳ
හන් යෝ-වූන්, ජුං-සූක් ලෙස; ඉන්-මූන්ගේ සොයුරිය
යූන් බොං-ගිල්
කෝ ග්යූ-පිල්, හ්වාවොන්වරයකු ලෙස
ලී සං-හී, හ්වාවොන්වරයකු ලෙස
සොන් හ්වා-ර්යොං, ගිසෙංවරියක් ලෙස
මින් ජූන්-හ්යුන්, පණ්ඩකයකු ලෙස
හා දේ-රෝ, ශිෂ්‍ය භටයකු ලෙස
කිම් වොන්-සොක්
ජං මූන්-සොක්, දොල්-සොයි ලෙස
චෝයි ග්වයි-හ්වා
ජෝ දොං-හී
කිම් බෝ-මි, මක්-න්‍යුන් ලෙස; ජුං-හ්යංගේ සේවිකාව
ජොන් ජින්-ගි
ඉම් හෝ, ලී මියුං-කි ලෙස
යූ යුන්-ජි
ජොං යු-මි
චෝයි සූ-හන්
තේ හ්වං

කථාංග ඇගයුම්

ප්‍රභවය: TNS මීඩියා කොරියා

සම්මාන සහ නිර්දේශ

සන්තතික දෝෂ
 09වන කථාංගයේ සං-ගුංවරිය හ්යේවොන් යන ලේඛන නාමය භාවිත කරයි... මෙය එම නාමය ලබාදීමට පෙර (කථාංගය 13) ඇය එම නාමය භාවිත කරයි.
 15වන කථාංගයේ 56:28, නරක පුද්ගලයාගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන්නේ අද්භූත මිනිසාගේ (බෙක් දොං-සූ) චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන නළුවාම ය.
 ෂෂ්ඨමය චක්‍රයේ ගැටලු ඇත. එහි "දැන්" යනු 1777 = ජොං-යු 정유 වන අතර, එතැන්සිට "වසර දහයකට පෙර" යනු 1766 = බ්යොං-සුල් 병술 යන්නයි. එය බ්යොං-ජින් 병진 නොවේ. නමුත් කොරියානු නාදපථය ("සැමතැනම") සහ "රහස් පුස්තකාලය" (කථාංගය 14, 09:27) සඳහා චීන අක්ෂරවල විස්තර වන්නේ 丙辰年, එනම් 1796 යි.

කලාත්මක අවසරය
මෙහි කථාංග විස්ස මගින් නිරූපිත සිදුවීම් 1777 (=වර්තමානය) සහ අතීතාවර්ජන 1766 (=වසර දහයකට පෙර) යන කාලයන්ට අයත් ය. මෙහි අන්තර්ගත සිත්තරුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරු අනුව මෙම යුග දෙක අතර කලාත්මක අවසරයක් (artistic license) අවශ්‍ය වෙයි. මෙහි ඇති නිරවද්‍ය විය යුතු තොරතුරු නම්:

 යි මියොං-ගි සිත්තරා පිළිබඳ වාර්තා හමුවන්නේ 1791-1796 අතර කාලයේ ය. සියෝ ජික්-සු (කථාංගය 08) ගේ සිතුවම 1796දී සිතුවම් කළ එකකි.
 චේ ජේගොං (කථාංගය 09) ගේ ආලේඛය සිතුවම 1792දී යි මියොං-ගි විසින් අඳින ලද්දකි. එය 1777දී කිම් හොං-දෝ සිතුවම් ක එකක් නොවේ.
 ගං සේ-හ්වං ජීවත් වූයේ 1713-1791 අතර කාලයේ ය. එබැවින් ඔහු 1766දී ඝාතනය වූයේ නැත.
 තේජෝ රජුගේ ආලේඛය සිතුවම වන තේජෝ ඉයොජින් යන්න 1872දී සිතුවම් කළ එකකි.
 දාසන් ජොං යක්-යොං ජීවත් වූයේ 1762-1836 අතර කාලයේ ය. 1766දී ඔහු විසින් කිසිදු යන්ත්‍රයක සටහනක් ඇඳ නැත.
 නම් ග්යේ-උ ජීවත්වූයේ 1811-88 අතර කාලයේ ය. ඔහුගේ සමනලුන් සිතුවම 1777 අවට සිතුවම් කළ එකක් නොවේ.

මෙවැනි කලාත්මක අවසරයන් හේතුවෙන් රචකයාට විස්තරාත්මකව ඒකාබද්ධතාවයකින් යුතුව කථාව ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි විය. මෙම කතාමාලාවේ සෑම කථාංගයක්ම ආරම්භ වන්නේ පෙරවදනකිනි. ඉන් කියැවෙන්නේ: "මෙම නාට්‍යයේ අන්තර්ගතය ඇතැම් ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරු සමග නොගැළපිය හැක" (පාඨයේ දකුණු පසින් ශෛලීකෘත තේමාව දක්වා ඇත)

මෙහි ඇතැම් ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරු විකෘති කොට තිබීම පිළිබඳ සමහර විද්වතුන් විවේචන සිදුකොට ඇත. එසේවුවද, මෙම කතාමාලාව මහජනයා අතර කලාත්මක තේමා පිළිබඳ උනන්දුව වැඩි කරලීමට සමත් විය. 2008 ඔක්තෝබර් 12 දින විවෘත කිරීමෙන් පසු සොංබුක්-දොංහි ගන්සොං කලා කෞතුකාගාරයේ වූ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට 200,000 පමණ නරඹන්නන් පිරිසක් ආකර්ෂණය වූ අතර, ඔවුහු ප්‍රදර්ශිත කලා නිර්මාණවල පිටපත් 2,000කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිලට ගත්හ.

විස්තරාත්මක සිතුවම්
මෙම කතාමාලාව තුළ තිහකට අධික සිතුවම් සංඛ්‍යාවක් විස්තර වන අතර, ඒ සෑම එකක් සඳහාම විස්තරයක් ද සපයා ඇත. හ්යේවොන් පුංසොක්දෝගේ සිතුවම් සඳහා මෙම කර්තව්‍යය බෙහෙවින් නිශ්ඵල වී ඇත්තේ මේවායේ වත්මන් තේමා නාමයන් එම සිතුවම් ඇඳ සියවසකට පමණ පසු වෙනත් පුද්ගලයින් විසින් තැබූ ඒවා නිසායි.

외유사생 (දිවියෙන් සිතුවම් කිරීමට චාරිකාවක්) කථාංගය 01

장파형 (කුණාටුවට පෙර) කථාංගය 02

장파형수 (අත මිරිකීමේ දඬුවම) කථාංගය 03

군선도 (අමරණීයයන් දහනවදෙනාගේ සිතුවම) කථාංගය 04
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단오풍정 (දානෝ දිනයේ දර්ශනය) කථාංගය 05

동제각화 (එකම තේමාව, සිතුවම් ද්විත්වය) කථාංගය 06

정풍 (සාක්ෂි රැස්කිරීම) කථාංගය 07

어진화사 1 (රාජකීය ප්‍රධාන සිතුවම් ශිල්පියා) කථාංගය 08

어진화사 2 (රාජකීය ප්‍රධාන සිතුවම් ශිල්පියා) කථාංගය 09

어진화사 3 (රාජකීය ප්‍රධාන සිතුවම් ශිල්පියා) කථාංගය 10

어진화사 4 (රාජකීය ප්‍රධාන සිතුවම් ශිල්පියා) කථාංගය 11

봉심 (බොංගිස්ම් ඇගැයීම) කථාංගය 12

생과 사 (දිවිය සහ මරණය) කථාංගය 13

잃어버린 예진 (නැතිවූ යේජින් සෙවුම) කථාංගය 14

다섯개의 초상 (පංච උණබට සිතුවම) කථාංගය 15

얼굴없는 초상 (මුහුණ නොමැති රුව) E16

십년전 여인 (වසර දහයකට පෙර සිට ආ දැරිය) කථාංගය 17

원수 (සතුරන්) කථාංගය 18

쟁투 (සටන) කථාංගය 19

미인도 (රූමතියකගේ ආලේඛය) කථාංගය 20

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 පේන්ටර් ඔෆ් ද වින්ඩ් නිල SBS වෙබ්අඩවිය
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ජෝසුන් රාජවංශය පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
2008 දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
2008 දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අවසන් වීම්
2000 දශකයේ දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
සෝල් විකාශන පද්ධතියේ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
 කොරියානු-භාෂා රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන්කරණය
රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

පේන්ටර් ඔෆ් ද වින්ඩ්


Le plan inca fut une proposition formulée en 1816 par Manuel Belgrano au Congrès de Tucumán, visant à couronner un Inca à la tête des Provinces-Unies d'Amérique du Sud (Argentine moderne). Quelque temps après la Déclaration d'indépendance, le Congrès s'est mis à débattre de la forme de gouvernement à utiliser. Belgrano proposa que le pays soit gouverné par une monarchie constitutionnelle dirigée par un Inca ethnique. La proposition fut soutenue par José de San Martín, Martín Miguel de Güemes et les provinces du nord, mais rencontra une forte résistance de la part de Buenos Aires. Le Congrès le rejeta finalement, créant à la place un gouvernement républicain.

Contexte
Après le renversement du roi Ferdinand VII d'Espagne par les armées françaises lors de la guerre de la Péninsule, es colonies espagnoles d'outre-mer, comme la vice-royauté du Río de la Plata, se retrouvent avec un vide de pouvoir. Comme le roi captif avait renversé son père absolutiste Charles IV peu de temps auparavant, on pensait qu'il partageait les nouvelles idées issues du Siècle des Lumières et de la Révolution française. Dans la foulée nombreuses émeutes et rébellions la vice-royauté s'engage alors dans la guerre d'indépendance argentine. Cependant, dès la restauration de Ferdinand VII sur le trône d'Espagne en 1816 celui-ci débute une restauration absolutiste. Les patriotes, qui luttaient jusqu'à présent pour remplacer la forme de gouvernement absolutiste par une forme plus proche des nouvelles idées, deviennent alors pleinement indépendantistes.

En parallèle de la guerre d'Indépendance, la guerre civile argentine oppose Buenos Aires aux caudillos provinciaux. Buenos Aires, qui avait été capitale de la vice-royauté, avait l'intention de continuer à exercer ce pouvoir. Mais en l'absence d'un roi et de la verticale du pouvoir qui en découlait, les provinces se sentaient également capables de se gouverner de manière autonome. Les caudillos incarnaient le fort sentiment anti-Buenos Aires présent dans de nombreuses provinces.

L'Empire Inca avait pour sa part été conquis par les Espagnols plusieurs siècles auparavant et le dernier Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, exécuté en 1533. Néanmoins, l'héritage inca était encore fort parmi les populations indigènes du Haut-Pérou et la noblesse inca n'était pas entièrement éteinte.

Développement

Après le retour de Ferdinand VII sur le trône d'Espagne, Manuel Belgrano et Bernardino Rivadavia furent envoyés en Europe en mission diplomatique, cherchant un soutien pour les gouvernements locaux. Ils échouèrent à cela, mais Belgrano se rendit compte que, contrairement aux années précédentes, les gouvernements républicains n'étaient pas très appréciés et les monarchies leur étaient à nouveau préférées. Il s'aperçut également que les superpuissances européennes regardaient favorablement la Révolution, jusqu'à ce qu'elle conduise à l'anarchie. Cela l'amena à proposer que les provinces soient dirigées par un monarque inca, estimantt que si le pays était gouverné par une monarchie, les puissances européennes seraient plus susceptibles de reconnaître son indépendance. En outre, en rétablissant une monarchie inca, le mouvement indépendantiste serait succeptibel de recueillir le soutien des provinces du nord et des populations indigènes. La proposition prévoyait également de désigner la ville de Cuzco, ancienne capitale de l'Empire Inca, comme capitale du pays en remplacement de Buenos Aires. L'idée, cependant, n'était pas nouvelle : dès 1790, Francisco de Miranda avait formulé des plans pour un Empire sur lequel régnerait un descendant des empereurs incas. Sa proposition consistait en une monarchie constitutionnelle, avec une branche législative divisée entre une chambre basse et une chambre haute - cette dernière avec des membres à vie choisis parmi les caciques locaux.

Un candidat possible pour être couronné après cette proposition était Dionisio Inca Yupanqui, colonel en Espagne et député aux tribunaux de Cadix en 1812, mentionné dans un courrier de Chamberlain à Castlereagh. Il avait une position sociale élevée et, en représentant le Pérou à Cadix, il était déjà politiquement notable. Un autre candidat possible était Juan Bautista Tupamaro, également connu sous le nom de Túpac Amaru.Tout comme son frère Túpac Amaru II, il prétendait être un descendant de l'ancien souverain inca Túpac Amaru.

La proposition de Belgrano fut à nouveau discutée le 12 juillet, soulevée par Manuel Antonio de Acevedo, représentant de la province de Catamarca. Les représentants des provinces du Haut-Pérou et du nord-ouest la soutenaient, ceux de Cuyo étaient divisés, et ceux de Buenos Aires étaient contre. Les représentants de Buenos Aires - qui n'aimaient pas l'idée de perdre le pouvoir et d'être gouvernés par un gouvernement central lointain à Cusco - proposèrent à la place comme monarque le jeune prince Don Sebastián. Sebastián était membre de la maison royale espagnole (les Bourbons) mais vivait à Rio de Janeiro avec son grand-parent maternel, le roi portugais Dom João VI. Quelques années auparavant, en 1808, des patriotes hispano-américains avaient tenté de convaincre le père de Sebastián, le prince Don Pedro Carlos, d'accepter la régence au nom du roi espagnol alors captif. Sa belle-mère et tante Dona Carlota Joaquina (elle-même Bourbon espagnole et épouse de João VI)  soutint le plan avec enthousiasme, espérant qu'elle pourrait gouverner les anciennes colonies espagnoles par l'intermédiaire de son neveu.

João VI vit ce plan ambitieux comme une menace pour le Portugal et le Brésil, et convainquit son neveu de refuser la proposition. Néanmoins, Carlota était résolue à quitter Rio de Janeiro pour s'établir comme régente (dans ce qui serait plus tard connu sous le nom de carlotisme) avec son fils cadet Miguel comme héritier. En mai 1809, son mari parvint à anéantir son projet en renvoyant Percy Smythe,  vicomte Strangford, l'amiral britannique qui la soutenait et aurait pu l'emmener à Buenos Aires avec sa flotte. En 1810, la junte de Buenos Aires, en conflit avec le gouvernement de Cadix, proposa Carlota comme reine constitutionnelle des Provinces-Unies (Argentine actuelle). Mais celle-ci voulant régner en tant que monarque absolue, Buenos Aires retira sa proposition.

Les discussions se prolongèrent tout le mois de juillet de la même année et, le 6 août, le portenien Tomás de Anchorena déclara son rejet de la proposition. Il considérait qu'il y avait des perspectives contradictoires entre les peuples du Nord et de la Pampa, ces derniers s'opposant à toute forme monarchique de gouvernement. Anchorena expliquera des années plus tard dans une correspondance avec Juan Manuel de Rosas qu'il soutenait la monarchie constitutionnelle comme forme de gouvernement mais rejetait l'idée de couronner un Inca.

Belgrano indiqua pour sa part dans une missive à Rivadavia que le projet avait recueilli un plein consensus. Martín Miguel de Güemes le soutenait également. José de San Martín avait aussi manifesté son soutien, mais demandé qu'il n'y ait qu'un seul chef d'État et non un organe gouvernemental composé de plusieurs personnes, comme les juntes ou les triumvirats qui avaient dirigé les Provinces-Unies quelque temps auparavant.

Incapables de forcer le rejet du plan inca, les représentants de Buenos Aires encouragèrent son report, tout en demandant que le Congrès soit déplacé à Buenos Aires, ce qui permettrait une plus forte influence sur son développement. Belgrano et Güemes voulaient le garder à Tucuman, mais San Martín accepta ce déplacement à condition que le siège du gouvernement du Directeur Suprême soit déplacé dans la ville de Córdoba. Buenos Aires l'emporta et le Congrès s'installa dans la ville en mars 1817.

Le Plan Inca fut oublié et le Congrès promulgua à sa place une Constitution aristocratique. Celle-ci créait également une monarchie, mais le roi n'en serait pas un Inca: il s'agirait d'un Français, le prince de Lucques (Charles II, duc de Parme). Le couronnement de De Luca fut annulé par la défaite de Buenos Aires lors de la bataille de Cepeda, qui mit fin à l'autorité des directeurs suprêmes et initia une période d'anarchie dans le pays. Le prince de Lucques était un Bourbon parent éloigné du roi d'Espagne ; les premiers ministres français Richelieu et Desolle soutenaient son accession au trône, de manière à perturber les activités britanniques dans la région. Cette démarche se fit après que le roi Louis XVIII de France eut lui-même opposé son veto au projet de Rivadavia d'inviter Louis Philippe, duc d'Orléans, comme roi.

Le duc de Lucques ne fut pas seulement proposé comme monarque argentin, mais l'idée était d'arranger un mariage entre lui et l'une des princesses brésiliennes, dont la dot comprendrait Cisplatina, alors une province brésilienne au sujet de laquelle les Provinces-Unies étaient en guerre avec l'Empire du Brésil. Ce plan (impliquant à la fois le duc de Lucques et son mariage avec une princesse), approuvé par le parlement des Provinces-Unies, échoua après que le roi d'Espagne refusa - une fois de plus - d'autoriser la nomination de tout membre de sa famille en tant que monarque dans une de ses anciennes colonies.

Voir aussi

 Guerre d'indépendance argentine

Bibliographie

  . Histoire de D. Pedro II . 5 v. Rio de Janeiro : J. Olympio, 1975. (in Portuguese)

 Dom Pedro : la lutte pour la liberté au Brésil et au Portugal, 1798-1834 (1986, )

Notes et références

Guerre d'indépendance de l'Argentine
Inca
Politique en Argentine

Plan inca


An Panicum vatovae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Emilio Chiovenda. An Panicum vatovae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum vatovae


أبو القاسم إسماعيل بن سعيد بن محمد بن سويد، المعدل، (? ? - 10 محرم 392هـ/1001م) محدث بغدادي.

روايته
روى الحديث عن: أبي بكر عبد الله بن محمد بن زياد النيسابوري، وأبي بكر محمد بن الحسن بن دريد، وأبي بكر بن الأنباري، والحسين بن القاسم الكوكبي، ومحمد بن مخلد الدوري، وغيرهم.

وروى عنه الأزهري، والتنوخي، وأحمد بن علي التوزي، وحمزة ابن محمد بن طاهر الدقاق، وأبو يعلى بن الفراء، وغيرهم.

وكان بعض سماعه صحيحاً في كُتُب أخيه وبعضه فاسداً، وحدَث من كتب لأخيه لم يكن فيها سماع قديم. قال محمد بن أبي الفوارس: كان لديه تساهل في الحديث والدين، وقال حمزة بن محمد بن طاهر: ثقة غير أنه كان فيه حُـمق، وكان شيخاً عسراً في الحديث.

وفاته
توفي في بغداد يوم السبت العاشر من محرم (عاشوراء) من عام 392هـ/1001م، ودفن في مقبرة الخيزران في بغداد.

مصادر

أشخاص من بغداد
رواة الحديث
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
علماء حديث من العراق
وفيات 1001
وفيات 392 هـ
مدفونون في مقبرة الخيزران

أبو القاسم المعدل


An iodide ion is the ion I−. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.

Structure and characteristics of inorganic iodides
Iodide is one of the largest monatomic anions. It is assigned a radius of around 206 picometers. For comparison, the lighter halides are considerably smaller: bromide (196 pm), chloride (181 pm), and fluoride (133 pm). In part because of its size, iodide forms relatively weak bonds with most elements.

Most iodide salts are soluble in water, but often less so than the related chlorides and bromides. Iodide, being large, is less hydrophilic compared to the smaller anions. One consequence of this is that sodium iodide is highly soluble in acetone, whereas sodium chloride is not. The low solubility of silver iodide and lead iodide reflects the covalent character of these metal iodides. A test for the presence of iodide ions is the formation of yellow precipitates of these compounds upon treatment of a solution of silver nitrate or lead(II) nitrate.

Aqueous solutions of iodide salts dissolve iodine better than pure water. This effect is due to the formation of the triiodide ion, which is brown:
I− + I2 ⇌

Redox, including antioxidant properties
Iodide salts are mild reducing agents and many react with oxygen to give iodine. A reducing agent is a chemical term for an antioxidant. Its antioxidant properties can be expressed quantitatively as a redox potential :

2I− ⇌  I2 +  E° = 0.54 volts (versus SHE)

Because iodide is easily oxidized, some enzymes readily convert it into electrophilic iodinating agents, as required for the biosynthesis of myriad iodide-containing natural products. Iodide can function as an antioxidant reducing species that can destroy ozone and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide:
2 I− + peroxidase + H2O2 + tyrosine, histidine, lipid, etc. →  iodo-compounds + H2O + 2 e− (antioxidants).

Representative iodides

Natural occurrence
Iodargyrite—natural, crystalline silver iodide—is the most common iodide mineral currently known. Iodide anions may sometimes also be found combined with mercury, copper and lead, but minerals with such compositions are even more scarce.

Other oxyanions
Iodine can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. A number of neutral iodine oxides are also known.

References

External links

Anions
Dietary minerals
Dietary antioxidants
Leaving groups

Iodide


La ligne 3 du métro de Nankin  (chinois traditionnel : 南京地鐵三號線 ; chinois simplifié : 南京地铁三号线) est la sixième ligne du métro de Nankin. C'est une ligne sud-nord qui relie le district de Pukou avec le district de Jiangning au sud, elle est inaugurée le . De Linchang à Rue Mozhou Est, la ligne comporte 29 stations et  en longueur.

Histoire

Caractéristiques

Tracé

Liste des stations

Exploitation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Nankin

Liens externes

3
Nankin, 3

Ligne 3 du métro de Nankin