مركز أبو عجرم هو أحد المراكز التابعة لمحافظة دومة الجندل في منطقة الجوف في المملكة العربية السعودية.

الموقع
يقع مركز أبو عجرم في وسط منطقة الجوف على تقاطع ثلاثة طرق إقليمية هي طريق الشام وطريق العراق وطريق الحجاز، ما أكسبه ميزة وأهمية وموقعاً استراتيجياً في المنطقة.

يقع أبو عجرم بين الدرجة 47- 18-18 - 39 ْ شرقاً، والدرجة 68 -20-53-29 ْ شمالاً.

سبب التسمية
سمي مركز أبو عجرم بهذا الاسم نسبة لشجرة العجرم التي كانت تكثر في المنطقة وحولها، وهي شجرة من أفضل أنواع أشجار الحموض للإبل. ويقع أبو عجرم في مصب عدة أودية وشعاب من أشهرها شعيب قريميز وشعيب القويسمة وشعيب حزيم الريم فتجتمع هذه الشعاب وغيرها في قيعان كانت تكثر بها أشجار العجرم، وكانت تسمى هذه القيعان باسم أبو عجرم قبل أن ينزل وكانت القيعان إذا امتلأت تكفيهم صيفهم كله.

ومن أشهر المواضع القريبة إلى أبو عجرم جبال القصاص وهي سلسلة من جبال الأضارع الشهيرة حيث تمتد إلى الشمال الغربي منه، وكذلك رمال عريق الدسم الواقعة جنوبه.

تاريخ المنطقة
وكان أول من نزل بهذا الموقع الشيخ سويلم بن مطلق الدويرج شيخ عشيرة الفليحان والسليم من الشرارات، حيث اختارها مقراً للهجرة والتحضّر. وكان ذلك في أواخر سنة 1400هـ من الهجرة؛ فكان حدسه عن أبو عجرم في محله من حيث أهميته كموطن قابل للنمو والتطور والازدهار.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة المراكز السعودية الإدارية.
 محافظة دومة الجندل.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة دومة الجندل
مراكز محافظة دومة الجندل

مركز أبو عجرم


William Alexander Graham (September 5, 1804August 11, 1875) was a United States senator from North Carolina from 1840 to 1843, a senator later in the Confederate States Senate from 1864 to 1865, the 30th governor of North Carolina from 1845 to 1849 and U.S. secretary of the Navy from 1850 to 1852, under President Millard Fillmore. He was the Whig Party nominee for vice-president in 1852 on a ticket with General Winfield Scott.

Early life and education
Graham was born at Vesuvius Furnace near Lincolnton, North Carolina. His Scots-Irish grandfather James Graham (1714–1763) was born in Drumbo, County Down, Northern Ireland and settled in Chester County in the Province of Pennsylvania.

Graham graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1824. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and began practicing law in Hillsborough.

Political career
From 1833 to 1840, Graham was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from Orange County. He served twice as speaker of that house.

In 1840, Graham was elected to the United States Senate as a Whig to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Robert Strange. He served in the Senate from November 25, 1840, to March 3, 1843.  In the Twenty-seventh Congress, he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Claims.  His older brother, James Graham, had been representing North Carolina in the House since 1833.

From 1845 to 1849, Graham was Governor of North Carolina.  Having declined appointments as ambassador to Spain and Russia in 1849, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of President Millard Fillmore in 1850 and served until 1852.  In the 1852 presidential election, he was the unsuccessful Whig nominee for vice president as Winfield Scott's running mate. The ticket only carried 42 electoral votes from the four states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Vermont.

Graham was a member of the North Carolina Senate from 1854 to 1866. In December 1860, James Alexander Hamilton of New York made an abortive appeal to the Pennsylvania presidential electors that they vote for Graham for president as a possible means of preserving the Republic.

Although Graham was a Unionist who opposed early secessionist efforts, he eventually voted for secession after Fort Sumter. Graham was a senator in the Confederate Senate from 1864 to 1865. In April 1865, with the Confederacy near defeat, Graham personally led a delegation that included another former governor, David Swain, to ask Union General William T. Sherman for a truce so that the state's capital, Raleigh, might be spared violence and destruction. Sherman agreed.

Later life
In 1866 Graham was once again elected to the United States Senate, but because North Carolina had not yet been readmitted to the Union, he could not present his credentials.  From 1867 to 1875, he was a member of the board of trustees of the Peabody Fund, which provided educational assistance to the post-Civil War South. From 1873 to 1875, he was an arbitrator in the boundary line dispute between Virginia and Maryland. He died in Saratoga Springs, New York and is buried in the Old Town Cemetery in Hillsborough, adjacent to the Presbyterian Church.

Legacy
The United States Navy ship, USS Graham (DD-192), the World War II Liberty ship SS William A. Graham, and the city of Graham, North Carolina were all named for him, as was Graham County, North Carolina.

Montrose Gardens, located in Hillsborough, North Carolina, is one of Graham's former estates and still features some of the structures Graham and his family had built on the property. He lived in the Nash-Hooper House at Hillsborough from 1869 until 1875.  The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

One of Graham's sons, also named William A. Graham, became a state legislator and state agriculture commissioner. Two others, Augustus and John, also became politicians, while a daughter, Susan, married Walter Clark.

In 1842, John H. Hewitt dedicated a song, The Old Family Clock, to Mrs. W. A. Graham.

References

Further reading

1804 births
1875 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American Presbyterians
Confederate States of America senators
Fillmore administration cabinet members
Governors of North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina state senators
North Carolina Whigs
People from Lincolnton, North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
United States Secretaries of the Navy
United States senators from North Carolina
1852 United States vice-presidential candidates
Whig Party United States senators
Whig Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Whig Party state governors of the United States
North Carolina Constitutional Unionists
North Carolina Democrats

William Alexander Graham


Nolwenn Febvre est une infirmière-anesthésiste française, née le  à Lannion.

Elle est présidente-fondatrice de l'association « Les P'tits Doudous », qui vise améliorer la prise en charge des enfants opérés.

Biographie
Nolwenn Febvre, naît à Lannion en 1971, dans les Côtes d'Armor et grandit dans la région.

En 1992, elle quitte la Bretagne pour la région parisienne et entre à l'IFSI AP-HP . Elle obtient son Diplôme d'État d'infirmier en 1995.

De 1995 à 1999, elle est infirmière en réanimation neurochirurgicale pédiatrique, à l'hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades à Paris.

En 1999, elle reprend deux ans d'études à l'Hôpital de la Salpêtrière à Paris pour la première année et au CHU de Rennes pour la deuxième année, elle obtient son Diplôme d'état d'infirmier-anesthésiste.

En 2001, à l'issue de sa formation, elle intègre le CHU de Rennes.

L'association "Les P'tits Doudous"
En 2011, Nolwenn Febvre fonde l'association « Les P'tits Doudous du CHU de Rennes » pour améliorer la prise en charge de l'enfant opéré.

Elle prend contact avec l'enseigne française Moulin Roty, fabricant de doudous et jouets, qui lui offre un carton de doudous à distribuer aux enfants hospitalisés pour les rassurer et dédramatiser leur parcours au bloc opératoire. Moulin Roty devient un des principaux partenaires de l'association.

Le modèle de l'association se développe en France, dans les hôpitaux et cliniques. Les objectifs sont : diminuer l'anxiété et améliorer le vécu des enfants opérés et de leurs parents, en leur offrant des doudous et en développant des actions innovantes.

L'association nationale met en place une économie circulaire en recyclant des déchets hospitaliers auparavant jetés (150 tonnes par an) afin de financer les cadeaux de 100 000 enfants par an. En parallèle, l'association élabore des supports numériques (serious game, réalité virtuelle…) pour rassurer enfants et parents.

En 2014, la première application numérique "Le Héros, c'est toi !" voit le jour grâce à un partenariat avec la société Niji. Cette innovation en santé permet de distraire l'enfant sur son parcours opératoire et de diminuer près de 80% la prémédication.

En 2017, l'association nationale « Les P'tits Doudous » est créée, Nolwenn Febvre est nommée présidente. L'organisme est basé à Vern-sur-Seiche, en Ille-et-Vilaine.

Le , elle est invitée à l'Élysée par le président Emmanuel Macron, à l'occasion de ses vœux aux forces vives de la nation.

Prix et distinctions

Décoration

 2020 :  par François Hollande, président de la fondation "La France s'engage".

Distinctions
 2015 : Trophée Breton du développement durable - Prix spécial Santé
 2017 : Lauréat national EY « engagement sociétal »
 2022 : Désignée Bretonne de l'année 2022, lors de la cérémonie des  Victoires de la Bretagne.

Références

Infirmière du XXIe siècle
Présidente d'une association
Chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite

Nolwenn Febvre


An Cyperus alulatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Hendrikus Kern. An Cyperus alulatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus alulatus


الحساوي ، منطقة من مناطق محافظة الفروانية في الكويت.

وهو اسم غير رسمي لجزء من منطقة جليب الشيوخ، وهو منسوب لرجل الأعمال الكويتي الراحل مبارك الحساوي عضو المجلس التأسيسي الذي كان يملك جانباً من أراضي المنطقة.

أماكن مأهولة في الكويت

الحساوي


Güney Amerika, Amerika'nın güneyinde bulunan bir kıta. Güney Yarımküre'de bulunmasına rağmen topraklarının küçük bir kısmı Kuzey Yarımküre'de yer almaktadır. Büyük Okyanus'un doğusunda, Atlas Okyanusu'nun batısında, Kuzey Amerika'nın güneyinde ve Antarktika'nın kuzeyinde bulunur. Güney Amerika, 17.840.000 km karelik bir yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Dünya yüzeyinin yaklaşık olarak %3,5'ini kaplamaktadır. 2005 yılına göre nüfusu 371.000.000'dan fazladır. Güney Amerika kıtalar arası yüzölçümü sıralamasında dördüncü ve nüfusta beşincidir.

Coğrafya
Güney Amerika'nın aynı zamanda en büyük turist kaynaklarından biri olan coğrafi yapısı, kıtanın iklim özelliklerinin etkisiyle oluşan Amazon Ormanları'nı, Şili boyunca uzanan And Dağları'nı, dünyanın en kurak sıcak çölü olma özelliğini taşıyan Atakama Çölü'nü ve Brezilya'nın kuzeyinden akan Amazon Nehri'ni kapsamaktadır.

Bugüne kadar mümkün olan en iyi şekilde korunarak gelmiş antik şehirlerden biri olan Machu Picchu da Güney Amerika'da yer almaktadır.

Tarihi
Güney Amerika'da MÖ 16.500 yıllarına kadar dayanan bir insan varlığının bulunduğu, arkeolojik kazılarla doğrulanmıştır. Amazon Ormanları'nda ise MÖ 10.000 yıllarında kalıcı bir nüfusun bulunduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nüfusun avcılık, toplayıcılık ve tarımla uğraştığına dair kanıtlar bulunmuştur. Norte Chico, Canari, Chibca, Chachapoya, Chavin, Moçe, İnka, Aravak ve Karib gibi topluluklar bölgenin keşfedilmesine kadar çeşitli medeniyetler kurmuştur.

İspanya ve Portekiz'in yaptığı keşiflerle bölgede yayılmaya başlamasının ardından, bu medeniyetler zamanla yok olmuştur. 1500 yılından itibaren Orta Amerika ve Kolombiya'da İspanya'nın, Brezilya'da ise Portekiz'in kontrolünde sömürge yönetimleri kurulmuştur. İngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda'nın Guyanalar'a yerleşmeye başlamasıyla, Güney Amerika neredeyse tamamen sömürge haline getirilmiştir.

1808 yılında Simon Bolivar'ın liderliğinde bir araya gelmeye başlayan yurtseverler, Güney Amerika'daki ülkelerin bağımsızlığını sağlamak amacıyla İspanya'ya karşı büyük bir savaş başlatmışlardır. 25 yıl süren mücadelenin ardından, İspanya ve Portekiz'in bölgeden çekilmesiyle sonuçlanan savaş, yerini bağımsızlığını ilan eden ülkeler arasındaki rekabete bırakmıştır. Güney Amerika'nın büyük ölçüde bölünmesine neden olan savaşlar, uzun bir süre boyunca devam etmiştir.

I. Dünya Savaşı ve II. Dünya Savaşı'na askeri anlamda katılım gösteren tek Güney Amerika ülkesi olan Brezilya, Birleşik Krallık ve Fransa'nın deniz kuvvetlerine destek göndermiştir.

ABD ve Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki artan rekabetin etkisiyle başlayan Soğuk Savaş, Güney Amerika'yı şiddetli bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Kolombiya ve Peru başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede, Marksizm-Leninizm'i benimseyen ve Doğu Bloku tarafından desteklenen gruplar ortaya çıkmıştır. Arjantin ve Birleşik Krallık arasında gerçekleşen Falkland Savaşı da, Soğuk Savaş sırasında Güney Amerika'da gerçekleşen olaylar arasında yer almaktadır.

1990 yılından sonra Soğuk Savaş'ın etkileri giderek azalmış, kıta çapında bir demokratikleşme süreci başlamıştır. Brezilya ve Arjantin'de ekonomik büyümenin yavaşlaması, sanayi üretiminin azalması, işsizliğin artması gibi durumlara bağlı olarak krizler yaşanmıştır. 21. yüzyıl sosyalizminin gelişmesiyle Venezuela, Bolivya ve Peru'da ise sol görüşlü iktidarlar güç kazanmıştır.

Ülkeler

1 Bu ülkelerin hem Güney Amerika hem de Kuzey Amerika'da sınırları var.

(Güney Georgia ve Güney Sandwich Adaları kalıcı nüfusu bulunmadığı için tabloda yer almamaktadır.)

Kaynakça

Güney Amerika


A prova dos 100 metros masculino do Campeonato Africano de Atletismo de 2022 foi disputada nos dias 8 e 9 de junho, no Complexo Esportivo Nacional Cote d'Or, em Saint Pierre, na Maurícia.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+4).

Resultados

Bateria
Qualificação: 2 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 8 melhores qualificados (q).

Vento:Bateria 1: +2.0 m/s, Bataria 2: +1.6 m/s, Bateria 3: -0.1 m/s, Bateria 4: +2.5 m/s, Bateria 5: +0.6 m/s, Bateria 6: +1.3 m/s, Bateria 7: +2.9 m/s, Bateria 8: +2.2 m/s

Semifinal
Qualificação: 2 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 2 melhores qualificados (q).

Vento:Bateria 1: +2.2 m/s, Bateria 2: +1.1 m/s, Bateria 3: +2.6 m/s

Final
A final ocorreu dia 9 de junho às 16:10.

Vento: +4.5 m/s

Ligações externas

 Site da Confederação Africana de Atletismo

Campeonato Africano de Atletismo de 2022

Campeonato Africano de Atletismo de 2022 - 100 m masculino


Tholstrup familien er en kendt dansk familie. Enkelte af familiens medlemmer, navnlig i de tidligere generationer, har stået bag større danske virksomheder, bl.a. ostemejeriet Tholstrup Cheese og Kosan Gas. Under ledelse af Henrik Tholstrup udviklede Tholstrup Cheese, på det tidspunkt formentlig det største danske mejeri i privateje, de populære blåskimmeloste, Castello og Saga, som begge fortsat er i handlen, både i Danmark og internationalt., Tholstrup Cheese blev i 2006 solgt til Arla.

Referencer

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark

Tholstrup-familien


Centro bezeichnet:

 Región Centro, argentinische Großregion
 Centro (Bemori), osttimoresische Aldeia in der Landeshauptstadt Dili
 Centro (Caitaso), osttimoresisches Dorf im Suco Faturasa, Gemeinde Aileu
 Centro (Tucumán), Stadtteil San Miguel de Tucumáns, Argentinien
 Centro (La Paz), Stadtteil von La Paz, Bolivien
 Centro (Tabasco), Gemeinde in Mexiko
 Região Centro, Region Portugals
 Centro (Madrid), Stadtteil Madrids, Spanien
 Centro (Montevideo), Stadtteil Montevideos, Uruguay
 Centro (Rio de Janeiro) Zentrum von Rio de Janeiro
 Centro Oberhausen, Einkaufszentrum in Oberhausen

Siehe auch:
 El Centro
 Monte Centro

Centro


Die Welsh International 1992 im Badminton fanden vom 3. bis zum 5. Dezember 1992 im Welsh Institute for Sport in Cardiff statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=D38BF88D-5E11-4598-8A24-F29E58285A8A

Badminton 1992
1992
Badmintonwettbewerb in Cardiff
EBU Circuit 1992/93

Welsh International 1992


Shirley Anita Chisholm ( ; ; November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the United States Congress. Chisholm represented New York's 12th congressional district, a district centered on Bedford–Stuyvesant, for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1972, she became the first black candidate for a major-party nomination for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. Throughout her career she was known for taking "a resolute stand against economic, social, and political injustices," as well as being a strong supporter of black civil rights and women's rights.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, she spent ages five through nine in Barbados, and she always considered herself a Barbadian American. She excelled at school and earned her college degree in the United States. She started working in early childhood education and became involved in local Democratic Party politics in the 1950s. In 1964, overcoming some resistance because she was a woman, she was elected to the New York State Assembly. Four years later, she was elected to Congress, where she led the expansion of food and nutrition programs for the poor and rose to party leadership. She retired from Congress in 1983 and taught at Mount Holyoke College while continuing her political organizing. Although nominated for an ambassadorship in 1993, health issues caused her to withdraw. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Early life and education
Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York City. She was of Guyanese and Bajan descent. She had three younger sisters, two born within three years of her and one later. Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in British Guiana before moving to Barbados. He arrived in New York City via Antilla, Cuba, in 1923. Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in Christ Church, Barbados and arrived in New York City in 1921.

Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children. As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the MS Vulcania to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale. She later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to tell me that." Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where she attended a one-room schoolhouse. She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the SS Nerissa. As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a West Indian accent throughout her life.  In her 1970 autobiography, Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason." In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a Methodist church. As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she would always consider herself a Barbadian American.

Beginning in 1939, she attended Girls' High School in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, a highly regarded, integrated school that attracted girls from throughout Brooklyn. She did well academically at Girls' High and was chosen to be vice president of the Junior Arista honor society. She was accepted at and offered scholarships to Vassar College and Oberlin College, but the family could not afford the room-and-board costs to go to either, so, instead, she selected Brooklyn College, where there was no charge for tuition and she could live at home and commute to the school.

She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish (a language that she would employ at times during her political career). She won prizes for her debating skills and graduated cum laude. During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society. As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government. However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of Marcus Garvey's and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members. She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements.

She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s. He had migrated to the United States from Jamaica in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits. They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding. She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children; although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well.

After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem. She would work at the center in a teaching role from 1946 to 1953. Meanwhile, she was furthering her education, attending classes at night and earning her Master of Arts in childhood education from Teachers College of Columbia University in 1951.

Early career
From 1953 to 1954, she was director of the Friend in Need Nursery, located in Brownsville, Brooklyn, and then, from 1954 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center, located in Lower Manhattan. At the latter, there were 130 children, ages three to seven, and 24 employees reporting to her. From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare. There, she was in charge of supervising ten day-care centers as well as starting up new ones. She became an authority on early education and child-welfare issues.

Chisholm entered the world of politics in 1953, when she joined Wesley "Mac" Holder's effort to elect Lewis Flagg Jr. to the bench as the first black judge in Brooklyn. The Flagg election group later transformed into the Bedford–Stuyvesant Political League (BSPL). The BSPL pushed candidates to support civil rights, fought against racial discrimination in housing, and sought to improve economic opportunities and services in Brooklyn. Chisholm eventually left the group around 1958 after clashing with Holder over Chisholm's push to give female members of the group more input in decision making.

She also worked as a volunteer for white-dominated political clubs in Brooklyn, like the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs and the League of Women Voters. With the Political League, she was part of a committee that chose the recipient of its annual Brotherhood Award. She also was a representative of the Brooklyn branch of the National Association of College Women. Furthermore, within the political organizations she joined, Chisholm sought to make meaningful changes to the structure and make-up of the organizations, specifically the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs, which resulted in her being able to recruit more people of color into the 17th District Club and, thus, local politics.

In 1960, Chisholm joined a new organization, the Unity Democratic Club (UDC), led by former Flagg campaign member Thomas R. Jones. The UDC's membership was mostly middle class, racially integrated, and included women in leadership positions. Chisholm campaigned for Jones, who lost the election for an assembly seat in 1960, but ran again two years later and won, becoming Brooklyn's second black assemblyman.

State legislator

After Jones accepted a judicial appointment rather than seek reelection, Chisholm sought to run for his seat in the New York state assembly in 1964. Chisholm faced resistance based on her sex, with the UDC hesitant to support a female candidate. Chisholm chose to appeal directly to women voters, including using her role as Brooklyn branch president of Key Women of America to mobilize female voters. Chisholm won the Democratic primary in June 1964. She then won the seat in December with over 18,000 votes over Republican and Liberal party candidates, neither of whom received more than 1,900 votes.

Chisholm was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1965 to 1968, sitting in the 175th, 176th and 177th New York State Legislatures. By May 1965, she had already been honored in a "Salute to Women Doers" affair in New York. One of her early activities in the Assembly was to argue against the state's literacy test requiring English, holding that just because a person "functions better in his native language is no sign a person is illiterate". By early 1966, she was a leader in a push by the statewide Council of Elected Negro Democrats for black representation on key committees in the Assembly.

Her successes in the legislature included getting unemployment benefits extended to domestic workers. She also sponsored the introduction of a SEEK program (Search for Education, Elevation and Knowledge) to the state, which provided disadvantaged students with the chance to enter college while receiving intensive remedial education.

In August 1968, she was elected as the Democratic National Committeewoman from New York State.

U.S. House of Representatives

Initial election

In 1968, Chisholm ran for the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 12th congressional district, which, as part of a court-mandated reapportionment plan, had been significantly redrawn to focus on Bedford–Stuyvesant and was thus expected to result in Brooklyn's first black member of Congress. (Adam Clayton Powell Jr. had, in 1945, become the first black member of Congress from New York City as a whole.) As a result of the redrawing, the white incumbent in the former 12th, Representative Edna F. Kelly, sought reelection in a different district. Chisholm announced her candidacy around January 1968 and established some early organizational support. Her campaign slogan was "Unbought and unbossed". In the June 18, 1968 Democratic primary, Chisholm defeated two other black opponents, State Senator William S. Thompson and labor official Dollie Robertson. In the general election, she staged an upset victory over James Farmer, the former director of the Congress of Racial Equality, who was running as a Liberal Party candidate with Republican support, winning by an approximately two-to-one margin. Chisholm thereby became the first black woman elected to Congress, and was the only woman in the first-year class that year.

Early terms
Speaker of the House John W. McCormack assigned Chisholm to serve on the House Agriculture Committee. Given her urban district, she felt the placement was irrelevant to her constituents. When Chisholm confided to Rebbe Menachem M. Schneerson that she was upset and insulted by her assignment, Schneerson suggested that she use the surplus food to help the poor and hungry. Chisholm subsequently met Bob Dole and worked to expand the food stamp program. She later played a critical role in the creation of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Chisholm would credit Schneerson for the fact that so many "poor babies [now] have milk and poor children have food". Chisholm was then also placed on the Veterans' Affairs Committee. Soon after, she voted for Hale Boggs as House Majority Leader over John Conyers. As a reward for her support, Boggs assigned her to the much-prized Education and Labor Committee, which was her preferred committee. She was the third-highest-ranking member of this committee when she retired from Congress.

Initially, Chisholm only hired women for her office; half of them were black. In later years, she did hire some men for both her Washington office and the one in her Brooklyn district. Chisholm said that she had faced much more discrimination during her New York legislative career because she was a woman than for her race.

Chisholm joined the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971 as one of its founding members. In the same year, she was also a founding member of the National Women's Political Caucus.

In May 1971, Chisholm and fellow New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug introduced a bill to provide $10 billion in federal funds for child-care services by 1975. A less expensive version introduced by Senator Walter Mondale eventually passed the House and Senate as the Comprehensive Child Development Bill, but it was vetoed by President Richard Nixon in December 1971, who said that it was too expensive and would undermine the institution of the family.

1972 presidential campaign

Chisholm began exploring her candidacy in July 1971 and formally announced her presidential bid on January 25, 1972, in a Baptist church in her district in Brooklyn. There, she called for a "bloodless revolution" at the forthcoming Democratic nominating convention for the 1972 U.S. presidential election. Chisholm became the first African American to run for a major party's nomination for President of the United States, making her also the first woman ever to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination (U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith having previously run for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination). In her presidential announcement, Chisholm described herself as representative of the people and offered a new articulation of American identity: "I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a woman and equally proud of that. I am the candidate of the people and my presence before you symbolizes a new era in American political history."

Her campaign was underfunded, only spending $300,000 in total. She also struggled to be regarded as a serious candidate instead of as a symbolic political figure; the Democratic political establishment ignored her, and her black male colleagues provided little support. She later said, "When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being black. Men are men." In particular, she expressed frustration about the "black matriarch thing", saying, "They think I am trying to take power from them. The black man must step forward, but that doesn't mean the black woman must step back." Her husband, however, was fully supportive of her candidacy and said, "I have no hangups about a woman running for president." Security was also a concern, as, during the campaign, three confirmed threats were made against her life; Conrad Chisholm served as her bodyguard until U.S. Secret Service protection was given to her in May 1972.

Chisholm skipped the initial March 7 New Hampshire contest, instead focusing on the March 14 Florida primary, which she thought would be receptive due to its "blacks, youth, and a strong women's movement". But, due to organizational difficulties and Congressional responsibilities, she only made two campaign trips there and ended with 3.5 percent of the vote for a seventh-place finish. Chisholm had difficulties gaining ballot access, but campaigned or received votes in primaries in fourteen states. Her largest number of votes came in the June 6 California primary, where she received 157,435 votes for 4.4 percent and a fourth-place finish, while her best percentage in a competitive primary came in the May 6 North Carolina contest, where she got 7.5 percent for a third-place finish. Overall, she won 28 delegates during the primaries process itself. Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the National Organization for Women. Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York. Altogether, during the primary season, she received 430,703 votes, which was 2.7 percent of the total of nearly 16 million cast and represented seventh place among the Democratic contenders. In June, Chisholm became the first woman to appear in a United States presidential debate.

At the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, there were still efforts taking place by the campaign of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey to stop the nomination of Senator George McGovern for president. After that failed and McGovern's nomination was assured, as a symbolic gesture, Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm. This, combined with defections from disenchanted delegates from other candidates, as well as the delegates that she had won in the primaries, gave her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the presidential nomination during the July 12 roll call. (Her precise total was 151.95.) Her largest support overall came from Ohio, with 23 delegates (slightly more than half of them white), even though she had not been on the ballot in the May 2 primary there. Her total gave her fourth place in the roll call tally, behind McGovern's winning total of 1,728 delegates. Chisholm said she ran for office "in spite of hopeless odds ... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo".

It is sometimes stated that Chisholm won a primary in 1972, or won three states overall, with New Jersey, Louisiana and Mississippi being so identified. None of these fit the usual definition of winning a plurality of the contested popular vote or delegate allocations at the time of a state primary, caucus or state convention. In the June 6 New Jersey primary, there was a complex ballot that featured both a delegate-selection vote and a non-binding, non-delegate-producing "beauty contest" presidential preference vote. In the delegate-selection vote, Democratic front-runner McGovern defeated his main rival at that point, Humphrey, and won the large share of available delegates. Of the Democratic candidates, only Chisholm and former North Carolina governor Terry Sanford were on the statewide preference ballot. Sanford had withdrawn from the contest three weeks earlier. In that non-binding preference tally, which the Associated Press described as "meaningless", Chisholm received the majority of votes: 51,433, which was 66.9 percent. During the actual balloting at the national convention, Chisholm received votes from only 4 of New Jersey's 109 delegates, with 89 going to McGovern.

In the May 13 Louisiana caucuses, there was a battle between forces of McGovern and Alabama governor George Wallace; nearly all of the delegates chosen were those who identified as uncommitted, many of them black. Leading up to the convention, McGovern was thought to control 20 of Louisiana's 44 delegates, with most of the rest uncommitted. During the actual roll call at the national convention, Louisiana passed at first, then cast 18.5 of its 44 votes for Chisholm, with the next-best finishers being McGovern and Senator Henry M. Jackson with 10.25 each. As one delegate explained, "Our strategy was to give Shirley our votes for sentimental reasons on the first ballot. However, if our votes would have made the difference, we would have gone with McGovern." In Mississippi, there were two rival party factions that each selected delegates at their own state conventions and caucuses: "regulars", representing the mostly white state Democratic Party, and "loyalists", representing many blacks and white liberals. Each slate professed to be largely uncommitted, but the regulars were thought to favor Wallace and the loyalists McGovern. By the time of the national convention, the loyalists were seated following a credentials challenge, and their delegates were characterized as mostly supporting McGovern, with some support for Humphrey. During the convention, some McGovern delegates became angry about what they saw as statements from McGovern that backed away from his commitment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and cast protest votes for Chisholm as a result. During the actual balloting, Mississippi went in the first half of the roll call, and cast 12 of its 25 votes for Chisholm, with McGovern coming next with 10 votes.

During the campaign, the German filmmaker Peter Lilienthal shot the documentary film Shirley Chisholm for President for the German television channel ZDF.

Later terms

Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite George Wallace in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give domestic workers the right to a minimum wage, Wallace helped gain votes from enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House.

From 1977 to 1981, during the 95th Congress and 96th Congress, Chisholm served as Secretary of the Democratic Caucus.

Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for inner-city residents. She supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services. She was very concerned with instances of discrimination against women, and especially those against impoverished women. She also focused on land rights for Native Americans.

In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of Internal Security Act of 1950. She opposed the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of weapon developments and was a vocal opponent of the U.S. military draft. During the Jimmy Carter administration, she called for better treatment of Haitian refugees.

She was a forceful advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment, believing that the initial value of passing it would be in the social and psychological effects it would have more than any economic or legal impact. She did not want the amendment modified to incorporate a provision that would permit laws that purportedly protected the health and safety of females, saying such a modification would continue a traditional avenue of discrimination against women. Regarding a specific argument made along these lines, that the amendment would require women to be subject to the draft, Chisholm was unperturbed, saying that if there was a draft, women could serve, and that some larger, stronger women might perform better in infantry roles than some smaller, weaker men.

At the same time, Chisholm was aware of how much of second-wave feminism in the United States focused on the concerns of middle-class white women, such as the adoption of the term "Ms." At the 1973 convention of the National Women's Political Caucus, Chisholm said that "women of color" were faced with "double discrimination" that especially affected them economically, and that the women's movement needed to make changes to better reflect such women and their concerns. Scholar Julie Gallagher has written that Chisholm's pressure in this regard did make some difference in the focus of the women's movement later in the 1970s.

Chisholm's first marriage ended in a divorce that was granted on February 4, 1977, in the Dominican Republic. Later that year, on November 26, she married Arthur Hardwick Jr., a former New York State Assemblyman whom Chisholm had known when they both served in that body and who was now a Buffalo, New York liquor-store owner. The ceremony was held in a Buffalo-area hotel. She indicated that, while her legal name was now Hardwick, she would continue to use Chisholm in politics. She began spending some of her time in Buffalo, which brought some political criticism that she was being inattentive to her district.

By the mid-to-late 1970s, there was growing dissatisfaction with Chisholm among some liberals in New York state and city politics who felt that Chisholm too often sided with Democratic party bosses over liberal, black or feminist challengers. Instances of her doing this included supporting the incumbent conservative Democrat John J. Rooney over the liberal antiwar activist Allard Lowenstein in a 1972 congressional primary; failing to support Bella Abzug's primary campaigns for U.S. senator in 1976 and New York mayor in 1977; failing to support the young feminist Elizabeth Holtzman's successful primary challenge to the aging congressional incumbent Emanuel Celler in 1972; and remaining neutral during longtime African-American civil rights leader and elected official Percy Sutton's bid in the 1977 mayoral primary, followed by endorsing Ed Koch in a runoff. This dissatisfaction was exemplified by a long 1978 piece published in The Village Voice, titled "Chisholm's Compromises: Politics and the Art of Self-Interest" and written by former UDC ally Andrew W. Cooper and Voice investigative reporter Wayne Barrett. Similarly, The Amsterdam News ran an editorial about the "Chisholm problem". Chisholm defended herself by saying that she was selecting those candidates who could best protect the interests of, and produce government benefits for, her constituents, but critics said that her behavior put the lie to the "unbossed" part of her slogan. To her biographer Barbara Winslow, Chisholm, being black and a woman, had no natural political base, and she was likely siding with the Democratic machine in order to give herself a secure spot from which to speak out on the provocative progressive messages that she wanted to put forth. A later analysis in The Washington Post framed the matter by saying that, despite the celebrity stemming from her presidential campaign, "Chisholm has been a lonely politician. Her unpredictability has led to an isolation that has been augmented by her pride and paranoia."

Hardwick was badly injured in an April 1979 automobile accident. Desiring to take care of her husband, and also dissatisfied with the course of liberal politics in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, Chisholm decided to leave Congress. The possibility that she would be challenged in a Democratic primary election may have also been a factor in her decision. She announced her retirement in February 1982, saying that she looked forward to "a more private life". She further expressed that the Reagan administration was "not responsive to our constituency. The constituency is going to be more voluble and demanding, and I find myself in a position where I can't help them." She also lamented the tactics of the Christian right, which she said made potent use of the media and the symbols of family, morality and the national flag to quiet dissatisfaction in the people. But, overall, Chisholm felt that press reports had overemphasized her political dissatisfaction in her retirement calculus; fundamentally, she said in September 1982, "I've been so obsessed with politics and the desire to help my people all these years, I've never had time to think about my personal life. I think the accident was an instrument, God's way of making me reassess my life." She said she never intended to spend her whole career in politics and looked forward to a return to teaching.

Later life and death

After leaving Congress in January 1983, Chisholm made her home in Williamsville, New York, a suburb of Buffalo. Wanting to resume her career in education, she had hoped to be named a college president, in particular of Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn or of City College of New York in Manhattan, but past political opponents were influential in the selection processes and she received neither post. Similarly, a move to make her New York City Schools Chancellor was blocked by teachers-union head, and longtime foe, Albert Shanker, and she withdrew from consideration for that position.

However, she was offered a dozen possible teaching positions at colleges. She accepted being named to the Purington Chair at the all-women Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, a position that she held for the next four years. She was not a member of any particular department, but was able to teach classes in a variety of areas; those previously holding the professorship included W. H. Auden, Bertrand Russell and Arna Bontemps. When questioned why she would want to teach at an institution with mostly affluent whites as students, she replied that she enjoyed the challenge of exposing them to both her feminist viewpoint and her background and experiences. In addition, during this time, she spent the Spring 1985 semester as a visiting professor at the historically black women's Spelman College in Atlanta. At Spelman, she taught classes titled "Congress, Power and Politics", where she sought to engage students in questions about representative government, and "History of the Black Woman in America".

In 1984, Chisholm and C. Delores Tucker co-founded an organization initially known as the National Black Women's Political Caucus. This was established during the vice presidential campaign of Geraldine Ferraro's. African-American women from various political organizations convened to set forth a political agenda emphasizing the needs of women of African descent. Chisholm was chosen as its first chair. Creation of the group represented a split with an earlier organization, the National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus, which had been co-founded by Tucker in 1971. Following a protest by the earlier group, the new one changed its name to the National Political Congress of Black Women, later simplified to the National Congress of Black Women.

During those years, she continued to give speeches at colleges, by her own count visiting over 150 campuses since becoming nationally known. She told students to avoid polarization and intolerance: "If you don't accept others who are different, it means nothing that you've learned calculus." Continuing to be involved politically, she traveled to visit different minority groups and urge them to become a strong force at the local level. She campaigned for Jesse Jackson during his 1984 and 1988 presidential campaigns. In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other black women and men, formed African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.

Her husband, Arthur Hardwick, died in August 1986. Chisholm moved to Florida in 1991. In 1993, President Bill Clinton nominated her to be United States Ambassador to Jamaica, but she could not serve due to poor health, and the nomination was withdrawn. In that same year, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at her home in Ormond Beach, Florida; her health had been in decline after she had suffered a series of small strokes the previous summer. At her funeral, held in Palm Coast, Florida, the minister said that Chisholm had brought about change because "she showed up, she stood up and she spoke up." She is buried in the Birchwood Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, where the legend inscribed on her vault reads: "Unbought and Unbossed".

Legacy
In February 2005, Shirley Chisholm '72: Unbought and Unbossed, a documentary film, aired on U.S. public television. It chronicled Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was directed and produced by independent African-American filmmaker Shola Lynch. The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004. On April 9, 2006, the film was announced as a winner of a Peabody Award.

In 2014, the first biography of Chisholm for an adult audience was published, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, by Brooklyn College history professor Barbara Winslow, who was also the founder and first director of the Shirley Chisholm Project. Until then, only several juvenile biographies had appeared.

Chisholm's speech "For the Equal Rights Amendment", given in 1970, is listed as number 91 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).

Monuments
The Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism (formerly known as the Shirley Chisholm Center for Research) exists at Brooklyn College to promote research projects and programs on women and to preserve the legacy of Chisholm. The Chisholm Project also houses an archive as part of the Chisholm Papers in the college library Special Collections.

In January 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his intent to build the Shirley Chisholm State Park, a  state park along  of the Jamaica Bay coastline, adjoining the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue landfills south of Spring Creek Park's Gateway Center section. The state park was dedicated to Chisholm that September. The park opened to the public on July 2, 2019.

A memorial monument of Chisholm is planned for the entrance to Prospect Park in Brooklyn by Parkside Avenue station, designed by artists Amanda Williams and Olalekan Jeyifous.

Political
Chisholm's legacy came into renewed prominence during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, when Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton staged their historic "firsts" battle – where the victor would either be the first major-party African-American nominee, or the first woman nominee – with at least one observer crediting Chisholm's 1972 campaign as having paved the way for both of them.

Chisholm has been a major influence on other women of color in politics, among them California Congresswoman Barbara Lee, who stated in a 2017 interview that Chisholm had a profound impact on her career. Lee had worked for Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign.

By the time of the 50th anniversary of Chisholm entering Congress, The New York Times was headlining "2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm", saying that "Chisholm was a one-woman precursor to modern progressive politics" and that she was "enjoying a resurgence of interest 14 years after her death".

Chisholm has also inspired Vice President Kamala Harris, who recognized Chisholm's presidential campaign by using similar typography and red-and-yellow color scheme in her own 2020 presidential campaign's promotional materials and logo. Harris launched her presidential campaign 47 years to the day after Chisholm's presidential campaign.

In popular culture
Actress Uzo Aduba portrays Chisholm in the miniseries Mrs. America, released in April 2020, for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series.

In November 2020, Danai Gurira was cast as Shirley Chisholm in The Fighting Shirley Chisholm, a film about Chisholm's 1972 run for president. The film will be directed by Cherien Dabis.

Another Shirley Chisholm film was announced in February 2021, with Regina King starring as Chisholm and John Ridley directing. The film, which will be distributed by Netflix, stars Lance Reddick, Lucas Hedges, Amirah Vahn, André Holland, Christina Jackson, Michael Cherrie, Dorian Missick, W. Earl Brown and Terrence Howard.

Chisholm was also heavily featured in Mel Brooks's 2023 satirical television series History of the World, Part II, played by Wanda Sykes. Segments throughout the series loosely detailed Chisholm's presidential bid stylized as episodes of a 1970s sitcom called Shirley!. The episodes "starred" other members of Chisholm's family and friends, including Conrad Chisholm (Colton Dunn), Florynce Kennedy (Kym Whitley), and Ruby Seale (Marla Gibbs).

Honors and awards

American honors
  Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously awarded) by President Barack Obama at a ceremony in the White House. – November 2015.
 William L. Dawson Award by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation– 1982

Honorary degrees
 In 1974, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Aquinas College and was their commencement speaker.
 In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Smith College.
 In 1996, she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by Stetson University, in Deland, Florida.

Other recognition
 In 1991, Chisholm was the commencement speaker at East Stroudsburg University in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, where she received the first-ever conferred honorary doctorate from the university. An annual ESU student award was created in her honor.
 In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
 In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Shirley Chisholm on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
 On January 31, 2014, the Shirley Chisholm Forever Stamp was issued. It is the 37th stamp in the Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.
The Shirley Chisholm Living-Learning Community at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts is a residential hall floor where students of African descent can choose to live.

Books
Chisholm wrote two autobiographies:

See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Politics of New York City
 United States House of Representatives
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

 Attribution

Further reading

External links

 Finding Aid for the Shirley Chisholm '72 Collection held by the Brooklyn College Library Archives and Special Collections

 Shirley Chisholm's oral history Video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
 Shirley Chisholm at the National Women's History Museum

 Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment
 Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed PBS American Documentary | POV documentary by Shola Lynch
 Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed Women Make Movies documentary by Shola Lynch
 Feature on Shirley Chisholm, with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed, by the International Museum of Women.

|-

|-

|-

|-

1924 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American educators
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women educators
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American candidates for President of the United States
African-American Christians
African-American feminists
African-American people in New York (state) politics
African-American women in politics
American people of Barbadian descent
American people of Guyanese descent
African-American Quakers
Brooklyn College alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)
Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election
Delta Sigma Theta members
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Female candidates for President of the United States
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Girls' High School alumni
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Methodists from New York (state)
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Politicians from Brooklyn
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Women state legislators in New York (state)
American Quakers

Shirley Chisholm


Pferdsdorf ist ein landwirtschaftlich geprägter Ortsteil der Gemeinde Krauthausen im Wartburgkreis in Westthüringen, unmittelbar an der Landesgrenze zu Hessen. Der Ortsteil liegt etwa fünf Kilometer Luftlinie westlich von Krauthausen westlich der Werra. Im März 2021 hatte Pferdsdorf-Spichra 410 Einwohner.

Geografie
An die Gemarkung grenzt im Norden die Stadt Creuzburg, im Osten Spichra, im Süden die Eisenacher Stadtteile Hörschel und Wartha sowie im Westen die hessische Gemeinde Herleshausen und deren Ortsteil Willershausen.
Durch den Ort fließt der Pferdsbach, ein orografisch  linker Zufluss der Werra, welcher östlich des Ortes in diese mündet.
Die höchste Erhebung ist der Kielforst im Süden der Gemarkung. Die geographische Höhe des Ortes beträgt .

Die ortsbildprägende, 300 bis 350 Jahre alte Linde am Friedhof wurde 1966 als Naturdenkmal ausgewiesen.

Geschichte
Die Landschaft um Pferdsdorf war fuldaisches Lehen. 1454 wurde das Lehen auf Jürgen von Reckerode übertragen. Das ausgedehnte Waldgebiet auf dem Kielforst südlich von Pferdsdorf gehörte zum Besitz des Creuzburger Jakobsklosters. Die Gemeinde Pferdsdorf konnte diesen Wald als genossenschaftliches Eigentum erwerben und setzte sich damit gegen die Interessen der Creuzburger Saline durch.

Die Dorfkirche Pferdsdorf wurde 1766 am Platz und aus Mauerresten einer vorreformatorischen Kapelle errichtet und ist ein schlichter Barockbau. Das Ostportal des ummauerten Kirchhofes, mit einem steinernen Rundbogen überwölbt, lässt im Scheitel nur undeutlich die Jahreszahl 1560 erkennen.

1879 wurden, basierend auf der Volkszählung von 1875, statistische Angaben zum Ort  publiziert. Pferdsdorf hatte in diesem Jahr 46 Wohnhäuser mit 236 Einwohnern. Die Größe der Flur betrug 424,4 ha, davon Höfe und Gärten 7,9 ha, Wiesen 44,1 ha, Ackerfläche 221,5 ha, Wald 100,2 ha, Teiche, Bäche und Flüsse 5,5 ha. Auf Wege, Triften, Ödland und Obstbauplantagen entfielen 45,1 ha. Beachtlich war auch der Viehbestand: Pferdsdorf hatte 31 Pferde, 172 Rinder, 180 Schafe, 131 Schweine und 21 Ziegen sowie 32 Bienenstöcke.

Die Hoffnung auf eine Industrialisierung wurde ab 1910 durch die Vorbereitung der Gründung einer Ziegelei bei Creuzburg genährt, diese entstand auch und produzierte bis Anfang der 1950er Jahre.
Pferdsdorf gehörte zu den ersten Orten in Thüringen, die am 1. April 1945 von amerikanischen Truppen eingenommen wurden, während die Einwohner noch in ihren Verstecken am Kielforst die Zerstörung der benachbarten Stadt Creuzburg und die Kämpfe um die Werralinie bei Spichra und Hörschel beobachteten.

Von 1949 bis 1990 war die Entwicklung des Ortes durch die Lage im Sperrgebiet der Innerdeutschen Grenze geprägt. 1974 wurde Pferdsdorf mit Spichra zur Gemeinde Pferdsdorf-Spichra vereint. Im März 1994 wurde die bis dahin selbständige Gemeinde Pferdsdorf-Spichra nach Krauthausen eingemeindet.

Verkehr
Durch den Süden verläuft die Bundesautobahn 4 auf der Werratalbrücke Hörschel. Anschluss an die Fernstraße besteht in Eisenach-West bei Deubachshof sowie nahe Herleshausen. Eine Kreisstraße verbindet Pferdsdorf mit der Landesstraße 1017, die bis 2009 als Bundesstraße 7a gewidmet war und in Richtung Eisenach oder Herleshausen führt. Krauthausen ist durch Buslinien des Verkehrsunternehmen Wartburgmobil mit Creuzburg (Linie 176) und Eisenach (Linie 174, über Krauthausen) verbunden.

Von 1907 bis 1962 hatte Pferdsdorf einen Bahnhof an der Strecke Schwebda–Wartha, welche mit Eisenach, Creuzburg, Mihla, Treffurt, Wanfried und Eschwege verband. Der Personenverkehr zwischen Wartha und Mihla wurde 1962 eingestellt. Als letztes Relikt befindet sich östlich des Ortes die Ruine einer Brücke über den Pferdsbach.

Literatur
 Bernhard Krieg: Familienbuch für die Kirchgemeinde Pferdsdorf (mit Spichra) 1628-1918. Kartei und Manuskript von 1940. Leipzig: Deutsche Zentralstelle für Genealogie 1994; 1229 Familien.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Wartburgkreis
Krauthausen
Ort an der Werra
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Wartburgkreis)
Gemeindeauflösung 1957

Pferdsdorf (Krauthausen)


Les épreuves de danse sportive des Jeux mondiaux de 2022 ont eu lieu le 8 et  au . Les épreuves incluent le rock'n'roll et les danses de salon latines et de standards.

Placées durant l'événement dans la discipline DanceSports, les trois épreuves de danse sportive sont séparées de la discipline séparée DanceSports Breaking, qui inclut les deux épreuves de breakdance.

La salsa a été supprimée du programme.

Organisation
Le 18 février 2022, après la tenue des épreuves de qualification des European WDSF Sport Series Games, l'IWGA a informé la WDSF de sa décision selon laquelle les couples mixtes seront autorisés à concourir à Birmingham, mais ne pourront le faire que sous le drapeau d'un seul pays.

Cette décision de l'IWGA a été rapidement suivie d'une autre décision de l'IWGA d'interdire aux athlètes et officiels russes et biélorusses de participer aux Jeux mondiaux de Birmingham 2022. En raison de cette interdiction, treize couples russes et/ou biélorusses standard et latins ont été interdits de compétition aux Jeux Mondiaux.

Pour les danses de salon sous l'égide de la Fédération mondiale de danse sportive, un quota par continent est établi en fonction du nombre d'athlètes et de compétitions par continent en 2019 ; le classement pour établir la qualification pour les Jeux mondiaux continentaux sera basé sur la position dans la liste de classement mondiale WDSF professionnel ou amateur et sa position dans la qualification internationale/continentale. Vingt-trois couples par discipline seront éligibles pour participer aux jeux.

Pour le Rock'n'Roll, la liste de classement finale pour les Jeux mondiaux 2022 a été publiée par la Confédération mondiale de Rock'n'Roll (WRRC) après la dernière compétition de la saison 2021, les Championnats du monde Main Class Free Style à Prague avec quatorze couple retenu.

Compétition

Rock'n'roll

Légende :

Danses latines

Légende :

Danses standards

Légende :

Médaillés

Tableau des médailles

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Danse sportive aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse de 2018

Liens externes

 Livre des résultats

Jeux mondiaux de 2022
Jeux mondiaux de 2022
Rock (danse)
Salsa
Concours de danse

Danse sportive aux Jeux mondiaux de 2022


Tomáš Galásek (; n. 15 ianuarie 1973) este un fost jucător de fotbal ceh, în prezent antrenor. El a jucat pe posturile de mijlocaș defensiv și fundaș central.

Cariera la echipe
Galásek și-a început cariera la Banik Ostrava în 1991, înainte de a se transfera la Willem II Tilburg în 1997. Cu Willem II, el a ajuns pe locul cinci în Eredivisie, care a dus la calificarea echipei în Cupa UEFA pentru prima dată după 30 de ani. De atunci, el a jucat 4 meciuri în Cupa UEFA. În 1998-1999, Willem II a depășit performanța din anul precedent, terminând pe locul doi în campionat. Pentru prima dată în istorie, Willem II s-a calificat în Liga Campionilor UEFA. În această competiție, Galásek a jucat cinci meciuri pentru Willem II. Galásek a ajuns la Ajax în vara anului 2000. Cu Ajax, el a câștigat campionatul național de două ori, cupa națională o dată și a jucat de 26 de ori în Liga Campionilor. Din 2006, a jucat pentru 1. FC Nürnberg în Bundesliga, după ce a semnat un contract pe doi ani cu clubul german. Pe 15 august 2008 a semnat un contract cu Banik Ostrava. Pe 19 decembrie a semnat un contract cu Borussia Mönchengladbach. În iulie 2009 s-a retras din fotbalul profesionist dar a revenit în Bayernliga pe 31 august 2009, când a semnat cu FSV Erlangen-Bruck.

Cariera internațională
În 1995 a debutat în echipa națională de fotbal a Cehiei și a jucat în semifinala Campionatului European din 2004. Până în mai 2007, a înregistrat peste 50 de selecții pentru țara sa. A participat la Campionatul Mondial din 2006, în calitate de căpitan al echipei cehe.

În iunie 2008, după ce naționala sa a pierdut în fața Turciei la UEFA Euro 2008, și-a anunțat retragerea de la echipa națională.

Viața privată
Tomáš Galásek s-a născut la 15 ianuarie 1973 în Frydek-Mistek din părinți cehi. În 1994, s-a căsătorit cu soția sa, Sylvie. Împreună au doi copii Denisa (21 de ani) și Tom (16 ani). În prezent, s-a stabilit cu familia sa în Eckental - în suburbiile orașului Nuernberg, Germania.

Statistici privind cariera

Club

Titluri

 AFC Ajax

 Eredivisie: 2001-2002, 2003-2004
 Cupa KNVB: 2001-2002, 2005-2006
 Supercupa olandeză: 2002, 2005

 1. FC Nürnberg

 DFB-Pokal : 2006-2007

Cariera de antrenor
În sezonul 2011-2012, Galásek a pregătit echipa U15 din FSV Erlangen-Bruck, unde a jucat fiul său. În anul următor, a fost numit drept antrenor secund al echipei naționale de fotbal a Cehiei. În sezonul 2013-2014 a fost numit secund al echipei 1. FC Schweinfurt 05. În vara anului 2015, a devenit antrenorul principal al echipei SpVgg SV Weiden.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Tomáš Galásek

Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2006
Fotbaliști internaționali cehi
Fotbaliști ai Borussia Mönchengladbach
Fotbaliști ai 1. FC Nürnberg
Fotbaliști ai lui Ajax Amsterdam
Fotbaliști cehi
Mijlocași
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1973

Tomáš Galásek


FaZe er et esportshold, de har mange hold inde for mange spil. FaZe blev grundlagt som en gaming-klan på YouTube af FaZe ClipZ, FaZe Resistance og FaZe Housecat (senere navngivet Timid), som laver videoer i videospillet Call of Duty.

Holdet blev senere ledet af nuværende leder og ejer FaZe Apex. Under Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 i 2012 besluttede de sig dog for at prøve kræfter i den konkurrencemæssige del af spillet. FaZe Red kom på 3. pladsen i Call of Duty Championship 2015 og vandt sæson 3 mesterskaber i 2015. The FaZe YouTube-kanal blev oprettet den 30. maj 2010, og den 6. januar 2016 havde kanalen 3.566.201 abonnenter.

Januar 2016 oprettede FaZe Clan også et Counter-Strike-hold, hvilken på nuværende tidspunkt består af norske Håvard "rain" Nygaard, slovakiske Ladislav "GuardiaN" Kovács, svenske Olof "olofmeister" Kajbjer, bosniske Nikola "NiKo" Kovač og danske Finn "karrigan" Andersen, som er holdets kaptajn. Holdets coach hedder Robert "RobbaN" Dahlström.

Eksterne henvisninger
 YouTube Kanal

YouTube-kanaler
E-sportsklaner

FaZe


Le foramen sphénopalatin (ou trou sphéno-palatin) est un conduit crânien qui relie la cavité nasale à la fosse ptérygo-palatine.

Structure
Le foramen sphénopalatin est formé par l'échancrure sphéno-palatine entre les processus sphénoïdal  et orbitaire de l'os palatin qui est transformée en foramen par l'articulation avec la face inférieure du corps du sphénoïde.

Rôle
Le foramen sphénopalatin permet le passage entre la fosse ptérygo-palatine et la partie postérieure du méat nasal de l'artère et la veine sphénopalatine et du nerf naso-palatin.

Galerie

Notes et références

Crâne

Foramen sphénopalatin


බුදුදහමට අනුව සමාධි හෙවත් සම්මා සමාධි යනු සිත එකාග්‍රව තබාගැනීමයි. (චිත‍්තස‍්ස ඒකග‍්ගතා සමාධි)

".........තත්ථ කතමෝ සම්මා සති ? ඉධ භික්ඛූ විවිච්චේව කාමේහි විවිච්චේව අකුසලේහි ධම්මේහි...."ආදී
වශයෙන් නිවැරදි සමාධිය යන්න සිව්වැදෑරුම්ව විස්තර කෙරේ. එනම්,

ප්‍රථම ධ්‍යාන සමාධිය
ද්විතීය ධ්‍යාන සමාධිය
තෘතිය  ධ්‍යාන සමාධිය
 චතුර්ථ ධ්‍යාන සමාධිය

මෙසේ සිත ස්ථිර ලෙසින් නොසැලෙන අයුරින් පිහිටුවා ගැනීම සම්මා සමාධිය වේ.

සමාධිය පිලබඳ සඳහන් අවස්ථා
සමාධිය පිළිබඳ සංකල්පය පහත දේශනාවල අඩංගු වේ.

-	ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගයේ සඳහන් වන සම්මා සමාධිය (නිවැරදි සිහිය)

-	ත්‍රිවිද්‍යාව (පුබ්බේනිවාසානුස්සති ඤාණය, චුතූපපාත ඤාණය හා ආසවක්‍ඛය ඤාණය) - සීල, සමාධි, ප්‍රඥා

-	ධ්‍යාන  සතර, දෙවන ධ්‍යානය හට ගන්නේ සමාධියෙනි.

-	විශුද්ධි මාර්ගයට අනුව ප්‍රඥාව ලබා ගැනීමට ආසන්නතම හේතුව වන්නේ සමාධියයි.

සමාධි වඩන ක්‍රමය
බුදු දහමට අනුව සතලිස් කම්මත්ථාන පිළිබඳ මෙනෙහි කිරීමෙන් සමාධිය හට ගනි. සමාධිය වැඩීමෙන් කෙනෙකුගේ සිතේ කෙලෙස් දුරු වී සිත සන්සුන් භාවයට පැමිණේ. භාවනානු යෝගියෙකු සමාධි භාවනාවෙන් ඉහළම තලයට ළඟා වු පසු ඔහු යථාර්ථයේ නියම ස්වභාවය අවබෝධ කරගෙන දුකින් මිදීමේ සත්‍යය වෙත ළඟා වේ.

සමාධියේ ප්‍රයෝජන / අරමුණු
අංගුත්තර නිකායේ සමාධිය වර්ධනයේ ක්‍රම 4 ක් දැක්වෙන අතර  සෑම ක්‍රමයක‍ටම අනන්‍ය වූඅරමුණක් පවති.

1. ධ්‍යාන සතර වැඩීමෙන් සාමාන්‍ය ජීවිතය ප්‍රසන්න භාවයට පත් කර ගත හැක.

2. ප්‍රඥා‍ව හා අභිඥා - අලෝකය අරමුණු කර භාවනාවෙන් ලැබේ.

3. සිහිය හා පැහැදිලි අවබෝධය - වේදනා, සංඥා හා සිතුවිලි සි‍තෙහි පවතින ආකාරය පිළිබඳ සිත පිහිටුවීමෙන් ලැබේ.

4. කෙලෙස් දුරු කිරීම - පංචස්කන්ධයේ ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ සිත පිහිටුවීමෙන් ලැබේ.

බෞද්ධ සුත්‍ර වලට අනුව සමාධි භාවනාව පුහුණු කරන්නෝ විවිධ අභිඥා බල හෙවත් අධිමානසික බල ලබාගනිති. නමුත් බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ මෙම හැකියාවන් හේතුවෙන් සිත වියවුල් කරගෙන නිර්වාණය පිළිබඳ අරමුණු අමතක නොකරන ලෙසට අනතුරු  ඇඟවු සේක.

සටහන්

බෞද්ධ මාර්ගයෙහි සමාධිය ක්‍රමවත් ලෙස ප්‍රගුණ කිරීම සඳහා අනුපූර්ව ශික්ෂාවක් නිර්දේශ කොට තිබේ. බුදුරදුන් වදාළ විමුක්තිය පසක් කර ගැනීම පිණිස සමාධිය ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමට පෙළෙඹෙන ශ්‍රාවකයා පළමුව ආත්ම දෘෂ්ටියෙන් මිදී නිවැරැදි කල්පනාවක පිහිටා ශීලය, ප්‍රගුණ කලයුතුවේ. ශීලය තහවුරු වන්නේ ඉන්ද්‍රිය සංවරය මතය. ඉන්ද්‍රියයට අරමුණු ලක් වූ විට ඒ අරමුණු කෙරෙන් නිමිති හා අනුව්‍යංජන උපාදාන වශයෙන් නොගැනීමට ශ්‍රාවකයා වග බලා ගත යුතුයි. පාපක අකුසල ධර්ම වැළැක්වීම පිණිස නිබඳව සිහි එළවා කටයුතු කිරීම අවශ්‍යය. දැඩි ලෝභය , ව්‍යාපාදය , ථීනමිද්ධය, උද්ධච්ච , කුකුච්චය හා විචිකිච්ඡාව දුරු කිරීමෙන් කුසල් සිත් වැඩීමට උත්සාහවන්ත විය යුතුය.

මේ සඳහා සංයුක්ත නිකායේ ඉන්ද්‍රිය සංයුක්තයෙහි මූලික අවධානය යොමු කොට ඇත්තේ ඉන්ද්‍රිය පංචකයේ විවරණයටයි. ඉන්ද්‍රිය පංචකය ශ්‍රද්ධාව, වීර්යය, සතිය, සමාධිය, ප්‍රඥාව වශයෙන් දැක්වෙයි. අන් සියලුම භාවනා ක්‍රම වලින් බෞද්ධ භාවනාව වෙනස් වන්නේ භාවනාමය වශයෙන් පහළ වන ශ්‍රද්ධාදී ඉන්ද්‍රිය පංචකය , බුද්ධ දේශනාවට පමණක් සීමා වී ඇති බැවිනි.

සද්ධින්ද්‍රිය යනු තථාගතයන්ගේ සම්බෝධිය පිළිබඳ ශ්‍රාවක සිතෙහි පහළ වන අමූලිකා දි ලක්ෂණයන් ගෙන් යුත් බාහිර වශයෙන් පෙනෙන භක්ති මාත්‍රයන්ගෙන් හාත්පසින්ම වෙනස් වූ මූලජාතවූද ආකාරවතී වුද, ලක්‍ෂණයන් ගෙන් යුක්ත වූ ශ්‍රද්ධාව විය යුතුය.සත්‍යාවබෝධය සඳහා තිබිය යුතු බලවත් කැමැත්ත ද ශ්‍රද්ධාව වශයෙන් සලකනු ලැබේ. (තථාගතස්ස බෝධිං)

බුදුරදුන්ගේ සම්බෝධිය පරම සත්‍ය වශයෙන් සලකන ශ්‍රාවකයා නව අරහාදී බුදුගුණ පිළිගනියි. මෙකී පිළිගැනීම ද සතින්ද්‍රියේ විශිෂ්ට ලක්ෂණය වෙයි (විභංග සූත්‍රය ස.නි.)

වීර්යය ඉන්ද්‍රිය යනු අකුසල ධර්මයන්ගේ ප්‍රහාණාය පිණිස කුසල ධර්මයන්ගේ වැඩීම පිණිස ශ්‍රාවක සිතෙහි උපදනා ව්‍යායාමයයි. නූපන් අකුසල ධර්මයන්ගේ උපත වැළකීමත්,උපන් අකුසල ධර්මයන්ගේ ප්‍රහාණය සැලසීමත් , නූපන් කුසල ධර්ම ඉපදවීමත් , උපන් කුසල ධර්ම අධිමාත්‍ර වශයෙන් වැඩීමත්, වීර්යය ඉන්ද්‍රියේ ක්‍රියාකාරි ලක්‍ෂණයයි.

සතින්ද්‍රිය යනු සිහිය පිළිබඳ නිපුණත්වයයි. ලෝභ, ද්වේෂ, ධර්ම දමනය කොට කාය වේදනා, චිත්ත ධම්ම යන විෂයයන්හි නිරන්තර අවදිකම හා සිහිය ප්‍රගුණ කිරිම සතින්ද්‍රියේ ක්‍රියාකාරි ලක්‍ෂණයයි.

සමාධින්ද්‍රිය යනු මූලික වශයෙන් සිතේ එකඟතාවයි. සියලු අකුසල් ධර්මයන්ගෙන් තොරව ධ්‍යාන වැඩීම, මේ ඉන්ද්‍රියයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී ලක්‍ෂණයයි.

පඤ්ඤන්ද්‍රිය යනු, නාම රූප ධර්මයන්ගේ ඉපදීම හා නැසීම පිළිබඳ ශ්‍රාවක සිතෙහි පහළ වන ගැඹුරු අවබෝධයයි. දුකත් එහි ප්‍රභවයත්, නිරෝධයත්, දුක් නිරු_ කරගන්නා මහත් අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම, ප්‍රඥාවේ විශිෂ්ට ක්‍රියාකාරී ලක්ෂණයයි. (දට්ඨධං සූත්‍රය සං.නි.)

මෙම න්‍යාය ධර්ම වලින් තොරව කරනු ලබන භාවනා ආර්ය මාර්ගයට කිසි සම්බන්ධයක් නැත. සමාධි අංගය , ආර්ය අෂ්ටාංගික මාර්ගයේ අටවන අංගයයි. සම්මා දිට්ඨියේ පටන් සම්මා සතිය දක්වා අංග හත ගැන කිසිම අවබෝධයක් නොමැතිව කරනු ලබන භාවනාව බෞද්ධ භාවනාවක් නොවේ. ආර්ය අෂ්ටාංගික මාර්ගයට අයත් එකම භාවනාව සතර සතිපට්ඨාන භාවනාවයි. සිත එකඟ කර ගැනීම පිණිස අභිධර්මයෙහි සතළිස් කර්මස්ථානයක් දක්වා තිබේ. දස කසිණය , දස අසුභය,  දස අනුස්සතිය
, සතර අප්පමඤ්ඤාය , සතර ආරුප්පය, එක් සංඥාවක්ය, එක් ව්‍යවස්ථානයක්ය යනුවෙන් මෙකී කමටහන් හැඳින්වේ. මාර්ගාංග වශයෙන්ද , ධ්‍යානාංග වශයෙන්ද සමථ වශයෙන්ද උපයුක්ත වන ඒකාග්‍රතාව , භාවනාමය ධර්මයක් බව සැබෑය. නමුත් මේවා ආර්ය මාර්ගයට සම්බන්ධයක් නැති ලෞකික ධ්‍යාන වැඩීමට යොදා ගත් බමුණු භාවනාය. මේවායින් විමුක්තිය පසක් කර ගත නොහැකිය.

ආර්ය මාර්ගයට අයත් සමාධියට සම්මා වායාම, සම්මා සති, සම්මා සමාධි යන අංගත්‍රය ඇතුළත් වෙයි. එය මෙසේ විස්තර කරමු.

සම්මා වා යාම ය

සම්මා වායාම නිවැරැදි වීර්යයි. වීර්යය ප්‍රායෝගික වශයෙන් දියුණු කළ යුතු මාර්ගාංගයකි. වීර්යයෙහි විරුද්ධ පාක්ෂිකයා අලසකමයි. පංච නීවරණවලින් එකක් වශයෙන්, නම් කර තිබෙන, ථීනමිද්ධ " යනුවෙන් එය හඳුන්වා තිබේ. සිතට කය වස¼ග කර ගැනීම බලවත් අභ්‍යාසයකින් කර ගත යුත්තකි.

සම්මා සතිය

සම්මා සති යනු නිවැරැදි සිහියයි. වික්ෂිප්ත බවෙන් තොර වූ අවදිකමයි. එළඹ සිටි සිහියයි. පුහුණු නොකළ සිතක් නිරතුරුවම නොසන්සුන්ය. වික්ෂිප්තය . ඒ නිසා තමා තුළ හටගන්නා සිතිවිලි හඳුනා ගැනීමට පුද්ගලයාට අවදිකමක් නැත. හොඳ - නරක, පින්- පව්, කුසල් - අකුසල්, සාවද්‍ය - නිරවද්‍ය යන මෙම සිතිවිලි හදුනා ගැනීමට නිතර සිහිය පිහිටුවා ගත යුතුය. එසේ සේවනය කළ යුතු කුසල ධර්ම සේවනය කළ යුතුය. සේවනය නො කළ යුතු අකුසල ධර්ම සිතින් බැහැර කිරීමට ශ්‍රාවකයා පෙළෙඹෙනු ඇත. නිරන්තරයෙන් එහෙ මෙහෙ දුවන හිත එකඟ කර ගැනීමට පුහුණුව ඇති වන්නේ එවිටය. කාම තණ්හා, භව තණ්හා , විභව තණ්හා යන ත්‍රිවිධ කම්ම වට්ටයෙන් මිදීමට ස්කන්ධයන්ගෙන් නිසරු බව වැටහෙන්නේ ජීවිතයේ එදිනෙදා කටයුතු වල දී ප්‍රායෝගික වශයෙන් යෝනිසෝමනසිකාරයෙන් යුතුව සිතීමට පුරුදු වීමේදීය. ඒ අනුව පුද්ගලයාට නාම - රූප ධර්මතාවයන්ගේ යථා ස්වභාවය වන අනිත්‍ය දුඞඛ - අනාත්ම නමැති ත්‍රිවිධ ලක්‍ෂණ වැටහෙයි.

සිහි නුවණින් කටයුතු කිරීමේදී සිතිවිලි වලට වහල් නොවී ඇත්ත ඇති සැටියෙන් දැකිය යුතු (යථා භූත) පිළිවෙත, මජ්ක්‍ධිම නිකායේ මහා සුඤ්ඤතා සූත්‍රයේ මෙසේ දක්වා තිබේ.

" නාහං ආනන්ද එක රූපම්පි සමනුපස්සාමි
යත්ථාහි රත්තස්ස රූපස්ස
විපරි නාමඤ්ඤතා භාවනා උප්පජ්ජෙය්‍යුං
සෝක පරිදෙව දුක්ඛ දෝමනස්සුපායා සා "

ආනන්ද කිසියම් රූපයක ඇලී ගැලී කාම රාගය ඇතිකර ගන්නේ නම්, ඒ උපාඥානය වී තිබූ රූපය වෙනස් වන විට බිඳෙන විට (නැසෙන විට) ඒ තැනැත්තාට ශෝකයක් සන්තාපයක් නූපදින්නේ යැයි කිව හැකි කිසිම රූපයක් මේ ලෝකයේ යෝනිසෝමනසිකාරයෙන් (සිහිනුවණින්) නො දකිමි.

රූප,ශබ්ද, ගන්ධ, රස, ස්පර්ශා දී ධර්මතාවල තෘෂ්ණාවෙන් ඇලෙන සිතිවිලි ඇතිවන්නේ ඉන්ද්‍රිය ගෝචර අවස්ථා වලදී සිදුවන අතීත සංඥා සිහිපත් වීමෙනි. මනසේ ස්වභාවය ඉන්ද්‍රිය මගින් හටගන්නා සෑම අරමුණක දීම අතීතර නාම -රූප මෙනෙහි වීමයි. එසේ හෙයින්, මෙම මෙනෙහි වීම වැළැක්වීමට සිත ඒකාග්‍රතාවයකට ගැනීමට සිහිය තදින් පිහිටුවීමට පුහුණුවක් ඇති කර ගත යුතුය.

"අයං ඛො ආනන්ද විහාරො
තථාගථෙන අභිසම්බුද්ධො
යදිදං සබ්බ නිමිත්තානං
අමනසිකාරො අජ්ජක්‍ධත්තං
සුඤ්ඤතං උපසම්පජ්ජ විරහතුං "

" ආනන්දය, තථාගතයන් විසින් මෙලෙස වාසය කිරීමට කුමන ධර්මතාවක් අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම හේතු වී ද? රූපා දී සියලු නිමිති මෙනෙහි නොකිරීමෙන් ආධ්‍යාත්මික ශාන්තිය - ඵල සමාප්තිය ලබා ගැනීම ඒ සඳහා හේතු විය.

සතිය තදින් පිහිටුවාගෙන භාවනා කිරීම, ප්‍රධාන භාවනා ක්‍රමයයි. එසේ සතිය තදින් පිහිටුවා ගෙන වාසය කිරීම සතර ඉරියව් වලදීම අවශ්‍යය. එසේ ' සතර වෝහාර ධම්ම ' නම් වූ සිත වැඩ කරන දිට්ඨ, ස්‍රත මුන, විඤ්ඤාත යන අවස්ථාවලදී (පෙනෙනවා , ඇසෙනවා , දැනෙනවා, සිතනවා) අතීත මතක සටහන් (සඤ්ඤා) පදනම්ව ඇතිවන නැවත උපදින සිතිවිලි වලට වහල් නොවීමට සතිය නිරන්තරයෙන්ම උපකාර කරගත යුතු වෙයි.

සිහිය තදින් පිහිටුවා ගැනීම යන අදහස ගෙන දෙන එකම බෞද්ධ භාවනාව, සතිපට්ඨාන භාවනාවයි. එය සතර සතිපට්ඨාන භාවනාව වෙයි.

1. කායානුපස්සනා
2. වේදානුපස්සනා
3. චිත්තානුපස්සනා
4. ධම්මානුපස්සනා යනුවෙන් සඳහන් වන්නේ ඒ සිහිය පිහිටුවිය යුතු තැන් සතරයි .

කායානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය

 :-

තම ශරීරය අනුව මෙන්ම අනෙක් සත්වයා ගැනත්, ලෝකය ගැනත් අනිත්‍ය , දුඞඛ, අනාත්ම යන ත්‍රිලක්‍ෂණය අනුව නිරන්තර හට ගැනීම, වෙනස්වීම , හා නැසීම පිළිබඳ හේතු ප්‍රත්‍ය ඒකාන්ත වශයෙන් දුක් හටගැනීමේ ස්වභාවයක් බව අවබෝධ කොටගෙන ඒ ගැන තදින් සිහිය පිහිටුවා ගැනීම කය විෂයෙහි සත්ව පුද්ගල සංඥාව දුරු කර ගැනීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදහසයි. කායානුපස්සනා සතිපට්ඨානය 1.ආනාපාන 2. ඉරියාපථ 3. චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ 4. පටික්කූල 5. ධාතු මනසිකාර වශයෙන් කොටස් පහක් හා මෘත ශරීරයෙහි අවස්ථා නවයක් වශයෙන්, කොටස් 14 කින් යුක්තය.

ආනාපාන සතිය

ආනාපාන සති භාවනාව යනුවෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ ආශ්වාස ප්‍රාශ්වාසයෙහි සිහිය පිහිටුවීමයි. ආනාපාන සති භාවනාව භාවිතා කරන, බහුල වශයෙන් කරන තැනැත්තාට මහත්ඵල මහානිශංස වෙයි. මහණෙනි, භාවිතා කරන බොහෝ වශයෙන් කරන ආනාපාන සති භාවනාවෙන් සතර සතිපටිඨානයම සම්පූර්ණ කෙරෙයි.

බොහෝ වශයෙන් භාවිතා කරන සතර සතිපට්ඨානයෙන් සත්තබොජ්ක්‍ධංග සම්පූර්ණවෙයි. බොහෝ වශයෙන් භාවිතා කරන සත්තබොජ්ජක්‍ධංගයන් ගෙන් විද්‍යාවත්, විමුක්තියත් සපුරාලයි. ඉන්ද්‍රිය භාවනාවේ දීද මෙය ම සිදු වන්නේය. සතර සතිපට්ඨාන සත්තබොජ්ඣංග ආදී සත් තිස් බෝධි පාක්‍ෂික ධර්ම වෙන් වෙන්ව වඩන දහම් නොවේ. විපස්සනා භාවනාවේ යෙදෙන විට, ඒ සියල්ලම සම්පූර්ණවෙයි.

ඉරියාපථ , චතුසම්පජඤ්ඤ , සාත්‍ථකසම්පජඤ්ඤ , පටික්කූ®ල මනසිකාර , ධාතු මනසිකාරය, නව සීවථිකා , වේදනානුපස්සනා , චිත්තානු පස්සනා, ධම්මානු පස්සනා ආදි සතිපට්ඨාන ගැන වැඩි වශයෙන් කරුණු දැන ගැනීම පිණිස මජ්ක්‍ධිම නිකායේ සතිපට්ඨාන සූත්‍රය හා ආනාපාන සති සූත්‍රයත් දීඝ නිකායේ සතිපට්ඨාන සූත්‍රයත් පරිශීලනය කරන්නේ නම් මැනවි.

සම්මා සමාධිය

නිර්වාණ ප්‍රතිපදා මාර්ගයේ අටවන අංගය, සම්මා (නිවැරැදි) සමාධියයි. සමාධිය යනු සිත ඒකාග්‍රතාවයක පිහිටුවා ගැනීමයි. සිත එකඟ කර ගැනීමයි. ඉහත සඳහන් සූත්‍ර පාඨය අනුව සමාධිය ඇතිකර ගැනීම පිණිස සම්මා දිට්ඨියේ පටන් සම්මා සතිය දක්වා වූ අංග හත එකිනෙකට සාපේක්‍ෂ ව සම්මා දිට්ඨියට පිරිවර වෙයි. සම්මා දිටිඨියෙන් සම්මා සංකප්පයද එම අංග දෙක පූර්වාංගම වීමෙන් නිවැරැදි වචනය නිවැරැදි කර්මාන්තය , නිවැරැදි ජීවිතය ද යන අංග සම්පූර්ණ වී ආර්ය ශ්‍රාවකයා ශීලයෙහි පිහිටනු ඇත.

දැන් ඔහු නිවැරැදි ව්‍යායාමයත්, නිවැරැදි සිහියත් පිහිටුවාගෙන යෝනිසොමනසිකාරයෙන් යුතුව සතර ආකාරයෙන් සිදුවන ස්පර්ශ වලදී ඒවා විපස්සනා කිරීමට සිහිය පිහිටුවා ගනී. මෙම ආර්ය මාර්ගාංග හත පරිවාරකොට ගෙන උපදවා ගන්නා සමාධිය, ආර්ය සමාධියයි. මේ සියල්ලටම පූර්වාංගම වන්නේ, සම්මා දිට්ඨියයි. (මහා චත්තාරීසක සූත්‍රය ම.නි.)

සම්මා දිට්ඨියෙන් ලොව දෙස බලන තැනැත්තා යම් වස්තුවක් (රූප ) යථා භූත පරිදි දැක, ඒ කෙරෙහි නිවැරදි තීරණයක් ගෙන, එහි අනිත්‍ය ස්වභාවය දැක, එහි ඇලීම ප්‍රතික්‍ෂ්ප කරයි, මුළා නෙවෙයි, සිතින් උපාදානය නොකරයි. මෙහි දී සිදුවන්නේ එම වස්තුව පිළිබඳ සිත තුළ උපන් සිතිවිල්ල සිතින් අල්ලා නොගෙන ප්‍රහීණකර දැමීමය. එය එම වස්තුව ප්‍රතික්‍ෂ්ප කිරීමක් නොව, තමාගේ සිත තුළ උපන් සිතිවිල්ල සිතින් අල්ලා නොගෙන ප්‍රහීණ කර දැමීමය. එය එම වස්තුව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමක් නොව, තමාගේ සිත තුළ උපන් සිතිවිල්ල සිතින් අල්ලා නොගෙන ප්‍රහීණ කිරීම පමණකි. මෙම මානසික ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය , ත්‍රිවිධ ප්‍රඥාව යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙයි.

1. ඤාත පරිඤ්ඤා 2. තීරණ පරිඤ්ඤා, 3. පහාන පරිඤ්ඤා " ඤාත" යනු දැන ගැනීමය. 'පරිඤ්ඤා' යනු ප්‍රවීණ ඤාණයෙන් දැකීමය. පහාන පරිඤ්ඤා යනු සිතින් අල්ලා නොගෙන අතහැරීමය. (මනසිකරොථ) භාවනානුයෝගී යෝගාවචරයකුගේ මානසික ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය , එම ත්‍රිවිධ පඤ්ඤාව අනුව සිදුවෙයි.

ඤාත පරිඤ්ඤාවෙන් දැන ගන්නේ රූප, ශබ්ද, ගන්ධ ආදි භෞතික රූප පඨවි, ආපෝ, තේජෝ. වායෝ ආදී මහා භූත ධර්මනිසා සංස්කරණය වූ ඒවා බවය.

තීරණ පරිඤ්ඤාවෙන් කැරෙන්නේ ලෝකයේ කිසිවක් එක ලෙසින් (නිත්‍ය වශයෙන්) නොපවතින හෙයින්, ඒවා අනිත්‍ය බැවින්, එයින් සදාකාලික සැපතක් හා සතුටක් නොලැබිය හැකි බවට ගනු ලබන තීරණයයි. එවැනි අනිත්‍ය වූ වස්තුවක් තෘෂ්ණාවෙන් උපාදානය කොට මගේ කොට ගැනීම කළහොත් එම වස්තුව විපරිණාමයට හා පරිහානියට පත්වීමෙන් ඇතිවන දුක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධය නිසා සිත තුළ ඇතිවන තෘෂ්ණා දෘෂ්ටි මාන යන ප්‍රපංචයන්ගෙන් මිදීම

(ප්‍රහාණය කිරීම ) 'පහාන පරිඤ්ඤා ' යනුයි.

මෙසේ සිත වැඩීමේ දී අනුක්‍රමයෙන් කාමාදී අකුසල ධර්මයන්ගෙන් වෙන් වූ විතක්ක විචාර සහිත ප්‍රථම ධ්‍යානය උපදවා ගන්නට හැකි වන්නේය. මේ අනුව ආර්ය ශ්‍රාවකයා සම්පූර්ණයෙන් අකුසලයන්ගෙන් වෙන් වී ඇති බව දැක්වෙයි.

ආර්ය ශ්‍රාවකයා මේ තත්ත්වයට පත් වන විට ආර්ය අෂ්ටාංගික මාර්ගයේ සාසව පුඤ්ඤාභාගීය උපධිවෙපක්ක නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රථම අංගය පුරා අවසන් කොට, අනාසව ලෝකෝත්තර මාර්ගාංගය පිරීම ආරම්භ කරන්නේය. එහිදී ආර්ය ශ්‍රාවකයාගේ හිත ප්‍රඥාව දෙසට යොමු වන අතර, ඔහු තුළ පවත්නා දස සංයෝජන හා පංච නීවරණ ද අනුක්‍රමයෙන් ක්‍ෂය වී යන්නේය.

ඉන්පසු එබඳු සිතක් උත්තරීතර (අශෛක්‍ෂ) ඤාණ දර්ශනය දෙසට යොමු වන්නේය. (සම්මා ඤාණ 9 වැනි අංගය ) මෙසේ ප්‍රඥාව තියුණු ලෙස වැඩීමේ දී ශ්‍රැතවත් ආර්ය ශ්‍රාවකයා විසින් ඉද්ධිවිධ ඤාණය දිබ්බසොත ඤාණය චෙතොපරිය ඤාණය , පුබ්බෙනිවාසානුස්සති ඤාණය , චුතූපපාත ඤාණය ආදී වශයෙන් විශිෂ්ට ඤාණ දර්ශන සම්පූර්ණ කොටගෙන අවසන් වශයෙන් ආශ්‍රවක්‍ෂය කර ඤාණය කරා සිත යොමු කොට කෙළෙසුන් සපුරා මිදුණු දුකෙහි සංසිඳීම වූ නිර්වාණය සාක්ෂාත් කරන්නේය. එය සම්මා විමුක්තිය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙයි. (සම්මා විමුක්ති 10 වැනි අංගය )

සමණා මණ්ඩිකා සූත්‍රය ම.නි.)

ඉහත දැක්වූ කරුණු ගැන විමසා බැලීමේදී සමාධිය බෞද්ධ මාර්ගයේ නිෂ්ඨාව නොවන බව පැහැදිලිය .

සම්මා සමාධියෙන් අවසන් වන ආර්ය අෂ්ටාංගික මාර්ගය ශ්‍රාවකයා නිවනට යොමු කරන මාර්ගය පමණක් වන අතර, පූර්ණා විමුක්තිය ලැබීම පිණිස (මහා චත්තාරීසක සූත්‍ර දේශනාවේ දැක්වෙන පරිදි) අශෛක්‍ෂ වශයෙන් දේශනා කර තිබෙන සම්මා ඤාණ නම් වූ නව වැනි අංගයත්, සම්මා විමුක්ති නම් වූ දහ වැනි අංගයත් වශයෙන් දසාංග මාර්ගය සම්පූර්ණ කළ යුතුවෙයි.

ශෛක්‍ෂ වශයෙන් පුහුණු වන්නන්ගේ (ආධුනිකයන්ගේ) ප්‍රයෝජනය පිණිස සම්මා දිට්ඨි - සම්මා සංකප්ප (ප්‍රඥාව) මුල් කරගෙන අංග අටකින් සමන්විත ආර්ය අෂ්ටාංගික මාර්ගයන්, අශෛක්‍ෂ වශයෙන් කෙලෙස් ප්‍රහීණ කරන උතුමන්ට දසාංග මාර්ගත් නිර්දේශ කර තිබේ. (දශඅංගයෙහි සමන්නාගතො අරහා) සීලේ පතිට්ඨාය නරෝස පඤ්ඤෝ යනුවෙන් දැක්වෙන නිරන්තර සීලයේ පිහිටීම සිදුවන්නේ, ආර්ය භාවයට පත්වීමෙන් පසුවය.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 බෞද්ධ භාවනා

සමාධි (බුදු දහම)


Georg Huber (* 6. März 1961 in Rosenheim) ist ein deutscher Maler, Airbrushkünstler, Autor, Dozent und Verleger.

Leben
Nach einer Ausbildung im Handwerk besuchte er das Grafik Studio Burke in München. Anfang der 1980er Jahre gab er seinen Beruf als Kfz-Monteur auf. Er bezeichnet sich seither selbst als "traveling artist" (reisender Künstler). Seine mystischen Landschaftsgemälde nennt er  Traumschaftsbilder. Bekannt sind außerdem seine Motive aus der Reihe American Moments, die nach Eindrücken seiner zahlreichen Reisen auf Motivsuche entstehen.

Georg Huber erhielt seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre diverse Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen für seine Motive. Regelmäßig werden seine Arbeiten als Titelbilder präsentiert und in den Szenemagazinen vorgestellt.  Mehr als 50 seiner Motive wurden in Serie als Kunstdrucke, Poster und Postkarten von diversen Verlagen veröffentlicht. Zahlreiche Ausstellungen im In und Ausland präsentierten seine meist auf Leinwand gefertigten Gemälde. In bisher fünf Bildbänden wurden seine Werke veröffentlicht. Auch bei Film und Fernsehproduktionen wirkte Georg Huber als Künstler mit. Für Airbrush, Mal – und Kreativkurse war Georg Huber als Dozent ca. 200 Mal tätig.

Georg Huber lebt bei Ostermünchen (Oberbayern), ist verheiratet und hat einen Sohn.

Buch-Veröffentlichungen

 2003: Traumschaftsbilder. Mit Texten von Veronika Wörndl, Vorwort Marianne Sägebrecht. ISBN 3-00-011004-6.
 2005: Lost and Lovely. The Roadside Art of Georg Huber, Vorwort Irene Nana Kullmer. ISBN 3-00-016989-X.
 2008: Wenn Bilder träumen. Die Kunst von Georg Huber, Vorwort und Interview von Irene Nana Kullmer. ISBN 978-3-00-023859-8.
 2011: Marderschaden in Manhattan. Reiseabenteuer eines Künstlers, Vorwort Irene Nana Kullmer. ISBN 978-3-00-031709-5.
 2013: Luft und Pinsel. Mischtechnik Airbrush und Acryl, Newart Medien & Design. Hamburg, ISBN 978-3-941656-10-9.
 2013: Begegnung in der Unendlichkeit.  Mit Texten von Virginia Atanassova, zweisprachig: Deutsch-Bulgarisch. Verlag:Iztok-Zapad, Sofia. ISBN 978-619-152-323-8.
 2015: Landscape Creator – Vol. 1, Wolken. Airbrush-Anleitung, Atelier Georg Huber. ISBN 978-3-00-050703-8.
 2015: Landscape Creator – Vol. 2, Bäume. Airbrush-Anleitung, Atelier Georg Huber. ISBN 978-3-00-050780-9.
 2016: Landscape Creator – Vol. 3, Hawaii. Airbrush-Anleitung mit Surfboard als Malgrund, Atelier Georg Huber. ISBN 978-3-00-053259-7.
 2018: American Roadside. Bildband, Newart Medien & Design. Hamburg ISBN 978-3-941656-54-3.

DVD-Veröffentlichungen

 2005: Traumschaftswelten. Filmreise in die fantastische Bilderwelt von Georg Huber. ISBN 3-00-017249-1.
 2013: The Travelling Artist. Als Beilage zum Buch Luft und Pinsel.

Artwork für Schallplatten und CD-Cover (Auswahl)

 1983: Eden's Taste, Meilensteine (LP, Pallas Schallplatten)
 1988: Dominoe, Keep In Touch (LP, BMG Ariola)
 1988: Dominoe, Lets Talk About Life (Maxi-Single, BMG Ariola)
 1993: Sorf, Save The Vinyl (LP, Sorf Music)
 1993: Medusa, Open Your Eyes (CD, Medusa Music)
 1994: Poops'N Run, Magic Poops Power (CD, Sorf Music)
 2000: Frank Diez, Stranded on Fantasy Island (CD, Inakustik Records)
 2000: Octavia und Lucius, Eine Reise in den Chiemgau zur Römerzeit (CD, Radio Regenbogen)
 2001: Never Mondays, Give Your Heart A Smile (CD, Sorf Music)
 2002: Music of Benares, Music of Benares (CD, Sorf Music)
 2003: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr.8 (CD, Garden of Delights)
 2004: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr. 10 (CD, Garden of Delights)
 2006: Emergency Gate, Nightly Ray (CD, Universal Records)
 2006: Southern Rock Allstars, Troubles Coming Live (DVD, MTM Records)
 2006: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr.12 (CD, Garden OF Delights)
 2006: Beggars Bride, Boulevard Of Broken Hearts (CD, MTM Records)
 2008: Pertness, Seven times Eternity (CD, Karthago Records)
 2008: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr.14 (CD, Garden Of Delights)
 2010: Pertness, From the Beginning to the End (CD, Karthago Records)
 2010: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr.16 (CD, Garden Of Delights)
 2012: Pertness, Frozen Times (CD, Karthago Records)
 2013: Psychedelic Underground, Sampler Nr. 17 (CD Garden of Delights)
 2015: Sabine Xoxi Huber, Long And Dusty Way, ISBN 978-3-00-054788-1
 2016: Klara Führen, Wege ins Glück (CD, Erzaehlkultur)
 2017: Harpanera, Harpanera (CD)

Titelbilder Zeitschriften und Bücher (Auswahl)

 1985: FML Magazin Nr. 1
 1991: CAQ Magazin Nr. 2
 1992: Computerviren, Buchtitelbild
 1992: Programmiergrundlagen Buchtitelbild
 1993: Programmiertechniken Buchtitelbild
 1993: Assemblerprogrammierung Buchtitelbild
 1997: Airbrush Art und Action Nr. 3
 1998: Airbrush Art und Action (Englische Ausgabe) April
 1998: Airbrush Art Magazin (Italien) Nr. 2
 1999: Schulmedizin Nein Danke, Buchtitelbild
 1999: Airbrush Art + Action Nr. 1
 2001: Einblick Magazin Nr. 11
 2001: Das Fitnesskonzept, Buchtitelbild
 2001: Harlekin & Vietkong, Buchtitelbild
 2002: Airbrush Art und Action (Englische Ausgabe) Nr.44
 2002: Einblick Magazin Nr. 1
 2003: Traumschaftsbilder, Buchtitelbild
 2003: Haus des Erlebnisses Nr.3
 2003: Pulsar Magazin (Österreich) Nr. 7
 2003: Wendselstein Anzeiger Nr.88
 2005: Lost and lovely, Buchtitelbild
 2006: Die Andere Realität Nr. 5
 2007: Tod eines Anlegers, Buchtitelbild
 2007: Die Andere Realität Nr. 4
 2008: Wu Wei Magazin Ausgabe Dezember/ Januar/Februar
 2008: Die Andere Realität Nr. 5
 2008: Wenn Bilder träumen, Buchtitelbild
 2010: Airbrush Step by Step Nr. 1
 2010: Pinstripe Magazine (England) Jan / Feb.
 2010: Erdenseele Magazin für Spiritualität und Kunst Aug. Sept. Okt.
 2011: Marderschaden in Manhattan, Buchtitelbild
 2014: Airbrush Step by Step Magazin, Titelbild Ausgabe Jan./Feb./März
 2019: Art Maker Magazin

Einzelausstellungen (Auszug)

 1998: American Moments. Kunst im Hotel Pichlmayer, Wasserburg am Inn
 2002: American Moments. Kunstverein Bad Aibling
 2002: Dreamscapes. Kulturzentrum, Duisburg Laudatio von Frank Diez
 2002: Traumlandschaften. Kleine Altstadtgalerie, Dachau
 2003: Traumschaftsbilder. Wilhelm Leibl Galerie, Bad Aibling
 2004: Werkschau, Artport im Flughafen, Salzburg
 2004: Traumschaftsbilder. Stadtturm, Neustadt a. d. Donau Laudatio von Marianne Sägebrecht
 2005: Traumlandschaften. Stadtwerke, Rosenheim
 2005: Werkschau, Asmo Center, Raubling
 2005: Lost and Lovely the Roadside Art of Georg Huber. Erstes Imaginäres Museum für Malerei und Grafik, Wasserburg am Inn
 2006: California Dreaming. International Country- und Trucker Festival, Interlaken, Schweiz
 2008: Wenn Bilder träumen. Kleine Altstadt Galerie, Dachau
 2010: Wenn Bilder träumen. Museum, Pittenhart
 2011: Auf Reisen. Schloßökonomie, Grabenstätt
 2014: Wings. Kleine Altstadtgalerie, Dachau
 2018: Auf Reisen. MVV, Gersthofen

Sonstiges

 2003: Hintergrundbilder für den Kino- und TV-Film Großglocknerliebe
 2005: Vorstellung der mit Georg Hubers Motiven gestalteten Elektrogitarren-Serie auf der Musik-Messe Frankfurt
 2006: Gestaltung der Tabaluga-Gitarre von Frank Diez für die Tabaluga-Tour mit Peter Maffay
 2007: Bemalung von zwei BMW-Motorrädern für internationale Filmpremieren von Resident Evil Extinction
 2013: "Georg Hubers Route 66", Farbset von Schmincke
 2014: Mitaussteller Modern European Art, Sohotel Gallery, Broome Street, New York City
 2018: Mitveranstalter der "Traum und Zeit"-Ausstellung mit 21 Künstlern im "Sisi-Schloss" in Aichach

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 1985: Sonderpreis der Maler- und Lackiererinnung
 1987: 1. Preis der Airbrush Zeitung mit Hendrik Müller
 2003: 1. Preis Foto Wettbewerb Lufthansa City Center Reise News
 2007: 1. Preis Arno Art Award,  Art Szene International
 2010: Finalist, Landschaftsbilder, International Artist Magazin

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz von Georg Huber
 Porträt auf rfo

Maler (Bayern)
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Mann

Georg Huber (Maler)


The Nile Delta (,  or simply , ) is the delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers  of Mediterranean coastline and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately  in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo.

Geography

From north to south, the delta is approximately  in length. From west to east, it covers some  of coastline. The delta is sometimes divided into sections, with the Nile dividing into two main distributaries, the Damietta and the Rosetta, flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name. In the past, the delta had several distributaries, but these have been lost due to flood control, silting and changing relief. One such defunct distributary is Wadi Tumilat.

The Suez Canal is east of the delta and enters the coastal Lake Manzala in the north-east of the delta. To the north-west are three other coastal lakes or lagoons: Lake Burullus, Lake Idku and Lake Mariout.

The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), as it resembles a triangle or flower when seen from above. Some scholars such as Aristotle have written that the delta was constructed for agricultural purposes due to the drying of the region of Egypt.

In modern day, the outer edges of the delta are eroding, and some coastal lagoons have seen increasing salinity levels as their connection to the Mediterranean Sea increases. Since the delta no longer receives an annual supply of nutrients and sediments from upstream due to the construction of the Aswan Dam, the soils of the floodplains have become poorer, and large amounts of fertilizers are now used. Topsoil in the delta can be as much as  in depth.

History

People have lived in the Nile Delta region for thousands of years, and it has been intensively farmed for at least the last five thousand years. The delta was a major constituent of Lower Egypt, and there are many archaeological sites in and around the delta. Artifacts belonging to ancient sites have been found on the delta's coast. The Rosetta Stone was found in the delta in 1799 in the port city of Rosetta (an anglicized version of the name Rashid).  In July 2019 a small Greek temple, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of Ptolemy II, dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at the sunken city of Heracleion, colloquially known as Egypt's Atlantis. The investigations were conducted by Egyptian and European divers led by the underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio. They also uncovered a devastated historic temple (the city's main temple) underwater off Egypt's north coast.

In January 2019 archaeologists led by Mostafa Waziri working in the Kom Al-Khelgan area of the Nile Delta discovered tombs from the Second Intermediate Period and burials from the Naqada II era. The burial site contained the remains of animals, amulets and scarabs carved from faience, round and oval pots with handles, flint knives, broken and burned pottery. All burials included skulls and skeletons in the bending position and were not very well-preserved.

Ancient branches of the Nile

Records from ancient times (such as by Ptolemy) reported that the delta had seven distributaries or branches, (from east to west):
the Pelusiac
the Tanitic
the Mendesian
the Phatnitic or Phatmetic (later the Damietta)
the Sebennytic
the Bolbitine (later the Rosetta)
the Canopic (also called the Herakleotic, Agathodaemon)

George of Cyprus list
Alexandrian (Schedia canal)
Colynthin (Canopic branch)
Agnu (Rashid)
Parollos (Burullus)
Chasmatos (Baltim)
Tamiathe (Dumyat)
Tenese (Tinnis)

Modern Egyptologists suggest that in the Pharaonic era there were at a time five main branches:
the Pelusiac
the Sebennytic
the Canopic
the Damietta
the Rosetta
The first three have dried up over the centuries due to flood control, silting and changing relief, while the last two still exist today. The Delta used to flood annually, but this ended with the construction of the Aswan Dam.

Population

About 39 million people live in the Delta region. Outside of major cities, population density in the delta averages  or more. Alexandria is the largest city in the delta with an estimated population of more than 4.5 million. Other large cities in the delta include Shubra El Kheima, Port Said, El Mahalla El Kubra, Mansura, Tanta, and Zagazig.

Wildlife

During autumn, parts of the Nile River are red with lotus flowers. The Lower Nile (North) and the Upper Nile (South) have plants that grow in abundance. The Upper Nile plant is the Egyptian lotus, and the Lower Nile plant is the Papyrus Sedge (Cyperus papyrus), although it is not nearly as plentiful as it once was, and is becoming quite rare.

Several hundred thousand water birds winter in the delta, including the world's largest concentrations of little gulls and whiskered terns. Other birds making their homes in the delta include grey herons, Kentish plovers, shovelers, cormorants, egrets and ibises.

Other animals found in the delta include frogs, turtles, tortoises, mongooses, and the Nile monitor. Nile crocodiles and hippopotamus, two animals which were widespread in the delta during antiquity, are no longer found there. Fish found in the delta include the flathead grey mullet and soles.

Climate

The Delta has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) as the rest of Egypt, but its northernmost part, as is the case with the rest of the northern coast of Egypt which is the wettest region in the country, has relatively moderate temperatures, with highs usually not surpassing  in the summer. Only  of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, with a maximum average of . Winter temperatures are normally in the range of  at nights to  in the daytime. With cooler temperatures and some rain, the Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the winter months.

Sea level rise

Egypt's Mediterranean coastline experiences significant loss of land to the sea, in some places amounting to  a year. The low-lying Nile Delta area in particular is vulnerable to sea level rise associated with global warming. This effect is exacerbated by the lack of sediments being deposited since the construction of the Aswan Dam. If the polar ice caps were to melt, much of the northern delta, including the ancient port city of Alexandria, could disappear under the Mediterranean. A  rise in sea level could affect about 6.6% of the total land cover area in the Nile Delta region. At  sea level rise, an estimated 887 thousand people could be at risk of flooding and displacement and about  of vegetation,  wetland,  cropland, and  of urban area land could be destroyed, flooding approximately . Some areas of the Nile Delta's agricultural land have been rendered saline as a result of sea level rise; farming has been abandoned in some places, while in others sand has been brought in from elsewhere to reduce the effect. In addition to agriculture, the delta's ecosystems and tourist industry could be negatively affected by global warming. Food shortages resulting from climate change could lead to seven million "climate refugees" by the end of the 21st century. Nevertheless, environmental damage to the delta is not currently one of Egypt's priorities.

The delta's coastline has also undergone significant changes in geomorphology as a result of the reclamation of coastal dunes and lagoons to form new agricultural land and fish farms as well as the expansion of coastal urban areas.

Governorates and large cities
The Nile Delta forms part of these 10 governorates:

Alexandria
Beheira
Kafr el Sheikh
Gharbiya
Minufiya
Qalyubiya
Dakahlia
Damietta
Sharqiyah
Port Said

Large cities located in the Nile Delta:

Abusir
Alexandria
Avaris
Bilbeis
Bubastis
Canopus
Damanhur
Desouk
Damietta
El Mahalla El Kubra
Kafr El Sheikh
Leontopolis
Mendes
Mit Abu El Kom
Mansoura
Naucratis
Pelusium
Port Said
Rosetta
Sais
Tanis
Tanta
Zagazig

References

External links

Adaptationlearning.net: UN project for managing sea level rise risks in the Nile Delta

Delta
River deltas of Africa
Landforms of Egypt
Landforms of the Mediterranean
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa
Ecoregions of Egypt
Eastern Mediterranean

Nile Delta


An Luzula flaccida in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Elizabeth Edgar. An Luzula flaccida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula flaccida