This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was the Agadir air disaster, the crash of an Alia Boeing 707 which crashed in mountainous terrain on approach to Agadir, Morocco on 3 August, killing all 188 people onboard.

Events

January
 A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of .
 January 3 – A lone hijacker boards a National Airlines Boeing 727 parked at Pensacola Regional Airport in Pensacola, Florida. Only a small crew of cleaners is aboard the airliner, and they overpower the hijacker.
 January 6 – An Argentine Army de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 200 (registration AE-259) on a reconnaissance flight in poor weather crashes into the side of the mountain Nuñorco Chico in Argentina's Sierra del Aconquija at an altitude of , killing all 12 people on board.
 January 7 – A male passenger hijacks a British Airways BAC One-Eleven shortly after it lands at London′s Heathrow Airport after a domestic flight from Manchester, England. He initially demands a ransom of US$230,000 and a parachute, then changes hs mind and instead demands to be flown to Paris, where he says he will surrender 48 hours after arriving, giving him time to fulfill a purpose he does not reveal. The flight crew tricks him into letting them fly him to London Stansted Airport, and he is arrested there.
 January 8 – A SATENA Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration FAC-688) crashes into a hill near El Doncello, Colombia, killing all 23 people on board.
 January 9
British Airways begins Europe′s first no-booking shuttle service, between London, England, and Glasgow, Scotland.
Golden West Airlines Flight 261, a de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter, collides with a Cessnair Aviation, Inc., Cessna 150 over Whittier, California. Both aircraft crash, killing all 12 people aboard the Twin Otter and both people in the Cessna. There are no injuries on the ground, although the Twin Otters fuselage crashes on the grounds of Katherine Edwards Middle School, where 300 people are watching an outdoor basketball game.
 January 13 – As Eastern Airlines Flight 140 – a Boeing 727 with 60 people on board flying from Atlanta, Georgia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – passes over Lynchburg, Virginia, 46-year-old Laughlin Wright begins to bang on the cockpit door, demanding to be flown to San Juan, Puerto Rico. He agrees to allow the airliner to land at Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia. During the final descent to the airport, an off-duty Philadelphia police officer aboard as a passenger grabs Wright, shoves him into a lavatory, and holds the door closed until the plane lands and all passengers have escaped. Airport security officers then board the plane and arrest Wright.
 January 14 – The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is announced as the winner of the LWF (Light Weight Fighter) competition.
 January 16 – United States Air Force Major D. W. Petersen sets a new world absolute time-to-height speed record, flying a McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle to  in 77.02 seconds.
 January 20 – Terrorists hijack an Air France Boeing 707 and have it flown to Baghdad, Iraq.
 January 22 – A lone hijacker commandeers a VASP Boeing 737-200 during a domestic flight in Brazil from Goiânia to Brasília, demanding ransom money and the release of prisoners. Security forces storm the airliner and arrest the hijacker.
 January 30 – While the Turkish Airlines Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship Bursa, operating as Flight 345, is on approach to Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport in Istanbul, Turkey, the runway goes dark when the airport suffers a power failure. The flight crew initiates a missed approach but crashes into the Sea of Marmara while maneuvering for a second landing attempt, killing all 42 people on board.

February
 February 1 – U.S. Air Force Major R. Smith sets a new world absolute time-to-height speed record, flying a McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle to  in 207.80 seconds.
 February 3 – An engine fire breaks out aboard a Philippine Air Lines Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (registration RP-C1028) two minutes after takeoff from Manila International Airport in Manila, the Philippines. While attempting to return to the airport it crashes in a rice field, killing all 33 people on board.
 February 8 – Hastily developed Larnaca International Airport opens just outside Larnaca, Cyprus, as Cyprus's only commercial airport; it replaces Nicosia International Airport, permanently closed and abandoned during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 1974. Cyprus Airways, which had suspended flight operations in July 1974 when Nicosia International closed and all five of its aircraft were stranded there, resumes flight operations the same day. Cyprus Airways and Olympic Airways are the first airlines to serve the new airport; its runways are not yet long enough to accommodate jet aircraft, so Cyprus Airways uses Vickers Viscount 800 airliners there, while Olympic uses NAMC YS-11s.
 February 9 – A German Air Force Transall C-160D carrying 37 West German soldiers from Hohn Air Base in West Germany to a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) missile base on Crete crashes in stormy weather at an altitude of about  in snow-covered mountains  from Crete's Chania-Soúda Airport, killing all 42 people on board.
 February 14 – Jerry Pettis, a member of the United States House of Representatives representing California's 37th Congressional District dies when the Beechcraft Model V35B Bonanza he is piloting crashes near Cherry Valley, California, after he encounters adverse weather conditions.
 February 20 – A Cessna 182 Skylane piloted by American professional wrestler Buddy Colt and also carrying wrestlers Gary Hart, Austin Idol, and Bobby Shane, stalls while attempting a go-around in clouds and darkness at Peter O. Knight Airport in Tampa, Florida, and crashes into Tampa Bay. Colt, Idol, and Hart survive, but Shane drowns in the plane's back seat.
 February 22 – A lone hijacker commandeers a VASP Boeing 737-2A1 (registration PP-SMU) during a domestic flight in Brazil from Goiânia to Brasília, demanding ransom money. The hijacker is taken down.
 February 27 – A VASP Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante crashes just after takeoff from São Paulo–Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, killing all 15 people on board.

March
 March 1 – Three hijackers commandeer an Iraqi Airways Boeing 737-200 during a domestic flight in Iraq from Mosul to Baghdad. They surrender to authorities, but one person is killed during the incident.
 March 2 – A hijacker aboard Air New England Flight 911 – a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter bound from Hyannis to Nantucket, Massachusetts – demands to be flown to New Haven, Connecticut. Police storm the plane at Hyannis Airport and arrest the hijacker.
 March 12 – An Air Vietnam Douglas C-54D-5-DC Skymaster (registration XV-NUJ) flying from Vientiane, Laos, to Saigon, South Vietnam, crashes  southwest of Pleiku, South Vietnam, killing all 26 people on board.
 March 16 – A LADE Fokker F27 Friendship 400M (registration TC-72) crashes into the mountain Cerro López  west of San Carlos de Bariloche International Airport in San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina, while descending for an instrument approach to the airport, killing all 52 people on board. Most of the 47 passengers are soldiers and police officers who took part in flood relief operations in Argentina's Neuquen Province.
 March 21 – Because of confusion about air traffic control instructions, a United States Air Force Lockheed C-141A-20-LM Starlifter flying from Yokota Air Base in Japan to McChord Field in Pierce County, Washington, crashes into  Mount Constance in Washington's Olympic National Park, striking a ridge  below its summit. The crash kills all 16 people on board.
 March 31 – Western Airlines Flight 470, a Boeing 737-200, overruns the runway while landing at Casper/Natrona County International Airport near Casper, Wyoming, injuring four of the 99 people on board and damaging the aircraft beyond repair.

April
 U.S. Navy Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighters fly combat missions for the first time, when F-14As of Fighter Squadrons 1 (VF-1) and 2 (VF-2) aboard the aircraft carrier  fly air patrols over South Vietnam during the evacuation of Saigon.
 Royal Air Maroc becomes the first Arab airline to provide service to New York City, using a Boeing 707-320B leased from Air France.
 April 1 – The Republic of Singapore Air Force is formed.
 April 4 – The cargo door of a U.S. Air Force C-5A Galaxy making the first flight of Operation Babylift opens explosively while the plane is flying over the South China Sea off Vũng Tàu, South Vietnam. The plane crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Tan Son Nhut Air Base near Saigon, South Vietnam, killing 153 of the 328 people on board. Seventy-six of the dead are South Vietnamese orphans being airlifted to join caregivers in the United States. It remains the deadliest accident involving a U.S. military aircraft.
 April 9 – A lone hijacker demands ransom money aboard Japan Air Lines Flight 514 – a Boeing 747SR-46 with 215 people on board – during a domestic flight in Japan from Sapporo to Tokyo′s Haneda Airport. Security forces storm the airliner at Tokyo and arrest the hijacker.
 April 12 – United States Marine Corps helicopters conduct Operation Eagle Pull, the evacuation of Embassy personnel, US citizens and designated Cambodians from Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
 April 16 – Evergreen International Airlines is founded.
 April 19 – Making the last flight by a fixed-wing aircraft out of Saigon, a Republic of Vietnam Air Force C-130 Hercules normally configured to seat 92 passengers and a crew of five carries a record load for a C-130 of 452 passengers – South Vietnamese and Americans fleeing the North Vietnamese – and the pilot. Thirty-two of the passengers ride on the flight deck.
 April 25 – After drinking heavily aboard United Airlines Flight 344 – a Boeing 727 with 67 people on board flying from Raleigh, North Carolina, to Newark, New Jersey – 44-year-old Frank Page Covey announces that he is carrying explosives and demands that the airliner fly him to Cuba because he "wanted to see Castro." After the plane lands in Atlanta, Georgia, Covey releases all the passengers and flight attendants. While he is negotiating with United Airlines officials over the radio, the pilot, copilot, and flight engineer sneak out the plane's rear exit, leaving Covey alone on the plane. Agents of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation then board the airliner and arrest Covey.
 April 30
 United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps aircraft conduct Operation Frequent Wind, evacuating 7,000 American and at risk South Vietnamese from Saigon.
 South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam, bringing the Vietnam War to an end. With the collapse of South Vietnam, its air force, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force, disintegrated, with dozens of helicopters flying out to the ships of U.S. Navy Task Force 76 and fixed-wing aircraft flying to Thailand. South Vietnam's national flag carrier, Air Vietnam, ceases operations; North Vietnam's Vietnam Airlines takes control of only two of Air Vietnam's airliners, a Boeing 707 and a Boeing 727-100.

May
 May 11 – A PLUNA Vickers 769D Viscount (registration CX-AQO) runs off the end of the runway while landing at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The aircraft is a total loss, but all 57 people on board survive.
 May 12 - The Mayaguez incident begins. U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy aircraft begin searching for the American container ship SS Mayaguez, which Cambodian Khmer Rouge forces seized earlier in the day in the Gulf of Thailand.
 May 13–14 - U.S. Navy P-3 Orion patrol aircraft discover Mayaguez off  Cambodias Puolo Wai island. For two days, U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force aircraft exchange fire with Khmer Rouge ground and sea forces in the vicinity of Mayaguez.
 May 15
Eight U.S. Air Force helicopters carry a force of U.S. Marines in an assault on Cambodia's Koh Tang island in an attempt to rescue the crew of Mayaguez; three are shot down. U.S. Navy A-6B Intruder and A-7E Corsair II bombers and F-4N Phantom II fighters from the aircraft carrier  strike Ream airfield and targets at Kompong Som in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge releases the Mayaguez crew, which actually is being held at Rong Som Lem island.
A hijacker commandeers United Air Lines Flight 509 – a Boeing 737-200 with 80 people on board – during a flight from Eugene, Oregon, to San Francisco, California. After the airliner lands at San Francisco International Airport, the hijacker is taken down.

June
 June 22 – Svetlana Savitskaya sets a new women's airspeed record of  in the Mikoyan Ye-133, a modified MiG-25PU two-seat trainer.
 June 24 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 66, a Boeing 727-255, crashes on final approach to John F. Kennedy International Airport in Jamaica, New York, killing 113 of the 124 people on board.  American Basketball Association player Wendell Ladner is among the dead.
 June 28 – A hijacker commandeers a Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Antonov An-24 during a domestic flight in Bulgaria from Varna to Sofia, demanding to be flown to Greece. The airliner diverts to Thessaloniki, Greece, where the hijacker surrenders to the authorities.
 June 30
The United States disestablishes the Continental Air Defense Command.
The United States Navy reclassifies all of its "attack aircraft carriers" (CVA) as "aircraft carriers" (CV); "nuclear-powered attack aircraft carriers" (CVA(N)) become "nuclear-powered aircraft carriers" (CVN).

July
 July 12 – The U.S. Navy retires the last Douglas DC-3 variant in its inventory, a C-117 Skytrain II, after a final flight from Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
 July 15 – Attempting a go-around in poor weather at Chorokh Airport in Batumi in the Soviet Union's Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Aeroflot Flight E-15, a Yakovlev Yak-40 (registration CCCP-87475), crashes into Mount Mtirala  east of the airport, killing all 40 people on board.
 July 26 – A Colombian Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration FAC-654), crashes in Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Cocuy, killing all 10 people on board.
 July 28 – A 17-year-old male passenger hijacks a Japan Air Lines Lockheed L-1011 Tristar with 286 people on board during a domestic flight in Japan from Tokyo′s Haneda Airport to Sapporo. The captain flies the plane back to Haneda Airport, where the passengers all disembark. After the plane is refueled, the hijacker demands to be flown to Hawaii; when the captain explains that the plane cannot fly that far, the hijacker demands to be flown to Okinawa. The police then board the plane and arrest him.
 July 31 – Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 134, a Vickers 837 Viscount (registration B-2029), stalls and crashes on the runway while landing in a heavy rainstorm at Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, killing 27 of the 75 people on board.

August
 August 3
A Royal Jordanian Airlines Boeing 707-321B chartered by Royal Air Maroc strikes a mountainside in the Atlas Mountains near Agadir, Morocco, while on approach to Inezgane Airport, killing all 188 people on board. It remains the deadliest accident in history involving a Boeing 707.
 Flying from Veracruz, Mexico, to San Salvador, El Salvador, a Nicaraguan Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain is forced to divert due to bad weather at San Salvador. Before it can land at another airport, it runs out of fuel and crashes into the Pacific Ocean off Punta Amapala, El Salvador, killing all 21 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of El Salvador at the time.
 August 9
Japan Air Lines establishes Japan Asia Airways as a subsidiary.
On approach in clouds to Bagdarin Airport in Bagdarin in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-14M (registration CCCP-52056) strays off course and crashes into a wooded hillside  from the airport, killing all 11 people on board.
 August 15 – An Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40 (registration CCCP-87323) encounters a strong downdraft at an altitude of  during a night approach to Krasnovodsk Airport in Krasnovodsk in the Soviet Union's Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. The airliner almost stalls and banks heavily before its fuselage strikes cliffs along the Caspian Sea coast  short of the runway. Its right wing and engine separate, it bounces off the cliff, and then it crashes into another cliff and catches fire. The crash kills 23 of the 28 people on board. It is the worst aviation accident in the history of Turkmenistan.
 August 20 – ČSA Flight 540, an Ilyushin Il-62, en route from Prague to Tehran via Damascus and Baghdad crashes into a sand dune while on approach to Damascus International Airport, Syria, killing 126 of the 128 people on board. It remains the deadliest accident in the history of ČSA.
 August 30 – Wien Air Alaska Flight 99, a Fairchild F-27B, crashes into Sevuokuk Mountain while on approach to Gambell, Alaska, in fog, killing 10 of the 32 people on board and injuring all 22 survivors.

September
 September 1 – Too low on approach to Leipzig/Halle Airport in Schkeuditz, East Germany, an Interflug Tupolev Tu-134 (registration DM-SCD) strikes a radio mast at an altitude of , damaging its left wing and causing its left engine to detach. It crashes short of the runway, killing 27 of the 34 people on board.
 September 2
 The unified Canadian Armed Forces merges its aviation services into a single command, the Canadian Forces Air Command.
 New all-year Svalbard Airport, Longyear, opens on permafrost at Hotellneset, operated by Avinor. It is the world's northernmost airport with public scheduled flights.
 September 3 – Retired American professional baseball player Irv Medlinger is one of two people killed aboard a Piper PA-24 Comanche destroyed while attempting a crash-landing near Wheeling, Illinois, after its engine fails.
 September 9 – Three hijackers commandeer a Haiti Inter Air de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter during a domestic flight in Haiti from Port-au-Prince to Cap Haitien, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner diverts to Gonaives, Haiti, where the hijackers are taken down.
 September 15 – A 24-year-old gunman rapes a woman, attempts to rob a store, and goes to Reid–Hillview Airport in San Jose, California, accompanied by two hostages. At Reid-Hillview Airport he takes a security guard hostage, and then goes to San Jose Municipal Airport, where he takes two Continental Airlines mechanics hostage and boards a parked Continental Airlines Boeing 727. Two hostages escape, and after negotiations between the authorities and the gunman, a sniper shoots and kills him.
 September 24 – Garuda Indonesia Flight 150, a Fokker F-28 Fellowship, crashes in bad weather and fog on approach to Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport in Palembang on Sumatra in Indonesia, killing 25 of the 61 people on board and injuring all 36 survivors. One person on the ground also dies.
 September 26 – A fire breaks out in the No.1 engine of a Portuguese Air Force Nord 2501D Noratlas shortly after it takes off from Tancos Air Base in Tancos, Portugal. The fire causes the wing to collapse in flight, and the Noratlas crashes near the air base, killing all 11 people on board.
 September 27 – A hijacker commandeers an Olympic Airways Short SC.7 Skyvan during a domestic flight in Greece from Athens to Mikonos. The hijacker is taken down at Mikonos.
 September 30 – Malév Hungarian Airlines Flight 240, a Tupolev Tu-154B, crashes in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Lebanon, killing all 60 people on board.

October
 During the month, members of the Flying Club of Angola gather in Luanda, Portuguese Angola. They will form the basis of the People's Air Force of Angola, which will be established in January 1976.
 October 5 – Leftist guerrillas hijack an Aerolineas Argentinas Boeing 737-287C (registration LV-JNE) during a domestic flight in Argentina from Buenos Aires to Corrientes. They force the airliner to divert to Formosa, Argentina, where they allow all the passengers to disembark. Another group of guerrillas who had staged an armed raid on a police garrison in Formosa join the hijackers aboard the plane. The hijackers then order the plane to fly to Brazil, but it runs low on fuel and lands at Rafaela, Argentina, where the guerrillas disembark and escape.
 October 7 – A hijacker commandeers a Philippine Air Lines BAC One-Eleven during a domestic flight in the Philippines from Davao City to Manila, demanding to be flown to Libya. The airliner lands at Manila, where the hijacker surrenders.
 October 14 – An RAF Avro Vulcan B.2, XM645, explodes and crashes over Żabbar, Malta after an aborted landing, killing five crew members and one person on the ground.
 October 22 – On approach in fog to Novgorod Airport in Novgorod in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40 (registration CCCP-87458) drifts off course. Its landing gear and wing strike a building, after which the airliner crashes into an apartment building and a car, starting a fire. The crash kills all six people on the plane and five people on the ground.
 October 23 – Attempting a go-around after a missed approach in a heavy rain shower at Cairns Airport in Cairns, Australia, Connair Flight 1263, a de Havilland DH.114 Riley Heron (registration VH-CLS) crashes, killing all 11 people on board.
 October 27 – An overloaded TAM – Transporte Aéreo Militar Convair CV-440-12 (registration TAM-44) on a domestic flight in Bolivia carrying military officers and their wives and children to La Paz fails to gain enough altitude to pass over the Andes after taking off from Tomonoco. It crashes into the stratovolcano Cerro Colorado, killing all 67 people on board.
 October 30 – A chartered Yugoslavian McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 operating as Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 450 crashes in the suburb of Suchdol while on final approach to land at Prague, Czechoslovakia, in foggy weather, killing 75 of the 120 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in the history of Czechoslovakia.

November
 November 12 – Overseas National Airways Flight 032, a Douglas DC-10 (registration N1032F) carrying 129 of the airline's employees and a crew of 10 on a ferry flight to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, via Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany, flies through a flock of seagulls on takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. Its No. 3 engine ingests some of the seagulls, starting a fire on the right wing. The pilots abort the takeoff and stop the airliner on a taxiway, and all 139 people on board evacuate safely, but the fire spreads and destroys the plane.
 November 17 – Off course after flying around a thunderstorm, an Aeroflot Antonov An-24RV (registration CCCP-46467) crashes into  Mount Apshara  northeast of Gali in the Soviet Union's Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic after beginning a descent to Sukhumi Babushara Airport outside Sukhumi. The airliner strikes the mountain  below its summit, killing all 38 people on board.
 November 18 – An Aviateca Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain (registration TG-AGA) crashes in Guatemala's Petén Department, killing 15 of the 22 people on board.
 November 20
On descent to Kharkiv Airport in Kharkiv in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, an Aeroflot Antonov An-24B (registration CCCP-46349) strikes trees and crashes into a hillside  west of the airport, killing 19 of the 50 people on board.
A Hawker Siddeley HS.125 operated by Hawker Siddeley Aviation strikes a flock of lapwings while taking off from Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, England, in the United Kingdom. Returning to the airport, it runs off the end of the runway, crosses fields, runs through hedges, strikes a ditch, and bounces across a road, colliding with a Ford Cortina automobile, before coming to rest after crossing another field. All nine people aboard the aircraft survive, but all six people in the car die.
 November 25 – Flying through clouds at night during a military exercise, an Israeli Air Force Lockheed C-130H Hercules crashes into the mountain Gebel Halal (also known as Jebel Halal)  south-southeast of El Arish, Egypt, killing all 20 people on board.
 November 29 – British race car drivers Graham Hill and Tony Brise along with all four other people on board die when the Piper PA-23 Turbo Aztec that Hill is piloting becomes lost in fog and darkness and crashes near Arkley golf course in the London Borough of Barnet, England, while attempting to land at Elstree Airfield.

December
 December 26
The worlds first supersonic transport enters service, when the Tupolev Tu-144 makes its first commercial flight for Aeroflot, carrying air mail and freight on a domestic service in the Soviet Union between Moscow and Alma-Ata. The Tu-144 will not begin passenger service until November 1977.
A Star Aviation Mitsubishi MU-2B crashes in mountainous terrain near Rollinsville, Colorado, while flying in adverse weather conditions. American actress Myrna Ross is among the dead.
 December 28 – The Soviet Union commissions the "heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser" Kiev, the first Soviet or Russian ship capable of operating fixed-wing aircraft. A hybrid ship combining a partial angled flight deck with the heavy antiship missile armament of a Soviet guided-missile cruiser, she operates only vertical or short takeoff and landing (VSTOL) jets and helicopters.
 December 29 – A bomb equivalent in power to 25 sticks of dynamite detonates in a Trans World Airlines locker at LaGuardia Airport, killing 11 people and injuring 75; it is the deadliest bomb explosion in New York City since the Wall Street bombing of 1920. No one ever claims credit for the bombing, which remains unsolved.

First flights
 Cessna 441 Conquest, later known as the Cessna 441 Conquest II

January
 January 24 - Aerospatiale SA 365 Dauphin F-WVKE
 January 25 - Birdman TL-1, lightest piloted powered aircraft

February
 February 6 – Beechcraft PD 285
 February 22 - Sukhoi T-8-1, prototype of the Su-25 attack aircraft
 February 26 - Cessna 404 Titan N5404J

March
 Bellanca Skyrocket II
 March 7 – Yakovlev Yak-42 CCCP-1974
 March 27 – de Havilland Canada DHC-7 C-GNBX-X
 March 30 – Jurca 1-Nine-0

April
 April 21 - Dominion Skytrader 800 N800ST

May
 May 5 – Isaacs Spitfire
 May 21 - Rutan VariEze N7EZ

June
 June 3 - Mitsubishi F-1 59-5107
 June 15 - Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-29
 June 16 - Atlas C4M Kudu ZS-IZF (military prototype)
 June 18 – Chasle LMC-1 Sprintair
 June 29 - Jeffair Barracuda

July
 July 1 - Valmet L-70 Vinka
 July 2 - Bowers Namu II
 July 4 – Boeing 747SP
 July 18 - Zlín Z-50

August
 August 26 - Cessna 441 Conquest II N441CC
 August 26 - McDonnell Douglas YC-15 72-1875
 August 29 - Robinson R22

September
 September 16 - Mikoyan Ye-155MP
 September 30 - Hughes YAH-64  73-22248

October
 October 1 - Bell YAH-63
 October 29 - Harmon Mister America

November
 November 13 - Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700
 November 19 - AmEagle American Eaglet
 November 23 - Schleicher ASW 19

Entered service
 Late 1975 – Beechcraft Baron Model 58P
 Late 1975 – Beechcraft King Air Model B100

March
 March 5 – Shin Meiwa US-1 with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

April
 April 14 – IAF Kfir C.1 with two squadrons of the Israeli Air Force

October
 Bell 206L LongRanger

December
 December 26 – Tupolev Tu-144, the worlds first supersonic transport, with Aeroflot

References

Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1975–76. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1975. .
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. .

Aviation by year

1975 in aviation


Ricardo Silvestre é um publicitário brasileiro, CEO e fundador da Black Influence, uma das maiores agências do Brasil. Em 2019, foi eleito pelo Papel & Caneta como um dos 30 jovens que lutaram para mudar a indústria da comunicação. Em 2020 foi nomeado pelo Meio & Mensagem como um dos 10 profissionais de comunicação do ano. Em 2022 ele se tornou o profissional mais jovem da história ser a indicado ao Prêmio Caboré.

Em 2022, Ricardo também foi listado dentro da 'Forbes Under 30', tradicional lista da Forbes Brasil que apresenta personalidades que foram destaque em suas áreas de atuação e que possuem menos de 30 anos.

Publicitários do Brasil

Ricardo Silvestre


El río que nos lleva es una novela de José Luis Sampedro, editada en 1961. En ella, el escritor rinde homenaje a los gancheros del río Tajo en su labor de transportar la maderada río abajo, desde la Serranía Ibérica, en Guadalajara, hacia los barrancos, hitas y parameras de La Alcarria, desembocando finalmente en la vega de Aranjuez, ya en la provincia de Madrid.

Claves del argumento y recorrido geográfico

La acción -situada en España en la década de 1940- se inicia cerca del pueblo de Zaorejas. En los caminos que llevan a él se van a encontrar los tres protagonistas de la novela: "Todo estaba dispuesto, aunque nadie lo supiera, porque la vida no avisa..." Con esta sentencia inicia Sampedro la novela.

Protagonistas

 Roy Shannon, irlandés de 32 años, excombatiente de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Vagabundo circunstancial en España huyendo de "asesinos de uniforme orgullosos de sus bombas".
 Paula, "una mujer envuelta en sombra"; la mujer que focalizará todo el relato.
 El Americano, capataz de los gancheros, en un tiempo emigrante en el Nuevo Mundo; eje del triángulo emocional que centra la trama.

Estructura
Presentados los protagonistas, Sampedro organiza la novela —según él mismo explica— a partir de tres exagramas del Libro de las Mutaciones:
 KAN es la montaña, la simiente, la puerta que se abre, el ave de negro pico, el árbol recio y nudoso. Es el Noroeste, es el Invierno.
 TCHAN es el dragón, el violento, el camino real, el amarillo, el fuerte y el lujurioso, el bambú joven, el tambor. Es el Noroeste, trae la Primavera.
 LI es el relámpago, el fuego, el sol ardiente, la lanza, la sequedad, el galope, el puñal, al alacrán. Es el Este, hacia el Verano.

Escenario

Siguiendo el accidentado cauce del Tajo, El río que nos lleva, tomando un ritmo narrativo que la aventura acerca a algunas obras de Jack London, transporta la "maderada" y a los gancheros que la conducen por los parajes de Alpetea, Huertahernando, Huertapelayo, Valtablado del Río y Ocentejo; en el curso del alto Tajo. Entra luego la novela en paisajes alcarreños dejando en sus orillas pueblos con ecos de la 'España profunda' de Cela, como Carrascosa, Trillo, Viana y Zorita de los Canes, o espacios naturales como Entrepeñas y el tajo de Anguix. Novela y río fluyen luego hacia su desenlace final por los sotos de Mazuecos, Fuentidueña y Buenamesón, hasta el Real Sitio de Aranjuez. Entre tanto, por sus páginas se ha ido hilando la trama, entre la "naturaleza solidaria" y la herida incurable de "las dos Españas".

Adaptaciones

 El río que nos lleva (1989), película dirigida por Antonio del Real
 Con guion de Antonio Larreta supervisado por el propio Sampedro y Del Real; música de Carles Cases y Lluis Llach, y fotografía de Federico Ribes.En el reparto principal: Alfredo Landa: el Americano; Toni Peck, hijo de Gregory Peck, interpretando al irlandés Shannon; Eulalia Ramón es Paula; Santiago Ramos: Dámaso; Fernando Fernán Gómez que dio vida a don Ángel; Antonio Gamero: Cacholo; Concha Cuetos: Cándida; Ovidi Montllor fue Cuatro dedos; Mario Pardo: Seco; y Juanjo Artero como el Rubio.La versión cinematográfica de El río que nos lleva fue galardonada en diez festivales internacionales y, en 1990, recibió el Premio al Mejor Director, que concede la ADIRCAE (Asamblea de Directores, Realizadores Cinematográficos y Audiovisuales Españoles). También fue declarada de interés por la UNESCO.

Reconocimientos
En 1991, Sampedro fue nombrado Hijo Adoptivo de Guadalajara.

Véase también
 Ganchero
 Maderadas en España

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Lindo Martínez, José Luis: Maderadas y gancheros. Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejería de Turismo y Artesanía. 2009.
 Juan Piqueras Haba y Carmen Sanchís Deusa: El transporte fluvial de madera en España. Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de Valencia.

Enlaces externos

Novelas ambientadas en la Comunidad de Madrid
Novelas ambientadas en la provincia de Guadalajara
Novelas de 1961
Novelas de José Luis Sampedro
Novelas de España del siglo XX en español
Río Tajo
Literatura de posguerra
Novelas españolas adaptadas al cine
España en 1961
La Alcarria

El río que nos lleva


الحبيب بن يحي ولد في 30 جويلية 1938 بتونس العاصمة، هو ديبلوماسي ورجل سياسة تونسي.
 حصل على الأستاذية في اللغة والآداب الأنقليزية من جامعة تونس، ثم درس بالولايات المتحدة حيث أحرز على دبلوم العلاقات الدولية من جامعة كولومبيا بنيويورك.
 في عام 1963 التحق بوزارة الشؤون الخارجية، حيث أسندت إليه رئاسة قسم إفريقيا الناطقة بالأنقليزية، ثم أصبح مديرا لقسم التعاون الاقتصادي مع الولايات المتحدة.
 في عام 1967 سمي مستشارا اقتصاديا بسفارة تونس في واشنطن ثم بسفارة بلاده بالأمم المتحدة.
 عاد إلى تونس عام 1973 ليتولى قسم التعاون المالي الثنائي. ثم عين مديرا لديوان وزير الخارجية، ثم سفيرا ببلجيكا ثم الولايات المتحدة.
 عاد إلى تونس عام 1988 حيث سمي كاتب دولة، ثم في فيفري 1991 أصبح وزيرا للخارجية، وفي جانفي 1997 عين وزيرا للدفاع ثم عاد إلى الخارجية عام 1999. وغادر الحكومة في نوفمبر 2004.
 رشح عام 2005 ليصبح ممثلا خاصا للأمين العام للأمم المتحدة في ساحل العاج، غير أن الرئيس زين العابدين بن علي خير الاحتفاظ به مستشارا ديبلوماسيا، وفي غرة فيفري 2006 عين أمينا عام لاتحاد المغرب العربي خلفا لحبيب بولعراس.
 متزوج وأب لطفلين.

المستوى التعليمي
 الثانوي : معهد الصادقية بتونس تحصل على الباكالوريا بجزئيها
 العالـي : من الجامعة التونسية : الأستاذية في اللغة الأنقليزية
 الاختصاص : العلاقات الدولية بجامعة Columbia University – New York

المهام الوظيفية
 إلتحق بوزارة الشؤون الخارجية في 1963
 عين مستشارا اقتصاديا بسفارة تونس بواشنطن في 1967
 إنتقل إلى سفارة تونس بباريس في 1970
 مدير مساعد بإدارة التعاون الدولي بالوزارة في 1973
 رئيس ديوان وزير الخارجية في 1975
 عين سفيرا بأبو ظبي في 1976
 في 1977 عين سفيرا باليابان
 عين سفيرا بواشنطن في 1981
 في 1988 عين كاتب دولة لدى وزيرا الخارجية
 في بداية 1991 عين وزيرا للخارجية
 عين وزير الدفاع الوطني في 1997
 عين من 1999 إلى 2004 وزيرا للشؤون الخارجية
 في 2005 عين وزيرا مستشارا ديبلوماسيا لدى رآسة الجمهورية
 عين أمينا عاما لاتحاد المغرب العربي اعتبارا من 01/02/2006

المهام الديبلوماسية
 شارك في عديد المؤتمرات الإقليمية والدولية (الأمم المتحدة – جامعة الدول العربية – منظمة الوحدة الإفريقية – إتحاد المغرب العربي – الإتحاد الأوروبي – المسار الأورو -المتوسطي – Barcelone - المنظمة الأوروبية للأمن والتعاون – المنتدى المتوسطي – الحوار 5+5 ...)
 اضطلع بمهام عديدة بصفته مبعوثا خاصا لرئيس الدولة وممثلا له في تظاهرات كثيرة.
 ساهم في عديد اللجان الإقليمية والدولية التفكيرية ولفض النزاعات (في إفريقيا والشرق الأوسط).
 ترأس الوفد التونسي في عديد المفاوضات واللجان المشتركة الثنائية.
 ألقى العديد من المحاضرات في منتديات جامعية.

الأوسمة
 تحصل على وسام الجمهورية – الصنـف الأكبر
 منح أوسمة خارجية من دول صديقة وشقيقة

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سفراء تونس لدى بلجيكا
سفراء لدى الولايات المتحدة
سياسيون تونسيون
مواليد 1357 هـ
مواليد 1938
مواليد في مدينة تونس
وزراء خارجية تونس
وزراء دفاع تونسيون

الحبيب بن يحيى


Rhysopleura orbicollis es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Es el único miembro del género monotípico Rhysopleura.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Iresina
Insectos descritos en 1904

Rhysopleura


David Cameron Chatters (April 15, 1946 – January 25, 2016) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006, representing the riding of Athabasca until the 2004 election, after which he represented Westlock—St. Paul.

Born in Westlock, Alberta, Chatters, formerly a farmer and rancher, was first elected as a member of the Reform Party of Canada (1993–2000), which became the Canadian Alliance in 2000, which became the Conservative Party of Canada in 2003. For over 10 years, he was the Senior Opposition Critic for Natural Resources and was a Deputy Whip of the Official Opposition. He was the Chair of the Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy, and Ethics, but health reasons made Chatters retire at the 2006 election.

In May 1996, he was suspended from the Reform Party caucus for asserting, in the wake of the Delwin Vriend case on LGBT human rights, that schools should have the right to fire openly gay teachers. Another caucus colleague who had made a similar comment, Bob Ringma, was suspended at the same time; a third caucus colleague, Jan Brown, was also suspended at the same time for publicly criticizing Chatters and Ringma. All three were readmitted to the Reform caucus by September of that year. He died at the age of 69 on January 25, 2016. He had pancreatic cancer.

Electoral record

References

External links
How'd They Vote?: David Chatters' voting history and quotes

1946 births
2016 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Reform Party of Canada MPs
Canadian Alliance MPs
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
People from Westlock County
21st-century Canadian politicians
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Canada

David Chatters


Warmians are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most of them are Roman Catholic and speak in Warmian subdialect of Polish language or German language.

History

Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.

The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics.

During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia.

After the war, due to their Polish roots, they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans, but over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937.

Notes

References

Ethnic groups in Poland
Ethnic groups in Germany
Prussia

Warmians (ethnic group)


A Casa do Povo (em francêsː Maison Du Peuple) é um edifício público construído em 1965, projetado pelo arquiteto francês René Faublée em estilo modernista brutalista. Está localizado na cidade de Uagadugu, capital de Burquina Fasso. O edifício abriga atividades socioculturais, esportivas e políticas e é administrado pela Câmara Municipal de Uagadugu.

História
No ano de 1960, quando Burquina Fasso declarou independência da França, a construção do edifício foi encomendado ao arquiteto francês René Faublée, para servir de centro cívico e sede do primeiro partido político do país. Foi inaugurado no dia 8 de outubro de 1965, com o nome "Casa do Partido".

Em 3 de janeiro de 1966, os militares tomaram o poder e transferiram o edifício para o Estado, depois de investigar que o partido não contribuiu com a construção. Em 1968, o edifício foi rebatizado como "Casa do Povo" e passou a ser uma instituição pública com gestão autônoma.

No ano de 2008, o edifício passa a ser administrado pelo município de Uagadugu.

No ano de 2022, a Casa do Povo entrou para a lista de Observação de Monumentos Mundiais, através da World Monuments Fund (WMF), pois foi considerado um dos edifícios da história arquitetônica africana mais ameaçados do ano.

Arquitetura
Faublée projetou a edificação em estilo modernista brutalista, exclusivamente burquinense, se inspirando na arquitetura vernacular local. A fachada, feita de concreto, possui textura e cor das casas de barro vernaculares de Burquina Fasso. Foi instalado, no telhado, dutos de ventilação em forma de lanternas extravagantes, inspirado na arquitetura tradicional Mossi. Na entrada foi instalado duas esculturas de elefantes.

O edifício possui um teatro com 3.000 assentos, um salão de honra, dois pavilhões, uma cabine técnica para transmissão de rádio, restaurantes, bares e um pátio de 42.000 m².
Arquitetura modernista
Construções de Burquina Fasso

Casa do Povo (Uagadugu)


An Phalaenopsis mysorensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cecil John Saldanha. An Phalaenopsis mysorensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis mysorensis


En théorie des nombres, le symbole de Kronecker, écrit comme  ou , est une généralisation du symbole de Jacobi à tous les entiers . Il a été introduit par Leopold Kronecker en 1885.

Définition
Soit  être un entier non nul, factorisé comme

où  est une unité (c'est-à-dire ), et les  sont premiers. Soit  un entier. Le symbole Kronecker  est défini par

Pour  impair, le nombre  est tout simplement le symbole de Legendre habituel. On définit  par

Puisqu'il prolonge le symbole Jacobi, la quantité  vaut simplement  lorsque . Lorsque , nous le définissons par

Enfin, nous posons

Ces extensions suffisent à définir le symbole de Kronecker pour toutes les valeurs entières .

Certains auteurs ne définissent le symbole Kronecker que pour des valeurs plus restreintes ; par exemple,  congru à  et .

Table de valeurs
Ce qui suit est un tableau des valeurs du symbole Kronecker  avec 1 ≤ n, k ≤ 30.

Propriétés
Le symbole Kronecker partage plusieurs propriétés avec le symbole de Jacobi, sous certaines restrictions :

  si , et  sinon.
  sauf si , un des  est nul et l'autre est négatif.
  sauf si , un des  est nul et l'autre a une partie impaire (définition ci-dessous) congruente à .
 Pour , on a  dès que  Si de plus  ont le même signe, il en va de même pour  .
 Pour , , on a  dès que

À la différence du symbole de Jacobi, le symbole de Kronecker n'a pas le même lien avec les résidus quadratiques. En particulier, le symbole Kronecker  pour  pair peut prendre des valeurs indépendamment du fait que  est un résidu quadratique ou un non-résidu modulo .

Réciprocité quadratique
Le symbole de Kronecker satisfait les versions suivantes de la loi de réciprocité quadratique.

Pour tout entier non nul , soit  la partie impaire de  :  où  est impair (pour , nous posons  ). Alors la version symétrique suivante de la réciprocité quadratique est valable pour chaque paire d'entiers  tel que  :

où le  signe est égal à  si  ou  et est égal à  si  et .

Il existe également une version équivalente non symétrique de la réciprocité quadratique qui vaut pour chaque paire d'entiers premiers  entre eux:

Pour tout entier  soit  . Alors on réécrit l'égalité précédente comme

pour toute paire d'entiers  (pas nécessairement premiers entre eux).

Les lois complémentaires se généralisent également au symbole de Kronecker. Ces lois découlent facilement de chaque version de la loi de réciprocité quadratique indiquée ci-dessus.

Pour tout entier  on a

et pour tout entier impair  :

Connexion aux caractères Dirichlet
Si  et , la fonction  est un caractère de Dirichlet réel de module  Inversement, tout caractère de Dirichlet réel peut être écrit sous cette forme avec  (pour  c'est ).

En particulier, les caractères primitifs de Dirichlet réels  sont en bijections avec les corps quadratiques , où  est un entier sans carré non nul (on peut inclure le cas  pour représenter le caractère principal, même s'il ne s'agit pas d'un corps quadratique proprement dit). Le caractère  peut être retrouvé à partir du corps comme son symbole d'Artin  : c'est-à-dire pour un nombre premier positif , la valeur de  dépend du comportement de l'idéal  dans l'anneau des entiers  :

Alors  est égal au symbole de Kronecker , où

est le discriminant de  . Le conducteur de  est .

De même, si , l'application  est un caractère de Dirichlet réel de module . Cependant, tous les caractères réels ne peuvent pas être représentés de cette manière, par exemple le caractère  ne peut pas être écrit comme  pour toute . Par la loi de réciprocité quadratique, on a . Un caractère  peut être représenté comme  si et seulement si sa partie impaire vérifie , auquel cas on peut prendre .

Article connexe

 Symbole de Hilbert

Références

Arithmétique modulaire
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Symbole de Kronecker (théorie des nombres)


Kravikfjord Station (Kravikfjord holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Numedalsbanen, der lå ved Sunde i Nore og Uvdal kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet som trinbræt 20. november 1927, da banen blev taget i brug. Trafikken på strækningen mellem Rollag og Rødberg, hvor stationen ligger, blev indstillet 1. januar 1989, hvorved stationen blev nedlagt.

Stationsbygningen er en ombygget barak fra anlæggelsen af banen. Den er senere solgt fra.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Numedalsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1927
Ophørt i 1989

Kravikfjord Station


Glenea astarte é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por James Thomson em 1865.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

astarte
Coleópteros descritos em 1865

Glenea astarte


Gustave Tamba est un boxeur français né le .

Biographie

Boxeur amateur
Jeune, il pratique plusieurs années les joutes à Saint-Raphaël dans le Var et joue gardien de but au Stade raphaëlois. À l'âge de , Gustave Tamba débute la boxe à la salle Pierre-Argenti de Fréjus. Entraîné par le double champion de France des poids légers en 1998 et 2000, Yannick Paget, il dispute quatre saisons chez les amateurs pour trente-huit combats. Classé deuxième de la catégorie des poids moyens derrière Christian M'Billi-Assomo, il n'est pas sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 et passe professionnel.

Boxeur professionnel
Il mène sa carrière de boxeur en parallèle de son métier de conducteur d'engins dans une entreprise de travaux publics. Tamba enchaîne les victoires et signe un contrat de quatre ans avec le promoteur Malamine Koné. Il met knockout Martin Owono dans la première reprise dans une soirée de boxe organisée à Dakar au Sénégal en . En , à Grande-Synthe, Tamba devient champion de France des poids super-moyens dans un combat expéditif lors duquel les deux boxeurs vont au tapis avant que Tamba ne contraigne l'arbitre à l'arrêter son adversaire nantais Shamil Ismailov dans la première reprise. Il défend sa ceinture avec succès à deux reprises contre Steven Crambert avant de l'abandonner pour disputer un titre européen.

Le , Gustave bat à Fréjus Dragan Lepei par arrêt de l'arbitre au second round et s'empare de la ceinture de champion d'Europe EBU des poids super-moyens.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1991
Naissance en France
Boxeur français

Gustave Tamba


An Paphiopedilum gratrixianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Paphiopedilum gratrixianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paphiopedilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum gratrixianum


روابط إضافية
 Official website

 Rochus Recent Match Results
 Rochus World Ranking History

أبطال الجراند سلام في زوجي كرة المضرب
أبطال بطولة فرنسا المفتوحة
أبطال بطولة ويمبلدون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من نامور
رياضيون من مقاطعة نامور
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة مضرب بلجيكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2004
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
مواليد 1981
مواليد في نامور

أوليفيه روكوس


FK Kauno Žalgiris este un club de fotbal lituanian din orașul Kaunas, care evoluează în A Lyga.

Palmares
 Campionatul Lituanian: 0
 3 locul : 2020, 2021
 Cupa Lituaniei: 0

Participări în campionatele lituaniene

FK Spyris (2013–2015)

FK Kauno Žalgiris (2016–)

Lotul actual
Actualizat ultima dată la 20 iulie 2023.''

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Jucători notabili
  Andrius Velička
  Arūnas Klimavičius
  Ignas Dedura
  Linas Pilibaitis
  Gratas Sirgėdas
  Egidijus Vaitkūnas

Antrenori
  Laimis Bičkauskas, 2013–2016
  Vitalijus Stankevičius, 2017
  Laimis Bičkauskas/ Ignas Dedura / Andrius Velička, 2017
  Johnatan McKinstry 2017
  Mindaugas Čepas 2018–2019
  Rokas Garastas, 2019–2023
  Marius Stankevičius, 2023

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial
 (Facebook)
 Soccerway
 alyga.lt
 Globalsportsarchive

Kauno Žalgiris
Fondări în 2004

FK Kauno Žalgiris


Carminho (* 20. August 1984 in Lissabon; eigentlich Maria do Carmo de Carvalho Rebelo de Andrade) ist eine portugiesische Fadosängerin.

Werdegang
Sie ist die Tochter von Nuno Maria Bello Rebelo de Andrade und der Fadista Maria Teresa da Câmara de Siqueira Archer de Carvalho (* 1953). Nachdem sie mit ihren Eltern zurück nach Lissabon gezogen war, trat sie im Alter von 12 Jahren bei einer Veranstaltung im Coliseu dos Recreios auf. In der Folge sang sie regelmäßig in Fado-Lokalen der Alfama, u. a. bei Beatriz da Conceição. Sie beendete ihr Studium (Werbung und Marketing), wandte sich danach aber ganz dem Fado zu. Sie galt nun, als Tochter der in Fado-Kreisen bekannten Sängerin Teresa Siqueira, als die neue Hoffnung des Fado. 2003 hatte sie bereits als Teil der Fado-Gruppierung Tertúlia de Fado Tradicional 4 Stücke für ein Album namens Saudades do Fado aufgenommen.

Es folgten Konzerte in Argentinien und der Schweiz, und sie sang auf Malta zum EU-Beitritt des Landes 2004. Die Stiftung Amália Rodrigues verlieh ihr 2005 den Preis für die beste weibliche Neuentdeckung.

Um sowohl Abstand zum zunehmenden öffentlichen Interesse an ihrer Person als auch neue Eindrücke zu gewinnen, ging sie 2006 für eine Hilfsorganisation ein Jahr lang in Länder wie Kambodscha, Peru, Indien und Osttimor. Zurück in Lissabon, nahm sie ihre Karriere im Fado 2007 wieder auf.

Sie wirkte im gleichen Jahr bei Carlos Sauras Film Fados mit. 2008 trat Carminho in der Casa da Música in Porto und auf der Gala zum 45. Bühnenjubiläum von Carlos do Carmo auf und sang auf der Weltausstellung Expo 2008 in Saragossa.

2009 erschien ihr Debütalbum, mit zwei selbstgeschriebenen Titeln neben traditionellen Fados. Die einfach Fado betitelte CD war 39 Wochen lang in den portugiesischen Charts und kam bis auf Platz 2. Fragen, warum sie so lange mit einem Album gewartet habe, beantwortete sie mit den hohen Erwartungen an sie als "neue Stimme des Fado". Sie habe erst langjährige Erfahrungen und Reflexion benötigt, um den Erwartungen gerecht zu werden.

2011 wurde ihr Album in Großbritannien veröffentlicht und dort von der Fachzeitschrift Songlines als eines der 10 besten Alben des Jahres bewertet. Sie gab Konzerte in Mosambik und auf der selten besuchten Azoren-Insel Graciosa, in Amsterdam und in Madrid, und auf dem Songlines-Festival in London. Im März des Jahres sang sie im Rahmen der Ausstellung zur Geschichte des Fados im Pariser UNESCO-Hauptsitz, anlässlich der Anerkennung des Fado als Weltkulturerbe.

Im Mai 2011 gab sie ein Konzert im Lissabonner Lux Frágil, bei dem sie u. a. von drei bekannten Musikern der Portugiesischen Gitarre begleitet wurde (Ângelo Freire, Luis Guerreiro und Zé Manuel Neto). Im Fado ist die Begleitung durch nur eine Portugiesische Gitarre neben anderen Instrumenten üblich. Dieses Konzert wurde von Regisseur João Botelho gefilmt und als DVD veröffentlicht. Noch 2011 trat sie auf der weltgrößten Weltmusik-Messe in Kopenhagen auf, der WOMEX. Nach den guten Kritiken nahmen die internationalen Tournee-Angebote weiter zu. Im März 2012 erschien ihr zweites Album Alma ("Seele").

Am 27. Januar 2015 wurde sie zum »Commendador« des Ordens des Infanten Dom Henrique ernannt.

Diskografie
 2009: Fado (EMI)
 2012: Alma (EMI)
 2014: Canto (Warner)
 2016: Carminho Canta Tom Jobim (Warner)
 2018: Maria (Warner)
 2023: Portuguesa (Warner)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (portugiesisch, englisch)

 Carminho bei MusicBrainz (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Fadosänger
Person (Lissabon)
Pseudonym
Träger des Ordens des Infanten Dom Henrique (Komtur)
Portugiese
Geboren 1984
Frau

Carminho


Baruch Kimmerling (n.16 octombrie 1939, Turda - 21 mai 2007, Ierusalim, Israel) a fost un sociolog și publicist israelian, evreu originar din România,
reprezentant al așa numitului curent al "gândirii critice", s-a ocupat mai ales de sociologia societății israeliene, a celei palestiniene și a conflictului arabo-israelian. A fost profesor la Universitatea Ebraică din Ierusalim.

Biografie
Baruch Kimmerling s-a născut în 1939 la Turda în Ardeal într-o familie de evrei. Tatăl său era vorbitor de română, comis voiajor de aparate de radio, iar mama sa, absolventă a unui liceu umanist maghiar, era o femeie cultivată, cu dragoste de carte. În timpul Holocaustului evreilor din Transilvania familia sa a reușit să supraviețuiască  deoarece în urma Dictatului de la Viena, în anii 1940-1944, orașul a rămas sub suveranitate română, spre deosebire de nordul Transilvaniei, unde în 1944 autoritățile maghiare au colaborat cu Germania nazistă în deportarea  evreilor la Auschwitz. După cotitura de la 23 august 1944 zona a fost arena unor grele lupte între armata română, trecută de partea aliaților și devenită aliată a armatei sovetice, și trupele germane și maghiare, devenite dușmane. Kimmerling, părinții și unchiul sau au părăsit Turda și s-au adăpostit într-o caravană de rromi, în condițiile unor bombardamente aeriene germane. Copil fiind, Kimmerling a fost cutremurat de moartea sub ochii săi a unui soldat român ucis de un obuz. Întorși la casa din Turda, familia nu și-a mai regăsit averea. Kimmerling a învățat cu un învățător particular la Turda, apoi. în 1952 a plecat cu familia în Israel. După o ședere temporară în taberele pentru imigranți la Sháar Haaliyá la Haifa,la Gan Yavne, și apoi la Nes Tziona s-a  stabilit cu părinții, și cu fratele mai mic, Adam, în cartierul Dora din Natania.

În ciuda unui handicap din naștere - s-a născut prematur cu o paralizie cerebrală, care i-a provocat tulburări motorii și de vorbire (în ultimele trei decenii de viață a fost nevoit să se folosească de un cărucior de invalid), Baruch Kimmerling a izbutit să studieze la liceu și apoi la universitate.
În adolescență el a activat în asociația "Shtelem", a familiilor cu copii suferind de paralizie cerebrală și a scris împreună cu doi prieteni o gazetă numită "Nitgabér" (Vom răzbate).
În anul 1963 a obținut licența în sociologie la Universitatea Ebraică din Ierusalim. În 1969 a terminat masteratul, iar în 1973 tot acolo a făcut lucrarea de doctorat pentru teza "Influența factorilor funciari și teritoriali asupra conflictului dintre evrei și arabi în legătură cu construirea societății evreiești în Palestina de la începuturile așezării și până după războiul din 1967".
În anul 1985 Kimmerling a trecut cu succes o intervenție neurochirurgicală din cauza compresiunii a două din vertebrele cervicale asupra măduvei spinării.
Kimmerling a efectuat cercetări în domeniul sociologiei istorice, de pe o poziție foarte critică față de politica oficială a establishmentului și a guvernelor țării sale în conflictul arabo-israelian. A publicat articole de idei în ziarul "Haaretz" și pe saitul internet Ynet.
Analizele sale în legătură cu politica de colonizare evreiască pe teritoriile din Cisiordania, Fâșia Gaza, Înălțimile Golan și Sinai, aflate sub control israelian în urma Războiului de Șase zile s-au bazat pe analogii cu colonialismul european și american.
Kimmerling a predat un timp la Universitatea Toronto, la MTI si la Universitatea Seattle.

Clasificat uneori printre "noii istorici" contestatari israelieni, sau ca "post-sionist", Kimmerling a insistat că se consideră sionist, și că aspira spre un stat israelian laic, bazat pe o diversitate de culturi. Spre deosebire de unii din colegii săi, s-a împotrivit în public boicotării universităților israeliene de către factori academici din străinătate.

Profesorul său de la începutul studiilor, sociologul Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, referindu-se postum la activitatea lui Kimmerling, a afirmat: Am doar admirație pentru voința pe care a manifestat-o, nerenunțând la muncă, în pofida handicapurilor. Avea în el elemente rebele și a fost întotdeauna contestat. A ridicat numeroase probleme însemnate, dar răspunsurile sale nu au fost întotdeauna acceptate".

Kimmerling a locuit în cea mai mare parte a anilor lângă Ierusalim, la Mevasseret Tzion, și apoi la Motza. El a murit de cancer la 67 ani. A fost înmormântat cu funeralii laice în cimitirul din kibuțul Mishmarot.

Viața privată
În august 1975 Kimmerling s-a căsătorit cu Diana Aidan, evreică născută la Benghazi, în Libia, și care era doctorandă în filozofie. Perechea a avut trei copii:Naama, Eli și Shira.

Scrieri
Kimmerling a scris nouă cărți și sute de articole și eseuri.

 Zionism and Territory: The Socioterritorial Dimensions of  Zionist Politics. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies, 1983
 Zionism and Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1983,
 The Interrupted System: Israeli Civilians in War and Routine Times. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books, 1985.
 Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People. New York: Free Press, 1993,. Paperback enlarged edition: Harvard University Press
 The Invention and Decline of Israeliness: State, Culture and Military in Israel. Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001,
 The End of Ashkenazi Hegemony. Jerusalem: Keter, 2001,  (ebraică).
 Politicide: Sharon's War Against the Palestinians. London: Verso, 2003.
 Baruch Kimmerling și Joel S. Migdal, The Palestinian People: A History. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2003,
 (ca redactor) The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989
 Sociology of Politics: A Reader. Binyamina: The Open University, 2005 (ebraică)
 Shuli bamerkaz: Sippur hayyim shel sotziolog tzibburi (Marginal in the Center: The Autobiography of a Public Sociologist), Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 2007, in engleză, in traducerea lui Diana Kimmerling (Berghahn, NY, 2012)
 Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, 431 pages.

Note

Legături externe
La urma urmelor sunt un om fericit, interviu de Dalia Karpel cu Baruch Kimmerling, Haaretz, 4 octombrie 2006

Noii istorici israelieni
Sociologi evrei
Evrei români
Decese cauzate de cancer
Nașteri în 1939
Decese în 2007
Turdeni

Baruch Kimmerling


මොහුව ලෝකේෂ්වර ලෙසින්ද හඳුන්වයි.

නිශ්ශංමල්ල හා සහස්සමල්ල  රජුගේ ඥාතියෙකු යැයි සිතිය හැකිය. මොහු මාස 9 ක් රජකම් කළ ඉක්බිති පරාක්‍රම නම් සෙනෙවියෙකු විසින් සිහසුනෙන් පහකොට ලීලාවතී දේවිය යළිත් රජ කමට පත් කරනු ලැබුවා ය.

ලෝකිස්සර


Tapkıran, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Elbistan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 215 km, Elbistan ilçesine 55 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 www.tavkirar.com(Tapkıran Köyleri Web Sitesi)
 Tapkırankale Web Sitesi
 Yerelnet

Elbistan'ın mahalleleri

Tapkıran, Elbistan


Abel Azcona (Madrid, 1. travnja 1988.) španjolski je umjetnik, specijaliziran za performans. Njegov rad uključuje instalacije, skulpture. i video umjetnost . U svojoj rodnoj zemlji poznat je kao " entfant grozan " španjolske suvremene umjetnosti. Njegova prva djela bavila su se osobnim identitetom, nasiljem i granicama boli; njegova kasnija djela su kritičnije, političke i društvene prirode .

Azconovi radovi izloženi su u venecijanskom Arsenalu, centru suvremene umjetnosti u Malagi, Muzeju moderne umjetnosti u Bogoti, Umjetničkoj ligi u Houstonu, Muzeju umjetnosti Leslie-Lohman u New Yorku i Círculo de Bellas Artes u Madridu. Njegovo je djelo izloženo i na Azijskom bijenalu umjetnosti u Daki i Tajpeju, Lyon Bijenalu, Miami International Performance Festival i Bangladeškom živom bijenalu umjetnosti. Muzej suvremene umjetnosti u Bogoti 2014. godine posvetio je retrospektivnu izložbu Abel Azcona.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Abel Azcona website.

Španjolski slikari
Slikari kubizma
Životopisi, Madrid

Abel Azcona


An Kniphofia pallidiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Kniphofia pallidiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kniphofia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kniphofia

Kniphofia pallidiflora


بطيوة إحدى بلديات ولاية وهران. وتبعد عن عاصمة الولاية بـ 43 كلم وعن مستغانم بـ 38 كلم وعن أرزيوبـ 20 كلم عرفت قديما بـ  Portus magnus

تاريخ

حقبة قبل الميلاد
أسس الفينيقين مرفأ بالمنطقة نظرا للموقع الممتاز و بقدوم الرومان للمنطقة  إستعمارها لشمال إفريقيا أسسوا مدينة على أنقاض من سبقوهم وسموها  Portus magnus  وإزدهرت المدينة وبلغت ذروت مجدها  بشكل كبير في القرن الثالث ميلادي  لكن  بدأ نجمها يخفت في القرن الرابع ميلادي ولدت مهجورة  بسبب سياسة الإمبراطور الروماني ديقليانوس الساعية لتقليص حدود الإمبراطورية الرومانية للدفاع عنها بشكل جيد وسكنت المدينة جالية رومانية وكذلك قبيلة كيرينا الغالية .

الحقبة الإسلامية
بطيوة إحدى بلديات ولاية وهران. وBettioua (البربرية Ibettiwen16) تأتي من قبيلة البربر قوية تحمل نفس الاسم، يعيش سكان الريف (المغرب) وقد أعاره ذراعيه لبني ميرين ضد زر بني حفص. في عام 1370 وBettioua 9 المريني أعقبت السلطان عبد العزيز في حملته ضد Mazouna وMaghraoua واستقر بعد هزيمتهم قرب مستغانم، مع الحفاظ على التبادلات عالية الحالية مع نظرائهم الريف
ومع ذلك، يتم دخولهم «الرسمية» في التاريخ من خلال فعل من 1784 الذي ينص على وجه التحديد من أنقاض بورتوس ماغنوس: يصف قانون تبادل أراضيها قرب مستغانم (Mazagnan) حيث عاش القرن الماضي مساعدة الأتراك إقليم أرزيو، في إطار بك من الماسكارا محمد Kebir19، واشتملت على تبادل الحق في استخدام أرزيو المالحة، وشملت دائما في الأراضي الحالية لBethioua. خلال الحرب بين أمير Abldekader القوات الفرنسية، وكان Bettioua إلى ترك مدينتهم واللجوء قرب مستغانم وبما Mazagnan حيث تم تثبيتها في الأصل. في وقت لاحق عندما كانت التهدئة كاملة، السلطات الفرنسية عرضت Bettioua في التقدير من بعض pacifité احترامهم للتخلص من أراضيهم في منطقة مستغانم، لكنهم طلبوا إعادة تثبيت المنزل حيث أتوا وجه منازلهم وزراعة حدائقهم. معظم أحفادهم لا يزالون يعيشون في القرن التاسع عشر على أنقاض المدينة الرومانية. احتفظوا بهم البربرية حديث طويل ذكرت خطر لصالح العربية في عام 1883، وانه لم يعد بقي عدد قليل من المتحدثين كبار السن في عام 1910ونشرت مسرد مع جزء كبير من المعجم في مجلة الأفريقية من نفس العام

أعلام
 نصر الدين البحاري
المهدي البوعبدلي

مراجع

بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في الجزائر
بلديات ولاية وهران

بطيوة


Poortugaal  est une station de la ligne D du métro de Rotterdam. Elle est située au village de Poortugaal sur le territoire de la municipalité d'Albrandswaard, au sud-est de Rotterdam au Pays-Bas.

Mise en service en 1974, elle est desservie, depuis 2009, par les rames de la ligne C et la ligne D du métro.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en aérien, la station Poortugaal, de la ligne D du métro de Rotterdam, est établie entre la station Rhoon, en direction du terminus Rotterdam-Centrale, et la station Tussenwater, en direction du terminus sud-ouest De Akkers.

Elle dispose des deux voies de la ligne encadrés par deux quais latéraux.

Histoire
La station Poortugaal est mise en service le , lors de l'ouverture à l'exploitation de la section de Slinge à Zalmplaat.

En décembre 2009, lors de la réorganisation et du renommage, des lignes du métro, elle devient une station de passage de la ligne D du métro.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station est équipée d'automates pour l'achat ou la recharge de titres de transports. Elle est accessible aux personnes à la mobilité réduite.

Desserte

Poortugaal est desservie par les rames de la ligne D du métro de Rotterdam.

Intermodalité
Elle est desservie par les bus des lignes 65, 79, 602 et les bus de nuit BOB de la ligne B7. Elle dispose d'un abri couvert et fermé pour les vélos et d'un parc relais P+R pour les véhicules.

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Rotterdam
 Ligne D du métro de Rotterdam
 Liste des stations du métro de Rotterdam
 Tramway de Rotterdam
 RET (entreprise)

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .

Station de la ligne D du métro de Rotterdam
Station de métro mise en service en 1974

Poortugaal (métro de Rotterdam)


Marija Filippowa () ist eine russische Bogenbiathletin.

Marija Filippowa gewann ihre erste internationale Medaille, als sie bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1999 in Bessans mit Jelena Safarowa und Tatjana Rowinskaja hinter der Vertretung aus Italien im Staffelrennen die Silbermedaille gewann. Zwei Jahre später gewann sie in Kubalonka mit Olga Koslowa und Jekaterina Lugowkina ihren ersten Titel im Staffelrennen. Erfolgreich war sie auch bei den Europameisterschaften des Jahres und gewann den Titel im Sprint sowie in derselben Zusammensetzung wie bei der WM mit der Staffel. Im Verfolgungsrennen musste sich Filippowa nur Koslowa geschlagen geben. Gemeinsam mit Koslowa war sie erfolgreichste Teilnehmerin an den kontinentalen Titelkämpfen. 2002 gewann sie mit Koslowa und Lugowkina erneut den Titel im Staffelrennen und wurde zudem hinter Koslowa Zweite im Sprint und hinter Koslowa und Nadia Peyrot Dritte im Verfolgungsrennen.

Weblinks
 WM-Ergebnislisten der Frauen

Biathlet (Russland)
Weltmeister (Bogenbiathlon)
Europameister (Bogenbiathlon)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Russe
Frau

Marija Filippowa


Hanyu may refer to:
Hànyǔ (汉语), the Chinese language or language of the Han people
Hanyu pinyin, the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan and Singapore
Hanyū, Saitama, a city in Saitama, Japan

People
Han Yu (韓愈, 768–824), ancient Chinese essayist
, Japanese gymnast
Naotake Hanyu (羽生 直剛, born 1979), Japanese footballer
Yuzuru Hanyu (羽生 結弦, born 1994), Japanese figure skater

Japanese-language surnames

Hanyu


A crochet hook (or crochet needle) is an implement used to make loops in thread or yarn and to interlock them into crochet stitches. It is a round shaft pointed on one end, with a lateral groove behind it. The point eases the insertion of the hook through the material being crocheted and the groove makes it possible to pull a loop back through the material. The shaft is then divided into a working area that determines the hook's nominal diameter and ensures the uniform sizing of the loops formed on it, and a handle.

Construction

Crochet appeared as a distinct textile art during the early 19th century, and many crochet hooks survive from that period. These can be sorted into two groups, the one with thin steel hooks that are set into separate handles, and the other including single-piece hooks made in a variety of materials. The distinction between steel and other hooks persists to the present day, although all are now commonly of single-piece construction. A variety of coverings may be applied to the handle for ergonomic reasons. Ornate handles have been made for their decorative value, throughout.

Crochet hooks are currently produced in diameters ranging from 0.35 mm to 25 mm. These diameters are indicated both directly in millimeters and by various numerical or literal gauge systems. Hooks under 2.0 mm are made of steel (for its strength) and are alternately termed steel-, lace- or thread hooks. Hooks of 2.00 mm or larger diameter are called yarn hooks or regular hooks. Aluminum is the predominant material from 2.0 mm to 6.0 mm (for its lighter weight). Beyond that, bamboo, wood, and plastic are the more common materials (for their even lighter weight). The indicated size boundaries between the types are, however, approximate. With the exception of the thinnest hooks, which are invariably made of steel, other materials may be encountered outside the indicated ranges.

Historical materials for handles and some one-piece hooks include bone, porcupine quill, celluloid, agate, ivory, and fossilized mammoth ivory.

Longer hooks are used for Tunisian crochet to accommodate the lengthy rows of open loops characterizing that style. A form with hooks at both ends is also used for Tunisian and other types of crochet that cannot be made with the standard hook, such as cro-hooking.

Hook sizes

Please refer to List of United States standard crochet hook and knitting needle sizes for a comparison chart of crochet hook sizes.

Types
A Knook is a type of crochet hook whose one end is a crochet hook and the other end has an eye-hole for attaching a cord. The cord allows for placing multiple live knit and purl stitches on the hook, which are then slid off and onto the cord when going to the next row.

Use

The two basic ways of holding a crochet hook are:

 the pencil grip, with the hook going over the crotch of the thumb, resembling a pencil,
 the knife grip, with the hook under the palm of the hand, resembling a knife held when held overhand.

These grips are functionally equivalent and selected as a matter of personal preference, with hybrid forms being commonplace.

Adaptive crochet hooks
Adaptive crochet hooks are specialized crochet hooks intended to assist individuals with physical disabilities. Most adaptive hooks are designed with an ergonomic handle that provide a comfortable grip and reduces strain on the individual's fingers, wrists, and hands. Mainly for the benefit of those suffering from arthritis or carpal tunnel syndrome, ergonomic hooks can reduce hand and wrists pains caused from the repetitive motions used in all crochet stitches, for all crocheters regardless of ability.

In addition to ergonomic handles, adaptive hooks may involve other features including enlarged hooks or longer handles, to provide better control and ease of use for individual with limited mobility or dexterity. The increase of accessibility to different styles of hooks has made it possible to sustain a longevity for an individual's ability to crochet.

Other applications

Crochet hooks can be used in many instances where it is necessary to pull a string through a hole. For example, many knitters use them to fix dropped knitting stitches, and tailors may use a crochet hook to thread a drawstring through its casing. Their use is not limited to fiber arts; crochet hooks can be used to maintain dreadlocks by pulling stray hairs back into the main dread.

See also

 Buttonhook
 Hook gauge

References

External links

Crochet

Crochet hook


A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. Disinfectants are also different from biocides—the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms.
Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination, and can be defined as the process whereby physical or chemical methods are used to reduce the amount of pathogenic microorganisms on a surface.

Disinfectants can also be used to destroy microorganisms on the skin and mucous membrane, as in the medical dictionary historically the word simply meant that it destroys microbes.

Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect. Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers. Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms. Sanitizers are mild compared to disinfectants and are used majorly to clean things that are in human contact whereas disinfectants are concentrated and are used to clean surfaces like floors and building premises.

Bacterial endospores are most resistant to disinfectants, but some fungi, viruses and bacteria also possess some resistance.

In wastewater treatment, a disinfection step with chlorine, ultra-violet (UV) radiation or ozonation can be included as tertiary treatment to remove pathogens from wastewater, for example if it is to be discharged to a river or the sea where there body contact immersion recreations is practiced (Europe) or reused to irrigate golf courses (US). An alternative term used in the sanitation sector for disinfection of waste streams, sewage sludge or fecal sludge is sanitisation or sanitization.

Definitions
The Australian Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54 defines several grades of disinfectant as will be used below.

Sterilant
Sterilant means a chemical agent which is used to sterilize critical medical devices or medical instruments. A sterilant kills all micro-organisms with the result that the sterility assurance level of a microbial survivor is less than 10^-6. Sterilant gases are not within this scope.

Low level disinfectant
Low level disinfectant means a disinfectant that rapidly kills most vegetative bacteria as well as medium-sized lipid containing viruses, when used according to labelling. It cannot be relied upon to destroy, within a practical period, bacterial endospores, mycobacteria, fungi, or all small nonlipid viruses.

Intermediate level disinfectant
Intermediate level disinfectant means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens except bacterial endospores, when used as recommended by the manufacturer. It is bactericidal, tuberculocidal, fungicidal (against asexual spores but not necessarily dried chlamydospores or sexual spores), and virucidal.

High level disinfectant
High level disinfectant means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens, except large numbers of bacterial endospores when used as recommended by its manufacturer.

Instrument grade
Instrument grade disinfectant means:
 a disinfectant which is used to reprocess reusable therapeutic devices; and
 when associated with the words "low", "intermediate" or "high" means "low", "intermediate" or "high" level disinfectant respectively.

Hospital grade
Hospital grade disinfectant means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building and fitting surfaces, and purposes not involving instruments or surfaces likely to come into contact with broken skin:
 in premises used for:
 the investigation or treatment of a disease, ailment or injury; or
 procedures that are carried out involving the penetration of the
human skin; or,
 in connection with:
 the business of beauty therapy or hairdressing; or
 the practice of podiatry;
but does not include :
 Instrument grade disinfectants; or
 sterilant; or
 an antibacterial clothes preparation; or
 a sanitary fluid; or
 a sanitary powder; or
 a sanitiser.

Household/commercial grade
Household/commercial grade disinfectant means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building or fitting surfaces, and for other purposes, in premises or involving procedures other than those specified for a hospital-grade disinfectant, but is not:
 an antibacterial clothes preparation; or
 a sanitary fluid; or
 a sanitary powder; or
 a sanitiser

Measurements of effectiveness
One way to compare disinfectants is to compare how well they do against a known disinfectant and rate them accordingly. Phenol is the standard, and the corresponding rating system is called the "Phenol coefficient". The disinfectant to be tested is compared with phenol on a standard microbe (usually Salmonella typhi or Staphylococcus aureus). Disinfectants that are more effective than phenol have a coefficient > 1. Those that are less effective have a coefficient < 1.

The standard European approach for disinfectant validation consists of a basic suspension test, a quantitative suspension test (with low and high levels of organic material added to act as 'interfering substances') and a two part simulated-use surface test.

A less specific measurement of effectiveness is the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification into either high, intermediate or low levels of disinfection. "High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores" and is done with a chemical germicide marketed as a sterilant by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a 'tuberculocide' by the Environmental Protection Agency. Low-level disinfection kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant by the EPA."

An alternative assessment is to measure the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of disinfectants against selected (and representative) microbial species, such as through the use of microbroth dilution testing. However, those methods are obtained at standard inoculum levels without considering the inoculum effect. More informative methods are nowadays in demand to determine the minimum disinfectant dose as a function of the density of the target microbial species.

Properties
A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological sterilisation, without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and noncorrosive. However, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful (even toxic) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain denatonium, an exceptionally bitter substance added to discourage ingestion, as a safety measure. Those that are used indoors should never be mixed with other cleaning products as chemical reactions can occur. The choice of disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. Some disinfectants have a wide spectrum (kill many different types of microorganisms), while others kill a smaller range of disease-causing organisms but are preferred for other properties (they may be non-corrosive, non-toxic, or inexpensive).

There are arguments for creating or maintaining conditions that are not conducive to bacterial survival and multiplication, rather than attempting to kill them with chemicals. Bacteria can increase in number very quickly, which enables them to evolve rapidly. Should some bacteria survive a chemical attack, they give rise to new generations composed completely of bacteria that have resistance to the particular chemical used. Under a sustained chemical attack, the surviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the chemical used, and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some question the wisdom of impregnating cloths, cutting boards and worktops in the home with bactericidal chemicals.

Types

Air disinfectants
Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting microorganisms suspended in the air. Disinfectants are generally assumed to be limited to use on surfaces, but that is not the case.  In 1928, a study found that airborne microorganisms could be killed using mists of dilute bleach. An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as an aerosol or vapour at a sufficient concentration in the air to cause the number of viable infectious microorganisms to be significantly reduced.

In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of diverse bacteria, influenza virus, and Penicillium chrysogenum (previously P. notatum) mold fungus using various glycols, principally propylene glycol and triethylene glycol.  In principle, these chemical substances are ideal air disinfectants because they have both high lethality to microorganisms and low mammalian toxicity.

Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous action.  Continuous action in real-world environments with outside air exchanges at door, HVAC, and window interfaces, and in the presence of materials that absorb and remove glycols from the air, poses engineering challenges that are not critical for surface disinfection.  The engineering challenge associated with creating a sufficient concentration of the glycol vapours in the air have not to date been sufficiently addressed.

Alcohols

Alcohol and alcohol plus Quaternary ammonium cation based compounds comprise a class of proven surface sanitizers and disinfectants approved by the EPA and the Centers for Disease Control for use as a hospital grade disinfectant. Alcohols are most effective when combined with distilled water to facilitate diffusion through the cell membrane; 100% alcohol typically denatures only external membrane proteins.  A mixture of 70% ethanol or isopropanol diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, though higher concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet surfaces.  Additionally, high-concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C).

The efficacy of alcohol is enhanced when in solution with the wetting agent dodecanoic acid (coconut soap).  The synergistic effect of 29.4% ethanol with dodecanoic acid is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.  Further testing is being performed against Clostridium difficile (C.Diff) spores with higher concentrations of ethanol and dodecanoic acid, which proved effective with a contact time of ten minutes.

Aldehydes
Aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, have a wide microbicidal activity and are sporicidal and fungicidal. They are partly inactivated by organic matter and have slight residual activity.

Some bacteria have developed resistance to glutaraldehyde, and it has been found that glutaraldehyde can cause asthma and other health hazards, hence ortho-phthalaldehyde is replacing glutaraldehyde.

Oxidizing agents

Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and leads to cell lysis and death.  A large number of disinfectants operate in this way. Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers, so their compounds figure heavily here.
 Electrolyzed water or "Anolyte" is an oxidizing, acidic hypochlorite solution made by electrolysis of sodium chloride into sodium hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid. Anolyte has an oxidation-reduction potential of +600 to +1200 mV and a typical pH range of 3.5––8.5, but the most potent solution is produced at a controlled pH 5.0–6.3 where the predominant oxychlorine species is hypochlorous acid.
 Hydrogen peroxide is used in hospitals to disinfect surfaces and it is used in solution alone or in combination with other chemicals as a high level disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide is sometimes mixed with colloidal silver. It is often preferred because it causes far fewer allergic reactions than alternative disinfectants. Also used in the food packaging industry to disinfect foil containers. A 3% solution is also used as an antiseptic.
 Hydrogen peroxide vapor is used as a medical sterilant and as room disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide has the advantage that it decomposes to form oxygen and water thus leaving no long term residues, but hydrogen peroxide as with most other strong oxidants is hazardous, and solutions are a primary irritant. The vapor is hazardous to the respiratory system and eyes and consequently the OSHA permissible exposure limit is 1 ppm (29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1) calculated as an eight-hour time weighted average and the NIOSH immediately dangerous to life and health limit is 75 ppm. Therefore, engineering controls, personal protective equipment, gas monitoring etc. should be employed where high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are used in the workplace. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is one of the chemicals approved for decontamination of anthrax spores from contaminated buildings, such as occurred during the 2001 anthrax attacks in the U.S. It has also been shown to be effective in removing exotic animal viruses, such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease from equipment and surfaces.
 The antimicrobial action of hydrogen peroxide can be enhanced by surfactants and organic acids. The resulting chemistry is known as Accelerated hydrogen peroxide. A 2% solution, stabilized for extended use, achieves high-level disinfection in 5 minutes, and is suitable for disinfecting medical equipment made from hard plastic, such as in endoscopes.  The evidence available suggests that products based on Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide, apart from being good germicides, are safer for humans and benign to the environment.
 Ozone is a gas used for disinfecting water, laundry, foods, air, and surfaces. It is chemically aggressive and destroys many organic compounds, resulting in rapid decolorization and deodorization in addition to disinfection. Ozone decomposes relatively quickly. However, due to this characteristic of ozone, tap water chlorination cannot be entirely replaced by ozonation, as the ozone would decompose already in the water piping. Instead, it is used to remove the bulk of oxidizable matter from the water, which would produce small amounts of organochlorides if treated with chlorine only. Regardless, ozone has a very wide range of applications from municipal to industrial water treatment due to its powerful reactivity.
 Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purplish-black crystalline powder that colours everything it touches, through a strong oxidising action. This includes staining "stainless" steel, which somewhat limits its use and makes it necessary to use plastic or glass containers.  It is used to disinfect aquariums and is  used in some community swimming pools as a foot disinfectant before entering the pool. Typically, a large shallow basin of KMnO4 / water solution is kept near the pool ladder. Participants are required to step in the basin and then go into the pool. Additionally, it is widely used to disinfect community water ponds and wells in tropical countries, as well as to disinfect the mouth before pulling out teeth. It can be applied to wounds in dilute solution.

Peroxy and peroxo acids
Peroxycarboxylic acids and inorganic peroxo acids are strong oxidants and extremely effective disinfectants.
 Peroxyformic acid
 Peracetic acid
 Peroxypropionic acid
 Monoperoxyglutaric acid
 Monoperoxysuccinic acid
 Peroxybenzoic acid
 Peroxyanisic acid
 Chloroperbenzoic acid
 Monoperoxyphthalic acid
 Peroxymonosulfuric acid

Phenolics
Phenolics are active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes. Phenols are toxic to cats and newborn humans
 Phenol is probably the oldest known disinfectant as it was first used by Lister, when it was called carbolic acid. It is rather corrosive to the skin and sometimes toxic to sensitive people. Impure preparations of phenol were originally made from coal tar, and these contained low concentrations of other aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene, which is an IARC Group 1 carcinogen.
 o-Phenylphenol is often used instead of phenol, since it is somewhat less corrosive.
 Chloroxylenol is the principal ingredient in Dettol, a household disinfectant and antiseptic.
 Hexachlorophene is a phenolic that was once used as a germicidal additive to some household products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.
 Thymol, derived from the herb thyme, is the active ingredient in some "broad spectrum" disinfectants that often bear ecological claims. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge.
 Amylmetacresol is found in Strepsils, a throat disinfectant.
 Although not a phenol, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol has similar effects as phenols, but it cannot inactivate viruses.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"), such as benzalkonium chloride, are a large group of related compounds. Some concentrated formulations have been shown to be effective low-level disinfectants. Quaternary ammonia at or above 200ppm plus alcohol solutions exhibit efficacy against difficult to kill non-enveloped viruses such as norovirus, rotavirus, or polio virus.  Newer synergous, low-alcohol formulations are highly effective broad-spectrum disinfectants with quick contact times (3–5 minutes) against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, and mycobacteria.  Quats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive in large-scale industrial water systems to minimize undesired biological growth.

Inorganic compounds

Chlorine
This group comprises aqueous solution of chlorine, hypochlorite, or hypochlorous acid. Occasionally, chlorine-releasing compounds and their salts are included in this group. Frequently, a concentration of < 1 ppm of available chlorine is sufficient to kill bacteria and viruses, spores and mycobacteria requiring higher concentrations.
Chlorine has been used for applications, such as the deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water and wastewater, for the disinfection of household areas and for textile bleaching
 Sodium hypochlorite
 Calcium hypochlorite
 Monochloramine
 Chloramine-T
 Trichloroisocyanuric acid
 Chlorine dioxide
 Hypochlorous acid

Iodine
 Iodine
 Iodophors

Acids and bases
 Sodium hydroxide
 Potassium hydroxide
 Calcium hydroxide
 Magnesium hydroxide
 Sulfurous acid
 Sulfur dioxide
 phosphoric acid
 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid

Metals
Most metals, especially those with high atomic weights can inhibit the growth of pathogens by disrupting their metabolism.

Terpenes
 Thymol
 Pine oil

Other
The biguanide polymer polyaminopropyl biguanide is specifically bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/L). It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to bacterial DNA, alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage. It has very low toxicity to higher organisms such as human cells, which have more complex and protective membranes.

Common sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has antifungal properties, and some antiviral and antibacterial properties, though those are too weak to be effective at a home environment.

Non-chemical
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is the use of high-intensity shortwave ultraviolet light for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal water treatment. Ultraviolet light fixtures are often present in microbiology labs, and are activated only when there are no occupants in a room (e.g., at night).

Heat treatment can be used for disinfection and sterilization.

The phrase "sunlight is the best disinfectant" was popularized in 1913 by United States Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis and later advocates of government transparency. While sunlight's ultraviolet rays can act as a disinfectant, the Earth's ozone layer blocks the rays' most effective wavelengths. Ultraviolet light-emitting machines, such as those used to disinfect some hospital rooms, make for better disinfectants than sunlight.

Since the mid-1990s cold plasma has been shown to be an efficient sterilization/disinfection agent. Cold plasma is an ionized gas that remains at room temperature. It generates reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species that interact with bacterial wall and membrane and cause oxidation of the lipids and proteins and can also lyse the cells. Cold plasma can inactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Home disinfectants

The most cost-effective home disinfectant is chlorine bleach (typically a >10% solution of sodium hypochlorite), which is effective against most common pathogens, including disinfectant-resistant organisms such as tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), hepatitis B and C, fungi, and antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus and enterococcus. It has disinfectant action against some parasitic organisms.

The benefits of chlorine bleach include its inexpensive and fast acting nature. However it is harmful to mucous membranes and skin upon contact, has a strong odour; is not effective against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium; and combination with other cleaning products such as ammonia and vinegar can generate noxious gases like chlorine. The best practice is not to add anything to household bleach except water. As with most disinfectants, the area requiring disinfection should be cleaned before the application of the chlorine bleach, as the presence of organic materials may inactivate chlorine bleach.

The use of some antimicrobials such as triclosan, is controversial because it may lead to antimicrobial resistance. The use of chlorine bleach and alcohol disinfectants does not cause antimicrobial resistance as it denatures the protein of the microbe upon contact.

Electrostatic Disinfection

There has been a rise in the use of electrostatic disinfectants in recent years. Electrostatic disinfection is a process achieved by use of electrostatic sprayers notable examples of which include the Vycel -Vycel 4 or the Techtronics Ryobi. Electrostatic Sprayers are a new technology for disinfecting surfaces. Unlike conventional spraying bottles or devices electrostatic sprayers apply a positive ionic charge to liquid disinfectants as they pass through the nozzle of the device. The positively charged disinfectant distributed through the nozzle of an electrostatic sprayer is attracted to negatively charged surfaces, which allows for efficient coating of disinfectant solutions on to hard nonporous surfaces. There are a number of specific disinfectants designed for use with electrostatic sprayers and these are often dissolved in solution or diluted with water. Notable disinfectant sprays that are designed for use with electrostatic sprayers include Citrox Disinfectant Solution and Vital Oxide Disinfectant Solution.

See also
 Drug resistance
 Diethylene glycol - a raw material for air sanitation
 Hand sanitizer
 Hygiene
 List of cleaning products
 Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
 Virucide

References

Further reading

External links
 Ohio State University lecture on Sterilization and Disinfection
 What Germs Are We Killing? Testing and Classifying Disinfectants
 Disinfectant Selection Guide
 Disinfectant and Non-Chlorine Bleach —Office of DOE Science Education
 The Viennese Database for Disinfectants (WIDES Database)
 Chemical disinfectants – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Hygiene
Bactericides

Disinfectant


بلدية أورِيًوس (بالكاتالانية: Òrrius) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 487 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

تاريخيا
تم الاستشهاد بها لأول مرة باسم Vila de Orreos في وثائق من عام 974. هذا الاسم، الذي له أصل لاتيني، يعني "Barns". لقد شكلت جزءًا من أراضي أسياد بورياك حتى عام 1357، حيث تنازل الملك بيتر الرابع ملك أراغون عن الولاية القضائية على المنطقة إلى أسياد روكا ديل فاليس.

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
بلديات في ماريسمى

أورايوس


Mjólkururtaætt eða vörtumjólkurætt (fræðiheiti Euphorbiaceae)  er útbreidd ætt  209 ættkvísla tvíkímblöðunga. Innan ættarinnar eru tré, runnar og jurtir . Einkennisættkvíslin Euphorbia er þekkt fyrir afar fjölbreytt vaxtarform tegundanna, sem geta verið allt frá smáum þykkblöðungum til stórra trjáa. Til mjólkurjurtaættar teljast margar stofuplöntur svo sem  koparblað (Acalypha), tígurskrúð (Codiaeum ) og  flöskufótur (Jatropha).

Tilvísanir

Mjólkurjurtaætt

Mjólkurjurtaætt


Metropolita de Malankara (em malaiala: മലങ്കര മെത്രാപ്പോലീത്ത) é um título eclesiástico dado ao chefe da Igreja Síria Malankara, anteriormente pelo Governo de Travancore e Cochin no sul da Índia. Este título foi concedido por proclamação do Rei de Travancore e do Rei de Cochin. A jurisdição principal em relação à administração temporal, eclesiástica e espiritual da Igreja de Malankara é investida no Metropolita de Malankara. O Metropolita de Malankara é o guardião legal do Antigo Seminário de Kottayam, dos interesses de vattipanam e outras propriedades da comunidade comum da Igreja de Malankara.

Depois de 1877, todas as denominações da Igreja Malankara começaram a reivindicar a seu prelado como Metropolita de Malankara. Entre eles, o chefe da Igreja Síria Ortodoxa Malankara que foi confirmado pelo Supremo Tribunal da Índia.

O atual Metropolita de Malankara é Basílio Marthoma Mateus III.

O título "Metropolita Mar Thoma"  é usado pelo chefe da Igreja Síria de Mar Thoma desde 1894. O atual Metropolita Mar Thoma é Teodósio Mar Thoma.

Linhagem
Historicamente, o primaz dos Cristãos de São Tomé era conhecido como Jathikku Karthavian (líder da comunidade), Malankara Moopen (Ancião da Comunidade), Arquidiácono ou Arkadiyakon (Sumo Sacerdote). Este cargo era tradicionalmente ocupado pela família Pakalomattom. No séc. XVI, tornou-se necessário elevar o arquidiácono à posição de 'bispo metropolitano' nomeado como Mar Thoma para resistir às tentativas de latinização dos jesuítas. Em 1653, a posição de arquidiácono foi elevada a bispado pela imposição de mãos de doze padres na ausência de um bispo válido. Este foi um passo de emergência. A partir daí, o Bispo Metropolitano assumiu o título eclesiástico honorífico Mar Thoma. Este título foi usado de 1653 a 1815. Mais tarde, um 'Bispado' regular foi estabelecido em Malankara com a ajuda de Gregorio Abdal Jaleel.

Ver também

 Católico da Índia
 Católico do Oriente
 Mafrianato do Oriente
 Mafriano
 Católico

Referências
Cristãos de São Tomé
Igreja Ortodoxa Síria
Títulos eclesiásticos
Cristianismo na Índia
Cristianismo siríaco

Metropolita de Malankara