Kyiv (also spelled Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro.

The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders. During its history, Kyiv, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kyiv was a tributary of the Khazars, until its capture by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. Coming under Lithuania, then Poland and then Russia, the city would grow from a frontier market into an important centre of Orthodox learning in the sixteenth century, and later of industry, commerce, and administration by the ninenteenth.

The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1918, when the Ukrainian People's Republic declared independence from the Russian Republic after the October Revolution there, Kyiv became its capital. From the end of the Ukrainian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in 1921, Kyiv was a city of the Ukrainian SSR, and made its capital in 1934. The city suffered significant destruction during World War II but quickly recovered in the postwar years, remaining the Soviet Union's third-largest city.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kyiv remained Ukraine's capital and experienced a steady influx of ethnic Ukrainian migrants from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kyiv has continued to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest city. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology, but new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kyiv's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kyiv emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine; parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections.

Name

 ( ,  ) or Kiev ( )
,
,

Before standardization of the alphabet in the early 20th century, the name was also spelled , , or  with the now-obsolete letter yat. The Old Ukrainian spelling from the 14th and 15th centuries was nominally , but various attested spellings include  (gen.), , and  (acc.), кїєво or кїєвом (ins.), києвє, Кіеве, Кїєвѣ, Києвѣ, or Киѣве (loc.).

Old East Slavic chronicles, such as the Laurentian Codex and Novgorod Chronicle, used the spellings Києвъ, Къıєвъ, or Кїєвъ. The traditional etymology, stemming from the Primary Chronicle, is that the name is a derivation of Kyi (, ), the legendary eponymous founder of the city. According to Oleg Trubachyov's etymological dictionary from the Old East Slavic name *Kyjevŭ gordŭ (literally, "Kyi's castle", "Kyi's gord"), from Proto-Slavic *kyjevъ, This etymology has been questioned, for instance by Mykhailo Hrushevsky who called it an "etymological myth", and meant that the names of the legendary founders are in turn based on place names. According to the Canadian Ukrainian linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, the name can be connected to the Proto-Slavic root *kyjь, but should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent Кий. The name should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'.

Kyiv is the romanized official Ukrainian name for the city, and it is used for legislative and official acts. Kiev is the traditional English name for the city, but because of its historical derivation from the Russian name, Kiev lost favor with many Western media outlets after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.

The city was known by various names in history. In the Norse sagas it was  or , meaning "city of the Kyivans" (from ), which survives in modern Icelandic . Perhaps the earliest original manuscript to name the city is the Kyivan letter, written  CE by representatives of the city's Jewish community, with the name written as .

The historian Julius Brutzkus in his work The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev hypothesizes that both Sambat and Kyiv are of Khazar origin, meaning "hill fortress" and "lower settlement" respectively. Brutzkus claims that Sambat is not Kyiv, but rather Vyshhorod (High City), which is nearby.

In the Byzantine Greek of Constantine Porphyrogenitus's 10th-century De Administrando Imperio it was , , and "also called Sambatas", . In Arabic, it was  in Al-Istakhri's work of 951 AD, and  according to ibn Rustah and other 10th-century authors. In the medieval Latin of Thietmar of Merseburg's Chronicon it was mentioned for the year 1015 as . After it was rebuilt in the 15th century, Kyiv was called by the Turkic (Crimean Tatar) name  or .

As a prominent city with a long history, its English name evolved with the language. Early English sources rendered the city's name as Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, and—as in Latin—Kiovia. On one of the oldest English maps of the region, , published by Ortelius (London, 1570), the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, and the region was named Kÿowia. In the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall (London, 1772), the city is called Kiovia.

In English, Kiev appeared in print as early as 1804 in John Cary's "New map of Europe, from the latest authorities", and in Mary Holderness's 1823 travelogue New Russia: Journey from Riga to the Crimea by way of Kiev. The Oxford English Dictionary included Kiev in a quotation published by 1883, and Kyiv in 2018.

The Ukrainian version of the name, Kyiw, appears in the Volume 4 of the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, published in 1883.

After Ukraine's independence in 1991, the Ukrainian government introduced the national rules for transliteration of geographic names into the Latin alphabet for legislative and official acts in October 1995, according to which the Ukrainian name  is romanized Kyiv. These rules are applied for place names and addresses, as well as personal names in passports, street signs, and so on.

In 2018, the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry launched #CorrectUA, an online campaign to promote the use of official Ukrainian spellings by countries and organizations, in place of "outdated, Soviet-era" place-names. Specifically, for the capital, the campaign KyivNotKiev was developed as part of the broader campaign.

The place name Kyiv is standardized in the authoritative database of Ukraine's toponyms maintained by Ukraine's mapping agency Derzhheokadastr. It has also been adopted by the United Nations GEGN Geographical Names Database, the United States Board on Geographic Names, the International Air Transport Association, the European Union, English-speaking foreign diplomatic missions and governments, several international organizations, and the Encyclopædia Britannica. Some English-language news sources have adopted  in their style guides, including the AP, CP, Reuters, and AFP news services, media organizations in Ukraine, and some media organizations in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, despite more resistance to the spelling change compared to others, like Beijing and Mumbai.

Alternative romanizations used in English-language sources include Kyïv (according to the ALA–LC romanization used in bibliographic cataloguing), Kyjiv (scholarly transliteration used in linguistics), and Kyyiv (the 1965 BGN/PCGN transliteration standard).

The US media organization NPR adopted an on-air pronunciation of Kyiv closer to the Ukrainian, responding to the history and identity of the local population, in January 2022.

History

The first known humans in the region of Kyiv lived there in the late paleolithic period (Stone Age). The population around Kyiv during the Bronze Age formed part of the so-called Trypillian culture, as evidenced by artifacts from that culture found in the area. During the early Iron Age certain tribes settled around Kyiv that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with the Scythians and ancient states of the northern Black Sea coast. Findings of Roman coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries suggest trade relations with the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Notable archaeologists of the area around Kyiv include Vikentiy Khvoyka.

Founding
Scholars continue to debate when the city was founded: The traditional founding date is 482 CE, so the city celebrated its 1,500th anniversary in 1982. Archaeological data indicates a founding in the sixth or seventh centuries, with some researchers dating the founding as late as the late 9th century,

There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the city. One tells of members of a Slavic tribe (Eastern Polans), brothers Kyi (the eldest, after whom the city was named), Shchek, Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, who founded the city (See the Primary Chronicle). Another legend states that Saint Andrew passed through the area in the 1st century. Where the city is now he erected a cross, where a church later was built. Since the Middle Ages an image of Saint Michael has represented the city as well as the duchy.

There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into the city. On the Ptolemy world map there are several settlements indicated along the mid-stream of Borysthenes, among which is Azagarium, which some historians believe to be the predecessor to Kyiv.

However, according to the 1773 Dictionary of Ancient Geography of Alexander Macbean, that settlement corresponds to the modern city of Chernobyl. Just south of Azagarium, there is another settlement, Amadoca, believed to be the capital of the Amadoci people living in an area between the marshes of Amadoca in the west and the Amadoca mountains in the east.

Another name for Kyiv mentioned in history, the origin of which is not completely clear, is Sambat, which apparently has something to do with the Khazar Empire. The Primary Chronicle says the residents of Kyiv told Askold "there were three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and Khoriv. They founded this town and died, and now we are staying and paying taxes to their relatives the Khazars". In De Administrando Imperio, Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions a caravan of small cargo boats which assembled annually, and writes, "They come down the river Dnieper and assemble at the strong-point of Kyiv (Kioava), also called Sambatas".

At least three Arabic-speaking 10th century geographers who traveled the area mention the city of Zānbat as the chief city of the Russes. Among them are ibn Rustah, Abu Sa'id Gardezi, and an author of the Hudud al-'Alam. The texts of those authors were discovered by Russian orientalist Alexander Tumansky. The etymology of Sambat has been argued by many historians, including Grigoriy Ilyinsky, Nikolay Karamzin, Jan Potocki, Nikolay Lambin, Joachim Lelewel, and Guðbrandur Vigfússon.

The Primary Chronicle states that at some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Askold and Dir, who may have been of Viking or Varangian descent, ruled in Kyiv. They were murdered by Oleg of Novgorod in 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute that, arguing that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s, leaving historical documents such as the Kyivan Letter and Schechter Letter.

Other historians suggest that Magyar tribes ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some Khazar tribes to the Carpathian Basin. The Primary Chronicle mentions Hungarians passing near Kyiv. Askold's Grave was previously known as "Uhorske urochyshche" (Hungarian place).

According to the aforementioned scholars the building of the fortress of Kyiv was finished in 840 under the leadership of Keő (Keve), Csák, and Geréb, three brothers, possibly members of the Tarján tribe. The three names appear in the Kyiv Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv and may be not of Slavic origin, as Russian historians have always struggled to account for their meanings and origins. According to Hungarian historian Viktor Padányi, their names were inserted into the Kyiv Chronicle in the 12th century, and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes.

The city of Kyiv stood on the trade route between the Varangians and the Greeks. In 968 the nomadic Pechenegs attacked and then besieged the city. By 1000 CE the city had a population of 45,000.

In March 1169, Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked Kyiv, leaving the old town and the prince's hall in ruins. He took many pieces of religious artwork - including the Theotokos of Vladimir icon - from Vyshhorod. In 1203, Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies captured and burned Kyiv. In the 1230s, the city was besieged and ravaged several times by different Rus princes. The city had not recovered from these attacks when, in 1240, the Mongol invasion of Rus', led by Batu Khan, completed the destruction of Kyiv.

These events had a profound effect on the future of the city and on the East Slavic civilization. Before Bogolyubsky's pillaging, Kyiv had had a reputation as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 at the beginning of the 12th century.

In the early 1320s, a Lithuanian army led by Grand Duke Gediminas defeated a Slavic army led by Stanislav of Kyiv at the Battle on the Irpen' River and conquered the city. The Tatars, who also claimed Kyiv, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kyiv was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. Finally, as a result of the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, incorporated Kyiv and surrounding areas into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1482, Crimean Tatars sacked and burned much of Kyiv. At the time of the Lithuanian rule, the core of the city was located in Podil and there was a Lithuanian  with 18 towers on the Zamkova Hora which served as a residence of Vladimir Olgerdovich, Grand Prince of Kyiv, and subsequently of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (e.g. Vytautas).

With the 1569 Union of Lublin, when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kyiv region (Podolia, Volhynia, and Podlachia) were transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and Kyiv became the capital of Kyiv Voivodeship. The 1658 Treaty of Hadiach envisaged Kyiv becoming the capital of the Grand Duchy of Rus' within the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, but this provision of the treaty never went into operation.

Russian suzerainty
Occupied by Russian troops since the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav, Kyiv became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on the Truce of Andrusovo and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kyiv have ever been ratified. In the Russian Empire, Kyiv was a primary Christian centre, attracting pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century, the city's commercial importance remained marginal.

In 1834, the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during the Soviet period, became the Bogomolets National Medical University in 1995.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Imperial Russian Army and ecclesiastical authorities dominated city life; the Russian Orthodox Church had involvement in a significant part of Kyiv's infrastructure and commercial activity. In the late 1840s the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: ), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic peoples with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the Russian authorities quickly suppressed the society.

Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kyiv experienced growing Russification in the 19th century, by means of Russian migration, administrative actions, and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century the Russian-speaking part of the population dominated the city centre, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent. However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian aristocrats, soldiers, and merchants made attempts to preserve the native culture in Kyiv, by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies, etc.

During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kyiv became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. By 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, with a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities, and notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892, the first electric tram line of the Russian Empire started running in Kyiv (the third in the world). Kyiv prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce in its southwest.

Soviet era
In the turbulent period following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Kyiv became the capital of several successive Ukrainian states and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: World War I, during which German soldiers occupied it from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, and the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. During the last three months of 1919, Kyiv was intermittently controlled by the White Army. Kyiv changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920.

From 1921 to 1991, the city formed part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. The major events that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the interwar period all affected Kyiv: the 1920s Ukrainization as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the Russophone city Ukrainian-speaking and bolstered the development of Ukrainian cultural life in the city; the Soviet industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre; the 1932–1933 Great Famine devastated the part of the migrant population not registered for ration cards; and Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's intelligentsia

In 1934, Kyiv became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were established, some of which exist today.

In World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, and Nazi Germany occupied it from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943. Axis forces killed or captured more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers in the great encircling Battle of Kyiv in 1941. Most of those captured never returned alive. Shortly after the Wehrmacht occupied the city, a team of NKVD officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the Khreshchatyk, the main street of the city, where German military and civil authorities had occupied most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.

Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000, and massacred them at Babi Yar in Kyiv on 29 and 30 September 1941. In the months that followed, thousands more were taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that the Germans murdered more than 100,000 people of various ethnic groups, mostly civilians, at Babi Yar during World War II.

Kyiv recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only  north of the city. However, the prevailing south wind blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kyiv.

Independence
In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Ukrainian parliament proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kyiv became the primary location of Euromaidan. During the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian forces attempted to seize Kyiv but were repelled by Ukrainian forces on the outskirts of the city. Following the Russian retreat from the region in April 2022, Kyiv has been subject to frequent missile attacks.

Environment

Geography

Geographically, Kyiv is on the border of the Polesia woodland ecological zone, a part of the European mixed woods area, and the East European forest steppe biome. However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. Kyiv is completely surrounded by Kyiv Oblast.

Originally on the west bank, today Kyiv is on both sides of the Dnieper, which flows southwards through the city towards the Black Sea. The older and higher western part of the city sits on numerous wooded hills (Kyiv Hills), with ravines and small rivers. Kyiv's geographical relief contributed to its toponyms, such as Podil ("lower"), Pechersk ("caves"), and uzviz (a steep street, "descent"). Kyiv is a part of the larger Dnieper Upland adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper in its mid-flow, and which contributes to the city's elevation change.

The northern outskirts of the city border the Polesian Lowland. Kyiv expanded into the Dnieper Lowland on the left bank (to the east) as late as the 20th century. The whole portion of Kyiv on the left bank of the Dnieper is generally referred to as the Left Bank (, Livyi bereh). Significant areas of the left bank Dnieper valley were artificially sand-deposited, and are protected by dams.

Within the city the Dnieper River forms a branching system of tributaries, isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city is close to the mouth of the Desna River and the Kyiv Reservoir in the north, and the Kaniv Reservoir in the south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are navigable at Kyiv, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freeze-over.

In total, there are 448 bodies of open water within the boundaries of Kyiv, which include the Dnieper itself, its reservoirs, and several small rivers, dozens of lakes and artificially created ponds. They occupy 7949 hectares. Additionally, the city has 16 developed beaches (totalling 140 hectares) and 35 near-water recreational areas (covering more than 1,000 hectares). Many are used for pleasure and recreation, although some of the bodies of water are not suitable for swimming.

According to the UN 2011 evaluation, there were no risks of natural disasters in Kyiv and its metropolitan area.

Climate

Kyiv has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of . The highest ever temperature recorded in the city was  on 30 July 1936.

The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was  on 11 January 1951. Snow cover usually lies from mid-November to the end of March, with the frost-free period lasting 180 days on average, but surpassing 200 days in some years.

Legal status, local government and politics

Legal status and local government

The municipality of the city of Kyiv has a special legal status within Ukraine compared to the other administrative subdivisions of the country. The most significant difference is that the city is considered as a region of Ukraine (see Regions of Ukraine). It is the only city that has double jurisdiction. The Head of City State Administration – the city's governor – is appointed by the president of Ukraine, while the Head of the City Council – the mayor of Kyiv – is elected by local popular vote.

The mayor of Kyiv is Vitali Klitschko, who was sworn in on 5 June 2014, after he had won the 25 May 2014 Kyiv mayoral elections with almost 57% of the votes. Since 25 June 2014, Klitschko is also Head of Kyiv City Administration. Klitschko was last reelected in the 2020 Kyiv local election with 50.52% of the votes, in the first round of the election.

Most key buildings of the national government are along Hrushevskoho Street (vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho) and Institute Street (vulytsia Instytutska). Hrushevskoho Street is named after the Ukrainian academician, politician, historian, and statesman Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, who wrote an academic book titled: "Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV–XVIII" about the history of Bar, Ukraine. That portion of the city is also unofficially known as the government quarter ().

The city state administration and council is in the Kyiv City council building on Khreshchatyk Street. The oblast state administration and council is in the oblast council building on ploshcha Lesi Ukrayinky ("Lesya Ukrayinka Square"). The Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion state administration is near Kiltseva doroha ("Ring Road") on prospekt Peremohy ("Victory Parkway"), while the Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion local council is on vulytsia Yantarna ("Yantarnaya Street").

Politics

The growing political and economic role of the city, combined with its international relations, as well as extensive internet and social network penetration, have made Kyiv the most pro-Western and pro-democracy region of Ukraine; (so called) National Democratic parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union receive most votes during elections in Kyiv. In a poll conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014, 5.3% of those polled in Kyiv believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5.

Subdivisions

Traditional subdivision

The Dnieper River naturally divides Kyiv into the Right Bank and the Left Bank areas. Historically  on the western right bank of the river, the city expanded into the left bank only in the 20th century. Most of Kyiv's attractions as well as the majority of business and governmental institutions are on the right bank. The eastern "Left Bank" is predominantly residential. There are large industrial and green areas in both the Right Bank and the Left Bank.

Kyiv is further informally divided into historical or territorial neighbourhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants.

Formal subdivision

The first known formal subdivision of Kyiv dates to 1810 when the city was subdivided into 4 parts: Pechersk, Starokyiv, and the first and the second parts of Podil. In 1833–1834 according to Tsar Nicholas I's decree, Kyiv was subdivided into 6 police raions (districts); later being increased to 10. In 1917, there were 8 Raion Councils (Duma), which were reorganised by bolsheviks into 6 Party-Territory Raions.

During the Soviet era, as the city was expanding, the number of raions also gradually increased. These newer districts of the city, along with some older areas were then named in honour of prominent communists and socialist-revolutionary figures; however, due to the way in which many communist party members eventually, after a certain period of time, fell out of favour and so were replaced with new, fresher minds, so too did the names of Kyiv's districts change accordingly.

The last raion reform took place in 2001 when the number of raions was decreased from 14 to 10.

Under Oleksandr Omelchenko (mayor from 1999 to 2006), there were further plans for the merger of some raions and revision of their boundaries, and the total number of raions had been planned to be decreased from 10 to 7. With the election of the new mayor-elect (Leonid Chernovetskyi) in 2006, these plans were shelved.

Each raion has its own locally elected council with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs.

Demographics

According to the official registration statistics, there were 2,847,200 residents within the city limits of Kyiv in July 2013.

Historical population

According to the All-Ukrainian Census, the population of Kyiv in 2001 was 2,611,300. The historic changes in population are shown in the side table. According to the census, some 1,393,000 (53.3%) were female and 1,219,000 (46.7%) were male. Comparing the results with the previous census (1989) shows the trend of population ageing which, while prevalent throughout the country, is partly offset in Kyiv by the inflow of working age migrants. Some 1,069,700 people had higher or completed secondary education, a significant increase of 21.7% since 1989.

The June 2007 unofficial population estimate based on amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) gave a number of at least 3.5 million people.

Ethnic composition
Kyiv's ethnic composition has shifted greatly over the last centuries. According to the , conducted by the local branch of the Russian Geographical Society, there were 127,205 people living in Kyiv. Of these, 80% spoke "Russian," 11% spoke "Jewish," 6% spoke Polish and 2% spoke German. Of the "Russian" speakers, 39% were recorded as speaking Little Russian (Ukrainian), which meant that Ukrainian speakers accounted for 30% of the city as a whole. Of the remaining "Russian" speakers, however, there were only 10% who spoke Greater Russian (Russian) and 2% who spoke Belarusian. The remaining 49% spoke in "generally Russian speech." According to the official census of 1897, the number of Great Russian speakers rose to 54%; speakers of Little Russian accounted for 22%. Jewish speakers accounted for 12%, Polish 6.7%.

By the September 1917 city-census of Kyiv, conducted by the authorities of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Ukrainian share of the population had been reduced to only 16%, while Russians now made up a majority at 50%. The March 1919 Kyiv city census, conducted by the Bolshevik authorities, showed an increase in the percentage of the population identifying as Ukrainian to 25%. From then on, the city's Ukrainian population once again began to expand in terms of their share of the population, slowly returning to its former level. By the 1926 Soviet census, Ukrainians, at 41.6%, had once again begun to outnumber Russians, who made up 25.5%. By the 1959 Soviet census, Kyiv was once more a Ukrainian majority city, with 60% of the population identifying as such, the same percentage as in 1874.

According to the 2001 census data, more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups reside within the territory of Kyiv. Ukrainians constitute the largest ethnic group in Kyiv, accounting for 2,110,800 people, or 82.2% of the population. Russians comprise 337,300 (13.1%), Jews 17,900 (0.7%), Belarusians 16,500 (0.6%), Poles 6,900 (0.3%), Armenians 4,900 (0.2%), Azerbaijanis 2,600 (0.1%), Tatars 2,500 (0.1%), Georgians 2,400 (0.1%), Moldovans 1,900 (0.1%).

A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 94% of Kyiv was ethnic Ukrainian, and 5% ethnic Russian. Most of the city's non-Slav population comprises Tatars, South Caucasians, and other peoples from the former Soviet Union.

Language statistics
Both Ukrainian and Russian are commonly spoken in the city; approximately 75% of Kyiv's population responded "Ukrainian" to the 2001 census question on their native language, roughly 25% responded "Russian". According to a 2006 survey, Ukrainian is used at home by 23% of Kyivans, 52% use Russian, and 24% switch between both. In the 2003 sociological survey, when the question "What language do you use in everyday life?" was asked, 52% said "mostly Russian", 32% "both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure", 14% "mostly Ukrainian", and 4.3% "exclusively Ukrainian".

According to the census of 1897, of Kyiv's approximately 240,000 people approximately 56% of the population spoke the Russian language, 23% spoke the Ukrainian language, 13% spoke Yiddish, 7% spoke Polish and 1% spoke the Belarusian language.

A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that the languages spoken at home in Kyiv were Ukrainian (27%), Russian (32%), and an equal combination of Ukrainian and Russian (40%).

Jews

The Jews of Kyiv are first mentioned in a 10th-century letter. The Jewish population remained relatively small until the nineteenth century. A series of pogroms was carried out in 1882, and another in 1905. On the eve of World War I, the city's Jewish population was over 81,000. In 1939 there were approximately 224,000 Jews in Kyiv, some of whom fled the city ahead of the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began in June 1941. On 29 and 30 September 1941, nearly 34,000 Kyivan Jews were massacred at Babi Yar by the Wehrmacht, SS, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, and local collaborators.

Jews began returning to Kyiv at the end of the war, but experienced another pogrom in September 1945. In the 21st century, Kyiv's Jewish community numbers about 20,000. There are two major synagogues in the city: the Great Choral Synagogue and the Brodsky Choral Synagogue.

Cityscape

Modern Kyiv is a mix of the old (Kyiv preserved about 70 percent of more than 1,000 buildings built during 1907–1914) and the new, seen in everything from the architecture to the stores and to the people themselves. When the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv many new buildings were commissioned to give the city "the gloss and polish of a capital". In the discussions that centered on how to create a showcase city center, the current city center of Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) were not the obvious choices. Some of the early, ultimately not materialised, ideas included a part of Pechersk, Lypky, European Square, and Mykhailivska Square.

The plans of building massive monuments (of Vladimir Lenin and  Stalin) were also abandoned, due to lack of money (in the 1930s–1950s) and because of Kyiv's hilly landscape. Experiencing rapid population growth between the 1970s and the mid-1990s, the city has continued its consistent growth after the turn of the millennium. As a result, Kyiv's central districts provide a dotted contrast of new, modern buildings among the pale yellows, blues, and greys of older apartments. Urban sprawl has gradually reduced, while population densities of suburbs has increased. The most expensive properties are in the Pechersk and Khreshchatyk areas. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in the Kharkivskyi Raion or Obolon along the Dnieper.

Ukrainian independence at the turn of the millennium has heralded other changes. Western-style residential complexes, modern nightclubs, classy restaurants and prestigious hotels opened in the centre. And most importantly, with the easing of the visa rules in 2005, Ukraine is positioning itself as a prime tourist attraction, with Kyiv, among the other large cities, looking to profit from new opportunities. The centre of Kyiv has been cleaned up and buildings have been restored and redecorated, especially Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Many historic areas of Kyiv, such as Andriyivskyy Descent, have become popular street vendor locations, where one can find traditional Ukrainian art, religious items, books, game sets (most commonly chess) as well as jewellery for sale.

At the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, Kyiv was the only Commonwealth of Independent States city to have been inscribed into the TOP30 European Green City Index (placed 30th).

Kyiv's most famous historical architecture complexes are the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), which are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the Mariinskyi Palace (designed and constructed from 1745 to 1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several Eastern Orthodox churches such as St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Andrew's, St. Vladimir's, the reconstructed Golden Gate and others.

One of Kyiv's widely recognized modern landmarks is the highly visible giant Mother Motherland statue made of titanium standing at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War on the Right bank of the Dnieper. Other notable sites is the cylindrical Salut hotel, across from Glory Square and the eternal flame at the World War Two memorial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the House with Chimaeras.

Among Kyiv's best-known monuments are Mikhail Mikeshin's statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky astride his horse near St. Sophia Cathedral, the venerated Vladimir the Great (St. Vladimir), the baptizer of Rus', overlooking the river above Podil from Saint Vladimir Hill, the monument to Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and Lybid, the legendary founders of the city at the Dnieper embankment. On Independence Square in the city centre, two monuments elevate two of the city protectors; the historic protector of Kyiv Michael Archangel atop a reconstruction of one of the old city's gates and a modern invention, the goddess-protector Berehynia atop a tall column.

Culture

Kyiv was the historic cultural centre of the East Slavic civilization and a major cradle for the Christianization of Kyivan Rus. Kyiv retained through centuries its cultural importance and even at times of relative decay, it remained the centre of primary importance of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Its sacred sites, which include the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (the Monastery of the Caves) and the Saint Sophia Cathedral are probably the most famous, attracted pilgrims for centuries and now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site remain the primary religious centres as well as the major tourist attraction. The above-mentioned sites are also part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine collection.

In September 2023, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee placed the Saint Sophia Cathedral and Pechersk-Lavra Monastery on the List of World Heritage in Danger. According to the committee, although the Ukrainian government has taken action to protect the sites "optimal conditions are no longer met to fully guarantee the protection of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property and that it is threatened by potential danger due to the war". The list is protected by the 1972 UNESCO Convention, ratified by both Russia and Ukraine. Inclusion on the list is intended to mobilize urgent international support.

Kyiv's theatres include, the Kyiv Opera House, Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater, Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater of Russian Drama, the Kyiv Puppet Theater, October Palace and National Philharmonic of Ukraine and others. In 1946 Kyiv had four theatres, one opera house and one concert hall, but most tickets then were allocated to "privileged groups".

Other significant cultural centres include the Dovzhenko Film Studios, and the Kyiv Circus. The most important of the city's many museums are the Kyiv State Historical Museum, National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, the National Art Museum, the Museum of Western and Oriental Art, the Pinchuk Art Centre and the National Museum of Russian art.

In 2005, Kyiv hosted the 50th annual Eurovision Song Contest and in 2017 the 62nd annual Eurovision Song Contest.

Numerous songs and paintings were dedicated to the city. Some songs became part of Russian, Ukrainian and Jewish folklore. The most popular songs are "How not to love you, Kyiv of mine?" and "Kyiv Waltz". Renowned Ukrainian composer Oleksandr Bilash wrote an operetta called "Legend of Kyiv".

Attractions

It is said that one can walk from one end of Kyiv to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. Most characteristic are the horse-chestnuts (, ).

Kyiv is known as a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is here, which offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper river.

Among the numerous islands, Venetsianskyi (or Hydropark) is the most developed. It is accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. The Victory Park (Park Peremohy) near Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers, and cyclists. Boating, fishing, and water sports are popular pastimes in Kyiv. The area lakes and rivers freeze over in the winter and ice fishermen are a frequent sight, as are children with their ice skates. However, the peak of summer draws out a greater mass of people to the shores for swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures sometimes reaching .

The centre of Kyiv (Independence Square and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party place at night during summer months, with thousands of people having a good time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays. Andriyivskyy Descent is one of the best known historic streets and a major tourist attraction in Kyiv. The hill is the site of the Castle of Richard the Lionheart; the baroque-style St Andrew's Church; the home of Kyiv born writer, Mikhail Bulgakov; the monument to Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kyiv and of Novgorod; and numerous other monuments.

A wide variety of farm produce is available in many of Kyiv's farmer markets with the Besarabsky Market in the very centre of the city being most famous. Each residential region has its own market, or rynok. Here one will find table after table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, dairy products such as milk and home-made smetana (sour cream), caviar, cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, and clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products with some markets devoted solely to specific wares such as automobiles, car parts, pets, clothing, flowers, and other things.

At the city's southern outskirts, near the historic Pyrohiv village, there is an outdoor museum, officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine It has an area of . This territory houses several "mini-villages" that represent by region the traditional rural architecture of Ukraine.

Kyiv also has numerous recreational attractions like bowling alleys, go-cart tracks, paintball venues, billiard halls and even shooting ranges. The 100-year-old Kyiv Zoo is on 40 hectares and according to CBC "the zoo has 2,600 animals from 328 species".

Museums and galleries

Kyiv is home to some 40 different museums. In 2009 they recorded a total of 4.3 million visits.

The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is a memorial complex commemorating the Eastern Front of World War II in the hills on the right-bank of the Dnieper in Pechersk. Kyiv fortress is the 19th-century fortification buildings situated in Ukrainian capital Kyiv, that once belonged to western Russian fortresses. These structures (once a united complex) were built in the Pechersk and neighbourhoods by the Russian army.

Some of the buildings are restored and turned into a museum called the Kyiv Fortress, while others are in use in various military and commercial installations. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is a museum dedicated to Ukrainian art. The Golden Gate is a historic gateway in the ancient city's walls. The name Zoloti Vorota is also used for a nearby theatre and a station of the Kyiv Metro. The small Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum acts as both a memorial and historical center devoted to the events surrounding the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and its effect on the Ukrainian people, the environment, and subsequent attitudes toward the safety of nuclear power as a whole.

Sports

Kyiv has many professional and amateur football clubs, including Dynamo Kyiv, Arsenal Kyiv and FC Obolon Kyiv but only Dynamo Kyiv play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Of these three, Dynamo Kyiv has had the most success over the course of its history. For example, up until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the club won 13 USSR Championships, 9 USSR Cups, and 3 USSR Super Cups, thus making Dynamo the most successful club in the history of the Soviet Top League.

Other prominent non-football sport clubs in the city include: the Sokil Kyiv ice hockey club and BC Budivelnyk basketball club. Both of these teams play in the highest Ukrainian leagues for their respective sports. Budivelnyk was founded in 1945, Sokil was founded in 1963, during the existence of the Soviet Union. Both these teams play their home games at the Kyiv Palace of Sports.

During the 1980 Summer Olympics held in the Soviet Union, Kyiv held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament at its Olympic Stadium, which was reconstructed specially for the event. From 1 December 2008, the stadium underwent a full-scale reconstruction in order to satisfy standards put in place by UEFA for hosting the Euro 2012 football tournament; the opening ceremony took place in the presence of president Viktor Yanukovich on 8 October 2011, with the first major event being a Shakira concert which was specially planned to coincide with the stadium's re-opening during Euro 2012. Other notable sport stadiums/sport complexes in Kyiv include the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium, the Palace of Sports, among many others.

Most Ukrainian national teams play their home international matches in Kyiv. The Ukraine national football team, for example, will play matches at the re-constructed Olympic Stadium from 2011.

Tourism

Since introducing a visa-free regime for EU-member states and Switzerland in 2005, Ukraine has seen a steady increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting the country. Before the 2008–09 recession, the average annual growth in the number of foreign visits in Kyiv was 23% over a three-year period. In 2009, a total of 1.6 million tourists stayed in Kyiv hotels, of whom almost 259,000 ( 16%) were foreigners.

After UEFA Euro 2012, the city became the most popular destination for European tourists. A record number of 1.8 million foreign tourists was registered then along with about 2.5 million domestic tourists. More than 850,000 foreign tourists visited Kyiv in the first half of 2018, as compared to 660,000 tourists over the same period in 2013. As of 2018, the hotel occupancy rate from May to September averages 45–50%. Hostels and three-star hotels are approximately 90% full, four-star hotels 65–70%. Six five-star hotels average 50–55% occupancy. Ordinary tourists generally come from May to October, and business tourists from September to May.

City anthem
In 2014, the Kyiv city's council established the city's anthem. It became a 1962 song, "Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!" (, roughly "How can I not love you, Kyiv of mine!").

City symbols
The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of Kyiv. It was heavily present on the city's coat of arms used from 1969 to 1995.

Economy

As with most capital cities, Kyiv is a major administrative, cultural, and scientific centre of the country. It is the largest city in Ukraine in terms of both population and area and enjoys the highest levels of business activity. On 1 January 2010, there were around 238,000 business entities registered in Kyiv.

Official figures show that between 2004 and 2008 Kyiv's economy outstripped the rest of the country's, growing by an annual average of 11.5%. Following the global financial crisis that began in 2007, Kyiv's economy suffered a severe setback in 2009 with gross regional product contracting by 13.5% in real terms. Although a record high, the decline in activity was 1.6 percentage points smaller than that for the country as a whole. The economy in Kyiv, as in the rest of Ukraine, recovered somewhat in 2010 and 2011. Kyiv is a middle-income city, with prices comparable to many mid-size American cities (i.e., considerably lower than Western Europe).

Because the city has a large and diverse economic base and is not dependent on any single industry or company, its unemployment rate has historically been relatively low – only 3.75% over 2005–2008. Indeed, even as the rate of joblessness jumped to 7.1% in 2009, it remained far below the national average of 9.6%.

As of January 2022, the average monthly salary in Kyiv reached 21,347 UAH (€540) gross and 17,184 UAH (€430) net.

Kyiv is the undisputed center of business and commerce of Ukraine and home to the country's largest companies, such as Naftogaz Ukrainy, Energorynok and Kyivstar. In 2010, the city accounted for 18% of national retail sales and 24% of all construction activity. Real estate is one of the major forces in Kyiv's economy. Average prices of apartments are the highest in the country and among the highest in eastern Europe. Kyiv also ranks high in terms of commercial real estate and has Ukraine's tallest office buildings (such as Gulliver and Parus) and some of Ukraine's biggest shopping malls (such as Dream Town and Ocean Plaza).

In May 2011, Kyiv authorities presented a 15-year development strategy which calls for attracting as much as EUR82 billion of foreign investment by 2025 to modernize the city's transport and utilities infrastructure and make it more attractive for tourists.

* – data not available;
** – calculated at annual average official exchange rate;
*** – ILO methodology (% of workforce).

Industry

Primary industries in Kyiv include utilities – i.e., electricity, gas and water supply (26% of total industrial output), manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco products (22%), chemical (17%), mechanical engineering (13%) and manufacture of paper and paper products, including publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (11%). The Institute of Oil Transportation is headquartered here.

Manufacture

 Kuznya na Rybalskomu, naval production
 Antonov Serial Production Plant (former Aviant), airplanes manufacturing
 Aeros, small aircraft production
 Kyiv Roshen Factory, confectionery
 Kyiv Arsenal (former arms manufacturer), specializes in production of optic-precision instruments
 Obolon, brewery
 Kyiv Aircraft Repair Plant 410, repair factory at Zhulyany Airport

Education and science

Scientific research

Scientific research is conducted in many institutes of higher education and, additionally, in many research institutes affiliated with the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Kyiv is home to Ukraine's ministry of education and science, and is also noted for its contributions to medical and computer science research.

In 2016, UNIT Factory (Ukrainian National IT Factory) opened. It offers a completely new format of IT education. The education is completely free for all trainees subject to compliance with the terms of the program. Within this project are the Technology Companies' Development Center (TCDC), BIONIC University open inter-corporate IT-university, as well as two hi-tech laboratories—VR Lab (Crytek) and Smart City lab.

University education

Kyiv hosts many universities, the major ones being Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, the National Technical University "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv-Mohyla Academy and the Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics. Of these, the Mohyla Academy is the oldest, founded as a theological school in 1632, but Shevchenko University, founded in 1834, is the oldest in continuous operation. The total number of institutions of higher education in Kyiv approaches 200, allowing young people to pursue almost any line of study. While education traditionally remains largely in the hands of the state there are several accredited private institutions in the city.

Secondary education
There are about 530 general secondary schools and about 680 nursery schools and kindergartens in Kyiv. Additionally, there are evening schools for adults, specialist technical schools, and the Evangel Theological Seminary.

Public libraries
There are many libraries in the city, with the Vernadsky National Library, which is Ukraine's main academic library and scientific information centre, as well as one of the world's largest national libraries, being the largest and most important one. The National Library is affiliated with the Academy of Sciences in so far as it is a deposit library and thus serves as the academy's archives' store. The national library is the world's foremost repository of Jewish folk music recorded on Edison wax cylinders. Their Collection of Jewish Musical Folklore (1912–1947) was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Local public transport

Local public transportation in Kyiv includes the Metro, buses and minibuses, trolleybuses, trams, taxi and funicular. There is also an intra-city ring railway service.

The publicly owned and operated Kyiv Metro is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city. The Metro is expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, having three lines with a total length of  and 51 stations (some of which are renowned architectural landmarks). The Metro carries around 1.422 million passengers daily accounting for 38% of the Kyiv's public transport load. In 2011, the total number of trips exceeded 519 million.

The historic  tram system was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire and the third one in Europe after the Berlin Straßembahn and the Budapest tramway. The tram system consists of  of track, including  two Rapid Tram lines, served by 21 routes with the use of 523 tram cars. Once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, the system is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.

The Kyiv Funicular was constructed during 1902–1905. It connects the historic Uppertown, and the lower commercial neighborhood of Podil through the steep Saint Vladimir Hill overseeing the Dnieper River. The line consists of two stations.

All public road transport (except for some minibuses) is operated by the united Kyivpastrans municipal company. It is heavily subsidized by the city.

The Kyiv public transport system, except for taxi, uses a simple flat rate tariff system regardless of distance traveled: tickets or tokens must be purchased each time a vehicle is boarded. Digital ticket system is already established in Kyiv Metro, with plans for other transport modes. Discount passes are available for grade school and higher education students. Pensioners use public transportation free. There are monthly passes in all combinations of public transportation. Ticket prices are regulated by the city government, and the cost of one ride is far lower than in Western Europe.

The taxi market in Kyiv is expansive but not regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated. There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.

Roads and bridges
Kyiv represents the focal point of Ukraine's "national roads" system, thus linked by road to all cities of the country. European routes ,  and  intersect in Kyiv.

There are eight Dnieper bridges and dozens of grade-separated intersections in the city. Several new intersections are under construction. There are plans to build a full-size, fully grade-separated ring road around Kyiv.

In 2009, Kyiv's roads were in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.

Traffic jams and lack of parking space are growing problems for all road transport services in Kyiv.

Air transport

Kyiv is served by two international passenger airports: the Boryspil Airport  away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhulyany Airport on the southern outskirts of the city. There are also the Gostomel cargo airport and additional three operating airfields facilitating the Antonov aircraft manufacturing company and general aviation.

Railways
Railways are Kyiv's main mode of intracity- and suburban transportation. The city has a developed railroad infrastructure including a long-distance passenger station, 6 cargo stations, depots, and repairing facilities. However, this system still fails to meet the demand for passenger service. Particularly, the Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi Railway Station is the city's only long-distance passenger terminal (vokzal).

Construction is underway for turning the large Darnytsia railway station on the left-bank part of Kyiv into a long-distance passenger hub, which may ease traffic at the central station. Bridges over the Dnieper River are another problem restricting the development of city's railway system. Presently, only one rail bridge out of two is available for intense train traffic. A new combined rail-auto bridge is under construction, as a part of Darnytsia project.

In 2011, the Kyiv city administration established the new Urban Train for Kyiv. This service runs at standard 4- to 10-minute intervals throughout the day and follows a circular route around the city centre, which allows it to serve many of Kyiv's inner suburbs. Interchanges between the Kyiv Metro and Fast Tram exist at many of the urban train's station stops.

Suburban 'Elektrichka' trains are serviced by the publicly owned Ukrainian Railways. The suburban train service is fast, and unbeatably safe in terms of traffic accidents. But the trains are not reliable, as they may fall significantly behind schedule, may not be safe in terms of crime, and the elektrichka cars are poorly maintained and are overcrowded in rush hours.

There are five elektrichka directions from Kyiv:
Nizhyn (north-eastern)
Hrebinka (south-eastern)
Myronivka (southern)
Fastiv (south-western)
Korosten (western)

More than a dozen of elektrichka stops are within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.

Energy
 (formerly Kyivenergo) is the electric power distribution network operator for Kyiv, owned by oligarch Rinat Akhmetov.  it had:

 12,038 km of power transmission lines with a voltage of 0.4–110 kV
 64 substations with a voltage of 35–110 kV
 243 switchgears and 3728 transformer substations at 10 kV

 operates a centralized heating system, which provides heating and hot water to customers through a network of pipes that distribute hot water from centralized heating plants to buildings throughout the city. It operates a 2700 km network, two of the largest combined heat and power plants in Ukraine CHP-5 and CHP-6, as well as the only waste incineration plant  operating in Ukraine.

In line with the EU Third Energy Package, since 2019 state energy policy abandoned the Rotterdam plus system and has required transmission system operator (TSO) and regional utilities unbundling in order to separate electricity distribution and retail electricity supply.

Water and sanitation
The national government has delegated responsibility for water and sanitation services to local authorities.  is a private joint-stock company that provides such services to Kyiv. The length of water supply networks is 4231 km, of which 1798 km are dilapidated. The length of sewage networks is 2662 km, of which 830 km are dilapidated.

Twin towns – sister cities

Kyiv is twinned with:

 Ankara, Turkey (1993)
 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (2001)
 Astana, Kazakhstan (1998)
 Athens, Greece (1996)
 Baku, Azerbaijan (1997)
 Beijing, China (1993)
 Berlin, Germany (2023)
 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (1997)
 Brasília, Brazil (2000)
 Bratislava, Slovakia (1969)
 Brussels, Belgium (1997)
 Bucharest, Romania (2022)
 Buenos Aires, Argentina (2000)
 Chicago, United States (1991)
 Chișinău, Moldova (1993)
 Copenhagen, Denmark (2023)
 Edinburgh, United Kingdom (1989)
 Florence, Italy (1967)
 Jakarta, Indonesia (2005)
 Kraków, Poland (1993)
 Kyoto, Japan (1971)
 Leipzig, Germany (1956)
 Lima, Peru (2005)
 Mexico City, Mexico (1997)
 Munich, Germany (1989)
 Odense, Denmark (1989)
 Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan (2002)
 Pretoria, South Africa (1993)
 Riga, Latvia (1998)
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2000)
 Santiago, Chile (1998)
 Sofia, Bulgaria (1997)
 Suzhou, China (2005)
 Tallinn, Estonia (1994)
 Tampere, Finland (1954)
 Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1998)
 Tbilisi, Georgia (1999)
 Toulouse, France (1975)
 Vilnius, Lithuania (1991)
 Warsaw, Poland (1994)
 Wuhan, China (1990)

Other cooperation agreements

 Belgrade, Serbia (2002)
 Helsinki, Finland
 Jerusalem, Israel (2000)
 Lisbon, Portugal
 Paris, France
 Rome, Italy
 Stockholm, Sweden
 Toronto, Canada (1991)
 Tripoli, Libya (2001)
 Vienna, Austria
 Yerevan, Armenia (1995)

Notable people

Arts, literature, and entertainment

 Leonid Bronevoy (1928–2017), Soviet and Russian actor
 Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940), Soviet writer, medical doctor and playwright
 Eugenia Chuprina (born 1971), poet, novelist, writer and playwright
 Daniel the Traveller, 12th-century travel writer from the Kievan Rus'
 Ilya Ehrenburg (1891–1967), Soviet writer, journalist, translator and cultural figure
 André Grabar (1896–1990), historian of Romanesque art and the art of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Bulgarian Empire
 Dmytro Hnatyuk (1925–2016), Soviet and Ukrainian opera singer
 Milton Horn (1906–1995), Russian-American sculptor
 Vladimir Horowitz (1903–1989), American classical pianist
 Milla Jovovich (born 1975), American actress
 Sonya Koshkina (born 1985), Ukrainian journalist, editor-in-chief
 Kateryna Kukhar (born 1982), prima ballerina
 Ana Layevska (born 1982), Ukrainian-Mexican actress
 Boris Levit-Broun (born 1950), Russian poet, writer, and artist
 Serge Lifar (1905–1986), French ballet dancer
 Kazimir Malevich (1879–1935), pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde Suprematist movement
 Natalya Marchenkova (born 1948), animator and animation director, born in Kyiv
 Natalia Matsak (born 1982), ballet dancer
 Galyna Moskvitina (born 1963), painter
 Ivan Putrov (born 1980), dancer, former Principal with The Royal Ballet in London
 Natalya Semenchenko (born 1976), professor, writer, and publicist
 Lev Shestov (1866–1938), Russian existentialist philosopher
 Oksana Shvets (1955–2022), Ukrainian actress
 Alexander Vertinsky (1889—1957), singer, composer, poet, cabaret artist and actor
 Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya (1906–1975), composer
 Artemy Vedel (1767–1808), composer

Science and technology

 Nikolai Amosov (1913–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian heart surgeon and inventor
 Zino Davidoff (1906–1994), Swiss premium tobacco manufacturer; known as "King of Cigars"
 Jan Koum (born 1976), American computer programmer, CEO and co-founder of WhatsApp
 Viktor Kaspruk, (born 1955), political scientist
 Alexander Ostrowski (1893–1986), mathematician
 Borys Paton (1918–2020), scientist, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
 Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), Russian-American aviation pioneer

Politics

 Golda Meir (1898–1978), Israeli politician, the fourth Prime Minister of Israel

Religion
 Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948), Russian Orthodox religious and political philosopher
 Jonathan Markovitch (born 1967), Chief Rabbi of Kyiv
 Petro Mohyla (1596–1647), Metropolitan bishop of Kyiv from 1633
 Mikhail Morgulis (1941–2021), Russian-language writer, editor and theologian
 Moses of Kiev, 12th century Talmudist
 Theophan Prokopovich (1681–1736), theologian, poet, mathematician and philosopher

Military conflicts
 Eugeniusz Horbaczewski (1917–1944), Polish fighter pilot
 Yuliia "Taira" Paievska (born 1968), founder of "Taira's Angels"

Sport
 Oleg Blokhin (born 1952), Ukrainian football player
 Oleg Ladik (born 1971), Ukrainian-born Canadian Olympic wrestler
 Valeriy Lobanovskyi (1939–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian football coach
 Oleksandr Saliuk Jr. (born 1978), Ukrainian rally driver
 Andriy Shevchenko (born 1976), Ukrainian footballer
 Igor Slyusar (born 1989), Ukrainian professional ice hockey player
 Igor Skuz (born 1976), Ukrainian racing driver

Other
 Oleg of Novgorod (), Rurikid prince who ruled 882–912
 Olga of Kiev (), a regent of Kievan Rus' for her son Sviatoslav from 945 until 960
 Nicholas Pritzker, scion of the Pritzker Family
 Vladimir the Great (), Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015
 Israel Markovich Brodsky (1823–1888), businessman and philanthropist

Honour
 Kyiv Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctica, is named after the city of Kyiv.

See also

 List of national landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv
 List of crossings of the Dnieper River
 List of universities, colleges, and research institutions in Kyiv
 Outline of Ukraine
 Yehupetz

Notes

References

Further reading
 Brutzkus, J. "The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev". Slavonic and East European Review. American Series, vol. 3, no. 1, 1944, pp. 108–124. JSTOR. Accessed 16 June 2020.

External links

 Київська міська державна адміністрація – official web portal of the Kyiv City State Administration

 Kyiv—Official Tourist Guide

Capitals in Europe
Cities with special status in Ukraine
Holy cities
Kievsky Uyezd
Cossack Hetmanate
Kiev Voivodeship
Populated places established in the 5th century
Rus' settlements
Magdeburg rights
5th-century establishments
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Populated places on the Dnieper in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Kyiv metropolitan area

Kyiv


Paradis Station (Paradis holdeplass) er en jernbanestation på Jærbanen, en del af Sørlandsbanen, der ligger i bydelen Våland i Stavanger i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med en delvist overdækket øperron imellem. I den sydlige ende er der en ankomstbygning med trappe og elevator i tilslutning til Strømsbrua, og i den nordlige ende er der en tilsvarende bygning bag Statens Hus, der giver forbindelse til Lagårdsveien.

Stationen åbnede 16. november 2009, hvor den erstattede Hillevåg Station. Den er en af tre nye stationer, der blev etableret, da banen mellem Stavanger og Sandnes blev udvidet til dobbeltspor. Forud for åbningen blev stationen kritiseret for at ligge lige lovligt tæt på Stavanger Station, men Jernbaneverket mente, at placeringen var perfekt. Den er således godt tilgængelig for folk der bor i Storhaug og Våland i modsætning til Hillevåg Station, der kun betjente Våland og Hillevåg. Stationen betød også, at toget blev et godt alternativ til bus for eleverne på Godalen videregående skole, da det bedste busstoppested for dem ligger ved samme vejkryds som den nye station. Endelig blev der igangsat omfattende byggerier af kontorer og lejligheder ved stationen, mens den blev etableret.

Navnet Paradis er noget misvisende, da stationen ligger i bydelen Våland og ikke i det område i Stavanger, der traditionelt betegnes som Paradis.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Jærbanen
Etableret i 2009

Paradis Station


Luís Alves (Lisboa, 11 de Maio de 1978) é um cineasta português, autor das premiadas curtas-metragens A Cova e Branco.

Nascidos em 1978
Cineastas de Portugal

Luís Alves


Ciego de Ávila () is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province.  Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Morón, further north.

The province was separated from Camagüey Province in 1976 by the government.

Geography
Off the north coast of the province, some (cays) of the Jardines del Rey archipelago are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo. The south coast is characterised by mangroves.

Between Morón and the north coast are several lakes, including the Laguna de Leche (the Lagoon of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba.

Economy
Central Ciego de Ávila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown. Pineapples are the staple crop, but sweet potatoes, potatoes, yuca, plantains, and bananas are also cultivated for national consumption.

Municipalities

Source: Population from 2004 Census. Area from 1976 municipal re-distribution.

Demographics
In 2004, the province of Ciego de Ávila had a population of 416,370. With a total area of , the province had a population density of .

References

External links

Ciego de Ávila

Provinces of Cuba
States and territories established in 1975

Ciego de Ávila Province


An Gouinia ramosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Gouinia ramosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gouinia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gouinia

Gouinia ramosa


وشاء الهوى مسلسل سوري درامي يناقش حياة الشباب الجامعيين وواقعهم خلال فترة الدراسة وبعد التخرج بكل ما تحمل من مصاعب. من بطولة : أمل عرفة وكاريس بشار وديمة قندلفت وشكران مرتجى ونضال نجم وقيس الشيخ نجيب وباسل خياط ووائل شرف وغيرهم. وهو من إخراج زهير قنوع و تأليف: يم مشهدي

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية سورية

وشاء الهوى (مسلسل)


Albrecht von Halberstadt fue un poeta alemán medieval, autor de una traducción en verso de la Metamorfosis de Ovidio, escrita probablemente en 1190, posiblemente en 1210 (las informaciones sobre la fecha de estos poemas son ambiguas). Albrecht las escribió en Jechaburg, cerca de Sondershausen para la corte Turingia del Landgrave Hermann I de Turingia. A diferencia de la mayoría de sus contemporáneos, él tuvo el mérito de traducirlas del latín original en lugar de hacerlo a partir de las versiones francesas, por lo que la tarea muestra sus dotes poéticas. El poema se conoce a través de dos fragmentos de un manuscrito con cerca de 400 líneas y por una versión considerablemente adaptada publicada más de trescientos años más tarde por J. Wickram en 1545.

Literatura

 Wilhelm Leverkus, Aus Albrechts von Halberstadt Übersetzung der Metamorphosen Ovids. En: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 11/1859, pp. 358-374 (Erstabdruck von Fragment B)
 August Lübben. Neues Bruchstück von Albrecht von Halberstadt. En: Germania 10/1865, pp. 237-245. (Erstabdruck von Fragment A)
 Reinhold Bechstein. Albrecht von Halberstadt. En: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 400
 M. Last. Neue Oldenburger Fragmente der Metamorphosen-Übertragung des Albrecht von Halberstadt, in: Oldenburger Jahrbuch 65 (1966), Seite 41-60 (Erstabdruck von Fragment C, D, E)
 Karl Stackmann. Artikel Albrecht von Halberstadt. En: Verfasserlexikon, vol. 1 (1978), pp. 187-191
 Hellmut Rosenfeld: Albrecht von Halberstadt. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlín 1953, S. 177 f. en línea

Enlaces externos

Traductores del latín
Traductores al alemán
Escritores en alemán del siglo XII
Escritores en alemán del siglo XIII
Poetas de Alemania del siglo XII
Poetas de Alemania del siglo XIII
Traductores de Alemania

Albrecht von Halberstadt


Marfil es una película del año 2011.

Sinopsis
El primer cinematógrafo llegó a Guinea Ecuatorial en 1904. La última sala de cine cerró en Malabo en la década de los noventa. En 2011, durante el II Festival de cine africano de Guinea ecuatorial reabrió sus puertas el cine Marfil. Florencio, Ángel y Estrada nos cuentan cómo el cine ha estado y está presente en sus vidas.

Referencias

Películas sobre cine
Películas ambientadas en Guinea Ecuatorial

Marfil (película)


Ringvejen  er en to sporet ringvej der går igennem det vestlige Køge. Vejen er en del af sekundærrute 151 der går fra København til Vordingborg. Den er med til at lede den tunge trafikken uden om Køge Centrum, så byen ikke bliver belastet af så meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder Københavnsvej i nord med Vordingborgvej i syd, og har forbindelse til Ved Stadion, Zoffmannsvej, Tøxensvej, Vestergade, Ringstedvej og Sønder Viaduktvej.

Kilder

Transport i Køge
Ringveje i Danmark

Ringvejen (Køge)


Olaylar
 Aztek İmparatorluğu kuruldu (dağılışı 1521).
 Germiyanoğulları Beyliği dağıldı (kuruluşu 1302).
 Şeybani Hanlığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1599).

Doğumlar
 21 Eylül - Jingtai, Çin'in Ming Hanedanı'nın yedinci imparatoru (ö. 1457)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ulubatlı Hasan - İstanbul'un fethi sırasında Bizans surlarına ilk sancağı diken Osmanlı askeri (ö. 1453)

Ölümler
 30 Ağustos - İmparator Shōkō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 101. imparatoru (d. 1401)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Masaccio, İtalyan Rönesans akımı başlangıç döneminin önemli ressamlarından (d. 1401)

1428


El zorzalito carigrís (Catharus minimus), también denominado tordo de cara gris, zorzal de cara gris, zorzal de mejilla gris y zorzal migratorio, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Turdidae que cría en Norteamérica y el norte de Asia y migra para pasar el invierno en Centro y Sudamérica.

Taxonomía

La especie fue descrita por el ornitólogo francés Frédéric de Lafresnaye en 1848. Forma con el zorzalito de Bicknell un par críptico de especies, con el cual apenas se diferencia por ser ligeramente mayor y por sus cantos. Por lo que en el pasado fueron considerados coespecíficos. Además ambos están cercanamente emparentados con el otro miembro migratorio del género, el zorzalito rojizo.

Descripción

El zorzalito carigrís mide entre 15–17 cm de largo. Tiene el patrón de color blanco y blanco sucio característico de los miembros del género Catharus. Los adultos tienen las partes superiores de color pardo oliváceo. Tienen el pecho pardo grisáceo con motas más oscuro y las mejillas los flancos grises, y el vientre blanco. Tienen las patas rosadas y anillos oculares grises.

Referencias

Bibliografía
Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L.  (2006): Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae). Auk 123(4): 1052-1068. [Artículo en inglés con resumen en español] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2 texto íntegro en PDF

Enlaces externos
Catharus minimus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Ficha - en Cornell Lab of Ornithology (en inglés)

Minimus
Aves de Asia
Aves de América del Norte
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de América Central
Taxones descritos por Frédéric de Lafresnaye
Animales descritos en 1848

Catharus minimus


Wilhelm Ernst Justus von Dommes (Göttingen, 15. rujna 1867. -  Verden an der Aller, 5. svibnja 1959.) je bio njemački general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata bio je načelnik stožera više korpusa i Grupe armija Yildirim na Istočnom, Zapadnom i Palestinskom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Wilhelm von Dommes rođen je 15. rujna 1867. u Göttingenu. Sin je Augusta Dommesa, inače general bojnika u pruskoj vojsci koji je u prosincu 1903. dobio plemićku titulu. Dommes je u prusku vojsku stupio u rujnu 1885. služeću u 5. dragunskoj pukovniji "Barun von Manteuffel". U predmetnoj pukovniji od rujna 1892. obnaša dužnost pobočnika, dok od listopada 1894. pohađa Prusku vojnu akademiju. U ožujku 1895. promaknut je u čin poručnika, nakon čega od srpnja 1897. služi u 10. dragunskoj pukovniji "König Albert von Sachen" smještenoj u Allensteinu. Od travnja 1898. služi u Glavnom stožeru u Berlinu i to do prosinca 1902. kada postaje zapovjednikom eskadrona u 4. ulanskoj pukovniji "von Schmidt". U svibnju 1905. imenovan je pobočnikom načelnika Glavnog stožera Alfreda von Schlieffena koju dužnost obnaša i kada je nakon njegovog umirovljenja na njegovo mjesto došao Helmuth von Moltke. Tijekom navedene službe, u ožujku 1907., unaprijeđen je u čin bojnika. Od svibnja 1910. obnaša dužnost savjetnika cara Wilhelma II. U listopadu 1912. promaknut je u čin potpukovnika, da bi tri mjeseca nakon toga, u siječnju 1913., postao zapovjednikom Gardijske husarske pukovnije smještene u Potsdamu.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata Dommes je imenovan načelnikom političkog odjela Glavnog stožera. Navedenu dužnost međutim, obnaša kratko jer je u listopadu 1914. imenovan načelnikom stožera VIII. korpusa kojim je zapovijedao Julius Riemann. U međuvremenu je, u rujnu, promaknut u čin pukovnika. U veljači 1915. postaje načelnikom stožera Korpusa Marschall koji se pod zapovjedništvom Wolfa Marschalla von Altengotterna nalazio na Istočnom bojištu. Kada je u travnju 1916. Korpus Marschall preustrojem postao Gardijski pričuvni korpus, Dommes je imenovan njegovim načelnikom stožera.

U prosincu 1916. Dommes postaje načelnikom stožera Gardijskog korpusa. Na navedenoj dužnosti nalazi se do lipnja 1917. kada je imenovan načelnikom stožera Grupe armija Yildirim kojom je zapovijedao Erich von Falkenhayn. U ožujku 1918. promaknut je u čin general bojnika, te je imenovan zapovjednikom 66. pješačke brigade. Nakon toga, u lipnju te iste godine postaje zapovjednikom 2. pješačke divizije s kojom sudjeluje u završnim borbama Prvog svjetskog rata. Istodobno s tim imenovanjem odlikovan je ordenom Pour le Mérite.

Poslije rata
Dommes je 2. pješačkom divizijom zapovijedao do svibnja 1919. kada je stavljen na raspolaganje, te potom u srpnju umirovljen. Na 25-godišnjicu pobjede u Bitki kod Tannenberga promaknut je u počasni čin general poručnika. Od 1925. do 1932. obnaša dužnost posljednjeg predsjedavajućeg Pruske lige, a od 1932. pa do 1941. i smrti Wilhelma II. nalazi se na čelu Uprave bivše vladajuće pruske kraljevske obitelji. Nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata navedenu dužnost obnaša i u razdoblju od 1945. do prosinca 1947. godine. Potom se seli u Verden an der Aller kod brata Georga Dommesa gdje je i preminuo 5. svibnja 1959. u 92. godini života. Od 1912. bio je oženjen s Elisabethom von Kanitz s kojom nije imao djece.

Vanjske poveznice
   Wilhelm von Dommes na stranici Prussianmachine.com
   Wilhelm von Dommes na stranici Deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de
   Wilhelm von Dommes na stranici Deutsche-biographie.de
   Wilhelm von Dommes na stranici Bundesarchiv.de

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Wilhelm von Dommes


This is a list of municipalities in New York other than towns, which includes all 533 villages and 62 cities of New York. Of the 533 villages and 62 cities, there are 590 non-town municipalities in New York, plus five Coterminous town-villages, villages that are coterminous with their town.

At the time of the 2010 United States Census, the state of New York had 555 villages. Since then, 21 villages were dissolved (four in Cattaraugus County, three in Oneida County, two each in Chautauqua County, St. Lawrence County and Wayne County, one each in Essex County, Jefferson County, Seneca County, Washington County and Oswego County as well as Keeseville in Clinton and Essex counties), while one new village was created in Suffolk County (Mastic Beach).  After only seven years of being incorporated, the Village of Mastic Beach dissolved on December 31, 2017. The village of Van Etten in Chemung County and the village of Harrisville in Lewis County were both dissolved on December 31, 2018, while the village of Morristown in St. Lawrence County was dissolved on December 31, 2019. The village of South Nyack, New York was dissolved in 2022.

Most municipalities in New York are located within a single town and county, but some municipalities are located in more than one town. Of those, there are two cities and eight villages located in more than one county:
 Geneva, in Ontario & Seneca Counties, although the portion in Seneca County has no population and is entirely water
 New York, in Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens & Richmond Counties
 Almond, in Allegany & Steuben Counties
 Attica, in Genesee & Wyoming Counties
 Deposit, in Broome & Delaware Counties
 Dolgeville, in Fulton & Herkimer Counties
 Earlville, in Chenago & Madison Counties
 Gowanda, in Cattaraugus & Erie Counties
 Rushville, in Ontario & Yates Counties
 Saranac Lake, in Essex & Franklin Counties

Former villages

Listed below are former villages in the State of New York which either dissolved, consolidated or were acquired by another municipality between 1900 and 2018. To date during this period, there are a total of 47 villages that have chosen dissolution. A former village does have the option to re-incorporate in the future if the community chooses to do so. Unless otherwise specified, these communities are currently (or will be) considered census-designated places by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Extremes in size and population

The most populous and largest city by area in the state is by far New York City, home to 8,804,190 people and comprising just over   of land ( including water).  The least populous city is Sherrill, with just 3,071 inhabitants. The smallest city by area is Mechanicville, which covers   (of which  is water).

 Smallest village, by area: South Floral Park –
 Largest village, by area: Speculator –
 Smallest village, by population: Dering Harbor – 50 (2020)
 Largest village, by population: Hempstead – 59,169 (2020)

Gallery

See also

 List of city nicknames in New York
 Administrative divisions of New York
 List of counties in New York
 List of towns in New York
 List of census-designated places in New York

References

New York, List of cities in
Cities

List of municipalities in New York


The Comedy Store Players is a group of improvisational comedians who perform at The Comedy Store in London. The group first came into being in October 1985.

Members of the group have included:

Dave Cohen
Jeremy Hardy
Kit Hollerbach
Josie Lawrence
Paul Merton
Neil Mullarkey
Mike Myers
Lee Simpson
Andy Smart
Jim Sweeney
Sandi Toksvig
Richard Vranch

Currently there are four regular cast members; Josie Lawrence, Neil Mullarkey, Lee Simpson and Richard Vranch. Sweeney retired from performing in 2008 but is still listed as a member and is also the group's President.

The Players currently perform once a week on Sunday, but have also in recent times performed once each on Wednesdays and Sundays. Performances are usually with the regular cast, although occasionally a guest performer will appear, which have in the past included the likes of Niall Ashdown, Marcus Brigstocke, Stephen Frost, Eddie Izzard, Greg Proops, Steve Steen and Phill Jupitus. Shows start at 7.30pm on Sundays. They last approximately 2 hours (including interval), in which time they play 6 or 7 games. There is no one host of the show, and no points to be won, so every performer should get to have a go and are able to support each other.

They are also in the Guinness World Records for being the world's longest-running comedy show with the same cast.

Usually, the games are:
 Whoops - in which each performer takes turn to tell a story, with the audience shouting "Whoops!" when one makes a mistake. The game was formerly called "Die!"
 Freeze Tag - two performers start in positions suggested by the audience, and act out sketches. The other performers will 'tag' someone to take their position and start a new sketch
 Guess The Job - A Player leaves the room while an outrageous job is concocted. When he re-enters, he/she has to guess the job based on clues dropped into the sketch
 Translation - Specialist lecture from a foreign expert who doesn't speak English, so another Player translates for him
 Film & Theatre Styles - A sketch between 2 people, performed in different film and theatre styles
 Musical - A story told with song, with the Players often playing several characters
 Emotions - Another sketch between 2 people, this time changing based on different emotions suggested by the audience
 The Three Headed Expert - An interview between one person and an expert (played by three people)

Several of The Comedy Store Players appeared on the Channel 4 comedy game show Whose Line Is It Anyway?. Lawrence, Merton, Simpson and Sweeney also starred in The Masterson Inheritance, an improvised comedy series which ran on BBC Radio 4 from 1993-1995.

The Comedy Store Players also appeared on episode 4 of The Sitcom Trials - the line-up consisted of Neil Mullarkey, Suki Webster, Niall Ashdown and Richard Vranch.

References

External links
The Comedy Store Players

1985 establishments in England
British comedy troupes
Improvisational troupes

The Comedy Store Players


قضبان كويزنير  هي أدوات تعليمية متعددة الاستعمالات لتعليم مفاهيم رياضية عديدة مثل العمليات الحسابية، الكسور العشرية، الأحجام، المساحة، الجذر التربيعي، حل المعادلات البسيطة، أنظمة المعادلات، وحتى المعادلات التربيعية.

رغم أنها اخترعت لتعليم مبادئ الرياضيات، فإن استعمالاتها تخطت إلى ميادين أخرى مثل تعليم اللغات، وبخاصة مع أسلوب التعلم الصامت والتي تساعد في شرح مفاهيم أحرف الجر، الجمل والإدغام في اللفظ.

اخترع القضبان مربٍ بلجيكي اسمه جورج كويزنير (Georges Cuisenaire, 1891-1976) فسميت باسمه. وشرح فكرته في كتاب نشره عام 1952 وسماه «الأرقام في الألوان» (Les nombres en couleurs) أما استعمالاتها، فطورها كايلب غاتينكو (Caleb Gattegno).

تفاصيل

يستعمل هذا النظام عشرة قضبان طولها من سنتمتر واحد إلى 10 سنتمترات. ويلون كل قضيب من مقاس معين بنفس اللون بحسب الجدول التالي:

قضبان ملونة أخرى
 استعملت المربية ماري مونتيسوري قضبان ملونة في مدرستها الأولى لشرح بعض مفاهيم الرياضيات ومسائل الطول، فكانت أول من استعملها في الفصول الدراسية.

 وفي عام 1096، انتج سيتون بولوك نظام معامل الألوان مؤلفة من 12 قضيب من طول 1 سم إلى 12 سم بحيث لون الأطوال المفردة بالوان فتحة اما الأطوال المزدوجة بألوان غامقة.

وصلات خارجية
 قضبان كوازينير في فصول تعليم اللغات

المراجع

اختراعات بلجيكية
تدريس
تعليم الرياضيات
علم النفس التربوي
مواد تعليم اللغات
وسائل تعليمية
قائمة الأشكال الهندسية

قضبان كويزنير


Psamathe /psa'ma.te/, cunoscut și sub numele de Neptun X, este un satelit retrograd neregulat al lui Neptun. Este numit după Psamathe, una dintre Nereide. Psamathe a fost descoperit de Scott S. Sheppard și David C. Jewitt în 2003 folosind telescopul Subaru de 8,2 metri. Înainte de anunțarea numelui său pe 3 februarie 2007 (IAUC 8802), era cunoscut sub denumirea provizorie S/2003 N 1.

Psamathe are aproximativ 38 de kilometri în diametru. Orbitează în jurul lui Neptun la o distanță cuprinsă între 25,7 și 67,7 milioane km (pentru comparație, distanța Soare-Mercur variază între 46 milioane și 69,8 milioane km) și are nevoie de aproape 25 de ani Pământești pentru a face o orbită. Orbita acestui satelit este aproape de separarea stabilă teoretică de Neptun pentru un corp aflat pe o orbită retrogradă. Având în vedere similitudinea parametrilor orbitali ai lui Psamathe cu Neso (S/2002 N 4), s-a sugerat că ambii sateliți neregulați ar putea avea o origine comună în destrămarea unui satelit mai mare. Ambii sunt mai departe de primară decât orice alt satelit cunoscut din Sistemul Solar.

Vezi și

 Sateliții naturali ai lui Neptun

Referințe

Legături externe

 Sateliții cunoscuți ai lui Neptun (de Scott S. Sheppard)
 Imagini film satelitul S/2003 N1 Neptun (imagine)
 MPC: Serviciul de efemeride prin sateliti naturali
 Parametrii orbitali medii (NASA)
 IAUC 8193

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Sateliții lui Neptun

Psamathe (satelit)


Odense, Danimarka'nın üçüncü büyük şehridir. Nüfusu 150 binden fazladır. Ayrı zamanda Fyn adalarının başkentidir. Ünlü yazar ve şair Hans Christian Andersen, 2 Nisan 1805 günü Odense şehrinde doğmuştur. Odense şehrinin 2021 nüfus sayımına göre nüfusu 180.760'tır. İsmi Odense tanrısı Norse'den gelir. Bölgesi Syddanmark'tır.

İklim

Kardeş Şehirler
Odense'nin aşağıdaki şehirlerle kardeş şehir anlaşması vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Odense - City of Hans Christian Andersen

Danimarka'daki şehirler

Odense


Blahodatne (, ), ou Voïkovo (Войково) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Donetsk, en Ukraine. Ce petit village dépend du conseil de communes de Khartsyzsk. Cette petite localité compte  en 2021. Son nouveau nom institué en 2016 par le gouvernement central de Kiev n'est pas reconnu par les autorités de la république populaire de Donetsk qui administrent la zone et par conséquent continuent de nommer le village Voïkovo.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Donetsk

Blahodatne (raïon de Donetsk)


Mala loža u gradiću Trogiru, Obala bana Berislavića 11, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Mala loža u Trogiru nalazi se van gradskih zidina, istočno od južnih gradskih vrata. Podignuta je u prvoj polovici 16.st. na pravokutnom tlocrtu, od kamenih klesanaca i natkrita troslivnim krovom pokrivenim kupom kanalicom. Na zapadnom i južnom zidu je u pravilnom ritmu postavljeno osam oktogonalnih stupova, te polustup na istoku. Imaju profilirane kvadratne baze, a nose kamene grede i drveno krovište. U ložu se ulazi kroz središnje otvore na južnoj i zapadnoj strani. Služila je za smještaj putnika, a u novije vrijeme kao ribarnica.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1409 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Trogiru

Mala loža u Trogiru


Atikamekw d'Opitciwan (en. Atikamekw of Opitciwan), jedna od 3 skupine Atikamekw Indijanaca iz kanadske provincije Quebec. Danas žive uglavnom u indijanskom rezervatu Obedjiwan 28 koji se nalazi u administrativnoj regijiMauricie. U studenom 2021. registrirano ih je 3124 od kojih 2511 živi na vlastitom rezervatu.

Izvori

Atikamekw

Opitciwan


Cebrayıl Rayonu (Azerice: Cəbrayıl rayonu), Azerbaycan'da rayon olarak adlandırılan birinci derece idari bölüm. İdari merkezi Cebrayıl şehridir. 4 Ekim 2020'de Azerbaycan Silahlı Kuvvetleri tarafından Ermeni işgalinden kurtarılmıştır.

Hakkında
Cebrayıl Şehri, 1993'ten bu yana Ermenistan Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin işgali altında idi. 4 Ekim 2020 tarihində Azerbaycan Silahlı Kuvvetleri Cebrayıl Şehrini ve rayonun bir sıra kentlerini Ermeni işgalinden kurtarmıştır. ve de facto Dağlık Karabağ Cumhuriyetini kuran Ermeniler, bu rayonun doğu kesimini Hadrut İlinin bir parçası, batı kesimini Kaşatag İlinin bir parçası olarak yönetmektedir.
2020 Dağlık Karabağ çaltışmaların'da 4 Ekim 2020 tarihinde Cebrayıl kentinin merkezi Azerbaycan işgalden kurtarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

3-  https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-haberi-msb-acikladi-o-bolgeler-de-kurtarildi-2824256

Azerbaycan'ın rayonları
Karabağ
Cebrayıl Rayonu

Cebrayıl (rayon)


Marchiennes (ndl.: "Marsenne") ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Nord in der Region Hauts-de-France. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Douai und zum Kanton Sin-le-Noble.

Geographie
Marchiennes liegt an der kanalisierten Scarpe, im Norden verläuft der Canal du Décours, im Süden die Grande Traitoire.
Nachbargemeinden von Marchiennes sind Beuvry-la-Forêt im Norden, Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes im Nordosten, Warlaing im Osten, Wandignies-Hamage im Südosten, Rieulay im Süden, Vred und Pecquencourt im Südwesten, Flines-lez-Raches im Westen und Bouvignies im Nordwesten.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Marchiennes
 Abtei Marchiennes (Benediktiner)

Sonstiges
In seinem Roman "Germinal", der um 1865 im Kohlerevier von Nordfrankreich spielt, siedelte Emile Zola die fiktive Bergbau-Stadt "Montsou" in der Nähe von Marchiennes an.

Persönlichkeiten
 Poppo von Stablo (978–1048), heiliggesprochener Abt, gestorben in Marchiennes
 Jean-Baptiste Corbineau (1776–1848), kaiserlicher General, geboren in Marchiennes
 Hercule Corbineau (1780–1823), kaiserlicher General, geboren in Marchiennes
 Félix Labisse (1905–1982), surrealistischer Maler, geboren in Marchiennes
 Jean Moral (1906–1999), Fotograf, geboren in Marchiennes
 Jules Mougin (1912–2010), Dichter, geboren in Marchiennes
 Alain Deloeuil (* 1954), Radrennfahrer, geboren in Marchiennes

Städtepartnerschaften
 Speldhurst, Kent, Großbritannien, seit 1998

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord. Flohic Editions, Band 2, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-84234-119-8, S. 1109–1114.
 B. Delmaire: L'histoire-polyptyque de l'abbaye de Marchiennes. Étude critique et édition, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1985.
 Daniel Gras: Marchiennes et Beuvry-La-Forêt. Saint-Cyr-sur Loire, 2010.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Hauts-de-France
Stadt in Frankreich

Marchiennes


Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju za sezonu 2020./21. je prvi put u povijesti osvojila  "Nada" iz Splita.
Zbog pandemije COVID-19 prvenstvo je igrano skraćemo i bez igranja pojedinih klubova.

Prva liga

Sustav natjecanja
Sudjelovala su 3 kluba, koji igraju dvokružnu ligu (6 kola, 4 utakmice po klubu). Po završetku lige, dvije najuspješnije hrvatske momčadi igraju za prvaka lige.

Sudionici

 Sinj — Sinj
 Nada — Split
 Mladost — Zagreb

Rezultati i ljestvica

Ligaški dio

 Ljestvica

 Rezultati

Susret za prvaka
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!datum !!mjesto odigravanja !!klub1 !! - !!klubb2 !!rez. !!izvj.
|-
|<small> 17. travnja 2020. ||Sinj, <small> SC "Ivica Poljak Sokol i Andrija Alčić" ||bgcolor="gold"|'Nada || - ||bgcolor="silver"|Mladost ||25:15 || <small>
|-
|}

 Druga liga

 Sustav natjecanja
Sudjelovala su 3 kluba, koji igraju dvokružnu ligu (6 kola, 4 utakmice po klubu)

 Sudionici

 Makarska Rivijera — Makarska
 Lokomotiva — Zagreb  (odustali uoči početka natjecanja <ref> rugby.hr, POVJERENIK NATJECANJA — ODLUKA br. 7/2021, objavljeno 7. travnja 2021. (II. liga - odustajanje "Lokomotive"), preuzeto 14. svibnja 2023.
 Novi Zagreb'' — Zagreb

 Ljestvica

 Rezultati

Povezani članci
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju

Vanjske poveznice
 rugby.hr

Izvori

 rugby.hr, Odluke povjerenika natjecanja
 rugby.hr, Odluke povjerenika natjecanja - Arhiva 2020, pristupljeno 14. svibnja 2023.
 rugby.hr, Odluke povjerenika natjecanja - Arhiva 2021, pristupljeno 14. svibnja 2023.
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2020/21 - 1. liga (ljestvica), pristupljeno 14. svibnja 2023.
 rugby.hr, Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2020/21 - 1. liga (raspored i rezultati), pristupljeno 14. svibnja 2023.
 rugby.hr, POVJERENIK NATJECANJA — ODLUKA br. 8/2021, objavljeno 13. travnja 2021., (1. liga - završna ljestvica ligaškog dijela), preuzeto 14. svibnja 2023.
 rugby.hr, POVJERENIK NATJECANJA — ODLUKA br. 11/2021, objavljeno 18. travnja 2021., (1. liga - završni susret), preuzeto 14. svibnja 2023.

2020-21

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u ragbiju 2020./21.


Gewerbepark bezeichnet:

 Gewerbepark, von privaten Unternehmen erschlossenes Gewerbegebiet

Gewerbepark heißen folgende geographischen Objekte:

 Gewerbepark (Gemeinde Pram), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Pram, Bezirk Grieskirchen, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark (Gemeinde Saxen), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Saxen, Bezirk Perg, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark (Schlüßlberg), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Schlüßlberg, Bezirk Grieskirchen, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark (Gemeinde Puchkirchen), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Puchkirchen am Trattberg, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich

sowie:
 Gewerbepark Mitte, Ortschaft der Gemeinde Redlham, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark Ost, Ortschaft der Gemeinde Redlham, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark Süd, Ortschaft der Gemeinde Waizenkirchen, Bezirk Grieskirchen, Oberösterreich
 Gewerbepark West, Ortschaft der Gemeinde Redlham, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich

Siehe auch:
 Handelspark

Gewerbepark (Begriffsklärung)


سيدريك باردون  (15 أكتوبر 1976 في ليون) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا في نادي الدرجة الأولى أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا القبرصي في مركز الجناح الأيمن .

بدأ مسيرته الرياضية في نادي ليون سنة 1986 ثم تم تصعيده إلى النادي الأول سنة 1992 . قرر الانتقال إلى نادي رين سنة 1998 ثم إلى نادي غينغان سنة 2001 ثم إلى نادي لوهافر يناير 2005 . وافق على الانتقال إلى نادي ليفسكي صوفيا البلغاري صيف سنة 2005 وشارك معه في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي موسم 2005-2006 حيث سجل هدف فريقه الوحيد في مرمى نادي أوكسير حيث انتهت المباراة بالخسارة 1-2 . وفي الدور الربع النهائي قرر حكم الساحة الإنجليزي مايك رايلي طرده في المباراة التي كانت أمام نادي شالكه الألماني . ساهم في فوز نادي ليفسكي صوفيا ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى البلغاري لموسمين متتاليين 2005-2006 و2006-2007 وبطولة كأس بلغاريا موسم 2006-2007 . في يناير 2008 انتقل إلى نادي بني يهودا الإسرائيلي وفي صيف نفس السنة انتقل إلى نادي أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا مقابل 200 ألف دولار أمريكي .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسرائيل
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في بلغاريا
رياضيون من ليون
لاعبو أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا
لاعبو الدوري البلغاري لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو رين
لاعبو غينغان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسرائيل
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو لوهافر
لاعبو ليفسكي صوفيا
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو نادي بني يهودا تل أبيب
مواليد 1976
مواليد في ليون
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إسرائيل
لاعبو كرة قدم من ليون

سيدريك باردون


Çamlıköy, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Samsun iline 96 km, Ladik ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ladik'in mahalleleri

Çamlıköy, Ladik


Cass County er navnet på 9 counties i USA:

 Cass County, Illinois
 Cass County, Indiana
 Cass County, Iowa
 Cass County, Michigan
 Cass County, Minnesota
 Cass County, Missouri
 Cass County, Nebraska
 Cass County, North Dakota
 Cass County, Texas

Cass County


بلدية سان كليمنتي ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قونكة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط البلاد, و المائلة لجهة الشرق من إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 6.879 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في البسيط
بلديات قونكة

سان كليمنتي (قونكة)