The year 1897 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry
 April 30 – J. J. Thomson first describes his discovery of the electron, in England.

Earth sciences
 June 12 – 1897 Assam earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people.

History of science and technology
 Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld publishes Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions in Stockholm.
 Boulton and Watt's Smethwick Engine of 1779 (superseded 1892) is dismantled for preservation by the Birmingham Canal Navigations company, initially at its Ocker Hill depot in the West Midlands of England.

Mathematics
 David Hilbert unifies the field of algebraic number theory with his treatise Zahlbericht.
 John Edward Campbell originates the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula for multiplication of exponentials in Lie algebras.
 Raoul Bricard investigates and classifies flexible polyhedra, defining the Bricard octahedron.
 Henri Brocard begins publication of his source book on geometric curves, Notes de Bibliographie des Courbes Géométriques, in Bar-le-Duc.

Physiology, medicine and pharmacology
 May 6 – John Jacob Abel announces the successful isolation of epinephrine (adrenaline) in a paper read before the Association of American Physicians.
 August 10 – History of aspirin: At the German Bayer chemical and dyestuffs company, pharmacist Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes acetylsalicylic acid, a synthetically altered version of salicin, as a less-irritating replacement for standard common salicylate medicines, after isolating a compound from a plant of the Spiraea family; the company markets it under the brand name 'Aspirin'.
 August 20 – Ronald Ross discovers the malaria Plasmodium in an Anopheles mosquito, demonstrating the transmission mechanism for the disease.
 Danish veterinarian Bernhard Bang isolates Brucella abortus as the agent of Brucellosis.
 L. Emmett Holt publishes the standard textbook The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood in New York.
 Charles Sherrington introduces the term 'synapse'.

Psychology
 Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study Le Suicide.

Technology
 January 22 – The word computer is first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device, in this date's issue of the journal Engineering.
 May 11 – A patent is awarded for the invention of the first automotive muffler, with the granting by the U.S. Patent Office of application number 582,485 to Milton Reeves and his brother Marshall T. Reeves, of the Reeves Pulley Company of Columbus, Indiana.
 May 13 – Guglielmo Marconi sends the first ever wireless communication over open sea when the message "Are you ready" is transmitted across the Bristol Channel from Lavernock Point in South Wales to Flat Holm Island, a distance of .
 May 17 – Launch of the Holland VI (later ), designed by John Philip Holland, at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey; this is the first submarine having power to run submerged for any considerable distance, and the first to combine electric motors for submerged travel and gasoline (Otto) engines for use on the surface.
 June 26 – At the British Fleet Review, Charles Parsons gives a spectacular display of the unprecedented speed attainable by his steam turbine-powered Turbinia.
 August 10 – Rudolf Diesel demonstrates his first commercially successful Diesel engine in Augsburg.
 August 31 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, a precursor of the movie projector.
 Hiram P. Maxim develops the muffler in conjunction with the firearm silencer (suppressor).
 The Dahlander pole changing motor is patented.
 The Daimler Victoria, the world's first meter-equipped (and gasoline-powered) taxicab, is built by Gottlieb Daimler.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Albert von Kölliker
 Wollaston Medal: Wilfred Hudleston

Births
 January 1 – Ana Aslan (died 1988), Romanian biologist.
 March 24 – Wilhelm Reich (died 1957), Austrian psychoanalyst.
 July 20 – Tadeusz Reichstein (died 1996), Polish-born Nobel Prize-winning chemist.
 August 5 – Joan Beauchamp Procter (died 1931), English herpetologist.
 August 12 – Otto Struve (died 1963), Ukrainian-born astronomer.
 September 1 – Mary Cover Jones (died 1987), American behavioral therapist.
 September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie (died 1956), French chemist.
 November 4 – C. B. van Niel (died 1985), Dutch-born microbiologist.
 November 13 – Tilly Edinger (died 1967), German-born paleoneurologist.
 December 22 – Vojtěch Jarník (died 1970), Czech mathematician.

Deaths
 January 25 – David Kirkaldy (born 1820), Scottish-born engineer, pioneer of materials testing.
 February 7 – Galileo Ferraris, Italian physicist and engineer (born 1847)
 February 19 – Karl Weierstrass (born 1815), German mathematician.
 March 15 – James Joseph Sylvester (born 1814), English mathematician.
 April 12 – Edward Drinker Cope (born 1840), American paleontologist.
 May 6
 Edward James Stone (born 1831), English astronomer.
 Alfred Des Cloizeaux (born 1817), French mineralogist.
 May 7 – Abraham Dee Bartlett (born 1812), English zoologist.
 August 27 – Eduard von Hofmann (born 1837), Austrian forensic pathologist.
 October 19 – George Pullman (born 1831), American inventor.
 October 31 – Samuel Haughton (born 1821), Irish scientific polymath.
 November 1 – Peter Bellinger Brodie (born 1815), English geologist and clergyman.
 November 14 – Thomas W. Evans (born 1823), American-born dentist.

References

19th century in science
1890s in science

1897 in science


Heepen, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bielefeld kentine bağlı idari bölge. Nüfusu, 31 Ocak 2005 itibarıyla 46.098'dir. Yüzölçümü 38,02 km²'dir.

Bielefeld'in ilçe ve semtleri

Heepen


Baron Hatherton, of Hatherton in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1835 for the politician Edward Littleton, Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1833 to 1834. Born Edward Walhouse, he assumed in 1812 by Royal licence the surname of Littleton in lieu of his patronymic on succeeding to the estates of his great-uncle Sir Edward Littleton, 4th and last Baronet, of Teddesley Hall. He was also heir to the substantial Walhouse estates and interests, which included Hatherton Hall, near Cannock, then in an exclave of Wolverhampton. His wealth was based upon landed estates centred on Penkridge in southern Staffordshire, mines at Great Wyrley and Bloxwich, quarries and sandpits, brick yards and residential housing, mainly in Walsall.

Lord Hatherton was succeeded by his son, Edward Richard, the second Baron, who represented Walsall in the House of Commons as a Liberal. His son, the third Baron, notably served as Military Secretary to the Governor General of Canada between 1875 and 1879. The title followed the line of his eldest son, the fourth Baron, until the death of the latter's third son, the seventh Baron, in 1985. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the eighth and () present holder of the title. He is the grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Charles Christopher Josceline Littleton, third son of the third Baron.

In 1919, the 3rd Baron Hatherton disposed of large estates in the Penkridge area. In many cases, farms were sold to their tenants. The 5th Baron Hatherton made even larger disposals of landed property, selling over  at Penkridge and  in Teddesley Hay in 1953, including the 18th century seat, Teddesley Hall.

Baron Hatherton (1835)
Edward John Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton (1791–1863)
Edward Richard Littleton, 2nd Baron Hatherton (1815–1888)
Edward George Littleton, 3rd Baron Hatherton (1842–1930) served as Military Secretary to the late Earl of Dufferin, Governor-General of Canada in 1877. He and his wife, Charlotte Louisa, daughter of Sir Charles Robert Rowley, had 4th Baronet and 3 daughters.
Edward Charles Rowley Littleton, 4th Baron Hatherton (1868–1944)
Edward Thomas Walhouse Littleton, 5th Baron Hatherton (1900–1969)
John Walter Stuart Littleton, 6th Baron Hatherton (1906–1973)
Thomas Charles Tasman Littleton, 7th Baron Hatherton (1907–1985)
Edward Charles Littleton, 8th Baron Hatherton (b. 1950)

The heir apparent and last in line to the barony is the present holder's son, the Hon. Thomas Edward Littleton (b. 1977).

The family vault is beneath the altar area of St. Michael's church, Penkridge.

See also
Littleton baronets of Pillaton Hall

References

Work cited

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1835
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Penkridge
History of Staffordshire

Baron Hatherton


An Festuca cyllenica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier ngan Theodor Heinrich von Heldreich. An Festuca cyllenica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Greece.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 F. c. pangaei
 F. c. thasia
 F. c. uluana

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Festuca

Festuca cyllenica


جويل توماس ( في كاين)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدوري الأول كولتشستر يونايتد الإنجليزي منذ 2009 في مركز المهاجم .

لعب توماس في أندية بوردو (2005-2007) كايزرسلاوترن (2007) هاميلتون أكاديميكال (2008-2009) .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسكتلندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إسكتلندا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في رومانيا
رياضيون من كان (نورماندي)
لاعبو الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إنغورداني
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو توب اس
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو دوري أندورا الممتاز
لاعبو دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي للمحترفين
لاعبو ريث روفرز
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسكتلندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من كاين
لاعبو كولتشستر يونايتد
لاعبو نادي دوردريخت
لاعبو نادي دينامو بوخارست
لاعبو نادي يونيكوس
لاعبو هاميلتون أكاديميكال
مواليد 1987
مواليد في كاين

جويل توماس


Assault (1943-1971) est un cheval de course pur-sang. Membre du Hall of Fame des courses américaines, cheval de l'année en en 1946, il remporte cette année-là la Triple Couronne américaine.

Carrière de course

Reins, métacarpe, boulet, genou, saignements divers et variés, et puis ce bout de bois enfoncé dans le sabot lorsqu'il était poulain qui lui déforma le pied et lui valut ce surnom de "Comète au pied-bot". Et pourtant Assault courut 42 fois, de 2 à 7 ans. Difficile d'imaginer champion plus poissard, et donc plus résilient : le pied-bot, on ne le remarquait plus une fois lancé au grand galop. Décidément unique en son genre, Assault n'est pas né dans les gras herbages du Kentucky, là où gambadent les poulains huppés de la Côte Est. Il est né dans le plus grand haras des États-Unis, mais seulement par la taille : King Ranch, qui occupe 3 340 km2 au sud-ouest du Texas, une superficie supérieure à celle du Luxembourg. Un ranch plutôt qu'un haras, moins spécialisé dans l'élevage de pur-sang que dans celui de gros gabarits, type bovins ou quarter-horses. Et qui pourtant a trouvé le moyen d'élever les deux seuls vainqueurs de Kentucky Derby nés au Texas, Assault et Middleground, mais aussi Stymie, le grand rival d'Assault.

La carrière d'Assault commence toutefois à New York, sur l'hippodrome de Belmont Park, où il échoue à trois reprises à remporter son maiden, avant de trouver son jour à Aqueduct dans une allowance. Sa première victoire d'importance, il l'obtient dans les Flash Stakes, mais son bilan est assez maigre à 2 ans, avec deux victoires et trois places en neuf sorties. La saison suivante commence en fanfare avec deux victoires d'affilée, dont les importants Wood Memorial Stakes. Mais une mauvaise course dans les Derby Trial Stakes lui vaut de s'élancer à une cote d'outsider dans le Kentucky Derby. Il y réalise pourtant une démonstration, gagnant par huit longueurs, un écart jamais enregistré dans l'épreuve. Une semaine plus tard il est cette fois favori dans les Preakness Stakes, où un mauvais parcours oblige son jockey Warren Mehrtens à lancer les hostilités trop tôt : 4 longueurs devant le peloton à 200 mètres du but, il voit ses adversaires fondre sur lui et ne garde qu'une encolure sur Lord Boswell au poteau. Ce dernier, vu sa performance, est propulsé favori des Belmont Stakes. Mais cette fois Assault trouve des circonstances de course à sa convenance et l'emporte par trois longueurs. Il succède ainsi à Count Fleet au palmarès de la Triple Couronne, devenant le septième poulain à décrocher la timbale.

Sa nette victoire dans les Dwyer Stakes confirme qu'Assault est bien le meilleur cheval d'une génération 1943 qui passe aux yeux des puristes pour moyenne, sinon médiocre. Mais dans l'Arlington Classic, patatras, il finit bon dernier. Avec comme excuse un boulet qui flageole, et deux mois de repos forcé. La fin de sa saison est honorable, toujours placé, mais vainqueur seulement en novembre, lorsqu'Eddie Arcaro remplace Warren Mehrtens sur son dos et qu'il affronte pour la première fois Stymie. Une embellie de fin de saison qui sécurise son titre de Cheval de l'année et de meilleur 3 ans.

Assault prit beaucoup de force entre 3 et 4 ans, on raconte que, toujours affamé, il s'en prenait à ses palefreniers s'ils ne le nourrissaient pas à temps. Agité, il éjectait souvent ses cavaliers d'entraînement. Ce qui ne l'empêcha pas de faire une excellente saison et de s'approprier certains des plus gros handicaps du pays, comme le Suburban Handicap ou le Brooklyn Handicap, face à l'increvable Stymie. Stymie, l'autre Texan de l'histoire des courses américaines, élevé lui aussi à King Ranch, inoubliable stakhanoviste aux 131 courses, lui aussi futur Hall of Famer. Et son concurrent dans une compétition toute américaine à celui qui gagnera le plus d'argent en une saison. Pour ce faire Assault, qui a dû écourter sa saison sur blessures, tente le tout pour le tout dans une "match race" (une course en un contre un) à $ 100 000 sur le mode "winner takes all", disputée en septembre 1947 à Belmont Park face au champion Armed, 6 ans, futur cheval de l'année et futur Hall of Famer. Il perd de huit longueurs.

Ses multiples pépins de santé privent Assault de la fin de la saison 1947, et l'année suivante, après deux courses en Floride dont une nette défaite dans le Widener Handicap, il rentre à King Ranch pour y devenir étalon. Mais il ne parvient à remplir aucune des juments qu'on lui présente : comme si son carnet de santé n'était pas déjà maigrelet, le voilà déclaré stérile. Et renvoyé à l'entraînement en 1949. Devenu irrégulier, il ne remporte que le seul Brooklyn Handicap cette année-là. Mais il repart pour un tour en 1950, à 7 ans, le temps d'un séjour en Californie, d'une petite victoire après quasiment un an d'absence et d'un échec dans la Hollywood Gold Cup.

L'étonnante carrière d'Assault et son exploit dans la Triple Couronne lui vaudront les honneurs du Hall of Fame des courses américaines, qu'il rejoindra en 1964, et une 33ème place sur la liste des 100 meilleurs chevaux de sport hippique américain du  siècle établie en 1999 par le magazine The Blood-Horse. Il retourne finalement finir ses jours dans son Texas natal, où une rumeur raconte qu'il a tout de même rempli quelques poulinières quarter-horses stationnée au ranch, mais seuls deux produits de lui sont enregistrés. Il meurt le 28 septembre 1971, euthanasié après une chute qui lui brisa la jambe. Jusqu'au bout pas verni. Il est enterré à King Ranch.

Résumé de carrière

Origines
Bold Venture, le père d'Assault, était un excellent poulain qui lui-même n'est pas passé très loin de la Triple Couronne après ses victoires dans le Kentucky Derby et les Preakness Stakes. Entraîné comme son fils par Max Hirsch, il avait remporté le Derby sans avoir couru une stakes auparavant, monté par un apprenti de 17, Ira "Babe" Hanford, qui lui non plus n'avait jamais disputé une course principale. Bold Venture fut acquis par Robert J. Kleberg Jr.,  pour $ 40 000 à l'issue de sa carrière en piste. Stationné comme étalon au Kentucky, il n'eut gère de succès alors Kleberg l'installa au Texas, dans son ranch. Avec réussite cette fois puisque Bold Venture allait lui donner Assault et Middleground, qui faillit bien lui aussi s'offrir la Triple Couronne avec une victoire dans le Derby, une deuxième place dans les Preakness Stakes et une victoire dans les Belmont Stakes.

Fille du champion et bon étalon Equipoise (deux fois cheval de l'année en 1932 et 1933, et tête de liste des étalons en 1942, Hall of Famer), Igual, la mère d'Assault, n'a quant à elle pas couru. Mais elle se réclame de sa deuxième mère Masda, propre sœur de l'un des plus grands champions de l'histoire, Man o'War, et donc de leur mère Mahubah. Mahubah ne gagna qu'une seule de ses cinq sorties, mais cette fille d'Anglais importés aux États-Unis (son père Rock Sand, grand champion, gagna la Triple Couronne britannique en 1903) fut une formidable génitrice, au point d'être désignée "Cluster Mare", c'est-à-dire une poulinière qui a produit, en l'espace de six générations au maximum, au moins deux vainqueurs de cinq ou plus des huit plus grandes courses américaines. Outre Man o'War, elle donna aussi My Play, lauréat de l'Aqueduct Handicap et de la Jockey Club Gold Cup, qui devint un bon étalon.

Pedigree

Références

Cheval de course
Cheval de course né en 1943
Animal né en 1943
Animal mort en 1971
Étalon pur-sang anglais
Cheval de l'année aux États-Unis
Vainqueur du Kentucky Derby
Vainqueur de la Triple Couronne américaine
Membre d'un Hall of Fame des courses hippiques
Cheval mort à la suite d'une fracture

Assault (cheval)


San Enea es un palacete de veraneo del  diseñado por el arquitecto francés C.H. Besoin en la localidad guipuzcoana de Zarauz. Es una de las numerosas villas que había en la villa próximo al otro palacete que queda en pie, Villa Munda.

Desde 1985 es de uso municipal. La reforma se llevó a cabo por Jorge Caballero Bustamante. Alberga la biblioteca del municipio y diferentes exposiciones itinerantes.

Véase también
 Anexo:Archivos de España

Enlaces externos
 Edificio Sanz Enea
 Exposición en Sanz-Enea de Fernando Beorlegui en 2010.
 Ensanche
 kultura zarautz

Bibliotecas del País Vasco
Palacios de España del siglo XIX
Palacios de Guipúzcoa
Zarauz
Arquitectura en el País Vasco en el siglo XIX

Sanz Enea (Zarauz)


إواكورا مدينة تقع ضمن محافظة آيتشي في اليابان، تأسست في 12/1/1971، بلغ عدد تعداد سكانها في 1 يناير – 2008 حوالي 48042 مساحتها الإجمالية حوالي 10.49 كم2 لتصبح كثافة سكانها 4580 نسمة لكل كيلو متر مربع.

مراجع

إواكورا
مدن محافظة آيتشي

إواكورا (آيتشي)


The Stirling council area (; ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about  ( estimate). It was created in 1975 as a lower-tier district within the Central region. The district covered parts of the historic counties of Stirlingshire and Perthshire, which were abolished for local government purposes. In 1996 the Central region was abolished and Stirling Council took over all local government functions within the area.

The administrative centre of the area is the city of Stirling, with the headquarters at Old Viewforth.

The area borders the council areas of Clackmannanshire (to the east), North Lanarkshire (to the south), Falkirk (to the south east), Perth and Kinross (to the north and north east), Argyll and Bute (to the north and north west), and both East and West Dunbartonshire to Stirling's southwest.

The majority of the population of the area is located in its southeast corner, in the city of Stirling and in the surrounding lowland communities: Bridge of Allan and Dunblane to the north, Bannockburn to the immediate south, and the three former coal mining communities of Cowie, Fallin, and Plean, known collectively as the "Eastern Villages".

The rest of the council area's population is sparsely distributed across the rural, mainly highland, expanse in the north and west of the area. The southern half of this rural area comprises the flat western floodplain of the River Forth, bounded on the south by the Touch Hills and the Campsie Fells. North of the glen lie the Trossachs mountains, and the northern half of the council area is generally mountainous in character.

History
Stirling district was created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which abolished Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts and replaced them with upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Stirling was one of three districts within the Central region. As created in 1975 the Stirling district covered five districts from Stirlingshire and four districts from Perthshire, which were all abolished at the same time:

From Perthshire:
Callander Burgh
Doune Burgh
Dunblane Burgh
Western District, except Ardoch (which went to Perth and Kinross)

From Stirlingshire:
Bridge of Allan Burgh
Central No. 1 District
Stirling Burgh
Western No. 1 District
Western No. 2 District

The new district and its neighbour Falkirk were together made a new Stirling and Falkirk lieutenancy area. The last Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire became the first Lord Lieutenant of Stirling and Falkirk.

Local government was reformed again in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which abolished the regions and districts which had been created in 1975, replacing them with unitary council areas. Central Region was abolished and each of the area's three districts, including Stirling, became council areas. Stirling District Council was therefore replaced by the current Stirling Council.

Governance

Political control
The first election to Stirling District Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the change to council areas which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control since 1975 has been as follows:

Stirling District Council

Stirling Council

Leadership
The first leader of the council, Corrie McChord, had been the last leader of the Central Regional Council. The leaders since 1996 have been:

Premises

The council is based at Old Viewforth on Pitt Terrace in Stirling. The oldest part of the building is a converted house called Viewforth, which had been built in 1855. The house was bought by Stirlingshire County Council in 1931 for £5,250 and converted to become its headquarters. A large art deco extension was added to the rear of the house, opening in 1937. A new building called New Viewforth was built alongside the older premises in 1972, shortly before Stirlingshire County Council was abolished.

Between 1975 and 1996 the premises at Viewforth served as the headquarters of Central Regional Council, whilst Stirling District Council was based at the Municipal Buildings at 8–10 Corn Exchange Road in Stirling, which had been completed in 1918 for the old Stirling Town Council. On local government reorganisation in 1996 Stirling Council took over Viewforth. The 1972 building known as New Viewforth was demolished in 2014.

Elections
Since 2007 elections have been held every five years under the single transferable vote system, introduced by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004. Election results since 1995 have been as follows:

Current composition
Following one change of allegiance since the 2022 election, the current composition of the council is:

Wards

The wards are:

Communities
The area is divided into 42 community council areas, all of which have community councils as at 2023.

Arnprior
Balfron
Balquhidder, Lochearnhead and Strathyre
Bannockburn
Braehead and Broomridge
Bridge of Allan
Buchanan
Buchlyvie
Callander
Cambusbarron
Cambuskenneth
Carron Valley and District
Causewayhead
Cornton
Cowie
Croftamie
Drymen
Dunblane
Fintry
Gargunnock
Gartmore
Hillpark and Milton
Killearn
Killin
Kilmadock
King's Park
Kippen
Logie
Mercat Cross
Plean
Polmaise
Port of Menteith
Raploch
Riverside
St Ninians
Strathard
Strathblane
Strathfillan
Thornhill and Blairdrummond
Throsk
Torbrex
Trossachs

Settlements

As well as the city of Stirling itself, there are many towns, villages and hamlets spread across the council area, as well as dispersed settlements.

Largest settlements by population:

Towns
 Bannockburn
 Bridge of Allan
 Callander
 Doune
 Dunblane

Villages
 Aberfoyle
 Ashfield
 Balfron
 Balmaha
 Balquhidder
 Blairlogie
 Blanefield
 Buchlyvie
 Cambusbarron
 Cambuskenneth
 Cowie
 Crianlarich
 Croftamie
 Deanston
 Drymen
 Fallin
 Fintry
 Gargunnock
 Gartmore
 Killearn
 Killin
 Kinlochard
 Kippen
 Milton of Buchanan
 Lochearnhead
 Plean
 Port of Menteith
 Strathblane
 Strathyre
 Thornhill
 Throsk
 Tyndrum

Hamlets
 Ardchullarie More
 Ardeonaig
 Arnprior
 Auchlyne
 Balfron Station
 Boquhan
 Buchanan Smithy
 Carbeth
 Dumgoyne
 Gartness
 Inverarnan
 Kilmahog
 Kinbuck
 Milton
 Mugdock
 Stronachlachar

Dispersed settlements
 Ardchyle
 Auchtubh
 Blair Drummond
 Brig o' Turk
 Dalmary
 Dalrigh
 Inversnaid
 Rowardennan
 Ruskie

Places of interest
Carse of Lecropt
Culcreuch Castle
Inchmahome Priory (a ruined Augustinian priory on an island in the Lake of Menteith, used as a refuge in 1547 by Mary, Queen of Scots)
Breadalbane Folklore Centre
Cambuskenneth Abbey (formerly the seat of the Scottish Parliament)
Doune Castle
Dunblane Cathedral
Falls of Dochart
Falls of Lochay
Glen Dochart
Glenfinlas
Lake of Menteith
Lecropt Kirk
Loch Achray
Loch Ard
Loch Earn
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
Loch Katrine (The source of most of the drinking water for the city of Glasgow)
Loch Rusky
Loch Venachar
Moirlannich Longhouse
Queen Elizabeth Forest Park (run by Forestry and Land Scotland)
Scottish Institute of Sport (on the grounds of Stirling University)
Stirling Castle
The University of Stirling
The Trossachs
Wallace Monument
West Highland Way

References

External links

 Stirling Council official website

Council areas of Scotland
1975 establishments in Scotland

Stirling (council area)


Antonino Valletta (né le  à Sant'Agapito, dans la province d'Isernia, au Molise et mort le  à Isernia) est un médecin et homme politique italien.

Biographie

Antonino Valletta naît au Molise dans une famille d'agriculteurs. Après des études classiques au lycée Fascitelli d'Isernia, il effectue des études de médecine. Après l'obtention de son diplôme, il exerce comme pédiatre et néonatologiste à l'hôpital Ferdinando Veneziale d'Isernia.

Membre de longue date du Parti socialiste italien, il est élu au Sénat, lors des élections des 27 et  avec la coalition de l'Alliance des progressistes, recueillant  voix dans la circonscription uninominale d'Isernia. Par la suite, il rejoint la Fédération travailliste.

Lors des élections générales du , il est réélu au Sénat après avoir recueilli  voix dans la circonscription uninominale d'Isernia avec la coalition de L'Olivier. Il a ensuite rejoint les Démocrates de gauche. En 2000, il passe au groupe mixte et rejoint le Parti socialiste, recréé par d'anciens membres du Parti socialiste italien, dissous deux ans plus tôt. Il a également été, pendant plusieurs mandats, maire de Sant'Agapito, sa ville natale.

Antonino Valletta meurt le  à Isernia à l'âge de 83 ans.

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Notice consacrée à Antonino Valletta sur le site officiel du Sénat de la République

Médecin italien du XXe siècle
Médecin italien du XXIe siècle
Pédiatre italien
Néonatalogue
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne du XXIe siècle
Sénateur de la douzième législature de la République italienne
Sénateur de la treizième législature de la République italienne
Personnalité du Parti socialiste italien
Personnalité des Démocrates de gauche
Naissance en octobre 1938
Naissance dans la province d'Isernia
Décès à 83 ans
Décès au Molise
Décès en janvier 2022

Antonino Valletta


Estonca (), Estonya'nın resmî dilidir. 1,1 milyon Estonya vatandaşına ek olarak on binlerce Estonyalı göçmen tarafından konuşulan dil. Ural Dil Ailesi'nin Fin-Ugor dilleri'ne mensuptur. Dil, Finceye oldukça benzemektedir. Dili ailedeki diğer dillerden ayıran en önemli özellik, kısa, uzun ve çok uzun olmak üzere üç farklı tonlama barındırmasıdır.

Genel
Estonya'da 13. yüzyıldan 1918 yılına kadar hüküm süren Kuzey Haçlılarının etkisi nedeniyle ülke, Danimarka, Almanya, İsveç, Rusya gibi Cermen veya Slav halkların etkisinde kaldı. Bunun bir sonucu olarak geçmişte Estonca verilen eserler oldukça azdır. Bu dilde verilen eserlerin sayısındaki en belirgin artış, 19. yüzyıldaki Aydınlanma Çağı süreciyle başladı. Her ne kadar Baltık Cermenleri arasında, Estonya'yı Cermenlerle kaynaştırma düşüncesi yaygın olduysa da, Estonya'nın tarihi olarak aydınlanması ve Cermen istilası öncesindeki Eston kültürünün benimsenmeye başlanmasıyla Estonlar, Danlara ve Almanlara karşı bağımsızlık savaşlarına başladılar.

Estonya Bağımsızlık Savaşı'nın ardından, Estonca da hemen ülkenin resmî dili haline getirildi. II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyetler Birliği tarafından ele geçirilen Estonya'nın resmî dilleri arasına Rusça da eklendi. Yetmişlerin ikinci yarısında, iki dil bilme baskısı nedeniyle, ülkede Rusça bilenlerin sayısı ivmeyle arttı. Rusça, Estonlara, diğer Sovyet ülkelerinde olduğu gibi kardeş halkların dili olarak tanıtıldı ve çocuklara erken yaşlarından itibaren bu dil öğretildi. Her ne kadar Eston olmayan Estonya vatandaşlarına okullarda Estonca öğretimi zorunlu olsa da, birçok kişi tarafından bu gereksiz görüldü. Perestroyka Dönemi sürecinde, Ocak 1989'da Estonca yasası kabul edildi. Sovyet Rusyası'nın dağılmasıyla beraber Estonya bağımsızlığını ilan etti ve Estonca, tekrar devletin tek resmî dili oldu.

Eston Edebiyatı
Bilinen en eski Estonca yazıtlar 13. yüzyıldan kalmadır. Livonyalı Henry'nin vakayınamesi olan Originates Livoniae, Estonca yer isimleri, kelimeler ve cümle parçaları barındırır. Günümüze kadar gelen ve baştan sona Estonca olan en eski yazıtlar ise Kullamaa duaları olarak bilinen yazıtlar olup 1524 ve 1528 yıllarından kalmadır. 1525 yılında, Estonca yazılan ilk kitap basıldı. Kitap Luteran el yazmalarından biridir. Ancak bu kitabın alıcısına asla ulaşmadığı ve basımından kısa süre sonra yok edildiği bilinmektedir. Yine günümüze kadar gelen ilk Estonca kitap ise 1535 yılında S. Wanradt and J. Koell tarafından yazılan ve hem Almanca, hem Estonca olan Luteran soru cevap formatındaki kitaptır. Bunun dışında 1627'de din adamlarının kullanması için Almanca yazılan bir Estonca dilbilgisi kitabı basıldı. 1686'da Yeni Ahit'in bir kopyası Güney Estoncaya, 1715'te ise Estoncaya çevrildi. Daha sonra iki lehçe, Anton Thor Helle tarafından Kuzey Estonca lehçesi üzerine tekrar birleştirildi. Eston Edebiyatı'nda verilen en çok eser 19. yüzyılda, Estofili döneminde (1750-1840) yazılmıştır.

Milli Eston Edebiyatı ise 1810'dan sonra ortaya çıktı ve Kristjan Jaak Peterson gibi şairlerin felsefi şiirleri yayımlandı. 1525'ten 1917 yılına kadar 14.503 eser yayımlanırken, 1918 yılı ile 1940 yılları arasında 23,868 eser yayımlandı. Modern dönemde Jaan Kross ve Jaan Kaplinski Estoncadaki en bilinen ve kitapları en çok dile çevrilen sanatçılar olarak kaldı.

Sınıflandırma
Estonca, Ural dillerinin Baltık-Fin dilleri koluna mensuptur. Bu nedenle Estonca, birçok özellik bakımından Fince ile oldukça yakın olduğu gibi, Avrupa'da Hint-Avrupa dillerine mensup olmayan birkaç dilden biridir. Her ne kadar kültürel sürecin etkisiyle Estoncada birçok komşu dillere ait sözcük bulunsa da, Estonca yine de yakın dillerden olan İsveççe, Letonca, Rusça gibi dillerin hiçbirine benzememektedir.

Estonca, Avrupa dillerinden Fince dışında Macarca ile yakın akrabadır. Ancak bu iki dil arasında da oldukça belirgin farklar mevcuttur. Estonca, Fince ve Macarca ile beraber sondan eklemeli bir dildir. Dilde sözcüklere birçok ek getirilerek oldukça uzun sözcük kurabilmek mümkündür. Ancak Estonca, diğer tüm Ural dillerinden farklı olarak ünlü uyumu özelliğini kaybetmiştir. Ancak eski Estonca metinlerde bu uyuma rastlamak mümkündür. Tüm bunların dışında Estonca, sözcük sonlarındaki seslerin aşınması özelliğine sahip olup, hemen hemen tüm günlük konuşmada bu durumla karşılaşmak olasıdır. Estonca, özne-yüklem sırası itibarıyla, Özne-Yüklem-Nesne düzenine sahiptir.

Lehçeler
Estonca lehçeler Güney ve Kuzey lehçeleri olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılır. Kuzey Estonca lehçeleri başkent Tallinn çevresinde konuşulurken ülkenin de resmi dili olan Estonca bu lehçelerdendir. Güney Estonca lehçeleri ise Tartu ve çevresinde konuşulur. Bu ana lehçelerin dışında bir de ülkenin kuzeydoğusunda konuşulan kirderanniku lehçesi mevcuttur.

Kuzey lehçeleri kesk veya orta lehçesini de içine alır. Batı lehçeleri veya lääne, Läänemaa, Pärnumaa, Saaremaa ve Hiiumaa'nın bulunduğu saarte (adalar) ile kuzeybatı kıyılarının ida (doğu) lehçelerine karşılık gelir.

Güney grubu Tartu, Mulgi, Võro ve Seto lehçelerini kapsar. Bunlardan bazıları Güney Estonca lehçelerinin birer parçasıyken, bazıları başlı başına bir dildir. Özetle Võro başlı başına bir dilken Seto da bu dilin bir lehçesi durumuna gelmiştir.

Yazı sistemi

Alfabe

Fincede olduğu gibi Estoncada Latin alfabesi kullanır ve 31 harften oluşur. Eston alfabesinin oluşumunda Alman alfabesinin büyük etkisi vardır. Bunun nedeni Estonyada 19. yüzyıla kadar üst tabakanın almanca konuşmasıydı. Bundan dolayı ä, ö ve ü harfleri Eston alfabesine Alman alfabesinden geçmiştir.

Dile daha sonradan yabancı özel adların yazımında kolaylık sağlamak adına c, q , w, x ve y harflerinin de alfabeye eklenilmesine izin verilmiştir.

 Š nin yerine sh ve ž nin yerine zh yazılabilir.
 Yabancı kelimeler veya özel isimlerin dışında estoncada f, z, š ve ž harflerine bulunmaz.
Ö ve ü harfleri Almanca, İsveççe ve Türkçede olduğu gibi okunur. Ä harfi [æ] olarak okunduğu gibi a ve e seslerinin ortasına bir ses verir.
Õ harfinin verdiği ses başlı başına Estonca'ya özgü olup, /ɤ/ şeklinde okunmaktadır. Aynı harfin bulunduğu Portekizcede bu harf daha farklı okunmakla beraber, diğer dillerle karşılaştırıldığında Kazakçadaki ұ ve Vietnamcadaki ơ harflerinin verdiği seslere çok benzemektedir. Yine Türkçedeki "ı" harfi ile Rusçadaki "ы" harfleri de bu sese yaklaşık bir okunuşa sahiptir.

Fonetik

Ünlüler

Estoncada farklı genişlikte ve seste on sekiz ünlü ses vardır.

Ünsüzler

Estoncada birçok durak mevcuttur. Üç farklı uzunluk mevcut olup b d g, p t k ve pp tt kk şeklinde yazılırlar. Diğer ünsüzlerin her biri ise farklı uzunluklara sahiptir. Ancak sadece kısa ve uzun ünsüzlere yazı dilinde yer verilir. Seslilerle beraber, iki segmental uzunluk bölümleri fonemiktir ve üçüncü bölüm ise kesitüstü fonemiktir. Örnekle; 'n' harfi için; lina (sayfa) sözcüğündeki n kısa; linna (kentin) sözcüğündeki n yarı uzun ve linna (kente) sözcüğündeki n ise çok uzundur. Sonuncu olanın uzunluğu dilbilgisi işareti -han ile izlenilebilirken, telaffuz ederken atlanılır.

Estonca'nın atası sayılan Proto-Fincede damaksıllaşma özelliği diğer Ural dilleri'nden farklı olarak kaybolmuştur. Ancak Estonca bu özelliği Slav dilleri'nden tekrar kazanmıştır. Bunun yanında Estoncadaki damaksıllaşma özelliği, Rusçadakinden farklıdır.

Tonlama
Estoncada seslerin değişmesi, farklı tonlamadaki ses uzunluklarının farklı dilbilgisi formlarıyla değişmesi yoluyla gerçekleşir.

Nicel değişiklikler (güçlü tonlama : güçsüz tonlama)
 çok uzun ve uzun ünlülerin değişmesi aaa : aa, eee : ee, ooo : oo, uuu : uu (saal : saali, keelama : keelata, kool : kooli, suur : suure)
 çok uzun ve uzun ünsüzlerin değişmesi nnn : nn, lll : ll (linn : linna, kallama : kallata)
 uzun ve kısa ünsüzlerin değişmesi pp : p, tt : t, kk : k, ss : s (sepp : sepa, võtta : võtan, hakkan : hakata, kirss : kirsi)
 güçlü ve güçsüz ünsüzlerin değişmesi p : b, t : d, k : g (kupja : kubjas, kartma : kardan, vilkuda : vilgub)

Nitel değişiklikler (güçlü tonlama : güçsüz tonlama)
 uzun ve alçaltılmış uzun ünlülerin değişmesi iu : eo, ua : oa, ue : oe, uu : oo, üi : öe (pidu : peo, tuba : toa, lugema : loen, sugu : soo, süsi : söe)
 güçsüz ve aşınmış güçsüz ünsüzlerin değişmesi b : m, d : n/l/r, s : r (hamba : hammas, kandma : kannan, vars : varre)
 güçsüz ve yumuşamış güçsüz ünsüzlerin değişmesi b : v, d : j, g : j (kaebama : kaevata, rada : raja, märg : märja)
 güçsüz ve yuvarlanmış güçsüz ünsüzlerin değişmesi b : Ø, d/t : Ø, g/k : Ø, s : Ø (tuba : toa, leht : lehe, arg : ara, mesi : mee)

Tonlamaların ad çekimiyle ayrılması
 tekil yalın ve tekil tamlayan durumu zıt tonlamalara sahiptir (leht : lehe - güçlü : güçsüz, hammas : hamba - güçsüz : güçlü)
 tekil yalın ve tekil parçasal tanımlık durumları aynı tonlamalara sahiptir (leht : lehte - güçlü : güçlü, hammas : hammast - güçsüz : güçsüz)
 çoğul parçasal tanımlık durumu güçlü tonlamaya sahiptir (lehti - güçlü, hambaid - güçlü)

Tonlamaların eylem çekimiyle ayrılması
 -da mastar ve geniş zaman kipleri zıt tonlamalara sahiptir (lugeda : loen - güçlü : güçsüz, hakata : hakkan - güçsüz : güçlü)
 -ma mastar durumu güçlü tonlamaya sahiptir (lugema - güçlü, hakkama - güçsüz)
 -tud ortaçlar güçsüz tonlamaya sahiptir (loetud - güçsüz, hakatud - güçsüz)

Vurgu
Estoncada vurgu genelde ilk hecededir. Ancak kimi zamanlarda vurgu ikinci heceye kayabilmektedir. Aitäh "teşekkürler", sõbranna "bayan arkadaş" gibi sözcükler, vurgunun ikinci heceye kaydığı sözcüklere örnektir. Yabancı dillerden geçen sözcüklerde de genelde yine asıl dilindeki karşılığındaki vurgu alınır. İdeaal "ülkü", professor "uzman, profesör" gibi sözcükler bunlara örnektir. Vurgu, güçsüz olup, çoğu sözcük eşit vurguya sahiptir.

Dilbilgisi
Tipolojik olarak Estonca, sondan eklemeli dillerle kaynaşmalı diller arasında bir geçiş görünümü vermektedir. Bunun baş nedenlerinden biri, Cermen halklarının ve dillerinin Estonca üzerinde sürekli etki bırakmasıdır. Estonca isimlerde ve adıllarda cinsiyet yoktur. Ancak birçok durum ekinin sayısı diğer Ural dillerine oranla nispeten az olup on dört tanedir.

Eylemlerin dolaysız nesneleri, yükleme durumu veya parçasal tanımlık durumu şeklinde bulunabilir. Yükleme durumu ayrıca tekil durumdaki tamlayan durumu ile ve çoğul durumdaki yalın durumla uyuşur. Estoncada bunun yanında diğerlerinden farklı bir gelecek zaman kipi yoktur. Bu zaman geniş zamanla sağlanır. Aynı şekilde eylemlerde gizli öznenin yaptığı fiilleri açığa çıkarmanın özel formları mevcuttur.

Sözcük haznesi
Her ne kadar Estonca ve Cermen dilleri tamamen farklı kökenlere sahipse de, Estoncada birçok Avrupa dilleri kökenli sözcüklere rastlanır. Bunun nedeni Estonca'nın sözcük haznesindeki her üç sözcükten birini Cermen dilleri'nden almış olmasıdır. Bu Cermen dilleri'nin başında Aşağı Saksonca gelir. İstatistiksel verilere bakıldığında Estoncada her yüz kelimeden 22-25'i Estonca kökenli olmayıp, bunun %15 kadarı Aşağı Saksoncadandır.

Yoktan sözcük üretme çalışmaları
Estonca plancılarından olan Ado Grenzstein, Estonca'ya yoktan sözcükler üretme girişiminde bulunmasıyla bilinmektedir. Grenzstein'ın icatları arasında kabe (dama oyunu) ve male (satranç oyunu) sözcükleri yer almaktadır.

Estoncadaki en ünlü yenilikçilerden olan Johannes Aavik (1880-1973), yeni birtakım çalışmalarda bulundu. Çalışmaları arasında, başta Fince olmak üzere birçok sözcüğü Estonca formatıyla dile sokmaya çalıştı. O dönemde Genç Estonya oluşumuna katılan Aavik, Tartu'da eğitim aldı. 1921'de hazırladığı sözlükte 4000 sözcük yer almaktaydı ve bunlardan çoğu -sözde- yoktan türetilmişti. Bu sözcüklerin arasında • ese (nesne), • kolp (kafatası), • liibuma (yapıştır-), • naasma (geri dön-), • nõme (aptal), • range (sıkı), • reetma (ihanet et-), • solge (ince, esnek, nazik) (fazla geçerlik kazanamadı) ve • veenma (ikna et-) gibi sözcükler olup günümüzde Estoncada sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Her ne kadar 1921'deki sözlüğünde yer almasa da • nentima (kabul et-), • nördima (darıl-), • süüme (vicdan), and • tõik (durum) gibi sözcükler de Aavik tarafından geliştirilmiş olup bu sözcükler de Estoncada yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır."

Ancak özellikle Aavik tarafından geliştirilen sözcüklerin büyük kısmı yoktan var edilmemiş olup, çevre dillerdeki karşılıkların Estonlacalaştırılmasıyla  elde edilmiştir. Bu dillerin başında Rusça, Almanca, Fransızca, Fince, İngilizce ve İsveççe gelir. Bu bakımdan Aavik, yabancı sözcük karşıtı olarak nitelendirilememektedir.

Sözcükler ve söz öbekleri

 tere: merhaba
 terviseks: şerefe/sağlığına
 kuidas laheb?:nasılsın?
 hasti: iyiyim
 'ma olen...: adım ..
 kas sa oled?: adınız?
  tere tulemast: hoş geldiniz
 nagemist: güle güle
 aitah: teşekkür ederim
 palun: lütfen/bir şey değil
 mitte maksab?: ne kadar?
 vabandust: affedersiniz

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Tallinn Üniversitesi
 Estonica.org
 Eston Edebiyatı
 Lehçe haritaları
  Estonca rehberi  — Estonca Enstitüsü
 Estonca Öğrenme
 Õigekeelsussõnaraamat: Estonca kelime yapıları
 Estonca fiil ve isimleri
 Estonca telaffuz
 Estonca rehberi (ISBN 978-9985-9794-5-7)
 Estonca kursu

Sözlükler
  Estonca-Türkçe
 Estonca-İngilizce
 İngilizce-Estonca
 Estonca-İngilizce
 Estonca-İngilizce

Kayıtlar
 Estonca lehçelerinden çeşitli ses dosyaları

Estonca


Crkva Blažene Djevice Marije je crkva u Zaraću.

To je jednobrodna građevina s pravokutnom apsidom, sagrađena u drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća. Nalazi se na vrhu poluotoka koji se strmo izdiže iz mora ispod mjesta Zaraće, jugoistočno od grada Hvara. Crkva je usmjerena u pravcu istok-zapad. Izvorno je bila pustinjačka crkva obdarena od obitelji Berislavić u 17. stoljeću. Inventar crkve prenesen je u Hvar, a među predmetima se posebno ističe italo-kretska ikona Bogorodice s djetetom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7415 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
BDM, Zaraće

Crkva Blažene Djevice Marije u Zaraću


La route régionale 632 () est une route régionale allant de la route régionale 624 jusqu'à l'aéroport de Jyväskylä en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 632 est une route régionale de Finlande-Centrale.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

632

Transport à Jyväskylä
Tikkakoski

Seututie 632


O Samsung Galaxy A14 é um smartphone Android da linha Galaxy A projetado e fabricado pela Samsung Electronics. O Samsung Galaxy A14 5G foi anunciado no dia 4 de janeiro de 2023, e o Samsung Galaxy A14 foi anunciado em 28 de fevereiro de 2023.

Dispositivos com sistema operativo Android
Samsung Galaxy A
Telefones celulares com 5G
Smartphones

Samsung Galaxy A14


El vuelo 9633 de Yak Service fue un accidente aéreo que tuvo lugar a las 16:02 hora local del 7 de septiembre de 2011, cuando un avión de pasajeros Yakovlev Yak-42D operado por la aerolínea rusa Yak Service se estrelló en la región de Yaroslavl (Rusia). El avión sobrevoló la pista del aeropuerto de Tunoshna antes de despegar brevemente, golpeó un mástil de antena, se incendió y se estrelló en la orilla del río Volga. Fallecieron 44 personas, entre ellos, todos los miembros del equipo de hockey sobre hielo del Lokomotiv Yaroslavl.

La investigación posterior determinó que varios factores contribuyeron al accidente, incluido un entrenamiento deficiente, el cálculo incorrecto de la velocidad de despegue por parte de la tripulación de vuelo y la aplicación involuntaria del frenado de las ruedas por parte de uno de los pilotos, que había colocado los pies incorrectamente en los pedales. Más tarde se reveló que el piloto había usado documentos falsificados para obtener el permiso para volar el avión, y que ambos miembros de la tripulación carecían del entrenamiento necesario para volar el Yak-42.

La aeronave

La aeronave, era un Yakovlev Yak-42D de 18 años, con número de fabricación 4520421301017, que entró en servicio en el año 1993 con Tatarstan Airlines, y posteriormente fue vendido a la aerolínea chárter Yak Service, la cual operaba la aeronave en el momento del accidente.

La aeronave, mientras que estuvo operando para Tatarsan airlines, había sido excluida del espacio aéreo de la Unión Europea, debido a problemas de seguridad aérea. No obstante, la aeronave en cuestión tampoco tenía permiso para sobrevolar el espacio aéreo de la UE, al carecer de sistemas EGPW y TCAS instalados a bordo.

Supervivientes
 Alexander B. Sizov - Ingeniero de vuelo
 Alexander Galimov, 26 años - Extremo. Falleció días después en un hospital de Moscú.

Fallecidos

Tripulación
Fallecieron siete de los ocho miembros de la tripulación:

 Andrey Solomentsev - comandante
 Igor K. Zhevelov - copiloto
 Yelena Sarmatova - azafata
 Nadezhna Muzafarovna Maksumova - azafata
 Yelena Shavina - azafata
 Vladimir Matyushkin - ingeniero de vuelo
 Sergey V. Zhuravlev - mecánico

Jugadores
  Alexander Galimov, 26 - Extremo derecho (falleció cinco días más tarde en el hospital)
  Vitaly Anikeenko, 24 - Defensa
  Michael Balandin, 31 - Defensa
  Alexander Vasyunov, 23 - Extremo
  Josef Vašíček, 30 - Centro
  Alexander Vyuhin, 38 - Portero
  Pavol Demitra, 36 - Centro
  Robert Dietrich, 25 - Defensa
  Marat Kalimulin, 23 - Defensa
  Alexander Kalyanin, 23 - Extremo
  Andriy Kiryukhin, 24 - Extremo
  Nikita Klyukin, 21 - Centro
  Stefan Liv, 30 - Portero
  Jan Marek, 31 - Extremo
  Sergei Ostapchuk, 21 - Centro
  Karel Rachůnek, 32 - Defensa
  Ruslan Salei, 36 - Defensa
  Karlis Skrastins, 37 - Defensa
  Paul Snurnitsyn, 19 - Extremo
  Daniil Sobchenko, 20 - Extremo
  Ivan Tkachenko, 31 - Extremo
  Pavel Trachanov, 33 - Defensa
  Gennady Churilov, 24 - Centro
  Max Shuvalov, 18 - Defensa
  Artem Yarchuk, 21 - Extremo

Cuerpo técnico
  Brad McCrimmon, 52 - Entrenador
  Alexander Karpovtsev, 41 - Entrenador asistente
  Igor Korolev, 41 - Entrenador asistente
  Yevgeni Sidorov - Entrenador táctico
  Andrei Zimin - Médico
  Aleksandr Belyayev - Fisio
  Vyacheslav Kuznetsov - Fisio
  Nikolai Krivonosov - Preparador
  Vladimir Piskunov - Administrador
  Yuri Bakhvalov - Cámara

Filmografía
Este accidente fue presentado en el programa de televisión canadiense Mayday: catástrofes aéreas, transmitido en National Geographic Channel.

Véase también
 Accidente de aviación
 Anexo:Accidentes más graves de aviación (1953-presente)
 Anexo:Accidentes e incidentes notables en la aviación civil
 Accidente del Yak-42 en Turquía
 Comité Interestatal de Aviación
 Accidente del Tu-154 de la Fuerza Aérea de Polonia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Descripción del accidente en Aviation Safety

Accidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2011
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos en Rusia
Rusia en 2011
Accidentes e incidentes de Yakovlev Yak-42
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por error del piloto
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos con equipos deportivos implicados
Accidentes e incidentes de Yak Service
Accidentes e incidentes de Mayday: catástrofes aéreas

Vuelo 9633 de Yak Service


Heinkenborstel er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mittelholstein i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Heinkenborstel ligger omkring 17 km nordvest for Neumünster og 20 km syd for Rendsborg i Naturpark Aukrug. Mod vest løber Bundesstraße 77 fra Rendsborg mod Itzehoe, mod syd Bundesstraße 430 fra Neumünster mod Meldorf.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Heinkenborstel


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 Od 30. srpnja do 14. kolovoza – X. Olimpijske igre – Los Angeles 1932.

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 Wigan Athletic F.C., engleski nogometni klub
 FC Metz, francuski nogometni klub
 Real Zaragoza, španjolski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja
 HNK Šibenik, hrvatski nogometni klub
 NK Neretvanac Opuzen, hrvatski nogometni klub
 NK TŠK Topolovac, hrvatski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja
 8. lipnja – Milutin Šakić, hrvatski šahist († 2010.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1932.


Wundrak ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Christoph Wundrak (* 1958), österreichischer Jazzmusiker und Komponist
 Joachim Wundrak (* 1955), deutscher Generalleutnant und Politiker (AfD)

Wundrak


Robert William Montana (October 23, 1920 – January 4, 1975) was an American comic strip artist who created the original likenesses for characters published by Archie Comics and in the newspaper strip Archie.

Early life
He was born in Stockton, California, to Roberta Pandolfini Montana and Ray Montana. Both were in show business: Roberta had been a Ziegfeld girl, and Ray performed banjo on the vaudeville circuit. As a result, Bob Montana traveled extensively as a child. He attended Haverhill High School in Haverhill, Massachusetts. and graduated from Manchester High School Central in Manchester, New Hampshire.

According to Jane (Donahue) Murphy, a high school classmate of Montana's, Archie and his friends were based on people from their hometown and high school. She said Archie Andrews was based on Donahue's cousin, Richard Heffernan; Veronica Lodge on Agatha Popoff, the daughter of the local football team's doctor; Jughead Jones on a mischievous teen named "Skinny" Linnehan; while Miss Grundy may have been based on a high school typing and shorthand teacher named Lundstrom; however, Haverhill's school librarian is also believed to be the model for Grundy.

Career
While freelancing at True Comics and Fox Comics, Montana created an adventure strip about four teenage boys and tried to sell it without success.

Archie Comics

Montana started working for MLJ Comics (which John Goldwater would later ask Montana if they could change MLJ to Archie Comics).. He was asked to work up a high school style comic strip story, featuring Archie Andrews.

Bob Montana presented his 4 boy strip to John Goldwater while working as a free lance artist at MLJ. Goldwater thought it would be more appealing to feature 2 boys and 2 girls, rather than 4 boys. Goldwater liked the name 'Archibald, after a friend, but Montana liked 'Chic' they settled on ARCHIE. Montana and Harry Lucey collaborated on the first Comic book Story which was featured in Pep Comics (Dec. 1941) and its popularity led MLJ to assign Montana to draw the first issue of Archie (Nov. 1942). After serving in WW2, in 1946, Montana was soon drawing the Archie comic newspaper strip, doing both the daily and Sunday strip, which over the next 35 years ran in over 750 newspapers, worldwide.

Personal life
Montana served 3½ years in WWII and was a sergeant at war's end; during this time, he met and married Peggy Bertholet. They had four children: Paige, Lynn, Ray and Don.

He died at age 54 of an apparent heart attack while cross-country skiing near his New Hampshire home.

References

External links

 Bob Montana Papers at Syracuse University

1920 births
1975 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
American comics artists
American people of Italian descent
Archie Comics
Manchester Central High School alumni
People from Haverhill, Massachusetts
Artists from Stockton, California
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
People from Meredith, New Hampshire

Bob Montana


මාජරින් යනු, රස ගැන්වීම, පිළිස්සීම සහ, පිසීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරන තැවරුමකි. එය බොහෝවිට  බටර් වෙනුවෙන් ආදේශකයක් ලෙසින් භාවිතා කෙරෙයි. ආරම්භයෙහිදී එය සත්ත්ව මේද භාවිතයෙන් තැනුනද, වර්තමානයෙහි පරිභෝජනය කෙරෙන බොහෝ මාජරින් තැනෙනුයේ එළවළු තෙල් භාවිතයෙනි. මෙම තැවරුමට මුලින්ම නම් තබන ලද්දේ  ඔලීයොමාජරින් ලෙසින් වන අතර,   ලතින් බසින්  එන ඕලියුම් (ඔලිව් තෙල්) සහ ග්‍රීක බසින් එන  මාගරීටා ("මුතු", ප්‍රභාව නිරූපණය කරමින්) යන වචන වල සංයෝජනයකි. මෙම නම පසුව  මාජරින් බවට කෙටි කෙරිණි.

මාජරින් සමන්විත වන්නේ  මේදය-තුල-ජලය පවතින තෛලෝදයකින් වන අතර, ඉතා කුඩා ජල බිඳිති ඒකාකාර ලෙසින් මේද කලාපයක් තුල විසිර පවතිමින් ස්ථායි ඝණ ආකාරයක් සදයි.

පේස්ට්‍රීස්, ඩෝනට්ස්, කේක්, සහ කුකීස් වැනි වෙනත් ආහාර වර්ගවල සංඝටකයක් ලෙසින් මාජරින් භාවිතා කල හැක.

ඉතිහාසය

සොයැගැනීම සහ මුල් අවදියෙහි බෙදාහැරීම

මාගරින් සොයාගන්නා ලද්දේ,  ටැලෝ ගව සත්ත්ව තෙල් භාවිතයෙන් සන්නනද්ධ හමුදාවන් සහ පහළ පංතීන් සඳහා  බටර් වෙනුවට ආදේශයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලෙසින් 1869 වසරෙහිදී  තුන්වන නැපෝලියන් අධිරාජයා විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරුනු  අභියෝගයකට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් ඉපෝලිත් මේජ්-මූරියෙස් විසින් වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

1869 වසරෙහි හඳුන්වාදුන්නන්
සත්ත්ව නිෂ්පාදන  සඳහා සමාකාරයන්
ඉවුම් මේද
ප්‍රංශ නව නිපැයුම්
තැවරුම් (ආහාර)

මාජරින්


العايل فيلم مغربي إنتاج 2005 من إخراج مومن السميحي وبطولة عبد الكريم الدرقاوي .

أفلام مغربية إنتاج 2005

العايل (فيلم)


حسن يونس وزير الكهرباء والطاقة المصري. من مواليد المنصورة في فبراير 1942 وهو متزوج وله 3 أبناء.
وحاصل على بكالوريوس الهندسة من جامعة عين شمس.
وقد تطورت الطاقة الكهربائية في فترته كثيرا وبشكل ملحوظ ومضاعف إذ له باع كبير في إنشاءات كثيرة وتوسيعات لكل محطات مصر للطاقة.

المناصب قبل الوزارة
 رئيس الشركة القابضة لكهرباء مصر
 نائب رئيس مجلس إدارة هيئة كهرباء مصر للتشغيل
 مدير هيئة التشغيل ومدير عام هيئة الكهرباء

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من محافظة الدقهلية
حكومة عصام شرف
حكومة كمال الجنزوري
خريجو جامعة عين شمس
سياسيون مصريون في القرن 21
مهندسون في القرن 20
مهندسون في القرن 21
مهندسون مصريون
مهندسون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1362 هـ
مواليد 1942
مواليد 1943
مواليد في المنصورة (مصر)
وزراء كهرباء وطاقة مصريون

حسن يونس


Alexandru Șpac () este un halterofil moldovean.

Carieră
Șpac a luat bronzul la Campionatul European de Haltere 2012 din Antalia, la categoria 77 kg. La  a luat locul II, dar a fost descalificat ulterior după testarea pozitivă la stanozolol și metiltestosteron. Ca rezultat, a fost suspendat pe o perioadade doi ani de la participarea la orice competiții.

Alexandru a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016, proba haltere, categoria 77 kg, unde a ocupat locul 5.

Referințe

Legături externe

Halterofili moldoveni
Sportivi moldoveni în viață
Nașteri în 1989
Nașteri pe 21 noiembrie
Halterofili olimpici moldoveni
Halterofili la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Alexandru Șpac


Mauritius is a multi-ethnic, multilingual and a plural society with a population composed mainly of four major ethnic and religious groups. It is often depicted as a "rainbow nation".

The island of Mauritius did not have any indigenous population and has been characterized by successive waves of European colonization and multiple immigrations. Under French rule between 1715 and 1810, slaves were imported on the island from mainland Africa and Madagascar.

Indian migrants from Pondicherry first arrived on the island in 1736. Later, massive immigration from the Bhojpuri speaking regions of India took place following the abolition of slavery in 1835 by the British Empire. After an early influx of Chinese migrants into Mauritius, mostly from Fujian, Cantonese and Hakka migrants from Southern China (Guangdong) settled on the island, first as indentured labourers and later as free merchants. Hakka Sino-Mauritians eventually became the dominant group within the community.

The co-existence of Mauritians of Indian, African (known as Mauritian Creoles), European (mostly French), and Chinese ancestry eventually led to a sharing of values and cultures, a collective participation in festivals and an increased understanding between people of different ethnic backgrounds. Mauritians from different cultural backgrounds are very distinct from each other, and it is also highly unpopular to encourage the dissolution of cultural boundaries in Mauritius. Mauritian high culture is French and Indian dominated.

Religions

The Constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination based on creed and provides for the right of individuals to change, manifest, and propagate their religious beliefs. The government of Mauritius recognizes 6 groups as religions: Hindus, Roman Catholics, Muslims, Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Seventh-day Adventists; other religious groups must register as associations.

The people of Indian descent (Indo-Mauritian) follow mostly Hinduism and Islam. The Franco-Mauritians, Creoles and Sino-Mauritians follow Christianity.  Hinduism is the major religion, followed by Christianity (with Catholicism as the largest Christian denomination), followed by Islam and some form of Chinese-related religions; a very small amount of people follow Buddhism.

A majority of Sino-Mauritians identify as Catholic Christians. However, Sino-Mauritians also follow some form of Chinese-related religions (which include Taoist and Chinese Folk religions). A minority of Sino-Mauritians follow Buddhism; they also follow Confucianism. Guan Di (Kwan Tee; the god of wealth, also the god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for those working in the business field. In Chinese pagodas, altars can also be found for Guan Yin, the Goddess Mazu (also known as Tin Hao; the protector of sailors), the God Choy Sun (the God of Good Fortune). Pagodas also shelter ancestral cult altars and ancestral tablets. Following Chinese tradition, religious services are typically conducted one week after death at the pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in Chinese characters is deposited behind the altar. On Chinese New Year, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the ancestral tablets as a sign of respect.

Public holidays and festivals

Celebrated Festivals with public holidays
The number and diversity of public holidays and festivals indicate the rich heritage of the island's people and its ethnic diversity.

Public Holidays on the same dates:

Public Holidays with different dates:

The festivals listed below are not celebrated on the same date every year. Therefore, only the months when they are likely to be celebrated is given:

Major events without public holidays

Clothing of Mauritius
Fashion in Mauritius is also influenced by the vague formality-related rules, personal preference, difference between urban and rural lifestyle, and by the diverse origins of the Mauritian population, including ethno-religious identity. Mauritius of all background wears bright colours, especially Mauritian women. Flip-flops (locally known as 'savat') are worn by all Mauritian regardless of their cultural background, which are suitable for the Mauritian climate. Beachwear and tight/revealing clothing is acceptable in many resorts but they are not considered appropriate in towns and villages. Both Western-style clothing and Traditional ethnic clothing are worn in Mauritius.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of African, French and other European cuisines, as well as Chinese, and Indian influences. It is common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal.

Beef and Pork are not commonly found in restaurants given dietary restrictions of Hindus and Muslims.

Mauritius has had strong ties with French culture throughout its history and was left with a very French "savoir vivre". Even today, the popularity of French dishes like the bouillon, tuna salad, daube, civet de lièvre or coq au vin served with good wine show the prevalence of French culture in Mauritius. As the years passed by, some have been adapted to the more exotic ingredients of the island to confer some unique flavour.

During the 19th century, after the abolition of slavery, Indian workers who migrated to Mauritius brought their cuisine with them. Those indentured labourers came from different parts of India, each with their own culinary tradition, depending on the region. Traces of both northern and southern Indian cuisine can be found in Mauritius. Some common preparations are curry, chutney, rougaille poisson sale (tomato paste that is very popular with fish) and pickles, most of which use local ingredients. The Mauritian versions of those dishes have a local flavour and differ, at times considerably, from the original Indian recipes.

The end of the 19th century saw the arrival of Chinese migrants, who came mostly from the south-eastern part of China. They are largely credited with making rice, the staple diet of the island, and making noodles, both steamed and fried, popular. Chinese appetizers such as taken (local version of the spring roll with a flour batter replacing the traditional rolled wrapping), crispy chicken and crispy squid have become part of the Mauritian folklore. Furthermore, Chinese and other Asian restaurants are present all around the island, and offer a variety of chicken, squid, mutton and fish dishes, most typically prepared in black bean sauce or oyster sauce. Mauritian families often consider dinner at an Asian restaurant a treat.

Along the years, each of the country's communities has adapted and mixed each other's cuisine to their liking.

The production of rum is common throughout the island. Sugar cane was first introduced on the island when the Dutch colonised it in 1638. Even then, the propensity of making rum out of sugar cane was strongly recognised. Sugar cane was mainly cultivated for the production of "arrack", a precursor to rum. Only much later, after almost 60 years, was the first proper sugar produced.

However, it was during the French and English administration that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economic development of the island. It was Pierre Charles François Harel who in 1850 initially proposed the concept of a local distillation of rum in Mauritius. In part due to his efforts, Mauritius today houses three distilleries (Grays, Medine and St Aubin) and is in the process of opening an additional three.

While not as famed as its Caribbean counterparts from Cuba, Jamaica or Barbados, Mauritian rum is slowly gaining exposure on the international stage and is considered by local stakeholders as an area of potential growth.

Language and Literature

Language

Currently, the official language of Mauritius is English language. The British colonial legacy in Mauritius is reflected in the use of English language in governmental documents and communications; however, English is rarely used in public life and in daily conversation. Mauritians working in the tourism industry are however fluent in English; English is also taught in school and is the working language of government and businesses.

French is the ancestral language of the Franco-Mauritians. The presence of French settlers left an important mark on the ethnic composition of Mauritius in the form of the Franco-Mauritians; despite being a minority group, the Franco-Mauritians strongly affected the rest of the population through the use of the French language. As the French language was associated with high culture in Mauritius, the educated and the business class commonly spoke French. Nowadays, business and social aspects of life, as well as in the media (including daily newspapers), literature and many cultural expressions in Mauritius, are, however, dominated by French language. Most Mauritians are more comfortable speaking French than English, and is used by all ethnic groups.

Mauritian Creole evolved from the pidgin used by the French slave masters of the 18th century to communicate with their slaves and incorporated words from African and Malagasy dialects. Mauritian Creole is understood and spoken by all Mauritians regardless of ethnic background.Mauritian Creole was initially not taught at school due to what was considered 'a lack of prestige' due to its association with the local Creole population and was perceived as a form of 'broken French'. It is only in January 2012 that Mauritian Creole was officially introduced in the National Curriculum Framework and became an optional language subject for primary school students.

Most ethnic groups in Mauritius have an ancestral language. Due the presence of Mauritians of Indian and Chinese descent, Asian languages, which include Bhojpuri , Hindi, Mandarin, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu, are commonly spoken. Most of these languages act as significant religious and ethnic identity markers. Oriental languages are taught at schools, and the ethnic background of a student predominately influences his choice of oriental language.

Literature

While kreol morisien (Mauritian Creole) is the most spoken language on in Mauritius, most of the literature is written in French, although many authors write in English, Bhojpuri, and Morisien (Mauritian Creole), and others such as Abhimanyu Unnuth in Hindi.  Mauritius's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen.

Important authors include Eugénie Poujade, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Raymond Chasle, Loys Masson, Marcel Cabon, and Edouard Maunick. Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country. Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel, Amal Sewtohul, Natacha Appanah, Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity, superstition and politics in the novel. Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of "coolitude," a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity. Other poets include Hassam Wachill, Edouard Maunick, Sedley Assone, Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol.

The island plays host to the coveted Le Prince Maurice Prize, a literary award celebrating and recognizing 'writers of the heart'. The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction. In keeping with the island's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers.

Legends and folklore stories
Many people in Mauritius, in particular those living in rural areas, believe in witchcraft and paranormal activities; this is very likely to be the combination of African, Malagasy, Indian, Chinese and European folk traditions.

Calèche de Lallmatie
Calèche de Lallmatie (lit. "Chariot of Lallmatie" in English) is a Mauritian legend around the village of Lallmatie which says that two women dressed in white riding two white horses were seen at night, close to midnight. The legend appeared some years prior to the appearance of Touni Mniwi phenomenon.

Lougarou
Lougarou (lit. "werewolf" in English; from the French term "Loup garou") is a notorious figure which appears in Mauritian folklore, which is mostly used to scare children; its appearance may result from the combination of French and African folklore stories. The Lougarou appears at full moon and brings trouble to the local population. Protection against the Lougarou is believed to be given if a person consults a longanis (i.e. a local sorcerer) or a treter (i.e. witch doctor).

Touni Minwi
The legend of Touni Minwi (lit. "Naked at Midnight") appeared in 1994 following Cyclone Hollanda; the cyclone had led to the destruction of many houses and electricity shortages. Touni Minwi was supposedly a form of Lougarou, who would visit women in their homes at night. This led to hysteria among the local population; many witnesses would affirm having seen frightful manifestations at night time, including apparitions of Lougarou.  The Touni Minwi phenomenon led to a large mobilization of people in the capital, Port Louis, and in the village of Lallmatie.

Mountain-related legends or folk stories

Le Morne Brabant and the Maroons
According to the legend, the maroons decided to jump to their death from Le Morne Brabant when they misunderstood the presence of a group of soldiers who were supposed to inform them that they were emancipated following the Slavery Abolition Act passed by the British. Fearing recapture and being returned to their former masters, they decided to commit suicide.

Pieter Both and the Milkman

Pieter Both Mountain is one of the most emblematic places in Mauritius; it is characterized by a rock which looks like a human head on its top. According to a famous local legend, a milkman from the village of Crève Coeur (which is also located at the foot of the mountain) used to sell milk in the surrounding villages. One day, the milkman decided to take a shortcut through Pieter Both to reach the next village; when walking, he felt tired and decided to rest. When he woke up, he saw fairies dancing and singing; the fairies told him not to tell anyone about what they saw or he would be turned into stone. The milkman, however, could not prevent himself and told the story to his friends. When the milkman returned to Pieter Both, the fairies knew that he did not keep the secret and turned him into stone. The head of milkman is the top of the mountain. The rock, which is perched on the tip of Pieter Both, is therefore believed to be the milkman.

Landmarks, architecture, and monuments of significance

World Heritage Sites

Aapravasi Ghat

The Aapravasi Ghat is found in the bay of Trou Fanfaron in Port Louis; it is the place where indentured Indian labour system started. In 1834, following the emancipation of slaves, the British used Mauritius as their first site to experiment the use of 'free labour' to replace the use of slaves. The Aapravasi Ghat is the remnants of an immigration depot built in 1849 to receive the influx of indentured labourers coming from India, Eastern Africa, Madagascar, China and Southeast Asia to work on the sugar plantations. The Aapravasi Ghat site is owned by the Ministry of Arts and Culture. The property is protected as National Heritage under the National Heritage Fund Act 2003 and the Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund Act 2001. It was listed in the World Heritage List in 2006.

Le Morne Cultural Landscape
Le Morne Brabant is found in the southwest of Mauritius; it used to shelter escaped slaves, called maroons, throughout the 18th to 19th centuries. The Mauritian oral traditions associated with the maroons have made Le Morne a symbol of the slaves' fight for freedom, their suffering, and their sacrifice. It was listed in the World Heritage List in 2008. The International Slave Route Monument, located at the foot of Le Morne Brabant, was established in 2009 due to its association with a historical and legendary place, called the 'Valley of Bones'. According to the legend, the maroons decided to jump to their death from Le Morne Brabant when they misunderstood the presence of a group of soldiers who were supposed to inform them that they were emancipated following the Slavery Abolition Act passed by the British. Fearing to be recaptured and be returned to their former masters, they decided to commit suicide.

Chinese Cultural Landmarks

Chinatown of Mauritius, Port Louis

The Chinatown of Mauritius is situated in Port Louis. The Chinatown emerged in a city which is marked by the strong racial segregation of the 18th century. A small Chinatown was already forming in Port Louis in the mid-1780s, and in the mid-1840s, Port Louis market was dominated by Chinese traders. The Chinatown was also divided by the Cantonese and the Hakka who showed hostility towards each other. Port Louis Chinatown was originally developed around the shops of Fujianese and Cantonese immigrants in the north of Royal Road and was further expanded in the 20th century. The Cantonese established their own neighbourhood at Royal Road and extended along Arsenal Road to La Rampe Road; they opened shops, restaurants, Kwongs (societies) and religious associations, which include the Chan Cha (founded prior to 1874). Between the 1910s and 1920s, Hakka commerce started to extend beyond the limits of the Old China Town along Royal Road; Hakka business would later expand to the South of Royal Road.In the 1940s, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants who arrived in Mauritius to open more businesses, and decided to settle around Royal Road in the heart of Port Louis, further developing what is currently known as the Mauritian Chinatown.

The Chinatown also houses the Heritage Court, which is the headquarters of the Namshun Society (also known as the Nam Shun Fooy Kwoon (南顺会馆)). The Namshun Society was initiated by early Cantonese migrants from Nanhai and Shunde (who became known as "Nam Shun" (南顺) in Mauritius) since 1859, when the early migrants formed an informal association of mutual help; it was officially registered on 26 June 1894. The founding father of the Namshun society was Affan Tank Wen.

In 2018, the New Chinatown Foundation was established with the common goal of reviving the Chinatown, as well as restoring and preserving its cultural heritage.

Chinese Pagodas
Chinese pagodas throughout Mauritius are important sites for Sino-Mauritians as these are where traditional ceremonies and festivals take place. It was common practice for Chinese migrants to donate money to the pagodas which they frequently go to.Cantonese clan groupings also set up their own pagodas. Cantonese pagodas included Chan Cha Pagoda (found at Arsenal Road), Tiong Fa Pagoda (found on La Rampe Road), Fok Diak Pagoda (found at Rémy Ollier Road and built in 1846), and Sweet-Hang Pagoda (found on David Road). Nam Shun Fooy Kwoon has pagodas which are located next to the Champs de Mars in Port Louis, consisting of the Kwang Tee (Guan Di) Pagoda (first built in 1895, a new building was inaugurated in November 1980), where a shrine for the dead (jiu sin sun wai) for the Cantonese community is found to allow the souls of the deceased to rest, and the Tin Hao (Mazu) Pagoda; they also have an altar for the God of Good Fortune, Choy Sun.

Kwan Tee Pagoda, Port Louis

The Kwan Tee Pagoda (or Guan Di Pagoda) is located at Les Salines, Port Louis; it is the oldest pagoda in the Southern Hemisphere and in Mauritius. Its location and construction follow the Chinese principles of spirituality by facing the sea and being against the mountains. It was built in 1842 by Hahime Choisanne and his followers. The Cohan Tai Biou Society (which existed since 1819 and was founded by Log Choisanne) is responsible for the administration of the Kwan Tee Pagoda. Guan Di is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for people who have businesses. The cult of Guan Di is associated with the god of wealth; Guan Di is also the god of war and of the righteous and of the benefactor. Inside the pagoda, there is the altar of Mazu, who is a protector of sailors, and Guan Yin. There is also an ancestor cult altar, with the oldest tablet dating around 1841. Following Chinese tradition, religious services are typically conducted one week after death at the pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in Chinese characters is deposited behind the altar. On Chinese New Year, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the ancestral tablets as a sign of respect. The Kwan Tee Pagoda has also been listed in the National Heritage List since 2016.

Music and Dance of Mauritius

Music found in Mauritius has the sounds and rhythms of Western, Eastern, and African civilizations which result from the preserved legacy transmitted by the ancestors of the Mauritians to their descendants. Traditional dances and music were introduced by Indian and Chinese migrants to Mauritius. The most well-known Traditional Chinese dance in Mauritius is the Dragon dance and the Lion dance. Western music and dance are also well represented in Mauritius, where rap, hip-hop, Jazz, and waltz (along with all types of ballroom dancing) can be found. There is also a strong following of oldies music, dating from 1960s and 1970s; performers such as Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard, and Engelbert Humperdinck are part of the national musical heritage.

Some sounds and rhythms from various ethnic backgrounds have also merged to form unique forms of rhythm and sound. The most typical folkloric dance is the Sega, which is of African origin; the Sega was originally danced and sung by slaves before being adopted by all Mauritians. Seggae (a form of music which results from the mixture of the Sega and reggae) emerged in the 1980s, reflecting the mixed cultural aspect of Mauritius.

National Symbols

Sport

Due to lack of funding and a local culture that values academic achievement over any other form of activity, Mauritius' national sports teams have been very unsuccessful at a competitive level. However recently, rugby union has rapidly increased in popularity in the small island nation. Football is also popular. Both national teams have very low world rankings for their particular sports.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Mauritius had won its first Olympic medal. Bruno Julie, a boxer, won the bronze medal.

However, Mauritius is quite competitive at the regional level (Inter-Ile) in the Indian Ocean. Mauritius has collected some gold, silver and bronze medals at the Jeux des Iles de l'Océan Indien (JIOI). The second and the fifth editions were hosted by Mauritius in 1985 and 2003 respectively. Mauritius also organised the JIOI in 2019, where the Mauritian athletes dominated the games and won numerous gold medals and the competition.

As in countries like Malaysia, football is hugely popular among males, especially England's Premier League. The most followed clubs are Liverpool F.C., Manchester United and Arsenal F.C. Owing to their recent successes, FC Barcelona have gained significant support.

The national sport, however, remains horse racing, which is part and parcel of the island's cultural heritage. Horse racing in Mauritius dates back to 1812, when the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated, making it the oldest racecourse in the Southern Hemisphere. Races are widely followed, both in terms of attendance at the Champ de Mars and viewership by television audiences. Mauritians of all ages like to discuss races, share tips and place bets.

At an amateur and recreational level, there is a growing culture of participation in sport, with trail running, cycling, mountain biking and water sports becoming increasingly accessible and popular.

See also
 Drugs in Mauritius
 Flag of Mauritius

References

Further reading

External links
Mauritius Society of Authors
Mauritius Restaurants Guide
île en îleLiterature of the Indian Ocean, biographies, bibliographies, excerpts and links.
Islam in Mauritius
Festivals in Mauritius
Local network of churches
Mauritius National Holidays and Festivals
 Trianon Conference Centre, Mauritius
Free recipes of Mauritius

Culture of Mauritius


Stewart ist ein Einschlagkrater am Ostrand der Mondvorderseite, am nordöstlichen Rand des Mare Spumans, nördlich des Kraters Pomortsev und südwestlich von Dubyago.

Der Krater wurde 1976 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astrophysiker John Quincy Stewart offiziell benannt. Zuvor wurde er als Dubyago Q bezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Stewart auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Stewart (Mondkrater)


Christoffer Dreyer (født 1. maj 1978) er en dansk dokumentarfilminstruktør.

Christoffer Dreyer instruerede i 2006  "En forening i modvind" om Venskabsforeningen Danmark - Den Demokratiske Folkerepublik Koreas kamp for at høre til på den danske venstrefløj.  Han står også bag detektivserien "En detektiv i provinsen", hvor han åbner et detektivbureau i Gedser. I 2016 kom "Den Sidste Tid" om et ægtepar der venter på jordens undergang.

I 2018 kom "Lys i Mørke" om konflikterne i et byfornyelsesprojekt i den lille jyske by Mørke. Serien vandt tv-prisen for bedste reportage serie" Mysteriet om Danskeren" om den mystiske mand Kim Andersen og "Jagten på den sidste dinosaur" der beskriver en ekspedition til Congo for at lede efter den nulevende dinosaur Mokele Mbembe. Serien vandt en tv-pris for bedste fakta serie.

I 2020 kom "Hjæp! Vildsvinene kommer" om opførelsen af vildsvinehegnet i sønderjylland.

Filmografi
 En forening i modvind (2006)
 En fisks lange rejse (2009)
 Verdens værste frisure (2011) (Med Ole Bendtzen)
 En detektiv i provinsen (2012)
 Eliminating danger (2014)
 IED (2015)
 Den sidste tid (2006)
Lys i Mørke (2018) (Med Ole Bendtzen)
 Mysteriet om danskeren (2018)
Jagten på den sidste dinosaur (2018) (Med Ole Bendtzen)
 Hjælp! Vildsvinene kommer (2020) (med Thomas Papapetros)

Eksterne Henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark

Christoffer Dreyer


Coven, one placement er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1996, der er instrueret af Agneta Werner.

Handling
Eksperimental video med billeder og lyd. En Super-8 film i farve som gentages fire gange, deles op i fire 'elementer', afbrudt af sort/hvid still-billeder og tekstfragmenter, danner sammen med lyd og fragmenter af numre - en historie.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1996

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Coven, one placement


Giorgos Katidis (în ; n. 12 februarie 1993) este un fotbalist grec, care a jucat pentru clubul Levadiakos FC.

Katidis a debutat la echipa de seniori a lui Aris la vârsta de 17 ani. Pe 27 august 2012, el a semnat un contract pe 4 ani cu AEK Atena, suma transferului lui fiind de 200.000 €.

Pe 16 martie 2013 Katidis a creat o controversă internațională, atunci când a făcut un salut nazist după ce a înscris golul victorios în meciul contra echipei Veria. În rezultat, Federația Elenă de Fotbal prin vot unanim i-a aplicat lui Katidis pedeapsă prin interdicție pe viață la toate echipele naționale ale Greciei și o amendă de 50.000 €. În plus, el a mai fost suspendat și de AEK pentru restul sezonului. După AEK, Katidis a jucat la clubul italian Novara Calcio, pentru care în sezonul 2013–2014 a apărut în 10 meciuri; iar în sezonul 2014–2015 a jucat pentru Veria în 4 meciuri.

În ianuarie 2015, Katidis a ajuns la clubul Levadiakos din Superliga Greacă, pentru care a adunat 13 prezențe și un gol marcat, ultima apariție a sa în teren fiind la înfrângerea cu 1-0 în deplasare în fața echipei PAOK.

Katidis a fost căpitan la naționalele Under 17, Under 19 și apoi Under 21, în perioada când juca la Aris FC. A fost și căpitan al echipei Under-19 a Greciei care a pierdut în Fața Spaniei în finala Euro 2012 Under-19 în Estonia.

Referințe

Legături externe
Onsports.gr Profile

Nașteri în 1993
Fotbaliști greci
Greci în viață

Giorgos Katidis


Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club, ya da bilinen adıyla AS Monaco FC, Monako merkezli Fransız futbol kulübü. 1924 yılında kurulan AS Monaco, 2013-2014 sezonu itibarıyla Fransa'nın en üst düzey futbol ligi Ligue 1'de mücadele etmektedir. Maçlarını Fontvieille'de bulunan II. Louis Stadyumunda yapmaktadır.

Monako Prensliği'nin UEFA'ya üyeliği olmaması nedeniyle Fransa futbol liginde bulunmakta olup, Fransız kulübü olarak kabul edilmektedir. AS Monaco, kazanmış olduğu 8 lig şampiyonluğu ve 5 Coupe de France ile Fransa'nın en başarılı futbol kulüplerinden birisidir. Kulüp, 1992'de UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası'nda, 2004'te ise Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde final oynama başarısı göstermiştir.

AS Monaco'nun geleneksel renkleri kırmızı ve beyaz olup kulüp Les Rouge et Blanc (Türkçesi: Kırmızı ve Beyaz) olarak bilinmektedir. Kulüp aynı zamanda Avrupa Kulüpler Birliği üyesidir. 2011 Aralık ayında kulübün üçte ikisi Dmitry Rybolovlev başkanlığındaki bir yatırım grubuna satıldı.

Rybolovlev'in finansal desteği ile kulüp 2013-14 sezonu için Radamel Falcao, João Moutinho, James Rodríguez ve Ricardo Carvalho dahil olmak üzere birçok üst düzey oyuncu transferi gerçekleştirdi.

Tarihçe

AS Monaco FC, çok sayıda yerel kulübün birleşmesiyle 23 Ağustos 1924 tarihinde Monako'da kuruldu. Kulüp ilk yıllarında Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur'da bölgesel düzeyde mücadele etti. 1933 yılında ise kulüp, Fransa Futbol Federasyonu'nun daveti üzerine profesyonel düzeye geçiş yaptı.

Fransa'daki ilk sezonunda ikinci Ligde mücadele etti ancak sezon sonunda küme düştü. 1948 yılında yeniden ikinci lige yükselen kulüp, 1953 yılında ise tarihinde ilk kez birinci lig'e yükseldi. 1960 yılında Fransa Kupası'nı kazanarak ilk profesyonel kupasını kazandı. Bu başarısı ile tarihinde ilk defa Avrupa Kupalarında oynama hakkı kazandı. 1961 yılında ise ilk lig şampiyonluğunu kazandı.

1962-63 sezonunda hem Fransa Kupası'nı hem de Şampiyonluk kupasını kaldırarak çifte zafer yaşayan Monaco, 1975 senesine kadar birinci lig ile ikinci lig arasında mekik dokudu. Kulüp başkanlığına Jean-Louis Campora geçtiğinde ve Delio Onnis transfer edildiğinde, kulüp 1977 senesinde yeniden Ligue 1'a yükseldi ve aynı sezon şampiyonluğa ulaştı. AS Monaco FC, tarihinin en büyük başarısını Arsène Wenger yönetiminde UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası'nda final oynayarak elde etti. Bunun dışında 2004 yılında da Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde final oynama başarısı gösteren kulübün üst düzeyde, 8 Ligue 1 şampiyonluğu, 5 Coupe de France şampiyonluğu, 1 Coupe de la Ligue şampiyonluğu ve 1 Trophée des Champions şampiyonluğu bulunmaktadır.

AS Monaco FC, 2010-2011 sezonunu 18. sırada bitirerek 35 yıl aradan sonra Ligue 2'ye düştü.. 2 sezon burada mücadele eden kulüp, 2012-2013 sezonunu şampiyon tamamlayarak yeniden Ligue 1'e yükseldi.

Stadyum

AS Monaco FC, 1939 yılından beri iç saha maçlarını Monako'da bulunan 18.523 kişilik II. Louis Stadyumu'nda yapmaktadır. Stadyum ismini Monako eski prensi II. Louis'den almıştır. Özellikle UEFA Süper Kupası maçları başta olmak üzere birçok spor etkinlikleri ve Avrupa kupa final maçlarına ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

Oyuncular

Takım kadrosu

Kiralık gidenler

Yönetim ve teknik kadro
Kulüp yönetimi
 Başkan: Dmitry Rybolovlev
 Başkan yardımcısı: Jean-Louis Campora
 Genel direktör - CEO: Konstantin Zyryanov
 Genel direktör - COO: Filips Dhondt
 Sportif direktör: Vadim Vasilyev

Teknik direktörler

Ünlü oyuncular

Dünya Kupası

  Thierry Henry Fransa 1998
  Fabien Barthez Fransa 1998
  David Trezeguet Fransa 1998

Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası
  Manuel Amoros  Fransa 1984
  Daniel Bravo Fransa 1984
  Bernard Genghini  Fransa 1984
  Yvon Le Roux  Fransa 1984
  Bruno Bellone  Fransa 1984
  John Sivebæk  Danimarka 1992
  David Trezeguet  Fransa 2000
  Fabien Barthez  Fransa 2000

Rekorlar

En çok forma giyen futbolcular

En çok gol atan futbolcular

Başarıları

Fransa
 Ligue 1
Şampiyon (8): 1960-61, 1962-63, 1977-78, 1981-82, 1987-88, 1996-97, 1999-00, 2016-17

 Ligue 2
Şampiyon (1): 2013

 Coupe de France
Şampiyon (5): 1959-60, 1962-63, 1979-80, 1984-85, 1990-91
İkinci (5): 1974, 1984, 1989, 1992, 2010

 Coupe de la Ligue
Şampiyon (1): 2002-03
İkinci (1): 2001

 Trophée des Champions
Şampiyon (4): 1961, 1985, 1997, 2000
İkinci (1): 1960

Diğer Turnuvalar
 Championnat de France amateur
Şampiyon (3): 1962, 1972, 2008

 Gambardella Kupası
Şampiyon (2): 1962, 1972

 Coupe Charles Drago
Şampiyon (1): 1961

Avrupa
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi
İkinci (1): 2004

 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası
İkinci (1): 1992

 Coppa delle Alpi
Şampiyon (3): 1979, 1983, 1984

Kaynakça
Özel

Dış bağlantılar
 AS Monaco FC resmi sitesi

Monaco
Monako'da spor
Çok takımlı spor kulüpleri
Monaco FC
Ligue 1 kulüpleri

AS Monaco FC