Harold "Harry" Lloyd Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was an American statesman, public administrator, and presidential advisor. A trusted deputy to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Hopkins directed New Deal relief programs before serving as the eighth United States secretary of commerce from 1938 to 1940 and as Roosevelt's chief foreign policy advisor and liaison to Allied leaders during World War II. During his career, Hopkins supervised the New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration, which he built into the largest employer in the United States. He later oversaw the $50 billion Lend-Lease program of military aid to the Allies and, as Roosevelt's personal envoy, played a pivotal role in shaping the alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom.

Born in Iowa, Hopkins settled in New York City after he graduated from Grinnell College. He accepted a position in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare and worked for various social work and public health organizations. He was elected president of the National Association of Social Workers in 1923. In 1931, New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration chairman Jesse I. Straus hired Hopkins as the agency's executive director. His successful leadership of the program earned the attention of then-New York Governor Roosevelt, who brought Hopkins into his federal administration after he won the 1932 presidential election. Hopkins enjoyed close relationships with President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and was considered a potential successor to the president until the late 1930s, when his health began to decline due to a long-running battle with stomach cancer.

As Roosevelt's closest confidant, Hopkins assumed a leading foreign policy role after the outset of World War II. From 1940 until 1943, Hopkins lived in the White House and assisted the president in the management of American foreign policy, particularly toward the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. He traveled frequently to the United Kingdom, whose prime minister, Winston Churchill, recalled Hopkins in his memoirs as a "natural leader of men" with "a flaming soul." Hopkins attended the major conferences of the Allied powers, including the Casablanca Conference (January 1943), the Cairo Conference (November 1943), the Tehran Conference (November–December 1943), and the Yalta Conference (February 1945). His health continued to decline, and he died in 1946 at the age of 55.

Early life
Hopkins was born at 512 Tenth Street in Sioux City, Iowa, the fourth child of four sons and one daughter of David Aldona and Anna (née Pickett) Hopkins. His father, born in Bangor, Maine, ran a harness shop (after an erratic career as a salesman, prospector, storekeeper, and bowling-alley operator), but his real passion was bowling, and he eventually returned to it as a business. Anna Hopkins, born in Hamilton, Ontario, had moved at an early age to Vermillion, South Dakota, where she married David. She was deeply religious and active in the affairs of the Methodist church. Shortly after Harry was born, the family moved successively to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Kearney and Hastings, Nebraska. They spent two years in Chicago and finally settled in Grinnell, Iowa.

Hopkins attended Grinnell College and soon after his graduation in 1912 took a job with Christodora House, a social settlement house in New York City's Lower East Side ghetto. In the spring of 1913, he accepted a position from John A. Kingsbury of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor (AICP) as a "friendly visitor" and superintendent of the Employment Bureau within the AICP's Department of Family Welfare. During the 1915 recession, Hopkins and the AICP's William Matthews, with $5,000 from Elizabeth Milbank Anderson's Milbank Memorial Fund, organized the Bronx Park Employment program, which was one of the first public employment programs in the US.

Social and public health work
In 1915, New York City Mayor John Purroy Mitchel appointed Hopkins executive secretary of the Bureau of Child Welfare which administered pensions to mothers with dependent children.

Hopkins at first opposed America's entrance into World War I, but, when war was declared in 1917, he supported it enthusiastically. He was rejected for the draft because of a bad eye. Hopkins moved to New Orleans where he worked for the American Red Cross as director of Civilian Relief, Gulf Division. Eventually, the Gulf Division of the Red Cross merged with the Southwestern Division and Hopkins, headquartered now in Atlanta, was appointed general manager in 1921. Hopkins helped draft a charter for the American Association of Social Workers (AASW) and was elected its president in 1923.

In 1922, Hopkins returned to New York City, where the AICP was involved with the Milbank Memorial Fund and the State Charities Aid Association in running three health demonstrations in New York State. Hopkins became manager of the Bellevue-Yorkville health project and assistant director of the AICP.  In mid-1924 he became executive director of the New York Tuberculosis Association. During his tenure, the agency grew enormously and absorbed the New York Heart Association.

In 1931, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt named R. H. Macy's department store president Jesse Straus as president of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA).  Straus named Hopkins, then unknown to Roosevelt, as TERA's executive director.  His efficient administration of the initial $20 million outlay to the agency gained Roosevelt's attention, and in 1932, he promoted Hopkins to the presidency of the agency.   Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt began a long friendship, which strengthened his role in relief programs.

New Deal
In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts, Hopkins sought to continue and expand New York State's work relief programs, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. He supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief. He feuded with Harold Ickes, who ran a rival program, the Public Works Administration, which also created jobs by contracting private construction firms, which did not require applicants to be unemployed or on relief.

FERA, the largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. CWA was similar but did not require workers to be on relief to receive a government-sponsored job. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built and repaired 200 swimming pools, 3,700 playgrounds, 40,000 schools,  of road, and 12 million feet of sewer pipe.

The WPA, which followed the CWA, employed 8.5 million people in its seven-year history, working on 1.4 million projects, including the building or repair of 103 golf courses, 1,000 airports, 2,500 hospitals, 2,500 sports stadiums, 3,900 schools, 8,192 parks, 12,800 playgrounds, 124,031 bridges, 125,110 public buildings, and  of highways and roads. The WPA operated on its own on selected projects in co-operation with local and state governments, but always with its own staff and budget. Hopkins started programs for youth (National Youth Administration) and for artists and writers (Federal One Programs). Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but increasingly focused on cities in the Great Depression.

Before Hopkins began to decline from his struggle with stomach cancer in the late 1930s, Roosevelt appeared to be training him as a possible successor. With the advent of World War II in Europe, however, Roosevelt ran again in 1940 and won an unprecedented third term.

World War II

On May 10, 1940, after a long night and day spent discussing the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg that had ended the so-called "Phoney War," Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for dinner and then the night in a second-floor White House bedroom. Hopkins would live out of the bedroom for the next three-and-a-half years.
On December 7, 1941, at 1:40 pm, Hopkins was in the Oval Study, in the White House, having lunch with President Roosevelt, when Roosevelt received the first report that Pearl Harbor had been attacked via phone from Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox.  Initially, Hopkins was skeptical of the news until Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Harold Rainsford Stark called a few minutes later to confirm Pearl Harbor had in fact been attacked.

During the war years, Hopkins acted as Roosevelt's chief emissary to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In January 1941, Roosevelt dispatched Hopkins to assess Britain's determination and situation. Churchill escorted the important visitor all over the United Kingdom. Before he returned, at a small dinner party in the North British Hotel, Glasgow, Hopkins rose to propose a toast: "I suppose you wish to know what I am going to say to President Roosevelt on my return. Well I am going to quote to you one verse from the Book of Ruth ... 'Whither thou goest, I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge, thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.'"  Hopkins became the administrator of the Lend-Lease program, under which the United States gave to Britain and Soviet Union, China, and other Allied nations food, oil, and materiel including warships, warplanes and weaponry. Repayment was primarily in the form of Allied military action against the enemy, as well as leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory used by American forces.

Hopkins had a major voice in policy for the vast $50 billion Lend-Lease program, especially regarding supplies, first for Britain and then, upon the German invasion, the Soviets. He went to Moscow in July 1941 to make personal contact with Joseph Stalin. Hopkins recommended and Roosevelt accepted the inclusion of the Soviets in Lend Lease. Hopkins made Lend Lease decisions in terms of Roosevelt's broad foreign policy goals. He accompanied Churchill to the Atlantic Conference. Hopkins promoted an aggressive war against Germany and successfully urged Roosevelt to use the Navy to protect convoys headed for Britain before the US had entered the war in December 1941. Roosevelt brought him along as advisor to his meetings with Churchill and Stalin at Cairo, Tehran, Casablanca in 1942–43, and Yalta in 1945.

He was a firm supporter of China, which received Lend-Lease aid for its military and air force. Hopkins wielded more diplomatic power than the entire State Department. Hopkins helped identify and sponsor numerous potential leaders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower. He continued to live in the White House and saw the President more often than any other advisor.
In mid-1943, Hopkins faced a barrage of criticism from Republicans and the press that he had abused his position for personal profit. One Representative asserted that British media tycoon Lord Beaverbrook had given Hopkins's wife, Louise, $500,000 worth of emeralds, which Louise denied. Newspapers ran stories detailing sumptuous dinners that Hopkins attended while he was making public calls for sacrifice. Hopkins briefly considered suing the Chicago Tribune for libel after a story that compared him to Grigory Rasputin, the famous courtier of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, but he was dissuaded by Roosevelt.

Although Hopkins's health was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945. Hopkins attended the Yalta Conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died, but President Harry S. Truman sent Hopkins on one more mission to Moscow.

Hopkins had three sons who served in the armed forces during the war: Robert, David and Stephen. Stephen was killed in action while he was serving in the Marine Corps.

Relations with Soviet Union

Hopkins was the top American official assigned to dealing with Soviet officials during World War II. He liaised with Soviet officials from the middle ranks to the very highest, including Stalin. Anastas Mikoyan was Hopkins' counterpart with responsibility for Lend-Lease. He often explained Roosevelt's plans to Stalin and other top Soviet officials to enlist Soviet support for American objectives, an endeavor that met with limited success. A particularly striking example of bad faith was Moscow's refusal to allow American naval experts to see the German experimental U-boat station at Gdynia captured on March 28, 1945, and thus to help the protection of the very convoys that carried Lend-Lease aid. In turn, Hopkins passed on Stalin's stated goals and needs to Roosevelt. As the top American decision maker in Lend-Lease, he gave priority to supplying the Soviet Union, despite repeated objections from Republicans. As Soviet soldiers were bearing the brunt of the war, Hopkins felt that American aid to the Soviets would hasten the war's conclusion.

On August 10, 1943, he spoke about the USSR's decisive role in the war, saying that "Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces."

Hopkins continued to be a target of attacks even after his death. George Racey Jordan testified to the House Un-American Activities Committee in December 1949 that Hopkins passed nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Historians do not cite Jordan as credible since at the time Jordan claimed to have met with Hopkins in Washington regarding uranium shipments, Hopkins was in intensive care at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. In 1963, the FBI concluded that Jordan "either lied for publicity and profit or was delusional." According to historian Sean McMeekin, in his recent book Stalin's War (2021), "Many US lend-lease records, including the correspondence of Hopkins and Edward Stettinius Jr and the minutes of the Soviet protocol committee, were declassified in the 1970s, long after opinions about Soviet espionage had hardened into dogma.  These files are now open, and they confirm the veracity of nearly all of Jordan's claims, except for his allegation that Hopkins's actions were illegal".

It is likely that any Soviets who spoke to Hopkins would have been routinely required to report the contact to the NKVD, the Soviet national security agency. Eduard Mark (1998) says that some Soviets, such as spymaster Iskhak Akhmerov, thought that Hopkins was pro-Soviet, but others thought that he was not. Verne W. Newton, the author of FDR and the Holocaust, said that no writer discussing Hopkins has identified any secrets disclosed or any decision in which he distorted American priorities to help communism. As Mark demonstrated, Hopkins was not pro-Soviet in his recommendations to Roosevelt; he was anti-German and pro-American. Any "secrets" disclosed were authorized. Mark says that at the time, any actions were taken specifically to help the American war effort and to prevent the Soviets from making a deal with Hitler.

It is currently considered likely that Laurence Duggan was the titular agent "19" mentioned in the Venona Project  decryptions of Soviet cables. Hopkins may simply have been naïve in his estimation of Soviet intentions. The historian Robert Conquest wrote that "Hopkins seems just to have accepted an absurdly fallacious stereotype of Soviet motivation, without making any attempt whatever to think, or to study the readily available evidence, or to seek the judgement of the knowledgeable. He conducted policy vis-a-vis Stalin with mere dogmatic confidence in his own (and his circle's) unshakeable sentiments."

Personal life
In 1913, Hopkins married Ethel Gross (1886–1976), a Hungarian-Jewish immigrant active in New York City's Progressive movement. They had three sons: David, Robert, and Stephen, (they had lost an infant daughter to whooping cough)  and though Gross divorced Hopkins in 1930 shortly before Hopkins became a public figure, the two kept up an intimate correspondence until 1945. In 1931, Hopkins married Barbara Duncan, who died of cancer six years later. They had one daughter, Diana (1932–2020). In 1942, Hopkins married Louise Gill Macy (1906–1963) in the Yellow Oval Room at the White House.  Macy was a divorced, gregarious former editor for Harper's Bazaar. The two continued to live at the White House at Roosevelt's request, though Louise eventually demanded a home of their own. Hopkins ended his long White House stay on December 21, 1943, moving with his wife to a Georgetown townhouse.

Cancer and death
In mid-1939, Hopkins was told that he had stomach cancer, and doctors performed an extensive operation that removed 75% of his stomach. What remained of Hopkins's stomach struggled to digest proteins and fat, and a few months after the operation, doctors stated that he had only four weeks to live. At this point, Roosevelt brought in experts, who transfused Hopkins with blood plasma that halted his deterioration. When the "Phoney War" phase of World War II ended in May 1940, the situation galvanized Hopkins; as Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote, "the curative impact of Hopkins' increasingly crucial role in the war effort was to postpone the sentence of death the doctors had given him for five more years".

Though his death has been attributed to his stomach cancer, some historians have suggested that it was the cumulative malnutrition related to his post-cancer digestive problems. Another suggestion is that Hopkins died from liver failure due to hepatitis or cirrhosis, but Robert Sherwood authoritatively reported that Hopkins' postmortem examination showed the cause of death was hemosiderosis due to hepatic iron accumulation from his many blood transfusions and iron supplements. James A. Halsted, a medical doctor, noted nutrition researcher, and the third husband of Franklin D. Roosevelt's daughter Anna Roosevelt Halsted, concluded that "in light of all the available facts up to his death in 1946, it seems justifiable to speculate that he had non-tropical sprue or adult celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)."

Hopkins died in New York City on January 29, 1946, at the age of 55. His body was cremated and his ashes interred in his former college town at the Hazelwood Cemetery in Grinnell, Iowa. There is a house on the Grinnell College campus named after him and his childhood home, with a plaque, is located at Sixth Avenue and Elm Street.

References

West, Diana. "American Betrayal" =(2014)

Further reading

 Adams, Henry Hitch. Harry Hopkins: A Biography (1977)
 Bremer, William W. "Along the 'American Way': The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed," Journal of American History Vol. 62, No. 3 (Dec. 1975), pp. 636–652 in JSTOR
 Hopkins, June. "The road not taken: Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, 2(306–316). online edition

Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943) online edition
 Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl. "Harry Hopkins and Soviet Espionage" Intelligence & National Security (Nov 2014) 29#6 pp 864–879.
Kurzman, Paul A. Harry Hopkins and the New Deal, R. E. Burdick Publishers (1974)
 Leebaert,  Derek. Unlikely Heroes: Franklin Roosevelt, His Four Lieutenants, and the World They Made (2023); on Perkins, Ickes, Wallace and Hopkins.

Meacham, Jon. Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship Random House (2003).
 McJimsey, George. "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd" in American National Biography Online (2000)
McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (1987), biography.
 Meriam, Lewis. Relief and Social Security. The Brookings Institution. (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages online edition
Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize; published in England as The White House Papers Of Harry L. Hopkins Vol. I (1948) to Jan 1942;  online vol 1 to Jan 1942
Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000) online edition
Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2005)
Smith, Jean Edward. FDR, Random House (2007) scholarly biography
 Williams, Edward Ainsworth. Federal Aid for Relief (1939) online edition
"Harry Lloyd Hopkins". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 4: 1946–1950. American Council of Learned Societies, 1974.
World War II
Allen, R.G.D. "Mutual Aid between the U.S. and the British Empire, 1941–5", in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society no. 109 #3, 1946. pp 243–77 in JSTOR  detailed statistical data on Lend Lease
Clarke, Sir Richard. Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942–1949. (1982), British perspective
 Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (2nd ed. 1995) standard scholarly survey online
Dawson, Raymond H. The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941: Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics (1959)
Dobson, Alan P. U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, 1940–1946 London, 1986.

Herring Jr. George C. Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (1973) online edition
Kimball, Warren F. The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 (1969).
Kimball, Warren F. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II," Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 34#1 (2004) pp 83+.
Louis, William Roger. Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945. 1977.
 MacManus, James.  Sleep in Peace Tonight, (Thomas Dunne Books, New York 2014), , A novel about Hopkins in London in 1941
O'Sullivan, Christopher.  Harry Hopkins: FDR's Envoy to Churchill and Stalin. (Rowman and Littlefield 2014)
Reynolds, David. The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937–1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation (1981)
Roll, David.  The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2012)  excerpt and text search and author webcast presentation
 Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize.
 Tuttle, Dwight William. Harry L. Hopkins and Anglo-American-Soviet Relations, 1941–1945 (1983)
Woods, Randall Bennett. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946 (1990)

External links

 Svetlana Chervonnaya, "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd (1890–1946),"  Documents Talk: A Non-Definitive History, www.documentstalk.com/
Harry Hopkins Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

United States Secretaries of Commerce
+
People of the New Deal arts projects
Works Progress Administration administrators
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
1890 births
1946 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Politicians from Sioux City, Iowa
American diplomats
Grinnell College alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
New York (state) Democrats
People in public health
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
Civilian recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)

Harry Hopkins


Rinka es una cascada en el valle de Logar, en el Municipio de Solčava en el país europeo de Eslovenia. Es una fuente del río Savinja. Se le ha declarado como un patrimonio natural.

Rinka es una de las cascadas más bellas y más conocidas en Eslovenia. También es un popular destino turístico. Es la más alta de los 20 saltos de agua en el Valle de Logar. Es visitado en todas las estaciones del año. En el invierno es popular entre los escaladores de hielo. La mejor vista de la cascada es desde la silla Kamnik (Kamniško sedlo).

Véase también
Geografía de Eslovenia
Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Cascadas de Eslovenia

Rinka


صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة ويعرف اختصاراً باسم يونيفَم "UNIFEM" تأسس في ديسمبر 1976.
تأسس بعيد إنشاء صندوق للتبرعات أثناء الاحتفال بعام المرأة العالمي الذي احتفل به طوال 1975. وكانت مديرته الأولى هي الدكتورة مارغريت سنايدر. ويقوم البرنامج على توفير المساعدات الاقتصادية والتقنية للبرامج المبتكرة والاستراتيجيات التي ترقى وتحفز بالمرأة وحقوق الإنسان، المشاركة السياسية وتمكين المرأة اقتصادياً وتعزيز دورها داخل المجتمع لضمان حياة آمنة. إضافةً إلى دعم القدرات المؤسسية في مجالات التخطيط الجندري وإدماج النوع الاجتماعي في إدارة الحكم

منذ عام 1976 دعم البرنامج تمكين المرأة والمساواة بين الجنسين من خلال مكاتب البرنامج والصلات التي تربطه بالمنظمات النسائية في المناطق الرئيسية في العالم.

ويوجد للصندوق 15 مكتباً إقليمياً وبالنسبة للدول العربية فيتواجد للصندوق مكتب إقليمي فرعي في عمان (الأردن) تأسس عام 1994 ويغطي كل من: البحرين، مصر، العراق، الكويت، الأردن، لبنان، الأراضي الفلسطينية المحتلة، عمان، قطر، العربية السعودية، سوريا، الإمارات العربية المتحدة واليمن.
وبالنسبة لشمال أفريقيا فيوجد بها مكتب إقليمي فرعي في الرباط (المغرب) يغطي كل من: ليبيا، تونس، الجزائر، المغرب وموريتانيا.

في عام 1996 تم تعيين الأميرة بسمة بنت طلال من الأردن كسفيرة يونيفم للنوايا الحسنة وفي 26 يناير 2006 عُينت الممثلة الأسترالية نيكول كيدمان كسفيرة الصندوق للنوايا الحسنة.

نظرة عامة
عمل صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة كمنظمة مستقلة ذاتيًا وبشكل وثيق مع برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، رغم أن القرار حدد كيف يجب أن تكمّل موارد الصندوق، مسؤوليات وكالات التعاون الإنمائي الأخرى التابعة للأمم المتحدة، لا أن تكون بديلًا عنها. ساعد صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في تمويل المشاريع التي ساعدت النساء وأسرهن. وضع صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة إستراتيجية لمساعدة النساء ليصبحن «وكيلات أنفسهن للتغير بدلًا من مستفيدات من الأعمال الخيرية».

ساهم صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في ضمان اتباع برامج الأمم المتحدة للمبادئ التوجيهية التي وضعتها اتفاقية القضاء على جميع أشكال التمييز ضد المرأة (سيداو)، كما شارك صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في الاعتراف بحقوق المرأة باعتبارها من حقوق الإنسان. دعا الصندوق إلى المساواة بين الجنسين في جميع أنحاء العالم، كما نظر إلى قضية حقوق المرأة على أنها قضية سلام وأمن.

عمل صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة بميزانية من التبرعات، وكان مقره في مدينة نيويورك. مُثّلت مختلف البلدان والمناطق بلجان خاصة داخل صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة. عُدّ صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة إحدى الوكالات الأصغر في الأمم المتحدة، وتمركز في مرتبة دنيا من التسلسل الهرمي للأمم المتحدة، وفقًا للسياسي الكندي ستيفن لويس.

لمحة تاريخية
أثّر المؤتمر العالمي الأول للمرأة في عام 1975 على إنشاء صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة. ارتأت حكومات العالم الحاجة إلى تخصيص موارد للتعامل مع قضايا المرأة بعد المؤتمر الأول. تأسس صندوق التبرعات لعقد الأمم المتحدة للمرأة (UNVFDW) من قبل الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في ديسمبر 1976 مباشرة بعد المؤتمر. بدأت مارغريت سنايدر العمل كقائدة للمنظمة عام 1978.

ثمانينيات القرن العشرين
مُنح صندوق التبرعات لعقد الأمم المتحدة للمرأة تفويضًا موسعًا من قبل الجمعية العامة في فبراير 1985، وأصبح صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة (UNIFEM). كُلّف الصندوق الجديد- بموجب القرار 125/39- بدعم الأنشطة المبتكرة والتحفيزية التي من شأنها أن تعطي صوتًا وحضورًا لنساء العالم النامي ومناصرتها.

تضاعف حجم تمويل مشاريع صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة بين عامي 1985-1988.

تسعينيات القرن العشرين
انهمك صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في توسيع نطاقه في تسعينيات القرن العشرين. بدأت المنظمة حملة للتعريف «بحقوق المرأة باعتبارها من حقوق الإنسان» والنظر إلى العنف ضد المرأة كقضية من قضايا التنمية الاقتصادية. عيّن صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة باحثين مثل روكسانا كاريلو لإظهار ارتباط العنف ضد المرأة بنقص وصول المرأة إلى الفرص الاقتصادية. أظهرت حملة «حقوق المرأة من حقوق الإنسان» فعاليتها بشكل خاص. بدأ صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة العمل في مشاريع للحد من العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي وكذلك زيادة الوعي بالمشكلة.

أنشأ صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة برنامج نساء أفريقيات في الأزمات (AFWIC) للتركيز على القضايا التي تواجه الناس في أفريقيا. ساعد البرنامج النساء اللاتي نزحن بسبب العنف أو حالات الطوارئ في بلدانهن. وسع البرنامج العمل الذي بدأه لاكتش ديراس في شرق إفريقيا.

ساعد عمل صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في صياغة القضايا التي تناولها المؤتمر العالمي الرابع للمرأة في عام 1995. قررت النساء في المؤتمر أنه من المهم «المطالبة بالسلطة الرسمية لصياغة السياسة العامة بشكل مباشر».

أنشأ صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة صندوق ائتماني للمساعدة في دعم 23 مشروعًا لمكافحة العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي وجرائم الحرب ضد المرأة. بدأ الصندوق في تمويل المشاريع في عام 1997.

مطلع عام 2000
منح برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة «مركز الوكالة المنفذة» في عام 2000، وقد سمح ذلك للمنظمة بإكمال مشاريع برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي المتعلقة بحقوق المرأة والمساواة بين الجنسين والعمل عليها.

أصدر صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة تقرير السنتين الجديد بعنوان «تقدم نساء العالم في عام 2001». حدد التقرير ما حققه صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في العقود السابقة. أطلق صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة بالتعاون مع منظمة التنبيه الدولية جائزة السلام الألفية للمرأة في عام 2001.

طلبت نولين هيزر، رئيسة صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة، تشكيل لجنة دولية حول العنف ضد المرأة. عين صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة نيكول كيدمان سفيرة للنوايا الحسنة في 26 يناير 2006.

كانت إينيس ألبيردي آخر مديرة تنفيذية لصندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة.

مطلع عام 2010
دُمج صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة في هيئة الأمم المتحدة للمرأة في يناير عام 2011، كهيئة جامعة، مع معهد الأمم المتحدة الدولي للبحث والتدريب من أجل النهوض بالمرأة، ومكتب المستشار الخاص للقضايا الجندرية، وشعبة النهوض بالمرأة.

وصلات خارجية
 UNIFEM
 صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة / المكتب الإقليمي (بالعربية)
 Goodwill Embassy

مراجع

الهيئات الفرعية للجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة
برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي
مجموعة الأمم المتحدة الإنمائية
منظمات أسست في 1976
منظمات نسائية دولية

صندوق الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للمرأة


Wien Hauptbahnhof este gara centrală din Viena. Clădirea a fost dată în folosință în mai multe etape, între anii 2012-2015. Zilnic 145.000 de pasageri frecventează această gară. Pe zi opresc aici 1.100 de trenuri. Este cea mai frecventată gară de lung parcurs din Austria.

Din 14 decembrie 2014 toate trenurile de lung parcurs ale ÖBB din și în direcțiile nord, est și sud opresc aici. De la această dată, întregul trafic ÖBB de lungă distanță este dirijat de gara centrală; Gara de Vest a devenit o gară regională-ÖBB importantă pentru transportul local în și din partea de vest a Austria Inferioară. Realizarea gării Wien Hauptbahnhof ca gară de tranzit este parte a proiectului magistralei europene.

Trenuri internaționale directe
 Railjet Viena - München Hauptbahnhof
 ICE Viena - Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof
 Euronight Viena - Berlin Hauptbahnhof
 Railjet Viena - Praga
 Railjet Viena - Budapest Keleti
 REX Viena - Bratislava-Petrzalka
 Eurocity Viena - Zagreb
 Eurocity Viena - Belgrad
 Euronight Viena - București Nord
 Nightjet Viena - Venezia Santa Lucia
 Euronight Viena - Roma Termini

Note

Clădiri și structuri din Viena
Gări din Austria
Transportul feroviar în Austria

Wien Hauptbahnhof


Pe Bistrița la vale este un film românesc din 1984 regizat de Titus Mesaros.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1984 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1984

Pe Bistrița la vale


Yeşilyurt, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya

Kahramanmaraş iline  km, Andırın ilçesine  km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Yeşilyurt, Andırın


الكانتاو أو الكانتاو سيلات  و هو مصطلح يشير إلى أحد الفنون للدفاع عن النفس الذي تمارسه الجالية الصينية في جنوب شرق آسيا وعادة ما يتأثر ب«البنشاك سيلات» وتعني كلمة «الكانتاو» أسلوب القبضة وهي وسيلة قتالية صينية بحثة منتشرة في الصين وتايوان غير أن انتشار هذا الأسلوب ظل لقرون مقتصرا على المسافرين الصينيين الذين نشروه في الأماكن التي كانوا يزورونها كأندونيسيا وماليزيا وسنغافورة والفلبين.

ويعد «الكانتاو» أحد الأساليب القليلة التي لم تتغير كثيرا مع مرور الزمن رغم أنه كان لا بد من تكييفها مع البيئة الجديدة، والقتال في مختلف التضاريس المحلية وأساليب القتال، أو الدفاع عن القتال مع الأسلحة المحلية.
معظم أساليب «الكانتاو الأندونيسي» هي ناتجة عن دمج تقنيات «السيلات» حتى أن اسم «الكانتاو» تغير أحيانا إلى «السيلات» فعلى سبيل المثال هناك نوع من «الكانتاو» يدعى «كانتاو ليو سانغ» وهو ناتج عن دمج «الكانتاو والسيلات معا» وتمارسه العديد من القبائل العرقية الفلبينية.

أشكاله
 الكانتاو سيلات ينتشر في إندونسيا والصين
 المالابار كانتا ينتشر في ماليزيا
 الكانتاو أنجين ينتشر في الصين وأندونيسا
 الكانتاو الأمريكي ينتشر في الولايالت المتحدة والهند
 الطاليو كانتاو الأمريكي ينتشر في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والهند
 الكانتاو ليو سانغ ينتشر في الفلبين

انظر أيضًا
 بنشاك سيلات
 كاتيدا
 جودو
 كاراتيه

مراجع

سيلات
فنون قتالية إندونيسية
فنون قتالية بوذية
فنون قتالية صينية
فنون قتالية فلبينية

كانتاو


Rear Admiral Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock  (2 July 1862 – 1 November 1914) was an English senior officer of the Royal Navy. He earned a reputation for great gallantry.

Appointed to the royal yacht, he was close to the British royal family. Prior to the First World War, his combat service during the Mahdist War and the Boxer Rebellion was all ashore. Appointed Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station before the war, his mission was to protect Allied merchant shipping by hunting down German commerce raiders.

Late in 1914 he was tasked to search for and destroy the East Asia Squadron of the Imperial German Navy as it headed home around the tip of South America. Believing that he had no choice but to engage the squadron in accordance with his orders, despite his numerical and tactical inferiority, he was killed during the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Chile in November when the German ships sank his flagship.

Early life and career
Cradock was born at Hartforth, Richmond, North Riding of Yorkshire, on 2 July 1862, the fourth son of Christopher and Georgina Cradock (née Duff). He joined the Royal Navy's cadet training ship  on 15 January 1875 and was appointed to the armoured corvette  of the Mediterranean Station on 22 December 1876. Cradock was promoted to midshipman on 22 December 1877 and was present when the British occupied the island of Cyprus the following year. He was transferred to the ironclad  on 25 July 1879 and then to the corvette  on the China Station on 24 August 1880. Promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on 21 December 1881, Cradock returned to England on 6 March 1882 to prepare for his lieutenant's exams which he passed a year later. His rank confirmed, he then passed gunnery and torpedo courses later in 1883.

Cradock was assigned to the ironclad  in the Mediterranean after completing his courses and in 1884 was assigned to the naval brigade which had been formed for service during the Mahdist War. After serving in a support role during the war, he returned to his ship where he was promoted to lieutenant on 30 June 1885. Cradock was then appointed to the gunboat  as her first lieutenant and remained there until he was placed on half-pay on 9 May 1889. He was briefly recalled to active duty aboard the new battleship  to help during her shakedown cruise and to prepare her for the fleet review in Spithead in August. Cradock then spent a year on the corvette , assigned to the Training Squadron. During this time, he published his first book, Sporting Notes from the East, about the shooting of game.

On 6 September 1890, Cradock was appointed first lieutenant of the sloop-of-war  which arrived in the Red Sea shortly afterwards. The Mahdist War had flared up again and the British formed the Eastern Sudan Field Force around the garrison at Suakin, on Sudan's Red Sea coast. Cradock was assigned to the force in 1891 and participated in the capture of Tokar. He then became aide-de-camp to Colonel Charles Holled Smith, Governor-General of the Red Sea Littoral and Commandant, Suakin. For his service in this campaign, he was awarded the Ottoman Empire's Order of the Medjidie, 4th Class and the Khedive's Star with the Tokar Clasp. After returning to Dolphin, Cradock helped to rescue the crew of the , which was wrecked on the coast of the Red Sea near Ras Zeith on 21 May 1893 during an around-the-world cadet cruise.

After a brief time on half-pay and another gunnery course, Cradock was appointed to the royal yacht  on 31 August 1894 and published his second book, Wrinkles in Seamanship, or, Help to a Salt Horse. He served as a pallbearer at the funeral of Prince Henry of Battenberg on 5 February 1896. Promoted to commander on 31 August, he became the second-in-command of HMS Britannia. Before the beginning of the Second Boer War in October 1899, Cradock was briefly transferred to the drill ship  to serve as a transport officer, supervising the loading of troops and supplies for South Africa, and was reduced to half-pay before the end of the year.

Command and flag rank
On 1 February 1900 he was appointed in command of the third-class cruiser , which was posted ater that year to the China Station during the Boxer Rebellion. He commanded a mixture of British, German and Japanese sailors during the capture of the Taku forts on 17 June, led a contingent of British and Italian sailors into the Tientsin on 23 June, and then led the naval brigade that relieved Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour's troops besieged in the Pei-yang Arsenal three days later. Cradock was promoted to captain effective 18 April 1901 and also received the Prussian Order of the Crown, 2nd Class with swords as a result of his actions. Alacrity arrived back in Britain on 32 July 1901 and Cradock was placed on half-pay.

On 24 March 1902 he was posted to the protected cruiser  on the Mediterranean Station, where from June that year he served as flag captain to Rear-Admiral Sir Baldwin Wake Walker, who commanded the fleet's cruiser squadron. Cradock was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 26 June. He assumed command of the armoured cruiser  on 20 December as Wake Walker shifted his flag to the ship, and Andromeda returned home. When King Edward VII visited Malta on 2 June 1903, he appointed Cradock a Member of the Royal Victorian Order. Off the coast of Sardinia, Cradock saved Prince Vudhijaya Chalermlabha, then serving as a midshipman in the Royal Navy, from drowning in April 1904. After the Dogger Bank Incident, Wake Walker commanded the cruisers, including Bacchante, shadowing the Russian Baltic Fleet as it steamed through the Mediterranean in October en route to the Far East. On 17 January 1905, Cradock assumed command of the armoured cruiser , but was invalided home on 17 June. He was on sick leave until September and was then placed on half-pay.

Cradock became captain of the battleship  on 17 July 1906 and was relieved on 6 August 1908, publishing his last book, Whispers from the Fleet, in 1907. During this time the Royal Navy was riven by the feud between the reforming First Sea Lord, Admiral Jackie Fisher and the traditionalist Admiral Charles Beresford and their followers. While Cradock's position on the issues dividing the navy are not positively known, a passage from Whispers from the Fleet may offer a clue: "... we require – and quickly too – some strong Imperial body of men who will straightway choke the irrepressible utterings of a certain class of individuals who, to their shame, are endeavouring to break down the complete loyalty and good comradeship that now exists in the service between the officers and the men; and who are also willing to commit the heinous crime of trifling with the sacred laws of naval discipline". After leaving command, he was again put on half-pay. He was appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to Edward VII in February 1909 although he remained on half-pay. On 1 July Cradock was appointed in command of the Royal Naval Barracks, Portsmouth and promoted to Commodore second class while retaining his duties as aide-de-camp. Edward VII died on 6 May 1910 and Cradock stayed on until the end of October to assist his newly crowned son, King George V.

In the meantime he had been promoted to rear-admiral on 24 August 1910, and was relieved of his command in October. Still on half-pay Cradock reported to the Royal Hospital Haslar on 24 February 1911 with kidney troubles and discharged himself on 7 March to attend a staff course at the Royal Naval War College at Portsmouth that lasted until 23 June. He came in sixth out of seven students, and was noted as "very attentive, but sick 1/3 of the term". On the 24th Cradock escorted visitors aboard a merchant ship to the Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead. He became second-in-command of the Atlantic Fleet on 29 August, hoisting his flag aboard the predreadnought battleship . When the ocean liner  ran aground during the night of 12/13 December near Cape Spartel, Morocco, smashing all of her lifeboats, Cradock was ordered to take London and the armoured cruiser  to rescue the survivors in heavy seas. It took five days to get all of the passengers and crewmen off the ship, including Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, his wife, the Princess Royal, and the king's granddaughters. In recognition of his efforts, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 28 February 1912 and later awarded the Sea Gallantry Medal.

In May Cradock shifted his flag to the predreadnought battleship  where he took charge of experiments that the RN was conducting with launching aircraft from ships. Commander Charles Samson had already flown off from Hibernias sister ship  while anchored earlier and she transferred her flying-off equipment to Hibernia, including a runway constructed over her forecastle above her forward 12-inch turret that stretched from her bridge to her bows. Samson took off from Hibernia in his Short Improved S.27 biplane while the ship steamed at  in front of George V at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay on 9 May, the first person to take off from a moving ship. Cradock hauled down his flag on 29 August and went on half-pay.

On 8 February 1913, he was given command of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, formerly the North America and West Indies Station (the main base remaining the Royal Naval Dockyard and the Admiralty House at the North Atlantic Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, and hoisted his flag in the armoured cruisers  then . His orders from the Admiralty were to protect British lives and property during the ongoing Mexican Revolution, but to avoid any action that could be construed as British interference in internal Mexican affairs. The British Minister to Mexico, Sir Lionel Carden strongly disagreed with the official policy and argued for some sort of intervention. The situation was further confused by American suspicion of British actions, believing that the Monroe Doctrine meant that the Americans alone could intervene in Mexico.

Together with the American Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, Cradock coordinated the evacuation of British and American citizens from Tampico, Mexico, when that city was threatened by rebels. He then transferred his flag to  on 18 February 1914 and sailed to Galveston, Texas, where he arrived at the end of the month. There he visited some of the refugees and was feted by the Americans, including a visit with the Governor of Texas, Oscar Colquitt before returning to Mexican waters. Cradock was in Tampico, when the Mexican Army briefly arrested nine American sailors who were purchasing petrol in the city on 9 April. Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo, commander of the American forces off-shore, demanded an apology, but the Mexican government refused. The incident contributed to the American decision to occupy Veracruz on 21 April. Cradock was able to evacuate some 1,500 refugees from Tampico, Mexico City and Veracruz without incident.

First World War

When the preliminary warning for war with Imperial Germany reached Cradock on 27 July, there were two German light cruisers in his area as the brand-new  was in the process of . Cradock dispersed his cruisers to search and track the German ships, but the Admiralty was concerned about the presence of numerous ocean liners in New York that it deemed capable of being converted into armed merchant cruisers and ordered him to concentrate three of his cruisers off New York harbour. He was able to order a pair of his ships northwards and followed them in Suffolk before the declaration of war on 4 August.

On the morning of 6 August, Suffolk spotted Karlsruhe in the process of transferring guns and equipment to the liner  about  north of Watling Island. The two ships quickly departed in different directions; Suffolk followed Karlsruhe and Craddock ordered the light cruiser  to intercept her. Karlsruhes faster speed allowed her to quickly outpace Suffolk, but Bristol caught her that evening and fruitlessly fired at her before the German ship disengaged in the darkness. Craddock had anticipated her manoeuvres and continued eastwards, but Karlsruhe was almost out of coal and had slowed down to her most economical speed and passed behind Suffolk the following morning without being spotted before putting into Puerto Rico with only  of coal remaining.

Cradock continued northward in obedience to his orders and, after rendezvousing with the newly arrived armoured cruiser  at the old Royal Naval Dockyard (which had closed in 1905 and transferred to the Dominion government to become Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard) in the former Imperial fortress of Halifax, in Nova Scotia, Canada, transferred his flag to her because she was faster than Suffolk. Dresden was under orders to rendezvous with the East Asia Squadron in the Pacific and Karlsruhe to intercept Allied merchantmen off the north-eastern coast of Brazil, so the reported losses of shipping showed both ships moving south. In response, the Admiralty ordered Cradock southward on 22 August and appointed him in command of the South American Station the following month whilst reinforcing him with the elderly and slow predreadnought battleship . Good Hope was coaled at the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda (by Bermuda Militia Artillery gunners assisting with coaling).

On 14 September, Cradock received new orders from the Admiralty: he was apprised that the East Asia Squadron was probably heading for either the west coast of South America or the Strait of Magellan and that he was to detach sufficient force to deal with Dresden and Karlsruhe while concentrating his remaining ships to meet the Germans, using the Falkland Islands to re-coal. To achieve this aim, he was to be reinforced by the modern armoured cruiser  arriving from the Mediterranean. Until she arrived Cradock was to keep Canopus and one  with his flagship, Good Hope. Once he had superior force, he was to search for and destroy the German cruisers and break up German trade on the west coast whilst being prepared to fall back and cover the River Plate area.

The day that the Admiralty issued its order, the East Asia Squadron appeared at occupied German Samoa. Its apparent movement to the west, and the continuing depredations of the light cruiser  in the Bay of Bengal, caused the Admiralty to conclude that Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee, commander of the East Asia Squadron, meant to rendezvous with Emden in the south western Pacific and cancelled the transfer of Defence to Cradock's command. Two days later the Admiralty messaged Cradock that von Spee was moving away from South America and that he should search the south western coast of South America for German ships without worrying about keeping his ships concentrated, but failed to inform him that Defence would not now be sent to him.

By late September, it had become clear that Dresden had passed into the Pacific Ocean and Cradock's ships fruitlessly searched several different anchorages in the area of Tierra del Fuego before having to return to Port Stanley in the Falklands to re-coal on 3 October. Based on intercepted radio signals, the Admiralty advised him two days later that the East Asia Squadron was probably headed his way, although he did not receive the message until 7 October.

The Hunt for the East Asia Squadron
By late October Cradock had reliable intelligence that the East Asia Squadron had reached the western coast of South America. Cradock's fleet was significantly weaker than Spee's, mainly consisting of elderly vessels manned by largely inexperienced crews. However, the orders he received from the Admiralty were ambiguous; although they were meant to make him concentrate his ships on the old battleship Canopus, Cradock interpreted them as instructing him to seek and engage the enemy forces. Clarifying instructions from the Admiralty were not issued until 3 November, by which time the battle had already been fought.

Battle of Coronel

Cradock found Spee's force off Chile in the late afternoon of 1 November, and decided to engage, starting the Battle of Coronel. Useless for anything other than searching, he sent the armed merchant cruiser Otranto away. He tried to close the range immediately to engage with his shorter-ranged six-inch guns and so that the enemy would have the setting sun in their eyes, but von Spee kept the range open until dusk, when the British cruisers were silhouetted in the afterglow, while his ships were hidden by darkness. Heavily disadvantaged because the high seas had rendered the main-deck six-inch guns on Good Hope and  unusable, and with partially trained crews, Cradock's two armoured cruisers were destroyed with the loss of all 1,660 lives, including his own; the light cruiser  managed to escape. This battle was the first defeat of the Royal Navy in a naval action in more than a hundred years.

Departing from Port Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral Hedworth Meux in the event of his death. In this he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear-Admiral Ernest Troubridge, who had been court-martialled in August for failing to engage the enemy despite the odds being severely against him, during the pursuit of the German warships Goeben and Breslau. The Governor of the Falklands and the Governor's aide both reported that Cradock had not expected to survive.

A monument to Cradock, sculpted by F. W. Pomeroy, was placed in York Minster on 16 June 1916. It is on the east side of the north transept towards the Chapter House entrance. There is another monument to Cradock in Catherington churchyard, Hampshire. There is a monument and a stained glass window in Cradock's memory in his parish church at Gilling West. Having no known grave, he is commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission on Portsmouth Naval Memorial.

Personal life
Cradock never married, but kept a dog which accompanied him at sea. He commented that he would choose to die either during an accident while hunting (his favourite pastime), or during action at sea.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

1862 births
1914 deaths
Captains who went down with the ship
Royal Navy admirals of World War I
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
British military personnel killed in World War I
Royal Navy personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
19th-century British writers
20th-century English writers
Recipients of the Sea Gallantry Medal

Christopher Cradock


Flaskehalsen er en tegnefilm i serien Der var engang... (eng. titel The Fairytaler), der blev udsendt i forbindelse med H.C. Andersens 200 års fødselsdag i 2005.

Danske Stemmer:
 H.C. Andersen Henrik Koefoed
 Flaske Søren Hauch-Fausbøll
 Jonathan Thomas Mørk
 Elsa Sofie Lassen-Kahlke
 Købmand Flemming Quist Møller
 Købmands kone Kirsten Lehfeldt
 Flaskeskib Dick Kaysø
 Vinhandler Lasse Lunderskov
 Ballonskipper Laus Høybye
 Elsa som gammel Malene Schwartz
 Peter Sebastian Jessen

Øvrige stemmer:
 Søren Byder
 Vibeke Dueholm
 Flemming Jensen
 Søren Madsen
 Trine Clasen
 Christian Damgaard
 John Hahn-Petersen
 Line Kruse
 Tammi Øst

Bagom:
 Instruktør: Jørgen Lerdam
 Original musik af: Gregory Magee
 Hovedforfatter: Gareth Williams
 Manuskriptredaktører: Linda O' Sullivan, Cecilie Olrik
 Oversættelse: Jakob Eriksen
 Lydstudie: Nordisk Film Audio
 Stemmeinstruktør: Steffen Addington
 Animation produceret af: A. Film A/S
 Animationsstudie: Wang Film Production

En co-produktion mellem
Egmont Imagination, A. Film & Magma Film

I samarbejde med:
Super RTL & DR TV

Eksterne henvisninger

Der var engang
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Flaskehalsen (Der var engang...)


الميل البحري هو وحدة طول. ويساوي حوالي دقيقة زاوية واحدة من دائرة عرض على أي خط الطول. الميل البحري ليس وحدة دولية، ولكن استخدامه شائع بين الملاحين في كل من النقل المائي والطيران. يستخدم الميل البحري أيضا في القانون الدولي والمعاهدات، وخاصة في خصوص المياه الإقليمية. تستخدم العقدة لقياس السرعة حسب الميل البحري، حيث أن ميل بحري في الساعة يساوي عقدة.

القياس
قياس الميل البحري حسب المعيار الدولية: 1 ميل بحري = 1.852 كيلومتر بالضبط.

تحويلات
ميل بحري واحد يساوي:
 1.852 كيلومتر. (بالضبط)
 1.150779 ميل. (بالضبط: 57,875\50,292 ميل)
 2,025.372 يارد. (بالضبط: 2,315,000\1,143 يارد)
 6,076.1155 قدم. (بالضبط: 2,315,000\381 قدم)

مصادر

مصطلحات بحرية
ملاحة
وحدات قياس عرفية أمريكية
وحدات مسافة

ميل بحري


An Eriocaulon stipantepalum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kimp.. An Eriocaulon stipantepalum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Zaire. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon stipantepalum


L'ambassade du Mali en Guinée est la principale représentation diplomatique de la république de Mali en Guinée.

Histoire

Liste des ambassadeurs

Références

Mali
Conakry

Ambassade du Mali en Guinée


Baketa su selo u općini Kalinovik, Republika Srpska, BiH. Pripada nevesinjskoj župi.

Povijest
Iz vremena planištarenja ostalo je sjećanje gdje su koji humnjački Hrvati imali svoju planinu. Dvojno su stanovali radi stoke i žitnice, zimi u Humnini, a ljeti se sa stokom seli u planinu. Humnjaci su u toj seobi sa sobom i ime svoga sela.

Cerova je dio Donjeg Borča. U Cerovi je postojala hrvatska katolička zajednica. Katolici su u Borču u crkvenim zabilješkama registrirani i polovicom 19. stoljeća, a Humljaci s 20. stoljeća dosta su naselili po gornjim predjelima nevesinjskog kotara, a posebice po Borču. Tada su sela Donjeg Borča pripadala su uloškoj općini. Cerova pripada sjevernom dijelu nevesinjske župe Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije, u predjelu zvanom Donji Borač, u kojem je nekad bio bio veći broj Hrvata katolika. Katolici s područja Borča (Klinja, Ulog, Cerova, Baketa, Boljuni, Obadi, Obalj, Tomišlja, Kladovo Polje) htjeli su sagraditi 1913. crkvu za ovaj dio nevesinjske župe, ali prvi svjetski rat odgodio je gradnju u Klinji. Rastuća katolička zajednica bila je toliko narasla da su bez obzira na nepovoljne prilike za katolički puk između dvaju svjetskih ratova 24. siječnja 1929. godine ovdašnji katolici zatražili i utemeljenje zasebne župe u koju bi se ušla sva naselja Borča. Na kraju je crkva sagrađena u Ulogu 1937. godine. Sagrađena je i 9. rujna 1937. blagoslovljena filijalna crkva sv. Ane u Ulogu, koja je bila određena za sela: Obade, Tomišlje, Cerova, Baketa, Boljune i Obalj.

Drugi svjetski rat bio je vrlo tegobno razdoblje za Hrvate nevesinjske župe. Mnogi su otišli, već 1941. planištarima je opao broj, a kobne 1942. slijedi krvavo opadanje i propadanje. Već od siječnja četnički pohodi okrvavili su Neretvu, u koje su četnici u prvom pohodu bacali ljude, žene i djecu, ubijene i žive koje su onda s obale puškom gađali. Preživjele su spasili muslimani kroz čija ih je sela Neretva nosila. Zbog višekratnog četničkoga koljačkog pohoda nevesinjska župa izgubila je oko 300 članova. Godina 1942. bila je osobito teška za cerovske katolike, kad je ubijeno je i nestalo: 19 osoba prezimenom Baketa i Vuletića. Dosta preživjelih se 1946. godine vratilo na svoja imanja, no snažni pritisci učinili su da su napustili svoju djedovinu i raselili se diljem svijeta.

U poraću je tako val iseljavanja zahvatio čitav ovaj kraj, no odseljenici su održavali cijelo vrijeme vezu s rodnim krajem.
Nakon rata Hrvati katolici su nestali iz Baketa.

Izvori

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj

Baketa


Peter Skinner (* 1. Juni 1959 in Oxford) ist ein ehemaliger britischer Politiker der Labour Party.

Leben
Skinner studierte Wirtschafts- und Politikwissenschaften an der Bradford University. Nach seinem Studium war Skinner als Hochschullehrer am North West Kent College of Technology und an der University of Greenwich tätig.  Von 1994 bis 2014 war Skinner Abgeordneter im Europäischen Parlament.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite von Peter Skinner

Labour-Mitglied
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für das Vereinigte Königreich
Hochschullehrer (England)
Brite
Geboren 1959
Mann
Absolvent der Coventry University

Peter Skinner


Știința și tehnologia în Ungaria s-a dezvoltat activ începând cu secolul al XIX-lea, fiind unul din cele mai dezvoltate sectoare. Ungaria a cheltuit în 2015 1,4 % din produsul intern brut pentru cercetare și dezvoltare.  La începutul secolului al XXI-lea, cel mai mare centru științific al Ungariei este capitala Budapesta, unde se află instituțiile științifice principale ale statului: Academia Ungară de Științe (sau Academia Maghiară de Științe) și Academia de Literatură și Arte numită după aristocratul patriot maghiar, contele Ferenc Széchényi. Academia are sediul central în Budapesta și peste 100 de grupe și de institute de cercetare în capitale de județ (de exemplu în Debrețin, Sopron, Miskolc etc.). Academia Ungară de Științe a fost înființată în 1825 la Budapesta. Inițial avea 3 secțiuni: limbă și literatură, filosofie și istorie și matematică și istorie naturală. Începând cu 1994, Academia Ungară de Științe are unsprezece secțiuni: chimie generală, fizică, matematică, fizică tehnică, biologie, biochimie, botanică, genetică, medicină experimentală, automatizare, istoria statului și drept, lingvistică, geografie, economie, filozofie și altele. În anul 2004 în Ungaria erau 18 universități de stat, 5 universități bisericești și o universitate privată din țară. Printre cele mai mari universități se numără Universitatea "Eötvös Loránd" din Budapesta, Universitatea de Medicină Semmelweis din Budapesta, Universitatea de Tehnologie și Economie din Budapesta, Universitatea de Științe Economice și Administrație Publică, Universitatea de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică, Universitatea de Arte Grafice și Design, Universitatea de Științe Aplicate Ferenc Széchényi. De asemenea, mari universități sunt situate în orașele Pecs, Debrețin, Miskolc, Szeged și în alte localități. Printre cele mai mari biblioteci se numără  Biblioteca Națională Széchényi, Biblioteca Academiei Maghiare de Științe, Parlamentul Ungariei, precum și bibliotecile universităților, muzeelor etc. 13 reprezentanți ai Ungariei au câștigat Premiul Nobel: Philipp Lenard în 1905, Robert Bárány în 1914, Richard Adolf Zsigmondy în 1925, Albert Szent-Györgyi în 1937, George de Hevesy în 1943, Georg von Békésy în 1961, Eugene Wigner în 1963, Dennis Gabor în 1971, John Polanyi în 1986, George Olah în 1994, John Harsanyi în 1994, Imre Kertész în 2002 (literatură), Avram Hershko în 2004 (chimie).

Istorie
Primul motor cu abur din Europa continentală a fost construit în 1722 la Újbánya - Köngisberg, Regatul Ungariei (în prezent Nová Baňa, Slovacia). A fost un motor de tip Newcomen, care a servit la pomparea apei din mine.

Astronomul iezuit Maximilian Hell, pe baza măsurătorilor efectuate între 1761 și 1769 cu privire la Tranzitul lui Venus, a calculat distanța dintre Pământ și Soare, pe care a stabilit-o ca fiind de 152 milioane de kilometri (valoarea exactă este de 149,6 milioane de kilometri). Craterul lunar Hell îi poartă numele. Matematicianul István Hatvani (1718–1786) a dezvoltat unele din primele elemente din teoria probabilităților.

Kempelen Farkas (Wolfgang von Kempelen) a dezvoltat în 1769 un mecanism care reproducea sunetele vorbirii umane. Kempelen a mai creat în 1769 la Timișoara un automatul de șah, denumit Turcul, pentru a o impresiona pe împărăteasa Maria Terezia. La 20 de ani după moartea sa s-a descoperit că  automatul de șah era un fals foarte elaborat cu un pitic în interiorul său.

În 1782, este fondată Universitatea de Tehnologie și Economie din Budapesta (în ), cea mai importantă universitate tehnică din Ungaria și una dintre cele mai vechi din lume, primul institut din Europa pentru pregătirea inginerilor la nivel universitar. Între 1782-1860 studiile se făceau în limba latină.

Secolul al XIX-lea
În prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, botanistul și chimistul Pál Kitaibel a făcut progrese în studiul florei și hidrografiei Ungariei. În această perioadă, Kitaibel a descoperit telurul, pentru care însă i-a oferit creditul de descoperitor colegului sau Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Müller Ferenc József), care îl descoperise deja în 1782, deși nu a mai continuat să-l studieze. Printre  matematicienii faimoșii din prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea se numără Farkas Bolyai (cunoscut mai ales pentru contribuțiile sale în domeniul geometriei) și fiul său János Bolyai, unul dintre descoperitorii geometriei neeuclidiene.

Medicul Ignaz Semmelweis, supranumit salvatorul mamelor a descoperit că, prin simple măsuri de igienă în clinicile de obstetrică, poate fi  redus drastic riscul de apariție a febrei puerperale. Semmelweis este unul dintre fondatorii asepsiei, alături de chirurgul german Ernst von Bergmann.

În 1827, Ányos Jedlik a realizat un model primit de motor electric, cu care a echipat un vehicul, care poate fi considerat unul dintre primele automobile electrice. De asemenea, poate fi considerat unul dintre inventatorii dinamului.

Prima linie maghiară de locomotivă cu abur a fost deschisă la 15 iulie 1846, între Pest și Vác.

În 1877, pe baza cercetărilor inventatorului Tivadar Puskás este construită prima centrală telefonică din lume de către Bell Telephone Company în Boston. Thomas Alva Edison a afirmat că ideea îi aparține lui Puskás.

Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri și Károly Zipernowsky au inventat transformatorul  modern în 1885. Ottó Bláthy a mai inventat un turbo-generator și un wattmetru de curent continuu. Inginerii maghiari János Csonka și Donát Bánki au inventat un carburator pentru un motor staționar în 1893 (cunoscut și ca motorul Bánki-Csonka); era primul carburator din lume care amesteca corect combustibilul și aerul pentru motor.

Inginerul mecanic Dezső Korda a inventat un condensator electric variabil (trimer)  pentru care a primit un brevet de invenție în Imperiul German la 13 decembrie 1893.

În 1894, inginerul Kálmán Kandó a dezvoltat o locomotivă electrică pe curent alternativ trifazic de înaltă tensiune. Acestea au fost folosite la începutul anului pe liniile de tramvai din Évian-les-Bains, Franța.

Secolul al XX-lea
Inginerul american de origine maghiară József Galamb a inventat mai multe piese pentru Ford Model T și a fost co-dezvoltator al liniei tehnologice de producție.

În 1929, fizicianul Kálmán Tihanyi a inventat prima cameră de televiziune electronică sensibilă la infraroșu (cu vedere nocturnă) pentru apărarea antiaeriană din Marea Britanie, iar în 1936 a descris principiul televizorului cu plasmă și a conceput primul sistem de televiziune cu ecran plat.

Fizicianul Imre Bródy a inventat în 1930 becul cu kripton (mai ieftin decât cel cu argon).

György Jendrassik a proiectat în 1937 primul motor turbopropulsor din lume care să echipeze un avion de luptă.

În 1939, fizicianul Leó Szilárd a scris o scrisoare care a fost semnată și de Albert Einstein, aceasta a fost trimisă Președintului Statelor Unite ale Americii Franklin D. Roosevelt, la 2 august 1939.  Szilárd s-a consultat la scrierea scrisorii cu colegii săi,  fizicienii maghiari Edward Teller și Eugene Wigner. Scrisoarea conținea avertizări asupra faptului că Germania nazistă ar putea dezvolta bombe atomice și a sugerat că Statele Unite ar trebui să înceapă propriul său program nuclear. Aceasta a determinat acțiunea lui Roosevelt, care a dus în cele din urmă la proiectul Manhattan de a dezvolta primele bombe atomice.

În anul 1960 Endre Mester a cercetat la Universitatea Semmelweis din Budapesta influența radiației laser asupra țesutului, în special cu privire la posibilul efect cancerigen. În acest scop el a iradiat pielea unor cobai, care a fost făcută accesibilă în prealabil prin raderea firelor de păr.

Vehiculul Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) a fost contruit în 1969-1970 la General Motors în Santa Barbara, sub conducerea fizicianului  Ferenc Pavlics.

Inventatorul și profesorul de arhitectură Ernő Rubik a creat Cubul Rubik în 1974 și Șarpele Rubik în 1981.

Secolul al XXI-lea

Un produs de tipul betonului, denumit LiTraCon este inventat de arhitectul maghiar Áron Losonczi în 2001.

În 2006, este descoperită sfera Gömböc (sau Gomboc), un nou corp geometric, de către cercetătorii Gábor Domokos și Péter Várkonyi. Existența sferei Gomboc a fost postulată anterior de matematicianul rus Vladimir Arnold (în 1995). Forma acestui corp geometric a ajutat la explicarea structurii corpului unor broaște țestoase în raport cu capacitatea lor de a reveni în poziția de echilibru după ce au fost așezate cu susul în jos.

Biblioteca Națională Széchényi

Biblioteca a fost fondată în 1802 de către aristocratul patriot maghiar contele Ferenc Széchényi. Széchényi a călătorit prin lume cumpărând cărți în limba maghiară, pe care le-a adunat și le-a donat națiunii maghiare. În anul următor, biblioteca publică a fost deschisă la Pesta. Exemplul lui Széchényi a determinat o mișcare la nivel național de donații de carte pentru bibliotecă.

În 1808, Adunarea Națională a Ungariei ("Dieta") a creat Muzeul National al Ungariei pentru a adăposti colecția de materiale istorice, arheologice și naturale din Ungaria. Muzeul a fuzionat cu Biblioteca și în cei 200 de ani de când există a fost depozitarul național de materiale scrise și tipărite din istoria Ungariei.

În 1846 Muzeul Național al Ungariei s-a mutat în noua sa clădire, dar abia în 1949 Biblioteca a devenit din nou o instituție separată, cu numele actual. În 1985 biblioteca s-a mutat în noul său sediu din Castelul Buda. NSZL are un catalog indexat semantic.

Lista laureaților maghiari ai Premiului Nobel
Primul laureat a fost Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (Fülöp Lénárd), de origine germano-maghiară, care a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică în anul 1905, pentru munca sa în domeniul razelor catodice. În 1914,  Róbert Bárány (de origine evreiască) a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Medicină pentru cercetările sale privind fiziologia și patologia aparatului vestibular (urechea internă).  În 1937, Albert Szent-Györgyi, a câștigat Premiul Nobel pentru Medicină, el este creditat cu izolarea vitaminei C. În 1943, George de Hevesy (György Hevesy sau Georg Karl von Hevesy), radio-chimist maghiar de origine evreiască, a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie pentru studiul izotopilor în procesele chimice. Hevesy a descoperit hafniul cu Dirk Coster în 1922. În 1961, biofizicianul Georg von Békésy (György Békésy) a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Medicină pentru cercetări privind funcționarea cohleei la mamifere. În 1963, fizicianul  evreu-maghiar Eugene Paul Wigner (Jenő Wigner), pentru contribuțiile în teoria nucleului atomic și particulelor elementare, în particular prin descoperirea și aplicarea principiilor de simetrie fundamentală, a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică. Fizicianul maghiaro-britanic Dennis Gabor (Gábor Dénes)  a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică în 1971 pentru inventarea holografiei. În 1994, economistul american de origine maghiară John Harsanyi (János Harsányi) a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Economie pentru contribuțiile sale la Teoria jocurilor, premiu împărțit cu John Forbes Nash Jr. și Reinhard Selten. În același an, chimistul american de origine maghiară George Andrew Olah (György Oláh), a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie pentru generarea și reactivitatea carbocationilor. În 2002, scriitorul maghiar de religie iudaică, supraviețuitor al holocaustului nazist, Imre Kertész, pentru întreaga sa operă literară, a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură. În 2004, biochimistul maghiaro-israeliano-elvețian Avram Hershko (Avram Hersko) a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie pentru cercetări privind degradarea proteinelor împreună cu Aaron Ciechanover și Irwin Rose.

Aceasta este o listă a laureaților maghiari sau de origine maghiară care au primit Premiul Nobel:

Note

Vezi și
 Biblioteca Națională Széchényi
 Laureați ai Premiului Nobel după țară#Ungaria
 Știința și tehnologia în România

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Istoria Ungariei
Istoria științei

Știința și tehnologia în Ungaria


Henri Godet, né le  dans le 19e arrondissement de Paris et mort le  à Vincennes, est un sculpteur français.

Biographie

Œuvres exposées au Salon des artistes français
Salon de 1886
 Vanité, buste en terre cuite (n° 3964).
Salon de 1889
 Portrait de Mlle ***, médaillon en bronze (n° 4434).
Salon de 1891
 Portrait de feu M. Margerin, médaillon en bronze (n° 2555). Appartient à l'Association amicale des anciens élèves de l'école Turgot.
Salon de 1892
 Coquette Louis XV, buste en marbre (n° 2646).
 La petite Gaudy, de la Comédie-Française, buste en plâtre (n° 2647).
Salon de 1893
 La Fable et la Vérité, groupe en plâtre (n° 2925).
 Le Rêve, statuette en marbre (n° 2926).
Salon de 1896
 Fête champêtre, statuette en plâtre (n° 3487).
 Le ravissement de Psyché, groupe en bronze (n° 3488) d'après le tableau de William Bouguereau.
 La Nymphe aux oiseaux, buste en bronze et marbre (n° 4037). M. Houbedine, éditeur.
Salon de 1899
 Portrait de feu M. Collignon, médaillon en bronze (n° 4056). Appartient à l'Association amicale des anciens élèves de l'école Turgot.
Salon de 1901
 L'Amour et Psyché, groupe en plâtre (n° 3920).
 Ophélie, buste en marbre (n° 3921).
 Pavot, lampe électrique (n° 4640). Modèle exécuté par le maison Benjel.
Salon de 1902
 Portrait de M. Paul Magnaud, président du tribunal de Château-Thierry, buste en plâtre (n° 2515).
 Portrait de M. Marguery, président de la Chambre syndicale de l'alimentation, buste en bronze (n° 2516).
 L'Humanité, pomme de canne en argent fondu (n° 4008).
Salon de 1903
 Portrait du président Magnaud, buste en marbre (n° 2805) offert au magistrat par souscription. Localisation actuelle inconnue.
 L'Amour et Psyché, groupe en bronze (n° 2806).
Salon de 1905
 À Marsoulan, la ville de Paris reconnaissante, médaille en bronze doré (n° 3791).
Salon de 1906
 La République proclame la Loi dite de Séparation, projet de plaquette (n° 3670).
Salon de 1910
 Monument à la mémoire de Clémence Royer, esquisse de l'ensemble (n° 3610).
 Andromaque, buste en biscuit (n° 3611).
Salon de 1911
 Ma petite Mireille, buste en terre cuite (n° 50).
 Léda, esquisse en terre cuite (n°51).
 Éternel printemps, statuette en marbre (n° 3385).
Salon de 1912
 Essai d'art ancien, groupe en terre cuite (n° 37).
 Essai d'art ancien, groupe en terre cuite (n° 38).
 Clémence Royer, statue en bronze (n° 3576) destinée à la ville de Nantes. Le modèle appartient à l'État.
Salon de 1913
 Andromaque, buste en porcelaine tendre (n° 3541).
 Edelweiss, buste en biscuit (n° 3542).

Prix
 Médaille de 3ème classe décernée le 1er juillet 1893 par le jury de la section de sculpture du Salon des artistes français.

Distinctions
 Officier d'Académie (arrêté du ministre de l'Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts du 16 février 1899).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sculpteur français du XIXe siècle
Sculpteur français du XXe siècle
Naissance en mars 1863
Naissance dans le 19e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en octobre 1937
Décès à Vincennes
Décès à 74 ans

Henri Godet


Acest articol cuprinde o listă de plante afrodiziace, în ordine alfabetică.

A
Aceras
Adenia
Afin
Agavă
Aiul șarpelui
Ajowan
Akotopa
Alan
Albăstrea
Aloe
Alune
Amanita muscaria
Ammi
Anadenanthera
Ananas
Anason
Andive
Angelică
Anghinare
Arborele de coral
Arborele de cacao
Arborele de cafea
Arborele de camfor
Arborele de cocos
Arborele de mătase de bumbac
Arborele de plută chinezesc
Arborele de sal
Arborele vieții
Arbustul de coca
Arbustul de mastic
Aragan
Ardei iute
Argyreia nervosa
Armala
Arpagic
Ashwagandha
Avocado
Avrămeasă

B
Bajitian
Balsam de Galaad
Bambus spinos
Bamă
Banană
Batat
Belvedere
Betel
Bobul-sfântului-Ignațiu
Bois-bande
Trompeta îngerilor albăBorrachero
Brunfelsia
Brusture
Bumbac
Burete pucios
Busuioc
Busuioc sălbatic
Busuioc sfânt

C
Cactus San Pedro
Cais
Cajeputier
Capere
Cardamom
Cardon
Carissa
Castan
Catuaba
Căldărușă
Călțunași
Căprișor rotund
Cânepă indiană
Cârcel
Ceai verde
Ceapă
Cebare
Chilito
Chimen
Chimion
Chuchuasi
Cicoare
Cimbru de câmp
Cimbru de grădină
Cimbru mare de munte
Ciuboțica-cucului
Ciumăfaie
Ciumărea
Coacăz negru
Coada-calului
Coada-pisicii
Coada șoricelului
Coada șoricelului de munte
Cocotier-pereche
Colții babei
Copal
Coriandru
Corn japonez
Cosițel
Creson
Crețișoară
Crucea-pământului
Cuișoare
Curmal

D
Dafin
Damiana
Deinbollia
Dita
Dong quai
Dovleac
Dud-de-hârtie
Dulse
Durian

E
Echinacea
Eugenia

F
Fasole de mare
Fenicul
Fenicul gigant
Ficus
Finic ghimpos
Floarea-soarelui
Fo-ti
Frasin

G
Galanga
Garcinia
Gardenia
Gariya
Gemănariță
Gențiană albastră
Gențiană galbenă
Gențiană rosie
Ghimbir
Ginkgo
Ginseng
Gloria dimineții
Gotu kola
Grâu
Griffonia
Guarana
Gutui

H
Hamei
Hoang nam
Hrean

I
Iarba-funie
Iarba Sfântului Ioan
Iarba țapului
Iasomie de grădină
Iboga
Ienibahar
Ienupăr
Ignamă
Indrani
Iseke
Isop

J
Justicia

K
Kamalasana
Kawa-kawa
Khat
Koribo

L
Laur păros
Lămâi
Lăptucă
Lăptucă cu flori galbene
Lăptucă sălbatică
Lemn dulce
Lemnul Domnului
Lemnul lui Avram
Leuștean
Levănțică
Liană cu lemn dulce
Limba mielului
Limbariță
Lingura zânelor
Lofantus
Lotus
Lucernă
Lycium

M
Mac californian (Eschscholzia californica)
Mac canadian
Mac de grădină
Mac spinos
Mandragoră
Mango
Margaretă
Mate
Matwu
Măceș
Mărar
Măselariță
Măslin
Mătrăgună
Mentă
Mesteacăn pufos
Migdală de pământ
Mirt
Momordica
Morcov
Moșmon lucios
Mucuna
Muira Puama
Mur
Mușețel spaniol
Muștar alb

N
Nalbă mare
Nalbă indiană
Nalbă siriană
Năpraznic
Năsturel
Negrilică
Nemțișor de câmp
Nemțișor tunisian
Niando
Niaouli
Nisipoasă
Nkago
Nuc
Cola acuminataNucă de cola
Strychnos nux-vomica
Nucșoară

O
Obligeană
Ololiuqui
Orhidee
Orobanche
Orz
Ovăz

P
Pandanus
Pau d'arco
Paronychia
Pasiunea cerbilor
Pălăria-cucului
Pătlagină
Pătrunjel
Pecetea-lui-Solomon
Pelin
Peyote
Piersic
Piper de baltă
Piper lung
Piper negru
Piper peruvian
Piper-matico
Piper negru african
Poroinic
Poroinic purpuriu
Porumb
Potir-auriu
Praz
Priboi
Prun indian
Prun oriental
Psoralea

Q
Quebracho alb

R
Rauvolfia
Răcovină
Rehmannia
Ridiche
Rodie
Roibă
Rosmarin
Rostopască
Rujă

S
Salcâm
Salvie
Salvie purpurie
Sassafras
Saschiu
Saw palmetto
Sânziene albe
Scai vânăt
Scânteiuță
Schinduf
Scorțișoară
Sculătoare
Selin
Semințele paradisului
Shatavari
Shiitake
Smilax
Smârdar
Smochin
Sovârf
Sparanghel
Sthira-gandha
Stropharia cubensis
Suliman
Sunătoare
Susan

Ș
Șofran
Șofrănel
Știr

T
Tarhon
Torțel
Trandafir
Trestie mută
Trifoi roșu
Trompeta îngerilor
Trufă

Ț
Țelină

U
Untul vacii
Urechea leului
Urzică
Urzică mică
Usturoi

V
Vanilie
Vâsc
Verbină
Viorea

Y
Yage
Ylang-ylang
Yohimbe

Z
Zămoșiță
Zmeur

Vezi și
 Listă de condimente
 Listă de plante medicinale
 Nume alternative românești de plante
 Plante medicinale

Note
 Gregorian Bivolaru: Enciclopedia Naturisă a Afrodiziacelor-Vol.1, 2; Editura Shambala, 2001, București ISBN 973-99661-8-7; ISBN 973-8279-00-3

Liste de plante
Afrodiziace naturale

Listă de plante afrodiziace


Endemik ile aşağıdakilerden biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Endemik (botanik) - Bulunduğu bölgenin ekolojik şartları yüzünden yalnızca belirli bölgede yaşayan/yetişen, dünyanın başka yerinde yaşama/yetişme ihtimali olmayan, yöreye özgü hayvan/bitki türüdür. Latince endemos kelimesinden gelir ve "yerli" anlamında kullanılmaktadır .

 Endemik (tıp) - Bir tıbbi terim.
 Endemik (biyoloji) - Bir biyoloji (botanik ve zooloji) terimi.
 Endemik (filoloji) - Dilde bulunan bir kavramın, başka bir dilde kavramsal karşılığı olmaması durumudur. Genellikle tercüme sırasında birden fazla kelime ile tanımlanmak zorunda kalırlar.

Endemik