Nicolae Simache () a fost un profesor de istorie, inițiatorul rețelei muzeale prahovene.

Cel mai cunoscut muzeu înființat de profesorul Nicolae Simache este Muzeul Ceasului "Nicolae Simache" din municipiul Ploiești.

Biografie
S-a născut în anul 1905, în comuna Cosminele din județul Prahova.  În anul 1936, Președintele Așezământului Cultural "Nicolae Iorga", din Ploiești, profesorul universitar- arhitect Toma T. Socolescu, a aprobat angajarea profesorul Nicolae Simache ca Director de bibliotecă și muzeu.

Studii
Dupǎ ce a absolvit școala primarǎ din satul natal și cursurile prestigiosului Liceu "Sfinții Petru și Pavel" din Ploiești, s-a numǎrat printre studenții Facultǎții de Drept – secția istorie, din cadrul Universitǎții din București, obținând în anul 1931 licența cu "Magna cum laude".

Activitate didactică
Activitatea didactică a profesorului Nicolae Simache este strâns legată de istoria Colegiului Național "Ion Luca Caragiale" din Ploiești, fostul Liceu "Sfinții Petru și Pavel". Între anii 1932 și 1969 (când a fost silit să iasă la pensie din învățământ) a fost profesor de istorie și un adevărat părinte spiritual al multor generații de absolvenți ai prestigiosului liceu prahovean. Printre numeroșii săi elevi s-au numărat Nichita Stănescu, Basarab Nicolescu, Ioan Tomescu, Virgil Petrescu și mulți alții. În 1968 a primit titlul de "profesor emerit".

Poetul Nichita Stănescu povestea cum profesorul Nicolae Simache l-a convins să-și schimbe numele de poet, cu care semna până atunci (numele din catalog, adică Stănescu Hristea): "Mă, tu faci publicistică, Stănescu Hristea este un nume de soldat mort la Mărășești, n-o să te citească nimeni. Te cheamă și Nichita, ia pune-l tu înainte, că se izbește bine cu Stănescu, și te ține minte toată lumea!"

Activitate muzeografică

Muzee înființate
 Casa Hagi Prodan din Ploiești (actualul Muzeu Casă de Târgoveț);
 Casa Domnească din Brebu;
 Muzeul B. P.  Hașdeu din Câmpina; []
 Muzeul Ceasului "Nicolae Simache" din Ploiești;
 Muzeul Cezar Petrescu din Bușteni;
 Muzeul Conacul Bellu din Urlați;
 Muzeul Covorului Popular din Ploiești (desființat);
 Muzeul Ion Luca Caragiale Ploiești;
 Muzeul de Istorie din Ploiești;
 Muzeul Nicolae Iorga din Vălenii de Munte;
 Muzeul Scriitorilor Târgovișteni din Târgoviște;
 Muzeul Tiparului și Cărții Vechi din Târgoviște;

Scrieri
 Pinacoteca municipiului Ploiești, 1939;
 Despre letopisețul Cantacuzinesc, 1942;
 Istoriografia română și problemele editării cronicilor, 1942;
 Știința geografică a lui Herodot despre ținuturile noastre, 1942;
 Variante ale letopisețului Cantacuzinesc, 1942;
 Viața și opera lui Radu Popescu, 1943;
 Despre Revoluția de la 1848 în Ploiești și județul Prahova, 1948;
 Din activitatea muzeelor noastre, 1956
 Contribuții la răscoala poporului român sub conducerea lui Tudor Vladimirescu, 1957;
 Din trecutul regiunii Ploiești, 1957;
 RĂSCOALA ȚĂRANILOR DIN 1907 ÎN REGIUNEA PLOIEȘTI, 1957
 O străveche așezare din regiunea Ploiești: Târgșor, 1957;
 Casa Hagi Prodan, 1966;

 Casa Dobrescu, 1966;
 Ceasul de-a lungul vremii, 1967;
 Chipuri și locuri din regiunea Ploiești, în grafica secolelor XVI-XIX, 1967;
 Muzeul Memorial B.P. Hașdeu - Câmpina, 1967;
 Muzeul memorial Nicolae Iorga, 1967;
 Studii și materiale privitoare la trecutul istoric al jud. Prahova<ref>{{Citation | url=https://cartileploiestiului.wordpress.com/2017/02/23/studii-si-materiale-privitoare-la-trecutul-istoric-al-jud-prahova/| title=N. I. Simache, Studii și materiale privitoare la trecutul istoric al jud. Prahova| newspaper=Cărțile Ploieștiului| date= 23 februarie 2017| accessdate=28 octombrie 2018}}</ref>;
 Caragiale și Ploieștii, 1968;
 Drumuri turistice la sud-estul Carpaților, 1968;
 Prima sesiune de comunicări științifice a muzeelor prahovene, 1968;

 Muzeul tiparului și al cărții vechi românești - Târgoviște, 1968;
 Casa Nicolae Iorga, 1969;
 Contribuții la istoricul orașelor Ploiești și Tîrgșor, 1962;
 Contribuții la istoricul satelor Posești, Râncezi și Nucșoara, 1969;
 Contribuții la monografia comunei Starchiojd, 1969;
 Anul revoluționar 1848 în județul Prahova, 1969;
 Din viața și opera lui Cezar Petrescu, 1969;
 Documente privitoare la istoria comunei Starchiojd, 1969;
 Un orientalist ploieștean, Gh. Popescu-Ciocănel, 1969;
 Ștergarul prahovean, 1970;
 Dantela de mână, 1970;
 Date noi privind viața și opera lui Cincinat Pavelescu, 1970;
 Noi contribuții la studiul situației țăranilor după aplicarea Regulamentului Organic în fostul județ al săcuienilor, 1970;
 Istoricul tipografiilor prahovene, 1970;
 Contribuții la istoricul presei prahovene, 1971;
 Colecția de covoare a Muzeului de Istorie, 1971;
 Documente de pe Valea Teleajenului, 1971;
 File de istorie din trecutul comunei Teișani, 1971.

In memoriam

În afară de Muzeul Ceasului, care îi poartă numele, în municipiul Ploiești există în prezent și o școală gimnazială cu numele "Prof. Nicolae Simache".

De asemenea, strada pe care se află Muzeul Ceasului "Nicolae Simache" poartă numele renumitului om de cultură.

În anul 1995, la școala din satul Cosmina de Sus, Prahova, unde a învățat în copilărie Nicolae Simache, a fost amplasată o placă memorială, iar în centrul comunei Cosminele un bust al acestuia. Un bust monumental al profesorului Nicolae Simache a fost dezvelit și în curtea Muzeului Ceasului.
Cărți dedicate profesorului Nicolae Simache

 Pelerinaj printre orologii - Dumitru Nedelea (2001)
 Muzeul Județean de Istorie și Arheologie Prahova omagiu ctitorului N. I. Simache - Gheorghe Marinică (2004, ed. Mileniul III) []
 Trecător grăbit prin timpul nostru - Bucur Chiriac (2011, ed. Mectis)
 Flacăra pământului - Elena Oprea (2018, ed. Amanda Edit) []
 N. I. Simache stea călăuzitoare - Elena Oprea (2019, ed Amanda Edit) []
 N. I. Simache comoară sacră a istoriei - Elena Oprea (2020, ed. Ghepardul) []
 Marturisiri'' - Elena Oprea M(2021, ed. Ghepardul) []

Note

Legături  externe
https://a1.ro/prietenii-de-la-11/video/muzeul-ceasului-de-la-ploiesti-infiintat-de-profesorul-nicolae-simache-in-anul-1963-id660821.html
https://nicolaesimache.wordpress.com/
https://cartileploiestiului.wordpress.com/category/n-i-simache
http://ph-online.ro/eveniment/item/7325-scandal-monstru-la-%C5%9Fcoala-simache-ploie%C5%9Fti-clas%C4%83-dizolvat%C4%83-cu-dou%C4%83-zile-%C3%AEnaintea-%C3%AEnceperii-%C5%9Fcolii

Nașteri în 1905
Decese în 1972
Absolvenți ai Liceului Sfinții Petru și Pavel
Muzeografi români
Profesori de istorie
Oameni din județul Prahova

Nicolae Simache


Hem, Hemoglobinde bulunan demirli-porfirin proteindir. Hemoglobinin prostetik grubudur. Metalloporfirinler (Metal + porfirin) grubundandır. Hem  vücutta başlıca kemik iliğindeki olgunlaşmamış Eritrositlerde ve karaciğerde sentezlenir. Olgunlaşmamış eritrositlere eritroblast adı verilir.

Görevi

 Oksijen bağlama ve taşımada (miyoglobin, hemoglobin)
 Elektron taşınmasında (sitokromlar)
 Fotosentezde (klorofil)
 Enzimlerin yapısında görev alırlar.

Hem sentezi bozulduğunda
 Anemi ortaya çıkar.
 Biriken porfirinler vücutta toksik etki yapar.

Hem sentezinde
 Porfobilinojen ve ALA izomeri birikmesi karın ağrısına neden olur.
 Ayrıca vücutta kabızlık, kusma, kardiyovasküler ve nöropatik sistemlerde bozukluk ortaya çıkar.

Sentezi

Porfirinler

Hem


Collier Street es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Maidstone, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Collier Street tiene una superficie de 12,73 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Collier Street tenía 648 habitantes (52,01% varones, 47,99% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 50,9 hab/km². El 22,53% eran menores de 16 años, el 73,77% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 3,7% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 38,71 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 15,74% estaban solteros, el 70,12% casados y el 14,14% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,38% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,08% de la población, mientras que el 3,54% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,7% eran blancos, el 1,38% mestizos, el 0,46% negros y el 0,46% de cualquier otro salvo asiáticos y chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 80,8%, mientras que el 12,23% no eran religiosos y el 6,97% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

736 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 321 de ellos (95,54%) empleados y 15 (4,46%) desempleados. Había 253 hogares con residentes y 14 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Collier Street


Değirmenönü, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Adı,Mahallede bulunan Değirmenden gelmektedir.

Coğrafya
Ankara il merkezine 103 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Değirmenönü, Kızılcahamam


Pseudopodospermum hispanicum, commonly known as black salsify or Spanish salsify, also known as black oyster plant, serpent root, viper's herb, viper's grass or simply scorzonera, is a perennial species of plant in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), cultivated as a root vegetable in the same way as purple salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius), also in the sunflower family. It is native to Southern Europe and cultivated as a crop in Southern and Central Europe. It grows on nutrient poor soils, dry pasture, rocky areas, in thickets and on limy or marly soils of temperate zones.

Description

Pseudopodospermum hispanicum is grown commercially as an annual, although it is a biennial plant. After a vegetative phase in the first year, the plant flowers in its second year and can reach a height of 60cm with a stem diameter of 5 cm. The hermaphroditic flowers are insect-pollinated. The flower-head is terminal and consists of yellow ray florets. The stem is smooth and leafy and the leaves are lanceolate to ovate with entire margins. Black salsify forms a long cylindrical taproot with a brownish to black cork layer. If harvested young, the carrot-like roots are tender, long and tapered with shiny white flesh. They contain a milky latex, which turns the roots black when exposed to air.

History
Black salsify is native to Southern Europe and the Near East. As is indicated by its binomial name, it is generally thought to have spread to the rest of Europe from Spain, but the first mention of the vegetable by a Western writer came from Leonhard Rauwolf, who reported seeing scorzonera at the market of Aleppo in Syria, in 1575. There was a widespread belief that the plant makes a good antidote against bites of venomous snakes. Based on this, it was often claimed that the name scorzonera derives from the Old French word scorzon meaning snake (or "adder" to be exact). The most likely etymological root, though, is the Catalan word escurçonera, deriving from escurçó (viper), where the suffix -nera conveys an association or use with regards to vipers. Scorzonera must be an italian transliteration of escurçonera, explained by the long Catalan presence in Sardinia and southern Italy, influencing local languages between the 14th and 18th centuries. Less likely, the name might derive from Italian scorza negra meaning "black bark"/"black peel", after the dark brown to black skin of the root.  The Celtic and Germanic peoples are believed to have eaten the black salsify, which was considered efficacious against the bubonic plague and snake bites until the 16th century. The plant was being cultivated as a vegetable in Italy and France by 1660 and, soon after, vast fields were grown of it in what is now Belgium.

Nutritional value
Black salsify is considered nutritious: it contains proteins, fats, asparagine, choline, laevulin, as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, and vitamins A, B1, E and C. It also contains the polysaccharide inulin, conferring a mild sweetness that is suitable for diabetics. Inulin, used as a dietary fibre, may have a positive effect on the digestive system, blood circulation, kidneys and inhibit cancerous processes.

Preparation
Various parts of the plant can be consumed, including roots, leafy shoots, and open flowers, either cooked or raw. The principal product however are the stem tuber roots.
The thick black skin of the salsify root is usually considered inedible and can be removed either prior to or after boiling. If the skin is removed prior to boiling, the peeled root should be immediately immersed in water mixed with vinegar or lemon juice, in order to prevent discolouring. Since the root contains an extremely sticky latex, it is often more convenient to peel it after boiling the root for 20 to 25 minutes (or less). Residue of the latex can be removed by rubbing with a drop of oil and then washing with soap.

Black salsify is often eaten together with other vegetables, such as peas and carrots. But it is also popular served like asparagus in a white sauce, such as bechamel sauce, mustard sauce or hollandaise sauce. Boiled salsify roots may also be coated with batter and deep fried.
The young roots are used in salads and the salsify latex can be used as chewing gum. Flowering shoots are consumed similarly to asparagus and the flowers can be added to salads, together with brown seedlings or the long clumps of grass-like green leaves.

The scorzonera sweet is a crystallized dessert made from scorzonera in Évora, Alentejo, Portugal. It is listed on the Ark of Taste.

Cultivation

Black salsify is hitherto mainly a European crop. Belgium, France and the Netherlands are the world's largest producers of black salsify; significant amounts are also produced in Germany. In the latter country, 'Hoffmanns Schwarzer Pfahl' is a cultivar widely used by commercial growers, while 'Duplex' is popular among small-scale gardeners. Some other cultivars are commercially available, but because it was a rather localized crop before being produced for a wider market there are comparatively few landraces. Collections of local races and old cultivars can be found at the Nordic Genetic Resource Center in Sweden and the Vavilov Institute of Plant-Genetic Resources in Russia.

Cultivars
Black salsify cultivars differ in taste, size, region of origin and harvest time. The following table shows some popular examples.

Breeding objectives are reduced susceptibility to bolting, low percentage of roots with cavities, improved suitability for mechanical sowing and harvesting, as well as for industrial processing.

Sowing
Scorzonera is sown in early spring, preferably at the end of April. Sowing too early can result in early flowering and loss of yield. About 12kg of seeds per hectare are required. The seeds are sown directly into shallow furrows at a depth of 1.5 - 2cm with 30-50cm in between them. Plants should stand at a density of 50 plants/m2 for optimal yield. Because of the seeds' unusual shape, machine sowing is difficult. Storage of seeds is also a critical point, as germination is usually only guaranteed for 1-2 years. Optimal storage conditions are dry and cool.

Soil requirements
The roots develop best in very light textured, sandy soil. Any stones or gravel in the ground can cause root deformation. Ideal pH values are between 5.8 – 6.5 and liming is recommended for more acidic soils. A high humus content is beneficial. Generally, the species can grow in a variety of conditions and has potential to be grown as a cash crop in less favorable, marginal environments in temperate zones.

Harvesting and post-harvest treatment
Harvesting takes place from November to March, with the optimum time for high quality being end of December. The process is somewhat complicated, as the roots are quite fragile, and broken material loses its freshness. Entire roots will keep fresh all winter if stored in a cool dark place, due to their robust black corky skin. In root cellars they may keep fresh well into springtime. The roots can also be washed, peeled, cut and then frozen. In supermarkets, they can be bought conserved in glass or canned. On farmer's markets, the roots are sold unwashed to secure quality and freshness. Black salsify is, however, very hardy and frost-resistant and will grow well in most cool-temperate climates and usually yield 15–20 tonnes of roots per hectare. In British gardens it is common to profit from its perennial character by leaving it in the ground until its roots have grown to sufficient size for harvesting; this can take two years. Commercially, it can be grown best as the year's second crop. It is recommended to have three to four years in the crop rotation before the cultivation of other Asteraceae.

Pests and diseases

Pests
 Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae): The larvae or maggots of the carrot rust fly eat the plant roots and entrench themselves in the roots. Psila thereby inhibits plant growth and facilitates infection by soft-rot bacteria. Generally root crops are popular for the carrot rust fly.
 Wireworms (Selatosomus destructor and Ctenicera pruinina): The wireworms are the larvae of click beetles, which remain in the larval stage for between 2-5 years. They live in the soil and feed on roots. The wireworms cause a lot of damage when they bore directly into the roots. Plant pathogens can gain access through this, which can lead to rotting of the roots. Root rot can lead to wilting, stunting and deformation of the seedlings and eventually to death.
 Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. hapla and M. arenaria): Can cause great damage to the roots of salsify. Nematode activity damages growing root tips, causing branching, distortion, stunting and deformation of the taproot. The result can be general stunting, wilting and leaf chlorosis (yellowing) above ground.

Diseases
 Bacterial soft rot (Bacillus carotovorus Jones): The bacteria eat the root core. This can be recognised by a soft, watery and slimy root rot. This in turn facilitates infection by vertical fungi or bacteria. The ideal temperature for bacterial soft rot is 21°C - 27°C, but it can survive and cause damage at temperatures between 0°C - 32°C. For this reason, the air must be properly ventilated when storing and transporting the crop in tropical and warm environments.
 White blister (Albugo species): a leaf disease that favours wet weather. It is related to the pathogens of downy mildew and the two can also occur together. White blisters form blister-like white pustules on the underside of the leaves. A purple pigmentation is visible around the affected areas. This reduces plant growth and heavily infested plant parts may shrivel or even die.

References

Cichorieae
Flora of Europe
Root vegetables
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Pseudopodospermum hispanicum


Dzianis Mazur, né le , est un coureur cycliste biélorusse.

Biographie
En 2018, Dzianis Mazur devient champion de Biélorussie d'omnium et de course aux points chez les juniors (moins de 19 ans). Il décroche également deux médailles aux championnats d'Europe de Montichiari, dans la course aux points et la course par élimination. Sur route, il est sacré champion de Biélorussie du contre-la-montre.

Aux championnats de Biélorussie de 2019, il termine troisième de la poursuite par équipes et de la course à l'américaine. En 2020, il devient champion de Biélorussie du contre-la-montre espoirs (moins de 23 ans). L'année suivante, il conserve son titre national en contre-la-montre et termine notamment troisième d'une étape des Cinq anneaux de Moscou. Sur piste, il obtient de nouveaux podiums aux championnats nationaux.

Palmarès sur route

Par année
 2018
  Champion de Biélorussie du contre-la-montre juniors
 2020
  Champion de Biélorussie du contre-la-montre espoirs
 2021
  Champion de Biélorussie du contre-la-montre espoirs
  du Grand Prix Velo Erciyes

Classements mondiaux

Palmarès sur piste

Championnats d'Europe

Championnats nationaux
 2018
  Champion de Biélorussie de l'omnium juniors
  Champion de Biélorussie de poursuite par équipes juniors (avec Artur Kiryevich, Pavel Mandzik et Kiryl Pashkevich)
 2019
  du championnat de Biélorussie de poursuite par équipes
 2020
  du championnat de Biélorussie de poursuite par équipes
 2021
  du championnat de Biélorussie de l'américaine
  du championnat de Biélorussie d'omnium
  du championnat de Biélorussie de poursuite par équipes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste biélorusse
Coureur cycliste sur piste
Naissance en avril 2000

Dzianis Mazur


Serge Dassault (; born Serge Paul André Bloch; 4 April 1925 – 28 May 2018) was a French engineer, businessman and politician. He was the chairman and chief executive officer of Dassault Group, and a conservative politician. According to Forbes, Dassault's net worth was estimated in 2016 at US$15 billion.

Early life and education
He was the younger son of Madeleine Dassault ( Minckès) and Marcel Dassault (born Marcel Ferdinand Bloch), from whom he inherited the Dassault Group. Both his parents were of Jewish heritage, but later converted to Roman Catholicism.

In 1929, his father founded what is now Dassault Aviation. During the Second World War, he was jailed when his father was sent to Buchenwald for refusing any cooperation from his company, Bordeaux-Aéronautique, directed by Henri Déplante, André Curvale and Claude de Cambronne, with the German aviation industry.

He studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in the 16th arrondissement of Paris where he received his baccalauréat. He earned engineering degrees from the École Polytechnique (class of 1946) and Supaéro (class of 1951). In 1963, he received an Executive MBA from HEC Paris.

Business career

After his father's death in 1986, Serge Dassault continued developing the company, with the help of CEOs Charles Edelstenne and Éric Trappier. His group also owned the newspaper . In December 1998, he was sentenced to two years' probation in the Belgian Agusta scandal, and was fined 60,000 Belgian francs (about €1,500).

According to Forbes, the Dassault family also owns a winery, property in Paris, and an art auction house.

Political career
Dassault was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement political party, as was his son Olivier, who was a deputy in the National Assembly. He was a former mayor of the city of Corbeil-Essonnes, a southern suburb of Paris.

In 2004, he became a senator, and in that position, he was an outspoken advocate of conservative positions on economic and employment issues, claiming that France's taxes and workforce regulations ruin its entrepreneurs. In 2005, he inaugurated the €2 million Islamic cultural centre (comprising a mosque) in his city of Corbeil-Essonnes. In November 2012, responding to the Ayrault government's plan to legalise same-sex marriage in France, he controversially said, during an interview for France Culture, that authorising it would cause "no more renewal of the population. [...] We'll have a country of homosexuals. And so in ten years there'll be nobody left. It's stupid".

Personal life and death

Dassault married Nicole Raffel on 5 July 1950. They had four children: Olivier, Laurent, Thierry, and Marie-Hélène.

He died suddenly in his office at the Dassault Group headquarters in Paris on 28 May 2018, from heart failure at the age of 93.

See also
 List of French people by net worth
 The World's Billionaires

References

External links

Serge Dassault and family – Forbes profile

1925 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Serge
French Roman Catholics
French people of Jewish descent
National Centre of Independents and Peasants politicians
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Gaullism, a way forward for France
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
French chief executives
French aerospace engineers
Corps de l'armement
Businesspeople in aviation
Dassault Group
French billionaires
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
French magazine publishers (people)
French mass media owners
French male writers
20th-century French newspaper publishers (people)
21st-century French newspaper publishers (people)
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
Lycée Saint-Louis alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Supaéro alumni
HEC Paris alumni
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal
Senators of Essonne
French politicians convicted of corruption
Burials at Passy Cemetery

Serge Dassault


ඊජිප්තු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ඊජිප්තුවේ මිලිටරි හමුදා වේ. ඊජිප්තු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා අප්රිකාවේ විශාලතම වන අතර, මැද පෙරදිග රටවල්ය. එය ඊජිප්තු යුද හමුදාව, නාවික හමුදාව, ඊජිප්තු, ඊජිප්තු ගුවන් හමුදා හා ඊජිප්තු ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සමන්විත, 1922 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී.

ඊජිප්තු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා


L'hippodrome d'Epsom Downs est un hippodrome à Epsom, en Angleterre, servant à des courses de plat.

L'hippodrome, propriété du Jockey Club, a une longue association avec la famille royale britannique, la reine fut souvent présente pour le Derby.

Histoire
La première course mentionnée a lieu dans les North Downs en 1661, bien qu'une liste d'inhumation locale de 1625 fasse référence à  et dans certaines sources, c'est à partir des années 1640, il est donc probable que les courses aient été établies bien avant cela. En 1684, Epsom a un directeur de course et à partir de 1730 accueille des réunions de course deux fois par an.

À Epsom, le , le cheval de course Eclipse remporte la première victoire dans une carrière sans défaite.

À l'été 1779, Edward Smith-Stanley,  de Derby, organise une course pour lui et ses amis pour faire courir leurs pouliches de trois ans. Il la nomme les Chênes (Oaks) d'après son domaine voisin. La course connaît un tel succès que l'année suivante, en 1780, une nouvelle course est ajoutée pour les poulains et les pouliches de trois ans, le Derby. En 1784, le parcours est allongé à sa distance actuelle d'un mile et demi. Le Tattenham Corner est créé.

Henry Dorling est le premier directeur de course en 1840.

En 1913, la suffragette Emily Davison se jette devant le cheval Anmer, propriété du roi George V, le faisant tomber. Davison est grièvement blessée et meurt quatre jours plus tard.

En 2009, l'hippodrome ouvre la nouvelle tribune de la duchesse. Elle a une capacité de  places et dispose d'une salle de . Elle peut être utilisée pour des banquets, des conférences et des expositions. Le coût estimé de la construction par Willmott Dixon est de 23,5 millions de livres sterling.

Description
L'hippodrome se situe entre Epsom, Tadworth et Langley Vale. Comme il se trouve dans un espace public, aucune réunion ne fait l'objet d'une entrée payante. Il est un hippodrome difficile pour les chevaux inexpérimentés et une véritable épreuve d'endurance pour ceux qui ont l'habitude du mille (). Le parcours comprend une montée vers le sommet de la colline suivie d'un large virage à gauche (Tattenham Corner) avant que les chevaux descendent vers la ligne droite. La ligne droite d'un demi-mile est principalement en descente, avec une dernière ascension abrupte dans les cent derniers mètres. La nature principalement en descente de la ligne droite signifie que les temps des courses de sprint ont tendance à être beaucoup plus rapides que ceux des pistes plus plates.

Epsom Downs abrite le troisième plus grand centre d'entraînement de chevaux de course du pays. L'installation est gérée par la société des entraîneurs d'Epsom. Onze entraîneurs utilisent l'installation.

Le lieu est desservi par la ligne de chemin de fer d'Epsom Downs ainsi que par la gare de Tattenham Corner, où la reine descend du British Royal Train les jours de course.

Courses importantes

Autres courses
 Epsom Dash

Traduction

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste d'hippodromes

Bâtiment dans le Surrey
Hippodrome en Angleterre

Hippodrome d'Epsom Downs


The Sabri Brothers (Punjabi, ) were a musical band from Pakistan who were performers of Sufi qawwali music and were closely connected to the Chishti Order. They are considered one of the greatest Sufi qawwali singers of all times. The Sabri Brothers were led by Ghulam Farid Sabri and his brother Maqbool Ahmed Sabri. They are often referred to as Shahenshah-e-Qawwali (the King of Kings of qawwali) and are also known as the roving ambassadors of Pakistan. The band was initially founded by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri at the age of 11 years and was known as Bacha Qawwal Party. His elder brother Ghulam Farid Sabri joined after insistence from their father. He became the leader of the group and the band soon became known as the Sabri Brothers.
They were the first-ever qawwali artists to perform qawwali in the  United States and other Western countries; they were also the first-ever Asian artists to perform at New York's Carnegie Hall in 1975.

Original members
 Ghulam Farid Sabri (b. 1930 in Kalyana, East Punjab – d. 5 April 1994 in Karachi; lead vocals, harmonium,  leader of the ensemble till his death in 1994)
 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri (b. 12 October 1945 in Kalyana – d. 21 September 2011 in South Africa; leading member of the ensemble, lead vocals, harmonium, music composer, sole leader of the ensemble after Ghulam Farid Sabri's death in 1994 until his own death in 2011.)
 Kamal Ahmed Khan Sabri (b. 1935 – d. 2002; senior member, vocals, swarmandal, flexatone)
 Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri (b. 7 April 1949 in Karachi – d. 21 June 2021 in Karachi; senior member, vocals, bongo drums, tambourine; second lead singer/harmonium after Ghulam Farid Sabri's death in 1994; leader of the ensemble after Maqbool Ahmed Sabri's death in 2011)
 Umar Daraz (clapping / chorus)
 Abdul Aziz (clapping / chorus)
 Masihuddin (chorus, tanpura)
 Abdul Karim (dholak)
 Bilal Sabri (dholak)
 Mohammed Anwar (nal, tabla)
 Amjad Fareed Sabri (clapping / chorus, until his father's death), supporting vocalist until 1996, lead vocals, harmonium in his own separate band (assassinated on 22 June 2016)
 Fazal Islam Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Azmat Farid Sabri (clapping/chorus)
 Sarwat Farid Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Naveed Kamal Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Zubair Kamal Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Shumail Maqbool Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Javed Kamal Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Ghulam Jilani (clapping / chorus)
 Abdul Ghani (dholak)
 Zafar Islam Sabri (clapping / chorus)
 Muhammad Akram Warsi (clapping / chorus)
 Nadeem Siddiqui (clapping / chorus)
 Muhammad Ateeq Sabri (clapping / chorus)

Early life

The Sabri brothers learned music from their father, Inayat Hussain Sabri. He trained his sons in qawwali and Indian classical music. Ghulam Farid Sabri, Kamal Ahmed Sabri, and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri furthered their knowledge of music under Ustad Fatehdin Khan, Ustad Ramzan Khan, and Ustad Latafat Hussein Khan Bareilly Sharif. They also furthered their knowledge of poetry under Hazrat Hairat Ali Shah Warsi, who was their spiritual master.

Ghulam Farid Sabri's first public performance was at the annual Urs festival of Mubarak Shah in Kalyana (now in Haryana, India) in 1946. He had joined Ustad Kallan Khan's qawwali party in India. The family moved from Kalyana to Karachi, Pakistan following the Partition of India in 1947. In Pakistan, a wealthy businessman approached him and offered him a partnership in a nightclub, yet Ghulam Farid's reply was that he only wanted to sing qawwali, and he rejected the offer.

Maqbool Ahmed Sabri also showed musical talent from a young age, which was noticed by his school teacher who later asked Maqbool's father to further instruct him and guide him in the field of music. In 1955, when Maqbool was eleven years old, his brother-in-law got him a job singing at a theater in Karachi where he gave his first public performance. Later, with the help of his father, Maqbool formed a qawwali group at the age of eleven and named it Bacha Qawwal Party. The group's first public performance was in 1956 at an Urs ceremony held at the home of Jameel Amrohi, where he sang "Do Alam Ba Kakul Giraftar Daari" in the presence of many qawwals.

Soon afterwards, after insistence by their father, Ghulam Farid Sabri joined him and became the leader of the ensemble, which was initially known as Ghulam Farid Sabri Qawwal & Party. Afterwards the name of the party was changed to Ghulam Farid Sabri – Maqbool Ahmed Sabri Qawwal & Party. During their 1975 American tour, their promoter Beate Gordon suggested the band name was too long, so they changed it to The Sabri Brothers.

Career

Early career
The Sabri Brothers initially started their career by performing at Sufi Shrines and private gatherings, Their first recording was officially released in 1958 under the EMI Pakistan label, was the Urdu qawwali titled "Mera Koi Nahi Hai Tera Siwa", which later appeared in the 1965 Pakistani film Ishq-e-Habib.

1970s

1970s witnessed the rise of the Sabri Brothers. They are the only qawwali troupe with "first class" status on the Pakistan Television Corporation.

In 1970, the government of Pakistan sent them to Nepal as representatives for a royal wedding.

During the 1970s, the Sabri Brothers released their greatest hit qawwalis which included "Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad", "Tajdar-e-Haram", "O Sharabi Chord De Peena", "Khwaja Ki Deewani", and "Sar E La Makan Se Talab Hui."

Several qawwalis sung by them were even featured in films, which included "Mohabbat Karne Walo Hum Mohabbat Iss Ko Kehte Hai" in the 1970 film Chand Suraj, "Aaye Hai Tere Dar Pe Toh Kuch Le Ke Jaen Ge" in the 1972 film Ilzam, "Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad" in the 1975 film Bin Badal Barsaat, "Baba Farid Sarkar" in the 1974 film Sasta Khoon Mehnga Pani, "Teri Nazr-e-Karam Ka Sahara Mile" in the 1976 film Sachaii, "Mamoor horha hai" in the 1977 film Dayar-e-Paighambran and "Aftab-e-Risalat" in the 1979 Indian film Sultan-e-Hind.

In 1972, they performed a charity concert for the construction of Pakistani Children School in Abu Dhabi. In the same year, with the co-operation of Oriental Star Agencies, the Sabri Brothers performed in various cities in England such as London, Bradford, Birmingham and Manchester, which was very popular. The proceeds of these programs were donated to an Earthquake Relief Fund in Pakistan.

The Sabri Brothers were the first-ever qawwali artists to perform in United States, Europe, and other Western countries. They were the first exponents of qawwali to the West when they performed at New York's Carnegie Hall in 1975, promoted and sponsored by Beate Gordon of the Asia Society. The Sabri Brothers performed in the United States and Canada under the auspices of the Performing Arts Program of the Asia Society in 1975 and recorded a qawwali program at Brooklyn College Television Center.

In 1975, the Sabri Brothers toured and performed at live concerts in South Africa. Inspired by their live concerts in South Africa, Chevrolet gifted an automatic car to the Sabri Brothers, which they donated for the development of poor children. They also donated the proceeds of their live concerts on that tour towards famine relief in South Africa.

The Sabri Brothers performed at Royal Albert Hall on 20 June 1976 at the World of Islam Festival. In April 1978, the album Qawwali was recorded in the United States, while the Sabri Brothers were on tour. The New York Times''' review described the album as "the aural equivalent of dancing dervishes" and the "music of feeling."

In 1977, the Sabri Brothers toured India; their concerts were attended by many Bollywood celebrities. During that tour they recorded Aftaab E Risalat Madine Mei Hai which was featured in the 1979 Bollywood film Sultan E Hind Khwaja Garib Nawaz. Aftab E Risalat's music video even featured an appearance by the Sabri Brothers and was a blockbuster hit.

In 1977, they recorded the album Pakistan: The Music of the Qawwal for the UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music which was later released in CD form by Auvidis in 1990.

In 1979, they performed a charity concert for the construction of Karachi School of Art which was later released in album Sabri Brothers Live in Concert at Ali Bhai Auditorium.

1980s

In June 1981, the Sabri Brothers performed at the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam which was released on the album Tasleem.

In 1982, they appeared in the film Sahaaray with their famous qawwali "Tajdar-e-Haram." The same year they performed at Midway Hotel for the construction of Al Shifa Hospital near Karachi Airport.

In 1983, they recorded the album Nazre Shah Karim to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of His Highness Prince Aga Khan, sponsored by Tajico Group. The proceeds from this album were donated to Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi. On 3 August 1985, a program was held at Sheraton Hotel, Karachi and collected Rs. 141,500/- for the Bangladesh Flood Relief Fund.

In 1985, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri recorded a solo ghazal album in front of a live audience in Karachi; the album was released as Awargi, which was a blockbuster hit. The album had a collection of light playful poetry written by Farhat Shahzad.

In 1988 EMI Pakistan released another solo ghazal album by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri titled Tere Ghungroo Toot Gaye to Kya, which was a hit. The same year, he recorded a qawwali song for music director Anu Malik in the Indian movie Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati, which was picturised on Mithun Chakraborty.

In 1989, the Sabri Brothers performed at WOMAD festival concerts which were held in UK and France. During their tour of the UK in 1989, the Sabri Brothers recorded an album which was released as the album Ya Habib in 1990 by Peter Gabriel's Real World Records. The album Ya Habib consists of four long songs, each combining powerful, sensitive, often improvised vocals with rhythmic percussion, thudding tabla and mesmeric harmonium drones, which proved to be one of the Sabri Brothers' greatest hits.

In 1989 and 1992, Sabri Brothers performed at various South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation festivals.

1990s
thumb|right|Ghulam Farid Sabri with Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan

In 1990, the Sabri Brothers performed at various qawwali concerts in England.

In 1991, Ghulam Farid Sabri toured Europe and performed qawwali in the United Kingdom and Germany. He also performed at  held in Germany in 1991. The same year, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri toured and performed in various qawwali concerts held in South Africa.

In 1992, the Sabri Brothers, led by Ghulam and Maqbool, toured Australia and performed at the Hope Theater in Melbourne, Australia. Their tour of Australia was sponsored by the Friends of the University of Wollongong.
The same year they performed at a fundraiser in Dubai to benefit Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital. In 1992 they also performed in various countries for the SAARC festival.

In 1993, the Sabri Brothers once again toured the United States and performed at various qawwali concerts there.

In April 1994, The Sabri brothers were set to begin on a tour across Europe. They were to perform at around 30–35 shows, covering almost the entire continent. On 5 April 1994, Ghulam Farid Sabri suddenly complained of chest pain. He suffered a massive heart attack and was rushed to hospital but he died en route in the arms of his brother Maqbool Ahmed Sabri. Maqbool Ahmed Sabri was left heartbroken but still carried on his and his elder brother's mission. To devote an album entirely to the Persian poetry of Jami, a luminary of the Sufi tradition, was one of Ghulam Farid Sabri's cherished ambitions. He made the recordings in July 1991 at the SFB studios in Berlin, but the CD was not released while he was still alive. Thus, it becomes a memorial not only to the Persian poet, but also to Ghulam Farid Sabri. After the death of Ghulam Farid Sabri in 1994, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri became the sole leader of The Sabri Brothers with his youngest brother Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri taking the role of second lead vocalist and harmonium player.

Also in 1994, Sabri Brothers led by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri and Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri performed at the Womex festival and New Jazz Festival held in Germany.

In 1995, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri was about to perform at the Meltdown Festival held in the UK. A week before the event, he suffered a major accident in Lahore. He was in critical condition during that time, and people worldwide prayed for his health. He recovered miraculously within a month, though he had a damaged leg after the accident and had to undergo multiple knee surgeries.

In 1996, The Sabri Brothers performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music – Next Wave Festival, as part of a double-billing with alternative rockers Cornershop, and released an album titled Ya Mustapha (or Ya Mustafa). The album became one of their greatest hits.

In 1997, The Sabri Brothers once again performed at the Royal Albert Hall in front of the Prince of Wales, Prince Charles for the Celebration of 50 Years of Independence of India and Pakistan together with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. They were one of the few artists who have performed at the Royal Albert Hall multiple times. The Sabri Brothers also performed Waqt E Dua Hai which is one of their popular qawwalis at Symphony Hall, Birmingham, for the celebration of 50 Years of Independence of India and Pakistan together with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

In 1998, The Sabri Brothers toured Australia and also performed at the Sydney Opera House. Shortly after the program at the Opera House, Kamal Ahmed Sabri (second eldest of the brothers), the supporting vocalist and instrumentalist of the group, suffered a heart attack. Though he survived, he could not take part due to poor health.

In 1999, The Sabri Brothers participated in the Voices of God festival in Marrakesh, Morocco in May. The group also performed at various qawwali concerts held in Morocco in 1999.

2000 onwards
The Sabri Brothers performed at Musica Sacra International Marktoberdorf Event concerts during the year 2000 in Germany.

Maqbool Ahmed Sabri and Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri did several tours of India and recorded various albums which were released by Tips Music.

In 2001, Kamal Ahmed Sabri, the second eldest of the Sabri Brothers, died after suffering a second heart attack. After his death, the use of instruments such as swarmandal (zither) and chidya tarang (Flexatone) came to an end in the Sabri Brothers group. Later the same year, the Sabri Brothers performed live in DOM at the On The Carpet Oriental Culture Festival on 17 November 2001 in Moscow, which was later released in 2003 as the album Live in Moscow – Diwani.In 2005, The Sabri Brothers performed at Virsast Festival held in Dehradun, India. The same year, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri was invited to perform in different cities in Madhya Pradesh, India, and was awarded the Tansen Samman Award by the government of Madhya Pradesh.

In 2006, the Sabri Brothers performed at Ajmer Sharif and in Pune, Maharashtra. The same year, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri rerecorded and re-released his old hit qawwalis including "Khwaja Ki Deewani", "Mera Koi Nahi Hai Tere Siwa", "Mann Bole Mann", and "Hum Panjatani Hai" which were released by SB Studios in Karachi and proved to be a big hit worldwide.

The Sabri Brothers led by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri and Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri continued to tour and performed in Russia in the year 2007.

Maqbool Ahmed Sabri went on various tours and performed at qawwali concerts until his death. He performed in Hyderabad, India in 2008. He also performed at Ajmer Sharif during the annual Urs celebrations of Khwaja Garib Nawaz in 2011. His last concert was organized by Hilton Hotel in South Africa in 2011. After that, since then his health was not good. On 21 September 2011, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri died in South Africa due to cardiac arrest after being treated for two months for health problems. He was buried near his elder brother Ghulam Farid Sabri.

The group was then led by the youngest brother Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri, who was the last brother alive leading the group after the deaths of Ghulam Farid Sabri and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri. Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri led the Sabri Brothers until his own death on 21 June 2021. He organized many programs in Europe to collect donations for the Namal Institute located in Mianwali District, Punjab, which was established by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan. The funds collected were sent home after the many programs hosted in Europe. Mehmood's qawwalis were well-received across the globe, including in Germany and several European countries.

With the death of Mehmood Ghaznavi Sabri on 21 June 2021, the Sabri Brothers group came to an end. Other family members and disciples of the Sabri Brothers continue to perform in their own separate qawwali groups to carry on the legacy of Ghulam Farid Sabri, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri and the Sabri Brothers.

Legacy
 The Sabri Brothers received the honor of performing in Madina Sharif, near Al-Masjid an-Nabawi.

They were well-versed in singing in the Persian language and had a great affinity for the musical rendition of Amir Khusrow's kalaam (poetry).

Legendary Sufi Singer Abida Parveen was a student of the Sabri Brothers. Abida Parveen revealed in an interview that she has taken inspiration from the Sabri Brothers and also learnt the song "Man Kunto Maula" from them.

A life-size painting of Ghulam Farid Sabri that dominates the meeting room of his home was created by painters from Naz Cinema for the first anniversary of his death in 1995.

In 2003, British singer Sami Yusuf released a cover version of Sabri Brothers's golden hit Ya Mustafa and featured it on his debut album titled Al-Muʽallim. During one of his interviews with BBC, Yusuf claimed that he was inspired by the Sabri Brothers and their music is without doubt the music of spirituality and peace. He also claimed that his inspiration from the Sabri Brothers led him to cover one of their hits on his album. Yusuf accepted that this turned out to be one of his most famous works.

In 2006, Amatullah Armstrong Chishti wrote a book titled The Lamp of Love – Journeying with the Sabri Brothers regarding the research program into the Sufi saints and their mazars (shrines) in Pakistan and India, and the Art of Qawwali of Pakistan's best-loved Sufi singers, the Sabri Brothers.

They have been featured in "La Morte Du Bombay Express" fictional detective novel written by Sarah Dars in 2002 wherein The protagonist attended the musical concert of Sabri Brothers, nearly a whole chapter was dedicated to their performance.

In March 2008, an underpass near Liaquatabad, Karachi was named after Ghulam Farid Sabri.

Coke Studio Season 8 paid a special tribute to the Sabri Brothers with Atif Aslam performing the all-time hit "Tajdar-e-Haram."

"Bhar do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad" was featured in the 2015 Bollywood movie Bajrangi Bhaijaan sung by Adnan Sami Khan with few changes in melody and lyrics.

"Tajdar-e-Haram" was featured in the 2018 Bollywood movie Satyameva Jayate and was covered by Sajid–Wajid and sung by Wajid Khan from the same duo.

On 4 May 2021, singer Ali Zafar released his own version of "Balaghal Ula Bi Kamaalihi (Sar E La Makan Se Talab Hui)" as a tribute to Ghulam Farid Sabri, Maqbool Ahmed Sabri, and Amjad Farid Sabri.

Awards and recognition
Pride of Performance (Tamgha E Husn E Kaarkardagi) Award by the President of Pakistan in 1978 to the whole Sabri Brothers group.
Spirit of Detroit Award by the federal government of the United States to both Ghulam Farid Sabri and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri in 1981.Khusro Rang to both Ghulam Farid Sabri and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri by the Raag Rang Society of India in 1980.Bulbul E Pak O Hind by the Shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya to Ghulam Farid Sabri and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri in 1977.
Charles de Gaulle Award by Charles de Gaulle to Ghulam Farid Sabri and Maqbool Ahmed Sabri in 1983.
 A doctorate degree was awarded to the Sabri Brothers as an honor for their hit record Shikwa Jawab E Shikwa (Of Allama Iqbal) by the University of Oxford.Tansen Samman (India) was awarded to Maqbool Ahmed Sabri in 2005 by the government of Madhya Pradesh.

Qawwalis featured in films
Several of their qawwalis were featured in films.
"Mera Koi Nahi Hai Tere Siwa" appeared in the 1965 Pakistani film Ishq-e-Habib"Mohabbat Karne Walo Hum Mohabbat Iss Ko Kehte Hai" in the 1970 Pakistani film Chand Suraj"Aaye Hai Tere Dar Pe Toh Kuch Le Ke Jayen Ge" in the 1972 Pakistani film Ilzam"Baba Farid Sarkar" in the 1974 Pakistani Punjabi film Sasta Khoon Mehenga Paani"Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad" in the 1975 Pakistani film Bin Badal Barsaat"Teri Nazr-e-Karam" in the 1976 Pakistani film Sachaii"Mamoor Ho Raha Hai" in the 1977 Pakistani film Dayar-e-Paighambran"Aftab E Risalat" in the 1979 Indian Hindi film Sultan-e-Hind Khwaja Garib Nawaz (RA)"Tajdar-e-Haram" in the 1982 Pakistani film Sahaaray"Tere Dar Ko Chord Chale" with solo playback by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri, was featured in the 1988 Indian film Gangaa Jamunaa SaraswatiQawwalis featured in television series
"Tere Ishq Nachaya" sung by Sabri Brothers was featured in the Pakistan Television Corporation hit series Aik Mohabbat Sau Afsanay aired during 1975–1976 which was written by Ashfaq Ahmed. The drama was a successful series of 13 episodes based on Ashfaq Ahmed's book of the same title. The qawwali was featured in the episode titled "Qurat - Ul - Ain."

The title song of ARY Digital's drama serial Muqaddas (2007) was sung by Maqbool Ahmed Sabri.

Discography
Concert films
 1975 Qawwali, Music from Pakistan – Live in America
 1981 Live in England – Vol 1
 1988 Live in England – Vol 2
 1988 Live in England – Vol 3
 1988 Live in England – Vol 4
 1986 Qawali – The Sabri Brothers (Live at Shrine of Hazrat Abdullah Shah Ghazi)
 1992 Sabri Brothers Live in India (SAARC)

Albums
 1970 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – O' Laaj Mori Rakh  (Columbia)
 1970 Devotional Songs (EMI Pakistan)
 1970 Qawwali – Ya Mohammad Nigah-e-Karam (EMI Pakistan)
 1970 Qawwali – Mere Khoon e Arzoo Ko (EMI Pakistan)
 1971 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Balaghal Ula Be Kamalehi (EMI Pakistan)
 1972 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Aaye Ri More Angna Moinud Din  (Angel Records)
 1972 Qawwali – Karam Asiyo Par Ho (EMI Pakistan)
 1974 Nazrana E Aqidat (Angel Records)
 1975 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Sab Se Bara Darbar-E-Madina  (EMI Pakistan)
 1975 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Teri Surat Nigahon Men  (His Master's Voice)
 1975 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Mohammad Ki Chatai Ne Bhi   (Odeon)
 1975 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Na Samjho Khak Ka Putla   (Odeon)
 1975 Sabri Brothers – More Ghar Aj Mohammed Aaye  (Odeon)
 1975 Sabri Brothers – Ya Mohammad Noor-e-Mujasim  (Angel Records)
 1976 Deewani Kawaja Ki Deewani / O Sharabi Chod De Peena (EMI Pakistan)
 1977 Sabri Brothers – Aaye Hain Woh (Shalimar Recording Company Limited)
 1977 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party – Ya Sahebal Jamal (Odeon)
 1977 Pakistan : The Music of Qawwal (UNESCO)
 1977 Ghulam Farid Maqbool Sabri Qawal And Party –  	Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Mohammed (Angel Records)
 1978 Qaw Allis Vol. 6 – Gulam Shabri Live Recording in S. Africa  (Ashirwad)
 1978 Kawwali Musicians from Pakistan (Arion)
 1978 Qawwali – Sufi Music From Pakistan (Nonesuch)
 1979 Music of Pakistan – Qawwali – Live in Concert (Vinyl LP Record, 1979)
 1979 Sabri Brothers Qawwal (EMI Pakistan)
 1979 Shikwa Jawab Shikwa (EMI Pakistan)
 1980 Greatest Qawwali's of Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
 1980 Latest Qawwalis from Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
 1980 Sabri Brothers in Concert – Vol.1–3 (EMI Pakistan)
 1980 Sabri Brothers Live Concert Vol −16 (EMI Pakistan) 1980 Sabri Brothers – Mehfil-E-Programme Vol −17 (EMI Pakistan) 1982 Jhoot Ke Paon Nahin Hain (EMI Pakistan)
 1982 Sabri Brothers – Ghulam Farid & Maqbool Sabri (EMI Pakistan)
 1982 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri – Urdu Ghazal (His Master's Voice)
 1983 New Qawwali's By Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
 1983 Nazr-e-Shah Karim (AEA)
 1984 Jogan Daata Di (EMI Pakistan)
 1985 Hits of Sabri Brothets (EMI Pakistan)
 1985 Awargi  (CBS)
 1986 Ya Muhammad Nigahe Karam (EMI Pakistan)
 1987 Sur Bahar " Amir Khusro " (EMI Pakistan)
 1988 Shan-E-Aulia (EMI Pakistan)
 1988 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri – Tere Ghungroo Toot Gaye Toh Kya – Ghazals (EMI Pakistan)
 1988 Live at Allah Ditta Hall (UK Tour) 1990 Sabri Brothers New Qawwali's 1990 (EMI Pakistan)
 1990 The Music of the Qawwali (Auvidis, UNESCO)
 1990 Ya Habib (Real World)
 1993 Qawwali Masterworks (Piranha)
 1993 Doolha Heryale [Doolha Hariyaale], (Shalimar Recording Company)
 1993 Bangai Baat Unka Karam Ho Gaya Vol 2 - (Oriental Strar Agencies)
 1993 Pyar Ke Morr Live in Concert(Oriental Star Agencies)
 1993 La Ilah Ki Boli Bol (EMI Pakistan)
 1994 Shehanshah-e-Qawwali Ki Yaad Mein  – Vol.1–2, (EMI Pakistan)
 1994 Savere Savere (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1994 La Elah Ki Boli Bol (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1994–97 Greatest Hits of Sabri Brothers, Vol.1–3 (Sirocco)
 1994 Milta Hai Kya Namaz Mein – Live in UK (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1995 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri – Aawargi Vol 3 (Eastern Music Productions)
 1996 Jami  (Piranha)
 1996 Ya Mustapha [Ya Mustafa], (Xenophile)
 1996 Allah Baqi (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1996 Ae Mere Hamnasheen (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1996 Khawaja Ki Diwani – Live in Europe 1981 (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1996 Tajdar-e-Haram (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1997 Nazan Hai Jis Pai Husn (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1997 Maikadah – Live in Concert (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1997 Balaghul Ula Bekamalehi  (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1998 Hazir Hain (Oriental Star Agencies)
 1999 Madeena Na Dekha (Sonic Enterprises)
 2000 Madina Mujhe De De (Tips Music Company)
 2001 Ya Raematal Lilalmin (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2002 Dar Pe Deewane Aaye Hai (Tips Music Company)
 2003 Bindia Lagaon Kabhi (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2003 Jhoole Jhoole Ji Mohammad (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2003 Live in Moscow Diwani, (Long Arms Record)
 2003 Tasleem Live At Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, 1981 (PAN Records)
 2004 Aaj Rang Hai Ri (Tips Music Company)
 2004 Rabb E Akbar (Tips Music Company)
 2005 Jitna Diya Sarkar Ne Mujhko (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2005 Mangte Hai Karam Unka (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2006 Mera Koi Nahi Hai Tere Siwa – Maqbool Ahmed Sabri Naye Andaz Mein (SB Enterprises)
 2007 Ajmer Ko Jana Hai (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2007 Posheeda Posheeda – Live in Concert UK (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2007 Piya Ghar Aya (Oriental Star Agencies)
 2016 Showcase Southasia, Vol.18 – Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
Contributing artist
 1965 Ishq E Habib & Eid Mubarak – Movie Tracks (Columbia & EMI Pakistan)
 1975 Devotional Qawwalis From Films (EMI Pakistan)
 1987 Sher E Yazdaan Ali Ali (EMI Pakistan)
 1987 Maikhana – Aziz Miyan & Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
 1991 Music in Asian Islam (Recordings And Liner Notes, MCM)
 1996 The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan (World Music Network)
 2006 The Best of Sabri Brothers & Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (EMI Pakistan)
 2012 Great Works of Amir Khusro – Vol 1 & 2 (Virgin Records, India)
 2014 Essential Sufi Meditations – Famous Songs of Pakistan with the Masters Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Sabri Brothers, And Rahat Fateh Ali Khan'' (Celebration Sounds)

See also
 Ghulam Farid Sabri
 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri
 Amjad Sabri
 List of Pakistani music bands

References

Musical groups established in 1956
Muhajir people
Pakistani qawwali groups
Real World Records artists
20th-century composers
EMI Records artists
Harmonium players
Pakistani classical singers
Pakistani playback singers
Pakistani folk singers
Pakistani ghazal singers
20th-century Pakistani male singers
20th-century Pakistani singers
Pakistani Muslims
Pakistani world music musicians
Performers of Sufi music
Persian-language singers
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Urdu-language singers
Musicians from Karachi
1956 establishments in Pakistan
20th-century Indian male singers
20th-century Indian singers
Chishti-Sabiris

Sabri Brothers


Im Geheimdienst (Originaltitel: Cloak and Dagger) ist ein in schwarzweiß gedrehter Film noir des Regisseurs Fritz Lang aus dem Jahre 1946 mit Gary Cooper und Lilli Palmer in den Hauptrollen. Die Handlung verbindet eine Agentenstory vor dem historischen Hintergrund des ausgehenden Zweiten Weltkrieges mit einer Liebesgeschichte zwischen einem US-amerikanischen Physiker, bzw. Agenten, und einer italienischen Widerstandskämpferin. Die Geschichte basiert auf dem Sachbuch Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of O.S.S.

Handlung
Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges beauftragt der US-Geheimdienst den Physiker Alvah Jesper (Gary Cooper) damit, in Europa in Erfahrung zu bringen, wie weit die Forschungen der Nazis zum Bau von Atombomben bereits fortgeschritten sind. Jesper versucht zuerst, in Italien einen gewissen Professor Polda zu finden, um ihn zur Mitarbeit zu überreden. Dessen Tochter, Maria, die von Nazis entführt worden ist, versucht Jesper mit Hilfe von geheimen Widerstandskämpfern zu befreien, wobei er sich in die Widerstandskämpferin Gina verliebt, was den Auftrag aber nicht unbedingt leichter erfüllbar macht und für beide existenzielle Konflikte mit sich bringt.

Kritiken

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Cloak and Dagger (Im Geheimdienst), in: Robert Zion: Fritz Lang in Amerika, 35 Millimeter Verlag, Saarbrücken 2023, ISBN 978-3-00-072012-3, S. 103–107.

Schwarzweißfilm
Filmtitel 1946
US-amerikanischer Film
Abenteuerfilm
Literaturverfilmung
Agentenfilm
Fritz Lang

Im Geheimdienst


Mit der Rudolf-Virchow-Vorlesung wurden zwischen 1987 und 2016 jährlich namhafte Forscherpersönlichkeiten der alt- und mittelsteinzeitlichen Archäologie geehrt. Der Preis ist nach Rudolf Virchow benannt. Die Preisvergabe erfolgte durch den Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit (seit 2012: Monrepos Archäologisches Forschungszentrum und Museum für menschliche Verhaltensevolution) des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums mit Sitz auf Schloss Monrepos (Neuwied), der sich Virchows Arbeitsweise besonders verbunden fühlt.

Der Mediziner, Archäologe und Politiker Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) begründete die naturwissenschaftlich geprägte interdisziplinäre Archäologie. Anthropologie, Zoologie, Botanik, Geologie und Chemie erhielten durch ihn einen festen Platz in der archäologischen Forschung. Gleichzeitig engagierte sich der liberale Märzrevolutionär in der Sozialpolitik, er stellte sich gegen die Kolonialpolitik und antisemitische Tendenzen.

Rudolf Virchow setzte sich als langjähriges Mitglied des Gesamtvorstandes des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums in Mainz erfolgreich für dessen Unabhängigkeit ein. Seine naturwissenschaftlich geprägte, ganzheitliche, innovative Forschungsweise, sein gesellschaftliches Engagement und seine freiheitliche Grundüberzeugung sind Vorbild für die moderne Archäologie.

Der öffentliche Rudolf-Virchow-Vortrag fand jeweils im Schlosstheater Neuwied statt. Um neue Forschungsergebnisse einem breiten Publikum zugänglich und verständlich zu machen, wurde er stets auf Deutsch vorgetragen.

Die Rudolf-Virchow-Vorlesung war eine der ältesten öffentlichen Vorlesungsreihen zur Archäologie der Altsteinzeit in Deutschland. Die Vorlesungen wurden bis 2002 als Aufsätze im Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums veröffentlicht.

Vorlesungen
 1987 Hans-Georg Bandi, Bern, "Die Schweiz zur Rentierzeit (15.000 -10.000 v. Chr.)"
 1988 Karl Dietrich Adam, Stuttgart, "Der Urmensch von Steinheim an der Murr und seine Umwelt. Ein Lebensbild aus der Zeit vor einer viertel Million Jahren"
 1989 Wolfgang Taute, Köln, "Erste Bauern – letzte Jäger. Vorderer Orient und Mitteleuropa im Vergleich (11.000 – 4.000 v. Chr.)"
 1990 Avraham Ronen, Haifa, "Neandertaler und früher Homo sapiens im Nahen Osten"
 1991 Waleri P. Aleksejew, Moskau, "Menschen der Altsteinzeit aus dem Gebiet der Sowjetunion"
 1992 Gerhard Bosinski, Köln/Neuwied, "Die ersten Menschen in Eurasien"
 1993 Wil Roebroeks, Leiden, "Das Bild vom Urmenschen im Wandel der Zeit"
 1994 Akira Ono, Tokio, "Die Altsteinzeit in Japan"
 1995 Michel Egloff, Neuchâtel, "Jäger des Magdalénien am Ufer des Neuenburger Sees(Schweiz)"
 1996 Jesús Altuna, San Sebastián, "Siedlungsplätze und Bilderhöhlen des Magdalénien im Iberischen Baskenland"
 1997 Francis Clark Howell, Berkeley, "Ein halbes Jahrhundert Paläoanthropologie. Ein persönliches Resümee"
 1998 Karel Valoch, Brno, "Das Magdalénien in Mähren"
 1999 Pablo Arias Cabal, Santander und Oviedo, "La Garma (Kantabrien/Spanien) Außergewöhnliche eiszeitliche Malereien und Befunde in einer verschlossenen Höhle".
 2000 Bernhard Gramsch, Brandenburg, "Letzte Jäger und Sammler in der Mark Brandenburg"
 2001 Nicholas J. Conard, Tübingen, "Die Neandertaler am Rhein"
 2002 Michael Baales, Neuwied, "Vulkanismus und Archäologie des Eiszeitalters am Mittelrhein: Ergebnisse 30jähriger Forschungsarbeit"
 2003 Gerhard Bosinski, Neuwied, "Gönnersdorf – Eiszeitjäger am Mittelrhein"
 2004 Sabine Gaudzinski, Neuwied, "Die ersten Menschen am See Genezareth – die Ausgrabungen am israelischen Fundplatz 'Ubeidija'"
 2005 Friedemann Schrenk, "Auf der Suche nach Adam"
 2006 Ralf W. Schmitz, "Neandertal 1856–2006"
 2007 Harald Floss, "Vom Vogelherd zur Grotte Chauvet – Die Anfänge der Eiszeitkunst in Europa"
 2008 Christine Neugebauer-Maresch, Österreich, "Krems an der Donau in Niederösterreich – Zentrum altsteinzeitlichen Lebens – Zentrum neuer Entdeckungen"
 2009 Klaus Schmidt, Erlangen, "Göbekli Tepe – Ein steinzeitliches Bergheiligtum in der Südosttürkei"
 2010 Jürgen Richter, Köln, "Savannenmenschen in der Mammutsteppe? – Wege des Homo sapiens von Afrika nach Europa"
 2011 Peter Vang Petersen, Dänemark, "Jagd und Musik in der nordeuropäischen Mittelsteinzeit"
 2012 Claus-Joachim Kind, Stuttgart, "Auf der Suche nach dem Löwenmenschen. Die älteste Kunst der Menschheit"
 2013 Jean-Jacques Hublin, Leipzig, "Aufstieg und Niedergang der Neandertaler"
 2015 David Lordkipanidze, Georgien, "Die ersten Menschen außerhalb Afrikas"
 2016 Clive Gamble, Southampton, "1859: im Augenblick der Zeit – Der Beginn einer neuen Wissenschaft der Vorgeschichte"

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Alle Veranstaltungen und Preisträger 1987–2016 beim Forschungszentrum Monrepos

Archäologiepreis
Rudolf Virchow als Namensgeber
Wissenschaftspreis (Deutschland)
Erstverleihung 1987

Rudolf-Virchow-Vorlesung


John Hanson (1715–1783) was President of the American Continental Congress.

John Hanson may also refer to:

People
John Wesley Hanson (1823–1901), American Universalist minister and historian
John Fletcher Hanson (1840–1910), American industrialist
John Hanson (Liberian politician) (died 1860), Liberian senator associated with American Colonization Society
Sir John Hanson (1919–1996), 3rd Baronet, of the Hanson baronets
John Hanson (singer) (1922–1998), Canadian-born British singer and actor
John Hanson (British diplomat) (1938–2017), British diplomat
John Hanson (English footballer) (born 1962), English former footballer
John Hanson (New Zealand footballer) (fl. 1988), New Zealand international football (soccer) player
John Hanson (director) (fl. 1978–1987), American film director
John Hanson (born 1973), British electronic musician in the band Magnétophone
John Hanson (Jamaica), planter in Jamaica

Other uses
Statue of John Hanson, a 1903 bronze statue
John Hanson Community School in Andover, Hampshire, UK

See also
John Hansen (disambiguation)

John Hanson (disambiguation)


Mirskói  es un posiólok del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla derecha del río Beisug, 18 km al noroeste de Kropotkin y 123 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 2 706 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Mirskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Oktiabrski, Vozrozhdéniye, Komsomolski, Krasnoarmeiski, Rastsvet y Rozy Liuksemburg.

Historia

La fundación de la localidad está relacionada con la construcción del ferrocarril del Cáucaso Norte, que pasa por su centro, como asentamiento para los trabajadores, por lo que se remonta a 1872.

Demografía

Composición étnica

De los 3 055 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 91.8 % era de etnia rusa, el 3.4 % era de etnia armenia, el 1.9 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 0.6 % era de etnia alemana, el 0.3 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.3 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.1 % era de etnia georgiana, el 0.1 % era de etnia tártara y el 0.1 % era de etnia griega.

Transporte

La carretera federal M29 Pávlovskaya-frontera azerí pasa al este de la localidad. El ferrocarril Rostov-Vladikavkaz pasa por la población.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Мирской (посёлок).
 Sitio web del municipio .
  de Lenin en Mirskói, en Panoramio.

Localidades del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1872

Mirskói (Kavkázskaya, Krasnodar)


Mariusz Jurkiewicz (født 3. februar 1982) er en polsk håndboldspiller, som spiller i Vive Kielce og Polens herrehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Polen
Håndboldspillere fra Vive Kielce

Mariusz Jurkiewicz


වර්තමාන ජාත්‍යන්තර නීති රාමුව සම්බන්ධයෙන් වගකීම හිමිවන්නේ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ටය

පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය රාජ්‍යයන් හා අන්තර් ආණ්ඩුමය සංවිධානයන්හි ව්‍යුහය සහ ක්‍රියාකරීත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන් කටයුතු කරයි. රට තුල නෛතික අර්ථනිරූපනයන් හා  බලාත්මක කිරීම් ඉක්මවායන බහුජාතික සමාගම් සහ තැනැත්තන් වෙනුවෙන් ඊට වඩා පහල මට්ටමක ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියක් අදාල වෙයි. 20 වන සියවස තුල ගෝලීය වෙළ‍දාම, සන්නද්ධ ගැටුම්, ලෝක පරිමාණයෙන් පරිසර තත්වයන්ගේ පිරිහීම, මානව හිමිකම් කඩවීම් සම්න්ධයෙන් දැනුවත්වීම, ජාත්‍යන්තර ප‍්‍රවාහනය සීඝ‍්‍ර හා වැඩිවීම සහ ගෝලීය සන්නිවේදනයන්ගේ සීඝ‍්‍ර වර්ධනයහේතුකොටගෙන පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ වැදගත්කම වර්ධනයවිය.

පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය සමහර අවස්ථාවන්හිදී 'ජාතීන්ගේ නීතිය' ලෙසින්ද හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ.  එය නීති අතර ගැටුම් නිරාකරණය සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාල වන්නාවූ 'පුද්ගලික ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය' සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය. වඩාත් පොදු අර්ථයෙන් ගත්කළ ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියට 'රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ සහ අන්තර් ආණ්ඩුමය සංවිධානයන්ගේ කි‍්‍රයාකලාපය, ඔවුන් අතර සම්බන්ධතාවන් මෙන්ම ස්වභාවික හෝ නෛතික තැනැත්තන් සමඟ වන සමහර සම්බන්ධතාවන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පොදුවේ අදාල කරගනු ලබන රීති සහ මූලධර්මයන්' අයත්වේ.

පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියේ ඉතිහාසය

ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින මුල්ම ප්‍රසිද්ධ ලියවිල්ල වන්නේ, 'ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය පිළිබඳ හැඳින්වීමක්' යන්නයි. එය "මොහොමඞ් බින් හසන් අල් ෂබානි" විසින් 8 වන සියවස අග දී ලියන ලද්දකි. ඔහු ඉස්ලාම් නීතිය හා නීති විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ 'හනෆි' ගුරු කුලයේ නීතිවේදියකු වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ඉස්ලාම් නීතිවේදිහූ ඉන්පසුව ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය පිළිබඳ ලේඛන ගණනාවක් ලියා ඇත. (අරාබි බසින් මේවා 'සියාර්' ලෙස හඳුන්වයි) මෙම මුල්කාලීන ඉස්ලාම් නෛතික ලියවිලි ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය තුළ ඉස්ලාම් ආචාර ධර්ම, ඉස්ලාම් ආර්ථික නීති විද්‍යාව සහ ඉස්ලාම් හමුදා නීති විද්‍යාව ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම පිළිබඳ ව විග්‍රහ කරයි. එසේම ගිවිසුම් පිළිබඳ නීතිය කෙරෙහි ද ඒවා සැලකිලිමත් වී ඇත. එනම්, තානාපතිවරුන්, ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන්, සරණාගතයින් හා යුද සිරකරුවන්ට සැලකීම, සරණාගත බව පැතීමට ඇති අයිතිය, යුද පිටියේ හැසිරීම, කාන්තාවන්, ළමුන් හා යුද භටයින් නොවන සිවිල් පුරවැසියන්ට සැලකීම, යුද බිම් සීමා හරහා සිදුවන ගිවිසුම්, විෂ සහිත ආයුධ භාවිතය, සතුරු භූමි විනාශ කිරීම යනාදි යයි. ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය පිළිබඳ පළමුවන යුරෝපීය ලේඛනය සම්පාදනය කළේ 17 වන සියවසේ මුල් කාලයේ 'හියුගෝ ග්‍රොෂස්' විසිනි. ඔහු සහ අනෙකුත් යුරෝපීය නීතිවේදීන් මුල් කාලීන ඉස්ලාම් අන්තර්ජාතික නීතිය මගින් බලපෑමට ලක්වූවා විය හැකිය.

1648 වෙස්ට්පේලියා : සාම ගිවිසුම් මගින් ආරම්භ වී, 16, 17 හා 18 වන සියවස්වලදී ස්වාධිපත්‍යය සහිත ජාතික රාජ්‍ය සංකල්පයේ වර්ධනය වීමක් දැකිය හැකි විය. එනම්, ජාතියක් මධ්‍යගත ආණ්ඩුවක් විසින් පාලනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමයකි. තමා නිශ්චිත ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවක් සහිත පුරවැසියන් බව මිනිසුන් විසින් වටහා ගැනීමත් සමග ජාතිකවාදය පිළිබඳ සංකල්පය අතිශයින් වැදගත් එකක් බවට පත්විය. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්ම, ජාතික රාජ්‍යයන් අතර සම්බන්ධතා පාලනය වූයේ, එක් එක් රාජ්‍ය අතර හැසිරීම් පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා පනවන ලද ගිවිසුම් හා එකඟතා මගිනි. ඒවා බලය යෙදවීමෙන් මිස බලාත්මක කළ නොහැකි, ගෞරවය හෝ විශ්වාසය නිසා මිස කිසිඳු බැඳීමක් රහිත ඒවා විය. එහෙත්, ක්‍රමයෙන් ගිවිසුම් බල රහිත සහ යුද්ධ සිවිල් වැසියන් කෙරෙහි ඉතා විනාශකාරී ඒවා බවට පත්වන විට, විශේෂයෙන්ම යුද සමයේ සිවිල් පුරුවැසියෝ රාජ්‍ය තුළ පනත් සම්මත කිරීම කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් කළහ.

සටහන්

| Public international law -History of public international law
|}
{|
 නීතිය

පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය


James Walter "Jim" Christy (born September 15, 1938) is an American astronomer known for discovering Charon, the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto.

Early years
Christy was born in 1938 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended the University of Arizona and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in astronomy from there in 1965.

Career
On June 22, 1978 while working at the United States Naval Observatory, he discovered that Pluto had a moon, which he named Charon shortly afterwards. The name remained unofficial until its adoption by the IAU in 1986.

The discovery was made by carefully examining an enlargement of a photographic plate of Pluto and noticing it had a very slight bulge on one side. This plate and others had been marked "poor" because the elongated image of Pluto was thought to be a defect resulting from improper alignment. The 1965 plates included a note "Pluto image elongated", but observatory astronomers, including Christy, assumed that the plates were defective until 1978.

However, Christy noticed that only Pluto was elongated—the background stars were not. His earlier work at the Naval Observatory had included photographing double stars, so it occurred to him that this bulge might be a companion of Pluto. After examining images from observatory archives dating back to 1965, he concluded that the bulge was indeed a moon.

The photographic evidence was considered convincing but not conclusive (it remained possible that the bulge was due to Pluto having an unexpectedly irregular shape). However, based on Charon's calculated orbit, a series of mutual eclipses of Pluto and Charon was predicted and observed, confirming the discovery.

In more modern telescopes, such as the Hubble or ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, separate images of Pluto and Charon can be resolved, and the New Horizons probe took images showing some of Charon's surface features.

In late 2008, the asteroid 129564 Christy was named in his honor. As of 2015, he resides in Flagstaff, Arizona. He has been married to Charlene Mary since 1975 and has four children.  On July 14, 2015, he and Clyde Tombaugh's children were guests at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory when the New Horizons spacecraft successfully performed the first flyby of the Pluto-Charon system.

Christy's inspiration for the name "Charon" came about due to a personal interest in naming the moon after his wife. He used her nickname, "Char" for Charlene, and added -on (for his interest in physics in protons and electrons, which have -on endings) to make Charon. It was only later that he found the same name in mythology, that being the ferryman who carried souls across the Acheron River, one of the five mythical rivers that surrounded Pluto's underworld.

References

External links
  Pluto's Companion from the website "Pluto: The Discovery of Planet X," by Brad Mager
 25th Anniversary of the Discovery of Pluto's moon CHARON from NASA JPL website

1938 births
Living people
20th-century American astronomers
Discoverers of moons
Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects
Charon (moon)

James W. Christy


ديفيد جون كاوديل إيرفينغ  (ولد في 26 مارس 1938 في إنكلترا). مؤلف إنكليزي منكر للمحرقة اليهودية. كتب عن التاريخ العسكري والسياسي للحرب العالمية الثانية، مع التركيز على ألمانيا النازية. شملت أعماله تدمير درسدن (1963)، وحرب هتلر (1977)، وحرب تشرشل (1987)، وغوبلز: العقل المدبر للرايخ الثالث (1996). ذكر في أعماله أن أدولف هتلر لم يكن على علم بإبادة اليهود، أو في حال علم بذلك، فإنه كان ضدها. رغم أن مزاعم إرفينغ وآراءه الإنكارية بشأن جرائم الحرب الألمانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية (ومسؤولية هتلر عنها) لم تؤخذ على محمل الجد قط من قبل المؤرخين من التيار السائد، إلا أنه عرف بسعة اطلاعه حول ألمانيا النازية وقدرته على اكتشاف وثائق تاريخية جديدة.

بحلول أواخر الثمانينات، توجه إيرفينغ خارج التيار السائد لدراسة التاريخ، وبدأ يتحول من مجرد «طارح بسيط للآراء» إلى «منكر للمحرقة متطرف في آرائه»، وربما تأثر بمحاكمة عام 1988 لمنكر المحرقة إرنست زوندل. أدت تلك المحاكمة، وقراءته لتقرير ليوتشتر للعلم الزائف سنة 19888 إلى توجهه لإنكار المحرقة اليهودية علنًا، نافيًا على وجه التحديد قتل اليهود بالغاز في معسكر اعتقال أوشفيتز.

في سنة 1996، في سياق دعوى التشهير الفاشلة التي رفعها ضد المؤرخة الأمريكية ديبورا ليبشتات وبينغوين بوكس، قرر قاضي المحكمة العليا تشارلز غراي في حكمه أن إيرفينغ أساء عمدًا تمثيل الأدلة التاريخية لترويج إنكار المحركة وتلميع صورة النازيين، وهو رأي شاطره فيه عديد من المؤرخين البارزين. وجدت المحكمة الإنكليزية أن إيرفينغ كان منكرًا نشطًا للمحرقة، وماديًا للسامية وعنصريًا، إذ «لأسبابه الأيديولوجية الخاصة، استمر بتحريف الأدلة التاريخية والتغيير الممنهج لها». فضلًا عن ذلك، وجدت المحكمة أن كتب إيرفينغ حرفت دور هتلر التاريخي في المحرقة ومثلته بصورة إيجابية.

نشأته
ولد ديفيد إرفينغ وأخوه التوأم نيكولاس، في هاتون قرب برنت وود، إسكس، إنكلترا. كان لديهما أخ يدعى جون وأخت تدعى جينيفر. كان والدهما، جون جيمس كاوديل إيرفينغ (1898-1967)، ضابطًا بحريًا وقادئًا في البحرية الملكية. كانت والدتهما، بيريل إيرفينغ (اسم عائلتها قبل الزواج: نيوينغتون)، رسامة ومؤلفة لكتب الأطفال.

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، كان والد إيرفينغ ضابطًا على متن سفينة الطراد الخفيفة «إتش إم إس أدنبره». في 30 أبريل 1942، وبينما كان يرافق السفينة كيو بي 11 ي بحر بارنتس، أصيبت المركبة بأضرار بالغة من الغواصة الألمانية (يو-456). بعد يومين، هوجمت السفينة من قبل مركبة على السطح، وأصبحت السفينة غير قادرة على الاستمرار وأغرقت بطوربيد أطلقته مركبة «إتش إم إس فورسايت». نجا والد إرفينغ من الحادث، ولكنه قطع كل صلة له بزوجته وأولاده.

وصف إرفينغ طفولته في مقابلة مع الكاتب الأمريكي رون روزنباوم بأنها: «على عكس الأمريكيين، فقد عانينا نحن الإنجليز حرمانًا شديدًا، لقد مررنا بطفولة خالية من اللعب. لم تشبه حياتنا تلك الطفولة على الإطلاق. عشنا في جزيرة ازدحمت بجيوش شعوب أخرى». حسب أخيه نيكولاس، كان ديفيد استفزازيًا وكثير المزاح منذ صغره. وقال نيكولاس إيرفينغ أن «ديفيد كان يركض باتجاه المنازل التي قصفت وهو يصرخ هايل هتلر!» وهو بيان نفاه إيرفينغ.

أكمل إيرفينغ قائلًا لروزنباوم أن آراءه الإنكارية حيال الحرب العالمية الثانية ترجع إلى طفولته، وخصوصًا بسبب اعتراضه على الطريقة التي صور بها أدولف هتلر في وسائل الإعلام البريطانية خلال الحرب. أكد إيرفينغ أن آرائه المتشككة بشأن الرايخ الثالث كانت متأصلة في شكوكه بشأن الرسوم الكاريكاتورية التي رسمت عن هتلر وغيره من الزعماء النازيين التي نشرت في الصحافة البريطانية وقت الحرب.

سنوات دراسته
بعد إكماله الدراسة في مدرسة برينتوود، درس إيرفينغ للحصول على درجة في الفيزياء من كلية لندن الإمبراطورية، لكنه غادر بعد السنة الأولى. ولم يكمل المقرر بسبب معوقات مادية. عاد إيرفينغ للدراسة لمدة عامين للحصول على درجة في الاقتصاد من قسم الاقتصاد السياسي في جامعة لندن. غير أنه اضطر مرة أخرى إلى الانسحاب بسبب الوضع المادي. خلال تلك الفترة في الجامعة، شارك في مناقشة بشأن قانون الهجرة في الكومنولث، مؤيدًا موقف مؤسس اتحاد الفاشيين البريطاني السير أوزوالد موزلي.

الجدل حول كارنيفال تايمز
كانت فترة عمل إيرفينغ محررًا لصحيفة كارنيفال تايمز، وهي صحيفة هزلية طلابية تتبع مجلس كارنيفال جامعة لندن، مثيرة للجدل سنة 1959 عندما أضاف إيرفينغ «ملحقًا سريًا» للمجلة. احتوى ذلك الملحق على مقالة وصف فيها هتلر بأنه «أعظم قوة موحدة عرفتها أوروبا منذ شارلمان». رغم مواجهة إيرفينغ الانتقادات بوصف صحيفة كارنيفال تايمز بأنها «ساخرة»، ذكر أيضًا أن «تشكيل الاتحاد الأوروبي هو بمثابة بناء مجموعة من الشعوب المتفوقة، وأن اليهود دومًا نظروًا بعين الشك تجاه موضوع ظهور أي عرق متفوق (باستثناء عرقهم طبعًا». كما اعتبر المعارضون أن الرسم الكاريكاتيري المدرج في الملحق عنصري، وانتقدوا مقالًا آخر كتب فيه إيرفينغ أن الصحافة البريطانية مملوكة لليهود. جرى لاحقًا توظيف متطوعين لإزالة وإتلاف تلك الملحقات قبل نشر المجلة. قال إيرفينغ إن النقد الموجه «قد يكون مبررًا»، ووصف دافعه إلى إصدار ذلك الملحق السري بالكارنيفال تايمز بأنه يهدف إلى منع المجلة من تحقيق ربح يمكن تمريره إلى مجموعة في جنوب أفريقيا اعتبرها «منظمة تخريبية».

إنكار المحرقة
على مر السنين، تغير موقف إيرفينغ حيال المحرقة على نحو ملحوظ. منذ سبعينيات القرن العشرين على الأقل، كان يشكك أو ينفي تورط هتلر في المحرقة، وما إذا كان النازيون لديهم خطة لإبادة يهود أوروبا أو لا.

أنكر إيرفينغ دائمًا أن هتلر كان معاديًا للسامية، حتى قبل إنكاره العلني للمحرقة. ادعى إيرفينغ أن هتلر لم يستخدم معاداة السامية سوى لمنبره السياسي وأنه بعد توليه السلطة في عام 1933 فقد الاهتمام بها، في حين ظل جوزيف غوبلز وغيره من النازيين معتنقين معاداة السامية. في عام 1977، قال في برنامج تلفزيوني على «بي بي سي 1» أن «هتلر أصبح رجل دولة ثم جنديا... وكانت المسألة اليهودية بمثابة مضايقة له، وإحراج». في عام 1983، لخص إيرفينغ آراءه بشأن هتلر واليهود بقوله «إن أدولف هتلر كان أكبر صديق لدى اليهود في الرايخ الثالث، خصيصًا بعدما اندلعت الحرب» لقد كان الشخص الذي فعل كل ما بوسعه لمنع حدوث أشياء سيئة لهم» في السنة نفسها، قال أيضًا عن هتلر والقتل الجماعي لليهود «هناك سلسلة كاملة من الأدلة من السنة 1938 حتى أكتوبر سنة 1943، وربما بعدها حتى، تشير إلى أن هتلر لم يكن لديه أي علم أبدًا بما كان يحدث حينها». تباهى إيرفينغ بأن لا أحد دحض كلامه.

زعم إيرفينغ في الطبعة الأولى من كتاب «حرب هتلر» سنة 1977 أن هتلر كان ضد قتل اليهود في الشرق. ادعى أن هتلر أمر أيضًا بوقف إبادة اليهود في نوفمبر 1941 (ذكر المؤرخ البريطاني هيو تريفور-روبر أن هذا الاعتراف يتناقض على نحو صارح مع ادعاء إيرفينغ بجهل هتلر بما كان يحدث لليهود في أوروبا الشرقية). في 30 نوفمبر 1941، ذهب هاينريش هيملر إلى مقر هتلر (الذي عرف باسم وكر الذهب) لعقد مؤتمر خاص مع هتلر، وذكر خلاله مصير بعض اليهود في برلين. في تمام الساعة 1:30 ظهرًا، طلب من هيملر إخبار راينهارد هايدريش أن اليهود لا تجب تصفيتهم. اتصل هيملر هاتفيا بالجنرال في قوات الأمن الخاصة النازية أوزوالد بول، القائد العام لمنظومة معسكرات الاعتقال، وأمر: «سيبقى اليهود حيث هم». واحتج إيرفينغ بأن أمر «لا تصفية» كان «دليلًا لا يقبل الجدل» إلى أن هتلر أمر بعدم قتل أي يهودي.

انظر أيضا
 قوانين ضد إنكار الهولوكوست

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع ديفيد إيرفينغ

أشخاص ادينوا بارتكاب جريمة إنكار الهولوكوست
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز مسجونون في الخارج
إنكار الهولوكوست في كندا
توائم إنجليز
خريجو جامعة إمبريال كوليدج
خريجو كلية لندن الجامعية
سجناء ومعتقلون في النمسا
سجناء ومعتقلون في إنجلترا وويلز
صحفيون إنجليز
كتاب سيرة
كتاب سيرة إنجليز
كتاب سيرة في القرن 20
كتاب سيرة في القرن 21
كتاب وكاتبات بريطانيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات بريطانيون في القرن 21
مجرمون من لندن
معاداة السامية في إنجلترا
منظرو مؤامرة إنجليز
منكرو الهولوكوست بريطانيون
مواليد 1938
مؤرخون بريطانيون
نزاع تاريخي (إنكار المجزرة)

ديفيد إيرفينغ


Krypton este un serial TV american dezvoltat de David S. Goyer și Damian Kindler pentru Syfy. Serialul are loc pe planeta omonimă, cu aproximativ 200 de ani înainte de nașterea lui   Kal-El / Superman și distrugerea eventuală a planetei, concentrându-se asupra vieții bunicului lui Superman, Seg-El (Cameron Cuffe). Krypton a avut premiera la 21 martie 2018 și primul sezon are 10 episoade.

Distribuție

Roluri principale
 Cameron Cuffe as Seg-El: Superman's grandfather and Jor-El's father; athletic, quietly confident, and in his 20s. A younger version of the "grumpier" character from the comics.
 Georgina Campbell as Lyta-Zod: A reluctant cadet and warrior in the Kryptonian military, who is in a clandestine relationship with Seg-El.
 Shaun Sipos as Adam Strange: a human from the future who forewarns Seg-El of Brainiac, and tells him of his grandson Kal-El.
 Elliot Cowan as Daron-Vex: The chief magistrate of Kandor, charged with defending Krypton's oligarchy.
 Ann Ogbomo as Jayna-Zod: The Primus of the Kryptonian military guild and mother of Lyta.
 Aaron Pierre as Dev-Em: A "chiseled, twenty-something bad boy".
 Rasmus Hardiker as Kem: An engineer and Seg's best friend.
 Wallis Day as Nyssa-Vex: A junior magistrate and the daughter of Daron-Vex.
 Blake Ritson as Brainiac: An alien being from the future who has travelled back in time to destroy Krypton.
 Ian McElhinney as Val-El: Seg's grandfather, who defied death by going to the Phantom Zone and is a staunch believer in space exploration.

Roluri secundare
 Hannah Waddingham as Jax-Ur: The leader of Black Zero.

Invitați
 Rupert Graves as Ter-El: Seg's father.
 Paula Malcomson as Charys-El: Seg's mother.

În plus, Doomsday și Hawkgirl apar în acest serial TV.

Episoade

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Seriale de televiziune din 2010
Superman
Lucrări de David S. Goyer
Seriale de televiziune americane științifico-fantastice

Krypton (serial TV)


Hendrik Egnatius 'Naas' Botha (born 27 February 1958) is a South African former rugby union player, who played for Northern Transvaal and South Africa (the Springboks).

He was voted Rugby Player of the Year in 1979, 1981, 1985 and 1987. Botha mostly played in the fly-half position and is now a rugby commentator for the South African M-Net and Supersport TV channels. He is also the Director of Rugby at Hoërskool Eldoraigne.

Family and early career

Botha was born in the town of Breyten in the Eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga), South Africa and went to school at the Hoërskool Hendrik Verwoerd in Pretoria. As a child, Botha aspired to playing professional baseball and applied for a sport scholarship in the United States. Botha was also an excellent schools cricket and tennis player and also a hurdles athlete.

However, Botha was selected to play for the South African under-20 rugby team, where he caught the eye of the selectors while still a student at the University of Pretoria.

As a result, Botha played his first Test for the Springboks on 26 April 1980 at the age of 22 in the flyhalf position against South America at Wanderers, Johannesburg.

Rugby union

Botha was best known for extremely accurate (both left- and right-footed) kicking, which earned him the nickname "Nasty Booter" from the British press when the British Lions toured South Africa in 1980. He is best remembered for his abilities as a very successful drop-kicker in high pressure situations and is also considered to have had an outstanding tactical understanding of rugby.

While Botha was sometimes criticised for avoiding physical contact and not running with the ball, his handling of the ball was very deft and he could get his backline moving very quickly with accurate short and long range passing. As a result, he scored many tries and contributed to many more. However, some consider that he was somewhat weak in defence. Nevertheless, Danie Craven once said, "Give me Naas, and I'll conquer the world!"

Botha remained the highest points scorer in Springbok rugby history for a number of years, with a points total of 312. His tally was passed by Percy Montgomery on 17 July 2004. However, Montgomery passed him in his 50th match, while Botha had only played in 28.

In addition to his Springbok rugby-playing duties, Botha also played for the Northern Transvaal province (nicknamed the "Blou Bulle", which means "Blue Bulls", now their official name) from 1977 to 1995. During this period his contributions ensured that they dominated domestic South African rugby, and won the Currie Cup nine times (sharing it twice with Western Province in 1979 and 1989). He was also captain of the province a record 128 times, and scored a record 2,511 points (including 1,699 points in the Currie Cup).

The 1981 tour and sporting bans

In 1981, Botha travelled with the Springboks to South America; they subsequently beat Ireland and France in their warm-up to their tour of New Zealand. Public opinion was deeply divided over the New Zealand tour, but Botha and his fellow Springboks focused on playing rugby, which was made difficult by actions such as pitch invasions and aircraft fly-bys from protesters opposed to South Africa's apartheid policies. South Africa lost the series 2–1, but the implications of the tour went far beyond rugby.

As an indirect result of this tour, South Africa was banned by the International Rugby Board from international competition until 1992, which meant apart from hosting the rebel New Zealand Cavaliers tour in 1986, Botha played few international games. Domestically he made up for it, however: in 15 seasons playing for Northern Transvaal he played in 11 Currie Cup finals, winning nine (two shared) and scoring a record 2,511 points.

International career

In the pre-professional era that Botha played in, being paid to play rugby was always a controversial subject. Despite being handsomely paid "under the table", Botha was of the opinion that he could earn more in professional sport and thus he travelled to the United States in 1983 on the invitation of the American football team the Dallas Cowboys to try out as a placekicker. This move was not successful, however, and he returned to South Africa to continue his rugby career. While in the United States, Naas played rugby with the Dallas Harlequins, where he led them to the 1984 USA National Club Championships.

In 1987, once again primarily for monetary considerations, Botha moved to the Italian club Rugby Rovigo, where he was coached by the former Springboks coach Nelie Smith and played alongside fellow South Africans Tito Lupini and Gert Smal. During the course of 6 seasons, Botha played 119 games for Rovigo and helped the team winning two National Championships (in 1988 and 1990), ending a 9 years drought, also reaching the final twice (1989 and 1992), in addition to a semifinal (1991) and a quarter final (1993). The Botha-era is still vividly remembered in Rovigo, the most rugby-addicted city in Italy, where the former player enjoys a sort of Maradona/Napoli aura.

Return to the Springboks

Botha's career lasted long enough for him to see South Africa let back into the international rugby fold and to play in one-off Tests against World Cup holders Australia and New Zealand. Both games ended in defeat and Botha then toured France with the Springboks before bowing out in a 33–16 defeat on 14 November 1992 at the age of 34 as flyhalf against England at Twickenham, London. He had set countless Springbok records during his rugby career and is still considered to be one of the Springbok "greats".

Personal life

Botha is married to Karen, a former Springbok athlete and long jump record-holder; the couple have three daughters, Kyla (1991) Gaeby (1998) and Lee-gre (2003).

Career stats

Summary

Test match record

Legend: pen = penalty (3 pts.); con = conversion (2 pts.), drop = drop kick (3 pts.).

See also

List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 502

References

External links
 Naas Botha's homepage

1958 births
Living people
People from Msukaligwa Local Municipality
Afrikaner people
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
University of Pretoria alumni
South Africa national rugby union team captains
Rugby union players from Mpumalanga
Blue Bulls players

Naas Botha


Julia Hassler (* 27. Februar 1993 in Vaduz) ist eine liechtensteinische Schwimmerin. Sie hat sich auf die langen Strecken spezialisiert.

Leben
Hassler wurde 2009 bei den Kurzbahneuropameisterschaften in Istanbul Elfte über 800 Meter Freistil und bei der Jugendeuropameisterschaft in Prag Zehnte. Im gleichen Jahr gewann sie vier Medaillen bei den Spielen der kleinen Staaten von Europa 2009 in Zypern und stellte über 800 Meter Freistil einen neuen Gamerecord auf. Für ihre Erfolge wurde sie zur liechtensteinischen Sportlerin des Jahres gewählt.

Im Jahr darauf wurde sie bei den Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspielen in Singapur Siebte über 400 Meter Freistil und erreichte über 200 m Delfin den 13. Rang. 2011 nahm sie an der Weltmeisterschaft in Shanghai teil und wurde zum zweiten Mal zur Sportlerin des Jahres gewählt.

2012 erreichte sie bei den Europameisterschaften über 800 Meter Freistil den siebten Platz und über 1500 Meter Freistil den fünften Platz. Im gleichen Jahr nahm sie an den Olympischen Sommerspielen in London teil. Dort schied sie über 400 Meter und über 800 Meter Freistil im Vorlauf aus.

Bei den Schwimmeuropameisterschaften 2014 erreichte sie über 1500 Meter Freistil erneut das Finale und belegte dort den achten Platz.

2017 wurde Hassler für die Universiade in Taipeh nominiert, wo sie über 400 Meter Freistil den 7. Platz erreichte.

2017 erreichte sie bei den Schwimmweltmeisterschaften in Ungarn das Finale über 1500 Meter Freistil und konnte sich dabei Platz 7 sichern, was den größten Erfolg einer liechtensteinischen Schwimmerin bis dato bedeutete.

Während der Eröffnungsfeier der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020 war sie gemeinsam mit dem Judoka Raphael Schwendinger die Fahnenträgerin ihrer Nation.

Weblinks

Schwimmer (Liechtenstein)
Olympiateilnehmer (Liechtenstein)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspiele 2010
Universiadeteilnehmer (Liechtenstein)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2017
Sportler des Jahres (Liechtenstein)
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1993
Frau

Julia Hassler


Sanko Miltjenović  (1335. – 1372.), pripadnik humske velikaške obitelji Sankovića, osnivač obitelji.

Sin je humskog župana Miltjena Draživojevića, gospodara Popova, Bosanskoga primorja i Slanoga u prvoj pol. 14. st., brat Gradoja i Radače. Naslijedio je vodstvo obitelji od oca.
Obnašao je dužnost župana i kazanca na dvoru bana Tvrtka I. Kotromanića. Imao je sina Beljka koji je naslijedio posjede obitelji, te još trojicu sinova Radiča, Budelju, Sančina i kćer Draganu.

Prvi se put spominje 1335. godine. 22. listopada 1348. Dubrovnik mu daje državljanstvo. Od 11. kolovoza 1366. godine i dalje, Sanko je spomenut kao sudac. Tijekom rata protiv Dubrovnika, Sanko je predvodio bosansku vojsku, međutim u jednom od ovih ratova, Sanko je poginuo.

Pokopan je u obiteljskoj nekropoli u selu Biskupu kraj Zaborana, uz stećke i grobove Miltjena, Radiča te brata župana Gradoja i njegove žene Gojsave.

Izvori

Sankovići

Sanko Miltjenović


Kang Cho-hyun (kor. 강초현) (Seul, Južna Koreja, 23. listopada 1982.) je bivša južnokorejska streljačica. Na Olimpijadi u Sydneyju osvojila je srebro u kategoriji 10 metara zračna puška dok je slavila američka predstavnica Nancy Johnson.

Olimpijske igre

OI 2000.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Sportski rezultati streljašice

Južnokorejski športaši

Kang Cho-hyun


Andreas (Andrei) Eremeevich Arzruni (en  - né en 1847 à Moscou ; mort en septembre 1898 à Hohenhonof, Allemagne) est un minéralogiste et géologue arméno-russe. Il est le frère de .

Œuvres

Références

Liens externes

Géologue du XIXe siècle
Scientifique arménien
Professeur à l'université technique de Rhénanie-Westphalie à Aix-la-Chapelle
Naissance en novembre 1847
Décès en septembre 1898
Décès à 50 ans

Andreas Artsruni


La Legió d'Honor (en español, «La Legión de Honor») es una zarzuela en catalán, en dos actos, estrenada en el Teatre Nou de Barcelona, el 26 de febrero de 1930. La obra tiene libreto de Víctor Mora Alzinelles y Lluís Capdevila Vilallonga, y la música es del compositor valenciano Rafael Martínez Valls.

La obra ha sido aclamada como una de las más logradas de su compositor, Martínez Valls. Destaca sobre todo por el uso de símbolos catalanes durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, como la sardana «Ja la cobla toca al lluny... Sardana nostra sona sempre.», que no eran bien vistas por el régimen, aunque, como en el caso de Cançó d'amor i de guerra, a veces conseguían pasar la censura. Para evitar mayores problemas con la censura, los autores colocaron la acción en la Normandía, en Francia. La precaución resultó inútil, ya que el régimen cayó un mes antes del estreno de la obra.

Personajes
Carlota, bella normanda enamorada de Marcel; soprano.
Madelena, amiga de Carlota, prometida de Trabuc; mezzosoprano.
Marcel, catalán enamorado de su tierra y de Carlota; tenor.
Brissac, normando enloquecido por la guerra ; barítono.
Trabuc, legionario de color y corneta; tenor.

Argumento
La trama reúne aventuras y amores, resultando compleja. Básicamente es la historia de amor entre Carlota, una bella normanda, y Marcel, un catalán que se ha apuntado a la Legión Extranjera francesa. Marcel, en sus cantos, recuerda los paisajes y la música de su Cataluña natal.

Índice de escena
Zarzuela en dos actos con los siguientes números musicales:

Acto I:
 Preludio y canción de Carlota con coro de jóvenes, «Déu et guard amiga nostra [...] de la tarda a la llum caient [...] Pagaseta normandesa».
 Coro de soldados y Carlota, «Ja són aquí els Graus de nostra terra».
 Romanza de Marcel, «Bella contrada de Normandia».
 Dúo de Carlota y Marcel, «No us mogueu d'aquí, Carlota».
 Relato de Brissac, «Sota terra, a mes mans Tots caureu».
 Dúo cómico, «Ai negre, no ho diguis, tens la cara Molt alegre».

Acto II:
 Interludio y escena de Trabuc y coro de soldados, «Esperem el bon menjar».
  Coro, «Les Noies vanen somrient», Brindis, «Ompliu postres gots" i cançó de Brissac "Escolteu-me ... ..D'aquella flor muntanyesa».
  Baile normando, «De Normandia, terra gloriosa [...] Normandesa, rosa gemada».
  Sardana «Ja la cobla toca a Lluny [...] Sardana nostra persona sempre».
  Romanza de Marcel «Tot S'ha acabat per mi».
  Monólogo.
  Intermedio.
  Romanza de Carlota «Déu meu, Senyor!» y final «Tornarem Quan fini la guerra [...] És Orgull la Vostra bravesa».

Discografía
 La voz de su amo, 1930 - Rita Esteban, Joan Rosich y Carme Valor.

 Columbia, 1965 - Directores, Rafael Ferrer con la Gran Orquesta Sinfónica y Antoni Pérez Simó con el Orfeó Gracienc y cantan Francesca Callao, Carme Rigolfas, Eduard Gimenez, Manuel Ausensi y Dídac Monjo.

Referencias

Véase también
 Zarzuela en catalán

Zarzuelas en catalán
Zarzuelas de 1930

La Legió d'Honor


الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي، هو أشهر حزب معارض في سورينام، تأسس عام 1987 قبل وقت قصير من سقوط الحكم العسكري الدكتاتوري لديزي بوترس. الرئيس السابق خوليس ويدنبوش كان عضواً في الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي.

مراجع

أحزاب اشتراكية في أمريكا الجنوبية
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1987
أحزاب سياسية سورينامية
اشتراكية في سورينام
تأسيسات سنة 1987 في أمريكا الجنوبية

الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي (سورينام)


Die Tumbala-Kletterratte (Tylomys tumbalensis) ist eine zu den Kletterratten gehörende Art der Neuweltmäuse und eng mit der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte verwandt. Sie ist nur von einem einzigen Fundort in den Tropenwäldern Chiapas' bekannt und wird als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft.

Körperbau
Die Gesamtlänge eines jungen, jedoch ausgewachsenen Exemplars der Tumbala-Kletterratte beträgt 448 Millimeter, die Schwanzlänge 234 Millimeter und die Hinterfußlänge 46 Millimeter. Das Fell der Oberseite ist dunkelgrau und wird zur Mitte hin deutlich schwärzlich. Die Körperseiten sind bräunlich und die Unterseite ist bleifarben und gelbbraun-verwaschen. Das Kinn, die Brust und ein Teil der Leistenregion sind weiß und die Zehen sind dunkelbraun. Die vordere Hälfte des Schwanzes ist schwärzlich, die hintere ist gelb.

Der Schädel der Tumbala-Kletterratte ist groß, lang und abgeflacht.
Anders als bei der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte misst die obere Backenzahnreihe mehr als 9,1 Millimeter. Die Paukenblasen sind im Gegensatz zu denen von Tylomys bullaris nicht merklich aufgebläht und weisen eine auffällige vordere Ausbuchtung auf.
Laut Merriam (1901) ist der Schädel weniger massiv und schlanker als der der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte. Die Schnauze und die Nasenbeine sind deutlich schlanker, die Paukenblasen sind etwas größer, die oberen Schneidezähne sind dünner und schmaler und die Backenzahnreihen sind mit einer Länge von 9,5 Millimetern im Vergleich sehr groß und schwer.

Verbreitung, Lebensraum und Bestand
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Tumbala-Kletterratte liegt im mexikanischen Chiapas, wo die Art nur von einem Exemplar aus Tumbalá bekannt ist.
Ursprünglich handelt es sich beim Fundgebiet um Tropenwald, der jedoch bis auf sehr kleine Stücke ursprünglicher Vegetation inzwischen vollkommen abgeholzt ist.

Die Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN stufte Tylomys tumbalensis 2008 als vom Aussterben bedroht ein. Begründet wurde dies mit dem begrenzten Vorkommen sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer starken Bestandsabnahme, verursacht durch das vollständige Verschwinden des ursprünglichen Lebensraumes aufgrund der Umwandlung in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Fläche. 1996 wurde die Art ebenfalls als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft. In Mexiko ist sie gesetzlich geschützt (NOM-059_ECOL-2001).

Systematik und Nomenklatur
Die Tumbala-Kletterratte wird gewöhnlich als eigenständige Art geführt, könnte jedoch der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte als Unterart zuzuordnen sein. Das Typusexemplar stammt aus Tumbalá aus einer Höhe von 1700 Metern und wurde 1901 von Clinton Hart Merriam als Tylomys tumbalensis beschrieben.

Literatur

 E. Raymond Hall: The Mammals of North America. Band 2. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, New York NY u. a. 1981, ISBN 0-471-05444-5.

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

Wühler

Tumbala-Kletterratte


El odontón es la unidad morfofuncional del sistema dentario y está constituido por el diente y los tejidos que lo rodean o periodoncio. Los dientes constituyen aproximadamente el 20% del área de superficie de la cavidad oral. Las piezas dentarias cumplen muchas funciones, pero principalmente tienen importancia en la masticación, la fonación y la estética. En los animales los dientes cumplen también funciones defensivas. Para cumplir estas funciones deben ser estructuras duras y deben estar firmemente unidos al hueso maxilar y al hueso mandibular.

En los mamíferos los dientes están unidos a los dos huesos por un ligamento fibroso que provee una unión con suficiente flexibilidad para soportar las fuerzas de la masticación.

Estructuras

El odontón está compuesto por:

Pulpa Dentaria: es un tejido conectivo especializado. Como tal tiene las características generales de este tejido, pero con algunas características particulares por el hecho de estar encerrada por la dentina. Su función es formar y mantener la dentina, a la cual aporta elementos nutricios y sensibilidad.

Dentina: es un tejido duro que se diferencia del hueso en que es avascular y acelular. Es de color blanco-amarillento en las piezas dentarias permanentes. Está constituida por un 70% de sustancia inorgánica, 18% de sustancia orgánica y 12% de agua. La sustancia inorgánica corresponde en su mayor parte a cristales de hidroxiapatita. La sustancia orgánica está constituida principalmente por colágeno tipo I, glicoproteínas como la fosfoproteina y la BMP y pequeñas cantidades de proteoglicanos.

Esmalte: es un tejido acelular por lo cual no puede regenerarse, pero tampoco tiene fibras colágenas. Es el tejido más mineralizado del organismo y por lo tanto, el más duro pero al mismo tiempo muy frágil, por lo cual necesita una capa de dentina bajo él para mantener su integridad.

Cemento: es un tejido parecido al hueso, pero difiere de él en que es avascular, no forma osteonas, ni se remodela porque es resistente a la resorción. Esta cualidad es importante en la práctica clínica porque permite la aplicación de técnicas ortodóncicas. Su principal función es permitir la insersión de las fibras del ligamento periodontal en la raíz dentaria.

Ligamento Periodontal: es un tejido conectivo especializado ubicado entre el cemento que cubre la raíz dentaria y el tejido óseo que forma la pared del alvéolo. Se ubica en el espacio periodontal. En el ápice se relaciona con el tejido conectivo de la pulpa y en la parte superior se relaciona con el tejido conectivo de la mucosa gingival. Juntos forman un sistema biológico, estructural y funcional.

Proceso Alveolar: corresponde a aquella parte de los huesos maxilar y mandibular que forman los alvéolos dentarios. Están constituidos por tres zonas, una parte externa, la placa cortical, una zona central esponjosa y el hueso alveolar que reviste internamente los alvéolos.

Periodoncio de Protección: corresponde a la encía o mucosa gingival que es aquella parte de la mucosa oral que rodea el cuello de los dientes.

Referencias

Dientes

Odontón


Old Crow (Teechik på Gwich'in) er en bebyggelse ved floden Porcupine River, i den nordlige del af Yukon i Canada. Det er territoriets nordligste samfund og kan kun nås med fly. Befolkningen var i 2011 på 245 indbyggere, af hvilke de fleste var Gwich'in-indianere.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Yukon

Old Crow (Yukon)