Scorpion (Akrep), Örümcek Adam çizgi roman serisinde (kurgusal) düşman karakterlerden birisidir. Daily Bugle gazetesi sahibi J.Jonah Jameson tehlike olarak gördüğü Örümcek Adam'ı durdurabilecek güçte birinin olmasını istedi. Bunun üzerine Gargan ile anlaşarak ona süper güç verecek radyoaktif deneyler uygulanmasını sağladı.

Güçlenen Gargan silah olarak kullanabileceği bir kuyruğun bulunduğu kostüme bürünerek bir akrep'e dönüştü. Fakat Gargan'a süper güçlerini sağlayan radyasyon onun zihnini de etkiledi. Radyasyonun onu değiştirdiğinin farkına varan Gargan bunun için Jameson'ı suçlayarak ona saldırdı. Akrep'i durdurmayı Örümcek Adam başardı.

Akrep kendisine olanlar için daima J.Jonah Jameson'dan nefret etti. Yaşamındaki en büyük isteği Jameson'ı öldürüp intikamını alabilmek.Akrep küresel patlama ve kuyruğundan zehir saçma özelliğine sahiptir. Ayrıca, Örümcek Adamın en büyük düşmanlarından birisidir.

Kaynakça
 resimliroman.com

Örümcek Adam karakterleri
Resim aranan çizgi karakterler
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Kurgusal akrepler
Kurgusal kanun kaçakları

Scorpion


Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (født 1. maj 1958) er en forretningsmand og politiker fra Benin, der har været Benins præsident siden 2016.

Talon er født i Ouidah og af Fon afstamning. Efter han fik sin bachelor fra University of Dakar i Senegal, drømte han om at blive pilot of søgte om at komme på den nationale skole for aviation i Paris.

Før han blev præsident, var Talon kendt som 'Kongen af Bomuld' i Benin, som en af landet største erhvervspersoner indenfor bomuldsindustrien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Benins præsidenter
Nuværende statsoverhoveder
Politikere fra Benin

Patrice Talon


Somina je planina na granici istočne Hercegovine i Crne Gore. Zove se po istoimenoj četinarskoj grmolikoj biljci koja raste na visokoj nadmorskoj visini. Najviši vrh planine je Tikvina na 1601 m nadmorske visine. Susjedne planine s kojima se dodiruje su Golija i Njegoš. Dijelovi planine planine Somine su: predio Riđice (Greben, Gambelovina, Pleće, Lučevi Gradac, Jame, Tikvina, Hercegove Luke, Macanuša, Srijemoša, Vardari, Ćulova kosa) i predio Maglene gore.

Literatura
 Svetozar Tomić,Banjani, Beograd 1947, Živko A. Đurković, Klenčani, Nikšić, 1995.

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini
Planine u Crnoj Gori
Bosanskohercegovačko-crnogorska granica

Somina (planina)


SDI Media Denmark er en af SDI Media Group s internationale filialer. Virksomheden har hovedkontor i København. Virksomheden leverer teknologidrevne end-to-end-løsninger til film, tv, spil, nye medier og virksomhedsbehov.

Kunder
 Dreamworks / Paramount
 Fox
 Disney Character Voices International
 Nickelodeon
 Warner Bros.
 Cartoon Network
 Danmarks Radio
 Disney Channel

Stemmeaktører
 Mathias Klenske
 Annevig Schelde Ebbe
 Sara Poulsen
 Oliver Ryborg
 Garl Gustav-Weyde Andersen
 Martine Hjejle
 Allan Klie
 Peter Røschke
 Oliver Ulrichs
 Simon Nøiers
 Trine Glud

Eksterne links

Virksomheder i København
Medievirksomheder i Danmark
SDI Media

SDI Media Denmark


Frederik Lange (født 31. juli 1871 på Frederiksberg; død 30. juni 1941 i Skagen) var en dansk maler.

Lange var søn af kunsthistorikeren Julius Henrik Lange og fra barndommen fortrolig med billedkunsten.
Han malede portrætter, hverdagsbilleder og landskaber som han hentede motiver til ved Lillebælt, i Odsherred, på Stevns og egnen omkring Skagen hvor han slog sig ned omkring 1924 i Skagen Vesterby. I 1930'erne levede han tilbagetrukket på grund af sygdom.

Lange modtog Eckersberg Medaillen i 1907 og 1910.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Malere fra Danmark
Skagensmalere
Modtagere af Eckersberg Medaillen
Personer fra Frederiksberg

Frederik Lange (maler)


Jo-Anne Faull (* 13. Januar 1971) ist eine ehemalige australische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
In ihrer von 1988 bis 1996 dauernden Karriere gewann sie zwei WTA-Titel im Doppel. Dreimal gelang es ihr, bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren bis ins Viertelfinale der Doppelkonkurrenz vorzustoßen. 1989 stand sie im Endspiel des WTA-Turniers von Wellington, in dem sie der Spanierin Conchita Martínez unterlag.

Turniersiege

Doppel

Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Australien)
Australier
Geboren 1971
Frau

Jo-Anne Faull


Pui O Beach is a gazetted beach running along almost the entire shoreline of Pui O in Lantau Island, Hong Kong, facing Pui O Wan and neighbouring Chi Ma Wan Peninsula. The beach has barbecue pits and is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government. The beach is 260 metres long and is rated as good to fair by the Environmental Protection Department for its water quality in the past twenty years. The water flow of Pui O Beach comes from the sea and nearby rivers, so Pui O Beach is the junction of fresh water.

History
From 26 to 30 June 2008, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department had carried a shark prevention net maintenance project at the beach and it was once closed.

On 23 November 2018, Billy, an eight-year-old bull who lived at the beach, died with stomach full of plastic bags. An examination showed that the animal's stomach and intestinal tract had been blocked with enough plastic bags to fill two rubbish bins.

Usage
Due to the geological composition of surrounding area, the sand on the beach is mixture of black and yellow. The Hong Kong Government has constructed facilities on the upper beach for wild camping. As the beach faces south-southwest, the sunset can be clearly watched in Pui O. There are many restaurants beside the beaches, most of which sell swimming supplies and food.

Features
The beach has the following features:
 BBQ pits (6 nos.)
 Changing rooms
 Showers
 Toilets
 Fast food kiosk

Pui O Campsite
There is a campsite at Pui O Beach that is open to the public and free of charge. It is open 24 hours for camping and is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Users can register with the management office before using it. There are a total of 52 camping spots in the camping site, each of which is divided by wooden fences, and the ground is mainly sand. The camp is equipped with facilities like camp bays, barbecue pits and an office. The camp is currently temporarily closed until further notice due to COVID-19 pandemic.

See also
 Beaches of Hong Kong

References

External links

 Official website

Lantau Island
Beaches of Hong Kong

Pui O Beach


Gill ist ein Einschlagkrater im Süden der Mondvorderseite, südöstlich des Kraters Pontécoulant und nordöstlich von Helmholtz.
Der Kraterrand ist erodiert, das Innere weitgehend eben.

Am 10. Juni 2009 um 20:25 MESZ ließ man die japanische Raumsonde Kaguya an einem Punkt südöstlich von Gill bei 80,4° O, 65,5° S mit etwa 6000 km/h auf der Mondoberfläche aufschlagen. Der Aufschlag und der dadurch aufgewirbelte Staub konnten mit erdgebundenen Teleskopen beobachtet werden.

Der Krater wurde 1964 von der IAU nach dem britischen Astronomen David Gill offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Gill auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Gill (Mondkrater)


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.

The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,  and poor sleep, among other things. High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.

It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable. Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease. The use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide except Africa. Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females. Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD. The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80, while it is around 68 in the developing world. CVD is typically diagnosed seven to ten years earlier in men than in women.

Types

There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as vascular diseases.
 Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease)
 Peripheral arterial disease – disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs
 Cerebrovascular disease – disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke)
 Renal artery stenosis
 Aortic aneurysm

There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart.
 Cardiomyopathy – diseases of cardiac muscle
 Hypertensive heart disease – diseases of the heart secondary to high blood pressure or hypertension
 Heart failure - a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood to the tissues to meet their metabolic requirements
 Pulmonary heart disease – a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement
 Cardiac dysrhythmias – abnormalities of heart rhythm
 Inflammatory heart disease
 Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves.
 Inflammatory cardiomegaly
 Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart, caused most often by viral infection and less often by bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. It is characterized in part by infiltration of the heart by lymphocyte and monocyte types of white blood cells.
 Eosinophilic myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium caused by pathologically activated eosinophilic white blood cells. This disorder differs from myocarditis in its causes and treatments.
 Valvular heart disease
 Congenital heart disease – heart structure malformations existing at birth
 Rheumatic heart disease – heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused by  Streptococcus pyogenes a group A streptococcal infection.

Risk factors
There are many risk factors for heart diseases: age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar (diabetes mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), undiagnosed celiac disease, psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, air pollution, and poor sleep. While the individual contribution of each risk factor varies between different communities or ethnic groups the overall contribution of these risk factors is very consistent. Some of these risk factors, such as age, sex or family history/genetic predisposition, are immutable; however, many important cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by lifestyle change, social change, drug treatment (for example prevention of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes). People with obesity are at increased risk of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

Genetics
Cardiovascular disease in a person's parents increases their risk by ~3 fold, and genetics is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Genetic cardiovascular disease can occur either as
a consequence of single variant (Mendelian) or polygenic influences. There are more than 40 inherited cardiovascular disease that can be traced to a single disease-causing DNA variant, although these conditions are rare. Most common cardiovascular diseases are non-Mendelian and are thought to be due to hundreds or thousands of genetic variants (known as single nucleotide polymorphisms), each associated with a small effect.

Age

Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life.  Coronary fatty streaks can begin to form in adolescence. It is estimated that 82 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 and older. Simultaneously, the risk of stroke doubles every decade after age 55.

Multiple explanations are proposed to explain why age increases the risk of cardiovascular/heart diseases. One of them relates to serum cholesterol level. In most populations, the serum total cholesterol level increases as age increases. In men, this increase levels off around age 45 to 50 years. In women, the increase continues sharply until age 60 to 65 years.

Aging is also associated with changes in the mechanical and structural properties of the vascular wall, which leads to the loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance and may subsequently lead to coronary artery disease.

Sex

Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women. Once past menopause, it has been argued that a woman's risk is similar to a man's although more recent data from the WHO and UN disputes this. If a female has diabetes, she is more likely to develop heart disease than a male with diabetes.

Coronary heart diseases are 2 to 5 times more common among middle-aged men than women.  In a study done by the World Health Organization, sex contributes to approximately 40% of the variation in sex ratios of coronary heart disease mortality. Another study reports similar results finding that sex differences explains nearly half the risk associated with cardiovascular diseases One of the proposed explanations for sex differences in cardiovascular diseases is hormonal difference.  Among women, estrogen is the predominant sex hormone. Estrogen may have protective effects on glucose metabolism and hemostatic system, and may have direct effect in improving endothelial cell function.  The production of estrogen decreases after menopause, and this may change the female lipid metabolism toward a more atherogenic form by decreasing the HDL cholesterol level while increasing LDL and total cholesterol levels.

Among men and women, there are differences in body weight, height, body fat distribution, heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial compliance. In the very elderly, age-related large artery pulsatility and stiffness are more pronounced among women than men. This may be caused by the women's smaller body size and arterial dimensions which are independent of menopause.

Tobacco
Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers.

Physical inactivity

Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide.  In 2008, 31.3% of adults aged 15 or older (28.2% men and 34.4% women) were insufficiently physically active.
The risk of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus is reduced by almost a third in adults who participate in 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week (or equivalent). In addition, physical activity assists weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity. These effects may, at least in part, explain its cardiovascular benefits.

Diet

High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations indicate causes is disputed. The World Health Organization attributes approximately 1.7 million deaths worldwide to low fruit and vegetable consumption.  Frequent consumption of high-energy foods, such as processed foods that are high in fats and sugars, promotes obesity and may increase cardiovascular risk.  The amount of dietary salt consumed may also be an important determinant of blood pressure levels and overall cardiovascular risk.  There is moderate quality evidence that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. High trans-fat intake has adverse effects on blood lipids and circulating inflammatory markers, and elimination of trans-fat from diets has been widely advocated. In 2018 the World Health Organization estimated that trans fats were the cause of more than half a million deaths per year. There is evidence that higher consumption of sugar is associated with higher blood pressure and unfavorable blood lipids, and sugar intake also increases the risk of diabetes mellitus. High consumption of processed meats is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly in part due to increased dietary salt intake.

Alcohol

The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of drinking alcohol and cardiovascular disease.  Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, but there is evidence that associations between moderate alcohol consumption and protection from stroke are non-causal. At the population level, the health risks of drinking alcohol exceed any potential benefits.

Celiac disease
Untreated celiac disease can cause the development of many types of cardiovascular diseases, most of which improve or resolve with a gluten-free diet and intestinal healing. However, delays in recognition and diagnosis of celiac disease can cause irreversible heart damage.

Sleep

A lack of good sleep, in amount or quality, is documented as increasing cardiovascular risk in both adults and teens. Recommendations suggest that Infants typically need 12 or more hours of sleep per day, adolescent at least eight or nine hours, and adults seven or eight. About one-third of adult Americans get less than the recommended seven hours of sleep per night, and in a study of teenagers, just 2.2 percent of those studied got enough sleep, many of whom did not get good quality sleep.  Studies have shown that short sleepers getting less than seven hours sleep per night have a 10 percent to 30 percent higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

Sleep disorders such as sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia, are also associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk.
An estimated 50 to 70 million Americans have insomnia, sleep apnea or other  chronic sleep disorders.

In addition, sleep research displays differences in race and class. Short sleep and poor sleep tend to be more frequently reported in ethnic minorities than in whites. African-Americans report experiencing short durations of sleep five times more often than whites, possibly as a result of social and environmental factors.  Black children and children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods have much higher rates of sleep apnea.

Socioeconomic disadvantage
Cardiovascular disease affects low- and middle-income countries even more than high-income countries. There is relatively little information regarding social patterns of cardiovascular disease within low- and middle-income countries, but within high-income countries low income and low educational status are consistently associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Policies that have resulted in increased socio-economic inequalities have been associated with greater subsequent socio-economic differences in cardiovascular disease implying a cause and effect relationship. Psychosocial factors, environmental exposures, health behaviours, and health-care access and quality contribute to socio-economic differentials in cardiovascular disease. The Commission on Social Determinants of Health recommended that more equal distributions of power, wealth, education, housing, environmental factors, nutrition, and health care were needed to address inequalities in cardiovascular disease and non-communicable diseases.

Air pollution
Particulate matter has been studied for its short- and long-term exposure effects on cardiovascular disease. Currently, airborne particles under 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) are the major focus, in which gradients are used to determine CVD risk. Overall, long-term PM exposure increased rate of atherosclerosis and inflammation. In regards to short-term exposure (2 hours), every 25 μg/m3 of PM2.5 resulted in a 48% increase of CVD mortality risk. In addition, after only 5 days of exposure, a rise in systolic (2.8 mmHg) and diastolic (2.7 mmHg) blood pressure occurred for every 10.5 μg/m3 of PM2.5.  Other research has implicated PM2.5 in irregular heart rhythm, reduced heart rate variability (decreased vagal tone), and most notably heart failure.  PM2.5 is also linked to carotid artery thickening and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiovascular risk assessment
Existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, is the strongest predictor of a future cardiovascular event. Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes are important predictors of future cardiovascular disease in people who are not known to have cardiovascular disease. These measures, and sometimes others, may be combined into composite risk scores to estimate an individual's future risk of cardiovascular disease. Numerous risk scores exist although their respective merits are debated. Other diagnostic tests and biomarkers remain under evaluation but currently these lack clear-cut evidence to support their routine use. They include family history, coronary artery calcification score, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ankle–brachial pressure index,  lipoprotein subclasses and particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, homocysteine, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide  (NT-proBNP), and markers of kidney function. High blood phosphorus is also linked to an increased risk.

Depression and traumatic stress
There is evidence that mental health problems, in particular depression and traumatic stress, is linked to cardiovascular diseases. Whereas mental health problems are known to be associated with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as smoking, poor diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, these factors alone do not explain the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases seen in depression, stress, and anxiety. Moreover, posttraumatic stress disorder is independently associated with increased risk for incident coronary heart disease, even after adjusting for depression and other covariates.

Occupational exposure

Little is known about the relationship between work and cardiovascular disease, but links have been established between certain toxins, extreme heat and cold, exposure to tobacco smoke, and mental health concerns such as stress and depression.

Non-chemical risk factors
A 2015 SBU-report looking at non-chemical factors found an association for those:
 with mentally stressful work with a lack of control over their working situation — with an effort-reward imbalance
 who experience low social support at work; who experience injustice or experience insufficient opportunities for personal development; or those who experience job insecurity
 those who work night schedules; or have long working weeks
 those who are exposed to noise

Specifically the risk of stroke was also increased by exposure to ionizing radiation. Hypertension develops more often in those who experience job strain and who have shift-work. Differences between women and men in risk are small, however men risk having and dying of heart attacks or stroke twice as often as women during working life.

Chemical risk factors
A 2017 SBU report found evidence that workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding fumes is associated with heart disease. Associations also exist for exposure to arsenic, benzopyrenes, lead, dynamite, carbon disulphide, carbon monoxide, metalworking fluids and occupational exposure to tobacco smoke. Working  with  the  electrolytic production of  aluminium  or  the  production  of  paper  when  the  sulphate pulping  process  is  used  is  associated with heart disease. An association was also found  between  heart  disease  and  exposure  to  compounds  which  are  no  longer  permitted  in certain  work  environments,  such  as  phenoxy acids containing TCDD(dioxin) or asbestos.

Workplace exposure to silica dust or asbestos is also associated with pulmonary heart disease. There is evidence that workplace  exposure to lead, carbon disulphide, phenoxyacids containing  TCDD, as well as working in an environment where aluminum is being electrolytically produced, is associated with stroke.

Somatic mutations
As of 2017, evidence suggests that certain leukemia-associated mutations in blood cells may also lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several large-scale research projects looking at human genetic data have found a robust link between the presence of these mutations, a condition known as clonal hematopoiesis, and cardiovascular disease-related incidents and mortality.

Radiation therapy
Radiation treatments (RT) for cancer can increase the risk of heart disease and death, as observed in breast cancer therapy.  Therapeutic radiation increases the risk of a subsequent heart attack or stroke by 1.5 to 4 times; the increase depends on the dose strength, volume, and location. Use of concomitant chemotherapy, e.g. anthracyclines, is an aggravating risk factor. The occurrence rate of RT induced cardiovascular disease is estimated between 10% and 30%.

Side-effects from radiation therapy for cardiovascular diseases have been termed radiation-induced heart disease or radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. Symptoms are dose-dependent and include cardiomyopathy, myocardial fibrosis, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmia and peripheral artery disease. Radiation-induced fibrosis, vascular cell damage and oxidative stress can lead to these and other late side-effect symptoms.

Pathophysiology

Population-based studies show that atherosclerosis, the major precursor of cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study demonstrated that intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and more than half of the right coronary arteries of youths aged 7–9 years.

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are linked to cardiovascular disease, as are a history of chronic kidney disease and hypercholesterolaemia.  In fact, cardiovascular disease is the most life-threatening of the diabetic complications and diabetics are two- to four-fold more likely to die of cardiovascular-related causes than nondiabetics.

Screening
Screening ECGs (either at rest or with exercise) are not recommended in those without symptoms who are at low risk. This includes those who are young without risk factors. In those at higher risk the evidence for screening with ECGs is inconclusive. Additionally echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, and cardiac stress testing is not recommended in those at low risk who do not have symptoms. Some biomarkers may add to conventional cardiovascular risk factors in predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease; however, the value of some biomarkers is questionable. Ankle-brachial index (ABI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and coronary artery calcium, are also of unclear benefit in those without symptoms as of 2018.

The NIH recommends lipid testing in children beginning at the age of 2 if there is a family history of heart disease or lipid problems. It is hoped that early testing will improve lifestyle factors in those at risk such as diet and exercise.

Screening and selection for primary prevention interventions has traditionally been done through absolute risk using a variety of scores (ex. Framingham or Reynolds risk scores). This stratification has separated people who receive the lifestyle interventions (generally lower and intermediate risk) from the medication (higher risk). The number and variety of risk scores available for use has multiplied, but their efficacy according to a 2016 review was unclear due to lack of external validation or impact analysis. Risk stratification models often lack sensitivity for population groups and do not account for the large number of negative events among the intermediate and low risk groups. As a result, future preventative screening appears to shift toward applying prevention according to randomized trial results of each intervention rather than large-scale risk assessment.

Prevention
Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Currently practised measures to prevent cardiovascular disease include:
 Maintaining a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, a vegetarian, vegan or another plant-based diet.
 Replacing saturated fat with healthier choices: Clinical trials show that replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by 30%. Prospective observational studies show that in many populations lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD.
 Decrease body fat if overweight or obese. The effect of weight loss is often difficult to distinguish from dietary change, and evidence on weight reducing diets is limited. In observational studies of people with severe obesity, weight loss following bariatric surgery is associated with a 46% reduction in cardiovascular risk.
 Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits. People who moderately consume alcoholic drinks have a 25–30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease. However, people who are genetically predisposed to consume less alcohol have lower rates of cardiovascular disease suggesting that alcohol itself may not be protective. Excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and consumption of alcohol is associated with increased risk of a cardiovascular event in the day following consumption.
 Decrease non-HDL cholesterol. Statin treatment reduces cardiovascular mortality by about 31%.
 Stopping smoking and avoidance of second-hand smoke. Stopping smoking reduces risk by about 35%.
 At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate exercise per week.
 Lower blood pressure, if elevated. A 10 mmHg reduction in blood pressure reduces risk by about 20%. Lowering blood pressure appears to be effective even at normal blood pressure ranges.
 Decrease psychosocial stress. This measure may be complicated by imprecise definitions of what constitute psychosocial interventions. Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia is associated with an increased risk of heart problems in those with previous heart disease. Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in some people. Stress, however, plays a relatively minor role in hypertension. Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit.
 Not enough sleep also raises the risk of high blood pressure. Adults need about 7–9 hours of sleep. Sleep apnea is also a major risk as it causes breathing to stop briefly, which can put stress on the body which can raise the risk of heart disease.

Most guidelines recommend combining preventive strategies. There is some evidence that interventions aiming to reduce more than one cardiovascular risk factor may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference; however, evidence was limited and the authors were unable to draw firm conclusions on the effects on cardiovascular events and mortality.

There is additional evidence to suggest that providing people with a cardiovascular disease risk score may reduce risk factors by a small amount compared to usual care. However, there was some uncertainty as to whether providing these scores had any effect on cardiovascular disease events. It is unclear whether or not dental care in those with periodontitis affects their risk of cardiovascular disease.

Diet

A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.

A 2021 review found that plant-based diets can provide a risk reduction for CVD if a healthy plant-based diet is consumed. Unhealthy plant-based diets do not provide benefits over diets including meat. A similar meta-analysis and systematic review also looked into dietary patterns and found "that diets lower in animal foods and unhealthy plant foods, and higher in healthy plant foods are beneficial for CVD prevention". A 2018 meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that "In most countries, a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet."

Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes. There is also evidence that a Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a low-fat diet in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower cholesterol level and blood pressure).

The DASH diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol  and improve metabolic syndrome; but the long-term benefits have been questioned. A high-fiber diet is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease.

Worldwide, dietary guidelines recommend a reduction in saturated fat, and although the role of dietary fat in cardiovascular disease is complex and controversial there is a long-standing consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat in the diet is sound medical advice. Total fat intake has not been found to be associated with cardiovascular risk. A 2020 systematic review found moderate quality evidence that reducing saturated fat intake for at least 2 years caused a reduction in cardiovascular events.  A 2015 meta-analysis of observational studies however did not find a convincing association between saturated fat intake and cardiovascular disease.  Variation in what is used as a substitute for saturated fat may explain some differences in findings. The benefit from replacement with polyunsaturated fats appears greatest,  while replacement of saturated fats with carbohydrates does not appear to have a beneficial effect. A diet high in trans fatty acids is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease, and in 2015 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that there was 'no longer a consensus among qualified experts that partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), which are the primary dietary source of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA), are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for any use in human food'. There is conflicting evidence concerning whether dietary supplements of omega-3 fatty acids (a type of polyunsaturated fat in oily fish) added to diet improve cardiovascular risk.

The benefits of recommending a low-salt diet in people with high or normal blood pressure are not clear. In those with heart failure, after one study was left out, the rest of the trials show a trend to benefit. Another review of dietary salt concluded that there is strong evidence that high dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and worsens hypertension, and that it increases the number of cardiovascular disease events; both as a result of the increased blood pressure and probably through other mechanisms. Moderate evidence was found that high salt intake increases cardiovascular mortality; and some evidence was found for an increase in overall mortality, strokes, and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Intermittent fasting

Overall, the current body of scientific evidence is uncertain on whether intermittent fasting could prevent cardiovascular disease. Intermittent fasting may help people lose more weight than regular eating patterns, but was not different from energy restriction diets.

Medication
Blood pressure medication reduces cardiovascular disease in people at risk, irrespective of age, the baseline level of cardiovascular risk, or baseline blood pressure. The commonly-used drug regimens have similar efficacy in reducing the risk of all major cardiovascular events, although there may be differences between drugs in their ability to prevent specific outcomes. Larger reductions in blood pressure produce larger reductions in risk, and most people with high blood pressure require more than one drug to achieve adequate reduction in blood pressure. Adherence to medications is often poor, and while mobile phone text messaging has been tried to improve adherence, there is insufficient evidence that it alters secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Statins are effective in preventing further cardiovascular disease in people with a history of cardiovascular disease. As the event rate is higher in men than in women, the decrease in events is more easily seen in men than women. In those at risk, but without a history of cardiovascular disease (primary prevention), statins decrease the risk of death and combined fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease. The benefit, however, is small. A United States guideline recommends statins in those who have a 12% or greater risk of cardiovascular disease over the next ten years.  Niacin, fibrates and CETP Inhibitors, while they may increase HDL cholesterol do not affect the risk of cardiovascular disease in those who are already on statins. Fibrates lower the risk of cardiovascular and coronary events, but there is no evidence to suggest that they reduce all-cause mortality.

Anti-diabetic medication may reduce cardiovascular risk in people with Type 2 diabetes, although evidence is not conclusive. A meta-analysis in 2009 including 27,049 participants and 2,370 major vascular events showed a 15% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular disease with more-intensive glucose lowering over an average follow-up period of 4.4 years, but an increased risk of major hypoglycemia.

Aspirin has been found to be of only modest benefit in those at low risk of heart disease, as the risk of serious bleeding is almost equal to the protection against cardiovascular problems. In those at very low risk, including those over the age of 70, it is not recommended. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against use of aspirin for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, it is recommended for some older people.

The use of vasoactive agents for people with pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease or hypoxemic lung diseases may cause harm and unnecessary expense.

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease

Antibiotics may help patients with coronary disease to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. However, evidence in 2021 suggests that antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease are harmful, with increased mortality and occurrence of stroke; the use of antibiotics is not supported for preventing secondary coronary heart disease.

Physical activity
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation following a heart attack reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and leads to less hospitalizations. There have been few high-quality studies of the benefits of exercise training in people with increased cardiovascular risk but no history of cardiovascular disease.

A systematic review estimated that inactivity is responsible for 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease worldwide. The authors estimated that 121,000 deaths from coronary heart disease could have been averted in Europe in 2008 if people had not been physically inactive. Low-quality evidence from a limited number of studies suggest that yoga has beneficial effects on blood pressure and cholesterol. Tentative evidence suggests that home-based exercise programs may be more efficient at improving exercise adherence.

Dietary supplements
While a healthy diet is beneficial, the effect of antioxidant supplementation (vitamin E, vitamin C, etc.) or vitamins has not been shown to protect against cardiovascular disease and in some cases may possibly result in harm. Mineral supplements have also not been found to be useful. Niacin, a type of vitamin B3, may be an exception with a modest decrease in the risk of cardiovascular events in those at high risk. Magnesium supplementation lowers high blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. Magnesium therapy is recommended for people with ventricular arrhythmia associated with torsades de pointes who present with long QT syndrome, and for the treatment of people with digoxin intoxication-induced arrhythmias. There is no evidence that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is beneficial. A 2022 review found that some dietary supplements, including micronutrients, may reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Management
Cardiovascular disease is treatable with initial treatment primarily focused on diet and lifestyle interventions. Influenza may make heart attacks and strokes more likely and therefore influenza vaccination may decrease the chance of cardiovascular events and death in people with heart disease.

Proper CVD management necessitates a focus on MI and stroke cases due to their combined high mortality rate, keeping in mind the cost-effectiveness of any intervention, especially in developing countries with low or middle-income levels. Regarding MI, strategies using aspirin, atenolol, streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator have been compared for quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in regions of low and middle income. The costs for a single QALY for aspirin and atenolol were less than US$25, streptokinase was about $680, and t-PA was $16,000. Aspirin, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and statins used together for secondary CVD prevention in the same regions showed single QALY costs of $350.

There are also surgical or procedural interventions that can save someone's life or prolong it. For heart valve problems, a person could have surgery to replace the valve. For arrhythmias, a pacemaker can be put in place to help reduce abnormal heart rhythms and for a heart attack, there are multiple options two of these are a coronary angioplasty and a coronary artery bypass surgery.

There is probably no additional benefit in terms of mortality and serious adverse events when blood pressure targets were lowered to ≤ 135/85 mmHg from ≤ 140 to 160/90 to 100 mmHg.

Epidemiology

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and in all regions except Africa. In 2008, 30% of all global death was attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low- and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases each year.

It is estimated that 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world's population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the Indian Heart Association are working with the World Heart Federation to raise awareness about this issue.

Research

There is evidence that cardiovascular disease existed in pre-history, and research into cardiovascular disease dates from at least the 18th century.  The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields of biomedical research, with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis.

Recent areas of research include the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis  the potential for novel therapeutic interventions, and the genetics of coronary heart disease.

References

External links
 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

 Heart Disease MedicineNet Slides, photos, descriptions
 Risk calculator

Aging-associated diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Cardiovascular disease


Drogden je tjesnac u kanalu Øresund. Nalazi se na danskoj strani Øresund, istočno od Copenhagena između Saltholma i Amagera. Ispod njega kroz tunel Drogden prolazi cestovna i željeznička veza između Danske i Švedske. Najveća dubina za prolazak brodova je 8 metara. Drogden je jako prometan, a plovnim putem godišnje prođe oko 30 000 brodova.

Izvori

Tjesnaci u Danskoj
Tjesnaci Baltičkog mora

Drogden


හිඳගල රජමහා විහාරය නමින් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇති විහාරය හා ආරාමය මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත. කොළඹ මහා මාර්ගයේ සිට කි.මී.11ක් පමණ දුරින් මහනුවර ගලහා මාර්ගයේ කඳු බෑවුමක මෙම විහාරස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇත. මහ පාර මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර 50 පමණ සීඝ්‍ර බෑවුමක් පසු කිරීමෙන් මෙම විහාරස්ථානයට ළඟා විය හැකිය. විහාරයේ ඇතැම් නෂ්ටාවශේෂ ලෙනට එහා ඉහළ කඳු මුදුනෙහි දක්නට ඇත. භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා වැඩ සිටින වර්තමාන ලැඟුම් ගෙවල් විහාර මන්දිරයට පහළින් පිහිටි බිම් කණ්ඩියක ඉදිකොට ඇත. අතීත බෝධිඝරයක් පිළිබඳව ලෙනට මීටර 20ක් පමණ උස් බිමෙහි ඇති ගිරි ලිපියක සඳහන් වේ. මෙම විහාරය භූමිය සඳහා නුවරඑළිය කඳු වැටියෙන් මහනුවර මිටියාවතෙන් වෙන්කරන හන්තාන කන්දේ දකුණු බෑවුම යොදාගෙන ඇත. මෙහි දකුණු මිටියාවත ඔස්සේ මහවැලි ගඟ ගලා බසී.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම
හිඳගල ආරාමයේ ඉතිහාසය' පසු අවධියක ප්‍රතිමා ගෘහයකට පරිවර්තනය කරන ලද කටාරමක් සහිත විශාල ලෙනක් පැවතීමෙන් යටත් පිරිසෙයින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂයේ ආරම්භය දක්වා ඈතට දිවෙන බව පිළිගැනේ. එසේ නමුත් හිඳගල ඉතිහාසය මෙහි ඇති ගිරි සෙල්ලිපි දෙකෙන් පැහැදිලි වන අන්දමට හයවන හෝ හත්වන සියවසට පමණ අයත් වේ. මෙයින් වඩාත් පැරණිම සෙල්ලිපිය වන්නේ හත්වන සියවසට අයත් සේ සළකන ශිලා ලේඛනය මෙම විහාර භූමියේ බෝධිඝරයක් ඉදිකිරීම ගැන සඳහන් වීමයි. පර්වත බෑවුමෙහි ඇති අක්ෂර වින්‍යාස අනුව හත්වන සියවසේ යැයි සැළකිය හැකි ශිලා ලිපිය කොටස්වලට කැඩී ගොස් ඇත. හත්වන සියවසේ ලා දින වකවානු පෙන්විය හැකි පැරණි සිතුවම් ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් වැදගත් වන්නේ වර්තමාන විහාර මන්දිරයේ සිට පර්වත පෘෂ්ඨයේ ඇති ශෛලීය ලක්ෂණ පදනම් කොට ගෙනය. හිඳගල යන වර්තමාන නාමය ඉන්ද්‍රසාල ගුහා යන්නෙන් බිදී ආ බව පරණවිතානගේ අදහසයි.

හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ මීළඟ වර්ධනීය අවධිය වශයෙන් මහනුවර යුගය හඳුනාගත හැකිය. එසේ නමුත් මෑතකාලීන විහාරය ආරම්භය කවදාද යන්න පිළිබඳව ස්ථීර සාධක නැත. මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ දහ නවවන සියවසට එපිට කාලයක් ගැන වාර්තා වන ලේඛන කිසිවක් ලබා ගැනීමට නැත. වර්තමාන විහාර මන්දිරයේ දක්නට ලැබෙන සිතුවම් ශෛලියෙන් මෙන්ම වර්ණ රටාවෙන්ගෙන්ද ඉතා මෑතක සිතුවම් බව පෙනී යයි. ජෝන් ඩොඩ්ලි ආණ්ඩුකාරයාගේ නියමයක් පරිදි සඟවා තිබූ තැනින් ශ්‍රී දන්ත ධාතූන් වහන්සේ ආපසු මහනුවරට වැඩමවාගෙන එන ගමනේදී හිඳගල විහාරයේ එක් දිනක් වඩා හිඳුවන ලදී.  මේ නිසා ද එම පාලන සමයේ හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානය සුවිශේෂී තැනක් ලබාගෙන ඇත.

ආරාම සැලැස්ම
හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානය විශාල කඳු බෑවුමක් මත පිහිටා ඇති නිසා විහාරයට ලඟා වීමට උස් පඬිපෙල් නැඟීමට සිදුවේ. මහා පාර අයිනේ ඉදිකර ඇති දොරටුව ඉතාමත් දර්ශනීය වේ. මෙයින් මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ පවතින ඓතිහාසික බව පැහැදිලිවම දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම පඬිපෙලේ මඳ දුරක් ගිය විට භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලාගේ වර්තමාන ලැඟුම් ගෙය දැකබලා ගත හැකිය. එතැනින් තව දුරක් ඉදිරියට ගිය විට ඉහළ මළුවට මෙන්ම ලෙන් විහාරයට ඇතුල් විය හැකිය. විහාර මළුවට මඳක් පහළින් දොරටුවක් හා ඝණ්ඨා කුළුණ දැකගත හැකිය. විහාර මලුවට අභිබවා නැඟී ඇති මහා ගල් පර්වත කුක්ෂියෙහි සිතුවම් අඳින ලද ප්‍රධාන විහාර මන්දිරය පිහිටා ඇත.

ගල් පර්වතයේ කටාරමට පහළින් හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ පැරණිම සිතුවම් දක්නට ලැබේ. ඒවා බොහෝ සෙයින් විනාශයට පත් වී ඇත. ලෙන් විහාර මන්දිරය උළු සෙවිලි කළ දැව වහලක් සහිත පිට බරාඳයකින් සමන්විත වන අතර එහි ඉකුත් වසර සියයට අයත් සිතුවම් මෙහි දක්නට ලැබේ. පැරණිම සිතුවම් ඇත්තේ නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා ඇති විහාර මන්දිර අභ්‍යන්තරයේය. බිත්තිවලින් වටවූ කුටියෙක සැතපෙන බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාවක් එහි දක්නට ලැබේ. විහාර මළුවට උතුරු දෙසින් බෝධීන් වහන්සේ වැඩසිටී.

සිතුවම් සැකැස්ම
අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ සිට පැවත එන හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ පැරණිම සිතුවම් නූතන විහා මන්දිරයට උඩින් පිහිටි මහා ගල් පෘෂ්ඨයේ ආරක්ෂා වී ඇත. වඩා පසු කාලයකට අයත් අනෙක් සිතුවම් විහාර මන්දිරයේ ඇතුළත හා පිටත බිත්ති අලංකාර කරයි.

ලෙන් විහාර මන්දිරය
ලෙන් විහාර මන්දිරය නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා සිටී. මකර තොරණකින් උළුවස්ස නිර්මාණය කර තිබෙන අතර  මංගල ලක්ෂණ සම්මත පූර්ණඝට අතින් ගත් සුද්ධාවාස බ්‍රහ්මයින් දෙදෙනෙක් හා ස්වකීය සත්ව වාහන කැටුව සිටින ඉන්ද්‍ර හා මහා බ්‍රහ්ම දෙදෙනාත් උසුලාගෙන සිටින' නෙලා සායම් කරන ලද රුප විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙහි දක්නට ලැබේ. මකරුන්ට ඉහළින් කඩු ළෙලවමින් සැරිසරන දේවතාවෝ දෙදෙනෙක් සහ පස්බිමේ වළාකුලු අතර රැඳී සිටින අල්පේශාඛ්‍ය  දේවතාවෝ කිහිපදෙනෙක් සිටිති. කඩු අතට ගෙන සිටින ආරක්ෂකයෝ දෙදෙනා දොරටුව දැලේ සිටින අතර ඔවුන් වටා ඇති ඉඩ ප්‍රමාණය සතුන්ගේ හා සිංහයන්ගේ රුප ඇතුළු මල් ලියවැල් වලින් අලංකාර කොට තිබේ. දොරබාවෙහිත් මල් හා ලියවැල් මෝස්තර සහිත දැව පනේල දැකිය හැකිය. හක් පිඹින්නන්ගේ රුප දොරටුව දෙපසෙහි වන අතර අසුන් ගෙන සිටින දේවතාවකු රැගත් පනේලයෙහි යතුරු කවුළුව පිහිටා ඇත. එමෙන්ම විජිනාපත් රැගෙන සිටින කාන්තාවන් පිරිවර කොටගෙන දේවතාවා අලංකාර මාළිගාවෙක අසුන් ගෙන සිටී.

බටහිර බිත්තිය
1937 වර්ෂයේ අලුත්වැඩියා කොට සායම් ආලේප කරන ලද මේ විහාරස්ථානයේ ප්‍රධාන පිළිම වහන්සේ එහි බටහිර බිත්තිය ඉදිරියෙහි තැන්පත් කරනු ලැබ ඇත. උතුරු බිත්තියේ කෙළවරට ආසන්නව දැනට මෙහි ඇති ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේට වඩා විශාල වූ පෙර පැවති බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාවේ ප්‍රභාමණ්ඩලයේ කොටසක් හා පද්ම පාද පීඨිකාවක් තිබෙනු දැකිය හැකිය.

දකුණු බිත්තිය
බෑවුම් බිත්තියේ ඉහළ කොටස වෙන්වී තිබෙන්නේ විතර්ක මුද්‍රා ලක්ෂණ විදහාපාමින් පෙරට මුහුණලා වැඩසිටි ඉරියව්‍වෙන් සිතුවම් කරනු ලැබ ඇති බුද්ධ රුපය සඳහාය. බිත්තියේ පහළ කොටස පනේලයක් හා විෂ්ණු දෙවියන් පිළිබිඹු කරන රුපයක් ඇත.

උතුරු බිත්තිය
මෙහි රුප පේලි දෙකක් සිතුවම් කර ඇත. එම රුප පේලි දෙකක් සිතුවම් කර ඇත්තේ බුදු පිළිම දෙකෙන් එකක් පපුව හරහා බැඳගත් අත් ඇති වැඩිහිටි ඉරියව්වේන්ද අනෙක වැඩහොත් ඉරියව්වෙන්ද වශයෙන් ද වැඳගෙන සිටින රුපය.

නැගෙනහිර බිත්තිය
නැගෙනහිර බිත්තිය දොරකඩද එහි උතුරු භාගයේ කුඩා බිලයකට හා සිතුවම් තීරු හතකටද ඉඩ සලස්වා ඇත. ඉහළම තීරුවල සොළොස්මස්ථාන හා වැඩහිඳින බුද්ධ රුප පේලියක් දැකිය හැකිය. දොරටුව මුදුනෙන් ආරම්භ වන පරිදි එහි දකුණු පැත්තේ තීරුවල වෙස්සන්තර ජාතකය නිරුපණය කරනු ලැබ ඇත. ලියවැල් සංලක්ෂණය ඇතුළත් පළල් සිතුවම් පටියක් දිගටම ඇදී යන ආකාරයට මෙම දර්ශනවලට පහළින් නිරුපණය වෙයි. දොරටුව උතුරෙන් ඇති සිතුවම් තීරු දෙකක දහම්සොඬ ජාතක කතාව හා චුල්ලධම්මපාල ජාතකය පිළිබිඹු කරනු ලැබේ.

පිටත නැගෙනහිර බිත්තිය
මෑත යුගයට අයත් විශාල සිතුවම් පනේල දෙකක් දොරටුව උතුරෙන් ඇති බිත්ති කොටසේ වෙයි. ඉහළ පනේලය සිදුහත් කුමරුන් ආලාරකාලාම උද්දකරාමපුත්ත තවුසන් හමුවීම' නේරංජන ගංතෙරෙහි ස්වකීය ප්‍රථම ශ්‍රාවකයන් පස්දෙනා සමඟ තවුස්දම් පුරමින් සිටීම' සුජාතාවන්ගේ දන් පිළිගැන්වීම යන සිද්ධි පිලිබිඹු කරයි. පහළ පනේලය මතු බුදුවන බෝධිසත්වයන් වහන්සේ අධිෂ්ඨාන බලයෙන් පාත්‍රය උඩු ගං බලා පා කර හැරීම' කුස තණ පිළිගැන්වීම හා වජ්‍රාසනය පැනවීම ඇතුළත් අතුරු දර්ශන හා බුද්ධත්වය ලැබිමේ සිද්ධියත් පිළිබිඹු කරයි.
මේ බිත්තියේ දකුණු භාගයේ සිතුවම් තීරු හතරක් වෙයි. ඉහළම තීරු දෙකෙහි අර්ථ නිරුපණ සහිත සොළොස්මස්ථාන පිළිබිඹු කොට තිබේ. සිත්තරුන් තිදෙනෙකුගේ නම් මෙම සිතුවම්වල ලේඛන ගත කර ඇත. පහළ සිතුවම් තීරු දෙකෙහි බුද්ධ චරිතයේ සිද්ධි නිරුපණය කෙරෙන දර්ශන ඇත. මේවායේ අනුපිළිවෙළ හඳුනාගත හැකිවන්නේ දකුණේ සිට නැගෙනහිරටයි.

පිටත දකුණු බිත්තිය
දකුණු බිත්තියේ නැගෙනහිර කොටසෙහිද සිතුවම් තීරු හතරක් දක්නට ඇත. ඉහළ තීරු දෙකක සොළොස්මස්ථානවලට වෙන් වී ඇත.  පහළ තීරු දෙක බුද්ධ චරිතයේ සිද්ධිවලට වෙන්වී තිබේ. දෙවනුව සඳහන් කල සිතුවම් පන්තිය තුසිත දෙව්ලොව වැඩ සිටින මතු බුදුවන බෝධිසත්වයන් පිළිබිඹු කරයි.

වස්තු විෂය
මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ විශිෂ්ටතම සිතුවම්වලින් එක් සිතුවමක් ලෙස තපස්සු භල්ලුක වෙලඳ සොහොයුරන් දෙදෙන විසින් බුදුන් වහන්සේට ප්‍රථම දානය පිළිගැන්වීමයි. අනෙක නම් ඉන්ද්‍රශාල ගුහාවේදී ශක්‍ර දේවේන්ද්‍රයන් විසින් බුදුන්ව බැලීමයි. මෙම සිතුවම් දෙක හත්වන සියවසට අයත් වෙයි. බුද්ධ චරිතය විදහා දැක්වෙන ලංකාවේ දැනට ඇති පැරණිම සිතුවම වශයෙන් මෙම සිතුවමට විශේෂ ස්ථානයක් හිමි වේ.
මෙම විහාරයේ සිතුවම් දෙස බලන විට බුද්ධත්වය ලැබීම නිරුපණය කරන සිතුවම් ප්‍රමුඛස්ථානයක් ගන්නා බව පැහැදිලිවම අවබෝධ කරගත හැකිය. ඒ අතර
•	බුදුවරුන් විසින් විවරණ දෙනු ලැබීම
•	බුද්ධත්වයෙන් පසු සත් සතිය නිරුපණය
•	සොලොස්මස්ථාන
•	ජාතක කථා නිරුපණය කිරීම
පිට බිත්තිවල සිතුවම් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ පසුකාලයේදීය. පිට බිත්ති සිතුවම්වලට බුද්ධ චරිතයේ ඇතැම් සිද්ධි' සොලොස්මස්ථාන සහ නිරයේ දර්ශන තේමාවන් වී ඇත. ලෙන් විහාර මන්දිරයට පිවිසෙන දොරටු මුදුනෙහි තාවතිංස දෙවිලොව අධිපති නිරුපණය කරන සිතුවමක් ඇත.

කාලය
පර්වත පෘෂ්ඨයෙහි දක්නට ලැබෙන පැරණිම සිතුවම් හත්වන සියවස සමීප අවධියකලා සැළකිය හැකි සෙල්ලිපිය අයත් කාල වකවානුවටම අයත් බව එම සිතුවම් ශෛලිය අනුව නිගමනය කළ හැකිය. මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ වර්තමාන සිතුවම් ක්‍රි.ව. 1820න් පසු ඒවා යැයි සැලකේ.  නමුත් ප්‍රභාමණ්ඩලයේ ඉතිරි වී ඇති කොටස' මුලින්ම තනන ලද සැතපෙන පිලිම වහන්සේගේ සිරිපතුල්' ජාතක කථා නිරුපණය මුල් අවධියට අයත් ලෙස සැලකේ.

එමෙන්ම බිත්ති පාමුල ක්‍රි.ව.1820ට පූර්ව කාලීන කිවහැකි බිතුසිතුවම් ස්තරයක් හඳුනාගත හැකිය. මෙම විහාරයේ බෝහෝ සිතුවම්වලට පසුකාලීනව වර්ණ යොදා ඇත. පියන් තලයේ මාර යුද්ධය' බුද්ධ රුපය හා දකුණු බිත්තියේ රහතන් වහන්සේලාගේ රුප යළි සායම් කිරීමේ යුගයට අයත් වේ.
බරාඳයේ ඇති සිතුවම් එහි ඇති අභිලේඛනයකින් හා වෙනත් සාක්ෂිවලින් ක්‍රි.ව.1917ට අයත් යයි දින නිර්ණය වී තිබීමෙන් මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ සතු ඉපැරණි බව හඳුනාගත හැකිය. සිතුවම් සායම් කරනු ලැබූ අවස්ථාවේම චිත්‍ර ශිල්පීන්ගේ නම් ලේඛනගත කිරීමෙන් එම චිත්‍ර ශිල්පීන් පිළිබඳව අවබෝධයක් ලබාගැනීමට හැකියාව ලැබේ. වාර්තා වී ඇති ආකාරයට ලෙන් විහාරයේ අවසන් වරට අලුත්වැඩියා කටයුතු සිදුකරනු ලැබුවේ ක්‍රි.ව.1937දීය. මෙම අලුත්වැඩියා කටයුතු සිදුකරන විට සැතපෙන පිළිම වහන්සේ වෙනුවට කුඩා පිළිම වහන්සේ නමක් තැන්පත් කිරීම නිසා නැවතත් පිළිම වහන්සේගේ රැස් වළල්ල හා පසුතල දර්ශන සකස් කිරීමට සිදුවිය.

වර්ණ
හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ හත්වන සියවසේ සිතුවම්වලින් අනාවරණය වන්නේ කහ' රතුවන් දුඹරු' කොළ හා සුදු යන වර්ණයන් බහුල වශයෙන් භාවිතා කර ඇති බවයි. සිතුවම්වල රේඛා දක්වා ඇත්තේ රතුවන් දුඹරු පැහැයෙනි. ලෙන් විහාරයේ අභ්‍යන්තර සිතුවම් උදෙසා භාවිතා කර ඇතිතේ මහනුවර යුගයේ භාවිතා කරනු ලැබූ සාම්ප්‍රදායික වර්ණ රටාවය. මෙම වර්ණ රටාව භාවිතා කරනු ලැබුවද තද නිල් පැහැය තරමක් ඉස්මතු වී පෙනෙන ආකාරයෙන් යොදාගෙන ඇති බව හඳුනාගත හැකිය. මෙම තත්වය දහ නවවන සියවසෙන් පසුව වර්ණ ගැන්වූ සිතුවම්වල පැහැදිලිවම දැකගත හැකිය. නමුත් සමහර සිතුවම්වල විශේෂ ලක්ෂණයක් හඳුනාගත හැකිය. එනම් මිනිස් සිරුරේ මාංශ පේශීන් උළුප්පා දැක්වීම උදෙසා විවිධ වර්ණ රටාවන් යොදාගෙන තිබීමයි. තාත්වික වර්ණ හා ජායාවන් යොදා ගැනීමට ගත් උත්සහයක් වියන්තලයේ කෙළවරේ හා සැතපෙන පිළිම වහන්සේට ඉහළින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම්වලින් හඳුනාගත හැකිය. බරාඳයේ බාහිර සිත්තම් කර ඇති සිතුවම්වලින් හිරියල් වර්ණයේ හා දුඹුරුවන් හරිත වර්ණයෙන් ප්‍රකට වර්ණ ප්‍රභේදයක් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු අනාවරණය කරගත හැකිය.

ශෛලිය
හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ මුල් යුගයේ සිතුවම් අජන්ටා හා බාදාම්හි මෙන් පශ්චාත් ගුප්ත යුගයට අයත් සිතුවම්වල ශෛලියට සමාන බවක් හඳුනාගත හැකිය. නමුත් ඒවා ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බව රැකගනී. හිඳගල විහාරස්ථානයේ බුද්ධ රුප සාම්ප්‍රදායික බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා මෙන් නොව ආඛ්‍යාන ශෛලියෙන් යුතු නම්‍යතාවයක් හා ස්වාධීන බවක් නිරුපණය කරනු ලැබේ. ලෙන් විහාර අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ඇති සිතුවම් මහනුවර සම්ප්‍රදාය අනුගමනය කළද නෙළුම් මල ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත්තේ තාත්වික අයුරිනි. ශාක වර්ගයන් නිරුපණය කර ඇත්තේද මහනුවර චිත්‍ර සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුකූලවය.

මූලාශ්‍ර
චුට්වග්ස්  නන්දන' ප්‍රෙමතිලක ලීලානන්ද' රොලන්ඩ් සිල්වා' 1990'  ශ්‍රි ලංකා බිතුසිතුවම් හිඳගල' ශ්‍රි ලංකා පුරාවිද්‍යා අධිකාරිය' ශත සංවත්සරික ප්‍රකාශන' මධ්‍යම අරමුදල' කොළඹ.

රජමහා විහාර
මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

හිඳගල රජමහා විහාරය


Aciyotaj, çoğunlukla yasa dışı ahlak dışı nitelikle işlemlerle sağlanan fiyat farklarını belirtir. Mirebeau ucuza kapatılmış devlet tahvillerinin fiyat farklarından kazanç elde etmek üzere hazırlanan tertipleri aciyotaj olarak tanımlamıştır.

Modern borsacılıkta aciyotaj denilince rayiçleri düşürmek ya da yükseltmek için girişilen spekülatif davranışlar anlaşılmaktadır.

Ekonomi terimleri

Aciyotaj


Salford Junction ist der Treffpunkt dreier Kanäle bei Birmingham, England.
Durch ein System von Schleusen sind an dieser Stelle der Grand Union Canal, der Tame Valley Canal und der Birmingham and Fazeley Canal seit 1844 miteinander verbunden.

Der Name Salford beruht dabei auf dem angelsächsischen Wort Shrafford, was "Furt bei den Höhlen" bedeutet, denn außerdem fließt der River Tame in diesem Bereich neben den Kanälen.
Mit Höhlen sind Höhlen im angrenzenden Copeley Hill gemeint.
Die Höhlen wurden beim Bau des Autobahnkreuzes Gravelly Hill Interchange der Autobahn M6 zerstört und die Salford Bridge, die sich seit spätestens 1290 hier befand, abgerissen.
Das Kanalkreuzungssystem liegt seitdem unter der aufgeständerten Autobahn.

Literatur
 W.B. Stephens (Hrsg.), 'Communications', A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7: The City of Birmingham (1964), S. 25–42. (hier: online)

Schleuse in England
Schleuse in Europa
Verkehrsbauwerk in Birmingham

Salford Junction


يوليوس مارتوف أو جوليوس مارتوف 1873 - 1923 ثوري روسي يهودي وزعيم المناشفة (جماعة المونشفيك). ولد في إستنبول لأبوين يهوديين ميسوري الحال وكان جده كاتبًا ومحررًا لأول جريدة يومية تصدر بالعبرية في روسيا اشتهر بترأسه جناح الأقلية المونشفيك الذي انشق عن حزب العمال الديمقراطي الاشتراكي الروسي بسبب خلافات داخلية عصفت بالحزب وقف فيها يوليوس كزعيم للمناشفة أمام فلاديمير لينين زعيم البلاشفة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من إسطنبول
أعضاء حزب العمال الديمقراطي الاشتراكي الروسي
اشتراكيون ديمقراطيون
اشتراكيون ديمقراطيون آسيويون
اشتراكيون ديمقراطيون أوروبيون
اشتراكيون روس
اشتراكيون يهود
ثوريون روس
روس معادون للشيوعية
سوفيت
سياسيون روس
سياسيون من إسطنبول
منشفيك
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى ألمانيا
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى الدولة العثمانية
مواليد 1873
مواليد في القسطنطينية
وفيات 1923
يهود أتراك
يهود أوكرانيون
يهود روس

يوليوس مارتوف


Lago Temenggor (en malayo: Tasik Temenggor) es el segundo lago más grande en la península de Malasia después del Lago Kenyir en Terengganu, Malasia. Este lago artificial se encuentra en el distrito Hulu Perak, en el estado de Perak. Fue creado debido a la construcción de la presa de Temenggor, con la intención de generar electricidad. Está situado a unos 45 km de la capital del distrito de Hulu Perak, Gerik. Contiene una isla artificial, Banding y un puente que cruza el lago.

Véase también
 Geografía de Malasia
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Información sobre el lago

Lagos de Malasia

Lago Temenggor


هيرفوي فيجيتش، من مواليد 8 يونيو 1977 في ميتكوفيتش في كرواتيا، لاعب كرة قدم كرواتي.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي زغرب في عام 1998، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2001، وشارك معهم في 69 مباراة وسجل 6 هدف، وفي عام 2001 انتقل إلى نادي هايدوك سبيليت، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2005، وشارك معهم في 103 مباريات وسجل 11 هدف، ومنذ عام 2005 وهو يلعب مع نادي توم تومسك الروسي.

بدأ مسيرته مع منتخب كرواتيا لكرة القدم في عام 2007.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية كروات مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في روسيا
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو توم تومسك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية كرواتيون
لاعبو كرة قدم كرواتيون
لاعبو كرة قدم كرواتيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو منتخب كرواتيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب كرواتيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي زغرب
لاعبو نادي هايدوك سبليت
مواليد 1977

هيرفوي فيجيتش


Tools for Action (u prijevodu Alati za akciju) je umjetnički kolektiv, koji je od 2019. godine registriran je kao istoimena zaklada, koji radi na sjecištu umjetnosti i aktivizma. Djeluje kao platforma suradnje između umjetnika, pedagoga, aktivista i ostalih zainteresiranih za izradu i intervenciju sa skulpturama na napuhavanje. Tools for Action imaju za cilj prakticiranje alternativnih oblika društvenog angažmana i otpora i otvaranje puta eksperimentiranju.

EEC i Jakum Simcik
Kolektiv je osnovao 2012. godine nizozemsko-mađarski umjetnik Artúr van Balen radeći u Berlinu, Njemačka. U početku su djelovali kao Eclectic Electric Collective s Jakubom Simcikom na projektima: The Hammer (Berlin-Meksiko 2010); publikacija El Martillo (2011). Tijekom godina nekoliko suradnika i članova kolektiva sudjelovalo je u različitim akcijama, kao i obrazovnim i umjetničkim aktivnostima.

Djelovanje u Hrvatskoj i okolnim zemljama
Tools for Action djelovao je u Hrvatskoj u dva navrata s edukacijama, instalacijom i akcijama PopUP Rainbow (2014. u suradnji s QueerSportSplit) i Hod Pijuna (2020.), te u mnogim okolnim zemljama, uključujući Mađarsku, Austriju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

Izložbe i predstavljanja
 2014. Objekti Neposluha, Muzej Victoria and Alberts, London
 2016. Barrikade, IG Metall / Haus am Lützowplatz, Berlin
 2017. Alati za akciju, Wiener Festwochen, Beč
 2018. Plutajuće utopije - nGbK - neue Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst, Berlin

Nagrade
 Nagrada za kulturno obrazovanje Federalnog ministarstva kulture i medija Njemačke za 2017. godinu za projekt Ogledala barikada zajedno sa Schauspiel Dortmund.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 YouTube kanal s dokumentacijom Tools for Action

Umjetnost

Tools for Action


Hallmark Hall Hall of Fame, numit inițial Hallmark Television Playhouse, este un serial-antologie de la televiziunea americană, sponsorizat de Hallmark Cards, o companie producătoare de felicitări din Kansas City. Difuzat pentru prima oară în 1951, el este serialul cu cea mai lungă durată din istoria televiziunii, continuând să fie difuzat în prezent. Începând din 1954 toate producțiile sale au fost difuzate în culori. Este una dintre primele producții de televiziune difuzate în culori, o raritate în anii 1950. Multe filme de televiziune au fost prezentate în cadrul programului de la debutul său, deși programul a început cu emisiuni în direct și a continuat apoi cu producții înregistrate înainte de a se transforma în producții filmate.

Serialul a primit 81 de premii Emmy, zeci de premii Christopher și Peabody, nouă Globuri de Aur și premii Humanitas. Odată o practică obișnuită în televiziunea americană, el este unul dintre ultimele programe de televiziune rămase, al cărui titlu include numele sponsorului său. Spre deosebire de alte seriale TV de lungă durată care continuă să fie difuzate, Hallmark Hall of Fame diferă prin faptul că este difuzat doar ocazional și nu după un program săptămânal de programare a emisiunilor.

Filmele Hall of Fame au un buget peste medie și cheltuieli de producție apropiate de cele al filmelor de lung metraj.

Istoric
Serialul de televiziune este descendentul direct al vechilor antologii dramatice radiofonice, sponsorizate anterior de Hallmark: Radio Reader's Digest, care au adaptat povești din revista Reader's Digest (deși revista nu a sponsorizat niciodată spectacolul), și al succesorului lor, Hallmark Playhouse, care a avut premiera la CBS în 1948. Hallmark Playhouse s-a orientat către literatura mai serioasă din toate genurile.

Primele producții au inclus unele dintre lucrările clasice ale lui Shakespeare: Hamlet, Richard al II-lea, Îmblânzirea scorpiei, Macbeth, A douăsprezecea noapte și Furtuna. Mai multe biografii televizate au fost prezentate în cadrul emisiunii: de la Florence Nightingale până la părintele Flanagan și la Ioana d'Arc. Au fost prezentate, de asemenea, cele mai populare spectacole de pe Broadway, cum ar fi Harvey, Dial M for Murder și Kiss Me, Kate, majoritatea având distribuții originale diferite de cele din versiunile cinematografice. În unele azuri, actorii și-au repetat rolurile originale de pe Broadway. Actori celebri precum Richard Burton, Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, Maurice Evans, Katharine Cornell, Julie Harris, Laurence Olivier și Peter Ustinov au avut prin aceste spectacole apariții extrem de rare în televiziune.

Note

Legături externe

 Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions at BFI
 at CVTA with list of episodes
 Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of Hallmark Playhouse.

 Amahl and the Night Visitors - Premier episode of the Hallmark Hall of Fame (1951) on archive.org

Seriale de televiziune NBC
Seriale de televiziune ABC

Hallmark Hall of Fame


The Yellow Sea (en hangul 황해) es una película de Corea del Sur dirigida por Na Hong-jin en el año 2010.

Argumento
En la ciudad de Yanji, entre Corea del Norte, China y Rusia, la mitad de la población vive de actividades ilegales. Un taxista llamado Kim Gu-nam (Ha Jung-woo) debe pagar la deuda que contrajo con la mafia que permitió a su mujer viajar a Corea del Sur en busca de una vida mejor. Consciente de que deberá trabajar durante años para recuperar el dinero, su única solución pasa por aceptar el peligroso trato que le propone el jefe mafioso Myun (Kim Yun-seok): cruzar la frontera de Corea del Sur para asesinar a una persona. No obstante, lo que parecía un plan sencillo pronto se complica.

Reparto
 Ha Jung-woo como Kim Gu-nam.
 Kim Yoon-seok como Myun Jung-hak.
 Jo Sung-ha como Tae-won.
 Lee Chul-min como Choi Sung-nam.
 Kwak Do-won como el Profesor Kim Seung-hyun.
 Lim Ye-won como la esposa del Profesor Kim.
 Tak Sung-eun como la esposa de Gu-nam.
 Kim Ki-hwan como el conductor del Profesor Kim.
 Ki Se-hyung como un subordinado de Tae-won.
 Lee El como Joo-young, la amante de Tae-won.
 Oh Yoon-hong como la esposa de Tae-won.
 Jung Man-sik como un detective.
 Jung Min-sung como un detective.
 Kim Dong-hyun como un detective.
 Park Byung-eun como un empleado del banco.
 Jang So-yeon como una empleada del hotel Do-man.
 Yang Ki-won como un detective.
 Sung Byoung-sook como la madre de Gu-nam.
 Kong Jung-hwan como Jeon Pil-kyoo.
 Baek Won-gil como un secuestrador.
 Kang Hyun-joong como un marinero en el puerto de Busan.
 Jo Jae-yoon como un camionero en el puerto de Busan.
 Yoo Ha-bok como el jefe de taxis Yanbian.
 Lee Hee-joon como un policía.
 Lee Jun-hyeok como un vendedor de perros.
 Kim Jae-hwa como la novia de Jung-hak.

Premios y nominaciones
Premios del Cine Asiático - Mejor Actor
 2011: 32nd Blue Dragon Film Award - Mejor actor de reparto (Jo Sung-ha) - nominado
 2011: Buil Film Award - Mejor actor (Ha Jung-woo) - nominado
 2011: 48th Grand Bell Award - Mejor actor de reparto (Jo Sung-ha) - Ganó
 2011: 31st Korean Association of Film Critics Award - Mejor actor (Ha Jung-woo) - Ganó
 2021: Baeksang Arts Award - Mejor actor (Film) (Ha Jung-woo) - Ganó
 2011: Asian Film Award - Mejor actor (Ha Jung-woo) - Ganó

Notas

Enlaces externos
IMDb
Las Horas Perdidas

Películas de acción suspenso de los años 2010
Películas rodadas en Corea del Sur

The Yellow Sea (película)


الطب النبوي هو مصطلح يطلق على مجموعة النصائح المنقولة عن النبي محمد  تتعلق بأمور طبية الذي تطبب بها هو ووصفها لغيره، ووصلت على شكل أحاديث نبويه بعضها علاجي وبعضها وقائي، لم يستخدم مصطلح الطب النبوي على عهد النبي محمد ولا الصحابة ولا الخلفاء الراشدون إنما ظهرت في شكل أحاديث بدأ تجميعها على يد ابن قيم الجوزية في كتابه الطب النبوي وكتاب زاد المعاد وقام أيضاً الإمام البخاري والإمام مالك من تجميع هذه الأحاديث.

لا يصنف الطب النبوي ضمن علوم الطب أو بديل عن الاستعانة بالأطباء، فقد حث النبي محمد على تعلم الطب وعدم التداوي عن جهل وفي حديث ورد عنه صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال (من تطبب ولم يعلم منه طب فهو ضامن) رواه أبو داود والنسائي، كما ورد عن النبي محمد أنه أوصى المسلمون وقتها بالاستعانة بالحارث بن كلدة الذي لقب بطبيب العرب، وقال القفطي: «وأدرك الحارث بن كلدة الإسلام وكان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يأمر من كانت به علة أن يأتيه فيسأله عن علته».

على مر التاريخ شكك العديد من العلماء والفقهاء في صحة ما سمى بالطب النبوي وبعضهم رفض هذا المصطلح وأعتبروه مستحدثاً، فقد رفض ابن خلدون فكرة إلهية الطب النبوي ونفى صلة هذا بالوحي، وأعتبره مجموعة من الموروثات الجِبلية التي انبثقت من البيئة العربية التي كان يعيش فيها رسول الله لا أكثر، كذلك لسان الدين ابن الخطيب الذي قال إن «الشريعة لا تتعرض لمسائل الطب وحوادث الطبيعة التي يجب على البشر أن يدرسوها بأنفسهم ويستخدموا حواسهم وعقولهم في سبيل معرفتها».

أعتبر أيضاً الكثير من العلماء أن ما ورد بالأحاديث هو للتداوي والوقاية فقط وليس علاجاً ولا يندرج تحت بند الطب بالمفهوم الصحيح، وأن النبي محمد لم يكن طبيباً واستندوا على واقعة سعد بن أبي وقاص حينما أمره النبي بالاستعانة بطبيب، وأنتقد بعض العلماء من الأزهر الشريف أيضاً استغلال هذا المصطلح للتربح والشهرة والتدليس على العامة والخلط بين الأمور.

أصل المصطلح
يعد الطب النبوي هو تعبير مستحدث وظهر في بدايات القرن الرابع الهجري إذ صنف أبو بكر بن السني (364هـ) كتاب "الطب في الحديث" وصنف أبو عبيد بن الحسن الحراني (369هـ) كتاب "الطب النبوي" وتوالت المصنفات بعدئذ بهذا الاسم لأبي نعيم الأصبهاني (430هـ) وأبي العباس المستغفري (432هـ) وأبي القاسم النيسابوري (406هـ) وغيرهم وصولا إلى القرن الثامن والتاسع الهجريين إذ نجد مصنفات للذهبي (748هـ) وابن قيم الجوزية (751هـ) ثم السخاوي (902هـ) والسيوطي (911هـ) وغيرهم.

تصنيف الأمراض

تصنف الأمراض حسب الطب النبوي إلى نوعين مرض القلوب، ومرض الأبدان، وهما مذكوران في القرآن.
يقول ابن القيم: " ومرض القلوب نوعان: مرض شبهة وشك (في قلوبهم مرض فزادهم الله مرضًا) البقرة 10، ومرض شهوة وغي (يا نساء النبي لستن كأحد من النساء إن اتقيتن فلا تخضعن بالقول فيطمع الذي في قلبه مرض) الاحزاب 32. فهذا مرض شهوة الزنا.
وأما مرض الأبدان (ليس على الأعمى حرج ولا على الأعرج حرج ولا على المريض حرج) النور61".

أراء العلماء

يشرح ابن قيم الجوزية خطوات العلاج في ضوء فلسفة الطب النبوي كالتالي: «وأمراض المادة أسبابها معها تمدها، وإذا كان سبب المرض معه، فالنظر في السبب ينبغي أن يكون أولا، ثم في المرض ثانيًا، ثم في الدواء ثالثًا».

ويصف الطبيب في قوله: «هو الذي يفرق ما يضرُّ بالإنسان جمعُه، أو يجمعُ فيه ما يضرُّه تفرُّقه، أو ينقُصُ منه ما يضرُّه زيادَته، أو يزيدُ فيه ما يضرُّه نقصُه، فيجلِب الصحة المفقودة، أو يحفظُها بالشكل والشبه؛ ويدفعُ العِلَّةَ الموجودة بالضد والنقيض، ويخرجها، أو يدفعُها بما يمنع من حصولها بالحِمية».

يقول ابن قيم الجوزية: "فكان من هَدْيِ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فعلُ التداوى في نفسه، والأمرُ به لمن أصابه مرض من أهله وأصحابه، ولكن لم يكن مِن هَدْيه ولا هَدْى أصحابه استعمالُ الأدوية المركَّبة التي تسمى ((أقرباذين))، بل كان غالبُ أدويتهم بالمفردات، وربما أضافُوا إلى المفرد ما يعاونه، أو يَكْسِر سَوْرته، وهذا غالبُ طِبِّ الأُمم على اختلاف أجناسِها من العرب والتُّرك، وأهل البوادى قاطبةً، وإنما عُنى بالمركبات الرومُ واليونانيون، وأكثرُ طِبِّ الهند بالمفردات.
وقد اتفق الأطباء على أنه متى أمكن التداوى بالغذاء لا يُعْدَل عنه إلى الدواء، ومتى أمكن بالبسيط لا يُعْدَل عنه إلى المركَّب.
قالوا: وكل داء قدر على دفعه بالأغذية والحِمية، لم يُحاوَلْ دفعه بالأدوية.قالوا: ولا ينبغى للطبيب أن يولعَ بسقى الأدوية، فإنَّ الدواء إذا لم يجد في البدن داءً يُحلِّله، أو وجد داءً لا يُوافقه، أو وجد ما يُوافقه فزادت كميتهُ عليه، أو كيفيته، تشبَّث بالصحة، وعبث بها، وأربابُ التجارِب من الأطباء طِبُّهم بالمفردات غالباً، وهم أحد فِرَق الطبِّ الثلاث.والتحقيقُ في ذلك أن الأدوية من جنس الأغذية، فالأُمة والطائفة التي غالبُ أغذيتها المفردات، أمراضُها قليلة جداً، وطبُّها بالمفردات، وأهلُ المدن الذين غلبتْ عليهم الأغذيةُ المركَّبة يحتاجون إلى الأدوية المركَّبة، وسببُ ذلك أنَّ أمراضَهم في الغالب مركَّبةٌ، فالأدويةُ المركَّبة أنفعُ لها، وأمراضُ أهل البوادى والصحارى مفردة، فيكفى في مداواتها الأدوية المفردة. فهذا برهانٌ بحسب الصناعة الطبية" نفس المصدر السابق.

أنواع العلاج بالطب النبوي
العلاج بالطب النبوي يشمل ثلاثة أنواع:

1-الأدوية النبوية الطبيعية ويشمل العلاج بالعسل وأبوال الإبل وألبانها وإخراج الدم والعلاج بالكي وبالحجامة والشبرم السنوت والحناء والتمر مثل «تمر العجوة» والتلبينة

2-الأدوية الإلهية وتشمل علاج العين والسحر وغيرهما بالمعوذات والرقى والاغتسال

3-المركب من الأمرين.

انتقادات
على مر التاريخ شكك العديد من الفقهاء والعلماء في صحة ما يسمى بالطب النبوي، وأعتبروه مصطلح مستحدث لم يكن على عهد النبي محمد وأن ما ورد عنه لا يصنف ضمن الطب بل فقط للتداوي أو الوقاية.

رفض ابن خلدون فكرة إلهية الطب النبوي ونفى صلة هذا بالوحي، وأعتبره مجموعة من الموروثات الجِبلية التي انبثقت من البيئة العربية التي كان يعيش فيها رسول الله لا أكثر، وقال في مقدمته الشهيرة (وكان عند العرب من هذا الطب كثير، وكان فيهم أطباء معروفون كالحارث بن كلدة وغيره، والطب المنقول في الشرعيات من هذا القبيل وليس من الوحي في شيء وإنما هو أمر كان عادياً للعرب. ووقع في ذكر أحوال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من نوع ذكر أحواله التي هي عادة وجبلة لا من جهة أن ذلك مشروع على ذلك النحو من العمل).

أكد العديد من الفقهاء أن النبي محمد "بعث نبياً لا طبيباً"، وما جاء به من وصايا في هذا الإطار هي من باب "العناية بصحة الإنسان وفق ثقافة وعلم البيئة الزمانية والمكانية آنذاك، وليس بديلاً عن اللجوء للمختصين في مجال الطب الحديث.

وقال مفتي مصر علي جمعة إن "ذكر وصايا معينة للتداوي في بعض أحاديث النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - لا تحوله إلى علم يطلق عليه الطب النبوي، وتضعه في مواجهة الطب الحديث"، وحذر جمعة من الفهم المغلوط لبعض الأحاديث النبوية وقال بأن هذا تشخيص لواقع معين في زمن معين وظروف معينة، قد تصلح مع حالات ولا تصلح مع الأخرى، وليست من باب التشريع الذي يصلح لكل زمان ومكان".

قال الداعية المصري خالد الجندي عضو المجلس الأعلى للشؤون الإسلامية في مصر أنه لا يوجد هناك «طب نبوي»، وأشار أن ابن القيم كان يرى أن الروح أو النفس هي السبب في المرض، وهو كلام غير صحيح علميًا ولا أساس له من الصحة.

مراجع

الإسلام في العصور الوسطى
طب إسلامي
محمد

الطب النبوي


Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna (), is an oblast (region) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It has a population of

The area, also known as Prykarpattia, was part of the historical region of Galicia, where the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia flourished. After World War I, the area became part of the Second Polish Republic and was administered as part of Stanisławów Voivodeship until the invasion of Poland. The area was annexed by the Soviet Union and was known as Stanislav Oblast until 1962, when its administrative center was renamed after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Kolomyia was a historical center of the oblast and remains a major cultural center of Pokuttia, the traditional name for the southern part of the oblast.

Name

On November 9, 1962, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the UkrSSR, according to which: "Taking into account the wishes of the labor collectives of the city and region, the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the USSR decided to rename the city of Stanislav (Stanislaviv) to Ivano-Frankivsk, and the Stanislav Oblast to Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast." The renaming was timed to the 300th anniversary of the city's founding and in honor of the outstanding Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.

As with the rest of Ukraine's oblasts Ivano-Frankivsk may also be known by its matronymical name Ivano-Frankivshchyna (). However, that name did not receive general public acceptance and commonly Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is almost always called Prykarpattia (en. Prekarpathians) – a historic name for the same region. (Geographically the historic region covers a much larger portion of Ukraine than just the Ivano-Frankivsk region.)  Formerly as Stanislavshchyna or Stanyslavivshchyna – .

Geography
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast borders Lviv Oblast to its north and west, Zakarpattia Oblast to its south-west, has a 50-km long state border with Romania (Maramureș County) to its immediate south, and it borders Chernivtsi Oblast to the south-east and Ternopil Oblast to the east. It is situated partly in the Eastern European Plain and partly Carpathian Foothills. The oblast may be divided into three regions: mountainous, pre-mountainous, and plains.

The climate is mildly-continental and damp with cool summers and mild winters. The average monthly temperature in June is  with  in the mountains. The average monthly temperature in January is  with  in the mountains. Average precipitation varies annually around   with  in the mountains.

Relief

The region is situated between two main regional tectonic plates: Carpathian fold belt and Volhynia-Podillya plate. The most prominent features of the first one are the Carpathian Mountains, while the second one - Dniester river.

The Carpathian Mountains contribute tremendously to the change in relief of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast and their elevation rises from north-east to south-west stretching along the oblast's south-western border. The elevation of the oblast varies from 230m to 2,061m above sea level. The mountains occupy almost one half of the whole Oblast and consist of two main mountain ranges: the Gorgany (highest peak – Mt. Syvulya Major (1,836m)) and the Chornohora range (highest peak – Mt. Hoverla (2,061m)).

The rest of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is located within the Dniester river and Prut river valleys. The plains of the oblast are part of the Carpathian Foothills and Opillia Upland (part of Podillia Upland) which are cut through by Dniester. The upland has a temperate-climate habitat mixed with grassland and woodland – also known as the forest steppe. The relief of the region consists mostly of rolling hills of 230-400m over the sea level. Near river valleys are common canyons and ravines.

A particular feature of the southern region of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is Stanislav Canyon, in the so-called Kherson Mountains, a deep cut in the local topography where episodic water flowing into the Baltic has steeply eroded a canyon formation.

The Dniester flows mainly through the Halych Raion and along the administrative border between Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil Oblasts. The territory of the region within immediate proximity to the river is traditionally known as Opillia. Opillia, however, stretches far beyond the oblast and only covers two of its raions: Halych Raion and Rohatyn Raion, both located in the north. Relief in the area consists of rolling hills uplands.

The Carpathian foothills consist mostly of low denudation accumulative uplands, while the right bank of Dniester along the border with the Ternopil Oblast depicts karst type relief of Pokuttia Upland. Because of it near that area along Dniester relief shows forms of canyon. Pokuttia Upland between Bystrytsia of Nadvirna and Prut River (Prut-Bystrytsia Upland) serves as drainage divide within the oblast between Dniester and Prut. Carpathian foothills have two depressions: one is at the confluence of Bystrytsia of Solotvyn, Bystrytsia of Nadvirna, Vorona and Bystrytsia rivers, called Bystrytsia Depression, and another is around the city of Kalush, called Kalush Depression.

Hydrology

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast has a plethora of rivers, waterfalls, mountainous brooks, and smaller ponds, but there is almost no other type of bodies of water such as lakes and water reservoirs. Most of rivers either flow into Dniester or Prut River (tributary of Danube). The total water drainage area of the region is . Segments of Dniester and Cheremosh River are used as administrative borders with Ternopil and Chernivtsi oblasts respectfully.

The water drainage divide between Dniester and Prut cuts the region through middle of following districts: Nadvirna Raion, Kolomyia Raion, Tlumach Raion, and Horodenka Raion.

Nature Sanctuaries
The region is a home to some 456 preserved areas (on June 1, 2006) of some , 30 out of which are of all-national importance with an area of  and the rest of a local importance. In the Ivano-Frankivsk Region is located a strict nature reserve Gorgany that was created in 1996. There are five national parks in the region. There are numerous natural monuments of feature and habitat management areas (zakazniks).

Government

The government in the region is headed by the chairman of the regional state administration (for simplicity sake - governor) appointed by the President of Ukraine. The governor appoints his deputies forming his regional governing cabinet to supervise the government policies in the region. Aside of the state administration the region has its own council that is headed by its chairman. The composition of the council depends on the popular vote in the region, while the chairman is elected within the elected council.
Regional State Administration
Regional State Administration consists of the chairman and his deputies (5) supported by the "aparat" of the administration. Within the administration are numerous departments, each of them headed by a chief of department. The Ivano-Frankivsk Region State Administration has 17 departments and other government institutions such as the Children Service, regional state archives, and others.

 Office of State Administration
 Chief Department of Economy
 Chief Financial Department
 Chief Department industry and infrastructure development
 Chief Department of tourism, Euro-integration, foreign relations, and investments
 Chief Department of legal and interior policies
 Chief Department of family, youth, and sports
 Chief Department of labor and social security
 Department of culture
 Chief Department of agro-industrial development
 Chief Department of regional development and construction
 Department of communal management
 Department of urban development and architecture
 Chief Department of Education and Science
 Chief Department of Health Security
 Department of Extraordinary Situation and Protection of Population from Consequences of the Chornobyl Catastrophe
 Media Department
 Department of resources and management support
 Children Service
 Inspection of the State Technical Supervision
 Inspection of quality and formation of resources of agricultural products
 State Archives of the Region
 Ivano-Frankivsk regional center for preparation and improving the qualification of workers of bodies of state power, bodies of local self-governing, state enterprises, institutions, and organizations
Regional council

Chairman: Oleksandr Sych (Svoboda)

Regional subdivisions

Since July 2020, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is administratively subdivided into six raions.

Primary divisions
The Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is administratively subdivided into 14 districts (raions) as well as 6 cities (municipalities) which represent a separate raion and in direct subordination to the regional government, among which are Bolekhiv, Kalush, Kolomyya, Yaremche, and the administrative center of the region, Ivano-Frankivsk. Burshtyn became the 6th city of regional importance in 2014. The formation of the region was established in 1921 in the Second Polish Republic and was in majority preserved during the Soviet times. Most of the districts (former powiats) were reestablished as well in 1960s. The major industrial and cultural centers of the region were given a wider form of autonomy and assigned as the cities of regional subordination.

Secondary divisions

City municipalities (councils)/mayors
The oblast has 15 cities which are (alphabetical order): Bolekhiv, Burshtyn, Dolyna, Halych, Horodenka, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kalush, Kolomyia, Kosiv, Nadvirna, Rohatyn, Sniatyn, Tlumach, Tysmenytsia, and Yaremche. Five of those cities are of regional importance and the other ten are of district importance. All cities have its own council and mayor that represent a local form of self-government allowed by the laws on local administration and the Constitution of Ukraine. City municipalities of the region are independent from any district administration.

Town municipalities (councils)
Within the region there are 24 urbanized settlements (towns) which are a special settlement classification inherited from the Soviet municipal organization. Three of those towns serve as administrative centers of their respective districts. Each town has its own council that along with surrounding village councils compose a district administration which has its own executive branch, District State Administration, appointed by the President of Ukraine. Towns do not have a mayoral office and their head of the council serves as the main representative of the whole settlement.

Village municipalities (councils)
All other settlements in the region are considered rural and accounted for some 765 localities including villages and 20 selyshches (smaller villages) which are administered by 477 village councils. Some village municipalities consist of several villages, while others are a single-village municipality. There are several villages that are part of city municipalities such as Ivano-Frankivsk, Bolekhiv, and Yaremcha, while all others are spread out across the districts of the region.

Historical overview of subdivisions
When on November 27, 1939, the Soviet regime was established in Stanisławów Voivodeship, the Polish administrative division of it was kept almost the same until January 17, 1940. Only two powiats Stryi and Zydaczow were transferred away.

On December 4, 1939, the voivodeship was officially renamed into Stanislav Oblast. In 1940 the oblast was redivided into 37 raions and two municipalities (cities of oblast subordination). The administrative centers of the former raions were following settlements: Bohorodchany (town), Bolekhiv (city), Bilshivtsi (town), Bukachivtsi (village), Burshtyn (town), Voinylov (village), Vyhoda (village), Halych (town), Hvizdets (town), Horodenka (town), Delyatyn (town), Dolyna (city), Zhabie (village), Zhovten (town), Zabolotiv (town), Kalush (city), Kolomyia (city), Korshiv (village), Kosiv (city), Kuty (town), Lanchyn (town), Lysets (town), Nadvirna (city), Novytsya (village), Obertyn (town), Otynya (town), Pechenizhyn (town), Rohatyn (city), Rozhnyativ (town), Snyatyn (city), Solotvyn (town), Stanislav (city), Tlumach (city), Tysmenytsya (town), Chernelytsya (town), Yabluniv (town), Yaremcha (village). Two municipalities were cities of Stanislav and Kolomyia. On November 11, 1940, Delyatyn Raion was liquidated. On November 16, 1940, Novytsya Raion was re-administrated under town of Perehinske.

During the World War II the region was occupied by the Nazi Germany (see Operation Barbarossa). Along with Lviv, Drohobych and Tarnopil oblasts, it was reorganized on August 1, 1941, into Distrikt Galizien centered in Lemberg and annexed to the General Government. The area of the former Stanislav Oblast was divided into three kreis (counties): Kalusz, Stanislau, and Kolomea. On July 27, 1944, the region was liberated from the Nazi Germany by the Soviet Army (see Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive).

The administrative division of Stanislav Oblast was reinstated and confirmed on January 1, 1947, with the same 36 raions and two municipalities as their existed before the war. Several settlements, however, had their status elevated. The status of a town obtained Bukachivtsi, Vyhoda, and Yaremcha, while Halych and Horodenka became recognized as cities. The next major changes in the region took place in the late 1950s. In 1957 five raions were liquidated: Vyhoda, Zhovten, Kuty, Pechenizhyn, and Chernelytsya. Then another five were liquidated in 1959: Bukachivtsi, Korshiv, Perehinske, Solotvyn, and Stanislav. On December 30, 1962, within the oblast was created the Verkhovyna Industrial Raion, centered in a town of Verkhovyna.

On October 28, 1963, another major change took place when raions of the oblast were re-administered into the six rural raions, one – industrial, and two municipalities. There were the following administrative centers: Bohorodchany, Halych, Horodenka, Kalush, Kolomyia, Kosiv, Dolyna (municipalities – Ivano-Frankivsk (new name) and Kolomyia). On January 4, 1965, Dolyna Industrial Raion Raion was redesigned into the regular raion, while five other previous raions were recreated: Nadvirna, Rohatyn, Rozhnyativ, Snyatyn, and Tlumach. On December 8, 1966, there were created Verkhovyna and Ivano-Frankivsk raions. That was the last major re-administration of the oblast.

On March 20, 1972, in the city of Kalush was created a municipality and it became a city of oblast subordination. On December 30, 1977, the same thing happened to Yaremcha status of which was elevated as well. On March 28, 1982, the Ivano-Frankivsk Raion was re-administrated under the Tysmenytsya Raion. On October 21, 1993, the city of Bolekhiv became of an oblast subordination with its own municipality. On December 14, 2006, Yaremcha was renamed into Yaremche.

Demographics

According to the Ukrainian Census of 2001 most of the population consider themselves Ukrainians with a small Russian diaspora mostly located within the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. The Russian language is the dominant foreign language in the region and well understood by everyone. Among other common foreign languages are Polish, English, and German languages. The population in the region as the rest of the country was on substantial decline

Religion

The dominant religion in Ivano-Frankvisk Oblast is Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, professed by 57% of the population. Another 35% is Eastern Orthodox and 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians. Adherents of Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism make up 1% of the population respectively.

Age structure
 0-14 years: 16.7%  (male 118,518/female 112,130)
 15-64 years: 69.5%  (male 468,589/female 489,596)
 65 years and over: 13.8%  (male 63,324/female 126,635) (2013 official)

Median age
 total: 37.3 years
 male: 34.7 years
 female: 40.0 years  (2013 official)

Culture and tourism

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is home of numerous cultural festivals. There are numerous natural and architectural benchmarks that are scattered throughout the region.

One of the famous festivals is the Ukrainian International festival of ethnic music and land art "Sheshory" that usually takes place in the picturesque Hutsul village of the Kosiv Raion Sheshory since 2003. From 2007, however the festival has spread throughout the country taking place in Podillya, Kyiv Oblast, and other places. In August 2010 the village of Spas in the Kolomyia Raion hosted a culinary event Smachny Spas in association with "Sheshory", while in July of the same year another eco-cultural event Trypilske kolo in the Rzhyschiv city of Kyiv region.

The city of Ivano-Frankivsk hosts several other festivals such as the All-Ukrainian festival of art collectives "Carpathian Spring" that takes place every May. Every two year the festival of modern art "Impreza" takes place every other year. Every odd year the city hosts the festival national-patriotic music and poetry "Freedom". Since May 2001 every year the city of Ivano-Frankivsk is the capital of the European blacksmith movement hosting the "Festival of blacksmith" and the art exhibition "Ornamental Forging" that takes place at the Mickewicz Square and neighboring Andrei Sheptytsky Square in city's old town.

On the territory of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast are located numerous monuments of architectural heritage. On February 8, 1994, near the city of Halych was established the National preserve of Ancient Halych. Among other important sites in the region is the Church of the Holy Spirit located in the city of Rohatyn as well as the Manyava Skete near the village of Manyava in Bohorodchany Raion. The oblast also accounts for some number of various wooden churches of Boykos and Hutsuls traditional architecture.

In the Dolyna Raion (western region) visitors can find the Carpathian Train that still uses a narrow gauge railway system. Train is used for its direct purpose transporting wood as well as for a tourist recreation. The biggest benchmark of the region is the Hoverla mountain, the tallest in the nation. However, due to increased touristic activities in the post-Soviet times the mountain is a subject to a high degree of pollution. No less interesting destination serve the Dovbush rocks that are located near the city of Bolekhiv in mountains. That location was a base of an anti-Polish Peasant movement. Near the Manyava Skete is located the highest waterfall in Ukraine, the Maniava waterfall (20 m). In the same Bohorodchany Raion visitors may find the local mud volcano located near the village of Starunia. It was noticed for the first time in 1977 after an earthquake that took place in Romania.

Bukovel ski resort, centralized around the village of Polianytsia, on the ridge-lines of the Carpathian Mountain range at an elevation of  represents a major all seasons tourist destination in the region. It is one of the most popular ski resorts in Eastern Europe and in 2012 was named the fastest growing ski resort in the world. Bukovel consists of 16 ski lifts with approximately 50 kilometers of pistes. As well as skiing visitors to the resort can enjoy 7 world class hotels, chalets with swimming pools and saunas, as well as numerous other recreational activities ranging from family friendly leisurely activities to extreme sports. During the warmer months the resort boasts cross-country and downhill mountain biking trails. Over 6,000 people visit the resort every year.

Historical and cultural sites

 Recently, a monument of cultural heritage was erected in the city of Kolomyya in Pokuttya. The Pysanka Museum was built in 2000 and is the only museum dedicated to pyanskas in the world.
 Another interesting historical site is the cavern complex in the Dovbush Rock. The site is dedicated to the legendary freedom fighter Oleksa Dovbush who in legend fights against the Polish szlachta. The rock complex is located about  south west from Bolekhiv near village of Bubnysche.
 The Church of the Holy Spirit, built in 1598, is located in the north of the Oblast in the small city of Rohatyn.

Popular culture
In 1979 Sofia Rotaru performed the song "Krai" ([Native] Land) about Prykarpattia. In the song Rotaru calls Prykarpattia the land of the Cheremosh and Prut rivers.

Transportation

Roads

State highways
Through Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast runs one European route  which travels through the city of Rohatyn in the north. It coincides with the Ukrainian International highway  which is the only highway of that classification in the region. The highway travels from Zhydachiv in Lviv Oblast and after passing Rohatyn travels towards Berezhany in Ternopil Oblast.

Besides that highway, through the region run three highways of national importance.
 traveling from Lviv the route enters the region from the north near Rohatyn and after passesing the cities of Ivano-Frankivsk and Yaremcha continues on towards Rakhiv going over the Carpathian ridge.
 starts in Stryi, passes through Ivano-Frankivsk, Kolomyia and Sniatyn, and continues on towards Chernivtsi.
 starts from the center of Ivano-Frnkivsk and through Tysmenytsia (Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) and Monastyryska (Ternopil Oblast), terminating in Ternopil.

There is also small network of minor P-highways.
 runs from Tyaziv (north of Ivano-Frankivsk) through Tlumach and Horodenka to Sniatyn.
 runs from Dolyna over the Carpathian to Khust (Zakarpattia Oblast).
 runs from Tatariv (Yaremche municipality) to Verkhovyna, Kosiv, Kolomyia, Hvizdets, Horodenka, and Ternopil Oblast.
 runs from Bohorodchany to the village of Stara Huta.
 runs from Verkhniy Yaseniv (Verkhovyna Raion) to Usteriky, then by the Prut valley and the Chernivtsi Oblast border travels to Kuty where it turns into Chernivtsi Oblast towards Storozhynets.

Regional highways
T-network (09) includes:
 - Kalush, Yasen, Kuzmynets
 - Borshniv-Osada, Rozhniativ, Kosmach, Nadvirna
 - Halych, Medukha, Zastavche, Pidhaitsi
 - Ozeryany, Obertyn, Hvizdets, Zabolotiv, Rozhniv, Kuty
 - Delyatyn, Lanchyn, Kolomyia
 - Ivano-Frankivsk, Cherniiv, Nadvirna, Bystrytsia
 - Kosiv, Rozhniv, Sniatyn
 - Kalush, Burshtyn
 - Bolekhiv, Tysiv, Kozakivka
 - Pistyn, Mykytyntsi, Verkhniy Verbizh
 - (Lviv Oblast) Kurovychi, Peremyshlyany, Rohatyn
 - (Lviv Oblast) Kalush, Zhuravno, Zhydachiv, Rozdil, Mykolaiv
 - (Chernivtsi Oblast) / (Romanian border) (route 209G) Seliatyn, Parkulyna, Dykhtynets, Marynychi, Pidzakharychi, Kuty, Sloboda Banyliv, Chortoryia, Hlynytsia, Chernivtsi
 - (Chernivtsi Oblast) Horodenka, Khreshchatyk
 - (Chernivtsi Oblast) Vyzhnytsia, Kuty, Pidzakharychi

Notable people
People born in Prykarpattya include:

Historical figures
 Yaroslav Osmomysl, prince of Halych
 Roxelana, chief consort of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
  a leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising beginning in 1648
 Potocki family, Polish high nobles (magnates)
 Józef Potocki, Great Hetman of the Crown
 Oleksa Dovbush, 18th century folk hero
 Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian independence activist
 Dmytro Vitovsky, Austro-Hungarian and later Ukrainian separatist politician and military leader

Writers
 Mariyka Pidhiryanka
 Vasyl Stefanyk

 Ivan Vahylevych
 Marko Cheremshyna
 Manès Sperber

Artists
 founder of the Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists
  opera singer
 Mika Newton, singer
 Dmytro Pavlychko, poet

See also
Poland's Stanisławów Voivodeship (1921–1939)
List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin – Ukrainian immigrants to Canada brought place names from this oblast to Saskatchewan and Alberta; a few one-room schools had names of villages from this region.
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast local election, 2006
List of heads of government in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast and Stanislawow Voivodeship

References
Notes

External links
 Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast official site
 Oblast council official site
 "JewishGalicia.net" – Jewish history in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
 Handbook on history of Communist Party and Soviet Union
 History of the region
 Передати Виноградську  сільраду  Тлумацького району до складу Коломийського району.
 History of administrative territorial division of the region since 18th century

Oblasts of Ukraine
States and territories established in 1939
1939 establishments in Ukraine

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast