Mauvein, također poznat kao anilinska ljubičasta, bilo je jedno od prvih sintetičkih bojila (anilinske boje). Slučajno ga je otkrio W. H. Perkin 1856. dok je pokušavao stvoriti lijek za malariju. Također je među prvim kemijskim bojama koje su masovno proizvedene. Mauveine je smjesa četiri srodna aromatska spoja koja se razlikuju po broju i smještaju metilnih skupina. Njegova organska sinteza uključuje otapanje anilina, p-toluidina i o-toluidina u sumpornoj kiselini i vodi u omjeru otprilike 1: 1: 2, zatim dodavanje kalijevog dikromata.

Povijest
1856. W. H. Perkin, tada 18-godišnjak, dobio je izazov od svog profesora Augusta Wilhelma von Hofmanna da sintetizira kinin. U jednom je pokušaju Perkin oksidirao anilin koristeći kalijev dikromat, čije su nečistoće toluidina reagirale s anilinom i dale crnu krutinu, što je pretpostavilo "neuspjelu" organsku sintezu. Čisteći tikvicu alkoholom, Perkin je primijetio ljubičaste dijelove otopine.

Pogodan kao bojilo za svilu i tekstil, patentirao ga je Perkin, koji je sljedeće godine otvorio masovnu proizvodnju bojila u Greenfordu na obali kanala Grand Union u Middlesexu. Izvorno se zvao anilinska ljubičasta. 1859. u Engleskoj je dobio ime mauve preko francuskog naziva cvijeta sljeza, a kemičari su ga kasnije nazvali mauvein. Između 1859. i 1861. mauvein je ušao u modu na tržištu. Do 1870. potražnja je pala zbog novijih sintetičkih bojila. Početkom 20. stoljeća američko Nacionalno udruženje slastičara dopuštalo je mauveine kao bojilo za hranu s različitim imenima: rosolan, anilinska ljubičasta, Perkinova ljubičasta, indisin, fenamin, purpurin i lidin. Kasnije je utvrđeno da radnici u industriji anilinskih boja imaju povećan rizik od raka mokraćnog mjehura.

Azinska bojila

Azinska bojila imaju pirazinski prsten koji kondenziran s aromatskim jezgrama daje kromofor, fenazin. Supstitucijom amino-grupa i hidroksi-grupa u aromatske jezgre u p-položaju prema N-atomu u prstenu dobivaju se bojila. Prvo sintetičko bojilo koje se proizvodilo za komercijalne potrebe spada u ovu grupu. To je mauvein, što ga je pripremio 1856. W. H. Perkin oksidacijom sirovog anilina (koji je sadržavao smjesu izomernih toluidina) natrijevim dikromatom u hladnoj razrijeđenoj sumpornoj kiselini. Danas se više ne upotrebljava.

Bezbojni ili slabo obojeni azinski spojevi s kiselinama tvore snažno obojene soli. Azinska su bojila bazna bojila koja proteinska vlakna bojaju direktno a pamuk tek nakon močenja taninom. Daju obojenja crvena, modra i ljubičasta. Iz ove je grupe tehnički važan safranin T, C.I. 50240, koji se priprema djelovanjem natrijeva nitrita na orto-toluidin-hidroklorid, redukcijom nastalog aminoazotoluena željeznom piljevinom i oksidacijom natrijevim bikromatom uz dodatak anilina, sve u jednom slijedu bez izolacije intermedijara. Spomenuti treba iz ove grupe i Wollechtblau BL, C.I. 50315, koji se dobiva kondenzacijom l,3-dianilino-naftalin-8-sulfonske kiseline s 4-aminodifenilamin-2-sulfonskom kiselinom i naknadnom oksidacijom; upotrebljavaju se i neka druga slično građena bojila.

U ovu grupu spadaju također nigrozini i indulini. To su ljubičasta do modrocrna bojila koja nastaju kondenzacijom nitrobenzena ili aminoazobenzena s anilinom i anilinklorhidratom. Upotrebljavaju se za bojenje papira, kože, plastičnih masa, zatim u proizvodnji hektografskih masa, laštila za kožu i grafičkih boja. Takav je produkt na primjer Indulinbase NF, C.I. 50400; priprema se kratkim grijanjem p-aminoazobenzena sa smjesom anilina i hidroklorida anilina. Iz anilina i hidroklorida anilina uz nitrobenzen priprema se grijanjem na 180 - 200 °C u prisutnosti bakarnih soli; Nigrosinbase N, C.I. 50415, bojilo netopljivo u vodi, a topljivo u uljima, mastima i mnogim otapalima. Iz ovog se bojila nakon sulfuriranja i prevođenja sulfonskih grupa u natrijeve soli priprema u vodi topljivi Nigrosin GF (Indulin WL), C.I. 50420.

U ovu grupu bojila spada i postojano anilinsko crnilo, C.I. 50440, koje nastaje oksidacijom anilina na vlaknu u prisutnosti bakarnih ili vanadijevih soli kao katalizatora. Kao sredstvo za oksidaciju upotrebljava se najčešće kalijev dikromat ili kalijev klorat.

Anilinske boje

Anilinske boje ili katranske boje, u užem smislu, je naziv za bojila proizvedena od anilina, inače uobičajeni naziv za sva organska sintetska bojila. Prve anilinske boje bile su ljubičasti mauvein (W. H. Perkin, 1856.) i crveni fuksin (1858.). To su istodobno bila i prva organska sintetska bojila, pa su i ostala takva bojila nazvana anilinskima, iako su im polazne tvari sasvim drugi spojevi: derivati katrana kamenog ugljena (antrakinon, naftalen i tako dalje). Sintetska bojila pojavljuju se nakon sinteze mauveina iz anilina. Njihova se tržišna (komercijalna) primjena temeljila na proizvodnji velikih količina anilina iz katrana kamenog ugljena kao sirovine (otuda naziv katranske, odnosno anilinske boje).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pigmenti

Mauvein


Pælevad (dansk) eller Peelwatt (tysk) er navnet på en gade og et statistisk distrikt i det sydlige Flensborg i bydelen Sydstaden. Distriktet er beliggende øst for Rude, vest for Tostrup og nord for Jaruplund. Området er præget af store erhvervsområder.

Pælevad gennemskæres af de store indfaldsveje til Slesvig og Egernførde (Slesviggade og Egernførde Landevej)<ref>Gerret Liebing Schlaber: Fra opland til bydele. Flensborgs bymark og de indlemmede landsbyer i foto og tekst ca. 1860-1930. Flensborg 2009, side 86</ref>. Grænsen til Sporskifte markeres af motortrafikvejen B 200.

Pælevad har fået sit navn af Pælevadå (Peelwatt el. Peelwattau''), en tilløb til Skærbæk. Åen udspringer nordøst for Hvilbjerg tæt på Volstrup Skov og udmunder efter 4,5 km i Skærbækken (Flensborg Møllesstrøm). Navnet er en sammensætning af pæl og vade og henviser til et tidligere vadested med pæler. Stedet er beliggende i et vådområde med flere mindre bækker. Ved Tastrup findes tilsvarende et Pælebjerg. Området hører historisk til Ugle Herred.

Noter

Bydele i Flensborg

Pælevad


Religion som skolefag er et fag der introducerer skolelever til emner der omhandler religion. Denne er i Danmark lagt som et fag i den almindelige skoleundervisning. I Europa har de fleste lande en form for statskirke, men i verdensperspektiv er religionsundervisning et privat anliggende i nogle lande, mens den i andre er ensrettet, dogmatisk og intolerant.

Danmark

Religion var det eneste fag på skemaet, da de første rytterskoler blev oprettet i Danmark i syttenhundredetallet. Børnene skulle gøres kristne - især med henblik på soldatertjenesten. De militære myndigheder var bange for, at de værnepligtige bondedrenge ikke ville være ligeså loyale som de betalte lejesoldater. Derfor anbefalede militæret gratis skolegang og tvungen konfirmering.

Senere blev religionsundervisningens omfang gradvis reduceret ved indførslen af andre fag, men indtil 1933 havde sognepræsten tilsynspligt med skoleundervisningen.

Først i 1975 ændredes faget fra at være forkyndende til at blive et kundskabsformidlende punkt på skemaet. Børnene måtte ikke længere opfordres til at tro, men blot få at vide, at troen findes. Den holdning hang sammen med troen på religionernes gradvise forsvinden fra samfundsscenen (Positivisme).
I det 21de århundredes Danmark går tendensen den modsatte vej og nogle ønsker at skolen igen påtager sig en egentlig trosoplæring.

I verden
Siden den franske revolution har offentlig religionsundervisning været en torn i øjet på humanister og ateister. Frankrig adskiller sig fra de fleste andre europæiske lande derved, at de offentlige skoler ikke har religion som et fag på skemaet. Men offentlige skoler giver undervisning i "le fait religieux" under fagene geografi, samfundslære etc. I øvrigt støtter staten private, katolske skoler med økonomisk hjælp.

I USA siger forfatningen at den offentlige skole skal være religiøst neutral, dog nævnes "Gud" i den nationale "trosbekendelse", som deklameres i mange skoler i USA.

I Kina er religionsundervisning tilladt i privat sammenhæng.

Polemik
De katolske skoler har i Frankrig været genstand for voldsomme konflikter i nyere tid. Specielt i begyndelsen af det tyvende århundrede da ateistiske regeringer vanskeliggjorde eller forbød Jesuiternes skolevirksomhed.

Statslig religionsundervisning bliver også kritiseret fra kirkelig side. Når staten styrer troen bliver det gerne en rationalistisk tro, der har til formål at gøre borgerne til lydige undersåtter. Søren Kierkegaard mente, at statskirken var en frygtelig fejltagelse.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Kristendomsfaget i Folkeskolen, Birgitte Kjær, Kroghs Forlag, 1999

Skolefag

Religion (skolefag)


Elle, tu l'aimes... est une chanson de l'artiste française Hélène Ségara, enregistrée en 1999 et sortie le .

C'était le deuxième simple de son deuxième album studio, Au nom d'une femme, sur lequel il figure comme quatrième piste. Bien qu'il n'ait pas atteint la première place du hit-parade, c'est un succès comme le précédent single de Ségara, Il y a trop de gens qui t'aiment.

Informations sur la chanson

Titre original
Le titre original est basé sur un fado intitulé Canção do Mar (« Chanson de la mer » en français), interprété en 1955 par Amália Rodrigues sous le titre Solidão (« solitude ») pour la bande originale du film Les Amants du Tage.

En 1996, la chanson composée par Joaquim Frederico de Brito et Francisco Ferrer Trinidade est également utilisée dans le film Peur primale de Gregory Hoblit, interprétée par la chanteuse portugaise internationale Dulce Pontes, toujours sous le titre Canção do Mar et présente sur son album Lágrimas sorti en 1993.

Les paroles de la version française sous le titre Elle, tu l'aimes... sont de Michel Jourdan.

Versions dans d'autres langues
Outre la version française Elle tu l'aimes par Hélène Ségara, il existe de nombreuses versions du titre original Canção do Mar parmi lesquelles :

 Allemand : Das Ja zum Leben par Milva
 Anglais : Harem par Sarah Brightman
 Espagnol : Oye Mar par Chayanne ainsi que par Chenoa
 Grec : Ftes esi par Mando
 Perse : Bargard Be Man par Shani Rigsbee

Le thème musical
La plupart des orchestrations de Elle, tu l'aimes... respectent la mélodie de Canção do Mar mais dans un style plus orientalisant notamment avec l'ajout de percussions marquées. Les arrangements et l'instrumentation de la version d'Hélène Ségara reposent en fait sur ceux de la version de Dulce Pontes.A noter que l'interprétation de Ségara également.

Le sujet
Elle, tu l'aimes... traite d'un amour non partagé. Dans le clip, la chanteuse aime un homme qui se marie avec une autre femme mais en réalité il aime l'autre.

Performances
Interprétée lors de la première tournée d'Hélène Ségara, la chanson est également disponible en version live sur son album En concert à l'Olympia.
La chanson figure également sur la compilation de la chanteuse Le Best of. Elle figure également sur de nombreuses compilations françaises, telles que Les Plus Grandes Chansons du siècle,  et Les Plus Belles Victoires de la Musique, sorti en 2002.

En France, le simple est entré dans le hit-parade à la  le , bien que le tube précédent Il y a trop de gens qui t'aiment soit encore bien placé, à sa . Il a atteint le top 10 deux semaines plus tard et la troisième place dès la septième semaine. Il est resté 14 semaines dans le top 10, puis a baissé lentement, totalisant 26 semaines dans le top 50 et 31 semaines dans le classement. Il est devenu finalement disque de Platine et est apparu à la  dans le classement de fin d'année. Depuis 2008, il est le  le plus vendu de l'histoire du disque français

En Belgique (Wallonie), le simple a débuté à la  le , puis est passé à la  et a culminé à la  la neuvième semaine.Il est sorti du classement (top 40) après 20 semaines, dont 12 dans le top 10. Il s'est classé à la  du classement annuel.

Notes et références

Chanson interprétée par Hélène Ségara
Single musical sorti en 2000
Chanson de 1999

Elle, tu l'aimes...


Veronique Meester (7 de abril de 1995) é uma remadora neerlandesa, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Meester conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio com a equipe dos Países Baixos no quatro sem feminino, ao lado de Ellen Hogerwerf, Karolien Florijn e Ymkje Clevering, com o tempo de 6:15.71.

Remadores olímpicos dos Países Baixos
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Veronique Meester


La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise (New Zealand Red Cross ou Ripeka Whero Aotearoa) est une organisation humanitaire qui compte plus de  membres et bénévoles. En 2015, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise célèbre son « siècle de soins » – 100 ans d'activité de la Croix-Rouge en Nouvelle-Zélande. En Nouvelle-Zélande, la Croix-Rouge fournit des services communautaires de base, tels que la popote roulante, le transport communautaire, les services aux réfugiés, des cours de premiers secours et des opérations de gestion des urgences. Sur le plan international, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise envoie des travailleurs humanitaires à l'étranger pour aider dans les zones où l'aide humanitaire est nécessaire ; cela inclut la préparation et la réponse aux catastrophes. En 2013, 17 travailleurs ont été envoyés aux Philippines à la suite du typhon Haiyan et en 2014, 18 travailleurs humanitaires néo-zélandais ont répondu à l'épidémie d'Ebola en Afrique de l'Ouest.

Histoire
L'activité ad hoc au nom de la Croix-Rouge a commencé en Nouvelle-Zélande en 1914, au début de la Première Guerre mondiale. Après un certain nombre d'enquêtes, le premier Gouverneur général de Nouvelle-Zélande, Lord Liverpool, convoqua une réunion des représentants de la Croix-Rouge et de l'Ambulance Saint-Jean à Wellington le . Cela a conduit à la formation d'un bureau et d'un conseil nationaux et à l'émergence de la branche néo-zélandaise de la , connue à partir de 1917 sous le nom de « branche néo-zélandaise de la Société britannique de la Croix-Rouge et de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean ». La Croix-Rouge a collecté des fonds et organisé des fournitures médicales, des vêtements et des colis de nourriture pour les soldats malades et blessés à l'étranger et une fois rentrés chez eux. Ils ont également aidé pendant l'épidémie de grippe en 1918 en formant des infirmières et en fournissant des fournitures médicales et des secours.

Bien que le personnel de la Croix-Rouge ait déjà répondu aux inondations et au tremblement de terre de Murchison en 1929, le tremblement de terre de Hawke's Bay du  a fait prendre conscience de la nécessité d'une réponse plus efficace et centralisée aux catastrophes naturelles. Cette prise de conscience et la pression de la Croix-Rouge britannique pour la Nouvelle-Zélande pour développer une société nationale indépendante, ont conduit à la fondation de la Société de la Croix-Rouge de Nouvelle-Zélande par l'infirmière Beth Charpentier, qui a été constituée le . La reconnaissance par le gouvernement néo-zélandais et le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge/du Croissant-Rouge a suivi en juin 1932.

La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise s'est à nouveau associée à l'Ordre de Saint-Jean pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale en tant que Conseil conjoint, envoyant des secours médicaux, des fournitures, des vêtements et de la nourriture aux soldats malades et blessés et aux prisonniers de guerre néo-zélandais. En 1990, la Société a changé son nom en Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise.

La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise est enregistrée en tant qu'organisme de bienfaisance en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Colis de nourriture POW Nouvelle-Zélande WW2
La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a fourni  colis pendant la période de guerre, emballés par 1 500 volontaires. Le contenu des colis des prisonniers était standardisé.

Louisa Akavi
Une infirmière notable de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise est , qui est retenue en otage par des militants de l'État islamique depuis son enlèvement en octobre 2013. La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise et le gouvernement néo-zélandais ont tous deux exclu de payer sa rançon aux forces de l'État islamique. Des forces militaires et de renseignement néo-zélandaises ont été envoyées en Irak dans le cadre des efforts visant à la localiser et à la sauver. À la mi-avril 2019, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a publiquement divulgué l'enlèvement d'Akavi aux médias et au public néo-zélandais et internationaux.

Programmes de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise

Travailleurs humanitaires
La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise envoie des Néo-Zélandais ordinaires à l'étranger pour aider là où le besoin est le plus grand depuis 1937. Le Dr Robert Gray d'Auckland et le Dr Hector Tremewan de Wellington ont été envoyés en Chine pendant la guerre sino-japonaise pour aider dans les centres médicaux et les camps de réfugiés. Depuis lors, des centaines de travailleurs humanitaires ont été envoyés à l'étranger pour aider dans les conflits et les catastrophes dans des rôles tels que les communications, les télécommunications d'urgence, la santé et les premiers secours, la sécurité, la préparation organisationnelle et l'eau et l'assainissement.

Des travailleurs humanitaires de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise sont détachés auprès de la FICR et du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR). La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise recrute, forme et fournit des travailleurs humanitaires au CICR. C'est l'une des rares sociétés nationales à le faire dans le monde.

Programme de récupération après le séisme de Canterbury
À la suite des tremblements de terre de septembre 2010 et février 2011, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise s'est engagée à soutenir les efforts de relèvement à Canterbury. Les deux appels de la Croix-Rouge pour les tremblements de terre ont permis de recueillir 128 millions de dollars combinés, ce qui est le plus grand appel de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les Néo-Zélandais à eux seuls ont donné plus de 100 millions de dollars à l'appel. La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a désormais aidé un Cantabrique sur quatre (plus de 100 000 personnes), accordé 91 millions de dollars de subventions et dépensé 11 millions de dollars pour des programmes de rétablissement. Les programmes vont de la réparation de maisons endommagées par le séisme, comme la campagne «  » (« Trouvons et réparons »), aux packs d'hiver et au soutien des écoles. La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a également facilité le soutien psychosocial depuis les tremblements de terre aux personnes dans le besoin.

Services communautaires
Les services communautaires sont la pierre angulaire du travail de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise. Deux de ces services ont une longue histoire en Nouvelle-Zélande : le transport communautaire et la popote roulante. Le transport communautaire est passé du transport des militaires de retour malades et blessés aux rendez-vous médicaux et aux sorties pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Après la guerre, le Corps des transports a étendu ses activités aux civils handicapés ainsi qu'aux militaires. Le transport communautaire continue d'emmener des personnes à des rendez-vous chez le médecin et à des visites à l'hôpital qui, autrement, pourraient ne pas être en mesure de s'y rendre. Le programme Popote roulante a été lancé en juin 1951 par le Centre de la Croix-Rouge de North Canterbury lors d'une pénurie de gaz, de charbon et d'électricité lorsque les bénévoles ont décidé de préparer de la soupe pour les personnes dans le besoin. Un propriétaire de café local a proposé de préparer le bouillon pour la soupe et de le livrer gratuitement et un boucher local a fourni gratuitement les os et la viande pour la soupe à la Croix-Rouge. En 2014,  repas ont été livrés en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Premiers secours
Depuis l'épidémie de grippe espagnole, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a été impliquée dans la formation aux premiers secours en Nouvelle-Zélande, avec des qualifications formelles à partir des années 1920. Il y avait plusieurs cours disponibles, y compris les premiers soins, les soins infirmiers à domicile et la maternité. La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise détient une certification de fournisseur de formation aux premiers secours de la NZQA de catégorie 1 et forme plus de 135 000 Néo-Zélandais. Ils vendent également des trousses de premiers soins spécifiques aux blessures, des produits AED (défibrillateurs externes automatisés) et du matériel de formation.

Lors de la Journée des premiers secours 2014 (13 septembre), la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a lancé une application de premiers secours et d'urgence. L'application fournit des informations étape par étape sur la façon de répondre aux situations d'urgence spécifiques à la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Gestion des catastrophes
La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise dispose d'un réseau de volontaires d'intervention d'urgence en Nouvelle-Zélande qui apprennent à réagir à différentes catastrophes et à aider les Néo-Zélandais dans le besoin. Ils travaillent en étroite collaboration avec le Ministère de la Défense Civile et de la Gestion des Urgences (, MCDEM). Il existe actuellement 19 équipes de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise en cas de catastrophe, de bien-être et de soutien (, DWST) qui sont entièrement composées de bénévoles. Ces équipes participent à des exercices de simulation de catastrophe dans toute la Nouvelle-Zélande, tels que des scénarios de tremblement de terre ou de cyclone, pour s'assurer qu'elles sont préparées.

La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise est intervenue lors de catastrophes nationales telles que les tremblements de terre de Christchurch, le tremblement de terre de Hawke's Bay, la catastrophe de Tangiwai, la catastrophe de Wahine et, plus récemment, les inondations de juin 2015.

Boutiques de la Croix-Rouge
Les magasins de la Croix-Rouge ont vu le jour pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, avec l'ouverture du premier magasin sur la place de la Cathédrale le . Il y a maintenant 53 magasins de Croix-Rouge en Nouvelle-Zélande, qui sont dotés de  volontaires. Les magasins vendent des biens d'occasion et tout l'argent récolté est utilisé pour financer les opérations de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise.

Services aux réfugiés
Les membres de la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise ont d'abord envoyé des marchandises aux réfugiés à l'étranger. L'arrivée de 733 enfants réfugiés polonais et de 102 adultes le  a été le premier programme de réinstallation de réfugiés auquel la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a participé. Depuis lors, les activités d'accueil et de soutien des nouveaux colons font partie intégrante des efforts de la Croix-Rouge. En 2013, la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise a fusionné avec les services aux réfugiés. Chaque année, environ 750 réfugiés sont accueillis en Nouvelle-Zélande dans le cadre du Programme de réinstallation des Nations unies. Un prix « Réfugié de l'année » a été introduit pour à la fois promouvoir le sort des réfugiés et récompenser les personnes méritantes.

La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise, qui a un contrat avec le gouvernement, est la principale agence soutenant les réfugiés du quota en Nouvelle-Zélande. Ils fournissent des services de réinstallation de base à Auckland, Hamilton, Palmerston North, Wellington et Nelson. Un nouveau programme appelé  a été lancé par la Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise en 2014 pour aider les personnes issues de réfugiés à trouver du travail et à atteindre leurs objectifs de carrière.

Mouvement de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge
La Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise fait partie de la plus grande organisation humanitaire au monde, la Fédération internationale de la Croix-Rouge/du Croissant-Rouge (FICR). Le mouvement de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge compte plus de 97 millions de bénévoles dans le monde.

Voir aussi
 Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge
 Comité international de la Croix-Rouge
 Droit international humanitaire

Références

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1931
Société nationale du Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge
Médecine en Nouvelle-Zélande

Croix-Rouge néo-zélandaise


O Milladoiro é uma vila espanhola situada na freguesia de Viduido, município de Ames, província da Corunha, Galiza. Tem atualmente 13.352 habitantes.

Localização
É o núcleo mais importante do município de Ames, abrigando metade de seus habitantes e está localizado a apenas três quilômetros do centro de Santiago de Compostela. Limita com as freguesias de A Grela, Coira e Bentín. Também faz fronteira com o município de Teo na parte baixa da avenida Rosalía de Castro.

Nome do local
Existem várias teorias sobre o nome da cidade. O relato mais comum é que o nome lembra que foi a última cidade antes de chegar a Santiago pelo Caminho Português de Santiago. Era o lugar onde os peregrinos se humilhavam, se ajoelhavam, vendo a catedral pela primeira vez, se humilhavam. E foi também um local emblemático.

Outra teoria alerta para a possibilidade de o milladoiro ser uma deformação do miradoiro, que na língua local, o galego, se traduz como miradouro. Pela sua orografia, O Milladoiro possui uma colina de onde se avista a catedral de Santiago de Compostela e grande parte da cidade. Daí a possível designação de ponto de vista.

Além disso, na Galiza um monte formado por pequenas pedras empilhadas ao longo do tempo por peregrinos e peregrinos que se dirigem a um santuário religioso é chamado de "milladoiro".

O Milladoiro


මානව ව්‍යුහ විද්‍යාවේ, කශේරුව  හෙවත් කොඳු ඇට පෙළ (ලතින් − කොලුම්නා වර්ටිබ්‍රාලිස්)  යනු  සන්ධානගත කශේරුකා 24 කින් සහ, ත්‍රිකාස්ථියෙහි සහ  අනුත්‍රිකාස්ථියෙහිදී සම්බද්ධ කශේරුකා  9 කින්ද  සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සමන්විත ස්තම්භයක් වෙයි. ඌනකායෙහි පෘෂ්ඨීය  දිශාවෙහි,   අන්තර් කශේරුක බිම්බයන් විසින් එකිනෙකින් වෙන් කරන ලදුව පිහිටයි.  එහි කශේරුක නාලය තුල සුෂුම්නාව දරමින් එය ආරක්ෂා කරයි.

මිනිසුන්ගේ සිරුරේ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කශේරුකා තිස්-තුනක් (33) ඇති අතර, මෙයින් පහක් එකිනෙකට සම්බද්ධවී  ත්‍රිකාස්ථිය තනන අතර (අනෙකුන්   අන්තර් කශේරුක බිම්බයන් විසින් එකිනෙකින් වෙන් කරන ලදුව පවතියි) අනුත්‍රිකාස්ථිමය අස්ථි සතරක් කෝකකය සාදයි.

ඉහළින් පිහිටි පෙදෙස් තුනක් තුල ඉතිරි කශේරුකා 24 පිහිටන අතර, පිහිටන පෙදෙස් ප්‍රකාර, ග්‍රෛවී (කශේරුකා 7), උරස් (කශේරුකා 12) සහ  කටී (කශේරුකා 5) යන ලෙසින් නම් කෙරෙති. එක් පෙදෙසක් තුල පිහිටන කශේරුකා සංඛ්‍යාව එකකින් වැඩි කිරීම හෝ අඩු කිරීම හෝ සිදු විය හැකි අතර, අඩු කිරීමක් වෙනුවට බොහෝවිට වෙනත් පෙදෙසක කශේරුවක් වැඩි කිරීම සිදු වෙයි. කෙසේවෙතත්, ග්‍රෛවී කශේරුකා සංඛයාව වැඩි කිරීම හෝ අඩු කිරීම හෝ ඉතාමත් කලාතුරකින් සිදු කෙරෙයි.

පළමු හා දෙවන ග්‍රෛවී කශේරුකා හැරුණු විට, සත්‍ය හෝ සචල කශේරුකා අතර (ඉහළ පෙදෙස් තුන) සමහර පොදු ගුණාංග පවතින අතර, උරස් පෙදෙසෙහි මැද කොටසෙහි කශේරුකාවක් පරික්ෂා කිරීමෙන් මෙය හොඳින් අධයයනය කළ හැක.

එක් කශේරුකාවක ව්‍යුහය

ආශ්‍රිත

මිනිස් සිරුර

මිනිස් කශේරුව


Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd, Ingiltere'de Kasım 5, 2001, Amerika'da Kasım 6 2001'de piyasaya çıkan bir Pink Floyd toplama albümü dür.

Aynı ay içerisinde Billboard 200 listesinde 2 numaraya yükselen albüm (1 numarada Britney Spears'ın Britney albümü, 3 numarada ise Michael Jackson'ın Invincible albümü vardı), önce Altın, sonra Platin, en sonunda Aralık 2001'de çifte platin sertifikasına layık görüldü. Albüme 2006 itibarıyla, yalnızca Amerika'da 3 milyon kopya sattıktan sonra, Üçlü Platin sertifikası verildi.

"When the Tigers Broke Free" şarkısının CD üzerinde bulunduğu ilk albümdür, orijinali The Wall albümün'ün filminde yer almaktadır (şarkı daha sora The Final Cut'ın 2004 yılında çıkan yeniden basımında da yer almıştır.)

2 CD'den oluşan albüm, Pink Floyd'un 1967 tarihli ilk teklisi "Arnold Layne" den başlayıp, en son stüdyo albümleri olan "The Division Bell"'in son şarkısı "High Hopes"a kadar geçen zaman içerisindeki en popüler olmuş şarkıları içerir.

Ünlü yapımcı James Guthrie'nin eseri olan albümün bir özelliği, 26 parçadan oluşan albümde, grubun albümlerinde bir imza haline gelmiş olan konsept albüm havasını korumak için şarkı değişimlerinde hiç ara olmamasıdır. Bu nedenle de, bir toplama albümden beklenenin aksine, şarkılar kronolojik sırayla değil, başlangıç-bitim uyumlarına göre dizilmiştir.

Albüm zaman zaman sıkı Pink Floyd hayranları tarafından Music From the Film More, Ummagumma, Atom Heart Mother ve Obscured by Clouds albümlerinden çok az şarkı barındırdığı ve "Echoes", "Marooned", "Shine on you Crazy Diamond", "Sheep" ve "High Hopes" şarkılarının kısaltılmış versiyonlarının kullanıldığı gerekçesi ile eleştirilmiştir. Yapımcıların bu tartışmaya verdiği cevap ise, bu albümün eski hayranlar için değil, Pink Floyd'u yeni keşfedecek gençler için olduğudur.

Kapak, eski albüm kapakları, video klip görüntüleri, konser posterleri gibi bilinen birçok Pink Floyd imgesinin  ("Ummagumma" albüm kapağında olduğu gibi) iç içe geçmesinden oluşuyor. Bu imgelere verilebilecek birkaç örnek: "Wish You Were Here"dan alınan iş insanı ve şoför, "Animals"dan alınan domuz, "Atom Heart Mother"dan alınan inek, "The Division Bell"den alınan heykeller, "Learning to Fly" şarkısına gönderme yapan havada bir uçak ve "Meddle"dan alınan su altındaki kulak fotoğrafıdır.

Echoes, Ekim 2006'da özel bir kaplama kağıdı ile yeniden piyasaya sürüldü.

Şarkı listesi

CD 1
 "Astronomy Domine" – 4:10 (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967)
 "See Emily Play" – 2:47 (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967)
 "The Happiest Days of Our Lives" – 1:38 (The Wall, 1979)
 "Another Brick In The Wall (Bölüm 2)" – 4:01 (The Wall, 1979)
 "Echoes" – 16:30 (Meddle, 1971)
 "Hey You" – 4:39 (The Wall, 1979)
 "Marooned" – 2:02 (The Division Bell, 1994)
 "The Great Gig in the Sky" – 4:39 (Dark Side of the Moon, 1973)
 "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" – 5:20 (A Saucerful of Secrets, 1968)
 " Money" – 6:29 (Dark Side of the Moon, 1973)
 "Keep Talking" – 5:57 (The Division Bell, 1994)
 "Sheep" – 9:46 (Animals, 1977)
 "Sorrow" – 8:45 (A Momentary Lapse of Reason, 1987)

CD 2
 "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Bölüm 1-7)" – 17:32 (Wish You Were Here, 1975)
 " Time" – 6:48 (Dark Side of the Moon, 1973)
 "The Fletcher Memorial Home" – 4:07 (The Final Cut, 1983)
 "Comfortably Numb" – 6:53 - The Wall, 1979)
 "When the Tigers Broke Free" – 3:42 (Pink Floyd The Wall (film), 1982)
 "One of These Days" – 5:14 (Meddle, 1971)
 "Us and Them" – 7:51 (Dark Side of the Moon, 1973)
 "Learning to Fly" – 4:50 (A Momentary Lapse of Reason, 1987)
 "Arnold Layne" – 2:52 (Relics, 1971)
 "Wish You Were Here" – 5:20 (Wish You Were Here, 1975)
 "Jugband Blues" – 2:56 (A Saucerful of Secrets, 1968)
 "High Hopes" – 6:59 (The Division Bell, 1994)
 "Bike" – 3:24 (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967)

 Reddedilmiş Şarkılar
James Guthrie'ye gore asağıdaki şarkılar album planları yapılırken göz onunde bulundurulmuş ama sonrasında vazgeçilmiş.

 Brain Damage (Waters; The Dark Side of the Moon)
 Eclipse (Waters; The Dark Side of the Moon)
 Interstellar Overdrive (Barrett, Waters, Wright, Mason; The Piper at the Gates of Dawn)
 Careful with That Axe, Eugene (Waters, Wright, Gilmour, Mason; Relics ve The Early Singles)
 Fearless (Waters; from Meddle)
 Breathe (Waters, Gilmour, Wright; The Dark Side of the Moon)
 Paranoid Eyes (Waters; The Final Cut)
 Mother (Waters; The Wall)
 Your Possible Pasts (Waters; The Final Cut)
 Fat Old Sun (Gilmour; Atom Heart Mother)
 San Tropez (Waters; Meddle)
 Atom Heart Mother (abridged) (Waters, Wright, Gilmour, Mason, Geesin; Atom Heart Mother)
 If (Waters; Atom Heart Mother)
 Grantchester Meadows (Waters; Ummagumma)
 Scarecrow (Barrett, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn)
 Chapter 24 (Barrett; The Piper at the Gates of Dawn)
 Dogs (Waters, Gilmour; Animals)
 Nobody Home (Waters; The Wall)
 Young Lust (Waters, Gilmour; The Wall)
 The Gunner's Dream (Waters; The Final Cut'')

Kaynakça

Pink Floyd albümleri
Progresif rock albümleri
İngilizce derleme albümler
2001 albümleri
Abbey Road Studios'ta kaydedilen albümler

Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd


Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu ( – ), daha çok bilinen adıyla Montesquieu, bir Fransız politik düşünürdür.

Kuvvetler ayrımı esasını ortaya atmıştır. 20 yıl üzerinde çalıştığı 18. yüzyıla damgasını vuran Kanunların Ruhu (De l'esprit des lois) adlı kitabında yasama, yürütme ve yargıyı birbirlerinden ayırmanın önemini vurgulamış ve "despotluk" kelimesinin yerleşmesinde diğer yazarlardan çok kendisi katkı sağlamıştır.

Hayatı
Montesquieu 1689'da Bordeaux'da doğdu. Babası Jacques de Secondat, uzun soyluluk geçmişi olan bir askerdi. Annesi Marie Françoise de Pesnel ise La Brède Baronluğu unvanının Secondat ailesine gelmesini sağlayan varisiydi ve Montesquieu daha yedi yaşındayken öldü.. Montesquieu, Bordeaux'da hukuk okudu. 1708'de avukat oldu. 1714'de yani yirmi yedi yaşında Bordeaux parlamentosunda yargıtay başkanı oldu. 1721'de yayımlanan Les Lettres Persanes (İran mektupları) büyük ilgi görünce Montesquieu görevini bir başkasına devretti.  Avusturya'ya Macaristan'a İtalya'ya Hollanda'ya İngiltere'ye gitti. Kendini bilimsel çalışmalarına vermek için Brède şatosuna çekildi. Bir yandan doğa bilimlerine yönelirken bir yandan da toplumsal yaşamın koşullarını inceledi. Montesquieu 1755'de Paris'de yaşama gözlerini kapadı.

Eserleri ve düşünceleri

Bir siyaset sosyolojisi geliştiren Montesquieu, esas ününü toplum, hukuk ve yönetim tarzı konusunda gerçekleştirdiği karşılaştırmalı araştırmadan almıştır. Siyaset ve hukuk konusunda tümevarımsal ve deneysel bir yaklaşımı benimseyen filozof; olguları kaydetmek yerine anlamayı, görüngüleri konu alan karşılaştırmalı bir soruşturmayı, tarihsel gelişmenin ilkelerine ilişkin sistematik bir araştırmanın temeli yapmayı itmiştir. Siyaset konusuna, şu halde bir tarih filozofu olarak yaklaşan Montesquieu, farklı politik toplumlardaki farklı pozitif hukuk sistemlerinin çok çeşitli faktörlere, örneğin; halkın karakterine, ekonomik koşullarla iklime, vs. göreli olduğunu söylemiştir. O, işte bütün bu temel koşullara "yasaların ruhu" adını vermiştir. Montesquieu bu bağlamda üç tür yönetim tarzını birbirinden ayırmış ve bu devletlere uygun düşen yönetici ilke, iklim ve topraktan söz etmiştir. Buna göre despotizm büyük devletlere, sıcak iklimlere uygun düşer ve korkuya dayanır. Britanya örneğinde olduğu gibi ne soğuk ve ne de sıcak olan bir iklimin hüküm sürdüğü, orta büyüklükteki devletlere uygun düşen yönetim biçimi, monarşidir; söz konusu yönetim biçimi, şan ve şerefe dayanır. Buna karşın, soğuk iklimlere ve küçük devletlere uygun düşen rejim, demokrasidir; demokrasinin yönetici ilkesinin erdem olduğunu öne süren Montesquieu, tüm insanlar için geçerli olan tek bir doğa yasası ve evrensel bir insan doğası olduğunu kabul eden akılcılığa şiddetle karşı çıkmış ve kuvvetler ayrılığı prensibini ortaya atmıştır. Geometri alanında çok olmasa da çalışmalar yapmıştır. Üçgende alan ve benzerlik konularında birçok defa önerilerde bulunmuştur.

Yasaların Ruhu
Yasaların da tabi olduğu yasalar vardır. Kısaca yasaların da bir ruhu vardır. Montesquieu'ye göre ancak yasa düzeninin egemen olduğu bir toplum güçlü olabilirdi. Bu görüş tüm aydınlanma düşünürlerinin de ortak görüşü olmuştur. Her yasa toplumsal ihtiyaçların bir ürünüdür. Bu yasalar sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi olabilir. Montesquieu, bu faktörlerin tümüne birden yasaların ruhu adını vermiştir. Din, geçmişte yaşanan olaylar, örf ve adetler de yasaların ruhuna etkide bulunur. Yani yasaların ruhu o yasaların meydana gelmesine yol açan faktörlerin tümüdür. Her ülkede yasaların ruhuna etki eden sebepler farklıdır. Ülkeler de bu farklılıklara göre biçimlenir.

Montesquieu, döneminin diğer filozofları gibi toplumların nasıl yönetildiği ve nasıl yöneltilmesi gerektiği konusunda üç yönetim biçimini belirlemiştir:

 Cumhuriyet: Yönetim yetkisi ve egemenlik halkın tamamına aitse demokratik cumhuriyetten; eğer halkın bir kısmına ait ise aristokratik cumhuriyetten söz edilir. Bu kesimin büyümesi, rejimi demokrasiye yaklaştırır. Cumhuriyetin dayanağı olan ilke erdemdir. Erdem ise yurt sevgisine, eşitliğe ve yasalara olan saygıya dayanır. Montesquieu cumhuriyeti küçük ülkeler için uygun görmüştür.
 Monarşi: Tek bir kişinin yasalarla belirlenmiş yönetimidir. Kralın yanında yasaları koyan bir parlamento bulunur. Monarşinin temel ilkesi ise onurdur. Çünkü tarihte kralların yanında çalışmadan zengin olmak isteyen, onurlu şerefli insanları küçümseyen ve engelleyen zayıf karakterli kişiler bulunur. Kralın yasalara uymamasıyla düzen bozulur. Montesquieu'ya göre monarşi Fransa için en uygun yönetim biçimi idi.
 İstibdat (Despotizm): Tek bir kişinin keyfî yönetimidir. Burada yasalar bulunmaz. Halkın değeri yoktur. Keza halk köle ruhlu insanlardır. Despotizmin temel ilkesi korku amacı ise huzurdur. Montesquieu despotizmi büyük Doğu ülkeleri için uygun bulmuştur.

İran Mektupları
17. yüzyıldan sonra Avrupalıların Doğu'ya duydukları ilgiyi Doğu'yu gösterip ülkesinin krallıktan başlayarak bütün kurumlarını eleştirdi. İran'ı bahane olarak kullandı. Ancak kitapta toplumun değerlerin derine inilip eleştirilmiyor, sadece göze batan veya öne çıkmış konular üzerinde duruluyordu. Buna rağmen İran Mektupları bir eleştiri kitabıdır. Üzerinde durduğu ve eleştirdiği kişiler feodal beyler, saray adamları, sarayda çalışanlardan XIV. Louis'e kadar uzanır. Ayrıca kitapta mutlak yönetimin (monarşi) nasıl bozulduğu ve despotizme döndüğüyle ilgili tespitler bulunur.

Konusu; İranlı Useck düşmanlarından kaçmak için Paris'te yaşayan arkadaşının yanına gider.  Bu iki arkadaş İran'daki dostlarıyla mektuplaşırlar. Kitaptaki amaç Paris'teki iki İranlıyı anlatmak değil onların gözünden Batı'yı  ya da Fransa'yı anlatmaktır. Fransa'nın garipliklerini mizahçı bir dille ortaya koymaktır.

Romalıların Yükselişi ve Çöküşü
Montesquieu'ye göre Roma, yükselişini önce kralların kişisel değerlerine sonra da imparatorluğun ve cumhuriyetin erdemlerine (disiplin, kanunlara saygı, yurdunu sevme, eşitlik duygusu, senatonun ölçülü davranması ve sözünü geçirmeyi bilmesine) borçludur. Çöküşü de imparatorluğun gelişigüzel bir şekilde büyümesinin, uzak ülkelerde yapılan savaşların, imparatorluğun savunmasında barbarlara güvenilmesinin ve törenlerin bozulmasının bir sonucudur.

Kuvvetler Ayrılığı
Kuvvetler ayrılığı fikrini İngiltere'nin siyasi yapısından ilham alarak ortaya koymuştur. Yönetimin İngiltere'de olduğu gibi üçe ayrılması gerektiğini söyler: kral, soylular ve halk. Bu siyasi yapının ve yönetim biçiminin aynen Fransa'ya aktarılması gerektiğini söyler. Çünkü kuvvetlerin tek bir elde toplanması despotizmi ortaya çıkarabilir. Montesquieu günümüz kuvvetler ayrılığından farklı olarak hem sınıflar hem de erkler arasında bir ayrım yapılması gerektiğini öngörmüştür. Krala yürütmeyi; halk ve asilleri ise yasamanın içine koymayı hedeflemiştir. Yargı ise bağımsız kalacaktı. Montesquieu kuvvetler ayrılığı ile soyluları öne çıkarmayı planlamıştır.

Siyasî Özgürlük
Özgürlük herkesin iddia ettiği gibi istediğimiz şeyler yapmak ya da istemediğimiz şeyleri yapmaya zorlanmamak değildir. Örneğin, devletin vergi istemesi halinde vatandaşlar vermek istemeyebilirler. Böyle bir durumda devlet vergiyi güç kullanarak zorla alır. Hiç kimse vergi vermek istemiyorum özgürlüğüme müdahale edemezsiniz diyemez. Özgürlük bu değildir. Böyle bir özgürlük tanımında devlet varlığını sürdüremez. Montesquieu'ya göre özgürlük, yasaların izin verdiği her şeyi yapmaktır. İnsan, yasaların izin verdiği kadar özgürdür. Yasaların dışına çıkmak ise bir özgürlük değil yasa ihlalidir.

Montesquieu'nun tanımladığı özgürlüğün sakıncası ise vatandaşlara verilecek olan her hak ve özgürlüğün yasalarda tek tek belirlenmelidir. Zira yasalarda belirlenmemiş bir konuda özgürlük mevcut olmayacaktır. Her bir özgürlüğü belirleyip yasalarda tek tek saymak zor bir iş olacaktır.

Eserleri

 İran Mektupları (1721)
 Romalıların Yücelik ve Çöküşünün Nedenleri Üzerine Düşünceler (1734)
 Kanunların Ruhu Üzerine (1748)

Dış bağlantılar

 Free full-text works online
 Timeline of Montesquieu's Life

Kaynakça

Makaleler ve bölümler

 This also contains some of Saintsbury's own critical opinions of Montesquieu's works and their reception, especially L'esprit des lois.

Kitaplar

1689 doğumlular
Gironde doğumlular
18. yüzyıl Fransız filozofları
18. yüzyıl Fransız yazarları
Philosophes
Fransız sosyologlar
Fransız liberaller
Fransız Akademisi üyeleri
Prusya Bilim Akademisi üyeleri
1755 yılında ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Royal Society üyeleri

Montesquieu


Adam Goldberg (n. 25 octombrie 1970, Santa Monica, California) este un actor, regizor și muzician american.

Biografie
Goldberg s-a născut în Santa Monica, California, ca fiul Donnei (née Goebel) și a lui Earl Goldberg, un fost salvamar, care fost apoi patronul unei afaceri cu produse alimentare en-gross. Tatăl său este evreu, iar mama sa catolică non-practicantă; este de origine mexicană, irlandeză, franceză și germană. Locuiește în Los Angeles cu cățelul său, Digger.

Filmografie
Mr. Saturday Night (1992) ca Eugene Gimbel
Son in Law (1993) ca Indian
Dazed and Confused (1993) ca Mike Newhouse
ER (1995) ca Joshua Shem
Double Rush (1995) ca Leo
Higher Learning (1995) ca David Isaacs
The Prophecy (1995) ca Jerry
Friends (1996) ca Eddie Manoick
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco (voice) (1996) ca Pete
Space: Above and Beyond (1996) ca Sgt. Louie Fox
NYPD Blue (1996) ca reporter Dave Bloom s03e10
Relativity (1996–1997) ca Doug Kroll
Scotch and Milk (1998) ca Jim
Some Girl (1998) ca Freud
Saving Private Ryan (1998) ca Pvt. Stanley Mellish
Babe: Pig in the City (voice) (1998) ca Flealick
EDtv (1999) ca John
Sunset Strip (2000) ca Marty Shapiro
Will & Grace (2001) ca Kevin Wolchek ("Past and Presents")
Waking Life (2001) ca One of Four Men
All Over the Guy (2001) ca Brett Miles Sanford
Fast Sofa (2001) ca Jack Weis
According to Spencer (2001) ca Feldy
A Beautiful Mind (2001) ca Sol
The Salton Sea (2002) ca Kujo
I Love Your Work (2003) (director)
The Hebrew Hammer (2003) ca Mordechai Jefferson Carver
How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003) ca Tony
Frankenstein (2004) ca Detective Michael Sloane
Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2005) ca Victor Garros.
The Fearless Freaks (2005) ca Himself
Keeping Up with the Steins (2006) (uncredited)
Man About Town (2006) ca Phil Balow
Joey (2005–2006) ca James "Jimmy" Costa
My Name Is Earl Episode 15 – "Something to Live For" (2006) ca Philo
Stay Alive (2006) ca Miller Banks
Déjà Vu (2006) ca Dr. Alexander Denny
2 Days in Paris (2007) ca Jack
Zodiac (2007) ca Duffy Jennings
Nancy Drew (2007) ca Arrogant Director
Entourage (2007) ca Nick Rubenstein
Medium (2007) ca Bruce Rossiter
From Within (2008) ca Roy
Christmas on Mars (2008) ca Dr. Scott Zero (A Mars Psychiatrist)
Kate Wakes (short) (2008) ca Jared
The Unusuals (2009) ca Detective Eric Delahoy
(Untitled) (2009) ca Adrian
Landy's BFF (2009) ca himself
Numb3rs (2009) ca Chris McNall
Miss Nobody (2010) ca Bill Malloy
Norman (2010) ca Mr. Angelo
A Monster in Paris (2010) ca Raoul
White Collar Episode 29 – "Payback" (2011) ca Jason Lang
NYC 22 (2012) ca Ray "Lazarus" Harper
Lost Angeles (2012) ca Deepak
Animal Practice (2013) ca Ethan Lawson
Franklin & Bash (2013) ca August West
The Anna Nicole Story (2013) ca Howard K. Stern
Fargo (2014) ca Mr. Numbers
The Jim Gaffigan Show (2015) ca Dave Marks
Maron (2015) ca Jack Ross
No Way Jose (2015) Directed and stars
Going Under (2016)

Note

Legături externe

Evrei americani
Actori americani
Regizori americani
Muzicieni americani

Adam Goldberg


Londonderry Kontluğu ya da Derry Kontluğu (İrlandaca : Contae Dhoire ya da Doire Scots : Coontie Lunnonderrie ya da Coontie Derrie). Kuzey İrlanda'da kontluk. Adını kontluk merlezi Derry şehrinden almaktadır.

Adı
Bölgeye hangi isim verileceği Cumhuriyetçiler ile Birlikçiler arasında büyük ihtilaflara yol açmaktadır. Cumhuriyetçiler Derry ismini kullanırken Birlikçiler ve Britanyalılar ise Londonderry ismini kullanmaktadırlar.

Kuzey İrlanda'nın kontlukları
1613'te Britanya İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar

Londonderry Kontluğu


An Eleocharis yecorensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roalson. An Eleocharis yecorensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis yecorensis


الأسغارد هم جنس خيالي شديد التقدم في سلسلة الخيال العلمي ستارغيت إس جي 1 وستارغيت أتلنتس. ظهروا أول مرة في حلقة ثور هامر(Thor's Hammer) أو مطرقة ثور بالموسم الأول من مسلسل ستارغيت إس جي 1. اتحدوا مع الأرض في مواجهة اخطار عديدة كالمتضاعفين والغواؤلد والاوراي.

يتواجدون بمجرة أيدا وكانوا جزء من تحالف قوي تكون منذ آلاف السنين من أربعة اجناس مختلفة هم القدماء (Ancients)، والنوكس (Nox)، والفيرلنغز (Furlings)، والاسغارد (Asgard).

قام الاسغارد منذ آلاف السنين بزيارة الأرض وقاموا بحمايتها من الغواؤلد كما قاموا بحماية عدد من الكواكب المختلفة بالمجرة والتي تقع تحت معاهدة الكواكب المحمية التي تمت بينهم وبين الغواؤلد.

مراجع

أجناس ستارغيت
آلهة خيالية
مستنسخون خياليون

أسغارد (ستارغيت)


Xenoblade Chronicles 3, chamado no Japão de , é um jogo eletrônico de RPG de ação desenvolvido pela Monolith Soft e publicado pela Nintendo. É o quarto título da franquia Xenoblade Chronicles de mundo aberto, em si uma parte da metasérie Xeno. Xenoblade Chronicles 3 retrata o futuro dos mundos apresentados em Xenoblade Chronicles e Xenoblade Chronicles 2. É também o final da trilogia numerada, concluindo a narrativa abrangente estabelecida no primeiro jogo. A história e o tom seguem a mesma linha de Xenoblade Chronicles, enquanto a jogabilidade é principalmente inspirada em Xenoblade Chronicles 2. Assim como os jogos anteriores da série, o jogo foi localizado pela Nintendo of Europe.

Anunciado em fevereiro de 2022, Xenoblade Chronicles 3 foi lançado em 29 de julho de 2022 para Nintendo Switch. Foi bem recebido pela crítica, com elogios sendo direcionados para sua história, jogabilidade, música, personagens e escala, enquanto que críticas foram focadas em questões técnicas e gráficas. Até setembro de 2022, o jogo havia vendido mais de 1,72 milhão de cópias.

Ligações externas
Página oficial

Xeno (série)
Jogos eletrônicos de 2022
Jogos eletrônicos da Monolith Soft
Jogos eletrônicos da Nintendo
Jogos para Nintendo Switch
Jogos exclusivos para Nintendo Switch
RPGs eletrônicos de ação
Jogos eletrônicos de mundo aberto
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão

Xenoblade Chronicles 3


Mark Mueller (né le 11 juillet 1957) est un auteur-compositeur américain. Né dans la Bay Area en Californie et diplômé de l'Université de Californie à Berkeley, il vit et travaille maintenant à Los Angeles, toujours en Californie.

Carrières
Il a gagné à deux reprises les prix pop ASCAP pour avoir écrit une des chansons les plus interprétées de l'année.

Pour son travail à la télévision, Mark est le récipiendaire de deux nominations aux Emmy, toutes les deux dans la catégorie des « Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics. » (réalisation exceptionnelle de la musique et des paroles en français). Mueller a écrit les paroles et la chansons thème des séries télévisées animées La Bande à Picsou (1987)  et Tic et Tac, les rangers du risque, ainsi que dans le redémarrage de La Bande à Picsou (2017).

Mueller et sa chanson thème de La Bande à Picsou ont fait l'objet de la page de couverture du magazine Vanity Fair relatant sa carrière dans la musique pop et son expérience dans l'écriture de la chanson.

Prix

Références

Naissance en juillet 1957
Parolier américain

Mark Mueller


Şişhane'ye Yağmur Yağıyordu, Haldun Taner'in 1953 yılında yazdığı öyküsü ve aynı adlı kitabı.

Kitaba adını veren hikâyede, Şişhane'de bir kazaya sebep olan belediyeye ait bir atın gözünden olay mahallinde bulunan ve kazaya karışan insanlar ve bu insanların hayatları anlatılır.

Bu öyküsüyle Haldun Taner, New York Herald Tribune Gazetesi'nin 1953 yılında İstanbul'da düzenlediği öykü yarışmasında birinci olmuştur.

Kitapta yer alan Bir Eczanenin Akşam Müşterileri adlı hikâye, bir yaz mevsiminin üç günü boyunca Boğaz kıyısındaki bir eczaneye girip çıkan, 27 sıradan İstanbullu'nun yaşamlarından bir kesit sunar. Bu hikâye, 1960'ta yazar tarafından "Fazilet Eczanesi" adıyla oyunlaştırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Haldun Taner öykü kitapları
Hikâye kitapları
1953 kitapları
Türkiye kitapları
Türkçe kitaplar

Şişhane'ye Yağmur Yağıyordu


حرار هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى جرد عكار.

تبعد حرار حوالي 123 كلم (76.4322 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع حوالي 830 م (1) (2887.28 قدم - 962.368 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 767 هكتاراً (7.67 كلم²- 2.96062 مي² (2)).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
القيطع
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

حرار


II. razred Nogometnog saveza područja Koprivnica za sezonu 1974./75. je bila liga sedmog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je ukupno 10 klubova, a prvak je bila "Sabarija" iz Subotice Podravske.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Područna liga Koprivnica 1974./75.
 I. razred NSP Koprivnica 1974./75.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine"
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine", br. 24, god. XXX, izdano 20. lipnja 1975., str. 12, (osvrt), preuzeto 19. travnja 2021.

1974-75 2 Koprivnica
Koprivnica-2

II. razred NSP Koprivnica 1974./75.


The painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala) is a large wader  in the stork family. It is found in the wetlands of the plains of tropical Asia south of the Himalayas in the Indian Subcontinent and extending into Southeast Asia. Their distinctive pink tertial feathers of the adults give them their name. They forage in flocks in shallow waters along rivers or lakes. They immerse their half open beaks in water and sweep them from side to side and snap up their prey of small fish that are sensed by touch. As they wade along they also stir the water with their feet to flush hiding fish. They nest colonially in trees, often along with other waterbirds. The only sounds they produce are weak moans or bill clattering at the nest. They are not migratory and only make short distance movements in some parts of their range in response to changes in weather or food availability or for breeding. Like other storks, they are often seen soaring on thermals.

Description

This large stork has a heavy yellow beak with a down-curved tip that gives it a resemblance to an ibis. The head of the adult is bare and orange or reddish in colour. The long tertials are tipped in bright pink and at rest they extend over the back and rump. There is a distinctive black breast band with white scaly markings. The band continues into the under-wing coverts and the white tips of the black coverts give it the appearance of white stripes running across the under-wing lining.

The rest of the body is whitish in adults and the primaries and secondaries are black with a greenish gloss. The legs are yellowish to red but often appear white due their habit of urohidrosis or defecating on their legs especially when at rest. The short tail is black with a green gloss. For a stork, it is medium-sized, standing about  tall,  in wingspan and weighing . Males and females appear alike but the males of a pair are usually larger than the female.

The downy young are mainly whitish with grey bills and blackish facial skin. The juveniles assume a brownish plumage and like most other storks reach breeding condition after two to three years.

Like all storks, they fly with their neck outstretched. They often make use of the late morning thermals to soar in search of foraging areas. Like other storks they are mostly silent but clatter their bills at nest and may make some harsh croaking or low moaning sounds at nest.

Taxonomy
In the past the species has been placed in the genera Ibis, Tantalus and Pseudotantalus. The slight curve to the beak led them to be considered as a relative of the ibises. The older genus names were based on Greek mythology where Tantalus was punished by having to stand in a pool of water. T C Jerdon called it the "Pelican Ibis". Later studies placed along with the wood-storks in the genus Mycteria, members of which have similar bill structure and share a common feeding behaviour of sweeping their half-open bill from side to side inside water as they wade and their evolutionary affinity has been confirmed by sequence based studies.

Distribution and habitat
The painted stork is widely distributed over the plains of Asia. They are found south of the Himalayan ranges and are bounded on the west by the Indus River system where they are rare and extend eastwards into Southeast Asia. They are absent from very dry or desert regions, dense forests and the higher hill regions. They are rare in most of Kerala and the species appears to have expanded into that region only in the 1990s. They prefer freshwater wetlands in all seasons, but also use irrigation canals and crop fields, particularly flooded rice fields during the monsoon. They are resident in most regions but make seasonal movements. Young birds may disperse far from their breeding sites as demonstrated by a juvenile ringed at a nest in Keoladeo National Park that was recovered 800 kilometres away at Chilka in eastern India. Breeding is always on large trees, usually in areas where nesting trees are secured over long periods of time, including in wetland reserves, along community-managed village ponds and lakes, inside villages when protection is also afforded to nesting birds like in Kokrebellur, protected tree patches in urban locations such as zoos, and on islands in urban wetlands.

Behaviour and ecology
Painted storks feed in groups in shallow wetlands, crop fields and irrigation canals. The maximum success of finding prey was at 7 cm of water depth at Keoladeo-Ghana National Park. They feed mainly on small fish which they sense by touch while slowly sweeping their half open bill from side to side while it held submerged. They walk slowly and also disturb the water with their feet to flush fish. They also take frogs and the occasional snake. They forage mainly in the day but may forage late or even at night under exceptional conditions. After they are fed they may stand still on the shore for long durations. Flock sizes in agricultural landscapes are mostly small (<5 birds) but reach flocks of over 50 birds. In such landscapes, flock sizes do not vary much between seasons, but densities are much higher in winter after chicks of the year have fledged from nests.

Painted storks breed on trees either in mixed colonies along with other water birds, or by themselves. The breeding season begins in the winter months shortly after the monsoons. In northern India, the breeding season begins in mid-August while in southern India the nest initiation begins around October and continues till February and or even until April. One detailed study in Bengaluru city saw storks building nests between early February and mid-March, with all of the observed nests having fledgelings by mid-May. Considerable variation is noticed in the onset of breeding across sites with the season at Kokrebellur and Edurupattu around January or February but at Telineelapuram, Kundakulam and Tirunelveli the breeding begins around October or November.

The typical clutch varies from one to five eggs with early breeders having larger clutches. The incubation period is about a month while the fledging period is nearly two months. There is occasional predation of chicks by migrant Aquila eagles and Pallas's fish eagle. During the mid-day heat, adults will stand at the nest with wings outstretched to shade the chicks. To feed chicks, adults regurgitate fish that they have caught and these are typically smaller than 20 cm long. Young chicks, when threatened, disgorge food and feign death by crumpling to the nest floor.  The daily requirement for chicks has been estimated to be 500-600 grams made up of about 9 fish fed in two sessions. Nest survival (measured as daily nest survival) is higher for nests initiated early in the monsoon season, lower with decreasing temperature, and higher at larger colonies.
The bare red skin on the head is developed when reaching breeding maturity and involves the loss of feathers and the deposition of lipids under the skin. Birds in captivity have been known to live for as long as 28 years. Birds raised as chicks have been known to be tame and docile, even responding to their names when called.

A bird louse, Ardeicola tantali was described on the basis of a specimen obtained from this species as also a subcutaneous mite, Neottialges kutzeri, of the family Hypoderidae.

Conservation
Painted stork nesting colonies often become centres of tourist attraction due to their large size and colour. Particularly well-known nest sites close to human settlements are in the south Indian villages of Kokrebellur and Veerapura. In Kokrebellur, the birds nest within the trees in the village forming mixed nesting colonies with the spot-billed pelican. The local people provide security to these birds during the brief nesting season when the birds arrive in October and until they leave the village after a couple of months.
Another well-known colony that has been studied since the 1960s is the one inside the Delhi Zoological Park where the birds arrive about 30–40 days after the onset of the monsoons in Delhi. This colony is made up of 300 to 600 wild birds that make use of the trees within the artificial islands inside the zoo. Uppalapadu village near Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, Kolleru, Gowtavaram Village in Andhra Pradesh and Ranganathittu are among the many other breeding colonies known from southern India. Captive birds are known to breed readily when provided with nesting materials and platforms. The largest secure population is found in India. Birds in Pakistan along the Indus River system are endangered and chicks at their nests are taken away for the bird trade. The species was nearly decimated in Thailand while small populations are known from Cambodia and Vietnam.

There are some concerns for the closely related milky stork owing to hybridization with the painted stork, particularly in zoos. Hybrids have been recorded in the wild in Cambodia and in several zoos including those at Kuala Lumpur, Singapore Zoo and Bangkok. Hybridization with lesser adjutant storks have also been recorded in several zoos, especially at the Colombo Zoo, Sri Lanka where a male painted stork and female lesser adjutant mated and reared chicks several times.

Gallery

References

Other sources
 Chaleow Salakij, Jarernsak Salakij, Nual-Anong Narkkong, Decha Pitakkingthong and Songkrod Poothong (2003) Hematology, Morphology, Cytochemistry and Ultrastructure of Blood Cells in Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala). Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 37:506-513
 Urfi, A. J. 1997. The significance of Delhi Zoo for wild water birds, with special reference to the Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala). Forktail 12:87–97.

External links

 Photographs and video - Internet Bird Collection

Mycteria
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Cambodia
Birds of Myanmar
Birds described in 1769
Taxa named by Thomas Pennant

Painted stork


Crkva Pohoda Blažene Djevice Marije, rimokatolička je crkva u Banjoj Luci. Današnja je župna crkva župe Pohoda Blažene Djevice Marije u Banjoj Luci. U susjedstvu je KŠC "Bl. Ivan Merz" i grkokatolička Crkva Hrista Carja.

Povijest
Župa je više puta mijenjala sjedište. Na sadašnje mjesto, nekoć zvano Latinska Mahala, preneseno je 1859., kada je tu sagrađena župna kuća i skromna kapelica. Današnja Crkva Pohoda Blaćene Djevice Marije sagrađena je 1891. godine. Nakon potresa koji je zatekao Banja Luku 1969., znatno je bila oštećena, ali je temeljito obnovljena. Godine 1992. ponovno su je oštetili srpski ekstremisti, ali je sve vrijeme rata u Bosni i Hercegovini služila svojoj svrsi.

Pored crkve, nalazi se župna kuća, koja je sagrađena 1930-ih godina. Cilj je bio da stanovi u kući ne budu samo za župu, nego da se iznajmljivanjem ostvari njezino samostalno financiranje, budući da župa nema nikakvih drugih nekretnina. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata najveći je dio kuće nacionaliziran i nikada nije vraćen Banjolučkoj biskupiji. U lipnju 1995. kuća je teško oštećena eksplozivnom napravom, a u nju su se uselile srpske izbjeglice. Župi je ostala na raspolaganju samo jedna prostorija kao ured. Trebalo je nekoliko godina da se barem ured i stan za svećenika ponovno vrate.

U dvorištu crkve se nalazi spomenik posvećen bl. Ivanu Merzu, jer je upravo u toj crkvi u maticu krštenih on upisan.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Župa Banja Luka

Banja Luka
Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Banja Luka

Crkva Pohoda Blažene Djevice Marije u Banjoj Luci


www.pitchshifter.com is the fourth album by the British industrial metal band Pitchshifter, released in 1998. The record, which was their first released through a major label, sold just over 60,000 copies in the US alone—selling nearly twice as much as the group's proceeding album Deviant did (which sold 33,000 copies).

The album's name comes from the band's domain name–a relative novelty at the time of the release. The domain name registration was eventually lapsed; JS Clayden said "we carried the website for such a long time that it felt like a burden being lifted to let it go".

Multiple songs from www.pitchshifter.com were included on the vehicular-based PlayStation games Twisted Metal 3 and Test Drive 5''.

Track listing

Personnel
Pitchshifter
J.S. Clayden - vocals, beats, programming
Mark Clayden - bass, sampler
Jim Davies - guitars
Johnny A. Carter - guitars, programming
 D.J. Walters - live drums

Additional musicians
Keith York - drums, percussion samples
Pablo Yeadon - acoustic guitar on "Disposable"

Production
H. Forbes, Paul Williams, Nick Philip and Unknown Graphic Services - artwork
Johnny Carter and Neil Simmons - engineering
Jodie Zalewski - assistant engineer
Johnny Carter and J.S. Clayden - programming
Bob Ludwig - mastering
Ralph Barklam and Tony Woolliscroft - photography
Machine - production
Clinton Bradley - additional analog synthesizer manipulation
Johnny Carter and JS Clayden - writer

References

Pitchshifter albums
1998 albums
Geffen Records albums
Albums produced by Machine (producer)


The Faurisson affair was an academic controversy following publication of a book, Mémoire en défense (1980), by French professor Robert Faurisson, a Holocaust denier, and the inclusion of an essay by American linguist Noam Chomsky, entitled "Some Elementary Comments on the Rights of Freedom of Expression", as an introduction to Faurisson's book.

Faurisson has since been convicted under French law for his Holocaust denial on several occasions, including in October 2006, when he was sentenced to a three-month suspended sentence by the Paris correctional court, for denying the Holocaust on an Iranian TV channel.

The Faurisson affair damaged Chomsky's reputation in France, a country he did not visit for almost thirty years following the affair. Translation of his political writings into French was delayed until the 2000s.

Faurisson's letters to Le Monde
In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon, published two letters in Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist.

As a result of a TV interview, he was found guilty of defamation and incitement to racial hatred and given a suspended 3-month prison term, and a 21,000-franc (€3,200) fine. In addition he was ordered to pay for the reproduction of the judgement in national newspapers and television. This latter requirement was dropped after he appealed.

Petition signed by Chomsky
In the fall of 1979, American scholar Noam Chomsky contributed his name to a petition—signed by roughly 600 people, many disgraced academics, including Holocaust deniers Serge Thion, Arthur Butz, John Tuson Bennett and Mark Weber—concerning the affair:

Dr. Robert Faurisson has served as a respected professor of twentieth-century French literature and document criticism for over four years at the University of Lyon-2 in France. Since 1974 he has been conducting extensive historical research into the "Holocaust" question.
Since he began making his findings public, Professor Faurisson has been subject to a vicious campaign of harassment, intimidation, slander and physical violence in a crude attempt to silence him. Fearful officials have even tried to stop him from further research by denying him access to public libraries and archives.

We strongly protest these efforts to deprive Professor Faurisson of his freedom of speech and expression, and we condemn the shameful campaign to silence him.
We strongly support Professor Faurisson's just right of academic freedom and we demand that university and government officials do everything possible to ensure his safety and the free exercise of his legal rights.

A number of French intellectuals criticized Chomsky's signing of the petition, describing the extent of Faurisson's Holocaust denial and his ties to neo-Nazi groups. In particular, Pierre Vidal-Naquet criticized the wording of the petition as "scandalous", saying that it implied Faurisson was a serious researcher and not a forger:
What is scandalous about the petition is that it never raises the question of whether what Faurisson is saying is true or false, that it even presents his conclusions or "findings" as the result of a historical investigation, one, that is, in quest of the truth. To be sure, it may be argued that every man has a right to lies and falsehood, and that individual freedom entails that right, which is accorded, in the French liberal tradition, to the accused for his defence. But the right that the forger demands should not be conceded to him in the name of truth.

Vidal-Naquet said that Faurisson was not barred from access to public libraries or archives, and the only archive to ban him was the private Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (Center for Contemporary Jewish Documentation) in Paris. Vidal-Naquet believed that decision was entirely consistent with its declared mission, "the fact that the staff of the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, challenged in its fundamental activity, that of the memory of the crime, should --after years of forbearance-- refuse to serve Faurisson seems perfectly normal to me".

Preface to Mémoire en défense
Chomsky subsequently wrote an essay entitled Some Elementary Comments on the Rights of Freedom of Expression, in which he attacked his critics for failing to respect the principle of freedom of speech. Chomsky wrote:
Let me add a final remark about Faurisson's alleged "anti-Semitism." Note first that even if Faurisson were to be a rabid anti-Semite and fanatic pro-Nazi -- such charges have been presented to me in private correspondence that it would be improper to cite in detail here -- this would have no bearing whatsoever on the legitimacy of the defense of his civil rights. On the contrary, it would make it all the more imperative to defend them since, once again, it has been a truism for years, indeed centuries, that it is precisely in the case of horrendous ideas that the right of free expression must be most vigorously defended; it is easy enough to defend free expression for those who require no such defense. Putting this central issue aside, is it true that Faurisson is an anti-Semite or a neo-Nazi? As noted earlier, I do not know his work very well. But from what I have read -- largely as a result of the nature of the attacks on him -- I find no evidence to support either conclusion. Nor do I find credible evidence in the material that I have read concerning him, either in the public record or in private correspondence. As far as I can determine, he is a relatively apolitical liberal of some sort.

Chomsky granted permission for the essay to be used for any purpose. Serge Thion and Pierre Guillaume used it in 1980 as a preface when publishing a book by Faurisson, without Chomsky's knowledge. Later Chomsky requested that the essay not be used in this manner, since he believed the French intellectual community was so incapable of understanding freedom of speech that it would only confuse them further, but his request came too late for the book to be changed. Chomsky subsequently said that asking for the preface to be removed is his one regret in the matter.

Chomsky's essay sparked an even greater controversy. Critics such as Pierre Vidal-Naquet attacked him for defending Faurisson personally against charges of anti-Semitism and upholding his work as historical inquiry:
The simple truth, Noam Chomsky, is that you were unable to abide by the ethical maxim you had imposed. You had the right to say: my worst enemy has the right to be free, on condition that he not ask for my death or that of my brothers. You did not have the right to say: my worst enemy is a comrade, or a "relatively apolitical sort of liberal." You did not have the right to take a falsifier of history and to recast him in the colors of truth.

Vidal-Naquet offered the following argument to substantiate his characterization of Faurisson as an anti-semite:
I shall simply say: Faurisson's personal anti-Semitism, in fact, interests me rather little. It exists and I can testify to it, but it is nothing compared with the anti-Semitism of his texts. Is it anti-Semitic to write with consummate calm that in requiring Jews to wear the yellow star starting at the age of six "Hitler was perhaps less concerned with the Jewish question than with ensuring the safety of German soldiers"? Certainly not, within Faurisson's logic, since in the final analysis there is no practical anti-Semitism possible. But within Chomsky's logic? Is the invention of an imaginary declaration of war against Hitler, in the name of the international Jewish community, by an imaginary president of the World Jewish Congress, a case of anti-Semitism or of deliberate falsification?

John Goldsmith writes that "Unsympathetic critics used it as an opportunity to brand Chomsky with anti-Semitic labels, but even critics potentially sympathetic to Chomsky's political views felt his remarks showed lack of judgment."

Other critics held that Faurisson's statements were the archetype of anti-Semitism, and that the logical conclusion of Chomsky's statement would be that Nazism was not anti-Semitic. The main argument for this is that Holocaust deniers are not interested in truth, but "motivated by racism, extremism, and virulent anti-Semitism".

Chomsky's response

Responding to a request for comment, Chomsky doubled down, arguing that Faurisson's right to express and publish his opinions on the grounds that freedom of speech must be extended to all viewpoints. The affair generated controversy among scholars both in France and the United States.

In a response to a letter circa 1989–1991, Chomsky said:
A professor of French literature was suspended from teaching on grounds that he could not be protected from violence, after privately printing pamphlets questioning the existence of gas chambers. He was then brought to trial for "falsification of History," and later condemned for this crime, the first time that a modern Western state openly affirmed the Stalinist-Nazi doctrine that the state will determine historical truth and punish deviation from it. Later he was beaten practically to death by Jewish terrorists. As of now, the European and other intellectuals have not expressed any opposition to these scandals; rather, they have sought to disguise their profound commitment to Stalinist-Nazi doctrine by following the same models, trying to divert attention with a flood of outrageous lies.

In "His Right to Say It", published in The Nation, Chomsky stressed the conceptual distinction between endorsing someone's view and defending his right to say it:
Vidal-Naquet misunderstood a sentence in the petition that ran, "Since he began making his findings public, Professor Faurisson has been subject to...." The term "findings" is quite neutral. One can say, without contradiction: "He made his findings public and they were judged worthless, irrelevant, falsified...." The petition implied nothing about quality of Faurisson's work, which was irrelevant to the issues raised. [...]

I made it explicit that I would not discuss Faurisson's work, having only limited familiarity with it (and, frankly, little interest in it). Rather, I restricted myself to the civil-liberties issues and the implications of the fact that it was even necessary to recall Voltaire's famous words in a letter to M. le Riche: "I detest what you write, but I would give my life to make it possible for you to continue to write." [...] Many writers find it scandalous that I should support the right of free expression for Faurisson without carefully analyzing his work, a strange doctrine which, if adopted, would effectively block defense of civil rights for unpopular views. [...]
It seems to me something of a scandal that it is even necessary to debate these issues two centuries after Voltaire defended the right of free expression for views he detested. It is a poor service to the memory of the victims of the Holocaust to adopt a central doctrine of their murderers.Chomsky's defense was attacked in turn. Critics said that his defense went beyond free speech arguments, and that it included a defense of Faurisson's "work".

Chomsky's biographers on the Faurisson affair

Chomsky's biographers have expressed a range of views on the Faurisson affair. In Chomsky: Ideas and ideals, Neil Smith writes: 'Chomsky should perhaps have foreseen the negative effect of his activity and refrained from writing the way he did. Perhaps, but on balance perhaps not. Even had he seen the furore which would erupt and the degree that would ensue, the moral doctrine of defending freedom of speech is probably higher.'

In Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent, Robert Barsky says 'Chomsky's tactics may not always be the most appropriate in light of the causes that he supports but the values transmitted by his work are, according to virtually any reasonable measure, consistent with those of the libertarians.' Barsky also points out that although the Faurisson affair 'has had a harmful and lasting effect on Chomsky ... Chomsky has refused to back down on the issue, even refusing to admit a momentary lack of judgment.'

Two other biographers, Milan Rai and Chris Knight, both refer to the Faurisson affair in the context of Chomsky's uncompromising support for academic freedom for everyone including 'war criminals'. In Chomsky's Politics, Milan Rai quotes Chomsky saying that he even 'supported the rights of American war criminals not only to speak and teach but also to conduct their research, on grounds of academic freedom, at a time when their work was being used to murder and destroy.'

In Decoding Chomsky, Chris Knight refers to Chomsky's 1969 threat to 'protest publicly' if fellow Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) academic Walt Whitman Rostow was denied a position at the university. Chomsky certainly considered Rostow, a prime architect of the Vietnam War, as a 'war criminal' but insisted that MIT must stick to its principles of academic freedom - principles expressed when MIT's President Howard Wesley Johnson stated that the university should be a 'refuge from the censor, where any individual can pursue truth as he sees it, without any interference.' Johnson's motivation for talking about academic freedom at this time of anti-war student unrest was largely to prevent any interference with MIT's various military-funded research laboratories. But, Knight claims, Chomsky also believed he had to extend the principle of academic freedom to unusual lengths because any 'less libertarian policy might have undermined his own conflicted position as an anti-war campaigner working in a laboratory funded by the US military.' Knight concludes that Chomsky's subsequent position on Faurisson 'did not imply any sympathy towards Holocaust denial. It was simply a logical extension of a principle common to all Western universities – one which his management at MIT felt obliged to uphold with special tenacity in view of what its own researchers were doing.'

Paul Berman, writing in Tablet in 2018, says that Chomsky's biographers have largely accepted his claim that his defense of Faurisson was entirely on free speech grounds, and that Chomsky did not defend Faurisson's actual positions or arguments. Berman, however, argues that Chomsky did in fact defend Faurisson substantively. Berman says that Chomsky adopted an "oddly respectful tone toward Faurisson" and that he "left the clear implication that Faurisson is a scientific-minded researcher, with conclusions or findings that ought to be accorded the kind of respect that is accorded to any authentically scientific researcher."

References

External links
 Vérité Historique ou Vérité Politique  - Serge Thion, November 1979
 Some Elementary Comments on the Rights of Freedom of Expression  — Noam Chomsky, October 1980
 His Right to Say It  — Noam Chomsky, The Nation, February 1981
 The Denial of the Dead — Nadine Fresco, Les Temps Modernes, June 1980 (revised 1981)
 A Paper Eichmann — Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Esprit, September 1980 (revised 1992)
 On Faurisson and Chomsky — Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Democracy, April 1981 (revised 1987)
 Partners in Hate — Werner Cohn (includes the text of the petition signed by Chomsky in the fall of 1979)
 Reply to Werner Cohn  — Noam Chomsky, Outlook, June 1989
 The Chorus and the Cassandra — Christopher Hitchens, Grand Street, Autumn 1985

Video
 Noam Chomsky, Holocaust denier? from Manufacturing Consent
 Freedom of Speech Includes the Freedom to Hate Christopher Hitchens, University of Toronto

Censorship
Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial in France
Freedom of expression
Freedom of speech
Jewish French history
Noam Chomsky

fr:Affaire Faurisson
ru:Дело Фориссона

Faurisson affair


Die SAP Open 2010 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 6. bis 14. Februar 2010 in San José stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2010 und wurde in der Halle auf Hartplatz ausgetragen. In derselben Woche wurden in Rotterdam das ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament sowie in Costa do Sauípe die Brasil Open gespielt. Letztere zählten genau wie die SAP Open zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250, während das ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 500 gehörte.

Im Einzel-Finale setzte sich Fernando Verdasco gegen den dreimaligen Gewinner des Turniers Andy Roddick mit 3:6, 6:4, 6:4 durch, womit er seinen vierten Einzeltitel auf der ATP Tour gewann. Im Doppel waren Mardy Fish und Sam Querrey gegen Benjamin Becker und Leonardo Mayer erfolgreich, die im Viertelfinale die Turnierfavoriten und topgesetzten Bob und Mike Bryan aus dem Turnier geworfen hatten. Fish und Querrey gewannen in San José ihren einzigen gemeinsamen Titel.

Das Teilnehmerfeld des Einzelbewerbs bestand aus 32 Spielern, jenes des Doppelbewerbs aus 16 Paaren. Das Gesamtpreisgeld betrug 531.000 US-Dollar, die gesamten finanziellen Verbindlichkeiten lagen bei 600.000 US-Dollar.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 6. bis 7. Februar 2010 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten. Hinzu kamen ein Lucky Loser.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte
Es wurden die folgenden Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde ausgezahlt bzw. gutgeschrieben. Spieler, die über die Qualifikation ins Hauptfeld einzogen, erhielten die angegebenen Qualifikationspunkte zusätzlich zu denen für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde. Ansonsten sind die Beträge nicht kumulativ zu verstehen. Preisgelder für den Doppelwettbewerb gelten pro Team.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2010
Tennisturnier in San José (Kalifornien)

SAP Open 2010


Stâlpul de linie electrică (colocvial și stâlp de curent sau stâlp electric ) este un element de construcție pentru a realiza suspendarea deasupra suprafeței pământului a  liniilor de transport de energie electrică.

Stâlpi de linie de înaltă tensiune
O categorie importantă a stâlpilor  de curent o constituie stâlpii pentru liniile  electrice de înaltă tensiune. Aceștia sunt făcuți din oțel, beton armat sau beton precomprimat vibrat și din lemn. În funcție de rolul jucat în cadrul liniei electrice se deosebesc stâlpi de sprijin/susținere, stâlpi de cap de linie și stâlpi de colț (schimbare de direcție).

Stâlpii de lemn sunt folosiți în general pentru tensiuni înalte mici (de ex. 6-15 kV) pentru care se utilizează și stâlpi de beton care au întrebuințare până la câteva zeci de  kilovolți. Pentru liniile de î.t. de valori mari (de ex. 110 kV) sunt folosiți stâlp din schelet de metal, sau mai nou - piloni din tub metalic trapezoidal pe înălțime.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Linie electroenergetică aeriană

Distribuția energiei electrice
Rețele electrice

Stâlp de linie electrică


Lucien Benoit, dit Benoit-Leenhardt, né le  à Nîmes (Gard) et mort le  à Sète (Hérault), est un pasteur protestant français. Il est connu comme fondateur du Lazaret de Sète, établissement protestant de bains de mer, en 1865.

Biographie
Lucien Benoit naît à Nîmes, fils de Louis Victor Benoit et d'Aglaé Tier. Il fait ses études de théologie à Genève de 1952 à 1956, puis il obtient le grade de bachelier à la faculté de théologie protestante de Strasbourg avec la thèse intitulée Études pratiques sur la catéchisation, présentée le .

Il est nommé pasteur suffragant à Vienne, puis il est pasteur titulaire à Saint-Gilles de 1858 à 1862, et à Cette, de 1862 à 1908. Il épouse Caroline Leenhardt, de Montpellier, dont il ajoute le patronyme au sien. En 1865, il fonde Le Lazaret avec l'Église réformée de Sète, établissement de thalassothérapie destiné aux protestants, après la fondation de divers bains de mer et notamment celui fondé par Coraly Hinsch en 1847. L'établissement est financé par une tournée de collectes. Le Lazaret reçoit ses premiers pensionnaires en 1865. Des lettres adressées à Benoît par des pasteurs du Sud-Ouest  témoignent de leurs préoccupations.

Il meurt le  et il est inhumé au cimetière marin de Sète.

Distinctions

 , 1904

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Le Lazaret (Sète)
 Temple protestant de Sète

Liens externes

Pasteur réformé
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur décoré en 1904
Naissance en mai 1829
Naissance à Nîmes
Décès en août 1908
Décès à Sète
Décès à 79 ans

Lucien Benoit


ශක්‍යතා වාර්තාව පිළිබදව ව්‍යාපෘතිය භාර කමිටුව මගින් නව පද්ධතියක අවශ්‍යතාව ගැන සෑහීමකට පත්වුවහොත් ඒ පිළිබදව සවිස්තරාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක යෙදීමට ව්‍යාපෘති කමිටුව තීරණය කරයි. ඒ අනුව ශක්‍යතා අධ්‍යයන වාර්තාව ඔස්සේ ලබාදී ඇති කරුණු තව දුරටත්  විමර්ශනයට ලක්කෙරේ. නව පද්ධතියේ අරමුණු, ඊට අදාල විෂය සන්ධාරය,අවශ්‍ය වන භෞතික හා මානව සම්පත්,සහ යෝජිත නව පද්ධතිය සංවර්ධනය කිරීමේදී ඇතිවිය හැකි ගැටළු හා සීමා ආදිය පිළිබදව මෙහදී විශේෂයෙන් සලකා බලනු ලැබේ. එසේම පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණ ක‍්‍රියාවලියේ දී ආයතනයේ ව්‍යුහය පිළිබඳවත් , කළමනාකරණ මට්ටම් සහ මෙහෙයුම් මට්ටම් පිළිබදවත්, සවිස්තරාත්මක තොරතුරු රැස්කර ගැනීමක්  සිදු කරනු ලැබේ. ඊට හේතුව යෝජිත නව පද්ධතිය මගින් කළමනාකරුවන්ගේ සහ පරිශීලකයන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතා සපුරාලිය යුතු වීමය. ඒ අනුව පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණ අවධියේදී දත්ත එක්රැස් කිරීම සහ දත්ත තොරතුරු බවට පත්කිරීම තුළින් පද්ධතියේ අවශ්‍යතා සවිස්තරාත්මකව විමර්ශනයට ලක් කෙරේ.(RS)

පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණය (Systems Analysis)


Minas do Sul foi uma tentativa revolucionária de separar o região Sul de Minas Gerais em 31 de janeiro de 1892, prevendo a criação de uma nova unidade federativa no Brasil, restaurando os ideais propostos sobre a Província de Minas do Sul. Juntamente com a proclamação da Junta Governativa nasceu o periódico Minas do Sul, para ser seu órgão oficial e para sustentar e defender a criação do novo estado.

História
O movimento separatista constituiu-se uma Junta Governativa composta pelos líderes Martiniano da Fonseca Reis Brandão, José Luiz Pompeu da Silva, Manoel de Oliveira Andrade, Francisco Bressane de Azevedo e Joaquim de Oliveira, os separatistas criaram a bandeira do novo estado hasteada no dia 27 de fevereiro, na Praça 13 de maio, antigo Largo das Dores (atual Praça Doutor Jefferson de Oliveira), em Campanha. Criaram o Hino Patriótico, formaram o batalhão patriótico de voluntários denominado Batalhão Tiradentes e exerceram pressão política pelo imediato reconhecimento federal.

A cidade de Campanha foi escolhida como capital temporária, onde o movimento foi aclamado por mais de 500 pessoas. Mais adiante, em Viçosa, não ultrapassou os limites do "urbano", onde apenas uma parte da população da própria cidade teria se envolvido, ao contrário de Campanha, em que se logrou proporções maiores, portanto, os separatistas da Campanha não conseguiram agregar todas as municipalidades da região Sul de Minas. O projeto de separação já não agradava tanto a todas as elites dessa região, seja pela radicalização, seja pela disputa de interesses políticos e econômicos com outros municípios como Pouso Alegre, Varginha, Alfenas e Lavras que começavam a se despontar, algumas delas com uma dinâmica mais consistente da produção do café ou de gado como Três Corações, ainda que essa última tenha dado apoio ao movimento.

Os membros da Junta Governativa aguardavam uma rápida manifestação favorável do governo federal brasileiro, que deveria reconhecer a divisão do estado de Minas Gerais e sancionar, no menor prazo, a separação do território de além rio Grande, que a partir de então constituiria o novo estado de Minas do Sul. Em 6 de fevereiro de 1892, o senador Silviano Brandão e o deputado Adalberto Ferraz enviaram nota publicada no Jornal do Commercio em que afirmavam que a Junta Governativa, em Campanha, havia declarado ter o apoio do governo federal para aclamar a separação do território a fim de constituir o estado de Minas do Sul e que, a ideia teria sido aceita pela maioria da população. Ambos consideravam a separação "infeliz e antipatriótica", pois mutilava Minas Gerais.

O movimento foi dissolvido no mesmo ano. Apesar de não ter conseguido conquistar seus objetivos, o conjunto desses acontecimentos levou Cesário Alvim a renunciar à presidência de Minas Gerais em 9 de fevereiro de 1892.

Decreto Nº 1
A Junta Governativa publicou o Decreto Nº 1, datado de 20 de fevereiro de 1892, em que "decreta" o desmembramento do estado de Minas Gerais e a criação do estado de Minas do Sul, autônomo e independente:

Artigo 1º
Fica desmembrado do estado de Minas Gerais o território d'aquém rio Grande e com o mesmo território constituído o estado de Minas do Sul, autônomo e independente, mas incorporado à República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil.

Artigo 2º
São garantidos os direitos constitucionais dos cidadãos, e mantidas: integralmente, as leis federais; e, até resolução contrária do poder competente, as leis do Estado de Minas Gerais, na parte em que não contrariem a organização do novo estado.

Artigo 3º
O estado será dividido em cantões, compostos de municípios e estes de comunas, todos também autônomos e independentes nos negócios de seu peculiar interesse.

Artigo 4º
Votada a Constituição do estado, cada uma d"essas circunscrições, no exercício de sua legítima soberania decretará, por seu turno, a sua constituição, elegendo os seus corpos deliberantes e os seus governos.

Artigo 5º
Enquanto pelos meios regulares, não for votada a constituição do estado e eleitas as legislaturas de cada um dos cantões, será regido o estado por esta Junta Governativa e os cantões por governos locais delegados da mesma Junta.

Artigo 6º
A cidade da Campanha fica sendo a capital provisória do Estado.

Artigo 7
A Junta Governativa Provisória escolherá dentre si o seu presidente e o seu vicepresidente, servindo os outros membros de secretários de Estado.

Artigo 8
Ficam desde já criadas três secretarias de Estado, pelas quais serão distribuídos, desde logo, os serviços concernentes à administração do Estado, a saber: da Fazenda, do Interior; Justiça, Polícia e Instrução Pública e da Agricultura, Comércio e obras Públicas.

Artigo 9º
Aos Secretários de Estado, na parte que à [sic] cada um pertença, incumbe a organização e direção das respectivas repartições.

Artigo 10º
O presente Decreto entrará em vigor desde o dia da sua publicação na folha oficial do estado.

Artigo 11º
Aos secretários de estado na parte que à [sic] cada um competir, fica incumbida a execução do presente decreto.

Ver também

 Minas do Sul
 Província do Rio Sapucaí
 Província de Minas do Sul

História de Minas Gerais
Propostas de criação de unidades federativas do Brasil

Estado de Minas do Sul


Raionul Primorski este o parte componentă a municipiului Varna, creat de Adunarea Națională a Bulgariei prin Legea privind diviziunea teritorială a municipiului Sofia și a marilor orașe. Primarul este Petya Prodanova.

Raionul este situat în partea de nord-est a orașului Varna. Este al treilea raion ca populație ( locuitori) în Bulgaria, după raioanele Liulin și Mladost din Sofia.

Aici funcționează 88 școli superioare și 20 de școli primare și secundare, precum și 22 de grădinițe. Există, de asemenea, 7 spitale și policlinici. Pe teritoriul său se află stațiunile maritime Nisipurile de Aur, Sf. Konstantin și Elena, Ceaika și Euxinograd.

Palatul Sporturilor și Culturii se numără printre atracțiile din raion, cu sala sa de  de vizitatori, în care în mod tradițional găzduiește meciuri internaționale echipa națională de volei a Bulgariei.

Partea slabă a infrastructurii regiunii este lipsa autostrăzilor, precum și un număr insuficient de pasaje, ceea ce exacerbează trafic intens. Mai mult de 150 de grădini din Grădina Mării din Varna au fost vândute oamenilor de afaceri..

Galerie

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Raioanele orașului Varna

Raionul Primorski (Varna)


Kosmos 2214, ruski vojni komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos.  Vrste je Strijela-3.
Lansiran je 20. listopada 1992. godine u 12:58 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji, startnog kompleksa br. 32. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Ciklon-3 11K68. Orbita mu je 1412 km u perigeju i 1423 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,59°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 22185 COSPARova oznaka je 1992-068-D. Zemlju obilazi u 114,16 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 220 kg.

Dio paketa od ukupno šest lansiranih satelita. Jedan dio se odvojio i u niskoj je orbiti oko Zemlje.

Sateliti ove vrste bili su namijenjeni vojnim i vladinim komunikacijama. To su bili jednostavni repetitorski sustavi pohrane i otpuštanja koji su osobito bili korisni u prosljeđivanju neesencijalna prometa između Ruske Federacije i prekomorskih postaja ili snaga. Pri lansiranju bilo je šest svemirskih letjelica na svakom lansirnom vozilu. Dvije orbitalne ravnine odvojene su 90 stupnjeva i u svakoj je bilo 10 - 12 operativnih svemirskih letjelica. U normalnim okolnostima izvodilo se dvije misije godišnje, što znači da je prosječni životni vijek svemirske letjelice trebao biti oko 24 mjeseca. Svemirska letjelica bila je teška 220 kg, promjera 1 metra i visina glavnog busa 1,5 metar. U orbiti je bila ispružena gravitacijsko-gradijentska antena radi omogućavanja stabilizacije.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1992 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2214


حب من نار فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1958، من إخراج حسن الإمام، وأداء شادية وشكري سرحان ويوسف فخر الدين.

تمثيل

 شادية
 شكري سرحان
 يوسف فخر الدين
 حسين رياض
 وداد حمدي
 عبد المنعم إبراهيم
 حامد مرسي
 إستيفان روستي
 عدلي كاسب
 رياض القصبجي

أغاني الفيلم

 إحنا لها
 أحمد ومحمد شغلوني

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام شادية
أفلام حسين رياض
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1958
أفلام رياض القصبجي

حب من نار (فيلم)


Afrodizija (grčki:  Ἀφροδισιάς) je starogrčki grad u povijesnoj pokrajini Kariji, u dolini gornjeg toka rijeke Morsynus u današnjoj zapadnoj Turskoj, oko 100 km istočno od Egejskog mora. Afrodizija je dobila ime po Afroditi, starogrčkoj božici ljubavi, koja je u ovom mjestu imala kultni prikaz, "Afroditu Afrodizijačku". Arheološki lokalitet starog grada, kao i kamenolom mramora sjeveroistočno od grada, upisani su 2017. godine na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Europi zbog brojnih sačuvanih i jedinstvenih kamenih spomenika.

Povijest

Prema bizantskoj enciklopediji, Sudi (10. st.), Afrodizija je prije 3. stoljeća pr. Kr. bila poznata kao Lelégōn Pólis (Λελέγων πόλις, tj. "Grad Lelega"), Megálē Pólis (Μεγάλη Πόλις, "Veliki grad"), i Ninóē (Νινόη), prema asirskom vladaru koji je navodno osnovao grad, Ninu, a koji je osnovao i grad Ninivu u Asiriji. U 2. stoljeću pr. Kr. grad se obogatio zahvaljujući kamenolima bijelog i plavosivog mramora i velikom umjetničkom produkcijom domaćih kipara. Kada su Rimljani osvojili Kariju, oko 39. ili 40. pr. Kr., Afrodizija je dobila posebne povlastice rimske provincijske uprave (imunitet od rimskih poreza i pravo na azil), jer su građani tijekom rimskog građanskog rata zadržali dobre odnose s rimskom vlasti.

Afrodizijski kipari su svoje skulpture izvozili širom Rimskog Carstva, pa su brojne figure od afridizijskog marmora pronađene posvuda, pa čak i u gradu Pax Julia u Luzitaniji, današnja Beja u Portugalu.
U Afrodiziji je koncem 2. stoljeću rođen Aleksandar Afrodizijski, slavni naučavatelj peripatetičke filozofije i komentator Aristotelova djela.

Afrodizija je bila dominantno kršćanska još od 4. stoljeća, što je dovelo do osude kulta Afrodite i pretvaranja Afroditina hrama u crkvu. Bizantska vlast je oko 640. godine grad preimenovala u Stauroúpolis (Σταυρούπολις, "Grad križa"). Grad je do 6. stoljeća imao oko 20 biskupa, a u 7. stoljeću 28 sufraganskih biskupa koji su pripali Miletskoj nadbiskupiji. Navodi se kako je Izaija iz Stauropolisa pohodio Firentinski koncil 1439. godine, ali je pobjegao prije potpisivanja dogovorenog sporazuma.

Grad su potresli teški zemljotresi u 7. i 13. stoljeću, što je dovelo do propasti grada. Od 15. stoljeća ponovno je ponovno naseljena, ali u obližnjem selu Geyre.

Prva iskopavanja od 1904. – 1905. izvedena su u organizaciji francuskog željezničkog inženjera Pavaa Gaudina. Od 1962. godine preuzela je ekipa sa Sveučilišta u New Yorku, koju je u početku vodio Kenan Erim, a sada pod R.R.R. Smith (Sveučilište u Oxfordu). Oni su otkrili da je opsežnu izgradnju grada poduzeoGaj Julije Zoil, lokalni Grk koji je bio rob Gaja Julija Cezara, a kojega je oslobodio car August.

Znamenitosti

Brojne i dobro očuvane ruševine Afrodizije čine jedan od najvažnijih arheoloških nalazišta u istočnom Mediteranu iz grčko-rimskog doba.

Ostaci Afroditinog hrama iz 1. stoljeća pr. Kr. su još uvijek vidljivi. Za vladavina careva Augusta i Hadrijana, hram je dodatno proširen i preuređen. U 5. stoljeću je pretvoren u crkvu. U blizini Afrodizije su tetrapilon, odeon i biskupska palača, agora, kazalište, stadion, Hadrijanove terme i Sebasteion (gdje se štovao carski kult).

Mjesni muzej sadrži bogatu zbirku antičkih kipova iz grada. Posebno su zanimljivi reljefi sebasteiona, Afroditinog hrama i konjanički kip Troila (Prijamova sina) koji je izvorno stajao ispred bazilike.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice mjesta
 Iskapanja Afrodizije (NYU)

Starogrčki gradovi u Turskoj
Rimski gradovi u Turskoj
Svjetska baština u Turskoj

Afrodizija