Harry Micajah Daugherty (; January 26, 1860 – October 12, 1941) was an American politician. A key Republican political insider from Ohio, he is best remembered for his service as Attorney General of the United States under presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, as well as for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal during Harding's presidency.

Despite his status as a key political leader of the Ohio Republican Party from the 1880s to the first decade of the 20th century, Daugherty was only briefly a statewide elected politician by serving just two terms in the Ohio General Assembly, working closely during the last two years with state governor William McKinley. Although he sought national office several times, Daugherty was thwarted in his effort to obtain the nomination of his party and was never elected to office again.

Daugherty remained an influential figure behind the election of several U.S. representatives and senators. He was Harding's campaign manager at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Following Harding's successful election, Daugherty was named attorney general. In that capacity, he was instrumental in winning presidential pardons for jailed anti-war dissidents such as Eugene V. Debs. Twice the subject of federal corruption investigations, Daugherty was forced in 1924 to resign his post as attorney general by Coolidge.

Biography

Early years
Harry M. Daugherty was born on January 26, 1860, in the small town of Washington Court House, Ohio. Daugherty's father, John H. Daugherty, was the Pennsylvania-born son of Irish immigrants and worked as a farmer and tailor. His mother, Jane Draper Daugherty, was from a prominent Ohio family with Virginia roots dating back to the time of the American Revolution. Daugherty was a first cousin of actress Majel Coleman.

Daugherty's father died of diphtheria when Harry was just four years old, as did one of his brothers, leaving his mother as the sole provider for the household. Harry and his older brother, Mally, were forced by economic necessity to take a variety of jobs from a relatively early age to help with the family's living expenses. Daugherty's mother later recalled that he was so young when he worked in a local grocery store that he had to stand on a wooden crate to reach the cash register.

Daugherty's mother wanted him to become a Methodist minister, but the prospect of life as a clergyman held no appeal for him. Instead, after graduating from high school in Washington Court House, Daugherty studied medicine for a year before taking a position as a cub reporter for The Cincinnati Enquirer.

In 1878 Daugherty entered the University of Michigan Law School, accepted there despite not having first obtained an undergraduate education. He supplemented his insufficient income by gambling, winning a significant sum betting on the election of James Garfield in the 1880 presidential election. Sports betting was also an area of some interest to Daugherty and his brother, who went so far as to tap telegraph wires so that they could obtain game information in advance. Initially successful, this ethically shady activity was ultimately discovered and exposed by local gamblers puzzled by the brothers' uncanny success.

Daugherty graduated from law school in 1881 and returned home to Ohio, where he accepted a job in the office of a Washington Court House attorney, spending his spare time preparing to take the Ohio state bar examination.

Factional soldier

In 1882 Daugherty was elected by the Fayette County Republican Central Committee as the recording secretary of the organization. He ran for political office in the election of 1882, winning election as the clerk of nearby Union Township. In this capacity Daugherty served a single two-year term, earning a salary of $1500 per year.

The following year Daugherty was elected secretary of the Fayette County Executive Committee, where he earned a reputation as an intense and astute young political activist. He was selected as one of five delegates from the Fayette Country Republican Party as a delegate to the Ohio State Republican Convention in 1883, held in Columbus. There Daugherty helped select an aggressive young Cincinnati judge named Joseph B. Foraker as the party's 1883 gubernatorial nominee.

A close political relationship developed between Foraker and Daugherty, with Daugherty exerting himself in support of Foraker's unsuccessful 1883 campaign. When Foraker was elected as Governor of Ohio in 1885, he was able to return the favor, boosting his protégé Daugherty's career. The connection between the two was tightened further in September 1884, when Daugherty married Lucille Walker of Wellston, Ohio – a cousin of Foraker's wife.

Daugherty was elected to a two-year term on the city council in the election of 1885, serving from 1886 to 1887. He was elected as chairman of the Fayette County Republican Central Committee in 1886 but spent most of his time helping to establish a law practice. After practicing alone for three years, Daugherty formed a partnership with Horatio B. Maynard, a prominent local lawyer, and the new practice soon emerged as a leading law firm in the county.

In 1889 Republican David Worthington decided not to seek reelection to the Ohio General Assembly and Daugherty threw his hat into the ring. After eking out a narrow victory in the Republican primary election, Daugherty emerged victorious in November, winning election to the Ohio House of Representatives by slightly more than 800 votes out of 5,100 ballots cast. Although Daugherty won his race, his close political ally Joseph Foraker lost his bid for a third term as Governor and the Democratic Party won control of the Assembly as well, forcing Daugherty to participate as a member of the minority party.

Daugherty won reelection to the Ohio House of Representatives in the fall of 1891, beating his Democratic opponent by more than 750 votes out of about 4,900 cast. This time Ohio Republicans recaptured not only the Governor's mansion – electing William McKinley to the state's chief executive office – but also the majority of the state assembly. Since in this era United States Senators were elected by state legislatures rather than by direct vote of the people, this meant that a Republican would be sent to Washington, DC to fill the expiring term of Senator John Sherman when the assembly reconvened in January 1892.

Change of alliances

The Ohio Republican Party had for several years been deeply split along factional lines, with Senator Sherman and former Governor Foraker leading rival groups of party activists and political functionaries. Foraker was determined to challenge Sherman for his Senate seat and sought assurances from Daugherty that he would continue to support him when the matter came before the legislature.

This placed Daugherty in a difficult position, since his native Fayette County was solidly behind the Sherman faction, which included Governor McKinley and the significant financial clout of Cleveland businessman Mark Hanna. Forced by the logic of the situation to switch alliances rather than risk being cast into political oblivion, Daugherty abandoned Foraker in the final contest of the Ohio Republican caucus on January 2, 1892, joining 52 others in voting for Sherman, against 38 for the insurgent campaign of Foraker.

In the aftermath of the caucus that would determine Ohio's U.S. Senator, editorials of the Democratic Columbus Post charged that Daugherty and fourteen other Ohio legislators had changed their support from Foraker to Sherman based upon "intimidation, threats, promises, and actual purchase" and accused Daugherty by name of having accepted cash payments. A formal investigation of this charge by a bi-partisan four member committee of the Ohio State Senate followed, with Daugherty being unanimously cleared of all charges in a report issued in April 1892.

The 1892 Senatorial campaign marked the formal attachment of Daugherty to the dominant Sherman-Hanna faction of the Ohio Republican Party after the better part of a decade as a trusted adherent of the rival Foraker faction. The move broadened Daugherty's political possibilities, and he was made chairman of the powerful Corporations Committee and named a member of the Judiciary Committee. In 1893 Daugherty was chosen as chairman of the Ohio Republican State Convention which nominated McKinley as the party's candidate for Governor.

Governor McKinley also named Daugherty as his floor leader in the House of Representatives, keeping party members in line behind the governor's legislative agenda. Over the next two years McKinley and Daugherty forged a close political friendship, working together closely and frequently sharing meals at breakfast and in the evening. With the Foraker faction, however, Daugherty became persona non grata due to what was perceived as his duplicitous political disloyalty.

Daugherty attempted to gain nomination as a Republican candidate for Congress in 1892, but the 7th District Republican Convention which put forward the party's nominee was irreconcilably split between Daugherty and his former law partner, A.R. Creamer, and wound up backing a dark horse candidate as a compromise, George W. Wilson. Wilson won his race in the November 1892 general election and wound up serving four years in Congress on behalf of the 7th District.

In the aftermath of his failure to win a seat in Congress, Sherman offered Daugherty a political appointment as Assistant District Attorney in Columbus. Daugherty ultimately decided to decline this position, instead opening a new law office in that city, while still remaining a resident and practicing attorney in his hometown of Washington Court House.

The Washington Court House riot

On October 9, 1894, a black man named William Dolby was accused of assaulting a white woman named Mary C. Boyd in her home at Parrett's Station, a small settlement near Washington Court House. Dolby fled but was soon arrested and taken back to the jail at Washington Court House, where signs quickly pointed to an outburst of mob violence. Dolby supposedly confessed to the crime "upon being apprehended". The Fayette County sheriff called upon Governor McKinley to send out the militia to defend the prisoner from a prospective lynch mob following his sentencing to twenty years in prison at a hearing held on October 16.

On October 17 two companies of militiamen arrived at Washington Court House to guard Dolby for his coming transport to the Ohio Penitentiary at Columbus. That evening a mob gathered and began a siege of the jail, attempting to batter down the jailhouse doors so that the prisoner could be removed and violently killed. Commander of the National Guard forces, Colonel Alonzo Coit, ordered his troops to fire upon the enraged lynch mob, which they did, killing five rioters and wounding fifteen others. The mob still failed to disperse and fears grew that an armed assault would be launched by furious local citizens on the militiamen defending the jail. Around 2 am a second volley was fired by the defenders, this time over the heads of the rioters, with the gunfire finally having its desired effect of breaking up the unlawful gathering.

In the aftermath, Governor McKinley appointed a special court of inquiry to investigate the riot and militia shooting. Following an investigation, the court of inquiry returned an indictment against Col. Coit, charging him with manslaughter in the incident. McKinley then called upon Daugherty to shoulder the politically unpopular job of defending Coit at trial, in the face of a wrathful Fayette County citizenry which sought his conviction. Daugherty accepted the Coit case, and on March 5, 1895, won his acquittal of manslaughter charges.

From politician to political operator

Although Daugherty sought nomination by the Ohio Republican Party for Governor in 1895, Hanna decided to support another candidate instead, so Daugherty decided to launch a run for Ohio Attorney General instead. The Ohio Republican Convention was dominated by the Foraker faction, however, and Foraker loyalist Frank S. Monnett was nominated for the Attorney General post over the deeply distrusted Daugherty.

Not daunted by his loss, in 1896 Daugherty announced his desire to win election to Congress. An advisory primary election was held among Fayette County Republicans in March 1896, in which Daugherty narrowly won a bitterly fought race. The actual nomination was to be made by the 7th District Republican Convention, however, and there Daugherty fell victim to factional machinations, with the nomination going instead to Walter L. Weaver, who would ultimately serve two terms in Congress. For a second time Daugherty had been denied.

The Republican National Committee recognized Daugherty's gifts as an indefatigable partisan and effective stump speaker, however, and sent him out on the road in support of McKinley's campaign for President of the United States in 1896. Daugherty traveled through Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio, logging over 9,000 miles traveled in delivering some 47 campaign speeches in support of McKinley and the Republicans' successful effort.

In 1898 conflict emerged between Daugherty and Hanna over the slow payment of thousands of dollars of legal fees incurred by then-U.S. Senator Hanna in defending himself against a Senate investigation of electoral bribery charges. While Daugherty's insistence upon being paid had made for a tense relationship, the actual parting of their ways came in 1899, when Daugherty again sought the Republican nomination for Governor of Ohio. Neither Foraker nor Hanna supported Daugherty for the position, with Hanna lending his support to George K. Nash and Foraker clearly still seething over Daugherty's 1892 abandonment. Daugherty took his fight all the way to the Ohio Republican Convention before losing to Nash, 461 delegate votes to 205.

Over the next five years Daugherty skillfully built political influence in the Ohio Republican establishment by dealing with leaders of both of the party's major factions. Daugherty maintained considerable influence with Republicans in the state legislature, who had known and worked with Daugherty for years. His political rehabilitation was only partial, however, for as long as Foraker and Hanna remained the top factional leaders of Ohio Republican politics there remained a very real ceiling beyond which Daugherty could never hope to rise.

Hanna's death in February 1904 and a subsequent discrediting of some of his top allies such as George B. Cox on grounds of political bossism again cleared the way for Daugherty's emergence. By 1906 Daugherty stood as a leader of a new insurgent political faction which included Congressman Theodore E. Burton of Cleveland and former Governor Myron T. Herrick. Daugherty and Burton aligned themselves with supporters of William Howard Taft, Secretary of War under progressive Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, and together the factional allies forced Foraker out of the United States Senate and into political retirement, aided by muckraking news reports that Foraker had received nearly $30,000 as a political retainer from the Standard Oil Trust.

Daugherty was instrumental in helping his ally Burton win election to the Senate in 1908 but was once again relegated to a key backstage role instead of himself standing for election to high office. Daugherty's position as a political boss rather than a public politician had once again been confirmed.

During the party split of 1912, Daugherty was a staunch supporter of Taft and old guard Republican conservatism against the progressive Republicanism espoused by Roosevelt. Daugherty was a key figure on the ground in Ohio in behalf of the Taft campaign, issuing a major address on May 18 which was so well regarded that it was reproduced as a pamphlet by the Taft organization. Although Daugherty's machinations along with Cuyahoga County boss Maurice Maschke carried the state Republican convention for Taft, a split of the Republican field in the November election propelled Democrat Woodrow Wilson to the presidency with a plurality of under 42% of the vote.

The Harding campaign

The establishment of primary elections for the U.S. Senate in 1914 greatly reduced the power of political bosses such as Daugherty. He remained fully engaged as a political operative in spite of this major change, however, attaching himself to a powerful state senator named Warren G. Harding. Daugherty had known Harding since the autumn of 1899, when he had been prominent in Ohio politics and Harding was a 35-year-old upstart. It would not be too many years before these roles were reversed, however, with Harding elected to the state senate in 1901 and appointed Republican floor leader in that same session. Harding was an eloquent speaker and a skilled negotiator of political compromise and emerged as one of the top leaders of the Foraker faction.

During the 1912 party split, Daugherty and Harding forged a political friendship working on behalf of the Taft campaign, with Daugherty filling the role of Ohio Republican Party chairman with Harding's newspaper, the Marion Daily Star, giving Daugherty its full support. Both were politically ambitious and while they enjoyed one another's company, they were not intimate personal friends. Harding managed to win election to the Senate in 1914. Daugherty ran for the Republican Senate nomination in 1916, campaigning against former Senator Charles W.F. Dick and former Governor Herrick. Herrick won the nomination, and lost the general election to Atlee Pomerene.

Ever the political manipulator, in January 1918 Daugherty observed the significance of the growing temperance movement and opportunistically attempted to become a movement leader in the state. Daugherty was himself a drinker but was not a man to let personal habits stand in the way of political possibility.

As an Ohio Republican boss in 1920, Daugherty engineered Harding's ascendancy as the presidential nominee at that year's Republican National Convention in Chicago. The decision to propel Harding forward, if the nomination wasn't decided on the first ballot, was made in what became known in American politics as the smoke-filled room in the Blackstone Hotel. Harding won the nomination after the vote deadlocked between Leonard Wood and Frank Lowden, an event whose possibility Daugherty had suggested months before in an interview. Daugherty subsequently served as campaign manager for Harding in the presidential election of 1920. He ran the campaign based on Harding's affable personality and fairly neutral political stance, advocating a return to "normalcy" after World War I.

Attorney General of the United States
Following the resounding Republican victory in the fall of 1920, Daugherty was named Attorney General of the United States by President-elect Harding. Daugherty was confirmed by the Senate and assumed office on March 4, 1921.

The "Ohio Gang"

Having achieved power, Harding gathered around him a group of political cronies, including factional friends from the Ohio Republican establishment like Daugherty and others of like mind from other states, a group known colloquially as the "Ohio Gang." Critics such as Harding's Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover viewed the clique with thinly disguised disgust:

[Harding] had another side which was not good. His political associates had been men of the type of Albert B. Fall, whom he appointed Secretary of the Interior; Daugherty, whom he appointed Attorney General; Forbes, whom he appointed Director of the Veterans' Bureau; Thomas W. Miller, whom he appointed Alien Property Custodian, and Jesse Smith who had office room in the Department of Justice.
He enjoyed the company of these men and his old Ohio associates in and out of the government. Weekly White House poker parties were his greatest relaxation. The stakes were not large, but the play lasted most of the night.... I had lived too long on the frontiers of the world to have strong emotions against people playing poker for money if they liked it, but it irked me to see it in the White House.

Several of Harding's Ohio Gang associates lost no time enriching themselves at the public expense. Soon rumblings began to be heard over possible malfeasance in various government departments, including Daugherty's Department of Justice. Then on April 14, 1922, The Wall Street Journal broke a sensational story about a secret bribery scheme involving oil company kickbacks to government officials in exchange for the granting of extraordinarily favorable oil extraction leases via single-bid contracts. The next day Democratic Senator John B. Kendrick of Wyoming introduced a resolution which set in motion the Senate investigation that would ultimately expose this so-called Teapot Dome scandal, involving an illegal financial relationship between Fall, Harding's Secretary of the Interior, and a subsidiary of the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation.

Daugherty was accused by opponents of the administration of having been complicit in the Teapot Dome affair by failing to intervene after he had learned of the malfeasance. A pair of special prosecutors – Republican Assistant Attorney General Owen J. Roberts and former Democratic Senator Atlee Pomerene – were appointed to conduct a more thorough investigation of the matter.

After taking testimony on the matter the pair cleared Daugherty of wrongdoing, their final report indicating that the Attorney General had neither been aware of the fraudulent oil contracts nor had he taken any bribes related to the affair. This very specific absolution did not mean that all was on the level at the Justice Department, however. In July 1923, just as Harding was preparing to leave on a working cruise to Alaska, Daugherty's personal assistant, Jess Smith, suddenly committed suicide. Although as a pious Quaker, Hoover was never part of the President's inner circle, yet was abruptly added to the traveling party on the cruise by a "nervous and distraught" Harding, who apparently sought his counsel.

Hoover later recalled:

One day after lunch when we were a few days out, Harding asked me to come to his cabin. He plumped at me the question: "If you knew of a great scandal in our administration, would you for the good of the country and the party expose it publicly or would you bury it?" My natural reply was "Publish it, and at least get credit for integrity on your side." He remarked that this method might be politically dangerous. I asked for more particulars. He said that he had received some rumors of irregularities, centering around Smith, in connection with cases in the Department of Justice. He had followed the matter up and finally sent for Smith. After a painful session he told Smith that he would be arrested in the morning. Smith went home, burned all his papers, and committed suicide. Harding gave me no information about what Smith had been up to. I asked what Daugherty's relations to the affair were. He abruptly dried up and never raised the question again.

Returning from his Alaskan trip Harding suffered the first heart attack in what would prove to be the beginning of his terminal last days, finally dying in San Francisco on August 2, 1923. Harding's death did nothing to quell the tide of emerging scandals revolving around his Ohio clique, with the news dominated by the story of Teapot Dome bribery and allegations of wrongdoing in the Office of the Alien Property Custodian, the Veterans' Bureau, and the Office of the Attorney General. While new President Calvin Coolidge initially resisted calls to sack Daugherty, Hoover and Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes prevailed upon him to eliminate a man whom they considered to be a corrupt official. In his memoirs Hoover remembered:

Coolidge was loath to believe that such things were possible. He greatly delayed the removal of Daugherty from the Cabinet. From this man's long-time character, he should never have been in any government.... Coolidge had a high sense of justice and asserted that he had no definite knowledge of wrongdoings by Daugherty and could not remove him on rumors. We urged that Daugherty had lost the confidence of the whole country and himself should be willing to retire for the good of public service.

On March 28, 1924, Coolidge acquiesced, demanding and receiving a letter of resignation from Daugherty. He was quickly replaced as Attorney General by Harlan Fiske Stone, dean of the Columbia Law School.

American Metal Company affair
In 1926, Daugherty was indicted on charges that he improperly received funds in the sale of American Metal Company assets seized during World War I. The indictment came down one year after Smith, Republican political boss John T. King of Connecticut, and former Alien Property Custodian Thomas W. Miller were charged with the same misconduct. Daugherty's case went to trial twice, with the first jury deadlocking with 7-5 in favor of conviction. He was acquitted after a single juror remained unconvinced of his guilt in the second trial.

Later years, death, and legacy
Daugherty returned to practicing law until his retirement in 1932, and that year published, with ghostwriter Thomas Dixon, The Inside Story of the Harding Tragedy about his time in the Harding administration. In the book he claimed that Fall had become Secretary of the Interior by forging Daugherty's signature, and that Smith, his close friend, had killed himself because of diabetes, not a guilty conscience.

Spending many of his final years in Florida and Mackinac Island, Michigan, Daugherty planned to write more books to clear his reputation, but in October 1940, he suffered two heart attacks and was stricken with pneumonia. Bedridden and blind in one eye during this last year, he died peacefully in his sleep with his son and daughter at his side on October 12, 1941.

Daugherty was buried at Washington Cemetery in Washington Court House, Ohio.  Some of his papers, consisting primarily of correspondence between him and President Warren Harding, are housed at the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus.

Popular culture
Daugherty is portrayed by Christopher McDonald on the HBO series Boardwalk Empire. Like the real life Daugherty, the character is portrayed as Warren G. Harding's 1920 campaign manager and later as his Attorney General. He also faces corruption charges and his relationship with Jess Smith and Gaston Means is also shown. Daugherty is also portrayed by Barry Sullivan in the 1979 NBC mini-series Backstairs at the White House.

Works
 Respect for Law: Address of Hon. Harry M. Daugherty at the Meeting of the American Bar Association at Cincinnati, Ohio, August 31, 1921. Washington, DC: [U.S. Government Printing Office?], 1921.
 Government Prosecutions under the Espionage Act: Letter from the Attorney General, Transmitting in Response to Senate Resolution of January 25, 1922, Additional Information Regarding Persons Prosecuted by the Government under the Espionage Act or for Conspiracy to Violate War-time Laws ...  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.
 Reply by the Attorney General of the United States, Harry M. Daugherty to charges filed with the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, December 1, 1922, by Oscar E. Keller. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1922.
 Address by the Attorney General of the United States, Hon. Harry M. Daugherty (at Canton, Ohio, October 21, 1922). Washington, DC: n.p., 1922.
 Speech of Former Attorney General Daugherty and Introductory Remarks of Judge John E. Sater: At Testimonial Dinner Tendered by Business and Professional Men at Hotel Deshler, Columbus, Ohio, April 23rd, 1924. Columbus, OH: n.p., 1924.
 Report Submitted to President Coolidge by Attorney General H. M. Daugherty Concerning Prohibition Litigation throughout U.S., Covering Period Jan. 16, 1920 to June 16, 1923. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1926.
 The Inside Story of the Harding Tragedy. With Thomas Dixon. New York: Churchill Company, 1932.

See also
 Ohio Gang
 Little Green House on K Street

Footnotes

Further reading

 Randolph C. Downes, "President Making: The Influence of Newton Fairbanks and Harry M. Daugherty on the Nomination of Warren G. Harding for the Presidency," Northwest Ohio Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 4 (Fall 1959).
 Nathan Masters, Crooked: The Roaring 20s Tale of a Corrupt Attorney General, a Crusading Senator, and the Birth of the American Political Scandal (Hachette Books 2023)
  Robert K. Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and His Administration. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
 Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson. The Presidency of Warren G. Harding. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977.
 Charges of Hon. Oscar E. Keller Against the Attorney General of the United States: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty-seventh Congress, Third and Fourth Sessions on H. Res. 425, September 16, 1922, and December 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 1922: Part 1 and 2 - Combined. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.
 Investigation of Hon. Harry M. Daugherty, Formerly Attorney General of the United States: Hearings before the Select Committee on Investigation of the Attorney General, United States, Senate, Sixty-eighth Congress, First Session pursuant to S. Res. 157, Directing a Committee to Investigate the Failure of the Attorney General to Prosecute or Defend Certain Criminal and Civil Actions, Wherein the Government is Interested. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1924.

External links

1860 births
1941 deaths
American campaign managers
Ohio lawyers
University of Michigan Law School alumni
United States Attorneys General
Ohio city council members
Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Harding administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Coolidge administration cabinet members
People from Washington Court House, Ohio
Teapot Dome scandal
The Cincinnati Enquirer people
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Writers from Ohio
Old Right (United States)

Harry M. Daugherty


Birda ( und  auch Birda) ist eine Gemeinde im Kreis Timiș, in der Region Banat, im Südwesten Rumäniens. Zur Gemeinde Birda gehören die Dörfer Berecuṭa, Mânăstire und Sângeorge.

Geographische Lage
Birda liegt an der Nationalstraße DN 52 und an der Eisenbahnstrecke Timișoara–Reșița. Der Ort befindet sich  im Südosten des Kreises Timiș, 43 Kilometer von der Kreishauptstadt Timișoara (Temeswar) und 56 Kilometer von Reșița (Reschitza) entfernt. Birda liegt 92,5 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel.

Nachbarorte

Geschichte
Urkundlich wurde Birda 1690 erstmals als ein Ort mit rumänischer und slawischer Bevölkerung erwähnt. Die Besiedlung mit Deutschen erfolgte in Birda erst nach dem Abschluss der Schwabenzüge durch Binnenwanderungen im Banat. Die meisten deutschen Zuwanderer kamen aus dem 18 Kilometer entfernten Liebling und waren evangelischen Glaubens. Desgleichen kamen Siedler aus Mezőberény, dem heutigen Komitat Békés. Weitere Zuwanderer kamen aus Kleinschemlack, Harta, Jarek, aus der Zips, aus Butin, Torschau, Clopodia, Vadkert, Rittberg, Altker, Werbass und aus Franzfeld.

Am 4. Juni 1920 wurde das Banat infolge des Vertrags von Trianon dreigeteilt. Der größte, östliche Teil, zu dem auch Birda gehörte, fiel an Rumänien.

Infolge des Waffen-SS Abkommens vom 12. Mai 1943 zwischen der Antonescu-Regierung und Hitler-Deutschland wurden alle deutschstämmigen wehrpflichtigen Männer in die deutsche Armee eingezogen.
Noch vor Kriegsende, im Januar 1945, fand die Deportation aller volksdeutschen Frauen zwischen 18 und 30 Jahren und Männer im Alter von 16 bis 45 Jahren zur Aufbauarbeit in die Sowjetunion verschleppt statt. Aus Birda waren 65 Personen von der Deportation betroffen, davon sind neun nicht mehr zurückgekehrt.

Das Bodenreformgesetz vom 23. März 1945, das die Enteignung der deutschen Bauern in Rumänien vorsah, entzog der ländlichen Bevölkerung die Lebensgrundlage.

Am 18. Juni 1951 fand die Deportation in die Bărăgan-Steppe unabhängig von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit statt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde von der rumänischen Regierung ein Plan zur Säuberung des Grenzgebiets zu Jugoslawien "von politisch unzuverlässlichen Elementen" entworfen. Als die Bărăganverschleppten 1956 heimkehrten, bekamen sie die 1945 enteigneten Häuser und Höfe zurück, der Feldbesitz wurde jedoch kollektiviert. Aus Birda waren 76 Personen von der Deportation in die Bărăgan-Steppe betroffen.

Die Gemeinde Birda ist seit 2004 durch Ausgliederung aus der Kleinstadt Gătaia (Gattaja) hervorgegangen.

Wirtschaft
In der Gemeinde Birda war die Landwirtschaft der wichtigste Wirtschaftszweig.
Die bäuerlichen Betriebe beschäftigten sich vorwiegend mit dem Anbau von Mais, Weizen, Gerste, Roggen und Hafer. Im Laufe der Jahre kam der Anbau von Sonderkulturen wie z. B. Tabak, Hanf, Paprika, Melonen, Zuckerrüben, Sojabohnen, Sonnenblumen, Luzerne und andere Kleesorten hinzu.

An Handwerkern gab es Maurer, Wagner, Schmiede, Tischler, Ölpresser, Friseure, Schuhmacher, Zimmerleute, Schneider, Sattler, Schornsteinfeger, Seiler, Leinenweber, Müller, Spengler und Metzger später kamen noch Schlosser, Elektriker, und Hutmacher hinzu.

Die Gemeinde konnte ebenfalls zwei Gasthäuser und einen Lebensmittelladen aufweisen.

Kulturelles Leben
Die Kirchengemeinde Birda gehörte bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg dem Montandistrikt der evangelisch ungarländischen Kirche an. Da Birda nach dem Vertrag von Trianon Rumänien angeschlossen wurde, beschloss die Gemeinde 1922 sich der siebenbürgischen Landeskirche anzuschließen. Bereits 1854 gab es in Birda ein Bethaus. Die heutige Kirche wurde 1907 ihrer Bestimmung übergeben.

Schulunterricht gab es in Birda bereits im Jahr 1842, allerdings fand der Unterricht in einem Wohnhaus statt. Dank großzügiger Spenden der Dorfbewohner konnte das Schulgebäude 1862 fertiggestellt werden.  Nach der Fertigstellung der neuen Kirche im Jahr 1907 wurde das ehemalige Bethaus in eine Schule umfunktioniert.

Literatur
  Elke Hoffmann, Peter-Dietmar Leber und Walter Wolf: Das Banat und die Banater Schwaben. Band 5. Städte und Dörfer, Mediengruppe Universal Grafische Betriebe München, München 2011, ISBN 3-922979-63-7.

Weblinks

Birda bei e-primarii.ro
Birda bei ghidulprimariilor.ro
Birda auf der Website des Kreisrates Timiș
Bârda bei db-city.com

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Banat (Rumänien)
Ersterwähnung 1690

Birda


Un muumuu es un vestido usado en Hawái. Los colonizadores europeos y norteamericanos que llegaron hasta 1800 pensaban que las mujeres de Hawái estaban muy poco vestidas, por lo que inventaron el muumuu para cubrirlas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Vestidos
Símbolos de Hawái

Muumuu


The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is  which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of  (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as .

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical  and laminal .

The commonality of  cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Occurrence

See also
 Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

External links

Fricative consonants
Retroflex consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Voiceless oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiceless retroflex fricative


Centralkalimantan (), er en provins i Indonesien. Det er en af de fire provinser i Kalimantan, Indonesiens del af Borneo. Provinsens hovedby er Palangkaraya og i 2010 var dens folketal over 2,2 millioner, men det sidste vurderede folketal pr. januar 2014 var 2.368.654.

Befolkningsvækstraten var næsten 3.0% om året mellem 1990 og 2000, hvilket var en af de højeste provisielle vækstrater i Indonesien i den periode. I det efterfølgende årti formindskedes den årlige vækstrate til ca. 1,8%. Centralkalimantan er overvejende befolket af Dayakfolket, de oprindelige indbyggere i Borneo, og i større grad end i andre provinser i regionen.

Historie
Siden det 18. århundrede har den centrale Kalamantan region og dets dayak indbyggere været styret af den muslimske Sultan af Banjar. Efter at Indonesien blev selvstændig nation efter s. verdenskrig, forlangte dayakfolket, at en provins skulle adskilles fra Sydkalimantan.

I 1957 blev Sydkalimantan delt i for at give dayak befolkningen større selvstyre fra den muslimske befolkning i provinsen. Ændringen blev vedtaget af Indonesiens regering den 23. maj 1957 under Presidential Law No. 10 året 1957, som erklæredewhich Centralkalimantan som den syvende provins i Indonesien. Præsident Sukarno udnævnte den dayak-fødte nationalhelt Tjilik Riwut som den første guvernør og Palangkaraya som hovedstad i provinsen.

Geografi
Centralkalimantan er den trediestørste indonesiske provins efter areal, den er 153.564,5 km2 stor, ca. 1,5 gange så stor som øen Java. Provinsen grænser til Vestkalimantan og Østkalimantan provincerne mod nord, til Javahavet mod syd og til Sydkalimantan og Østkalimantan provincerne mod øst, og til Vestkalimantan provinsen mod vest.

Schwaner Bjergene strækker sig fra nordøst af provinsen til sydvest, af disee er 80% dækket af tæt skov, tørvemoser sump, mangrovebevoksning, flode og traditionelt landbrugsarealer. Højlandet i nordøst ligger afsides og er svært tilgængeligt. Ikke-vulkanske bjerge er spredt over området, deriblandt er Kengkabang, Samiajang, Liang Pahang og Ulu Gedang.

Administrative enheder
Centralkalimantan er administrativt opdelt i tretten regentskaber (regencies eller kabupaten) - hver af dem samt en by styres af en regent. Regentskaberne er disse:

Udover statsforvaltningen, anerkender Centralkalimantan også et traditionelt styresystem under ledelse af ledere, der kendes som Demang. Provinsen er opdelt i 67 traditionelle lovområder kendt som Kademangan, der styres af Demang. Meningen med systemet er at det kulturelt skal anerkende og bevare traditioner og skikke hos Dayak-folket.

Referencer

Indonesien
Borneo

Centralkalimantan


Trevor Philips este un personaj fictiv și unul dintre protagoniștii jocului video Grand Theft Auto V, din seria Grand Theft Auto.

Grand Theft Auto

Trevor Philips


Le ligament sterno-claviculaire antérieur est un ligament de l'articulation sterno-claviculaire.

Description
Le ligament sterno-claviculaire antérieur est large bande de fibres recouvrant la surface antérieure de l'articulation.

Il est attaché en haut à la partie supérieure et antérieure de l'extrémité sternale de la clavicule, passe obliquement vers le bas et vers l'intérieur et se termine sur le pourtour antérieur de l'incisure claviculaire du manubrium sternal.

Ce ligament est recouvert par la partie sternale du muscle sterno-cléido-mastoïdien et le tégument. À l'arrière, il est en relation avec la capsule, le disque articulaire, et les deux membranes synoviales.

Notes et références

Liens externes

sterno-claviculaire antérieur
sterno-claviculaire antérieur

Ligament sterno-claviculaire antérieur


Alan Myers (29 de dezembro de 1954 - 24 de junho de 2013) foi um baterista de rock americano cuja carreira musical durou mais de 30 anos. Ele ganhou destaque no final dos anos 1970 como o terceiro e mais proeminente baterista da banda new wave Devo, substituindo Jim Mothersbaugh.

Biografia
Alan Myers nasceu em 1954, em Akron, Ohio, e veio de uma formação jazzística. Ele se formou na Firestone High School em 1973. Em 1976, ele conheceu Bob Mothersbaugh em um café em West Akron e foi para a casa que Bob e Gerald Casale estavam alugando para um teste. Alan era judeu e tocava percussão desde pelo menos o ensino médio.

Carreira

Devo
No início de 1970, Bob Lewis e Gerald Casale tiveram a ideia da "involução" da raça humana depois que o amigo de Casale, Jeffrey Miller, foi morto por guardas nacionais de Ohio em uma manifestação estudantil. Myers se juntou ao Devo em 1976, substituindo Jim Mothersbaugh após sua saída e tocou em uma bateria acústica convencional. Depois que a banda passou por algumas mudanças na formação, Myers se tornou parte da encarnação mais popular de quintetos, que incluía os irmãos Casale: Gerald e Bob ("Bob 2") e os irmãos Mothersbaugh: Mark e Bob ("Bob 1") e tocou nos primeiros seis álbuns de estúdio de Devo. Myers era o membro mais jovem da banda. Em 1981, Myers with Devo serviu como banda de apoio de Toni Basil em Word of Mouth, seu álbum de estreia, que incluía versões de três canções de Devo, gravadas com o vocalista principal de Basil.

Myers ficou descontente quando Devo começou a adicionar baterias eletrônicas a algumas de suas canções. New Traditionalists os apresentou pela primeira vez, e a maior parte da música em seu próximo álbum Oh, No! It's Devo foi criado por meios eletrônicos, enquanto Shout foi feito quase inteiramente usando o sintetizador de amostragem digital Fairlight CMI.

De acordo com o livro We Are Devo, Myers citou a falta de realização criativa como motivo para deixar a banda. Desde a mudança de Devo para Los Angeles, Califórnia, no final dos anos 1970, ele sentiu seu papel bastante reduzido, em parte devido ao uso de baterias eletrônicas. Ele saiu embora Gerald Casale tivesse implorado para que ele não o fizesse.

Entre todos os bateristas do Devo, Myers é o mais associado à banda. Em 1987, Devo voltou com o novo baterista David Kendrick, ex-Sparks, para substituir Myers.

Myers e os outros membros do Devo faziam parte da Igreja do SubGenius.

Outros trabalhos
Depois de deixar a Devo, Myers foi trabalhar como empreiteiro elétrico, mas também permaneceu ativo na cena musical de Los Angeles. Ele gravou uma demo com Babooshka, banda criada por sua namorada Greta Ionita, usando bateria ao vivo e percussão eletrônica semelhante aos seus dois últimos álbuns com Devo. Myers também tocou bateria com a banda pop de temática asiática Jean Paul Yamamoto. Em 2005, fundou a banda Skyline Electric que fazia shows mensais em galerias de arte e clubes de Los Angeles. A formação na época da morte de Myers incluía sua esposa, Christine (Sugiyama) Myers, e uma variedade de outros músicos experimentais. Em 2010, Myers começou a tocar no conjunto ao vivo do projeto musical Swahili Blonde com sua filha, Laena Geronimo (Myers-Ionita).

Morte
Em 24 de junho de 2013, Myers morreu aos 58 anos, em Los Angeles, Califórnia, devido a um câncer no estômago. Os noticiários da época de sua morte citaram incorretamente um tumor cerebral como a causa. A morte de Myers foi relatada pela primeira vez no Facebook por seu amigo Ralph Carney, um músico de jazz que o conheceu na cidade natal de Devo, Akron, Ohio. Sua morte ocorreu um mês antes do lançamento de Something Else for Everybody, trechos do nono álbum de Devo, "Something For Everybody".

Gerald Casale twittou que Myers foi "o baterista mais incrível com quem tive o privilégio de tocar por 10 anos. Perdê-lo foi como perder um braço."  Josh Freese twittou que Myers era "um de [seus] favoritos de todos os tempos. Um baterista subestimado/brilhante. Que honra interpretar seus papéis com Devo. Godspeed Human Metronome."

Em 28 de junho de 2013, a Skyline Electric fez uma homenagem a Myers no Human Resources Los Angeles na Chinatown de Los Angeles.

Discografia

Filmografia

 Devo - The Men Who Make the Music (1979, ele mesmo)
 Devo - The Complete Truth About De-Evolution (2003, ele mesmo)

Ligações externas

Mortes por câncer na Califórnia
Mortes por câncer de estômago
Mortos em 2013
Nascidos em 1954

Alan Myers (baterista)


මහසම්මත රජ(සංස්කෘත:महासम्मत) යනු බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව මනුශ්‍ය වර්ගයා ව්‍යාප්ත වීමෙන් පසුව පත් වූ පළමු රජුයි.

බෞද්ධ සූත්‍ර පිටකයට අනුව ලෝකයේ පහළ වීමෙන් පසු ජීවී සමාජයක් ඇති වීමත්, කල් යත් ම සමාජයේ නා නා විධ විෂමාචාර හා අපරාධ ඇති වීමත් සිදු වන්නට විය. මුල් කාළයේ දී මෙම විෂමාචාර හා අපරාධ පාලනය කිරීම පිණිස කිසිදු අධිකාරී බලයක් සමාජය තුළ දක්නට නොවී ය. එනම් 'රාජ්‍යත්වය' හෝ 'රජු' නැමැති සංකල්පයක් මුල් කාළීන ජන සමාජය තුළ දක්නට නොවී ය. මේ හේතුව නිසා ස්වකීය ආරක්ෂාව හා බියෙන්, සැකෙන් තොර ව නිදහසේ ජීවත් වීම ආදී අරමුණු හේතුවෙන් රජෙක් පත් කර ගැනීමට ජනතාවට අවශ්‍ය විය. ඒ අනුව උක්ත කරුණු පෙරදැරි කර ගනිමින් 'මහා ජනතාව විසින් සම්මත කර' පත් කර ගත් රජු 'මහා සම්මත' වශයෙන් බෞද්ධ මූලාශ්‍ර පෙන්වා දෙයි.

මෙහිදී වඩාත් වැදගත් වන්නේ මහජනතාව විසින් පොදු එකගතාවයෙන් මහා සම්මතයෙන් එම පාලකයාව තෝරා ගැනීමය. මෙහිදී දේශපාලන විශය කෙරෙහි බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රධාය මහා සම්මත වාදය ලෙසින් හදුනා ගත හැකිය. පාලකයා මූල ක්‍රමවේදයක් නොව ප්‍රජාව කේන්ද්‍ර කරගෙන ඔවුන්ගේ සිතුම් පැතුම් අනුව පාලකයා වැඩකළ යුතුය යන්න එම සම්ප්‍රධායේ පදනම වේ. මේ පදනම අකාලිකව ලෝක විශයෙහි වැදගත්වේ. අතීතයේ පටන් ගැටුම් කළමා කරණය කිරීමට, තීන්දු තීර්ණගැනීමට මෙම මහා සම්මතය නොහොත් පොදු එකගතාවය ඉතාම උචිතම ක්‍රමවේදය ලෙස පිළිගැණුනි.

හෙළ මතවාදයට අනුව හෙළයේ පළමු රජු ලෙසින් හැදින්වෙන්නේ මහාසම්මත මනු රජුය. ඔහු රුහුණේ ගොවි තරුණයෙක් බවත්, පවත්වන ලද තරග වලින් හෙතෙම ජය ගත් බවත් අරිසෙන් අහුබුදුවන්ගේ මතයයි. හෙළය බේරා ගන්න සමතෙක් පැමිනියල්ලා යැයි අඩහැර පා ඇති බව කියවේ. සියලු ගම් ප්‍රධානීන් එක්වී පොදු එකගතාවයෙන් මහා සම්මතයෙන් මෙම මනු නැමැති තරුණයාව රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් කළ බව කියවේ. මේ නිසාවෙන් හෙතෙම මහා සම්මත රජු නම්වූ බව කියවේ.

මනු රජුයේ පුත් රෝජ නම් වන අතර වරරෝජ ආදී බලි, තරු, රාවන ආදී රජවරුන් ඉන් පසුව රජවී ඇත.රාජාවලියේද සඳහන් වෙන ආකාරයට මනු රජුගෙන් ආරම්භ වෙන මනු රාජවංශය රජවරුන් 28 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ඒ රාජවංශය මෙසේයි.

1.   මහා සම්මත මනු

2.   රෝජ

3.   වරරෝජ

4.   කල්‍යාණ

5.   වරකල්‍යාණ

6.   උපෝසථ

7.   මහා මන්දාතු

8.   වරමන්දාතු

9.   චේතිය

10. චේතියගේ පලමු පුත්‍රයා

11. චේතියගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයා

12. චේතියගේ තෙවන පුත්‍රයා

13. චේතියගේ සිව්වන පුත්‍රයා

14. චේතියගේ පස්වන පුත්‍රයා

15. මහා මුචලින්ද

16. මුචලින්ද

17. පළමුවන සාගර

18. දෙවන සාගර

19. භරත

20. රුචි

21. සුරුචි

22. පතාප

23. මහා පතාප

24. පහද

25. සුදස්සි

26. නෙරුප

27. මහා නෙරුප

28. අසිරිමත්

බෞද්ධ සාහිත්‍ය තුළ ද සඳහන් වන ආකාරයට, මෙහි දැක්වෙන මහා මන්දාතු රජු සක්විති රජෙකු වේ. මේ රජවරුන් රජ කරන කාලයේදි ලංකාවේ භූමිය මීට වඩා විශාල ප්‍රදේශයක පැතිරී තිබුණ අතර දකුණු ඉන්දියාව ද හෙළ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය වී ඇත. රාවණා නැමැති කුලයක් අදත් දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ දක්නට ලැබීම, රාවණා ඇදහිල්ල හා රාවණා විසින් නිර්මිත ශිව තාන්ඩව ස්තෝත්‍රය ඉන්දියාවේ අදත් භාවිතා වීම වැනි සාධක එයට සාක්ෂි දරයි. මහා මන්දාතු රජුගෙන් පසුව දක්නට ලැබෙන ප්‍රබලම රජතුමා වන්නේ 'හිරණ්‍ය කාශ්‍යප' හෙවත් 'හිරණිය කසුබ්' රජුයි. ඇතැම් ඉතිහාසඥයන්ට අනුව හිරණ්‍ය කාශ්‍යප සහ මහා මන්දාතු යනු එකම රජකෙනෙකු ලෙසට ද මතයක් ඇත. නමුත් ඒ සම්බන්ධයෙන් නම් තරමක අපැහැසිදි තත්තවයක් පවතියි. රාජාවලියේ සඳහන් වෙන ආකාරයට මහා මන්දාතු රජුගෙන් පසුව රජ වෙන්නේ වරමන්දාතු රජතුමායි. නමුත් හිරණ්‍ය කාශ්‍යප රජුට පසුව රජ වන්නේ ඔහුගේ පුත් ප්‍රාලද කුමරු බවටද මතයක් පවතියි. ප්‍රාලද යනු වරමන්දාතු රජුම නම් මේ ගැටළුව විස‍ඳෙනු ඇත.

මනු රජුගෙ බිසව වන මැණික්පාළි බිසවට සිය කුළුඳුල් දරුවා ලැබෙන්නට ඉද්දි ඇතිවුණ දොළ දුකක් සංසිඳවන්න තමයි මුලින්ම කෝළම් නැටූ බව සඳහන් වේ. මැණික්පාළි බිසවට සිනාසෙන්න ඕන උනත් සිනා නොවී සිටිය බවත් මනු රජ්ජුරුවො රට පුරා අඬ බෙර ගහලා රටේම ඉන්න කවටයින් ගෙනත් දේවිය ඉස්සරහා විහිළු කෙරෙව්වත් බිසවට ඒ එකකටවත් හිනා ගියේ නැති බවත් අන්තිමේදී අම්බලන්ගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැමිණි පිරිසක් කදුරු ලීයෙන් කල වෙස් මුහුණු පැලඳ ගෙන කල කෝළමට දේවියට සිනා පහල උන බවත් කෝලම් ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ. අදටත් කෝළම් වල විශේෂ තැනක් මහාසම්මත මනු රජුට හා මැණික්පාළි බිසවට ලැබෙන්නෙ ඒ අතීතය සිහිපත් කරන්නයි.

මහාසම්මත රජ


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Gwanggaeto, Koguryo Krallığı'nın 19. hükümdarı (d. 374)
 Jovinus, Galya kökenli Batı Roma İmparatoru & İsyancı
 Sebastianus, Batı Roma İmparatoru & İsyancı

413


Emil Adolf von Behring, (Adolf Emil Behring), (d. 15 Mart 1854, Hansdorf-Almanya – ö. 31 Mart 1917, Marburg). Alman fizyoloji uzmanı. Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibidir.

1874-1878 yıllarında Berlin'de askeri tıp akademisinde çalıştı. Daha sonra Marburg Üniversitesi'nde, 1894 yılında hijyen profesörü oldu. Difteriye karşı aşılanmış hayvanlardan alınan kan serumunun, başka hayvanlarda da bu hastalığa karşı bağışıklık sağladığını ispatladı. Bu çalışmasıyla 1901'de ilk kez verilen Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü'nü kazandı.

1854 doğumlular
1917 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl hekimleri
20. yüzyıl hekimleri
Alman immünologlar
Alman fizyologlar
Alman Protestanlar
Alman Nobel Ödülü sahipleri
Berlin Humboldt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Marburg Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi üyeleri
Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahipleri
Tetanos
Difteri

Emil Adolf von Behring


Natalie E. Dean (née Exner, en 1987) est une biostatisticienne américaine spécialisée dans l'épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses. Dean est actuellement professeure adjointe de biostatistique à l'université de Floride. Ses recherches portent sur la modélisation épidémiologique des épidémies, notamment Ebola, Zika et COVID-19.

Enfance et éducation
Dean est née de Christine et Paul Exner. Elle a grandi à Reading, dans le Massachusetts, et a fréquenté la Phillips Academy. Elle s'est intéressée aux maladies infectieuses au lycée. Alors que Dean a brièvement envisagé de devenir microbiologiste expérimentale, elle a rapidement reconnu qu'elle préférait l'ordinateur au laboratoire.

En 2009, Dean a obtenu un Bachelor of Arts en mathématiques/statistiques et biologie de l'université de Boston, où elle a été initiée à l'épidémiologie. Au cours de ses études de premier cycle, elle a été intronisée à la société d'honneur Phi Beta Kappa. En 2011, Dean a obtenu une maîtrise AM en biostatistique de l'université Harvard où elle a développé des méthodes de surveillance pour mieux comprendre l'incidence du VIH. Dean a obtenu un doctorat en biostatistique en 2014 avec une thèse sur les méthodes de surveillance pour surveiller l'incidence du VIH et la résistance aux médicaments intitulée « Surveillance methods for monitoring HIV incidence & drug resistance » sous la direction de Marcello Pagano.

Recherche et carrière
En mai 2014, Dean a déménagé en Floride, où elle a rejoint l'Organisation mondiale de la santé en tant que consultante statistique. À ce titre, elle a conçu des enquêtes qui pourraient évaluer les mutations résistantes aux médicaments au traitement du VIH. En 2015, elle a rejoint le Centre de statistiques sur les maladies infectieuses quantitatives (CSQUID) de l'université de Floride, où elle a travaillé comme chercheuse postdoctorale avec Ira Longini. Au CSQUID, Dean effectue des analyses épidémiologiques des épidémies. Elle a travaillé sur la conception d'un essai de vaccin contre l', qui a utilisé une stratégie de . L'approche de la vaccination en anneau avait déjà été utilisée pour éradiquer la variole dans les années 1970. Cette stratégie sélectionne et vaccine au hasard les contacts des cas de virus Ebola et organise les populations en groupes de vaccination différée et immédiate. L'approche de vaccination en anneau s'est avérée très efficace et a été reproduite en République démocratique du Congo en 2018. Dean a également étudié des cas d'Ebola asymptomatiques.

Après son succès avec le vaccin contre le virus Ebola, Dean a commencé à travailler sur le virus Zika. On craignait que le virus Zika ne provoque une microcéphalie. Dean a travaillé avec Longini pour mieux prédire la propagation de l'infection à travers les Amériques. Elle a décrit à quel point il est difficile de concevoir et d'évaluer des vaccins efficaces lors d'urgences de santé publique, et pourquoi les chercheurs doivent être à la fois flexibles et réactifs.

Dean a fourni des commentaires d'expert aux médias et au public tout au long de la pandémie de Covid-19. Elle a continué à travailler avec l'OMS sur l'évaluation d'un vaccin contre le coronavirus. Mashable a décrit Dean comme l'un des meilleurs chercheurs sur les maladies à coronavirus à suivre sur Twitter. Lors d'une discussion avec son alma mater, Phillips Academy, Dean a commenté que la réponse de la communauté des chercheurs à la maladie à coronavirus était remarquable : « Il y a beaucoup de gens qui travaillent très dur sur le même problème. Lorsque vous avez ce type de collaboration, nous pourrions avoir du succès plus tôt ». Elle pensait que les chiffres officiels des décès aux États-Unis sous-estimaient le nombre de personnes décédées à cause de la maladie à coronavirus, car les personnes qui meurent à la maison sont moins susceptibles d'être comptées.

À la mi-avril 2020, il est devenu évident que certaines parties des États-Unis voulaient mettre fin au verrouillage et "rouvrir" à nouveau. Lorsqu'on lui a demandé si les repères pour assouplir la distanciation sociale avaient été atteints, Dean a fait remarquer que non seulement ils n'avaient pas été atteints, mais qu'ils n'étaient pas assez ambitieux, « Ce sont des temps sans précédent, et nous devons donc penser à une échelle qui serait auparavant considéré comme inimaginable ». Dans certaines parties du monde, les politiciens ont décrit une stratégie de confinement du SARS-CoV-2 qui comprenait l'immunité collective. Fin avril 2020, une étude a indiqué que seulement 20% des habitants de New York avaient été exposés à la maladie à coronavirus, ce qui est considérablement inférieur au niveau d'infection requis pour obtenir l'immunité collective. Dean et  ont écrit un article d'opinion pour le New York Times décrivant les problèmes associés aux politiciens menant des politiques d'immunité collective. Elle a fait valoir que la raison pour laquelle le virus s'est propagé aussi rapidement qu'il l'a fait était parce que personne dans le monde n'y était immunisé, et que tenter d'atteindre l'immunité collective sans vaccination entraînerait « une très grande proportion de la population [des États-Unis] » infectée.

Vie privée
Dean a épousé Ethan Wesley Dean en mai 2014.

Ouvrages et publications (sélection)

   Wikidata ()

  .

Références

Liens externes

 Natalie E. Dean à l'Université de Floride
Professeur à l'université de Floride

Naissance en septembre 1987
Statisticienne
Biostatisticien
Étudiant de l'université de Boston

Natalie Dean


Arthur Lee Porter Jr. (August 3, 1961 – November 23, 1996) was an American jazz saxophonist. He was the son of jazz musician Art Porter Sr. and the namesake of "The Art Porter Bill".

Early life
Art Porter Jr. was born in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1961. Porter joined his father's band (The Art Porter Trio) as a drummer at the age of 9 and played with them into his teen years. Porter was then drawn to the saxophone, after noticing its melodic abilities, and began to play it during shows with his father's group. Porter is a 1979 graduate of Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School in Little Rock, where he played in the marching and jazz bands. When Porter turned 16, he began to be barred from clubs because he was under 21.  It was during this time that he was arrested and charged with working under-age in a nightclub serving alcoholic beverages.  Then Arkansas Attorney General, and future President of the United States Bill Clinton, who was also a saxophonist, intervened to get the charges dropped and pushed for the law to be changed to allow under-age musicians to appear in adult facilities as long as their legal guardians accompanied them. This law became known as "The Art Porter Bill".

College
Porter attended Berklee College of Music and Northeastern Illinois University where he studied music, earning a bachelor's degree in Arts in the latter.  He later attended Roosevelt University, where he would earn his master's degree. Porter studied piano under Ellis Marsalis, a former saxophonist himself.

Career
In the mid-1980s, Porter moved to Chicago, Illinois, and studied tenor saxophone with Von Freeman and performed with Pharoah Sanders and Jack McDuff. During the 1990s, he developed an interest in R&B and hip hop and merged elements of these into his performances.  Soon after this, Porter signed with Verve Forecast Records and PolyGram and produced several albums, beginning in the summer of 1992 with Pocket City, followed by Straight to the Point, Undercover, and finally Lay Your Hands on Me. Porter and his father performed for President Clinton during his 1993 inauguration, playing Amazing Grace at a prayer breakfast.

Death
In 1996, Porter traveled to Thailand to appear at the Thailand International Jazz Festival. After the festival on November 23, he went boating on the Kratha Taek reservoir in Sai Yok. The boat Porter was traveling on started to sink, and Porter, along with several others, drowned. Porter was survived by his wife and two elementary-aged sons. In 1998, the album For Art's Sake was posthumously released in his honor. It is a compilation album composed of songs from Porter's previous albums, as well as two previously unreleased songs. It also features one song by Jeff Lorber dedicated to Porter.

Awards and honors
Porter was inducted into the Arkansas Jazz Hall of Fame and the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame. He received the Arkansas Jazz Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998.

Discography
 Pocket City (1992)
 Straight to the Point (1993)
 Undercover (1994)
 Lay Your Hands on Me (1996)
 For Art's Sake (1998)

References

1961 births
1996 deaths
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Berklee College of Music alumni
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
Northeastern Illinois University alumni
Roosevelt University alumni
Deaths by drowning
Smooth jazz saxophonists
Accidental deaths in Thailand
20th-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Verve Forecast Records artists
PolyGram artists

Art Porter Jr.


O piatră de mormânt, piatră tombală sau piatră funerară, amplasată deasupra unui mormânt, poate prezenta diferite forme: lespede, sarcofag, stâlp funerar, stelă sau monument, eventual cu elemente de artă funerară lucrate în relief. Piatra funerară este folosită în mod tradițional pentru înmormântari în religiile creștină, iudaică și musulmană. În cele mai multe cazuri, pietrele funerare conțin inscripții cu numele persoanei decedate, data nașterii și data morții, împreună cu un mesaj personal sau o rugăciune. În multe părți ale Europei sunt inserate și fotografii ale persoanelor decedate. Cele mai frecvente tipuri de pietre funerare sunt o stelă, o placă și o cruce. Dar, în funcție de anumiți factori, cum ar fi statutul Monetar etc., o statuie (în special partea superioară a acesteia — un bust) sau o capelă poate servi și ca piatră funerară.

Inscripții
Pietrele funerare pot conține, uneori, inscripții. Informațiile de pe piatra funerară includ, în general, numele persoanei decedate decedatului și data ei de naștere și de moarte. Astfel de informații pot fi utile pentru genealogiști și istorici locali. Proprietarul cimitirului, sau biserica pot încuraja utilizarea unor cuvinte de "bun gust" și precise în inscripții. Inscripțiile sunt amplasate în mod tradițional pe partea din față a monumentului, dar pot fi văzute, de asemenea, în unele cazuri pe partea din spate și chiar pe marginile pietrei. Unele familii solicită ca să fie făcută o inscripție pe porțiunea pietrei, care va fi în pământ.

În plus, unele pietre funerare conțin, de asemenea, epitafuri de laudă a persoanei decedate sau citate din texte religioase precum requiescat in pace. În unele cazuri inscripția are forma unei rugăminți, mustrări testament de credință sau chiar un blestem— inscripția de pe piatra aflată pe mormântul lui William Shakespeare declară

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosèd here.
Blest be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.

Sau un avertisment cu privire la moarte, precum poezia persană inscripționată pe un vechi mormânt din capitala tadjică Dușanbe.

Sau un simplu avertisment cu privire la inevitabilitatea morții:

Am fost ceeace ești,
Vei fi ceeace sunt.

Alegerea limbii și/sau scrierii de pe pietrele de mormânt a fost studiată de sociolingviști ca indicatori ai loialității față de o limbă. De exemplu, prin studierea inscripțiilor din cimitirele folosite de comunitățile de imigranți, s-a descoperit că inscripțiile au continuat să fie scrise în unele limbi "mult timp după ce limba a încetat să mai fie vorbită" în comunități. În alte cazuri, un limbaj folosit în inscripție poate indica o afiliere religioasă.

Referințe

Legături externe
 In Search Of Gravestones Old And Curious by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from Project Gutenberg
 Azeri.org, Sofi Hamid Cemetery
 World Burial Index  Photographs of memorial inscriptions plus free surname search
 A Very Grave Matter Old New England gravestones
 Historic Headstones Online Project to transcribe content from historic headstones
 Pennsylvania German tombstones
 Stockton University  includes gravestone imagery in New Jersey, USA
 How to clean a Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
 Stone Quarries and Beyond
 "Memorializing the Civil War Dead:  Modernity and Corruption under the Grant Administration", by Bruce S. Elliott, in Markers XXVI, Association for Gravestone Studies, 2011, pp. 15–55.  (Reprinted with permission of the "Association for Gravestone Studies". (Details the beginning of the mass production of cemetery stones and the increased use of the sand blast process.)

Vezi și
 Cimitir
 Epitaf
 Hacikar
 Mausoleu
 Megalit
 Necropolă
 Sarcofag
 Stećci
 Stelă

Structuri și monumente funerare
Sculptori monumentaliști

Piatră funerară


SK Prometeï (en ukrainien : ) est un club de volley-ball féminin de Kamianske, dans l'oblast de Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine).

Pendant la saison 2021-2021, le club déménage à Slobojanske, également dans l'oblast de Dnipropetrovsk.

Le club est fondé en 2019. L'équipe est championne d'Ukraine en 2020-2021, remporte la Coupe d'Ukraine à deux reprises (en 2020-2021 et 2021-2022) et remporte la Super Coupe d'Ukraine à deux reprises (en 2020 et 2021).

Histoire
Créé en 2019, le SK Prometeï est dirigé par le président Volodymyr Dubynskyi, la manager Maria Aleksandrova et l'entraîneur-chef Andriy Romanovych.

Lors de la première saison, le club gagne une place dans la division la plus forte (Super League). Le premier match est joué à Zaporijia contre Orbita (3-0). Le premier groupe comprenait : Kateryna Dudnyk, Diana Melyushkina, Daria Drozd, Anastasia Gorbachenko, Victoria Delros, Angelina Mircheva, Anna Efremenko, Kateryna Tkachenko, Diana Frankevich, Lisa Kelly Ferreira, Raquel Lof Da Silva, Desislava Nikolova, Olena Napalkova et Daria Dudenok. Au championnat, l'équipe remporte 29 victoires avec une défaite contre Jytomyr "Polissya". L'équipe domine le classement, mais, en raison des restrictions de quarantaine, la compétition est suspendue sans déterminer le vainqueur. La deuxième défaite de la saison est subie en demi-finale de coupe par le « Khimika ».

Pour la saison suivante, Alla Politanska, Kateryna Silchenkova, Lora Kitipova (Bulgarie), Anna Kharchynska, Anastasia Kraiduba, Diana Frankevich, Dayami Sanchez (Cuba), Tatiana Rotar et Shara Venegas (Porto Rico) rejoignent l'équipe. En octobre, l'équipe remporte son premier titre, la Super Coupe d'Ukraine. Le match contre « Khimika » dure cinq sets, la joueuse la plus productive est Diana Melyushkina (22 points).

Résultats
 Champion d'Ukraine (1) : 2021
 Vainqueur de la Coupe d'Ukraine (2) : 2021, 2022
 Vainqueur de la Super Coupe d'Ukraine (2) : 2020, 2021

Composition
Composition du SK Prometeï pour la saison 2021/2022 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Pages avec des traductions non relues
Club de volley-ball en Ukraine
Club sportif fondé en 2019

SK Prometej


Vlaška je jezero zapadno od Rogotina. U pravcu istok - zapad dugo je otprilike 1200 metara. Širine je od 320 do 360 metara, mjereno u smjeru sjever - jug. Dalje od brda, kote 78,7 do mora, do pličine Gumanac je 90-ak metara široki kanal dužine 3600 metara.

Jezero je jedno je od pet preostalih jezera koja su nekada postajala u delti Neretve, a uz područje lagune Parila te ušća rječice Pantan kod Trogira jedan je od par preostalh lokaliteta tršćaka u Hrvatskoj. Prokopanim je kanalom povezano s morem čime je postalo laguna. Zajedno s jezerom Parila područje je od velike važnosti za ihtiofaunu, ponajviše zbog ribe koja dolazi u nj zbog hranjenja, zaklona i mriještenja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vlada Republike Hrvatske Odluka o popisu voda I. reda, 17. lipnja 2010., Narodne novine / FAOLEX (pristupljeno 12. kolovoza 2016.)

Jezera u Hrvatskoj
Ploče
Delta Neretve

Vlaška (jezero)


Snorks is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera & SEPP International in collaboration with 3M France and ran for a total of 4 seasons, consisting of 65 episodes (108 segments) + pilot episode, on NBC from September 15, 1984, to March 15, 1989. The program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barberas third season.

Origins

Early years (1977–1981)
In 1977, Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for the Smurfs comics to Father Abraham. He later became the head of SEPP, a branch of Dupuis, as an editor responsible for the merchandising of the Smurfs' comic series. Then he negotiated the contract between Peyo, NBC and Hanna-Barbera for the creation of a new Smurfs cartoon series; Peyo wanted the show to be as faithful as possible to his original comics, but Monnickendam wanted it to be more mainstream and accessible. These negotiations would later result in a legal dispute between the two men due to the division of the rights and the money involved. As a final result, Monnickendam decided to compete with the Smurfs' success, starting a new series of cartoons.

Development, concept and first comic book (1981–1984)
In June 1981, Nic Broca created the earlier character designs that were made for "Diskies", a very early iteration, made for the comic series Spirou et Fantasio. Soon, the debut Snorks comic book was published in January 1982 by Broca himself. Freddy Monnickendam, after battling with fellow Belgian cartoonist Peyo in court, searched for a series that could rival the success of The Smurfs, as he tried and failed to buy its rights since 1977. He acquired the Snorks' rights from Nic Broca, and both started a partnership with Hanna-Barbera for the production of this new cartoon series. After that, a three-minute Snorks pilot episode was then made for NBC, although it has not been seen by the public.

Premiere as cartoon series (1984–1989)
Snorks premiered on September 15, 1984, and ended on May 13, 1989. It aired for five years. Unlike Freddy Monnickendam had hoped, he was not able to take the Snorks' success to the same heights as The Smurfs, which resulted on the end of his partnership with Broca, and finally, the disbanding of SEPP. Although the Snorks' success was limited, the cartoon show gained fans worldwide, making appearances in popular culture and gaining various product lines.

Synopsis
The Snorks are a race of small, colorful
anthropomorphic sea creatures that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. When a Snork becomes excited, their tube makes a "snork" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency ("clams" is also a slang term for money).

According to the Snorks backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in America) opening theme, a few ventured to the surface (which the Snorks believe is "outer space") in 1634 and watched a Royal Navyship of the Spanish Armada being attacked by pirates. The captain wound up in the water and that was the first contact between the species when the Snorks saved his life, to which the captain then expressed his gratitude by writing down the encounter in his logbook, although very few humans believe in the existence of the Snorks. Since then, Snorks have adopted several human habits, such as wearing clothes.

There are a few episodes which have human encounters with the Snorks. In the episode "Allstar's Freshwater Adventure", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks.

Characters

Main Snorks
 Allstar Seaworthy (voiced by Michael Bell) an athletic, yellow-skinned Snork, generally considered to be the hero of the series. He is smart, brave and generous, usually serving as the leader of his gang during their different adventures. Allstar has a big interest, and excels, in science and inventions, much like his uncle, Dr. Galeo Seaworthy. Whenever Allstar reaches a "light bulb moment", his belt buckle would start to spin, giving him a "starbright idea". He is Casey's love interest and used to be best friends with Junior when they were younger. He has a baby sister named Smallstar. Allstar has once joked that he will never understand female Snorks in the episode "Learn to Love Your Snork" when he fails to understand why Casey is upset.
 Dimitris "Dimmy" Finster (voiced by Brian Cummings) – An athletic, orange-skinned Snork, Dimmy fancies himself to be a comedian as well as a fighter, but his attempts usually lead to awkward results. Has learned ballet from Daffney to improve his Snorkball skills. He also has a big appetite and hates being called by his full name. He is Allstar's good friend and Daffney's love interest, although he is temporarily replaced by JoJo as Daffney's date to the debutante ball and becomes jealous. Junior often calls him "Dimwit". Once had a crush on a little mermaid whom he saved from a storm and the evil Dr. Strangesnork. From the beginning of season 3, he is written out of the storylines for unknown reasons, but he does make some cameo appearances.
 Casey Kelp (voiced by B.J. Ward) – A salmon pink-skinned Snork with red hair which is tied in pigtails with two green hairbows. Usually wears a green shirt that exposes her midriff and matching pants. Smart, brave and kind-hearted. Casey will defend anyone, Snork or sea creature, when she thinks that they are either getting picked on or are in danger. She is also pretty good at drawing. She was once upset about her "giant" snork and went out of her way to hide/shrink it. She is Allstar's love interest and Daffney's best friend. However, in season 4, in the episode "Snorkerella" Casey has a big crush on a star Snorkball player named Stevie and eventually becomes his date for the school prom, making her relationship with Allstar seem nonexistent; she also appears to have a crush on Junior in the episode "The Day They Fixed Junior Wetworth" where she kissed him.
 Daffney Gillfin (voiced by Nancy Cartwright) – A pretty, coral-colored, purple-haired Snork who wears a bob hairdo and a red star-shaped hairclip. She is always concerned with her looks, but has a good heart deep down. She won the title of "Miss Junior Snorkland" in a beauty pageant with the help of Yucky, a baby rainbow swan fish (much like The Ugly Duckling). With a talent in fine arts, Daffney becomes the star of the show as the understudy for Tallulah Bankfish (a famous Broadway theatre actress from New Snork City) in a play, and has entered a piece of sculpture for an art show. She is best friends with Casey, and is Dimmy's love interest before he is written out of the show. She also has a good relationship with JoJo (who once calls Daffney "Alberta Einsnork") and Lil' Seaweed, with whom she shares fashion tips, and works as a fellow trapeze artists in a circus once.
 Wellington Wetworth, Jr. a.k.a. "Junior" (voiced by Barry Gordon) – An orange-skinned Snork with blue hair who is a headstrong snork but deep down has a good heart. He is often described as a wealthy snob that takes after his parents, especially his Governor father. During the first two seasons Junior is seen as minor villain-like, due to his rude, dishonest, snobbish attitude towards other Snorks, especially Allstar and his gang. By season 3 and 4 Bigweed and Lil Seaweed became the main villains and Junior became more genuine but his wilfulness is still there. He used to be best friends with Allstar when he was younger until standing up for himself went to his head. Junior became jealous of Allstar and his competitive side really does come into play. During the first two seasons (especially the fourth season), he appears to have a crush on Casey (in season 4, she kissed him), but starting from season 3 he is often seen with Daffney and hangs out more with Allstar's gang.
 Tooter Shelby (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) – A green-skinned, good-natured Snork with dark green hair who is afflicted with an aphasia, due to which he can "communicate" only through "tooting" and "beeping". His parents will never share this language disorder, although his mom has a lisp. Nevertheless, he is well loved by his friends who seem to have no problem understanding him. He has the ability to communicate with some of the sea life. He has once fallen in love with another tooting Snork named Tadah.
 Corky (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – An orange-skinned Snork. He works as the Snork Patrol Officer, a dedicated defender of Snorkland and quite a workaholic. He drives a multi-functional submarine, and his home is filled with the many medals he has won for heroic achievements. He is liked by all Snorks and gets along well with Allstar and his friends.
 Occy (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) – Allstar's pet octopus. He was once owned by Junior until the latter abandoned him. Occy did not get along well with Junior and will go out of his way to embarrass and/or chase Junior. Conversely, Occy is very loyal to Allstar. A musician, Occy has held a sold-out concert to help Allstar raise money for the heavily in-debt Dr. Galeo. He is the show's only non-Snork main character.

Supporting Snorks
 JoJo (voiced by Roger DeWitt) – A strong, fearless, tan-skinned male Snork who grew up and lives in the wild, the Snork equivalent of Tarzan. Unlike his friends in Snorkland, JoJo has two snorks, making him faster and stronger than all others, but he does not like to be taken just as a "big, brave, simple-hearted hunk". He loves freedom and mostly sea wildlife, which he is able to communicate with and tame. He is sometimes a bit uncomfortable with "civilization", which he thinks is "too much" for him. On the other hand, JoJo seems to enjoy the prehisnorkic era quite a lot and falls instantly in love with Daffnork (a prehisnorkic version of Daffney). He becomes Daffney's date to the debutante ball after saving her life. Also assists Corky in helping others from time to time.
 Fengy – A dogfish and JoJo's companion since he was a child.
 Willie Wetworth (voiced by Fredricka Weber) – An orange-skinned boy Snork, younger brother of Junior, is someone Willie looks up to although Junior is rude to him sometimes. Willie is cheerful, chatty, and well liked by the other Snorks. He is friends with Smallstar.
 Governor Wellington Wetworth (voiced by Frank Nelson in Seasons 1 and 2, Alan Oppenheimer in Season 3) – An orange-skinned male Snork with lavender colored hair. Vain and egocentric, Governor Wetworth is a stereotypical politician who generally evades blame and takes undue credit, thus disliked by the majority of Snorks. As Junior and Willie's father, he wants Junior to follow in his footsteps. Dislikes Dr. Galeo, Allstar and his gang for stealing the spotlight. He is also a younger brother to Captain Long John, a kindly old pirate who is friends with Allstar and Casey. Governor Wetworth often forgets and messes up his public speeches. Occasionally shows a good side of himself by donating to charity and encouraging Junior to earn his own money for buying a car.
 Dr. Galeo Seaworthy (voiced by Clive Revill) – A purple-skinned, bespectacled male Snork with white hair and a moustache. A scientist and inventor, he has saved Snorkland numerous times from villains and disasters with his contraptions, whose occasional kinks also serve as a running gag throughout the series. He is Allstar's uncle, brother to Dr. Strangesnork, and a friend to Allstar's gang, often providing them with various devices for their adventures. He has successfully built a time machine which helps his prehisnorkic friend Ork get back home.

Minor Snorks
 Mr. Seaworthy (voiced by Bob Holt) – A yellow-skinned male Snork. He is Allstar and Smallstar's father and manager of the Snorkland Steam Plant, responsible for providing energy for buildings and automobiles, as well as heat for heating and cooking needs for the residents of Snorktown.
 Smallstar Seaworthy (voiced by Gail Matthius) – A yellow-skinned female toddler Snork. She is Allstar's baby sister and friends with Willie. She appears to be cute, curious, friendly, but very mischievous. One time she drew on Governor Wetworth's monument and doodled on his face with Casey's red crayon.
 Mrs. Seaworthy (voiced by Edie McClurg) – A bespectacled, yellow-skinned, pink-haired female Snork, Allstar and Smallstar's mother. Owns a beautiful, expensive blue coral necklace passed down to her through many generations in her family.
 Mr. Kelp (voiced by Robert Ridgely) – A light-pink-skinned, red-haired, bespectacled male Snork and Casey's father. Owner of the Kelp's grocery store.
 Mrs. Kelp (voiced by Joan Gerber) – A light-pink-skinned female Snork and Casey's mother.
 Auntie Marina (voiced by Mitzi McCall) – A light-pink-skinned female Snork with reddish hair, Casey's aunt. Passionate about acting and theatre, and good friends with the famous actress Tallulah Bankfish.
 Mrs. Wetworth (voiced by Joan Gardner) – A female Snork with bluish hair, Junior and Willie's mother. She is usually seen correcting her husband, Governor Wetworth, during his speeches, as he tends to either forget his words or misspeak.
 Grandpa Wetworth (voiced by Frank Welker) – An orange-skinned Snork. He is Junior and Willie's grandfather and Wellington Wetworth's father. Grandpa Wetworth is a smart trickster that acts as if he knows less than what he does. He is an elderly male that is young at heart and in spirit, as well as being technologically savvy. Junior always tries to surpass him in tricks, but Grandpa Wetworth is always one step ahead. He is liked by all and likes Allstar and his friends.
 Ms. Seabottom (voiced by Edie McClurg) – A yellow-skinned, bespectacled female Snork. She is a high school teacher and appears to be the only teacher to take the students on field trips.
 Matilda (Voiced by Mitzi McCall) – An overzealous female Snork with long blond hair and a mole next to her left eye. She is seen as a cheerleader during a game and enjoys dancing a lot. She has a big crush on Junior, who tries to avoid her but never seems to succeed.
 SNIP and SNAP – A pair of robo-Snorks, with SNIP being male and SNAP female. They were created by Bigweed in order to get rid of Corky and thus take over Snorkland. They pretend to be UFOs upon first appearance. After successfully framing Corky and making him leave, they allow Bigweed and Lil' Seaweed to take over Snorkland. Then, with a change of heart and SNAP being dismantled by a furious Lil' Seaweed, SNIP helps Corky and Allstar's gang get rid of Bigweed and Lil' Seaweed. Later, Dr. Galeo manages to rebuild SNAP and create a communication device that allows SNIP and SNAP to make sounds of basic words.
 The Council of Elders (voiced by Peter Cullen and Michael Bell) – A group of four Snork Elders who are the true leaders of Snorkland and are mostly seen in the shadows. They are known to keep Governor Wellington Wetworth in check.

Villain Snorks
 Dr. Strangesnork "Seaworthy" (voiced by René Auberjonois) – A purple-skinned male Snork who has white hair adorned with black lightning-shaped streaks. He is a villainous and absent-minded mad scientist, often forgetting his own name. He attempts to take over Snorkland with various schemes and inventions. He is jealous of his brother, Dr. Galeo, and wants to take revenge upon him and his nephew, Allstar.
 Finneus (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) – An orange catfish with black stripes. He is Dr. Strangesnork's sidekick and companion from childhood. He is always reminding Dr. Strangesnork of everything that he forgets.
 Bigweed (voiced by Michael Bell) – The main villain of the series since season 3. He is supposed to be a large, green, seaweed-like creature with magical abilities, such as disguising himself as a Snork or any other form of sea life. Seeks to take over Snorkland and enslave the Snorks, but always ends up being outwitted. His hair turns out to be an important ingredient to cure Allstar's rare disease at one point. At the end of season 4, he is friends with Allstar.Lil' Seaweed (voiced by B.J. Ward) – Bigweed's female sidekick who wears a red hair bow and makeup. Same species as Bigweed with similar magical abilities, but on a lower level. About the same age as Allstar and his friends. Later on, she is forced by Snorkland Social Services to attend school because of her age. Although Bigweed calls her "klutz", the two share a strong bond. Lil' Seaweed also forms a secret friendship with Daffney.
 Weed and Wood – Bigweed's two buddies and secondary sidekicks.
 The Great Snork Nork (voiced by Frank Welker) – An indigo-colored vampire Snork and the Snork equivalent of Count Dracula. Unlike others, his snork is on the front of his face, turning downward like an elephant's trunk and he has three fins on his head. He has fangs and sleeps like a bat, hanging upside down from the ceiling. He hates and avoids light at all cost. He has magical abilities and can hurl electrical bolts from his hands. He wants to take over Snorkland and is always accompanied by two sidekicks, who are miniature versions of him minus the magical abilities. Even though he only appears in two episodes in Season 3, he is always shown in the title sequence.
 The Snork-Eaters (various voices) – Large red creatures known to prey upon Snorks. The only thing that scares them is a type of fish called the Snork-Eater Eaters, with tiny bodies and enormous mouths. In addition, King Neptune also has the power to banish Snork-Eaters.

Other Snorks
 Serena the Mermaid – A Snork-sized miniature mermaid with long blonde hair. She is saved from a storm and later from Dr. Strangesnork by Dimmy and Casey, and is transformed into regular mermaid size by Dr. Strangesnork's enlarging machine. No longer worried about her size, she returns with her friends to the mermaid world after giving Casey one of her hair accessories and kissing Dimmy on the cheek.
 King Neptune – A character from Ancient Roman mythology serving as the ruler of the sea Poseidon. He is portrayed as a merman who controls the rise and fall of tides with a magical conch shell. Most Snorks believed King Neptune was a myth until he appears after losing his magical conch shell, which is later found by Willie. King Neptune is also shown to have the ability to banish Snork-Eaters.
 Esky – A green-colored male Snork who lives in the Snork Pole. He wears winter clothing and accessories like all the other inhabitants of his area. Although lacking in self-confidence, he is brave, responsible, and the fastest Snork in his area, having once saved his town and Allstar's gang from the Snork-Eaters with the help of a friendly Snork-Eater Eater fish.
 Ebb – A good-natured cream-colored Snork with a protruding front tooth who snorks and talks in backwards. Shunned for his eccentricities in his hometown, Ebb left and settled down in a deserted rundown reef in Snorkland. Initially mistaken by Allstar and his gang to be a faceless Snork monster, he befriends them and becomes an excellent snorkerang player. However, his new home is set to be rebuilt into a clamdominium by Governor Wetworth. Allstar's gang then plays a trick and makes the place appear haunted, and Ebb accidentally "saves" the Governor's life by chasing the "monsters" away. He is thus rewarded with a nice reef-top apartment for his "heroic deeds".
 Ork – A prehistoric Snork with long red hair, who had been frozen in an ice cube for two million years and discovered by Dr. Galeo, Daffney and JoJo. The Snork equivalent of a Stone Age caveman, Ork has bad grammar skills, dresses like Jo-Jo and is deeply homesick when trapped in the "modern" Snorkland. However, having lived in the modern days for two months, he experiences a bit of a "culture shock" when he finally returns home via Galeo's time machine. Claiming that things are no longer what he remembers them to be, Ork decides to go back to Snorkland with his new friends.
 The Snork-Eater Eaters''' – Small orange fish that can communicate with the Snorks. Their mouths can be opened and expanded to a great extent, catered specifically to devouring Snork-Eaters.

Cast
Main voices
 Michael Bell - Allstar Seaworthy, Bigweed, Council of Elders
 Nancy Cartwright - Daffney Gillfin
 Brian Cummings - Dimitris "Dimmy" Finster
 Barry Gordon - Wellington Wetworth, Jr. "Junior"
 Rob Paulsen - Corky
 B.J. Ward - Casey Kelp, Lil' Seaweed
 Frank Welker - Tooter Shelby, Occy, Grandpa Wetworth, Finneus, The Great Snork Nork

Recurring
 René Auberjonois - Dr. Strangesnork
 Peter Cullen - Council of Elders
 Roger DeWitt - JoJo
 Joan Gardner - Mrs. Wetworth
 Joan Gerber - Mrs. Kelp
 Bob Holt - Mr. Seaworthy (Seasons 1-2)
 Gail Matthius - Smallstar Seaworthy
 Mitzi McCall - Auntie Marina, Matilda
 Edie McClurg - Mrs. Seaworthy, Ms. Seabottom
 Frank Nelson - Governor Wellington Wetworth (Seasons 1-2)
 Alan Oppenheimer - Governor Wellington Wetworth (Seasons 3-4), Mr. Seaworthy (Seasons 3-4)
 Clive Revill - Dr. Galeo Seaworthy
 Robert Ridgely - Mr. Kelp
 Fredricka Weber - Willie Wetworth

Additional voices

 Patricia Alice Albrecht (Seasons 3-4)
 Jack Angel (Season 2)
 Chub Bailly (Seasons 3-4)
 Roger C. Carmel (Season 2)
 Maryann Chinn (Season 2)
 Cam Clarke (Seasons 2-4)
 Selette Cole (Season 2)
 Townsend Coleman (Season 2)
 Jim Cummings (Seasons 3-4)
 Jennifer Darling (Season 2)
 Jerry Dexter (Seasons 3-4)
 Jeff Doucette (Seasons 3-4)
 Marshall Efron (Seasons 3-4)
 Richard Erdman (Seasons 2-4)
 Laurie Faso (Seasons 3-4)
 Miriam Flynn (Season 2)
 Kathleen Freeman (Season 2)
 Pam Hayden (Season 2)
 Arte Johnson (Seasons 3-4)
 Stan Jones (Season 2)
 Zale Kessler (Seasons 2-4)
 Paul Kirby (Season 1)
 Marilyn Lightstone (Season 2)
 Shane McCabe (Season 2)
 Chuck McCann (Season 2)
 Diane Michelle (Season 2)
 Howard Morris (Season 2)
 Laurel Page (Seasons 3-4)
 Hal Rayle (Season 2)
 Peter Renaday (Season 2)
 Roger Rose (Season 2)
 Joe Ruskin (Seasons 3-4)
 Michael Rye (Season 2)
 Ken Sansom (Season 2)
 Ronnie Schell (Season 2)
 Howard Stevens (Season 2)
 Rip Taylor (Seasons 3-4)
 Jean Vander Pyl (Season 2)

Episodes

Home media
On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete First Season on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete Second Season on DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons''.

See also

List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions
List of Hanna-Barbera characters

References

External links

Snorks at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017.

1980s American animated television series
1980s American high school television series
1984 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
Belgian children's animated adventure television series
Belgian children's animated comedy television series
Belgian children's animated fantasy television series
Comics adapted into animated series
Comics adapted into television series
English-language television shows
Fictional humanoids
NBC original programming
Star Comics titles
Television series based on Belgian comics
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
Underwater civilizations in fiction
Channel 4 original programming
Teen animated television series
ITV children's television shows

Snorks


Anti-poaching යනු වන සතුන් දඩයම් කිරීම වැළැක්වීම සඳහා වූ සංවිධානාත්මක ක්‍රියාවකි.  කෙසේ වෙතත්, එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් භාවිතා කරනුයේ නීති විරෝධී වනජීවී වෙළඳාමට එරෙහි සමස්ත උත්සාහයක් විස්තර කිරීමට ය. මෙම Anti-poaching හෙවත්  දඩයම් විරෝධී ක්‍රියාව සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ පොදු ඉඩම්වල ජාතික උද්‍යාන සහ පුද්ගලික ඉඩම්වල පෞද්ගලික ආරක්ෂක සමාගම් විසිනි.  මෙම ක්‍රියාව ,  විවිධ ස්වරූපයන් ගන්නා අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රඳා පවතින්නේ වාසස්ථාන ආරක්ෂා කිරීම මත ය.  සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, දඩයම්කරුවන් සතුන් වෙත පැමිණීම වැළැක්වීම සඳහා භූමියේ සක්‍රීයව මුර සංචාරයේ යෙදීමයි.

රේන්ජර්ස්
ප්‍රති-දඩයම් කිරීමේ වඩාත් මූලික මට්ටම වන්නේ ස්ථානීය රේන්ජර්වරු ( on site rangers ) ය.  නීති විරෝධී වනජීවී වෙළඳාමට එරෙහි පළමු ආරක්ෂක මාර්ගය ලෙස ඔවුන් සැලකේ.  මොවුන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සංචිත සාදති.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මිනිසුන් හතර දෙනෙක්, අනුපූරක භූමිකාවන් පුරවති.  සංචිතවල නවීනත්වය අනුව මෙම භූමිකාවන් වෙනස් වේ.  බොහෝ අවස්ථාවන්හීදී, රේන්ජර්ස් සතුව ඇත්තේ ගිනි අවියක් සහ සරල නිල ඇඳුමක් වැනි අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය දෑ ය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෑත කාලයේ ජනප්‍රිය වනජීවී ආරක්ෂාව හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ සංවිධානවලට ඔවුන්ගේ රේන්ජර්වරුන් සන්නද්ධ කිරීම සඳහා අරමුදල් ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි වී තිබේ.  හෙමර්ස්බැක් රයිනෝ බලකාය  ( Hemersbach Rhino Force ) එක් සංවිධානයක් වන අතර, සෑම රේන්ජර්වරයෙකුටම වෙඩි නොවදින කබා, රේඩියෝ හෑන්ඩ්සෙට්, අර්ධ ස්වයංක්‍රීය රයිෆල්, රාත්‍රී දර්ශන උපකරණ සහ ප්‍රවාහන ක්‍රමයක් සපයයි.

රේන්ජර්ස් ඔවුන්ගේ දෛනික රාජකාරි වලදී විවිධ කාර්යයන් ඉටු කරයි. මුර සංචාරයේ යෙදී සිටින්නේ රේන්ජර්වරුන්ගේ කාලයයි. මුර සංචාර සඳහා විවිධ සංවිධාන විවිධ උපාය මාර්ග අනුගමනය කරන අතර එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂාව යටතේ සතුන් මත පදනම් වේ. සතුන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු පමණක් ආරක්ෂා කරන රේන්ජර්ස් කණ්ඩායමට එක් අයෙකු ආරක්ෂා කිරීමේ වගකීම පැවරේ.  මෙය සිදුවන්නේ විශාල ක්ෂීරපායින් සඳහා පමණි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අනෙකුත් සතුන්ට සෑම නව දිනයක්ම සොයා ගැනීමට අපහසු බැවින් මෙම කාර්යය පහසු කිරීම සඳහා . . කුඩා සතුන් සඳහා, හෝ යම් ප්‍රදේශයක සිටින සියලුම සතුන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා රේන්ජර්වරු ප්‍රදේශ වල මායිම්වල මුර සංචාරයේ යෙදෙති.

සැලකිය යුතු දඩයම් විරෝධී සංවිධාන
කෙන්යාවේ වනජීවී සේවය (KWS) යනු කෙන්යාවේ වනජීවී සංරක්ෂණය හා කළමනාකරණය සඳහා 1989 දී පිහිටුවන ලද කෙන්යානු රාජ්‍ය සංස්ථාවකි. කෙන්යාවේ වන සතුන් සංරක්ෂණය හා කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සහ ඊට අදාළ නීති හා රෙගුලාසි බලාත්මක කිරීමේ වරම සහිතව එය පාර්ලිමේන්තු කැප් 376 (වනජීවී සංරක්ෂණ හා කළමනාකරණ (1989 සංශෝධනය) පනත යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත. එය රටේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය කළමනාකරණය කරයි, ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

සියලුම වන ජීවීන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා රයිනෝ බලකාය දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ හි කටයුතු කරයි. ඔවුන් මෙය සාක්ෂාත් කරගන්නේ ප්‍රජා ව්‍යාපෘති හා කෘතිම අභිජනනය සම්බන්ධ ත්‍රිමාන ප්‍රවේශයකින් වන අතර සංවිධානයේ පදනම දඩයම් විරෝධී ක්‍රියාවන්ට සම්බන්ධ වේ. රයිනෝ බලකායට දැනට සුවිශේෂී ව්‍යාපෘති දෙකක් තිබේ.  ග්‍රේටර් කෘගර් ව්‍යාපෘතියට අයත් වන්නේ කළු හා සුදු රයිනෝසරයන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි. ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවන ව්‍යාපෘතියේ අරමුණ වන්නේ කළු රයිනෝසරස් නැවත හඳුන්වාදීම සඳහා සම්බෙසි නිම්නය දඩයම් කිරීමෙන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

සියලුම වන ජීවීන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා රයිනෝ බලකාය දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ හි කටයුතු කරයි.  ඔවුන් මෙය සාක්ෂාත් කරගන්නේ ප්‍රජා ව්‍යාපෘති හා කෘතිම අභිජනනය සම්බන්ධ ත්‍රිමාන ප්‍රවේශයකින් වන අතර සංවිධානයේ පදනම දඩයම් විරෝධී ක්‍රියාවන්ට සම්බන්ධ වේ.  රයිනෝ බලකායට දැනට සුවිශේෂී ව්‍යාපෘති දෙකක් තිබේ.  ග්‍රේටර් කෘගර් ව්‍යාපෘතියට අයත් වන්නේ කළු හා සුදු රයිනෝසරයන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.  ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවන ව්‍යාපෘතියේ අරමුණ වන්නේ කළු රයිනෝසරස් නැවත හඳුන්වාදීම සඳහා සම්බෙසි නිම්නය දඩයම් කිරීමෙන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි.

දඩයම් විරෝධී ක්‍රියාව


George Cassety Pendleton (* 23. April 1845 bei Viola, Warren County, Tennessee; † 19. Januar 1913 in Temple, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1893 und 1897 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
George Pendleton besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und die Hannah High School. Im Jahr 1857 zog er mit seinen Eltern nach Belton in Texas, wo er im Handel und in der Landwirtschaft arbeitete. Während des Bürgerkrieges diente er im Heer der Konföderation. Nach dem Krieg setzte er an der Waxahachie Academy im Ellis County seine Ausbildung fort. Danach war er zwölf Jahre lang als fahrender Händler tätig. Anschließend arbeitete er wieder im Handel und der Landwirtschaft. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Zwischen 1876 und 1910 war er Delegierter auf allen regionalen demokratischen Parteitagen in Texas. Von 1882 bis 1888 saß Pendleton als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas, dessen Präsident er im Jahr 1886 war. In den Jahren 1890 bis 1892 amtierte er als Vizegouverneur seines Staates. Im Juli 1896 nahm er als Delegierter an der Democratic National Convention in Chicago teil, auf der William Jennings Bryan erstmals als Präsidentschaftskandidat nominiert wurde.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1892 wurde Pendleton im siebten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1893 die Nachfolge von William H. Crain antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1897 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Im Jahr 1896 lehnte er eine weitere Kandidatur ab. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus stieg Pendleton in das Bankgewerbe ein. Außerdem studierte er Jura. Nach seiner im Jahr 1900 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Temple in seinem neuen Beruf zu arbeiten. In dieser Stadt ist er am 19. Januar 1913 auch verstorben.

Weblinks

Vizegouverneur (Texas)
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Sprecher des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Politiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1845
Gestorben 1913
Mann

George C. Pendleton


Foramen magnum, kafatasının alt kısmında bulunan boyun deliğinin anatomideki adıdır.

Vücutta bulunan en büyük foramendir. Os occipitale'nin üzerinde bulunur. Bu delik cavitas cranii ile canalis vertebralis'i birleştirmektedir. İçerisinden medulla oblongata, bazı damar ve sinirler geçer. Foramen magnum'un ön kenarında bulunan antropolojik noktaya basion, arka kenarda bulunana ise opisthion denir. Beyni besleyen basillar arterin iki ana dalı olan vertebral arterler buradan geçerek kafatasına girer (diğeri internal karotis arteridir).

Kafa ve boyun kemikleri
Kafatası
Anatomi taslakları

Foramen magnum


Hans Haacke (født 12. august 1936) er en tysk-født kunstner, der i øjeblikket bor og arbejder i New York.

Tidlige liv
Haacke blev født i Köln, Tyskland. Han studerede ved Staatliche Werkakademie i Kassel, Vesttyskland, fra 1956 til 1960. Han var elev af den engelske grafiker, tegner og maler Stanley William Hayter. Fra 1961 til 1962 studerede Haacke på et Fulbright-stipendium ved Tyler School of Art på Temple University i Philadelphia. Fra 1967 til 2002 var Haacke professor på Cooper Union i New York.

Referencer

Kunstnere fra Tyskland
Personer fra Köln

Hans Haacke


El Faro de la Panela está ubicado en el Río de la Plata, frente a Montevideo, Uruguay. Fue construido e iluminado en 1915. Tiene una torre cilíndrica originalmente de metal y luego de fibra de vidrio, pintada a franjas rojas y blancas, con base de hormigón protegida por bloques de granito, tiene dos habitaciones para los fareros y la linterna superior. Cuenta con una campana acústica para días de niebla. Su energía es con un sistema de alimentación por paneles solares.

Con una altura de 12 metros y un alcance luminoso de 9,8 millas náuticas.

El 10 de febrero de 2004, y con el código 2004-04-S, el Correo Uruguayo imprimó unos sellos valor $54 (pesos uruguayos), en homenaje a dicha construcción marina.

Referencias

Costa de Montevideo
Faros de Montevideo

Faro de la Panela


මුල්ම මධ්‍යම ඉංග්‍රීසි හෝ මුල් ස්කොට් සාහිත්‍යයට ජෝන් බාවර් Brus අයත් වේ. තවද Wyntoun ගේ  kronykil හා Blind Harry ගේ Wallase (15 වන සියවස) ද අයත් වේ. 15 වන සියවසේ සිට බොහෝ මධ්‍යම ස්කොට් සාහිත්‍යය ලියවී ඇත්තේ එඩින්බර්ග් රජවාසල හා ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය පාද කර ගත් රචකයන් මගිනි. ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් මොන්ටෙගෝමර් යන 16 වන සියවසේ කිවිදානෝ 6 වන ජේම්ස් රජු යටතේ සේවය කළෝය. ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ පළවන ජේම්ස් රජුගේ අණ පරිදි The king is Quart යන කෘතිය රචනා කළේය. ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ 5 වන ජේම්ස් රජු ගේ අණ පරිදි ජෝන් බෙලෙන්ඩෙන් විසින් හෙක්ටර් බෝමේගේ Hiotoria Genths Scotorum as chroniklis of Scotlnt (1536) කෘතිය පරිවර්තනය කළේය. එමෙන්ම ඔහු ලිවිගේ පළමු පොත් පහ ද පරිවර්තනය කළේය. මේවා ස්කොට්ලන්ත සාහිත්‍යයේ ඉතුරැව පවතින මුල්ම සාහිත්‍ය කෘති වේ.

මෙයට අමතරව ප්‍රසිද්ධ ප්‍රේමවෘතාන්ත ද ගොඩනගන ලදී. උදාහරණ Launcelot of the Laik සහ The Buik o Alexander

16 වන සියවසේ දී Aeneid හි ස්කොට් පරිවර්තවනයක් ලියුවේය. නැවත ගොඩනැගීමක් වන තෙක් ප්‍රංශ සාහිත්‍ය භාෂාවක් වන Chaucerian ස්කොට් භාෂාව කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් එල්ල කළේය. 16 හා 15 වන සියවස් වල දී රොබට් හෙන්රිස්න්, විලියම් ඩන්ඩා හා ඩේවිඩ් ලින්ඩ්සේ ස‍්කොට් සාහිත්‍යයේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගය මෙහෙය වුහ. ජොර්ජ් බැනටයින් විසින් මධ්‍යම ස්කොට් සමයේ බොහෝ කවි එක් රැස් කරන ලදී.

ස්කොට්ෂ් බැලේ සංස්කෘතිය 17 වන සියවස තෙක් විහිද පවති. මේවාට උදාහරණ ලෙස ෆැන්සින් හේම්ස් චයිල්ඩ් ගේ Compilation හා The English and scottish popular Ballads (1882-1898) දැක්විය හැක. මේවාගේ අන්තර්ගත කවි ලෙස The Elfin Knight Lord Randal (මුල් මුද්‍රණය ක්‍රි.ව 1610) හා Lord Randal දැක්විය හැක.

17 වන සියවස ඉක්මයත්ම ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ඇංග්ලිසියානුත්වය හිස ඔසවන්නට විය. මේ සමයේ බොහෝ වාචික බැලේ කෘති ලේඛන ගත කරන ලදී. (මේවා ඊසාන දිග දේශසීමාවලින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී) මේ සමයේ රචකයන් ලෙස රොබර් සෙම්පිල් (ක්‍රි.ව 1595- 1655) හා lady Wadlaw හා Lady Girizel Bailie දැක්විය හැක.

ස්කොට් නවකතාව ටෝබියස් ස්මොලට් වැනි 18 වැනි සියවසේ රචකයන් මගින් ගොඩනගන ලදී.

සටහන්

{|


1967: The First Three Singles (1997, EMI M31001), ilk üç Pink Floyd singlelarının 30. yıldönüm CD'si. Bu şarkılardan Arnold Layne ve See Emily play daha sonra çıkacak Pink Floyd best of albümünde de yere alacaklardır.

Şarkı listesi

 "Arnold Layne" (Barrett)
 "Candy and a Currant Bun" (Barrett)
 "See Emily Play" (Barrett)
 "The Scarecrow" (Barrett)
 "Apples and Oranges" (Barrett)
 "Paint Box" (Wright)

Pink Floyd albümleri
1997 EP'leri
Abbey Road Studios'ta kaydedilen albümler

1967: The First Three Singles


Wehrenfennig steht für:

 Wehrenfennig (Theologengeschlecht)

Wehrenfennig ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Andreas Wehrenfennig (* um 1971), deutscher Harfenist und Hochschullehrer
 Arnold Wehrenfennig (1867–1937), österreichischer evangelischer Pfarrer
 Erich Wehrenfennig (1872–1968), Kirchenpräsident (Landesbischof) in Schlesien
 Gottfried Wehrenfennig (1873–1950), österreichischer evangelischer Pfarrer, Bundesführer des Bundes der Deutschen
 Karl Hermann Wehrenfennig (1822–1881), Architekt
 Johann Theodor Wehrenfennig (1794–1856), Superintendent der evangelischen Superintendentur A. B. Oberösterreich

Siehe auch:
 Wehrenpfennig

Wehrenfennig