Hans Heiling es una ópera romántica de tres actos y un prólogo, con música de Heinrich Marschner y libreto en alemán de Eduard Devrient, quien también cantó el rol titular en el estreno que tuvo lugar en el Königliche Hofoper (hoy Ópera Estatal), Berlín el 24 de mayo de 1833, y siguió divulgándose hasta ser la ópera más exitosa del autor.

La ópera consiguió una considerable reputación para su autor, aunque no afectó materialmente a su posición en Hanóver, donde era director musical del Teatro de la Corte. Como el otro gran éxito de Marschner, Der Vampyr, la trama de Hans Heiling hace gran uso de elementos sobrenaturales. Como con varias de sus óperas, Hans Heiling se basa en una leyenda folclórica.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Extracto de representaciones históricas de Hans Heiling en Almanac por G. Casaglia
 Artículo en Opera Today, con sinopsis en inglés, libreto en alemán (PDF) y enlace a una grabación

 Notas, discografía y libreto (alemán / español) Kareol

Óperas de 1833
Óperas en alemán
Óperas de Heinrich Marschner
Óperas estrenadas en Berlín

Hans Heiling


Empire State Building, New York'ta bir gökdelen. Bina, Manhattan, Fifth Avenue'de 33. ve 34. caddelerin arasında yer alır. Tam olarak adresi 350 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10118 şeklindedir. 10118 aynı zamanda binanın posta kodudur. 1 Mayıs 1931 tarihinde, o güne kadar dünyanın en yüksek binası olan Chrysler Binası'nın bu unvanını elinden almıştır. Yapımı 1932 yılında bitmiştir. 1931 yılında inşa edilen binanın büroları büyük Bunalım yılları boyunca boş kalmıştır; bina vergi giderlerini manzara seyretmeye gelenlerden karşılayabilmiştir. Bina 102 katlı olup, 1576 merdiven basamağına sahiptir. Yüksekliği 381 m, anten ile beraber 443,2 m'dir. Dünya Ticaret Merkezi (World Trade Center) binasının 1972 tarihindeki açılışına kadar dünyanın en yüksek binası olarak kalmıştır. 11 Eylül 2001 tarihindeki terör saldırıları sonucu World Trade Center binaları yıkılınca (artık ABD'de veya dünyanın geri kalanında olmasa da) New York'taki en yüksek bina olma unvanını geri kazanmıştır. 30 Nisan 2012'de One World Trade Center, Empire State Binası'ndan daha fazla bir yüksekliğe ulaşmış ve bina o günden beridir ABD'nin tamamlanmış (One World Trade Center, Chicago'daki Willis Kulesi ve Trump International Hotel and Tower'dan sonra) en yüksek dördüncü gökdeleni konumuna gerilemiştir. Kışın bazı günler, alt katlarının hizasında yağmur yağarken en üst katına kar yağdığı görülmüştür.

Açık bir havada binadan, 80 mil mesafedeki beş ABD eyaletine bakılabilir. Bunlar, New York, New Jersey, Pensilvanya, Connecticut ve Massachusetts'tir. 1960'ta tepeye yerleştirilen güçlü bir fener binanın 160 kilometre uzaktan görülmesini sağlamıştır. Bugüne kadar binayı 117 milyon kişi ziyaret etmiştir. 1947 yılında manzara platformuna 3 metre yükseklikte korkuluk yapılmıştır. Buna rağmen buradan, bugüne kadar 35 kişi atlayarak intihar etmiştir. Toplam 74 asansör vardır, bunların bir kısmı ara katlarda durmadan en üst kata çıkan ekspres asansörlerdir. Bu yüksek binaya 1945'te bir B-25 Mitchell bombardıman uçağı çarpmış ve 14 kişinin ölümüne sebep olmuştur.

Keops Piramidi 100 bin kişi çalıştırılarak 20 yılda, Ayasofya 1000 kişi çalıştırılarak 5 yılda bitirilmiştir. Empire State Building'in inşaatı ise sadece 18 ayda bitirilmiştir. Eski çağlarda çalışanların tamamına yakını köle olduğu için işten çıkmak gibi bir durum söz konusu değildi. Çalışan sayısı değiştiği için Empire State inşaatında toplam çalışan sayısı net verilemez. Ayrıca Empire State Binası New York'ta çekilen bazı filmlere ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Bunun yanında Empire State, New York eyaletinin lakabıdır.

Teknik veriler
 İnşaata 1929'da başlanmış ve Mayıs 1931'de bitirilmiştir.
 Yaklaşık 55.000 ton çelik
 10 Milyon kiremit.
 Yaklaşık 760 km elektrik hattı.
 96 km su borusu
 Yaklaşık 5600 km telefon kablosu
 6550 pencere
 Toplam ağırlık 331.000 ton
 30.000 m² mermer zemin
 1100'den fazla tuvalet
 73 asansör ve asansör boşluğu, toplam 11 km
 102 bina katı

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî İnternet Sayfası
 Empire State Binası'nın İnşa Fotoğrafları, 1930-1931, New York Genel Kütüphanesi

New York'taki gökdelenler
Manhattan'daki görülecek yerler
Manhattan'daki ofis binaları
Dünyanın eski en yüksek yapıları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Art deco yapılar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ulusal Tarihi Yapılar Listesi
350 metrenin üzerindeki gökdelenler
1931'de New York eyaletinde kurulan oluşumlar
1931'de tamamlanan yapılar
1930'larda tamamlanan ofis binaları

Empire State Binası


Omladinski košarkaški klub Dražen Petrović, poznat i kao OKK Dražen Petrović (Škola košarke Dražen Petrović), hrvatski je košarkaški klub iz Šibenika osnovan 1997. godine, a koji između ostaloga djeluje i kao omladinski pogon GKK Šibenka.

Povijest
OKK Dražen Petrović (punim imenom "Omladinski košarkaški klub Dražen Petrović Šibenik") osnovan je 1997. godine u Šibeniku, u čast poginulomu košarkašu rodom iz Šibenika, Draženu Petroviću.

O klubu
U juniorskom (najstarijem) pogonu, klub se natječe u A-2 ligi, dok su u natjecateljski sustav uključeni i mlađi uzrasti koji se natječu u županijskim, dalmatinskim i državnim ligama za, od 2001. do 2011. godišta. Unutar kluba također djeluje škola košarke za početnike i predškolce. Potonja je, uz veliku pomoć i suradnju s Gradom Šibenikom, pokrenuta u rujnu 2018. godine.

U klubu rade, ili su radili poznati treneri i bivši košarkaši poput Mire Jurića, Branka Klisovića, Zorana Huljeva, Ante Nerbera, Živka Badžima, prof. Mira Kotarca, prof. Ivice Badžima, prof. Dražena Kotarca i mnogih drugih.

Aktualni predsjednik kluba je Joško Krička, koji tu poziciju obnaša od prosinca 2018. godine, prije čega je obnašao dužnost vršitelja dužnosti predsjednika, a zbog smrti dugogodišnjeg predsjednika i samog osnivača kluba, bivšeg šibensko-kninskog župana i pomorskog djelatnika, Gordana Barake.

Klub ima odličnu suradnju i podršku Grada Šibenika, kao i GKK Šibenka.

Treninzi se odvijaju u dvoranama većine šibenskih osnovnih škola: u OŠ Tin Ujević i OŠ Juraj Šižgorić na Baldekinu, u OŠ Vidici na Vidicima, u OŠ Juraj Dalmatinac u Crnici, u OŠ Petar Krešimir IV. na Šubićevcu, u OŠ Meterize na Meterizama te u OŠ Brodarica na Brodarici. Službene utakmice većinom se igraju u gradskoj dvorani na Baldekinu, ili i u školskoj dvorani na Vidicima.

Trener juniora jest Petar Maleš, kadete vodi Branko Klisović, mlađe kadete bivši košarkaš Šibenke i Splita, Zoran Huljev, dok je vođa nižih uzrasta Ante Nerber.

Uspjesi
Jedni od polaznika šibenske škole košarke bili su današnji poznati košarkaši Dario Šarić i Miro Bilan.

Izvori

 mok.hr, Obljetnica:Škola košarke "Dražen Petrović" već 20 godina odgaja male i velike košarkaše, objavljeno 27. lipnja 2017., pristupljeno 1. prosinca 2018.

Vanjske poveznice
 gkk-sibenik.hr, ŠKOLA KOŠARKE DRAŽEN PETROVIĆ ŠIBENIK

Dražen Petrović
Dražen Petrović
Dražen Petrović

OKK Dražen Petrović


An Deschampsia pusilla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Donald Petrie. An Deschampsia pusilla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deschampsia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Deschampsia

Deschampsia pusilla


La torre de Centum Cellas, Centum Cellæ o Centum Cœli (antiguamente torre de San Cornelio, en portugués, torre de São Cornélio) es una estructura situada en el monte de Santo Antão, en la freguesia de Colmeal da Torre, en Portugal. Se trata de una construcción levantada originalmente en el , cuya curiosa forma ha suscitado diversas leyendas a lo largo del tiempo. Una de ellas cuenta que en ella estuvo preso San Cornelio, razón por la que la torre llevaba su nombre.

Se cree que el lugar pudo haber sido un campamento romano (praetorium), aunque las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las décadas de 1960 y 1990 indican que es más probable que hubiera allí una villa, a la que hubiera pertenecido la torre. Es monumento nacional por el Decreto n.º 14 425 desde el 15 de octubre de 1927.

Arquitectura

Tiene planta rectangular y casi 12 metros de altura, en los que existieron 3 plantas diferenciadas por sendos frisos. Actualmente no posee cubierta. Tiene múltiples huecos de distinto tamaño.

Historia
De acuerdo con los testimonios arqueológicos, dicha villa perteneció a Lúcio Cecílio (en latín, LVCIVS CÆCILIVS), un ciudadano romano que comerciaba con estaño a mediados del . A mediados del  un incendio destruyó la villa, que fue reconstruida después.

Es posible que durante la Edad Media la torre cobrara importancia militar, debido a su posición cercana a la frontera entre los reinos de Portugal y León. En esta época se levantó entre sus restos una capilla dedicada a San Cornelio, cuyas ruinas desaparecieron por completo en el .

En 1188 el lugar, nombrado Centuncelli, recibió fuero de Sancho I de Portugal. El historiador decimonónico Pinho Leal escribió que la torre fue reconstruida como atalaya entre los siglos XIII y XIV, mientras se permitía que las construcciones anejas se arruinasen.

Bibliografía
 PINHO LEAL, Augusto Soares d'Azevedo Barbosa de. Portugal antigo e moderno: diccionario geographico, estatistico, chorographico, heraldico, archeologico, historico, biographico e etymologico de todas as cidades, villas e freguezias de Portugal e de grande número de aldeias… (12 vol.). Lisboa: 1872 en adelante.

Enlaces externos

Monumentos nacionales de Portugal
Centum Cellas
Ruinas de Portugal
Arquitectura de la Antigua Roma en Portugal
Arquitectura de Portugal del siglo I
Belmonte (Portugal)

Torre de Centum Cellas


Onthophagus mongana é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente por Storey & Weir em 1990.

Referências

Ligações externas

mongana
Coleópteros descritos em 1990

Onthophagus mongana


Sean Michaels (born February 20, 1958) is an American pornographic actor, model, director and former trade union leader. In 2002, AVN ranked him 14th on their list of The Top 50 Porn Stars of All Time. Michaels has also been inducted into the AVN, NightMoves, and XRCO Halls of Fame.

Early life
Michaels was born Andre Allen and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Boys and Girls High School, the oldest public high school in Brooklyn. After moving to the West Coast, he worked as a nurse for an urgent care facility in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. He also did runway and print modeling prior to entering the industry.

Career
Michaels started out in the adult industry as a model for skin magazines. Dissatisfied with the portrayal of black men in porn, he began performing in adult films in 1989. One of the first  He chose his porn name by combining the names from two celebrities he admired: his last name refers to Michael Jordan and "Sean" is a reference to Sean Connery (whom Michaels described in an interview as "a man's man, on and off camera"). Michaels gained recognition in the industry after appearing in his mentor John Leslie's 1990 film Oh What A Night. In 1996, he started Sean Michaels Productions, which was changed to Sean Michaels International the following year when Anabolic Video began handling its distribution.

Along with Lisa Ann and Nikki Benz, Michaels hosted the XRCO Awards in April 2010. In 2018, he performed in his first bisexual scene for Kick Ass Pictures. In regards to the scene, Michaels commented, "I feel strongly about doing the things you want to do in life. Cuckold fans have been asking me for years to do bi scenes, and I'm happy to be making this move. I believe it's important for people to grow sexually in any way they choose."

Legal dispute
In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) issued Michaels a cease and desist letter, asking him to stop using his name due to the similarity it had to wrestler Shawn Michaels. Michaels name was already registered as a trademark, while Shawn Michaels had not registered his moniker. Michaels announced he planned to countersue the WWE. As of April 1, 2011, the trademark of "Sean Michaels" is no longer active.

Advocacy and impact
In 2016, Michaels was elected President of the Adult Performance Artists Guild, then the Adult Performers Actors Guild (APAG). As President, he announced the APAG would push to raise the legal age to perform in adult films from 18 to 21, commenting that "it's 21 years old to drink, so you should have to be 21 to do porn." In 2018, drawing criticism from APAG members who saw him as reducing his participation in the union, Michaels was replaced in the role by Alana Evans, who said that Michaels had been "blackballed" in the pornographic industry due to his guild participation.

In the May 1997 issue of Vibe magazine, he was called "the preeminent force in interracial erotic entertainment." In her book A Taste for Brown Sugar: Black Women in Pornography, women's studies scholar Mireille Miller-Young notes how Michaels's portrayal of "suave and professional" characters in his films has challenged the stereotyping of black men as "sexual beasts" in pornography and expanded opportunities for black performers. Violet Blue shares a similar sentiment in The Ultimate Guide to Adult Videos, calling Michaels a "major force in changing the face and attitudes of the adult industry towards black performers." Blue concluded by dubbing him "the most famous black man to ever appear in porn."

Select appearances

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1958 births
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
African-American male models
African-American models
African-American nurses
African-American pornographic film actors
American male models
American male pornographic film actors
American nurses
American pornographic film directors
American pornographic film producers
American trade union leaders
AVN Award winners
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Film directors from New York City
Living people
Male nurses
People from Brooklyn
Pornographic film actors from New York (state)
Transgender Erotica Award winners

Sean Michaels (actor)


An Stipa blackii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Stipa blackii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa blackii


Gülşah Akkaya (d. 6 Ekim 1977; Bornova, İzmir), kadın millî basketbolcudur. Forvet pozisyonunda görev almaktadır.Ayrıca şu an Galatasaray Liv Hospital'da forma giyen A Millî Basketbolcu Ender Arslan'ın eşinin kız kardeşidir.

Kariyeri
Basketbola 13 yaşındayken Denizli'de Spor Okulunda başladı. Deniz Nakliyat'ta oynadıktan sonra Fenerbahçe'ye transfer oldu. 1997'de ABD'ye gitti ve Lynn Üniversitesi'nde 2 yıl oynadı. 23,8 sayılık bir ortalama yakalayarak takımının halen tüm zamanların en iyi 4. skoreri oldu.

2000-01 sezonunda Türkiye'ye geri döndü. Hemen ardından Selanik takımı Panserraikos ve Tel Aviv takımı YES Ramat HaSharon'da oynadı. Bu takımlarda da hem sayı kraliçesi oldu, hem de şampiyonlukta önemli rol aldı.

2003 yılında Erdemirspor'a transfer olarak tekrar KBL'ye döndü. Bir yıl sonra Mersin BB'ne transfer oldu. Mersin'de 22.0 sayı ortalaması ile bir kez daha sayı kraliçesi unvanı kazandı.

2005-06 sezonu başında Beşiktaş'a transfer oldu. Ancak sezon başında sakatlanarak sezonun ilk bölümünde uzun süre oynayamadı. 2006-07 sezonunda tekrar Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyespor'a döndü ve sezonu 17.0 sayı ortalamasıyla kapadı.

2009-10 sezonu için Samsun Basketbol Kulübü ile ile anlaştı. Samsun ekibinde iki sezon forma giydikten sonra, Ankara ekibi TED Ankara Kolejliler'e transfer oldu. Burada bir sezon forma giydi. 2012-13 sezonu başında bir başka Samsun ekibi Canik Belediyespor'la sözleşme imzaladı. Ancak devre arasında takımdan ayrıldı.

2012-13 sezonunun ortasında, Ocak ayında tekrar Beşiktaş'a döndü ve sezonun ikinci yarısında 12,4 sayı 4,3 ribaundluk bir performans sergiledi. Bu performansıyla ligde ilk yarıda son sırada yer alan Beşiktaş'ın, galibiyetler alarak ligde kalmasında başrol oynadı. 2013-14 sezonu başında Beşiktaş ile olan sözleşmesi 1 yıl uzatılarak, takım kaptanlığına getirildi.

Başarılar

Kulüp
Gülşah Akkaya, Cumhurbaşkanlığı ve Türkiye Kupası, Gençlerde Türkiye Şampiyonluğu yaşadı. Oynadığı Türkiye Kadın Basketbol Ligi, İsrail ve Yunanistan liglerinde en çok sayı atan oyuncu olmuştur.

Millî takım
200'den fazla millî oldu. İspanya, Almería'da düzenlenen 2005 Akdeniz Oyunları'nda Türkiye kadın millî basketbol takımı ile altın madalya kazandı. 2011 Avrupa Şampiyonası'nda ise Türk millî takımı ile gümüş madalya kazandı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Eurobasket.com profili
 fiba.com 2011 EuroBasket Women profili

1977 doğumlular
Bornova doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk kadın basketbolcular
Fenerbahçe SK kadın basketbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK kadın basketbolcuları
Galatasaray SK kadın basketbolcuları
Türk gurbetçi basketbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi basketbolcular
Yunanistan'daki gurbetçi basketbolcular
İsrail'deki gurbetçi basketbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi basketbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Türk gurbetçiler
Yunanistan'daki Türk gurbetçiler
İsrail'deki Türk gurbetçiler
İspanya'daki Türk gurbetçiler
Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyespor kadın basketbolcuları
Samsun Basketbol İhtisas basketbolcuları
Erdemirsporlu basketbolcular
Orduspor basketbolcuları
Samsun BK basketbolcuları
Ormanspor kadın basketbolcuları
Beckerspor basketbolcuları

Gülşah Akkaya


لوط بوناطيرو (ولد عام 1955 في القصبة الجزائر العاصمة) هو مخترع، عالم فلك وفيزيائي جزائري، رئيس ومؤسس المنظمة الوطنية للمبدعين والبحث العلمي الجزائرية.

حياته
زاول دراسته الثانوية في ثانوية عقبة بالعاصمة الجزائرية وتحصل فيها على شهادة البكالوريا شعبة الرياضيات، بعد ذلك التحق بجامعة وهران في 1977 أين تحصل على شهادة الدراسات العليا، في اختصاص فيزياء الصلب (فيزياء المواد الصلبة).

في عام 1981 سافر إلى فرنسا للدراسة في معهد الأرصاد في العاصمة باريس، سنة 1982 بدأ التحضير لشهادة الدراسات المعمقة في «علم الفلك والتقنيات الفضائية» في المرصد الفلكي بباريس وألف كتابا بعنوان: "La synthèse de la télémétrie laser-satellite" ما يخص قياس المسافات عن بعد باستعمال الليزر والأقمار الصناعية. نال بعدها شهادة الدكتوراه الدولية في علوم الفضاء عام 1986 بتقدير «ممتاز جدا» والتحق بمركز البحث في علم الفلك والفيزياء الفلكية والجيوفيزياء (CRAAG)، وكما أنه كان يدير مشروع بعنوان «الصفائح الفوتوقرافية لمنطقة الجزائر العاصمة».

عام 1997: التحق بأكاديمية العلوم بنيويورك وكان عضوا بها لمدة عام.
عام 2000: قام يتأليف كتابي: «علم الميقات» و «الساعة الكونية»

عاد عام 2001 إلى الجزائر وأصبح يُدرس الطيران والهندسة المدنية كأستاذ محاضر في جامعة سعد دحلب بالبليدة.
عام 2002: كان مديرا لمشروع «إنجاز ساعة كونية باستعمال GPS».
عام 2004: عرض نظريته الخاصة (لم تعرض من قبل) فيما يخص التنبؤ بالكوارث الزلزالية 2003/2004، موجة الحر الشديدة في صيف 2003، الهزات العنيفة التي تلت كل من زلزال بومرداس، الحسيمة بالمغرب وأندونيسيا.

إنجازاته
قام لوط بعدد من الإنجازات الهامة من بينها تصميمه منشآت مقاومة للكوارث الطبيعية ومطابقة للمقاييس البيئية تسمى «البنايات الإسلامية الذكية»  كما قام باختراع الساعة الكونية التي تعتمد على نظام 24 ساعة بدلاً من 12 ساعة. حاز عام 2005 على ميدالية من صالون الابتكارات في لندن عن الساعة الكونية، وعن نفس الاختراع أيضاً جائزة عام 2006 في الدورة الخامسة والخمسين لصالون البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيات الجديدة والابتكارات في بلجيكا.
في عام 2007، تحصل على ميداليته السادسة في الصالون ال56 للاختراعات التكنولوجية كجائزة له على مشروعه «تصميم مدينة جديدة مثالية صديقة للبيئة ومضادة لكوارثها».

الجوائز والتكريمات
تحصل لوط بوناطيرو على عدة جوائز منها:

 لاختراعه الساعة الكونية الافتراضية:

 ميدالية صالون الابتكارات في لندن 2005.
 جائزة الدورة الـ 55 لصالون البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيات الجديدة والابتكارات ببلجيكا 2006.
 جائزة الملتقى الأول لعلم الفلك بالإمارات العربية المتحدة.

 لمشروع البنايات الإسلامية الذكية:

 جائزة صالون الابتكارات في لندن خاصة باحترام المقاييس البيئية.
 جائزة صالون الابتكارات في لندن خاصة بشكل البنايات.

الانتخابات الرئاسية

رئاسيات 2009
ترشح بوناطيرو لانتخابات الرئاسية الجزائرية 2009، وحسب بيان المجلس الدستوري بتاريخ 2 مارس 2009 فإنه تم رَفض ملف ترشح بوناطيرو لعدم استفائه الشروط القانونية المتعلقة بعدد التوقيعات. وصرح بوناطيرو في وقت سابق (بتاريخ 19 فيفري 2009) أنه جمع 55 ألف توقيع.

رئاسيات 2014
أعلن لوط بوناطيرو بتاريخ 2 أغسطس 2013 ترشحه للانتخابات الرئاسية الجزائرية، لكن أعلن انسحابه من سباق الانتخابات بتاريخ 2 مارس 2014، حيث صرح أنه انسحب من الانتخابات لعدم توفر الشروط الديمقراطية والشفافية لنجاح الاستحقاقات الرئاسية المقبلة وعدم احترام الدستور.

رئاسيات أبريل 2019
في 4 مارس 2019، أودع لوط بوناطيرو ملف الترشح للانتخابات الرئاسة 18 أبريل 2019 لدى المجلس الدستوري، حيث صرح أنه تمكن من جمع عدد التوقيعات الفردية المطلوبة. وترشح للانتخابات كمترشح حر.

تصريحات جدلية

 إطلاقه تصريحات أكد فيها ثبات الأرض ومركزيتها للكون بدلا من الشمس.
 صرح بأن الرسول محمد  بدأ يصلح بالقاعدة الزمنية نهار إلى أن طلب من المسلمين في خطبة الوداع، طيلة حياة الرسول عليه الصلاة والسلام، طيلة 63 سنة عاشها بتقويم خاطئ وكانوا يصومون بأشهر خاطئة هذه باعتراف التاريخ لا هروب منه.

عالم بـأربع مقالات فقط
نتائج البحث، توجد 8 نتائج فقط: اثنين من هذه الوثائق هما تصحيحان لوثيقتين من الست الأخرى، كذلك اثنين من الستّ وثائق هي ملخصات من مداخلات في نشاطات علمية، أيّ أنّ في رصيد الرجل فقط 4 مقالات علمية كلها في علم الفلك الرصدي "Observational Astronomy"، آخرها سنة 1996.

مراجع

فلكيون جزائريون
مخترعون جزائريون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1955
مواليد في قصبة الجزائر

لوط بوناطيرو


An Philodendron roseospathum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Philodendron roseospathum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. r. angustilaminatum
 P. r. roseospathum

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron roseospathum


Die Noordam ist ein Kreuzfahrtschiff der Holland-America Line. Sie ist bereits das vierte Schiff, welches den Namen Noordam trägt und wird somit als Noordam IV bezeichnet.

Geschichte
Das Schiff wurde 2005 bei der italienischen Werft Fincantieri in Marghera auf Kiel gelegt und im Frühjahr 2006 an die Reederei übergeben. Am 22. Februar 2006 fand die Taufe durch die Patin, der tauben Schauspielerin Marlee Matlin, in New York City statt. Von dort aus startete im Anschluss die Jungfern-Kreuzfahrt Richtung Karibik.

Die Noordam ist das Schwesterschiff der Zuiderdam, der Westerdam und der Oosterdam. Die vier Schiffe tragen den holländischen Namen der vier Himmelsrichtungen auf dem Kompass. Die Arcadia, die ebenfalls baugleich ist, wurde zwar von der Holland-America Line bestellt, aber an P&O Cruises verkauft.

Einsatzgebiete
Zwischen Frühjahr und Herbst ist das Schiff auf verschiedenen Routen im Mittelmeer unterwegs, im Winterhalbjahr kreuzt die Noordam ab Fort Lauderdale in der Karibik sowie um Neuseeland und in der Südsee.

Antrieb
Das Schiff verfügt über einen integrierten elektrischen Antrieb und wird von fünf Schiffsdieselmotoren angetrieben. Drei dieser Motoren erreichen eine Leistung von jeweils 16.000 PS, zwei weitere jeweils 12.000 PS. Zusätzlich ist eine Gasturbine mit einer Leistung von 18.000 PS vorhanden. Somit ergibt sich eine Gesamtleistung des Antriebs von fast 90.000 PS (66.176 kW). Der erzeugte Strom dieser Motoren wird einerseits für die beiden ABB-Propellergondeln mit jeweils 23.500 PS, andererseits auch für die übrige Bordversorgung benötigt. Die schiffseigene Wasseraufbereitungsanlage kann pro Tag 1.700 Tonnen Trinkwasser erzeugen, wovon täglich nur 750 Tonnen benötigt werden. Der Treibstoffverbrauch liegt pro Tag bei 216 Tonnen Schweröl sowie 90 Tonnen Marinedieselöl bei Höchstbelastung.

Trivia
Auf der Noordam sind eine ganze Anzahl alter Ölgemälde ausgestellt, u. a. eine Darstellung der Stadt Utrecht aus dem Jahr 1842. Des Weiteren gibt es Bilder der zeitgenössischen Kunst, wie z. B. eine Fotoserie der bekannten Musikgrößen B. B. King und Dizzy Gillespie. An Bord befindet sich eine wertvolle Kommode, welche von geschnitzten Säulen aus dem 17. Jahrhundert gesäumt ist. Diese wurde 1885 in Deutschland gefertigt und mit Edelsteinen und Elfenbein verziert.

Schiffe mit gleichem Namen
Die erste Noordam der Holland-Amerika-Linie wurde 1902 in Dienst gestellt, die Noordam (II) im Jahr 1938. Die 1984 in Dienst gestellte Noordam (III) fährt heute unter dem Namen Marella Celebration (ex Thomson Celebration).

Siehe auch
 Liste von Kreuzfahrtschiffen
 Liste der Schiffe der Holland-America Line

Weblinks

 Webseite Fleetmon.com
 Webseite der HCL mit Infos zur Noordam

Einzelnachweise

Vista-Klasse (2001)
Passagierschiff (Niederlande)
Schiff mit integriertem elektrischem Antrieb
Schiff (Holland-America Line)

Noordam (Schiff, 2006)


Poiquilodermia de Civatte é uma condição cutânea que se apresenta através de manchas reticuladas vermelhas e/ou marrom-avermelhadas com telangiectasias. É identificável como uma descoloração marrom-avermelhada na lateral do pescoço, geralmente em ambos os lados. É mais comum em indivíduos de pele mais clara, e em mulheres do que em homens, afetando mais frequentemente mulheres de meia-idade à idosas. Esta condição é basicamente uma alteração que ocorre na pigmentação da pele devido à dilatação dos vasos sanguíneos no pescoço. "Civatte" foi o dermatologista francês que a identificou pela primeira vez na década de 1920.

Veja também

 Poiquilodermia

Distúrbios da pigmentação humana
!Esboços sobre dermatologia

Poiquilodermia de Civatte


Ma'anshan (), also colloquially written as Maanshan, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of Anhui province in Eastern China. An industrial city stretching across the Yangtze River, Ma'anshan borders Hefei to the west, Wuhu to the southwest, and  Nanjing to the east. It is a satellite city of the Nanjing metropolitan area and is also a city in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone.

As of the 2020 census, Ma'anshan was home to 2,159,930 inhabitants, of whom 1,253,960 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Huashan and Yushan urban districts and Dangtu County, which is largely urbanized.

One can notice that Ma'anshan is now being conurbated with Nanjing making a combined built-up area of 8,419,252 inhabitants.
After the August 2011 administrative re-regionalization of Anhui Province, its population rose to 2.16 million, as two additional counties (He and Hanshan) were placed under its administration.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Ma'anshan administers 6 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 3 counties.

Yushan District ()
Huashan District ()
Bowang District ()
Dangtu County ()
He County ()
Hanshan County ()

In September 2012, Jinjiazhuang District was dissolved and merged with Huashan District, while part of Dangtu County was split and established as Bowang District.

Name
The name of the city means "Horse Saddle Mountain". According to legend, the name came to be when the Western Chu hegemon Xiang Yu was fleeing from the Battle of Gaixia. Rather than be captured, the defeated general killed himself at the area now known as Ma'anshan after ensuring that his beloved horse would be ferried across the river to safety. Upon seeing his master die, the grief-stricken horse leapt into the river and was drowned. As a tribute, the boatman buried the horse's saddle on a nearby hill, giving Ma'anshan its name.

City Flower and City Tree
Osmanthus fragrans is the city flower of Ma'anshan and is widely planted in Ma'anshan. The climate of Ma'anshan is more rainy and mild, suitable for the growth of sweet-scented osmanthus. Generally from mid-September to Chinese National Day, the sweet-scented osmanthus blooms.

Camphor tree is the city tree of Ma'anshan. Camphor trees are very popular among residents of Ma'anshan. Residents of Ma'anshan City often regard camphor trees as landscape trees and feng shui trees. Feng shui in China means warding off evil spirits, longevity and good luck.

History
The south bank of the Yangtze River from Ma'anshan upstream for , has long been a mining area. The coming of a railroad and the opening of the Huai-nan coalfield in the 1930s made it possible for the Japanese to open an iron and steel works in 1938. Although destroyed at the end of the Second World War, the industries were restored to production in 1953, and Ma'anshan grew rapidly under the Communists' first and second Five-Year Plans. Ma'anshan also has sulfur and limestone mines, and chemical and cement factories.
In 1954, Ma'anshan was elevated to town level, and, in Oct. 12, 1956, Ma'anshan City was declared to be founded.

Geography and climate

Surrounded by low hills (the name of the city means "horse saddle mountain"), Ma'anshan is not as polluted as other major Chinese steelmaking cities, thanks to the environmental policies taken by the local government that granted the city the recognition as one of the "Ten Green Cities of China."

Its climate is similar to other cities in the Yangtze River Delta, with lower humidity that makes its summers and winters less extreme. There are frequent showers during July and August.

 (; ), a famous ancient battlefield from the Jin–Song Wars lying to the southwest of the city, is regarded as the best of three rocks that project over the Yangtze River. Taibai pavilion is one of four famous pavilions along the Yangtze river. Caishi scenic area is a national tourism spot, with a combination of natural and cultural attractions.

Economy
The main industry is the steel industry (MaGang) which employs much of the workforce of Ma'anshan.
At present (2005) major expansions of the steel plant are underway to increase production drastically.
With the advanced manufacturing infrastructure and fast transportation link, Ma'anshan has received much investment in many industries.

Ma'anshan city has an annual manufacture investment ranking No.1 in Anhui Province and her GDP ranks No.4 in Anhui Province after Hefei, Anqing and Wuhu. Ma'anshan's population ranks No.16 in the province and has a GDP per capita of US$7,118 which is No.1 in Anhui Province and near the average of Yangtze River Delta.

Maanshan has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Ma'anshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.

Transportation
The deep water river port of Ma'anshan, with custom offices ensures fast and inexpensive transportation to other cities both in the East coast, and the inner cities along the Yangtze River. Nanjing Lukou International Airport is  from Ma'anshan, with direct flights to every corner of China and also daily flights to Europe. By road, Ma'anshan is connected with highways to Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Hefei and Wuhu.

The city has one Yangtze River crossing—the Ma'anshan Yangtze River Bridge, opened in 2013, enables direct road access to cities in northern Anhui.

, plans are underway to extend Nanjing Metro to Ma'anshan, the future Line S2 (Nanjing Metro) under review will connect Ma'anshan as well as the Dangtu County to the south with the city of Nanjing.

Culture
There is a memorial to the famous Chinese poet, Li Bai (a.k.a. Li Po c.700-762), just west of Ma'anshan. Li Bai is said to have drowned at Ma'anshan after attempting to embrace a reflection of the moon.

China's first poetry festival was held in Ma'anshan from October 25–30, 2005. The theme of the festival, sponsored by the Ministry of Culture, the Chinese Writers Association, and the Anhui provincial government, was "Poetic China, Harmonious China." The Ma'anshan Sports Centre Stadium, a 36,542-capacity venue, is located in the city. The football stadium opened in 2019.

Shopping
 Dahua International Plaza is located in the northeast corner of Tuanjie Plaza, with a total construction area of 140,000 square meters. It is currently the largest comprehensive shopping mall in Maanshan City.
 Ma'anshan Yaohan is located in Building A, Phase II of Dahua Plaza. It opened on November 28, 2009. It has a business area of 36,000 square meters and 600 underground parking spaces. On November 28, 2010, a single-day sales record of Huadi Group Yaohan was set at 27 million yuan.
 Xintiandi Plaza is located on Jiefang Road Commercial Street.
 Hongtai Xinbai is located in Jiefang Road Commercial Street with a business area of 15,000 square meters.
 Hong Kong City is located at the intersection of Hunan Road and Hudong Road.
 Golden Eagle International is located at the intersection of Hunan Road and Hudong Road. It opened on August 29, 2015.
 Wanda Plaza is a large-scale high-end shopping mall under Wanda Group.
 Impression City is located at the intersection of Yushan Road and Kangle Road.

Cultural places
 Zhu Ran Family Cemetery
 Li Bai Tomb
 Hexian Yuanren Site
 Lingjiatan Site
 Taibailou
 Caishi Rock
 Taibai Tower (Zanxian Tower, one of the three famous buildings on the Yangtze River)
 Sanyuandong
 Santai Court
 Yushan Lake
 Putang Scenic Area
 Li Bai Cemetery
 Tomb of Zhu Ran
 Overlord Temple
 Baochan Mountain
 Jilongshan National Forest Park

Local products
Hengwang Mountain Rice Wine: Hengwangshan rice wine has a long history, dating back to the Jin and Tang dynasties. According to historical records, the current Hengwangshan rice wine originated in the Qing period. Hengwang Mountain rice wine, brewed by ancient methods, is exquisite. In 2013, Hengwangshan rice wine brewing skills were announced as the fourth batch of municipal intangible cultural heritage protection list by the Maanshan Municipal Government.
 Bowang Wind fish: When wind fish was founded, the exact age is no longer available. There is a saying that in the late Qing Dynasty, an outsider was involved in the management of fishing in the Shijiu Lake area of Bowang. Since there were a lot of bream fish, and they could not be refrigerated in that era, he created a way to dry the fish for long-term preservation. It was recognized as a national green food in 2008.
 Taihushan antler: Taihu Mountain antler is a special product of Taihu Mountain, Hanshan County, Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province. It is produced in Taihu Mountain Deer Farm. Antler is a precious medicinal material, which has the functions of invigorating arteries, producing essence, and strengthening bones. It is divided into sika antler and red antler. Sika antler, also called yellow antler or flower antler, mostly has 1 to 2 branches; red antler, also known as green antler, is thicker and has more branches. Antler is a precious Chinese medicinal material with sweet, salty, warm nature and non-toxic.

Education
Anhui University of Technology
 Hohai University Wentian College which is a high institute mainly focus in trading and business management, and expanding to offer the international bachelor's degree for several majors bilingually in English and Chinese.

See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in China

References

External links
Government website of Ma'anshan

Cities in Anhui
Populated places on the Yangtze River

Ma'anshan


Isabel Pérez Montalbán (Córdoba, 1964) es una poeta española, cuya obra ha sido considerada por los críticos dentro de los parámetros de la poesía de la conciencia, una poética que se opone al sistema capitalista desde la crítica contemporánea, la memoria histórica y el compromiso.

Biografía
Estudió magisterio y comunicación audiovisual y actualmente reside en Málaga. Ha participado en importantes festivales literarios, como la Semana de Poesía de Barcelona en 2007. Textos suyos han sido traducidos al francés, inglés, magiar, portugués, árabe y esperanto. Dentro de la actividad literaria ha sido miembro de jurado de premios literarios, presentadora, moderadora o participante en mesas redondas, ponente, tertuliana o conferenciante en diferentes congresos, festivales, talleres, recitales y jornadas literarias, organizados por entidades privadas y sobre todo públicas.

Premios
Premio Ciudad de Málaga de Literatura Joven, 1992, por la obra No es precisa la muerte.
Premio Internacional Barcarola, 1995, por la obra Puente levadizo.
Premio Leonor de Poesía, 2000, por la obra Los muertos nómadas.
Premio Ciudad de Córdoba Ricardo Molina, 2010, por la obra Un cadáver lleno de mundo.
Premio Internacional de Poesía Ciudad de Melilla, 2019, por la obra Vikinga.

Poemarios
 No es precisa la muerte (Málaga, 1992).
 Pueblo nómada (Málaga, 1995).
 Fuegos japoneses en la bahía (Málaga, 1996)
 Puente levadizo (Albacete, 1996)
 Cartas de amor de un comunista (Valencia, 1999)
 Los muertos nómadas (Soria, 2001)
 De la nieve embrionaria (Montilla, 2002).
 El frío proletario (Málaga, 2002).
La autonomía térmica de los pingüinos (Málaga, 2005).
 Siberia propia (Madrid, 2007)
Animal ma non troppo (Huelva, 2008)
Oveja negra casi blanca. Málaga, 2010.
Un cadáver lleno de mundo. Madrid, 2010.
Puta, reputa (piensa, reflexiona) (Con María Eloy-García), (Ediciones Imperdonables, Málaga, 2016)
 El sexo de la palabra. Literatura y género (Con Juana Castro y Octavio Salazar), (Colección La Montaña Mágica, Delegación de Cultura de la Diputación de Córdoba, 2017)
 El frío proletario. Antología (1992-2018) (Visor, Madrid, 2019)
Vikinga. Visor, Madrid, 2020.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Poemas de Isabel Pérez Montalbán

Escritores de España del siglo XX
Escritores de España del siglo XXI
Escritores de la provincia de Córdoba (España)
Poetisas de España
Poetas de España del siglo XX
Poetas de España del siglo XXI
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Córdoba (España)

Isabel Pérez Montalbán


An Aloe albida in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gilbert Westacott Reynolds. An Aloe albida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aloe

Aloe albida


An Habenaria pringlei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Benjamin Lincoln Robinson. An Habenaria pringlei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria pringlei


خربة لد العوادين، قرية فلسطينية مهجرة، تقع إلى جنوب حيفا (تبعد عن حيفا قرابة 35,5 كم)، وجنوب غرب الناصرة. هُجرت القرية ودُمرت على يدّ القوات العسكرية الصهيونية في تاريخ 9 نيسان من عام 1948.

موقع القرية
أُنشئت خربة لدّ في منطقة سهلية في مرج ابن عامر على ارتفاع 75 م عن سطح البحر، يمر منها نهر المقطع على بعد كيلو متر واحد شرقيها، وعلى بعد 1,5 كم إلى الشمال منها، ويشكل الحدّ بين قضاء حيفا وقضاء الناصرة في هذه المنطقة. في الجزء الشرقي من أراضيها يقع قسم من مستنقع قويطر، عين أم القلايد في جنوبها الغربي على بعد 3,5 كم، وعين العليق على بعد 3  كم من الغرب.

احتلال القرية وتطهيرها عرقيًّا

تسللت قوة يهودية إلى القرية مساء 26 شباط، في الأسابيع الأولى للحرب عام 1948. حيث نُشر تقرير عن هذه الغارة في جريدة فلسطين اليومية، جاء فيه أنّ سكان القرية أطلقوا النار بكثافة على المهاجمين، فأجبروهم على الانسحاب بعد مناوشة قصيرة. ولم يعلن عن وقوع إصابات. على الرغم من عدم وجود رواية واضحة عن احتلال خربة لِد فمن الممكن أن تكون، إذا أخذنا موقعها بعين الاعتبار، واحدة من القرى التي تم الاستيلاء عليها عقب معركة مشمار هعيمق. حيث دُمّرت هذه القرى جميعها فور احتلالها في أثناء تلك العملية نفسها. وثمة احتمال (إمكانية حدوثه أقل)، هو أن القرية احتُلت في أثناء "عملية ديكل"، التي قام الجيش الإسرائيلي بها.

القرية اليوم
كل ما تبقى من القرية اليوم هو ركام من الحجارة المبعثرة على الأرض، بالقرب من بعض أشجار الكينا، والزيتون الكبيرة. بالإضافة إلى بناء مشيّد حديثاً فوق بئر القرية.

المستعمرات الإسرائيلية على أراضي القرية
أنشأت «إسرائيل» مستعمرة «ها-يوغف» غربي القرية في سنة 1949؛ شُيّد بعض منازلها على أراضي القرية.

المراجع

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء حيفا

خربة لد العوادين (حيفا)


École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris er et fransk ingeniør-institut tilknyttet PSL Research University.

Instituttet blev oprettet i 1783 og har i dag omkring 1500 studerende.

Berømt Professor
 Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, fransk geolog og mineralog

Eksterne henvisninger

Uddannelsesinstitutioner i Frankrig
Tekniske universiteter
Etableret i 1783


نيكولاي لوباتشيفسكي (بالروسية: Николай Иванович Лобачевский)  (1 ديسمبر 1792 في نيجني نوفغورود – 24 فبراير 1856 في قازان) رياضياتي روسيّ. وعالم هندسة مشهور أساسا بفضل عمله في الهندسة الزائدية.

حياته
ولد نيكولاي لوباتشيفسكي في وسط عائلي فقير. كان ذلك في مدينة نيجني نوفغورود أو قربها في الإمبراطورية الروسية في عام 1792. أبواه من أصول روسية وبولندية. توفي أبوه عندما بلغ سن السابعة.
تخرج نيكولاي عام 1807 وانضم إلى جامعة قازان (القريبة من سيبيريا) لدراسة الطب. لكن سرعان ما غير رأيه وكرس نفسه لدراسة العلوم.

في جامعة قازان، تأثر لوباتشيفسكي بأستاذه يوهان كريستيان مارتن بارتلس، الذي كان أستاذا وكان صديقا لعالم الرياضيات الألماني كارل فريدريش غاوس.

تلقى لوباتشيفسكي تعليما ممتازا، حيث درس في جامعة قازان وأصبح أستاذا في 1822. واعتبرت هذه الفترة صعبة بالنسبة له، حيث أن القيصر ألكسندر الأول تخوف من تأثير الثورة الفرنسية على المثقفين ورأى فيها تهديدا للديانة الأرثوذكسية، مما أجبر العديد من الأساتذة على ترك الجامعة. وبالرغم من هذه الظروف الصعبة أصر لوباتشيفسكي على الحفاظ على مستواه الدراسي وتحسينه.

من حيث الدين، قيل أنه كان ملحدا.

عمله
في 1826، أصبح لوباتشيفسكي رئيس الجامعة لمدة 19 سنة. وتحت قيادته ازدهرت الجامعة: مكتبة مقدمة بشكل جيد للقراء، مرصد فلكي، مختبرات فيزياء، وتأسيس مخبرين أحدهما لعلم تشريح والآخر للكيمياء. وعلى الرغم من مهامه الشاقة في تأدية أعماله الإدارية، فقد قام بتدريس العديد ذوي توجه الرياضيات والفيزياء. إضافة لذلك كان يخصص وقتا لإلقاء محاضرات لفئة كبيرة من الشعب. وواصل أعماله الأصيلة في علمي الهندسة والجبر.

في 1837، قام بنشر مقالة بعنوان «الهندسة الخيالية» في فرنسا حيث وضع مصطلح الهندسة غير الإقليدية. وتسمى هندسة بيانية. وقام بمخطط شامل يحتوي على جميع اكتشافاته.

وخلال حياته، تقدم على جانوس بولياي في مبادئ علم الهندسة غير الإقليدية وكان ذلك عام 1829، وكذلك غاوس الذي لم يقم بنشر نتائجه.

وفاته وتكريمه
توفي نيكولاي في قازان في سنة 1856 بعد تقاعده وتدهور حالته الصحية وفقده واحدا من أبناءه ومواجهته لأعباء مالية شديدة.
 تعطي جامعة قازان جائزة في الرياضيات تسمى جائزة لوباتشوفسكي.

انظر أيضا
 هندسة زائدية
 هندسة لاإقليدية

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من قازان
أشخاص من نيجني نوفغورود
روس من أصل بولندي
رياضياتيو القرن 19
رياضياتيون روس
رياضياتيون روس في القرن 19
عاملون في الهندسة الرياضية
ملحدون روس
مواليد 1792
مواليد في نيجني نوفغورود
وفيات 1856
وفيات في قازان
رياضياتيون من قازان

نيكولاي لوباتشيفسكي


Parque nacional de Sharjahhttps://web.archive.org/web/20121020205326/http://sharjahtourism.ae/userfiles/publications/magazine/english/SCTDA_Mag_3_English-opt.pdf es el nombre que recibe un parque en el emirato de Sharjah uno de los siete que componen el país asiático de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. Posee apenas 630 mil metros cuadrados (equivalentes a unos 0,63 km²), está localizado a 3 km del aeropuerto de Sharjah y al norte del país. El sitio es un lugar recreativo para los locales.

Véase también
Geografía de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Sharjah
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1982
Emiratos Árabes Unidos en 1982

Parque nacional de Sharjah


The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), also known as the Sumatran rhino, hairy rhinoceros or Asian two-horned rhinoceros, is a rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant species of rhinoceros; it is the only extant species of the genus Dicerorhinus. It is the smallest rhinoceros, although it is still a large mammal; it stands  high at the shoulder, with a head-and-body length of  and a tail of . The weight is reported to range from , averaging . Like both African species, it has two horns; the larger is the nasal horn, typically , while the other horn is typically a stub. A coat of reddish-brown hair covers most of the Sumatran rhino's body.

The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited rainforests, swamps and cloud forests in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and southwestern China, particularly in Sichuan. It is now critically endangered, with only five substantial populations in the wild: four in Sumatra and one in Borneo, with an estimated total population of fewer than 80 mature individuals. The species was extirpated in Malaysia in 2019, and one of the Sumatran populations may already be extinct. In 2015, researchers announced that the Bornean rhinoceros had become extinct in the northern part of Borneo in Sabah, Malaysia. A tiny population was discovered in East Kalimantan in early 2016.

The Sumatran rhino is a mostly solitary animal except for courtship and offspring-rearing. It is the most vocal rhino species and also communicates through marking soil with its feet, twisting saplings into patterns, and leaving excrement. The species is much better studied than the similarly reclusive Javan rhinoceros, in part because of a program that brought 40 Sumatran rhinos into captivity with the goal of preserving the species. There was little or no information about procedures that would assist in ex situ breeding. Though a number of rhinos died once at the various destinations and no offspring were produced for nearly 20 years, the rhinos were all doomed in their soon-to-be-logged forest. In March 2016, a Sumatran rhinoceros (of the Bornean rhinoceros subspecies) was spotted in Indonesian Borneo.

The Indonesian ministry of Environment, began an official counting of the Sumatran rhino in February 2019, planned to be completed in three years.
Malaysia's last known bull and cow Sumatran rhinos died in May and November 2019, respectively. The species is now considered to be locally extinct in that country, and only survives in Indonesia. There are fewer than 80 left in existence.

Taxonomy and naming

The first documented Sumatran rhinoceros was shot  outside Fort Marlborough, near the west coast of Sumatra, in 1793. Drawings of the animal, and a written description, were sent to the naturalist Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society of London, who published a paper on the specimen that year. In 1814, the species was given a scientific name by Johann Fischer von Waldheim.

The specific epithet sumatrensis signifies "of Sumatra", the Indonesian island where the rhinos were first discovered. Carl Linnaeus originally classified all rhinos in the genus, Rhinoceros; therefore, the species was originally identified as Rhinoceros sumatrensis or sumatranus. Joshua Brookes considered the Sumatran rhinoceros with its two horns a distinct genus from the one-horned Rhinoceros, and gave it the name Didermocerus in 1828. Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger proposed the name Dicerorhinus in 1841. In 1868, John Edward Gray proposed the name Ceratorhinus. Normally, the oldest name would be used, but a 1977 ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature established the proper genus name as Dicerorhinus. Dicerorhinus comes from the Greek terms  (, meaning "two"),  (, meaning "horn"), and  (, meaning "nose").

The three subspecies are:

D. s. sumatrensis, known as the western Sumatran rhinoceros, which has only 75 to 85 rhinos remaining, mostly in the national parks of Bukit Barisan Selatan and Kerinci Seblat, Gunung Leuser in Sumatra, but also in Way Kambas National Park in small numbers. They have recently gone extinct in Peninsular Malaysia. The main threats against this subspecies are habitat loss and poaching. A slight genetic difference is noted between the western Sumatran and Bornean rhinos. The rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia were once known as D. s. niger, but were later recognized to be a synonym of D. s. sumatrensis. Three bulls and five cows currently live in captivity at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas, the youngest bull having been bred and born there in 2012. Another calf, a female, was born at the sanctuary in May 2016. The sanctuary's two bulls were born at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. A third calf female was born in March 2022.

D. s. harrissoni, known as the Bornean rhinoceros or eastern Sumatran rhinoceros, which was once common throughout Borneo; now only about 15 individuals are estimated to survive. The known population lives in East Kalimantan, with them having recently gone extinct in Sabah. Reports of animals surviving in Sarawak are unconfirmed. This subspecies is named after Tom Harrisson, who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s. The Bornean subspecies is markedly smaller in body size than the other two subspecies. The captive population consisted of one bull and two cows at the Borneo Rhinoceros Sanctuary in Sabah; the bull died in 2019 and the cows died in 2017 and 2019 respectively.

D. s. lasiotis, known as the northern Sumatran rhinoceros or Chittagong rhinoceros, which once roamed India and Bangladesh, has been declared extinct in these countries. Unconfirmed reports suggest a small population may still survive in Myanmar, but the political situation in that country has prevented verification. The name lasiotis is derived from the Greek for "hairy-ears". Later studies showed that their ear hair was not longer than other Sumatran rhinos, but D. s. lasiotis remained a subspecies because it was significantly larger than the other subspecies.

Evolution

Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.

Sumatran rhinoceros is considered the least derived of the extant species, as it shares more traits with its Miocene ancestors. Paleontological evidence in the fossil record dates the genus Dicerorhinus to the Early Miocene, 23–16 million years ago. Many fossils have been classified as members of Dicerorhinus, but no other recent species are in the genus. Molecular dating suggests the split of Dicerorhinus from the four other extant species as far back as 25.9 ± 1.9 million years. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the relationship between the Sumatran rhinoceros and the other living species. One hypothesis suggests the Sumatran rhinoceros is closely related to the black and white rhinos in Africa, evidenced by the species having two horns, instead of one. Other taxonomists regard the Sumatran rhinoceros as a sister taxon of the Indian and Javan rhinoceros because their ranges overlap so closely. A third hypothesis, based on more recent analyses, however, suggests that the two African rhinos, the two Asian rhinos, and the Sumatran rhinoceros represent three essentially separate lineages that split around 25.9 million years ago; which group diverged first remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that many specimens attributed to Dicerorhinus from the Pleistocene of China actually belong to Stephanorhinus, a closely related genus. The earliest fossil record of the species is from the Early Pleistocene Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave in Guangxi, China, which consists of a nearly complete mandible with preserved cheek teeth and various isolated teeth. Fossil material of the Sumatran rhinoceros also found in the Middle Pleistocene of Thailand.

Because of morphological similarities, the Sumatran rhinoceros is believed to be closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) and Stephanorhinus. The woolly rhinoceros, so named for the coat of hair it shares with the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; by the Upper Pleistocene, it ranged across the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. The woolly rhinoceros survived the last ice age, but, like the woolly mammoth, most or all became extinct around 10,000 years ago. Stephanorhinus species are well known in Europe from the Late Pliocene through the Pleistocene, and China from the Pleistocene, with two species, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis and the Stephanorhinus hemitoechus surviving into the last glacial period. Although some morphological studies questioned the relationship, recent molecular analysis has supported the close relationship.

Pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analysis of a complete nuclear genome of a Sumatran specimen suggested strong fluctuations in population size, with a general trend of decline over the course of the Middle to Late Pleistocene with an estimated peak effective population size of 57,800 individuals 950,000 years ago, declining to around 500–1,300 individuals at the start of the Holocene, with a slight rebound during the Eemian Interglacial. This was likely due to climate change causing limiting suitable habitat for the Rhinoceros, causing severe population fluctuations as well as population fragmentation due to the flooding of Sundaland. Human induced habitat change and hunting may have played a role in the Late Pleistocene. The study was later criticised for not including DNA from extinct mainland populations, which would have provided a holistic account. A Bayesian skyline plot of complete Mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals from across the range of the species suggested that the population had been relatively stable with an effective population size of 40,000 individuals over the last 400,000 years, with a sharp decline starting around 25,000 years ago.

Cladogram showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al, 2021:

Description

A mature Sumatran rhino stands about  high at the shoulder, has a body length of around , and weighs , though the largest individuals in zoos have been known to weigh as much as . Like the two African species, it has two horns. The larger is the nasal horn, typically only , though the longest recorded specimen was much longer at . The posterior horn is much smaller, usually less than  long, and often little more than a knob. The larger nasal horn is also known as the anterior horn; the smaller posterior horn is known as the frontal horn. The horns are dark grey or black in color. The bulls have larger horns than the cows, though the species is not otherwise sexually dimorphic. The Sumatran rhino lives an estimated 30–45 years in the wild, while the record time in captivity is a female D. lasiotis, which lived for 32 years and 8 months before dying in the London Zoo in 1900.

Two thick folds of skin encircle the body behind the front legs and before the hind legs. The rhino has a smaller fold of skin around its neck. The skin itself is thin, , and in the wild, the rhino appears to have no subcutaneous fat. Hair can range from dense (the most dense hair in young calves) to scarce, and is usually a reddish brown. In the wild, this hair is hard to observe because the rhinos are often covered in mud. In captivity, however, the hair grows out and becomes much shaggier, likely because of less abrasion from walking through vegetation. The rhino has a patch of long hair around its ears and a thick clump of hair at the end of its tail. Like all rhinos, they have very poor vision. The Sumatran rhinoceros is fast and agile; it climbs mountains easily and comfortably traverses steep slopes and riverbanks.

Distribution and habitat

The Sumatran rhinoceros lives in both lowland and highland secondary rainforest, swamps, and cloud forests. It inhabits hilly areas close to water, particularly steep upper valleys with copious undergrowth. The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous range as far north as Myanmar, eastern India, and Bangladesh. Unconfirmed reports also placed it in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. All known living animals occur in the island of Sumatra. Some conservationists hope Sumatran rhinos may still survive in Burma, though it is considered unlikely. Political turmoil in Burma has prevented any assessment or study of possible survivors. The last reports of stray animals from Indian limits were in the 1990s.

The Sumatran rhino is widely scattered across its range, much more so than the other Asian rhinos, which has made it difficult for conservationists to protect members of the species effectively. Only four areas are known to contain Sumatran rhinoceros: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Gunung Leuser National Park, and Way Kambas National Park on Sumatra; and on Indonesian Borneo west of Samarindah.

The Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra's largest, was estimated to contain a population of around 500 rhinos in the 1980s, but due to poaching, this population is now considered extinct. The survival of any animals in Peninsular Malaysia is extremely unlikely.

Genetic analysis of Sumatran rhino populations has identified three distinct genetic lineages. The channel between Sumatra and Malaysia was not as significant a barrier for the rhinos as the Barisan Mountains along the length of Sumatra, for rhinos in eastern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia are more closely related than the rhinos on the other side of the mountains in western Sumatra. In fact, the eastern Sumatra and Malaysia rhinos show so little genetic variance, the populations were likely not separate during the Pleistocene, when sea levels were much lower and Sumatra formed part of the mainland. Both populations of Sumatra and Malaysia, however, are close enough genetically that interbreeding would not be problematic. The rhinos of Borneo are sufficiently distinct that conservation geneticists have advised against crossing their lineages with the other populations. Conservation geneticists have recently begun to study the diversity of the gene pool within these populations by identifying microsatellite loci. The results of initial testing found levels of variability within Sumatran rhino populations comparable to those in the population of the less endangered African rhinos, but the genetic diversity of Sumatran rhinos is an area of continuing study.

Although the rhino had been thought to be extinct in Kalimantan since the 1990s, in March 2013 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) announced that the team when monitoring orangutan activity found in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, several fresh rhino foot trails, mud holes, traces of rhino-rubbed trees, traces of rhino horns on the walls of mud holes, and rhino bites on small branches. The team also identified that rhinos ate more than 30 species of plants. On 2 October 2013, video images made with camera traps showing the Sumatran rhino in Kutai Barat, Kalimantan, were released by the World Wildlife Fund. Experts assume the videos show two different animals, but aren't quite certain. According to the Indonesia's Minister of Forestry, Zulkifli Hasan called the video evidence "very important" and mentioned Indonesia's "target of rhino population growth by three percent per year". On 22 March 2016 it was announced by the WWF that a live Sumatran rhino was found in Kalimantan; it was the first contact in over 40 years. The rhino, a female, was captured and transported to a nearby sanctuary to ensure her survival.

Iman, the last known Sumatran rhino in Malaysia, died in November 2019; stem cell technology is being used in an attempt to revitalize the rhino's population and reverse extinction in the country.

Behavior and ecology

Sumatran rhinos are solitary creatures except for pairing before mating and during offspring rearing. Individuals have home ranges; bulls have territories as large as , whereas cows' ranges are . The ranges of cows appear to be spaced apart; bulls' ranges often overlap. No evidence indicates Sumatran rhinos defend their territories through fighting. Marking their territories is done by scraping soil with their feet, bending saplings into distinctive patterns, and leaving excrement. The Sumatran rhino is usually most active when eating, at dawn, and just after dusk. During the day, they wallow in mud baths to cool down and rest. In the rainy season, they move to higher elevations; in the cooler months, they return to lower areas in their range. When mud holes are unavailable, the rhino will deepen puddles with its feet and horns. The wallowing behaviour helps the rhino maintain its body temperature and protect its skin from ectoparasites and other insects. Captive specimens, deprived of adequate wallowing, have quickly developed broken and inflamed skins, suppurations, eye problems, inflamed nails, and hair loss, and have eventually died. One 20-month study of wallowing behavior found they will visit no more than three wallows at any given time. After two to 12 weeks using a particular wallow, the rhino will abandon it. Typically, the rhino will wallow around midday for two to three hours at a time before venturing out for food. Although in zoos the Sumatran rhino has been observed wallowing less than 45 minutes a day, the study of wild animals found 80–300 minutes (an average of 166 minutes) per day spent in wallows.

There has been little opportunity to study epidemiology in the Sumatran rhinoceros. Ticks and gyrostigma were reported to cause deaths in captive animals in the 19th century. The rhino is also known to be vulnerable to the blood disease surra, which can be spread by horse-flies carrying parasitic trypanosomes; in 2004, all five rhinos at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Center died over an 18-day period after becoming infected by the disease. The Sumatran rhino has no known predators other than humans. Tigers and wild dogs may be capable of killing a calf, but calves stay close to their mothers, and the frequency of such killings is unknown. Although the rhino's range overlaps with elephants and tapirs, the species do not appear to compete for food or habitat. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and Sumatran rhinos are even known to share trails, and many smaller species such as deer, boars, and wild dogs will use the trails the rhinos and elephants create.

The Sumatran rhino maintains trails across its range. These trails fall into two types. Main trails will be used by generations of rhinos to travel between important areas in the rhino's range, such as between salt licks, or in corridors through inhospitable terrain that separates ranges. In feeding areas, the rhinos will make smaller trails, still covered by vegetation, to areas containing food the rhino eats. Sumatran rhino trails have been found that cross rivers deeper than  and about  across. The currents of these rivers are known to be strong, but the rhino is a strong swimmer. A relative absence of wallows near rivers in the range of the Sumatran rhinoceros indicates they may occasionally bathe in rivers in lieu of wallowing.

Diet

Most feeding occurs just before nightfall and in the morning. The Sumatran rhino is a folivore, with a diet of young saplings, leaves, twigs, and shoots. The rhinos usually consume up to  of food a day. Primarily by measuring dung samples, researchers have identified more than 100 food species consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest portion of the diet is tree saplings with a trunk diameter of . The rhinoceros typically pushes these saplings over with its body, walking over the sapling without stepping on it, to eat the leaves. Many of the plant species the rhino consumes exist in only small portions, which indicates the rhino is frequently changing its diet and feeding in different locations. Among the most common plants the rhino eats are many species from the Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Melastomataceae families. The most common species the rhino consumes is Eugenia.

The vegetal diet of the Sumatran rhinoceros is high in fiber and only moderate in protein. Salt licks are very important to the nutrition of the rhino. These licks can be small hot springs, seepages of salty water, or mud-volcanoes. The salt licks also serve an important social purpose for the rhinos—bulls visit the licks to pick up the scent of cows in oestrus. Some Sumatran rhinos, however, live in areas where salt licks are not readily available, or the rhinos have not been observed using the licks. These rhinos may get their necessary mineral requirements by consuming plants rich in minerals.

Communication
The Sumatran rhinoceros is the most vocal of the rhinoceros species. Observations of the species in zoos show the animal almost constantly vocalizing, and it is known to do so in the wild, as well. The rhino makes three distinct noises: eeps, whales, and whistle-blows. The eep, a short, one-second-long yelp, is the most common sound. The whale, named for its similarity to vocalizations of the humpback whale, is the most song-like vocalization and the second-most common. The whale varies in pitch and lasts from four to seven seconds. The whistle-blow is named because it consists of a two-second-long whistling noise and a burst of air in immediate succession. The whistle-blow is the loudest of the vocalizations, loud enough to make the iron bars in the zoo enclosure where the rhinos were studied vibrate. The purpose of the vocalizations is unknown, though they are theorized to convey danger, sexual readiness, and location, as do other ungulate vocalizations. The whistle-blow could be heard at a great distance, even in the dense brush in which the Sumatran rhino lives. A vocalization of similar volume from elephants has been shown to carry  and the whistle-blow may carry as far. The Sumatran rhinoceros will sometimes twist the saplings they do not eat. This twisting behavior is believed to be used as a form of communication, frequently indicating a junction in a trail.

Reproduction

Cows become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while bulls become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The gestation period is around 15–16 months. The calf, which typically weighs , is weaned after about 15 months and stays with its mother for the first two to three years of its life. In the wild, the birth interval for this species is estimated to be four to five years; its natural offspring-rearing behavior is unstudied.

The reproductive habits of the Sumatran rhinoceros have been studied in captivity. Sex relationships begin with a courtship period characterized by increased vocalization, tail raising, urination, and increased physical contact, with both bull and cow using their snouts to bump the other in the head and genitals. The pattern of courtship is most similar to that of the black rhinoceros. Young Sumatran rhino bulls are often too aggressive with cows, sometimes injuring and even killing them during the courtship. In the wild, the cow could run away from an overly aggressive bull, but in their smaller captive enclosures, they cannot; this inability to escape aggressive bulls may partly contribute to the low success rate of captive-breeding programs.

The period of oestrus itself, when the cow is receptive to the bull, lasts about 24 hours, and observations have placed its recurrence between 21 and 25 days. Sumatran rhinos in the Cincinnati Zoo have been observed copulating for 30–50 minutes, similar in length to other rhinos; observations at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre in Malaysia have shown a briefer copulation cycle. As the Cincinnati Zoo has had successful pregnancies, and other rhinos also have lengthy copulatory periods, a lengthy rut may be the natural behavior. Though researchers observed successful conceptions, all these pregnancies ended in failure for a variety of reasons until the first successful captive birth in 2001; studies of these failures at the Cincinnati Zoo discovered the Sumatran rhino's ovulation is induced by mating and it had unpredictable progesterone levels. Breeding success was finally achieved in 2001, 2004, and 2007 by providing a pregnant rhino with supplementary progestin.
In 2016, a calf was born in captivity in western Indonesia, only the fifth such birth in a breeding facility. In March 2022, and again on 1 October 2023, female calves were born at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS), Way Kambas National Park, Lampung province, Indonesia.

Conservation

In the wild
Sumatran rhinos were once quite numerous throughout Southeast Asia. Fewer than 100 individuals are now estimated to remain. The species is classed as critically endangered (primarily due to illegal poaching) while the last survey in 2008 estimated that around 250 individuals survived. From the early 1990s, the population decline was estimated at more than 50% per decade, and the small, scattered populations now face high risks of inbreeding depression. Most remaining habitat is in relatively inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia.

Poaching of Sumatran rhinos is a cause for concern, due to the high market price of its horns. This species has been overhunted for many centuries, leading to the current greatly reduced and still declining population. The rhinos are difficult to observe and hunt directly (one field researcher spent seven weeks in a treehide near a salt lick without ever observing a rhino directly), so poachers make use of spear traps and pit traps. In the 1970s, uses of the rhinoceros's body parts among the local people of Sumatra were documented, such as the use of rhino horns in amulets and a folk belief that the horns offer some protection against poison. Dried rhinoceros meat was used as medicine for diarrhea, leprosy, and tuberculosis. "Rhino oil", a concoction made from leaving a rhino's skull in coconut oil for several weeks, may be used to treat skin diseases. The extent of use and belief in these practices is not known. Rhinoceros horn was once believed to be widely used as an aphrodisiac; in fact traditional Chinese medicine never used it for this purpose. Nevertheless, hunting in this species has primarily been driven by a demand for rhino horns with unproven medicinal properties.

The rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, which the Sumatran rhino inhabits, are also targets for legal and illegal logging because of the desirability of their hardwoods. Rare woods such as merbau, meranti and semaram are valuable on the international markets, fetching as much as $1,800 per m3 ($1,375 per cu yd). Enforcement of illegal-logging laws is difficult because humans live within or near many of the same forests as the rhino. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake has been used to justify new logging. Although the hardwoods in the rainforests of the Sumatran rhino are destined for international markets and not widely used in domestic construction, the number of logging permits for these woods has increased dramatically because of the tsunami. However, while this species has been suggested to be highly sensitive to habitat disturbance, apparently it is of little importance compared to hunting, as it can withstand more or less any forest condition.
Nevertheless, the main cause of drastic reduction of the species is likely caused by the Allee effect.

The Bornean rhino in Sabah was confirmed to be extinct in the wild in April 2015, with only 3 individuals left in captivity. The mainland Sumatran rhino in Malaysia was confirmed to be extinct in the wild in August 2015. In March 2016 there was a rare sighting of a Sumatran rhino in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. The last time there was a Sumatran rhino in the Kalimantan area was approximately 40 years ago. This optimism was met with despair as the same rhino was found dead several weeks after the sighting. The cause of death is unknown.

In captivity

Sumatran rhinos do not thrive outside of their ecosystem. London Zoo acquired a bull and cow in 1872 that had been captured in Chittagong in 1868. The female named "Begum" survived until 1900, the record lifetime for a captive rhino. Begum was one of at least seven specimens of the extinct subspecies D. s. lasiotis that were held in zoos and circuses. In 1972, Subur, the only Sumatran rhino remaining in captivity, died at the Copenhagen Zoo.

Despite the species' persistent lack of reproductive success, in the early 1980s, some conservation organizations began a captive-breeding program for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Between 1984 and 1996, this ex situ conservation program transported 40 Sumatran rhinos from their native habitats to zoos and reserves across the world. While hopes were initially high, and much research was conducted on the captive specimens, by the late 1990s, not a single rhino had been born in the program, and most of its proponents agreed the program had been a failure. In 1997, the IUCN's Asian rhino specialist group, which once endorsed the program, declared it had failed "even maintaining the species within acceptable limits of mortality", noting that, in addition to the lack of births, 20 of the captured rhinos had died. In 2004, a surra outbreak at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre killed all the captive rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia, reducing the population of captive rhinos to eight.

Seven of these captive rhinos were sent to the United States, and three to Port Lympne Zoo in the United Kingdom (the other was kept in Southeast Asia), but by 1997, their numbers had dwindled to three: a cow in the Los Angeles Zoo, a bull in the Cincinnati Zoo, and a cow in the Bronx Zoo. In a final effort, the three rhinos were united in Cincinnati. After years of failed attempts, the cow from Los Angeles, Emi, became pregnant for the sixth time, with the zoo's bull Ipuh. All five of her previous pregnancies ended in failure. Reproductive physiologist at the Cincinnati Zoo, Terri Roth, had learned from previous failures, though, and with the aid of special hormone treatments, Emi gave birth to a healthy male calf named Andalas (an Indonesian literary word for Sumatra) in September 2001. Andalas's birth was the first successful captive birth of a Sumatran rhino in 112 years. A female calf, named "Suci" (Indonesian for "pure"), followed on 30 July 2004. On 29 April 2007, Emi gave birth a third time, to her second male calf, named Harapan (Indonesian for "hope") or Harry. In 2007, Andalas, who had been living at the Los Angeles Zoo, was returned to Sumatra to take part in breeding programs with healthy females, leading to the siring and 23 June 2012 birth of male calf Andatu, the fourth captive-born calf of the era; Andalas had been mated with Ratu, a wild-born cow living in the Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park.

Despite the recent successes in Cincinnati, the captive-breeding program has remained controversial. Proponents argue that the zoos have not only aided the conservation effort by studying the reproductive habits, raising public awareness and education about the rhinos, helping raise financial resources for conservation efforts in Sumatra but, moreover, to have established a small captive breeding group. Opponents of the captive breeding program argue that the losses are too great; the program is too expensive; removing rhinos from their habitat, even temporarily, alters their ecological role; and captive populations cannot match the rate of recovery seen in well-protected native habitats. In October 2015, Harapan, the last rhino in the Western Hemisphere, left the Cincinnati Zoo to Indonesia.

In August 2016, there were only three Sumatran rhinos left in Malaysia, all in captivity in the eastern state of Sabah: A bull named Tam and two cows named Puntung and Iman. In June 2017, Puntung was put down due to skin cancer. Tam died on 27 May 2019 and Iman died of cancer on 23 November 2019 at the Borneo Rhino Sanctuary. The species became extinct in Malaysia, its native land in 2019.

In Indonesia, meanwhile, a seventh rhino increased the group at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, in Way Kambas NP. A female was born on 12 May 2016. Another female, daughter of Andatu and Rosa, was born on 24 March 2022.

Cultural depictions

Aside from those few individuals kept in zoos and pictured in books, the Sumatran rhinoceros has remained little known, overshadowed by the more common Indian, black and white rhinos. Recently, however, video footage of the Sumatran rhinoceros in its native habitat and in breeding centers has been featured in several nature documentaries. Extensive footage can be found in an Asia Geographic documentary The Littlest Rhino. Natural History New Zealand showed footage of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian-based cameraman Alain Compost, in the 2001 documentary The Forgotten Rhino, which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos.

Though they were documented by droppings and tracks, pictures of the Bornean rhinoceros were first taken and widely distributed by modern conservationists in April 2006, when camera traps photographed a healthy adult in the jungles of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. On 24 April 2007, it was announced that cameras had captured the first-ever video footage of a wild Bornean rhino. The night-time footage showed the rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The World Wildlife Fund, which took the video, has used it in efforts to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone. Monitoring has continued; 50 new cameras have been set up, and in February 2010, what appeared to be a pregnant rhino was filmed.

A number of folk tales about the Sumatran rhino were collected by colonial naturalists and hunters from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. In Burma, the belief was once widespread that the Sumatran rhino ate fire. Tales described the fire-eating rhino following smoke to its source, especially campfires, and then attacking the camp. There was also a Burmese belief that the best time to hunt was every July, when the Sumatran rhinos would congregate beneath the full moon. In Malaya, it was said that the Sumatran rhino's horns was hollow and could be used as a sort of hose for breathing air and squirting water. In Malaya and Sumatra, it was once believed that the rhino shed its horns every year and buried them under the ground. In Borneo, the rhino was said to have a strange carnivorous practice: after defecating in a stream, it would turn around and eat fish that had been stupefied by the excrement.

References

External links

Sumatran Rhino Info & Sumatran Rhino Pictures on the Rhino Resource Center
Sumatran Rhino at Arkive.
Rhino and Forest Fund
Borneo Rhino Alliance

Rhinoceroses
Mammals of Southeast Asia
Fauna of Sumatra
Mammals of Borneo
Mammals of India
Mammals of Indonesia
Mammals of Malaysia
Mammals described in 1814
Critically endangered fauna of Asia
EDGE species
Critically endangered fauna of Indonesia

Sumatran rhinoceros


Khushi (Hindi: ख़ुशी, Urdu: خُشی, übersetzt: Glück) ist ein Bollywoodfilm aus dem Jahr 2003 und wurde vom Regisseur S. J. Surya unter dem gleichen Titel auch in den südindischen Sprachen Tamil und Telugu gedreht. An den Kinokassen hatte er keinen Erfolg.

Handlung
Ein kleiner Junge Karan wird in Kalkutta geboren, zeitgleich kommt ein Mädchen namens Khushi in einem Dorf zur Welt. Schon am Anfang prophezeit der Erzähler ihr gemeinsames Schicksal der Liebe.

Einige Jahre später: Karan und Khushi studieren an demselben College in Bombay. Die beiden lernen sich durch ihre besten Freunde Priya und Vicky kennen. Priya und Vicky sind ineinander verliebt, müssen sich aber stets heimlich treffen, damit Priyas tyrannischer Vater kein Wind davon bekommt. Für die heimlichen Treffen sind Karan und Khushi verantwortlich und dabei kommen sie sich näher. Dennoch will keiner der beiden ihre Zuneigung gestehen.

Erst als sich das Studium dem Ende neigt, wird ihnen bewusst, dass sie sich womöglich nie wieder sehen werden, und sie nehmen so ihren Mut zusammen. Da Karan und Khushi sich verpassen, hinterlassen sie Briefe, die ihre wahren Gefühle ausdrücken. Nachdem Khushi in ihr Heimatdorf zurückkehrt, trifft sie dort auf ihre Eltern, die ihre arrangierte Hochzeit bereits vorbereitet haben. Als Khushi ihren Bräutigam sieht, ist sie überglücklich – es ist Karan.

Musik

Kritik
 "Khushi" ist durch und durch mittelmässig.  (von molodezhnaja.ch)

Weblinks

 Review bei molodezhnaja.ch
 Kurzinfo bei moviepilot.de

Einzelnachweise

Indischer Film
Filmtitel 2003
Liebesfilm

Khushi bedeutet Glück!


الصناعات التقليدية التونسية قطاع اقتصادي تونسي يشغل 11% من اليد العاملة التونسية، ينضمه الديوان الوطني للصناعات التقليدية.

الشاشية

الشاشية هي قبعة رجالية تلبسها العديد من الشعوب الإسلامية. تدخل الشاشية ضمن اللباس التقليدي التونسي.
هي في الأصل نوع من القلنسوة حمراء في تونس وسوداء في ليبيا.
يتمركز حرفيّو الشاشية بسوق الشواشين بتونس، أشهرهم الأمين محمد العباسي، الذي أسّس سنة 1945 شركته الخاصة لصناعة الشاشية «مؤسسة محمد العباسى» وهي من أقدم محلات صناعة الشاشية كائنة قرب جامع حمودة باشا بالمدينة العتيقة لتونس العاصمة.
تلقى محمد العباسي هذه المهنة الأندلسية الأصل من والده العربي العباسي المعلم في صناعة الشاشية وانتخب أمينا لمجلس الحرفة سنة 1990. تولت عائدة العباسى منذ سنة 2000 إدارة المؤسسة.
تشغل المؤسسة بصفة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة مئات من الحرفيين في ولايات تونس واريانة وبنزرت، وتصدر 70 % من إنتاجها المصنوع من الصوف الخالص وذي الجودة العالية إلى بلدان إفريقيا وليبيا، أما باقي الإنتاج فهو موجه إلى السوق المحلية.

الزربية والمنسوجات

الزربية

تنسج الزربية من الصوف، وتستعمل كبساط أرضي أو كزينة حائطية، تعود صناعة الزربية إلى عصور قديمة خلت، أثرت فيها مختلف حضارات البلاد تأثيرا مباشرا على مستوى الأشكال والزركشة والزينة، تتنتج الزربية في العديد من المدن التونسية وأبرزها مدينة القيروان. تميزت كل منطقة من البلاد بنوع معين من التصاميم واستعمال الألوان وظهرت بذلك عدة أنواع من الزربية، كالزربية القيروانية مثلا والتي تعد أبرزها والزربية القفصية والزربية الجربية وغيرها من الأنواع فهي وإن توحدت في المواد المستعملة إلا أنها اختلفت من حيث الأشكال والألوان المستعملة، فالزربية القيروانية تتميز في مظهرها بحاشية تتكون من أشرطة متوازية حيث تنتشر زخارف زهرية أو هندسية تتوسط هذه الحاشية مساحة مستطيلة ذات ركنيات ويتوسط هذا كله محراب معين الشكل.

البطانية

البطانية هي عبارة عن نسيج سميك من صوف أو خامة سميكة أخرى تستخدم للتدفئة والوقاية من البرد، وتنتشر صناعة البطانية في منطقة الوسط الغربي.

البرنوس

البرنوس أو البرنس هو لباس رجالي وهو عبارة عن معطف طويل من الصوف يضم غطاء رأس مذبب وليس به أكمام.

الكليم
الكليم هو منسوج صوفي على شكل أشرطة ملونة بسيطة متوازية ويستعمل كمعلقة حائطية أو بساط أرضي.

المرقوم
منسوج صوفي يستعمل بساطا أرضيا ويتميز عن الكليم بنماذجه المنسوجة أو «الرقمة» التي تزينه ذو طابع أمازيغي، يعد كليم أولاد أحمد من أشهرها.
اشتهرت مدينة وذرف في قابس بصناعة المرقوم.

صناعة الخزف والفخار

توجد طريقتان لصناعة الفخار في تونس: الأولى هي الفخار بالدولاب وهو من اختصاص الرجال، والثانية الفخار المطوع الذي تنجزه النساء

صناعة الفخار بالدولاب
اشتهرت مدن قلالة في جزيرة جربة ونابل والمكنين بهذا النوع من الصناعة إلا أنهم اختلفوا في نوعية مادة الفخار المستعملة إذ اقترن الفخار المسمى الشواط بقلالة والمكنين بينما الفخار المطلي بالأصفر أو بالأخضر الداكن اقترن بمدينة نابل.
تحتاج هذه الصناعة إلى تنّور يتم فيه طهي الفخار في دراجات عالية وعلى مراحل متعددة. يعود الفضل في ظهور هذا النوع من الصناعة وانتشارها إلى مدينة قلالة بجزيرة جربة.

صناعة الفخار المطوع
هي صناعة اختصت بها النساء في الأوساط الريفية، يعود تاريخها إلى العصر البونقي والنوميدي تشمل صناعة الأواني المخصصة للطبخ والأكل، وفي بعض المناطق مثل سجنان في ولاية بنزرت تعرف النساء بصناعة الدمى تكون في بعض الأحيان وثنية الشكل يعود ظهورها إلى آلاف السنين.

التاريخ
كان للامتداد التاريخي الأثر الكبير على طرق الزخرفة والزينة المستعملة فمثلا جاء استعمال أنواع دخان الخزف وأصناف الأكسيد المعدني من بغداد في العهد الأغلبي (القرن الرابع هجري) فظهر بذلك في تونس نمط الخزف الأغلبي، كما أن العهدين الفاطمي والزيري تميزا بفن تصويري اعتنى بإبراز الوجوه البشرية والحيوانية، وقد انتشر هذا الفن في بلدان المغرب العربي وكذلك الأندلس وصقلية، كما تأثر الخزف التونسي في بداية القرن السابع عشر بعمق بالخزف التركي.
حديثا ازدهرت صناعة الخزف نظرا لتطور هذا القطاع بالبلاد لما يشهده من اهتمام متزايد من قبل الفنانين التشكيليين التونسيين من خلال أنشطتهم الفنية حيث يعتبرونه فنا متكاملا ومستقلا بذاته أكثر من كونه مجرد تقنيات حرفية.

صناعة الحلي والفضيات

أثرت الحضارات التي تتالت على البلاد التونسية على صناعة الذهب والفضة من حيث النقوش المستعملة على الحلي حيث أن آثار العهد البونيقي والأندلسي أو التركي العثماني تبدو ظاهرة عليها من خلال الأشكال المستعملة. إن استعمال الذهب وخاصة الفضة تعدى وظيفة إظهار زينة المرأة وجمالها ليشمل بعض مواد الاستعمالات اليومية كالأواني والتحف وغيرها من الأشياء بل كذلك العديد من الأنسجة سواء كانت معدة للباس أو للزينة (لباس العروس وخاصة في المناطق الساحلية للبلاد)
وتعتبر سوق البركة التي أقيمت في العهد العثماني من قبل يوسف داي سنة 1612 في المدينة العتيقة بتونس من أهم الأسواق المتخصصة في هذه التجار، إذ لا تزال إلى اليوم مركز مهم لصناعة وبيع الحلي.

صناعة المعادن

الحديد المطروق
يعود أصل هذه الحرفة إلى الأندلسين الذين قدمو إلى مدينة تونس بداية من النصف الأول من القرن السابع الهجري (الثالث عشر الميلادي)، أدخل الأندلسيون فن استعمال الأشكال الأنيقة المتكونة من منحنيات وأشكال حلزونية (زلابية) وتزويق الأبواب الخشبية بالمسامير الحديدية التي أصبحت من مميزات الحديد المطروق في تونس وتعد منازل مدينة سيدي بوسعيد بأبوابها وشبابيكها خير نموجذ لهذا الفن.

النحاس
عرفت صناعة النحاس عصرها الذهبي في تونس في القرن الثامن عشر ميلادي خاصة في مدينة تونس العتيقة ومدينة القيروان ويعد سوق النحاسين داخل السوق العتيقة لمدينة تونس خير دليل على عناية المجتمع العربي والتونسي بهذه الصناعة منذ أحقاب طويلة من الزمن. وتعتبر المنتجات النحاسية إلى حين من الزمن القريب إحدى المكونات الأساسية لجهاز العروس، وقد حاول حرفيو العصر الحديث إنقاذ هذه الصناعة من الاندثار وينتشر اليوم النقش على النحاس في أغلب مناطق البلاد موجها خاصة إلى السواح.

النقش على الخشب
ازدهر فن النقش على الخشب مع قدوم العرب المسلمين إلى تونس وتطور فن العمارة، ويعد منبر الجامع الأعظم بالقيروان من أروع النماجذ لهذا الفن، يعود تاريخ إنجازه إلى القرن الرابع هجري، يعتبر من القطع الفريدة يحتوي على حوالي 110 قائمة منقوشة ومرصفة حذو بعضها البعض، وهو من أجمل المنابر في تاريخ العالم العربي والإسلامي وأقدمها كذلك.

صناعة الجلد

تشتمل حرف الجلد في القديم على فن صناعة السرج والتطريز على الجلد وصناعة الحذاء التقليدي (البلغة) وعدة مواد أخرى ذات الاستعمال اليومي.
كان مهنيّو الجلد أو «السراجين» يشكلون إلى حدود مطلع هذا القرن إحدى أهم التجمعات المهنية في أسواق مدينة تونس حيث يساهمون في تنشيط الدكاكين بسوق السراجين بالعاصمة، أما التجمع المهني الآخر والهام لحرفيو الجلد فكان يمثله صانعوا البلغة المتجمعين في سوق البلاغجية لصناعة البلغة الرجالية.
أما اليوم وبحكم التطور التاريخي سعى العاملون في هذه الحرفة إلى التفنن والإبداع فيها سواء بالإضافة أو بالتحسين مجاراة منهم للتقدم الحاصل في النمط اليومي لحياة المواطن ولرغبة السياح، فظهرت بذلك صناعات حديثة كالحقائب النسائية ذات الألوان الحديثة، والمحافظ وغيرها مثل الادوات المكتبية.

البلور
تعد صناعة البلور من أقدم الأنشطة في التاريخ الثقافي التونسي وقد ظهر هذا النوع من الصناعة في العصر الفينيقي ثم البونيقي، وتواصل إلى نهاية الخلافة العثمانية حيث تم في منتصف القرن الحالي الاستغناء عن هذه التقنية ليحل محلها الإنتاج المصنع. وقد تميز العصر الإسلامي في ميدان صناعة البلور برشاقة زينة القوالب والنحت وخاصة ثراء الزخارف المذهبة والمطلية في عديد الأعمال.
اعتمدت هذه الصناعة على طريقة الزجاج المنفوخ أي بالنفخ عن طريق الفم في الزجاج المنصهر في درجة حرارية عالية ليتم تشكيل تدريجيا الشكل النهائي للقطعة الزجاجية.

في أيامنا هذه يسعى الديوان الوطني للصناعات التقليدية إلى إحياء العمل الحرفي في ميدان صناعة البلور الذي اندثر لفترة طويلة نتيجة بروز الإنتاج المصنع، إيمانا بالقيمة الفنية للعمل الحرفي الذي يمتاز عن نظيره المصنع بالدقة والخلق والإبداع نتيجة عملية الربط بين الفكر والساعد.

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 الديوان الوطني للصناعات التقليدية.

وصلات خارجية

 البوابة الوطنية للصناعات التقليدية.

المصادر
الصنـاعـات التقليديـة والحرف الفنية. بلدية مدينة تونس. اطلع عليه في 17/04/17
الديوان الوطني للصناعات التقليدية، اطلع عليه في 18/04/2017

المراجع

نص العنوان

صناعة تقليدية تونسية


මහාචාර්ය රංජිත් ප්‍රේමලාල් ද සිල්වා   (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Ranjith Premalal De Silva) යනු උප කුලපති වෘත්තීය තාක්‍ෂණ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය. හිටපු උප කුලපති ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය බදුල්ල හා හිටපු පේරාදෙනිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පේරාදෙනිය කෘෂි ඉන්ජිනේරැ පීඨාධිපති මහාචාර්ය වරයායි.

මොහු පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, ආසියානු තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය තායිලන්තය හා එංගලන්තය ක්‍රේන්පීfල්ඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය යන්හි උපාධිදරයෙකි.

රංජිත් ප්‍රේමලාල් ද සිල්වා  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
  මහාචාර්ය රංජිත් ප්‍රේමලාල් ද සිල්වාගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු මහාචාර්ය වරුන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
1963 උපත්
මහාචාර්යවරු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

රංජිත් ප්‍රේමලාල් ද සිල්වා