Filipino hip-hop or Pinoy hip hop (also known as Pinoy rap) is hip hop music performed by musicians of Filipino descent, both in the Philippines and overseas, especially by Filipino-Americans.

The Philippines is known for having the first hip hop music scene in Asia since the early 1980s, largely due to the country's historical connections with the United States where hip hop originated. Rap music released in the Philippines has appeared in different languages or dialects such as Tagalog, Bicolano, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano and English. In the Philippines, Francis Magalona and Andrew E. are among the most influential rappers in the country, being the first to release mainstream rap albums. Apl.de.ap of the Black Eyed Peas, Cassie Ventura, Chad Hugo of the Neptunes and N.E.R.D. and Ez Mil are among the contemporary Filipino-American hip-hop artists.

History

Origins
The towns surrounding the numerous American military bases in the Phillipines, such as Clark Air Base in Angeles City and Subic Bay Naval Base in Olongapo, were among the earliest to be exposed to the culture. Contact with African-American, Filipino-American and Latino servicemen resulted in some of the earliest exposure the locals had to the new musical genre.

1980s: Seeds of a movement
In 1980, the earliest rap recording came from Dyords Javier's single "Na Onseng Delight", a parody of "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugarhill Gang, released under Wea Records. It is considered the first known rap track out of Asia, making the Philippines the first to dabble in hip-hop in the region. That same year, pioneer Vincent Dafalong released the singles, "Ispraken-Delight" and "Mahiwagang Nunal".

Groundbreaking hip hop films such as Wild Style (1982), Breakin' (1984) and Krush Groove (1985) were influences. In 1982, local breakdancing crews like the Angeles City-based Whooze Co. International, with members consisting primarily from Clark Air Base, The Eclipse (whose former members included Francis Magalona, Dance 10 1983 champion Darwin Tuason and current Federation Sounds' Glenn "Kico" Lelay), Info-Clash Breakers and Ground Control (whose members included Rap Master Fordy, later to be known as Andrew E.), and Jay "Smooth" MC of Bass Rhyme Posse became mainstays in local parks and malls in and around the Metro Manila area such as the Glorietta mall, which was an early hotspot for breakers. Several mobile DJ crews of the era included such names as the Rock All Parties Crew which emerged onto the scene only to produce future Pinoy rap pioneers such as Andrew E. and Norman B.

1990s: Old School Hip-Hop

The genre soon entered the mainstream with Francis Magalona's debut album, Yo! (1990), which included the nationalistic hit "Mga Kababayan" ("My Countrymen"), which brought Magalona to prominence.

More artists followed in Magalona's footsteps. The list includes Andrew E. who released his first single, "Humanap Ka ng Pangit" ("Look for Someone Ugly") in 1990 and Michael V. with the release of his first song "Maganda ang Piliin" ("Pick Someone Pretty") in 1991, a companion piece to Andrew E.'s "Humanap Ka ng Pangit".

Known as the "golden age" of Pinoy hip hop, the 1990s marked the beginning of many rapid stylistic innovations beginning in 1991 with the establishment of the Disco Mix Club Philippines which was one of the earliest platforms for Philippine DJ mixing battles. Early innovators of the style included DJs Carlo Yalo, Noel Macanaya, Rod "DVS" Torres and Omar Lacap, among others.

Following the path set forth by their Bass Rhyme predecessors, the tri-lingual rap group Rapasia released their self-titled debut record in 1991, garnering the hit "Hoy! Tsismosa". One of the earliest Filipino hip hop groups to embrace such an abstract format, the album's lyrical content often contained a mixture of various Philippine languages (including Tagalog and Chavacano) along with English. Rapasia's innovative style was built upon years later by other Pinoy rap groups such as Zamboanga's Ghost 13. Rapasia's members included Martin "Bronx" Magalona, brother of Pinoy rap entrepreneur Francis Magalona. The other two members are Filipino-American, Ronald Jamias a.k.a. Ronski J and the Tausug-born Ben Mohammad a.k.a. Brother BM. The group was initiated via an International Rap Competition sponsored by VIVA Records and was held at the Music Museum in Mandaluyong. Andrew E emceed the program.

Mastaplann was also another group that did all their music in English. The group had three DJs and two MCs. The MCs were known as Type (Johnny Luna) and Tracer One (Butch Velez, brother of actress Vivian Velez). They released three albums that went multi-platinum. The group was formed in 1992 in the Philippines, with original group members Butch Velez a.k.a. Tracer One, Johnny Luna a.k.a. Type Slickk, Disco Mix Competition DJs Sonny Abad, Noel Macanaya a.k.a. DJ MOD, Lopie Guzman a.k.a. DJ Ouch (also of 89.1 DMZ-FM and RSL Sound & Lighting Company), and managed by Jesse Gonzales and DJ Gilby. Butch and Johnny were balikbayans from the San Fernando Valley near Los Angeles, Sonny a balikbayan from Hercules near the San Francisco Bay Area and Noel and Lopie native Filipinos. In 1992, Mastaplann was signed by Universal Records, where they released two records; their debut eponymous release in 1993, and in 1994, The Way of tha Plann. These albums eventually obtained platinum status.

The pioneering Pinoy hip hop act Bass Rhyme Posse released their self-titled debut album on VIVA Records in 1991, which spawned the cult hits "Let the Beat Flow", "Buhay Estudyante" ("Student Life") and "Juan T.", becoming the genre's first rap group to release a record.

1992 marked a turning point for Pinoy rap with the release of Francis M's influential second album, Rap Is Francis M, which is regarded as one of the greatest Pinoy rap albums ever. Ushering in a socially awoken wave not seen in the Philippine music industry since the heyday of Juan De La Cruz, Sampaguita and 1970s Pinoy rock, Magalona's tracks dissected the various cultural, social and political problems that plagued his country such as drug addiction in "Mga Praning" ("The Addicts"), political corruption and instability in "Halalan" ("Election") as well as the detrimental effects of a colonial mentality to Filipino culture in "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy" ("We Are Filipinos"). The record's complexity and socially sentient message quickly earned it its classic status and became the standard by which future albums of the genre were to be compared to. Magalona's enduring contributions to the genre was recognized in the All Music Guide to Hip-Hop: The Definitive Guide to Rap and Hip-Hop (2003) published by Backbeat Books; as well as in the U.S.-based hip hop publication The Source (May 2004).

Another Filipino hip hop artist who achieved prominence during the 1990s is the formerly Los Angeles-based DJ Andrew E (born Andrew Espiritu), whose tracks "Humanap Ka ng Panget" ("Look for Someone Ugly") and "Makati Girl" (as done by Norman B. of Bass Rhyme Posse; the first Pinoy rap track recorded to contain beatboxing) became big hits in the Philippines, rivaling even Francis M's previously untouchable reign on top. Prior to landing a recording contract, the rapper had competed in various rap contests around the Philippines; the likes of which also produced Pinoy rap stars Michael V., Denmark and Martin "Bronx" Magalona. Andrew E's 1991 hit "Humanap Ka ng Pangit" was the first to spawn a plethora of response records from other rappers in the country, such as Michael V's "Maganda ang Piliin" ("Pick Someone Pretty"). The rapper's ability to combine unique storytelling with raunchy and humorous wordplay laced with catchy beats made Andrew the first of his kind in the genre. He then went on to release a movie titled Andrew Ford Medina: Huwag Kang Gamol in 1991 which was the first film in the Philippines to include a full-on freestyle battle on screen. By the mid-1990s, he had established his own record label, Dongalo Wreckords, as well as many successful rap groups, including Cebuano rappers The Anthill Mobb, Madd Poets and Bicolano rappers Salbakuta. The former, known for their complex and versatile lyrical ability, achieved fame with their debut album Ikatlong Mundo. In 1997, Andrew E produced and hosted the first Pinoy rap television show, Rap 13.

1994 saw the emergence of another rap group, headed by a female balikbayan from New York. The group called 4 East Flava consisted of three homegrown rapistas - Von "Mack" Padua (who was molded by Martin "The Bronxman" Magalona and now with the group Pinoy Republic), Bernard "P-Slick" Santiago, and Paul "Shorty" Navarro, two DJs (DJ Edge and DJ Mec), and Jug "Honeyluv" Ramos, hailing from New York who was known as "the rose among the thorns". They brought out the hit "Check the Hood" (used for a shoe commercial) which was misunderstood as a diss towards Mastaplann.

The same year, going against the wave of radio-friendly rap tracks that dominated at the time, the group Death Threat, founded by rappers Beware and Genezide, released the first Filipino gangsta rap album which told tales of the daily lives and struggles impoverished Filipino youth faced growing up in the slums of Metro Manila titled Gusto Kong Bumaet (I Want to Be Good).

In 1997, the underground Pinoy rap group Pamilia Dimagiba released their album Broke-N-Unsigned on Tenement Records, marking the re-emergence of the conscious emcee in Pinoy rap. A coalition of sorts, Pamilia Dimagiba composed itself of several underground Pinoy rappers and crews such as 8th Messenger, Shadowblyde, Spoon, Murder-1 of Khan's Assassins, and Young Galaxy of Iron Triangle, among others. The raw seven-track, politically minded album was a breath of fresh air at the time, as Pinoy rap during the era had taken a more hardcore, gangster persona. Known for their coarse lyrics, serious subject matter complemented by heavy beats fused within traditional Filipino folk music, the camp's records "Duelo", "Manila's Finest", "Reality Hurtz" and "Brainstorming" among others were largely in essence a throwback to the early, nationalistic Francis M inspired days of the genre.

The same year, the very first Filipino Rap record label Dongalo Wreckords was established.

The widespread popularity of Pinoy rap in and around the islands has resulted in the spawning of a new breed of Pinoy emcees: junior "rapistas". Far from being a new trend, Jaymie "Baby" Magtoto and her 1991 hit single "Eh! Kasi Bata" ("Cause I'm a Kid") was an early example of Pinoy kiddie rappers. The single was also included in the soundtrack for Magtoto's motion picture debut of the same name released later that year.

The 2000s saw the resurgence of grade school rappers in Filipino hip hop. In 2001, Rap Group Salbakuta (under Dongalo Wreckords) became a phenomenal through its first single, Stupid Luv and was later adapted to a movie. 2005 was a breakthrough for kid rappers in the Philippines as Aikee, through the Madd World/Circulo Pugantes Camp released his debut Ang Bawat Bata (Every Child) on Alpha Music and at eleven years of age, became the youngest Filipino rapper to release a full rap album.

2000s: The rise of Philippine hip hop scene

In the new millennium, Filipino hip-hop rivalled Pinoy rock's traditional popularity amongst Filipino youth. Artists who are currently active and have released both rap albums and music videos in the Philippines since 1990 include Andrew E, Denmark, Beware, K-Ozz, Michael V. and Gloc-9. Other popular rap artists and groups of the 2000s included 2 High, 6 Signs, 7 Shots of Wisdom, 8th District, Anak ni Bakuko, Lawiboi, Apokalipsis, Artstrong, Akuma, Bass Rhyme Posse, BB Clan, Black Pro, Blanktape, Boom, Brownstyle, C-4, Candy Cousart, Chill, Chinese Mafia, Circulo Pugantes, Cris Asero, Cypha-Sis, Dagtang Lason, D.O.P.E. Rekordz, D-Coy, Deceivious, DFT, Death Threat, Defuca Zapata, Down Earf, Dugong Pasay, Dugong Ponebre, EHP, El Latino, Flipz, Fungzoi, Genezide, Ghetto Doggs, Gio Alvarez, Grounded, H-Bom, Heaven Scent, Hidyas Clan, Hi-Jakkk, IPK, Jawtee, John Rendez, Johnny Krush, K-9 Killaz, Kain @ Abel, Karayama, Katuga, Kawago, KFS, Kruzzada, Kulay, Kut-5 Trilogy, Lady Diane, Legit Misfitz, L-Smith, Lyrical Assault, Madd Poets, Mastershock, MC Lara, M.C.M.C., MC Dash Calzado, Mega Force Crew (formerly known as Grand Assault Tribe), Rapskallion Familia, SYKE, O-Man, O.G. Sacred 1, DMJ, Mike Kosa, Mike Swift, Godswill, Mista Blaze, Misteazas, Nuztradamuz, OBLAXZ, Quickie, Rap Asia, Razzamanazz, Renegade Souljaz, Sakit ng Sucat, Salbakuta, Seedz, Sly Kane, Stick Figgas, Sun Valley Crew, Syke, Urban Flow, and Verbal Sativa.

In 2000, the golden-era rap group Mastaplann released a third album through BMG Records, under the new sub-label, Francis M's Red Egg Records, titled Mastaplann.com, a reference to their newly developed website. Additionally, the group scaled down their line-up to just Butch and Johnny, and then added Johnny Krush, another balikbayan from the San Francisco area. This album has already obtained gold status in the Philippines. Currently, the group is based in the States where they still perform and make music. Mastaplann is currently working on their fourth album, yet to be titled, to be released under True Asiatik Productionz.

Since 2004, the Philippine Hip-Hop Music Awards has been held annually in Metro Manila. The show is reminiscent of The Source Awards in the US. Gloc-9, considered to be the fastest rapper in the Philippines and former member of the rap group Death Threat, held the title for Best Rap Artist at the awards show for four consecutive years, from 2005 to 2008, achieving mainstream popularity and releasing successful commercial albums every other year. Like the American hip hop industry, music videos have become an important trend (even containing small cameos from different Filipino rappers) and air on TV channels like MTV Philippines and MYX. Despite Metro Manila's powerful position over the music industry, rap groups in the south have started to gain their own share of popularity, like Dice & K9 a.k.a. Mobbstarr from Cebu City with their first hit single "Itsumo" in 2003, Thavawenyoz from Davao City with their debut album Hubag in 2005, and Zambo Top Dogz from Zamboanga City, known for their Chavacano rapping in the songs "Noticias" and "Conversa Ta". It is also not uncommon for Filipino-American artists to perform live, sell records, and win awards in the Philippines while living in the States, for example Pikaso from San Francisco, California who won the Producer of the Year award in 2008.

In 2002, Carlo Maniquiz and Nick Tuason, together with the assistance of FUBU's headquarters in New York City, established the FUBU Philippines clothing line, opening up several stores in the Philippines. In promotion of the new franchise, Francis M released a compilation album showcasing new local hip hop talent as well as two volumes of Tha Rappublic of the Philippines series, which featured young unsigned Filipino rap artists that were discovered through the nationwide talent search of the same name (including groups Crazy as Pinoy, Kamandag ng Marikina, and the Stick Figgas). Francis M went on to form his own clothing line in 2006 called Francis Magalona Clothing Company (FMCC) which are sold at his own branches of stores called Three Stars & a Sun. The F-Word was an album Francis M was rumored to be working on in 2008 to follow his last album from 2000, but leukemia and other health problems interfered later that year.

The popularity of artists such as Dice & K9 a.k.a. Mobbstarr (known for their popular Japanese and English combination hit song "Itsumo"), Pikaso, Audible, and Krook and J.O.L.O., who primarily use English lyrics in their tracks, has given way to the ongoing divide between Tagalog lyricists and English lyricists. With English tracks dominating the airwaves, several Tagalog-based emcees felt a sort of bias in the Philippine music industry, which favors artists who use English rather than Filipino. The conflict over language became evident in the 2004 Black Eyed Peas concert in Manila in which rapper Mike Swift's Tagalog-based track was cut short halfway through the song due to the "English Only" policy enforced by the event's organizers towards Black Eyed Peas' opening acts.

Rap group Salbakuta, under Andrew E's Dongalo Wreckords, recorded the track "Ayoko ng Ganitong...", which contained lyrics partly attacking such "English Only" Pinoy rap artists.

In 2006, the group Stick Figgas, runners-up in Francis M's Rappublic of the Philippines talent search, released their debut album Critical Condition under joint-release with Dice & K9's 6000 Goonz imprint and Francis M's Red Egg Records sub-label, which, amidst critical acclaim, sparked a resurgence and renaissance of sorts in Tagalog rap. The Stick Figgas relied on clever punchlines, creative lyricism and intricate rhyme schemes, re-introducing a technical poignancy that has been absent in Tagalog rap since B.B. Clan's first album Mabanges. This rap style has arguably inspired the current generation of Tagalog rappers to place much more emphasis on multi-syllable rhyme schemes, punchlines and metaphors than before.

In 2009, after the death of Francis Magalona, independent rap labels and production emerged in the local rap scene such as Wika Records of D-Coy and PR Records and Entertainment (as owned by Von Padua of Pinoy Republic), Pikaso's Hustlin Records, Longevity Records and Turbulence Records, and Young JV's Doin' It Big Productions. Pinoy hip hop fashion has also emerged such as Pinoy Republic, Turf Clothing, Rapista Clothing, Boss Balita and Wika following Francis M's clothing line FMCC.

2010s: FlipTop battle league, trap genre emergence and second golden age

The influence of the original rap battle leagues in the West – Grind Time Now (U.S.), King of the Dot (Canada) and Don't Flop (UK) – all founded in 2008, inspired the creation of other battle leagues around the world, FlipTop being one of them, in 2010. This local rap battle competition typically involves both parties (either 2 rappers or 2 duos) hailing mudslinging words and rhymes at each other, who are then judged at the end based on a number of factors including flow and use of insults/punchlines and audience impact. The one with the most votes from the judges is declared winner. FlipTop gained millions of views online, as it reminded viewers of the Balagtasan format, a type of debate done through verse named after the father of Filipino poetry Francisco Balagtas. Some popular artists who participate in FlipTop include Loonie, Smugglaz, Abra, Dello, Bassilyo, Batas and BLKD. Many other amateur rap battles arose such as Sunugan, Bolero Rap Battles, Bahay Katay, etc. The emcees also began to make and produce their own music.

Famous battle emcees turned musicians from the early 2010s period include Abra, Shehyee, Loonie, Smugglaz and Bassilyo. Shehyee signed with Viva Records while Loonie and Bassilyo signed with Universal Records and MCA Music, respectively. However, Abra founded his own Artifice Records that eventually became defunct.

During the late 2000s up to the early 2010s, some Filipino rap artists began to concentrate and incorporate homosexuality issues into their songs. In 2009, an indie rap group named Dagtang Lason released a song called "Nagmahal Ako ng Bakla", a song about lads who prefer to love a gay because of their disappointment with girls. The song became popular among teens, Internet cafés and the jejemon culture at the time. In 2012, Gloc-9 released the song "Sirena", in which the music video features a gay person from his childhood to teenage years being abused by his father. Also in 2012, Abra released "Gayuma", which features a man who is in love with his partner, but it turns out the partner is a gay, which the man realizes later on after being given a potion.

By 2015, several prominent trap and hip-hop recording artists emerged with notable hits including unknowns from the underground scene. The most popular artists which carries styles mixed with R&B associated with trap beats influenced by Western hip-hop nowadays includes hip-hop collective Ex Battalion (whose hit "Hayaan Mo Sila" almost topped the now defunct Billboard Philippines Top 20 chart) and teen artists Shanti Dope (with hits including "Nadarang" and Mau"), Kiyo, Angelo Acosta and Because. Rising star BJ Castillano (popularly known as Because) struck a deal with Viva Records after his track titled "Marlboro Black", first released on the platform SoundCloud became popular. Other names include Al James, Arvey, Skusta Clee and his own trap/hip-hop trio, O.C. Dawgs, with the track "Pauwi Nako" that became a nationwide hit in 2019. Filipino hip-hop acts also began to incorporate trending hip-hop sub-genres from the U.S. in their tracks such as lo-fi and trap soul. Significant projects of the time included Gatilyo (BLKD), The Lesser of Your Greater Friends (Calix), Manila Circle Jerk (Den Sy Ty), IKUGAN (Calix), as well as BLKD and Calix's collaborative effort Kolateral. Hip-hop groups like ALLMO$T and Manila Grey (based in Canada) also made a huge influence and garnered tens of millions of streams from Filipino music listeners in 2019. Their tracks were used in social media challenges like the "Dalagang Pilipina Challenge" which uses the track "Dalaga" by ALLMO$T, one of the most streamed hip-hop tracks in 2019.

Since 2017, the local hip-hop underground scene led by prominent hip-hop collectives such as Baryo Berde, 727 Clique, OWFUCK, 357 Pro (Rekta Sa Kalye) and Bawal Clan were established.

2020s: The expansion of Pinoy hip hop scene
In late 2019, MCA Music (now UMG/UMUSIC Philippines) launched Def Jam Philippines, a new label dedicated to established and up-and-coming hip hop and R&B acts. In 2021, 8 Ballin', a hip hop collective group from Rizal, took the Pinoy hip hop spotlight after the music video of their controversial hit single "Know Me" became viral on YouTube and has been became the talk of the town on social media because of memes and their mumble rapping, and caught the attention of Def Jam Philippines which led the collective group to join the label. Other hiphop artists Def Jam have signed include JMara, Fateeha, VVS Collective, and Karencitta.

The 2020s also gave the rise of Filipino-American rapper Ez Mil. He gained fame in 2021 after his performance of his song "Panalo (Trap Cariñosa)" on the Wish Bus USA went viral, amassing millions of views in just a few days after premiering on YouTube on January 29. In 2023, Ez Mil was signed to labels owned by Eminem and Dr. Dre. Other Filipino-American rappers of the 2020s include Ruby Ibarra, Klassy, Rocky Rivera, and Guapdad 4000.

Other Filipino rappers who gained prominence during this decade include Lo Ki and Flow G.

Other elements of hip hop

The art of MCing or rapping in Filipino hip hop is also represented in other forms such as battle rapping or freestyling. Several annual contests such as the Fête de la Musique, the Blazin' Freestyle Battle and PR's Rap Mania are held annually within the Philippines specifically aimed at showcasing such talents, often drawing masses of undiscovered, amateur Pinoy "rapistas".

Artists representing other elements include b-boy crews such as The Battle Krew (TBK), Funk Roots Crew, Soulstice Crew, Air Grounds Crew, Tru Asiatik Tribe (TAT) and The Balikbayan Tribe (BBT); "grapistas" such as Flip-1, Bonz, Ripe-1, Dope, Chas-1, Meow and Xzyle, and graffiti crews such as Samahan Batang Aerosol (SBA), Pinoy Bomber Crew (PBC), Pinoy Style Insight (PSI), Day Night Bombers (DNB), Katipunan Street Team (KST) and Crime In Style Crew (CIS), as well as beatboxers Christopher Oreo a.k.a. BoomBuster and Cool MC Norman B (of the Bass Rhyme Posse).

Beatbox
Beatboxing is another element of hip-hop; Xam Penalba a.k.a. The Bigg X represented the Philippines at the Beatbox World Championship in May 2015 at the Astra Kulturhaus Berline. He is a member of the Philippine Human Beatbox Alliance and beatbox group Microphone Mechanics with members G-Who, Leaf, Mouthfx and Abdhul.

Filipino-American hip-hop

Birth of a culture
Filipino-American hip-hop culture bases its historical roots in the Filipino American, Latino American and African-American neighborhoods along the West Coast, specifically in Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego. The movement that had been born in the South Bronx among Jamaican, Puerto Rican and African-American youth in turn had its West Coast identity formed within the respective African-American, Filipino and Latino communities. Similar to the Filipino-American zoot suiters, be-boppers and ballroom dancers of previous generations, the dynamics within these respective communities reincarnated itself once again in the form of hip hop. Since the 1990 Census, Filipino Americans have made up the second largest Asian Pacific American group in the United States (after Chinese Americans), and, until 2000, were the largest Asian group in California. In West Coast hip hop, their role has been comparable to that of Puerto Rican artists on the East Coast, who were an integral part, along with African Americans, in the creation of the foundations of hip hop culture.

As early as the late 1970s, during hip hop's infancy, pioneering mobile Bay Area Filipino mobile DJ crews such as Sound Explosion, Unlimited Sounds, Electric Sounds, Fusion, Ladda Sounds, 3-Style Attractions, Ultimate Creations, Sound Patrol, Soundsation, Sound City Productions, Kicks Company, Images, Non-Stop Boogie, Imperial Sounds, Unique Musique, Nite Life Sensations, Rok A Long and Sound Sequence among many others helped capitalize on the massive Filipino party scene by introducing the newly formed genre of music while spreading its popularity throughout South San Francisco and its surrounding areas through paid gigs in house/block parties, family gatherings, school pep rallies, weddings and church halls; primarily playing and mixing electro funk alongside Latin freestyle. Rival crews would often one-up each other by showcasing superior equipment and providing elaborate set-ups. Early mobile DJ stars included DJ Ren (born Rene Anies), founder of one of the first Filipino American DJ crews Electric Sounds, DJ Dynamix (born Dave Refuerzo) of Sound Patrol who established 3-Style Attractions, a widely known mobile DJ crew in the Bay Area, and DJ D-Styles (born Dave Cuasito), who in 1987 established the mobile DJ crew Sound City Productions. In 1983, a real-estate agent by the name of Mark Bradford established Imagine, which began primarily as a showcase for Filipino DJ talent in and around the Bay Area and came to serve as the premier event for DJs until the founders' murder in 1991. The movement reached its pinnacle in 1987, when more than one hundred mobile DJ crews participated in DJ sound clashes and showcases. By the late 1980s, the "mobile DJ" movement had declined in popularity and had given way to the "turntablist", largely due to the rise of Q-Bert and the innovation of scratching within the DJ community. The legacy of the "mobile DJ" lived on however, because many of the Bay Area turntablists that went on to define the art in the 1990s such as Q-Bert himself, along with DJ Shortkut, often had their beginnings in mobile DJ work.  Also in New York City, early hip hop musician and salsa legend Joe Bataan (half Filipino and half African American) had one of the first rap hits, "Rap-O Clap-O" in 1979, released on his Salsoul label. In 1981, DJ Nasty Nes (of Rap Attack and NastyMix Records fame) of Seattle launched the specialty show Fresh Tracks on Seattle's 1250 KFOX introducing the first ever hip-hop radio station on the West Coast. He went on to serve as the DJ for pioneering Seattle rapper Sir Mix-A-Lot.

In the 1980s, several legendary Filipino b-boy groups such as the Renegade Rockers, Knuckleneck Tribe, Rock Force Crew, Daly City Breakers, Jughead Tribe and Concrete Rockers also emerged from the Bay Area rivaling even the New York City-based Rock Steady Crew, whose official West Coast contingent is known to consist of several Filipino American members. Kalifornia Noize Terrorists' Paul Sirate, better known as P-Kid emerged from the Bay Area becoming one of the early premier breakdancers and later went on to MCing and producing, lacing tracks for the likes of the Bronx's Terror Squad and L.A.'s Pharcyde. Elsewhere in the Bay Area, pioneering Filipina rapper Lani Luv (born Melanie Cagonot) became one of the early West Coast female MCs.

Several tagging crews such as Oakland's Those Damn Kids (TDK) were some of the originators of "graf art" on the West Coast. It was during this time in 1983 that TDK's King Dream (born Michael Francisco) surfaced out of the graf art world. Francisco utilized his pieces to celebrate, express and educate from his own Filipino American background in order to promote tolerance while simultaneously strengthening bonds with others from differing cultures, eventually achieving international recognition. Now deceased (Dream was murdered in 2000), he is considered by many to have been one of the greatest and most influential graf writers whose work had been expressive of his urban environment while focusing on social issues concerning not only Filipino Americans, but also other people of color in America such as police brutality, racism, nationwide liberation and rebellion.

Although generally associated with the West Coast with individuals and groups such as Blue Scholars and Native Guns, Filipino American hip hop is increasingly represented by emcees in other regions, from East Coast performers such as Q-York hailing from Queens, New York (currently residing in the Philippines) to Midwestern groups such as Chicago's The Pacifics. West Coast rapper/producer hailing from Los Angeles, Sevenes, is known for his track "Lakas" being the first Tagalog rap song to feature on an American TV show, on NCIS: Los Angeles. Maryland's Gagong Rapper crew gained fame in the early 2000s by flooding the Internet with their home-recordings and heading the underground sub-label Sandamukal Records. L.A.'s Grupo ni Berdugo and Sunog Baga, under F.O.B Entertainment, has recently been making names for themselves, the latter being signed by Andrew E's Dongalo Wreckordz and opening up for Gloc-9's L.A. show. Hailing from San Jose, California, Yung Rizzo of Fly High Music Group, who is another Filipino American solo hip hop artist who has established himself from this region. Yung Rizzo's versatility and unique style of delivery has earned both national and international acclaim. Yung Rizzo debuted the Spotify Viral 50 (Philippines) chart in 2020 and #1 on iTunes Hip Hop Top 200 (Philippines) in 2021 as a 100% independent artist, currently he is working on projects that include singles featuring mainstream artists The Jacka of the Mob Figaz and Mistah F.A.B., who are featured on his debut album Back of My Mind.

Even further north of the American border in Canada, Filipino hip hop has established an active scene, with the likes of Montreal's New Elementz, Vancouver's conscious rap-tandem The On Point Collective, the veteran emcee Jae Spillz, Filipino rapper One3D, and the hip hop power label Cashtown Records; home to a variety of artists including the underground Tagalog emcees Franchizze One and Lyrikal Abstrakt, or Dos Armados, who went on to form their own label subsidiary, Southeast Cartel.

Rise of the turntablists
By the 1990s, hip hop artists of Filipino descent (particularly turntablists like DJ Qbert, Mix Master Mike, and the Invisibl Skratch Piklz) achieved prominence and came to dominate the DJ art form of scratching, introducing the world to a more innovative style of scratching utilizing a wide variety of new techniques, including the playing of actual melodies, as well as the inventions of the "crab scratch", "tweak scratch", "strobing", and furthering the development of "flare scratching".

In 1996, the International Turntable Federation, which hosts the largest international turntablist competitions, was established by Alex Aquino. DJ Glaze of Long Beach's Foesum have together been staples in the West Coast gangster rap scene since the G-funk era of the 1990s. DJ Babu (born Chris Oroc) has gained notoriety for his work with the turtablism group Beat Junkies and the alternative hip hop act Dilated Peoples. Many other notable DJ champions from other countries around the world such as Canada, Australia, Japan and Germany have also been of Filipino descent.

Other notable DJs include Joseph "DJ ELITE" Netherland (Hawaiʻi's first hip hop DJ champion in 1990), DJ Kuttin Kandi (the first woman to place in the US finals of the prestigious DMC USA competition in 1998), DJ Roli Rho (1999 East Coast regional DMC Champ/1999 & 2000 Vibe Music Seminar Champion of New York City's 5th Platoon), DJ Icy Ice of Los Angeles' KDAY 93.5 FM, DJ E-Man of Los Angeles' Power 106 FM, DJ Marlino a.k.a. da5footafunk of San Diego's XHITZ-FM Z90.3, DJ Enferno (2003 US DMC Champ/2003 1st runner-up DMC World) and DJ Geometrix of the Trooperz Crew, both from the Washington DC area, and DJ Manila Ice (2007 DMC US finalist) and DJ Jester a.k.a. the Filipino Fist, both from Texas. Two longtime staples for entertainment in Sacramento are DJ Eddie Edul and DJ Billy Lane.

The "raptivists"
Filipino American hip hop also infuses influences from the native Philippine literary art of balagtasan, or Filipino spoken word poetry; although most Filipino American rappers primarily use English or "Taglish" in their lyrics, as opposed to their Philippine-counterparts. In the millennium, underground rap groups such as Blue Scholars, Native Guns (now defunct) and Kontrast have utilized this method in their styles, producing pure hip hop while promoting community activism and social consciousness through their lyrics, earning the title of "raptivists". Some groups, like San Jose, California-based Sons of Rebellion, also unify several communities through their music as they represent the Filipino American, African American, and Muslim experience. Lyrics from Sons of Rebellion have even been used as part of a nationwide high school curriculum, for the technology-based high school SiaTech, and tracks from former Native Guns member Kiwi's album Writes of Passage: Portraits of a Son Rising have also been used in a Filipino-American literature course taught at San Francisco State University. Many socially conscious and community minded Filipino emcees often perform benefit shows to help out the Filipino community locally and internationally. In February 2007, Filipino American emcees Kiwi, Kapatid X, Power Struggle, Praxis Roks, Blue Scholars, and Rhapsodistas joined forces with other Filipino American community artists to perform a 'Stop the Killings' benefit concert in San Francisco to help raise awareness about the political climate in the Philippines. The Stop the Killings event utilized the power of hip hop to expose the numerous killings of innocent people in the Philippines. Blue Scholars and Kiwi went on to do a subsequent Stop the Killings tour, with shows happening in several major cities across the nation.

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, Ruby Ibarra gained prominence as a raptivist who spoke against American imperialism and highlighted the experiences of the Filipino-American community. In her debut album, CIRCA91, she rapped in three languages (Filipino, English, and her native Waray) and spoke against the Filipino patriarchy, colorism, and corruption in the Philippines.

apl.de.ap (Allan Pineda Lindo)
Perhaps one of the most successful mainstream Filipino-American rappers is the Black Eyed Peas' apl.de.ap, who has released songs such as "The Apl Song" (from Elephunk), "Bebot" (from Monkey Business), and "Mare" (from The E.N.D.) which not only contain Filipino (Tagalog) lyrics but also native Filipino musical elements. Pineda has also founded his own record label, the Los Angeles-based Jeepney Music, to help discover and promote Filipino hip-hop talent from both the United States and the Philippines. "The Apl Song" not only contains elements of Tagalog and Filipino elements, but the track itself according to video producer Christina DeHaven, represents Allan Pineda Lindo's view of the Philippines when he travels back for the first time since he was 14 years old. In the English verses of the song, Pineda describes aspects of Filipino life back home which is seen in the lyrics, "How would you feel if you had to catch your meal, Build a hut to live and to eat and chill in, Having to pump the water outta the ground?". The shifting between Tagalog and English can be interpreted as showing both languages as equal or in an equal hierarchical relationship to one another which is especially important having included another language other than English in an American pop song, even though English is one of the two official languages of the Philippines.

Chad Hugo (producer)
One of the most successful Filipino-American producers is Virginia Beach's Chad Hugo. One half of the popular music production duo the Neptunes, Hugo, with his production partner Pharrell, have laced chart-topping hits for the likes of Jay-Z, Nelly, Gwen Stefani and Snoop Dogg, among many others. He has also collaborated with the Black Eyed Peas' apl.de.ap, making an appearance in apl's music video for "The Apl Song".

Ez Mil
Ezekiel Miller, also known professionally as Ez Mil, is a Filipino-American rapper, singer, songwriter and producer. He rose to prominence after his song "Panalo" gained public attention. At age 25, he became the first Filipino artist (and the third rapper, after 50 Cent and Stat Quo) to have a direct joint deal with all three of Eminem's record labels: Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, and Interscope Records.

Media

Film
The 2000 documentary film Beats, Rhymes and Resistance: Pilipinos and Hip Hop in Los Angeles (produced and directed by Lakandiwa de Leon, Dawn Mabalon and Jonathan Ramos) chronicles the development of hip hop culture among Filipino Americans in Southern California during the 1990s.

Radio

There were two FM stations in the Philippines that played all kinds of R&B, hip hop and rap music. These are the now defunct radio stations Power 108 FM and Blazin' 105.9 FM. The former project known as 'Project: Hip hop' was founded in 2002 by three high school friends, namely DJ Caine, MC Satoshi and Quaizy Ileon. Former radio stations such as 89 DMZ are now online radio stations, streaming live on the Internet.

In 2007, Wave 891 eliminated its pop jazz/easy listening format and switched to full hip hop and R&B in order to retain the Pinoy hip hop scene. Another radio station that features Pinoy hip hop artists is Monster Radio RX 93.1 (DWRX 93.1 FM), which also plays American hip-hop and R&B.

In 2014, the radio station Wish 107.5 launched the Wish Mobile Radio Bus, the very first FM station-on-wheels in the country which allowed Filipino artists to perform live and have their performances uploaded online soon after their performance. Four years later, a US counterpart, the Wish Bus USA was launched for Filipino artists based in the US. These gave hip hop artists more exposure, with YouTube videos of their performances gaining millions of views. Filipino hip hop artists who have given notable performances on the Wish Bus include Smugglaz, Curse One, Dello, Flict-G, Shanti Dope, Ex Battalion, Gloc-9, Al James, Loonie, Ron Henley, Abra, Allmo$t, Pricetagg, CLR, Michael Pacquiao, Ez Mil, and many more.

References

Philippine styles of music

Pinoy hip hop


Bekdik,  Aksaray ilinin Sarıyahşi ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928'den beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Aksaray il merkezine 120 km, Sarıyahşi ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır. Doğusunda Kırşehir'e bağlı Saraycık köyü, batısı ve kuzeyinde Hirfanlı Barajı, güneyinde ise Ortaköy ilçesine bağlı Harmandalı köyü bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Sarıyahşi belde ve köyleri

Bekdik, Sarıyahşi


La Iglesia Reformada en Hungría () es una institución cristiana en Hungría; constituye la segunda denominación religiosa en Hungría en número de miembros, después de la Iglesia católica, y es también la más importante entre los húngaros de Rumania. Se trata de una iglesia reformada en la tradición calvinista.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial (en húngaro)
 Sínodo Calvinista de la UCC
 Noticias de la Iglesia Reformada en Hungría

Calvinismo en Hungría
Hungria

Iglesia reformada en Hungría


Le (chlorométhyl)triméthylsilane, ou chlorure de (triméthylsilyle)méthyle, est un chlorure organosilicié de formule chimique . Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide volatil incolore.

Il est utilisé comme alkylant en synthèse organique, par exemple pour la synthèse du (triméthylsilyl)méthyllithium . Il réalise l'oléfination des benzophénones en présence de triphénylphosphine  :
 +  +  ⟶  +  + .

Notes et références

Composé organosilicié
Triméthylsilyle
Chlorure

Chlorométhyltriméthylsilane


Gedik, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin tarihi hakkında bir bilgi yoktur.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 40 km., Serik ilçesine 500 m. (Serik'le birleşimi) uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Serik Belek Kadriye Tatil ve Firma Rehberi

Serik'in mahalleleri

Gedik, Serik


Andrei Veress (în , pseudonim Jean (Iános) Tatrosi; ) a fost un istoric maghiar specializat în istoria Europei Răsăritene.

În anul 1913 a editat la Cluj monografia intitulată Transilvania, adresată în anul 1584 de Antonio Possevino papei Gregor al XIII-lea.

Scrieri
 Fontes rerum Transylvanicarum, I–V, Budapesta–Veszprém, 1911–1921;
 Fontes rerum Hungaricarum, I–III, Budapesta, 1915–1918;
 Pictorul Barabás și românii, București, 1929;
 Documente privitoare la istoria Ardealului, Moldovei și Țării Românești, I–XI, București, 1929–1936;
 Bibliografia româno–ungară. Românii în literatura ungară și Ungurii în literatura română 1473–1878, I–III, București, 1931–1935;
 Báthory István király, Budapesta, 1937

Note

Bibliografie
 Mircea Popa, Andrei Veress în corespondență cu personalități științifice clujene, în: Biblioteca și cercetarea, 17 (1993), pp. 113–129;
 Mircea Popa, Francisc Pall în corespondență cu Andrei Veress, în: Anuarul Institutului de Istorie din Cluj, 33 (1994), pp. 413–416;
 Mircea Popa, Istorici clujeni în corespondență cu Andrei Veress, în: Caietele "David Prodan", 1 (1994), pp. 123–137;
 Imre Dankó, Veress Endre élete és munkássága, Békés, 2004;
 Lajos Demény, Veress Endre a román–magyar közös múlt kutatásának szolgálatában, în: Századok, 2004/1.
 Mircea Popa, Andrei Veress – un bibliograf maghiar, prieten al românilor, Vulcan, 2006.

Legături externe
Pictorul Barabás și românii: (cu însemnările sale din 1833 despre viața bucureșteană), extras din Analele Academiei Române, Memoriile secțiunii literare, Seria III, Tomul IV, Mem. 8, p. 357-390, 1930

Nașteri în 1868
Decese în 1953
Istorici maghiari
Istorici români
Traducători din română în maghiară

Andrei Veress


Fernando López Cárdenas fue escritor, abogado y  político mexicano, nacido en Mérida, Yucatán. Fue gobernador interino de Yucatán por nueve meses entre 1935 y 1936, sucediendo a César Alayola. Fue defenestrado por los hechos sangrientos sucedidos en Yucatán el 1 de julio de 1936, en los que perdieron la vida 14 manifestantes a manos de la policía del estado.
Después de estos hechos, el Licenciado Fernando López Cardenas fue nombrado por el Presidente Cárdenas, Ministro de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación.

Datos históricos
Fernando López Cardenas fue diputado federal por Yucatán en la XXXV Legislatura del Congreso de la Unión de México. César Alayola Barrera, quien fue gobernador de Yucatán entre 1934 y 1935 fue sustituido por López Cárdenas, el 5 de octubre de 1935, una vez que este fue designado por el congreso local.

Tuvo varios cargos como abogado en Petróleos Mexicanos, Maestro de la UNAM, Ministro de la Suprema Corte de Justicia en la Ciudad de México.

En 1935 ya se había activado en México el proceso de la reforma agraria, repartiéndose grandes extensiones de tierra entre los jornaleros y trabajadores del campo. En Yucatán había un estado de incertidumbre y aunque ya se había determinado la repartición de algunas haciendas henequeneras, particularmente en la zona de Tixkokob y sus comisarías Euán y Ekmul, no había claridad en lo que vendría después. Los hacendados y propietarios privados estaban en pie de alerta. El gobernador, César Alayola Barrera, era considerado como un anti-agrarista que estaba en contra de la reforma. El general Lázaro Cárdenas del Río que había asumido la presidencia de México el 1 de diciembre de 1934, había hecho saber, desde su campaña política por Yucatán en los meses anteriores a su toma de posesión, que buscaría acciones agrarias más intensas y definitivas. Había gran inquietud en el ambiente político.

Sobrevino la solicitud de licencia de Alayola y la designación de López Cárdenas. El 7 de diciembre de 1935 fue anunciada la ampliación del ejido de Tixkokob, para tranquilizar el ánimo de los campesinos. Sin embargo, López Cárdenas fue desafiado por los trabajadores del volante  en la ciudad. En mayo de 1936 se inició una importante huelga en la ciudad de Mérida que rápidamente tendió a generalizarse, dándose manifestaciones que fueron apoyadas por campesinos y otros grupos de obreros, que se mostraron violentos, con toma de calles, algunos actos vandálicos y turbas de más de 20000 personas.

El 1 de julio de 1936 se dio un grave incidente en una de esas manifestaciones con hechos de sangre. 14 personas resultaron muertas a manos de la policía represora. El gobernador López Cárdenas tuvo que asumir la responsabilidad de los hechos y solicitó su licencia que le fue admitida de inmediato.
fue Padre de Fernando López Palomeque su  hijo único que trabajo como gerente general de concursos y contratos de petróleos mexicano y se fueron a vivir a la Ciudad de México.
Su hijo se casó con Alicia Aguilar Trejo y tuvieron seis hijos, vivieron por el sur de la Ciudad de México.

El sucesor de López Cárdenas, Florencio Palomo Valencia asumió la gubernatura interina de inmediato y supo estar a la altura de las circunstancias ya que fue ampliamente rebasado por el proyecto agrarista decidido por el general Cárdenas para Yucatán. El decreto expropiatorio de las superficies henequeneras , se dio en el mes de agosto de 1937.

Véase también
 Gobernantes de Yucatán
 Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
 Industria henequenera en Yucatán
 Cardenismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gobierno Socialista del Estado de Yucatán. Decreto número 342. Lic. Fernando López Cárdenas, Gobernador de Yucatán Con acceso el 7 de febrero de 2012.
  Con acceso el 7 de febrero de 2012.

Nacidos en Mérida (México)
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX
Profesionistas de Yucatán
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México

Fernando López Cárdenas


Kulturkrigen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2007, der er instrueret af Jørn Balther.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2007

Kulturkrigen


James Robbins "Bob" Gardiner (* 19. März 1951 in Torrance; † 21. April 2005 in Grass Valley, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Animator.

Leben
Gardiner wuchs als eines von sechs Geschwistern in Südkalifornien und Reno, Nevada auf. Er besuchte das California College of the Arts in Oakland. Er lebte zehn Jahre lang in Oregon und zog 1991 nach Grass Valley, wo er 2005 verstarb und beigesetzt wurde. Aus einer Beziehung mit Kara Evenson stammen zwei Töchter.

Gardiner war vielfältig aktiv: Als Knetanimator schuf er Werbefilme und 1974 mit Will Vinton den Kurzfilm Closed Mondays, für den er mit einem Oscar ausgezeichnet wurde. Da er für seine Animation statt Knetmasse Plastilin verwendete, bezeichnete er seine Filme als "sculptimations". Gardiner trat auch als Musiker auf und schrieb mit Mason Williams Sketche für zwei Fernsehsendungen der Smothers Brothers. Zudem war er als Maler tätig. Gardiner nahm sich 2005 das Leben.

Filmografie
 1974: Closed Mondays
 1976: Mountain Music

Auszeichnungen
 1975: Oscar, Bester animierter Kurzfilm, für Closed Mondays

Weblinks

 San Francisco Chronicle:  ()

Einzelnachweise

Person (Animation)
Oscarpreisträger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1951
Gestorben 2005
Mann

Bob Gardiner (Animator)


Olaylar
 Abdaliye Devleti'nin Afgan Devleti emiri Dost Muhammed Han tarafından ortadan kaldırılması.
 Ses dalgalarındaki Doppler etkisi açıklandı
 9 Ağustos – Webster Ashburton Antlaşması ile Kanada ABD sınırı belirlendi
 29 Ağustos – Nanking Antlaşması ile Hong Kong İngilizlere devredildi
 Türkiye'de veteriner hekimliği öğretiminin başlaması

Doğumlar

Ocak
 11 Ocak - William James, Amerikalı yazar ve ruh bilimci (ö. 1910)

Şubat

Mart

Nisan

Mayıs

Haziran

Temmuz

Ağustos

Eylül
 7 Eylül - Johannes Zukertort, Leh-Alman-İngiliz satranç oyuncusu (ö. 1888)
 21 Eylül - II. Abdülhamid, Osmanlı padişahı

Ekim

Kasım

Aralık
 2 Aralık - C. W. Alcock, İngiliz futbolcu, futbol hakemi, kriketçi, gazeteci, yazar ve spor yöneticisi (ö. 1907)

Ölümler

1842


A Casa da Escada Colorida é um espaço independente de arte localizada na Escadaria Selarón que abriga programas de desenvolvimento artístico, pesquisa e exposições. O espaço foi fundando em 2019, com o 1º ciclo de uma residência artística e a exposição "Quem Sobe Essa Escada?", com os artistas Rafael Adorján, Carlos Contente e Ana Klaus. Atualmente, o espaço promove programas de residência artística, residência de curadoria e acompanhamento crítico.

Em 2022 a Casa da Escada Colorida lançou uma unidade em São Paulo, Vila Madalena, que abriga um programa de residência artística presencial. O espaço é gerido de forma colaborativa com A Casa Aberta, espaço cultural e ateliê.

Exposições

Construções da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Atrações turísticas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Santa Teresa (Rio de Janeiro)
Cultura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Casa da Escada Colorida


Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen, Norveç'te 20 Mayıs 1940-8 Mayıs 1945 tarihleri arasında yayımlanış olan Nazi yanlısı gazete. Ortalama 40.000 tirajı vardı.

Norveç gazeteleri
1940'ta kurulan yayınlar

Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen


Uma Noite na Praia é um romance infantil escrito pela autora italiana Elena Ferrante .

Trama
A boneca Celine é esquecida na praia e tem que se virar sozinha à noite. O Atendente Mau da Praia tenta roubar todas as suas palavras, o Fogo tenta queimá-la e o Mar se recusa a responder às suas orações. Acima de tudo, ela está triste por ter sido deixada para trás por sua mamãe, a menina Mati, que a esqueceu quando ganhou um novo gatinho. Ela tem uma noite agitada, mas quando o sol nascer, Celina finalmente poderá ver tudo com um pouco mais de clareza.

Recepção
O romance foi bem recebido pela crítica, que elogiou seu tom sombrio. De acordo com Alex O'Connell, escrevendo para o The Times, tem uma "heroína menina-boneca complexa",  No Sydney Morning Herald, o romance foi chamado de "pequena joia enervante".

De acordo com o The New York Times, o romance curto segue uma tradição europeia de contos de fadas sombrios presentes para crianças pequenas, e o livro foi classificado por sua editora nos Estados Unidos como um livro para adultos. Eles também argumentam que a tradução do livro para o inglês inclui um palavrão, em vez de uma palavra mais apropriada para crianças, encontrada no original.  Nora Krug, escrevendo para o Washington Post, nota que o livro trata de temas difíceis: abandono, ciúme, morte por afogamento e incêndio, mas também que "a história de Celina é poderosamente contada e complexa".

Bibliografia:

Em italiano
La Spiaggia di Notte. Ilustrações de Mara Cerri. 2007, Edizioni E/O.

No Brasil
Uma Noite na Praia. Traduzido por Marcello Lino, Ilustrações de Maria Cerri. Intrínseca, 2016.

Livros de 2007
Livros infantojuvenis da Itália
Livros em italiano
Livros de Elena Ferrante

Uma Noite na Praia


An Telipogon medusae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Telipogon medusae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon medusae


Die Irische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2010 fand vom 6. bis zum 7. Februar 2010 in Lisburn statt.

Austragungsort
Lisburn, National Badminton Centre, 36 Belfast Road

Die Sieger und Platzierten

Weblinks
http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=3E68C180-8381-454C-A948-3EB3C43499B7

2010
Badminton 2010
Badmintonwettbewerb in Lisburn
County Antrim

Irische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2010


O Rio Tinto é um afluente do Douro, em Portugal, que atravessa o município de Gondomar.

Geografia
A nascente do Tinto está localizada na localidade de Montes da Costa, freguesia de Ermesinde, no concelho de Valongo, muito perto do limite norte da freguesia homónima, sendo a principal, e quase única, linha de água da localidade. O rio e toda a sua bacia hidrográfica abrangem os concelhos de Valongo, Maia, Gondomar, e Porto.

O término do rio se dá na freguesia de Campanhã, no Porto, onde desagua no rio Douro, sendo seu último afluente da margem direita.

Afluentes
Ribeira de Cartes
Ribeira de Currais
Ribeira de Vila Meã
Ribeira de Lomba

História

Uma lenda explica o topónimo: No início do , os cristãos ganhavam terreno aos mouros. Governava o Conde Hermenegildo Guterres o território da Galiza até Coimbra, tendo como centro o Porto. Contudo, o califa , com um poderoso exército, fez uma violenta investida, cercando a cidade do Porto. O Rei Ordonho II desceu em socorro do seu sogro, o Conde Gutierres, conseguindo afastar os mouros e perseguindo-os para longe da cidade. Junto a um límpido ribeiro, travou-se a sangrenta batalha. Na memória do povo, ficou o sangue derramado que, de tão abundante, tingiu as cristalinas águas do rio, passando desde então a chamar-se Tinto.

Durante as últimas décadas do , o Tinto foi vítima de diversos problemas ecológicos. Foi considerado um dos mais poluídos do Norte de Portugal. Na década de 2010, diversas associações e movimentos cívicos passaram a lutar pela preservação e valorização do seu leito e das suas margens.

No início da década seguinte, seu estado já passou a ser considerado bastante melhor, situação esta atribuída à contratação de agentes estatais conhecidos como "guarda-rios".

Tinto

Rio Tinto (Portugal)


CH-47 Chinook Boeing firması tarafından üretilen, çift motorlu ve diğer helikopter türlerinden farklı olarak ardardına çift rotorlu ağır yük helikopteridir. Saatteki maksimum hızı 315 km/s'tir. Ana görevi askeri birlik, topçu ünitesi ve mühimmat taşımaktır.

16 ülke tarafından en çok da Birleşik Devletler Ordusu (US Army) ve Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri (RAF) tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Yakın zamanda Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri bünyesine de katılmıştır. Bu helikopter aynı anda 60 personel taşıyabilir ve bir F-16 savaş uçağını kaldırıp çekebilir.

Bir Boeing üretimi olan Chinook çok amaçlı, 2 adet tandem rotora sahip bir helikopterdir. Temel üretim amacı ağır yük kaldırmak olan Chinook'lar asker intikali, arama kurtarma amaçlarıyla da kullanılmaktadır. İki tandem motor helikoptere geniş bir hacim sağlama yararının yanında yük kaldırma konusunda da helikopterin kabiliyetlerini büyük oranda artırmaktadır. Geleneksel tek rotorlu helikopterler ancak bir adet yükü ana rotorun tam altından uzatılan kablolarla kaldırmaktadır. Bunun nedeni helikopterin ağırlık noktasının tam rotorun olduğu bölge olmasıdır. Bu tip helikopterlerde iki adet yükü ayrı noktalardan taşımak imkânsızdır, zira bu durumda helikopterin dengesi bozulur ve helikopter devrilebilir. Chinook kendine has tasarımıyla iki adet yükü, her biri birer rotorun altında olmak üzere, taşıyabilir.

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin harekât ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla  CH-47 Chinook ağır nakliye helikopterinin Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı envanterine katılarak Kara Havacılık Komutanlığı tarafından kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

3 adet CH-47F Chinook Temmuz 2016'da diğer 3 adet Ekim 2016'da teslim edildi.

5 adet de 2018/2019'da teslim beklenmektedir.

Kullanıcılar

Askeri Kullanıcılar

 (12 adet)

Sivil Kullanıcılar

Özellikler (CH-47F)

Galeri

Kaynakça

Boeing helikopterleri
Askerî helikopterler
İlk uçuşunu 1961'de yapan hava araçları
Çift türbinli helikopterler

Boeing CH-47 Chinook


SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 communément appelé J2157-3602 et J2157, est un lointain et très lumineux quasar situé dans la constellation du Poisson austral. Il a été découvert en août 2020 avec les données du télescope automatisé SkyMapper de l'observatoire de Siding Spring de l'Université nationale australienne, annoncé en fin juin 2018 dans un article publié le 30 juin 2020 dans la revue scientifique Royal Astronomical Society. Les mesures de son décalage vers le rouge suggèrent qu'il se situe à , mais une autre mesure du décalage suggère plutôt une distance de  de la Terre.

Luminosité
J2157 est le quasar le plus lumineux jamais découvert (juillet 2022) sa magnitude absolue étant de -32,36 sans grossissement gravitationnel par une lentille, battant le record précédemment établi par le quasar APM 08279+5255 avec une magnitude absolue de -32,2, même si sans le grossissement gravitationnel, la magnitude absolue de APM 08279+5255 est de -30,5. Le vrai prédécesseur de J2157 est le quasar SDSS J000009.38+135618.4 avec une magnitude absolue infrarouge de -31.69 ± 0.51. Généralement, la luminosité des quasars abritant des trous noirs supermassifs tels que J2157 est gravitationnellement augmentée par l'effet d'une lentille gravitationnelle créée par les trous noirs en question, mais les plusieurs spectroscopies ne semblent pas avoir relevé une lentille, faisant de J2157, le quasar le plus lumineux identifié à ce jour (juillet 2022). En infrarouge, il reste le plus lumineux avec une magnitude absolue de -35.20 ± 0.50.

Trou noir
Une spectroscopie proche infrarouge de la raie d'émission Mg II de SMSS J2157-3602 a révélé que son trou noir supermassif a une masse de ~34 ± 0,6 milliards de masses solaires. Un trou noir supermassif de 34 milliards de masses solaires donne un rayon de Schwarzschild de 671 UA et un diamètre de 1342 UA. La présence d'un tel trou noir va dans le sens avec les observations, en effet les trous noirs situés à des décalages vers le rouge de z ~4 semblent systématiquement avoir un trou noir supermassif d'une masse tournant autour de ~10 milliards de masses solaires.

Notes et références

Trou noir supermassif
Quasar

SMSS J215728.21-360215.1


Kim Han-sol (en coreano: 김한솔, 金漢率; Pionyang, 16 de junio de 1995) es el hijo mayor de Kim Jong-nam, nieto del exlider de Corea del Norte, Kim Jong-il, sobrino del actual gobernante Kim Jong-un y bisnieto de otro exgobernante del país asiático, Kim Il-sung.

Biografía
El padre de Kim Han-sol, Kim Jong-nam, fue durante un tiempo uno de los principales candidatos para suceder a Kim Jong-il, opción que el régimen descartó después de un intento fallido por su parte, de visitar en secreto al parque de atracciones Disneyland de Japón con un pasaporte falso durante el mes de mayo de 2001. Su tío, Kim Jong-un, fue nombrado heredero en septiembre de 2010, y llegando a ser el nuevo líder tras el fallecimiento de Kim Jong-il en diciembre de 2011.
Se fue exiliado a Macao (China) y a finales de septiembre de 2011, fue admitido en el Colegio del Mundo Unido de Mostar en Bosnia y Herzegovina. Los medios de comunicación de Corea del Sur localizaron varias cuentas en línea mantenidas por Han-sol en Youtube, Twitter, Facebook y Qik, cuyo contenido se difundió ampliamente por los medios internacionales al descubrirse un punto de vista totalmente opuesto al que mantienen sus familiares que integran el régimen de Corea del Norte. En sus mensajes destacaba especialmente su sentimiento de culpa por el supuesto papel de su familia en relación con la hambruna norcoreana de finales de los años 1990, además de lanzar duras críticas tanto a su abuelo, Kim Jong-il, como a su heredero, su tío Kim Jong-un. Por otro lado, a diferencia del resto de su familia, destacan sus gustos occidentales. A pesar de sus inclinaciones hacia las tendencias políticas occidentales, ha dejado constancia de su patriotismo en comentarios de un video del himno nacional de Corea del Norte en YouTube.

Ascendencia

Referencias

Véase también
 Gobierno y política de Corea del Norte
 Historia de Corea del Norte

Familia de Kim Il-sung
Políticos de Corea del Norte
Personas de Pionyang
Norcoreanos del siglo XXI

Kim Han-sol


W26 peut faire référence à :
 Contact avec un couteau, une épée ou un poignard, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W26, la vingt-sixième semaine du calendrier.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W26


رئيس هيئة الأركان العامة هو منصب في الكثير من القوات المسلحة.

طالع:
قائمة رؤساء أركان القوات المسلحة (مصر)
رئيس أركان حرب ألمانيا (1871-1919)
رئيس أركان حرب ألمانيا (1808-1871)
رئيس هيئة الأركان المشتركة الأمريكية

رؤساء الدفاع
مجموعات مفهرسة

رئيس هيئة الأركان العامة


لالة فاطمة سلسلة كوميدية اجتماعية مغربية من ثلاث أجزاء تحكي واقع عائلة مغربية بمشاكلها وأفراحها وأحزانها. لمن لم يدخل من قبل منزل أسرة بنزيزي، ذات المواقف الساخرة واللحظات المرحة التي تصنعها شخصيات السلسلة، ومنها خادمة الأسرة «عيشة».

القصة

بدأت للا فاطمة بإعداد الحلويات المنزلية وبيعها لبعض من معارفها وشيئا فشيئا كبرت طموحات المرأة وكبر مشروعها أيضا، حيث صارت تزود الأعراس والحفلات الكبرى بما تحتاجه من حلويات تقليدية ولأن المرأة تحتاج إلى محل لعرض منتجاتها، فقد قامت بتحويل محل كراء الأفلام الذي كان يشرف عليه جبور، إلى متجر، يشرف عليه شاب يدعى زنجلان ومن جانب آخر صار لأسرة بنزيزي جارة جديدة هي السيدة نادية التي لا تتوانى لحظة عن مضايقة الأسرة بمشاكلها وطبعها غير الاجتماعي لا أحد من أسرة بنزيزي يطيق كلام السيدة نادية، التي لا تجد حرجا في تكرار الزيارات.

الشخصيات
 خديجة أسد في دور فاطمة
 عزيز سعد الله في دور أحمد
 أمل الأطرش في دور عيشة
 محمد الخلفي في دور الحاج
 خديجة جمال في دور الحاجة
 عبد القادر لطفي في دور حسن جبور
 سلمى الشدادي في دور هدى
 عثمان التقي في دور جمال
 هشام موسون في دور عوينة
 أحمد يرزيز في دور القفل
 رضوان رشوق في دور عمر
 بشرى أهريش في دور حليمة
 عائشة ساجد في دور لطيفة
 يوسف كارط في دور جنجلان
 سعيد باي في دور ادريس
 نجاة الوافي في دور نادية
 بسمة مصدق في دور ناريمان

مراجع

روابط خارجية

مسلسلات تلفزيونية مغربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2000

لالة فاطمة (سلسلة)


Zastava Saharske Arapske Demokratske Republike je uz marokansku zastavu službena zastava na području samoprozvane Saharske Arapske Demokratske Republike, odnosno bivše španjolske kolonije Zapadne Sahare. Predstavlja mješavinu svearapskih boja s islamskim simbolima.

Usvojena je na samoproglašenju SADR-a 27. veljače 1976. Godine 1991. načinjene su manje izmjene na uzorku zastave. Osmislio ju je al-Wali Mustafa Sayyid, prvi predsjednik SADR-a. Često se naziva i Zastavom Zapadne Sahare.

Zastavu čine tri jednake usporedne pruge crne, bijele i zelene boje kojima je na desnoj strani urezan crveni trokut. Vrlo je slična, ponegdje gotovo jednaka, zastavama Jordana, Palestine i kratkorajne Arapske Federacije Iraka i Jordana. Boje i raspored pruga su jednaki, ali se razlikuju u omjerima trokuta i pruga, kao i u simbolima. Cjelokupni izgled nadahnut je palstinskom zastavom i Arapskim ustankom protiv Osmanskog Carstva. Crvena zvijezda i polumesec preuzeti su iz islama te se pojavljuju i na stjegovima Alžira i Mauritanije.

Maroko nije prihvatio zastavu te u svečanostima i službenim primanjima traži uporabu marokanske zastave.

Također pogledajte
 Zastava Maroka
 Grb Zapadne Sahare

Izvori

Zastave nepriznatih država
Zapadna Sahara


Kobayashi (小林 "pădurice") este al 8-lea cel mai frecvent nume de familie japonez. O variantă mai puțin obișnuită este 古 林. Printre persoanele notabile se numără:

 , sau Yosuke Kobayashi, luptător profesionist japonez
 , actriță și actriță de voce japoneză
 , cântăreață și actriță de voce japoneză
 , pianist clasic japonez
 , actor japonez
 Akiko Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , actor japonez
 Ann Kobayashi (n. 1937), om politic și de afaceri american
 Atsushi Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 Audrey Kobayashi (n. 1951), scriitoare și geografă canadiană
 Bertrand Kobayashi, politician american
 Celes Kobayashi (n. 1974), boxer japonez
 , actriță și cântăreață japoneză
 , înotătoare japoneză
 , fotbalist japonez
 , baschetbalist japonez
 Dawn Kobayashi (n. 1971), trăgătoare de tir jamaicană
 , luptător profesionist japonez
 , artist japonez
 , fotomodel japonez
 Etsuko Kobayashi (n. 1992), jucător de cricket japonez
 , jucător de golf japonez
 Fumiaki Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , alergător japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 Hana Kobayashi (n. 1982), cântăreață venezueleană
 , muzician japonez
 Hideaki Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , fotbalist japonez
 , scriitor și critic literar japonez
 , canoist japonez
 Hirokazu Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , fotbalist japonez
 Hiroki Kobayashi (fotbalist, n. 1992), fotbalist japonez
 , canoistă japoneză
 Hiromi Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 Hiroshi Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 Hiroyuki Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , inginer electric și specialist IT japonez
 , idol japonez
 , industriaș japonez
 , jucătoare de Go japoneză
 , poet japonez
 , artist manga japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , săritor cu schiurile japonez
 , luptător profesionist japonez
 , alergător japonez
 , pilot de curse japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , idol japonez
 , saxofonist și flautist de jazz japonez
 Kaoru Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , actor japonez
 , bucătăreasă și autoare de cărți pe teme culinare japoneză
 , scafandru japonez
 , actriță de voce japoneză
 , producător muzical japonez, mai cunoscut drept Kobametal
 , economist japonez
 , actor japonez
 , artist japonez
 , om de afaceri japonez
 , actor și comic japonez
 , compozitor și dirijor japonez
 , jucător de shogi japonez
 Kensuke Kobayashi (n. 1986), jucător de cricket japonez
 , mai cunoscut ca Hideo Itami, luptător profesionist japonez
 , actor, comic, dramaturg, regizor de teatru și artist manga japonez
 , gimnast japonez
 Kevin Wesley Kobayashi, inginer american
 , pictor ukiyo-e japonez
 , actor, actor de voce și narator japonez
 , profesor japonez
 , jucător de go japonez
 , pictor japonez
 Kōji Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , luptător profesionist japonez
 Kunio Kobayashi (n. 1967), karatist japonez
 Kunio Kobayashi (artist bonsai) (n. 1948), artist bonsai japonez
 Leslie E. Kobayashi (n. 1957), judecătoare americană
 , canotor japonez
 Makoto Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 Mao Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , ciclist japonez
 , jucător de baseball japonez
 Masahiro Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , regizor de film japonez
 , amiral al Marinei Imperiale Japoneze
 , fotbalist japonez
 , jucător de golf japonez
 , politician japonez
 Masaomi Kobayashi (n. 1982), jucător de cricket japonez
 Masato Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , jurnalistă japoneză
 , actriță, cântăreață și fotomodel japoneză
 , fotograf japonez
 , actor de voce japonez
 , politician japonez
 , biatlonistă japoneză
 , fotbalist japonez
 , jucătoare de squash japoneză
 , înotătoare japoneză
 Miyuki Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , artist manga japonez
 , actor și dansator japonez
 , artistă japoneză
 , actor japonez
 , jucător de biliard japonez
 , schior de combinata nordică japonez
 , fotograf japonez
 Osamu Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 Paulinho Kobayashi (n. 1970), fotbalist brazilian
 , patinatoare și antrenoare japoneză
 , fotbalistă japoneză
 Riki Kobayashi (1924–2013), inginer chimist american
 , fotbalist japonez
 Robert Kobayashi (1925–2015), artist american
 Ron Kobayashi, pianist de jazz american
 Royal Kobayashi (n. 1949), boxer japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , jucător de baseball japonez
 , actriță japoneză
 Ryosei Kobayashi (n. 1994), jucător de squash japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , săritor cu schiurile japonez
 , bober japonez
 , cântăreață enka și actriță de voce japoneză
 , jucător de hochei pe iarbă japonez
 , cântăreață și actriță de voce japoneză
 Sanzaburo Kobayashi (小林 参三郎, 1863  1926), chirurg japonez
 , pianist și compozitor de muzică pentru jocuri video japonez
 , actriță japoneză
 Satoru Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , actriță și actriță de voce japoneză
 , muzician japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , jucător de baseball japonez
 , actriță japoneză
 , amiral al Marinei Imperiale Japoneze și guvernator general al Taiwanului
 , actor japonez
 , jucător de baseball japonez
 , fotograf japonez
 , fotbalist și antrenor japonez
 , matematician japonezo-american
 , fotbalist japonez
 , compozitor de muzică clasică japonez
 , trăgător de tir japonez
 , fotbalist și antrenor japonez
 , judoka japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , astronom amator japonez
 Takashi Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , campion la concursuri de mâncat japonez
 , clăpar, textier, compozitor, aranjor și producător muzical
 , luptător profesionist japonez
 , scriitor și comunist japonez
 Tamai Kobayashi (n. 1965), scriitor canadian
 , fotbalist japonez
 , specialist IT japonez
 Teiichi Kobayashi, paleontolog japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , regizor de anime japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , samurai japonez
 , astronom japonez
 , artist manga japonez
 , matematician japonez
 , regizor de anime japonez
 , muzician japonez
 , scenarist japonez
 , scriitor japonez
 , practicant de aikido japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , fotbalistă japoneză
 , robotician japonez
 , jucătoare de softball japoneză
 , artist manga japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , fotbalist japonez
 , om de afaceri japonez
 , actriță de voce și cântăreață japoneză
 , fotbalist japonez
 , cântăreață și fotomodel japoneză
 , jucător de badminton japonez
 Yugo Kobayashi (fotbalist) (n. 1991), fotbalist japonez
 , ciclist japonez
 Yuki Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , actriță japoneză
 , actriță de voce japoneză
 , fotomodel japonez
 , actriță de voce japoneză
 , alergătoare japoneză
 , fotograf japonez
 Yūsuke Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , baschetbalist japonez
 Yutaka Kobayashi (dezambiguizare), numeroase persoane
 , fotbalist japonez
 Zach Kobayashi (n. 1997), jucător de fotbal american

Personaje ficționale
 , personaj al seriei manga Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid
 Kobayashi, personaj din filmul The Usual Suspects
 , personaj al seriei manga The Law of Ueki
  și , personaje ale seriei manga Angelic Layer
 , personaj din seria manga Doki Doki School Hours
 Amiko Kobayashi, personaj al Marvel Comics
 Atari Kobayashi, personaj din filmul Isle of Dogs
 Daigo Kobayashi, personaj din filmul Departures
 , personaj din serialul anime Mobile Suit Gundam
 , personaj al serialului manga Cheeky Angel
 Koji Kobayashi, protagonistul filmului Godzilla Raids Again
 , personaj din franciza media Proiectul 575
 , personaj al seriei manga Please Save My Earth
 , protagonista seriei manga Kemeko Deluxe!
 , personaj al serialului manga Case closed
 , numit Washu Hakubi în mai multe creații artistice

Note

Nume de familie japoneze

Kobayashi


Paide Linnameeskond (også kendt som Paide LM) er en estisk fodboldklub. Klubben har hjemme i Paide.

Mesterskaber
 Cup (Eesti Karikas)
 Andenplads (1): 2014-15

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Nuværende trup
Pr. 19. Maj 2022.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 PAIDE LM
 soccerway

Etableret i 1990
Fodboldklubber i Estland

Paide Linnameeskond


Ove Sprogøe - de største øjeblikke er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Få fik som Ove Sprogøe sat sit præg på alle de forskellige facetter, som skuespillet og komedien kan byde på - om det så var reklamer, absurd teater, lystspil på både film og scene. Blandet med helt nye interviews med Morten Grunwald og Henning Sprogøe er her de mest mindeværdige klip med en af Danmarks største skuespillere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sprogøe, Ove - de største øjeblikke

Sprogøe, Ove - de største øjeblikke
Sprogøe, Ove - de største øjeblikke
Største øjeblikke, de

Ove Sprogøe - de største øjeblikke


er en borg, der ligger i byen Kumamoto i Kumamoto-præfekturet i Japan. Der er tale om en såkaldt bakkeborg, der er opført på en bakke, hvorfra der er god udsigt til terrænet, og borgen er en meget stor og velbefæstet. Forsvarstårnet er en betonkonstruktion fra 1960, men adskillige andre bygninger i træ stammer fra den oprindelige borg.

Kumamoto-borgen har rødder tilbage til 1467, hvor Ideta Hidenobu skabte et fæstningsværk på stedet. Fæstningen blev udbygget i 1496, og i 1588 opstod den første udgave af borgen, da daimyoen Katou Kiyomasa fik borgen. Han foretog en omfattende udbygning i perioden 1601-1607. Da han var færdig, var der tale om et borgkompleks, der var 1,6 km og 1,2 km bredt. I 1877 blev borgen belejret under Satsuma-opstanden, og forsvarstårnet brændte i den forbindelse ned, mens tretten bygninger overlevede. I 1960 genopførte man forsvarstårnet, nu i beton, mens borgen som helhed blev restaureret i perioden 1998-2008.

De tretten overlevende oprindelige bygningskonstruktioner er udpeget som vigtige kulturelle ejendomme. Sammen med Matsumoto-borgen og Himeji-borgen regnes Kumamoto-borgen som de tre vigtigste borge i Japan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Japanske borge

Kumamoto-borgen


The 2001 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 10 November 2001. All 150 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 seats in the 76-member Senate were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Party of Australia led by Prime Minister of Australia John Howard and coalition partner the National Party of Australia led by John Anderson defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by Kim Beazley. Future Opposition Leader Peter Dutton entered parliament at this election.

Background

Throughout much of 2001, the Coalition had been trailing Labor in opinion polls, thanks to dissatisfaction with the government's economic reform programme and high petrol prices. The opposition Australian Labor Party had won a majority of the two-party-preferred vote at the previous election and had won a series of state and territory elections. Labor also recorded positive swings in two by-elections, taking the Queensland seat of Ryan and coming close in Aston.

However following the September 11 attacks, and the Children Overboard and Tampa affairs, Polls swung strongly toward the coalition after the "Tampa" controversy but before the 11 September attacks.

In fact, voter concern with terrorism in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in the United States was noted, with the rise in the combined primary votes of the major parties
from 79.61% at the previous election in 1998, to 81.17% at this election. There would be further increases in the combined major party primary vote in 2004 and 2007.

Another major issue was the collapse of the country's second-biggest airline Ansett Australia and the question of whether it should be given a bailout. The Coalition was opposed to any bailout because the collapse was not the government's fault. However, Labor supported a bailout, because the company's collapse was about to result in the biggest mass job loss in Australian history, whilst also arguing that the government was partially responsible for allowing Ansett to be taken over by Air New Zealand, a move which had caused Ansett's failure. Although the two-party preferred result was reasonably close, the ALP recorded its lowest primary vote since 1934.

Political scientists have suggested that television coverage has subtly transformed the political system, with a spotlight on leaders rather than parties, thereby making for more of an American presidential-style system. In this election, television news focused on international issues, especially terrorism and asylum seekers.  Minor parties were largely ignored as the two main parties monopolised the media's attention. The election was depicted as a horse-race between Howard and Beazley, with Howard running ahead and therefore being given more coverage than his Labor rival.

The election-eve Newspoll forecast that the Liberal/National Coalition would get 53 percent of the two-party-preferred vote.

Results

House of Representatives results

Senate results

House of Representatives preference flows

 The Nationals had candidates in 14 seats where three-cornered-contests existed, with 87.34% of preferences favouring the Liberal Party.
 The Democrats contested 145 electorates with preferences favouring Labor (64.13%).
 The Greens contested 145 electorates with preferences strongly favouring Labor (74.83%).
 One Nation contested 120 electorates with preferences slightly favouring the Liberal/National Coalition (55.87%).

Seats changing hands

The following table indicates seats that changed hands from one party to another at this election. It compares the election results with the previous margins, taking into account redistributions in New South Wales, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania and both territories. As a result, it includes the seats of Macarthur and Parramatta, which were held by Liberal members but had notional Labor margins. The table also includes the new seat of Hasluck (retained by Labor); the abolished Northern Territory, which was divided into Lingiari (retained by Labor) and Solomon (retained by the CLP); and Paterson, a Labor seat made Liberal by the redistribution

See also
 Candidates of the 2001 Australian federal election
 Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2001–2004
 Members of the Australian Senate, 2002–2005

Notes

References

External links
Australian Electoral Commission Results
University of WA  election results in Australia since 1890
AEC 2PP vote
AustralianPolitics.com election details
Preference flows – ABC

Federal elections in Australia
2001 elections in Australia
Articles containing video clips
November 2001 events in Australia

2001 Australian federal election


ايان سومرفيل  أكاديمي بريطاني ولد عام 1951, يعمل منذ عام 2006 استاذ متفرغ لهندسة البرمجيات في جامعة سانت أندروز في اسكتلندا وهو مؤلف الكتاب التعليمي الأكثر شعبية بين الطلاب في هندسة البرمجيات، وله عدد آخر من الكتب والأبحاث وهو باحث بارز في مجال هندسة النظم

حياته الشخصية وتعليمه
ولد سومرفيل في غلاسكو,اسكتلندا عام 1951 درس الفيزياء في جامعة ستراثكلادي وعلوم الحاسوب في جامعة سانت أندروز.وهو متزوج ولديه بنتان.

حياته الأكاديمية
عمل ايان سومرفيل أستاذاً في علوم الحاسوب في جامعة هيروت وات في إدنبرة، في الفترة بين عامي 1975 و1978 وفي غلاسكو من عام 1978 حتى عام 1986, في الفترة من 1986 إلى 2006، عمل أستاذا لهندسة البرمجيات في الإدارة في جامعة لانكستر, وفي إبريل 2006 انضم إلى مدرسة علوم الكمبيوتر في جامعة سانت اندروز، حيث يقوم بعمل دورات متقدمة في هندسة البرمجيات وهندسة النظم.

وصلات خارجية ومصادر
 صفحة سومرفيل الخاصة
 كتب سومرفيل في موقع Amazon

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من غلاسكو
أكاديميو جامعة سانت أندروز
أكاديميو جامعة لانكستر
أكاديميون من جامعة هيريوت وات
خريجو جامعة سانت أندروز
خريجو جامعة ستراثكلايد
علماء حاسوب إسكتلنديون
علماء حاسوب بريطانيون
كتاب علم بريطانيون
مبرمجون بريطانيون
مهندسون من غلاسكو
مواليد 1951
مواليد في غلاسكو

إيان سومرفيل


Povratak Svete obitelji u Nazaret, također poznat kao povratak iz Egipta, javlja se u izvješćima o ranom Isusovom životu u kanonskim evanđeljima.

Oba evanđelja koja opisuju Isusovo rođenje slažu se, da je rođen u Betlehemu, a potom se preselio sa svojom obitelji da živi u Nazaretu. Evanđelje po Mateju opisuje kako su Josip, Marija i Isus otišli u Egipat kako bi izbjegli ubijanje nevine dječice Heroda Velikoga.

Evanđelist Matej ne spominje Nazaret kao prethodni dom Josipa i Marije; on kaže da se Josip bojao otići u Judeju jer je Herod tamo vladao i zato je obitelj umjesto toga otišla u Nazaret. Lukino evanđelje, s druge strane, ne bilježi ništa o bijegu u Egipat, ali kaže da je Josip prije živio u Nazaretu i vratio se tamo nakon prikazanja Isusa u hramu.

U Mateju 2,23, za povratak u Nazaret rečeno je kako je to ispunjenje proročkih riječi: "On će se zvati Nazarećanin". Nije jasno koji bi stih iz Staroga zavjeta Matej imao na umu; mnogi komentatori sugeriraju da je to Izaija 11, 1, gdje piše: "Jišajev izdanak, dignut kao stijeg narodima, puci će željno tražiti. I prebivalište njegovo bit će slavno."

Povratak Svete obitelji iz Egipta često je bio predmet umjetničkog predstavljanja.

Izvori

Isus
Novi zavjet
Marija (majka Isusova)

Povratak Svete obitelji u Nazaret


Der Moonie Highway ist eine Fernverkehrsstraße im Südosten des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. Er verbindet den Warrego Highway (NA2) in Dalby mit dem Leichhardt Highway (A5) in Moonie und dem Carnarvon Highway (R46, A55) und dem Castlereagh Highway (A55) in St. George.

Der als Staatsstraße 49 ausgezeichnete Highway stellt die Fortsetzung des Balonne Highway (S49) nach Osten, bzw. die Fortsetzung des Bunya Highway (S49) nach Südwesten dar. Er ist nach der Kleinstadt Moonie und dem Moonie River, den er an seinem Südufer begleitet und kurz vor St. George überquert, benannt.

An dieser Fernstraße liegen sowohl landwirtschaftliche Siedlungen als auch Öl- und Gasfelder. Ebenso erschließt sie den Lake-Broadwater-Nationalpark im Tal des Condamine River, sowie den Southwood-Nationalpark und den Alton-Nationalpark im Tal des Moonie River.

Literatur
Steve Parish: Australian Touring Atlas. Steve Parish Publishing. Archerfield QLD 2007. ISBN 978-1-74193-232-4. S. 8 + 9

Straße in Queensland
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien

Moonie Highway


Frode Grodås (Volda, Noruega, 24 de octubre de 1964) es un exfutbolista noruego, se desempeñaba como guardameta y actualmente es el entrenador de porteros de la selección de fútbol de Noruega.

Clubes

Palmarés

Lillestrøm SK

 Tippeligaen: 1988-89

Chelsea FC

 FA Cup: 1997

FC Schalke 04

 Copa de Alemania: 2001, 2002

Futbolistas de Noruega en la Copa Mundial de 1994
Futbolistas de Noruega en la Copa Mundial de 1998
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Noruega en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Chelsea Football Club
Futbolistas del Tottenham Hotspur Football Club
Futbolistas del FC Schalke 04 en los años 1990
Futbolistas del FC Schalke 04 en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Real Racing Club de Santander en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Lillestrøm SK
Futbolistas del Sogndal Fotball
Guardametas de fútbol de Noruega

Frode Grodås


Final fantasy, a menudo denominado Final Fantasy I fue el primer videojuego de la popular franquicia japonesa creada por Hironobu Sakaguchi, y Final Fantasy II fue su secuela. La primera versión de ambos juegos salió a la venta para la consola NES. Y en varias ocasiones han salido a la venta ambos juegos como parte de un solo paquete.

All Sounds of Final Fantasy I & II

El álbum original de la banda sonora de los dos primeros juegos de la saga fue puesto a la venta el 21 de diciembre de 1988, tanto en formato de casete como CD. Una versión en CD fue reimpresa para el 25 de marzo de 1994, todos los temas compuestos por Nobuo Uematsu y las pistas 1 y 49 arregladas por Michiaki Kato.

Final Fantasy & Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack

La banda sonora de ambos juegos tuvo una primera edición el 23 de octubre de 2002 por DigiCube para la consola PlayStation, y una segunda edición por parte de Square Enix el 23 de septiembre de 2004 para la Game Boy Advance, todas las pistas fueron compuestas por Nobuo Uematsu, sin embargo la pista 21 del disco 2, conocida como Temptation of the Princess o The Queen's Temptation es una composición del gran pianista ruso Piotr Ilich Chaikovski, en la cual se usó parte de la melodía El lago de los cisnes, pero se hizo un arreglo diferente por parte de Tsuyoshi Sekito, quien también tiene crédito por la pista 2 de ambos discos.

Symphonic Suite Final Fantasy
Es un álbum que contiene algunas pistas de la banda sonora tanto de Final Fantasy como de Final Fantasy II, pero han sido orquestadas en su totalidad, el álbum está compuesto por 7 escenas, por supuesto compuestas por Nobuo Uematsu, pero esta vez el arreglo musical corrió a cargo de Katsuhisa Hattori de la 1ª a la 4ª escena y Takayuki Hattori se encargó de la 5ª a la 7ª escena. Salió a la venta el 25 de julio de 1989 y fue reeditado el 25 de marzo de 1994.

Final Fantasy Original Soundtrack
Es la versión remasterizada algunos temas utilizados en la primera versión del juego, salió a la venta el 10 de mayo de 2005 y está disponible en iTunes. Todos los temas compuestos por Nobuo Uematsu y remasterizados por Minoru Akao.

Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack
Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack es la versión remasterizada de algunas de las pistas originales del juego Final Fantasy II, este álbum salió a la venta el 10 de mayo de 2005, todos los temas están compuestos por Nobuo Uematsu y remasterizados por Minoru Akao.

Error en Las Pistas
La pista referente al Santuario Hundido (Underwater Temple) fue erróneamente nombrada como Templo del Caos (Chaos Shrine), a su vez Santuario Hundido es el tema que se puede escuchar en el Templo del Caos que se encuentra en el pasado, este error se mantuvo en todas las versiones.

Referencias

Bandas sonoras de Final Fantasy
Bandas sonoras de videojuegos

Música de Final Fantasy I y II


Gutiérrez Zamora is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Gutiérrez Zamora is bordered by Papantla, Tuxpan, Poza Rica and Coatzintla, and it is served by both the railway and Federal Highways 180 and 190.

It was named in honour of  Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora, a native of the port of Veracruz who served as  governor of the state in the mid-19th century.

External links
  Municipal Official Site
  Municipal Official Information

Populated places in Veracruz

Gutiérrez Zamora


Rutvača (lat. Haplophyllum), biljni rod od sedamdesetak (74) vrsta trajnica iz porodice rutovki, smješten u vlastitu potporodicu Haplophylloideae.

Raširen je po Mediteranu, Jugoistočnom Europom, Zapadnom (uključujući Kavkaz) i Srednjom Azijom (23), Sibirom, Mongolijom, Kinom, i Afganistanom. U Hrvatskoj na Biokovu raste kamenjarska rutvača (H. patavinum)

Vrste

 Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum affine (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Korov
 Haplophyllum alberti-regelii Korovin
 Haplophyllum amoenum (O. Schwartz) C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum arbusculum Franch.
 Haplophyllum armenum Spach
 Haplophyllum bakhteganicum Soltani & Khosravi
 Haplophyllum balcanicum Vandas
 Haplophyllum bastetanum F. B. Navarro, Suár.-Sant. & Blanca
 Haplophyllum blanchei Boiss.
 Haplophyllum boissieranum Vis. & Pančić
 Haplophyllum broussonetianum Coss.
 Haplophyllum bucharicum Litv.
 Haplophyllum buhsei Boiss.
 Haplophyllum bungei Trautv.
 Haplophyllum buxbaumii (Poir.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum canaliculatum Boiss.
 Haplophyllum cappadocicum Spach
 Haplophyllum ciscaucasicum (Rupr.) Grossh. & Vved.
 Haplophyllum cordatum (D. Don) G. Don
 Haplophyllum coronatum Griseb.
 Haplophyllum crenulatum Boiss.
 Haplophyllum dasygynum C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum dauricum (L.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum dshungaricum Rubtzov
 Haplophyllum dubium Korovin
 Haplophyllum ermenekense Ulukuc & Tugay
 Haplophyllum erythraeum Boiss.
 Haplophyllum eugenii-korovinii Pavlov
 Haplophyllum ferganicum Vved.
 Haplophyllum fruticulosum (Labill.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum furfuraceum Bunge ex Boiss.
 Haplophyllum gilesii (Hemsl.) C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum glaberrimum Bunge ex Boiss.
 Haplophyllum griffithianum Boiss.
 Haplophyllum kowalenskyi Stschegl.
 Haplophyllum laeviusculum C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum laristanicum C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum latifolium Kar. & Kir.
 Haplophyllum linifolium (L.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum lissonotum C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum luteoversicolor C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum megalanthum Bornm.
 Haplophyllum molle (O. Schwartz) C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum monadelphum Afan.
 Haplophyllum multicaule Vved.
 Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss.
 Haplophyllum obtusifolium (Ledeb.) Ledeb.
 Haplophyllum patavinum (L.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum pedicellatum Bunge ex Boiss.
 Haplophyllum poorei C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum popovii Korovin
 Haplophyllum ptilostylum Spach
 Haplophyllum pumiliforme Hub.-Mor. & Reese
 Haplophyllum ramosissimum (Paulsen) Vved.
 Haplophyllum rechingeri C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum robustum Bunge
 Haplophyllum rosmarinifolium (A. Juss. ex Pers.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum rubrotinctum C. C. Towns.
 Haplophyllum sahinii Tugay & Ulukuc
 Haplophyllum sanguineum Thulin
 Haplophyllum schelkovnikovii Grossh.
 Haplophyllum stapfianum Hand.-Mazz.
 Haplophyllum suaveolens (DC.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum superpositum Kitam.
 Haplophyllum telephioides Boiss.
 Haplophyllum tenue Boiss.
 Haplophyllum thesioides (Fisch. ex DC.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum tragacanthoides Diels
 Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss.
 Haplophyllum versicolor Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
 Haplophyllum villosum (M. Bieb.) G. Don
 Haplophyllum vulcanicum Boiss. & Heldr.
 Haplophyllum vvedenskyi Nevski

Izvori

Rutovke

Rutvača


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ චීන තානාපති', බිජිං නුවර පවතින රජය වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ සිටින නියෝජිතයාය.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ චීන තානාපති ලැයිස්තුව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ චීන තානාපති

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ චීන තානාපති


Gabriel Dimisianu () este un critic literar român, specializat în proza română contemporană.

Biografie
S-a născut în familia librarului Iancu Dimisiano și a soției sale, Mărioara (n. Burtan), primind la naștere numele Anghel-Gabriel Dimisiano. A urmat Școala primară nr. 4 din Brăila (1941-1946), Liceul "Nicolae Bălcescu" din Brăila (1946-1953) și apoi Facultatea de Filologie, secția limba și literatura română, a Universității din București (1953-1958). După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca redactor la Gazeta literară (1958-1964), Scînteia (1964-1965) și Gazeta literară (1965-1967), redactor-șef adjunct la Amfiteatru (1967-1968) și Gazeta literară (1968-1984), apoi redactor (1984-1989), redactor-șef (1990-1993) și director adjunct (din 1993) la România literară.

A publicat timp de peste patru decenii cronici ale literaturii române contemporane, fiind unul dintre cei mai longevivi critici literari români.

Gabriel Dimisianu a fost decorat la 1 decembrie 2000 cu Ordinul Național "Serviciul Credincios" în grad de Cavaler "pentru realizări artistice remarcabile și pentru promovarea culturii".

Activitatea literară
A debutat cu articole de critică literară în Gazeta literară, colaborând apoi cu cronici și recenzii ale noilor apariții literare, precum și cu studii critice, în periodicele Contemporanul, Luceafărul, Flacăra, Convorbiri literare, Ramuri, Steaua, România liberă. Cronicile sale literare, risipite prin diferire reviste, au fost incluse în cărțile de critică literară publicate ulterior. El a prefațat ediții ale operelor lui I. A. Bassarabescu, Geo Bogza, Gheorghe Brăescu, I. L. Caragiale, George Călinescu, Pompiliu Constantinescu, Ion Creangă, Mircea Eliade, Ion Ghica, Titu Maiorescu, Erik Majtényi, Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu și Camil Petrescu.

Adept autodeclarat al stilului critic al lui Eugen Lovinescu, Dimisianu a fost interesat în principal de proza contemporană, fără a ignora totuși proza clasică. Cronicile sale sunt echilibrate, lipsite de excese, și scrise cu un ton moderat și pașnic, afirma Nicolae Manolescu. În plină epocă protocronistă Dimisianu alege să urmeze spiritul critic raționalist al lui Titu Maiorescu și al urmașilor săi: Pompiliu Constantinescu, Șerban Cioculescu și Perpessicius, Vladimir Streinu.

Criticul Marian Papahagi îl considera pe Gabriel Dimisianu un "observator atent al actualității literare, înclinat mai cu seamă spre analiza prozei românești contemporane". Volumul Nouă prozatori (1977) îi include pe cei mai reprezentativi prozatori ai anilor 1960, cu excepția lui Alexandru Ivasiuc, autor ale cărui scrieri nu au fost niciodată comentate de Dimisianu. Lumea criticului (2000) este o carte cu caracter polemic, conținând însemnări despre ideile și dezbaterile literare ale vremii, respingând acuzele existenței unui "vid de creație" în perioada comunistă și regretând dispariția spiritului critic în perioada postdecembristă. Volumul Amintiri și portrete literare (2003) conține evocări "reținute sentimental, pline de tandrețe și umor" ale scriitorilor pe care i-a cunoscut.

Interesat mai ales de literatura contemporană și de redescoperirea unor cărți uitate, Dimisianu nu i-a ignorat pe scriitorii clasici, scriind periodic cronici ale operelor lui Costache Negruzzi, Ion Ghica și Ion Creangă. Studiul Introducere în opera lui Constantin Negruzzi (1984) este considerat de Nicolae Manolescu drept una dintre cele mai bune analize a operei negruzziene.

Activitatea critică a lui Gabriel Dimisianu a fost apreciată de specialiști, care i-au decernat Premiul pentru critică și istorie literară al Uniunii Scriitorilor pe 1977 (pentru vol. Nouă prozatori) și pe 1983 (pentru vol. Lecturi libere) și Premiul Filialei București a Uniunii Scriitorilor pe 2000 și Premiul "Titu Maiorescu" al Academiei Române.

Distincții
 Ordinul național "Serviciul Credincios" în grad de Cavaler (1 decembrie 2000) "pentru realizări artistice remarcabile și pentru promovarea culturii, de Ziua Națională a României"

Opera
 Schițe de critică, București, 1966;
 Prozatori de azi, București, 1970;
 Valori actuale, București, 1974;
 Nouă prozatori, București, 1977;
 Opinii literare, București, 1978;
 Lecturi libere, București, 1983;
 Introducere în opera lui Constantin Negruzzi, București, 1984;
 Subiecte, București, 1987;
 Repere: Pompiliu Constantinescu, Ș. Cioculescu, Perpessicius, Vl. Streinu, București, 1990;
 Clasici români din secolele XIX și XX, București, 1996;
 Lumea criticului, București, 2000;
 Amintiri și portrete literare, București, 2003 (ediția a II-a, 2004);
 Fragmente contemporane, București, 2004.

Note

Bibliografie
 Nicolae Manolescu, Istoria critică a literaturii române, 2008, pp. 1229-1231.
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române A-L, vol. I, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, pp. 491-492.

Vezi și
 Iarna bărbaților de Ștefan Bănulescu.

Nașteri în 1936
Critici literari români
Brăileni
Decorați cu Ordinul Național Serviciul Credincios în grad de Cavaler
Scriitori români în viață

Gabriel Dimisianu


Güvençler, Sakarya ilinin Akyazı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eskiden mahallede güveç çömlekleri üretilirdi. İsmin oradan geldiği sanılmaktadır. Köy halkının çoğu Trabzon asıllıdır.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 59 km., Akyazı ilçesine 28 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Akyazı'nın mahalleleri

Güvençler, Akyazı


Jason Andrew Dawe (born 4 May 1967) is an English journalist and television presenter. Brought up in Cornwall, Dawe worked at car dealerships and as a motoring industry trainer; he had been a long-time columnist of the motoring section of The Sunday Times. He also presented the first series of the rebooted Top Gear on BBC Two alongside Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond.

Journalism
Dawe is a regular columnist in The Sunday Times motoring section, where he has written extensively about used cars. Together with Nick Rufford of The Sunday Times he has also made many video broadcasts of car reviews. He writes for many other motoring magazines and is a regular contributor to radio and TV shows as a motoring expert.

In addition to this, Dawe has also been occasionally known to write in the Automobile Association magazine.

Television career
Initially, Jeremy Clarkson wanted James May to present the rebooted series of Top Gear; however, May declined, with Dawe later agreeing to present the first series alongside Clarkson and Richard Hammond.

When May wished to present the show for the second series due to the increasing popularity of the programme, Clarkson thought about Dawe staying and to have four presenters. However, his co-presenter Richard Hammond was close to being fired by BBC management alongside Dawe. Nevertheless show executive producer Andy Wilman strongly supported Hammond's position on the show at the time, stating later in Top Gear magazine "There was no doubt that Richard would stay".

Following his departure from Top Gear, Dawe returned to his presenting career in 2005, appearing on ITV's Used Car Roadshow with Penny Mallory until the programme was cancelled in 2007. From 2009 to 2010, he presented Classic Gear alongside Mallory and Alice Crocker, a show about classic cars.

References

External links

1967 births
English television presenters
Living people
Television personalities from Cornwall
Top Gear people
People from Camelford

Jason Dawe (presenter)