Dette er en liste over frilandsmuseer listet efter land.

Afrika

Ægypten
 Luxor Øvre Ægypten
 Memphis ruins
 Karnak, det største tempelkompleks i verden

Sydafrika
 Worcester Museum (Klein plasie open-air museum), Worcester Western Cape

Tunisien
 Matmata (frilandsmuseum med "Troglodyte"-huse), Governorate of Gabes, i det sydlige Tunesien. Hele byen er på UNESCOs Verdensarvsliste og forpagtes af Association of the Cultural Protection of Matmata)
 Oudhref (frilands landsbymuseum), Governorate of Gabes

Asia

Kina
 Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum, Hong Kong
 Sam Tung Uk Museum, Hong Kong
 Xinye Village, Zhejiang

Indonesien
 Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Israel og Golanhøjderne
 Katzrin Ancient Village
 Nazareth Village

Japan
 Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum, Tokyo
 Hakone Open-Air Museum, Hakone, Kanagawa
 Meiji Mura, Inuyama, Aichi
 Nihon Minka-en (Japan Open-Air Folk House Museum), Kawasaki, Kanagawa
 Open-Air Museum of Old Japanese Farmhouses, Osaka
 Hida Minzoku Mura Folk Village, Takayama, Gifu
 Kyodo no mori, Fuchu, Tokyo
 Sankeien, Naka Ward, Yokohama
 Shikoku Mura, Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture

Malaysia
 Colmar Tropicale , Bukit Tinggi, Pahang
 Japanese Village , Bukit Tinggi, Pahang
 Monsopiad Cultural Village . Penampang, Sabah
 Sarawak Cultural Village , Kuching, Sarawak
 Taman Mini Malaysia & Asean  (Malaysia and ASEAN Miniature Park), Ayer Keroh, Malacca
 Taman Tamadun Islam  (Islamic Civilization Park), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

Filippinerne
 Expo Pilipino
 Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar

Sydkorea
 Korean Folk Village, Yongin, Gyeonggi

Taiwan
 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan, Taichung
 Ju Ming Museum, New Taipei

Europa

Belgien
 Open Air Museum Bokrijk, (Flandern),
 Bachten de Kupe (Itzenberge), (Flandern),
 Fourneau St Michel (Ardennes), (Vallonien),

Bulgarien
 Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex, Gabrovo

Danmark

 Andelslandsbyen Nyvang
 Dejbjerg Jernalder
 Den Fynske Landsby i området Fruens Bøge i Odense
 Den Gamle By, Aarhus
 Frilandsmuseet Herning, Herning
 Frilandsmuseet i Maribo, Maribo
 Frilandsmuseet, Kongens Lyngby
 Glud Museum, nær Horsens
 Hjemsted Oldtidspark
 Hjerl Hede, Vinderup
 Hvolris Jernalderlandsby
 Jernalderlandsbyen
 Maribo Frilandsmuseum, Maribo
 Melstedgård, Bornholm
 Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing Falster
 Middelalderlandsbyen
 Ribe Vikingecenter
 Sagnlandet Lejre, Lejre
 Stenaldercenteret
 Vikingeborgen Trelleborg
 Ulvsborg Historisk Værksted
 Vingsted Historiske Værksted, Bredsten ved Vejle

Estland
 Estlands frilandsmuseum, Tallinn
 Mahtra Peasant Museum, Mahtra, Juuru Parish, Rapla County
 Mihkli Farm Museum, Viki, Kihelkonna Parish, Saare County
 Mõniste Peasant Museum, Kuutsi, Mõniste Parish, Võru County
 Põlva Peasant Museum, Karilatsi, Kõlleste Parish, Põlva County
 Viimsi Open Air Museum, Pringi, Viimsi Parish; nær Tallinn

Finland
 Luostarinmäki, Turku
 Seurasaari Open-Air Museum, Helsinki
 Telkkämäki Heritage Farm, Kaavi
 Turkansaari, Oulu

Frankrig
 Musée de plein air des maisons comtoises, Nancray, Doubs, Franche-Comté
 Musée de plein air de Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Villeneuve-d'Ascq
 Ecomusée d'Alsace, Ungersheim

Georgien
 Open Air Museum of Ethnography, Tbilisi

Island
 Árbæjarsafn

Irland
 Bunratty Castle and Folk Park, County Clare
 Connemara Heritage & History Centre
 Kerry Bog Village

Isle of Man
 Cregneash - Det først frilandsmuseum på De Britiske Øer

Italien
 Museo a Cielo Aperto Ulàssai
 Museodiffuso
 Open Air Museum Ulàssai

Letland
 Latvian Ethnographic Open Air Museum

Litauen
 Rumšiškes open-air ethnographic museum

Makedonien
 Tumba Madžari

Holland

 Archeon - Alphen aan den Rijn, Zuid-Holland
 De Spitkeet - Harkema, Friesland
 Limburgs Openluchtmuseum Eynderhoof - Nederweert-Eind, Limburg
 Eindhoven Museum, Noord-Brabant
 Hunebedcentrum - Borger, Drenthe
 Museumlandsbyen Orvelte, Drenthe
 Hollands Frulandsmuseum - Arnhem, Gelderland
 Openluchtmuseum De Duinhuisjes - Rockanje, Zuid-Holland
 Ellert en Brammert - Schoonoord, Drenthe
 Erve Kots - Lievelde, Gelderland
 Openluchtmuseum Het Hoogeland - Warffum, Groningen
 It Damshûs - Nij Beets, Friesland
 Openluchtmuseum Ootmarsum, Overijssel
 Van Gogh Village Nuenen, Noord-Brabant
 Zaanse Schans - Zaandam, Noord-Holland
 Zuiderzee Museum - Enkhuizen, Noord-Holland

Norge
 Agatunet
 Bjørgan parsonage, Kvikne
 Dølmotunet, Tolga
 Folldal Bygdetun - Uppigard Streitlien, Folldal
 Folldal Gruver, Folldal
 Husantunet, Alvdal
 Norsk Folkemuseum, Oslo
 Maihaugen, Lillehammer
 Os Museum - Oddentunet, Os
 Rendalen Bygdemuseum, Rendalen
 Trøndelag Folkemuseum, Trondheim
 Tylldalen Bygdetun, Tylldalen
 Tynset Bygdemuseum, Tynset
 Vollan Gård, Kvikne

Polen
 Biskupin Arkæologiske Museum
 reconstruction of early medieval Slavic wooden stronghold i Owidz
 Ethnographic open-air museum in Sanok
 Folk Architecture Museum in Olsztynek
 Kashubian Ethnographic Park in Wdzydze Kiszewskie
 Museum of the Slovinian Village in Kluki
 Muzeum Etnograficzny w Zielonej Górze z siedziba w Ochlii  in Ochla, Lubusz Voivodeship
 Muzeum Kultury Ludowej in Osiek nad Notecia
 Open-air Museum of the Lódz Wooden Architecture
 Skansen Budownictwa Ludowego Zachodniej Wielkopolski in Wolsztyn
 Skansen Etnograficzny w Russowie i Russów
 Upper Silesian Ethnographic Park i Chorzów
 Wielkopolski Park Etnograficzny i Dziekanowice
 Chabówka Rolling-Stock Heritage Park "Skansen" i Chabówka
 The Sadecki Ethnographic Park in Nowy Sacz
 The Opole Open-Air Museum of Rural Architecture i Opole

Rumænien
 ASTRA National Museum Complex
 Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography
 Landsbymuseet

Rusland

 Vitoslavlitsy
 Kizhi
 Kolomenskoye
 Architectural-ethnographic museum "Khokhlovka"
 Malye Korely

Schweiz
 Ballenberg, Brienz

Serbien
 Drvengrad (Mecavnik, Küstendorf), Mokra Gora (Zlatibor)
 Staro selo (Old Village open-air museum), Sirogojno (Zlatibor)

Slovakiet

 Banská Štiavnica
 Bardejov
 Cicmany
 Humenné
 Martin
 Nitra
 Pribylina
 Stará Lubovna
 Svidník
 Vlkolínec
 Vychylovka
 Zuberec – Brestová

Slovenien
 Piran
 Rogatec
 Velika Planina

Spanien
 Museo de Escultura al Aire Libre de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares
 Poble Espanyol, Barcelona

Storbritannien

England
 Anne of Cleves House, Lewes
 Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings, Worcestershire
 Amberley Working Museum, Amberley, West Sussex
 Beamish, North of England Open Air Museum, Beamish, County Durham
 Black Country Living Museum, Dudley, West Midlands
 Blists Hill Victorian Town, Telford, Shropshire
 Chiltern Open Air Museum, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire
 Church Farm Museum, Landbrugsmuseum, Skegness
 Cogges Manor Farm Museum, Witney, Oxfordshire
 Little Woodham, Gosport, Hampshire
 Manor Farm Country Park, Bursledon, Hampshire
 Morwellham Quay, Devon
 Murton Park / Yorkshire Museum of Farming i Murton, York
 Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket, Suffolk
 Rural Life Centre, Tilford, Surrey
 Ryedale Folk Museum, North York Moors, North Yorkshire
 Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Sussex
 West Yorkshire Folk Museum, in grounds of Shibden Hall, Halifax
 Wimpole Home Farm, Cambridgeshire
 York Castle Museum, York

Skotland
 National Museum of Rural Life, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire
 The Scottish Crannog Centre nær Aberfeldy, Loch Tay
 Auchindrain – nær Inveraray, Argyll and Bute
 The Gearrannan Blackhouses, Isle of Lewis
 The Skye Museum of Island Life, nær Kilmuir, Skye, Isle of Skye
 Highland Folk Museum, Newtonmore
 Industrial open-air museum of New Lanark

Wales
 St Fagans National History Museum, St Fagans, Cardiff

Nordirland
 Ulster American Folk Park, Castleton, County Tyrone
 Ulster Folk & Transport Museum, Cultra, County Down

Sverige

 Jamtli, Östersund
 Kulturen, Lund
 Skansen, Stockholm

Tjekkiet

 Hanácký skanzen (Skanzen of Hanakia), Príkazy
 Museum lidových staveb (Folk Buildings Museum), Kourim
 Polabské národopisné muzeum (Ethnographic Museum of the region of Polabí), Prerov nad Labem—the oldest skansen in Central and Eastern Europe
 Skanzen Straznice skanzenstraznice.cz
 Valašské národopisné muzeum (Wallachian Ethnographic Museum), Rožnov pod Radhoštěm http://www.vmp.cz/en/
 Skanzen Vysoký Chlumec, (http://www.muzeum-pribram.cz/exhmpb/exmvs/exmvs.html )
 Skanzen Veselý kopec - Soubor lidových staveb Vysocina, (Open-air museum Vysocina http://www.vesely-kopec.eu/en/ )

Tyrkiet
 Ihlara
 Derinkuyu Underground City
 Kaymakli Underground City
 Göreme
 Ürgüp
 Karatepe-Aslantas Open Air Museum

Tyskland

 Black Forest Open Air Museum, Gutach, Baden-Württemberg
 Campus Galli medieval town with Carolingian monastery, Messkirch, Baden-Württemberg
 Dat ole Huus, Wilsede, Niedersachsen
 Detmold Open-air Museum, Detmold, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum, nr Sternberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Hagen Open-air Museum, Hagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Hessenpark, Neu-Anspach, Hessen
 Hitzacker Archaeological Centre, Hitzacker, Niedersachsen
 Hösseringen Museum Village, Hösseringen, Niedersachsen
 International Wind- and Watermill Museum, Gifhorn, Niedersachsen
 Kommern Open-air Museum, Mechernich, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Lindlar Open-air Museum, Lindlar, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Mödlareuth village, Bayern og Thüringen
 Oerlinghausen Archaeological Open-Air Museum, Oerlinghausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Ore Mountain Toy Museum, Seiffen, Sachsen
 Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen, Unteruhldingen, Baden-Württemberg
 Rhineland-Palatinate Open Air Museum Bad Sobernheim, Bad Sobernheim, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Rischmannshof Heath Museum, Walsrode, Niedersachsen
 Roscheider Hof, Konz, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Slavic Village Passentin, nær Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Swabian Farm Museum, Illerbeuren, Bayern
 Winsen Museum Farm, Winsen (Aller), Niedersachsen

Ungarn

 Szentendrei Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Szentendre
 Szennai Szabadtéri Néprajzi Gyujtemény, Szenna
 Göcseji Falumúzeum, Zalaegerszeg
 Orségi Népi Muemlékegyüttes, Szalafo-(Pityerszer)
 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Ópusztaszer
 Sóstói Múzeumfalu, Nyíregyháza
 Vasi Múzeumfalu, Szombathely
 Hollókoi Falumúzeum, Hollóko
 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Nagyvázsony
 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Tihany
 Emese Várispánság Szigethalom

Ukraine
 Lviv Museum of Folk Architecture and Culture (see Kryvka Church)
 Open-air Museum of Architecture and Ethnography in Pyrohiv, nær Kyiv

Østrig
 Austrian Open-Air Museum, Stübing
 Salzburger Freilichtmuseum, Großgmain
 Carinthian Open-Air Museum, Maria Saal
 Museums of Tyrolian Farmsteads, Kramsach
 Museumsdorf Niedersulz

Nordamerika

Canada

 Barkerville, British Columbia
 Ball's Falls Conservation Area, Jordan, Ontario
 Black Creek Pioneer Village, Toronto, Ontario
 Burnaby Village Museum, Burnaby, British Columbia
 Canada's Polish Kashub Heritage Museum & Skansen, Wilno, Ontario
 Doon Heritage Village, Kitchener, Ontario
 Fort Henry, Ontario
 Fort Edmonton Park, Edmonton, Alberta
 Fort Langley National Historic Site, Fort Langley, British Columbia
 Fortress of Louisbourg, Louisbourg, Nova Scotia
 Fort William Historical Park, Thunder Bay, Ontario
 Fort York, Toronto, Ontario
 Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums
 Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada (Citadel Hill), Halifax, Nova Scotia
 Heritage Park Historical Village, Calgary, Alberta
 Kalyna Country, an ecomuseum
 Kawartha Settlers' Village, Bobcaygeon, Ontario
 Kings Landing Historical Settlement, Prince William, New Brunswick
 Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Selkirk, Manitoba
 Markham Museum, Markham, Ontario
 Mennonite Heritage Village, Steinbach, Manitoba
 Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Midland, Ontario
 Sherbrooke Village, Sherbrooke, Nova Scotia
 Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, Alberta
 Upper Canada Village, Morrisburg, Ontario
 Village Historique Acadien, Caraquet, New Brunswick
 Village Québécois d'Antan, Drummondville, Quebec
 West Coast Railway Heritage Park, Squamish, British Columbia
 Westfield Heritage Village, Rockton, Ontario

USA

Oceanien

Australien
 The Pioneer Settlement, Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia's First Open Air Museum, opened 1966.
 Old Gippstown, Moe, Victoria opened 1973
 Port Arthur, Tasmania
 Sovereign Hill, Ballarat, Victoria
 Millewa Pioneer Forest and Historical Village, Meringur, Victoria
 Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum, Warrnambool, Victoria
 Old Sydney Town, Somersby, New South Wales (nu lukket)
 Miles Historical Village and Museum, Miles, Queensland
 Old Tailem Town , Tailem Bend, South Australia
 Australiana Pioneer Village , Wilberforce, NSW

New Zealand
 Ferrymead, Christchurch en rekonstrueret bosættelse fra 1900-1920 i Canterbury, med beboelse, butikker, damplokomotiv
 Howick Colonial Village, Auckland, autentisklandsby med hegn mkring fra 1850, med gamle huse, butikker og forsamlingshuse. I visse periode er der historisk levendegørelse.
 Shantytown, Greymouth, en historisk temapark der åbnede i 1971, som er dedikeret til 1860-1900 under guldfeberen på Vestkysten.
 Thames and Coromandel, Auckland, område med flere miner med formidling, og museer der beskæftiger sig med 1800-tallet opblomstring af guldgravning i Coromandel. Thames har flere gamle miner, Pump Museum and School of Mines og Karangahake-kløften.
 Gibbs Farm - privat skulpturhave udviklet af Alan Gibbs. på Nordøen.

Sydamerika

Brasilien
 Museu ao ar livre de Orleans
 INHOTIM

Transportmuseer
 Brooklands i Weybridge, Elmbridge, Surrey, England (flyvemaskiner og bilmuseum)
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park fra Georgetown, Washington, D.C. til Cumberland, Maryland (kanal)
 Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad fra Chama, New Mexico til Antonito (jernbane)
 Sporvejsmuseet Skjoldenæsholm, Danmark
 Delta Queen rejser langs Mississippifloden (dampskib på en flod)
 Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum i Bremerhaven, Tyskland (maritimt museum)
 Edaville Railroad i South Carver, Massachusetts (jernbane)
 Hiroshima City Transportation Museum i Hiroshima, Japan (street railway museum)
 Mystic Seaport i Mystic, Connecticut (maritime museum)
 National Tramway Museum i Derbyshire, England (sporvogn)
 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome i Rhinebeck, New York (aviation museum)
 Roscoe Village i Coshocton, Ohio (ved den tidligere Ohio & Erie Canal, nær Monticello III kanalbåd)
 San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, San Francisco, California (inkluderer en flåde af historiske fartøjer)
 Seashore Trolley Museum i Kennebunkport, Maine (jernabne)
 Shuttleworth Collection i Bedfordshire, England (luftfartsmuseum)
 Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja nær Znin
 Skansen Parowozownia Koscierzyna i Koscierzyna, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (jernbane)
 Steamtown National Historic Site i Scranton, Pennsylvania (jernbane)
 Valley Railroad Company i Essex, Connecticut (jernbane)
 White Pass and Yukon Route fra Skagway, Alaska til Whitehorse (jernbane)
 Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway i Alna, Maine (jernbane)
 Royal Malaysian Air Force Museum , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (militær luftfart)

Ecological and environmental living museums
Some ecological living museums are zoos
 California Living Museum, Bakersfield, California, United States
 Virginia Living Museum, Newport News, Virginia, United States
 Nonsuch Island Living Museum, Bermuda
 Penang Forestry Museum , Penang, Malaysia
 Ball's Falls Conservation Area, Jordan, Ontario, Canada

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Association for Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums
 Revista Digital Nueva Museologia  Latin American Theory
 European Open-air Museums  en uddybende liste over frilandsmuseer i Europa.
 America's Outdoor History Museums
 Photos from Museum of Folk Architecture and Life

Museum websites
 Open Air Museum Bokrijk  Leading open-air museum of Belgium, Flanders.
 Prerov nad Labem open-air museum - photo gallery
 Valachian Ethnographic Museum in Rožnov pod Radhoštem, Czech Republic
 Hjerl Hede - An open-air museum in Denmark showing life from the early days until about 100 years ago.
 The Old Town (Den Gamle By) - An open-air museum in Denmark showing urban life.
 Jamtli  – One of Sweden's largest and oldest regional open-air museums, in Östersund.
 :fr:Musée de plein air de Villeneuve-d'Ascq

Lister over museer

Frilandsmuseer


GAL (Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups") were death squads illegally established by officials of the Spanish government to fight against ETA, the principal Basque separatist militant group. They were active from 1983 to 1987 under Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)-led governments.

At trial, it was proven that they were financed by high-ranking officials in the Ministry of the Interior. The daily newspaper El Mundo played an important role in exposing GAL when it published a comprehensive series of articles about the squads.

Background
GAL operated primarily in the Basque country on the French side of the Spanish-French border, but kidnappings and torture also took place in Spain. Most victims (at least 27 dead and 26 injured) were ETA members or activist Basque nationalists, but some were not known to have links to ETA or any other organization advocating political violence. GAL was active from 1983 to 1987, a period known as la guerra sucia ("the dirty war") in Spanish history.

Its main purposes were to attack ETA members and Basque nationalist targets and to wreak havoc in French territory to put pressure on the French government. Apart from the nationalist rationale for its opposition to Basque separatism, GAL was not on the left–right political spectrum; many members were foreign mercenaries. Many of these mercenaries were recruited from the European far right (including the OAS), however, and many perpetrators and organizers were active or former Francoist civil servants.

From its beginning, GAL attacks indicated a close connection to high-ranking officials in the PSOE government and a number of police officials in the Basque Country. In addition to GAL operatives, several Spanish police officers and government officials were convicted and imprisoned when the operation ended. Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his associate, Rafael Vera, were convicted of the kidnapping of Segundo Marey. Gipuzkoa governor Julen Elgorriaga and Civil Guard general Enrique Rodríguez Galindo were found guilty of the murder of Joxe Antonio Lasa and Joxe Ignacio Zabala in October 1983.

After the assassination of PSOE Senator Enrique Casas by the CAA, PSOE officials attempted to assassinate Herri Batasuna representative Santi Brouard. Would-be assassin Jose Luis Morcillo received 7.5 million pesetas from high-ranking Civil Guard official Rafael Masa, as ordered by Spanish State Security chief director Julian Sancristobal. Part of the payment for the attempt on Brouard's life, however, was diverted to unknown purposes.

Prosecutors proved that the police officers who recruited mercenaries and the government officials who organized the dirty-war operations also embezzled large amounts of public money. Rafael Vera and others were sentenced for illegal appropriation of funds from the Interior Ministry. To ensure their silence, the PSOE government bribed inspector José Amedo Fouce and Michel Domínguez. Vera was sentenced to 18 months in prison, and his secretary received a nine-month sentence.

Investigative journalists from the newspaper El Mundo reported that Prime Minister and PSOE leader Felipe González was suspected of GAL involvement. Several years of investigation concluded that "Señor X" was the chief official of an organization supervising Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and Vera, but Gonzalez was not named or tried. The CIA eventually identified Señor X as the prime minister. González' involvement was confirmed by former National Police Corps officer José Manuel Villarejo, who told the Congress of Deputies on October 21, 2021 that González had created GAL.

The death squads were an important issue during the 1996 election, when the PSOE was defeated by José María Aznar's People's Party (PP) for the first time. González then resigned as PSOE leader. With the exception of Ricardo García Damborenea, PSOE leaders have never acknowledged responsibility for the GAL or condemned their crimes. González, who has never been charged with a GAL-related offence, has called publicly for pardons for his former subordinates. PSOE leaders campaigned for leniency towards their former colleagues, and the Aznar government pardoned several of them.

Timeline

October 17: Kidnapping and assassination of alleged ETA members Joxe Lasa Arostegi and José Ignacio Zabala. Their mutilated bodies were found in Alicante in 1985, but not formally identified until 1995. Several Civil Guard officers were convicted.
October 18: Attempted kidnapping in Bayonne of alleged ETA leader José Mari Larretxea Goñi by four Spanish policemen. The four officers were arrested by French gendarmes.
December 4: Kidnapping of Segundo Marey by mercenaries hired by the Spanish police, who demanded the liberation of the four police officers arrested for the attempted kidnapping of Larraetxea. The officers were released on December 8, and Marey on December 13. Marey, not related to ETA, was apparently kidnapped by mistake.
December 19: Assassination of alleged ETA member Ramón Oñaederra in Bayonne
December 29: Assassination of alleged ETA leader Mikel Goikoetxea in Saint-Jean-de-Luz by a mercenary sniper

February 8: Assassination of alleged ETA members Vicente Perurena and Angel Gurmindo in Hendaye
February 25: Sniper assassination of alleged ETA member Eugenio Gutiérrez Salazar in Mendi
March 1: Assassination of railroad worker Jean Pierre Leyba in Hendaye
March 19: GAL mercenary Jean-Pierre Cherid dies in Biarritz when the bomb he is planting explodes prematurely.
March 23: Assassination of alleged ETA leader Javier Pérez Arenaza in Biarritz
May 3: Assassination of alleged ETA member Rafael Goikoetxea in Baigorri. His companion, Jesús Zugarramurdi, is injured. ETA kills industrialist Ángel Rodríguez, whom they accused of assisting the GAL, that day.
May 26: Kidnapping and torture of Rafael and Endika Lorenzo, members of the anti-nuclear committees in Algorta (Getxo, Biscay)
June 15: Assassination of alleged ETA member Tomás Pérez Revilla by a bomb hidden in a motorcycle in Biarritz. His companion, Ramón Orbe, is injured.
July 10: Bomb attack on the Consolation tavern, injuring three
November 18: Assassination of dancer Christian Olaskoaga in Biriatou. Olaskoaga was not known to have ETA connections.
November 20: Assassination of Santiago Brouard, leader of HASI, in his physician's office in Bilbao
December 11: Attack injuring José Iradier in Hendaye

February 1: Attack injuring Herri Taldeak leader Xabier Manterola
February 5: Bomb attack injuring Christian Casteigts in Bayonne. Casteigts was not known to have ETA connections.
March 4: An attack on the Lagunequin bar in Bayonne injures two.
March 26: Assassination attempt on alleged ETA member Ramón Basañez Jauregi in Bayonne, seriously injuring him
March 29: Attack on Les Pyreneés tavern in Bayonne. Five people (one of whom was allegedly an ETA member) were injured, one fatally.
March 30: Assassination of photojournalist Xabier Galdeano in Saint-Jean-de-Luz
June 14: Attack on the Trinkete tavern in Ciboure. Two people were killed, neither known to have ETA connections.
June 26: Assassination of alleged ETA member Santos Blanco González in Bayonne.
July 8: Juan Carlos Lacertúa is injured in an attack on the Vittor Bar in Ciboure.
July 16: A bomb is discovered attached to the car of Fernando Eguilior in Anglet.
August 2: ETA member Juan María Otaegui Elizegui ("Txato") is killed in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port.
August 31: Assassination of Dominique Labeyrie in St. Jean de Luz. Labeyrie had no known ETA connections.
September 25: Monbar Hotel attack in Bayonne kills ETA members José Mari Etxaniz, Iñaki Asteazu Izarra, Agustín Irazustabarrena and Sabin Etxaide Ibarguren.
December 24: Robert Caplanne is fatally injured in Biarritz. Caplanne had no known ETA connections.

February 8: Attack on the Batxoki tavern injures three.
February 17: Assassination of Christophe Matxikote and Catherine Brion, who had no ETA connections. GAL did not claim responsibility but Miguel Brecia (with known links to the groups) was convicted of the attack, and the court considered it a GAL attack.

July 24: Assassination of Juan Carlos García Goena, unconnected with ETA. Although GAL did not claim responsibility, the mercenaries who killed him accused GAL of ordering it.

Convicted members

José Barrionuevo, interior minister in PSOE cabinets from 1982 to 1988
Rafael Vera, director of state security
Ricardo García Damborenea, secretary general of PSE-PSOE in Biscay
Francisco Álvarez, antiterrorist czar
Miguel Planchuelo, chief of Bilbao's Police Information Brigade
José Amedo Fouce, police chief
Julián Sancristóbal, gobernador civil (delegate of the Spanish government) in Biscay
Enrique Rodríguez Galindo, chief of the Civil Guard headquarters in Intxaurrondo

Similar groups
Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
Anti-Terrorismo ETA (ATE)
Batallón Vasco Español (BVE)
Grupos Armados Españoles (GAE)
Members of Batasuna gave the name "Green GAL" to a Civil Guard group (who wear green uniforms) based in San Sebastián's Intxaurrondo barracks, alleging that the group attacked ETA members illegally.

See also

Henri Curiel, reported by Lucien Aimé-Blanc to have been killed by Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude on behalf of the GAL in 1979
Pierre Goldman, killed by Maïone-Libaude
Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian neofascist
Jean Pierre Cherid, former member of Organisation armée secrète, Batallón Vasco Español and the GAL

References

Books
 Dirty War, Clean Hands -- ETA, the GAL and Spanish Democracy by Paddy Woodworth -
 Garzón -- La Hora de la Verdad by Loretta Napoleoni

1980s in Spain
Basque conflict
Human rights abuses in Spain
Terrorism in France
Terrorism in Spain
Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
Terrorist incidents in Spain in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in France in the 1980s
Human rights abuses in France
Paramilitary organisations based in Spain
Paramilitary organizations based in France
France–Spain military relations
Extrajudicial killings
Cross-border operations
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Combat incidents
Military scandals
Assassination campaigns
1996 in politics
State-sponsored terrorism
Political scandals in Spain

GAL (paramilitary group)


Crucero ist eine Ortschaft im Departamento Oruro im Hochland des südamerikanischen Anden-Staates Bolivien.

Lage im Nahraum
Crucero ist zentraler Ort des gleichnamigen  Kanton Crucero im Landkreis (bolivianisch: Municipio) Totora in der Provinz San Pedro de Totora. Die Ortschaft liegt auf einer Höhe von  am linken, westlichen Ufer des Río Sulloma, 70 Kilometer nordöstlich des Stratovulkans Sajama, mit 6542 m höchster Berg Boliviens.

Geographie
Crucero liegt auf dem bolivianischen Altiplano zwischen den Anden-Gebirgsketten der Cordillera Occidental im Westen und der Cordillera Central im Osten. Das Klima der Region ist ein typisches Tageszeitenklima, bei dem die mittlere Temperaturschwankung im Tagesverlauf deutlicher ausfällt als im Jahresverlauf.

Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur der Region liegt bei 7 °C (siehe Klimadiagramm Curahuara de Carangas), die Monatswerte schwanken nur unwesentlich zwischen 4 °C im Juni/Juli und 9 °C von November bis März. Der Jahresniederschlag beträgt etwa 330 mm, die Monatsniederschläge liegen zwischen unter 10 mm in den Monaten April bis August und 90 mm im Januar.

Verkehrsnetz
Crucero liegt 141 Straßenkilometer westlich von Oruro, der Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Departamentos.

Von Oruro aus führt die unbefestigte Fernstraße Ruta 31 in westlicher Richtung über La Joya, Huayllamarca und Totora direkt nach Crucero und weiter nach Curahuara de Carangas. Sie trifft vier Kilometer nördlich von Curahuara auf die Ruta 4, die von Tambo Quemado an der chilenischen Grenze nach Patacamaya führt, welches wiederum an der Ruta 1 liegt, auf halber Strecke zwischen dem Regierungssitz La Paz und Oruro.

Bevölkerung
Die Einwohnerzahl von Crucero ist in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten geringfügig zurückgegangen:

Die Region weist einen hohen Anteil an Aymara-Bevölkerung auf, im Municipio San Pedro de Totora sprechen 97,0 Prozent der Bevölkerung die Aymara-Sprache.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Municipio San Pedro de Totora - Übersichtskarten Nr. 41301
 Municipio San Pedro de Totora - Detailkarte und Bevölkerungsdaten (spanisch) (PDF; 367 kB)
 Departamento Oruro - Sozialdaten (spanisch) (PDF; 5,86 MB)

Crucero


Novoivánovski  es un jútor del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada en la orilla derecha del río Il, afluente del Sujói Aushedz, distributario del Kubán, en su desembocadura en el embalse Kriukovskoye, 16 km al noroeste de Séverskaya y 38 km al sureste de Krasnodar. Tenía 210 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Lvóvskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 ''Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Новоивановский (Северский район)
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Novoivánovski (Séverskaya, Krasnodar)


Domingo Tellechea es escultor, restaurador de obras de arte y bienes culturales argentinos y extranjeros., ceroplastista y taxidermista

Nació en la provincia de Mendoza. Reconocido internacionalmente por sus restauraciones, Tellechea es investigador y experimentador cuya dilatada actividad en la enseñanza práctica lo faculta para proyectar la restauración al más alto nivel, y sus publicaciones figuran en las bibliografías de libros y universidades de varios países.

Actividades
En su juventud participó con su padre y hermano mayor (Manuel Tellechea) en proyectos de minería. Como docente, fue profesor de Dibujo, Pintura y Escultura de la Escuela de Bellas Artes de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; de Conservación y Restauración en el Instituto Juan Buschiazo -posgrado de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Buenos Aires-; y de Restauración en el Instituto Argentino de Museología. Además ofreció conferencias en diversos países de América y Europa.

Fue fundador y presidente honorario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores -el primero en Sudamérica (1974)-, fundador del Instituto Técnico de Restauración (Buenos Aires), fundador del Museo Histórico de Cera en el barrio de La Boca (Buenos Aires), fundador del Instituto Paulista de Restauro (Brasil), del Instituto de Pesquisa de Técnicas Restaurativas que lleva su nombre (Brasil), fundador del Instituto Argentino de Museología, cofundador del Museo de Mineralogía y Geología Manuel Tellechea de Mendoza.

Trabajó como jefe del laboratorio de restauración del Museo de la Policía Federal Argentina, fue director del Museo de la Casa de Gobierno (Argentina), director organizador de la Escuela de Restauradores, dependiente del Departamento de Conservación de la Municipalidad de Buenos Aires, director del Museo Argentino de Ceroplástica de Buenos Aires.

Participó como miembro fundador de la Asociación para la Defensa y Promoción del Arte Público, conjuntamente con los maestros mexicanos Ariosto Otero y Guillermina Guadarrama Peña, la profesora y muralista argentina Cristina Terzaghi y otras personalidades.

Membresías
 Miembro del Colegio de Museólogos de la Argentina.
 1980-1984: Miembro de la Comisión Internacional de Conservación (ICOM. The Internacional Council of Museums).
 Miembro de la comisión de restauro del Teatro Municipal de Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
 Miembro del IIC (The Intemational lnstitute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works).

Restauraciones
Entre sus restauraciones sobresalen Retrato de Theo de Vincent van Gogh, propiedad de Enrico Monti y La pescadora notable obra de David Alfaro Siqueiros, propiedad del Dr. Cesar Chamà. También restauró los cinco techos con marouflages del pintor español Sert i Badia en el Palacio Pereda, sede de la Embajada de Brasil en la Argentina, una de ellas reconstituida a raíz de su destrucción producto del atentado a la embajada de Israel en Argentina en 1993. En 1974 restauró el cadáver de Eva Perón, cuando era jefe del laboratorio de restauración del Museo de la Policía Federal Argentina.

En el periodo de 1974 a 1976 fue director del museo de la casa de gobierno donde realizó trabajos de restauraciones, el grupo de esculturas de mármol de los presidentes argentinos, ocasión en la que también realizó la primera limpieza del busto de la libertad que preside en el salón noble de la Casa de Gobierno.

En esa época él mismo inauguró el sistema de visitas guiadas con orientación especializada, monitoreada por profesionales especializados.

Desde 1976 reside en Brasil, donde restauró las obras de arte de los palacios presidenciales Planalto y Alvorada en Brasilia; en Río de Janeiro restauró dos frescos monumentales del auditorio del palacio Capanema, por entonces sede del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Brasil; en Niterói, restauró el Altar Mor de la Igreja de Sao Lourenço dos Indios, considerado uno de los retablos más antiguos de Brasil también restauración del foyer del teatro municipal de San Pablo (Brasil) con pinturas de Enrique y Rodolpho Bernardelli, realizó la restauración del acervo artístico y arquitectónico de los recintos renacentistas de la Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Salvador de Bahía.

Investigación de los restos de uno de los primeros hospitales de América del Sur, restauración en el Museo de las Armas de la Nación (se restauró la coraza de malla de acero del emperador Comneno Segundo en la que trabajó también Silvio Goren,  vicepresidente del centro).

Obras y temas publicados
Entre estos trabajos se encuentran:
  "Enciclopedia de la Conservación y Restauración"  ps. 555 más Apéndice e Índice ED. Technotransfer S.R.L. @1981

 Informe sobre la conservación y restauración del cadáver momificado de la señora Eva Perón - State Press, 1975.
 La paradoja del oxígeno - el trabajo publicado por el Seminario Regional sobre Museología para el Cono Sur, Unesco - Mendoza, Argentina, en diciembre de 1976.
 Los problemas de humedad en los salones de exposición de los museos - Revista de la Facultad de Museología - Argentina, 1976.
 Limpieza de metales - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, Año I, n.º 1, 1976.
 La lanolina en la conservación de los materiales proteínicos - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, Año II, n.º 3, 1977.
 El tratamiento de la piel - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, Año II, n.º 3, 1977.
 Descomposición de los materiales, de la decoloración de la materia, la corrosión de los metales  - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, año III, n.º 4 en 1978.
 Los descubrimientos arqueológicos, el viejo Fuerte de Buenos Aires y problemas de la situación del monumento de Colón ubicado sobre terrenos pantanosos ganado al río donde existe un túnel de ferrocarril que funciona aproximado al monumento (trabajo solicitado por el ministro, secretario de cultura de la nación prof.Fèlix Coluccio) - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, Año III, n.º 4, 1978.
 La conservación del papel - Revista del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, año III, n.º 5, 1978.
 Enciclopedia de la conservación y restauración - Volumen de 700 páginas dedicadas a la educación básica para la conservación y restauración de los distintos tipos de materiales. Autor Tecnotransfer - julio de 1981.
 Conservación y restauración de armas - Diario del Centro Argentino de Museos - RAAM n.º 1 - abril de 1981.
 Los restos de la Misión de San José en Misiones - Diario del Centro Argentino de Restauradores, año VI.
 Adiestramiento personal restauración en las escuelas de América Latina - un trabajo solicitado por la Conservación del ICOM (Consejo Internacional de Museos).
 Los problemas del museo cerrado - Publicación de Nouvelles del ICOM, 1983.
 Torn y tratamiento de piedras en los altos Andes del sur - ICOM - Comité para la Conservación, Copenhague - Dinamarca, en septiembre de 1984 con la presencia de la reina (publicada también en Japón).
 Restauración de pinturas Sert - volumen de 230 páginas, destacando los criterios, técnicas y materiales utilizados en todas las obras de Sert i Badia. Edición del autor, 1990.
 La sociedad y la restauración - Revista de la Biblioteca Mário de Andrade - Imágenes literarias de Sao Paulo y Conservación de Bienes Culturales - 52, 1994.
 Restauración de pintura - obra en tres volúmenes con un total de 2698 páginas, incluye un CD-ROM, 1999.
 Directrices para la conservación de la colección histórica y artística de la Santa Casa de Misericordia - Salvador - BA, 2005.

Premios y reconocimientos
 Fue condecorado con la Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul, la más alta distinción otorgada por el gobierno brasilero a personalidades extranjeras.
 En febrero de 2001 fue distinguido con el premio otorgado por el CICP (Centro Internacional para la Conservación del Patrimonio) por su trayectoria profesional(en la manzana de las luces otorgado por su directora que fue emposada en el propio predio por el Presidente Peròn al paralizar los derrumbes que habían sido comenzados).
 En octubre de 2012 fue declarado «Personalidad Destacada de la Cultura de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires» mediante la sanción de la Ley n.º 4277, y recibió el diploma que acredita la distinción en una ceremonia llevada a cabo en la Legislatura de la ciudad.
 En agosto de 2013 fue declarado ciudadano ilustre de la Boca .Siendo parte del núcleo de personalidades

Referencias

Artistas plásticos de Argentina
Autodidactas de Argentina
Escultores de Argentina
Restauradores y conservadores de arte
Taxidermistas
Museólogos de Argentina

Domingo Tellechea


Luisa Schulze (født 14. september 1990 i Altenburg) er en tysk håndboldspiller, som spiller for SG BBM Bietigheim og Tysklands håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Tyskland

Luisa Schulze


Mandiraja er en indonesisk by og hovedstad i provinsen Centraljava.

Byer i Indonesien

Mandiraja


පුසර්ල වෙන්කට සින්ධු (; උපත 1995 ජූලි 5), ඉන්දියානු බැඩ්මින්ටන් ක්‍රීඩිකාවකි.

ජීවිතය
සින්ධු උපත ලැබුවේ 1995 ජූලි 5 වන දින ආන්ද්‍රා ප්‍රදේශ් හි හයිද්‍රාබාද් හි ය. ඇගේ පියා සහ මව වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ වූහ. ඇගේ පියා 1986 ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ ලෝකඩ පදක්කමක් දිනූ කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.

සින්ධු සිය ක්‍රීඩා දිවියේ දී 2019 ලෝක බැඩ්මින්ටන් ශූරතාවලිය, 2016 ඔලිම්පික් රිදී පදක්කම, 2021 ඔලිම්පික් ලෝකඩ පදක්කම සහ 2022 දී පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ රන් පදක්කම දිනා ගත්තාය.

සම්මාන
2020 දී, සින්ධු ඉන්දියාවේ තුන්වන ඉහළම සිවිල් සම්මානය වන පද්ම භූෂන් සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබුවාය. ඇය මීට පෙර 2015 දී ඉන්දියාවේ සිව්වන ඉහළම සිවිල් සම්මානය වන පද්ම ශ්‍රී සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබුවාය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1995 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවෝ

පුසර්ල වෙන්කට සින්ධු


Ochnoideae, potporodica ohnovki. Sastoji se od četiri tribusa. Opisao ju je Burnett, 1835

Tribusi
 Luxemburgieae Hook.f. in Benth. & Hook.f.
 Ochneae Bartl.
 Sauvagesieae Ging. ex DC.
 Testuleeae Schneider

Izvori

Ohnovke

Ochnoideae


An Eremochloa eriopoda in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Eremochloa eriopoda in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eremochloa

Eremochloa eriopoda


No futebol, uma assistência é uma contribuição de um jogador que ajuda a marcar um golo. Estatísticas de assistências feitas por jogadores podem ser contabilizadas oficialmente pelos organizadores de uma competição, ou não-oficialmente por, por exemplo, jornalistas ou organizadores de competições de fantasy football. O registo de assistências não faz parte das Regras do Futebol oficiais e os critérios para o que se classifica como assistência podem variar. A contabilização de assistências não se tornou uma prática comum até ao final do século XX. Desde a década de 90, algumas ligas mantêm registos oficiais de assistências e atribuem prémios ao jogador com mais assistências de determinada competição.

Critérios
Normalmente, uma assistência é creditada a um jogador por passar ou cruzar a bola ao marcador. No entanto, dependendo dos critérios, pode também ser atribuída a um jogador cujo remate atinge um defesa, guarda-redes, poste ou trave, com a bola a sobrar para um companheiro de equipa que marca. Alguns sistemas creditam uma assistência a um jogador que ganhe um penálti ou livre convertido por um colega de equipa, ou a um jogador que provoque um autogolo da equipa adversária. Um golo pode ou não ter uma assistência associada; certos sistemas consideram que, para um mesmo golo, podem existir duas assistências.

Campeonato do Mundo de Futebol
O Grupo de Estudos Técnicos da FIFA é responsável pela atribuição de pontos por assistências no Campeonato do Mundo de Futebol. No relatório deste Grupo do Mundial de 1986, os autores calcularam, pela primeira vez, estatísticas não oficiais de assistências, desenvolvendo os seguintes critérios:

 Uma assistência foi creditada ao jogador que fez  o último passe para o marcador do golo.
 Além disso, uma assistência poderia ser creditada ao antepenúltimo jogador a tocar na bola, caso a sua ação tivesse influência decisiva no golo.
 Em golos pós-ressaltos, uma assistência era creditada ao jogador que fez o remate, desde que este fosse direcionado à baliza.
 Em golos de penálti ou livre direto, o jogador que sofreu a falta recebia um ponto.
 Caso o marcador do golo tivesse "passado a bola a si mesmo" (através de um drible, finta ou jogada individual), não era atribuída qualquer assistência.
 Caso o marcador se aproveitasse de uma perda de bola ou passe falhado de um adversário, não era atribuída qualquer assistência.

O relatório técnico do Mundial de 1990 adotou critérios semelhantes, alterando apenas o critério de livres diretos/penáltis:

 Em golos de penálti, o jogador que sofreu a falta na área recebe um ponto de assistência (a não ser que seja o próprio a, em seguida, marcar o penálti)

O Planet World Cup calculou alguns dados retrospectivos de assistências desde o Mundial de 1966, embora os dados de 1986 sejam diferentes dos registados pela FIFA.

A FIFA começou a registar oficialmente assistências em Campeonatos do Mundo no Mundial de 1994. Tal decisão foi atribuída à popularidade crescente de estatísticas esportivas detalhadas entre os adeptos de futebol. O Mundial de 1994 foi também o primeiro em que assistências foram usadas como critério de desempate na atribuição do prémio Bota de Ouro, entregue ao melhor marcador do torneio. Nesse ano, Hristo Stoichkov e Oleg Salenko empataram com 19 pontos, pois ambos somaram 6 gols e 1 assistência.

França
Desde a temporada 2007–08, a Ligue 1 atribui o Trophée de Meilleur Passeur ("Troféu de Melhor Passador") ao jogador com mais "passes decisivos" numa época. No entanto, o registo de assistências pelo jornal desportivo L'Équipe é bastante prévio a essa temporada. A comissão da Liga usa "remates bloqueados" como um critério de desempate caso dois jogadores tenham a mesmo quantidade de "passes decisivos". Em 2012–13, tanto Mathieu Valbuena como Dimitri Payet terminaram a época com 12 assistências, mas Valbuena recebeu o Trophée por ter tido um menor nº de remates bloqueados (3 contra 5).

Espanha
Na temporada 1998–99 da La Liga, a SDI vendeu a sua base de dados Gecasport à comunicação social espanhola, na qual assistências para golo eram descritas como "passes que levam imediatamente a um remate e golo".

Reino Unido
No Reino Unido, todas as estatísticas oficiais de futebol, incluindo assistências, da Premier League, Scottish Premiership e English Football League são fornecidas pela PA Sport, através da marca Actim. Desde a temporada 2006-07, as assistências são tidas em conta no índex de desempenho da Actim. Estatísticas de assistências calculadas por competições de fantasy football podem diferir dos dados da Actim, pois algumas destas competições atribuem uma assistência a qualquer companheiro de equipa que tenha tocado na bola antes do marcador, independentemente das circunstâncias da jogada. Desde a temporada 2017–18, a Premier League atribui o prémio de Playmaker of the Season ao jogador com mais assistências numa época.

Estados Unidos
A North American Soccer League original registou estatísticas de assistências desde a sua fundação em 1968, tal como os seus antecessores - United Soccer Association e National Professional Soccer League tinham feito no ano anterior. Estatísticas semelhantes eram registadas no basquetebol e hóquei no gelo, ambas modalidades desportivas bem estabelecidas nos Estados Unidos.

Entre 1996 e 2004, a Major League Soccer atribuía a Bota de Ouro da MLS com base num sistema de pontos - 2 pontos por golo marcado e 1 ponto por assistência efetuada.

A NCAA elabora regulamentos para estatísticas, incluindo assistências, no futebol universitário americano. Dois jogadores podem ser creditados com assistências caso o segundo não tenha de ultrapassar um defesa antes de passar ao marcador do golo. Nenhuma assistência é atribuída por ganhar um penálti. Se um golo for marcado após um ressalto num defesa, guarda-redes, poste ou trave, o jogador que fez o primeiro remate é creditado com uma assistência.

Estatísticas
Os dados a seguir apresentados correspondem aos registos oficiais reconhecidos pelo órgão governamental relevante. Estatísticas de entidades independentes podem ter dados diferentes, quer pela creditação de jogadores diferentes para um  determinado golo, ou pela data de início dos seus registo ser anterior ou posterior à do fornecedor de estatísticas oficial.

Referências

Terminologia do futebol

Assistência (futebol)


The circled dot, circumpunct, or circle with a point at its centre may refer to one or more of these glyphs or articles

Solar system
One of many solar symbols used to represent the Sun
  (Planet symbol in astronomy)
Gold (Alchemical symbols: planetary metals)
 Gardiner N5 (): The sun, part of the representation of the name of Ra in Egyptian hieroglyphs. (This hieroglyph is shown conventionally with a small circle (rather than a dot) with the larger circle.
 The sun / a day (Chinese oracle script, the modern character being 日)

Philosophy and psychology
 Self in Jungian psychology: "The central dot represents the Ego whereas the Self can be said to consist of the whole with the centred dot."
 Monism: "The circled dot was used by the Pythagoreans and later Greeks to represent the first metaphysical being, the Monad or The Absolute"

Language and linguistics
 Bilabial clicks (), a symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
 Hwair (), a letter in the Gothic alphabet
 Yas (), a letter in the Tifinagh Alphabet (Berber languages)
 Brāhmī letter th ()
 Eye (Blissymbols)

 A brief contact (brush) of the signing hand in SignWriting

Mathematics
 The mathematical operator  represents
the XNOR gate or
the Hadamard product, the element wise multiplication of matrices of same size denoted by
 The mathematical operator  (see Unicode Supplemental Mathematical Operators)
 In geometry, it is often the symbol for a circle

Computing
  (Unicode Geometric Shapes)
 An indication of selected choice of radio button
 the application launcher key on Chromebooks (also known as the "everything key")
 In Japan, the symbol is called tainome and is a kind of typographical "bullet"

Other uses
 A nazar is a circled-dot-shaped amulet
 Center of pressure
 The musical symbol for  (), a Mensuration sign for  meter
 Used, or cancelled, stamp (philately)
 The trademark of the Target Corporation
 As a symbol of the phallus or nature's generative principle and of an Entered Apprentice Freemason
 City centre (European road-signs)
 End of trail / End of the game. Gone home. (scouting)
 The Symbol of "Waterhole" (or a related concept) in Australian Aborigine Art
 In Germany it is symbol for a "Gestempelte Briefmarke" (canceled stamp), while a star means "postfrisch" (mint Stamp)
 In physics, it can be used to denote a vector facing out of the page
 Zugzwang in chess notation

See also
 The Lost Symbol - a novel by Dan Brown that uses this symbol.

References

Circled dot


Ataş ya da tutturgaç, 1900 yılında Norveçli Johann Vaaler tarafından icat edilmiştir. Kağıtları sıkıca tutabilmek için, iç içe geçmiş iki halka oluşturan metal bir telden ibaret olan tasarım bugüne kadar hemen hemen hiç değişmemiştir. Ataş bulunmadan önce kâğıtlar iğnelenerek bir arada tutuluyordu. Ancak bu icat gerçekleştikten sonra iğne yerine ataş kullanılmaya başlandı.Bu da hayatımıza büyük kolaylık sağlamıştır.

1989 yılında, Oslo'da Johan Vaaler anısına 7 metre uzunluğunda Dünya'nın en büyük demirden ataşı yapıldı.

Kaynakça
 Petroski, Henry. The Evolution of Useful Things. New York: Knopf, 1992. ISBN 0-679-74039-2.

Dış bağlantılar

 Ataşın tarihi
 Ataç - Kim, Ne Zaman İcat Etti?

Kırtasiye aletleri
Ofis araç ve gereçleri
Norveç icatları
1860'lar tanıtımları
1860'larda tanıtılan ürünler

Ataş


Mihai Tararache este un fost politician român, fost deputat în legislatura 2012-2016.

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2012-2016

Mihai Tararache (deputat)


La dama de hierro (2011) es una película dirigida por Phyllida Lloyd y protagonizada por Meryl Streep. Está basada en la historia de la política británica Margaret Thatcher.

La protagonista y actriz principal Meryl Streep se ha llevado el premio Globo de Oro 2012 por su interpretación de Margaret Thatcher en la categoría de  Mejor Actriz-Drama y el premio Óscar en la 84° ceremonia de los Óscar, en el año 2012, ganando por tercera vez este premio.

Sinopsis

La película comienza alrededor del año 2008 (apertura en el contexto de la noticia del atentado contra el Hotel Marriott de Islamabad) con una anciana dama Thatcher (Meryl Streep), comprando leche sin ser reconocida por otros clientes, y caminando sola de regreso de la tienda. A lo largo de los tres días  vemos su lucha contra la demencia y  la falta de alimentación que acompaña a la vejez, mientras que mira hacia atrás los momentos decisivos de su vida personal y profesional, en el que ella recuerda a su marido, Denis Thatcher (Jim Broadbent). Ella se ve con dificultades para distinguir entre el pasado y el presente. Un tema a lo largo de la película es el precio personal que Thatcher ha pagado por el poder. Denis se presenta como algo ambivalente sobre el ascenso de su mujer al poder, su hijo Mark vive en Sudáfrica y  tiene poco contacto  con su madre, y se da a entender que la relación de Thatcher con su hija Carol (Olivia Colman) es a veces tensa.

En un flashback nos muestra la juventud de Thatcher, que trabaja en la tienda de comestibles de su familia en Grantham, escuchando los discursos políticos de su padre —a quien idolatraba— dándose a entender que tenía una mala relación con su madre — ama de casa— y anuncia que ha conseguido plaza en la Universidad de Oxford. Ella recuerda su lucha, como una mujer joven de clase media-baja, para entrar en un entorno dominado por los hombres en el partido conservador y encontrar un escaño en la Cámara de los Comunes, y además  la proposición de matrimonio por parte del empresario Denis Thatcher. Su lucha por encajar como un miembro de la Cámara, y como secretaria de Educación en el gabinete de Edward Heath (John Sessions). También se muestra su amistad con Airey Neave (más tarde asesinado por el Ejército Irlandés de Liberación Nacional), y su decisión de presentarse a liderar el Partido Conservador, y a entrenar su voz y su cambio de imagen.

Otras escenas retrospectivas examinan los acontecimientos históricos durante su mandato como primer ministro del Reino Unido, incluyendo el aumento de desempleo como consecuencia de sus políticas monetaristas y el apretado presupuesto de 1981 (además de los recelos de algunos miembros de su gabinete —Ian Gilmour, Francis Pym, Michael Heseltine y Jim Prior—), los Disturbios de Brixton de 1981, la huelga de los mineros de 1984-1985, y la el atentado del Grand Hotel durante la Conferencia del Partido Conservador en 1984.

Se muestra también su decisión de conquistar las islas Malvinas después de que la República Argentina la haya ocupado anteriormente. El hundimiento del ARA General Belgrano y la posterior victoria del Reino Unido en la Guerra de Malvinas; su amistad con Ronald Reagan y su consolidación como una figura mundial y de auge económico del país a finales de 1980.

En 1990, Thatcher se muestra como una figura arrogante y envejecida, despotricando agresivamente contra su gabinete y negándose a aceptar que el impuesto per cápita (el poll tax) sea considerado como injusta y opuesto a la Integración europea. El ministro Geoffrey Howe dimite tras ser humillado por ella en una reunión del gabinete y Michael Heseltine la desafía para controlar la dirección del partido. La pérdida de apoyo de sus colegas de gabinete no le dejará más remedio que dimitir como presidente del Gobierno, decisión sobre la cual se muestra todavía enojada y amargada veinte años después.

Finalmente,  a Thatcher se la ve empaquetando las pertenencias de su difunto marido, y diciéndole que es hora de que se marche. El fantasma de Denis abandonó su vestimenta,  sin zapatos —a pesar de sus gritos de que no está todavía listo para perderla— y ella se queda sola, lavando una taza de té.

Reparto
 Meryl Streep como Margaret Thatcher.
 Alexandra Roach como Margaret Thatcher (en su juventud).
 Jim Broadbent como Denis Thatcher.
 Harry Lloyd como Denis Thatcher (en su juventud).
 Olivia Colman como Carol Thatcher.
 Anthony Head como Geoffrey Howe.
 Richard E. Grant como Michael Heseltine.
 Roger Allam  Gordon Reece.
 Ronald Reagan
 Michael Pennington como Michael Foot.
 Angus Wright como John Nott.
 Julian Wadham como Francis Pym.

Producción
El rodaje comenzó en el Reino Unido el 31 de enero de 2011.

Para la preparación de su personaje, Streep asistió en enero a una sesión parlamentaria en la Casa de los Comunes, para poder observar a los parlamentarios británicos en acción.

La actriz intentó reunirse con la ex primera ministra, pero no pudo ante su negativa, ya que Margaret Thatcher sufría, en los últimos días de su vida, un tipo de demencia, según afirmó la hija de esta, Carol, en sus memorias.

Recepción
Se han escuchado diversas voces críticas sobre la película. Los hijos de Thatcher afirmaron que se trataba de una «fantasía de izquierdas». Por otra parte, el escritor Charles Moore, que se encuentra escribiendo la biografía autorizada de Thatcher, declaró que la interpretación de Streep es «asombrosamente brillante», porque captura la presencia de la ex primera ministra, su aislamiento en tanto que mujer en el poder, su ambición y también el precio que tuvo que pagar.

Premios

Referencias

Películas de 2011
Películas en inglés
Películas biográficas de los años 2010
Películas dramáticas de los años 2010
Películas dramáticas de Reino Unido
Películas de Reino Unido
Películas dramáticas de Francia
Películas de Francia
Películas ambientadas en los años 1940
Películas ambientadas en los años 1980
Películas ambientadas en los años 1970
Películas ambientadas en los años 1990
Películas ambientadas en los años 2000
Películas ambientadas en Londres
Películas rodadas en Inglaterra
Películas de Film4 Productions
Películas de Pathé
Películas políticas de los años 2010
Películas sobre la guerra de las Malvinas
Representaciones culturales de Margaret Thatcher
Representaciones culturales de John Major
Películas con música de Thomas Newman

La dama de hierro


Frankfurt Universe er en tysk amerikansk fodboldklub i Frankfurt am Main, Tyskland, som blev stiftet i 2007. Frankfurt Universe er efterfølgeren til Frankfurt Galaxy. Holdets farver er lilla og orange. Klubbens hjemmekampe spilles på Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion. Klubben er medlem af American Football Verband Deutschland (AFVD). Holdet spiller i German Football League (GFL).

Meritter
 Vinder EFL Bowl: 2016
 Mester GFL 2 Syd: 2015

Eksterne henvisninger
Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Amerikansk fodbold i Tyskland
Frankfurt am Main
Etableret i 2007

Frankfurt Universe


Kozçukur, Sivas ilinin Suşehri ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1522 yılı kayıtlarında Kozçukuru olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sivas il merkezine 143 km, Suşehri ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Suşehri belde ve köyleri

Kozçukur, Suşehri


Dinoconda (chinesisch: 过山龙) im China Dinosaurs Park (Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) ist eine 4D-Stahlachterbahn vom Modell 4th Dimension des Herstellers S&S – Sansei Technologies, die am 29. April 2012 eröffnet wurde. Sie und Eejanaika in Fuji-Q Highland sind die einzigen 4D-Achterbahnen des Herstellers.

Die 1050 m lange Strecke erreicht eine Höhe von 69 m und verfügt über drei Inversionen. Die Züge erreichen eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 126 km/h.

Züge
Die Züge von Dinoconda verfügen über jeweils sechs Wagen mit Platz für jeweils vier Personen (eine Reihe).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Daten und Bilder in der Roller Coaster DataBase

Achterbahn in der Volksrepublik China
Stahlachterbahn
Bauwerk in Jiangsu
Changzhou
4th-Dimension-Coaster
Achterbahn hergestellt von S&S Worldwide

Dinoconda


Alliance 90 () was a political alliance of three non-communist political groups in East Germany. It was formed in February 1990 by the New Forum, Democracy Now and the Initiative for Peace and Human Rights. It received 2.9% of the vote in the 1990 Volkskammer elections. For the first all-German federal election it formed a joint list with the East German Green Party. It was this coalition that merged with the West German Green Party in 1993 to form Alliance 90/The Greens.

History
On 7 February 1990, the New Forum, Democracy Now and the Initiative for Peace and Human Rights agreed upon the creation of the strategic partnership Alliance 90 ("Bündnis 90") for the 1990 East German general election. On 18 March 1990, in the next and final free election of the former East Germany, the Alliance 90 received 2.9% of the vote, thus securing 12 seats. By far the best result for Alliance 90 was in constituency of Berlin with 6.3%. In the remaining constituencies results ranged from 1.6% in Neubrandenburg to 3.8% in Potsdam. Together with the eight elected mandates from the "Green Party in the GDR", they created the "Alliance '90/Greens Party" Faction (Fraktion Bündnis 90/Grüne).

In the East German Landtag elections on 14 October 1990 the differently-composed electoral alliances made their entry into every Landtag except Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, where the New Forum did not participate in the alliance. In Brandenburg, the three civic groups of the Alliance 90 took office alone. In other states, the Greens also successfully took part in the electoral alliances. In Brandenburg from 1990 until 1994, Alliance 90 participated in a traffic light coalition with the Social Democrats and Free Democrats.

In the 1990 federal election held on 2 December 1990, the first election following the reunification of Germany, 6.1% of voters in the Eastern electoral area (1.2% across Germany) cast their Zweitstimme (the vote for a party, as opposed to for a person) for the group "Alliance 90/Greens – Citizens' Movement" (Bündnis 90/Grüne – BürgerInnenbewegung), which entered into the German Bundestag with eight East German electees: Klaus-Dieter Feige, Ingrid Köppe, Gerd Poppe, Christina Schenk, Werner Schulz, Wolfgang Ullmann, Konrad Weiß and Vera Wollenberger. Werner Schultz took over the function of Speaker of the Bundestag group, which he held for the entirety of the legislative period. Its West German partners, the Greens, fell short of election to the parliament.

On 21 September 1991, the party Alliance 90 was founded, which brought together parts of the New Forum, Democracy Now and the Initiative for Peace and Human Rights. On 14 May 1993 came the agreement to create the union of Alliance 90/The Greens with the Greens which had been a cross-German party since the end of 1990.

One part of the Brandenburg state alliance advocated against a unification with the Greens, including future Minister-President of Brandenburg Matthias Platzeck, Günter Nooke, Ute Platzeck, Peter Schüler, Manfred Kruczek and Gerd Gebhardt. However, they were unsuccessful in their case and founded the Citizens' Alliance ("Bürger Bündnis"), headed by Günter Nooke, Matthias Platzeck und Wolfgang Pohl. The party Alliance 90/The Greens in Saxony had already been established on 27 September 1991, one and a half years before the unification at federal level.

See also
List of political parties in Germany

Sources

1990 establishments in East Germany
Alliance 90/The Greens
Defunct political party alliances in Germany
Peaceful Revolution
Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989
Political opposition organizations
Political parties established in 1990
Political parties in East Germany

Alliance 90


L'avenue du Général-Gallieni est une voie de communication de la ville de Joinville-le-Pont. Elle suit le tracé de la route départementale 4.

Situation et accès
L'avenue du Général-Gallieni est une des voies du quartier de Polangis. Orientée d'ouest en est, elle commence son tracé au bord de la Marne, au point de rencontre entre le quai de Polangis et le quai Gabriel-Péri. Sur la partie menant à la place de Verdun qu'elle traverse, elle est longée au nord par la rue du Port, et au sud par la rue Charles-Pathé. Après la place, elle rencontre notamment l'allée Raymond-Nègre puis l'avenue Pierre-Allaire et se termine en un lieudit appelé fourchette de Champigny.

Origine du nom

Cette avenue a été nommée en hommage à Joseph Gallieni, militaire français.

Historique

Cette voie de communication était autrefois appelée route de Paris à Tournan.

Le 25 août 1944, les résistants FFI combattirent contre les soldats allemands pour les empêcher de faire sauter le pont de Joinville. Roland Martin fut tué par balles lors de ces combats route de Champigny. Une plaque commémorative à sa mémoire a été apposée avenue Galliéni par le Comité de Libération de Champigny-sur-Marne.

À la fin des années 2010 se manifeste le besoin d'une requalification de l'espace urbain de l'avenue, afin d'en faire un lieu de vie à part entière, et non pas seulement un lieu de passage. Naît de cette réflexion un projet appelé à s'étaler sur une durée de cinq à dix ans, menant à développer une identité en termes d'espaces publics, de qualité architecturale et paysagère.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Studios de Joinville, en activité de 1910 à 1987.
 Parc du Tremblay.
 Elle a été représentée en 1948 par une photographie de Robert Doisneau intitulée "Chez Gégène, avenue Galliéni. Joinville-le-Pont".

Voir aussi
 Liste des voies de Joinville-le-Pont
 Polangis

Notes et références

General Gallieni

Avenue du Général-Gallieni (Joinville-le-Pont)


بلدية كالونجي دي سيغارا (بالكاتالانية: Calonge de Segarra) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 205 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في أناويا
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

كالونغي دي سيغارا


Russell Earl Banks (March 28, 1940 – January 7, 2023) was an American writer of fiction and poetry. His novels are known for "detailed accounts of domestic strife and the daily struggles of ordinary often-marginalized characters". His stories usually revolve around his own childhood experiences, and often reflect "moral themes and personal relationships".

Banks was a member of the International Parliament of Writers and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Life and career
Russell Earl Banks was born in Newton, Massachusetts, on March 28, 1940, and grew up "in relative poverty." He is the son of Florence (née Taylor), a homemaker, and Earl Banks, a plumber, and was raised in Barnstead, New Hampshire. His father deserted the family when Banks was aged 12. While he was awarded a scholarship to attend Colgate University, he dropped out six weeks into university and travelled south instead, with the "intention of joining Fidel Castro's insurgent army in Cuba, but wound up working in a department store in Lakeland, Florida". He married Darlene Bennett, who was working as a sales clerk at the time; they had one daughter and later divorced.

According to an interview with The Independent, he started to write when he was living in Miami in the late-1950s, though an interview with The Paris Review dates this to Banks's subsequent spell living in Boston. He moved back to New England in 1964 and then to North Carolina, where he attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, funded by the family of his second wife, Mary Gunst. In Chapel Hill, Banks was involved in Students for a Democratic Society and protest during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1976, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Banks divorced Mary Gunst in 1977 after 14 years of marriage. They had three daughters. He was subsequently married to Kathy Walton, an editor at Harper & Row, from 1982 to 1988. The following year, he married poet Chase Twichell.

Banks was the 1985 recipient of the John Dos Passos Prize for fiction. Continental Drift and Cloudsplitter were finalists for the 1986 and 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction respectively. Banks was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996.

In popular culture, Banks was briefly mentioned in philosopher Richard Rorty's 1996 future history essay "Fraternity Reigns" in The New York Times Magazine as having written the fictional book Trampling the Vineyards, described as "samizdat", in 2021.

Banks lived in upstate New York and Miami. He was a New York State Author for 2004–2006. He was also Artist-in-Residence at the University of Maryland. He taught creative writing at Princeton University.

Death
Banks died from cancer at his home in Saratoga Springs, New York, on January 7, 2023, at the age of 82.

Works and themes
His work has been translated into twenty languages and has received numerous international prizes and awards. He wrote fiction, and, later, non-fiction, with Dreaming up America. His main works include the novels Continental Drift, Rule of the Bone, Cloudsplitter, The Sweet Hereafter, and Affliction. The latter two novels were each made into feature films in 1997 (see The Sweet Hereafter and Affliction).
Many of Banks's works reflect his working-class upbringing. His stories often show people facing tragedy and downturns in everyday life, expressing sadness and self-doubt, but also showing resilience and strength in the face of their difficulties. Banks also wrote short stories, some of which appear in the collection The Angel on the Roof, as well as poetry.

Banks also lived in Jamaica. Interviewed in 1998 for The Paris Review, he stated that:

The themes of Continental Drift (1985) include globalization and unrest in Haiti. His 2004 novel The Darling is largely set in Liberia and deals with the racial and political experience of the white American narrator.

Writing in the Journal of American Studies, Anthony Hutchison argues that, "[a]side from William Faulkner it is difficult to think of a white twentieth-century American writer who has negotiated the issue of race in as sustained, unflinching and intelligent a fashion as Russell Banks".

In 2023, it was confirmed that Paul Schrader would write and direct Oh, Canada, an adaptation of Banks' novel, Foregone, starring Richard Gere and Jacob Elordi.

Reception
According to Robert Faggen in The Paris Review, Banks's debut novel, Family Life, "was not a critical success". His next volume, a collection of short stories called Searching for Survivors, won Banks an O. Henry Award. A second collection of short stories, The New World, published in 1978, "received acclaim for its blending of historical and semi-autobiographical material".

Many have admired Banks' realistic writing, which often explores American social dilemmas and moral struggles. Reviewers have appreciated his portrayal of the working-class people struggling to overcome destructive relationships, poverty, drug abuse, and spiritual confusion. Scholars have variously compared his fiction to the works of Raymond Carver, Richard Ford, and Andre Dubus. Christine Benvenuto commented that "Banks writes with an intensely focused empathy and a compassionate sense of humor that help to keep readers, if not his characters, afloat through the misadventures and outright tragedies of his books."

In 2011, The Guardians Tom Cox selected Cloudsplitter as one of his "overlooked classics of American literature".

Awards and honors

1975 O. Henry Award
1985 John Dos Passos Prize
1996 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Twice a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in fiction, first for Continental Drift and then for Cloudsplitter (1998)
1998 Ainsfield-Wolf Award
2004-2006 New York State Author
2008 Thornton Wilder Prize
2011 Commonwealth Award for Literature
2012 Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, shortlist, Lost Memory of Skin
American Book Award
Guggenheim Fellowship

Works
Novels
 Family Life (1975)
 Hamilton Stark (1978)
 The Book of Jamaica (1980)
 The Relation of My Imprisonment (1983)
 Continental Drift (1985)
 Affliction (1989)
 The Sweet Hereafter (1991)
 Rule of the Bone (1995)
 Cloudsplitter (1998)
 The Darling (2004)
 The Reserve (2008)
 Lost Memory of Skin (2011)
 Foregone (2021)
 The Magic Kingdom (2022)

Story collections
 Searching for Survivors (1975)
 The New World (1978)
 Trailerpark (1981)
 Success Stories (1986)
 The Angel on the Roof (2000)
 A Permanent Member of the Family (2013)
 American Spirits (2024)

Poetry
 Waiting To Freeze (1969)
 Snow (1974)

Nonfiction
 Invisible Stranger (1998)
 Dreaming Up America (2008)
 Voyager (2016)

References

Further reading

External links

Literary links
http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/archives/banksr.html
Russell Banks reads his short story "The Moor" on This American Life
Russell Banks Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Essay on Banks' short stories

Interviews

 Interview, 2003: https://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/rbanks.html
Interview, March, 2008
Interview with Russell Banks when "The Darling" was published

Interview with Russell Banks, A DISCUSSION WITH National Authors on Tour TV Series, Episode #159 (1995)

1940 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American male screenwriters
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Writers from Newton, Massachusetts
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
People from Keene, New York
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
American Book Award winners
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New Jersey
Novelists from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from New Jersey

Russell Banks


Cvijeće za Algernona je znanstveno fantastična kratka priča Daniela Keyesa, poslije proširena u roman. Napisana 1958. te prvi put objavljena u travnju 1959. u Časopisu fantastike i znanstvene fantastike. Osvojila je nagradu Hugo za najbolju kratku priču 1960. Istoimeni roman objavljen je 1966. i osvojio je nagradu Nebula za najbolji roman te godine.

Algernon je laboratorijski miš koji je operiran kako bi mu umjetno povećali inteligenciju. Priča je ispričana u nizu izvješća Charliea Gordona, prvog čovjeka podvrgnutog takvoj operaciji. Priča se dotiče mnogih različitih moralnih tema, kao što su liječenje osoba s nižim kvocijentom inteligencije.

Iako je knjiga često opozivana iz knjižnica u SAD-u i Kanadi ponekad i uspješno, redovito je se uči u školama diljem svijeta te je prilagođena nekoliko puta za televiziju, kazalište, radio, kao i za Oscarom nagrađen film Charly.

Izvori

Novela
Američka književnost

Cvijeće za Algernona


Liebermann von Sonnenberg ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Erich Liebermann von Sonnenberg (1885–1941), deutscher Kriminalpolizist
 Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg (1848–1911), deutscher Offizier und Politiker (DSP, DSRP), MdR

Liebermann von Sonnenberg


Marco "Tula" Tulio (født 28. februar 1981) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Marco Tulio


Supermaterialisme er en kortfilm instrueret af Søren Fauli efter manuskript af Søren Fauli, Lars Kjeldgaard.

Handling
Instruktøren Søren Fauli udstiller og undersøger gerne egne svagheder. Med sund og nysgerrig selvoptagethed erkender han blankt, at han ganske enkelt er hæmningsløs supermaterialist. Han har et gigantisk overforbrug af og en vedvarende drift mod den nyeste elektronik. Han kan ikke få nok. Og en dag får han drømmeopgaven at tømme en tv-forretning på tre minutter. Men hvordan?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1996

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Supermaterialisme


U.S. Route 190 (US 190) is an east–west United States Highway in Louisiana and Texas. Segments of US 190 will be upgraded to Interstate 14 (I-14); the first  segment was opened on January 26, 2017.

Route description

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Texas

The western terminus is at a point where US 190 intersects with I-10, a few miles east of Bakersfield and  west of the town of Iraan, in the middle of Pecos County.

It runs east through Texas Hill Country speckled with sagebrush, intersecting with State Highway 305 (SH 305), crossing into Schleicher County, and intersecting with US 277 in Eldorado.  US 190 continues east into Menard County, intersecting State Highway 864, and passing a few miles north of Fort McKavett State Historic Site, entering Menard and intersecting with US 83 north a short distance.

Continuing on a northeastward route, US 190 enters McCulloch County and into Brady. As the closest city to the geographical center of Texas, the city proclaims itself the "True Heart of Texas", "where five major highways meet, making it a major gateway to all regions of the state". US 190 enters Brady from the south merging and running concurrently with north US 377 and US 87 through town, intersecting Farm to Market Road 2028 (FM 2028), FM 2309, then splitting with US 87 and US 377, before exiting the city heading east. US 190 goes through Rochelle, enters San Saba County, through Richland Springs where it intersects FM 45, the communities Algerita, and Harkeyville, and into San Saba, the birthplace of actor Tommy Lee Jones, and an intersection with SH 16. Continuing east, US 190 enters Lampasas County, entering Lometa, merging and running concurrently with US 183 south into the city of Lampasas. Splitting from US 183 and continuing east, US 190 runs through Kempner and into the extreme southern corner of Coryell County and Copperas Cove, which is located on the southwestern edge of Fort Cavazos. On the east side of Copperas Cove, a concurrency with I-14 begins. US 190 then traverses through part of Fort Cavazos, into Bell County and Killeen. Being directly adjacent to the main cantonment of Fort Cavazos, both Killeen and Copperas Cove depend on the fort and those stationed there.

US 190 next intersects and merges with I-35 through Belton and enters Temple, where I-14 ends. The highway then merges and runs concurrently with SH 36 south. Continuing east and south, US 190 passes through Rogers and enters Milam County then Cameron and merges with US 77 south for a distance. A few miles south of Cameron, US 190 merges and runs concurrently with US 79 north. In Hearne, US 190 splits with US 79 and merges to run concurrently with SH 6 south, entering Brazos County, through Benchley, and into Bryan, that is considered the heart of the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas), and is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area.

US 190 splits with SH 6, turning northeast and merging with SH 21 north, entering Kurten, entering Madison County also passing through North Zulch, Cottonwood and into Madisonville, before merging with I-45 south and into Walker County, then entering Huntsville, where US 190 splits heading into Eastern Texas.

Continuing east, US 190 enters San Jacinto County, passing north of Oakhurst and Point Blank, crossing Lake Livingston, entering Polk County and into Onalaska. US 190 from the west makes a semi-loop up over Lake Livingston and down to Livingston, intersecting US 59 and Business US 59 (Bus. US 59) and through Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation, entering Tyler County, merging with FM 256 and into Woodville. East of Woodville, FM 256 splits north and US 190 crosses BA Steinhagen Lake, into Jasper County, intersecting with SH 63 east, and in the center of Jasper intersecting with US 96. Continuing east, US 190 travels through Holly Springs and enters Newton County, proceeding into Newton. In Newton, US 190 turns south through Bon Wier, and then crosses the Louisiana line. In Newton County, US 190 has been designated one of the routes on the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail.

Louisiana

US 190 crosses the Sabine River and enters the western portion of Louisiana in swampy bayou terrain  west of Merryville, Louisiana. Merryville is the location of the old Coushatta Indian village.

From Merryville the highway heads north by northeast to the community of Junction, Louisiana, also referred to as "The Junction". Junction is where Louisiana Highway 111 (LA 111) and US 190 intersect and is the site of a roadside marker and the joining of two Indian trails.

From Junction, US 190 heads east to DeRidder, where it runs concurrently with US 171 south and passes several sites on the National Register of Historic Places, such as the Beauregard Parish Jail, Beauregard Parish Courthouse, and the DeRidder Commercial Historic District. US 190 runs concurrently with US 171 to Ragley, where US 190 parts with US 171 heading east. From Ragley, the two-lane highway heads nearly due east almost parallel to I-10 until Opelousas. US 190 crosses the northern reach of the Atchafalaya Basin near the Morganza Spillway en route to Baton Rouge. From Baton Rouge, US 190 passes, in places divided, through Denham Springs, Albany, Hammond, Robert, Goodbee, Covington, Mandeville, before reaching the eastern terminus at Slidell.

The stretch between I-12 south of Covington and the intersection with LA 22 at Mandeville is multilane divided with controlled access, serving as the primary connector between I-12 and the north end of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway. The highway's eastern terminus is in the bayous near Slidell, at an intersection with US 90. This junction was once known as the "White Kitchen" after a restaurant that was once located there.

Other designations
 Atchafalaya Expressway — US 190 in Louisiana
 Earl Rudder Freeway and Central Texas Expressway — US 190 in Texas (part of future I-14)

History
In the original 1926 plan, US 190 served the purpose of modern-day I-12 as the road around the north side of Lake Pontchartrain to avoid New Orleans. The original western terminus was in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, meeting US 71 at the Baton Rouge–Port Allen ferry across the Mississippi River. US 190 was concurrent with State Route 7 (SR 7, in the pre-1955 Louisiana Highway system) from Baton Rouge to Covington, then SR 34 from Covington to Slidell, Louisiana. The original eastern terminus of US 190 was in Slidell, where it intersected US 90/LA 2 (now US 11).

In 1935, the route was extended west across the Mississippi River, ending in the western Texas town of Brady at an intersection with US 87. The section from Krotz Springs to the Baton Rouge-Port Allen ferry was a concurrency with US 71 from 1935 until 1951.

US 190 was assigned to an additional  across the sparsely populated areas of western Texas south of San Angelo in June 1977, taking effect January 1, 1978. US 190 now ran westward to I-10 outside of Iraan, replacing a section of Ranch to Market Road 33 (RM 33) and all of both FM 1257 and FM 1980.

Louisiana
The original 1926 route followed the Jefferson Highway through downtown Baton Rouge, then LA 426 (Old Hammond Highway) to the Amite River. East of Baton Rouge, significant differences from the current alignment are as follows: LA 1032 through Denham Springs; LA 1027 into Walker; LA 43 and 1040 (Old Baton Rouge Highway) between Albany and Hammond; South Range Road and LA 1067 (Old Covington Highway) between Hammond and the Tangipahoa River; and Bus. US 190 through Covington.

West of Baton Rouge, the current alignment generally follows the same route since its extension into Texas in 1935. The only major re-routing was between Deridder and Elton, where the original route followed LA 26. The portion between Oberlin and Elton was re-routed in 1937 to follow US 165 to Kinder before assuming the current alignment between Deridder and Kinder the following year. Other differences from the current route are as follows: LA 110 through Merryville; LA 3099 into DeRidder; LA 3253, 1244, 31, and 742 between Opelousas and Port Barre; Old U.S. 190 between Bayou Courtableau and Krotz Springs and between East Krotz Springs, Louisiana Krotz Springs and Lottie; LA 77 between Livonia and Rosedale; and LA 76 between Rosedale and Port Allen.

In 1937, US 190 took over the original route of US 90 from Slidell to the Rigolets Bridge (along current US 11 and LA 433) when that highway assumed its current routing into Mississippi. US 190 was given its current eastern terminus at US 90 in the 1940s, following what is now Bus. US 190 (Fremaux Avenue) through Slidell until the 1970s when it was shifted onto Gause Boulevard.

In 1951, US 190 was re-routed along Bus. US 51 (mainline US 51 at the time) and LA 22 between Hammond and Mandeville. The new route passed through Ponchatoula and Madisonville and bypassed Covington. The former route through Covington was restored in 1956.

The current US 190 near Krotz Springs is an elevated highway. The road was built as a bypass around the road called Old 190 which continues across the Morganza Spillway to the western edge of Lottie. US 190 crosses the Atchafalaya River on two cantilever bridges known as the Krotz Springs Bridge. It crosses the Mississippi River on the 1940-era Huey Long Bridge north of Baton Rouge.

The route is now used as an alternate route for I-10, across the Atchafalaya Expressway. Traffic can be diverted along LA 975 to Krotz Springs, and LA 76 to US 190/LA 1.

Future
Interstate 14 is likely to extend further west and east in central Texas along the US 190 corridor, once adequate funding becomes available. In 2019, Representative Brian Babin (R-TX) introduced legislation in the House of Representatives to extend the I-14 corridor through Odessa, many parts of which would likely follow the US 190 alignment through parts of central Texas. Though the bill was referred to the Congressional Subcommittee on Highways and Transit, it is likely that bills featuring a congressional I-14 designation will be proposed in the future, as the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act initially authorized I-14.

The Texas Department of Transportation will upgrade US 190 from a two-lane highway to a four-lane divided highway from approximately two miles (3.2 km) south of Heidenheimer, Texas to the Bell County-Milam County line. The $77.8 million project will improve driving safety along 7.3 miles of US 190 in central Texas, as  new hardened medians will separate each side of traffic. This continues previously completed upgrades along US 190 of two-lane to four-lane highways. The most recent of these improvements were made to the Heidenheimer area circa 2010.

Junction list

Business routes
US 190 has six business routes: three in Texas and three in Louisiana.

Copperas Cove
Business U.S. Highway 190-E is a 4.5 mile (7.2 km) long business route that runs through downtown Copperas Cove. In 2010, the Texas Department of Transportation was given approval by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to move US 190 to a new bypass on the south side of Copperas Cove, leaving the original alignment to be made into a business route. The project had been in the planning phases since the 1980s. After delays due to the construction of what would become I-14 to the east of Copperas Cove, the $46.5 million bypass opened on January 29, 2015, and the original alignment became Business US 190.

Business US 190's western terminus is located at a signaled intersection with US 190 and Farm to Market Road 2657 (FM 2657). Though signed east–west, the first section of the road runs north-to-northeast toward the city center of Copperas Cove. Turning east after, the road intersects FM 116, where FM 116 forms a short concurrency with Business US 190 for three blocks. After the concurrency, FM 116 breaks off and continues north towards downtown. Continuing eastward, the road intersects northbound FM 1113 and begins to enter the commercial district of Copperas Cove. The road continues due east past the town's center until it merges with I-14, US 190, and State Highway 9 (SH 9). There is no direct access from eastbound Business US 190 to westbound I-14/US 190 or SH 9.

Killeen
Business U.S. Highway 190-F is a 9.09 mile (14.6 km) long business route that runs through downtown Killeen that follows an old alignment of US 190. When US 190 was moved off the original route to a southern bypass around both Killeen and the town of Harker Heights in 1975, the remaining route was initially declared as State Loop 518. In an overhaul of state loop designations throughout Texas, however, the Texas Department of Transportation converted many former U.S. route and state highway alignments into business routes, thus creating Business U.S. Highway 190.

Business US 190 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-14/US 190 and Hood Road. This interchange is located within the boundaries of Fort Cavazos; the only access to the army base directly from US 190 Business is via Hood Road. The route continues east as Veterans Memorial Boulevard. It intersects State Highway 195 (Fort Hood Road) as the business route exits Fort Cavazos and enters Killeen city limits. The business route passes through downtown Killeen and crosses FM 439 once passing the commercial district. Continuing eastward, the route passes by Skylar Field Airport and enters Harker Heights, where it intersects both FM 3423 and FM 3219. Approaching US 190, the business route splits: according to the Texas Department of Transportation, the official west-to-east alignment of the route forks to Edwards Drive, while the east-to-west alignment continues on Veterans Memorial Boulevard, though both directions are signed as the business route on the boulevard. At either designation, the roads both lost the designation at their respective I-14/US 190 intersections.

Heidenheimer
Business U.S. Highway 190-J is a 2.5 mile (4.0 km) long business route that runs through the town of Heidenheimer along an old alignment of US 190. As US 190 has come to be a major thoroughfare through central Texas, traffic could not handle the two lane road in the primarily residential area. With houses on both sides of the road close to the roadway, a bypass was needed by the mid-2000's. A new four-lane bypass around Heidenheimer looped west around the town, opening in 2010. In October 2010, the AASHTO approved the movement of US 190 to the new bypass. Later in 2010, the Texas Department of Transportation requested AASHTO to also approve the new Business U.S. Highway 190, which had been signed by Texas since US 190's movement. The highway has been subsequently approved and the business route continues to be signed as such.

Though more aligned north-to-south, the business route is signed west-to-east. It begins at a T-intersection with US 190 westbound. The entrance to Business US 190 is not accessible from the eastbound lanes of US 190 as a grass median divides the highway. Once on the business route, it turns almost immediately to the right and begins a southeasterly track towards the town of Heidenheimer. Another access road from US 190 allows eastbound traffic to turn onto the business route. This connector is signed as 'TO BUSINESS US 190' from the mainline road. Continuing eastward, the road intersects FM 93 at its eastern terminus, also allowing access to US 190. Entering the main residential part of the small town, the eastern terminus of FM 436 intersects Business US 190. Only slightly further east is Business US 190's eastern terminus, where traffic returns to US 190.

Baton Rouge

U.S. Highway 61/190 Business, also called Florida Boulevard and internally designated as U.S. Highway 61-X, is a 10.8 mile (17.4 km) business route that runs along the old alignment of both US 61 and US 190 through downtown Baton Rouge. Although US 190 is signed as a west-to-east route, US 61/190 Business generally does not have directional signage and changes directions multiple times.

From southeast to northwest, the business route begins at a cloverleaf interchange with both US 190, which continues east toward Hammond, and US 61, which continues south toward New Orleans. Both mainline routes come together to form a concurrency and continue northward along the Airline Highway, while the continuing road from US 190 becomes the business route. The route continues west through a primarily commercial area and past Baton Rouge Community College before entering downtown Baton Rouge. I-110 northbound has a direct exit to US 61/190 Business (Exit 1C) in downtown Baton Rouge, while southbound motorists must use N. 9th Street (Exit 1G) to connect directly to the business route. US 61/190 Business continues west through downtown until it reaches River Road where it turns right and continues north.

Moving north, the business route passes one block to the left of the Louisiana State Capitol and along the Mississippi River before merging onto N. 3rd Street and entering an industrial area. The road curves and becomes Chippewa Street where it now heads east toward I-110. At US 61/190 Business' intersection with Louisiana State Highway 3164, the route turns to the left onto Scenic Highway, now heading north again, running parallel to I-110. The route continues about 2.5 miles (4 km) before reaching its northern terminus at US 61/190. At this point, Scenic Highway is taken over by US 61, now heading north towards Natchez and US 190 continues westward towards Opelousas.

Although US 61/190 Business has been signed as such since 1960, it did not formally get approval from the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) until 1968.

Covington

U.S. Highway 190 Business, also known as 21st Avenue or Boston Street and internally known as U.S. Highway 190-X, is a 3.31 mile (5.33 km) long business route that runs on the old alignment of US 190 through Covington.

The road begins at an intersection with US 190 to the west of downtown Covington. The business route continues eastbound into downtown Covington until it reaches Louisiana Highway 21 (LA 21). From here, LA 21 begins to run concurrently with US 190 Business until it returns to US 190 on the east side of Covington. The route was approved by AASHO in June 1969, along with the US 190 rerouting.

Slidell
U.S. Highway 190 Business, also known as Fremaux Avenue and internally known as U.S. Highway 190-Y, is a 3.94 mile (6.34 km) long business route that runs on most of the old alignment of US 190 through Slidell. The road begins at the intersection of US 11 (Front Street) and Fremaux Avenue in the 'Olde Towne' neighborhood of Slidell. The business route continues eastbound on Fremaux Avenue until it ends at US 190 (Military Road), where US 190 turns eastbound once again and takes over Fremaux Avenue.

When I-10 was constructed in Slidell in the 1960s, the proximity of a weigh station could not allow an exit to be built at then-US 190. Nearby Gause Road (then Louisiana Highway 1092), which paralleled the former US 190, was chosen as the I-10 exit in Slidell. After increased traffic on Gause Road and motorist confusion accessing US 190, the state of Louisiana petitioned AASHO to re-route the highway and create a new business route. At AASHO's June 1971 meeting, this request was approved. US 190 was permanently routed onto the now widened Gause Boulevard and Military Road while US 190 Business was signed along the former routing by 1975.

Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the weigh station on I-10 near the US 190 Business overpass was permanently closed and razed. In 2006, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) began construction on a new interchange at US 190 Business at the request of the St. Tammany Parish government and the City of Slidell. Extensive traffic backups at the US 190 (Gause Boulevard) interchange and the planning of a new retail center prompted this to be one of many projects to revitalize the area following Hurricane Katrina. Originally scheduled to open in the spring of 2008, multiple instances of severe weather, the threat of Hurricane Gustav, and signage delays pushed the opening of the interchange to late September 2008.

Although approved to sign the business route concurrently with US 11 to US 190 in 'Olde Towne' Slidell, the route officially begins at US 11.

See also

Notes

References

External links

Endpoints of US highway 190

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2IFC may refer to:

 Two-interval forced choice, a psychophysical method
 Two International Finance Centre (Hong Kong), the second tallest building in Hong Kong

2IFC