Edward John Markey ( ; born July 11, 1946) is an American lawyer, politician, and former Army reservist serving as the junior United States senator from Massachusetts since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he served 20 terms (18 full, two partial) as the U.S. representative for  from 1976 to 2013. Before his congressional career, he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976.

In 2013, after John Kerry was appointed United States Secretary of State, Markey was elected to serve out the remainder of Kerry's Senate term in a 2013 special election. Markey defeated Stephen Lynch in the Democratic primary and Republican Gabriel E. Gomez in the general election. He was elected to a full term in the Senate in 2014. Markey fended off a primary challenge from Joseph Kennedy III and was reelected in 2020 by a wide margin.

Markey is a progressive who has focused on climate change and energy policy and was chair of the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming from 2007 to 2011. He is the Senate author of the Green New Deal. Markey is the dean of the Massachusetts congressional delegation, having served in Congress since 1976. His progressive policies have led to widespread support among young voters. The Hill has called him "an icon to Gen Z activists".

Early life and education
Markey was born on July 11, 1946, in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Christina M. (née Courtney) and John E. Markey, a milkman. Markey's mother was the valedictorian of her high school class but was unable to attend college because her mother died and she was needed to care for the family. The family was Irish Catholic, and Markey was educated at Immaculate Conception School and Malden Catholic High School.

Starting in the summer of 1965, Markey was the driver and salesperson for an ice cream truck in Lexington, Massachusetts. He was known as "Eddie the Ice Cream Man" to neighborhood children and used the proceeds from the HP Hood route to pay tuition at Boston College. In the late 1960s Markey was cited by the Lexington Police for the ringing of his bell to announce the ice cream truck's presence. Soon after the citation, the selectmen of Lexington changed the ordinance and he was allowed to ring his bell.

Markey graduated from Boston College in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts and from Boston College Law School in 1972 with a Juris Doctor.

Career

After graduating, Markey worked as a lawyer in private practice. He served in the United States Army Reserve from 1968 to 1973, attaining the rank of Specialist Fourth Class. He joined while a junior in college, and has said that he enlisted before knowing whether he would receive a Vietnam War draft notice. Markey also said that even though he opposed the war, he would have answered the induction notice and gone to Vietnam if he had been drafted, despite having secured a position in the Reserve. His South Boston reserve unit included Thomas P. O'Neill III, Steve Grossman, and Markey's brothers Richard and John.

Markey was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he represented the 16th Middlesex district (Malden and Melrose) and 26th Middlesex district from 1973 to 1976.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

On May 21, 1976, incumbent Congressman Torbert Macdonald died in office. Markey, who had just been elected to a third term in the state house, entered a twelve-candidate Democratic primary for what was then the 7th district. In the primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—Markey won the nomination with a plurality of 22% of the vote. In the November 1976 election he defeated Republican Richard Daly 77%–18%. That election doubled as both a special election for the balance of Macdonald's 11th term and a regular election for a full two-year term, and so Markey took office later that night. This gave him greater seniority than other Representatives first elected in 1976.

Markey was challenged in a Democratic primary three times, first in 1980, when he won 85%; then in 1984, when he won 54%; and finally in 2002, when he won 85% of the vote.

Markey was reelected 19 more times from this district, which included most of the northern suburbs of Boston. His lowest vote total was 62% in 1992, in a three-way election. Markey faced no Republican opposition in eight of his bids for reelection, in 1978, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1990, 2000, 2002, and 2006. His district was renumbered the 5th after the 2010 census, in which Massachusetts lost a district.

Tenure

Markey was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and the National Journal gave him a "Composite Liberal" score of 89.2.

Environment and energy
In December 2007, Markey became the first US politician to use Second Life, through which he addressed the delegates of the UNFCCC in Bali as part of OneClimate's Virtual Bali event. It was estimated that the carbon dioxide he saved by not flying to Bali was around 5.5 tons. Pressure from Markey prompted BP to provide a live underwater video feed showing oil leaking out of a pipe in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Markey has been a longtime critic of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and has been critical of the NRC's decision-making on the proposed Westinghouse AP1000 reactor design and the NRC response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

In reply to Alaska's Governor Sarah Palin's position on how the American Clean Energy and Security Act (also known as Waxman-Markey, named after Markey and Henry Waxman) could have a negative impact for Alaskans, Markey wrote an article criticizing Palin's inaction on global warming and her environmental positions.

Markey sarcastically suggested in August 2010 that global warming deniers form their own country on an iceberg: "An iceberg four times the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland, creating plenty of room for global warming deniers to start their own country." Markey also said that, at the time, 2010 was the hottest recorded year and that "scientists agree Arctic ice is a canary in a coal mine that provides clear warnings on climate". Markey has derided Republicans' stance on global warming, stating during a hearing: "I won't physically rise, because I'm worried that Republicans will overturn the law of gravity, sending us floating about the room."

In January 2011, House Republicans eliminated the Select Committee for Energy Independence and Global Warming, which Nancy Pelosi created in 2006 and Markey chaired.

Objection to the 2004 presidential election
Markey was one of the 31 House Democrats who voted not to count Ohio's 20 electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. George W. Bush had won Ohio by 118,457 votes. Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote, as dictated by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Domestic initiatives
Markey introduced legislation to change the duration of Daylight Saving Time and to increasing privacy controls over children online.

Markey drew some controversy through his proposal to introduce legislation that deals with amusement parks' roller coasters, believing that newer, faster rides that exert greater G-pressures on the human body are dangerous mentally and physically, despite a lack of concrete evidence to support these claims, and contrary to studies that affirmed the safety of roller coasters in general.

In 2009, Markey sponsored the Internet Freedom Preservation Act to enact principles of net neutrality. The proposed legislation received support from a few dozen co-sponsors and public interest organizations but ultimately died in committee before enactment.

National defense
In 2003, Markey called attention to the lack of security surrounding air cargo placed on commercial passenger planes, arguing that if passenger baggage is screened for explosive devices, cargo on the plane should be as well. In 2007, he succeeded in getting a 100% air cargo screening requirement signed into law. In the law codifying the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission, Markey wrote the mandate requiring all cargo on passenger planes to be screened.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Energy and Commerce
 Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
 Subcommittee on Energy and Power
 Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
 Committee on Natural Resources (Ranking Member)
 As Ranking Member, Markey served as an ex officio member on all Subcommittees

U.S. Senate

In 2004, Markey was considered a contender for John Kerry's seat in the United States Senate if Kerry were to be elected President of the United States. He was also considered a leading contender in the 2010 special election to replace the late Ted Kennedy, but on September 12, 2009, he announced his decision not to run and endorsed fellow Congressman Michael Capuano, who went on to lose the Democratic primary to Martha Coakley.

Elections

2013 special

On December 27, 2012, Markey was the first to announce his candidacy to run in a special election to fill Kerry's seat after Barack Obama nominated him for United States Secretary of State. Several politicians, including Kerry, endorsed Markey even before the Senate confirmed Kerry. On April 30, 2013, Markey won the Democratic nomination by defeating fellow Congressman Stephen Lynch in the primary election. He defeated Republican challenger Gabriel E. Gomez in the general special election on June 25 and completed the remaining 17 months of Kerry's term.

Markey is the longest-tenured House member ever elected to the Senate, with his 36-plus years of service exceeding that of Frederick H. Gillett, who served in the House for 32 years before moving to the upper chamber in 1925. He is the 11th oldest candidate to win a U.S. Senate special election out of more than 170 people since the passage of the 17th Amendment.

2014

Markey sought a full six-year term in 2014. He defeated Republican Hopkinton selectman Brian Herr with 62 percent of the vote.

2020

In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Markey endorsed fellow Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren. After Warren withdrew in early 2020, he endorsed Joe Biden.

Several Massachusetts Democrats announced primary challenges to Markey in the September 1, 2020 election, but all but 4th district Representative Joe Kennedy III dropped out, leaving Kennedy as the sole challenger. On September 13, 2019, Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, with whom Markey has collaborated on the proposed Green New Deal, endorsed Markey.

Markey defeated Kennedy with 55.6% of the vote, with overwhelming margins in Boston and the surrounding suburbs, including Kennedy's Newton, and in the college towns of Western Massachusetts. The primary race was seen by many as a showdown between the Democratic establishment, represented by Kennedy, and its new and growing progressive wing, embodied by Markey. Despite the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee's longstanding opposition to Democratic primary challengers, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi endorsed Kennedy, whose fundraising and campaigning efforts she credited for returning the House to Democratic control in the 2018 midterm elections. Meanwhile, Markey had the support of Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, Senator Elizabeth Warren, Ocasio-Cortez, and the youth-led Sunrise Movement founded in 2017 to promote the Green New Deal as a solution to the climate crisis.

Markey defeated Republican Kevin O'Connor in the general election.

Tenure

Markey resigned his House seat on July 15, 2013, and was sworn into the Senate on July 16. Although he is the dean of the Massachusetts delegation, he is the state's junior Senator, since Elizabeth Warren took office six months before he did.

Markey is known for the "blizzard" of public letters he posts on his website and sends to the press to draw attention to his favored issues.

Markey was on Capitol Hill to participate in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters attacked the U.S. Capitol. During the attack, he and his staff sheltered in place in an undisclosed location. During the siege, he tweeted, "Donald Trump is responsible for the coup that is unfolding at the Capitol. He is a fascist and a direct threat to our country." After the Capitol was secure, Markey tweeted that Trump should be impeached. When Congress returned to count the electoral votes, Markey gave his remarks, calling Republicans who objected to the count seditious. The next day, he called for the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to be invoked.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
 Subcommittee on Communications, Media, and Broadband
 Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security
 Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
 Subcommittee on Science and Space
 Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
 Committee on Environment and Public Works
 Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety (Chair)
 Subcommittee on Water and Wildlife
 Subcommittee on Superfund, Toxics and Environmental Health
 Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure
 Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
 Subcommittee on Primary Health & Retirement Security (Chair)
 Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Political positions

Abortion

When he was first elected to Congress, Markey opposed abortion and supported a constitutional amendment to ban it. He described his opposition as a matter of conscience. Starting in 1983, he began moving away from his opposition, voting against measures that blocked funding for abortion for federal employees unless their life was at risk. During his 1984 Senate campaign, Markey said that while he still personally opposed abortion, he believed that it should remain legal. Since then, he has opposed restrictions on abortion. Markey wore a pin to the 2023 State of the Union Address with the word ABORTION with a heart in place of the central portion of the letter O. He attended the event with Kate Dineen, an abortion rights advocate.

Antitrust, competition and corporate regulation
In June 2019, Markey was one of six Democrats led by Amy Klobuchar who signed letters to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice recounting that many of them had "called on both the FTC and the Justice Department to investigate potential anticompetitive activity in these markets, particularly following the significant enforcement actions taken by foreign competition enforcers against these same companies" and requesting that each agency confirm whether it had opened antitrust investigations into each of the companies and pledge that it would publicly release any such investigation's findings.

Child care
In 2019, Markey and 34 other senators introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act, a bill that they claim would create 770,000 new childcare jobs and ensure that families making less than 75% of the state median income would not pay for child care, with higher-earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supports universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all 3- and 4-year-olds and changes child care compensation and training.

Children's programming
In 2019, after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced changes to the Children's Television Act of 1990, Markey and eight other Democratic senators signed a letter to FCC Chairman Ajit Pai that expressed concern that the proposed changes "would limit the reach of educational content available to children and have a particular damaging effect on youth in low-income and minority communities" and asserted that the new rules would decrease access to valuable educational content through over-the-air services.

Climate change

In November 2018, Markey was one of 25 Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution in response to the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment findings. The resolution affirmed the senators' acceptance of the findings and support for bold action to address climate change. In 2019, the League of Conservation Voters, which works to elect pro-environment candidates, endorsed Markey.

Markey is the Senate author of the Green New Deal. In February 2019, Markey and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez released a 14-page summary of their Green New Deal plan to address climate change. It calls for implementing the "social cost of carbon" that was part of the Obama administration's plans to address climate change and transitioning the United States to 100% renewable, zero-emission energy sources, zero-emission vehicles, and high-speed rail systems. It also aims to provide new jobs and alleviate poverty. On March 26, in what Democrats called a "stunt", Republicans called for an early vote without allowing discussion or expert testimony. Markey said Republicans were trying to "make a mockery" of the Green New Deal debate and called the vote a "sham". In protest, Democrats, including Markey, voted "present" or against the bill, resulting in a 57–0 defeat on the Senate floor.

In March 2019, Markey was one of 11 senators to sponsor the Climate Security Act of 2019, legislation to form a new group within the State Department to develop strategies to integrate climate science and data into national security operations as well as to restore the post of special envoy for the Arctic, a group that President Trump dismantled in 2017. The envoy would advise the President and the administration on the potential effects of climate on national security and be responsible for facilitating all interagency communication between federal science and security agencies.

COVID-19 vaccine equity
Markey proposed that the COVID-19 vaccine be distributed to underserved areas and communities of color as a priority for racial justice. On February 20, 2021, he said, "Even though Black and Hispanic residents have borne the brunt of this pandemic here in Massachusetts and all across the country, these communities are not receiving the vaccine in proportion to their share of their population."

Disaster relief
In April 2018, Markey was one of five Democratic senators to sign a letter to FEMA administrator Brock Long calling on FEMA to enter an agreement with the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development that would "stand up the Disaster Housing Assistance Program and address the medium- and longer-term housing needs" of evacuees of Puerto Rico in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. The senators asserted that "FEMA's refusal to use the tools at its disposal, including DHAP, to help these survivors is puzzling—and profoundly troubling" and that hundreds of hurricane survivors were susceptible to being left homeless if FEMA and HUD continued not to work together.

Drug policy
In December 2016, Markey was one of 17 senators to sign a letter to President-elect Trump asking him to fulfill a campaign pledge to bring down the cost of prescription drugs, stating their willingness "to advance measures to achieve this goal", and calling on Trump "to partner with Republicans and Democrats alike to take meaningful steps to address the high cost of prescription drugs through bold administrative and legislative actions."

In December 2018, Markey was one of 21 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb stating their approval of the actions of the Food and Drugs Administration to hinder youth access to e-cigarettes and urging the FDA "to take additional, stronger steps to prevent and reduce e-cigarette use among youth." In 2023, Markey introduced legislation to expand access to methadone for patients with opioid use disorder.

Economy
In February 2019, Markey was one of eight senators to sign a letter to the Federal Communications Commission and Department of Justice asking that regulators prohibit a proposed $26-billion merger between T-Mobile and Sprint because American enforcers have understood for the last 30 years "that fostering robust competition in telecommunications markets is the best way to provide every American with access to high-quality, cutting-edge communications at a reasonable price" and the merger would result in a return "to the dark days of heavily consolidated markets and less competition, with all of the resulting harms."

In March 2019, Markey was one of six senators to sign a letter to the Federal Trade Commission requesting that it "use its rulemaking authority, along with other tools, in order to combat the scourge of non-compete clauses rigging our economy against workers" and saying that non-compete clauses "harm employees by limiting their ability to find alternate work, which leaves them with little leverage to bargain for better wages or working conditions with their immediate employer." The letter added that the FTC was responsible for protecting consumers and workers and needed to "act decisively" to address their concerns over "serious anti-competitive harms from the proliferation of non-competes in the economy."

Foreign policy

In December 2016, Markey and Senators Chris Coons and Marco Rubio suggested to the Department of State that the U.S. curtail assistance to the Philippines' law enforcement units due to alleged extrajudicial killings and other human rights violations in Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte's drug war, in adherence to the Leahy Law. In April 2019, Markey and four other Democratic and Republican senators introduced a resolution urging the release of Philippine senator Leila de Lima, a key proponent of the inquiry on the Duterte administration's reported human rights violations who has been detained since 2017 for suspected drug trafficking; the senators believed that De Lima's detention was politically motivated. In January 2020, Markey revealed that the Philippine government had declared him and Senators Dick Durbin and Patrick Leahy (principal sponsor of the Leahy Law) persona non grata to the country. After Duterte stepped down from office in 2022, Markey visited the Philippines and met with De Lima privately.

In October 2017, Markey condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar.

In 2018, Markey cosponsored the Countering the Chinese Government and Communist Party's Political Influence Operations Act, a bill introduced by Rubio and Catherine Cortez Masto that would give the U.S. Secretary of State and the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) the authority to create an interagency task force to examine Chinese attempts to influence the U.S. and key allies.

In October 2018, Markey was one of eight senators to sign a letter to Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats requesting a classified briefing on what the American intelligence community knew about threats to U.S.-based Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi so that the senators could fulfill their "oversight obligation" as members of Congress. In March 2019, Markey was one of nine Democratic senators to sign a letter to Salman of Saudi Arabia requesting the release of human rights lawyer Waleed Abu al-Khair and writer Raif Badawi, women's rights activists Loujain al-Hathloul and Samar Badawi, and Dr. Walid Fitaih. The senators wrote, "Not only have reputable international organizations detailed the arbitrary detention of peaceful activists and dissidents without trial for long periods, but the systematic discrimination against women, religious minorities and mistreatment of migrant workers and others has also been well-documented."

In November 2018, Markey, Senators Chris Coons and Elizabeth Warren, and a bipartisan group of lawmakers sent the Trump administration a letter raising concerns about the People's Republic of China's undue influence on media outlets and academic institutions in the United States. They wrote: "In American news outlets, Beijing has used financial ties to suppress negative information about the CCP... Beijing has also sought to use relationships with American academic institutions and student groups to shape public discourse."

In February 2019, ahead of the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit, Markey said that it was "pretty clear that Kim wants to have a personal meeting with Trump with hopes that he can, in fact, elicit concessions from President Trump that might not otherwise be possible if it was just our diplomats talking one-on-one" and that the US "could run the risk that Kim is given concessions which are not accompanied by real concessions that the United States is receiving in return from Kim and his regime." Markey called for Trump to receive commitments on denuclearization from Kim Jong-un before making commitments in return.

In April 2019, Markey was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S. by helping to improve conditions in those countries.

In October 2020, Markey accused Turkey, a NATO ally, of inciting war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and called on the Trump administration to immediately suspend U.S. military aid to Azerbaijan sent through the Pentagon's "building partner assistance program". According to critics, the aid could be used in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. He co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that read: "If Turkey is unwilling to step back from active engagement in the conflict, then the State Department should immediately suspend all sales and transfers of military equipment to Ankara."

Iraq War
On October 10, 2002, Markey voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, authorizing the use of the United States Armed Forces against Saddam Hussein's government in what became Operation Iraqi Freedom. As of March 2020, Markey has said that voting for the authorization was a "mistake", and that he did so because "George Bush lied, Donald Rumsfeld lied, Dick Cheney lied to the American people about the presence of nuclear weapons in Iraq. I'm still angry about that lie to the American people."

Government shutdown
In March 2019, Markey and 38 other senators signed a letter to the Appropriations Committee opining that contractor workers and, by extension, their families "should not be penalized for a government shutdown that they did nothing to cause" while noting that there were bills in both chambers of Congress that if enacted would provide back pay to compensate contractor employees for lost wages. The letter urged the Appropriations Committee "to include back pay for contractor employees in a supplemental appropriations bill for FY2019 or as part of the regular appropriations process for FY2020."

Gun law
Markey supports gun control, including improved background checks, ending illegal gun trafficking, and closing loopholes on gun purchases.
In 2015, he proposed a "smart gun" bill that aimed to equip handguns with technology, making them usable by only the purchaser.

In January 2016, Markey led 18 senators in signing a letter to Thad Cochran and Barbara Mikulski requesting that the Labor, Health and Education subcommittee hold a hearing on whether to allow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to fund a study of gun violence and "the annual appropriations rider that some have interpreted as preventing it" with taxpayer dollars. The senators noted their support for taking steps "to fund gun-violence research, because only the United States government is in a position to establish an integrated public-health research agenda to understand the causes of gun violence and identify the most effective strategies for prevention."

After the Orlando nightclub shooting, Markey called for more gun regulations and supported the Feinstein Amendment, which would have made it illegal for suspected terrorists to buy guns. He also supports universal background checks.

In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Markey said, "This Congress has the responsibility to make sure the NRA stands for 'not relevant anymore' in American politics, and we have to begin this debate now." He co-sponsored a proposal to ban bump stocks, which make semi-automatic weapons act like automatic weapons.

In November 2017, Markey was a cosponsor of the Military Domestic Violence Reporting Enhancement Act, a bill to create a charge of domestic violence under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and stipulate that convictions must be reported to federal databases to keep abusers from purchasing firearms within three days in an attempt to close a loophole in the UCMJ whereby convicted abusers retain the ability to purchase firearms.

In January 2019, Markey was one of 40 senators to introduce the Background Check Expansion Act, a bill requiring background checks to sell or transfer all firearms, including unlicensed sellers. Exceptions to the bill's background check requirement included transfers between members of law enforcement, loaning firearms for either hunting or sporting events temporarily, giving firearms to members of one's immediate family, firearms being transferred as part of an inheritance, or giving a firearm to another person temporarily for immediate self-defense.

Health care
Markey supports the creation of a single-payer federal healthcare program. In September 2017, he was one of 16 senators to cosponsor the 2017 Medicare for All Act introduced by Bernie Sanders, which proposes establishing a federal health insurance program by expanding Medicare coverage to all United States residents.

In June 2019, Markey was one of eight senators to cosponsor the Territories Health Equity Act of 2019, legislation that would remove the cap on annual federal Medicaid funding and increase the federal matching rate for Medicaid expenditures of territories along with providing more funds for prescription drug coverage to low-income seniors in an attempt to equalize funding for American territories Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands with that of U.S. states.

Housing
In April 2019, Markey was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that President Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators hoped the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.

Immigration
In July 2019, following reports that the Trump administration intended to cease protecting spouses, parents and children of active-duty service members from deportation, Markey was one of 22 senators led by Tammy Duckworth to sign a letter arguing that the protection gave service members the ability "to fight for the United States overseas and not worry that their spouse, children, or parents will be deported while they are away" and that its termination would both cause service members personal hardship and negatively affect their combat performance.

Also in July 2019, Markey and 15 other Senate Democrats introduced the Protecting Sensitive Locations Act, which would require, except in special circumstances,  that ICE agents get approval from a supervisor before engaging in enforcement actions at sensitive locations and that agents receive annual training in addition to reporting annually on enforcement actions in those locations.

Internet

Internet security
On October 27, 2006, Markey called for the arrest of security researcher Christopher Soghoian for creating a website to generate fake boarding passes. At 2 AM on October 28, 2006, FBI agents seized computers and other materials from Soghoian's house.

On October 29, 2006, Markey issued a statement revising his previous comments, stating that the Department of Homeland Security should instead "put him to work showing public officials how easily our security can be compromised". The statement was critical of Soghoian's disclosure method—deeming it "ill-considered"—but also said that "he should not go to jail for his bad judgment".

Net neutrality

In May 2014, days before the FCC was scheduled to rewrite its net neutrality rules, Markey was one of 11 senators to sign a letter to FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler arguing that Wheeler's proposal would destroy net neutrality and urging the FCC to "consider reclassifying Internet providers to make them more like traditional phone companies, over which the agency has clear authority to regulate more broadly."

In September 2017, Markey was one of nine senators to sign a letter to Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai accusing the FCC of failing "to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to comment on the tens of thousands of filed complaints that directly shed light on proposed changes to existing net neutrality protections."

In March 2018, Markey was one of ten senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Jeff Merkley lambasting Pai's proposal to cut the Lifeline program during a period when roughly 6.5 million people in poor communities relied on it for access to high-speed internet, writing that it was Pai's "obligation to the American public, as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, to improve the Lifeline program and ensure that more Americans can afford access, and have means of access, to broadband and phone service." The senators also wrote, "Lifeline reaches more Americans in need of access to communication services."

Internet privacy
In February 2019, Markey, Richard Blumenthal, and Josh Hawley sent Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg a letter about Project Atlas and its relevance to "longstanding concerns that Facebook has used its products to deeply intrude into personal privacy."

Labor
In May 2018, Markey led 11 senators in signing a letter to the Chairman of the Federal Labor Relations Authority Colleen Kiko urging the FLRA to end efforts to close its Boston regional office until Congress debated the matter because the closure would place staff farther away from the federal employees whose rights they protect.

LGBT rights

In 1996, Markey voted against the Defense of Marriage Act.

In September 2014, Markey was one of 69 members of the US House and Senate to sign a letter to then-FDA commissioner Sylvia Burwell requesting that the FDA revise its policy banning donation of corneas and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding five years.

In May 2017, Markey was one of 46 senators to introduce the Equality Act of 2017, described by Representative David Cicilline as ensuring "that every LGBT person can live their lives free from the fear of discrimination. Above all, it's about honoring the values that have guided our nation since its founding. It's critical that Congress pass the Equality Act into law."

In October 2018, Markey was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rolling back of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBT diplomats who had unions that were not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBT individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that refusing to let LGBT diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent of upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world."

In June 2019, Markey was one of 18 senators to sign a letter to Pompeo requesting an explanation of a State Department decision not to issue an official statement that year commemorating Pride Month nor to issue the annual cable outlining activities for embassies commemorating Pride Month. They also asked why the LGBT special envoy position remained vacant and asserted that "preventing the official flying of rainbow flags and limiting public messages celebrating Pride Month signals to the international community that the United States is abandoning the advancement of LGBTI rights as a foreign policy priority."

Military
In August 2013, Markey was one of 23 Democratic senators to sign a letter to the Defense Department warning that some payday lenders were "offering predatory loan products to service members at exorbitant triple digit effective interest rates and loan products that do not include the additional protections envisioned by the law" and asserting that service members and their families "deserve the strongest possible protections and swift action to ensure that all forms of credit offered to members of our armed forces are safe and sound."

Nuclear waste
In July 2019, Markey was an original cosponsor of the Sensible, Timely Relief for America's Nuclear Districts' Economic Development (STRANDED) Act, a bipartisan bill introduced by Susan Collins and Tammy Duckworth that would give local government entities economic impact grants to offset the economic impact of stranded nuclear waste, form a task force to identify existing funding that could be used to benefit communities, and form a competitive innovative solutions prize competition to aid those communities in their search for alternatives to "nuclear facilities, generating sites, and waste sites."

Opioids
In February 2017, Markey and 30 other senators signed a letter to Kaléo Pharmaceuticals in response to an increase of the opioid-overdose-reversing device Evzio's price from $690 in 2014 to $4,500. They requested the detailed price structure for Evzio, the number of devices Kaléo Pharmaceuticals set aside for donation, and the total federal reimbursements Evzio received in the previous year.

In March 2017, Markey led 21 senators who signed a letter to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell that said that 12% of adult Medicaid beneficiaries had some form or a substance abuse disorder, that one-third of treatment for opioid and other substance use disorders in the United States is financed by Medicaid, and that the American Health Care Act could "very literally translate into a death spiral for those with opioid use disorders" due to inadequate funding, often resulting in individuals abandoning substance use disorder treatment.

Pipelines
In October 2016, Markey was one of five senators to sign a letter to President Obama requesting the administration halt work on the Dakota Access Pipeline until the permitting process of the Army Corps was transparent and would "include public notice and participation, formal and meaningful tribal consultation, and adequate environmental review", and stating their support for the "tribes along the pipeline route in their fight against the Dakota Access pipeline project."

Public transportation

Markey advocates making public transit fare-free. In June 2020, he and Representative Ayanna Pressley co-authored the Freedom to Move Act, which would offer $5 billion in annual competitive grants to transit agencies that offer fare-free transit access. Markey argues that fare-free public transportation would help "provide low-income workers, families, seniors, and individuals with disabilities with improved access to jobs, education, medical care, and other critical services." Markey and Pressley reintroduced the bill in April 2023.

Railroad safety
In June 2019, Markey was one of ten senators to cosponsor the Safe Freight Act, a bill requiring freight trains to have one or more certified conductors and a certified engineer on board who can collaborate on how to protect the train and people living near the tracks. The legislation was meant to correct a Federal Railroad Administration rollback of a proposed rule to establish safety standards.

State Department
In September 2018, Markey was one of five senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to employ more multifactor authentication measures to secure the State Department's information systems and seeking answers on how the department would boost its security following the Office of Management and Budget's designation of the department's cyber readiness as "high risk", what the department would do to address the lack of multifactor authentication required by law and statistics on the department's cyber incidents over the last three years.

Supreme Court

In April 2021, Markey sponsored a bill in the Senate to expand the Supreme Court of the United States from nine to 13 justices.

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Markey was among the five Senate Democrats who voted against the final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.

Recognition
Markey received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Tufts University in May 2019.

Personal life
Since 1988, Markey has been married to Susan Blumenthal, who served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Women's Health and held the rank of rear admiral as Assistant U.S. Surgeon General. From 2005 to 2017, he was a contributing writer for The Huffington Post. He was one of several politicians who had a cameo role in the 2003 film Gods and Generals, in which he played an Irish Brigade officer.

Electoral history

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Senator Ed Markey official U.S. Senate website
 Ed Markey for Senate

 Complete video of debate, February 18, 2020 – C-SPAN
 Complete video of Markey-Kennedy debate, August 11, 2020 - C-SPAN

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1946 births
21st-century American politicians
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Boston College Law School alumni
Catholic politicians from Massachusetts
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Democratic Party United States senators from Massachusetts
Living people
Malden Catholic High School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Politicians from Malden, Massachusetts
United States Army reservists
American anti–nuclear power activists
Progressivism in the United States
21st-century American non-fiction writers
United States Army soldiers

Ed Markey


Cape Coral este cel mai mare oraș din Comitatul Lee, Florida. Este al 142-lea oraș american după populație, având  175.229 de locuitori (în 2015). Pe teritoriul său există mai mult de 640 de kilometri de canale de navigație  - mai mult decât în oricare alt oraș din lume.

Geografie
Cape Coral este situat în partea de vest a Comitatului Lee, Florida, pe malul golfului Charlotte, golf  care la rândul său face parte din Golful Mexic. Orașul are o suprafață de 310,8 kilometri pătrați, din care 25,7 kilometri pătrați (8,3%) sunt zone acvatice.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de orașe din statul Florida

Orașe din Florida

Cape Coral, Florida


Mercury chloride can refer to:
Mercury(II) chloride or mercuric chloride (HgCl2)
Mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2)

Mercury chloride


Grækenlandsstenene er en gruppe svenske runesten som nævner en rejse til Grækenland, eller er rejst efter en såkaldt grækenlandsfarer. Med Grækenland mentes der i denne sammenhæng det Byzantinske Rige.

Oftest drejer det sig om en indskrift hvor personen som mindesmærket er tilegnet, er død i Grækenland, eller efter nogen som fået tilnavnet "grækenlandsfareren". Et sådant eksempel er runesten U 956, som Stenhild rejste til minde efter sin mand Vidbjörn, grækenlandsfareren.

Referencer

Noter

Runeindskrifter
Runesten i Sverige

Grækenlandsstenene


إرمينيو رولو  (مواليد 19 فبراير 1984 في نابولي - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى نابولي الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الظهير الأيسر كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مدينة نابولي
أظهرة كرة قدم
رياضيون من نابولي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من نابولي
لاعبو ليتشي
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مودينا
لاعبو نابولي
لاعبو نادي تريستينا
مواليد 1984
مواليد في نابولي

إرمينيو رولو


An Lepanthes yunckeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Lepanthes yunckeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes yunckeri


عليا قد تشير إلى:

  مسلسل عليا : هو مسلسل تركي مدبلج إلى العربية باللهجة السورية.
  مصطلح عليا : هو مصطلح عبري يشير للهجرة اليهودية لأرض إسرائيل أو فلسطين.

عليا (توضيح)


Les territoires cédés (en ) ou les territoires cédés de force  (en ) ou les territoires perdus  (en ) font référence aux territoires que la Finlande a dû céder à l'Union soviétique dans le cadre du traité de paix de 1940 qui a mis fin à la guerre d'hiver et dans le cadre de l'armistice de Moscou qui a mis fin à la guerre de continuation en 1944.

Territoires cédés en 1940
Selon le traité de paix de 1940 qui a mis fin à la guerre d'hiver, la Finlande a dû céder quatre territoires à l'Union soviétique:
 La moitié orientale de la province historique de Carélie.
 Les îles extérieures du golfe de Finlande
 La partie orientale de la
 Le nord-est de Petsamo

Des îles extérieures du golfe de Finlande, le groupe oriental, y compris Lavansaari, Peninsaari et Seiskari, et la côte nord de l'isthme de Carélie, la Carélie du Ladoga et la Carélie frontalière, faisaient partie de la Carélie historique finlandaise jusqu'à leur cession en 1940.

Après le début de la guerre de continuation, dans le cadre de l'attaque contre l'Union soviétique et en particulier contre la Carélie soviétique, les troupes finlandaises, avec l'armée allemande dans le nord, ont repris la plupart des territoires cédés en 1940.

Le Parlement finlandais a annoncé le retour de tous ces territoires en Finlande le jour de l'indépendance en 1941, bien que tout au long de la guerre, le groupe oriental des îles extérieures du golfe de Finlande, Lavansaari, Peninsaari, Seiskari et Koukouri, soit resté sous contrôle soviétique, tout comme Kalastajasaarento ja Keskisaarento .

Territoires cédés en 1944 et 1947
Selon l'accord d'armistice de Moscou, qui a mis fin à la guerre de continuation en 1944, les troupes finlandaises ont dû se retirer au-delà de la frontière internationalement reconnue de 1940.

À la suite de la guerre de continuation, la Finlande a dû céder deux territoires :
 Petsamo
 Territoire de Jäniskoski–Niskakoski

L'armistice de Moscou est ratifiée lors du traité de Paris en 1947.
Selon le traité de Paris, il est convenu:
.

Territoires loués
En plus des cessions de territoire, après la guerre d'hiver de 1940, la Finlande a dû louer Hankoniemi à l'Union soviétique comme base navale pendant trente ans.
Pendant la guerre de continuation, les troupes finlandaises ont pris le contrôle de la zone en décembre 1941, après que l'Union soviétique eut évacué ses troupes de la base.

Par l'armistice de Moscou en 1944, l'Union soviétique renonce officiellement à son droit de bail à Hanko, mais la Finlande devra louer la péninsule de Porkkala comme base militaire soviétique pendant cinquante ans.

Cependant, l'Union soviétique l'abandonnera sa base de Porkkala dès 1956, estimant qu'elle n'était pas nécessaire au contrôle du golfe de Finlande .
En plus de Porkkalanniemi, la zone de location comprenait Upinniemi et les îles en face d'Upinniemi, des parties de Siuntio, Kirkkonummi et Espoo, et de Degerby.

Municipalités situées dans des territoires cédées

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Carte des territoires cédés

Articles connexes
 Carélie cédée par la Finlande à l'Union soviétique

Territoires cédés par la Finlande à l'Union soviétique
Guerre d'Hiver
Guerre de Continuation
1940 en Finlande
1944 en Finlande
1947 en Finlande


Als Rotwildhöhlen-Menschen ("Red Deer Cave people") bezeichnet eine Forschergruppe um den australischen Anthropologen Darren Curnoe Knochenfunde aus der südchinesischen Provinz Yunnan, die 2012 teils auf ein Alter von 11.510 ± 255, teils auf 14.500 bis 13.000 kalibrierte Kalenderjahre vor heute datiert wurden. 2015 bestätigte ein weiterer, im Mengzi Institute of Cultural Relics in Mengzi (Yunnan) aufbewahrter und bis dahin nicht untersuchter Oberschenkelknochen – das Fossil MLDG 1678 – die Datierung auf rund 14.000 Jahre.

Entdeckung
Die Knochenfunde – Schädelfragmente, einzelne Zähne und einige Knochen aus dem Bereich unterhalb des Kopfes – wurden ab 1979 in der namensgebenden Höhle Maludong (Rotwildhöhle, ) in Yunnan und in einer zweiten Höhle bei Longlin (Longlin-Höhle, ) in Guangxi aufgesammelt. Sie besitzen ein eher flaches und breites Gesicht und ein relativ schmales Nasenbein. Erst 1989 fand eine reguläre Ausgrabung in der Rotwildhöhle statt.

Diese Höhle erhielt ihren Namen, weil dort neben den homininen Knochenfunden auch zahlreiche Rotwild-Knochen entdeckt wurden, offenbar Überreste der Jagdbeute ihrer ehemaligen Bewohner.

Stammesgeschichtliche Zuordnung
Die Knochen wurden zwar dem anatomisch modernen Menschen (Homo sapiens) zugeordnet, allerdings gehören sie möglicherweise zu einer gesonderten, bislang nur aus dieser Region bekannten Gruppierung von Zuwanderern aus Afrika, die früher und getrennt von den unmittelbaren Vorfahren der heutigen Chinesen die Region besiedelten; neben typischen Merkmalen von Homo sapiens wurden den Funden Merkmale des archaischen Homo sapiens und Ähnlichkeiten mit den Funden aus Zhirendong zugeschrieben.

Bereits im Zusammenhang mit der Datierung der Funde wurde versucht, DNA aus den homininen Knochen zu gewinnen, was jedoch nicht gelang. Daher wurden 2012 keine Aussagen zur Verwandtschaft mit anderen Populationen des Homo sapiens oder des Homo erectus publiziert. Erst zehn Jahre später, im Juli 2022, wurde berichtet, dass es nunmehr gelungen sei, aDNA aus einem 14.000 Jahre alten, weiblichen Schädeldach mit der Bezeichnung Mengzi Ren (MZR) zu sequenzieren. Demnach gehört das untersuchte Fossil zweifelsfrei zu Homo sapiens, jedoch zu einem frühen, ausgestorbenen Zweig. Dieser Zweig sei genetisch "eng verbunden" mit ostasiatischen Vorfahren, aus denen die ersten Bewohner Amerikas hervorgingen. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen der Genanalysen spekulierten die Forscher, dass Vorfahren der amerikanischen Ureinwohner entlang der Küste des heutigen Ostchinas sowie über die japanischen Inseln nach Norden gewandert sein könnten, bevor sie von Sibirien aus nach Amerika gelangten.

Siehe auch
 Liste von homininen Fossilien des Paläolithikums in China
 Liste paläolithischer Fundstätten in China

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Hominines Fossil aus China

Rotwildhöhlen-Menschen


Salur boyu, Oğuz Kağan Destanı'na göre Oğuzların 24 boyundan biri ve Kaşgarlı Mahmud'a göre Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk'teki yirmi iki Oğuz bölüğünden beşincisi; " صاَلغُر Salgur"lardır. Belgeleri şudur :  diye tanımladığı bir Oğuz boyudur. Bu boyların Üçoklar kolundan (sol kolundan) Oğuz Kağan'ın oğlu Dağ Han'ın soyundan geldikleri kabul edilir.

"Salur" kelimesi kılıç sallayan anlamında kullanılmıştır. 14. yüzyılda Sivas, Erzincan, Kayseri ve Tokat civarında hüküm sürmüş Kadı Burhaneddin Devleti Salur boyuna mensuptur.

Anadolu'da Salur boyuna mensup halkın yaşadığı bölgelerde Salur ismini taşıyan çok sayıda köye rastlanmaktadır. Bu soydan gelenlerden bir grup, İskilip'te Salur köyünü kuranlar. Günümüzde Salur Soyadı olarak da taşınmakta. Bugün Çağdaş Türkmenlerin kökeni Salır boyu Türkmenistan, Özbekistan, Afganistan, Irak ve İran'da ve aynı kökden olan Çin'deki Salar uyruğu Salur boyundan gelmekte olduğu tahmin edelsede Salurlar asıl Hazar etraflarda yaşamış ve oradan İran Horasan ve orta Asya ve Anadolu bölgelerine kadar dağılmış. Anadoluda birçok Bölgede ve Anadolu Selçuklu ve beraberinde Anadoluda oluşan Beylikler ağırlıklı Salur Boylarından etkilenmiştir. Bunlar başta Karaman Teke ve Candaroğulları ağırlıklı Salur kökenli Taifeler Kabileler Oymaklar tarafından Meydana gelmişlerdir. Salurlar içerisindeki Taife ve Oymaklar adında bugün  Salur Ata yurdu olan Hazar Bölgesinde Yer, Mezra, Köy ve Yerleşim yerleri isimleri hâlen yaşamakta. Salurlar içinde ciddi ölçüde Kıpçaklık da var. Hazar Bölgesi her zaman Oğuz ve Kıpçak Boy ve Taifelerin kaynaşıp bir arada yaşadığı Bölge olmuştur. Aynı şekilde Anadoluda Salurlar içinde Oğuz ve Kıpçak Taifeler beraber Hazar ve İran Bölgesinden göç ederek, kaynaşarak bir arada yaşamayı sürdürdüler.

Salur oymakları
Salur boyu kendi arasında sekiz oymaklara ayrılmaktadır:

 Karakoyunlu (Karacakoyunlu)
 Söklen
 Zaimoğlu
 Usta
 Yomut (Timuroğlu/Temiroğlu/Demiroğlu)
 Hızır
 Karamanlı
 Begbölük
 Kallaklar
 Sapalak
 Kodcek
 Anna
 Odcuk
 İncaldı
 Körler
 Garayusup
 Baylar
 Hocambazlı
 Çürüler
 Çepbeler
 Ökürcikli
 Duşaklı
 Arabaçı
 Gök
 Çürre
 Gedek
 Ödekbay
 Aladuzlı
 Şıh
 Omar
 Zommuk
 Aymaklar
 Pelleçi
 Mamaklar
 Pencivar
 Halılçulum
 Gızıl
 Bagşı
 Baylar
 Yorga
 Mollaomar
 Annagulı
 Marca
 Acgam
 Keki
 Çokallar
 Eşekler
 Baylar
 Kuşi-Boka
 Begler
 Deli
 Kerler
 Süythorlar
 Akkoyunlu (Akçakoyunlu)
 Sarı Kışla
 Ersarı (Aksarıklı)
 Ulutepe
 Güneş
 Kara
 Bekevül
 Kul oğulları (tekeoğlu, tekeloğlu, tekelioğlu)
 Burgaz
 Akseki
 Bahşı (Bahşiş)
 Karaca
 Karatekeli
 Alseki
 Aziz (Aziziye Kınalı Yörükleri)
 Daş (Taş)
 Dongüç (Tongüç)
 Ayak (Kızılayak)
 Ötemiş (Ödemiş)
 Mırış
 Tutamış
 Karaahmet
 Toktamış
 Tufaz
 Gökçe
 Saçmaz
Karatekeli

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Boylarının Tamgaları

Notlar

Kaynakça
 Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. Türk Milli Kültürü. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1977. sayfa 134

Dış bağlantılar
 Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti resmî sitesi "Salarlar"
 Salarca örnekler
 Arienne M. Dwyer: Salarca Dilbilgisel taslak
 Salar Dilbilimsel soyu
 Türkiye'de tarih boyunca Salarların yaşadığı yerler

Üçoklar
Oğuz boyları
İskilip
Akseki

Salur boyu


Giuseppe Verdi (titlul original: în ) este un film italian în culori din 1953, regizat de Raffaello Matarazzo.

Conținut

Distribuție

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Grigore Constantinescu și Daniela Caraman-Fotea, Ghid de operă, București, 1971

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

  Ecouri la Bicentenarul Giuseppe Verdi

Filme din 1953
Filme regizate de Raffaello Matarazzo
Filme italiene
Filme despre compozitori de operă
Filme muzicale

Giuseppe Verdi (film din 1953)


3. HNL Istok je natjecanje za trećeligaške hrvatske nogometne klubove. Liga se sastoji od 16 momčadi. Igra se dvokružnim sustavom, znači svaka momčad sa svakim 2 puta. Ukupno se igraju 30 kola. Prvak lige je postao "Osijek II", s kojim su se u 2. HNL plasirali i "BSK" iz Bijelog Brda i "Međimurje" iz Čakovca.

Momčadi

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

Rezultati

Najbolji strijelci

Unutrašnje poveznice
 3. HNL – Istok
 3. HNL 2017./18.
 3. HNL – Jug 2017./18.
 3. HNL – Zapad 2017./18.
 2. HNL 2017./18.

Vanjske poveznice
 hns-cff.hr, 3. HNL Istok
 nsosijek.hr – NS Osijek

Izvori

 hns-cff.hr, 3. HNL Istok
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2017./18., 3. HNL
 nsosijek.hr, III. HNL – Istok , Seniori, 2017./2018., objavljeno 6. lipnja 2018., preuzeto 5. kolovoza 2018.
 zns-bpz.hr, Tablica – 3. HNL-Istok – 2017/2018 , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.
 zns-bpz.hr, 3. HNL-Istok – 2017/2018 – rezultati lige , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.
 sportnet.hr, 3. HNL Istok 2017./18. – rezultati , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.
 sportnet.hr, 3. HNL Istok 2017./18. – ljestvice , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.
 scoresway.com, 3. HNL istok 2017./18., pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.
 nk-osijek.hr, Treća liga Istok 2018/18 , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2018.

2017-18
3 Istok

3. HNL – Istok 2017./18.


John Anthony Frusciante (d. 5 Mart 1970, Queens, New York), Amerikalı gitarist, sanatçı. Üyesi olduğu Red Hot Chili Peppers grubunun gitaristi olarak tanınır.

Müzikle tanışması
1978'de anne ve babasının boşanması nedeniyle annesi ile birlikte Florida'ya, ertesi sene de Santa Monica'ya taşındı. Kaliforniya eyaletine geçtikten sonra rock müzikle tanıştı. İlk dinlediği gruplar Kiss, Aerosmith ve Germs 11 yaşında onu gitar dersi alma isteğine kadar itti. Gitar dersi aldıktan sonra müziğin teknik yönüyle daha çok ilgilenmeye başladı ve daha 14 yaşındayken Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck gibi gitaristlere odaklanmaya başladı. 17 yaşında annesinden ve üvey babasından ayrılarak kendi evinde yaşamaya ve de günün 15 saati gitar çalışmaya başladı. Bu arada müzikal vizyonu giderek genişledi ve  Red Hot Chili Peppers başta olmak üzere Led Zeppelin, Lou Reed, David Bowie, Frank Zappa  gibi grup ve müzisyenler  Frusciante için vazgeçilmez hale geldi. John Frusciante'nin bugüne kadar şarkılarını çaldığı ve söylediği müzisyen veya gruplar: Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, Roy Orbison, Beatles, Black Sabbath, David Bowie, Depeche Mode, Elton John, Ramones, Bee Gees, Jimi Hendrix, Cat Stevens, Nirvana, Joy Division, Syd Barrett, Radiohead, Frank Zappa, Thelonius Monster idi.

Red Hot Chili Peppers'a giriş
Aynı yıl Red Hot Chili Peppers'ın o dönemki bateristi D.H. Peligro ile tanıştı. Peligro, Frusciante'nin gitardaki yeteneğinin ve gruba olan sevgisinin farkına varınca  Frusciante'yi grubun basçısı Flea (Michael Balzary) ile tanıştırmaya karar verdi. Aynı dönemde grubun gitaristi ve kurucularından, Flea'nin ve grubun vokalisti Anthony Kiedis'in liseden arkadaşı olan Hillel Slovak madde bağımlısı olmuş ve grupla olan çalışmalarına ara vermişti. Flea, Slovak'in yokluğuna Frusciante ile birlikte müzik yaptı ve Pretty Little Ditty adında bir şarkı kaydetti. Bu kayıttan birkaç ay sonra Slovak tüm tedavileri reddetmiş olduğundan uyuşturucudan öldü ve grup, gitaristini ve müzikal yeteneği en yüksek olan üyesini kaybetmiş oldu. Hillel Slovak, Kiedis'e verdiği solfej dersleriyle nasıl şarkı söyleneceğini Flea'ye nasıl bas gitar çalınacağını öğretmiş olmakla beraber, Frusciante'nin son zamanlarında en sevdiği gitaristi olmuştur. Öyle ki Frusciante Slovak'ın sahnede gitarı ile yaptığı görsel hareketleri bile taklit etmeye başlamıştır.

Slovak'ın ölümüyle Flea, Frusciante'de gördüğü ışığı değerlendirip kendisini gruba davet etmiştir. Bu arada Frusciante genç yaşta Flea ve Peligro ile olduğu gibi diğer müzisyenlerle de tanışmaya devam etti. Bob Forrest'in önderliğindeki Thelonious Monster adlı grup aynı dönemde Frusciante'nin kendi gruplarında gitar çalmasını istedi. Ancak Frusciante hiç düşünmeden Forrest'in değil Flea'nin çağırısını kabul etti. 18 yaşında gruba dahil olan Frusciante grubun diğer üyelerinden oldukça küçük olmasına rağmen müzikal açıdan hiçbir şekilde zorlanmadı ve 1989 yılında ortaya gruba katılmadan önce Flea ile Frusciante'nin yaptığı Pretty Little Ditty adlı şarkı da eklenerek Mother's Milk adlı bir albüm çıktı. Bu albümle birlikte albümün tanıtımı amacıyla turnelere çıkmaya başlayan grup ünlü Prodüktör Rick Rubin tarafından keşfedildi ve bu kez Warner Bros. şirketi altında çalışmalarına devam etti.

Grubun başarısı ve uyuşturucu problemi
1991 yılında Blood Sugar Sex Magik adlı yeni bir albümle tekrar piyasa çıkan grup, bu sefer tarihinin en yüksek başarısını yakaladı. Give It Away ve Under the Bridge adlı şarkılarına çektikleri videolarla dönemin en ünlü gruplarının önüne geçti. John Frusciante 21 yaşında yakaladığı bu başarıyla tüm eleştirmenlerin dikkatini çekmeye başladı. Albümden söz edilirken Frusciante'nin diğer grup üyeleriyle olan yaş farkından ve yeteneğinden de bahsedilmekteydi. Bu Frusciante'yi oldukça rahatsız etmeye başlamıştı. Mother's Milk ile Blood Sugar Sex Magik albümleri arasındaki üç sene diğer müzisyenlerle de çalışmış Kristen Virgard'ın albümünde de gitar çalmıştı. Son albümlerinde artık Slovak'ın etkisinden kurtulup kendi tarzını ortaya koymak istiyordu ve bunu başarmıştı. Blood Sugar Sex Magik, grubun funk rock müzik anlayışının yanında ilk defa melankolik melodilerin ve minör bütünlüğünün ortaya çıkışı idi. I Could Have Lied, Breaking the Girl, Under the Bridge gibi şarkılar  grubun "sahneye çıplak çıkan Kaliforniyalı sokak müzisyenleri" tanımına duygusallığı da eklemiş olması, aslında Frusciante'nin müzikalite özünün gruba eklenmesiyle  ortaya çıkmıştır. Son albüm, özellikle Under the Bridge adlı şarkının bir anda inanılmaz bir şekilde ünlenmesiyle grubu bütün dünyaya tanıtmıştır. Frusciante'yi üzen şey ise tam olarak bu ün meselesidir. Hillel Slovak'ın grubu kurarken istediği şeyin ün değil yaptıkları müziği gerçekten anlayabilecek insanlarla paylaşmak olması ve grubun evrenselleşmeye başlaması Frusciante'yi oldukça rahatsız ediyordu. Bu dönemde uyuşturucu kullanmaya başladı. Grup üyerlerinin maddi açıdan kazandıklarını daha çok önemsemeleri Frusciante'yi agresifleştirmeye başladı. En sonunda 1992'deki Japonya turnesi sırasında, Kiedis ile hiçbir şekilde konuşmayan Frusciante'nin sahnede Flea yoluyla Kiedis'le iletişime girmeye başlaması ve tercih etmediği şarkıları çalmak zorunda kalması ile birlikte gruptan ayrıldığını medyaya belirtti.

Solo çalışmaları
Frusciante bu sırada kendini binlerce seyircinin önünde çalmaktan soyutladığı gruptan ayrılmasına rağmen hiçbir kırgınlığı olmayan Flea ile bir daha aynı sahneyi paylaşamayacak olması ve grubun gitarist Dave Navarro ile anlaşması sonucunda çelişkilerle dolu bir yaşam tarzı edindi, uyuşturucunun ve bir anda kaybolan şöhretin yalnızlığında bir dönem müziğe ara verdi. Bu dönemde resim çizmeye ve kısa hikâyeler yazmaya başladı. Resimlerini ekspresyonist ressamlarla paralel, tanımı ikinci planda bırakan, izlenim temalı, özün açılımı sırasında karşılaştığı çarpıklaşmalar üzerine yaptı. Kısa hikâyelerini sadece kendi web sitesinde yayınladı. Bu arada sadece akustik gitarı ile besteler yapmaya ve şarkı sözleri yazmaya başladı. Görüşmeye devam ettiği arkadaşları Flea, Johnny Depp ve River Phoenix yaptığı kayıtları bir albümde toplamaya karar verdi ve o dönemde ve halen Red Hot Chili Peppers'ın prodüktörlüğünü yapan Rick Rubin sayesinde 1994'te Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-shirt adlı albüm ortaya çıktı. Albümde bazı stüdyo manüplasyonları dışında tamamen Frusciante tarafından ortaya çıktı. Albüm çoğunlukla deneysel müziğin ve melankoliğin daha çok madde bağımlısı olan Frusciante'nin müzikal deneyimlerinin aksine ruhsal tematikliğini işleyen bir bütünlük içerisindeydi. Aynı dönemde Red Hot Chili Peppers yeni gitaristleri Dave Navarro ile birlikte One Hot Minute adında bir albüm çıkardı. Bu sırada kendini yakın çevresinden bile soyutlamaya başlayan Frusciante kız arkadaşından ayrıldı ve hayatını yalnız geçirmeye başladı. Uzun bir süre yalnız yaşadıktan sonra maddi sıkıntı çekmeye başladı ve uyuşturucu satın alacak para bile bulamamaya başladı. Bu sırada Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-shirt albümünde olduğu gibi bir albüm daha yaparsa ve konserler verirse para kazanabileceğini düşündü ve daha önceden kaydettiği şarkıları birleştirip Smile from the Streets you Hold adlı bir albüm çıkardı. Ancak Frusciante teknik açıdan müzikalitesini yitirmişti, ve Red Hot Chili Peppers'da icra ettiği müzikten çok uzak bir tarzda seyircisinin karşısına çıkmaya başladı. Konserler sırasında hayal kırıklığı yaratan performansı ile 18 yaşında büyük başarılara imza atmaya başlamış, 21 yaşında dünyaca ünlü bir gitarist olan Frusciante hayatında ilk defa başarısızlıkla yüzleşmişti. Böylece kendini soyutladığı dünyaya kendini biraz daha soyutlayabilmek için tekrar açılmak isteği suya düştü ve yakın bir dönemde hastaneye kaldırıldı.

Yeniden Red Hot Chili Peppers
Bu arada Red Hot Chili Peppers yeni albümde bir türlü istedikleri başarıyı yakalayamadılar. Grup eski albümleri Blood Sugar Sex Magik adı altında adeta ezilmeye başladı. Bu durumun sonunda yeni gitarist Dave Navarro ile anlaşmazlıklar olmaya başladı. En sonunda Dave Navarro gruptan ayrıldı. Aynı zamanlarda Flea, Frusciante'yi ziyaret etmeye başladı. Bir ziyaretinde Kiedis'le birlikte gittiler ve bu Frusciante için bir sürprizdi. Normal bir insanın vücundaki kanın dörtte biri ile yaşam mücadelesi veren Frusciante birden Red Hot Chili Peppers üyelerinin maddi ve manevi yardımlarıyla karşılaştı ve mucizevi bir şekilde hayata döndü. Ancak Frusciante gitardaki tüm yeteneğini kaybetmişti. Bir dönem teknik yeteneklerine tekrar kavuşmaya çalışan Frusciante bu sefer yalnız kaldığı dönemde etkilendiği The Clash, Depeche Mode, Joy Division, The Cure, Fugazi gibi grupların matematiksel müziğe olan derinliği yönünde oldukça etkilenmişti. Böylece Frusciante'nin günümüze kadar uzanmış olan kendi tarzı tamamen ortaya çıktı ve müziğin sadeliğinde güzelliğe kavuşmanın çabasıyla  Red Hot Chili Peppers ile yaptığı üçüncü albüm Californication ile grubu büyük bir başarıya taşıdı. Otherside, Scar Tissue, Porcelain gibi şarkılarda görüldüğü gibi sade ama zengin rifflerle grubun müzik anlayaşını Blood Sugar Sex Magik'te olduğu gibi oldukça değiştirdi. Albüm bir yıl içerisinde tam 12 milyon adet satıldı ve bu Red Hot Chili Pepper'sın bugüne kadar yakaladığı en büyük başarıydı. Bu arada, bu albümle birlikte Frusciante ilk defa gruba arka vokaliyle eşlik etmeye başladı. Grubun bu başarısı üzerine Frusciante Slovak'ın müzik perspektifini kaybetmedi ve kendi müziğini solo albümleriyle icra etme kararı aldı. Böylece kendi müziğini gerçek hayranlarıyla maddi kaygı olmadan paylaşabilecekti.

Californication albümünden iki sene sonra To Record Only Water for Ten Days adlı albümle solo kariyerine bıraktığı yerden devam etmeye başladı. Bu albüm ilk iki albüme göre daha aydınlık ve daha teorik bir deneysellik içeren bir albümdü. Özellikle Going Inside ve Moments Have You adlı parçalar, son Chili Peppers albümüne çok paraleldi. Ancak Ramparts ve Saturation gibi parçalar da Frusciante'nin eski tarzının tamamen yok olmadığının göstergesi idi. Bu albümden bir yıl sonra 2002'de Red Hot Chili Peppers ile birlikte By the Way adlı albümü çıkaran Frusciante yine büyük bir başarıya imza attı. Grup son on yıldır Blood Sugar Sex Magik ile yakaladıkları başarıları daha olgun bir müzik anlayışıyla devam ettirdi. Dosed, Warm Tape ve Minor Thing gibi şarkılar grubun daha önce icra etmediği kadar değişik ve derin şarkılardı. Bu albümün ardından Frusciante bu sefer yanına grubun davulcusu Chad Smith'i ve arkadaşı olan Bicycle Thief grubunun üyesi olan Josh Klinghoffer'i alarak The Mars Volta grubunun gitaristi Omar Rodriguez'in ve Flea'nin yardımlarıyla 2004'te Shadows Collide With People adlı albümü yayınlandı. Frusciante ilk defa birden çok müzisyenle birlikte çalışıp kendi adına bir albüm yaptı ve bu albümün popüleritesi  diğer albümlere oranla oldukça yüksekti. Bu albüm oldukça geniş bir kitleye hitap ediyordu. Omission ve The Slaughter gibi klişe bir akor örgüsü üzerine kurmuş olduğu vokal ve klavye ağırlıklı parçalarının yanında Negative 00 Ghost 27, Failure 33 Object gibi şarkılarında deneysellik ağırlıktaydı.

Son dönemler
Frusciante bu albümün ardından aynı sene içerisinde The Will to Death, The DC EP, Inside of Emptiness, A sphere in the heart of silience adlarında dört albüm yayınladı. Ayrıca yine aynı yıl Fugazi grubunun basçısı Joe Lally ve Klinghoffer'la birlikte Ataxia adında bir grup kurdu ve dört parçadan oluşan ilk albümü Automatic Writing'i yayınladı. Yani Frusciante 2004 senesi içerisinde tam 5 albüm yayınladı ve bir albümün içerisinde gitarist ve vokalist olarak yer aldı. 2005 yılında Curtains adlı albümü çıkardığı son albümdür. Bu albümün ardından Red Hot Chili Peppers'ın 2006 yılında çıkardığı Stadium Arcadium adlı albüm adına hazırlıklara başladı ve solo albüm projelerine ara veren
John Frusciante, Chad Smith ve Deep Purple'ın eski basçısı Glenn Hughes'la birlikte kaydettikleri Night in White Satin parçasına yenilerini eklemek üzere Hughes'la çalışmalara devam ediyor. Bu seneki Red Hot Chili Peppers konserlerine alt grup olan çıkan The Mars Volta yeni albümünde John Frusciante'nin grubun gitaristi Omar Rodriguez kadar yer alıcağını açıkladı.
Ayrıca 1993'te Johnny Depp'in yönettiği Stuff adlı filmin ve 2003'te Vincent Gallo'nun yönetip prodüktörlüğünü yaptığı The Brown Bunny adlı filmerin müziklerini yaptı.

Frusciante, 2009'da Red Hot Chili Peppers'tan ayrıldığını resmi internet sayfasından açıkladı. Red Hot Chili Peppers ile yaptığı her şeyle gurur duyduğunu ama ilgi alanlarını takip etmek zorunda olduğunu söyleyen Frusciante, artık Peppers ile yola devam etmeyeceğini belirtti.
14 Nisan 2012'de, Red Hot Chili Peppers ile Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'e kabul edilmiştir.
Aralık 2019 yılında, Josh Klinghoffer' ın gruptan ayrılması üzerine geri döneceği duyurulmuştur.

Diskografi

Dış bağlantılar

1970 doğumlular
Astoria, Queens doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek rock şarkıcıları
Amerikalı rock gitaristleri
Amerikalı söz yazarları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
İtalyan asıllı Amerikalılar
Solo gitaristler
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler

John Frusciante


Pokrajina Bosna i Hercegovina bila je privremena pokrajina Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, koja je postojala od jugoslavenskog ujedinjenja 1918. do 1923. godine. Njezino ukidanje, uvođenje i podjela na područja Kraljevine SHS kao upravna područja u Kraljevini bilo je predviđeno Vidovdanskim ustavom 1921. godine.

Povijest
Područje pokrajine je od 1878. do 1908. godine bilo pod austrougarskom vojnom upravom i imao je status kondominija koji je službeno bio pod suverenitetom sultana, Osmanskog Carstva. Nakon aneksije ovih krajeva 1908. godine područje je dobilo status austrougarske kolonije. Početkom studenog 1918. vlast u Bosni i Hercegovini preuzima Glavni odbor Narodnog vijeća za BiH i Narodna vlada BiH. Pokrajina Bosna i Hercegovina imala je 18 zastupnika u skupštini Narodnog vijeća Države Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba u Zagrebu. Nakon ujedinjenja Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, umjesto Narodne vlade formirana je Zemaljska vlada, koja je imala manji broj odjela. Kasnije je umjesto Zemaljske vlade uspostavljena Zemaljska uprava za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, čije je ukidanje izvršeno u veljači 1923. godine.

Pokrajinom Bosnom i Hercegovinom, nakon što se pridružila Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, upravljalo je Narodno vijeće Bosne i Hercegovine, koje je naslijedilo Narodno vijeće Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba za Bosnu i Hercegovinu u sastavu Narodnog vijeća Bosne i Hercegovine. Narodno vijeće Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba, osnovano 5. i 6. listopada 1918. u novoosnovanoj Državi SHS. Od 80 članova Vijeća, 18 ih je bilo iz Bosne i Hercegovine, a dodatnih pet imenovano je iz raspuštenog Parlamenta BiH. Narodno vijeće SHS za Bosnu i Hercegovinu s Glavnim odborom od 25 članova i Predsjedništvom od pet članova formirano je 20. listopada 1918. sa zastupnicima sva tri naroda. Do 1. studenoga 1918. godine osnovana su vojska i policija te kotarski, kotarski i seoski odbori, a istog dana Austro-Ugarska monarhija predala je vlast ovom vijeću ostavkom austrougarskog namjesnika Stjepana Sarkotića iz ureda. Prva narodna vlada za Bosnu i Hercegovinu nastala je 3. studenog 1918. godine. Imala je 10 članova, u kojoj su predsjednik i pet ministara bili Srbi, tri Hrvata i jedan Musliman. Narodno vijeće je ubrzo preraslo u Zemaljsku vladu Bosne i Hercegovine, a 1. veljače 1919. za predsjednika je potvrđen Atanasije Šola, dotadašnji predsjednik Narodnog vijeća Bosne i Hercegovine.

Ujedinjenjem i stvaranjem Središnje vlade u Beogradu počele su pripreme za održavanje izbora za prvu Ustavotvornu skupštinu Kraljevine SHS, koja nije sazvana odmah nakon proglašenja ujedinjenja zbog nepostojanja izbornog zakona. Središnja vlada odredila je 24. veljače 1919. da Privremena skupština ima 296 zastupnika, a u njoj moraju biti zastupljene sve stranke i političke grupe, razmjerno njihovom broju, u svakoj pokrajini posebno. Vijeće naroda za Bosnu i Hercegovinu izabralo je 42 člana iz reda stranaka zastupljenih u ovom vijeću. Krajem rujna 1920. Narodno vijeće prestaje s radom i sva vlast u Bosni i Hercegovini prelazi na Središnju vladu u Beogradu. Privremena skupština zakazala je izbore za 28. studenog 1920. godine. Za 63 zastupnička mandata, koliko je određeno za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, mandate su osvojili: Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija (24), Savez težaka (12), Narodna radikalna stranka (11), Hrvatska težačka stranka (7), Komunistička partija Jugoslavije (4), Hrvatska pučka seljačka stranka (3) i Demokratska stranka (2).

U prvoj Vladi predsjednika Vlade Kraljevine SHS Stojana Protića, izabranoj 20. prosinca 1918. godine, iz Bosne i Hercegovine bili su Mehmed Spaho i Tihomir Alaupović.

Teritorijalna podjela
Pokrajina Bosna i Hercegovina bila je podijeljena na šest okruga:

 Banjalučki okrug,
 Bihaćki okrug,
 Okrug Mostar,
 Okrug Sarajevo,
 Travnički okrug i
 Okrug Tuzla.

Okruzi su dalje bili podijeljeni na nekoliko i podružnica.

Demografija
Prema popisu stanovništva Kraljevine SHS 1921. godine u pokrajini je živjelo 1 890 440 stanovnika, što je predstavljalo 15,7 % ukupnog stanovništva Kraljevine SHS.

 Maternji jezik

 Vjeroispovjest

Poveznice
 Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine

Izvori

Bosna i Hercegovina (1918. – 1923.)


جي دي بي سي اختصار  أي جافا للاتصال بقاعدة البيانات. وهي عبارة عن مكتبة برامج توفر للمبرمج إمكانية التواصل بين «جافا جاوة» وبين مختلف قواعد البيانات مثل " ماي إس كيو إل MySQL"، "أوراكل Oracle DB "، «آي بي إم دي بي 2 IBM DB2» وغيرها. يمكن مقارنة وتشبيه عمل وظيفة JDBC جي دي بي سي مع اتصال قاعدة البيانات المفتوحة لدى ميكروسوفت وDBI لدى شركة بيرل بيرل.

إحدى وظائف JDBC جي دي بي سي هي تكوين وإدارة قواعد البيانات بواسطة استخدام لغة إس كيو إل SQL. بعد تكوين أو إجراء التغيير على المعلومات والبيانات يمكن عرضها في صورة ملائمة لجافا من أجل استخدامها لاحقا في البرامج. كما هو في الصورة التوضيحية يقوم المستخدم في التواصل غير المباشر مع المعلومات المخزونة وذلك يتم بواسطة JDBC جي دي بي سي.

JDBC جي دي بي سي تقوم بدورها بالاتصال عبر بروتكول الاتصال مثل حزمة بروتوكولات الإنترنت.

مراجع

برمجيات حرة
مكتبات جافا
منصة جافا

جي دي بي سي


යුද්ධය යනු මහා පරිමාණයෙන් ඇතිවන දරුණු ගැටුම් වේ. යුද්ධය; ඉතිහාසය පුරා අතිවූ ගෝත්‍රික ගැටුම් වල සිට නගර, රාජ්‍යයන් හා අධිරාජ්‍යයන් අතර ඇතිවූ සටන් වලට වර්ධනය වී ඇත. 'යුද්ධය' යන වචනය වර්තමානයේ ඕනෑම අරගලයකට භාවිතා වේ. උදාහරණ වශයෙන් ඖෂධ වල යුද්ධය (war on drugs) හා භීෂණයේ යුද්ධය (war on terror) දක්විය හැක. අතීතයේ යුධ සටන් කරන එකම සත්වයා මිනිසා යැයි සිතුවද, සත්ව ජීවීන් සියුම් ලෙස නිරීක්ෂණයෙන් කුහුඹුන්ගේ ජනාවාස අතර යුද්ධයන්ද, චිම්පන්සි ගෝත්‍ර අතරද, යුද්ධය දැකගත හැකි වී ඇත.
සටන්කරුවන් සමූහය සහ ඔවුන්ගේ අධාරකරුවන් පොළොවේදී බිම් හමුදාව ලෙසත්, සයුරේදී නාවික හමුදාව ලෙසත්, ගුවනේදී ගුවන් හමුදාව ලෙසත් නම් කෙරේ. යුද්ධය සමකාලීන ලෙස රඟභූමීන් කිහිපයක් අනුගමනය කළ හැක. එක් රඟභූමියක් හි අනුගාමී යුධ ව්‍යාපාර කිහිපයක් තිබිය හැක. යුධ ව්‍යාපාරයක සටන් පමණක් නොව, තොරතුරු, භට කණ්ඩායම් සංචලනය, සැපයුම්, ප්‍රචාරක කටයුතු හා වෙනත් දේ අදාල වේ. දිඝු කාලීන සංඝට්ටන සාම්ප්‍රදයික ලෙස සටනක් ලෙස නම් කළද, එම නාමකරණය යුධ භටයින්ගෙන් තොර අහස් යානා, බෝම්බ හා මිසයිල ප්‍රහාර ආදී සංඝට්ටන වලට භාවිතා නොවේ. සිවිල් යුද්ධය යනු බලහත්කාරකමින් අභ්‍යන්තර වෙනස්කම් විසදීමයි.

ඉලිනොයිස් ප්‍රාන්ත විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ මහාචාර්‍යය වරයෙකු වන ලෝරන්ස් එච්. කීලී "War Before Civilization" නම් කෘතියේ ගණනය කර දක්වා ඇත්තේ 90-95% ක් පමණ දන්නා සමාජයන් කාලීන සංඝට්ටන වලද, විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් නිරන්තර සටන් වලද නිරත වූ බවයි.

ඉතිහාසය
යුද්ධ‍යන් මූලාරම්භයන් පිළිබඳව විවිධ එකඟවීම් දැකිය හැක. සමහරු විශ්වාස කරන පරිදි අප සමඟ සැමවිටකම යුද්ධය බද්ධව තිබුණි. අනෙක් අය අවධාරණය කරන පරිදි ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයන්හි යුධ තත්ත්ව පිළිබඳව ඇති සාධක හිඟ බවයි. තවද තවමත් බොහෝ සාමකාමී, යුධකාමී සමාජ පද්ධතීන් සිටිනු දැකිය හැකි වීම තවත් සාධකයකි.

ආරම්භයේ දී යුද්ධය කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයක වටලෑමක් සේ පිළිබිඹු විය. වසර 5000කට පෙර ජනපද ආරම්භයේ සිටම ගෝලීයව විවිධ මට්ටමින් යුධ කටයුතු ඇති විය. වෙඩි බෙහෙත් සොයා ගැනීම සහ තාක්ෂණික දියුණුව යුධ කටයුතු නූතනයට ගැලපෙන සේ ඉදිරියට ගෙන ඒමට සමත් විය.

2005 මානව ආරක්ෂණ වාර්තාවේ සටහන් වන්නේ 1990 ගණන්වල සීතල යුධ සමයේ අවසානයේ සිට යුධ ගැටුම්හි ක්‍රමානුකූල පසුබෑමක් ඇති බවය. කෙසේ වෙතත් 2008 දී පළමු යුද්ධය හා සාමය නම් අධ්‍යයනයේ දී පිරික්සුමට බඳුන් සාධකවලට අනුව එම පසුබෑම මේ වන විට අවම වී ඇති බවට සඳහන් වේ.

යුද්ධයකට හේතුවන සාධක
නියම යුද්ධයක් ඇරඹෙන්නේ නිල වශයෙන් යුද්ධයක් නැවැත්වීමෙන් පසුවය. එහෙත් නොනැවතුණු යුද්ධ පමණක් දැකිය හැකිය. යුද්ධ විස්තර කිරීම සාමාන්‍ය මූලධර්මයක් වුවද යුද්ධය පමණක් නොව සාමය පිළිබඳව ද විස්තර කර ඇත. එසේ විස්තර කළ යුත්තේ සාමකාමී අවස්ථා ද යුධ ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන්ව තිබෙන නිසාවෙනි. II වන ලෝක යුධ සමය ඊට කදිම නිදසුනයි.

යුද්ධයක් පටිපාටි ගත කිරීමකට වඩා යුද්ධයක් භාරගැනීමෙන් යුද්ධයකට කරන පෙළඹවීම අතිමහත්ය. යුද්ධයක නිරතවීමට රටක නායකත්වයෙන් , හමුදා බලකායන්ගෙන් සහ රටවැසියන්ගෙන් මනා සහයෝගයක් තිබීම අනිවාර්යය වේ. නිදසුනක් ලෙස රෝමයේ සිදු වූ III වන Punic යුධ ගැටුමේදී සොල්දාදුවන් තම සතුරා නැවත නැගී සිටීම වළක්වාලන අරමුණ පෙරදැරි කොට ගෙන දැඩි අභිප්‍රේරණයකින් සටන් වැදුණහ. සටන් තම දිවිය හා සම්බන්ධ කරගෙන යුධ වදින සියල්ලන්ම ජයග්‍රහණයකට මග පාදා ගනී. "ඩාරියන්ඩෝර්මර්" ගේ "Why Nations Go to War" [රටක් යුද්ධයකට පෙළඹෙන්නේ ඇයි?] නම් කෘතියට අනුව යුධ වදින පාර්ශව දෙකම යුද්ධය වෙනුවෙන් විශාල කැපවීමක් කළ යුතු වේ. තවද, යුධ කටයුතුවලින් පසුව ලැබෙන ප්‍රතිලාභ [තුවාල කරුවන්, වියදම්] ආදිය පිළිබඳව සර්ව ශුභවාදී ලෙස නිරීක්ෂණය කළ යුතු බවත්, සතුරු චේතනාවන් පිළිබඳව ද අවබෝධයෙන් සිටිය යුතු බවත් කර්තෘවරයා වැඩිදුරටත් පවසයි.

යුද්ධයේ මානසික නියමයන්
මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයන් වන ඊ.එෆ්.එම්. ඩර්බන් සහ ජෝන් බොව්ල්බි මිනිසුන් උපතින්ම රෞද්‍ර බවට තර්ක ඉදිරිපත් කළේය.මේ රෞද්‍ර බව සාමාන්‍ය සමාජය යටපත් කළහ.මේ හේතුන් නිසා යුද්ධයකදී ඇතිවන ප්‍රතිඵල යන්ට සමාජයට මුහුණ දීමට සිදු විය. යුද්ධය නිසා මිනිසුන් තුළ පවතින දුක් ගැනවිලි ,එක් එක් ජනවර්ග අතර,ජාතීන් අතර සහ එක් එක් ධර්මයන් අතර පවතින වෛරය සහ අගතිගාමි අදහස් වලට පෙරලිණි.මේ නියමයන් යුද්ධය ඇතිවන්නේ ඇයි යන ප්‍රශ්නයට පිළිතුරු සෙවීමට ඉවහල්විය. මේ නියමයන් යුද්ධ රහිත මිනිසුන්ගෙන් සැදී සංස්කෘතියක් ඇති බව ප්‍රකාශ නොකරන ලදී. මිනිසුන්ගේ මනෝභාවය නොවෙනස්ව පවතින නිසා සහ එක් එක් අය තුළ පවත්නා වෙනස්කම් නිශ්චිත නොවන නිසාත් මෙලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී. මෙම ප්‍රශ්නයට අදාළව පිළිතුරක් ෆ්‍රාන්ස් ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටිනවා.එය නම් යුද්ධ නොමැති කාලයක් නොමැති බවයි.සාමය ඇති කාලයක් ද නොමැති බවයි. සාමයක් ඇතැයි සිතෙන කාලය තුළ සිදුවන්නේ තවත් විශාල යුද්ධයකට සූදානම් වීමයි. එසේත් නැතිනම් මෙම කාලය ඇතීවී තිබෙන්නේ යුද්ධය විශාල බලයක් මඟින් නවතා තැබීමෙනි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස පැක්ස් බ්‍රිටැනිකා දැක්විය හැකිය.

මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක නියමයන්ට අනුව යුද්ධය යනු මිනිස් ස්වභාවය තුළ සහජයෙන්ම හටගන්නා වූ දෙයකි.මේ නිසා මෙය මඟ හැර යාමට අපහසුය. මනෝ විශ්ලේෂකයින්ගේ මතයට අනුව මිනිසුන් තුළ යුද්ධ මානසික තත්වයක් තිබුණත් එය සැබෑ යුද්ධයක් බවට පත් වන්නේ මානසික වශයෙන් අසමතුලිත පුද්ගලයෙක් ජාතියක් පාලනයට යොමු වු විටය.මෙයින් කියවෙන්නේ නැපෝලියන්,හිට්ලර් සහ ස්ටාර්ලින් වැනි අය අසාමාන්‍ය මානසික තත්ත්වයක් තිබූ අය බවය.නමුත් මෙම නියමය මඟින් සාමන්‍ය නිදහස් සහ හොඳ සිහිය ඇති මිනිසුන්,ඉතාම දරුණු ලෙස යුධ වැදුණු අවස්ථා පැහැදිළි නොකරයි.

යුද්ධයට අදාළ මනෝ විද්‍යාව සම්බන්ධව වෙනස් මතයන් කිහිපයක් පවතී. මෙම නියමයන් පරිණාම වාදී නියමයන් ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකිය.මෙයින් කියවෙන්නේ සතුන් තුළ පවත්නා සමහර අංග මිනිසුන් යුද්ධ මානසිකත්වය දක්වා පරිණාමය කරන බවයි යන්නයි. සතුන් අතර පවතින භූමිත්වය සහ තරඟකාරී බව යුද්ධයක් දක්වා පරිණාමය වී ඇති බව මෙයින් කියවේ. කෙසේ නමුත් යුද්ධය සඳහා ස්වභාවික හේතූන් බලපෑවත්,තාක්ෂණික දියුණුව නිසා ඉතා විනාශකාරී ලෙස ජීවීන් විනාශ වීම සිදුවේ. මිනිසුන් සහ චිම්පන්සීන් අතර සම්බන්ධතාවයක් තිබුණත් මිනිසුන්ට චිම්පන්සීන්ට වඩා බලගතු හැගීම් ඇත. ඉහත නියමයන් විවේචනය කළ අය අතර ජොන් කෙනඩි සිටි අතර ඔහුගේ මතය වුයේ මිනිසුන් අතර ඇතිවන යුද්ධ ,සතුන් අතර භූමිය සම්බන්ධව ඇතිවන සටන් වලට වඩා වෙනස් බවය.යුද්ධය ගැන අදහස් පළකල ඇෂ්ලි මොන්සාටෙගු පවසා ඇත්තේ ඔහු ආශයික මතභේදයන් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන බවයි. සාමාජීය සාධක සහ ළමා අවධිය සමාජමය කිරීම යුද්ධය ඇතිවීම පිළිබඳව බලපාන වැදගත් සාධකය වේ. මිනිස් චණ්ඩභාවය විශ්වීයව ඇතිවන්නක් නිසා යුද්ධ යන්න ඉතිහාසයට පමණක් සීමා නොවේ.මෙය එක් එක් මිනිස් සමාජයන් අතර එක් වී තිබෙන්නකි.

ඉතාලියානු මනෝ විශ්ලේෂක ෆ්‍රැන්ස්කෝ ෆොමාරි හා මෙලනි ක්ලීන්ගේ අනුගාමිකයෙක්, පවසා ඇත්තේ යුද්ධය යනු මානසික විකෘති භාවයන් හෝ ප්‍රක්ෂේ පිව විස්තාරණය වු ශෝකාන්තයක් බවයි.අපගේ ජාතිය හා රට අචේතනිකව අපගේ හැගීම් සඳහා මාතෘත්වයක් ලබා දෙයි. මෙයින් හැඟෙන දේ ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් වන යෙදුම වන්නේ මව් රට යන්නයි. ෆොමාරි තවදුරටත් පවසා ඇති ආකාරයට යුද්ධ සහ ගැටුම් හට ගන්නේ ආදරයේ අවශ්‍යතාවය නිසාය. තවදුරටත් සඳහන් කර ඇති පරිදි අපගේ සිත් තුළ පවතින හා අප බැදී පවතින උතුම් වස්තුව රැකගැනීම සහ ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීම සඳහායි.එනම් අපගේ මුල් මව සහ එයට අප තුළ ඇති බැඳිමයි.වැඩිහිටියන් සඳහාය. ජාතීන් සදහාය යනු යුද්ධය බිහිකරන උතුම් වස්තූන් වේ.ෆොමාරි පවසා ඇති පරිදි දිවිපිදීම යනු තම දේශය උදෙසා මියයෑමට ඇති කැමැත්තයි.ඔවුන්ගේ සිරුරු ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතීයට ලබාදීමයි.ෆොමාරි යුද්ධය පිළෛබඳව අදහස් දක්වා ඇත්තේ එය මරණයකින් පසු මිනිසුන්ගේ තත්ත්වය විශිෂ්ට ලෙස තහවුරු කරන සාධකයක් යනුවෙනි බවයි. අපිට විශ්වාසයි අපි මියයන හේතුව සත්‍යයි කියා, ඒ මන්ද යත් මරණය ආදේශන ක්‍රියාවලියක් වන නිසාය.

යුද්ධයට ඇති සදාචාරය
"යුද්ධයක සාදචාරය" යන්න විශාල ආන්දෝලනයක් ඇතිකළ කරුණකි. අතීතයේ බොහෝ ජාතින් යුධ වැදීම් උතුම් ලෙස සැලකුවේය. කාලයක් සමග එහි ඇති සදාචාර සම්පන්න බව සලකන්නට වු අතර වර්තමානයේ යුද්ධය සදාචාරාත්මක වශයෙන් ගැටලුවක් ලෙස සලකයි. එනමුත් බාහෝමයක් යුධ වැදිම හෝ අඩු වශයෙන් යුද්ධයට සුදානම්ම වීම රටේ ආරක්ෂාවට අවශ්‍ය ලෙස සලකයි. පැසිස්ට් වාදින් යුද්ධයට පිටු දකින අතර කිසිම යුද්ධයක් නොපැවතිය යුතු බව කියයි.

යුද්ධය හා සම්බන්ධ සෘණාත්මක අදහස් පුළුල් වශයෙන් වාර්තාමානයේද සාකච්ඡා නොවේ. Heinrch Von Treitschke ට අනුව යුධ වැදීම යනු මනුෂ්‍යත්වයේ ගෞරවනීයට හා උත්සහවන්ත ක්‍රියාව වන අතර, කෞෂල්‍ය අනෙක් හැම උත්සහයකට ම වඩා වැදගත් වේ. Friedrich Nietxsche යුද්ධය ubermersh සංකල්පය අනුව වීරත්වය ප්‍රදර්ශනයට අවස්ථාවක Ubermensh සංකල්පය වන්නේ යුද්ධය මිනිසුන්ගේ පරමාර්ථ පිළිබඳ සංකල්පයකි. Georg wilhere Frietrich Hgel සමාජයේ දියුණුවට ඓතිහාසික යුද්ධ අවශ්‍ය බව ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. පලමු ලෝක යුද්ධ සමයේ Thorms Menn ලේඛකයා "සාමය යනු ජනතාවගේ දුෂණයන් හා යුද්ධ නැතිකිරීම නිදහස් සමාජයක් ගැන විශාල බලාපොරොත්තුවක් නෝවේද? " යනුවෙන් ප්‍රශ්න කළේය. මෙම අදහස් රෝමානු යුගයේ පටන්ම ජනතව අතර පවත්වා අදහසකි.

ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ යුද්ධය සම්බන්ධ නීති දෙකක් සලකා ඇත.
1.ආරක්ෂාව පතා කරන යුද්ධ - යම් දේශයක් ආක්‍රමණිකයෙකුගේ ප්‍රහාරයට ලක්වන විට එම දේශයට තම දේශයේ ආරක්ෂාව පතා ප්‍රතිහාර එල්ල කිරීම නිත්‍යානුකූල වේ. එක්සත් ජාතීන් ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලයේ යුධ අනුමැතිය

2.එක්සත් ජාතීන් එක් රටකට විරුද්ධ සටන් වැදීම (සාමය පෙරදැරි කොට)

ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ උපකුලක වන මානව අයිතින් පිළිබඳ නීති හා යුධනීති, යුද්ධයන්ට බලපාන අනෙකුත් නීති වේ. එලෙසට ජිනිවා සමුළුවේ නියමුවු යුධ උපකරණ වර්ග, යුධ සිරකරුවන් සැලකීම යන නීති වලංගු වේ. මෙම නිති උල්ලංඝනය යුධ අපාරාධ නම් වන අතර, දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේ Nurembers triel නඩු විභාගයන් පටන් මෙවැනි අපරාධ වලට උසාවි පද්ධති රැසක් ඉදිරිපක් කර ඇත.

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යුද්ධ


The Ordovīcēs (Common Brittonic: *Ordowīcī) were one of the Celtic tribes living in Great Britain before the Roman invasion. Their tribal lands were located in present-day North Wales and England, between the Silures to the south and the Deceangli to the north-east. Unlike the latter tribes that appear to have acquiesced to Roman rule with little resistance, the Ordovices fiercely resisted the Romans. They were eventually subjugated by the Roman governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola in the campaign of 77–78CE when the Romans overran their final strongholds on Anglesey.

Etymology
The Celtic name  could be cognate with the words for 'hammer': ,  (with a prothetic g-) and  (with a prothetic h-). John Edward Lloyd suggested that the name of this tribe is preserved as the element -orwig, -orweg in the place name  Dinas Dinorwig ("Fort of the Ordovices") in North Wales, though Melville Richards rejected the idea.

Geology
In 1879 the pioneering English geologist Charles Lapworth named the Ordovician geological period after the Ordovices because the rocks he was studying were found in the tribe's former territories in North Wales.

Territory
South of the Brigantes, the geographer Ptolemy reported three tribes whose territories stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. The Ordovices occupied the westward lands and had two noteworthy cities, Branogenium which was located 195 Roman miles from London, and Mediolanium which was located 200 Roman miles from London. Neither has been conclusively located. The boundaries of the tribal territory are also unknown; they have been taken to extend through modern Powys into what is now the English Midlands, or alternatively to be limited to the land north of the rivers Dyfi and Dee.

History
They were among the British tribes that resisted the Roman invasion. The initial resistance was mainly organised by the Celtic leader Caratacus, exiled in their lands after the defeat of his tribe in the Battle of the Medway. Caratacus became a warlord of the Ordovices and neighbouring Silures, and was declared a Roman public enemy in the 50s AD. In Caratacus's last battle, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula defeated Caratacus and sent him to Rome as a prisoner.

In the 70s, the Ordovices rebelled against Roman occupation and destroyed a cavalry squadron. This act of war provoked a strong response from governor Agricola. According to Tacitus, He collected a force of veterans and a small body of auxiliaries; then as the Ordovices would not venture to descend into the plain, he put himself in front of the ranks to inspire all with the same courage against a common danger, and led his troops up a hill. The tribe was all but exterminated. Agricola went on rapidly to conquer Anglesey. The location of this battle is unknown but the hill-fort Dinas Dinorwig encloses a hectare of land about 3 km from the Menai Strait.

See also
 List of Celtic tribes
 Prehistoric Wales

References

External links
 Ordovices at Roman-Britain.co.uk
 Ordovices at Romans in Britain

Celtic Britons
History of Gwynedd
History of Powys
Prehistoric Wales
Historical Celtic peoples

Ordovices


Itamar Ben-Gvir ( ; Mevaseret Zion, 6 de maio de 1976) é um advogado e político israelense e líder do partido de extrema-direita israelense Otzma Yehudit.

Biografia
Seu pai nasceu em Jerusalém, filho de imigrantes judeus iraquianos . Ele trabalhou em uma empresa de gasolina e se interessou por escrever. Sua mãe era uma imigrante judia curda que havia atuado no Irgun na adolescência e era dona de casa. Sua família era secular, mas quando adolescente ele adotou visões religiosas e radicais de direita durante a Primeira Intifada . Ele primeiro se juntou a um movimento juvenil de direita afiliado ao Moledet, um partido que defendia a transferência de árabes para fora de Israel, e depois se juntou ao movimento juvenil do partido ainda mais radical Kach e Kahane Chai, que acabou sendo designado como uma organização terrorista e proibido pelo governo israelense. Ele se tornou coordenador de jovens de Kach e afirmou que foi detido aos 14 anos. Quando atingiu a maioridade para o recrutamento nas Forças de Defesa de Israel aos 18 anos, foi dispensado do serviço pelas IDF devido à sua formação política de extrema direita.

Ben-Gvir continuou associado ao movimento Kahanista, do qual seu partido, Otzma Yehudit, é considerado um dos sucessores ideológicos de Kahane. Na década de 1990, ele foi ativo em protestos contra os Acordos de Oslo . Em 1995, poucas semanas antes do assassinato do primeiro-ministro Yitzhak Rabin, Ben-Gvir chamou a atenção do público pela primeira vez quando apareceu na televisão brandindo um emblema de Cadillac que havia sido roubado do carro de Rabin e declarou: "Chegamos ao seu carro, e vamos chegar até ele também." No entanto, ao formar o partido Otzma Yehudit, ele alegou que não seria um Kach Kahane Chai ou um grupo dissidente. Ele realizou uma série de atividades de extrema-direita que resultaram em dezenas de acusações. Em uma entrevista em novembro de 2015, ele afirmou ter sido indiciado 53 vezes. Na maioria dos casos, as acusações foram retiradas do tribunal. Em 2007, no entanto, ele foi condenado por incitação ao racismo.

Ben-Gvir é casado com Ayala Nimrodi, parente distante de Ofer Nimrodi, ex-proprietário do jornal diário Maariv . O casal tem cinco filhos e vive em Kiryat Arba / Hebron, na Cisjordânia ocupada.

Ben Gvir, um extremista que enfrentou dezenas de acusações de discurso de ódio contra árabes, era conhecido por ter um retrato em sua sala de estar do terrorista israelense-americano Baruch Goldstein, que em 1994 massacrou 29 fiéis muçulmanos palestinos e feriu outros 125 em Hebron, no que ficou conhecido como o massacre da Caverna dos Patriarcas . Ele removeu o retrato depois que entrou na política. Em 1995, ele ameaçou o então primeiro-ministro israelense Yitzhak Rabin —que foi assassinado duas semanas depois— dizendo "chegamos ao carro dele, e vamos chegar até ele também", depois de ter roubado um enfeite de carro de seu Cadillac.

Como advogado, ele também é conhecido por defender os radicais judeus em julgamento em Israel. Ele pediu a expulsão dos cidadãos árabes de Israel que não são leais a Israel. Ele é atualmente um membro do Knesset, sua base eleitoral composta principalmente por jovens israelenses.

Carreira política

Ben-Gvir foi o assistente parlamentar no 18º Knesset de Michael Ben-Ari . Em 23 de julho de 2017, ele fez parte da liderança de um protesto que incluiu dezenas de pessoas do lado de fora do gabinete do primeiro-ministro em Jerusalém. O protesto foi realizado por Lehava e Otzma Yehudit.

Em 25 de fevereiro de 2019, Ben-Gvir disse que os cidadãos árabes de Israel que não eram leais a Israel "devem ser expulsos". Ben-Gvir tinha uma foto de Baruch Goldstein, que massacrou 29 muçulmanos na Caverna dos Patriarcas em 1994, pendurado em sua casa; ele o removeu em preparação para as eleições legislativas israelenses de 2020, na esperança de poder concorrer na lista unificada da direita liderada por Naftali Bennett.

Ben-Gvir planejava concorrer a um assento no Knesset nas eleições legislativas israelenses de setembro de 2019 na primeira vaga de uma lista eleitoral combinada de Noam / Otzma Yehudit, embora os dois partidos se dividissem sobre a inclusão de Otzma de um candidato secular em a lista combinada (com a qual Noam discordou). Ben-Gvir estava na terceira vaga de uma lista conjunta que inclui Otzma Yehudit, Noam e o Partido Religioso Sionista que concorreu nas eleições legislativas israelenses de 2021. Ele foi eleito para o Knesset porque a aliança ganhou seis assentos.

Em maio de 2021, foi relatado que ele frequentava o bairro de Sheikh Jarrah em Jerusalém Oriental, em uma demonstração de solidariedade aos colonos judeus que moram lá.

Nas eleições legislativas israelenses de 2022, o partido de Ben-Gvir teve um sucesso sem precedentes, mais do que dobrando seus votos em relação às eleições legislativas israelenses de 2022, tornando-se assim o 3º maior partido no 25º Knesset. Espera-se que Ben-Gvir e seu partido sejam parte integrante de um governo liderado por Netanyahu.

Carreira jurídica
Ben-Gvir às vezes se representava durante suas muitas acusações e, por sugestão de vários juízes, decidiu estudar direito. Ben-Gvir estudou direito no Ono Academic College. No final de seus estudos, a Ordem dos Advogados de Israel o impediu de fazer o exame da ordem com base em sua ficha criminal. Ben-Gvir afirmou que a decisão foi politicamente motivada. Após uma série de recursos, essa decisão foi anulada, mas foi decidido que Ben-Gvir primeiro teria que resolver três casos criminais nos quais ele foi acusado na época. Depois de ser absolvido em todos os três casos de acusações, incluindo realizar uma reunião ilegal e perturbar um funcionário público, Ben-Gvir foi autorizado a fazer o exame. Ele passou nos exames escritos e orais, e foi concedida uma licença para exercer a advocacia.

Como advogado, Ben-Gvir representou uma série de ativistas judeus de extrema direita suspeitos de terrorismo e crimes de ódio. Clientes notáveis incluem Benzi Gopstein e dois adolescentes acusados do ataque incendiário da Duma . O Haaretz descreveu Ben-Gvir como o "homem de referência" para extremistas judeus que enfrentam problemas legais e relatou que sua lista de clientes "leia como um 'Quem é quem' de suspeitos em casos de terror judaico e crimes de ódio em Israel". Ben-Gvir também é advogado da Lehava, uma organização anti-assimilação israelense de extrema-direita que atua na oposição ao casamento entre judeus e não-judeus, e processou o waqf.

Ben-Gvir diz que seu trabalho como advogado de ativistas judeus de extrema direita é motivado pelo desejo de ajudá-los, e não por dinheiro.

Controvérsia
Ben Gvir, um extremista que enfrentou dezenas de acusações de discurso de ódio contra árabes, era conhecido por ter um retrato em sua sala de estar do terrorista israelense-americano Baruch Goldstein, que em 1994 massacrou 29 fiéis muçulmanos palestinos e feriu outros 125 em Hebron, no que ficou conhecido como o massacre da Caverna dos Patriarcas . Ele removeu o retrato depois que entrou na política. Em 1995, ele ameaçou o então primeiro-ministro israelense Yitzhak Rabin —que foi assassinado duas semanas depois— dizendo "chegamos ao carro dele, e vamos chegar até ele também", depois de ter roubado um enfeite de carro de seu Cadillac.

Em outubro de 2021, Ben-Gvir e o líder da Lista Conjunta Ayman Odeh tiveram um confronto físico durante uma visita ao Kaplan Medical Center para ver Miqdad Qawasmeh, um agente do Hamas que estava em greve de fome há mais de três meses de sua detenção administrativa . Ben-Gvir foi contra Qawasmeh ser tratado em um hospital israelense e afirmou que havia visitado para verificar as condições do detido, bem como "ver de perto esse milagre que uma pessoa permanece viva apesar de não comer por vários meses". Quando Ben-Gvir tentou entrar no quarto de Qawasmeh, ele acusou Odeh de ser um terrorista por apoiar extremistas como Qawasmeh. Odeh então atacou primeiro, empurrando Ben-Gvir, e a dupla começou a brigar antes de ser separada por espectadores. Ben-Gvir mais tarde apresentou uma queixa contra Odeh, alegando que ele havia "cometido um ato criminoso grave".

Em dezembro de 2021, Ben-Gvir foi investigado depois que um vídeo apareceu dele puxando uma arma para seguranças árabes durante uma disputa de estacionamento na garagem subterrânea do centro de conferências Expo Tel Aviv. Os guardas pediram a Ben-Gvir que retirasse seu veículo, pois estava estacionado em uma vaga proibida. Ele então sacou uma pistola e a apontou para os guardas. Ambas as partes se insultaram, e Ben-Gvir afirmou que sentiu sua vida ameaçada. Os guardas estavam desarmados. Ele foi criticado por legisladores em todo o corredor, e o incidente foi investigado.

Em janeiro de 2022, seu nível de segurança foi aumentado. Devido às frequentes ameaças de morte, Ben-Gvir é acompanhado por vários guardas de segurança em público, e medidas extras de segurança são tomadas para garantir sua segurança.

Em 13 de outubro de 2022, no bairro Sheikh Jarrah de Jerusalém Oriental, Ben-Gvir participou dos confrontos entre colonos judeus israelenses e moradores palestinos locais, brandindo uma arma, mandando a polícia atirar nos palestinos que atiravam pedras no local, e gritando para eles: "Nós somos os proprietários aqui, lembre-se disso, eu sou seu proprietário". Esta foi uma mensagem que mais tarde foi repetida por ele em um tweet na manhã após a eleição de 2022 em seu tweet de vitória.

Advogados de Israel
Políticos de Israel
Judeus de Israel
Militares de Israel

Itamar Ben-Gvir


Zanthoxylum monophyllum es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño de  3–8 m de alto, los troncos y ramas armados con acúleos. Las hojas alternas están presentes agrupadas en los ápices de las ramitas, unifolioladas de apariencia simple, el folíolo irregularmente elíptico (raramente obovado), de 6-12.5 cm de largo y 3-6 cm de ancho, ápice redondeado a agudo, raquis terete.

Distribución
Es una especie poco frecuente, se encuentra en los bosques secos, en la zona pacífica; a una altitud de 100–1000 metros desde Nicaragua a Venezuela y Perú y Trinidad en las Antillas.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum monophyllum fue descrita por (Lam.) P.Wilson y publicado en Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 37(2): 86., en el año 1910.
Sinonimia
Fagara furfuracea (Tul.) Engl.
Fagara monophylla Lam. basónimo
Zanthoxylum furfuraceum Tul.

Referencias

monophyllum

Zanthoxylum monophyllum


Şeb-i Arus, , (Farsça şeb: gece, Arapça arus: düğün), Mevlevilikte Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumi'nin öldüğü gecedir. Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi, bu geceyi Rabb'ine, sevgiliye kavuşma gecesi olarak düşündüğü Düğün Gecesi olarak adlandırır. Rumi'nin ölüm yıl dönümlerinde 17 Aralık tarihlerine denk gelen haftalarda yapılan ve Vuslat Yıldönümü Uluslararası Anma Törenleri olarak isimlendirilmeye başlanılan törenler, halk arasında "Şeb-i Arus" olarak da anılmaktadır.
Arus kelimesi aslında yanlışlıkla Arapçadaki "عروج" (Yükseliş) kelimesinin yerinde kullanılmıştır, yani ölümden sonra ruhun semaya yükselişi anlamına gelmektedir.
Şeb-i Arus törenleri ve etkinlikleri Konya Mevlana Kültür Merkezinde yapılmaktadır.

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