කෙප්ලර්-452b (සමහර විට පෘථිවි 2.0 හෝ පෘථිවියේ ඥාතියෙකු ලෙස උපුටා දක්වා ඇත   එහි ලක්ෂණ මත පදනම්ව; KOI-7016.01 KOI-7016.01 යන කෙප්ලර් වස්තුවෙන් ද හැඳින්වේ) කෙප්ලර්-452 තාරකාවේ වාසයට සුදුසු කලාපයේ අභ්‍යන්තර මායිම තුළ කක්ෂගත වන සුපිරි පෘථිවි ග්‍රහලෝකයක් වන අතර එය කෙප්ලර් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද පද්ධතියේ ඇති එකම ග්‍රහලෝකය වේ.  එය පෘථිවියේ සිට ආලෝක වර්ෂ 1,800ක් (550 pc) පමණ දුරින් සිග්නස් තාරකා මණ්ඩලයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

Kepler-452b එහි තාරකාව  ක දුරින් කක්ෂගත කරයි එහි ධාරක තාරකාවේ සිට (සූර්‍යයාගේ සිට පෘථිවියට ආසන්න දුර) සිට, දළ වශයෙන් දින 384 ක කක්ෂීය කාල පරිච්සඡේදයක් සහිතව, අවම වශයෙන් පෘථිවිය මෙන් පස් ගුණයක් ස්කන්ධයක් ඇති අතර, පෘථිවිය මෙන් 1.5 ගුණයක අරයක් ඇත. එය ඉතා සූර්යයා වැනි තාරකාවක වාසයට සුදුසු කලාපයක් තුළ පරිභ්‍රමණය වන බව සොයා ගත් ප්‍රථම විභව පාෂාණමය සුපිරි පෘථිවි  ග්‍රහලෝකය වේ.  කෙසේ වෙතත්, එය පෘථිවියට වඩා මදක් වැඩි ශක්තියක් ලබා ගන්නා බැවින් සහ පලා යන හරිතාගාර ආචරණයකට ලක් විය හැකි බැවින් එය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වාසයට සුදුසු දැයි නොදනී.

කෙප්ලර් අභ්‍යවකාශ දුරේක්ෂය මගින් බාහිර ග්‍රහලෝකය හඳුනාගෙන ඇති අතර, එහි සොයාගැනීම 2015 ජූලි 23 දින නාසා ආයතනය විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී  මෙම ග්‍රහලෝකය සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ සිට ආලෝක වර්ෂ 1,800 (pc 550 ) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. නිව් හොරයිසන් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානයේ වේගය අනුව, පැයට කිලෝමීටර 59,000 (16,000 m/s; 37,000 mph), එහි යාමට ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර මිලියන 30ක් ගතවනු ඇත.

භෞතික ලක්ෂණ

ස්කන්ධය, අරය සහ උෂ්ණත්වය

කෙප්ලර්-452b පෘථිවිය මෙන් පස් ගුණයක් විය හැකි ස්කන්ධයක් ඇති අතර, එහි මතුපිට ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණය පෘථිවිය මෙන් දෙගුණයක් පමණ වේ, නමුත් බාහිර ග්‍රහලෝක සඳහා ස්කන්ධය ගණනය කිරීම දළ ඇස්තමේන්තු පමණි.  එය භෞමික ග්‍රහලෝකයක් නම්, එහි වැඩි ස්කන්ධය සහ ඝනත්වය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනිකඳු සහිත සුපිරි පෘථිවියක් විය හැකිය. පෘථිවියේ වලාකුළු ඝන සහ මීදුම සහිත වන අතර අභ්‍යවකාශයේ සිට බලන විට මතුපිටින් වැඩි කොටසක් ආවරණය කරයි.

ග්‍රහලෝකයට තම තාරකාව වටා යාමට පෘථිවි දින 385ක් ගතවේ.  එහි අරය පෘථිවියට වඩා 50% විශාල වන අතර එහි මව් තාරකාවේ ගතානුගතික වාසයට සුදුසු කලාපය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.   එහි සමතුලිත උෂ්ණත්වය 265 K (−8 °C; 17 °F), පෘථිවියට වඩා මදක් උණුසුම් වේ.

ධාරක තරුව
ධාරක තරුව, කෙප්ලර්-452, G-වර්ගය වන අතර සූර්යයාට සමාන ස්කන්ධයක් ඇත, 3.7% වැඩි ස්කන්ධයක් සහ 11% විශාල වේ. එහි මතුපිට උෂ්ණත්වය 5757 K වන අතර එය සූර්යයාගේ මතුපිට උෂ්ණත්වය 5778 K පමණ වේ.

තාරකාවේ වයස අවුරුදු බිලියන 6 ක් පමණ වන අතර එය වසර බිලියන 4.6 ක් පැරණි සූර්යයාට වඩා වසර බිලියන 1.5 ක් පමණ පැරණි බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.   තාරකාවේ වයස අවුරුදු බිලියන 6 ක් පමණ පැරණි යැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත. වසර බිලියන 4.6 ක් පැරණි අපගේ සූර්යයාට වඩා වසර බිලියන 1.5 ක් පමණ පැරණිය.

කෙප්ලර්-452b මතුපිට සිට එහි තාරකාව පෘථිවියේ සිට බලන විට සූර්යයාට බොහෝ දුරට සමාන වනු ඇත.

තාරකාවේ දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය හෝ පෘථිවි දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයෙන් එය කෙතරම් දීප්තිමත් වේද, 13.426; එබැවින් පියවි ඇසින් දැකීමට නොහැකි තරම් අඳුරු ය.

කක්ෂය
Kepler-452b එහි ධාරක තාරකාව වටා දින 375 ක කක්ෂීය කාලසීමාවක් සහ 1.04 AU කක්ෂ අරයක්, පෘථිවියේ (1 AU) ට සමාන වේ. කෙප්ලර්-452b බොහෝ විට උදම් අගුලු දමා නොමැති අතර වෘත්තාකාර කක්ෂයක් ඇත. එහි ධාරක තාරකාව වන කෙප්ලර්-452 සූර්යයාට වඩා 20% ක් පමණ දීප්තිමත් වේ (L = 1.2 L  ).

විභව වාසස්ථානය

කෙප්ලර්-452b පාෂාණමය ග්‍රහලෝකයක්  දැයි නොදන්නා නමුත් එහි කුඩා අරය මත පදනම්ව, කෙප්ලර්-452b පාෂාණමය වීමට ඉඩ ඇත.  Kepler-452b වාසයට සුදුසු පරිසරයක් ලබා දෙන්නේද යන්න පැහැදිලි නැත. එය ආසන්න වශයෙන් එකම උෂ්ණත්වය සහ ස්කන්ධය සහිත, 20% වැඩි දීප්තියෙන් යුත් සූර්යයා වැනි G2V වර්ගයේ තරුවක් වටා කක්ෂගත වේ.  කෙසේ වෙතත්, තාරකාව දළ වශයෙන් වසර බිලියන 6 ක් පැරණි වන අතර එය සූර්යයාට වඩා වසර බිලියන 1.5 ක් පැරණි වේ. එහි තාරකාවේ පරිණාමයේ මෙම අවස්ථාවෙහිදී, කෙප්ලර්-452b දැනට පෘථිවියට සූර්යයාගෙන් ලැබෙන ශක්තියට වඩා 10% වැඩි ශක්තියක් එහි මව් තාරකාවෙන් ලබා ගනී.  කෙප්ලර් - 452b යනු පාෂාණමය ග්‍රහලෝකයක් නම්, එය සිකුරු ග්‍රහයා මත දිස්වන හරිතාගාර ආචරණයට සමාන හරිතාගාර ආචරණයකට යටත් විය හැක.

"ප්‍රමාද වූ" පලායන හරිතාගාර ආචරණය
කෙසේ වෙතත්, කෙප්ලර්-452b ග්‍රහලෝකය ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 50% කින් විශාල වීම නිසා, එහි ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ස්කන්ධය 5 M  ස්කන්ධයක් ඇති වීමට ඉඩ ඇති අතර, එමඟින් එය සතුව ඇති ඕනෑම සාගරයක් දිගු කාලයක් රඳවා තබා ගැනීමට ඉඩ සලසයි. කෙප්ලර්-452b තවත් වසර මිලියන 500කට පලායන හරිතාගාර ආචරණයට යටත්වේ.  මෙය, අනෙක් අතට, කෙප්ලර්-452b මත ගිනිකඳු ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වීම හේතුවෙන් එහි ආයු කාලය දීර්ඝ කරමින් කාබනේට්-සිලිකේට් චක්‍රය "අවරෝධක" වීමත් සමඟ සිදු වේ.  වාසභූමි කලාපය Kepler-452b ගේ කක්ෂයෙන් ඔබ්බට තල්ලු කිරීමට පෙර තවත් වසර මිලියන 500-900 දක්වා පෘථිවි ග්‍රහලෝකයේ වාසය කිරීමට මතුපිට ඇති ඕනෑම විභව ජීවියෙකුට මෙය ඉඩ දිය හැකිය.

සොයාගැනීම් සහ පසු විපරම් අධ්‍යයන
2009 දී, නාසා හි කෙප්ලර් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානය එහි ඡායාමාපකය මත තරු නිරීක්ෂණය කරමින් සිටි අතර, එය සංක්‍රාන්ති සිදුවීම් හඳුනා ගැනීමට භාවිතා කරන උපකරණය වන අතර, ග්‍රහලෝකයක් එහි ධාරක තාරකාව ඉදිරියෙන් තරණය කර කෙටි හා දළ වශයෙන් සාමාන්‍ය කාලයක් සඳහා අඳුරු කරයි. මෙම අවසන් පරීක්ෂණයේදී Kepler 452 ඇතුළු Kepler Input Catalog හි තරු 50000ක් නිරීක්ෂණය කළේය. මූලික ආලෝක වක්‍ර විශ්ලේෂණය සඳහා කෙප්ලර් විද්‍යා කණ්ඩායම වෙත යවන ලද අතර, ඔවුන් අනෙකුත් දුරේක්ෂ මගින් පසු විපරම් කිරීම සඳහා පොකුරෙන් පැහැදිලි ග්‍රහලෝක සහකරුවන් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී.  කෙප්ලර්-452b දළ වශයෙන් සෑම දින 385 කට වරක් සිදු වූ සංක්‍රාන්තියක් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කළ අතර, අවසානයේදී ග්‍රහලෝකයක් වගකිව යුතු බවට නිගමනය විය.මෙම සොයාගැනීම 2015 ජූලි 23 දින නාසා ආයතනය විසින් නිවේදනය කරන ලදී

ආලෝක වර්ෂ 1,800කට ආසන්න දුරකින් (550 pc), කෙප්ලර්-452b ග්‍රහලෝකය වත්මන් දුරේක්ෂවලට හෝ ඊළඟ පරම්පරාවේ සැලසුම්ගත දුරේක්ෂවලට එහි සැබෑ ස්කන්ධය හෝ එහි වායුගෝලයක් තිබේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීමට නොහැකි තරම් දුරස්ථ වේ.

නිරීක්ෂණ සහ ගවේෂණය
කෙප්ලර්-452b පිහිටන්නේ පෘථිවියේ සිට ආලෝක වර්ෂ 1,800 (parsecs 550) දුරිනි. 2015 ජූලි මාසයේදී ප්ලූටෝ පසුකර ගිය වේගවත්ම වත්මන් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානය වන New Horizons uncrewed probe යන්තම් 56,628 km/h (15,730 m/s; 35,187 mph; 0.00037853 AU/h) වේගයෙන් ගමන් කරයි. එම වේගයෙන්, එම දිශාවට ගමන් කරන්නේ නම්, පෘථිවියේ සිට කෙප්ලර් 452b වෙත ළඟා වීමට අභ්‍යවකාශ යානයකට වසර මිලියන 26 ක් පමණ ගතවනු ඇත.

යොමු කිරීම්

කෙප්ලර්-452b


قد تشير كلمة الفرسان الثلاثة إلى المعاني التالية:

 الفرسان الثلاثة (رواية): رواية للكاتب ألكسندر دوما كانت السبب في إكسابه شهرة عالمية.

أعمال عن الرواية
 الفرسان الثلاثة (فيلم 1941): فيلم مصري.
 الفرسان الثلاثة (فيلم 1948): فيلم أمريكي.
 الفرسان الثلاثة (فيلم 1962): فيلم مصري.
الفرسان الثلاثة (فيلم 1993) فيلم أمريكي.
الفرسان الثلاثة (فيلم 2011) : فيلم أمريكي.
 الفرسان الثلاثة (أنمي)
 الفرسان الثلاثة (مسلسل قطري)
 الفرسان الثلاثة (مسلسل 1981): من إنتاج بي أر بي وشركة نبيون انيميشن.
 مرجان والفرسان الثلاثة (رسوم متحركة): مسلسل كرتون من إنتاج عربي.
 ميكي، بطوط، بندق: الفرسان الثلاثة: فيلم 2004 من إنتاج ديزني.

الفرسان الثلاثة (توضيح)


20. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 20. nordlige breddekreds
 20. sydlige breddekreds

20. breddegrad


Vítor Manuel Norte Ribeiro (* 29. Januar 1951 in Borba) ist ein portugiesischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Nach dem Abschluss der Handelsschule in Estremoz riss er im Alter von 17 Jahren von zuhause aus und ging nach Lissabon. Dort nahm er verschiedene Gelegenheitsjobs an, u. a. Fahrer für eine Catering-Firma am Flughafen Lissabon-Portela. Einer Zeitungsanzeige folgend, meldete er sich zu einem Casting für Tänzer eines Revue-Theaterstücks. Der Choreograf erkannte Talent in ihm und überredete ihn zu einer Ballett-Ausbildung. Er schrieb sich an der Schule von Ana Máscolo ein und studierte klassisches Ballett.

Im Januar 1972 stand er erstmals auf einer Theaterbühne, im Revue-Theaterstück Os Quatro Cubos in der Casa da Comédia, inszeniert von Regisseur Herlânder Peyroteo. Als Teil des Picadilly Stars Ballet tanzte er noch eine Saison, in P´rá Frente Lisboa im Teatro Monumental, dann wurde er vom Estado Novo-Regime zum Militärdienst eingezogen. Er wurde nach Guinea-Bissau in den Portugiesischen Kolonialkrieg abkommandiert. Nach fast drei Jahren kehrte er 1975 vom Militär zurück und ging wieder zum Revuetheater, ans Teatro Monumental. Er spielte kleinere Rollen, bis ihn Peyroteo 1982 erneut engagierte, für eine Rolle in Christopher Marlowes Doutor Fausto, im Theater 1° Acto in Algés. Danach folgten die ersten Fernsehrollen, in so unterschiedlichen Formaten wie der Telenovela Vila Faia, der Krimiserie Duarte & C.a, oder der portugiesischen Sesamstraße. Auch als Filmschauspieler begann er nun zu wirken.

Er spielte weiterhin Theater, etwa in Stücken von Bertolt Brecht, Gil Vicente und E.A. Whitehead, doch wendete er sich nun vornehmlich Fernsehen und Kino zu. So spielte er in zahlreichen Telenovelas, Sitcoms, Serien, Fernsehfilmen und Theaterstücken für das Fernsehen. Auch im Kino häuften sich seine Rollen, zumeist im Autorenfilm.

Vítor Norte war von 1994 bis 2002 verheiratet mit der Schauspielerin Carla Lupi, mit der er zwei Kinder hat. Tochter Sara Norte und Sohn Diogo Norte sind inzwischen ebenfalls Schauspieler geworden.

Rezeption
Neben seinen zahlreichen Fernsehrollen ist er auch ein bekanntes Gesicht in den Filmen Portugals, in denen er häufig den ursprünglichen und bodenständigen Durchschnitts-Portugiesen spielt, der bei allen unumgänglichen Kompromissen weder vom Leben noch von Bildung in seinem Innersten verbogen wurde. Dabei spielt er sowohl "gute" als auch "schlechte" Charaktere und zeigt meist vielschichtige, präzise gezeichnete Interpretationen. Auch in einigen internationalen Produktionen trat er auf.

Vítor Norte ist einer der meistbeschäftigten Schauspieler in Portugal und zählt zu den renommiertesten zeitgenössischen Darstellern des Portugiesischen Films. So wurde ihm bereits drei Mal der Globo de Ouro als "Bester Schauspieler" verliehen, erstmals bei den Globos de Ouro 2000, für seine Rollen in Leonel Vieiras A Sombra dos Abutres und António-Pedro Vasconcelos´ Jaime.

Filmografie
 1964: Vamos Contar Mentiras (TV); R: Pedro Martins
 1982: A Vida É Bela?!; R: Luís Galvão Teles
 1982: Chico Fininho; R: Sérgio Fernandes
 1982: Vila Faia (Telenovela)
 1984: Ponto e Vírgula (TV-Serie)
 1986: Duarte & C.a. (TV-Serie)
 1986: Duma Vez por Todas; R: Joaquim Leitão
 1987: Era Uma Vez Um Alferes (Fernsehfilm); R: Luís Filipe Costa
 1988: Histórias Que o Diabo Gosta (TV-Serie)
 1988: A Mulher do Próximo; R: José Fonseca e Costa
 1988: O Corrijidor (Fernsehfilm); R: Artur Ramos
 1988: Agosto; R: Jorge Silva Melo
 1988: Meia Noite; R: Vítor Gonçalves
 1989: Jaz Morto e Arrefece (Fernsehfilm); R: Luís Filipe Costa
 1989: Um Chapéu de Palha de Itália (Fernsehfilm); R: Bento Pinto da França
 1989: Pau Preto (Fernsehfilm); R: Oliveira e Costa
 1989: Máscara de Aço contra Abismo Azul (Fernsehfilm); R: Paulo Rocha
 1989: Rua Sésamo (TV-Serie)
 1990: Alentejo Sem Lei (TV-Mehrteiler); R: João Canijo
 1990: Os melhores Anos (TV-Serie)
 1990: Malvadez; R: Luís Alvarães
 1990: O Mandarim (TV-Serie)
 1991: Daisy: Um Filme Para Fernando Pessoa (TV); R: Margarida Gil
 1991: Tödlicher Winter (El invierno en Lisboa); R: José A. Zorrilla
 1991: Os Cornos de Cronos; R: José Fonseca e Costa
 1992: Amor e Dedinhos de Pé; R: Luís Filipe Rocha
 1992: Die vier Elemente: Die Luft – Mein Geburtstag (No Dia dos Meus Anos); R: João Botelho
 1992: Uma Mulher Livre; R: Luís Filipe Costa
 1992: Medo; R: Luís Alvarães
 1992: Ladrão Que Rouba a Anão Tem Cem Anos de Prisão; R: Jorge Paixão da Costa
 1993: Renseignements généreaux (TV-Serie)
 1993: Sozinho em Casa (TV-Serie)
 1993: Comédia de Camas; R: Luís Filipe Costa
 1994: O Assassino da Voz Meiga; R: Artur Ribeiro
 1994: A Visita da Velha Senhora; R: Artur Ramos
 1994: I morgon, Mario; R: Solveig Nordlund
 1994–1995: Desencontros (TV-Serie)
 1994: Na Paz dos Anjos (TV-Serie)
 1994: Ein ganz normales Leben (Uma Vida Normal); R: Joaquim Leitão
 1995: Ao Sul; R: Fernando Matos Silva
 1995: O Miradouro da Lua; R: Jorge António
 1995: Cluedo (TV-Serie)
 1995: Conte Comigo (Fernsehfilm); R: Artur Ramos
 1996: Cinco Dias, Cinco Noites; R: José Fonseca e Costa
 1996–1997: Polícias (TV-Serie)
 1997: Riscos (TV-Serie)
 1998: Solteiros (TV-Serie)
 1998: Sapatos Pretos; R: João Canijo
 1998: A Sombra dos Abutres; R: Leonel Vieira
 1999: Esquadra de Polícia (TV-Serie)
 1999: A Vida Como Ela É (TV-Serie)
 1999: Jaime; R: António-Pedro Vasconcelos
 1999: A Hora da Liberdade (TV-Serie)
 2000: O Crime ao Pé do Resto do Mundo; R: José Carlos de Oliveira
 2000: Mustang (Fernsehfilm); R: Leonel Vieira
 2000: Monsanto (Fernsehfilm); R: Ruy Guerra
 2000: Atmen unter Wasser (Respirar (Debaixo de Água)); R: António Ferreira
 2000: Tarde Demais; R: José Nascimento
 2000: Capitão Roby (TV-Serie)
 2001: Anjo Caído (Fernsehfilm); R: Jorge Ferreira da Costa
 2000–2003: O Bairro da Fonte (TV-Serie)
 2001: Lena; R: Gonzalo Tapia
 2001: Bernadette von Lourdes (Lourdes); R: Lodovico Gasparini
 2001: Ganância (TV-Serie)
 2001: O Espírito da Lei (TV-Serie)
 2002: O Crime… (TV-Serie)
 2002: O Gotejar da Luz; R: Fernando Vendrell
 2002: Anjo Selvagem (TV-Serie)
 2002: Não Há Pai (TV-Serie)
 2002–2003: O Olhar da Serpente (TV-Serie)
 2003: Debaixo da Cama; R: Bruno Niel
 2003: A Mulher Polícia; R: Joaquim Sapinho
 2003: Sem Ela; R: Anna da Palma
 2003: O Fascínio; R: José Fonseca e Costa
 2003–2004: Queridas Feras (TV-Serie)
 2004: Inspector Max (TV-Serie)
 2005: Entre o Desejo e o Destino; R: Vicente Alves do Ó
 2005: Ninguém Como Tu (TV-Serie)
 2006–2007: O Bando dos Quatro (TV-Serie)
 2007: 1 Motivo; R: Nuno Tudela Kurzfilm
 2007: Hotel Tívoli; R: Antón Reixa
 2007: História Desgraçada; R: Elsa Bruxelas Kurzfilm
 2007: Ilha dos Amores (Telenovela)
 2007: Lobos; R: José Nascimento
 2007–2008: Deixa-me Amar (TV-Serie)
 2007–2010: Regresso a Sizalinda (TV-Serie)
 2008: O Dia do Regicídio (TV-Serie)
 2008: Casos da Vida (TV-Serie)
 2008: A Ilha dos Escravos; R: Francisco Manso
 2008: Morangos Com Açúcar (TV-Serie)
 2009: Contrato; R: Nicolau Breyner
 2009: O Casamento da Condessa (Fernsehfilm); R: Fernando Ávila
 2009: Equador (TV-Serie)
 2009: Histórias de Alice; R: Oswaldo Caldeira
 2009–2010: Deixa Que Te Leve (TV-Serie)
 2010: Assalto ao Santa Maria; R: Francisco Manso
 2011: As Rosas do Paraíso; R: Martinho Camarão, João Farinha Kurzfilm
 2011: O Carimbo; R: Priscila Fontoura, Álvaro Silveira Kurzfilm
 2011: A Sagrada Família (TV-Serie)
 2011: Aristides de Sousa Mendes, O Cônsul de Bordéus; R: João Correa, Francisco Manso
 2012: Remédio Santo (TV-Serie)
 2012: Com Um Pouco de Fé; R: Jorge Monte Real
 2012: Jorge (TV-Serie)
 2012–2013: Dancin´ Days (Telenovela)
 2013–2014: Os Folhos do Rock (TV-Serie)
 2014: Famel Top Secret; R: Jorge Monte Real
 2014: Sal (TV-Serie, eine Folge)
 2014: Uma Noite na Praia (Kurzfilm); R: São José Correia
 2014–2015: Jardins Proibidos (Telenovela)
 2015: O Leão da Estrela; R: Leonel Vieira (2016 auch TV-Mehrteiler)
 2016: Histórias de Alice; R: Oswaldo Caldeira
 2016: Jigging (Kurzfilm); R: Ramón De Los Santos
 2017: Filha da Lei (TV-Serie)
 2017: Misantropo (Kurzfilm); R: Guilherme Peleja
 2018: Jogo Duplo (TV-Serie)
 2018: Ruth; R: António Pinhão Botelho (2019 als Ruth: A Pérola do Índico auch TV-Mehrteiler)
 2018: Carga; R: Bruno Gascon
 2018: Idiotas, ponto (TV-Serie, drei Folgen)
 2019: Teorias da Conspiração (TV-Serie)
 2019: A Teia (TV-Serie)
 2019: A Fábrica (Kurzfilm); R: Diogo Barbosa
 2019: Golpe de Sorte: Um Conto de Natal (Fernsehfilm); R: Carlos Dante
 2019–2021: Golpe de Sorte (TV-Serie)
 2020: Terra Nova; R: Artur Ribeiro (auch TV-Serie)
 2020: Para Cá do Marão (Kurzfilm); R: José Mazeda
 2020: A Generala (TV-Serie, eine Folge)
 2020–2021: Amar Demais (TV-Serie)
 2020–2021: O Clube (TV-Serie)
 2021: Sombra; R: Bruno Gascon (2022 als Sombra - uma mãe sabe auch TV-Mehrteiler)
 2021–2022: Festa é Festa (Telenovela)
 2022: Casa Flutuante, R: José Nascimento

Literatur
 Jorge Leitão Ramos: Dicionário do Cinema Português 1989–2003. Editorial Caminho, Lissabon 2005, ISBN 972-21-1763-7.

Weblinks

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
Portugiese
Geboren 1951
Mann

Vítor Norte


Regimentul 28 Infanterie a fost o unitate de nivel tactic care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților existente la pace aparținând de Regimentul Radu Negru No. 28. Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 5 Infanterie, fiind dislocat la pace în garnizoana Pitești. La intrarea în război, Regimentul 28 Infanterie a fost comandat de colonelul Niculae P. Negulescu. Regimentul 28 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Dapelul de luptă al regimentului a fost decorat cu cea mai înaltă distincție de război, Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III:
"Pentru vitejia și avântul cu care au luptat ofițerii, subofițerii și soldații regimentului, în crâncenele lupte ce au avut loc la Mărăști în luna iulie 1917. Atacând la baionetă puternica pozițiune de pe Vârful Leșioanei, a înfrânt pe inamic, în ziua de 14 iulie, capturându-și prizonieri, mitraliere, mortiere de tranșee precum și un bogat material de război. Acest eroic regiment s-a distins prin același spirit de jertfă și în timpul aprigelor lupte ce s-au dat pe Dealul Porcului între 16-21 august, contribuind de aproape la respingerea celor 13 atacuri ce inamicul a dat cu forțe considerabile și sprijinită de formidabilă artilerie grea."
Înalt Decret no. 3651 din 12 decembrie 1918

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

Campania anului 1917

Comandanți
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 28 Infanterie (1916-1918)


Aria, biljni rod u porodici ružovki. Postoje 52 priznate vrste, bez dvije hibridne

Rod je raširen po Europi i Srednjoj i jugozapadnoj Aziji

Vrste

 Aria arvonicola (P.D.Sell) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria avonensis (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria baldaccii (C.K.Schneid.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria busambarensis (G.Castellano, P.Marino, Raimondo & Spadaro) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria cambrensis (M.Proctor) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria cheddarensis (L.Houston & Ashley Robertson) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria collina (M.Lepí, P.Lepí & N.Mey.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria cucullifera (M.Lepí & P.Lepí) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria danubialis (Jáv.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria dubronensis (N.Mey., Feulner & T.C.G.Rich) comb.ined.
 Aria edulis (Willd.) M.Roem.
 Aria eminens (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria eminentiformis (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria eminentoides (L.Houston) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria evansii (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria graeca (Lodd. ex Spach) M.Roem.
 Aria greenii (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria herefordensis (D.Green) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria hibernica (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria hungarica (Bornm.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria javorkana (Somlyay, Sennikov & Vojtkó) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria keszthelyensis (Somlyay & Sennikov) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria lancastriensis (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria leighensis (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria madoniensis (Raimondo, G.Castellano, Bazan & Schicchi) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria margaretae (M.Proctor) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria moravica (M.Lepí & P.Lepí) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria obtusifolia (Ser.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria pannonica (Kárpáti) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria parviloba (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria petraea (Velebil, M.Lepsí & P.Lepsí) comb.ined.
 Aria phitosiana Raimondo & Greuter
 Aria pontis-satanae (M.Lepí & P.Lepí) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria porrigentiformis (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria richii (L.Houston) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria rupicola (Syme) Mezhenskyj
 Aria rupicoloides (L.Houston & T.G.C.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria saxicola (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria spectans (L.Houston) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria stankovii (Juz.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria stenophylla (M.Proctor) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria stirtoniana (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria subdanubialis (Soó) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria taurica (Zinserl.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria tergestina (H.Lindb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria thaiszii (Soó) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria thayensis (M.Lepí & P.Lepí) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria ujhelyii (Somlyay & Sennikov) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria ulmifolia (Kárpáti) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria umbellata (Desf.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria vajdae (Boros) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria vexans (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria whiteana (T.C.G.Rich & L.Houston) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria wilmottiana (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria zolyomii (Soó) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria ×leptophylla (E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto
 Aria ×robertsonii (T.C.G.Rich) Sennikov & Kurtto

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Maleae

Aria (biljni rod)


Israel participa dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, realizados em Pequim, na China.

É a oitava aparição do país em Olimpíadas de Inverno. É representado por seis atletas, sendo quatro homens e duas mulheres.

Competidores

Desempenho

Masculino

Feminino

Masculino

Misto

Masculino

Ligações externas

Israel
2022
Desporto em Israel em 2022

Israel nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022


Christopher Taylor Buckley (born September 28, 1952) is an American author and political satirist. He also served as chief speechwriter to Vice President George H. W. Bush. He is known for writing God Is My Broker, Thank You for Smoking, Little Green Men, The White House Mess, No Way to Treat a First Lady, Wet Work, Florence of Arabia, Boomsday, Supreme Courtship, Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir, and The Judge Hunter.

Early life and education
Buckley is the son of writer and Firing Line host William F. Buckley Jr. and Patricia Buckley. After receiving a classical education at Portsmouth Abbey School, Buckley worked his way around the world as a deckhand on a Norwegian tramp freighter.  He graduated cum laude from Yale University in 1976.

Career
He joined the staff of Esquire magazine in 1976 and seven months later was promoted at age 24 to managing editor.  In 1980 he returned to sea aboard an American ship and made eight mid-winter transatlantic crossings between U.S. Gulf ports and North Sea ports in England and Germany.  The experience was the basis for his first bestselling non-fiction book, Steaming to Bamboola: The World of a Tramp Freighter, published in 1982.

In 1981, he moved to Washington, D.C. to become chief speechwriter to Vice President George H.W. Bush. His first bestselling novel, The White House Mess, published in 1986, was a satire on White House office politics and political memoirs.

In 1989, Malcolm S. Forbes hired Buckley to start up a supplement to Forbes magazine.  Buckley was editor-in-chief of Forbes FYI, later Forbes Life, from 1990 to 2007.

His 20 books have been published in 16 languages.  His novel Thank You For Smoking was adapted to the screen and directed by Jason Reitman.

National Review
In summer and fall 2008, Christopher Buckley wrote the back-page column for National Review, the conservative magazine founded by his father. In October 2008, Buckley wrote a column endorsing Barack Obama, the Democratic presidential nominee, choosing to have it published in  The Daily Beast to avoid backlash from National Review readers. After many National Review readers and contributors still expressed their displeasure, Buckley resigned from that publication.

The Beasts title for his endorsement, "Sorry, Dad, I'm Voting for Obama", was found by many of his father's friends and supporters to be offensive, particularly as it appeared shortly after his father's death.  Buckley disavowed the choice of title, although he continued to occasionally write for the Beast.

Personal life
Buckley's first marriage was to Lucy Gregg, the daughter of Donald Gregg, who served as assistant to Vice President Bush for national security affairs and later as United States Ambassador to South Korea. Buckley and Gregg have two children, Caitlin and William, born in 1988 and 1992, respectively. In 2000, Buckley's son, Jonathan, was born to former Random House publicist Irina Woelfle. Buckley and Gregg divorced in 2011.

In 2012, he married Dr. Katherine "Katy" Close, a physician. She has four children.

Bibliography

Satirical novels
 God Is My Broker: A Monk-Tycoon Reveals the 7½ Laws of Spiritual and Financial Growth (1998) (written with John Tierney)

Political satire
 The White House Mess (1986)
 Thank You for Smoking (1994)
 Little Green Men (1999)
 No Way to Treat a First Lady (2002)
 Florence of Arabia (2004)
 Boomsday (2007)
 Supreme Courtship (2008)
 They Eat Puppies, Don't They? (2012)
 Make Russia Great Again: A Novel (2020)

Historical satire
 The Relic Master (2015)
 The Judge Hunter (2018)

Films based on novels
 Thank You for Smoking (2006) (Directed by Jason Reitman, Screenplay also by Reitman)
 Little Green Men (In development) (Screenplay by Sean Bates and Gregory Mackenzie)
 Boomsday (In development) Screenwriters Ron Bass and Jen Smolka have adapted the novel into a screenplay. Tom Vaughan was set to direct the film in early 2011 for GreeneStreet Films and Das Films

Travelogues
 Steaming to Bamboola – The World of a Tramp Freighter (1983)
 Washington Schlepped Here: Walking in the Nation's Capital (2003)

Other

 Theophilus North (introduction)
 If These Walls Could Talk (contributor)
 101 Damnations (contributor)
 Islands: A Treasury of Contemporary Travel Writing (contributor)
 Fierce Pajamas: An Anthology of Humor Writing from The New Yorker (contributor)
 Disquiet, Please! More Humor Writing from The New Yorker (contributor)
 The New Yorker Book of Political Cartoons (introduction)
 Ray Bradbury: The Stories of Ray Bradbury (introduction)
 Our Man in Havana, by Graham Greene  (introduction)
 Bright Pages: Yale Writers, 1701-2001 (contributor)
 Mirth of a Nation (contributor)
 The Faber Book of Smoking (contributor)
 The New Yorker Book of Money Cartoons (introduction)
 Another Sage of Baltimore (contributor)
 True Prep (contributor)
 Catch-22: 50th Anniversary edition (introduction)
 The Best American Travel Writing (contributor)
 Moby-Dick (afterword)
 The Seven Deadly Virtues (contributor)
 Wish You Weren't There (contributor)
 Once a Catholic (contributor)
 The Best American Nonrequired Reading (contributor)
 Backward and Upward: The New Conservative Writing (contributor)
 Legend: Frank Sinatra and the American Dream (contributor)
 Sex and God at Yale (introduction)
 The Essential New York Times Book of Cocktails (introduction)
 Thank You For Smoking: The Shooting Script (introduction)
 Now What? Essays on Life After Trump (contributor)
 My Harvard, My Yale (1981) (contributor, segment "Stoned in New Haven") (university biography)
 Campion: A Play in Two Acts (1990) (written with James Macguire) (play)
 Wet Work (1991) (novel)
 Wry Martinis (1997) (collected humor and journalism)
 Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir (2009). Description & preview. Hachette  (Biographical)
 But Enough About You: Essays (May 6, 2014). Description & preview. Simon & Schuster
 Postscript: Christopher Hitchens, 1949-2011 (The New Yorker)

References

External links

 Author's Official Website
 NadaPress.com The Home of Buckley Prose

 NOW. Arts & Culture. Christopher Buckley PBS interview by David Brancaccio.
 Novelist Buckley, Smoking Out the Self-Righteous
 Christopher Buckley – National Book Festival, Library of Congress
 Christopher Buckley audio interview about Losing Mum and Pup

In Depth interview with Buckley, May 3, 2009

1952 births
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American agnostics
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American political journalists
American sailors
American satirical novelists
American satirists
Buckley family
Former Roman Catholics
Living people
Military personnel from New York City
Military personnel from New York (state)
New York (state) Republicans
Novelists from Connecticut
Portsmouth Abbey School alumni
United States Merchant Mariners
William F. Buckley Jr.
Writers from Stamford, Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Members of Skull and Bones

Christopher Buckley (novelist)


La batalla de Aconcagua sucedió en enero de 1541 en los cerros de Chillox, cerca de Quillota, Región de Valparaíso, como parte de la Guerra de Arauco, que enfrentaba a españoles y mapuches.

Antecedentes

La derrota sufrida en la ribera del río Mapocho tuvo como consecuencia el odio total entre españoles e indígenas.

Mientras Valdivia sintió que su afianzamiento era definitivo en la región, Michimalonco pensaba que su derrota anterior sería vengada con la expulsión de los europeos.

Para llevar a cabo lo que quería, reunió una gran fuerza en los cerros de Chillox para abalanzarse sobre Santiago. Pero su plan fue descubierto por los españoles, quienes se prepararon para hacer un ataque sorpresa al campamento mapuche.

La batalla

Entonces, un día las tropas hispanas se lanzaron sobre el campamento, sorprendiendo a los indígenas.

Repuestos de la sorpresa, los mapuches contraatacaron y estuvieron a punto de ganar, hasta que apareció la caballería española, que hizo desbandar a los mapuches. En esta acción calló prisionero el cacique Michimalonco.

Liberación

Michimalonco le ofreció a los conquistadores la ubicación de las minas de oro de Marga Marga a cambio de su libertad y la de sus hombres, actitud parecida a la de Atahualpa en Cuzco años atrás.

Los españoles los liberaron y se quedaron con las minas de oro. Era la primera vez que encontraron oro en Chile.

Enlaces externos

LEGIÓN DE LOS ANDES - Escaramuzas en Aconcagua

Aconcagua
Conflictos en 1541
Aconcagua
Historia de la Región de Valparaíso
Batallas del reinado de Carlos I de España y V del Sacro Imperio (1516-1556)

Batalla de Aconcagua


Die slowenische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Tennisnationalmannschaft Sloweniens. Der Davis Cup ist der wichtigste Wettbewerb für Nationalmannschaften im Herren-Tennis, analog zum Fed Cup bei den Damen.

Geschichte
Seit 1993 nimmt Slowenien am Davis Cup teil. Bislang spielte die Mannschaft viermal in der Europa/Afrika Gruppenzone I, ein Aufstieg in die Weltgruppe gelang noch nicht. Erfolgreichster Spieler ist Marko Tkalec, der innerhalb von 11 Jahren und 22 Teilnahmen insgesamt 28 Spiele gewinnen konnte.

Aktuelles Team
Folgende Spieler traten bislang im Davis Cup 2012 für ihr Land an:
Blaž Kavčič
Grega Žemlja
Aljaž Bedene
Janez Semrajc

Siehe auch
Slowenische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscup

Slowenische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


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A war memorial is a building, monument, statue, or other edifice to celebrate a war or victory, or (predominating in modern times) to commemorate those who died or were injured in a war.

Symbolism

Historical usage

It has been suggested that the world's earliest known war memorial is the White Monument at Tell Banat, Aleppo Governorate, Syria, which dates from the 3rd millennium BC and appears to have involved the systematic burial of fighters from a state army.

The Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut period (the Assassins) had made a secret roll of honor in Alamut Castle containing the names of the assassins and their victims during their uprising.

The oldest war memorial in the United Kingdom is Oxford University's All Souls College. It was founded in 1438 with the provision that its fellows should pray for those killed in the long wars with France.

War memorials for the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) were the first in Europe to have rank-and-file soldiers commemorated by name. Every soldier that was killed was granted a permanent resting-place as part of the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871).

To commemorate the millions who died in World War I, war memorials became commonplace in communities large and small around the world.

Modern usage
In modern times the main intent of war memorials is not to glorify war, but to honor those who have died. Sometimes, as in the case of the Warsaw Genuflection of Willy Brandt, they may also serve as focal points of increasing understanding between previous enemies.

Using modern technology an international project is currently archiving all post-1914 Commonwealth war graves and Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials to create a virtual memorial (see The War Graves Photographic Project for further details).

History

World War I

During WWI, many nations saw massive devastation and loss of life. More people lost their lives in the east than in the west, but the outcome was different.  In the west, and in response to the victory there obtained, most of the cities in the countries involved in the conflict erected memorials, with the memorials in smaller villages and towns often listing the names of each local soldier who had been killed in addition (so far as the decision by the French and British in 1916 to construct governmentally designed cemeteries was concerned) to their names being recorded on military headstones, often against the will of those directly involved, and without any opportunity of choice in the British Empire (whose war graves were administered by the Imperial War Graves Commission). Massive British monuments commemorating thousands of dead with no identified war grave, such as the Menin Gate at Ypres and the Thiepval memorial on the Somme, were also constructed.

The Liberty Memorial, located in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in the Great War. For various reasons connected with their character, the same may be said to apply to certain governmental memorials in the United Kingdom (The Cenotaph in London, relating to the Empire in general, and the Scottish National War Memorial in Edinburgh, also with a reference to the Empire, but with particular connections to the United Kingdom, having been opened by the Prince of Wales in 1927 and with the King and the Queen the first visitors and contributors of a casket of the Scottish names for addition within the Shrine). In Maryland, in the center of the city of Baltimore facing the Baltimore City Hall to the west is a geometric paved tree-lined plaza with the War Memorial Building to the east with a large marble decorated civic auditorium and historical and veterans museum below, designed by Laurence Hall Fowler, dedicated 1925.

Pacifist war memorials and those relating to war and peace
After World War I, some towns in France set up pacifist war memorials. Instead of commemorating the glorious dead, these memorials denounce war with figures of grieving widows and children rather than soldiers. Such memorials provoked anger among veterans and the military in general. The most famous is at Gentioux-Pigerolles in the department of Creuse. Below the column which lists the name of the fallen stands an orphan in bronze pointing to an inscription 'Maudite soit la guerre' (Cursed be war). Feelings ran so high that the memorial was not officially inaugurated until 1990 and soldiers at the nearby army camp were under orders to turn their heads when they walked past. Another such memorial is in the small town of Équeurdreville-Hainneville (formerly Équeurdreville) in the department of Manche. Here the statue is of a grieving widow with two small children.

There seems to be no exact equivalent form of a pacifist memorial within the United Kingdom but evidently sentiments were in many cases identical. Thus, and although it seems that this has never been generally recognized, it can be argued that there was throughout the United Kingdom a construction of war memorials with reference to the concept of peace (e.g. West Hartlepool War Memorial in what is now known as Hartlepool (previously West Hartlepool) with the inscription 'Thine O Lord is the Victory' relating to amongst other architecture the 1871 Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences with a frieze including the same words and concluding 'Glory be to God on high and on earth peace').

World War II and later
In many cases, World War I memorials were later extended to show the names of locals who died in the World War II in addition.

Since that time memorials to the dead in other conflicts such as the Korean War and Vietnam War have also noted individual contributions, at least in the West.

In relation to actions which may well in point of fact be historically connected with the world wars even if this happens, for whatever reason, not to be a matter of general discussion (e.g. occupation by Western forces in the 1920s of Palestine and other areas being the homelands of Arabs in the Near East and followed eighty years later in 2001 by the '9/11' raid on New York and elsewhere in the United States) similar historically and architecturally significant memorials are also designed and constructed (vide National September 11 Memorial).

Types
 War memorials can differ significantly in type and composition.  Many war memorials often take the form of a traditional monument or statue, while others consist of entire buildings, often containing a museum, while yet others are simple plaques.  War memorials can take a variety of other forms, including, but not limited to, commemorative gardens, stadiums, eternal flames, urban plazas, stained glass windows, gateways, fountains and/or pools of water, military equipment, and parks.
 War memorials often serve as a meeting place for commemorative services. As such, they are often found near the centre of town, or contained in a park or plaza to allow easy public access.
 Many war memorials bear plaques listing the names of those that died in battle. Sometimes these lists can be very long. Some war memorials are dedicated to a specific battle, while others are more general in nature and bear inscriptions listing various theatres of war.
 Many war memorials have epitaphs relating to the unit, battle or war they commemorate. For example, an epitaph which adorns numerous memorials in Commonwealth countries is "The Ode" by Laurence Binyon:
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old.
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them.
 The Memorial Arch at the Royal Military College of Canada, which remembers ex-cadets who died on military service includes lines of Rupert Brooke's poem, The Dead:

Blow out, you bugles, over the rich Dead.
There are none of these so lonely and poor of old,
But dying has made us rarer gifts than gold.
 In the years following the end of World War I a heated debate occurred in the United States as to whether memorials should be the standard sort that were created after the Civil War or a more progressive sort of "living memorials." These consisted of bridges, parks, libraries, playgrounds, community centers, civic auditoriums and athletic fields. Examples include Soldier Field and Veterans Stadium.
 Underwater memorials are serving veterans and Soldiers who served as divers during their wartime missions.

Tank monument
A tank monument or armoured memorial is a tank withdrawn from military service and displayed to commemorate a battle or a military unit.  Obsolete tanks may also be displayed as gate guards outside military bases.

Immediately following the First World War, a number of obsolete tanks were presented to towns and cities throughout Britain for display and for use as memorials: most were scrapped in the 1920s and 1930s, but one that survives is a Mark IV Female tank at Ashford, Kent.

Several Second World War tanks are preserved as memorials to major armoured offensives in the Ardennes, such as the Battle of Sedan and the Battle of the Bulge. These include:
 an Achilles tank destroyer in La Roche
 a Panther tank in the village Celles
 a Sherman tank in the town square of Bastogne
 a Tiger II tank in the village of La Gleize

A plinth-mounted T-35/85 tank commemorates the soldiers of the 5th Guards Tank Army, at Znamianka in Ukraine.

In cemeteries
Many cemeteries tended by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission have an identical war memorial called the Cross of Sacrifice designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield that varies in height from 18 ft to 32 ft depending on the size of the cemetery. If there are one thousand or more burials, a Commonwealth cemetery will contain a Stone of Remembrance, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens with words from the Wisdom of Sirach: "Their name liveth for evermore"; all the Stones of Remembrance are 11 ft 6 ins long and 5 ft high with three steps leading up to them.

Arlington National Cemetery has a Canadian Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during the Korean War and two World Wars.

Controversy
War memorials can sometimes be politically controversial. A notable case is that of the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan, where a number of convicted World War II war criminals are interred. Chinese and Korean representatives have often protested against the visits of Japanese politicians to the shrine. The visits have in the past led to severe diplomatic conflicts between the nations, and Japanese businesses were attacked in China after a visit by former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the shrine was widely reported and criticized in Chinese and Korean media.

In a similar case, former German chancellor Helmut Kohl was criticised by writers Günter Grass and Elie Wiesel for visiting the war cemetery at Bitburg (in the company of Ronald Reagan) which also contained the bodies of SS troops. Unlike the case of the Yasukuni Shrine, there was no element of intentional disregard of international opinion involved, as is often claimed for the politician visits to the Japanese shrine.

Soviet World War II memorials included quotes of Joseph Stalin's texts, frequently replaced after his death. Such memorials were often constructed in city centres and now are sometimes regarded as symbols of Soviet occupation and removed, which in turn may spark protests (see Bronze Soldier of Tallinn).

The Fusiliers' memorial arch to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who fought in the Boer War, erected at 1907 in St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, was called "Traitors' Gate" by the Redmondites and later Irish Republicans, from whose point of view Irish soldiers going off to fight the British Empire's wars were traitors to Ireland. The sharpness of the controversy gradually faded, and while the term "Traitors' Gate" is still in occasional colloquial use in Dublin daily life, it has mostly lost its pejorative meaning.

In Australia, in 1981, historian Henry Reynolds raised the issue of whether war memorials should be erected to Indigenous Australians who had died fighting against British invaders on their lands.
How, then, do we deal with the Aboriginal dead? White Australians frequently say that 'all that' should be forgotten. But it will not be. It cannot be. Black memories are too deeply, too recently scarred. And forgetfulness is a strange prescription coming from a community which has revered the fallen warrior and emblazoned the phrase 'Lest We Forget' on monuments throughout the land. [...] [D]o we make room for the Aboriginal dead on our memorials, cenotaphs, boards of honour and even in the pantheon of national heroes? If we are to continue to celebrate the sacrifice of men and women who died for their country can we deny admission to fallen tribesmen? There is much in their story that Australians have traditionally admired. They were ever the underdogs, were always outgunned, yet frequently faced death without flinching. If they did not die for Australia as such they fell defending their homelands, their sacred sites, their way of life. What is more the blacks bled on their own soil and not half a world away furthering the strategic objectives of a distant Motherland whose influence must increasingly be seen as of transient importance in the history of the continent.
Reynolds' suggestion proved controversial. Occasional memorials have been erected to commemorate Aboriginal people's resistance to colonisation, or to commemorate white massacres of Indigenous Australians. These memorials have often generated controversy. For example, a 1984 memorial to the Kalkadoon people's "resistance against the paramilitary force of European settlers and the Queensland Native Mounted Police" was "frequently shot at" and "eventually blown up".

With the advent of long war, some memorials are constructed before the conflict is over, leaving space for extra names of the dead.  For instance, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine, CA, memorializes an ongoing pair of US wars, and has space to inscribe the names of approximately 8,000 fallen servicemembers, while the UK National Memorial Arboretum near Lichfield in England hosts the UK's National Armed Forces Memorial which displays the names of the more than 16,000 people who have already died on active service in the UK armed forces since World War II, with more space available for future fatalities.

List of war memorials

Africa

Egypt
 Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt)
 Port Said Martyrs Memorial

Somaliland
Hargeisa War Memorial

Americas

Brazil
 Monument to the dead of World War II
 Monument to the Expeditionary

Canada
 List of Canadian war memorials

Falkland Islands
 1982 Liberation Memorial

United States
 The Hiker (Kitson) and The Hiker (Newman)
 Indiana World War Memorial Plaza
 Iron Mike
 Korean War Veterans Memorial
 Liberation (Holocaust memorial)
 Liberty Memorial
 List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
 List of Confederate monuments and memorials
 List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield
 List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
 Middle East Conflicts Wall Memorial
 National Cemetery
 Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial
 Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
 Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument
 Soldier Field
 Spirit of the American Doughboy
 Spirit of the American Navy
 Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
 Tomb of the Unknowns
 United States Marine Corps War Memorial
 United States Navy Memorial
 Vietnam Veterans Memorial
 Vietnam Women's Memorial
 World War I Memorial (Kansas City, Missouri)
 World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)
 World War II Memorial

Memorial coliseums and stadiums in the United States
 Memorial Coliseum, Lexington, Kentucky
 Memorial Coliseum, Corpus Christi, Texas
 Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Portland, Oregon
 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum, Fort Wayne, Indiana
 Coleman Coliseum, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
 Beard–Eaves–Memorial Coliseum, Auburn, Alabama
 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California
 Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
 Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Jacksonville, Florida
 VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena, Jacksonville, Florida
 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix, Arizona
 Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum, Evansville, Indiana
 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Uniondale, New York
 New Haven Veterans Memorial Coliseum, New Haven, Connecticut
 Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Marion, Ohio
 Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 War Memorial Stadium (Buffalo, New York)
 War Memorial Stadium (Arkansas), Little Rock, Arkansas

Asia

Bangladesh
 Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, Savar, in Bangladesh
 Mainamati War Cemetery, Comilla in Bangladesh (WWII)
 Chittagong War Cemetery, Chattogram in Bangladesh (WWII)

China
 Monument to the People's Heroes (Beijing)

Hong Kong
 The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)

India
 Amar Jawan Jyoti (to commemorate the dead and unknown soldiers of the Indian Armed Forces who sacrificed their lives defending India)
 India Gate (Dedicated to the soldiers of the British Indian army)
 Khalanga War Memorial, Dehradun
 National War Memorial, New Delhi (National War Memorial (NWM) at India Gate built on the sprawling lawns of India Gate, in memory of the war heroes of Indian forces)
 War Memorial, Darjeeling

 War Memorial of the 49th Bengalee Regiment, Kolkata (dedicated to the soldiers of 49th Bengali Regiment, who died in World War I)
 Victory War Memorial, formerly called the Cupid's bow, is a memorial in Chennai, India, erected in the memory of those from the Madras presidency who died in the world wars.

Iraq
 Al-Shaheed Monument

Israel
 National Memorial Hall (Mount Herzl) (site of Israel's national cemetery and other memorial facilities)
 Yad Vashem (located on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, dedicated to gentiles who, at personal risk and without a financial or evangelistic motive, chose to save Jews from genocide)
 Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations (dedicated to honor those gentiles who during the Holocaust of World War 2 risked their lives to save Jews)
 Yom Hazikaron ( lit. "The Day of Remembrance" dedicated for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel and Victims of Terrorism)
 Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
 Israeli casualties of war memorials:
 Davidka memorial
 Memorial for the Defenders of the Old City of Jerusalem
 Beit Lid memorial
 Ashdod Port memorial
 Avivim school bus memorial
 Avshalom Feinberg memorial
 Hill 69 memorial
 Jaffa Road bombing memorial
 Mahal memorial
 Ma'alot memorial
 Six-Day War memorial
 Coastal Road memorial
 Maxim restaurant massacre memorial
 Be'erot Izhak memorial
 Bus suicide bombing memorial in Tel Aviv
 Haganah memorial
 Second Lebanon War memorial
 1948 Arab–Israeli War
 Dolphinarium massacre memorial
 Combat Engineering Corps memorial
 Druze soldiers memorial in Daliyat Al-Karmel
 Olei Hagardom memorial
 Fatality victims of Palestinian rocket attacks memorial
 Beersheba suicide terror attack memorial
 Fallen Israeli policemen memorial
 Memorial for the fallen soldiers of the Israeli Engineering Corp
 Convoy of the Lamed-Heh memorial
 Kiryat Anavim military cemetery
 Independence War Memorial in Kibbutz Malkia
 Yad La-Shiryon (lit. The Armored Corps Memorial Site and Museum at Latrun)

Japan
 Yasukuni Shrine
 Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery

Lebanon
 Mleeta museum

Malaysia
 Tugu Negara (National Monument)

Myanmar
 Taukkyan War Cemetery (British Commonwealth "Burma")

Nepal
 Gurkha Memorial Park, Dharan

Philippines
 Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution

Singapore
 Kranji Memorial

South Korea
 The War Memorial Museum
 Gapyeong Canada Monument

Thailand
 Victory Monument

United Arab Emirates
 Oasis of Dignity

Europe

Austria
 Soviet war memorial (Vienna)

Belarus
 Brest Fortress (Brest)
 Khatyn massacre

Belgium
  (Liège)
 Menin Gate Memorial (Ypres)
 Saint Julien Memorial (Langemark)
 Island of Ireland Peace Park (Messines)
 Lion's Mound (Waterloo)

Croatia
 Petrova Gora Monument
 Slabinja Monument

Denmark
 Jutland Memorial park

Estonia
 Independence War Victory Column (Tallinn)

France
 Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial Park
 Douaumont Ossuary Verdun
 Welsh Memorial at Mametz Wood
 Notre Dame de Lorette
 Verdun Memorial
 Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial (Australian World War I Memorial)
 Vimy Ridge Memorial (Canadian World War I Memorial)
 Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme (British World War I Memorial)
 Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial (USA World War II Memorial)
 see also Monuments aux Morts

Germany
 Tannenberg memorial
 Völkerschlachtdenkmal
 Befreiungshalle
 Hermannsdenkmal
 Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)
 Neue Wache Berlin
 Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
 Aegidienkirche, Hanover, church ruined in World War II, with a Hiroshima peace bell

Ireland
 Garden of Remembrance "all those who gave their lives in the cause of Irish Freedom" (1798–1921)
 Irish National War Memorial Gardens "to the memory of the 49,400 Irish soldiers who gave their lives in the Great War, 1914–1918"

Italy
 Redipuglia War Memorial
 Asiago War Memorial
 Sacrario militare di Pocol
 Sacrario militare dei Caduti Oltremare di Bari

Latvia
 Freedom Monument

Malta
 Malta Memorial
 War Memorial

Netherlands
 National Monument (Amsterdam)
 Waalsdorpervlakte
 Erebegraafplaats Bloemendaal
 Netherlands American Cemetery
 Groesbeek Memorial, Canadian War Cemetery
 Liberty Monument Welberg (Welberg (Steenbergen))

Poland
 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
 Westerplatte Monument
 Warsaw Uprising Monument
 Mały Powstaniec
 Monument to the Heroes of Warsaw
 Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
 Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army
 Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
 Monument to the Battle of Monte Cassino in Warsaw

Romania
 Mausoleum of Mărăşeşti
 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Russia
 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow)
 Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery (Siege of Leningrad)
 Poklonnaya Hill (Battle of Moscow)
 Mamayev Kurgan (Battle of Stalingrad)

Slovenia
 Tomb of National Heroes (Ljubljana)
 Vojko's Plaque
 Monument to the Victims of All Wars
 List of World War II monuments and memorials in Slovenia
 Monuments to the Slovene Partisans

Spain
 Fossar de les Moreres
 Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen)

Switzerland
 Lion Monument

Turkey
 Monument of Liberty, Istanbul
 Aviation Martyrs' Monument
 Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery in Edirne
 Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial
 57th Infantry Regiment Memorial
 Respect to Mehmetçik Monument
 Atatürk and Şerife Bacı Monument
 Victory Monument (Ankara)
 Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke

UK
 Animals in War Memorial
 The National Armed Forces Memorial in Alrewas, Staffordshire
 The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London
 The Cenotaph, Belfast
 Commando Memorial, Spean Bridge, Highland
 Great Eastern Railway War Memorial, at Liverpool Street station (to the east)
 Great Western Railway War Memorial, at Paddington station (to the west)
 Hall of Memory, Birmingham
 Lewis War Memorial, Stornoway, Western Isles
 London, Brighton and South Coast Railway War Memorial, at London Bridge station (to the south east)
 Battle of Maiwand, Reading
 Midland Railway War Memorial, in Derby
 War memorials in Monmouth, Wales
 National Firefighters Memorial
 North Eastern Railway War Memorial, in York
 Northern Ireland War Memorial
 Scottish National War Memorial, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh
 Scottish War Memorials
 Shot at Dawn Memorial
 Southampton Cenotaph Lutyens first memorial
 The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey
 Welsh National War Memorial, Cardiff
 Women of World War II, London
 Women of Steel, Sheffield

Oceania

Australia
 ANZAC War Memorial (Sydney)
 Australian War Memorial (Canberra)
 Fremantle War Memorial (Fremantle)
 Great Ocean Road (Victoria)
 Hobart Cenotaph (Hobart)
 State War Memorial (Perth)
 National War Memorial (Adelaide)
 Shrine of Remembrance (Brisbane), and World War I memorials in Queensland
 Shrine of Remembrance (Melbourne)
 Mount Macedon Memorial Cross (Mount Macedon)

New Zealand
 Auckland War Memorial Museum
 National War Memorial (Wellington)

See also
 Alexander Carrick (Scottish sculptor responsible for several Scottish war memorials)
 Avenue of Honour
 Battlefield Cross (To honor an individual soldier)
 Commemorative plaque
 Mausolea
 Peace movement
 Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (memorials specifically dedicated to unknown soldiers)
 Tropaeum Traiani, in Romania
 UK National Inventory of War Memorials (online database listing all war memorials in the UK)
 War Memorials Trust (UK charity that gives free advice about and grants towards war memorial conservation)
 War Memorial Stadium (for list of stadiums so named in the United States)

References

External links

General
 Sites of Memory (Historical markers, memorials, monuments, and cemeteries worldwide)

France
 Mémorial pacifist in French
 Queutchny1418 (As of 26 April 2014, more than 5240 pictures of 1914–1918 memorials)(in French)
 Mémorial-GenWeb (French war memorials (photos and inscriptions), in French)

Germany
 German war memorials (photos and inscriptions), in German
 Remembering The Reich (German World War II and Holocaust memorials, private travel blog entry)

Ireland
 Irish War Memorials, (An inventory of war memorials in Ireland)

Japan
 Kamikaze Images – Monuments, (monuments for WWII Special Attack Forces including Kamikaze Corps)

United Kingdom
 Architecture (from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website)
 UK War Memorials Register (the comprehensive national register of over 68,000 UK war memorials and the names of over 900,000 of the individuals they commemorate)
 Scottish War Memorials Project (public access forum recording all of Scotland's War Memorials)
 Charity recording North East War Memorials including names and images.

United States
 United States Navy Memorial (including Navy Log and naval history information)
 Vietnam Unit Memorial Monument, (Coronado California)

Aftermath of war
Memorials, war

Types of monuments and memorials

War memorial


Friedrich Ludwig Sieffert (* 1. Februar 1803 in Elbing; † 2. November 1877 in Bonn) war ein deutscher evangelischer Theologe.

Leben
Der Sohn des Kaufmanns Johann Sieffert hatte seine voruniversitäre Ausbildung am Gymnasium seiner Heimatstadt erhalten. Dem Wunsch der Mutter folgend, beschäftigte er sich mit Theologie und trat der reformierten Gemeinde seines Heimatorts bei. Dadurch lernte er auch schnell die unterschiedlichen Strömungen der damaligen evangelischen Kirche kennen. Ostern 1821 begann er an der Universität Königsberg sein theologisches Studium, zu welchem er als Grundlage die Vorlesungen an der Philosophischen Fakultät besuchte. Seine prägenden Lehrer jener Zeit wurden Johann Friedrich Herbart und August Hahn. Von diesen Lehrern angeleitet, promovierte er Ostern 1824 zum Doktor der Philosophie.

Danach setzte er seine Studien an der Universität Berlin fort, wo er besonders von August Neander gefördert wurde. Im Sommer 1825 unterbrach er seinen zweijährigen Berliner Aufenthalt, um mit einem Reisestipendium ausgestattet nach Wien zu reisen. Hier studierte er an der Wiener Bibliothek den Kommentar des Bischofs Theodor von Mopsuestia zu den kleinen Propheten. Zurückgekehrt nach Berlin, wurde er 1826 zum Lizentiaten der Theologie ernannt und habilitierte sich mit einer Schrift über den vorgenannten Bischof 1827 als Privatdozent an der Theologischen Fakultät der Königsberger Hochschule.

In Königsberg hatte er eine bedeutende Wirksamkeit entfaltet, indem er in die damals lebhaft erörterten Probleme der Exegese des Alten Testaments in selbstständiger Weise eingriff. Von den Fähigkeiten des jungen Theologen überzeugt, wurde er im Oktober 1828 von den Kuratoren der Königsberger Hochschule zum außerordentlichen Professor der Theologie ernannt und erhielt im selben Jahr die Leitung des theologisch-exegetischen Seminars daselbst. 1830, aus Anlass der von der theologischen Fakultät veranstalteten Säkularfeier der Augsburger Konfession, wurde er zum Doktor der Theologie ernannt.

Nachdem er in seinen wissenschaftlichen Privatstudien von der Auslegungsgeschichte zur Exegese und zur Bibelkritik, vom Alten Testament zum Neuen Testament übergegangen war, veröffentlichte er 1832 sein wohl bedeutendstes Werk Über den Ursprung des ersten kanonischen Evangeliums. Dieses Werk war zur damaligen Zeit als epochebildendendes Werk angesehen worden.

Trotz einiger Kritik, gegen die er sich erwehren konnte, erkannte man in Königsberg, welchen guten Nutzen Sieffert für die Hochschule darstellte, und ernannte ihn 1834 zum ordentlichen Professor der Theologie. In dieser Eigenschaft beteiligte er sich auch an den organisatorischen Aufgaben der Hochschule und war im Wintersemester 1836/37 Rektor der Alma Mater. Ein Augenleiden, welches seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit seit jener Zeit beeinflusste, nötigte ihn 1839 die Stellung eines dritten Hofpredigers an der Burgkirche in Königsberg zu übernehmen, nachdem er 1841 Assessor am Königsberger Konsistorium geworden war, übernahm er 1842 als Konsistorialrat die Aufgaben am Königsberger Konsistorium.

Allerdings legte er 1857 seine konsistoriale Tätigkeit nieder und wurde 1873 aus seiner Hochschullehrertätigkeit emeritiert. Seine letzten Lebensjahre verbrachte er bei seinem einzigen Sohn Anton Emil Friedrich Sieffert, der auch Theologieprofessor war. (Zwei Töchter, die ebenfalls aus seiner 1833 geschlossenen Ehe mit Emma Dunker hervorgegangen waren, überlebten ihn nicht). Dieser hatte nach seinem Tod mit der zweiunddreißigseitigen Publikation, eine Skizze seines Lebens ihm ein literarisches Denkmal gesetzt (erschienen im Ostpreußischen Zeitungs- und Verlag-Druckerei, 1880).

Werke
 De libera quam dicunt, hominum voluntate: dissertate philosophorum ordini in Academica Regimontana. Berlin 1824 (Online)
 Chrestomathia Syriaca, cum notis philologicis historicis atque Glossario. Leipzig 1825 (gemeinsam mit August Hahn) und 1867 (Online)
 Theodorus Mopsuestenus veteris testamenti sobrie interpretandi vindex. Königsberg 1827 (Online)
 De singulorum librorum sacrorum auctoritate canonica recte aestimanda. Königsberg 1836 (Online, gemeinsam mit Albert Kahle)
 Ueber den Ursprung des ersten kanonischen Evangeliums. Eine kritische Abhandlung. Königsberg, 1832, (Online)
 De ultima Domini Jesu Christi coena. Königsberg 1839
 Kurze Erwiederung auf die von dem zeitigen Director des Burgkirchen-Collegiums Herrn Polizei-Präsidenten Dr. Abegg publicirte "Beleuchtung des Protestes" welcher Angelegenheit der neu zu besetzenden Hofpredigerstelle bei dem Burgkirchen-Collegium von mir eingelegt worden ist. Königsberg 1845
 Andeutungen über die apologetische Fundamentirung der christlichen Glaubenswissenschaft. 1871

Literatur

 Hans Prutz: Die königliche Albertus Universität zu Königsberg i. Pr. Im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Verlag Hartungsche Verlagsdruckerei, Königsberg, 1894, S. 201 f.

Reformierter Theologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Rektor (Albertus-Universität Königsberg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1803
Gestorben 1877
Mann

Friedrich Ludwig Sieffert


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Kelkheim

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Kelkheim (Taunus)
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Liste der Kulturdenkmäler in Kelkheim (Taunus)


Die Porgera-Goldmine ist eine Gold- und Silbermine in der Enga Province in Papua-Neuguinea. Das Bergwerk liegt etwa 130 Kilometer westlich der Stadt Mount Hagen und 600 Kilometer nordwestlich von Port Moresby. Die Produktion des Bergwerks macht 12 Prozent des Exports von Papua-Neuguinea aus.

Die Mine wird von Barrick Gold betrieben und ist eines der zehn größten Goldbergwerke der Welt. Barrick betreibt 2012 aktiv 26 Goldbergbaue weltweit; es ist das größte Goldabbau-Unternehmen der Welt.

Die Porgera-Goldmine ist wegen Übergriffen auf die indigene Bevölkerung durch die etwa 450 privaten Sicherheitskräfte der Bergwerksgesellschaft und wegen Umweltbelastungen in die öffentliche Diskussion geraten.

Lage
Der Gold- und Silberabbau findet über dem Porgera Valley in einem Regenwald auf einem Hochplateau auf 2200 bis 2700 Metern statt. Das Plateau liegt in einer Zone, in der die indo-australische und die pazifische Platte aufeinanderstoßen, die häufig Erdbeben auslösen. Die höchsten Berggipfel dieses Gebiets mit mehr als 4500 Metern über Meereshöhe sind durch tiefe Täler getrennt und werden durch schnell fließende Flüsse entwässert. Es gibt starke Niederschläge, die im Durchschnitt jährlich etwa 3700 mm betragen. Dies führt an den steilen Hängen des Porgera Valley zu Erosion mit häufigen Erdrutschen und Felsstürzen.

Geschichte

Frühe Jahre ab 1938
1938 drangen Prospektoren in das von der Zivilisation weit abgelegene Gebiet ein, in dem die Steinzeit-Menschen der Ipili leben, und entdeckten Gold. In der Vorstellung dieser indigenen Menschen war der etwa 2800 Meter hohe Mount Waruwari von einem Schlangengeist namens "Kupiana" geschaffen worden, der Gold zum Nutzen der dortigen Menschen im Tausch gegen Schweine und andere Utensilien hinterließ. Da in Gesellschaften, die Tauschhandel betreiben, andere Wertvorstellungen gelten, nehmen die dortigen Eingeborenen an, dass erst dann, wenn alles Gold des Berges abgebaut und sie Geschenke wie Perlen und Schweine erhalten haben, sie in den "Himmel" kommen. In den 1950er und 60er Jahren begann der Goldabbau, den die Ipili in eigenen Claims betrieben oder an Kolonialisten gegen Geschenke vergaben. In den 1980er Jahren waren 75 % der männlichen indigenen Bevölkerung dieses Gebiets mit dem Goldschürfen befasst.

Veränderung durch den Bergbau ab 1998
Nach 1994 begann der Tagebau mit großräumigen Gesteinssprengungen, einer Flotte von 700 Muldenkippern und Schaufelbaggern. Die riesigen Abraumhalden wurden mit flüssigem Natriumcyanid besprüht und erzeugten toxische Wässer in Depots.

1998 unterbreitete das kanadische Bergbauunternehmen Placer Dome einen Vorschlag für einen Bergbau und einigte sich mit 2000 Ipili über die Bergbaurechte. Die Ipili gingen davon aus, dass ihnen das Land weiterhin gehöre und die Gesellschaft lediglich darin eine Mine betrieb. Zusätzlich kam es zu einer Spaltung der Bevölkerung in diejenigen mit und diejenigen ohne Landanteile. Ferner versprach Placer Dome, dass das Bergwerk um ihre Siedlungen herum gebaut werden wird.

Folgen für Menschen und Umwelt
Der Bergbau führte dazu, dass 10.000 Menschen um ein großes Bergwerk herum leben, das nicht nur unter Tage, sondern auch im offenen Tagebau betrieben wird.

Dadurch, dass das Gelände nicht in Gänze eingezäunt werden kann, geraten Kinder auf das gefährliche Gelände und Eingeborene, die das Gelände betreten, entweder weil sie es für ihr Eigentum halten oder dort Gold suchen, werden von einer Sicherheitsmannschaft von 450 Personen abgehalten. Zu 16 Todesfällen kam es bis 2006 durch Felsstürze und Erdrutsche, die in Zusammenhang mit dem Bergbau stehen. 14 Todesfälle ereigneten sich in Konflikten mit den Sicherheitskräften, während Placer Dome von 8 Fällen sprach. In anderen Quellen wird im Jahr 2005 von 21 Getöteten gesprochen. Human Rights Watch dokumentierte in den Jahren 2008 bis 2010 mehrere Vorstöße gegen die Menschenrechte und sexuelle Gewalt gegenüber Frauen durch private Sicherheitskräfte, die Barrick beschäftigt. 2010 entließ Barrick wegen derartiger Vorfälle sechs Sicherheitskräfte. 2009 kam es zu einem Zwischenfall, als Bewohner am Rand der Bergwerks von Polizeikräften vertrieben und ihre Häuser niedergebrannt wurden, der Amnesty International veranlasste, die Regierung von Papua-Neuguinea aufzufordern, die Angelegenheit zu untersuchen.

Das Bergwerk brachte aber auch elektrischen Strom in das von der Zivilisation entfernte Gebiet, Schulen wurden eingerichtet, Krankenhäuser und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen entstanden. Es gibt aber auch Hinweise darauf, dass um das Bergwerk eine Situation entstanden sei, die mit dem Goldrausch der 1800er Jahre in Kalifornien verglichen wird, mit ethnischen Konflikten, Gewaltanwendung, Prostitution und Spielsucht.

Die Muldenkipper-Flotte transportiert goldhaltiges Gestein zu der Verarbeitungsanlage, wo das goldhaltige Gestein zunächst durch Gewichtstrennung und in Mahlvorgängen aufbereitet, in vier Autoklaven unter hohen Druck und Temperaturen von knapp 200 °C gesetzt, um in Floationzellen und im Verfahren der Cyanidlaugung gewonnen zu werden.

Natriumcyanid ist giftig; es wird auf die goldhaltigen Halden in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen flüssig aufgesprüht, um das Gold aus dem Gestein zu lösen. Im Prozess der Cyanidlaugung wird Gold chemisch in hochgiftigen Sickerwässern gebunden.

Nach Filtration und Ausfällung entsteht brauner Schlamm, aus dem nach Waschen und Trocknen durch Reduktion Rohgold gewonnen wird. In diesem Prozess entstehen Blausäure und Cyanide, die trotz Wiederverwendung der Lauge in die Umwelt entweichen können. Alle in diesem Prozess entstehenden Stoffe sind giftig. Diese werden zwar leicht in der Natur zersetzt und abgebaut, dennoch können die entstehenden großen Abraumhalden und Cyanid-Stäube durch Wind und Wasser unkontrolliert verteilt werden, Giftstoffe in die Umwelt gelangen und schwere ökologische Schäden verursachen. Zusätzlich befindet sich in Pyritmineralen giftiges Arsen, das freigesetzt werden kann.

Das Bergwerk hat eine tägliche Förderkapazität von 210.000 Tonnen Gestein, das entspricht 76 Millionen Tonnen pro Jahr. Besonders kritisch muss die Lagerung des Materials gesehen werden, das nach der Laugung entsteht. Ein Depot befindet sich direkt in einem Fluss, wo das nicht mehr verwertbare Gestein entsorgt wird; derartige Entsorgungen sind in anderen Ländern verboten. Ein weiteres Problem ist die Einleitung in einen Fluss, der am Bergwerk vorbeiführt und Millionen Tonnen kontaminiertes Schwemmmaterial transportiert. Man geht davon aus, dass die problematischen zu entsorgenden Stoffe mit einem Volumen von 5 bis 6 Millionen Tonnen jährlich über den Strickland River bis in den etwa 1000 Kilometer entfernten Golf von Papua transportiert werden. Dennoch erhielt das Bergwerk eine Zertifizierung nach dem  International Cyanide Management Code. Ferner wurden durch Untersuchungen im Lake Murray, dem größten See von Neuguinea, hohe Anteile von hochgiftigem Quecksilber festgestellt, das beim illegalen Goldschürfen verwendet wird.

Im Januar 2009 gab das norwegische Finanzministerium bekannt, dass sich der staatliche Pensionsfonds Norwegens von Investitionen in Barrick Gold trennen werde, da es im Betrieb der Porgera-Goldmine ernsthafte Schädigungen der Umwelt verursacht.

Geologie
Die Lagerstätte ist räumlich und zeitlich mit einer Intrusion aus dem Miozän mit gabbroiden und porphyrischen Gesteinen verbunden, in die basaltische Gesteine eindrangen. Magmatismus und Mineralisation ereigneten im frühen Pliozän als die nordöstlich Australasian-Platte und ein Inselbogen kollidierten. Dieses Material und die Vulkanschlote bildeten die Porgera-Intrusion.

Die Mineralisation erfolgte entlang der Grenzen der Porgera-Intrusion. Dabei bildeten sich goldhaltiges Pyrit, Sphalerit, Galenit; gold- und arsen-haltiges Pyrit, Gold und Electrum. Hauptsächlich befindet sich das Gold in submikroskopischer Form im Pyrit.

Nach Schätzungen betragen die goldhaltigen Gesteinsreserven 51,5 Millionen Tonnen mit einem Goldgehalt von 0,23 oz.tr./t.

Eigentümer und Beschäftigung
Die Porgera-Goldmine ist das zweitgrößte Bergwerk in Papua-Neuguinea. Es wurde 2006 von Barrick Gold von Placer Dome übernommen. Emperor Gold Mine hielt einen Minderheitsanteil von 20 Prozent, der im April 2007 an Barrick verkauft wurde. 5 Prozent befinden sich im Eigentum des Unternehmens Mineral Resources Enga, das der Enga Provincial Government, der Nationalregierung von Papua New Guinea und den Porgera-Landeigentümern gehört.

2006 waren etwa 2500 Personen im Bergwerk beschäftigt, davon 93 Prozent indigener Abstammung. Personal, sofern es nicht am Bergwerk wohnt, wird mit Flugzeugen zum Bergwerk im Schichtwechsel eingeflogen. Alle Gerätschaften und das gesamte Material für das Bergwerk muss über die Straße vom 680 Kilometer entfernten Hafen von Lae transportiert werden.

Im August 1994 wurden elf Arbeiter durch eine Explosion von Sprengstoff getötet, der sich auf dem Bergwerksgelände befand.

Am 3. März 2012 wurden fünf Personen getötet, da sie sich als illegale Goldsucher auf dem Bergwerksgelände befanden, als eine Routinesprengung stattfand. Drei Überlebende wurden festgehalten.

Produktion

Weblinks

 Website von Barrick Gold
 Len Murray, Mark Thompson, Malcolm Lane: Obstacles to On-Land Mine Tailings Disposal in Papua New Guinea (PDF; 329 kB). Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd., Lane Associates Ltd.
 Gold's Costly Dividend. Human Rights Impacts of Papua New Guinea's Porgera Gold Mine. Human Rights Watch, February 2011

Einzelnachweise

Tagebau
Porgera-Goldmine
Goldmine
Silberbergwerk
Bergwerk in Australien und Ozeanien
Bergwerk in Papua-Neuguinea
Enga Province

Porgera-Goldmine


Seeth-Ekholt Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Pinneberg iline bağlı bölge. 6,89 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 830 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Michael Rosenthal tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Seeth-Ekholt

Kaynakça

Seeth-Ekholt


Aceasta este o listă de filme bazate pe mitologia greco-romană.

Filme bazate pe Aeneas, Războiul troian sau opera lui Homer
 L'Île de Calypso: Ulysse et le géant Polyphème (1905)
 Odissea (1911)
 Helena (1924)
 Ulysses (1955)
 Helen of Troy (1956)
 La Guerra di Troia (1961) Italia
 La Leggenda di Enea  (1961) Italia
 Electra (1962 film) Grecia, în regia lui Michael Cacoyannis;
 Ulysses (1967), ecranizare a romanului lui James Joyce Ulysses
 Odiseea (L'Odissea, 1968) Italia - miniserial TV
 Eneide (1971) Iugoslavia/Italia - miniserial TV
 Troienele (1971 film) UK, USA, Grecia, în regia lui Michael Cacoyannis;
 The Return of Ulysses to His Homeland (1973) UK - film TV
 Ifigenia (film din 1977) Grecia, în regia lui Michael Cacoyannis, bazat pe piesa de teatru a lui Euripide, Ifigenia în Aulis;
 Uliisses (1982) Germania
 Les Troyens (1984) Statele Unite - film TV
 Falling Down (1993) Statele Unite
 Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1985) Austria - versiune TV  filmată a operei
 Ulysses' Gaze  (1995) Grecia
 Dido & Aeneas (1995) UK - film TV
 Dido and Aeneas (1995) Canada - versiune filmată a operei
 Odiseea (The Odyssey, 1997)
 Hercules (1997)
 The Animated Odyssey (2000) Statele Unite - film TV de animație
 "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000) - bazat pe Odiseea
 Helen of Troy (2003)
 L'Odyssée (2003) Canada - film TV
 Troia (Troy, 2004)
 Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (Percy Jackson și Olimpienii: Hoțul Fulgerului, 2010)
 Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters (Percy Jackson: Marea Monștrilor, 2013)

Filme despre Iason și Argonauți
Hercules (Le Fatiche di Ercole/ The Labors of Hercules, 1958) cu Steve Reeves
 Jason and the Argonauts (1963) Statele Unite
 Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Statele Unite - TV mini-series
 The Spirit (2008) Statele Unite - despre Lâna de Aur și sângele lui Hercule.

Filme despre Hercule

O serie de 19 filme cu Hercule au fost făcute în Italia la sfârșitul anilor '50 și începutul anilor '60. Filmele au fost toate continuări ale filmului peplum de succes cu Steve Reeves, "Le fatiche di Ercole" (1957), iar fiecare film a fost o poveste de sine stătătoare fără legătură cu celelalte. Actorii care au jucat rolul lui Hercule în aceste filme au fost Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott, Kirk Morris, Mickey Hargitay, Mark Forest, Alan Steel, Dan Vadis, Brad Harris, Reg Park, Peter Lupus (menționat ca Rock Stevens) și Michael Lane. Filmele sunt prezentate mai jos cu titlurile cu care au fost lansate în SUA, iar titlurile din paranteze sunt titlurile lor originale italiene cu o traducere aproximativă. Anii prezentați reprezintă premierele cinematografice în Italia.

Hercules (Le fatiche di Ercole/ Muncile lui Hercules, 1957) cu Steve Reeves
Hercules Unchained (Ercole e la regina di Lidia/ Hercule și Regina din Lidia, 1959) cu Steve Reeves
Goliath and the Dragon (La vendetta di Ercole/ Răzbunarea lui Hercule, 1960) (acestui film cu Hercule i s-a schimbat titlul în  Goliat  atunci când a fost distribuit în SUA)
Hercules Vs The Hydra (Gli amori di Ercole/ Iubirile lui Hercule, 1960) cu Mickey Hargitay & Jayne Mansfield
Hercules and the Captive Women (Ercole alla conquista di Atlantide / Hercule cucerește Atlantida, 1961) cu Reg Park (titlu alternativ în SUA: Hercules and the Haunted Women)
Hercules in the Haunted World (Ercole al centro della terra / Hercule în centrul Pământului) 1961 (regizat de Mario Bava) cu Reg Park
Hercules in the Vale of Woe (Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai / Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe) cu Frank Gordon ca Hercule, 1961
Ulysses vs The Son of Hercules (Ulisse contro Ercole / Ulysses vs Hercules) cu Mike Lane, 1962
The Fury of Hercules (La furia di Ercole / The Fury of Hercules) starring Brad Harris, 1962  (titlu alternativ în SUA: The Fury of Samson)
Hercules, Samson and Ulysses (Ercole sfida Sansone / Hercules Challenges Samson) cu Kirk Morris, 1963
Hercules vs Moloch (Ercole contro Molock / Hercules vs Molock)  cu Gordon Scott, 1963 (a.k.a. The Conquest of Mycenae)
Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness (Ercole l'invincibile / Hercules the Invincible) cu Dan Vadis, 1964. Acest film original cu Hercule a fost redenumit ca "Son of Hercules" (Fiii lui Hercule) pentru a fi inclus în seria de filme The Sons of Hercules" (Fiii lui Hercule).Hercules vs The Giant Warrior (il trionfo di Ercole / The Triumph of Hercules) cu Dan Vadis, 1964  (titlu alternativ în SUA: Hercules and the Ten Avengers)Hercules Against Rome (Ercole contro Roma / Hercules vs Rome) cu Alan Steel, 1964Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun (Ercole contro i figli del sole / Hercules vs the Sons of the Sun) cu Mark Forest, 1964Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon (Ercole contro i tiranni di Babilonia / Hercules vs the Tyrants of Babylon) cu Rock Stevens,  1964Samson and His Mighty Challenge (Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili / Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles) cu Alan Steel ca Hercule, 1964  (a.k.a. Combate dei Gigantes ori Le Grand Defi)Hercules and the Princess of Troy (fără titlu în italiană) cu Gordon Scott, 1965 (a.k.a. Hercules vs the Sea Monster)   Hercules, the Avenger (Sfida dei giganti / Challenge of the Giants) cu Reg Park, 1965
 Hercules Against the Moon Men, Hercules Against the Barbarians,  Hercules Against the Mongols și Hercules of the Desert au fost inițial filme cu Maciste. (Vedeți secțiunea "Maciste" de mai jos)
 Hercules and the Black Pirate și Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas  au fost ambele redenumite ca filme cu Samson. (Vedeți secțiunea "Samson" de mai jos)
 Hercules, Prisoner of Evil a fost de fapt un film cu eroul Ursus care a fost redenumit.
 Hercules and the Masked Rider a fost de fapt un film cu Goliat care a fost redenumit.
Nici unul dintre aceste filme, în versiunile lor originale italiene nu au implicat personajul Hercule în nici un fel. De asemenea, multe dintre filmele Fiii lui Hercule prezentate la televiziunea americană în anii 1960 nu au avut nimic de-a face cu Hercule în filmele originale italiene.

Alte filme despre Hercule:

 The Three Stooges Meet Hercules (1962) Statele Unite (comedie)
 Hercules in New York (1970) Statele Unite (aka "Hercules Goes Bananas", cu Arnold Schwarzenegger)
 Hercules (1983) Italia, Statele Unite (cu Lou Ferrigno)
 Le Avventure dell'incredibile Ercole (1985) Italia, Statele Unite (aka Hercules 2, cu Lou Ferrigno)
 Hercules and the Amazon Women (1994) Statele Unite - film TV
 Hercules and the Circle of Fire (1994) Statele Unite - film TV
 Hercules and the Lost Kingdom (1994) Statele Unite - film TV
 Hercules in the Underworld (1994) Statele Unite - film TV
 Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur (1994) Statele Unite - film TV
 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1995–99) Statele Unite - serial TV
 Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001) - serial TV (Spinoff al Hercules: The Legendary Journeys)
 Hercules (1997) Statele Unite - animație (Walt Disney)
 The Amazing Feats of Young Hercules (1997) Statele Unite - animație , direct pe video
 Young Hercules (1998) Statele Unite - direct pe video
 Young Hercules (1998–99) Statele Unite - serial TV
 Hercules and Xena - The Animated Movie: The Battle for Mount Olympus (1998) Statele Unite - animație , direct pe video
 Himcules (1998–99) - serial TV de animație
 Hercules (2005) - miniserial TV
 The Legend of Hercules (2014) Statele Unite
 Hercules (2014) Statele Unite

Filme despre Amazoane
 La Regina delle Amazzoni(1960) sau Colossus and the Amazon Queen Le Gladiatrici (1963)
 Le Amazzoni - donne d'amore e di guerra (1973)
 Amazoanele (1973)
 Dschungelmädchen für zwei Halunken (1974)
 Gold of the Amazon Women (1979) (TV)
 Wonder Woman (2009)
 Wonder Woman (2017)

 Sons of Hercules

 Ursus, Son of Hercules (Ursus) 1961, cu Ed Fury (a.k.a. Mighty Ursus)
 Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules (Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World) 1961, cu Mark Forest
 Triumph of the Son of Hercules (The Triumph of Maciste) 1961, cu Kirk Morris
 Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules (Maciste vs the Monsters) 1962, cu Reg Lewis
 Venus Against the Son of Hercules (Mars, God Of War) 1962, cu Roger Browne
 Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules (Ulysses against Hercules) 1962, cu Mike Lane
 Medusa Against the Son of Hercules(Perseus The Invincible) 1962, cu Richard Harrison
 Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire (Ursus In The Land Of Fire) 1963, cu Ed Fury
 Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules (Goliath and the Rebel Slave) 1963, cu Gordon Scott
 Messalina Against the Son of Hercules (The Last Gladiator) 1963, cu Richard Harrison
 The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules (Hero Of Babylon) 1963, a.k.a. Goliath, King of the Slaves, cu Gordon Scott
 Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules (Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta) 1964, cu Mark Forest
 Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness (Hercules the Invincible) 1964, cu Dan Vadis
 Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules (Anthar the Invincible) 1964, (a.k.a. The Slave Merchants, a.k.a. Soraya, Queen of the Desert) cu Kirk Morris, regia Antonio Margheriti
Filme despre Oedip
 The Man Who Smiles (1937)
 Oedipus Rex (1957)
 Antigone (1961)
 Oedipus Rex (1967)
 Oedipus the King (1968)
 Funeral Parade of Roses (1969)
 Night Warning (1982)
 Voyager (1991)
 Edipo Alcalde (1996)
 Tiresia (2003)

Filme despre Perseu
 Perseo l'invincibile (1963) (sau Medusa Vs The Son of Hercules)
 Clash of the Titans (1981)
 Clash of the Titans (2010)
 Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief (2010)
 Wrath of the Titans (2012)
 Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)

Filme despre Pygmalion
 Pygmalion (1937)
 My Fair Lady (1964)
 Duck, You Sucker! (1971)
 Weird Science (1985)
 Mannequin (1987)
 Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
 Ruby Sparks (2012)
Filme despre Orfeu
 Orfeu (1950) Franța
 Black Orpheus (1959) Brazilia
 Testamentul lui Orfeu (1960) Franța
 Evrydiki BA 2O37 (1975) Grecia
 Orfeu (1999) Brazilia
 Orpheus (2005)
The Makeover(2013)

Filme despre Ursus
Au fost realizate în total 9 filme italiene în care Ursus este personajul principal, enumerate mai jos după cum urmează: titlul italian original și traducerea aproximativă a titlului italian (iar în paranteze titlu american cu care a fost lansat filmul în SUA).
 Ursus / Ursus (Ursus, Son of Hercules, 1961) a.k.a. "Mighty Ursus", în rolul principal: Ed Fury
 La Vendetta di Ursus / Răzbunarea lui Ursus  (The Revenge of Ursus, 1961) în rolul principal: Samson Burke
 Ursus Nella Valle dei Leoni / Ursus în valea leilor  (Valley of the Lions, 1961) în rolul principal: Ed Fury
 Ursus e la Ragazza Tartara / Ursus și fata tătară   (Ursus and the Tartar Princess, 1962) a.k.a. "The Tartar Invasion", în rolul principal: Joe Robinson
 Ursus Nella Terra di Fuoco / Ursus în Țara de Foc   (Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire, 1963) în rolul principal: Ed Fury
 Ursus il Gladiatore Rebelle / Ursus Gladiatorul Rebel  (Rebel Gladiators, 1963) în rolul principal: Dan Vadis
 Ursus il Terrore dei Kirghisi / Ursus, teroarea kirghizilor (Hercules, Prisoner of Evil, 1964) în rolul principal: Reg Park
 Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: Gli Invincibili/ Hercule, Samson, Maciste și Ursus : Invincibilii  (Samson and His Mighty Challenge, 1964) în rolul principal: Yan Larvor ca Ursus (a.k.a. "Combate dei Gigantes" ori "Le Grand Defi")
 Gli Invincibili Tre / Trei Invincibili  (Three Avengers, 1964) în rolul principal: Alan Steel ca Ursus

Filme despre Tezeu și Minotaurul din Creta Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete, 1960, film italian cu Bob Mathias, vag bazat pe povestea mitologicăMinotaur, film de groază din 2006
 Immortals (2011)
Filme despre Titani Arrivano i titani, 1962 Italia
Vezi și
 Film peplum
 Listă de filme bazate pe poezii
 Filme bazate pe mitologia egipteană (categorie)  (listă)
 Filme bazate pe mitologia nordică (categorie)  (listă)
 Cei 300 de spartani (1962)
 300 - Eroii de la Termopile (2007)
 300 - Ascensiunea unui imperiu (2014)
 A Wounded Fawn'' (2022)

Listă de filme bazate pe mitologia greco-romană


Bulbinela (lat. Bulbinella), rod vazdazelenih trajnica iz porodice čepljezovki. Postoji 25 priznatih vrsta raširenih po južnoj Africi i Novom Zelandu Žive kao geofiti i hemikriptofiti,

Vrste

 Bulbinella angustifolia (Cockayne & Laing) L.B.Moore
 Bulbinella barkerae P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella calcicola J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 Bulbinella cauda-felis (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz
 Bulbinella chartacea P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella ciliolata Kunth
 Bulbinella divaginata P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella eburniflora P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella elata P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella elegans Schltr. ex P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella floribunda (Aiton) T.Durand & Schinz
 Bulbinella gibbsii Cockayne
 Bulbinella gracilis Kunth
 Bulbinella graminifolia P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella hookeri (Colenso ex Hook.) Mottet
 Bulbinella latifolia Kunth
 Bulbinella modesta L.B.Moore
 Bulbinella nana P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella nutans (Thunb.) T.Durand & Schinz
 Bulbinella potbergensis P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella punctulata Zahlbr.
 Bulbinella rossii (Hook.f.) Mottet
 Bulbinella talbotii L.B.Moore
 Bulbinella trinervis (Baker) P.L.Perry
 Bulbinella triquetra (L.f.) Kunth

Sinonimi
 Chrysobactron Hook.f.

Izvori

Asphodeloideae

Bulbinela


Mina Boulby are o suprafață de 200 de hectare și este localizată la sud-est de satul Boulby, pe coasta nord-estică a parcului national North York Moors din regiunea Redcar and Cleveland, Anglia. Mina este deținută de Cleveland Potash Limited, care este o subsidiară a companiei Israel Chemicals Ltd.

Exploatarea minieră produce jumătate din necesarul de potasă al Marea Britanie. Minereul extras conține 35-45% silvină și 45-55% Sare gemă. Rocile de sare sunt extrase ca produs suplimentar și sunt folosite pe drumurile din regiune ca material antiderapant, când se circulă în condiții de iarnă.

Mina are 1001 angajați și poate produce până la un milion de tone de potasă pe an. Având adâncimea de 1400 metri, este a doua cea mai adâncă mină din Europa și are o rețea de galerii subterane care se întind sub Marea Nordului, cu o lungime totală de 1000 km .

Cleveland Potash Limited a raportat o cifră de afaceri de 194 de milioane de lire sterline în 2013, mai mult față de cele 162 de milioane raportate în anul anterior. În ciuda cifrei de afaceri mărite, compania a suferit pierderi de 194 de milioane de lire, datorită scăderii prețurilor la potasă.

Istoric
În 1939, potasa a fost descoperită în zona satului Aislaby când s-au făcut prospecțiuni pentru petrol. Rezervele au fost investigate în anii '50, dar s-a considerat că exploatarea nu este viabilă economic datorită adâncimii. Soluția mineritului a fost luată în considerare în 1962, dar nu s-a aplicat.

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) a început construcția minei în 1969, și a început producția de potasă în 1973. Mina reprezenta sursa întregii potase produse în Regatul Unit - circa 55% din piața din Marea Britanie. Potasa se află la adâncimi între 1,2 km și 1,5 km, iar filonul de potasă are o grosime de 7 metri. Doar după 1984 mina a început să fie profitabilă.

În aprilie 2011, mina a început prima producție comercială la nivel mondial, a polihalit, un mineral rar care a fost găsit în cantități mari într-un filon de sub mare, cu resurse estimate la un miliard de tone, aflate la mai mult de 1,5 kilometri în largul mării. Mineralul are potențial comercial ca îngrășământ anorganic.

Planurile includ extinderea minei către est și îmbunătățirea facilităților pentru creșterea capacității de producție. Grupurile de ecologiști consideră că dezvoltarea minei poate avea efecte negative asupra zonei respective.

Transport
Cea mai mare parte din producția minei este transportată pe calea ferată, locația aflându-se la sud de Loftus, pe ruta fostei căi ferate WRMU (Whitby Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway), care s-a închis pe 5 mai 1958. Astăzi, linia este deschisă de la Saltburn până la Boulby pentru traficul de mărfuri. Teesport se ocupă de transportul minereurilor de la mină, existând terminale speciale pentru potasă și pentru sare.

Laboratorul subteran

Datorită adâncimii, Mina Boulby găzduiește detectorul de materie neagră ZEPLIN-III, în Laboratorul Subteran Boulby, la o adâncime de 1100 metri.

Centrul Britanic pentru Astrobiologie realizează cercetări în laboratorul subteran, unde se studiază organisme extremofile care pot supraviețui unui mediu foarte sărat. Locația este folosită și pentru testarea roverelor marțiene ale NASA.

Vezi și...
 Winsford – home of Britain's largest rock salt mine

Referințe

Legături externe

 ICL UK - official website.
 Discovery Channel video from How Do They Do It?
 Boulby Potash Mine NZ761183 , images at UK mine exploration website

Laboratoare
Medii naturale
Clădiri și structuri din Regatul Unit

Mina Boulby


Sveneld (nórdico antiguo: Sveinaldr; cirílico: Свенельд) fue un caudillo vikingo y señor de la guerra varego al servicio de Sviatoslav I de Kiev y su familia (). Aunque parece que pudo ser el más influyente y rico caudillo de la Rus de Kiev, su relación con la casa de Rúrik, si existió, nunca ha sido demostrada.

La carrera militar de Sveneld se inició por su cuenta o bajo el mandato de Ígor de Kiev, cuando sometió a espada la tribu de los úliches y asegurarse el derecho a recibir tributo de ellos y también de los drevlianos. El historiador Lev Gumiliov (hijo de Anna Ajmátova) sugiere que el origen de la enorme fortuna de Sveneld se recoge en la Crónica de Néstor (945), donde se cita expresamente que la obtuvo durante las incursiones en el Caspio de 944 cuando se enfrentó a la ciudad de Berdaa (hoy Azerbaiyán), y presuntamente era comandante en jefe de los ejércitos.

La druzhina de Ígor tuvo celos de la riqueza de Sveneld e intentó recaudar también tributo en las mismas tierras, pero los drevlianos se rebelaron y mataron a Ígor. Alekséi Shájmatov teoriza que el levantamiento contra Ígor fue organizado por Mstisha, hijo de Sveneld, aunque no es una teoría ampliamente aceptada. El sucesor de Ígor, Sviatoslav, parece que tuvo más mano izquierda con Sveneld, que fue el segundo comandante durante las campañas búlgaras en Bulgaria y Bizancio. En 971, estuvo a cargo de la defensa de Preslav contra los griegos. Aunque los cronistas bizantinos Juan Skylitzes y León el Diácono testimonian que Sphangel (como lo conocieron ellos) encontró la muerte en la batalla de Dorostolon ese mismo año, las crónicas eslavónicas siguen mencionando su actividad varias veces con posterioridad.

Alekséi Shájmatov también sugiere que las historias sobre Sveneld encuentran un reflejo en las crónicas sobre las campañas de Sviatoslav. Por ejemplo, la dudosa imparcialidad del pasaje sobre los intentos de Sveneld de advertir a Sviatoslav que evite los rápidos del Dniéper en su regreso a Kiev. Según la crónica, Sviatoslav menospreció la sabiduría de Sveneld y fue emboscado por los pechenegos, muriendo en el campo de batalla, mientras que el viejo caudillo llegó a salvo a Kiev por tierra.

Parece ser que Sveneld tuvo su máximo apogeo de poder e influencia durante el gobierno en minoría de edad del hijo de Sviatoslav, Yaropolk. La crónica lo culpa de fomentar una guerra fratricida entre Yaropolk y su hermano Oleg de Drelinia que gobernaba a los drevlianos. De hecho, Sveneld pudo codiciar las tierras de Oleg como antigua posesión. En siglos posteriores se decía que la guerra fue iniciada por la orden de Oleg de matar al hijo de Sveneld, Lyut, cuando cazaba en tierras de los drevlianos y que Oleg reclamaba como propias.

Tras la muerte del príncipe Lyut, Sveneld ya no se menciona más en las crónicas. En su lugar, es un tal Blud quien aparece como sucesor y comandante de los ejércitos de Yaropolk, quien posteriormente se convirtió en traidor a su príncipe. La mayoría de historiadores coinciden que Sveneld ya sería muy anciano a finales de la década de 970 y posiblemente murió antes del enfrentamiento entre Yaropolk y Vladimiro I de Kiev.

Referencias

Guerreros vikingos
Historia de Rusia
Historia de Ucrania
Personas del Rus de Kiev del siglo X

Sveneld


An Telipogon lehmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Telipogon lehmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon lehmannii


El cantón de Camuñas fue un cantón con centro en Camuñas, situado en la provincia de Toledo, durante la Rebelión cantonal de España. Su alcalde, el noble Luis Villaseñor y de Oliva lo proclamó en 1873 pero su duración fue efímera. Fue uno de los cuatro cantones proclamados en Castilla y en León, junto con el cantón de Ávila, el cantón de Salamanca y el cantón de Béjar, estos dos últimos de mucha mayor significación.

Historia
Camuñas era también un lugar bastante singular dentro de la archidiócesis de Toledo, pues se había educado y convertido al protestantismo a parte de la población local por el celo misionero del evangélico gallego Félix Moreno Astray. Por eso era conocido como la «Ginebra manchega».

El alcalde de Camuñas Luis Villaseñor y de Oliva era republicano federal y anticlerical, firmante de Pacto Federal Castellano en 1869. El alcalde declaró la entidad política durante unos días en el pueblo toledano en 1873, durante la Primera República y bajo la breve presidencia del federalista Francisco Pi y Margall. La entidad se mantuvo durante un corto período, realizándose incluso moldes para acuñar moneda propia.

Según cuenta el católico conservador Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo en su Historia de los heterodoxos españoles:

En palabras de Menéndez Pelayo, intentaron crear, con la ayuda de Ceferino Tresserra, «una especie de Ginebra manchega y contrabandista».

Referencias

Camuñas
Historia contemporánea de Castilla-La Mancha
Historia de la provincia de Toledo
Rebelión cantonal

Cantón de Camuñas


Üç Bahadır (efsane) - Rus halk efsanesi
 Üç Bahadır (tablo) - Viktor Vasnetsov'un bir tablosu

Üç Bahadır


|}
Die Bahnstrecke Hillesheim–Gerolstein war eine durchgehend zweigleisige, nicht elektrifizierte Bahnstrecke in Rheinland-Pfalz. Gebaut wurde die 12 km lange Strecke hauptsächlich aus strategischen Gründen, daher wurde sie nach schweren Zerstörungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht wieder aufgebaut.

Geschichte

Die Bahnstrecke wurde um 1900 als Ergänzung zu den strategischen Bahnen Dümpelfeld–Lissendorf und Jünkerath–Weywertz geplant. Die eigentlichen Bauarbeiten begannen im April 1909. Feierlich eröffnet wurde die Strecke am 30. Juni 1912 zusammen mit den beiden anderen Bahnstrecken. Die Baukosten in Höhe von 7,2 Millionen Mark wurden zu 80 % vom Reich bezahlt, die restlichen 20 % von Preußen getragen. Die Strecke führte von Hillesheim an der Bahnstrecke Dümpelfeld–Lissendorf nach Gerolstein, während sie die ersten rund 9 km eine komplett eigene Trasse hatte (davon circa 3 km in wenigen hundert Meter Entfernung zur Eifelstrecke), lagen die restlichen circa 3 km bis Gerolstein parallel der Eifelquerbahn. Vor dem aufgelassenen Bahnhof Pelm mündete noch die zweigleisige Eifelstrecke ein, somit führten fünf parallel verlaufende Gleise bis Gerolstein.

Am 1. Juli 1912 wurde der eigentliche Betrieb aufgenommen, fortan verkehrten täglich zwei Zugpaare auf der Strecke. Da die Strecke hauptsächlich nach militärischen Gesichtspunkten geplant wurde, blieb der Verkehr außer während der beiden Weltkriege stets bescheiden. Ab dem 10. Januar 1921 wurde der Personenverkehr komplett eingestellt, zum Fahrplanwechsel am 1. Juni 1921 wieder aufgenommen, zum 26. Oktober 1921 "bis auf weiteres" erneut eingestellt und vom 1. Juni 1922 wieder aufgenommen.

In der zweiten Hälfte der 1930er Jahre stieg der Verkehr wieder an, da zahlreiche Materialtransporte für den Bau des Westwalls über die Strecke geführt wurden. Im März 1945 wurden große Teile der Strecke von der Wehrmacht zerstört, und auch das schon durch alliierte Luftangriffe beschädigte Viadukt Hillesheim wurde gesprengt. Da nie ein nennenswertes Verkehrsaufkommen bestand, wurde die Strecke nach Kriegsende nicht wieder aufgebaut.

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Rheinland-Pfalz
Strategische Bahn
Verkehr (Eifel)

Bahnstrecke Hillesheim–Gerolstein


Roberto García Parrondo (født 12. januar 1980) er en spansk håndboldspiller, som er cheftræner og landstræner i RK Vardar og for Egyptens herrehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Spanien

Roberto García Parrondo


«Dinner with Gershwin» (español: «Cena con Gershwin») es una canción escrita por Brenda Russell. Fue grabada por primera vez por Donna Summer en 1987, y lanzado como primer sencillo de su álbum All Systems Go.

Producido por Richard Perry y Brenda Russell, "Dinner with Gershwin" significó el retorno de Summer al Top 10 en la lista R&B de Billboard, y fue Top 40 en otras dos listas (dance y adult contemporary).

También fue bien recibido en Europa, alcanzó el #13 en el Reino Unido y en Irlanda, mientras que en Canadá y Países Bajos fue Top 40.

La canción fue editada a partir de la versión del álbum original para su lanzamiento como sencillo, y en la edición de 12" incluye la exclusiva canción no perteneciente al álbum titulada "Tearin' Down the Walls" (escrita por Siedah Garrett y Tony Maiden).

Russell grabó más tarde su propia versión de la canción en su álbum de 1990 Kiss Me with the Wind.

Sencillos
 US 7" sencillo (1987) Geffen 7-28418
 «Dinner with Gershwin» - 4:12
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (instrumental) - 4:52

 US 12" sencillo (1987) Geffen 0-20635
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión extendida) - 7:43
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (instrumental) - 4:52

 US 12" promo (1987) Geffen PRO-A-2802
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión extendida) - 7:43
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión extendida) - 7:43

 EU 7" sencillo (1987) Warner Bros. 258237-7
 «Dinner with Gershwin» - 4:12
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (instrumental) - 4:52

 EU 12" sencillo (1987) Warner Bros. 258 236-0
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión extendida) - 7:43
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (instrumental) - 4:52

 UK 12" promo (1987) Warner Bros. SAM 394
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión extendida) - 7:43
 «Dinner with Gershwin» (versión LP) - 4:35
 «Tearin' Down the Walls» - 3:59

Personal
 Brenda Russell - sintetizador adicional, coros
 Steve Lindsey - sintetizador, órgano, piano, programación de batería
 Donald Griffin - guitarra
 Howie Rice - clavicordio
 Stanley Clarke - concepto (clavicordio)
 Larry Klein - bajo fretless, sintetizador adicional
 Gary Herbig - clarinete
 Collyer Spreen - percusión
 Terral (Terry) Santiel - percusión adicional
 Bunny Hull, Joe Turano, Maxie Anderson - coros

Producción
 Producido por Richard Perry y Brenda Russell (productora asociada)
 Ingeniero: Glen Holguin
 Ingeniero adicional: Steve Peck
 Ingeniero secundario: Ken Felton, Kraig Miller y Scott Maddox

Posicionamiento

Referencias

Canciones de 1987
Sencillos de 1987
Canciones de Donna Summer

Dinner with Gershwin


Vore U-baade er en film instrueret af Arne Jensen.

Handling
Filmens formål er/var - i korte glimt - at vise, hvordan livet leves i danske undervandsbåde i fredstid.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1935
Søværnet
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Undervandsbåde fra Danmark

Vore U-baade