Le Récadère de Béhanzin est un journal entièrement manuscrit et publié dans la clandestinité en 1917 au Dahomey. Il est l'un des premiers manifestes de volonté d'indépendance

Genèse
En 1910, Louis Hunkanrin est renvoyé de l'administration coloniale pour avoir refusé de ramener les jeunes filles métisses de Ouidah à son directeur Rolland. Hunkanrin constate l'injustice du système colonial. Il devient ainsi le porte-parole des opprimés de la colonie. Après un séjour au Sénégal entre 1911 et 1913 dans l'espoir de trouver une stabilité, Hunkanrin constate une situation politique différente de celle de son pays : au Sénégal, les quatre communes (Rufusque, Gorée, Dakar et Saint-Louis) avaient acquis les droits politiques depuis les années 1848 après une agitation politique des « évolués » (premiers intellectuels sénégalais). Il y note également l'importance de la presse dans la mobilisation du grand nombre. En 1914, de retour au Dahomey, Louis Hunkanrin réunit plusieurs éléments. Les lettres anonymes commencent ainsi à faire leurs apparitions afin de dénoncer le caractère répressif et arbitraire du système colonial.

Ligne éditoriale
Fondé sur deux  piliers, le patriotisme, et le refus de toute sujétion, le premier numéro dénonce les abus du pouvoir colonial sur la population et le second numéro s'attaque à tous les symboles de l'administration coloniale.

Notes et références

Lien externe
 La Voix du Dahomey
 Paul Hazoumé

Presse écrite au Bénin

Le Récadère de Béhanzin


An Papilionanthe sillemiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Papilionanthe sillemiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Papilionanthe, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Myanmar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Papilionanthe

Papilionanthe sillemiana


Adaílton dos Santos da Silva (født 6. december 1990) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Júbilo Iwata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Adaílton dos Santos da Silva


غوسينوي أوزيرو  هي مدينة في جمهورية بورياتيا في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2788 نسمة.

مدن بورياتيا

غوسينوي أوزيرو (بورجاتيجا)


Przyłęk es un pueblo de Polonia, en Mazovia. Se encuentra en el distrito (Gmina) de Sobolew, perteneciente al condado (Powiat) de Garwolin. Se encuentra aproximadamente a 4 km al norte de Sobolew, 15 km al sur de Garwolin, y a 67 km al sureste de Varsovia.

Entre 1975 y 1998 perteneció al voivodato de Siedlce.

Referencias

Localidades del voivodato de Mazovia

Przyłęk (condado de Garwolin)


An Isolepis rubicunda in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Isolepis rubicunda in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis rubicunda


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|anilanațională =
|echipănațională =
|aparițiilanațională(goluri) =
|reîmprospătareechipadeclub = 26 decembrie 2015
|reîmprospătarenațională = 26 decembrie 2015
}}
Adrian Cuciula (n. 9 mai 1986, Hunedoara)

Note

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai Politehnicii Iași
Fotbaliști ai Petrolului Ploiești

Adrian Cuciula


Theophrastoideae, potporodica jaglačevki. Sastoji se od dva tribusa iz tropskih regija Amerike. Tipični rod  teofrasta (Theophrasta) ouhvaća dvije vrste vazdazelenih grmova, a  ograničen je na otok Hispaniolu u Antilima.

Potporodica je ranije bila priznata kao porodica, Theophrastaceae.

Tribusi
 Tribus Samoleae Rchb.
 Samolus L. (13 spp.)
 Tribus Theophrasteae Bartling
 Theophrasta L. (2 spp.)
 Neomezia Votsch (1 sp.)
 Clavija Ruiz & Pav. (56 spp.)
 Jacquinia L. (18 spp.)
 Deherainia Decne. (2 spp.)
 Votschia B. Ståhl (1 sp.)
 Bonellia Bertero ex Colla (29 spp.)

Izvori

Jaglačevke

Theophrastoideae


Kurant vil sige en mønt i småmønter. For eksempel er 1 daler kurant 1 daler i småmønter i modsætning til 1 daler in specie, der er i et stykke.

Ekstern henvisning
 Kurant

Historiske møntenheder

Kurant


هذه قائمة أكبر 12 شركة أدويه مرتبة حسب الدخل

هذه قائمة أكبر 12 شركة أدويه مرتبة حسب الدخل .

انظر أيضا
 الرابطة الأوروبية للصناعات الحيوية
 تصميم دواء
 اقتصاديات الدواء

مراجع

شركات أدوية
قوائم شركات أدوية
قوائم طبية
قوائم متعلقة بالأدوية

قائمة شركات الأدوية


Venereum (po božici Veneri) bio je element osobnih apartmana u drevnomu Rimu. Izvorno se tumačio kao posebni stan ili soba namijenjena spolnim odnosima. Dva su venereuma pronađena u Pompejima, jedan u kući Julije Feliks, a drugi u Salustijevoj kući U potonjoj kući, venereum je bio vrt s nekoliko odvojenih prostorija.

Latinski natpis u kući Julije Felix izvještava da je "na imanju Julije Felix... venereum", između ostalog, "bio iznajmljen na razdoblje od pet neprekidnih godina, od prve do šeste godine kolovoške ide". Pretpostavlja se da prateća kratica SQDLENC stoji za Si quis domi lenocinium exerceat ne conducito ("Neka se ne prijavi nitko tko drži javnu kuću"). Venereum u Salustijevoj kući uključivao je spavaću sobu, triklinij i lararij.

Izvori

Pompeji
Latinske riječi i izrazi
Rimska arhitektura
Seksualnost

Venereum


Pribiloffeyjar eru eyjaþyrping eldfjallaeyja sem er að finna norður af Aljútaeyjum í Beringshafi. Þær tilheyra fylkinu Alaska í Bandaríkjunum.

Eyjarnar eru að mestu grýttar og gróðurlausar. Þær heita eftir rússneska siglingamanninum Gavriil Loginovič Pribylov.

Helstu eyjar klasans eru 4:

St. Paul
St. George
Otter
Walrus

Alaska
Bandarískar eyjar

Pribiloffeyjar


සුගත් සෝමවීර (), ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගීත රචකයෙක් වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත
 කඳුළු දියවර
 වසන්තයේ මල්
 ප්‍රේමයේ සීතලම කඳුළයි

මූලාශ්‍ර

සුගත් සෝමවීර


Vanadyum, sembolü V olan 23 atom numaralı kimyasal element.

Sert, gümüşi gri renkli, sünek bir geçiş metalidir. Andrés Manuel del Río tarafından 1801 yılında vanadinit mineralinin (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) analizi sırasında keşfedildi ve erythronium adı verildi. Ancak bir süre sonra erythronium ile kromun aslında aynı element oldukları fikri kabul gördü. 1831 yılında Nils Gabriel Sefström, vanadyumun keşfedilmemiş bir element olduğunu ispatladı ve İskandinav güzellik ve bereket tanrıçası Vanadis'in (Freyja olarak da bilinir) adını verdi.

Element doğada 65 farklı mineralde bileşik halinde bulunur. Çin'de ve Rusya'da çelik üretiminde ortaya çıkan cürufun işlenmesi ile, diğer ülkelerde ise ağır yağ baca tozunun geridönüşümü ya da uranyum madenciliğinin bir yan ürünü olarak üretir. Özellikle yüksek hız çeliği benzeri yüksek alaşımlı çeliklerin üretiminde kullanılır.Vanadyum pentoksit (V2O5) bileşiği sülfürik asit üretimi için bir katalizördür. Çoğu canlıda bulunan Vanadyum,  bazı enzimlerin etkin bölgesi (İng. Active site) olarak kullanılır.

Üretimi

Vanadyumun temel mineralleri potasyum uaranil vanadat 2 K(UO2)VO4.3 H2O ve vanadyum sülfürdür. Niobyum ve tantal içerikli mineraller de yüksek miktarda vanadyum bulundurur.  Vanadyum mineralinin NaCl veya Na2CO3 ile 850 °C'de reaksiyonu sonucunda elde edilen NaVO3 bileşiği su içerisinde çözülmesi ve çözeltinin kırmızı çökelek verene kadar asitlendirilmesi ile V2O5 oksidi elde edilir. Bu oksidin kalsiyum ile indirgenmesi ile element saf olarak elde edilir. Elementin sentezinde kullanılan diğer bir yöntem ise VCl5 bileşiğinin hidrojen gazı veya magnezyum ile indirgenmesidir.

4. periyot elementleri
Geçiş metalleri
Vanadyum
Elementler
Besinsel mineraller

Vanadyum


Albert Wolfinger (* 18. Februar 1850 in Balzers; † 25. Januar 1931 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Landwirt und Politiker (VP).

Biografie
Wolfinger war Bürger der Gemeinde Balzers und arbeitete als Landwirt. Von 1885 bis 1894 gehörte er dem Gemeinderat von Balzers an. In dieser Zeit war er von 1891 bis 1894 stellvertretender Gemeindevorsteher. Von 1897 bis 1900, sowie erneut von 1903 bis 1912 war er Gemeindekassier. 1910 wurde Wolfinger stellvertretender Landtagsabgeordneter und rückte 1913 für den am 10. Dezember 1912 verstorbenen Xaver Bargetze in den Landtag nach. Diesem gehörte er bis 1926 an.

Wolfinger war zweimal verheiratet und hatte acht Kinder, drei aus erster Ehe sowie vier Söhne und eine Tochter aus zweiter Ehe.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Albert Wolfinger auf www.e-archiv.li

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
Landwirt (Liechtenstein)
Mitglied der Christlich-sozialen Volkspartei (Liechtenstein)
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1850
Gestorben 1931
Mann

Albert Wolfinger


Els Segadors ("Høstfolkene") er den officielle nationalsang i Catalonien, "historisk nation" i Spanien. Sangen har musik fra 1892, tekst fra 1899 og blev vedtaget som en catalansk nationalang i 1993.

Historie
Selv om den originale sang af mundtlig tradition dateres tilbage til 1640, er dens nuværende tekst skrevet 1899 af Emili Guanyavents. Han vandt en konkurrence arrangeret af Unió Catalanista politiske parti det år. Musikken blev standardiseret af Francesc Alió syv år tidligere. Sangen er baseret på begivenhederne fra 1640, i løbet af de tredive års krig, kendt som Corpus de Sang, og begyndte Høstfolkskrigen (catalansk: Guerra dels segadors).

Siden begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede er Els Segadors blevet et af symbolerne på catalansk nationalisme og Catalonien selv. Den voksede i popularitet i den anden spanske republik og den spanske borgerkrig.

Efter at have været brugt i flere årtier, og undertiden ud over Cant de la Senyera, som national hymne, officielt bekræftet den 25. februar 1993. Den officielle version går tilbage til 1994.

Teksten på catalansk

1. vers:

Catalunya triomfant,
tornarà a ser rica i plena.
Endarrera aquesta gent
tan ufana i tan superba.

Omkvæd

Bon cop de falç,
Bon cop de falç,
Defensors de la terra!
Bon cop de falç!

2. vers:

Ara és hora, segadors.
Ara és hora d'estar alerta.
Per quan vingui un altre juny
esmolem ben bé les eines.

Omkvæd

3. vers

Que tremoli l'enemic
en veient la nostra ensenya.
Com fem caure espigues d'or,
quan convé seguem cadenes.

Omkvæd

Noter

Nationalsange
Catalonien

Els Segadors


Devon (Devin veya Devin Striker d. 28 Mart 1977, Allentown, Pensilvanya). Amerikan porno yıldızı.

Bir abla ve iki erkek kardeşe sahiptir. 15 yaşına kadar jimnastik ve dans dersleri almıştır. Liseyi bitirdikten sonra geçimini sağlamak için garsonluğa başlamış ve daha sonra Pennsylvania Reading'te Al's Diamond Cabaret'te yeteneğini denemeye başlamıştır. 3 yıl boyunca burada dans etmiştir.

İlk olarak New Breed (1998) isimli erotik filmde oynamıştır. Kısa bir süre sonra porno sektörüne girmiş ve Vivid Entertainment ile kontrat imzalamıştır. Ocak 2001'de Penthouse Pet of the Month olmuş, bunun yanında birçok erkek dergisinde boy göstermiştir. Ocak 2002`de kariyerinin ilk ödülünü almıştır, Adult Video News`ten "En iyi interaktif DVD" ödülü, "Devon'la sanal seks" filmine gitmiştir. Digital Playground daha sonra Devon`la iyi bir kontrat imzalamıştır. İlk anal seks sahnesini 2005 yılında Intoxicated filminde gerçekleştirmiştir.

Ödülleri
 Penthouse Pet Ocak 2001
 AVN's "En iyi interaktif DVD" 2001 (Virtual Sex with Devon)
 Empire "En iyi interaktif DVD" 2001 (Virtual Sex with Devon)
 AFW "En iyi interaktif DVD" 2001 (Virtual Sex with Devon)
 AVN's "En iyi Hardcore yapımı" 2005 (Island Fever 3)
 Nightmoves "En iyi video ödülü" (Devon Stripped)

Dış bağlantılar
 Röportaj

1977 doğumlular
Pensilvanya doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın pornografik film oyuncuları
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
Vivid Kızları
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın çıplak modeller

Devin Stiker


Helgoland er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Karin Westerlund efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Filmen er optaget på den gamle havbadeanstalt Amager Helgoland i perioden februar-marts 2000. Filmen viser vinterbadet fra den badendes synsvinkel. Alle scener er optaget af instruktøren selv med et videokamera monteret på hovedet. Der er ingen mennesker i filmen, men til gengæld kommer tilskueren i sanselig nærkontakt med vinterens skiftende vejrlig, de gamle bygningers træværk og Øresunds kolde, klare vand.

Medvirkende

 Karin Westerlund

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Helgoland (dokumentarfilm fra 2001)


إن الطائرة في السماء تكون حرة الدوران في الاتجاهات الثلاثة.

محور الانعراج  وهو المحور العمودي على الطائرة أو الصاروخ أو أي جسم آخر، وحيث ينعرج الجسم أو الريح أو محور الاستقرار. ويعرف محور الانعراج بأنه محور عمودي على الأجنحة ويكون أصلاً في مركز الثقل الموجود بباطن الطائرة. ويكون الانعراج بتحريك مقدمة الطائرة من جانب لجانب آخر كما هو موضح بالصورة.
محور الانحدار  أو محور الخطران يكون عموديًا على محور الانعراج وموازيًا للأجنحة، واصلها في مركز الثقل باتجاه طرف الجناح الأيمن. ويكون الخطران بتحريك مقدمة الطائرة نحو الأسفل أو الأعلى.
محور الالتفاف  يكون عموديًا على كل من المحورين الآخرين ويكون أصلها في مركز الثقالة ومتجهة إلى مقدمة الطائرة. وحركة الالتفاف تكون بتحريك طرفي الأجنحة للأسفل والأعلى.

بالطائرة

تنتج أسطح توجيه الطيران الموجودة بالطائرة قوى ديناميكية هوائية أثناء الطيران. وتلك القوى تطبق على مركز الضغط لأسطح التحكم، وهي على مسافة من مركز ثقالة الطائرة وتنتج عزم دوران حول المحاور الأساسية. فعزم الدوران يجعل الطائرة تدور، فالرافع ينتج عزم الانحدار، والدفة تنتج عزم الانعراج، أما الجنيحات فتنتج عزم الدوران. المقدرة لتغيير كمية القوة والعزم تسمح للطيار بالمناورة بتحريك الطائرة. وتعتبر طائرة الأخوان رايت والمسماة (1902 glider) أول طائرة تستخدم المحاور الثلاث الأساسية للطيران.

المصادر

اقرأ أيضًا
 ديناميكا هوائية
 أسطح توجيه الطيران
 طائرة
 زوايا أويلر
 طائرة ثابتة الجناحين

وصلات خارجية
 Yaw Axis Control as a Means of Improving V/STOL Aircraft Performance.
 3D fast walking simulation of biped robot by yaw axis moment compensation
 Flight control system for a hybrid aircraft in the yaw axis

ديناميكا هوائية
تحكم بالوضعية

محاور الطائرة الرئيسية


Indenfor for supersymmetri er en gluino (g͂), den hypotetiske symmetriske partner til en gluon. Partiklen er endnu ikke eksperimentelt påvist.

Glunio har egenskaberne lepton 0, baryon 0, og et spin på 1/2.

Referencer

Fermioner
Hypotetiske elementarpartikler

Gluino


John Walter Olver (September 3, 1936 – February 23, 2023) was an American politician and chemist who was the U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 1st congressional district from 1991 to 2013. Raised on a farm in Pennsylvania, Olver graduated from college at the age of 18 and went on to earn a PhD in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and later taught chemistry at the University of Massachusetts Amherst for eight years.

He served in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court, being elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1968 and the Massachusetts Senate in 1972. He ran in a 1991 special election to succeed 17-term Congressman Silvio O. Conte, who died in office. He was the first Democrat ever to represent the .

Olver announced he would not seek re-election in 2012 and retired at the end of his eleventh term in Congress.

Early life, education, and career

Olver was born on September 3, 1936, in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, the son of Helen Marguerite (née Fulleborn) and Thomas Horace Olver. His paternal grandparents were of English descent, and his maternal grandparents were German. Olver grew up on his father's farm, where the two tended cows, while his mother ran a boarding house which served families from Philadelphia and New York City. Olver graduated from high school when he was 15 and enrolled in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he earned a Bachelor of Science in chemistry at the age of 18. After earning his undergraduate degree, Olver went on to earn a Master of Science in chemistry from Tufts University in 1956 and a Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961.

Olver taught chemistry at the University of Massachusetts Amherst for eight years and later resigned to pursue a career in politics. He served two terms as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from January 1, 1969, to January 3, 1973. He later served for nine terms in the Massachusetts Senate from January 3, 1973, until his resignation in 1991 to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
On February 18, 1991, Congressman Silvio O. Conte died one month after taking office for his 17th term. That June, Olver, who had been sworn in for his 10th term in the state Senate a few months earlier, in January 1991, narrowly defeated Republican Steven Pierce in a special election for the seat, becoming the first Democrat to win the seat since it changed from being the  in 1893. Olver resigned from the state Senate on June 15 and was sworn in on June 18.

Olver won the election to a full term in 1992. In 1994, the year in which Republicans took control of the House for the first time in 40 years, Olver ran unopposed. In 1996, he defeated State Senator and future Lieutenant and Acting Governor Jane Swift by a 53% to 47% margin. After 1996, Olver continually won re-election with high margins above 60%.

On October 26, 2011, Olver announced he would not seek re-election in 2012, clearing the way for any potential Democratic primaries due to Massachusetts losing a congressional seat after the 2010 United States census.

Tenure
Congressional Quarterlys Politics in America described Olver as "a staunch liberal who prefers to yield the spotlight to other similarly ideological members." Olver has consistently high rankings from the progressive lobbying group Americans for Democratic Action, and consistently low rankings from its conservative counterpart the American Conservative Union.

As a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention, Olver endorsed future President Barack Obama. In a tribute to an outgoing Olver and Barney Frank, Ed Markey remarked that, unlike other elected officials who embraced superficial positions to curry public favor, the two were "happy to tell you [they] disagree with you" if they believed so.

Foreign policy

Olver was a staunch opponent of the United States involvement in Iraq and opposed a United States military presence in Iraq since the 2002 authorization for the use of force in Iraq. He advocated for the removal of U.S. troops from Iraq and consistently voted against proposals to increase funding for military operations and increased deployment. Olver stated that he believed that the United States should seek out a political solution in cooperation with the states neighboring Iraq, such as Iran and Syria, rather than pursuing a strategy based primarily on military means to create a stable and democratic Iraq.

Olver was critical of the United States lack of involvement regarding the genocide in Darfur. Olver was one of five members of Congress arrested on April 28, 2006, after protesting the genocide outside the Sudanese Embassy. Olver was arrested again in front of the Sudanese Embassy during a protest in 2012 along with other members of Congress and actor George Clooney.

Domestic policy
Olver co-sponsored  which would introduce a universal health insurance program with single-payer financing. In addition to supporting different pieces of health care reform legislation in the House, Olver had also strongly supported allowing federal funds related to health care programs to fund abortion operations. In addition to supporting the inclusion of coverage for abortions in health care, Olver had consistently supported pro-choice legislation in the House and has received favorable ratings from pro-choice interest groups such as the NARAL Pro-Choice America, which gave Olver a rating of 100.

Olver supported efforts to reduce the number of illegal immigrants entering the United States but also believed in immigration reform so that qualified immigrants could more easily be granted entrance. Olver also believed that illegal immigrants currently residing in the United States need to be provided with a pathway to citizenship and that these immigrants should not have to return to their countries of origin before obtaining citizenship.

Committee assignments
Committee on Appropriations

Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (Chairman)

Personal life
Olver was married to Rose Richardson Olver, a Professor of Psychology and Sexuality, Women's and Gender Studies at Amherst College, from 1959 until she died in 2014, and they had one daughter named Martha. He lived in Amherst, Massachusetts, from 1963 until his death.

Legacy

On May 4, 2012, a new central bus and rail station in Greenfield, Massachusetts, was dedicated in Olver's honor. The building is the first zero-net-energy transportation facility in the nation, generating heat and power via geothermal wells, photovoltaic panels, and sunlight.

On October 27, 2017, the John W. Olver Design Building at the University of Massachusetts Amherst was dedicated in Olver's honor. The building was the largest and most technologically advanced academic wood structure in the US upon completion. It was also the first in the US to use a wood-concrete composite floor system researched at the University of Massachusetts.

On October 28, 2010, the veterans' group Soldier On awarded Olver the Soldier On Award. This award, created for Soldier On by sculptor Andrew DeVries, recognizes individuals whose leadership and actions have advanced the goal of ending veteran homelessness.

Death
Olver died at his home in Amherst on February 23, 2023, at the age of 86.

References

External links

1936 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Honesdale, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Amherst, Massachusetts
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
20th-century American chemists

John Olver


Nicolás Cicileo né le  octobre 1993 à Buenos Aires, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon argentin. Il évolue au poste de défenseur au Royal Daring HC et avec l'équipe nationale argentine.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2018

Coupe d'Amérique
  : 2022

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueur argentin de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en octobre 1993
Naissance dans la province de Buenos Aires
Champion d'Amérique de hockey sur gazon
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Nicolás Cicileo


Mehmet Şefik Deymer (1887, Selanik - 7 Nisan 1959, Manisa), tarihsel Türkiye Komünist Partisinin ilk kuruluş yıllarından 1959 yılına dek liderliğini üstlenen komünist siyasetçi, tıp doktoru, gazeteci, yazar ve çevirmen.

Çocukluğu ve gençliği
Şefik Hüsnü Deymer, 1887'de Selanik'te Hüsnü Paşa ile Rukiye Hanım'ın oğlu olarak doğdu. Babası Hüsnü Paşa avukat olup dedesi büyük toprak sahibiydi. İlk ve ortaöğrenimini Selanik'te 1905'te tamamladı. Babasının Mekteb-i Mülkiye'ye kaydolması için gönderdiği İstanbul'dan tıp öğrenimi görmek için Paris'e kaçtı. Sorbonne Üniversitesinde Fizik-Kimya-Biyoloji sertifikasını aldıktan sonra, 1906'da Paris Tıp Fakültesine kabul edildi.  1912'de "pekiyi" derece ile hekim olarak mezun oldu; "omurilik sıkışmaları" konulu mezuniyet tezi Haziran 1912'de Paris'te yayımlanan 200 sayfalık bir kitaba dâhil edildi.

Mezuniyetinden sonra Selanik'e döndü ve tabip ruhsatnamesini aldı. Askere alınıp Balkan Savaşında tabip olarak görev yaptı.

1914'te Paris'te bulunduğu yıllarda tanıştığı Polonyalı Leokadya Sterniaka ile evlendi. I. Dünya Savaşında yeniden askere alındı, Çanakkale Cephesinde tabip yüzbaşı olarak görev yaptı. Kızı Meryem, Şefik Hüsnü askerdeyken 1915 yılında doğdu (Meryem İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki Varşova Ayaklanmasında Naziler tarafından öldürüldü).

1918 yılında Mondros Mütarekesinin imzalanması ile yeniden sivil yaşama geçti ve İstanbul'da bir muayenehane açtı.

Siyasi yaşamı
Şefik Hüsnü'nün sosyalist fikirlerle tanışması Paris'te bulunduğu 1905-1912 yıllarında Fransız sosyalistlerinin yayınlarını takip etmesi ve Jean Jaures, Francis de Pressense ve Marcel Sembat'ın hatiplik ettiği mitinglere katılması ile gerçekleşti. Fransa'da sosyalist yayınlarda yazılar yazmaya başladı, l'Humanite dergisine Türkiye'deki gelişmeler ile ilgili katkı verdi.

Savaştan sonra Türkiye sosyalistlerini birleştirme çabasına girişti. 22 Eylül 1919 tarihinde Berlin'den gelen Türk Spartakistleri ile birlikte kurucuları arasında yer aldığı Türkiye İşçi ve Çiftçi Sosyalist Fırkasının (TİÇSF) Genel Sekreterliğine seçildi. Aynı tarihlerde Türkçe ilk Marksist yayın olan ve ilk sayısı Almanya'da çıkan Kurtuluş dergisinde yazılar yazdı. 16 Mart 1920'de İstanbul'un İşgali sonrasında TİÇSF faaliyetleri yasaklandı. Bu yasal parti içinde birkaç yoldaşıyla birlikte oluşturmuş bulunduğu 3. Enternasyonal Grubu (İstanbul Komünist Grubu) aracılığıyla gizli çalışmaya geçti ve millî mücadeleyi destekledi. Şefik Hüsnü 1920'de Tours'da yapılan Fransız Komünist Partisi kuruluş kongresine katıldı.

Genel Sekreteri Şefik Hüsnü olan ve Komünist Enternasyonal (Komintern) ile ilişkiye geçmiş olan İstanbul Komünist Grubu, 10 Eylül 1920'de Bakü'de toplanan Türkiye Komünist Partisi (TKP) kuruluş kongresine delege gönderdi. Bu gruptan Ethem Nejat ve Hilmioğlu Hakkı ilk TKP Merkez Komitesine seçildiler.

Siyasi yayın faaliyetleri kapsamında Haziran 1921'de legal bir Marksist yayın olan Aydınlık dergisini yayınlamaya başladı. 1922'de Komünist Parti Menifestosu'nu Türkçeye çevirdi ve Aydınlık dergisinde yayınladı.

1922'de Sofya'da Bulgar Komünist Partisinin son legal kongresine ve Balkan Komünist Federasyonu Konferansına katıldı. Önce Mustaf Suphi liderliğinde 1920'de Bakü'de kurulan TKP'nin, ardından onun yasal örgütlenmesi olarak Ankara'da kurulan Türkiye Halk İştirakiyun Fırkasının (THİF) ancak Aralık 1920'den Eylül 1922'ye kadar kısmen faal olabilmesi nedeniyle, Kasım 1922'de yapılan Komintern 4. Kongresinde birleşik Türkiye Komünist Partisinin kurulması için bir Teşkilat Bürosu oluşturulup Büronun Sekreterliğine Şefik Hüsnü getirildi.

1923'te İzmir İktisat Kongresinde işçi komisyonunda yer aldı. Aydınlık dergisine ek olarak Vazife adlı bir komünist siyasi gazete çıkardı. 1 Mayıs 1923'te bildiri dağıtmak ve eylem düzenlemek suçlamasıyla kısa süre hapis yattı.

17 Haziran-8 Temmuz 1924'te yapılan Komintern 5. Kongresinde Kontrol Komisyonuna seçildi.

1925'te yapılan kongre ile Türkiye'deki komünist hareketlerin yeniden birleşmesi sonucu tekrar şekillenen TKP'nin Genel Sekreteri seçildi. Haftalık komünist işçi gazetesi olan Orak Çekiç'i yayımladı. 1 Mayıs 1925'ten hemen önce İstiklal Mahkemesi tarafından komünist siyasi faaliyetleri nedeniyle 15 yıl hapis cezasına çarptırıldı. Ancak tutuklanmadan önce yurt dışına çıktı.

Mayıs 1926'da Viyana'da parti konferansını düzenledi. Burada TKP Genel Sekreterliği görevini Vedat Nedim Tör'e devrederek TKP Dış Bürosu Sekreteri ve TKP'nin Komintern temsilcisi oldu. Bu sırada TKP üyeliğinin Rusya Komünist Partisine (Bolşevik) devri için başvurusu Eylül 1926'da kabul edildi.

1926 sonlarına doğru TKP MK ve parti örgütleri içerisinde Kemalizme karşı tutum konusunda ayrılıklar çıkması üzerine Komintern adına duruma müdahale etmek üzere Ağustos 1927'de Moskova'dan İstanbul'a geldi. Eski Merkez Komitesini feshederek Kemalizm konusunda bir tarafta Vedat Nedim Tör ve Şevket Süreyya Aydemir gibi isimlerin  fazla uzlaşmacı, diğer tarafta ise Nâzım Hikmet gibi isimlerin fazla çatışmacı eğilimleri karşısında merkez politikası etrafında partinin yeniden örgütlenmesine çalıştı. Parti birliği ve disiplininin ortadan kalktığı bu ortamda Eylül 1927'de TKP'ye yönelik tevkifatın Genel Sekreter Vedat Nedim Tör'e kadar ulaşmasının ve onun da polise tüm bildiklerini aktarmasının ardından Ekim 1927 sonlarında Şefik Hüsnü dahil hemen tüm yöneticileri kapsayan büyük bir tutuklama yapıldı ve 1928 TKP Davası açıldı. Toplam 1,5 yıl hapis cezası alan Şefik Hüsnü cezaevindeyken 1928'de yapılan Komintern 6. Kongresinde Yürütme Kurulu üyeliğine seçildi.

17 Nisan 1929'da tahliye olduktan bir süre sonra yeniden yurt dışına çıkarak Moskova'daki görevine döndü. 1930-1933 yıllarında Berlin'de Komintern'in Georgi Dimitrov başkanlığındaki Batı Avrupa Bürosu (WEB) ve Anti-Emperyalist Liga yöneticileri arasında yer aldı. Bu sırada Komintern Doğu Sekreterliği tarafından kendisinin (Ferdi) "Filistin, Suriye ve Mısır için KEYK temsilcisi sıfatıyla tayini" istendiğinde, "en küçük bir ihtirazı kayıt olmaksızın KEYK'nin emrine amade" olduğunu belirtmekle birlikte bunun "siyasi bakımdan ciddi mahzurları" olduğuna dikkat çekerek bunların başında şunun geldiğini belirtmekteydi: "Ankara hükûmeti bu ülkelerde siyasi polisin gizli bir kolunu hazır bulundurmaktadır. Kemalistlerin ajanları vasıtasıyla anında haberi olmadan ve gerici teşkilatlarla bir takım entrikalara girişmekten anında suçlanmadan tek bir Türk siyaset adamı bu ülkelerde kalamaz. Bu duruma daha da dikkatimizi gerektiren şey, bir süredir Kemalist yetkililerin ve Halk Partisi'nin komünistlerin kitleler gözündeki itibarını düşürmek için komünistleri gericiliğin oyununa gelmek ve gericiliğin müttefiki olarak davranmak ile suçlama taktiğini benimsemiş olmalarıdır." İkinci sorun, oralara gönderilirse kendisinin Türkiye ile ilişkilerinin tamamiyle kopacağı ve TKP'nin toparlanıp güçlenmesine destek olamayacağı idi. Yine de karar verilirse bu görev süresinin 3 ayı aşmaması gerektiğini vurgulamaktaydı.

27 Şubat 1933'teki Reichstag yangını sonrasında Georgi Dimitrov ve Almanya'da bulunan diğer Komintern yöneticileriyle birlikte tutuklandı. Bu olayla ilgili olarak Komintern tarafından gerek evinde gerekse çalıştığı Anti-Emperyalist Liga mekânlarında Türkiye'deki birkaç kişiyi açığa çıkarabilecek mektup ve adreslerin ele geçirilmesinde "en basit gizlilik kurallarını kabaca ihlal ettiği" için soruşturmaya uğradı. Almanya'da altı ay sonra tahliye oldu ve bir banka kasasında bulunan Komintern arşivini Nazilerden kaçırmayı başardı.

1933'te Cumhuriyet'in 10. yıldönümünde çıkarılan af sayesinde cezaevlerindeki TKP kadrolarının serbest kalması üzerine TKP MK genişletilmiş dış büro toplantısını düzenledi. Bu toplantıda TKP Merkez Komitesi Sekreterliğine Reşat Fuat Baraner ve İsmail Bilen seçildi. TKP Genel Sekreteri olarak Şefik Hüsnü'nün 1934 sonrası parti faaliyeti Komintern çalışmalarıyla sınırlı oldu.

1939 yılında Türkiye'ye dönmesine izin verildi ve I. Dünya Savaşındaki rütbesiyle tabip yüzbaşı olarak tekrar askere alındı fakat aynı yıl rahatsızlığı nedeniyle terhis edildi. Cemiyetler Kanunu'nda 1946 yılında gerçekleşen değişiklik sayesinde ve TKP kadroları içinden çıkan ve fikir ayrılığına düştükleri bir grubun Türkiye Sosyalist Partisini kurmasının hemen ardından Türkiye Sosyalist Emekçi ve Köylü Partisini kurdu. Kuruluşunun üzerinden 6 ay geçmeden parti kapatıldı ve Şefik Hüsnü'nün de içinde bulunduğu 43 parti yöneticisi tutuklandı. 1950'de Demokrat Partinin çıkardığı af ile serbest kalsa da 1951 yılında TKP'ye yönelik operasyon ve tutuklamalar (51 Tevkifatı) sırasında tekrar tutuklandı.

1951 Tevkifatında 5 yıl 10 ay hüküm giydi. 65 yaşını bitirmiş olduğundan cezası 4 yıl 2 ay ağır hapis ve 1 yıl 4 ay 20 gün müddetle Manisa'da sürgün cezasına çevrildi.

Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi (SBKP) MK Sekreterliğinin 22 Mayıs 1954 tarihli "1937 yılında Türkiye'ye giden 1218291 No.lu parti biletli, 1926'dan beri SBKP üyesi, 1890 doğumlu Türk FERDİ Bekir Hüseyinoviç Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi'nden çıkmış sayılmalıdır." şeklindeki kararıyla parti üyeliği sona erdi.

Ölümü
Sürgün cezası bitip 1957'de tahliye olmasından bir süre sonra, 7 Nisan 1959'da Manisa'da öldü.

Ayrıca bakınız
Aydınlık (dergi, 1921)
Türkiye Komünist Partisi
Komintern
Ethem Nejat
1927 Tevkifatı

Kaynakça

Türk marksistler
Türk komünistler
Türk sosyalistler
1887 doğumlular
1959 yılında ölenler
Selanik doğumlu siyasetçiler
Türk hekimler

Şefik Hüsnü Deymer


Guillaume Dietsch, né le  à Forbach, est un footballeur français qui évolue au poste de gardien de but au FC Metz.

Biographie

Carrière en club

Issu du centre de formation de Metz — qu'il a rejoint en 2014 après être passé par différents clubs amateurs mosellans —, Dietsch signe son premier contrat professionnel avec les lorrains le .

Le 15 juin 2020, il est prêté en deuxième division belge au RFC Seraing, club satellite du FC Metz, dont il devient rapidement le gardien titulaire, au sein d'une équipe qui vise dans un premier temps le maintien . Peu à peu, les bons résultats du club sérésien s'enchaînant, l'objectif deviendra la Division 1A, brillant au coté d'autre joueurs messins comme Georges Mikautadze.

Avec 27 titularisation dont 9 clean sheets, il joue un rôle central dans cette campagne victorieuse, aboutissant à une deuxième place et une promotion historique en élite belge à la suite des barrages.

Le 27 mai 2021, il prolonge avec l'équipe lorraine jusqu'en 2023, voyant également son prêt à Seraing prolongé d'une saison. En Division 1A, il prend notamment part à la première victoire, historique, des siens contre le rival local du Standard de Liège, arrachant un 0-1 au Stade Maurice Dufrasne le .

Carrière en sélection
Dietsch est international français en moins de 16, moins de 18 puis moins de 19 ans.

Régulièrement appelé avec l'équipe de France espoirs à partir d', où il est le remplaçant d'Illan Meslier, il connaît sa première titularisation avec les bleuets le , lors du match de qualification à l'Euro espoirs contre les Îles Féroé. La rencontre aboutit à un clean sheet et une victoire 2-0 des français au Stade de l'Épopée.

Palmarès

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur français
Naissance en avril 2001
Naissance à Forbach
Joueur du RFC Seraing (167)

Guillaume Dietsch


El arroyo Molles Grande es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de  Paysandú perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río de la Plata.

Nace en la Cuchilla del Queguay y desemboca en el río Queguay Chico tras recorrer alrededor de  24 km.

Referencias

Molles Grande
Molles Grande
Cuenca del río Queguay Grande

Arroyo Molles Grande


Organizația Internațională de Telecomunicații Mobile prin Satelit (engleză: International Mobile Satellite Organization - IMSO), a fost creată pentru a răspunde nevoii de securitate a vieții pe mare. IMSO este componentă a Sistemului Global de Primejdie și Siguranță Maritimă (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System - GMDSS) destinat salvării vieții omenești în caz de pericol. IMSO este predecesorul organizației Inmarsat. Sediul organizației este la Londra.

IMSO a fost creată sub auspiciile Organizației Maritime Internaționale prin Convenția privind crearea Organizației Internaționale de Telecomunicații Maritime prin Satelit, Inmarsat, semnat la Londra la 3 septembrie din 1976 și a intrat în vigoare la data de 16 iulie din 1979 .

În anul 1985, la obiectivele inițiale ale Inmarsat (operarea segmentului spațial în vederea asigurării comunicațiilor în caz de pericol, a comunicațiilor destinate salvării vieții pe mare, precum și ameliorarea eficienței navigației și a serviciilor maritime de telecomunicații publice), s-a adăugat serviciul mobil terestru și serviciul mobil aeronautic.

În urma reorganizării, la 5 aprilie 1999, Inmarsat devine IMSO, aceasta păstrând doar atribuțiile legate de organizația interguvernamentală. Serviciile operaționale au fost transferate unei firme private nou creată, Inmarsat Ventures Ltd., societate comercială cu sediul la Londra.

România a derat la IMSO (Inmarsat) la 27 septembrie 1990.

Note

Vezi și
 Sistem de navigație prin satelit
 Telefonie prin satelit

Legături externe
 Pagina web IMSO

Organizații interguvernamentale
Organizații internaționale de sateliți
Plan de urgență


خطوط كورال بلو الجوية هي شركة طيران مصرية - تونسية خاصة، تعمل بنظام رحلات الطيران العارض غير المنتظم، يقع المقر الرئيسي للشركة في العاصمة المصرية القاهرة، وتتخذ من مطار الغردقة الدولي مركزاً لعملياتها بالإضافة لفروعها الأخرى في مطار القاهرة الدولي ومطار شرم الشيخ الدولي، تأسست الشركة عام 2006 وبدأت عملياتها فعلياً عام 2007، يمتلك رجل الأعمال التونسي بلحسن الطرابلسي نسبة 65% من رأس المال، فيما تمتلك شركة أوراسكوم للفنادق والتنمية نسبة 25%، وتمتلك شركة قرطاج للطيران نسبة 10% الباقية، تقدم كورال بلو خدماتها غير المنتظمة إلى العديد من الوجهات داخل أوروبا مثل المملكة المتحدة، بولندا، النمسا، إيطاليا وغيرها.

انظر أيضا
 إير كايرو
 طيران ممفيس

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 2011 في مصر
تأسيسات سنة 2006 في مصر
شركات طيران انحلت في 2011
شركات طيران أسست سنة 2006
شركات طيران تونسية
شركات طيران سابقة في مصر
شركات طيران مصرية

خطوط كورال بلو الجوية


Maria Sorana Ceplinschi (Constanta, 12 de agosto de 2005)  é uma ginasta romena .

Carreira

Júnior
2019

No Campeonato Romeno Juvenil de 2019, Ceplinschi ganhou medalhas de prata no salto e no solo, e terminou em quarto lugar no individual geral. No Campeonato Romeno Sênior, ela terminou em décimo segundo lugar no individual geral, quinto no salto e sétimo no solo. Na Horizon Cup, Ceplinschi ganhou medalhas de ouro em todos os eventos, exceto no salto.

2020

No Campeonato Romeno de 2020, Ceplinschi competiu apenas no salto e nas barras assimétricas, e terminou em quarto lugar nas duas finais. Ela competiu no Campeonato Europeu Juvenil de 2020, e a equipe romena conquistou a medalha de ouro por mais de dez pontos à frente da Ucrânia e da Hungria. Individualmente, Ceplinschi conquistou a medalha de prata no individual geral e no solo, ambas atrás de sua colega de equipe Ana Bărbosu .

Sênior
2021

Ceplinschi fez sua estreia internacional na categoria sênior no Campeonato Europeu de 2021 . Ela foi inicialmente a primeira reserva para a final de solo, mas devido à desistência de Larisa Iordache devido a problemas de saúde, Ceplinschi a substituiu. Ela terminou em quinto lugar com uma pontuação de 12,966. Na Mersin Challenge Cup, ela ganhou a medalha de ouro tanto na trave de equilíbrio quanto no solo. Ela competiu no Campeonato Mundial de 2021 e se classificou para as finais de solo, terminando em 6º lugar e do individual geral, terminando em 16º.

2022

Ceplinschi competiu no Troféu Cidade de Jesolo, onde ajudou a equipe romena a terminar em quarto lugar na competição por equipes. Individualmente, a ginasta terminou em 4º lugar no solo e 12º no individual geral.

Histórico competitivo

Referências

Ligações externas

 Maria Ceplinschi at the International Gymnastics Federation

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 2005
Ginastas da Romênia

Maria Ceplinschi


Ernst von Aster (* 18. Februar 1880 in Berlin; † 22. Oktober 1948 in Stockholm) war ein deutscher Philosoph und Philosophiehistoriker.

Leben und Wirken
Der Offizierssohn besuchte das Askanische Gymnasium in Berlin. Anschließend studierte er an der dortigen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität und in München, wo er sich Theodor Lipps als seinem akademischen Lehrer anschloss. 1920 wurde er auf einen Lehrstuhl an der Universität Gießen berufen. Diese Berufung war im Vorfeld auf starken Widerstand gestoßen, weil Aster Mitglied der SPD und öffentlich als Pazifist hervorgetreten war. Während der Schlussphase des Ersten Weltkrieges hatte er für einen Verständigungsfrieden plädiert. Aster war zudem im Vorstand der Deutschen Liga für Menschenrechte. 1933 wurde er aus politischen Gründen entlassen und ging nach Schweden ins Exil. 1936 wechselte er in die Türkei, wo er in Istanbul und Ankara Lehraufträge erhielt. Er war mit der Dichterin Hildur Dixelius (1879–1969) verheiratet.

Asters Schriften, Vorlesungen und Vorträge fanden seinerzeit großen Anklang. Er verband philosophiegeschichtliche mit geistesgeschichtlichen Aspekten und erreichte große Tiefe, Klarheit und Anschaulichkeit der Darstellung. Eigenständige philosophische Werke sind die "Prinzipien der Erkenntnislehre" (1913) – in denen er eine Neubegründung des Nominalismus versuchte – und seine "Naturphilosophie" (1932). Auch verfasste er Darstellungen zu Karl Marx und zur Psychoanalyse.

Bekannt ist Aster heute durch die "Geschichte der Philosophie". Dieses inzwischen klassische Werk erschien erstmals 1932 (Alfred Kröner Verlag) und wurde 1998 – ergänzt von Ekkehard Martens – in der achtzehnten Auflage herausgegeben.

Werke

 Über Aufgabe und Methode in den Beweisen der Analogien der Erfahrung in Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Berlin 1903 (Dissertation München 1902).
 Untersuchungen über den logischen Gehalt des Kausalgesetzes, Leipzig 1905.
 Immanuel Kant, Leipzig 1909.
 Prinzipien der Erkenntnislehre. Versuch zu einer Neubegründung des Nominalismus, Leipzig 1913.
 Einführung in die Psychologie. 2. Auflage:, Leipzig / Berlin 1919.
Geschichte der antiken Philosophie, Berlin 1920.
Geschichte der neueren Erkenntnistheorie (von Descartes bis Hegel), Berlin 1921.
Ibsen und Strindberg. Menschenschilderung und Weltanschauung, München 1921.
Raum und Zeit in der Geschichte der Philosophie und Physik, München 1922.
Ibsen und Strindberg, Berlin / Leipzig 1923.
Platon, Stuttgart 1925.
Die französische Revolution in der Entwicklung ihrer politischen Ideen. Vom Liberalismus über die Demokratie zu den Anfängen des Sozialismus, Leipzig 1926.
Geschichte der englischen Philosophie, Bielefeld 1926.
Marx und die Gegenwart, Tübingen 1929.
Geschichte der Philosophie, Stuttgart 1932 [2. Auflage: Stuttgart 1935 (Digitalisat), 18. Auflage: Stuttgart 1998 (ISBN 978-3520108180)].
Naturphilosophie, Berlin 1932.
 Die Psychoanalyse, Berlin 1930 [2. Auflage: Bern 1949].
Nationalismus und Ethik, Leipzig 1933.
Philosophie der Gegenwart, Leiden 1935.

Literatur
 Hans Michael Baumgartner: Ernst von Aster (1880–1948) / Philosoph, in: Gießener Gelehrte in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Hg. Hans Georg Gundel u. a., Teil 1, Marburg 1982, S. 6–11.

 Horst Widmann: Exil und Bildungshilfe. Die deutschsprachige akademische Emigration in die Türkei nach 1933. Mit einer Bio-Bibliographie der emigrierten Hochschullehrer im Anhang. Herbert Lang-Verlag, 1973.

Weblinks

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Philosophiehistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Istanbul)
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Deutscher Emigrant in der Türkei
Deutscher Emigrant in Schweden
SPD-Mitglied
Mitglied der Deutschen Liga für Menschenrechte
Deutscher
Geboren 1880
Gestorben 1948
Mann

Ernst von Aster (Philosoph)


තිස්සමහාරාමය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි. ක්‍රි.ව. 3න් වන සියවසේදී පැවැති සිංහල රාජධානියක් වූ රුහුණ රාජධානියේ  අගනගරය වූවේද තිස්සමහාරාමයයි. එකල ගොඩනගන ලද පැරණි ඉදිකිරීම් කිහිපයක් අදටත් එහි දැකගත හැකිවේ.

වර්ථමානයේදී, යාල ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය සහ කතරගම වෙත ගමන් කරනා මාර්ගය වැටී තිබෙන්නේද තිස්සමහාරාමය හරහා වේ.

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ
තිස්සමහාරාම රජ මහා විහාරය - තිස්සමහාරාම රජමහා විහාරය ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව දෙවන සියවසේදී රහුණේ කාවන් තිස්ස රජු විසින් ඉදිකරවන ලද්දකි. මෙම පුදබිම, බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ පාදස්පර්ශය ලත් පුදබිමක් ලෙස සැළකෙයි.
තිස්ස වැව - අතීතයේදී ඉදිකරනු ලැබ තිබෙන තිස්ස වැව, එදා මෙන්ම අදටත් ප්‍රයෝජනවත් ජල සම්පාදන ප්‍රභවයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දකුණු පළාත
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

තිස්සමහාරාමය


Le Crotoy ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Somme in der Region Hauts-de-France. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Abbeville und zum Kanton Rue.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde befindet sich am nördlichen Ufer der Trichtermündung des Flusses Somme, die hier nicht ganz korrekt Somme-Bucht genannt wird und liegt rund 60 Kilometer nordwestlich von Amiens. Nachbargemeinden von Le Crotoy sind Rue im Nordosten,  Favières im Südosten, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme im Süden (auf der anderen Flussseite) und Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont im Nordwesten.

Der Ort selbst liegt im äußersten Süden des Gemeindegebietes, unmittelbar an der Küstenlinie. Das weitgehend flache Gemeindegebiet ist von einer Vielzahl von Wasserläufen und Entwässerungskanälen, wie z. B. dem Canal de la Maye und dem Canal du Marquenterre durchzogen. An der nördlichen Gemeindegrenze mündet der Fluss Maye in die Somme-Bucht. Das Gemeindegebiet liegt im Regionalen Naturpark Baie de Somme Picardie Maritime.

Geschichte
Während des Hundertjährigen Kriegs ließ König Eduard III. von England eine Festung errichten, in der auch Jeanne d'Arc vor ihrer Verbrennung im Jahr 1431 gefangengehalten worden sein soll. 1674 wurde das Schloss infolge des Friedensschlusses geschleift.

In der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts setzte der Badebetrieb ein. Die erste Badeeinrichtung wurde 1847 eröffnet, 1850 das Grand Hotel errichtet, der Verkehrsverein 1922. Der Schriftsteller Jules Verne erwarb hier ein Haus und der Ort wurde von bekannten Malern besucht. Die Brüder Caudron eröffneten eine Pilotenschule.

Einwohner

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Zwei Naturschutzgebiete befinden sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft:
 Vogelschutzgebiet Parc du Marquenterre
 Naturreservat Somme-Bucht (frz. Réserve naturelle de la Baye de Somme)

Bauwerke
 Kirche Saint-Pierre mit einem Fassadenturm aus dem 13. Jahrhundert
 Kirche Saint-Firmin, auf dem Friedhof ein Kriegerdenkmal
 Reste der Festung
 Denkmal für die Brüder Caudron
 Mehrere Künstlervillen

Wirtschaft
Die bei der Sandgewinnung entstehenden Sandgruben werden nach und nach mit Wasser gefüllt. Die dabei entstandenen Seen werden für Sport- und Freizeitaktivitäten genutzt. Auch die Küstenregion selbst mit ihren weitläufigen Sandstränden ist ein touristischer Anziehungspunkt.

In den ufernahen Salzwiesen werden viele Schafe gehalten, weitere Einnahmequellen resultieren aus dem Fischfang.

Verkehr

Die Gemeinde wird hauptsächlich von der Departementsstraße D 940 versorgt, die als Küstenstraße von Le Tréport bis in den Raum von Dünkirchen verläuft. Die Querung des Somme-Tals erfolgt dabei etwas weiter landeinwärts, im Bereich von Noyelles-sur-Mer.

Am 1. Juli 1887 wurde von der Société Générale de Fer Economiques (SE) eine knapp 7,5 km lange Schmalspurbahn von Noyelles nach Le Crotoy eröffnet. Die in Meterspur ausgeführte Strecke bot in Noyelles Anschluss an die regelspurige Bahnstrecke Longueau–Boulogne-Ville der Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord. Am 31. Dezember 1969 wurde sie zunächst stillgelegt; für eine künftige Nutzung als Museumseisenbahn wurde damals der Verein Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme (CFBS) gegründet. Am 4. Juli 1971 konnte der museale Verkehr mit zunächst zwei kleinen Dampflokomotiven beginnen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Hauts-de-France
Ort an der Somme

Le Crotoy


Five Guys es una cadena de restaurantes de comida rápida. En la actualidad cuenta con más de un millar de franquicias en los Estados Unidos, Canadá, Reino Unido, España, Alemania, Italia , Francia, Colombia, Países Bajos

Historia

El primer restaurante, ya desaparecido, abrió sus puertas en 1986 en Arlington, Virginia. A partir de ahí comenzaron a abrir nuevos restaurantes, llegando a contar con cinco en la zona norte de Virginia en 2001. Debido a su creciente popularidad, los Lagarraña, después los Murell, decidieron pasarse al modelo de franquicias para poder expandirse por el resto de los Estados Unidos. A fecha de 2011, la cadena cuenta con más de 700 franquicias en numerosas ciudades de América del Norte.

Como muestra del tamaño que ha alcanzado la cadena, se estima que en el año 2010 Five Guys compró, procesó, y sirvió más de 55.000 toneladas de patatas.

Menú

El plato central de Five Guys son las hamburguesas. La hamburguesa "pequeña" consta de un filete de carne picada, y la "normal" de dos. Por un suplemento, se les puede añadir queso y/o bacon. El resto de los complementos (a elegir entre cebollas, lechuga, tomates, pimientos, pepinillos, jalapeños, champiñones, mostaza, ketchup, salsa barbacoa, salsa picante, Salsa steak, relish...) vienen incluidos en el precio de la hamburguesa. También se ofrecen sándwiches vegetales y perritos calientes kosher para la clientela judía.

El único acompañamiento que se ofrece para las hamburguesas son las famosas patatas fritas, cocinadas en aceite de cacahuete. Tienen una gran variedad de Batidos o Milkshakes con ingredientes que puedes combinar a gusto: fresa, chocolate, café, caramelo, crema de cacahuete, leche malteada o cereza. También ofrecen cacahuetes para que los clientes piquen mientras esperan a que se cocine su pedido.

Popularidad y críticas
Five Guys ha recibido numerosos premios a lo largo y ancho de los Estados Unidos, como el de "Hamburguesa #1" (Washingtonian Magazine) o el de "Mejor Hamburguesa" (The Pitt News).

Su popularidad se ha disparado desde que el expresidente Barack Obama visitó públicamente un restaurante Five Guys en Washington rompiendo el protocolo de seguridad, y expresar a los medios que era su hamburguesa favorita. Obama dijo que siempre pedía una hamburguesa con dos patties, lechuga, tomate, mostaza y jalapeño.

Por otra parte, también existieron acusaciones de que los menús de Five Guys tienen efectos negativos en la salud de los consumidores. La revista Men's Health afirmó que una hamburguesa normal (con dos filetes) contiene 700 kilocalorías y 19.5 gramos de grasa saturada. La misma revista también ha clasificado las patatas fritas de Five Guys en el cuarto puesto de su lista de las comidas más dañinas de los Estados Unidos. Una ración normal de patatas puede llegar a contener 1.500 kilocalorías, más del 50% del aporte calórico diario para un adulto. Sin embargo en repetidas ocasiones, la misma revista se ha contradicho publicando un listado de las mejores hamburguesas en distintos países, tal como en Inglaterra, posicionando a Five Guys  por ser la más sana de todas.  Existen otras publicaciones () que se han encargado de demostrar las falsas acusaciones hechas por esa revista, y es que Five Guys es una de las pocas hamburgueserías que prepara todos sus ingredientes frescos y no tienen congeladores, lo cual garantiza que sus hamburguesas sean más sanas que las de otras marcas.

Además Five Guys ha apuntado que una ración de patatas está pensada para ser compartida entre tres o cuatro comensales). El Center for Science in the Public Interest también ha colocado la hamburguesa con queso de Five Guys, que cuenta con 920 kilocalorías, en su lista de los platos más dañinos que uno puede encontrar en un restaurante de comida rápida pero esta "institución" tiene catalogado a todas las hamburgueserías de la misma manera, por lo que para ellos, todas las hamburguesas son dañinas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cadenas de restaurantes de comida rápida
Franquicias de comida rápida

Five Guys


متر في الثانية هي وحدة مستمدة من تدرج السرعة وعامل الكمية والتي تحدد كلا من المقدار والإتجاه المحدد وتعرف بأنها المسافة بالمتر على الزمن بالثانية.

الرمز المعرف لها حسب الوحدات القياس الدولية هو م\ث أو m·s−1 وقد لايستخدم عند بعض المقادير الأسية كقياسات علم الفلك التي تفضل كم\ث. ما عدا أنه يقيس سرعة الضوء بالثانية حيث يعادل: 299,792,458 متر خلال ثانية واحدة. وتعدّ م\ث مقياس لمعدل المشي للشخص.

التحويلات
1 متر لكل ثانية يعادل :
 =  3.6 كم·س−1 بالضبط.
 ≈ 3.2808  قدم لكل ثانية. تقريبي.
 ≈ 2.2369  ميل لكل ساعة تقريبي.

1  قدم لكل ثانية = 0.3048 م.س−1 بالضبط.

1  ميل لكل ساعة  ≈ 0.4471 م.س−1 تقريبي.

1 كم·س-1 ≈ 0.2778 م·ث−1 تقريبي.

1 كيلومتر بالثانية يعادل:
 ≈ 0.6213 ميل لكل ثانية تقريبي.
 ≈ 2,237 ميل لكل ساعة تقريبي.

انظر أيضا
 كم\ساعة
 ميل في الساعة
 قيمة أسية (رياضيات)
 قيمة أسية (السرعة)

مراجع

نظام دولي للوحدات المشتقة
وحدات سرعة

متر في الثانية


Le muscle de l'antitragus est un muscle peaucier du pavillon de l'oreille.

Description

Origine
Le muscle de l'antitragus nait sur l'anthélix.

Trajet
Les fibres musculaires se dirigent en avant et en bas.

Terminaison
Il se termine à la base de la queue de l'hélix

Innervation
Il est innervé par un rameau de la branche temporo-faciale du nerf facial.

Action
Il ajuste la forme de l'oreille en élevant l'antitragus. Son action est faible.

Embryologie
Le muscle de l'antitragus est issu du deuxième  arc branchial.

Références

antitragus

Muscle de l'antitragus


Islam's significance in Germany has largely increased after the labour migration in the 1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s.

According to a representative survey, it is estimated that in 2019, there were 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a migrant background in Germany (6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background. A similar survey in 2016 estimated a number of 4.4–4.7 million Muslims with a migrant background (5.4–5.7% of the population) at that time. An older survey in 2009 estimated a total number of up to 4.3 Muslims in Germany at that time. There are also higher estimates: according to the German Islam Conference, Muslims represented 7% of the population in Germany in 2012.

In a 2014 academic publication it was estimated that some 100,000 Germans converted to Islam, numbers which are comparable to that in France and in the United Kingdom.

Demographics

Islam is the largest minority religion in the country, with the Protestant and Roman Catholic confessions being the majority religions.
Most Muslims in Germany have roots in Turkey, followed by Arab countries, former Yugoslavia (mostly of Kosovo-Albanian or Bosnian origin), Afghanistan and Iran. There are also a significant minority originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (mostly East Africa) and South Asia (mostly Pakistan). The large majority of Muslims live in former West Germany, including West Berlin. However, unlike in most other European countries, sizeable Muslim communities exist in some rural regions of Germany, especially Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and parts of Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia. Owing to the lack of labour immigration before 1989, there are only very few Muslims in the former East Germany. Among the German districts with the highest share of Muslim migrants are Groß-Gerau (district) and Offenbach (district) according to migrants data from the census 2011. The majority of Muslims in Germany are Sunnis, at 75%. There are Shia Muslims (7%) and mostly from Iran. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community organization comprise a minority of Germany's Muslims, numbering some 35,000 members or a little over 1% of the Muslim population, and are found in 244 communities as of 2013.

From the mid-2000s to 2016 there has been a surge migrants to Germany from outside Europe. Of the 680,000 regular migrants, 270,000 were Muslim. Additionally, of the 1,210,000 asylum seekers, 900,000 were Muslim (around 74%). Of the asylum seekers, 580,000 applicants were approved and 320,000 were denied or expected to be denied. According to the Pew Research Center, similar patterns of Muslim migration to Germany should be expected in the future and the Muslim population share is expected to grow.

Prison population
According to the Huffington Post in February 2018 which quired each of the 15 state justice ministries, 12,300 Muslims are in prison and constitute about 20% of the total 65,000 prison population in Germany which constitutes an over-representation. The highest shares are in city states of Bremen (29%), Hamburg (28%) but the share is high also in large states such as Hessen (26%) Baden-Württemberg (26%). The share is lower in the former East Germany.

History

Early history
Muslims first moved to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century.  Twenty Muslim soldiers served under Frederick William I of Prussia, at the beginning of the eighteenth century.  In 1745, Frederick II of Prussia established a unit of Muslims in the Prussian army called the "Muslim Riders" and consisting mainly of Bosniaks, Albanians and Tatars. In 1760 a Bosnian Muslim corps was established with about 1,000 men. In 1798 a Muslim cemetery was established in Berlin.  The cemetery, which moved in 1866, still exists today. A number of German philosophers expressed sympathy for Islam, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (who particularly admired the Sufi poetry of Hafez) and later Friedrich Nietzsche (in The Antichrist, he claimed that the Germanic spirit was closer to the Moors of Al-Andalus than that of Greece, Rome and Christianity).

The German Empire had over two million Muslim subjects, mostly Sunnis, in overseas colonies. The Majority lived in German East Africa. Several Muslim revolts against German colonial rule occurred, including the Adamawa Campaign, Maji Maji Rebellion and Abushiri revolt.

1920s to the 1940s

The Islamic Institut Ma'ahad-ul-Islam was founded in 1927 and is now known under the name "Zentralinstitut Islam-Archiv-Deutschland" (Central Islamic Archive Institute) and is the oldest such institution in Germany. Shortly after its founding the Nazi Party came to power the archive was forced to suspend all further work, until after the war.
During World War II Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini energetically recruited Muslims from occupied territories into several divisions of the Waffen SS (primarily the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) and 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg) and some other units.

Post-war Germany
After the West German Government invited foreign workers ("Gastarbeiter") in 1961, the figure sharply rose to currently 4.3 million (most of them Turkish from the rural region of Anatolia in southeast Turkey). They are sometimes called a parallel society within ethnic Germans.

According to the German statistical office 9.1% of all newborns in Germany had Muslim parents in 2005.

In 2017, Muslims and Islamic institutions were targeted by attacks 950 times, where houses are painted with Nazi symbols, hijab-wearing women are harassed, threatening letters are sent and 33 people were injured. In nearly all cases, the perpetrators were right-wing extremists.

In May 2018 a court in Berlin upheld the right to the state's neutrality principle by barring a primary school teacher from wearing a headscarf during classes, where the court spokesman stated that children should be free of the influence that can be exerted by religious symbols.

According to a study in 2018 by Leipzig University, 56% of Germans sometimes thought the many Muslims made them feel like strangers in their own country, up from 43% in 2014. In 2018, 44% thought immigration by Muslims should be banned, up from 37% in 2014.

In December 2018, the government of Germany strengthened the control of Saudi, Kuwaiti and Qatari funding for radical mosque congregations. The measure was recommended by an anti-terrorist agency in Berlin (German: Terrorismus-Abwehrzentrum) which since 2015 had started to monitor Safalist proselytizing funding in the wake of the European migrant crisis to prevent refugees from becoming radicalized. Henceforth Gulf authorities are required to report payments and funding to the German Federal Foreign Office (German: Auswärtiges Amt).

Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany's Muslim population is immigration.

In December 2018, there were no official statistics on how much funding mosques in Germany received from abroad.

In July 2020, federal state Baden-Württemberg banned face-covering veils for school pupils as an extension of the ban which was already in force for staff.

Denominations

Muslims in Germany belong to several different branches of Islam (approximate data):

Sunnis 2,640,000
Alevis 500,000
Twelvers Shi'as 225,500
Alawites 70,000
Ahmadiyya 35,000-45,000
Salafis 10,300
Sufis 10,000
Ismailis 1,900
Zaydis 800
Ibadis 270

Islamic organisations
Only a minority of the Muslims residing in Germany are members of religious associations.

Sunni
Diyanet İşleri Türk İslam Birliği (DİTİB): German branch of the Turkish Presidency for Religious Affairs, Cologne. As of 2016, the Turkish government funds and provides staff for 900 of Germany's roughly 3000 mosques run by DİTİB.
Islamische Gemeinschaft Milli Görüş: close to the Islamist Saadet Partisi in Turkey, Kerpen near Cologne
Islamische Gemeinschaft Jamaat un-Nur (de): German branch of the Risale-i Nur Society (Said Nursi)
Islamische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland organization of Arab Muslims close to the Muslim Brotherhood, Frankfurt

In addition there are numerous local associations without affiliation to any of these organisations. Two organisations have been banned in 2002 because their programme was judged as contrary to the constitution: The "Hizb ut-Tahrir" and the so-called "Caliphate State" founded by Cemalettin Kaplan and later led by his son Metin Kaplan.

Shia
Islamische Gemeinschaft der schiitischen Gemeinden Deutschlands (IGS): Head organization that unite all Shiite mosques and associations in Germany, with being the Islamic Centre Hamburg the most important Shia mosque in Germany.
Al-Mustafa Institut Berlin: A branch of the Al-Mustafa International University in Qum, Iran to Islamic theology to students in Germany and Europe.

Ahmadiyya
 Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R.: German branch of the worldwide Ahmadiyya  Community. There is no ethnicity or race associated with this community although most of the members of the community residing in Germany are of Pakistani origin.  The Ahmadiyya  Community was established in Germany in 1923 in Berlin and is one of the largest in Europe.  Communities exist in Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and Bremen.
 Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement: German branch of the worldwide Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.

Liberal Islam
 Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin was founded by Seyran Ateş. The liberal mosque has been condemned by the Turkish religious authority and the Egyptian Fatwa Council at the Al-Azhar University.
Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought

Wahhabism
 King Fahd Academy, sponsored by Saudi Arabia. The school was closed at the end of the 2016/2017 school year, after long-running criticism that it was attracting Islamists to Germany.
 According to the FFGI at Goethe University Frankfurt, wahhabist ideology is spread in Germany as in other European country mostly by an array of informal, personal and organisational networks, where organisations closely associated with the government of Saudi Arabia such as the Muslim World League (WML) and the World Association of Muslim Youth are actively participating.

Others
 Verband der islamischen Kulturzentren: German branch of the conservative Süleymancı sect in Turkey, Cologne
 Verband der Islamischen Gemeinden der Bosniaken: Bosnian Muslims, Kamp-Lintfort near Duisburg
 Zentralinstitut Islam-Archiv-Deutschland e.V. : Documentary of Islamic Foundation-writings since 1739. The Islamic Institute was founded in 1942 (Sooner called Ma'ahad-ul-Islam Institut).

Umbrella organisations
Furthermore, there are the following umbrella organisations:
 Central Council of Muslims in Germany (Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland)
 Islamic Council in Germany (Islamrat in Deutschland)

Education
 The A-Nur-Kita preschool was closed in February 2019 due to its parent organisation, the mosque association Arab Nil Rhein in Mainz propagated material from the Muslim Brotherhood and salafist ideology. Therefore, the parent association was incompatible with the constitution of Germany. This was the first time authorities closed any preschool in Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz). A-Nur-Kita was the first and only Muslim preschool in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Controversies
As elsewhere in Western Europe, the rapid growth of the Muslim community in Germany has led to social tensions and political controversy, partly connected to Islamic extremism, and more generally due to the perceived difficulties of multiculturalism and fears of Überfremdung.

Antisemitism

A 2012 poll showed that 18% of the Turks in Germany think of Jews as inferior human beings.
A 2017 study on Jewish perspectives on antisemitism in Germany by Bielefeld University found that individuals and groups belonging to the extreme right and extreme left were equally represented as perpetrators of antisemitic harassment and assault, while the largest part of the attacks were committed by Muslim assailants. The study also found that 70% of the participants feared a rise in antisemitism due to immigration citing the antisemitic views of the refugees. Many of this started in 2015 when a large quantity of islamic refugees entered Germany.

According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the majority of Islamist organizations in Germany cultivate antisemitic propaganda and distribute it in various ways.

In the education system

One issue concerns the wearing of the head-scarf by teachers in schools and universities. The right to practice one's religion, stated by the teachers in question, contradicts in the view of many the neutral stance of the state towards religion. As of 2006, many of the German federal states have introduced legislation banning head-scarves for teachers. However, such a ban in North-Rhein Westphalia was declared as unconstitutional in 2015 by the Federal Constitutional Court.

In the German federal states with the exception of Bremen, Berlin and Brandenburg, lessons of religious education overseen by the respective religious communities are taught as an elective subject in state schools. It is being discussed whether apart from the Catholic and Protestant (and in a few schools, Jewish) religious education that currently exists, a comparable subject of Islamic religious education should be introduced as a regular part of the curricula. In several states, trials for Islamic religious education are being conducted, while in the states of Hessen, Lower-Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia, Islamic religious education already is integrated as a regular class. The problem that the cooperation with Islamic organisations is hampered by the fact that none of them can be considered as representative of the whole Muslim community.

The discussion of religious (Islamic) education in German schools started in the 1970s, and also symmetrically with issues of Qur'anic classes as well as its deterrent effects on the integration of Turkish students into the country.

Construction of mosques and other projects
The construction of mosques is occasionally resisted by anti Muslim reactions in the neighborhoods concerned. For example, in 2007 an attempt by Muslims to build a large mosque in Cologne sparked a controversy.

There are now 18 official mosques in the country that have been established as mosques since time immemorial. Muslim places of worship (such as mosques and other places of worship) are estimated at between 1,000 and 1,200. Most of these mosques are temporarily built and are mostly located in rented places, factories or warehouses. According to the archives of the Central Institute of Islam, the most important mosques in Germany are located in cities such as Hamburg, Berlin, Mannheim, Marl, Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, Wesling, Bonn, Zingen, Fortsheim, as well as mosques. The cities of Aachen and Munich are important mosques in Germany. These mosques are far from the city center and are often located in industrial areas.

Islamic Theological Studies
In 2010, the German Ministry of Education and Research established Islamic Theological Studies as an academic discipline at public universities in order to train teachers for Islamic religious education and Muslim theologians. Since then, Islamic theological departments have been established at several universities, conducting research and teaching on Islam from a theological perspective.

Islamic fundamentalism
Concerns of Islamic fundamentalism came to the fore after 11 September 2001, especially with respect to Islamic fundamentalism among second- and third-generation Muslims in Germany - the Hamburg cell, which included Mohamed Atta, was prominent in the planning and execution of 11 September attacks. Also the various confrontations between Islamic religious law (Sharia) and the norms of German Grundgesetz and culture are the subject of intense debate. German critics include both liberals and Christian groups. The former claim that Islamic fundamentalism violates basic fundamental rights whereas the latter maintain that Germany is a state and society grounded in the Christian tradition.

According to a 2007 Federal Ministry of the Interior report almost half of all young Muslims in Germany support fundamentalist views. About 12% of Muslims in Germany identified with moral-religious criticism against Western societal values in combination with corporal punishment up to and including the death penalty.

According to a 2012 poll, 72% of the Turks in Germany believe that Islam is the only true religion and 46% wish that one day more Muslims live in Germany than Christians. According to a 10-year survey by the University of Bielefeld, which dealt with different aspects of attitudes to Islam, "distrust" of Islam is widespread in Germany with only 19 per cent of Germans believing that Islam is compatible with German culture.

According to 2013 study by Social Science Research Center Berlin, two thirds of the Muslims interviewed say that religious rules are more important to them than the laws of the country in which they live, almost 60 per cent of the Muslim respondents reject homosexuals as friends; 45 per cent think that Jews cannot be trusted; and an equally large group believes that the West is out to destroy Islam (Christian respondents' answers for comparison: As many as 9 per cent are openly anti-Semitic; 13 per cent do not want to have homosexuals as friends; and 23 per cent think that Muslims aim to destroy Western culture).

According to a 2012 poll, 25% of the Turks in Germany believe atheists are inferior human beings.

Salafism

Salafism is a part of the Sunni branch of Islam which is a revival of original Islamic ideals. Salafists strive to live exclusively according to the Quran and Sunnah. According to German authorities, Salafism is incompatible with the principles codified in the Constitution of Germany, in particular democracy, the rule of law and a political order based on human rights. According to the German security service, the Salafist movement attracts rising numbers. In 2011 there were an estimated 3800 Salafists in Germany, which rose to 10300 in September 2017. According to head of security office Hans-Georg Maaßen, the Salafist scene in Germany is not dominated by any one single individual, but instead a great many persons have to be monitored.

According to German Federal Agency for Civic Education, the Salafist movement in Germany is centered in the Frankfurt Rhine-Main metropolitan area, North Rhine-Westphalia and Berlin. In these areas, mosques and charismatic imams are the driving factors behind recruitment to the Salafist movement.

In 2016, the interior ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia reported that the number of mosques with a Salafist influence had risen from 30 to 55, which indicated both an actual increase and improved reporting.

In February 2017, the German Salafist mosque organisation Berliner Fussilet-Moscheeverein was banned by authorities. Anis Amri, the perpetrator of the 2016 Berlin truck attack, was said to be among its visitors. In March 2017, the German Muslim community organisation Deutschsprachige Islamkreis Hildesheim was also banned after investigators found that its members were preparing to travel to the conflict zone in Syria to fight for the Islamic State. According to the Federal Agency for Civic Education, these examples show that Salafist mosques not only concern themselves with religious matters, but also prepare serious crimes and terrorist activities.

Islamist scene in Germany
Turkish and Kurdish Islamist groups are also active in Germany, and Turkish and Kurdish Islamists have co-operated in Germany as in the case of the Sauerland terror cell. Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that the Turkish (Kurdish) Hizbullah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany." Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like  Ansar al Islam.  Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Turkey are dominant.

In 2016, the German security service estimated that about 24 000 Muslims were part of Islamists movements in Germany, of which 10 000 belonged to the Salafist scene.

In 2016, 90 mosques were monitored by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution for their islamist ideology. These were mostly Arabic-language "backyard mosques" where self-appointed imams exhorted their followers to wage jihad.

Since the start of 2017 until April 2018, 80 Islamist extremists without German citizenship were deported to their home countries.

In March 2018, there were 760 islamists in Germany classified as dangerous by police authorities, of which more than half were on German territory and 153 of the latter were in prison.

In recent years, Mosques in Germany have been receiving larger quantities of hate mail as well as threats.

Sharia police trial
A group of men were walking the streets of Wuppertal carrying vests labelled "Sharia Police". They wanted to talk to young Muslims and discourage them from visiting betting halls, brothels and stop them from drinking alcohol. They were charged with breaching the regulation against carrying political uniforms but were acquitted by the district court in Wuppertal. The prosecutor appealed the decision to the German Federal Court of Justice, which annulled the acquittal in January 2018. In the retrial, the men were convicted and sentenced to pay fines as their garments suggested militancy due to the violent nature of similarly named organisations in the Middle East.

Banning of IHH Germany
In July 2010, Germany outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V. (IHH Germany), saying it had used donations to support Hamas, which is considered by the European Union and Germany to be a terrorist organization, while presenting their activities to donors as humanitarian help. German Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere said, "Donations to so-called social welfare groups belonging to Hamas, such as the millions given by IHH, actually support the terror organization Hamas as a whole." IHH e.V. was believed by the German Authorities to have collected money in mosques and to have sent $8.3 million to organizations related to Hamas.

Religiosity of young Muslims
Studies show that while not all Muslims are religious, Muslim youths are markedly more religious than non-Muslim youths. A study comparing Turkish Muslim youths living in Germany and German youth found that the former were more likely to attend religious services regularly (35% versus 14%).

41% of young Turkish Muslim boys and 52% of the girls said they prayed "sometimes or regularly"; 64% of boys and 74% of girls said they wanted to teach their children religion.

Notable Germans immigrants

Categories
 List of Turkish Germans
 List of German people of Kurdish descent
 List of German people of Moroccan descent
 List of German people of Lebanese descent
 List of German people of Iranian descent
 List of German people of Palestinian descent

Rest

Vaneeza Ahmad, Pakistani-German model
Laith Al-Deen, German singer
Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal) was a German-born Ottoman soldier
Nadiem Amiri, German professional footballer
Azet, German rapper
Kristiane Backer, German television presenter, television journalist and author
Danny Blum, German Soccer player
Bushido, German rapper
Denis Cuspert, German militant Islamist and former rapper
Mahmoud Dahoud, football player
Ibrahim El-Zayat, European Muslim activist in Germany and has been a functionary in many important Islamic organizations in Germany, Europe, and Saudi Arabia.
Cemile Giousouf, German politician and a member of the German parliament Bundestag
Fritz Grobba was a German diplomat during the interwar period and World War II
Karim Guédé, football player
Kollegah, German rapper
Murad Wilfried Hofmann, prominent German diplomat and author
Hadayatullah Hübsch German writer and journalist
Lamya Kaddor German writer and known for introducing Islamic education in German in public schools in Germany
Jawed Karim, German-American Internet entrepreneur
Elsa Kazi was a German writer of one-act plays, short stories, novels and history, and a poet
Hasnain Kazim, author and journalist, correspondent of the German news magazine Der Spiegel and Spiegel Online
Rani Khedira, football player
Sami Khedira, German Soccer player
Sead Kolašinac, Bosnian professional footballer
Mojib Latif, Professor, meteorologist and oceanographer
Johann von Leers was a member of the Waffen SS in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics
Jamal Malik, Professor of Islamic Studies and chair of Religious Studies, University of Erfurt, Germany
Shkodran Mustafi, German professional footballer
Nash, German rapper
Adam Neuser was a popular pastor and theologian
Morsal Obeidi, murder victim, of Afghan origin
Nura Habib Omer, German rapper
Susanne Osthoff, German archaeologist
Leroy Sané, German football player
Annemarie Schimmel
Adel Tawil, German singer
Bassam Tibi, political scientist and Professor of International Relations
Pierre Vogel (born 1978), also known as Abu Hamza (), German Salafi Islamist preacher and former professional boxer
 Linda Wenzel, German schoolgirl who went missing in 2016 after converting to Islam and joining Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

See also

Islamic Centre Hamburg
Islamic dress in Europe
List of mosques in Germany
Religion in Germany
Turks in Germany
Ahmadiyya in Germany

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Deutschland
Links: Islam in Germany
Germany: European Muslim Union with its offices in Granada, Spain, Bonn, Istanbul and Sarajevo
A German Initiative to Bridge the Gap

Germany

Islam in Germany


An Erythrodes purpurascens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Erythrodes purpurascens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Erythrodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Erythrodes

Erythrodes purpurascens


Afrostyrax, biljni rod iz porodice Huaceae, dio reda ceceljolike. Postoje tri priznate vrste koje rastu po zapadnoj tropskoj Africi.

Rod je opisan 1909.

Vrste
 Afrostyrax kamerunensis G.Perkins & Gilg
 Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr.
 Afrostyrax macranthus Mildbr.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Huaceae

Afrostyrax


est un film américain réalisé par Edward L. Cahn, sorti en 1941.

Synopsis
Un jeune millionnaire à la vie dissolu épouse une jeune fille rousse à la réputation notoire en pensant que son père donnera 20 000 $ à sa femme pour divorcer de son fils, ce qui leur permettra ensuite de se partager l'argent. Au lieu de cela, le père conclut un accord avec la jeune épouse dans lequel elle restera non seulement mariée avec lui mais essaiera de le changer...

Fiche technique
 Titre : Redhead
 Réalisation : Edward L. Cahn
 Scénario : Dorothy Davenport et Conrad Seiler d'après le roman de Vera Brown
 Photographie : André Barlatier et Benjamin H. Kline
 Montage : Carl Pierson
 Musique : Paul Sawtell
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1
 Genre : comédie
 Date de sortie : 1941

Distribution
 June Lang : Dale Carter
  : Ted Brown
 Eric Blore : Digby
 Weldon Heyburn : Winston
 Herb Vigran (non crédité)

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1941
Film américain en noir et blanc
Comédie américaine
Adaptation d'un roman au cinéma
Film réalisé par Edward L. Cahn
Film de Monogram Pictures
Film avec une musique composée par Paul Sawtell

Redhead (film)


Swissminiatur er en miniaturepark fra 1959 i Melide i den schweiziske Kanton Tessin.

Swissminiatur dækker over et areal på 14.000 m² med over 130 skalamodeller af patriciervillaer, kirker, borge, mindesmærker og andre interessante bygningsværker fra Schweiz i størrelsesforholdet 1:25. Mellem modellerne ligger der et 3,5 km modeljernbaner med 18 tog, hvortil kommer enkelte tandhjulsbaner og svævebaner foruden modelskibe. Dertil kommer så over 15.000 blomsterarter og over 1.500 træer. I tilslutning til parken finder de besøgende endvidere en legeplads, et cafeteria og en souvenirbutik. Parken har åben fra marts til november og har ca. 200.000 besøgende om året.

I 2003 blev en model af Milanos domkirke optaget i udstillingen i anledning af 200-året for, at Kanton Tessin blev en del af Schweiz. Det er den eneste ikke-schweiziske model i Swissminiatur og skal minde om Tessins tidligere forbindelse til Hertugdømmet Milano.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside

Noter

Miniatureparker
Seværdigheder i Schweiz
Etableret i 1959

Swissminiatur


مهمة كاسيني-هويجنز  والتي تُسمى عادة كاسيني كانت مشروع تعاون مشترك بين ناسا ووكالة الفضاء الأوروبية ووكالة الفضاء الإيطالية لإرسال مسبارين لدراسة كوكب زحل ونظامه، بما في ذلك حلقاته وأقماره الطبيعية. كانت مركبة فلاج شيب الروبوتية غير المأهولة تشمل كل من المسبار كاسيني الخاص بناسا، وهويجنز مسبار الإنزال الذي هبط على سطح تيتان أكبر أقمار زحل. كان كاسيني رابع مسبار فضائي يزور زحل وأول مسبار يدخل مداره. تمت تسمية المسبارين على أسماء كل من الفلكيين جيوفاني كاسيني وكريستيان هويجنز.

أُطلِق كاسيني على متن الصاروخ تيتان 4 في 15 أكتوبر 1997. وكان نشطًا في الفضاء لأكثر من 19 سنة، منها 13 سنة قضَّاها في مدار زحل يقوم بدراسة الكوكب ونظامه في دخوله في المدار في 1 يوليو 2004. وقد تضمنت الرحلة إلى زحل طيران قريب من الزهرة (أبريل 1998 ويوليو 1998)، والأرض (1999 أغسطس) والكويكب ماسورسكاي 2685 والمشتري (ديسمبر 2000). وقد انتهت المهمة في 15 سبتمبر 2017 عندما دخل كاسيني في غلاف زحل الجوي العلوي واحترق. وذلك من أجل تجنب خطر التلوث البيولوجي لأي من أقمار زحل التي لديها بيئات نشطة والتي يُحتمل أن تكون صالحة للحياة. ويُنظر إلى المهمة على نطاق واسع على أنها نجحت بشكل فاق التوقعات. وقد وصفها مدير قسم العلوم الكوكبية في ناسا بأنها «مهمة الأوائل»، والتي أحدثت ثورة في الفهم الإنساني لنظام زحل الذي يشمل أقماره وحلقاته، وفي فهمنا عن الأماكن التي يمكن العثور عن حياة فيها في النظام الشمسي.

مهمة كاسيني الأصلية كان مخططًا لها أن تستمر لأربع سنوات، من يونيو 2004 إلى مايو 2008. تم تمديد المهمة لسنتين أخرتين حتى سبتمبر 2010، ووُصفت بمهمة اعتدال كاسيني الشمسي (Cassini Equinox Mission). ثم مُددت المهمة للمرة الثانية والأخيرة مع مهمة انقلاب كاسيني الشمسي (Cassini Solstice Mission)، دامت لسبع سنوات أخرى حتى 15 سبتمبر 2017، في الوقت الذي دار فيه كاسيني ليحترق في الغلاف الجوي العلوي لزحل.

سافر المسبار هويجنز مع كاسيني حتى انفصاله في 25 ديسمبر 2004، وهبط بواسطة مظلة هبوط على تيتان في 14 يناير 2005. وأرسل البيانات إلى الأرض لمدة 90 دقيقة. كان هذا هو أول هبوط يتم انجازه في النظام الشمسي الخارجي وأول هبوط على سطح قمر غير قمر الأرض.

وفي نهاية المهمة نفذ المسبار كاسيني (جراند فاينال) «النهاية العظمى»  لمهمته: عدد من مرات المرور المحفوف بالمخاطر عبر فجوات زحل وحلقاته الداخلية. وكان الغرض من هذه المرحلة هو تعظيم نتائج كاسيني العلمية قبل التخلص من المسبار. ودخول كاسيني الغلاف الجوي أنهى المهمة، غير أن تحليل البيانات التي تم إرسالها إلى الأرض سوف يستمر لسنوات عديدة.

الرحلة

بدأت الرحلة الفضائية عام 1997 بعد أن نجحت وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية في صنع المسبار الفضائي «هويجنز» وأطلقته بالتعاون مع وكالة ناسا لابحاث الفضاء على ظهر سفينتها الفضائية «كاسيني». وفي شهر ديسمبر 2004 وصلت السفينة إلى مجال كوكب زحل بعد أن قطعت 3,5 مليار كيلومتر واكملت اقترابها من القمر تيتان، فانفصل المسبار هويجنز عن السفينة الأم وأكمل طريقه في اتجاه القمر، وبدأ المسبار هويجنز بالتوجه بهدوء نحو القمر تيتان منذ انفصاله عن مركبة كاسيني الفضائية في 24 ديسمبر 2004، أما السفينة كاسيني فستبقى تدور في مجال زحل حتى عام 2008 لأغراض البحث. ويزن المسبار الذي يأخذ شكل طبق طائر صغير حوالي 340 كيلو جرام، ويخترق اليوم المجال الجوي الكثيف للقمر بسرعة تصل إلى 21000 كم/الساعة. بعدها تُكبح سرعته عن طريق ثلاث مظلات تُفتح تباعاً حتى تصل سرعته إلى 45 كم/الساعة.

التقط المسبار صور يوم 6 يونيو 2009، للقطب الشمالي من قمر تيتان، تظهر الليل والنهار في النصف الشمالي لأكبر قمر تابع لكوكب زحل، باستخدام مرشحات طيفية زرقاء وحمراء وخضراء اختلطت جميعا لخلق الألوان الطبيعي الظاهر في الصورة. وكان المسبار على بعد حوالي 194 كم من الكوكب حين التقط صورا بمقياس رسم 11 كم لكل بيكسل. بينت تلك المعطيات ان القمر تيتان فيه تضارييس جبلية، ووديان رملية، والعديد من البحيرات، بل وربما براكين، وهي في مجموعها تجعله قريب الشبه جدا من كوكب الأرض.

تجهيزات

يحمل المسبار «كاسيني» ستة أجهزة قياس خاصة، تقوم بالتقاط الصور وبجمع البيانات عن الضغط ودرجة الحرارة وطبيعة التفاعلات الكيميائية العضوية. وهو مزود بجهار للتصوير بالرادار وفي نطاق الضوء المرئي، وجهاز تصوير في نطاق الأشعة تحت الحمراء ومحلل للغبار الكوني ومطياف للبلازما ومطياف للأشعة فوق البنفسجية. وجهاز قياس المغناطيسية ومطياف الكتلة.

ويحتوي كاسيني على هوائي للاتصال بالأرض وللقيام بمشاهدات عن جو قمر زحل تيتان ولقياس مجال الجاذبية لهذالقمر ولزحل. ويبث المسبار المعلومات التي جمعها إلى السفينة الأم «هيجنز»، والتي بدورها تبثها إلى الأرض لتصل إلى قاعدة «دارمشتادت» بعد مرور 67 دقيقة على إرسالها.

تكلفة البعثة

أعلنت ناسا تكلفة بعثة كاسيني-هيجنز إلى كوكب زحل كلآتي:
 تطوير قبل الإقلاع: 1,422 مليار دولار
 تعضيد البعثة: 710 مليون دولار
 متابعة البعثة: 54 مليون دولار
 الإقلاع: 442 مليون دولار
 مصروفات ايسا: 500 مليون دولار (منها 120 مليون يورو من ألمانيا )
 مصروفات إيه إس أي إيطاليا: 160 مليون دولار
 التكلفة الكلية: 3,288 مليار دولار

المسار إلى زحل

أقلع مسبار كاسيني-هويجنز على قمة صاروخ تيتان 4 ب يوم 15 سبتمبر 1997 من مركز كينيدي للفضاء في كيب كانافيرال. وكان على قمة الصاروخ تيتات 4ب المرحلة العليا سنتاور التي تحمل المسبار وأعطت المسبار سرعة 8 كيلومتر في الثانية ووجهته في مسار أولي إلى الزهرة. واختير المسار الأولي إلى الزهرة حيث أن الصاروخ لا يستطيع تسريع المسبار بالسرعة الكافية وقدرها 1 و15 كيلومتر في الثانية لبلوغ زحل (في ذلك الوقت كان تيتان 4ب هو أقوي صاروخ).

وطبقا للخطة يعبر المسبار خلال دورتين حول الشمس والزهرة فتعطياه الدفعة المقلاعية اللازمة بواسطة الجاذبية، وكانت الدفعة الأولى في أبريل 1998 والثانية في يونيو 1999، ارتفعت خلالهما سرعة المسبار من 8 كيلومتر/الثانية إلى 6 و13 كيلومتر/الثانية. وقبل التوجه إلى الكواكب الخارجية مر المسبار يوم 18 أغسطس 1999 بالأرض التي دفعته هي الأخرى دفعة جاذبية مقلاعية رفعت سرعته إلى 19 كيلومتر/الثانية ووجهته إلى المشتري.

خلال تلك المرحلة الأولى من البعثة كان الهوائي عالي الكسب (في شكل الطبق) موجها إلى الشمس بحيث يقي المسبار من الإشعاع. وفي يوم 23 يناير 2000 حصل اقتراب بالمذنب 2685 ماسورزكي.

المرور بالمشتري

بعد المرور بالأرض سار كاسيني في طريقة إلى المشتري أكبر كواكب المجموعة الشمسية. في 1 أكتوبر 2000 قام كاسيني بتصوير المشتري من على بعد 3 و84 مليون كيلومتر.

واستطاع كاسيني خلال 5 أشهر تالية تسجيل مشهداته عن المشتري وأقماره ويكمل ما قام به من قبل مسبار جاليليو من مشاهدات والتي اهتمت بمشاهدة الأقمار.

وقام كاسيني بتصوير المشتري عالية الوضوح، مجموع الصور 26.287، واستطاع التصوير باستخدام مرشحات لتجميع معلومات عن توزيع الغازات في جو المشتري.

خلال شهر ديسمبر اتيحت الفرصة لكاسيني لتصوير بعض أقمار المشتري. ونظرا لأن البعد بين كاسيني وبينها 4 و4 كيلومتر فظهرت صغيرة. ولكن أمكن تحليل الصور وعين شكل أحدها مستطيلا بمقاييس (120 km × 150 km)

واستطاع جهاز التصوير المغناطيسي قياس المجال المغناطيسي للمشتري في ثلاثة أبعاد. وفي يوم 22 مارس انتهت مشاهدات المشتري وواصل كاسيني مساره إلى زحل حيث أنه يشكل البعثة الرئيسية.

وقود نووي يمد كاسيني بالطاقة

نظرا لبعد زحل عن الشمس فلا تكفي الألواح الشمسية بمد كاسيني بالطاقة. لهذا تستخدم ثلاثة بطاريات نووية لمده بالطاقة الحرارية والكهربائية اللازمتين لتشغيل أجهزته.

تحتوي كل بطارية على 2و12 كيلوجرام من أكسيد البلوتونيوم، من ضمنها 7و9 كيلوجرام بلوتونيوم-238 . البلوتونيوم-238 يسخن بسبب قدرته الإشعاعية حيث أنه يشع أشعة ألفا.تنتج كل بطارية 4400 واط حرارة. يتحول جزء من تلك الطاقة الحرارية إلى طاقة كهربائية بواسطة مزدوجة حرارية ذات كفاءة 7% .

تبلغ إنتاج البطارية الواحدة عند بدء الرحلة 285 واط (أي تنتج الثلاثة بطاريات 855 واط) كهرباء. تنخفض تلك الطاقة بانخفاض إشعاع البلوتونيوم-238 بمرور الزمن (عمر النصف: 83 سنة)، أي ما يعادل 1و3% سنويا
. أنتجت البطاريات 670 واط طاقة كهربائية في عام 2010، وعند نهاية البعثة في عام 2017 ستصل الطاقة الكهربائية الناتجة نحو 605 واط.

بعثة كاسيني-هيجنز

الانفصال

في يوم 25 ديسمبر 2004 في تمام الساعة 3 بتوقيت وسط أوروبا انفصل كاسيني عن هيجنز وذلك بانفجار ثلاثة عبوات صغيرة جعلت كاسيني يبتعد عن هيجنز بسرعة 35 و0 متر/ الثانية.
وبعد 12 ساعة من الانفصال قامت المركبة الفضائية كاسيني بالتقاط صورة للمسبار هيجنز تؤيد أن المسبار في مساره السليم.
وطبقا للخطة الموضوعة لمسار الطيران يصل هيجنز بعد الانفصال إلى تيتان بعد 21 يوم للهبوط عليه.

المسبار هويجنز

الهبوط على تيتان

في 14 يناير - بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من الانفصال - بدأت البعثة العلمية لهيجنز. وفي الآتي نصف الأحداث بحسب توقيت وسط أوروبا،

حيث أرسل هيجينز المعلومات بمعدل 8 كيلوبايت /الثانية إلى كاسيني التي قام بتخزينها لإرسالها إلى الأرض بعد نهاية بعثة كاسيني هيجنز:

11:13 يدخل هيجنز جو تيتان من ارتفاع 1200 كيلومتر

11:17 تبلغ سرعة المسبار 400 متر في الثانية وعلى ارتفاع 180 كيلومتر تنفتح مظلة الهبوط. تعمل المظلة الابتدائية على فصل درع الحماية الحراري وبعدها ب 5 و2 ثانية تنفتح المطلة الرئيسية.

11:18 على ارتفاع 160 كيلومتر ينفصل الدرع الواقي من الحرارة السفلي، بذلك يمكن تشغيل المطياف الراديوي أثناء الهبوط ليصور المناظر أسفله ويحلل الطيف.

11:32 Der تنفصل المظلة الرئيسية على ارتفاع 125 كيلومتر وانفتاح المظلة الثالثة والأخيرة.

11:49 على ارتفاع 60 كيلومتر يشتغل جهاز تحليل الجو.

12:57 تشغيل جهازي كروموجراف ومطياف الكتلة

13:30 إنارة لمبة الكاميرا للقيام بالتصوير وتحليل طيف الضوء المنعكس من سطح تيتان

13:34 سرعة هيجنز 17 كيلومتر / الساعة ويهبط بسلام على السطح. تبلغ درجة الحرارة -180 درجة مئوية والضغط 1467 مللي بار.

15:44 هيجنز يفقد الاتصال بكاسيني نظرا لافتقاد الرؤية بينهما، وتنتهي البعثة.

16:14 يوجه كاسيني هوائيه إلى الأرض ويرسل المعلومات التي اختزنها.

صور لزحل

اكتشاف أقمار زحل

عدد الأقمار لزحل التي تم للمركبة الفضائية كاسيني اكتشافها 7 أقمار تدور حوله. وعن طريق الصور التي التقطها كاسيني حول زحل اكتشف العلماء أقمار زحل «ميثون»، و «بالين» و «بوليدويسيس» في عام 2004 , مع أن صور فوياجر 2 قد صورت القمر بالين في عام 1981 عندما عبرت الفضاء بالقرب من كوكب زحل.

وفي 1 مايو 2005 اكتشف قمر جديدا وسمي فيما بعد «دافنيس». ثم اكتشف قمر خامس بواسطة كاسيني في 30 مايو 2007 سمي فيما بعد «أنثي». ثم أصدرت ناسا في 3 فبراير 2009 نبأ اكتشاف قمر جديد لكوكب زحل، وهذا القمر يبلغ قطره 3و1 ميل، ويوجد في الحلقة G-ring ، إحدى حلقات زحل. وقد سمي هذا القمر «أغايون».
). ثم صدرت نشرة في 2 نوفمبر 2009 تفصح عن اكتشاف قمر سابع لزحل، تم اكتشافه في 26 يوليو2009. ويبلغ قطر هذا القمر نحو 300 متر وهو يوجد في الحلقة B-ring .

وفي 14 أبريل 2014 أعلن الباحثون في ناسا عن احتمال بدء قمر جديد في الحلقة A Ring لكوكب زحل.

انظر أيضًا
 تقاعد كاسيني
 فوياجر 1
 فوياجر 2
 أسيل عنبتاوي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الصور المرسلة من المسبار الفضائي

فلوريدا في 1997
برامج ناسا
جيوفاني دومينيكو كاسيني
دخول الغلاف الجوي خارج الأرض
رادار الفتحة التركيبية الفضائي
كريستيان هوغنس
مختبر الدفع النفاث
مركبات فضائية أطلقت بواسطة صواريخ تيتان
مركبات فضائية أطلقت في 1997
مسابر فضائية مدارية
مسابر فضائية مدمرة
مسابر ناسا الفضائية
مسابر وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية الفضائية
مهام إلى المشتري
مهام إلى حزام الكويكبات
مهام إلى زحل

كاسيني-هويجنز


برجايا تايمز سكوير كوالالمبور هو بناء يتألف من برجين للتجارة الذي يحتوي على مركز للتسوق وفنادقي خمسة نجوم الذي تقع في كوالا لمبور، ماليزيا. افتتح في أكتوبر 2003 من قبل رئيس وزراء ماليزيا، داتوك سيرى و الدكتور مهاتير بن محمد. ويبلغ طولهما 203 مترا (666 قدم) مع 48 طابق.

ووصفت المبنيين بأنهما «أكبر بناء في العالم على الإطلاق تم إعماره في مرحلة واحدة» ، بمساحة 7.5 مليون قدم مربع (700000 متر مربع) في مجال البناء. ويأمن التسوق، وأماكن الإقامة الفاخرة، والأعمال التجارية، والغذاء والترفيه.وتحتوي الآن على أكثر من 1000 متجر البيع بالتجزئة، و 1200 جناح فاخر، و 65 مصدر أغذية التي تناسب أذواق والكثير من أساليب الترفيه الجاذبة مثل أكبر مدينة ملاهي في مكان مغلق في آسيا عالم كوسمو (Cosmo's World) و أول سينما آيماكس (IMAX) ثنائية وثلاثية الأبعاد في ماليزيا التي تقع على الطابق 10. تم افتتاح في أبريل 2005 أو متجر لشركة بوردرز غروب (Borders Group). وفي الوقت الحالي هو أكبر متجر للشركة في العالم. وتشمل غيرها من المحلات الشعبية مثل متروجايا (Metrojaya)، وهو متاجر متعدد الطوابق، وغيرها الكثير.

يوجد بالقرب منه محطة السكة المفردة Imbi يرتبط بها البناء جسر للمشاة.

التاريخ

كان يمتلك الأرض شيونغ النير تشوي قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية. له بيت من طابق واسعة النطاق لحين اشترتها مجموعة برجايا فينسنت تان تان سري ليتم بناء برجايا تايمز سكوير.

الموصفات

برجايا تايمز سكوير هو أكبر مبنى شيد في كوالا لامبور وكذلك في كل من ماليزيا. و حاليا ثامن أعلى مبنى (توأم) في كوالا لمبور وتاسع أطول مبنى في ماليزيا.

تايمز سكوير هو حاليا خامس بناء في العالم يحتوي على أكبر مساحة طابق (7.5 مليون قدم مربع، أي 700000 متر مربع).

برجايا تايمز سكوير هو ثالث عشر أكبر مركز تجاري في العالم (3.5 مليون قدم مربع، أي 320000 متر مربع).

وهو أيضا أكبر مبنى في العالم على الإطلاق تم بناؤه فقط في مرحلة واحدة.

وهو مبنى ضخم الحجم متعددة الأغراض يتكون من مرافق تسوق، دار سينما، حديقة داخلية، فندق، سكن، مكاتب وغيرها. ويقع في المنطقة الأكثر شهرة للسياح في كوالا لمبور، وهي المنطقة المعروفة باسم المثلث الذهبي.

مراجع

برجان توأمان
تأسيسات سنة 2003 في ماليزيا
فنادق ناطحات سحاب في كوالالمبور
مبان ومنشآت اكتملت في 2003
مراكز تسوق أسست في 2003
مراكز تسوق في كوالالمبور
ناطحات سحاب ارتفاعها بين 200 و249 مترا
ملاعب اسكواش في ماليزيا
عمارة ما بعد الحداثة في ماليزيا

برجايا تايمز سكوير


Phoxinus is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Leuciscidae of order Cypriniformes, and the only members of the subfamily Phoxininae, or Eurasian minnows. The type species is Phoxinus phoxinus. The other species in this genus are also commonly known as minnows. The name "minnow" was what early English fisherman used to describe "small and insignificant". The genus Phoxinus is found throughout Eurasia, and includes 21 known species. Previously, members of the North American genus Chrosomus were also believed to form part of this genus.

Species
There are currently 22 recognized species in this genus:
 Phoxinus apollonicus Bianco & De Bonis, 2015 <ref name=Bianco2015>Bianco, P.G. & De Bonis, S. (2015): A taxonomic study on the genus Phoxinus (Acthinopterigy, Cyprinidae) from Italy and western Balkans with description of four new species: P. ketmaieri, P. karsticus, P. apollonicus and P. likai. In: Bianco, P.G. & de Filippo, G. (Eds.), Researches on Wildlife Conservation, 4 IGF Publ., USA., . pp. 1–22.</ref>
 Phoxinus bigerri Kottelat, 2007 (Adour minnow)
 Phoxinus brachyurus L. S. Berg, 1912 (Seven River's minnow)
 Phoxinus colchicus L. S. Berg, 1910
 Phoxinus grumi L. S. Berg, 1907
 Phoxinus issykkulensis L. S. Berg, 1912 (Issyk-kul' minnow)
 Phoxinus jouyi (D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901)
 Phoxinus karsticus Bianco & De Bonis, 2015
 Phoxinus keumkang (M. K. Chyung, 1977)
 Phoxinus ketmaieri Bianco & De Bonis, 2015
 Phoxinus kumgangensis L. T. Kim, 1980
 Phoxinus laevis syn. P. phoxinus below
 Phoxinus likai Bianco & De Bonis, 2015
 Phoxinus oxyrhynchus (T. Mori, 1930)
 Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eurasian minnow)
 Phoxinus semotilus (D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1905)
 Phoxinus septimaniae Kottelat, 2007
 Phoxinus steindachneri Sauvage, 1883
 Phoxinus strandjae Drensky, 1926 (Bulgarian minnow)
 Phoxinus strymonicus Kottelat, 2007 (Aegean minnow)
 Phoxinus tchangi X. Y. Chen, 1988
 Phoxinus ujmonensis Kaschenko, 1899
 Phoxinus lumaireul'' Schinz, 1840

References

Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Freshwater fish genera

Phoxinus


Mohammed Salisu Abdul Karim (Kumasi - 17 de abril de 1999) é um futebolista profissional ganense que joga como zagueiro do , clube da Ligue 1, e da seleção de Gana .

Carreira
Iniciou sua carreira no juvenil local Kumasi Barcelona Babies antes de ingressar na West African Football Academy em 2013. Ele deixou o último por motivos pessoais em 2015, e então permaneceu mais de um ano sem clube antes de impressionar em um teste na recém-formada filial de Nsawam da African Talent Football Academy em março de 2017. Em outubro de 2017, ingressou nas categorias de base do Real Valladolid, começou sua carreira no Valladolid, atuando pelo time reserva antes de fazer sua estreia na equipe principal em 2019. Ele fez 34 partidas pelo clube antes de ingressar no Southampton por £ 10,9 milhões em 2020.

Em 21 de setembro de 2021, marcou seu primeiro gol profissional pelo Southampton contra o Sheffield United na EFL Cup, que terminou em 2–2 em tempo integral antes de Southampton avançar por 4–2 nos pênaltis. Em 28 de dezembro de 2021, cometeu um pênalti e recebeu um cartão vermelho após receber seu segundo cartão amarelo por uma falta sobre Son Heung-Min, com o jogo contra o Tottenham terminando com um empate de 1–1.

Em novembro de 2019, foi convocado pela primeira vez para a seleção principal de Gana, após ser convocado por Kwesi Appiah para a convocação para as eliminatórias da Copa das Nações Africanas de 2021, contra a África do Sul e São Tomé e Príncipe . Ele retirou-se do time com lesões.

Fez sua estreia pelo Gana em 23 de setembro de 2022, como substituto no segundo tempo em uma derrota por 3 a 0 em um amistoso contra o Brasil . Em 17 de novembro de 2022, Salisu marcou seu primeiro gol em um amistoso contra a Suíça, que Gana venceu por 2–0. Foi convocado para a Copa de 2022 e fez um dos gols na vitória de Gana por 3 a 2 em cima da Coreia do Sul.

Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022
Futebolistas do Southampton F.C.
Futebolistas do Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol
Jogadores da Seleção Ganesa de Futebol
Futebolistas do Gana
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1999

Mohammed Salisu


Bovet  er en 65 hektar stor naturfredning langs bunden af Bovet Bugt på sydkysten af den østlige del af Læsø.  Det er en ca. 2,5 km lang kyststrækning der blev fredet i 1964 og består af en smal strimmel hede og strandeng mellem landevejen og kysten, der er åben og ubebygget, og åbner for en stor panoramaudsigt. Det er netop ønsket om at bevare denne udsigt, der er årsag til fredningen.  De store sten, der ligger spredt i bugten som et minde fra istiden, forstærker stedets karakter. Langt ude mod øst anes Bløden Hale, der skyder sig langt ud i vandet som Læsøs østligste forpost.

Området er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 9 Strandenge på Læsø og havet syd herfor og danner grænsen for natur- og vildtreservatet Bovet-Knotten, og er både fuglebeskyttelses- og ramsarområde.

Plantelivet

På de højeste partier nærmest landevejen er der hedevegetation med hedelyng, revling, mosepors og blåtop. Trævæksten er, som overalt på Læsø, meget livskraftig, og der skal jævnligt ryddes for selvsået opvækst af birk og pil, hvis den enestående udsigt ikke skal forsvinde.

Tættere på kysten findes strandoverdrev og strandeng med planter som gul snerre, liden tusindgylden, strandmalurt, strandvejbred, strandtrehage, sandkryb og tætblomstret hindebæger. Den lille sjældne bregne slangetunge kan også findes her. Ind imellem danner tagrør og strandkogleaks rørsump.

Dyrelivet
Den lavvandede Bovet Bugt er en god fuglelokalitet. Mange vade- og andefugle raster eller yngler i området, der af samme grund er udlagt som vildtreservat af Skov- og Naturstyrelsen.

Rødben, strandskade, klyde, almindelig ryle og lille kobbersneppe er nogle af de vadefugle, der er mulighed for at se. Af andefugle kan nævnes edderfugl, hvinand, pibeand, gravand og mørkbuget knortegås.

Få hundrede meter øst for fredningen ligger Sydhavnen, som er en lille jollehavn. Herfra sejler fritidsfiskere stadig ud i bugten på fiskeri. Det sker gennem en 800 m lang gravet rende.

Kilder og henvisninger
Om fredningen på fredninger.dk
 Reservatfolder
 Bekendtgørelse om Bovet-Knotten Vildtreservat

Læsøs geografi
Fredede arealer i Danmark
Naturreservater i Danmark
Ramsarområder i Danmark

Bovet