Angenor de Oliveira, más conocido como Cartola (Catete, Río de Janeiro, 11 de octubre de 1908 - ibidem, 30 de noviembre de 1980), fue un cantante, compositor y guitarrista brasileño.

Considerado por diversos músicos y críticos como el mayor sambista de la historia de la música brasileña, Cartola nació en el barrio de Catete, en Río de Janeiro, pero pasó su infancia en el barrio de Laranjeiras. Se interesó por la música y por el samba siendo un niño y aprendió con su padre a tocar cavaquinho y guitarra. Dificultades financieras obligaron a la numerosa familia a mudarse al morro da Mangueira, donde entonces comenzaba a despuntar una incipiente favela.

En la Mangueira conoció a Carlos Cachaça, seis años mayor, con quien hizo amistad. Juntos y en compañía de otros jóvenes, se iniciaron en el mundo de la bohemia, la delincuencia y del samba.

Con 15 años, luego de la muerte de su madre, abandonó los estudios, habiendo terminado apenas la primaria. Consiguió empleo de ayudante de obra, y comenzó a usar un sombrero hongo para protegerse de los desechos que caían. Por usar ese sombrero, le fue adjudicado por sus colegas el apodo de "Cartola".

Junto con un grupo de amigos sambistas del morro, Cartola creó el Bloco dos Arengueiros, cuyo núcleo en 1928 fundó la Estação Primeira de Mangueira. Compuso también el primer samba para la escuela de samba, "Chega de memanda". Los sambas de Cartola se popularizaron en la década de 1930, en voces ilustres como Araci de Almeida, Carmen Miranda, Francisco Alves, Mário Reis y Silvio Caldas.

Pero en el inicio de la década siguiente, Cartola desapareció de la escena musical carioca y llegó a ser dado como muerto. Poco se sabe sobre aquel período, además de haberse enemistado con sus amigos de la Mangueira, contraído una grave enfermedad – se cree fuera meningitis – y haber quedado abatido con la muerte de Deolinda, la mujer con quien vivía.

Cartola solo fue redescubierto en 1956 por el periodista Sérgio Porto (más conocido como Stanislaw Ponte Preta), trabajando como limpiador de automóviles en Ipanema. Gracias a Porto, Cartola volvió a cantar, llevándolo a programas de radio y haciéndolo componer nuevas sambas para grabar. A partir de ahí, el compositor es redescubierto por una nueva generación de intérpretes.

En 1964, el sambista y su nueva esposa, Dona Zica, abrieron un restaurante en la rua da Carioca, el Zicartola, que promovía encuentros de samba y buena comida, reuniendo a la juventud de la zona sur carioca y los sambistas del morro. El Zicartola cerró sus puertas algún tiempo después, y el compositor continuó con su empleo público y componiendo sus sambas.

En 1974, a los 66 años, Cartola grabó el primero de sus cuatro discos solista, y su carrera tomó impulso nuevamente con clásicos como "As Rosas Não Falam", "O Mundo é um Moinho", "Acontece", "O Sol Nascerá" (con Elton Medeiros), "Quem Me Vê Sorrindo" (con Carlos Cachaça), "Cordas de Aço", "Alvorada" y "Alegría". Hacia el final de la década de 1970, se mudó de la mangueira a una casa en Jacarepaguá, donde residió hasta el día de su muerte en 1980.

Biografía

Del Catete a la Mangueira
Angenor de Oliveira nació el 11 de octubre de 1908 en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Era el primogénito de los ocho hijos del matrimonio entre Sebastião Joaquim de Oliveira y Aída Gomes de Oliveira. A pesar de haber recibido el nombre de Agenor, fue registrado como Angenor – hecho que solo vendría a descubrir muchos años más tarde, con los papeles para su casamiento con Doña Zica en la década de 1960. Para no tener que gestionar el cambio de nombre, a partir de entonces pasó a firmar oficialmente con el nombre de Angenor de Oliveira.

Nació en el barrio carioca do Catete, donde también pasó parte de su infancia. Cuando tenía ocho años, su familia se mudó a las Laranjeiras, donde se volvió seguidor del Fluminense,por entonces equipo del barrio. En las Laranjeiras, entró en contacto com los ranchos carnavalescos União da Aliança y Arrepiados – en este último tocaba cavaquinho (instrumento musical que le había sido dado por su padre cuando tenía 8 o 9 años de edad) y en los desfiles del Dia de Reis, donde sus hermanas salían en grupos de "pastorinhas". Estaba tan entusiasmado por los Arrepiados que al participar más tarde de la fundación de la escuela de samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira, sugirió que los colores de aquel rancho – el verde y el rosa – fuesen los mismos del naciente gremio, que sería un símbolo de los más reverenciados en el mundo del samba. Carlos Cachaça dijo más tarde que había existido en el Morro da Mangueira un antiguo rancho llamado Caçadores da Floresta, cuyos colores eran exactamente el verde y el rosa.

En 1919, movidos por dificultades financieras, los Oliveira se mudaron al Morro da Mangueira, en ese entonces una pequeña y recién nacida favela con menos de cincuenta casas. Allí, el joven Cartola haría amistad con otro morador de la mangueira, Carlos Cachaça, seis años mayor que él, y que se convertiría, además de su amigo para toda la vida, en su compañero en decenas de sambas.

Cuando tenía 15 años, abandonó los estudios (había terminado apenas el cuarto año primario) para trabajar, al mismo tiempo en que se inclinaba para hacia la bohemia. En la adolescencia, trabajó como aprendiz de tipógrafo, pero luego se transformó en obrero. Fue mientras trabajaba en las obras de construcción que ganaría el apodo con que sería reconocido como uno de los grandes de la música popular brasileña. Para que el cemento no le cayese sobre el cabello, resolvió comenzar a usar un sombrero hongo, que los colegas decían parecerse más a una cartolinha, y así comenzó a ser llamado "Cartola".

Su madre murió cuando tenía 17 años. Poco después, tras conflictos con su padre, quien no aceptaba su vida bohemia, fue expulsado de su casa. Llevó por algún tiempo una vida ociosa, bebiendo y frecuentando zonas de prostitución, contrayendo enfermedades venéreas, deambulando por las noches y durmiendo en trenes de día. Esos hábitos lo llevaron a adelgazar, enfermo y mal alimentado, en la cama de un pequeño barraco. Una vecina llamada Deolinda – mujer robusta y bondadosa, siete años mayor, casada y con una hija de dos años – le dedicó sus cuidados y terminó por enamorarse de Cartola. Con solo 18 años, Cartola decide convivir con Deolinda, quien deja a su marido, llevando consigo a su hija, la que el compositor criaría como suya.

El surgimiento del sambista
La barraca compartida por Cartola y Deolinda era habitada por más personas, todos mantenidos por la dueña de casa, que lavaba y cocinaba. Bajo su techo, Noel Rosa se hospedó algunas veces en busca de un refugio tranquilo. Cartola ejercía la actividad de obrero esporádicamente, prefiriendo ejercer el oficio de compositor y guitarrista en los bares y tiendas locales. Al poco tiempo ya era reconocido como uno de los mayores creadores del morro, al lado de su gran amigo Carlos Cachaça y Gradim.

Con estos y otros compositores Cartola integraba una pandilla, formando en 1925 el Bloco dos Arengueiros para participar en el carnaval. Este bloco sería el embrión de la Estação Primeira de Mangueira. La ampliación y fusión del bloque con otros existentes en el morro generó el 28 de abril de 1925 la segunda escuela de samba carioca y una de las más tradicionales de la historia del carnaval de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Cartola fue uno de los siete fundadores (también asumió la función de director de armonía de la escuela, donde permaneció hasta fines de la década de 1930) de Estação Primeira, llamada así porque contando a partir de la Central do Brasil, el morro de Mangueira quedaba en la primera estación de tren de un lugar en que había samba. Cartola compuso "Chega de demanda", el primer samba escogido para el desfile y que solo sería grabado por el compositor en 1974, para el disco "História das Escolas de Samba: Mangueira".

Al inicio de la década de 1930, Cartola se volvió conocido fuera de la Mangueira, cuando fue buscado por Mário Reis, a través de un mensajero llamado Clóvis Miguelão, para que subiera al morro a comprar música. El sambista vendió los derechos de la grabación del samba "Que infeliz sorte", que terminó por ser lanzado por Francisco Alves, porque la canción no se adaptaba a la voz de Mário Reis. Firmaba por ese entonces como Agenor de Oliveira. Vendió otros sambas a Francisco Alves, el mayor ídolo de la música brasileña en la época, cediendo solo los derechos sobre la venta de discos. En este negocio – que sirvió para proyectarlo entre los sambistas en la ciudad –, Cartola conservaba el derecho autoral y no se asociaba con nadie.

Influencia en la música popular
Entre varios otros artistas, recibieron su influencia Elis Regina, Ney Matogrosso, Paulinho da Viola, Beth Carvalho, Leny Andrade, Cazuza, Márcia, Alcione, Creusa, Nelson Sargento, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Marisa Monte, Gal Costa, Zeca Pagodinho, Nelson Gonçalves, Chico Buarque, Emilio Santiago y Caetano Veloso.

Obra

Discografía

Oficiales
 1974 – Cartola
 1976 – Cartola
 1977 – Verde que te quero rosa
 1978 – Cartola 70 anos
 1982 – Cartola - ao vivo
 1982 – Cartola - documento inédito

Canciones clásicas
 "Que infeliz sorte!" (1931, canción lanzada por Francisco Alves).
 "Divina dama" - del álbum História da música popular brasileira (RCA, 1970).
 "Quem me vê sorrindo", con Carlos Cachaça – del álbum Cartola.
 "O sol nascerá", con Elton Medeiros – del álbum Cartola.
 "Alvorada", con Carlos Cachaça y Herminio Bello de Carvalho - del álbum Cartola.
 "Tive sim" - del álbum Cartola.
 "O mundo é um moinho" - del álbum Cartola.
 "Peito vazio", con Elton Medeiros – del álbum Cartola.
 "As rosas não falam" - del álbum Cartola.
 "Cordas de aço" - del álbum Cartola.
 "Autonomía" - del álbum Verde que te quero rosa.
 "Tempos idos", con Carlos Cachaça – del álbum Verde que te quero rosa.

Participaciones
 1942 – Native Brazilian Music – Leopold Stokowski
 1967 – A enluarada Elizeth – Elizeth Cardoso (participación en "Seleção de sambas da mangueira")
 1968 – Fala mangueira! – Odete Amaral, Cartola, Clementina de Jesús, Nelson Cavaquinho y Carlos Cachaça
 1970 – História da música popular brasileira – Cartola y Nelson Cavaquinho
 1974 – História das escolas de samba: Mangueira – Varios artistas
 1975 – MPB – 100 ao vivo – Varios artistas
 1980 – E vamos à luta – Alcíone (participa en "Eu sei", de su autoría)
 1993 – No Tom da mangueira – Tom Jobim y Velha Guarda da Mangueira (incluye su grabación de "Não quero mais amar a ninguém")

No oficiales
 1977 – Cartola – disco que forma parte de la colección Nova história da música popular brasileira y viene acompañado de un fascículo, fotos y las letras de las canciones. Ilustración de Elifas Andreato,.
 1980 – Adeus, mestre Cartola
 1982 – Cartola – história da MPB
 1999 – O sol nascerá
 2001 – A música brasileira deste século por seus autores e intérpretes

Homenajes y tributos
 1984 – Cartola, entre amigos" – Varios artistas
 1987 – Cartola – 80 anos – Leny Andrade
 1988 – Cartola – bate outra vez... – Varios artistas
 1995 – Claudia Telles interpreta Nelson Cavaquinho e Cartola – Claudia Telles
 1998 – Sambas de Cartola – Grupo Arranco
 1998 – Só Cartola – Élton Medeiros y Nelson Sargento
 1998 – Cartola – 90 anos – Élton Medeiros y Márcia
 2002 – Cartola – Ney Matogrosso
 2003 – Beth Carvalho canta Cartola – Beth Carvalho
 2008 – Viva Cartola! 100 anos – Varios artistas

DVD
 2007 – MPB especial 1974

Filmografía
 1958 – Orfeo negro (participación especial)
 1963 – Ganga zumba
 1968 – Os marginais (participación especial)
 2006 – Cartola – música para os olhos (película biográfica)

Libros
 Cartola: os tempos idos, de Arthur L. de Oliveira Filho y Marília Trindade Barbosa da Silva, Río de Janeiro: Gryphus, 2003.
 Cartola: semente de amor sei que sou, desde nascença, de Arley Pereira; prefácio de Elton Medeiros. 2ª ed. revisada y ampliada - São Paulo: Edições SESC SP, 2008.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cartola en el Diccionario Cravo Albin de Música Popular Brasileña
TV Cultura: "Cartola – O trovador do samba"
Jovem Pan – Especial "Um século de Cartola"
Revista Língua Portuguesa – "O poeta improvável"
Cartola en el Almanaque de Folha de S. Paulo
JBlog: "Hoje na historia: 30 de noviembre de 1980 – Um vazio se fez no samba"

Compositores de Brasil
Músicos de Río de Janeiro

Cartola (compositor)


Reboly (finsk: Repola, karelsk Rebol'ä) er en bebyggelse i Republikken Karelen i Den Russiske Føderation af den finske grænse. I 1926 havde bebyggelsen en befolkning på 1.465, i 2010 på 258 personer.

Repola blev første gang nævnt i 1555. Fra 1679 var centrum for et distrikt med 23 landsbyer og 220 husstande. Dens placering på den russisk-svenske grænse førte til flere episoder, hvor landsbyen blev ødelagt af de svenske h<rafdelinger. I det nittende århundrede blev den et ofte besøgt sted for finske nationalistiske lærde så som Elias Lönnrot, Matthias Alexander Castrén og D.E.D. Europaeus.

Efter Finlands uafhængighedserklæring blev bebyggelsen og dens distrikt et stridsemne i russisk-finske relationer, da den overvejende karelske befolkning afholdt en afstemning i august 1918 om tilslutning til Finland. Den finske hær rykkede ind for at besætte Repola i oktober. I fredstraktaten i Tartu mellem Finland og Sovjetrusland i 1920 opgav Finland sine krav på Repola og det nærliggende Porajärvi, og modtog i stedet Petsamo i det høje nord.

Den anti-sovjetiske stemning i Repola var stadig stærk, og i 1921 efter, at Den Røde Hær havde besat Repola og Porajärvi igen, oprettede lokale pro-finske aktivister en kortvarig modstandsbevægelse kendt som Metsäsissit (oversat skovguerillaer). Sammen med finske frivillige var de medvirkende i den østkarelske opstand i 1921-1922.

Under forhandlingerne forud for Vinterkrigen tilbød den sovjetiske regering Repola og Porajärvi i bytte for et mindre område på Det Karelske Næs. Tilbuddet blev afvist.

Repola blev besat (1941-1944) af den finske 14. division under Fortsættelseskrigen, indtil byen blev generobret af sovjetiske styrker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i republikken Karelija

Repola


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Kamerun enthält die Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Kamerun. Sitz der Botschaft ist in Yaoundé.

Seit 1997 ist die Botschaft auch für die Zentralafrikanische Republik zuständig. Bis 2010 bestand und wieder ab 2021 besteht zudem die Zuständigkeit für Äquatorialguinea und von 1999 bis 2003 für den Tschad.

Siehe auch
 Botschafter der DDR in Kamerun

Weblinks
 Website der Deutschen Botschaft Yaounde

Einzelnachweise

!
Kamerun
Deutschland


Kat'ı, düz bir kâğıt veya deri oyularak yapılır. Oyulan kısmın başka bir yere yapıştırılması 'erkek oyma', oyulan kısmın boş bırakılması 'dişi oyma'dır. Kâğıt oyma sanatının günümüze ulaşmış en erken örnekleri V. ve X. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilir. Âlî Mustafa Efendi Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân'da XV. yüzyılda Herat'ta yaşamış, Hüseyin Baykara himayesinde çalışan Abdullah Kātı'ın (Herevî) kâğıt oyma sanatının ilk ve en önemli temsilcisi olduğunu kaydeder. Şeyh Muhammed Dost, Sengî Alî-i Bedahşî, Muhammed Bâkır da İran sahasında yetişmiş katı' sanatının önde gelen üstatları arasında yer alır. Âşık Çelebi Meşâirü'ş-şuarâ'da, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinin sonlarında adı duyulmaya başlanan  Efşancı (Oymacı) Mehmed'in bu sanatta döneminin en büyük üstadı olduğunu, diğer oymacıların onu örnek aldığını kaydeder. Türk kitap sanatlarının önemli bir dalı olan katı' sanatı, geçmişten günümüze kitap kaplarında, levhalarda, murakka' ve kıt'alarda, albümlerde, yazı çekmecelerinde ve el yazması eserlerin bezemelerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İncelikle kesilmiş hat örnekleri, çiçekler, buketler, tabiat manzaraları ve döneminin özelliklerini yansıtan desenleri ile kâğıt oyma eserler zengin bir uygulama çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Kat'ı sanatı en parlak dönemini Kanuni Sultan Süleyman devrinde yaşamıştır. Gerek deri gerek kâğıttan yapılan işlere mukatta' denildiği gibi, bunu yapanlara müfret (tekil) olarak katta' (kesmeci) ve cem'i çoğul olarak kattâân denir.

İlgili bağlantılar
 Kat'ı Sanatı  Rıza GÖRÜŞ

Kaynakça

Halk sanatları

Kat'ı


Schellhorn Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 10,54 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1.511 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 143 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Kai Johanssen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtpreetzland.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Schellhorn


Unplanned er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 2019 instrueret af Cary Solomon og Chuck Konzelman. Filmen er baseret på Abby Johnsons memoir Unplanned.

Medvirkende

Eksterne henvisningers

Dramafilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 2019
Engelsksprogede film
Film baseret på bøger

Unplanned


Georges Boyer (* 27. Oktober 1896 in Toulouse; † 22. Januar 1960) war ein französischer Rechtshistoriker.

Er war Schüler des Assyriologen Jean-Vincent Scheil und war in Frankreich der erste assyriologisch vorgebildete Rechtshistoriker.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Contribution à l'histoire juridique de la lère dynastie babylonienne. Geuthner, Paris 1928
 Recherches historiques sur la résolution des contrats (origines de l'article 1184 C. Civ.). Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1924
 Textes juridiques. Archives royales de Mari 8. Geuthner, Paris 1958
 Mélanges d'histoire du droit occidentale. Sirey, Paris 1962 (gesammelte kleine Schriften, S. 32–36 Schriftenverzeichnis)
 Mélanges d'histoire du droit oriental. Sirey, Paris 1965

Literatur
 Guillaume Cardascia: In memoriam Georges Boyer, 1896-1960. In: Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 28, 1960, 243–245

Einzelnachweise

Rechtshistoriker
Keilschriftrechtler
Franzose
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1960
Mann

Georges Boyer


državni udar u Sjevernom Jemenu 1948.
državni udar u Sjevernom Jemenu 1962.
građanski rat u Sjevernom Jemenu 1962. – 70.
državni udar u Sjevernom Jemenu 1967.
Adenska kriza 1963. – 67.
Rat Sjevernog i Južnog Jemena 1972.
državni udar u Južnom Jemenu 1978.
pobuna Nacionalnog demokratskog fronta 1978. – 82.
rat Sjevernog i Južnog Jemena 1979.
Građanski rat u Južnom Jemenu 1984.
Jemenski građanski rat 1994.
ustanak Al-Qaide u Jemenu 1998. - danas
Šijitska pobuna u Jemenu 2004. – 15.
ustanak na jugu Jemena 2009. – 2015., prerastao u Jemenski građanski rat 2015.-danas
nemiri u Jemenu 2011.-2012., dio arapskog proljeća

Vidi
 Ustanak u Jemenu (razdvojba)

Građanski rat u Jemenu


Le Grand Prix mondial 2021 (World Grand Prix en anglais), est un tournoi de snooker professionnel comptant pour la saison 2021-2022. L'épreuve se déroule du 13 au 19 décembre 2021 à la Coventry Building Society Arena de Coventry, en Angleterre. Elle est organisée par la WPBSA et parrainée par le concessionnaire automobile britannique Cazoo.

Déroulement

Contexte avant le tournoi
Ce tournoi se présente comme la première épreuve de la Coupe Cazoo, un ensemble de trois tournois britanniques inscrits au programme de la saison 2021-2022 de snooker. Il continuera en février 2022 avec le championnat des joueurs et se terminera en mars 2022 avec le championnat du circuit. L'ancien dirigeant de la WPBSA Barry Hearn avait décidé de mettre en place ce trio de tournois afin d'animer la fin de saison à la manière de la FedEx Cup en golf. En effet, le champ des joueurs se réduit au fur et à mesure des tournois : ils sont 32 qualifiés pour ce tournoi, puis 16 pour le championnat des joueurs et seulement 8 pour le championnat du circuit, en se basant sur le classement mondial de la saison en cours.

Judd Trump est le tenant du titre, il avait remporté ce tournoi pour la  fois l'année passée en battant Jack Lisowski en finale, sur le score de 10 manches à 7.

Faits marquants
La finale est contestée entre Ronnie O'Sullivan et Neil Robertson, qui cherchent tous les deux à remporter ce tournoi pour la deuxième fois. L'australien domine la première session, mais O'Sullivan recolle au score par deux fois et nivelle à 4-4, gagnant la huitième manche alors qu'il avait besoin de deux snookers. Robertson début mieux la session du soir, menant 7-5 à la midsession avec un century de 128 points. O'Sullivan réhausse son niveau de jeu et remporte quatre manches consécutives. Lorsque le score est de 9-8 en faveur de l'anglais, Robertson fait une fausse queue sur la bille noire, laissant l'initiative à O'Sullivan qui réalise un troisième break de 77 points dans cette finale pour s'imposer. Il s'agit de son premier titre depuis le championnat du monde 2020, après cinq finales perdues la saison dernière.

Dotation
 Vainqueur :
 Finaliste :
 Demi-finalistes :
 Quart de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
  tour :
 Meilleur break :
Dotation totale :

Qualifiés
Les joueurs qualifiés sont les joueurs ayant remporté le plus de points entre la  épreuve du championnat de la ligue 2021 et l'Open d'Écosse 2021.

Tableau

Finale

Centuries

 139  Stephen Maguire
 133, 130  Tom Ford
 128, 117, 108, 100  Neil Robertson
 128  Jack Lisowski
 124, 105  Stuart Bingham
 119  Hossein Vafaei
 117  Mark Williams
 114  Mark Allen
 114  Kyren Wilson
 112, 107  Ronnie O'Sullivan
 112, 104  Mark Selby
 111  Yan Bingtao
 106  Jimmy Robertson
 105, 100  Luca Brecel
 101  Zhao Xintong

Articles connexes
 Snooker
 Glossaire du billard
 Classement mondial de snooker

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Grand Prix mondial de snooker
Snooker en Angleterre en 2021
Sport en décembre 2021
Sport à Coventry

Grand Prix mondial de snooker 2021


Ayabe (綾部市), grad u prefekturi Kyoto, u Japanu. Proglašen je gradom 1. kolovoza 1950. godine. Prema procjenama iz 2015., grad je ima 33.821 stanovnika i gustoću naseljenosti od 97.5 osoba po km². Ukupna površina je 347.1 km².

Ayabe se nalazi u planinama sjeverne prefekture Kyoto. Do grada se može doći vlakom sa stanice u Kyotu ili automobilom za sat i pol vremena. Grad je poznat po osnivanju Omoto-kyo religije.

Poznate osobe
 Kisshomaru Ueshiba, doshu

Vanjske povezice
 Službena stranica
 Ayabe city Tourism Guide

Gradovi u Japanu
Honshu

Ayabe (Kyoto)


Biserica evanghelică fortificată din Șoarș, inițial romano-catolică, cu hramul Sfântul Iacob, este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Șoarș, comuna Șoarș. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 41952.06.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica evanghelică fortificată propriu-zisă ()
 Incintă fortificată (fragmente), cu încăpere pentru provizii ()

Localitatea
Șoarș, mai demult Șaroșa, Șoarșiu, (în dialectul săsesc Schuarsch, Šuerš, în , în , în trad. "Noroieni", "Glodeni") este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Brașov, Transilvania, România. Satul Șoarș a fost fondat probabil în primul val de colonizare germană în Transilvania, odată cu Cincu, scaun din care a și făcut parte. Cea mai veche mențiune păstrată a satului datează din anul 1206.

Biserica
Biserica fortificată din Șoarș este un monument de arhitectură gotică, din zona Făgărașului, ce păstrează nealterat, până în prezent, planul inițial de biserică-sală, cu absidă poligonală și turn-clopotniță în capătul de vest.

La 1450, de când datează prima indulgență papală dată bisericii cu hramul sfântului Iacob, construcția era începută. Lucrările s-au terminat după 1470, papalitatea oferind bisericii o nouă scutire de taxe în anul 1466. Ancadramentele portalului vestic și ale ferestrelor bisericii, bolțile parterului și ancadramentele ferestrelor turnului, precum și o serie de resturi de elemente de pietrărie din interiorul bisericii poartă toate amprenta stilului gotic târziu transilvănean. O particularitate arhitecturală a bisericii din Șoarș este existența unui lectorium – element similar unui perete-paravan sau unei tribune ce desparte nava de cor – ale cărui urme se păstrează în arcul de triumf.

Bolțile gotice ale navei au fost înlocuite cu cele actuale la renovarea din anii 1805-1806. Două chei de boltă și câteva fragmente de ogive provenind de la bolțile medievale sunt adăpostite în parterul turnului.

Biserica a fost fortificată la începutul secolului al XV-lea: s-au zidit căile de acces de pe sudul și nordul turnului, iar ultimul nivel a fost dotat cu o galerie de lemn. Toate contraforturile au fost unite două câte două cu arcuri pentru a susține un etaj amenajat în scop defensiv, cu ambrazuri și guri de vărsare deasupra întregii nave și a absidei. Tot în această perioadă în jurul bisericii s-a delimitat o incintă de refugiu și apărare închisă cu ziduri și întărită cu turnuri.

În primul deceniu al secolului XX, latura nordică a fortificației, zidul și patru turnuri, a fost demantelată complet pentru a face loc unei școli și unei săli de festivități. Pe latura sudică, între turnurile de colț, fusese ridicat anterior un alt corp de școală, în prezent ruinat aproape complet.

Din fortificația exterioară se mai păstrează turnul sud-vestic, folosit până în anii 1990 de comunitate pentru păstrarea slăninii, și partea inferioară a turnului sud-estic care a fost transformată în casa clopotarului. Peste drum de biserică, pe latura estică, se află casa parohială evanghelică construită în 1828.

Din prima jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea datează părți din strana preotului și încuietoarea ușii portalului sudic. Acestuia i-a fost aplicată o amplă încuietorare medievală similară celor de la ușa sacristiei Bisericii fortificate din Biertan și a ușii portalului sudic de la Biserica fortificată din Cincu. Pentru ambele portaluri ale bisericii din Șoarș se păstrează nișele bârnelor de lemn folosite pentru blocare.

Altarul baroc a fost realizat în anul 1745, așa cum menționează inscripția incizată pe spatele său: H ROT 1745/ MR 1745. Amvonul, decorat cu patru panouri pictate reprezentându-i pe cei patru evangheliști și un panou ce poartă inscripția de donație, a fost făcut tot în anul 1745 și refăcut în 1839.

Orga bisericii a fost construită în 1838 și refăcută în 1912 de meșterul Carl Einschenk. Mecanismul ceasului din turn datează din anul 1843.

Între anii 2017-2021 au avut loc lucrări de reparație și consolidare a acoperișului bisericii, acțiune sprijinită financiar de Asociația Sașilor Transilvăneni din Germania.

Note

Bibliografie
 Hermann Fabini, Atlas der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen, Monumenta und AKSL, Hermannstadt-Heidelberg, vol. I 1998, vol. al II-lea 1999, vol al III-lea 2002.
 Ioan-Marian Țiplic, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Vezi și
 Șoarș, Brașov

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Brașov
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Iacob
Biserici fortificate din Transilvania
Biserici din județul Brașov
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România
Bolte gotice pe ogivă din România

Biserica fortificată din Șoarș


Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu veya kısaca TÜBİTAK, Türkiye'de bilim ve teknolojiyi teşvik etme, yönlendirme ve popülerleştirmeyi amaçlayan, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığının ilgili kuruluşlarından olup özel hukuk hükümlerine tâbidir.

1963'te Cemal Gürsel tarafından hükûmete danışmanlık yapılması ve millî bilim politikasına rehberlik edilmesi amaçlarıyla kurulduğunda "Türkiye Bilim Teknik ve Araştırma Kurumu" diye bilinirken, sonradan adı "Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu" olarak değiştirilmiş ve uzun süre bu adla anılmıştır. Bu arada 1993 yılından itibaren Popüler Bilim kitapları basılmaya başlanmıştır. Ardından "teknik" yerine "teknolojik" kelimesinin kullanılması ile 2005 yılında kurumun adı son hâlini almıştır.

Tarihçe
TÜBİTAK, Türkiye'nin planlı ekonomi dönemine geçişiyle birlikte, 24 Temmuz 1963 tarih ve 11462 sayılı Resmî Gazete'de yayınlanarak yürürlüğe giren, 17 Temmuz 1963 tarihli 278 Sayılı Kanun ile kurulmuştur. Başlangıçtaki misyonu bilimsel araştırmaları ve genç bilim insanlarını desteklemek iken, bugün bünyesinde barındırdığı onlarca birimle birlikte, tarım politikalarının yönlendirilmesinden, Ar-ge projelerinin desteklenmesine kadar farklı alanları kapsayan bir misyona sahiptir.

Politika
Kurum, Türkiye'de müspet bilimlerde araştırma ve geliştirme faaliyetlerini ülke kalkınmasındaki önceliklere göre geliştirmek, özendirmek, düzenlemek ve koordine etmek; mevcut bilimsel ve teknik bilgilere erişmek ve erişilmesini sağlamak amacı gütmektedir.

Görev yapmış başkanlar

Genel sekreterler (1964-1988)
17 Temmuz 1963 tarih ve 278 sayılı Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Kuruluş Kanunu'nun 6-b) maddesine göre Genel Sekreterlik Kurum'un yürütme organıdır. Kanunun 6-c) maddesine göre "Genel Sekreter, Bilim Kurulu'nun inhası üzerine, Başbakan ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından imzalanan kararname ile atanır." Pratikte, bugünkü konuma göre Kurumun Başkanlığına eşdeğer bir görev tanımı bulunmaktadır.

 Prof. Dr. Nimet Özdaş (1 Mart 1964 - 23 Temmuz 1966)
 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Uluöz (5 Eylül 1966 - 12 Kasım 1967)
 Prof. Dr. Mecit Çağatay (12 Kasım 1967 - 17 Mart 1968)
 Prof. Dr. Halim Doğrusöz (18 Mart 1968 - 1 Şubat 1969)
 Prof. Dr. Kazım Ergin (20 Mart 1969 - 1 Kasım 1969)
 Prof. Dr. Mecit Çağatay (vekil) (1 Kasım 1969 - 2 Ağustos 1970)
 Prof. Dr. Muharrem Miraboğlu (3 Ağustos 1970 - 27 Temmuz 1974)
 Prof. Dr. İ. Akif Kansu (vekil) (28 Temmuz 1974 - 30 Ekim 1975)
 Prof. Dr. Sadık Kakaç (vekil) (31 Ekim 1975 - 22 Şubat 1976)
 Prof. Dr. Naci Bor (vekil) (23 Şubat 1976 - 6 Temmuz 1977)
 Prof. Dr. Tevfik Karabağ (7 Temmuz 1977 - 16 Kasım 1983)
 Prof. Dr. Nejat İnce (17 Kasım 1983 - 1 Nisan 1986)
 Prof. Dr. Aral Olcay (vekil) (2 Nisan 1986 - 20 Şubat 1987)
 Prof. Dr. Sümer Şahin (20 Şubat 1987 - 14 Ocak 1988)

Kurum ve Yönetim Kurulu Başkanları (1988-1993)
11 Kasım 1987 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 294 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile Bilim Kurulu kaldırıldı ve "Yönetim Kurulu" oluşturuldu. Yönetim Kurulu, Başkan ve 8 üye olmak üzere toplam 9 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Kurum Başkanı aynı zamanda Yönetim Kurulu'nun da başkanıdır.

 Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ergin (14 Ocak 1988 - 4 Kasım 1990)
 Prof. Dr. Kemal Gürüz (5 Kasım 1990 - 9 Kasım 1992)
 Prof. Dr. Tosun Terzioğlu (12 Kasım 1992 - 10 Şubat 1993 vekil, 10 Şubat 1993 - 13 Eylül 1993)

Kurum ve Bilim Kurulu Başkanları (1987-1993)
9 Eylül 1993 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 498 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile Yönetim Kurulu kaldırıldı ve "Bilim Kurulu" yeniden oluşturuldu. Bilim Kurulu, Başkan ve 12 üye olmak üzere toplam 13 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Kurum Başkanı Bilim Kurulu'nun da başkanıdır.

 Prof. Dr. Tosun Terzioğlu (13 Eylül 1993 - 13 Eylül 1997)
 Prof. Dr. Dinçer Ülkü (13 Eylül 1997 - 15 Mayıs 1999)
 Doç. Dr. Güner Omay (vekil) (15 Mayıs 1999 - 31 Mayıs 1999)
 Prof. Dr. Namık Kemal Pak (31 Mayıs 1999 - 31 Mayıs 2003)
 Prof. Dr. Nüket Yetiş (11 Ocak 2004 - 20 Ağustos 2008 vekil, 20 Ağustos 2008 - 27 Ağustos 2011)
 Prof. Dr. Yücel Altunbaşak (29 Ağustos 2011 -10 Nisan 2015 )
 Prof. Dr. Ahmet Arif Ergin (12 Haziran 2015  - 22 Şubat 2018 )
 Prof. Dr. Hasan Mandal (22 Şubat 2018  -günümüz)

Birimler
 Araştırma Destek Programları Başkanlığı (ARDEB)
 Bilim İnsanı Destekleme Daire Başkanlığı (BİDEB)
 Kurumsal İletişim Müdürlüğü (KUİM)
 İnsan Kaynakları Daire Başkanlığı (İKB)
 İdari Hizmetler Daire Başkanlığı (İHB)
 Mali Hizmetler Daire Başkanlığı (MAB)
 Teknoloji ve Yenilik Destek Programı Başkanlığı (TEYDEB-NGYKC)

Merkez ve enstitüler

AR-GE birimleri
 Marmara Araştırma Merkezi (MAM) - Gebze
 Bilişim ve Bilgi Güvenliği İleri Teknolojiler Araştırma Merkezi (BİLGEM) - Gebze
 Savunma Sanayii Araştırma ve Geliştirme Enstitüsü (SAGE) - Ankara
 Uzay Teknolojileri Araştırma Enstitüsü (UZAY) - Ankara
 Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü (UME) - Gebze
 Türkiye Sanayi Sevk ve İdare Enstitüsü (TÜSSİDE)- Gebze
 Raylı Ulaşım Teknolojileri Enstitüsü (RUTE)- Gebze

AR-GE kolaylık birimleri
 Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi (ULAKBİM) - Ankara
 Ulusal Gözlemevi (TUG) - Antalya
 Bursa Test ve Analiz Laboratuvarı (BUTAL) - Bursa

Yayınlar
Kurum, Türkiye'de bilimi popülerleştirmek ve insanları bilinçlendirmek amacı ile üç adet aylık popüler bilim dergisi (Bilim ve Teknik, Bilim Çocuk, Meraklı Minik) yayınlamaktadır. Ayrıca internet üzerinden yayın yapan Bilim Genç dergisi de 2015 yılından beri hizmet vermektedir. Bununla birlikte Tübitak Popüler Bilim Kitapları tarafından 1000'i aşkın popüler bilim kitabı yayınlanmıştır.

Ayrıca, doğrudan Türkiye'deki bilim camiasına hitap eden 12 adet hakemli (Bilimsel Dergi) çıkartmaktadır.

Destekler
Üniversiteye giriş sınavından yerleştiği bölümün puan türüne göre ilk 25000'e giren öğrencilere, fizik, kimya, biyoloji, moleküler biyoloji ve genetik, matematik, sosyoloji, ekonomi, psikoloji, felsefe ve tarih bölümlerinden birine yerleşmeleri halinde, sıralamalarına göre karşılıksız burslar vermektedir. Kurum Teknofest İstanbul'un paydaşlarından biridir.

Eleştiriler
 Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi hükûmetinin 17-25 Aralık yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonlarının ardından Fethullah Gülen Cemaati mensuplarına yönelik kamuda tasfiye kampanyasında, TÜBİTAK'ın başkan yardımcısı dahil birçok üst düzey ve uzman personeli görevden alındı, bazılarına ise "yasa dışı dinleme" gerekçesiyle dava açıldı. Bu süreçte Ankara Hayvanat Bahçesi Müdürü Mustafa Sancar, TÜBİTAK'a bağlı Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi'ne müdür yardımcısı olarak atandı ve kurumda dijital analiz yapabilecek ehliyette uzman kalmadığı ortaya çıktı.
 TÜBİTAK'ın geliştirdiği Linux tabanlı işletim sistemi Pardus'un Ağustos 2014'teki tanıtımında, "Biz önce Allah rızası için daha sonra da özgür yazılıma sahip çıkabilmek için uğraşıyoruz, elimizden geldiği sürece de uğraşmaya devam edeceğiz" ifadelerinin yer aldığı bir görsel kullanıldı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bilim ve Teknik (dergi)
 Bilim Çocuk (dergi)
 Meraklı Minik (dergi)
 TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları listesi
 Bilim Genç
 Ulusal Bilim Olimpiyatları
 TÜBİTAK Bilim Ödülü
 TÜBİTAK Ulusal Gözlemevi
 DergiPark
 Pardus
 BİLSAT
 Göktürk-2
 RASAT
 TUSAGA-AKTİF Sistemi
 Millî Gözetim Radarı
 Uzay Teknolojileri Araştırma Enstitüsü
 Bilim İnsanı Destekleme Daire Başkanlığı
 ULAKBİM
 Marmara Araştırma Merkezi (MAM)
 Savunma Sanayii Araştırma ve Geliştirme Enstitüsü (SAGE)
 Tübitak G-40 (Füze)
 Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
 Kayseri Bilim Merkezi
 Kocaeli Bilim Merkezi

Dış bağlantılar
 TÜBİTAK , Ana sayfa
bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr
https://bilimgenc.tubitak.gov.tr  Popüler Bilimin Dijital Adresi
 TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları
 TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Dergileri e-arşiv sitesi
 Akademik Dergiler
 TR Dizin
 Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi
 Türkiye Akademik Arşivi (Harman)
 TÜBİTAK Açık Arşivi (Aperta)
 Ulusal Toplu Katalog (TO-KAT)
 TEGSEB ve TEKNOPARK
 Temel Bilimler Araştırma  Enstitüsü (TBAE)
 AB Çerçeve Programları ve Ufuk Avrupa
EUREKA
 Teknoloji Transfer Ofisi (TTO)
 Çok Taraflı Programları
 Uluslararası Fırsatlar
 Uluslararası Üyelikler
 TÜBİTAK Bilim Merkezleri
 Konya Bilim Merkezi
 Bursa Bilim Merkezi
 Üsküdar Bilim Merkezi
 Elazığ Bilim Merkezi
 Konya Bilim Merkezi Sanal Tur
 Kayseri Bilim Merkezi Sanal Tur

Kaynakça

TÜBİTAK


Oakley  may refer to:

Places

Antarctica
Oakley Glacier

United Kingdom
Oakley, Bedfordshire, England
Oakley, Buckinghamshire, England
Oakley, Dorset, England
Oakley, Fife, Scotland
Oakley, Gloucestershire, England
Oakley, Hampshire, England
Oakley, Northamptonshire, a former civil parish in Kettering
Oakley, Oxfordshire, England
Oakley, Staffordshire, England
Oakley, Suffolk, England
Great Oakley, Essex, England
Great Oakley, Northamptonshire, England
Little Oakley, Essex, England
Little Oakley, Northamptonshire, England
Oakley Green, Berkshire, England
Oakley Park, Bromley Common, Kent, England
 Oakley Square, London, England

United States
Oakley (Gallatin, Tennessee), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Oakley (Heathsville, Virginia), NRHP-listed in Northumberland County
Oakley (Spotsylvania County, Virginia), NRHP-listed
Oakley (Upperville, Virginia), NRHP-listed in Fauquier County
Oakley, Buncombe County, North Carolina, located inside Asheville
Oakley, California
Oakley, Cincinnati, Ohio
Oakley, Delaware
Oakley, Indiana
Oakley, Idaho
Oakley, Kansas
Oakley, Maryland
Oakley, Michigan
Oakley, Pitt County, North Carolina
Oakley, Utah
Oakley, Wisconsin
Oakley, Wyoming, a census-designated place in Lincoln County

People
Oakley (given name)
Oakley (surname)

Brands and enterprises
 Oakley, Inc., an eyewear manufacturer
Oakley Hospital, earlier known as Whau Lunatic Asylum, in Auckland, New Zealand
Oakley's, several enterprises owned by Charles Oakley

Other uses
 Baron Oakley, a hereditary title
Oakley class lifeboat a lifeboat operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution between 1958 and 1993
Oakley protocol, a key management protocol (computing term)
Oakley United F.C. (Scotland), a Scottish football club
, a number of steamships of this name

See also
Oakeley (disambiguation)
Oakleigh (disambiguation)
Oakley House (disambiguation)

Oakley


උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලය (, ) උණවටුන ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රමුඛ රජයේ පාසලකි. වර්ෂ 1887දී උණවටුන බෞද්ධ මිශ්‍ර පාඨශාලාව  ලෙස ඇරඹි මෙම පාසල පසුව වර්ෂ 1962 දී උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලයය බවට පත්විය.

ඉතිහාසය
මෙම පාසල 1887 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 වන දින සිසුන් 14 දෙනෙකු සහ ගුරුවරුන් 4 දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුතුව උණවටුන සැන්ද්‍රාගේ වත්තේ තාවකාලික පොල් මඩුවක ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. පසුව,හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් අමරසුරිය මහතාගේ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ, ඔහුගේ නිවස වන වර්තමානයේ උණවටුන ගුරු විද්‍යාලය පවතින ස්ථානයේ  උණවටුන බෞද්ධ මිශ්‍ර පාසල  ලෙස පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලැබුවේ ය. 1962 මාර්තු 15 වන දින උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලය ලෙස රජයේ පාසලක් බවට පත්විය.
2004 දෙසැම්බර් 26 වන දින සිදුවු  සුනාමි ව්‍යසනයෙන්  පීඩාවට පත් දරුවන්ට උපකාර කිරීම සඳහා පාසලේ නව ශාලා, පරිගණක විද්‍යාගාර සහ සනීපාරක්ෂක පහසුකම් ඇතුළු අංග ගණනාවක් සෙනෙහස පදනමේ ආධාර මගින් ඉදි කරන ලදී.

විදුහල්පතිවරුන්
පාසල ආරම්භයේ සිටම වසර 125 ක කලාව තුළ විදුහල්පතිවරුන් 21 දෙනෙකු විසින් පරිපාලනය කර ඇත. ඔවුන්  පිලිවෙලින්,
කේ.වී.පි.ඊ ද සිල්වා
ඩී.ඒ ජයතිලක
ජේ ද සිල්වා
ඩබ්ලිව්.එම් ප්‍රදිනන්දස්
එම්.ඩබ්ලිව් ගුණසේකර
ඩී.ඒ නාරන්ගොඩ
එච්.එම් ප්‍රනාන්දු
ආර්.ඩී කරෝලිස්
එල්.ජී.එස් වික්‍රමසිංහ
ඩබ්.ඒ කරුණාරත්න
ඩී.ජී.ජී ද සිල්වා
එම්.පී මැන්දිස්
ඩබ්ලිව්.කේ ධර්මරත්න
ජිනදාස
එම්.පී කෝරාල
දා.දු.න වීරකෝන්
ජයසේන අතපත්තු
ගුණසේන
නානායක්කාර
පී.පී.කේ දයාරත්න අමරසේකර
ඊ.ඒ ගාමිණි ශාන්ත කුමාර
හෙළරුවන් පීරිස්

පාසල් ගීතය

සැරදේ අප මාතා අප විදුහල් මාතා
පිංකෙත වැනි වු සිසු කැල
ජයබිම වෙත ගෙනයන මාතා ...

වීනිතකම් දස්කම් එඩිතරකම්
සැමහට නිති සදනා
සමාජසේවය එකමුතුකම් ඈ
ගුණදම් වඩවමිනා ...

ඔබ අපහට නිති ඔවදන්  දෙන්නේ ඔබමය අප මාතා
ඉගෙනුම අවසන් කල ඔබ දරු කැල ඔබගුණ නිති සමරා

කිතුගොස පතුරා ජය දද නංවා පෙරටම යමු නිතිනා
දින දින දියුණුව වෙත පා නගලා මවුනි සදා සැරදේ // ... ...

අධ්‍යාපනය
උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලයේ මේ වනවිට මෙම විශයයන් උගන්වයි.

දක්ෂතා
පාසලේ විෂය සමගාමී මෙන්ම විෂය බාහිර ක්‍රියාකාරකම් රැසක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. ඒ අතර බාලදක්ෂ කණ්ඩායම හා පරිසර නියමු කණ්ඩායම වැදගත් වේ.පාසලේ සෞන්දර්ය ඒකකයටද සුවිශේෂි ස්ථානයක් හිමිවේ. සංගීත, චිත්‍ර, නැටුම් සහ නාට්‍ය හා රංග කලාව යන විෂයන් මෙහි පවතින අතර සමස්ථ ලංකා, පලාත් ඇතුළු ජයග්‍රහණය රැසක් සෞන්දර්ය ඒකකය දිනාගෙන ඇත.

ක්‍රීඩා
නිවාසාන්තර ක්‍රීඩා උලෙල වාර්ෂිකව පහත නිවාස යටතේ පැවැත්වේ.
 ගැමුණු නිවාසය
 තිස්ස නිවාසය
 පැරකුම් නිවාස

දැක්ම සහ මෙහෙවර

දැක්ම
රසඥතාවයෙන් යුකු සංස්කෘතිය පවරා දෙන විනයගරුක සාමකාමී අනාගත පරපුරක් බිහිකිරීම.

මෙහෙවර
දැනුම, කුසලතා,ආකල්පවලින් හෙබි,සදාචාර සම්පන්න, ගුණගරුක, නවලොවට ගැලපෙන, නිර්මාණශීලි, පරිසරයට ආදරය කරන, ඉතිහාසයෙන් වර්තමානය ගොඩනගා ගන්නා පිරිපුන් දරු කැලක් බිහිකිරීම.

ප්‍රසිද්ධ ආදී සිසුන්
 මහාචාර්ය සිරිමල් රණවැල්ල
 ආචාර්ය එඩ්වින් ආරියදාස
 අශෝක ජයසේකර (ගාල්ල හිටපු දිසාපති, අමාත්‍යංශ ලේකම්)
 සමීර රත්නායක (ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික බේස්බෝල් කණ්ඩායමේ නායකයා)

මූලාශ්‍ර

මේවාත් බලන්න
 විද්‍යාලීයය වෙබ් අඩවිය
ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පාසල් ලැයිස්තුව
 ගාල්ල පාසල් නාමාවලිය
 විකිපීඩියා ඉංග්‍රීසි සංස්කරණය
පාසලේ නිල facebook පිටුව
ආදී ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ නිල facebook පිටුව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපනය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්
දකුණු පලාතේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත් පාසල්
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ පාසල්
බෞද්ධ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
ආණ්ඩුවේ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලය


Sandeothallus, rod jetrenjarki smješten u vlastitu porodicu Sandeothallaceae, dio podreda Pallaviciniineae. Postoje dvije vrste, jedna je iz Japana, a druga iz Indije, Sumatre, Bornea, Nove Gvineje, Filipina, Moluka, Jave i nekih otoka u Oceaniji.

Vrste
 Sandeothallus japonicus (Inoue) Crand.-Stotl. & Stotler; Japan
 Sandeothallus radiculosus (Schiffn.) R.M. Schust.

Izvori

Pallaviciniales

Sandeothallus


Neuenhaus ist ein Ort der Gemeinde Marienheide im Oberbergischen Kreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Lage und Beschreibung
Neuenhaus liegt im Nordosten von Marienheide im Tal der Wipper. Nachbarorte sind Singern, Griemeringhausen und Wipperfließ.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1542 wurde der Ort das erste Mal urkundlich in den Türkensteuerlisten unter der Ortsbezeichnung "Nyenhuyß" erwähnt. In der Preußischen Uraufnahme von 1840 lautet der Ortsname "Neuhaus". Ab der topografische Karte (Preußische Neuaufnahme) von 1894 bis 1896 lautet die Ortsbezeichnung "Neuenhaus".

Busverbindungen
Über die im Nachbarort gelegene Haltestelle "An den Leyen" der Linie 399 (VRS/OVAG) ist Neuenhaus an den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr angebunden.

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil von Marienheide
Ersterwähnung 1542

Neuenhaus (Marienheide)


Gamma Pyxidis (γ Pyx / HD 75691 / HR 3518) es una estrella situada en la constelación de la Brújula.
De magnitud aparente +4,03, es la tercera estrella más brillante de la constelación después de α Pyxidis y β Pyxidis.

Situada a 209 años luz del sistema solar, Gamma Pyxidis es una gigante naranja de tipo espectral K3III, comparable a ρ Bootis, α Scuti o α Tucanae.
No existe consenso en cuanto a su temperatura efectiva; dos estudios distintos estiman este parámetro en 4450 y 4270 K.
Unas 200 veces más luminosa que el Sol, gira lentamente sobre sí misma; la velocidad de rotación medida (vsini) es de sólo 2,2 km/s, aunque este valor es sólo un límite inferior.

Gamma Pyxidis tiene un radio 22 veces más grande que el radio solar, cifra obtenida a partir de la medida su diámetro angular corregida por el oscurecimiento de limbo, 3,17 ± 0,04 milisegundos de arco.
Su metalicidad —abundancia relativa de elementos más pesados que el helio— es algo menor que la solar ([Fe/H] = -0,05).

Referencias

Gigantes naranjas
Constelación de Pyxis

Gamma Pyxidis


An Eurycentrum salomonense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Eurycentrum salomonense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eurycentrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eurycentrum

Eurycentrum salomonense


Joaquim Salarich Baucells est un skieur alpin espagnol, né le  à Vic. Il est spécialiste du slalom.

Biographie
Surnommé Quim, Joaquim Salarich est licencié au club de La Molina.

Salarich participe à ses premières courses officielles lors de la saison 2009-2010 et remporte ses premières courses lors de la saison suivante. Titré champion d'Espagne du slalom en 2013, il reçoit sa première sélection avec l'équipe nationale aux Championnats du monde 2015 à Beaver Creek, où il termine le slalom au trentième rang. Il figure ensuite à ses premiers et uniques Championnats du monde junior.

Son premier départ en Coupe du monde date de  à Madonna di Campiglio. C'est aussi lors de la saison 2015-2016, que l'Espagnol apparaît dans le classement de la Coupe d'Europe (résultats dans le top 30). Aux Championnats du monde 2017, à Saint-Moritz, sur le slalom, il parvient à finir la course au  rang.

En 2018, grâce à un quota ajouté à l'Espagne de dernière minute, il peut concourir à ses premiers jeux olympiques à Pyeongchang, où il figure sur le slalom, mais ne voit pas l'arrivée lors de la deuxième manche.

Il est aussi en échec aux Championnats du monde 2019, et aux Championnats du monde 2021, avec deux abandons en slalom. Entre-temps, il enregistre son premier top dix en Coupe d'Europe à l'occasion du slalom à Vaujany en janvier 2020. C'est dans la même station qu'il signe son premier podium à ce niveau avec une troisième place sur le slalom deux ans plus tard.

La saison 2021-2022 marque pour lui des changements dans sa préparation. Il choisit de s'entraîner en Suède de façon plus qualitative que par le passé, de perdre du poids et d'intensifier sa préparation mentale avec un psychologue. Il obtient ses premiers points pour le classement de la Coupe du monde, se classant tour à tour quinzième des slaloms de Val d'Isère (avec le dossard 52) et Madonna di Campiglio. Avec Juan del Campo en 2019, il est le seul Espagnol à se qualifier en deuxième manche en slalom depuis plus de trente ans et Luis Fernández Ochoa. Nanti d'un podium en Coupe d'Europe en janvier, il se présente aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 en ayant réalisé jusque-là la meilleure saison de sa carrière. Sur le slalom olympique, il annonce être content s'il termine dans les quinze premiers tout en ayant des ambitions plus élevées. S'élançant en première manche avec le dossard 29, il passe au premier intermédiaire avec le troisième temps des engagés, soit 21 centièmes de seconde d'avance sur l'Autrichien Johannes Strolz qui gagne cette manche. Il commet ensuite une faute d'intérieur, sort de la piste ce qui le contraint à l'abandon. Il fait partie des 36 skieurs sur 88 partants à ne pas terminer cette première manche et à être éliminés. Salarich se désole de ne pas avoir pu finir la course tout en soulignant que sa prestation jusqu'à sa sortie , justifiant cela par son temps intermédiaire.

Le 26 février 2022, Salarich obtient la meilleure performance de sa carrière en Coupe du monde avec une huitième place au slalom de Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Un tel classement n'avait pas été atteint par un Espagnol en Coupe du monde depuis 1980 et Francisco Fernández Ochoa lors d'un combiné à Lenggries. Le lendemain, au même endroit, Salarich fait mieux en se classant septième, la meilleure place d'un Espagnol en slalom de Coupe du monde depuis Francisco Fernández Ochoa en 1975. Il termine sa saison sur une deuxième place en finale de Coupe d'Europe puis bat sa meilleure performance en Coupe du monde avec une cinquième place lors de la finale disputée à Courchevel.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Championnats du monde

Coupe du monde
 Meilleur résultat : .

classements par saison

Coupe d'Europe
2 podiums.

Championnats d'Espagne
 Champion de slalom en 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021 et 2022.
 Champion de combiné alpin en 2021.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1994
Skieur alpin espagnol
Naissance à Vic
Skieur alpin aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Skieur alpin aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Sportif catalan

Joaquim Salarich


An Colpodium lakium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jurij Nikolajevitj Voronov. An Colpodium lakium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Colpodium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Colpodium

Colpodium lakium


Falkirk Football Club is a Scottish professional association football club based in the town of Falkirk. The club was founded in 1876 and competes in Scottish League One, the third tier of Scottish football, as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League. The club was elected to the Second Division of the Scottish Football League in 1902–03, was promoted to the First Division after two seasons and achieved its highest league position in the early 1900s when it was runner-up to Celtic in 1907–08 and 1909–10. The football club was registered as a Limited Liability Company in April 1905 – Falkirk Football & Athletic Club Ltd.

Falkirk won the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1913. After 1945, Falkirk were promoted and demoted between the Premier and First Divisions seven times until 1995–96, and during the 1970s spent three seasons in the Second Division. In 2005, Falkirk were promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL). Falkirk won the Scottish Cup again in 1957 and were runners-up in the competition in 1997, 2009 and 2015. As a result of their performance in the 2009 Scottish Cup, the club qualified for the inaugural season of the UEFA Europa League in 2009–10. Falkirk have won the second tier of Scottish football a record seven times, an honour shared with St Johnstone. They have also won the Scottish Challenge Cup  more than any other club, winning it for the fourth time in 2012.

In their early years, Falkirk played at three venues: Hope Street, Randyford Park and Blinkbonny Park. Between 1885 and 2003, the club was based at Brockville Park, built on the former Hope Street ground. After the creation of the SPL in 1998, its strict stadium criteria – to which Brockville Park did not conform – was enforced, and the club was denied promotion on three occasions. The club's present home ground since 2004 is the Falkirk Stadium, a  all-seater stadium on the outskirts of Falkirk.

History

Club formation and early years
The club's date of formation is uncertain. Although some accounts point to the year 1876, others claim it was formed in 1877. However, the former is the date used by the club and its fans. In 1878, the club joined the Scottish Football Association, and became eligible to compete in the Scottish Cup, a knockout tournament which became the country's main association football cup competition. The club reached the second round in the first year that it competed. In the first few years after it was formed, Falkirk played mostly friendly games. They played their home matches at three different grounds during this period; Hope Street, Randyford Park and Blinkbonny Park. It left the latter in 1884 and moved to Brockville Park, which remained the club's home ground for 118 years. The Stirlingshire Football Association was founded in 1883, which invited clubs from the Stirlingshire region to join. It resulted in the establishment of a new tournament, the Stirlingshire Cup, a competition open exclusively to the teams from the region, which Falkirk won in its inaugural season. The club's nickname is "The Bairns", a Scots word meaning sons or daughters, which is given to natives of the town of Falkirk.  This is reflected in the Falkirk Burgh motto: "Better meddle wi' the de'il than the Bairns o' Fa'kirk".

Election to the Football League
After playing mostly regional matches, friendly games and the nationwide Scottish Cup tournament for the majority of its existence, the club was elected to the bottom tier of the Scottish Football League in 1902–03, a national sports league consisting of Scotland's top football clubs. At the time, the league consisted of two tiers, the First and Second Divisions. Falkirk was promoted to the top division with a second-place finish behind Clyde after two seasons. Despite the club's success, several months beforehand a proposal to merge with local rivals East Stirlingshire was raised, which was narrowly rejected in a vote. In 1907–08, Falkirk's third season in the top flight, the club finished the season in second place, its highest league position to date, and repeated this in the 1909–10 season. On both occasions it finished behind champions Celtic despite being the top goal scorers in the league, becoming the first Scottish club to break the 100 goals barrier in a single season. In 1913, the club won the Scottish Cup for the first time, defeating Raith Rovers in the final 2–0.

In 1922, the club broke the world record transfer fee, paying £5000 for the transfer of striker Syd Puddefoot from English club West Ham United. The following year, the club played against the Scottish Football League XI to raise funds for those affected by the Redding mine disaster.

Falkirk spent 30 consecutive seasons in their first spell in the top flight of Scottish football, before being relegated in 1934–35 after finishing 20th at the bottom of the league. Despite this, the club was promoted to the top flight after one season, as champions of the 1935–36 Second Division, amassing a club record of 132 league goals in the process. Falkirk remained in the top flight until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, when the league was suspended.

Post-war promotion and demotion
After the war ended in 1945, the Scottish Football League resumed and Falkirk regained its place in the First Division for the 1946–47 season. In 1947, a new competition, the Scottish League Cup, was inaugurated. In the  1947–48 season, Falkirk reached the final, and lost 4–1 to East Fife in the replayed final after an initial 0–0 draw.

The club competed in the final of the Scottish Cup in 1957. They defeated Kilmarnock in a replay. This was their first success in the tournament since winning it 44 years earlier. In June 1958 Alex Parker and Eddie O'Hara from the cup winning side were bought by Everton for a combined fee or £18,000. John White was signed two months later from Alloa Athletic with £3,300 of that money.

In the years to follow, relegation and promotion between the first and second tiers occurred seven times until the 1995–96 season. The club spent eight consecutive seasons at a time in either division. As a result, Falkirk has won or finished runners-up in the second tier of Scottish football a record 14 times, the majority occurring in this period. The club also spent three seasons in the late 1970s in the newly created third tier, the lowest tier it has competed in. In 1977–78 the club finished in its lowest ranking to date, ending the season in the equivalent of 29th in Scotland following a 5th-place finish in the new Second Division. In the 1996–97 season, the club reached the final of the Scottish Cup for the third time, and Falkirk became the seventh club in 106 years to reach the final whilst competing outside the top league of Scottish football. Falkirk's opponents were Kilmarnock, a repeat of the 1957 final, but the club could not match its 1957 success and lost 1–0.

Scottish Premier League
The Scottish Premier League (SPL) was founded in 1998 as the new top flight of Scottish football. The new league and its rules denied Falkirk the chance to be promoted into it on three occasions as a consequence of its formation. When the SPL was created from the old Premier Division, a play-off match that was held between the team ranked ninth in the Premier Division and the team ranked second in the First Division was abolished during the 1997–98 season. Falkirk, ranked second in the First Division, was thus denied a play-off with Motherwell. The SPL's criterion that clubs required a 10,000 capacity all-seater stadium in order to compete in the new league, which Falkirk's Brockville Park did not comply with, was introduced. When the SPL was due to expand to 12 teams at the end of the 1999–2000 season, Aberdeen, which finished bottom of the SPL, would have competed in a three-way play-off against the teams that finished second and third in the First Division, and two of these three clubs would gain SPL status for the next season. Brockville Park was still below the SPL criterion, and Falkirk applied to ground-share Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh, but the proposal was rejected. The play-off was abandoned, Dunfermline Athletic was automatically promoted and Aberdeen retained its status in the top flight.

Following four successive top three finishes in the First Division since 1997–98, the club's fortunes changed dramatically and it finished the season in ninth position, which would have qualified the club to be relegated to the third tier. However, it was spared relegation by the liquidation of fellow First Division club Airdrieonians on the last day of the season. The following season, Falkirk was again denied promotion to the SPL despite finishing top of the First Division. The club submitted another application to ground-share, this time at New Broomfield – an SPL compliant stadium and the home of Airdrie United – but was rejected in a vote by SPL chairmen. Motherwell was thus spared relegation from the First Division. In order to meet the criterion, Falkirk started building a new stadium and left Brockville Park.

During the 2004–05 season, the SPL stadium criterion was reduced to 6,000, which the club's new Falkirk Stadium met. The club won the First Division that season, winning 1–0 to Ross County, and was promoted to the SPL. After three seasons in the SPL, including two seventh-place finishes, the club qualified for the inaugural season of the UEFA Europa League, the first time the club qualified for a European competition. The same year, Falkirk was beaten by Rangers in the final of the Scottish Cup. Despite its cup success, Falkirk finished in 10th place in the league and avoided relegation with a 1–0 win against Inverness Caledonian Thistle. The following season, the club competed in the Europa League but was relegated from the SPL to the First Division after being held to a 0–0 draw against Kilmarnock on the final day of the 2009–10 season.

Scottish First Division/Scottish Championship
Following its return to the First Division, Falkirk finished the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons in third position. As members of the Scottish Football League, the club was eligible to compete in the Scottish Challenge Cup, which it won 1-0 against Hamilton Academical in 2012 to win the cup for a record fourth time. In the same year Falkirk reached the semi-finals of the League Cup, but lost to Celtic. The club had defeated the reigning SPL champions Rangers 3–2 in the third round, and also defeated another top flight club Dundee United on penalties in the quarter-finals.

In 2012-13 Falkirk finished a distant third in the league, 25 points behind champions Partick Thistle, but had a great run in the Scottish Cup, beating local rivals Stenhousemuir as well as Hamilton Academical en route to the semi-final against Hibernian at Hampden Park. Falkirk, under the management of Gary Holt for the first time, took a 3–0 half time lead, though Hibernian made a comeback to confirm their place in the final with a 4–3 win (AET). Gary Holt left the managers post in June 2014 to join Norwich on their coaching team. He was replaced by Peter Houston. In the 2013–14 season Falkirk finished third in the Scottish Championship, narrowly missing out on the title by 3 points having still been in with a chance on the final day of the season. They qualified for the Premiership play-off, where they defeated Queen of the South 4–3 on aggregate (AET) in the quarter-final, before losing to Hamilton Academical 2-1 on aggregate in the semis.

In 2014–15, Falkirk missed out on the play-off places, finishing in 5th place in the championship, Falkirk went one better in the Scottish Cup than two years previously, reaching the final, avenging their loss to Hibernian in the semi-finals before being defeated by Inverness 2–1 in the final. In 2015–16 Falkirk finished second in the Championship and qualified for the promotion play-offs. They defeated Hibernian 5–4 on aggregate in the semi-final before facing Kilmarnock. A 1–0 home win in the first leg put Falkirk on the verge of a return to top flight football. However, Kilmarnock won 4–0 in the second leg to retain their place in the Scottish Premiership 4–1 on aggregate.

The following season, Falkirk again finished second in the league and qualified for the play-offs. They went out to Dundee United 4–3 on aggregate in the semi-finals. Falkirk started the 2017–18 season very badly and the club found themselves in danger of relegation to League One. Manager Peter Houston was sacked in September 2017 following a 2–0 home loss to Livingston, which left the club second bottom of the league. Paul Hartley replaced him as manager. Hartley only won one of his first nine league games, and the club still sat in second bottom, 8 points from guaranteed safety at Christmas. A run of three wins in five games caused Falkirk to draw level on points with third bottom Dumbarton and eventually pull away to finish eighth.

Scottish League One
Falkirk had a disastrous 2018–19 season which saw the club relegated on the final day, despite running out 3–2 winners against the Champions Ross County. This led to the club's second spell in the Scottish third tier. The 2019–20 season was declared early after 28 games played, leaving Falkirk in second place, 1 point behind Raith Rovers.

The 2020–21 season was another to forget for Falkirk fans. After starting the season on form and seeing themselves clear at the top of the table, a collapse in the second half of the season following a mid-season break due to the COVID-19 pandemic saw Falkirk fall to 5th in League One after a 2–0 defeat to Airdrieonians on the final day cost them a spot in the play-offs.

In the 2022–23 season, they finished second, with Dunfermline Athletic winning the league. The Bairns entered the play-offs against Airdrieonians, only to suffer a 7–2 aggregate loss, losing 6–2 in the first leg and 1–0 in the return.

Colours and badge

Falkirk's traditional colours are navy blue and white, which the team first wore during the 1882 season. However, the club's first strip, thin blue and white horizontal hoops on the jersey and socks, was worn between 1876 and 1880. This was replaced with a blue jersey and white shorts, which has featured predominantly since. Touches of red were introduced to the strip in the late 1930s – mostly on the socks – was worn until the early 1960s, re-introduced in the mid-1970s and has since been featured in the team's kit. For the 2017–18 season the kit consisted of a navy blue jersey, white shorts and navy socks.

Falkirk's current crest is a stylised version of the Falkirk Steeple, a dominant landmark of the town. During the 2007–08 season the club used a crest – known as "The Highlander" – that was worn during the club's 1957 Scottish Cup win as a 50th anniversary tribute to the players. Kit manufacturer Umbro supplied the club's kit for the 1977–78 season. Other kits have been supplied by Bukta, Patrick and Le Coq Sportif. The current supplier since 2008 is Puma and the club's shirt sponsor is Clarke ePOS (UK) Ltd. Recent sponsors include Central Demolition, Budweiser Budvar, John R Weir Mercedes Group and Beazer Homes.

Stadiums

In the club's early years, Falkirk played its home games at three different sites: Hope Street, Randyford Park and Blinkbonny Park. The first pitch used by the club was on Hope Street, the location that would become Brockville Park in 1884. The first match at Hope Street was against Grasshoppers from Bonnybridge. After one season, Falkirk moved to Randyford Park, the home of East Stirlingshire Cricket Club during the summer months, in 1878 where the club played its first competitive match, which it won against Campsie Glen of Lennoxtown in the Scottish Cup. The ground was located near Forth Valley College, several hundred yards west of the present Falkirk Stadium. The club played at Blinkbonny Park between 1881 and 1883.

Between 1885 and 2003, Falkirk was based at Brockville Park, which was located a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) from the town centre of Falkirk. Brockville Park was largely terraced and had a capacity of between 7,500 and 8,000 spectators in its later years. On 21 February 1953, Falkirk's largest home attendance was recorded at the ground when 23,100 spectators watched the club play against Celtic in the third round of the Scottish Cup.

When the SPL was created in 1998, Brockville Park fell short of the SPL's stadium criteria, mainly because of the terraced stands. As a result, the club was denied entry to the league, despite winning the First Division or qualifying for a promotion play-off, on three occasions. Falkirk remained at the stadium until the last day of the 2002–03 football season, and in late 2003 Brockville was demolished and the site sold to supermarket chain Wm Morrison Supermarkets plc. To commemorate the club's time at the stadium, the supermarket displays Falkirk F.C. memorabilia, including a turnstile. For the 2003–04 season, Falkirk entered an agreement with Stenhousemuir to ground-share Ochilview Park stadium for one season while the club's new stadium was under construction.

Since the beginning of the 2004–05 season, the club has been based at Falkirk Stadium, an 7,937 capacity all-seater stadium built on the eastern outskirts of Falkirk. The stadium was opened in July 2004 with a friendly match against Dundee. When it opened, only the 4,200 capacity west stand was completed. The 2,000 capacity north stand was constructed during the opening season and was completed in May 2005, taking the stadium above the SPL's reduced 6,000 seating criterion. Falkirk became champions of the First Division that season and was promoted to the SPL. The stadium has since been further expanded; the south stand officially opened in a match against Royal Antwerp of Belgium in August 2009.

Supporters and rivalries

Falkirk's strongest recent rivalry is the Kincardine derby which is contested with Dunfermline Athletic. The towns of Dunfermline and Falkirk are roughly 13 miles apart, separated  by the River Forth. Both clubs are a similar size and have regularly competed at the same level in the SPL and First Division but the origin of the rivalry is unclear, as former Falkirk manager John Hughes said in an interview in 2005. The two clubs have played important promotion and relegation encounters against each other over the past thirty years which has only increased the animosity between the two sets of fans.

In 2009 the Falkirk Herald recalled Super Tuesday: "More than 20 years ago a previously postponed league fixture took place at Brockville. The then mighty Dunfermline had come to town expecting victory as they looked to continue their push for promotion from the B&Q First Division. But, for over half of the 9200 supporters that packed the terraces on 7 March 1989, little did they know they would witness a match which would eventually become part of Falkirk folklore. Goals from Derek McWilliams, Paul Rutherford, Sammy McGivern and Stuart Burgess without reply brought the Pars back down to earth with an almighty bang."

A significant match between Falkirk and Dunfermline took place in April 2009, when they met at the semi-final stage of the 2008–09 Scottish Cup at Hampden Park; the Bairns won 2–0 in front of over 17,000 fans to progress to the final.

The club's traditional rival was East Stirlingshire, a club that was also based in Falkirk. The two teams regularly competed against each other in their early existences in the Stirlingshire Cup, as well as in league football following Falkirk's election to the Scottish Football League in 1902–03, two seasons after East Stirlingshire. As of May 2020, the last time the clubs played each other in a competitive league fixture was in April 1982, which East Stirlingshire won 3–0, when both clubs were in the First Division. Following East Stirlingshire's relegation that season, the two clubs have not competed in the same league; Falkirk predominantly in the First Division and East Stirlingshire in the Third Division. In 1999–00 the clubs were drawn against each other in the second round of the Scottish League Cup, which Falkirk won 2–0 after extra time was played, the last competitive fixture between the clubs excluding the Stirlingshire Cup.

Club staff

Current squad

First team

On loan

Notable players

Managers

The club's first manager was Willie Nicol, who was appointed in 1905, before which all manager appointments were assigned to the club secretary. Nicol was first appointed club secretary in 1900, then secretary/manager and finally manager. Nicol is the longest serving manager in Falkirk's history. Alex Totten, manager from 1996 to 2002 who led the side to the 1997 Scottish Cup Final, was named the clubs lifetime ambassador ahead of his retirement from football in 2021.

This list does not include caretaker managers or those who managed in a temporary capacity.

Only competitive matches are counted

Honours
League
Scottish League Championships: (first tier)
 Runners-up (2): 1907–08, 1909–10
Scottish First Division: (second tier)
 Winners (7): 1935–36, 1969–70, 1974–75, 1990–91, 1993–94, 2002–03, 2004–05
 Runners-up (8): 1904–05, 1951–52, 1960–61, 1985–86, 1988–89, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2015–16
 Scottish Second Division: (third tier)
 Winners (1): 1979–80
 Runners-up (1): 2019–20†

Cups
 Scottish Cup:
 Winners (2): 1913, 1957
 Runners-up (3):  1997, 2009, 2015
Scottish League Cup:
Runners-up (1): 1947–48
 Scottish Challenge Cup:
 Winners (4): 1993, 1997, 2004, 2012

†The 2019–20 Scottish League One season declared early after 28 games played after the Covid-19 outbreak.

Club records
 League victory: 9–0 v Port Glasgow Athletic, Division One, 21 September 1907
 League defeat: 1–11 v Airdrieonians, Division One,  28 April 1951
 Cup victory: 11–1 v Tillicoultry, Scottish Cup, 7 September 1889; and 10–0 (twice) v Aberfeldy Breadalbane, Scottish Cup, 13 January 1923 and 23 January 1926

 Cup defeat: 1–9 v Motherwell, League Cup, 11 August 1962; 0–8 v Aberdeen, League Cup, 20 September 1972
 Record attendance: 23,100 v Celtic, Scottish Cup, Brockville Park, 21 February 1953
 Most international caps: 14, Alex Parker for Scotland (1955–58)
Most league goals in one season: 43, Evelyn Morrison, (1928–29)
Most goals in one season: 45, Evelyn Morrison, (1928–29)
Most league goals: 129, Kenneth Dawson, (1934–35 to 1950–51)
Most senior goals: 237, Kenneth Dawson, (1934–35 to 1950–51)
Most top division goals: 115, Jock Simpson, (1905–06 to 1921–22)
Most Scottish Cup goals: 12, Robert Keyes, (1934–35 to 1938–39)
Most League Cup goals: 25, Angus Plumb, (1949–50 to 1954–55)
 Most league appearances: 451, Tom Ferguson, (1919–20 to 1931–32)
 Most senior appearances: 498, Tom Ferguson, (1919–20 to 1931–32)
 Most Scottish Cup appearances: 47, Tom Ferguson, (1919–20 to 1931–32)
 Most League Cup appearances: 68, John Markie, (1964–65 to 1975–76)

European record
Since the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) was formed in 1960, Falkirk has qualified for a UEFA club competition on one occasion. In 2009, Falkirk reached the final of the Scottish Cup, which it lost to Rangers. The winner of the Scottish Cup would normally qualify for the UEFA Europa League, but because Rangers had already qualified for the UEFA Champions League through their league ranking in the SPL, the place was passed to Falkirk as runners-up. Falkirk was eliminated in the second qualifying round by FC Vaduz of Liechtenstein in a two-legged tie. The club's only European goal was scored by Ryan Flynn in the 1–0 first leg home victory against FC Vaduz.

See also
McCrae's Battalion

References

External links

Sport in Falkirk
Football clubs in Scotland
Association football clubs established in 1876
1876 establishments in Scotland
Scottish Premier League teams
Scottish Football League teams
Scottish Cup winners
Scottish Challenge Cup winners
Scottish Professional Football League teams

Falkirk F.C.


Hvíttoppur (fræðiheiti Lonicera quinquelocularis) er runni af geitblaðsætt ættaður frá Himalajafjöllum (frá Afganistan til Kína).

Hann hefur lítið eitt verið reyndur á Íslandi.

Heimild

Geitblaðsætt

Hvíttoppur


Bergen Bortsprængning er en stumfilm fra 1916 af ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Efter den store brand i Bergen i Norge bortsprænges ruiner af nedbrændte huse. Det er voldsomme ødelæggelser, der har fundet sted.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1916

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Begivenheder i 1916
Bortsprængning

Bergen Bortsprængning


Brave Saint Saturn (stylized as braveSaintSaturn, brave saint saturn or BS2) is a Christian rock band formed in Denver, Colorado in 1999. The band is a side-project of members of Five Iron Frenzy started by Reese Roper. The band calls their music style "astro-rock", although Roper has stated that this "doesn't mean anything". The trilogy of albums are meant to artfully represent early life, adversity, and death.

Background
Before the band was signed, they were called Astronaut. As a result, "Astronaut Versions" of several early Brave Saint Saturn songs exist. The "Astronaut Version" of "Two-Twenty-Nine" is available on the compilation Manna 2 Go (fifty280 records). An otherwise unreleased Astronaut song, "Albatross," is also available on Green Manna (fifty280 records)

Brave Saint Saturn often uses the vastness of space as a metaphor for loneliness and isolation. With this in mind, the band used NASA recordings and electronic samples on their first two albums. One of the biggest influences on the band's sound was the Electric Light Orchestra album Time. Roper has said that because of this band he has tried to include more strings and orchestral sounds into the group's music.

Some reviewers consider Brave Saint Saturn as a generally more serious band than the often light-hearted Five Iron Frenzy. As the former leader of Five Iron Frenzy, Roper often found the band too straightforwardly fun for expressing feelings of loneliness and abandonment. BS2 is the platform for the more depressed and sad lyrics which Roper has written. When speaking of the band, Roper states that, "I've tried to show the redemption and peace of God through tragic things. I think overall the lyrics are about … hope."

The third of the Saturn 5 Trilogy, Anti-Meridian, was released on September 15, 2008. The physical album is only available through the band's website store, but digital copies were made available at various online stores for digital distribution.

Roper has stated that the band originally planned to make a story arc that would go across three albums, but the band is in talks to create more music in the future beyond their first three albums. There are plans for an album of b-sides, rarities, and redone songs titled Add-Infinitum.

Saturn 5 Trilogy
Brave Saint Saturn published their first three albums as the Saturn 5 Trilogy.

Saturn 5 Trilogy tells the story of a fictional NASA Saturn 5 Mission, where the crew of the spacecraft Gloria is sent to map the rings of Saturn. While in orbit around Saturn's moon, Titan, the Gloria suffers a crippling disaster that leaves the craft stranded in geosynchronous orbit on the dark side of the moon. The crew is cut off from radio contact with Earth and the light of the sun, and both the crew and their families fear they are lost forever.

The final album of the trilogy, Anti-Meridian, chronicles the return of the crew of the U.S.S. Gloria in an escape pod called the Starling. Lieutenant Hoerig saves the mission at the cost of his own life. The rest of the crew returns to Earth in one of the Starlings escape pods. Several of the songs deal with the crew's thoughts and remembrances in the aftermath of their safe return.

Saturn 5 Trilogy uses the loss and subsequent rescue of the crew metaphorically touching on themes of death, resurrection, redemption, and self-sacrifice drawn from  secular, mythological, and Christian sources.

Members
Reese Roper – vocals, guitar
Keith Hoerig – bass guitar
Andrew Verdecchio (2003–present) – drums
Dennis Culp – background vocals, bass guitar, guitar

Discography

References

External links
 Interview Jesus Freak Hideout
 Radio Interview with Reese Roper, 10-16-2008

American Christian rock groups
Musical groups from Denver
Tooth & Nail Records artists
Musical groups established in 1995
Rock music groups from Colorado

Brave Saint Saturn


Ociminae, podtribus biljaka iz porodice usnatica, dio tribusa Ocimeae. Sastoji se od 12 rodova od kojih je najznačajniji bosiljak (Ocimum).

Rodovi
 Basilicum Moench
 Benguellia G.Taylor
 Catoferia (Benth.) Benth.
 Endostemon N.E.Br.
 Fuerstia T.C.E.Fr.
 Haumaniastrum P.A.Duvign. & Plancke
 Hoslundia Vahl
 Ocimum L.
 Orthosiphon Benth.
 Platostoma P.Beauv.
 Syncolostemon E.Mey. ex Benth.

Izvori

Ocimeae

Ociminae


පොදු ලෙසින් එච්. එෆ්. ව්‍රවෲඩ් ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන, හෙන්ද්‍රික් ෆ්‍රෙන්ස්ච් ව්‍රවෲඩ් (8 සැප්තැම්බර් 1901 – 6 සැප්තැම්බර් 1966) , 1958 සිට, 1966දී ඔහුගේ ඝාතනය දක්වා,  දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යයවරයා විය. රටෙහි වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් බෙදා වෙන් කෙරුණු, වාර්ගික විසංගමන ක්‍රමයක් වූ, වර්ණභේදයෙහි සංකල්පය සහ ක්‍රියාවට නැංවීම පසුපස සිටි තැනැත්තේ ලෙසින් ඔහු සිහි කෙරෙයි.

හෙන්ද්‍රික් ව්‍රවෲඩ්


In ball-playing competitive team sports, an interception or pick is a move by a player involving a pass of the ball—whether by foot or hand, depending on the rules of the sport—in which the ball is intended for a player of the same team but caught by a player of the team on defense, who thereby usually gains possession of the ball for their team.  It is commonly seen in football, including American and Canadian football, as well as association football, rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football and Gaelic football, as well as any sport by which a loose object is passed between players toward a goal.
In basketball, a pick is called a steal.

American/Canadian football
In American football and Canadian football, an interception occurs when a forward pass that has not yet touched the ground is caught by a player of the defensive team. This leads to an immediate change of possession during the play, and the defender who caught the ball can immediately attempt to move the ball as far towards the opposing end zone as possible. Following the stoppage of play, if the interceptor retained possession of the ball, his team takes over possession at the spot where he was downed. Because possession is a critical component in these sports, a successful interception can be a dramatic reversal of the teams' fortunes.

Interceptions are predominantly made by the secondary or (on some occasions) the linebackers, who are usually closest to the quarterback's intended targets, the wide receivers, running backs, and tight ends. Less frequently, a defensive lineman may get an interception from a tipped ball, a near sack, a shovel pass, or a screen pass, but are more likely to force a fumble than get an interception. As soon as a pass is intercepted, everyone on the defense immediately acts as blockers, helping the person with the interception get as much yardage as possible and perhaps a touchdown (commonly called a "pick-six", since a touchdown is worth 6 points); at the same time, everyone on the offense becomes the defense and may attempt to tackle the ball-carrier.  If the interception occurs on an extra-point attempt, rather than an ordinary play from scrimmage, a return of the interception to the other end zone is sometimes called a "pick-two", as it is a defensive two-point conversion rather than a touchdown.  For example, on December 4, 2016, the Kansas City Chiefs strong safety Eric Berry scored the game-winning points via a pick-two in a 29–28 victory over the Atlanta Falcons.  Berry also achieved an ordinary pick-six earlier in the same game.

If the intercepting team has the lead and there is little time left in the game, the intercepting player may down the ball immediately and not attempt to gain any yardage; the team then runs out the clock using scrimmage plays. This eliminates the chance of a fumble that could be recovered by the other team. There are also player safety implications: when the ball is turned over, the play is now suddenly and unexpectedly moving in the opposite direction. All of the players on offense are instantly susceptible to unexpected blocks, even if not attempting to stop the ball carrier; a hard and unseen block can result in severe injuries. Additionally, offensive players, particularly the quarterback, are often inexperienced tacklers and are at risk of injuring themselves while tackling the ball carrier.

Only the interception of a forward pass is recorded statistically as an interception, for both the passer and the intercepting player. If a receiver fails to catch the ball and bobbles or tips it before it is intercepted, even if his action was entirely responsible for the interception, it is always recorded as an interception thrown by the passer. The interception of a lateral pass is recorded as a fumble by the passer.

Notable players

Canadian Football League

In an 11-year CFL career, Less Browne recorded 87 interceptions during the 1980s and 90s, which is both a CFL and all-pro record. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame (CFHF) in 2002.

Barron Miles, a defensive back in the early 2000s for the BC Lions and Montreal Alouettes, recorded 66 interceptions, tied for second all-time, in a 12-year CFL career. He is also the all-time leader in blocked kicks with 13. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2018.

Larry Highbaugh played for the BC Lions and Edmonton Eskimos during the 1970s and early 1980s, winning six Grey Cups and recording 66 interceptions in his career. At the time of his retirement he was the all-time leader in interceptions. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2004.

In a game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1990, Rod Hill of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers caught five interceptions, a CFL record for a regular-season game. Canadian and Pro Football Hall of Famer Bud Grant of the Blue Bombers, holds the record for most interceptions in a playoff game, also with five, which he accomplished in a game against the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1953.

Quarterback Danny McManus has the record for most interceptions thrown in a CFL career with 281. Damon Allen is a close second with 278 interceptions thrown.

National Football League
Lester Hayes of the Oakland Raiders was one of the National Football League's (NFL) leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive Stickum to help him hold on to the ball. After the NFL outlawed the use of such foreign substances in 1981, Hayes' success rate at interceptions dropped below average though that could be due to his reputation as a "shutdown cornerback", which discouraged opposing teams from throwing to his side of the field. He continued to use the substance, which he called "pick juice", by having it applied in smaller amounts to his wrists.

Paul Krause holds the record for most career interceptions with 81. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the Washington Redskins but was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, where he spent most of his career. Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four Super Bowls with the Vikings. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998.

Dick "Night Train" Lane holds the record for most interceptions in a season with 14, which he set in his rookie season in 1952.

Rod Woodson played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most interception returns for touchdown in an NFL career with 12. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive touchdown returns in a career with 13. Woodson, who is third on the NFL all-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009.

Darren Sharper, a safety that played from 1997 to 2010, has a career total of 63 interceptions, and has returned 11 of those for touchdowns. Sharper holds the NFL record for interception return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive touchdown returns career with 13.

Charles Woodson, formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13. Woodson and Sharper are tied for second all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11.

Ty Law, formerly of the New England Patriots, New York Jets, and Kansas City Chiefs, has 52 career interceptions. Champ Bailey, who played for the Washington Redskins and Denver Broncos, had 10 interceptions in 2006 and has a career total of 52. Strong safety Sammy Knight had 42 interceptions in his career.

Ed Reed holds the record for the longest interception return, 108 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles on November 23, 2008.  Reed also holds the record for the second longest interception return, 106 yards against the Cleveland Browns on November 7, 2004. During both games he played for the Baltimore Ravens. Reed also has a total of 64 interceptions and holds the record for the most interception return yardage in NFL history (1,541).

Brett Favre holds the record for most career interceptions thrown: 336. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. Favre's last pass as a Green Bay Packer was an interception as well, thrown to Corey Webster of the New York Giants in the 2007 NFC Championship Game to lose the game. In the 2009 NFC Championship Game, with his Minnesota Vikings almost within range of a potential game-winning field goal in the last few minutes of regulation, Favre threw an interception to Tracy Porter, and the New Orleans Saints would end up winning in overtime.

Rodney Harrison of the New England Patriots and San Diego Chargers was the first player in NFL history to have 30 interceptions and 30 sacks over the course of his career. He set that historic benchmark on October 21, 2007. The Baltimore Ravens' Ray Lewis was the second to accomplish this feat. He recorded his 30th interception November 21, 2010, intercepting the Carolina Panthers' Brian St. Pierre and returning the ball for a touchdown. Lewis is also the only member of the 40/30 club (at least 40 sacks and at least 30 interceptions).

On November 21, 2010, Ronde Barber became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions. His jersey and gloves from the game were subsequently retired to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton.

Asante Samuel, Sr., of the Atlanta Falcons, with 4 postseason interception returns for touchdowns, is the NFL's all-time leader.

James Harrison of the Pittsburgh Steelers set the record for the longest interception return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLIII. The NFL's Defensive Player of the Year Harrison picked off Kurt Warner's pass and returned it a Super Bowl-record 100 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the first half to give the Pittsburgh Steelers a 17–7 lead over the Arizona Cardinals.

Aaron Rodgers holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception with 402 during the 2018 NFL season. He only threw two interceptions that entire season. On December 26, 2010, Brady overtook the previous record of 308 consecutive completed passes without an interception, held by Bernie Kosar of the Cleveland Browns since 1991. Kosar's regular-season streak of pass attempts without an interception ended on November 10, 1991, against the Philadelphia Eagles.

On October 6, 2013, Matt Schaub became the first quarterback to throw a "pick-six" (an interception returned for a touchdown) in four consecutive games, while playing against the San Francisco 49ers.

In Super Bowl XLIX, New England Patriots cornerback Malcolm Butler intercepted a would-be go-ahead touchdown pass from Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson at the goal line in the final seconds of the game, allowing the Patriots to win what would have been an otherwise certain defeat. The significance of this play led it to be dubbed by many as simply "The Interception".

In 2019, despite having his career high passing yards total over 5,000 yards, Jameis Winston of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers threw for a total of 30 interceptions, the most interceptions in the league since Vinny Testaverde's 35 in 1988, giving Winston a career total of 87 interceptions at the season's end. Winston's season high came on October 13 against the Carolina Panthers, when he recorded a total of five interceptions. Winston's seven pick-6s in that season set an NFL record. Winston's penchant for turnovers (interceptions and fumbles), including six interceptions across the last two regular season games that were losses, led to him not being re-signed by the Buccaneers.

BAFA National Leagues
Robert Hardwick of the Nottingham Caesars of the BAFA National Leagues scored a game-winning touchdown against the Birmingham Bulls on May 15, 2016. The Bulls were three points up at the four-yard line with 14 seconds left on the clock, and elected to throw a pass which was intercepted and run 100 yards to the opposite end zone.

Rugby
Because of the relatively strict offside law in both codes of rugby, and the requirement that all passes be backward, interceptions are difficult to achieve. However, when they occur, the side who loses possession is suddenly out of formation to defend, and the interceptor may be able to sprint down the field for a spectacular try.

References

External links
 NFL.com Record and Fact Book

Terminology used in multiple sports
Association football terminology
American football terminology
Australian rules football terminology
Canadian football terminology
Basketball terminology
Rugby league terminology
Rugby union terminology

Interception


Nogometni klub "Končar", odnosno  "Končar"  je bio nogometni klub iz Zagreba.

O klubu
Nogometna sekcija športskog društva sindikata radnika tvornice "Rade Končar" je djelovala od 1947. godine, a nogometni klub je osnovan 1950. godine pod nazivom  "Rade Končar" , pod kojim djeluje do 1. prosinca 1954., kada mijenja naziv u  "Elektrostroj" . Kao "Elektrostroj", klub je postigao svoje najveće uspjehe - igranje u Drugoj saveznoj ligi i plasman u četvrtzavršnicu Kupa maršala Tita u sezoni 1959./60.
Od 1969. do 1994. godine klub djeluje pod nazivom  "Končar" . 1994. godine se spaja s klubom Zelengaj u klub naziva  "Svjetlovod" . 1995. godine klub mijenja naziv u  "Zelengaj Svjetlost" , te seli na Zelengajevo igralište Hrelić, te se to može smatrati krajem "Končara" kao kluba.
Nekoliko godina potom je na Končarevom igralištu je djelovao klub naziva  "Pongračevo" , ali samo s mlađim uzrastima.

Uspjesi
 1. razred Zagrebačkog podsaveza
 1952./53.
 Zagrebačka liga
 1955./56.
 1. Zagrebačka liga
 1978./79.
 Kup Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza
 1980.
 Amatersko juniorsko prvenstvo Hrvatske
 1967., 1969.

Poznati igrači
 Stipe Brnas
 Ivica Gričar
 Zlatko Škorić

Poznati dužnosnici
 Slavko Šajber
 Dragutin Tkalčec

Poveznice
 NK Zelengaj Zagreb

Izvori
 Nogometni leksikon - Končar
 nk-maksimir.hr, "Končar" - Zagreb , pristupljeno 25. veljače 2018.
 mapiranjetresnjevke.com, NK Rade Končar, pristupljeno 25. veljače 2018.
  mapiranjetresnjevke.com, Sastav ekipa NK Končar, rezultati utakmica i tablice prvenstava, objavljeno 11. prosinca 2013., pristupljeno 25. veljače 2018.
 Ico Kerhin, Miroslav Rede: Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza : 1919 - 1994 , Zagreb, 1995., str. 244-245

Končar
Končar

NK Končar Zagreb


The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (forkortet RHOBH) er en amerikansk reality-tv-serie som havde premiere 14 oktober 2010 på Bravo. Serien følger nogle rige kvinder, der bor i Los Angeles, Californien.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2020'erne
Realityshows fra USA
Tv-programmer fra Bravo

The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills


STS-41 was the 36th Space Shuttle mission and the eleventh mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery. The four-day mission had a primary objective of launching the Ulysses probe as part of the "International Solar Polar Mission" (ISPM).

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission highlights

Discovery lifted off on October61990 at 7:47:16a.m. EDT. Liftoff occurred 12minutes after a two-and-a-half-hour launch window opened that day at 7:35a.m. EDT. STS-41 featured the heaviest payload to date; Discovery weighed .

The primary payload was the European Space Agency (ESA)-built Ulysses spacecraft to explore the polar regions of Sun. Attached to Ulysses were two upper stages, the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) and a mission-specific Payload Assist Module-S (PAM-S), combined for first time to send Ulysses toward an out-of-ecliptic trajectory. Other payloads and experiments included the
Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment, INTELSAT Solar Array Coupon (ISAC), Chromosome and Plant Cell Division Experiment (CHROMEX), Voice Command System (VCS), Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE), Radiation Monitoring Experiment III (RME III), Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) and Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS).

Six hours after Discoverys launch, Ulysses was deployed from the payload bay. Ulysses, a joint project between the European Space Agency and NASA, was the first spacecraft to study the Sun's polar regions. Its voyage to the Sun began with a sixteen month trip to Jupiter where the planet's gravitational energy was used to fling Ulysses southward out of the orbital plane of the planets and on toward a solar south pole passage in 1994. The spacecraft crossed back over the orbital plane and made a solar north pole passage in 1995. By the time Discovery touched down at Edwards Air Force Base, California, Ulysses had already traversed  on its five-year mission.

With Ulysses on its way, the STS-41 crew began an ambitious schedule of science experiments. Flowering plant samples were grown in the CHROMEX-2 module in a Kennedy Space Center and Stony Brook University experiment. An earlier version of the experiment flown on STS-29 revealed chromosome damage in root tip cells but no damage to control plants on Earth. By studying plant samples carried on Discovery, researchers hoped to determine how the genetic material in the root cells respond to microgravity. The information gained was of importance to future space travelers on long-term expeditions, researchers on the planned Space Station Freedom, and may contribute to advances in intensive farming practices on Earth.

Understanding fire behavior in microgravity was part of the continuing research to improve Space Shuttle safety. In a specially designed chamber, called the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), a strip of paper was burned and filmed to gain an understanding of the development of flame and its movement in the absence of convection currents. This experiment was sponsored by the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and Mississippi State University.

Atmospheric ozone depletion is an environmental problem of worldwide concern. At the time, NASA's Nimbus 7 satellite and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) satellites provided daily data to permit researchers to detect ozone trends. The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument, from the Goddard Space Flight Center, carried an ozone detector instrument identical to those on the satellites. By comparing Discoverys measurements with coordinated satellite observations, scientists were able to calibrate their satellite instruments to insure the most accurate readings possible.

In 1990, a commercial expendable launch vehicle stranded an INTELSAT VI communications satellite in low Earth orbit. Before STS-41, NASA was evaluating a possible Shuttle rescue mission in 1992. In preparation for this rescue, solar arrays, similar to those on the satellite, were exposed to the conditions of low orbit to determine if they were in any way altered by the atomic oxygen present. When the returned arrays were closely examined, it was found that the arrays were not significantly damaged. Based on this finding, NASA went ahead and carried out STS-49 in 1992.

Until STS-41, previous research had shown that during the process of adapting to microgravity, animals and humans experienced loss of bone mass, cardiac deconditioning, and after prolonged periods (over 30 days), developed symptoms similar to that of terrestrial disuse osteoporosis. The goal of the STS-41 Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE), sponsored by the Ames Research Center and Pennsylvania State University's Center for Cell Research, was to determine if pharmacological treatments would be effective in reducing or eliminating some of these disorders. Proteins, developed by Genentech of San Francisco, California, were administered to eight rats during the flight while another eight rats accompanying them on the flight did not receive the treatment.

The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) experiment was conducted to determine the role convection currents play in membrane formation. Membranes are used in commercial applications for purification of medicines, kidney dialysis, and water desalination. This experiment was sponsored in part by the Battelle Advanced Materials Center for the Commercial Development of Space in Columbus, Ohio.

During open periods in the STS-41 crew schedule, the astronauts video taped a number of demonstrations as part of an effort to create an educational video tape for middle school level students. The tape was later distributed nationwide through NASA's Teacher Resource Center network.

The astronauts evaluated the suitability of graphical user interfaces. Previous shuttle crews used Grid Systems laptop computers with command-line interfaces. The evaluation used mostly commercially available hardware and software, including a Macintosh Portable laptop. The astronauts found the Portable's trackball did not work well in weightlessness. The evaluation was continued on STS-43, this time using a Macintosh Portable with a modified trackball.

Additional crew activities included experimenting with a voice command system (VCS) to control onboard television cameras and monitoring ionizing radiation exposure to the crew within the orbiter cabin.

On October10,1990, at 6:57:19a.m. PDT, Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on runway 22. Rollout distance was  and the rollout time was 49 seconds (including a braking test). Discovery was returned to Kennedy Space Center on October16,1990.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-41 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 1990
October 1990 events in the United States

STS-41


Luis Maravilla (Luis López Tejera) (1 June 1914 – 10 July 2000) was a Flamenco composer. He was born in Seville, Spain.

Maravilla studied guitar under Marcelo Molina and Pepe de Badajoz, and debuted professionally at the age of 12 in the Pavon Theatre of Seville. In the 1930s he toured much of North and South America. The Spanish Civil War brought him to France. Returning to Spain in 1940, he performed with such troupes as Gracia de Triana and Estrellita Castro. Maravilla retired in 1957 to begin teaching.

External links
Luis Maravilla, Google books
Saturday review, Volume 36
Oxford notes Music Library Association
Biography of Luis Maravilla

1914 births
2000 deaths
Spanish flamenco guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Musicians from Seville
Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
20th-century composers
20th-century Spanish musicians
Flamenco guitarists
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Spanish male musicians

Luis Maravilla