Randy Gene Moss (born February 13, 1977) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, Oakland Raiders, New England Patriots, Tennessee Titans and the San Francisco 49ers. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time, he holds the NFL single-season touchdown reception record (23 in 2007), as well as the NFL single-season touchdown reception record for a rookie (17 in 1998). All-time, Moss ranks second in career touchdown receptions (leading the league five times in touchdown receptions, third most all-time) as well as fourth in career receiving yards. In addition to possessing extraordinary speed at his size (4.38 40-yard dash at 6 ft 4 in) and superior leaping ability (33-inch vertical), he was famously known for often securing spectacular contested catches in tight coverage by physically overpowering defenders. The term "mossed", referring to this ability, has since become a common term in the football lexicon.

Moss played college football for Marshall University and earned All-American honors. A six-time Pro Bowl and four-time first-team All-Pro selection, Moss was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, where he set the single-season record for touchdown receptions in a rookie season and was named NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year. In his first stint with the Vikings, Moss caught 90 touchdown receptions in his first seven seasons, as well as having more than 1,200 yards in each of his first six seasons. He was traded in 2005 to the Oakland Raiders, where he experienced a slump in play, notably due to the lack of talent surrounding him and perceived decline. In 2007, Moss was then traded to the New England Patriots, where he experienced a career resurgence and set the single-season record for total touchdown receptions. That season, he helped lead the Patriots to a record breaking 16–0 regular season record. During both the 1998 and 2007 seasons, Moss was the catalyst of the two highest scoring offenses of all time at the time they occurred (556 points in 1998, 589 points in 2007), now ranking sixth and second all-time. In October 2010, Moss returned to the Vikings in a trade from the Patriots but was waived less than a month later and then claimed by the Tennessee Titans. After sitting out the 2011 season, Moss signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers in 2012 before retiring following the season. He played in two Super Bowl games, XLII with the Patriots and XLVII with the 49ers, both losses. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, and is a member of the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team and the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.

Post-football, he began working for ESPN as a studio analyst for its Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown programs. In 2022, Moss left Monday Night Countdown.

Early life
Moss was born in Rand, West Virginia. He attended DuPont High School, one of two schools that later consolidated into Riverside High School, where he excelled in football, basketball, baseball, and track. Randy was also on the school's debate team. On the football field, Moss led the DuPont Panthers to back-to-back state championships in 1992 and 1993. He was a star at wide receiver, but also played free safety, returned kickoffs and punts, and was the team's kicker and punter. In 1994, he was honored with the Harrison H. Kennedy Award as the West Virginia Football Player of the Year. Parade magazine named him to their annual All-American high school football team in 1995 and in 2009 named him one of the 50 greatest high school football players of all time. At DuPont, he was a teammate of future Chicago Bears linebacker Bobbie Howard.

In addition to playing football at DuPont, Moss was twice named West Virginia Player of the Year in basketball (in 1994 when he was co-player of the year and in 1995), where he was a teammate of future NBA player Jason Williams. In his senior season of basketball, Moss averaged 30.2 points, 13.7 rebounds, 5.1 steals, 3.8 blocks, and 3.1 assists while shooting 60% from field; he scored a school-record 1,713 career points.

As a sophomore in 1992, at the age of 15, Moss joined the track & field team and was the West Virginia state champion in the 100 and 200 meters with times of 10.79 seconds and 21.95 seconds, respectively. This was the only year he competed on the school's track team, but he would later join the Marshall track team and lower his 200 m time to 21.15 seconds. He also played center field for the baseball team.

College career
Moss's dream was to play for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, but he also considered going to Ohio State, where his half-brother, Eric, had played offensive tackle. Former Notre Dame head coach Lou Holtz said "Randy Moss was the best high school football player I've ever seen." Florida State head coach Bobby Bowden said "He was as good as Deion Sanders. Deion's my measuring stick for athletic ability, and this kid was just a bigger Deion."

After originally signing a letter of intent to play college football with Notre Dame in 1995, Moss took part in a racially charged fight at his high school that left one person hospitalized. On March 23, 1995, Moss had backed a friend in a hallway fight against a white student who had allegedly used racist comments towards Randy's friend. Moss was initially charged with a felony for kicking the student, but it was later reduced to a misdemeanor. On August 1, 1995, Moss pleaded guilty to two counts of misdemeanor battery and was sentenced to 30 days behind bars at the South-Central Regional Jail in Charleston, West Virginia. He served 3 days in jail starting that night and would be required to serve the remaining 27 days within the following 18 months, after he completed his freshman year in college. Moss was expelled from DuPont and completed his education at Cabell Alternative School.

Notre Dame subsequently denied his enrollment application, but this did not stop another high-profile college football program from giving him a chance. Notre Dame officials suggested he attend Florida State due to the reputation of its coach, Bobby Bowden, for handling troubled players.

Freshman (1995)
Because of his signed letter of intent at Notre Dame, the NCAA considered him a transfer student to Florida State, so he had to redshirt the 1995 football season.

Redshirt freshman season (1996)
In 1996, while serving his 30-day jail sentence in a work-release program from 1995, Moss tested positive for marijuana, thus violating his probation, and was dismissed from Florida State. He served an additional 60 days in jail for the probation violation.

Ultimately, Moss transferred to Marshall University, about an hour's drive from his home. Because Marshall was then a Division I-AA school, NCAA rules allowed him to transfer there without losing any further eligibility. In 1996, he set the NCAA Division I-AA records for the most games with a touchdown catch in a season (14), most consecutive games with a touchdown catch (13), most touchdown passes caught in a season (28 – tying Jerry Rice's 1984 record), and most receiving yards gained by a freshman in a season (1,709 on 78 catches), a record which still stands. Moss was also the leading kickoff returner in Division I-AA on the season, with 612 total yards and a 34.0-yard average. The 1996 Marshall Thundering Herd went undefeated and won the Division I-AA title, with Moss having four touchdown receptions in the 1996 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game. It was Marshall's last season before moving to Division I-A.

At the Southern Conference indoor track championships, Moss ran the 200 meters in 21.15 seconds, missing the conference record by only .02 seconds. Although Moss had not raced competitively for four years, his time was one of the best in the country that year.

Sophomore season (1997)

In the 1997 season, Marshall's first in Division I-A, Moss and Quarterback Chad Pennington were the centerpiece of an explosive offense that led the Thundering Herd to the Mid-American Conference title. Moss caught 26 touchdown passes that season, at the time a Division I-A record, and was a first-team All-American.

The first game of the season was on the road against the West Virginia Mountaineers where Marshall lost 42–31. The second game of the season saw Moss pick up right where he left off in 1996. Facing Army, Moss had five receptions for 186 yards and two touchdowns. Against Army, Moss's first touchdown went for 79 yards and the second touchdown marked a career-long of 90 yards.

A week later, Moss posted his third career 200+ yard receiving game, against Kent State in a 42–17 victory. Two weeks after that was his fourth and final 200+ yard game in college, recording 13 catches for 205 yards and a Marshall single-game record of five touchdown receptions against Ball State.

In the 1997 Ford Motor City Bowl against Ole Miss, Moss added his 26th touchdown of the season on Marshall's first offensive play from scrimmage. He streaked down the right sideline and caught an 80-yard touchdown pass from Pennington to tie the score at 7–7. NCAA rules at the time did not allow for statistics from bowl games to be combined with regular-season stats, so the touchdown did not officially increase his season touchdown record. The two teams traded the lead several times in the fourth quarter before Ole Miss running back Deuce McAllister scored on a 1-yard touchdown run with 31 seconds to play, giving them a 34–31 lead. Trying to pull out a last-second win, Pennington connected with Moss on a 40-yard pass on the final play of the game, but he was stripped of the ball as time expired. Moss finished the game with six receptions for 173 yards.

Moss finished his career at Marshall having scored at least one touchdown in all 28 games that he played. He won the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the season's outstanding receiver regardless of position, and was a finalist for the 1997 Heisman Trophy, finishing fourth in the balloting. He was a Consensus All-American and won MAC Offensive Player of the Year. A controversial comment was made by Randy Moss in 1997 at a ceremony at Marshall University where he was commenting in regards to the 1970 plane crash that killed most their football team that the crash "was a tragedy, but it really wasn't nothing big". Moss later claimed that the quotes were taken out of context. Nate Ruffin, who is a surviving member of the 1970 Football Team, later met with Randy Moss.

College statistics

 Includes stats from the 1997 Motor City Bowl against Ole Miss

NCAA records

Division I-AA – regular season
 Most games with a touchdown reception in a season – 11 (1996)
 Most consecutive games with a touchdown reception in a season – 11 (1996)
 Most receiving yards gained by a freshman in a season – 1,073 (1996)
 Most touchdown receptions caught by a freshman in a season – 19 (1996 – record for all NCAA divisions)

Division I-AA – playoffs
 Most touchdown receptions in a single game – 4 (vs. Montana, December 21, 1996)
 Most yards receiving in a single game – 288 (vs. Delaware, November 30, 1996)
 Most touchdown receptions in a tournament – 10 (4 games in 1996)
 Most yards receiving in a tournament – 636 (4 games in 1996)

Professional career

1998 NFL Draft
Moss skipped his junior and senior seasons at Marshall and entered the NFL Draft. He did not attend the NFL Combine, opting instead for an individual workout at Marshall's pro day. After the pro day was complete, Marshall head coach Bob Pruett informed the media that Moss had run two 40 yard sprints which timed at 4.24 and 4.28 by scouts' hand timers. Moss also posted a vertical leap of 47 inches. Numerous teams had scouts on hand with many noting the work-out was jaw dropping, with one Cowboys scout naming Moss the "most gifted prospect in football history".

During the 1998 NFL Draft, Moss, who was projected as a high first-round pick, was taken by the Minnesota Vikings with the 21st overall pick after a number of NFL clubs—even those in need of a WR—were concerned with Moss's well-documented legal problems. Before the draft Moss was quoted as saying teams that passed on him "will regret it once they see what kind of a player I am and what kind of guy I really am." The team most often cited for passing on Moss is the Dallas Cowboys. Moss grew up a Cowboys fan and wanted to play for the Cowboys. The Cowboys wanted Moss, but because of many off-field incidents of their own, team owner and GM Jerry Jones did not feel the team could draft Moss. Moss felt that the Cowboys lied to him because they had told him they would draft him. On draft day, Dallas went so far as to have a scout in Charleston, West Virginia, the same town where Moss and his mother were watching the draft. Dallas star receiver Michael Irvin even called to apologize to Moss, because Irvin's own off-field problems were a main reason Moss was not drafted by Dallas. After the draft, Moss made a point of beating the Cowboys any time he faced them, getting his first opportunity to do so in Week 13 of his rookie season. In a game held at Texas Stadium, Moss torched Dallas with a 163-yard, 3-receptions for 3-touchdowns performance.

After the draft, Moss signed a 4-year, $4.5 million contract that included an additional $4 million in bonuses and incentives. As part of the deal, he received a $2 million signing bonus. Moss originally wore #18 in training camp (a number he would eventually wear for Oakland) but switched to the more conventional #84 before the regular season began.

Minnesota Vikings

1998 season
In 1998, Moss helped the Vikings to become the number 1 rated offense ever at the time, setting the single-season record for scoring (later surpassed by the 2007 New England Patriots, a team that also featured Moss) with 556 points.

The Vikings opened the season with a 31–7 rout against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Moss's first NFL game would also be his first multi-touchdown game as he recorded four receptions for 95 yards and two touchdowns. His first NFL reception came on the third play of the game on an 11-yard pass from Brad Johnson. His first touchdown was a 48-yard reception He added a 31-yard touchdown reception on the Vikings' first possession of the second quarter to give the Vikings a 21–0 lead.

His first Monday Night Football game came in Week 5 against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. He had five receptions for 190 yards and two touchdowns, including touchdown receptions of 52 yards and 44 yards, and two other receptions of 46 yards and 41 yards. He also had a 75-yard touchdown catch on the Vikings' first possession of the game that was nullified due to an offensive holding penalty.

In Week 12, against the Packers in a second divisional matchup, Moss had eight receptions for 153 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 28–14 victory. He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his game against Green Bay. In Week 13, against the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving Day, Moss finished with three catches for 163 yards and three touchdowns all for 50+ yards as the Vikings beat the Cowboys 46–36. Moss was the first rookie to score three touchdowns on Thanksgiving. For his game against Dallas, Moss earned another NFC Offensive Player of the Week nomination. In the following week against the Chicago Bears, Moss had another three-touchdown performance in the 48–22 victory.

The Vikings finished with a 15–1 record and were in position to represent the NFC in Super Bowl XXXIII. Moss had four receptions for 71 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 41–21 victory over the Arizona Cardinals in the Divisional Round. However, the Atlanta Falcons stunned the Vikings by winning the NFC Championship 30–27 in overtime. Moss had six receptions for 75 yards and a touchdown in the loss.

At the end of the 1998 regular season, Moss was named to the Pro Bowl, earned first team All-Pro honors, and won NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year for his rookie-record and league-leading 17 touchdown receptions and the third-highest receiving yardage (1,313) total. As a rookie, he finished third in voting for MVP and Offensive Player of the Year. He was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team for 1998.

1999 season
In Week 4, Moss had four receptions for 120 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 21–14 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The game against Tampa Bay started a three-game streak of going for at least 120 receiving yards for Moss, with 122 against the Chicago Bears the following week and 125 in the game after that against the Detroit Lions. In Week 10, against the Chicago Bears, Moss had 12 receptions for a career-high 204 receiving yards in the 27–24 victory. Moss earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his game verses the Bears. In the following game, he had seven receptions for 127 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 35–27 victory over the San Diego Chargers. In Week 15, against the Green Bay Packers, he had five receptions for 131 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 24–20 victory. In Week 16, against the New York Giants, he threw a touchdown pass to Cris Carter in the 34–17 victory. In the regular season finale against the Detroit Lions, he had five receptions for 155 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 24–17 victory.

Overall, Moss had another impressive season, catching 80 passes for 1,413 yards and 11 touchdowns, including a punt return for a touchdown. He went on to record five receptions for 127 yards and a touchdown in the Vikings 27–10 NFC Wild Card Round playoff win over the Dallas Cowboys. Minnesota lost in the Divisional Round to the St. Louis Rams 49–37, despite Moss catching nine passes for 188 yards and two touchdowns. Moss was fined $40,000, which was later reduced to $25,000, during that game due to squirting an NFL referee with a water bottle. There was a stipulation that he would have to pay the difference in addition to any other fine if he had another run-in with the league.

Moss earned his second straight Pro Bowl appearance, and turned in a record-breaking performance. He had nine receptions for a Pro Bowl record 212 yards and was given the game's Most Valuable Player award.

2000 season
The 2000 season featured second-year quarterback Daunte Culpepper leading the team. Culpepper had been the team's first-round draft pick in 1999; with a pick they received from the Redskins for quarterback Brad Johnson. He had been selected largely due to his extremely strong arm, which the team believed was perfectly suited for Moss's deep routes. The decision proved correct. Culpepper was a rookie sensation, the Vikings started 7–0, and Moss was a leading MVP candidate. In that stretch was a Week 4 game against the Detroit Lions, where Moss had seven receptions for 168 receiving yards and three touchdowns in the 31–24 victory. For the second time in three seasons, Moss punished the Dallas Cowboys in Dallas on Thanksgiving Day, including a spectacular second half touchdown in which Moss caught the ball with his entire body out of bounds, aside from his toes. The play would be the feature shot in NFL commercials for years to come. In Week 16 against the Green Bay Packers, Moss had four receptions for 136 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 33–28 loss. Moss finished the season with a career-high 1,437 yards and league-leading 15 touchdown receptions. In doing so, he became the youngest and fastest player to ever catch over 3,000 yards and 45 touchdowns, earning him a third consecutive trip to the Pro Bowl, and second selection to the All Pro team. In the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, Moss had two receptions for 121 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 34–16 victory. In the NFC Championship, the Vikings were defeated 41–0 by the New York Giants. Moss was held to two receptions for 18 yards in the game

2001 season
In the offseason, Moss and his agent Danté DiTrapano began negotiating a new contract with the Minnesota Vikings. He was scheduled to earn $3.5 million in 2001. However, Moss, who was entering the final year of the rookie contract he signed in 1998, was seeking a long-term deal that would make him the highest-paid player in the NFL. His agent said, "We want to break the tradition of quarterbacks being the highest-paid players." One option the Vikings had would be to apply the franchise tag after the season ended, but sources stated that Moss would request a trade if that happened because it would still be less than what he could command on the open market.

Just prior to the start of training camp in July, Vikings owner Red McCombs signed Moss to an 8-year, $75 million contract extension. The extension included a $10 million signing bonus and another $8 million in guarantees.

In Week 10, against the New York Giants, Moss had ten receptions for 171 receiving yards and three touchdowns in the 28–16 victory. He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 12 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had eight receptions for 144 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 21–16 loss. In the following game against the Tennessee Titans, he had seven receptions for 158 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 42–24 victory. In the next game, against the Detroit Lions, he had seven receptions for 144 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 27–24 loss. Despite finishing the season with 10 touchdowns and posting at least 1,000 receiving yards (1,233) for the fourth consecutive season, Moss failed to make the Pro Bowl for the first time in his career. The Vikings finished with a 5–11 record and missed the playoffs.

2002 season
After replacing Dennis Green on an interim basis to end the 2001 season, Mike Tice was officially named head coach on January 10, 2002. One of the strategies the Vikings' first-year head coach came up with was a formula to get Moss the ball more often. Coach Tice called it the Randy Ratio. It was an effort on the coaches part to throw 40% of the passes to Moss as a way to keep him involved in the offense more than he had been in the 2001 season when he had stretches in games where he was being shut out, and partly to use more game clock by sustaining long drives to give the Vikings defense a chance to rest. An assistant coach would stand on the sidelines during games and track how many times Moss had been thrown to, and then inform Tice of the percentages so that he is always aware of it. In the 2001 season, the Vikings record was 4–1 when Moss had 40% of the passes thrown his direction, and 1–10 in other games.

The strategy was a response to the 'Randy Rules,' as Vikings receiver Chris Walsh called them. The Randy Rules, similar to the Jordan Rules, were a defensive strategy that teams employed when facing the Vikings to try and eliminate or reduce Randy's impact on the game, and to prevent Moss from being matched up one-on-one with defenders because of his ability to burn them deep or outjump them in single coverage. Opposing teams would routinely double cover Moss with techniques such as having a cornerback attempt to jam him at the line of scrimmage, having a corner defend underneath with a safety defending against the deep ball, having a zone defense roll to Moss's side of the field, and assigning "spies" to follow Moss everywhere he went.

Coach Tice discussed the strategy, explaining that Moss would be running more short and intermediate routes and fewer deep patterns. In training camp, Moss worked specifically on 12 new routes that he had rarely run in his first four NFL seasons, such as crossing patterns over the middle of the field and hook routes. Coach Tice said, "When we say Randy Ratio, everybody in the league thinks, 'OK, now they're going to throw the ball down the field to Randy more and more and more.' That's so far from the truth. In fact, we'll probably throw the ball down the field to Randy this year even less."

The Randy Ratio did not last very long, as Tice scrapped the idea midway through the 2002 season. Randy Moss said "I didn't really care much about the Randy Ratio when it was brought up. I just wanted to win." In Week 15 against the New Orleans Saints, he had 11 receptions for 113 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 32–31 victory. In Week 16, Moss threw a touchdown pass to D'Wayne Bates in the 20–17 victory over the Miami Dolphins. Moss had seven games with least 100 receiving yards on the year. While Moss caught a career-high 106 passes, he also had a career-low seven touchdown receptions, and the Vikings struggled to a 6–10 record. Moss was named to his fourth Pro Bowl. Tice suggested after the season that it was a mistake to inform opponents about his offensive gameplan, but that it was a tool "to motivate [Moss] and say he was the guy."

2003 season
Moss's fortunes took a better turn on the football field during the 2003 regular season, where he became the second wide receiver in NFL history (behind Jerry Rice in 1995) to play more than 12 games (he played 16) while averaging over 100 yards and one touchdown per contest. In Week 1, against the Green Bay Packers, he had nine receptions for 150 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 30–25 victory. In Week 4, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had eight receptions for 172 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns in the 35–7 victory. In Week 7 against the Denver Broncos, he had ten receptions for 151 yards in the 28–20 victory. In the following game against the New York Giants, he had seven receptions for 125 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 29–17 loss. In Week 13, against the St. Louis Rams, he had ten receptions for 160 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 48–17 loss. In the following game against the Seattle Seahawks, he had eight receptions for 133 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 34–7 victory. In Week 16 against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had seven receptions for 111 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 45–20 victory. Overall, he finished with 111 receptions for 1,632 yards and 17 touchdowns. All three numbers either tied or became a new personal best for Moss. The Vikings finished the season 9–7 but missed the playoffs. One of Moss's memorable highlights that year was when he lateraled to Moe Williams for a last-second touchdown during a home game against Denver. Moss was named to his fifth Pro Bowl.

In the offseason, he attended the Vikings strength and conditioning program and added five pounds of muscle to his frame.

2004 season
Moss started the season strong catching eight touchdowns in his first five games of the season, a 4–1 stretch for the Vikings. However, he sustained a hamstring injury to his right leg against the New Orleans Saints in Week 6 that hampered him for the next five weeks. He played in Week 7 against the Tennessee Titans, but had no receptions in a game for the first time in his career. He also played the following week against the New York Giants, but again recorded no receptions and was used mainly as a decoy. The injury eventually sidelined him for three straight weeks. He returned to the lineup in Week 12 with a touchdown catch against the Jacksonville Jaguars. He closed out the regular season with consecutive games going over the 100-yard mark with a touchdown in Weeks 14 and 15 against the Seattle Seahawks and Detroit Lions.

Even though he finished the season with 13 touchdowns in 13 games, he posted career lows in receptions (49) and receiving yards (767). 2004 was the first season in his career that he failed to reach the 1,000-yard mark.

On January 9, 2005, the Minnesota Vikings played division rival Green Bay Packers in an NFC Wild Card Round. Moss finished the game with four catches for 70 yards and two touchdowns in the 31–17 win. After the second score, Moss trotted to the end zone goalpost and feigned pulling down his pants to moon the Green Bay fans. NFL on Fox announcer Joe Buck called it a "disgusting act." Moss was fined $10,000 for his actions. Though the Vikings would win the game, they would lose in the next round of the playoffs to the Philadelphia Eagles, and Moss was traded at the end of the season.

Oakland Raiders

On March 2, 2005, Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders' first (7th overall, which Minnesota parlayed into wide receiver Troy Williamson) and seventh-round picks in the 2005 NFL Draft. Adding a player of Moss's caliber generated optimism in Oakland. In his Raiders debut, Moss had five receptions for 130 yards and a touchdown in the 30–20 loss to the New England Patriots. In the following game, he had five receptions for 127 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 23–17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. The Raiders' poor play was a theme throughout the season, while Moss suffered nagging injuries which limited his production. He surpassed the 1,000 mark on the final day of the 2005 season with seven receptions for 116 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns against the New York Giants. He finished the year with 1,005 receiving yards on 60 catches as the Raiders went 4–12.

In Week 7 of the 2006 season, Moss had seven receptions for 129 yards and one touchdown in the 22–9 victory over the Arizona Cardinals. Moss recorded 553 yards and three touchdowns on 42 receptions in 2006.

Moss was not happy in Oakland, and on November 14, 2006, when he was honored as a kick returner by having a college football award named after him, he responded to questions about his dropped passes and lackluster effort in several games. Moss said, "Maybe because I'm unhappy and I'm not too much excited about what's going on, so, my concentration and focus level tend to go down sometimes when I'm in a bad mood". Days later, he reiterated his unhappiness with losing games and being a member of the Raiders on his weekly segment with Fox Sports Radio, saying, "I might want to look forward to moving somewhere else next year to have another start and really feel good about going out here and playing football".

New England Patriots

2007 season

There were rumors leading up to the 2007 NFL Draft that the Raiders were eager to part ways with Randy Moss through a trade. First-year Raiders head coach Lane Kiffin went so far as to contact their division rival Denver Broncos to "gauge interest", but the Patriots and Green Bay Packers were the two teams most interested in acquiring Moss. Packers quarterback Brett Favre, who once said, "There is no one in this league who puts fear in people more than Randy Moss," tried to persuade team management to trade for him, but a deal that both sides could agree to did not get done.

During the first day of the NFL Draft, the Patriots and Raiders discussed the trade several times before reaching an agreement. Bill Belichick spoke with Moss for the first time about the possibility of joining the Patriots at 2:30 Sunday morning. Moss boarded a plane and arrived in Boston later that morning on April 29 and was required to pass a team administered physical. Once he was cleared by Patriots officials, the teams completed a trade that sent Randy Moss to New England for a fourth-round selection in the 2007 NFL Draft. The Patriots had acquired the draft pick the previous day from the San Francisco 49ers, and the Raiders selected John Bowie.

One of the conditions of the trade was that Randy Moss would have to restructure his contract for salary cap reasons. Just hours before the Moss trade was completed, New England quarterback Tom Brady converted $5.28 million of his 2007 base salary into a signing bonus that was spread out over the remaining portion of his contract so that it could free up cap room. This enabled the Patriots to absorb Moss's incoming contract under the salary cap. Moss had two years remaining on his current deal and was scheduled to earn $9.75 million in 2007 and $11.25 million in 2008. Once the Patriots had Moss on their roster, he quickly agreed to a new one-year contract to replace his old one. The new deal gave him a $500,000 signing bonus, a base salary of $2.5 million, and the ability to earn an additional $1.75 million in incentives.

"I'm still in awe that I'm a part of this organization," Moss said, clearly thrilled to join a team that could contend for the Super Bowl and to work with Coach Belichick. "I think that he's the kind of coach that can motivate me. He has a proven track record."

In the first week of training camp, during an 11-on-11 passing drill, Moss suffered a hamstring injury to his left leg. As a precaution, the injury prevented Moss from participating in any preseason games and he missed much of the rest of camp.

His first action in a Patriots uniform came against the New York Jets in Week 1. He quickly quieted critics who claimed that his skills had deteriorated by hauling in nine receptions for 181 yards, including a 51-yard touchdown reception in which he ran past three Jets defenders. He followed up the Jets game with three consecutive games, wins over the San Diego Chargers, Buffalo Bills, and Cincinnati Bengals, going over the 100-yard mark with two receiving touchdowns in each. In Week 7 against the Miami Dolphins, he had four receptions for 122 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 49–28 victory. In Week 9, against the Indianapolis Colts, he had nine receptions for 145 yards and a touchdown in the 24–20 victory. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his game against the Colts.

On November 4, 2007, James Black, NFL Editor for Yahoo! Sports wrote, "Every week, in addition to out-leaping at least one defender for a touchdown, [Moss] keeps making incredible one-handed grabs that make you mutter, 'How the heck did he come up with that?'" Two weeks later, he caught a career-high four touchdowns against the Buffalo Bills, all in the first half. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his game against the Bills. In Week 14, he had seven receptions for 135 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 34–13 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers.

On December 29, the Patriots defeated the New York Giants 38–35, finishing their regular season with a perfect 16–0 record. Moss caught two touchdown passes for a total of 23, breaking the single-season record of 22 touchdown receptions previously set by Jerry Rice (in 12 games in the strike-shortened 1987 season). On the same play, Tom Brady broke Peyton Manning's single-season record set in 2004 with his 50th touchdown pass. Moss recorded 98 catches for 1,493 yards in 2007, the highest yardage total in Patriots franchise history and the third-highest total number of catches, after teammate Wes Welker's 112 catches that same season and Troy Brown's 101 in 2001. He earned his sixth Pro Bowl selection and fourth first team All-Pro nomination. His 2007 season featured touchdowns in 13 of 16 games (including eight multi-touchdown games), nine 100-yard games, and six touchdown receptions of 40 or more yards. For the second-time in his NFL career, Moss was part of a team that broke the NFL single-season scoring record.

Despite his record-breaking 2007 season, Moss was relatively quiet in the playoffs, going two consecutive games without a touchdown for the first time all season. The Patriots defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Divisional Round and the San Diego Chargers in the AFC Championship. However, in Super Bowl XLII, against the New York Giants, he scored the go-ahead touchdown with 2:42 left in the fourth quarter on a six-yard pass from Tom Brady. The score was not enough for the heavily favored Patriots to end their only undefeated season with a Super Bowl win. Eli Manning drove the Giants down the field, connecting with Plaxico Burress for the game-winning touchdown and an upset over the Patriots. Two deep throws from Brady to Moss on 3rd & 20 and 4th & 20 on the Patriots final drive fell incomplete.

2008 season

On February 28, 2008, Moss became a free agent after the Patriots decided not to place the franchise tag on Moss. Although the Dallas Cowboys, Philadelphia Eagles, and Green Bay Packers were rumored to have interest in Moss, he decided to return to the Patriots, signing a three-year, $27 million deal on March 3, 2008. The contract included a $12 million signing bonus, and a total of $14.1 million guaranteed.

The first game of the 2008 season saw Brady suffer a torn ACL in his left knee while attempting a pass to Moss. The play occurred in the first half against the Kansas City Chiefs when safety Bernard Pollard dove at Brady's leg while in his throwing motion. Moss described what he saw on the play by saying "any time you see something like that, that looks foul, it looks dirty, it opens your eyes. So, me personally, it looked dirty." Matt Cassel replaced Brady for the rest of the season. In Week 12 against the Miami Dolphins, he had eight receptions for 125 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns in the 48–28 victory.

In 2008, Moss hauled in 69 catches for 1,008 yards and 11 touchdowns despite losing quarterback Tom Brady in the first game of the season.

2009 season
In the season opener of 2009, Moss caught a career-high 12 passes for 141 yards in a comeback 25–24 victory over the Buffalo Bills. In Week 5 against the Denver Broncos, Moss was placed deep in coverage on a Broncos Hail Mary attempt to end the first half, and intercepted Broncos quarterback Kyle Orton. In a snowy Week 6 game against the winless Tennessee Titans, Moss caught three touchdown passes from Tom Brady, two of them in the second quarter of the 59–0 victory as Brady set a record for most touchdown passes in a single quarter with five.

During the Patriots' bye week, Belichick stated that Moss "is the smartest receiver he's ever been around." He compared Moss's ability to see the field and anticipate plays to that of Tom Brady, and to Lawrence Taylor, who Belichick coached with the New York Giants. He said Moss not only knows what he's doing on a play, but what everybody else on the field is doing as well. "That's what makes them special. They just have a sixth, seventh sense", Belichick said. This sentiment was repeated when Moss was inducted into the Hall of Fame, as Belichick went further to say he learned from Moss.

In Week 9 against the Miami Dolphins, Moss recorded six catches for 147 yards and one touchdown in the 27–17 victory. The touchdown reception was the 140th of his career, which moved him into a tie for second place with Terrell Owens.

The following week, in a prime time Sunday night matchup against the Indianapolis Colts, Moss had 179 yards and two touchdowns, including a 63-yard touchdown in the second quarter that moved him ahead of Terrell Owens for sole possession of second place in career touchdown receptions. In the 35–34 loss, he became just the 11th player in NFL history with 900+ receptions and the seventh player to reach 14,000+ career receiving yards.

In Week 16 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Moss had three receiving touchdowns in the 35–7 victory.

He finished the season with 83 receptions for 1,264 receiving yards and 13 receiving touchdowns. His 13 receiving touchdowns tied for the league lead. New England lost in the AFC Wild Card Round to the Baltimore Ravens 33–14. He was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-2000s first team.

2010 season
In the week leading up to the Patriots' 2010 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals, Moss, who was entering the final year of his contract told CBS Sports that he "did not feel wanted" in New England absent a contract extension offer. Moss went on to catch five passes for 59 yards in Week 1. After the game, Moss told reporters that it would be his final season with the Patriots. The Boston Herald reported weeks later that Moss requested a trade following the game.

Moss had two receptions in Week 2 against the New York Jets, including a 34-yard touchdown that he caught one-handed after All-Pro cornerback Darrelle Revis pulled a hamstring. The following week against the Buffalo Bills, Moss had two more catches, both for touchdowns. His final game in New England came in Week 4 on Monday Night Football against the Miami Dolphins; he did not record a catch in the game for the first time in his Patriots career as a touchdown pass attempt off a fake spike bounced off his hands in the end zone.

Minnesota Vikings (second stint)
Two days after the Patriots' game against Miami, Moss was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, in exchange for the Vikings' third-round selection (later used to select quarterback Ryan Mallett) in the 2011 NFL Draft. The Patriots also sent a 2012 seventh-round selection to the Vikings as part of the trade.

On November 1, less than four weeks after being traded to Minnesota, Vikings head coach Brad Childress told Vikings players in a team meeting that Moss was going to be waived by the team, one day after he criticized Childress and teammates in a press conference following the Vikings' loss to the Patriots at Gillette Stadium. Just before the press conference, Moss reportedly told team owner Zygi Wilf that Childress was unfit to coach in the NFL and should be fired. Wilf reportedly considered firing Childress and keeping Moss, but Moss was officially waived the next day, November 2. Childress was eventually fired on November 22.

Tennessee Titans
Moss was claimed off waivers by the Tennessee Titans, the only team to submit a claim, on November 3, 2010. Moss played eight games with the Titans, starting four. He made six catches for 80 yards and no touchdowns.

Moss finished the 2010 season with career lows in receptions (28) and receiving yards (393). The Titans stated that they did not plan to re-sign Moss for the 2011 season, and he became a free agent.

Initial retirement and comeback
On August 1, 2011, Moss's agent, Joel Segal, announced Moss's decision to retire from professional football.

On February 13, 2012, his 35th birthday, Moss announced that he was coming out of retirement and was ready to play again.

San Francisco 49ers

On March 12, 2012, Moss signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers for undisclosed financial terms after a workout with the team's head coach Jim Harbaugh. On September 9, 2012, Moss caught his 154th touchdown reception, and subsequently passed Terrell Owens for sole possession of second on the all-time receiving touchdown list. After Alex Smith suffered a concussion against the St. Louis Rams in week 10, Colin Kaepernick took over as the team's quarterback, and Moss had at least two receptions in each of the remaining five games of the regular season. He finished the season with 28 catches for 434 yards and three touchdowns. Since the retirement of Terrell Owens at the end of 2010, he had been the NFL's active leader in receiving yards. Moss eventually went on to play in Super Bowl XLVII, where he had two receptions for 41 yards in a 34–31 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

NFL records and career notables
 Most touchdown receptions in a season – 23 (2007)
 Most touchdown receptions by a rookie in a season – 17 (1998)
 Most seasons with 17 or more touchdown receptions – 3 (1998, 2003, 2007)
 Most seasons with 16 or more touchdown receptions – 3 (1998, 2003, 2007)
 Most seasons with 11 or more touchdown receptions – 8 – tied with Jerry Rice
 Most seasons with 10 or more touchdown receptions – 9 – tied with Jerry Rice
 Most games in a season with at least two touchdown receptions – 8 (2007)
 One of three players to have at least 1,600 receiving yards and 16 receiving touchdowns in a season
 Most yards receiving in a Pro Bowl game – 212 (2000)
 Most touchdowns scored in first ten games with a new team – 16 (2007)
 Most 1,200+ yard receiving seasons to start a career – 6 (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003)
 Moss has averaged at least one receiving touchdown per game played in four different seasons: 1998 (17 TDs in 16 games), 2003 (17 in 16), 2004 (13 in 13), and 2007 (23 in 16)
 Youngest player in NFL history to record his 100th receiving touchdown (29 years, 235 days)
 Youngest player in NFL history to record his 120th receiving touchdown (30 years, 313 days)
 Most touchdown receptions before 30th birthday – 101
 Fastest player to reach 5,000 career receiving yards – 59 games (broke record of 61 games by Jerry Rice)
 Youngest player to reach 5,000 career receiving yards (24 years, 292 days)
 Highest career yards per catch average for any player with 900+ receptions – 15.6 yards per reception
 Most offensive touchdowns in first two seasons: 28 (Tied with Rob Gronkowski)

Career highlights
 6× Pro Bowl selection
 4× First-team All-Pro selection
 6x Player of the Week (4 NFC, 2 AFC)
 November 2007 AFC Offensive Player of the Month
 1998 Offensive Rookie of the Year (Associated Press and PFWA)
 1998 Sporting News Rookie of the Year
 1998 PFWA All-Rookie Team
 2007 PFWA Comeback Player of the Year
 NFL 2000s All-Decade Team
 NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
 Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor
 50 Greatest Vikings
 New England Patriots All-2000s Team
 New England Patriots All-Dynasty Team
 Second-place on the Minnesota Vikings all-time receiving touchdown list with 92.
 Tied for third-place with Ben Coates on the New England Patriots all-time receiving touchdown list with 50
 Caught his 100th touchdown pass in 2006 against San Francisco, the seventh player to do so
 Most receiving touchdowns in a single-season for the New England Patriots, with his NFL-record 23 in 2007
 Holds the record for most touchdowns in Minnesota Vikings playoff history with 9
 10× 1,000+ yard receiving seasons – 2nd all-time
 64 career 100-yard games – 2nd all-time; most recent November 15, 2009
 156 touchdown receptions – 2nd all-time
 15,292 receiving yards – 4th all-time
 Holds the Vikings record for most 100-yard receiving games with 41
 Has two touchdowns or more in 39 different games (including 3 in the postseason); most recent September 26, 2010
 Has two touchdown receptions or more in 37 different games – (2nd all-time)
 Has three touchdown receptions or more in nine different games – (tied for 2nd all-time)
 Had an interception while playing defense in the last few seconds of the first half of the Patriots' game against the Denver Broncos on October 11, 2009
 Has four career two-point conversions

Outside football

Charity
Moss has participated in, founded, and financed many charitable endeavors since joining the NFL, particularly aimed at helping children. Many times when talking about his charity work, he has said he just looks forward to "seeing smiles." He has donated clothing and food to needy families, given away free backpacks to Boston area school-children, and hosted autograph signings. He has also bussed children to amusement parks, NBA games, and even NFL games in which he has played.

On June 29, 2005, he hosted the Randy Moss Celebrity Charity Invitational Bass Tournament. The tournament was a one-day event that paired celebrities and corporate sponsors with pro fishermen to raise money for the Smile Network, which is a foundation that provides financial assistance to children with treatable mouth problems, such as cleft palate. The tournaments motto is "fish for a smile."

In 2008, Moss formed the Links for Learning foundation, which was established to help children in his home state of West Virginia, and to build learning centers for the most needy student populations. In June, he and his former high school teammate Jason Williams hosted the foundations first annual charity golf tournament at the Sleepy Hollow Country Club in Hurricane, West Virginia. In March 2009, Moss's foundation made a donation that enabled the Women and Children's Hospital of Charleston, West Virginia to purchase a Starlight Children's Foundation 'Fun Center' for their patients. The 'Fun Center' is a portable bedside entertainment system equipped with a TV, DVD player, and 22 Nintendo Wii games.

Randy Moss Motorsports

On April 29, 2008, Moss announced the formation of Randy Moss Motorsports, an auto racing team in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. In July 2008, Moss announced that he had bought a 50 percent share in Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, with the team's No. 46 entry switching to No. 81. The team was reportedly shut down in 2012.

Analyst career
Upon his release from the 49ers, Moss was hired as an analyst for Fox Sports 1's Fox Football Daily show. Moss was hired as an associate head coach and defensive coordinator at Victory Christian Center High School in Charlotte, North Carolina, in June 2014, where his son was attending high school and playing football.

In July 2016, Moss joined ESPN as an analyst, appearing on Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018. In 2019, Moss was named to the National Football League 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.

Personal life
Moss's parents are Maxine Moss and Randy Pratt. Moss has little contact with his father. He has a sister named Lutisia and had a brother Eric, who had a short stint in the NFL as an offensive tackle with the Minnesota Vikings. Moss has five children: Lexi Adkins, Sydney, Senali, Thaddeus, and Montigo. Moss is also a Christian, attested by his NFL Hall of Fame Speech.

Traffic incident
On September 24, 2002, in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, Moss was driving and was preparing to make an illegal turn. A traffic control officer, noticing what he was about to do, stood in front of his vehicle and ordered him to stop. Eyewitness accounts of the event differ at this point, but Moss did not comply with the officer's order, and she was bumped by his vehicle and fell to the ground. Moss was arrested, and a search of his vehicle revealed a joint amounting to less than a gram of marijuana in his ashtray. Initially charged with felony Suspicion of Assault with a Deadly Weapon and a misdemeanor marijuana possession, Moss spent the night in jail and was released the following morning. Moss pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor traffic violation and was ordered to pay a $1,200 fine and perform 40 hours of community service. While the criminal charges were thus disposed of, the civil lawsuit filed by the traffic control officer brought a substantial penalty fine "in the low to mid six figures". Moss claimed that the joint was not his, and that he had let friends use his car prior to the accident.

Marijuana use
In April 1996, Moss smoked a joint just prior to turning himself in to jail. He was scheduled to finish the remainder of his 30-day sentence for misdemeanor battery while in high school. During his first week in jail, Moss was given a drug test that came back positive. He was placed in solitary confinement for a week and had 60 days attached to his 27-day sentence. Coach Bobby Bowden revoked his scholarship and Moss was dismissed from Florida State University for the failed drug test.

Moss tested positive in 2001 for marijuana under the NFL's substance abuse program and was subject to additional random drug screening for two years. A first time violation of the NFL's drug policy can result in up to 10 tests per month. Moss did not fail an NFL drug test again, and was rotated out of the program after two years.

In August 2005, during an interview with Bryant Gumbel, Moss admitted that he has smoked marijuana during his NFL career "every blue moon." When asked whether he still used marijuana currently, Moss replied "I might. I might have fun. And, you know, hopefully ... I won't get into any trouble by the NFL by saying that, you know. I have had fun throughout my years and, you know, predominantly in the offseason." The interview drew criticism from the league office, and his agent tried to spin it that his words were taken out of context. In response, Moss said "That was really me talking in the past tense of way back in the beginning of my career and my childhood – especially in high school and college."

Dating violence allegations
On January 15, 2008, Orlando-based radio station WDBO reported that Moss "had" been hit with a temporary injunction for protection against dating violence. According to the affidavit, Moss committed battery upon Rachelle Washington, causing serious injury, and then refused to allow her to seek medical attention. The affidavit out of Broward County reveals Moss cannot come within 500 feet of the victim and cannot use or possess firearms.
The next day, in a locker room press conference, Moss claimed the woman was simply looking for money "over an accident." On March 3, 2008, Washington filed papers with the Broward County Circuit Court clerk's office requesting that the restraining order be dissolved. No criminal charges were filed in the incident.

See also
 List of Minnesota Vikings first-round draft picks
 List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders
 List of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders
 List of National Football League career scoring leaders
 List of National Football League annual receiving touchdowns leaders
 List of National Football League records (individual)
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly scoring leaders

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
African-American motorsport people
African-American players of American football
African-American sports journalists
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football wide receivers
ESPN people
Florida State Seminoles football players
Marshall Thundering Herd football players
Marshall Thundering Herd men's track and field athletes
Minnesota Vikings players
NASCAR team owners
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners
New England Patriots players
Oakland Raiders players
Sportspeople from Kanawha County, West Virginia
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Charleston, West Virginia
Tennessee Titans players

Randy Moss


Christian Mathis (d. 28 Haziran 1973), sahne adıyla Trick-Trick, Afrikalı-Amerikan rap müzisyenidir. Detroitli rapçinin 2 albümü var ve Eminem'le birlikte çalışıyor.

Çalışmaları

Stüdyo albümleri
 2005: The People vs.
 2008: The Villain

Diğer albümleri
 2010: Straight Off 7 Mile
 2011: The Landlord
 2014: The Godfather 3
 2016: Outlaw
 2018: SmokeGang

Single'ları
 2005: "Welcome 2 Detroit" (featuring Eminem)
 2006: "Attitude Adjustment" (featuring Jazze Pha)
 2007: "Let's Work"
 2008: "Let It Fly" (featuring Ice Cube & Lil Jon)
 2008: "Who Want It" (featuring Eminem)
 2011: "I Made It" (featuring D12)
 2013: "Smoke Weed Everyday"
 2014: "Twerk Dat Pop That" (featuring Eminem & Royce da 5'9")
 2014: "Detroit Vs. Everybody" (Eminem, Royce da 5'9", Big Sean, Danny Brown & DeJ Loaf ile)

Dış bağlantılar

Detroit doğumlular
Amerikalı rap şarkıcıları
Yaşayan insanlar
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek rapçiler

Trick-Trick


The Fourth Air Force (4 AF) is a numbered air force of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC). It is headquartered at March Air Reserve Base, California.

4 AF directs the activities and supervises the training of more than 30,000 Air Force Reservists.  If called to active duty, 4 AF's ready reserve units would be assigned to Air Mobility Command, Air Education and Training Command, and Pacific Air Forces. Several airfields are associated with the Fourth Air Force.

One of the four original pre–World War II numbered air forces, 4 AF was activated on 18 December 1940, at March Field, California with a mission of air defense of the Southwestern United States and Lower Midwest regions. During the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces.

4 AF is commanded by Brigadier General Derin S. Durham.

Units
Fourth Air Force flying units include one unit-equipped air mobility and two unit-equipped airlift wings, five unit-equipped air refueling wings, three associate air mobility wings, two associate airlift wings and one associate air refueling wing.

 Headquarters, Fourth Air Force, March ARB, California

 315th Airlift Wing, Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina
 C-17 Globemaster III
 349th Air Mobility Wing, Travis AFB, California
 C-5 Galaxy, KC-10 Extender, C-17 Globemaster III
 433d Airlift Wing, Lackland AFB, Texas
 C-5 Galaxy
 434th Air Refueling Wing, Grissom ARB, Indiana
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 439th Airlift Wing, Westover ARB, Massachusetts
 C-5 Galaxy
 445th Airlift Wing, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 C-17 Globemaster III
 446th Airlift Wing, McChord AFB, Washington
 C-17 Globemaster III
 452d Air Mobility Wing, March ARB, California
 C-17 Globemaster III, KC-135R Stratotanker
 459th Air Refueling Wing, Andrews AFB, Maryland
 KC-135R Stratotanker

 507th Air Refueling Wing, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 512th Airlift Wing, Dover AFB, Delaware
 C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster III
 514th Air Mobility Wing, McGuire AFB, New Jersey
 KC-10 Extender, C-17 Globemaster III
 624th Regional Support Group, Hickam AFB, Hawaii
 914th Air Refueling Wing, Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, New York
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 916th Air Refueling Wing, Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 927th Air Refueling Wing, MacDill AFB, Florida
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 931st Air Refueling Wing, McConnell AFB, Kansas
 KC-135R Stratotanker
 940th Air Refueling Wing, Beale AFB, California
 KC-135R Stratotanker
911th Airlift Wing, Pittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania
C-17 Globemaster III

History
One of the four original numbered air forces, Fourth Air Force was activated as the Southwest Air District of the GHQ Air Force on 18 December 1940, at March Field, California. It was redesignated Fourth Air Force on 26 March 1941 with a mission for the defense of the Southwest and Lower Midwest regions of the United States.

World War II

During World War II Fourth Air Force was the primary air defense command for the West Coast. The command also flew antisubmarine patrols along coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico from after Pearl Harbor until October 1942. One of its primary fighter units was the 10th Fighter Wing at Hamilton Field, California.

On 29 September 1942, Rice Municipal Airport located in the Desert Training Center was acquired by the IV Air Support Command, and was operational by 26 October 1942. Re-designated Rice AAF it was used to train pilots and crews of aircraft whose mission it was to support ground troops.

Beginning in May 1942, the mission of Fourth Air Force became operational training of units and crews, and the replacement training of individuals for bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations. It received graduates of Army Air Forces Training Command flight schools; navigator training; flexible gunnery schools and various technical schools, organized them into newly activated combat groups and squadrons, and provided operational unit training (OTU) and replacement training (RTU) to prepare groups and replacements for deployment overseas to combat theaters. The Fourth Air Force became predominantly a fighter OTU and RTU organization. Most P-51 Mustang and P-38 Lightning groups were trained by Fourth Air Force primarily due to the proximity of their manufacturing plants in Southern California. By 1944, most of the Operational Training of groups ended, with the command concentrating on RTU training of individual replacements using Army Air Force Base Units (AAFBU) as training organizations at the airfields controlled by Fourth Air Force.

Air Defense Wings were also organized for the major metropolitan areas along the West Coast, using training units attached to the Wings. By 1944 the likelihood of a full-scale air attack along the West Coast since the bombing of Dutch Harbor two years earlier was remote, and these air defense wings were reduced to paper units.

On 13 December 1944, First, Second, Third and Fourth Air Force were all placed under the unified command of the Continental Air Forces.

Air Defense Command
In March 1946, USAAF Chief General Carl Spaatz had undertaken a major re-organization of the postwar USAAF that had included the establishment of Major Commands (MAJCOM), who would report directly to HQ United States Army Air Forces.  Continental Air Forces was inactivated, and Fourth Air Force was assigned to the postwar Air Defense Command in March 1946 and subsequently to Continental Air Command (ConAC) in December 1948 being primarily concerned with air defense.

The command was headquartered at Hamilton AFB, California and originally assigned the region of the CONUS west of the Rocky Mountains, roughly from the Pacific Ocean coast east to the eastern borders of, and .  It was also responsible for training Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard personnel throughout the region.

By 1949 with the establishment of the Western Air Defense Force (WADF), the air defense mission of the command was transferred to WADF, leaving Fourth AF free to focus on its reserve training tasks, which it did for the next decade. On 1 September 1960, Air Defense Command inactivated Fourth Air Force, transferring its reserve training mission to the Sixth Air Force Reserve Region.

Fourth Air Force was re-activated on 20 January 1966 again at Hamilton AFB, as part of Air Defense Command with the inactivation of its organization of Air Defense Sectors.  Its area of responsibility was essentially unchanged from its 1948 region.  Subordinate organizations assigned by ADC were the 25th 26th and 27th Air Divisions.

On 16 January 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) as part of a restructuring of USAF air defense forces. Fourth Air Force's second period of service was short-lived, however, and the command was again inactivated as the result of a major ADCOM reorganization on 31 December 1969 of the First Fourth, Tenth Air Forces and several Air Divisions. This reorganization was the result of the need to eliminate intermediate levels of command in ADCOM driven by budget reductions and a perceived lessening of the need for continental air defense against attacking Soviet aircraft.

ADCOM reassigned the units under the inactivated Fourth Air Force were reassigned primarily to the 25th and 26th Air Divisions.

Air Force Reserve

The command remained inactive until 8 October 1976, when it was activated as Fourth Air Force (Reserve) at McClellan Air Force Base, CA, and assigned to the Air Force Reserve. Fourth Air Force has been a key component of the Air Force reserve ever since.

Fourth Air Force personnel supported operations in Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and Panama (Operation Just Cause). More than 8,000 Air Force Reservists assigned to Fourth Air Force units served in the United States, Europe, and the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. This included more than 2,878 medical personnel assigned to Fourth Air Force units.

Since the end of the Cold War, Fourth Air Force has supported humanitarian missions such as Provide Promise in the Balkans and Provide Relief and Restore Hope in Somalia. Units rushed to provide aid and rescue service to the residents of Florida, the Gulf Coast, and the Caribbean in the aftermath of the traumatic and prolonged 1995 hurricane season. It supported immediate assistance to aid victims and disaster officials following the bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building. Fourth Air Force units provided assistance for several natural disasters, including the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the Los Angeles area, and the catastrophic midwest floods and the California wildfires in 1993.

Fourth Air Force units routinely support United Nations and Department of State missions. Fourth Air Force people were on the first teams into Haiti for Operation Uphold Democracy, and supported Vigilant Warrior and Desert Thunder deployments to Southwest Asia. The men and women of Fourth Air Force continue to perform international peacekeeping and humanitarian missions on an almost daily basis.  Headquarters Fourth Air Force officially returned to its original home, now March Air Reserve Base, in Riverside, CA, in April, 1998.

In 2003 Fourth Air Force became an intermediate echelon responsible primarily for all Air Mobility Command gained AFRC air refueling units in the United States and AMC gained AFRC strategic airlift units in the western United States. Today the sixty person staff consists of Traditional Reservists, Air Reserve Technicians and civilian employees. They direct the activities and supervise the equipping and training of more than 30,000 Air Force reservists in unit programs located across the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii and Guam. Reservists from 4 AF units were routinely deployed with Air Expeditionary units to fight in the Afghanistan War (2001-2021); the Iraq War (2003-2011); and later anti-ISIS (Daesh) operations.

Lineage
 Established as Southwest Air District on 19 October 1940
 Activated on 18 December 1940
 Redesignated: 4 Air Force on 26 March 1941
 Redesignated; Fourth Air Force on 18 September 1942
 Discontinued, and inactivated on 1 September 1960
 Activated on 20 January 1966
 Organized on 1 April 1966
 Inactivated on 30 September 1969
 Redesignated Fourth Air Force (Reserve) on 24 September 1976
 Activated in the Reserve on 8 October 1976
 Redesignated Fourth Air Force on 1 December 1985.

Assignments
 General Headquarters Air Force (later, Air Force Combat Command), 18 December 1940
 Western Defense Command, 11 December 1941
 United States Army Air Forces, 10 September 1943
 Continental Air Forces, 13 December 1944
 Air Defense Command, 21 March 1946
 Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948 – 1 September 1960
 Air (later, Aerospace) Defense Command, 20 January 1966 – 30 September 1969
 Air Force Reserve (later, Air Force Reserve Command), 8 October 1976 – .

Stations
 March Field, California, 18 December 1940
 Riverside, California, 20 January 1941
 Hamilton Field, California, 7 December 1941
 San Francisco, California, 5 January 1942
 Hamilton Field (later, AFB), California, 19 June 1946 – 1 September 1960; 1 April 1966 – 30 September 1969
 McClellan Air Force Base, California, 8 October 1976
 March ARB, California, 1 April 1998 – present

Components

Commands
 I Staging: 19 November 1945 – 3 April 1946
 4th Air Force Service (later, 4th Air Force Base; IV Air Force Base): 1 October 1941 – 31 March 1942
 4th Air Support (later, IV Air Support; IV Ground Air Support): 3 September 1941 – 17 August 1942
 4th Antiaircraft: 1 May 1944 – 6 February 1946
 Bomber Command, 4th Air Force (later, 4th Bomber, IV Bomber): 11 April – 19 September 1941; 19 September 1941 – 31 March 1944
 Interceptor Command, 4th Air Force (later, 4th Interceptor, IV Interceptor; IV Fighter): 22 April – 8 July 1941; 8 July 1941 – 31 March 1944.
 IV Emergency Rescue (Provisional): 30 December 1943 – 22 January 1944.
 Antiaircraft Artillery (Provisional): 27 December 1943 – 30 April 1944.

Regions
 Los Angeles Air Defense Region: 1 Jul 1944 – 31 Aug 1945
 San Francisco Air Defense Region: 1 Jul 1944 – 31 Aug 1945
 Seattle Air Defense Region: 1 Jul 1944 – 31 Aug 1945
 Sixth Air Force Reserve Region: 1 Jul – 1 Sep 1960.

District
 4th Air Reserve District: 1 Dec 1951 – 1 Apr 1954.

Air Divisions
 25th Air Division (later, 25th Air): 25 October 1948 – 1 April 1949; 8 July 1949 – 1 August 1950 (detached 10 November 1949 – 1 August 1950); 1 April 1966 – 15 September 1969.
 26th Air Division: 1 April 1966 – 30 September 1969.
 27th Air Division: 1 April 1966 – 15 September 1969
 28th Air Division: 8 December 1949 – 1 August 1950 (detached 1 January – 1 August 1950).

Sectors
 Los Angeles Air Defense Sector: 1 Apr – 25 Jun 1966
 Reno Air Defense Sector: 1 Apr – 25 Jun 1966

Wing
 552d Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing, 1 April 1966 – 15 September 1969

Groups (incomplete)
 64th Transport Group, 4 December 1940 - 31 March 1942
 473d Fighter Group, 1 November 1943 – 31 March 1944

List of commanders

Fourth Air Force (1940–1960)

Fourth Air Force (1966–1969)

Fourth Air Force (1976–present)

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
  A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.

External links
 Fourth Air Force Factheet
 March Field Air Museum Official site
 The Museum is located off the grounds of the Base and displays in its aircraft collection examples bombers, fighters, cargo, refueling and reconnaissance aircraft, many of which served at March Field, March AFB and/or March ARB.

American Theater of World War II
Military units and formations in California
Military units and formations established in 1942
 Air Force 04
04
04

Fourth Air Force


Le 815 Naval Air Squadron ou 815 NAS, surnommé les Strike Deep, est un escadron de la Royal Navy du Fleet Air Arm. Il est actuellement équipé de l'hélicoptère d'attaque HMA2 Wildcat et est basé à la Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton (RNAS Yeovilton) dans le Somerset. L'escadron a été formé en 1939, dissout et reformé plusieurs fois, la dernière fois en 1981.
C'est le Wildcat Naval Air Squadron de première ligne de la Marine et il est le plus grand escadron d'hélicoptères d'Europe occidentale avec 15 unités.

Historique

Origine
L'escadron s'est formé au  le , à partir des restes des escadrons  et  qui avaient survécu au naufrage de leur porte-avions  en septembre 1939, avec des avions Fairey Swordfish. L'escadron s'est dissout en novembre 1939 mais s'est reformé le même mois.

Seconde guerre mondiale

En mai 1940, l'escadron apporta son soutien à l'évacuation de Dunkerque. En juin 1940, l'escadron embarque sur le  pour la Méditerranée, attaquant Benghazi, Rhodes et Tobrouk.L'escadron participe à la bataille de Tarente en novembre 1940. En mars 1941, l'escadron participe à la bataille du cap Matapan. Rééquipé en août 1941, avec un mélange d'avions Fairey Swordfish et Fairey Albacore, il participe à l'appui de la campagne nord-africaine. En juillet 1943, le 815 Squadron est affecté au  puis participe à l'Opération Husky le 10 juillet 1943, avant sa dissolution.

L'escadron s'est reformé en octobre 1943 au  pour opérer le bombardier-torpilleur Fairey Barracuda, depuis le  avec l'Eastern Fleet, attaquant des cibles à Sumatra (août-septembre 1944). En novembre 1944, l'escadron se dissout et se reforme en décembre au RNAS Machrihanish (HMS Landrail), pilotant des Barracudas pour des opérations anti-sous-marines, le mois suivant étant consacré à l'entraînement à l'appontage sur le. L'escadron a été transféré en Extrême-Orient à bord du  mais n'a vu aucune action avant le VJ-Day et est retourné au Royaume-Uni en septembre 1945 à bord du .

Après-guerre

L'escadron s'est dissout quelque temps après la guerre et s'est reformé en 1947 à partir du 744 Naval Air Squadron, pilotant des Grumman TBF Avenger, qui ont été remplacés par des Fairey Gannet, le dernier avion à voilure fixe de l'escadron lors de sa dissolution au Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose (HMS Seahawk), en juillet 1958.

Transition sur hélicoptère
En septembre 1958, l'escadron s'est reformé sur des hélicoptères Westland Whirlwind HAS.7, passant au . L'escadron s'est finalement dissout en août 1959 en étant renuméroté en . L'escadron se reforme à nouveau le 8 septembre 1959, toujours sur Whirlwind et après une tournée en Extrême-Orient sur le , il se dissout à nouveau en décembre 1960.

Le 4 juillet 1961, l'escadron a été remis en service au RNAS Culdrose avec le Westland Wessex HAS.1. L'escadron s'est embarqué sur le  en novembre 1961, puis sur le  en 1964 et a fourni un soutien contre les troubles à Aden et au Tanganyika (aujourd'hui la Tanzanie). Après un déploiement final sur Ark Royal, l'unité s'est dissoute au RNAS Culdrose en octobre 1966.

En janvier 1981, après une interruption d'environ 15 ans, l'escadron a été remis en service au RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron) avec le Lynx HAS.2 comme escadron de quartier général pour les vols de Lynx embarqués. Il a ensuite déménagé au  en 1982 et il a participé à la guerre des Malouines de 1982. Les vols ont été partagés avec le 829 Naval Air Squadron jusqu'à leur fusion en 1993, pour devenir le plus grand escadron d'hélicoptères au monde. En 1998-1999, après une absence de près de 17 ans, l'unité est revenue au RNAS Yeovilton, avec la fermeture du RNAS Portland.

En septembre 2000, un hélicoptère Lynx du 815 NAS a participé à l'Opération Barras. Plusieurs des hélicoptères Lynx font partie du . En novembre 2012, le Lynx du 217 Flight s'est déployé dans la Corne de l'Afrique pendant quatre mois à bord de la frégate française Surcouf, le premier déploiement prolongé d'un hélicoptère britannique sur un navire de guerre français.

Le Wildcat HMA2 est actuellement l'hélicoptère léger embarqué standard de la Fleet Air Arm. L'escadron exploite actuellement celui-ci depuis le 19 avril 2016, qui a remplacé les Lynx HMA8.

UK Carrier Strike Group 21
Le 815 NAS a embarqué sur le   pour son premier déploiement en 2021, lors de l'United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 21, avec la Fleet Air Arm de la Royal Navy, en tant qu'unité de protection.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Fleet Air Arm
 Histoire de la Royal Navy

Liens externes
  815 Squadron - Site helis.com

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1939
Escadron aéronaval de la Royal Navy

815 Naval Air Squadron


فري باسكال  هو مترجم لغة باسكال وأوبجكت باسكال. وهو حر ومفتوح المصدر وموجود في عدد كبير من أنظمة التشغيل والمنصات مثل لينكس، وندوز، ماكنتوش، آرم.

تم تطويره عن طريق فريق فري باسكال بعد توقف إنتاج شركة بورلاند Turbo Pascal لنظام دوز وتحولها للوندوز متمثل في دلفي.

النسخة الأولى منه صدرت في منتصف عام 2000، وحالياً وصل إلى الإصدارة رقم 2.6

يتوافق فري باسكال مع لغة أوبجكت باسكال الموجودة في دلفي إلى حد كبير ويدعم لغة التجميع داخل كود الباسكال.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

باسكال
برمجيات تستخدم رخصة جنو العمومية
برمجيات حرة متعددة المنصات
برمجيات ماك أو إس
برمجيات متعددة المنصات
برمجيات مورف أو إس
برمجيات ماك أو أس الكلاسيكي
عائلة لغة البرمجة باسكال
لغات برمجة كائنية التوجه
مصرفات

فري باسكال


Ancistrophyllinae podtribus palmi, dio tribusa Lepidocaryeae. Postoje 3 roda, svi u  tropskoj Južnoj Africi.

Tipični rod je Ancistrophyllum, sinonim za Laccosperma.

Rodovi
 Eremospatha (G.Mann & H.Wendl.) Schaedtler
 Laccosperma (G.Mann & H.Wendl.) Drude
 Oncocalamus (G.Mann & H.Wendl.) H.Wendl.

Izvori

Calamoideae

Ancistrophyllinae


في علم الصوتيات، تدوير مصوت يعني نطقه مع ضم الشفاه أو التشفيه. يستخدم مصطلح التدوير عادة بدلا من التشفيه عند الحديث عن المصوتات.

في معظم لغات العالم يكون التدوير مجرد ظاهرة تعزيزية للمصوتات الخلفية المائلة إلى الارتفاع، ويزيد التدوير فيها بزيادة ارتفاع المصوت الخلفي (مثلا الضمة في اللغة العربية)، وبذلك فهي ظاهرة غير مميزة لأن التدوير هو من جنس التأخير كما أن عدم التدوير هو من جنس التقديم. ولكن هناك بعض اللغات التي يتم فيها التمييز بين التأخر والتقدم وبين التدوير؛ على سبيل المثال، تحوي اللغات اليونانية القديمة واللاتينية والفرنسية والألمانية مصوتات أمامية مدورة (حرف υ اليوناني و y اللاتيني و u الفرنسي و ö و ü الألمانيان) وكذلك تحوي اللغات التركية واللغة الفيتنامية مصوتات خلفية غير مدورة. توجد هذه التمايزات أيضا في اللغات الأورالية واللغة الكورية.

يتأثر صوت المصوت المدور بطريقة ضم الشفاه، حيث يمكن أن يكون الضم مقرونا ببروز الشفاه (exolabial)، وهو الشائع في كثير من اللغات ومنها العربية، و يمكن أن لا يكون كذلك (endolabial)، وهذا موجود على سبيل المثال في نطق صوت /u/ الياباني.

مصادر
للكتب الصوتية يرجي زيارة هذا المصدر: من هنا

مراجع

مصوتات

تدوير (صوتيات)


Olympique de Marseille (kısaca OM), 1899'da kurulan Fransız futbol kulübü. Fransa'nın güneyindeki Marsilya şehrinin takımıdır ve maçlarını 67.394 kişilik Vélodrome Stadyumu'nda oynamaktadır.

Marsilya ekibinin armasında bulanan yıldız UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğunu ifade etmektedir.

Geçmişi
Olimpik Marsilya, 1899 yılında René Montmirail tarafından kurulmuştur. Fransa'da en çok kupa sahibi takım olan Marsilya'nın 9 Fransa Ligi, 10 Coupe de France, 3 Coupe de la Ligue ve 1 Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğu bulunmaktadır.

Kulüp, 1904'ten 1937'ye kadar Stade de l'Huveaune'da oynamıştır. 1937'den sonra Vélodrome Stadyumu yapılmıştır. Marsilya kulübü 1924'te Coupe de France'ı kazanan ilk takım oldu. 1937'de ilk lig şampiyonluğunu kazanmıştır. Marsilya tarihinde ilk defa 1959'da Fransa İkinci Ligi'ne düşmüştür. 1960'lı yıllarda kulübün birçok iniş ve çıkışları olmuştur. Bundan sonra kulüp tarihindeki ilk kez 1972'de hem Fransa Kupası hem de lig şampiyonluğuyla çifte kupaya uzandı.

1980'lerin başında karanlık bir dönem geçirerek iflasın eşiğinde gelmiştir. Bernard Tapie'nin kulübe gelmesiyle Marsilya tarihindeki en iyi dönemini yaşamıştır. Bu sürede 4 kez üst üste Fransa ligi şampiyonluğu, 1 Fransa Kupası ve 1992-1993 sezonunda Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğunu elde etmiştir. VA-OM şike davasıyla suçlu bulununca hem kazandığı lig şampiyonluğu elinden alındı hem de Fransa İkinci Ligi'ne düşürüldü. 1996 yılında tekrar Fransa Ligue 1'e yükselen Marsilya 2006 yılında da bu kez kulübün mali hesaplarıyla başı derde girdi. Bu süre içinde hiçbir kupaya uzanamayan Marsilya 1999 ve 2004'te UEFA Kupası finali, 2006 ve 2007'de Fransa Kupası finali ve Fransa Ligue 1'de üç kez ikinci sırada bitirmiştir. Kupasız geçen bu dönemden sonra Marsilya 2010 yılında hem lig kupasında hem Fransa Ligi'nde zafere ulaştı.

Ana hissedarı Margarita Louis-Dreyfus olan, başkanlığını Jean-Claude Dassier'in yaptığı ve 1 Haziran 2009 beri teknik direktörlük görevini yürüten Didier Deschamps ile birlikte 2009-2010 yılında tarihinde 11. defa Şampiyonlar Ligi'ne katılmıştır.

Logo
Kulübün kurucusu Rene Dufaure Montmirail kişisel mühründen esinlenerek isminin D ve M harflerini de kullanarak kulübün ilk logosunu oluşturdu. Anlamı "Hedef karşı kale" olan "Droit au but" sloganını da Marsilya Kulübü eklemiştir.

Marsilya kulübünün logosu 1935-1972 yılları arasında Art deco'dan ve 1972-1986 yılları arasında ise Kitsch'ten esinlenmiştir. Fakat en önemli değişiklik logoya eklenen yıldız olmuştur. Yıldız ise 1993'te kazanılan UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni temsil etmektedir.

1999 yılında kulübün yüzüncü kuruluş yıldönümünde dore rengi eklenmiştir. UEFA Avrupa Ligi için de kullanılan üçüncü formalarda da dore rengi kullanılmıştır.

17 Şubat 2004'te yeni ve daha modern bir logo tanıtılmıştır. O ve M harfleri tek renk ve slogan logonun ortasında kaldırılarak logonun alt tarafına yerleştirilmiştir. Marsilya'nın sloganı olan "Droit Au But", Fransızca'da "dümdüz gole doğru" demektir.

Renkler
Kulübün kuruluşundan bu yana kendi sahasında oynadığı tüm maçlara beyaz formayla çıkmaktadır. Olimpiyat ruhunun saflığını temsil eden beyaz renk seçilmiştir (1986'da Atina'daki Olimpiyat Oyunlarındaki tüm atletler beyaz giyinmiştir.). 1920'li yılların başlarına kadar eski kulübün anısına siyah şortlarla oynamışlardır. Siyah şort dışında Marsilya şehrinin renklerini temsil eden beyaz ve mavi renkleri şort ve çoraplarda kullanmışlardır.

1969 yılında forma yakası kulübün ikinci rengi olan mavi renge dönüştürülmüştür ve formaya tarihindeki ilk resmi tedarikçisi olan Le Coq Sportif'in logosu kullanılmıştır. 1971'deki Fransa ligi şampiyonluğuyla birlikte mavi olan yaka Fransa'nın bayrak renklerine yani Mavi, Beyaz, Kırmızı olarak değiştirilmiştir. Marsilya kulübü günümüzde bu geleneği sürdürmemektedir. 1974 yılında Adidas'ın gelmesiyle forma ve şortların yan kısımlarına Adidas'ı temsilen üç mavi çizgi eklenmiştir. 1984 yılında forma beyaz ve ince mavi çizgilerle tasarlanmışken 1984 yılında üçüncü formaları forma rengi sarı, şort ve çoraplar siyah rengine dönmüştür.

1985 yılında tekrar beyaz renge dönen Marsilya kulübü, 1989'daki çifte kupa için üçüncü bir forma daha yaptırılmıştır.
1994'ten itibaren mavi rengi gökyüzü mavisi rengini alır.

İstatistikleri

Ligue 1 ve Ligue 2'deki İstatistikleri

Rekorlar

Resmi Müsabakalardaki Gol Kralları

Ligue 1 ve Ligue 2'nin Gol Kralları

UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Gol Kralları

UEFA Avrupa Ligi Gol Kralları

En çok oynayan oyuncular
 Roger Scotti, 452 maç
 Steve Mandanda, 353 maç
 François Bracci, 349 maç
 Jean Bastien, 337 maç
 Georges Dard, 331 maç
 Mathieu Valbuena, 331 maç
 Jean-Paul Escale, 321 maç

En çok gol atan oyuncular
 Gunnar Andersson, 192 gol
 Jean-Pierre Papin, 182 gol
 Josip Skoblar, 175 gol
 Emmanuel Aznar, 148 gol
 Yegba Maya Joseph, 110 gol

Başarıları

Uluslararası Başarılar
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi (1)
 Şampiyon : 1993
 Finalist : 1991
 UEFA Avrupa Ligi
 Finalist : 1999, 2004, 2018
 UEFA Intertoto Kupası (1)
 Şampiyon : 2005

Ulusal Başarılar
 Ligue 1 (9)
 Şampiyon: 1937, 1948, 1971, 1972, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 2010
 Finalist : 1938, 1939, 1970, 1975, 1987, 1994, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013
 Coupe de France (10)
 Şampiyon: 1924, 1926, 1927, 1935, 1938, 1943, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1989
 Finalist: 1934, 1940, 1954, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2006, 2007, 2016
 Coupe de la Ligue (3)
 Şampiyon: 2010, 2011, 2012
 Trophée des Champions (3)
 Şampiyon: 1971, 2010, 2011
 Finalist : 1969, 1972
 Ligue 2 (1)
 Şampiyon: 1995
 Finalist: 1966, 1984, 1996
 Reserv Ligi
 Fransa amatör Ligi (1)
 Şampiyon: 2002

Kadro

Kaynakça
 Vikipedi Fransızca sayfasında Olympique de Marseille  Son ziyaret 27 Mayıs 2010.
 Vikipedi Fransızca sayfasında Statistiques et records de l'Olympique de Marseille  Son ziyaret 27 Mayıs 2010.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Sitesi
 OM-Passion.com
 OM Vista

Kaynakça

Fransa'daki futbol kulüpleri
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonları

Marsilya
1899'da kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Olympique de Marseille


Robyn Rangihuia Bargh, née Robyn Rangihuia Young en 1951, est une éditrice néo-zélandaise. Issue des deux cultures maorie et pakeha, elle cherche à valoriser ce double héritage culturel de l'archipel dans le monde de la culture et de l'édition.

Elle fonde notamment la maison d'édition Huia Publishers en 1991.

Biographie

Origine et famille
Robyn Bargh est originaire de Horohoro (Nouvelle-Zélande), un petit village situé à une quinzaine de kilomètres au sud de Rotorua, où elle naît en 1951.

Elle grandit au sein de la culture maorie mais est confrontée à l'absence de l'enseignement de celle-ci hors du cadre familial et villageois.

Fondation de Huia Publishers
Au cours des années 1980, Robyn Bargh prend conscience, lors d'un séjour de trois ans en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, d'une part de la faiblesse des publications évoquant la part maorie de la culture néo-zélandaise, et d'autre part de l'importance croissante, notamment en Afrique du Sud et en Inde, des publications liées aux cultures indigènes. Elle découvre la signification profonde du mouvement Tino rangatiratanga, soit la revendication de souveraineté maorie. Elle décide, en accord avec son mari, de la fondation d'une maison d'édition consacrée à la culture maorie.

En 1991, tous deux fondent Huia Publishers en vue de publier plus de contenus d'auteur de langue maorie. La création de la maison d'édition suit de peu la formation de Te Puni Kōkiri, le ministère du développement maori. Le siège de la maison d'édition est alors situé dans une ancienne boulangerie de , en banlieue de Wellington.

Le nom de la maison d'édition est inspiré du nom de jeune fille de Robyn Bargh, Rangihuia. Mais il évoque également l'oiseau Huia, espèce endémique de la Nouvelle-Zélande, disparue au début du .

Récompenses et autres actions
En 2012, Robyn Bargh reçoit l'Ordre du Mérite de Nouvelle-Zélande pour son travail de promotion de la culture maorie. En 2014, elle abandonne ses fonctions de directrice de publication, mais reste impliquée dans le conseil d'administration ainsi que dans le comité de publication. Ce sont Brian Morris et Eboni Waitere qui reprennent les fonctions de directeurs de publication.

Robyn Bargh est également membre de l'Association des éditeurs de Nouvelle-Zélande (). Elle reste impliquée dans plusieurs structures liées à la publication et à l'édition.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Huia Publishers

Liens externes

Naissance en 1951
Naissance à Rotorua
Éditeur néo-zélandais
Dame compagnon de l'ordre du Mérite de Nouvelle-Zélande

Robyn Bargh


Boris Mikhajlovitj Iofan (, ; født 28. april 1891 i Odessa, Kherson guvernement i Det Russiske Kejserrige, død 11. marts 1976 i Barvikha, Moskva oblast, Sovjetunionen) var en jødisk sovjetisk arkitekt.

Boris Iofan er kendt for sine bygninger i stalinistisk byggestil som eksempelvis Huset på havnefronten og hovedbygningen ved Moskvas statsuniversitet. Han var en af de tre arkitekter, der tegnede det store Sovjeternes palads, der var planlagt som verdens største bygning (de andre arkitekter var Vladimir Gelfreich og Vladimir Sjtjuko). Tegningerne blev prisbelønnet ved verdensudstillingen i Paris 1937. Sovjetternes Palads blev dog aldrig opført.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Arkitekter fra Rusland
Personer fra Odessa

Boris Iofan


Cet article recense les sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2022.

Projets emblématiques
Le , la mission Stéphane Bern annonce les 18 projets qualifiés d'« emblématiques » figurant sur les billets de loto mis en vente.

Projets de maillage
La liste des cent projets de maillage, 96 pour les départements de métropole et 4 pour les collectivités d'outre-mer, est annoncée le 30 août 2022, depuis le château de Maison-Blanche à Gagny.

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Bretagne

Centre-Val de Loire

Corse

Grand-Est

Hauts-de-France

Île-de-France

Normandie

Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Occitanie

Pays de la Loire

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Outre-mer

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Loto du patrimoine
 Liste des sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2018
 Liste des sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2019
 Liste des sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2020
 Liste des sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2021

Liens externes

 Site officiel de la Mission Stéphane Bern.

Notes et références

Loto du patrimoine
2022 en France

Liste des sites retenus pour le loto du patrimoine en 2022


Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ist ein Popsong, den der Komponist Jerome Kern und der Texter Otto Harbach 1933 für ihr Musical Roberta verfasst haben. Coverversionen des Songs entwickelten sich  mehrfach (1934, 1959) zu Nummer-eins-Hits; außerdem ist der Song ein Jazzstandard.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Die Komposition entstand aus einem Thema, das Kern für sein Musical Show Boat (1927) geschrieben hatte und dort zunächst für eine Stepptanz-Einlage zwischen zwei Szenen verwenden wollte. Harbach entdeckte die Melodie in Kerns Unterlagen und bat ihn, die kurzen, marschartigen Notenwerte zu verlängern. Kern entsprach diesem Wunsch und verfasste auch einen B-Teil, "der den harmonisch schlichten A-Teil mit Tonartwechseln konterkarierte." Der durchweg in Dur gehaltene Song hat die Liedform A-A'-B-A', wobei der A-Teil auf der Akkordprogression I –ii7 – V7 – I, dann I – I7(+5) (V7/IV) – IV – #iv˚7 – I beruht. Dabei entstand "eine operettenhafte Melodie mit langen Tönen auf der Eins und einer etwas feierlichen Haltung, die nach opulenter Orchestrierung ruft". Harbach schrieb dazu einen Text, der auf dem russischen Sprichwort "Wenn dein Herz brennt, bekommst du Rauch in die Augen" aufbaut.

Rezeptionsgeschichte
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes wurde ursprünglich von Gertrude Niesen für das Victor-Label eingespielt; die Aufnahmesitzung war am 13. Oktober 1933. Am 18. November 1933 war die Uraufführung des Musicals auf dem Broadway, wo das Stück sehr erfolgreich war und 293 mal aufgeführt wurde. 1935 verfilmte Hollywood das Musical; im Film Roberta wurde der Song von Irene Dunne gesungen und von Fred Astaire und Ginger Rogers getanzt. Bereits 1934 kamen vier Coverversionen in die amerikanische Hitparade, wobei gleich mehrfach vordere Plätze belegt wurden:

 Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra (Gesang: Bob Lawrence, #1)
 Leo Reisman and His Orchestra (Gesang: Tamara, #3)
 Emil Coleman and His Riviera Orchestra (Gesang: Jerry Cooper, #4)
 Ruth Etting (#15)

Artie Shaw war mit seiner Version von Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, die er mit seinen Gramercy Five aufnahm, ebenfalls erfolgreich (1941, #24). Victor Young nahm den Song im selben Jahr mit Connee Boswell auf. Nat King Cole spielte den Song wiederholt seit 1946 ein. Auch die Version von Vic Damone (1956) wurde beachtet. Ray Conniff verwendete Smoke Gets in Your Eyes als seine Erkennungsmelodie.1958 wurde der Song von der Doo-Wop-Gruppe The Platters eingespielt, die mit ihm 1959 einen Nummer-eins-Hit in den Billboard Hot 100 hatten; in den amerikanischen R&B-Charts schaffte es ihre Version von Smoke Gets In Your Eyes bis auf Platz drei. In den britischen Charts führte die Platters-Version zu Beginn des Jahres 1959 vier Wochen lang die Hitparade an.

Die britische Band Blue Haze, die von Johnny Arthey und Phil Swern gebildet wurde, erreichte 1972 mit ihrer Version Platz 42 der deutschen, 1973 Platz 27 der amerikanischen Charts. Bryan Ferry interpretierte den Song auf seinem Album Another Time, Another Place, das 1974 in den britischen Charts auf Platz 17 kam.

Verwendung im Film
Der Song wurde mehrfach in Filmen eingesetzt:
 Roberta (1935, Irene Dunne)
 Bis die Wolken vorüberziehen (Till The Clouds Roll by) (1946, Cyd Charisse und Gower Champion)
 Männer machen Mode (Lovely to Look At) (1952, Kathryn Grayson)
 Die bitteren Tränen der Petra von Kant (1972, The Platters)
 American Graffiti (1973, The Platters)
 Good Morning, Vietnam (1987, Ray Conniff)
 Always – Der Feuerengel von Montana (1989, J. D. Souther)
 Vier Hochzeiten und ein Todesfall (1994, Nu Colours)
 Smoke (1995, Jerry García)
 Tee mit Mussolini (1999, Franco Zeffirelli)
 Hearts in Atlantis (2001, The Platters)
 (T)Raumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 (2004, The Platters)
 Three Times (2005, The Platters)
 45 Years (2015, The Platters)

Verwendung in Serien
 Criminal Minds (2012, The Platters)

Verwendung als Jazzstandard
Zahlreiche Jazzmusiker haben frühzeitig den Song aufgegriffen, etwa Art Tatum, Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman oder Teddy Wilson. Obgleich auch Neuerer wie Thelonious Monk, Abdullah Ibrahim oder Archie Shepp den Song interpretierten, blieben "radikale Neudeutungen der schmeichelnden, aber etwas steifen Melodie die Ausnahme". Hier ist etwa John Lewis (1959) zu nennen. Die meisten Jazzinterpretationen wählten entweder "die Möglichkeit einer quasi-gesanglichen Aneignung des Themas, wie sie Clifford Brown auf seiner Platte With Strings versuchte, oder einer sanften Ironisierung, wie sie Artie Shaw schon 1940 mit Cembalo- und Gitarrenparts vorführte." Auch Sängerinnen haben sich des Songs angenommen, etwa Sarah Vaughan oder Ella Fitzgerald. Eartha Kitt nahm den Song mit einer Combo um Rolf und Joachim Kühn auf.

Literatur
 David Ewen: The World of Jerome Kern, a Biography. Holt, New York 1960. .
 Allen Forte: The American Popular Ballad of the Golden Era, 1924–1950. Princeton University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-691-04399-9.
 Hans-Jürgen Schaal (Hrsg.): Jazz-Standards. Das Lexikon. 3., revidierte Auflage. Bärenreiter, Kassel u. a. 2004, ISBN 3-7618-1414-3.

Weblinks
 Songporträt jazzstandards.com

Einzelnachweise

Popsong
Musical-Song
Jazz-Titel
Nummer-eins-Hit
Lied 1933
Lied von Jerome David Kern

Smoke Gets in Your Eyes


غُرِتسِيَة أو غُرِتسِيَا أو (نقحرة: غوريتسيا) (Gorizia) مدينة إيطالية يقطنها 36.110 ساكن، عاصمة مقاطعة غُرِتسِيَة في إقليم فريولي فينيتسيا جوليا. تقع على الحدود بين إيطاليا وسلوفينيا، والمدينة هي نقطة الالتقاء بين الواقع الفريولي و السلوفانية وجولياني.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لغُرِتسِيَة:

السكان

في سنة 1871 بلغ عدد السكان  نسمة، وتطور العدد ليصل في سنة 2011 لـ  نسمة.

توأمة
لغُرِتسِيَة اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 زالاجيرسيج
 لينتس
 كيلسي
 ليينز
 ساساري
 فينلو
 كلاغنفورت (1965 - )

أعلام

 لويس التاسع عشر
 إيفانو بلاسون
 أنطونيو لاشياك
 كارلو روبيا
 أومبيرتو سابا
 ماكس فابياني
 فريدريش مورتون
 إليزابيث من كارينثيا
 أندريا سيكولين
 دينو دي أنتوني

مراجع

مدن وبلدات في فريولي-فينيتسيا جوليا

قلاع في إيطاليا
مدن مقسمة
معابر الحدود الإيطالية السلوفينية
أماكن مأهولة في فريولي-فينيتسيا جوليا
بلديات مقاطعة غوريتسيا

غرتسية


Satoshi Nakamoto  este pseudonimul persoanei sau grupului de persoane necunoscute care a creat moneda virtuală Bitcoin.

Din anul 2018, Internetul susține că artistul american Vincent van Volkmer este Satoshi Nakamoto. De exemplu, el vorbește despre faptul că este matematician și criptolog, de asemenea are contacte bune cu experți care au cunoștințele care au dus la tehnologia blockchain. El însuși contrazice această afirmație.

Referințe

Pseudonime
Matematicieni

Satoshi Nakamoto


Fellagha, uma palavra árabe que significa literalmente "bandidos"  (الفلاقة, singular الفلاق), refere-se a grupos de militantes armados afiliados a movimentos anticoloniais no norte da África francesa. Na maioria das vezes, é usado para se referir a nacionalistas argelinos armados que adotaram meios violentos para expulsar os franceses da Argélia, bem como grupos na Tunísia que fizeram o mesmo. Foram particularmente importantes durante a Guerra da Argélia (1954-1962), liderada pela Frente de Libertação Nacional.

Fellagha da Tunísia
Na Tunísia, a atividade dos fellagha começou após o assassinato do líder trabalhista Farhat Hached no final de 1952. Os fellagha atacaram a infraestrutura da governança colonial francesa, bem como as propriedades dos colonos ou os colonos franceses. Os fellagha estavam um tanto desorganizados, mas mantinham algumas ligações com o sindicato de Hached, a Union générale tunisienne du travail (UGTT), e o principal partido nacional, o Neo-Destour. Este último, foi capaz de usar sua influência sobre os fellagha para convencer a França a garantir a autonomia interna da Tunísia.

 "Revolt of the Fellagha", Time magazine, 26 de dezembro de 1955

Palavras, frases e expressões em árabe
Guerra de Independência Argelina

Fellagha


Dolné Otrokovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Hlohovec din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 384 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Merašice.

Istoric
Localitatea Dolné Otrokovce este atestată documentar din 1113.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Dolné Otrokovce


Die Aongstroemiaceae sind eine Familie von Laubmoosen aus der Ordnung Dicranales. Die Familie ist benannt nach der Gattung Aongstroemia und diese nach dem schwedischen Arzt und Botaniker Johan Ångström (1813–1879).

Merkmale
Die Pflanzen sind klein bis mittelgroß und bilden lockere bis dichte Rasen. Im Stämmchenquerschnitt ist ein Zentralstrang vorhanden. Die Blätter sind meist breit mit stumpfer Spitze, die Blattränder sind ganzrandig oder schwach gezähnelt bis gezähnt. Die Laminazellen sind variabel in der Form, gewöhnlich glatt. Blattflügelzellen sind nicht differenziert. Die Rippe ist einfach, manchmal kurz austretend.

Die Arten sind diözisch. Eine längliche, gerade oder gebogene Seta trägt eine glatte, in der Form variable Kapsel. Ein Peristom ist entweder vorhanden oder fehlt. Der Deckel ist konisch oder geschnäbelt, die Kalyptra kappenförmig.

Verbreitung
Die Familie ist auf der Nord- und Südhalbkugel verbreitet, vorwiegend in den nördlich-gemäßigten und tropisch-montanen Zonen.

Systematik
Ein Großteil der Familienmitglieder der Aongstroemiaceae war traditionell den Dicranaceae zugeordnet. Die Abgrenzung nach Frey & Stech basiert auf molekularen Daten; nach morphologischen Merkmalen ist die Familie nur schwach definiert.

Zu den Aongstroemiaceae werden insgesamt 14 Arten gezählt, die auf 5 Gattungen verteilt sind:

 Aongstroemia mit 7 Arten
 Aongstroemiopsis, 1 Art in Lesotho und Malaysia
 Dichodontium mit 4 Arten
 Diobelonella, 1 Art Diobelonella palustris
 Polymerodon, 1 Art in Bolivien

Quellen
 Wolfgang Frey, Michael Stech, Eberhard Fischer: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants (= Syllabus of Plant Families. 3). 13th edition. Borntraeger, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8.

Einzelnachweise

Laubmoose
Bryophyta

Aongstroemiaceae


Efirağızlı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş'a 80 km. Andırın'a 10 km.'dir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Efirağızlı, Andırın