Tameem al-Kubati (* 1. Januar 1989) ist ein jemenitischer Taekwondoin. Er startet in der Gewichtsklasse bis 58 Kilogramm.

Seine ersten internationalen Titelkämpfe bestritt Kubati bei der Asienmeisterschaft in Henan, wo er in der Klasse bis 54 Kilogramm das Halbfinale erreichen konnte und Bronze gewann. Bei seiner ersten Weltmeisterschaft 2009 in Kopenhagen schied er nach seinem zweiten Kampf vorzeitig aus. Erfolgreich verlief das Jahr 2011. Kubati erreichte bei der Militärweltmeisterschaft in Rio de Janeiro das Viertelfinale und gewann bei den Panarabischen Spielen in Doha in der Klasse bis 54 Kilogramm die Goldmedaille. Beim internationalen und asiatischen Olympiaqualifikationsturnier in der Gewichtsklasse bis 58 Kilogramm verpasste Kubati jeweils die Qualifikation für die Olympischen Spiele 2012 in London. Von der World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) erhielt er jedoch eine Wildcard für die Teilnahme.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Taekwondoin (Jemen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Jemen)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Jemenit
Geboren 1989
Mann

Tameem al-Kubati


Frøerne og deres Fjender er en naturfilm fra 1921 instrueret af Richard Lund.

Handling
Frøernes liv fra æg, haletudse til fuldvoksen frø. Især fokus på de farer, som de risikerer fra bl.a. stork, ænder, svaner og hornugler.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1921

Naturfilm fra Danmark

Frøerne og deres Fjender


المتوجة أو المُطَرَّزة هي قصيدة ذات ترتيب خاص تشكل فيها الحروف الأولى لأحد المصراعين أو كليهما كلاماً مفهوماً.

أمثلة

عربية
 نظم أبو بكر المسكين بن أحمد البرناوي النيجيري متوجة على حروف لا إله إلا الله}}:
لك الحمد مولانا على كل نعمة — مننت علينا ربنا ولك الحمد
أجبت دعانا إذ دعوناك ربنا — وأعطيتنا مسؤولنا لك الحمد
أريت لنا فضلا بنور إجابة — بأن العدا قد قطعوا ولك الحمد
لك الحمد إذ قطعت دابر هؤلا — لما ظلموا يا ربنا ولك الحمد
هديت عبيدا للدعا فدعا به — أجبت له لما دعا ولك الحمد
إلهي إلهي يا نصير محمد — فصل عليه دائما ولك الحمد
لقد قتلوا أولاء ثمت قطعوا — بأيدي غلاظ ربنا ولك الحمد
أريت بقرب الفجر أول حجة — غلاظا شدادا قطعوهم لك الحمد
أمرت غلاظا رب فامتثلوا به — وليسوا عصاة ربنا ولك الحمد
لك الحمد يا ربي على نعمة الدعا — ونعمى استجابات له ولك الحمد
لك الحمد يا رب البرية زدهم — فضائح في الدنيا وأخرى لك الحمد
هو الله لا إله إلا هو الذي — له الحمد في الأولى وأخرى له الحمد

انظر أيضا
 تلميع
 تسجيع
 توشيح
 التأريخ المتوج
 مثلث

المراجع

أشكال الخطاب
ألعاب الكلمات
دخيل فرنسي
مصطلحات شعرية

تتويج (شعر)


An Crepidium sarawakense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko ngan Marg.. An Crepidium sarawakense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium sarawakense


Kuglački klub Mlaka (KK "Mlaka" Rijeka; KK "Mlaka"; "Mlaka Rijeka"; "Mlaka") je ženski kuglački klub iz Rijeke, Primorsko-goranska županija, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub se natjecao u Prvoj hrvatskoj kuglačkoj ligi za žene.

O klubu
Kuglački klub "Mlaka" je osnovan 1977. godine. Osamostaljenjem Hrvatske, klub pretežno je član "1. lige za žene". Klub je u početku u sjeni gradskog rivala "Rijeke", a od početka 2010.-ih je uspješniji klub u gradu, te jedan od vodećih u Hrvatskoj.  Do 2020. godine "Mlaka" je šest puta ligaški prvak Hrvatske, a 2019. je osvojila "Svjetski kup"
U sklopu KK "Mlaka" je djelovala i muška momčad, koja se potom odvojila u zaseban klub.

Uspjesi

Ekipno
 Liga prvakinja
 finalisti: 2019.
 trećeplasirani: 2015., 2016.

 Svjetski kup
 pobjednici: 2019.
 finalisti: 2018.
 trećeplasirani: 2015., 2016.

 Europski kup
 finalist: 2010., 2013.
 trećeplasirani: 2009., 2014.

 1. hrvatska liga
 prvakinje: 2011./12., 2014./15., 2015./16., 2017./18., 2018./19., 2019./20., 2020./21., 2021./22.
 doprvakinje: 2008./09., 2009./10., 2010./11., 2012./13., 2013./14., 2016./17.
 trećeplasirane: 1998./99.

 Kup Hrvatske
 pobjednici: 2011./12., 2012./13., 2016./17., 2017./18., 2021./22.
 finalisti: 2014./15.

Pojedinačno

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznate igračice

Unutarnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice
 Kuglački klub Mlaka, facebook stranica
 kuglanje.hr, Mlaka
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Mlaka
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Mlaka - 810075 (Kuglački savez Primorsko-goranske županije)
 sportilus.com, KUGLAČKI KLUB MLAKA
 sportcom.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB MLAKA Tonči Mikac: Vuče nas motiv da postanemo najbolji u Europi, objavljeno 15. prosinca 2015.

Izvori

 tportal.hr, Riječka Mlaka prava kuglačka klapa, objavljeno 23. prosinca 2012., pristupljeno 6, kolovoza 2020.
 rijeka.hr, Najznačajniji uspjesi klubova i sportaša grada Rijeke, pristupljeno 6, kolovoza 2020.
 poslovna.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB MLAKA
 bisnode.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB  "MLAKA"
 fininfo.hr, KK "MLAKA"

Hrvatski ženski kuglački klubovi
Športska društva u Rijeci
Mlaka

Kuglački klub Mlaka Rijeka


USA's Grand Prix 2016 (officielle navn: 2016 Formula 1 United States Grand Prix) var et Formel 1-løb som blev arrangeret 23. oktober 2016 på Circuit of the Americas i Austin, Texas. Det var den attende omgang af Formel 1-sæsonen 2016 og 44. gang at USA's Grand Prix blev arrangeret.

Løbet blev vundet af Mercedes-køreren Lewis Hamilton, som startede fra pole position. På andenpladsen kom hans teamkollega Nico Rosberg, mens Red Bulls Daniel Ricciardo tog tredjepladsen. Dette var Hamiltons 50. sejr i Formel 1

Resultater

Kvalifikation

Løbet

Noter til tabellerne:
  - Kevin Magnussen fik en tidsstraf på fem sekunder for at have skaffet sig en fordel ved at køre udenfor banen og passere Daniil Kvjat.

Stillingen i mesterskaberne efter løbet

Kørermesterskabet

Konstruktørmesterskabet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

USA's Grand Prix
Formel 1 2016

USA's Grand Prix 2016


Mjesno vrijeme (lokalno vrijeme) je srednje Sunčevo vrijeme za određenu točku Zemljine površine. Ovisi o zemljopisnoj dužini.
Određuje ga prividni prolazak Sunca preko podnevnika tog mjesta, odnosno to mjesto je u tom vremenu glede položaja Sunca nad tim mjestom.

U prošlosti u doba sporih prometnih veza primjena mjesnog vremena bila je dostatna. Čovjek je promatrao prividno kretanje Sunca na nebu i kada bi Sunce bilo u najvišoj točki prividne dnevne putanje (zenitu), tad je tu bilo 12 sati (podne) i tako se određivalo mjesno vrijeme. To se vrijeme određivalo pomoću položaja Sunca, zbog čega ga nazivamo ga i 'sunčevim vremenom. Određivanje vremena u prošlosti otežavali su oblačni i kišni dani kada se nije moglo osmatrati Sunce. Podnevnici imaju svoje mjesno vrijeme. S obzirom na to da je Zemlja 360°, podijeljeno na 24 sata, 1 sat obuhvaća 15°, a razmak između dvaju podnevnika, 1°, bila je četiri minute. U prošlosti su se vremena određivala uz pomoć sunčanog sata.

Razvijanjem komunikacija od sredine 19. stoljeća dolazi se do potrebe uvođenja pojasnog (zonskog) vremena. Zbog brzog prolaženja tih manjih udaljenosti uporaba mjesnog vremena u svakodnevnom životu stvarala je velike probleme jer bi svako naselje imalo svoje vlastito vrijeme. Radi izbjegavanja takvih situacija, dogovorno je Zemljina kugla podijeljena na 24 vremenska pojasa tako da sva mjesta unutar jedne zone imaju isto, tzv. pojasno (zonsko) vrijeme.
Dogovor o pojasima postignut je 1892. u Washingtonu.

Izvori

Vremenske zone

Mjesno vrijeme


La Unión Internacional de Cristalografía, (en inglés, International Union of Crystallography, IUCR), es una sociedad científica que pertenece al Consejo Internacional para la Ciencia, antes Consejo Internacional de Uniones Científicas (ICSU), que posee el objetivo de servir a la comunidad mundial de la cristalografía.

Fue fundada en 1948 con la ayuda de Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, quien ejerció los puestos de vicepresidente y presidente de 1951 a 1957

Notación de simetría
La notación IUC, notación internacional o notación de Hermann-Mauguin es la notación para grupos de simetría adoptada por la Unión Internacional de Cristalografía en el año 1952. Nombra cada uno de los grupos de simetría planas con un nombre de 4 caracteres. En primer lugar se tiene una P o una C para señalar los grupos primitivos o centrados. A cada grupo se le asigna un número (1, 2, 3, 4 o 6) para designar la simetría de primer orden. Los grupos pueden tener una o dos simetrías de reflexión, primero respecto de un plano vertical (reflexión horizontal), y en segundo lugar respecto de un plano horizontal (reflexión vertical). Una reflexión simple se indica con m(mirror o espejo), y una reflexión con deslizamiento se indica con g. El marcador de posición (subíndice) 1 indica una dirección ortogonal sin reflexiones. Ejemplo: Cmm2

Publicaciones
 Tablas internacionales de cristalografía
 Revistas científicas:
 Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography ;
 Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science ;
 Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications ;
 Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography ;
 Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online ;
 Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications ;
 Journal of Applied Crystallography ;
 Journal of Synchrotron Radiation.

Véase también
 Cristalografía de rayos X
 Cristalografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página Principal de la Unión Internacional de Cristalografía
 Cristalografía para todos

Cristalografía
Organizaciones fundadas en 1948
Uniones miembros del Consejo Internacional para la Ciencia

Unión Internacional de Cristalografía


Stable Diffusion é um modelo de aprendizagem profunda para transformação de texto para imagem, lançado em 2022. É utilizado principalmente para gerar imagens detalhadas através de descrições textuais que condicionam o resultado, também sendo utilizado para inpainting e outras técnicas.

O Stable Diffusion implementa um modelo de difusão latente, uma espécie de rede neural generativa profunda desenvolvida pelo grupo CompVis na Universidade de Munique, em conjunto com a startup Runway. Sua implementação é fruto de uma colaboração da CompVis, Runway, e Stability AI, com apoio da EleutherAI e LAION. Tanto a implementação como os pesos do modelo foram lançados como código aberto.

O modelo foi lançado com licenciamento permissivo - o Stable Diffusion concede todos os direitos sobre as imagens geradas aos usuários, com a condição de que elas não sejam ilegais ou prejudiciais. O licenceamento permissivo, bem como o uso de imagens com direitos autorais para treinamento do modelo, gerou controversas relacionadas a propriedade intelectual, a criação de símbolos associados ao nazismo, e pornografia ilegal.. Alguns artistas e empresas abriram processos judiciais contra a Stability AI por conta do uso de suas imagens para treinamento do modelo.

Ver também

 DALL-E
 Midjourney
 Arte de inteligência artificial

Inteligência artificial
Aprendizagem de máquina
Aprendizagem profunda
2022 na ciência

Stable Diffusion


Traian Vățian (n. 26 septembrie 1864, Hălăliș - d. 1940, Arad) a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Traian Vățian a fost fiul cel mare al lui Andrei Vățian, preot, și al Anei Bogdan, din Baia. A mai avut 13 frați.În 1884 a absolvit 8 clase gimnaziale.A urmat cursurile Institutului Teologic din Arad, pe care le-a absolvit in 1887. În perioada 1888-1894, a fost încadrat ca arhivar și cancelar la centrul eparhial. S-a căsătorit cu Ecaterina. În 23 februarie 1895 a fost hirotonit diacon, iar în 24 februarie 1895 a fost hirotonit preot pentru parohia Arad, de către episcopul Ioan Mețianu. Între anii 1895-1917, a ocupat funcția de catihet la școlile secundare din Arad. Începând din 1903 și până în 1908, a suplinit catedra de Liturgică de la Institutul Teologic. În 19 decembrie 1917, a fost hirotonit protopop de către episcopul Ioan Papp. A deținut funcția de protopop până în 20 aprilie 1938, când se pensionează. După pensionare, s-a ocupat de problemele protopopiatului, până la sfârșitul anului 1938, când este numit un nou protopop. A fost colaborator al lui Roman Ciorogariu. A avut relații cu societățile cultural-educative de peste Carpați. A fost autor de manuale școlare. A fost membru în consiliul de administrație al Băncii Victoria. A decedat în data de 11 mai 1940.

Activitatea politică

Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat ca delegat de drept  Protopopiatul Arad.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1864
Decese în 1940
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Preoți ortodocși români
Protopopi români
Transilvăneni

Traian Vățian


Hazen Robert Argue  (January 6, 1921 – October 2, 1991) was a Canadian politician who served in the House of Commons and the Senate. He was first elected as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) Member of Parliament (MP) in 1945 and was the last leader of the party, from 1960 to 1961.  He crossed the floor to the Liberal Party in 1962 and was defeated in 1963. In 1966 he was appointed to the Senate. He entered the federal cabinet in 1980, as the only Saskatchewan representative, with responsibilities for the Canadian Wheat Board. He is well known for being a strong proponent of the proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands. He was the first senator ever to have been charged with fraud, in 1989. The charges were eventually dropped as he had been suffering from cancer for a year; he died shortly thereafter in 1991.

CCF/NDP MP
His family owned a farm, which he worked until he entered the House of Commons. He was first elected to Parliament in 1945 as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). At 24 years of age, he was the youngest MP at that time.  After the Diefenbaker sweep of 1958, Argue was one of only eight CCFers remaining in Parliament, and the only one from Saskatchewan. Party leader M. J. Coldwell lost his seat, and the CCF parliamentary caucus chose Argue as their House Leader. After Coldwell resigned as the national CCF leader in 1960, Argue was elected leader at the party's last convention in the summer of 1960.

At the time, the CCF was engaged in a three-year plan to create a new party from the union between itself and organized labour forces as represented by the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC). Both the CCF and CLC executives approved going down this route starting in April 1958. Argue, like many grassroot CCFers, was not convinced that this merger was necessarily the best route to revitalizing the party. As an organizing tool during this period, the organization was called the New Party.  New Party clubs sprung up around the country between 1958 and 1961. On October 31, 1960, Walter Pitman won a stunning by-election victory in Peterborough under the banner of the New Party.  This gave credibility to the forces organizing to remodel the CCF along the British Labour Party model.  Argue became a candidate in the race to be the first leader of the newly formed NDP at their August 3, 1961 leadership convention. He was up against long-time Saskatchewan Premier, and CCF favourite-son, Tommy Douglas. Douglas had the support of the CLC, its president Claude Jodoin and CCF president David Lewis. Douglas easily defeated him 1,391 votes to 380 votes on a single ballot.  In his concession speech, Argue declared, "No matter what my role is in the years ahead, I shall speak for you. I shall work for you, I shall never let you down." He remained in the party's caucus, in the House of Commons, for the rest of the year, having little contact with Douglas in that time.

Liberal Party MP and Senator

Six months later, Argue crossed the floor to join the Liberal Party; he argued that divisions were rife in the NDP and that farmers' interests were overwhelmed by those of labour. He was re-elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in 1962 but was defeated in 1963 and again in 1965. In 1966, Argue was appointed to the Senate as a Liberal.

After the 1980 election, in which the Liberal Party failed to win any seats west of Winnipeg, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau appointed Argue to Cabinet as Minister of State (Canada Wheat Board).

In 1989, he became the first senator ever charged with misuse of public funds and fraud. The RCMP alleged that he used public funds to help his wife's bid to obtain the Liberal Party nomination in their Ottawa-area riding for the 1988 Canadian federal election.  The charges were dropped in 1991 by the crown prosecutor when it became apparent that Argue was near death, as he had been bedridden for most of the year with cancer.  He died three months later in Regina, on October 2, 1991.

References and notes

External links

1921 births
1991 deaths
Canadian senators from Saskatchewan
Members of the 22nd Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPs
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Liberal Party of Canada senators
NDP and CCF leaders
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Canadian people of Irish descent
Members of the United Church of Canada

Hazen Argue


Nasr II (murió en 943) fue amir de los Samánidas (914-943). Su reino fue el punto más alto alcanzado por el gobierno de los Samánidas. Fue el hijo de Ahmad ibn Isma'il.

Nasr se convirtió en emir en la edad de ocho años, después del asesinato de su padre en enero de 914. Debido a su juventud, su primer ministro Abu 'Abd-Allah al-Jaihani se hizo cargo de la regencia. Casi de inmediato una serie de revueltas estallaron, el más grave es la dirigida por su tío abuelo Ishaq Ibn Ahmad. Los hijos de Ishaq participaron en la rebelión; un de ellos, Mansur, tomó el control de Nishapur y varias otras ciudades de Jorasán. Finalmente, Ishaq fue capturado, mientras que Mansur murió en Nishapur.

La ascensión de Nasr también trajo la inestabilidad a las periferias del estado samánida. Los abasíes lograron recuperar Sistán por última vez, mientras que Ray y Tabaristán fueron tomadas por Alid al-Utrush. A pesar de ser incapaces de recuperar las provincias, los Samanidas utilizaron líderes locales dailamitas y guilakíes, manteniéndose activas las luchas allí. Una amenaza de movilización por Nasr en el año 933 llevó al Mardavij ziyárida, que se había convertido en la potencia dominante en la región, a entregar Gurgan y pagar tributos por la posesión de Ray. Vushmgir hermano de Mardavij, quien tomó el poder en 935, aceptó el señorío samánida; los ejércitos samánidas desde ese momento han participado activamente en la protección de los ziyáridas, de los ataques de los buyíes, que se alzaran en el centro de Persia.

Jaihani fue depuesto en el año 922 por Nasr, a causa de sus sospechosas creencias chiíes. Fue sustituido por Abu-l-Fadl al-Bal'ami, que en su mayor parte continuó la política de su predecesor. En 929 una revuelta estalló, encabezadas por los hermanos de Nasr. Es así que proclamaron a uno de los suyos, Yahya, como emir. Bal'ami logró sofocar la rebelión, haciendó pelear a los hermanos entre sí. En 938 Jaihani fue reinstalado como primer ministro, lugar que ocupó hasta 941.

Los ministros de Nasr coadyuvaron a convertir a la corte samánida en un centro cultural. Jaihani era conocido como escritor, y por su trabajo en Geografía. Su interés en el tema le llevó a invitar a geógrafos de muchos lugares de Bujara. Científicos, astrónomos y otros, también acudieron a la ciudad. Bal'ami, asimismo, se interesó por las artes y patrocinó a intelectuales y autores.

En 943 varios oficiales del ejército samánida, enojados con el apoyo de Nasr a misioneros ismailíes, tramaron una conspiración para asesinar al emir. Nuh, el hijo de Nasr, sin embargo, se enteró del plan, por el cual asistió a un banquete organizado para desarrollar el plan, y allí decapitó al líder de la revuelta. Para aplacar a los otros oficiales, se comprometió a detener a los misioneros ismailíes de continuar sus actividades. Luego, convenció a Nasr para que abdicase. Nasr murió poco después.

Bibliografía
 R.N. Frye (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Four: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. ISBN 0-521-20093-8

Referencias

Samanida
Iraníes del siglo X
Gobernantes del siglo X

Nasr II


Ecocriticismo é um ramo da teoria literária contemporânea focado no estudo de textos culturais e na forma como produzem noções de 'natureza', 'animalidade' e 'materialidade', entre outras, através de representações, que consequentemente influenciam práticas concretas. Em outras palavras, é definido como o estudo da relação entre literatura e meio ambiente, uma intersecção entre a crítica ambiental e os estudos literários. Enquanto campo de estudos, participa das humanidades ambientais, interagindo com outros ramos como a ecologia cultural e história ambiental. O campo se desenvolveu principalmente no contexto anglófono, com um foco inicial na literatura romântica e na técnicas de escrita da natureza, diversificando-se, posteriormente, para abranger outras geografias e outras formas de texto, fazendo-se uma espécie de 'crítica ecocultural' e tomando como objeto textos de divulgação científica, filmes, programas de televisão e um variedade de artefatos cultural.

Referências

Bibliografia

Humanidades ambientais

Teoria literária

Ecocriticismo


77696 Patriciann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
77696 Patriciann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nashville de R. Clingan. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 77001-78000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

77696 Patriciann


Milo Venüsü Antik Yunan Heykel sanatının en ünlü örneklerinden birisidir. Afrodit Yunan Mitolojisi'nde aşk tanrıçasıdır ve temsilî gezegeni Venüs'tür. Milo Venüsü 203 cm yüksekliğinde ve mermerden yapılmıştır. Antik heykel 1820 yılında Yunanistan'ın Milos Adası'nda bulunmuştur. XVIII. Louis (19. yüzyıl Fransız Kralı) heykeli Fransa'ya getirtmiştir ve Milo Venüsü adlı şaheser günümüzde hâlâ Louvre'da sergilenmektedir.

Kaynaklar

Louvre Müzesi'ndeki heykeller
Antik Milos

Helenistik heykel sanatı
Antik Yunanistan'da Eros
Dinsel temalı heykeller
Çıplak heykeller
Louvre Müzesi koleksiyonu

Milo Venüsü


This is a list of notable theorems. Lists of theorems and similar statements include:
List of fundamental theorems
List of lemmas
List of conjectures
List of inequalities
List of mathematical proofs
List of misnamed theorems

Most of the results below come from pure mathematics, but some are from theoretical physics, economics, and other applied fields.

0–9
2-factor theorem (graph theory)
15 and 290 theorems (number theory)
2π theorem (Riemannian geometry)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Z

Theorems

List of theorems


Kiriaki Corinna Tsopei (, nacida el 21 de junio de 1944) es una reina de la belleza y actriz. En 1964, Tsopei se convirtió en la primera y hasta el momento, única griega, en ganar el título de Miss Universo.

Carrera
El 20 de junio de 1964, Corinna fue coronada como Miss Grecia (), y representó a Grecia en el concurso de Miss Universo 1964 en Miami, Florida. En la final venció a Miss Israel, Miss Gran Bretaña y Miss Suecia, conquistando el título para Grecia por primera vez. Después ha formado parte del jurado de ese certamen en varias ocasiones. Tras ser Miss Universo intentó hacer una carrera cinematográfica, apareciendo en algunas películas de Hollywood y series de televisión como Un hombre llamado Caballo, Daniel Boone (serie de televisión),  Perdidos en el espacio, El valle de las muñecas y A Guide For the Married Man.

Por otra parte, Corinna Tsopei también preside una asociación para niños con leucemia. Tsopei estuvo casada con Freddie Fields, superagente de estrellas de Hollywood.

Referencias

Ganadoras de Miss Universo
Actores de cine de Grecia
Actrices de Grecia
Nacidos en Atenas

Corinna Tsopei


Matoniaceae, porodica papratnica iz reda Gleicheniales. Sastoji se od dva roda, svaki s po dvije vrste iz jugoistočne Azije.

Rodovi
 Matonia R.Br.  (2 spp.)
 Phanerosorus Copel.  (2 spp.)

Izvori

Gleihenijolike

Matoniaceae


33. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 1998. u Rusiji. Grad domaćin bila je Elista.

Poredak osvajača odličja

1998.
Međunarodna šahovska natjecanja u Rusiji

Šahovska olimpijada 1998.


z/OS UNIX System Services (z/OS UNIX, or informally USS) is a base element of z/OS.  z/OS UNIX is a certified UNIX operating system implementation (XPG4 UNIX 95) optimized for mainframe architecture.  It is the first UNIX 95 to not be derived from the AT&T source code.  Through integration with the rest of z/OS, additional Time Sharing Option (TSO) commands are available alongside the usual UNIX services, making it possible to process UNIX files using ISPF.  Extensions in JCL make it possible to use these files in batch processing.

Overview
UNIX System Services allows UNIX applications from other platforms to run on IBM System z mainframes running z/OS. In many cases only a recompile is necessary, although additional effort may be advisable for z/OS integration (such as SMP/E installation support). While z/OS UNIX supports ASCII and Unicode, and there's no technical requirement to modify ASCII and Unicode UNIX applications, many z/OS users often prefer EBCDIC support in their applications including those running in z/OS UNIX. Consequently, z/OS UNIX provides application and administrator services for converting to/from EBCDIC. Programs running under z/OS UNIX have full, secure access to the other internal functions of z/OS. Database access (Db2 via Call Attach) is one example of how z/OS UNIX can access services found elsewhere in z/OS. Naturally such programs cannot be ported to non-mainframe platforms without rewriting if they use these z/OS-specific services.  Conversely, if a program adheres to UNIX standards such as POSIX and ANSI C, it will be easier to move it between different UNIX operating systems including z/OS UNIX.

The file systems for z/OS UNIX (the older HFS with DFSMS/MVS Version 1 Release 2 and the now preferred zFS), which support UNIX-style long filenames, appear as datasets to the rest of z/OS. Numerous core z/OS subsystems and applications rely on UNIX System Services, including the z/OS Management Facility, XML parsing and generation services, OpenSSH, the IBM HTTP Server for z/OS, the z/OS SDK for Java, and some z/OS PKI services as examples.  z/OS UNIX also provides a shell environment, OMVS.

z/OS UNIX's predecessor was an operating system component called OpenEdition MVS, first implemented in MVS/ESA SP 4.3 and enhanced in MVS/ESA 5.1. OpenEdition MVS initially only supported the POSIX standards, but X/OPEN, the predecessor to The Open Group, certified MVS/ESA SP V5.1..

IBM continues to enhance UNIX System Services. Typically every release of z/OS includes enhancements to z/OS UNIX.

See also
 Linux on IBM Z
 OpenSolaris for System z
 UTS (Mainframe UNIX)

Notes

References

External links
  UNIX System Services

IBM mainframe operating systems
Unix variants

UNIX System Services


Jorge Insunza Becker (Villarrica, 21 de abril de 1936-17 de marzo de 2019) fue un ingeniero y político chileno. Militante del Partido Comunista, se desempeñó como diputado de la República en dos periodos, entre 1969 y 1973. Era el padre del exministro Jorge Insunza Gregorio de las Heras.

Biografía

Familia y estudios
Sus padres fueron Jorge Renato Insunza Barrios y Raquel Becker Duhau. Estudió en el Liceo Alemán del Verbo Divino y en el Instituto Nacional José Miguel Carrera. Más tarde se titularía de ingeniero civil en la Universidad de Chile.

Se casó con Magda Gregorio de Las Heras y, en segundo matrimonio, con Sylvia Irene Rojas Cavieres. Tenía cinco hijos, entre ellos Jorge, quien fue diputado del Partido por la Democracia y ministro secretario general de la Presidencia, y Carlos, que fue presidente de la Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales (ANEF).

Vida política
A principios de los años 50, cuando el Partido Comunista de Chile estaba ilegalizado por la ley maldita, entra a militar a las Juventudes Comunistas de Chile. Mientras estudiaba ingeniería en la Universidad de Chile, continúo su militancia, incluso encabezando listas para la FECH. Más tarde trabajaría como académico e investigador en la misma Escuela de Ingeniería.

En 1963 es llamado por el Partido a asumir la dirección del diario El Siglo. Desde 1965 hasta el año 2015 integra la comisión política, en diferentes funciones y como responsable de diferentes frentes de trabajo, destacando públicamente como parlamentario elegido desde 1969 por la provincia de O'Higgins, reelecto en 1973 por el tercer distrito de Santiago, periodo que no pudo completar debido al golpe de Estado de ese mismo año, que lo obligó al exilio durante la dictadura militar.

Fue responsable de la propaganda del comando de Salvador Allende, candidato de la Unidad Popular, en la elección presidencial de 1970.

Tras regresar a Chile, participó sin éxito como candidato en las elecciones parlamentarias de 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001 y 2005, y en las elecciones municipales de 1996.

En octubre de 2004, ingresó como miembro de la asamblea de socios de la Corporación Universidad Arcis. Posteriormente, fue elegido como uno de los siete miembros del directorio de dicha universidad. En diciembre de 2013, Insunza renunció al directorio de la universidad.

Historial electoral

Elecciones parlamentarias de 1973
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 1973 para el Tercer Distrito de Santiago, Puente Alto

Elecciones parlamentarias de 1989
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 1989 a Senador por la Circunscripción 4 (Coquimbo)

Elecciones parlamentarias de 1993
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 1993 a Diputado por el distrito 9 (Combarbalá, Canela, Illapel, Los Vilos, Punitaqui, Salamanca y Monte Patria)

Elecciones municipales de 1996
 Elecciones municipales de 1996, para la alcaldía de Santiago

Elecciones parlamentarias de 1997
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 1997 a Diputado por el distrito 9 (Combarbalá, Canela, Illapel, Los Vilos, Punitaqui,  Salamanca  y Monte Patria)

Elecciones parlamentarias de 2001
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 2001 a Diputado por el distrito 9 (Combarbalá, Canela, Illapel, Los Vilos, Punitaqui,  Salamanca  y Monte Patria)

Elecciones parlamentarias de 2005
 Elecciones parlamentarias de 2005 a Diputado por el distrito N.°17 (Conchalí, Huechuraba y Renca)

Referencias

Nacidos en Villarrica (Chile)
Diputados del XLVI Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Diputados del XLVII Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Comunistas de Chile
Ingenieros de Chile
Alumnado del Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera
Alumnado del Liceo Alemán de Santiago
Alumnado de la Universidad de Chile

Jorge Insunza Becker


Alnilam is the central star of Orion's Belt in the equatorial constellation of Orion. It has the Bayer designation ε Orionis, which is Latinised to Epsilon Orionis and abbreviated Epsilon Ori or ε Ori. This is a massive, blue supergiant star some 2,000 light-years distant. It is estimated to be 832,000 times as luminous as the Sun, and 64.5 times as massive.

Observation

It is the 29th-brightest star in the sky (the fourth brightest in Orion) and is a blue supergiant. Together with Mintaka and Alnitak, the three stars make up Orion's Belt, known by many names across many ancient cultures. Alnilam is the middle star.

Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified, for the spectral class B0Ia.  Although the spectrum shows variations, particular in the H-alpha absorption lines, this is considered typical for this type of luminous hot supergiant. It is also one of the 58 stars used in celestial navigation. It is at its highest point in the sky around midnight on December 15.

It is slightly variable from magnitude 1.64 to 1.74, with no clear period, and it is classified as an α Cygni variable.  Its spectrum also varies, possibly due to unpredictable changes in mass loss from the surface.

Physical characteristics

Estimates of Alnilam's properties vary. Searle and colleagues, using CMFGEN code to analyse the spectrum in 2008, calculated a luminosity of , an effective temperature of 27,500 ± 100 K and a radius of . Analysis of the spectra and age of the members of the Orion OB1 association yields a mass 34.6 times that of the Sun ( on the main sequence) and an age of 5.7 million years. A more recent detailed analysis of Alnilam across multiple wavelength bands produced very high luminosity, radius, and mass estimates, assuming the distance of 606 parsecs suggested by the Hipparcos new reduction. Adopting the larger parallax from the original Hipparcos reduction gives a distance of 412 parsecs and physical parameters more consistent with earlier publications. The luminosity of  and the mass of  at 606 parsecs is the highest ever derived for this star.

Alnilam's relatively simple spectrum has made it useful for studying the interstellar medium. Within the next million years, this star may turn into a Wolf-Rayet star and explode as a supernova. It is surrounded by a molecular cloud, NGC 1990, which it illuminates to make a reflection nebula. Its stellar winds may reach up to 2,000 km/s, causing it to lose mass about 20 million times more rapidly than the Sun.

Nomenclature and history
ε Orionis is the star's Bayer designation and 46 Orionis its Flamsteed designation.

The traditional name Alnilam derives from the Arabic النظام al-niẓām 'arrangement/string (of pearls)'. Related spellings are Alnihan and Alnitam: all three variants are evidently mistakes in transliteration or copy errors, the first perhaps due to confusion with النيلم al-nilam 'sapphire'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alnilam for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Orion's Belt

The three belt stars were collectively known by many names in many cultures. Arabic terms include Al Nijād ('the Belt'), Al Nasak ('the Line'), Al Alkāt ('the Golden Grains or Nuts') and, in modern Arabic, Al Mīzān al H•akk ('the Accurate Scale Beam'). In Chinese mythology, they were also known as the Weighing Beam.

In Chinese,  (), meaning Three Stars (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Alnilam, Alnitak and Mintaka (Orion's Belt), with Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Saiph and Rigel later added. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alnilam is  (, ). It is one of the western mansions of the White Tiger.

See also
List of most massive stars

References

External links

B-type supergiants
Alpha Cygni variables

Orion (constellation)
Orionis, Epsilon
1903
BD-01 0969
Orionis, 46
037128
026311
Alnilam

Alnilam


O Suffren foi um couraçado pré-dreadnought operado pela Marinha Nacional Francesa. Sua construção começou em janeiro de 1899 no Arsenal de Brest e foi lançado ao mar em julho do mesmo ano, porém sua equipagem e finalização foram adiadas pelo atraso de materiais e ele só foi comissionado em fevereiro de 1904. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por quatro canhões de 305 milímetros montados em duas torres de artilharia duplas, tinha um deslocamento de quase treze mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de dezessete nós.

O couraçado teve uma carreira em tempos de paz marcada por acidentes e colisões com outros navios. Ele escoltou comboios de tropas do Norte da África quando a Primeira Guerra Mundial começou em 1914 e no ano seguinte foi designado para apoiar a Campanha de Galípoli, participando do bombardeio de fortificações otomanas. Em 1916 foi transferido para a Grécia a fim de impedir que os gregos interferissem na Frente da Macedônia. O Suffren acabou torpedeado e afundado pelo u-boot alemão SM U-52 em 26 de novembro, próximo do litoral de Portugal.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Navios de 1899
Navios construídos na França
Couraçados da Marinha Nacional Francesa
Couraçados da França na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Naufrágios da Primeira Guerra Mundial no oceano Atlântico
Navios afundados por submarinos alemães na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Navios perdidos com todos os tripulantes e passageiros

Suffren (couraçado)


النَسْج أو الحِياكة هو ضرب من فنون النسيج. ونَسَجَ الناسِج أو الحائك الثوبَ (يَنْسِجُه ويَنْسُجُه) أي ضَمَّ السَّدَى إِلى اللُّحْمة.
فالسدى هي خيوط نسيج الثوبِ الَّتي تُمَدُّ طولاً، وهو خلاف اللُّحْمَة التي تمتد عرضًا. إذن، يتشكل النسيج من تشابك مجموعتي الخيوط مع بعضها وفق زاوية قائمة عادة.

السَّدَى واحدتُهُ سَدَاةٌ وتجمع على أَسْدَاء وأَسْدِيَة.

ينسج النسيج على النول، وهو آلة تضع خيوط السدى في وضعية محددة بحيث يمكن إدخال خيوط اللحمة خلالها.

المِنْسَجُ بكسر الميم: هو الخشبة والأَداة المستعملة في النساجة التي يمد عليها الثوب للنسج.

تتكون عملية النسج من تعاقب عدة عمليات مرتبة وفق التسلسل التالي:
 تكوين النفس (Shedding): بمباعدة خيوط السدى وفق منظومة معينة وذلك برفع وخفض الدرأ من أجل تشكيل النفس، حيث يمكن لخيط اللحمة والآلية التي تنقله من طرف لآخر أن تمر.
 والدرأ (heald) هو برواز به حبال أو أسلاك أو شرائط من الصلب بها عيون تمر من خلالها خيوط السدى بالنول، وبذلك يمكن رفعها وخفضها حسب التصميم النسجي المطلوب.
 الحدف (Picking): هو انتقال خيط اللحمة من طرف لآخر داخل النفس المفتوح.
 الدق (Beating-up): تدق خيوط اللحمة بواسطة المشط الذي يرصها إلى الثوب المنسوج.

عند تقدم عملية النسج يحل السدى من أسطوانة السدى ويلف النسيج أو يطوى (taken-up) على أسطوانة القماش. يحدد عدد خيوط اللحمة في السنتمتر بضبط معدل طوي الثوب على أسطوانة القماش.

تضبط منظومة تشابك خيوط السدى واللحمة بواسطة حركة تكوين النفس، وتنتج التراكيب النسجية بتغيير ترتيب رفع الدرأ. يمكن للتراكيب النسجية البسيطة أن تنتج على النول البسيط، ولكن مع زيادة تعقيد التركيب النسيجة، تكون الحاجة إلى آليات أكثر تعقيدا من أجل رفع وخفض خيوط السدى. يمكن استخدام نول دوبي (منسج دوبي) من جل تصميم تراكيب نسجية معقدة، واستخدام نول جاكار (منسج جاكارد) أيضا من أجل التصاميم المفصلة جدا.

المراجع

صناعة النسيج
مهن حرفة

نسج


Sciences et techniques
 La météorite de Pantar est une météorite tombée en 1938 sur le territoire de Pantar (Lanao du Nord, Philippines).

Sciences humaines et sociales
 Le  est une langue papoue parlée dans l'ouest de Pantar (kabupaten d'Alor, Indonésie). Il fait partie du groupe des , lui-même inclus dans la famille des langues timor-alor-pantar.

Toponyme

Indonésie
 Pantar ou Pulau Pantar, une petite île de la Sonde, la deuxième plus grande île du kabupaten d'Alor ;
 le Pantar Api, un volcan situé sur l'île de Pantar, dans les petites îles de la Sonde ;

Philippines
 Pantar, une localité du Lanao du Nord.

Pantar (homonymie)


Luigi "Gigi" Riva (født 7. november 1944 i Leggiuno, Italien) er en italiensk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber), og den mest scorende spiller i det italienske landsholds historie.

Riva blev europamester med Italiens landshold ved EM 1968 på hjemmebane, og spillede én af italiernes tre kampe i turneringen. I alt nåede han at spille 42 kampe for landsholdet, hvori han scorede hele 35 mål. Han deltog også ved både VM 1970 i Mexico og VM 1974 i Vesttyskland.

På klubplan spillede Riva størstedelen af sin karriere hos Cagliari på Sardinien, og han vandt ét italiensk mesterskab med klubben, i 1970. Han blev desuden tre gange, i 1967, 1969 og 1970, topscorer i Serie A, og ved sit karrierestop havde han scoret over 200 mål for Cagliari.

I 1969 blev Riva nr. 2 i Ballon d'Or-kåringen, kun overgået af landsmanden Gianni Rivera. Året efter, i 1970, sluttede han på 3. pladsen. Her blev vinderen vesttyske Gerd Müller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra Cagliari Calcio
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1968
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1970
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1974

Luigi Riva


Jampa Tsering (; ) was a Chinese singer and dancer. He is of Tibetan ethnicity.

Born in Lhasa in the early 1960s, Jampa Tsering became famous in the late 1980s and early 1990s, releasing an immensely popular album, Gnas mchog gi glu dbyangs (Songs of the Holy Land), including songs such as "Aro Khampa" ("Hey, Khampa"); "Ngai tsewai Lhasa" ("My Beloved Lhasa"); and "Cha chig yinna samchung" ("I Wished, If Only I Was A Bird").

Jampa Tsering studied music in the Shanghai Conservatoire for about seven years, learning piano. He was a member of the Tibet Song-and-Dance Ensemble, but began to gain a following in Lhasa from singing in karaoke and nangma bars. For this and his private singing, he was eventually expelled from the dance troupe. He assimilated much of the style of 1980s Chinese language pop into his singing and the synthesised orchestral accompaniments of his songs. He was clearly a product of the new media rather than traditional Tibetan singing, using a soft crooning voice rather than the loud, projecting voice of traditional Tibetan singing, yet the melodies of the songs he sang inherited a strong Tibetan character, with their wide vocal range and long phrases.

Many of his songs have hidden political meanings, such as "Ri de Himalaya" ("Himalaya Mountains"), and they all express a strong pride in Tibetan identity, Tibetan traditions and the Tibetan countryside. Some of Jampa Tsering's songs were restricted in Lhasa in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to their political nature.

Jampa Tsering died in a car crash in 1997.

This article is a slightly modified version of the article on Jampa Tsering from Unity and discord: Music and politics in contemporary Tibet (2004, Tibet Information Network, ).

1960s births
1997 deaths
Tibetan people
Road incident deaths in the People's Republic of China

Jampa Tsering


Drinić  je naseljeno mjesto i sjedište općine Petrovac, Republika Srpska, BiH.

Povijest

Do potpisivanja Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma bilo je dio istoimenog naseljenog mjesta u sastavu općine Bosanski Petrovac koja je ušla u sastav Federacije BiH.

Stanovništvo

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 342

 Srbi - 339
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 3

Izvori

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj

Drinić (Petrovac, BiH)


Masayuki Okuyama (født 28. juli 1993) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub FC Machida Zelvia.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masayuki Okuyama


Thomas Darlie Nørgaard (født 13. april 1982) er cheftræner for fodboldklubben Sønderjyske. Han kom til Sønderjyske fra en stilling som assistenttræner for Sparta Prag.

Den 30. september 2017 offentliggjorde Lyngby Boldklub, at Thomas Nørgaard overtog rollen som cheftræner efter David Nielsens skifte til AGF.

Han rykkede ned med Lyngby Boldklub efter 2017-18-sæsonen og blev opsagt i juni 2018.

Før tiden i Lyngby BK var Thomas Nørgaard træner og assistenttræner for AB. Han valgte dog at opsige sit job i Gladsaxe, da AB rykkede ned i 2. division i 2015. Han skiftede efterfølgende til Lyngby Boldklub, hvor han fra 2015 til 2017 fungerede som assistenttræner under cheftræner David Nielsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark
Fodboldtrænere fra Lyngby Boldklub
Fodboldtrænere for Akademisk Boldklub Gladsaxe

Thomas Nørgaard (træner)


Ratiš je visoko brdo odnosno niža planina u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Zemljopis
Nalazi se na mjestu prijelaza sjeverne u sjeveroistočnu Bosnu. Oblika je planinsko-brdskog grebena. Srednji dio je najviši. Na najvišem vrhu prema tradiciji je od davnih vremena nalazi se jedno od najznačajnijih dovišta u sjevernoj i sjeveroistočnoj Bosni. Pruža se u dužini od 15 km od zapada ka istoku i zatim se povija ka jugoistoku. Prosječno je širok od 2 do 3 km.

Ka jugu i jugozapadu Ratiš je od vrha strm, pa se stupnjevito blažih dugačkih brdskih kosa i završava u dolini Spreče. Sa zapada ga granica mu je dolina Orahovičke (Rašljevske) rijeke. Ka sjeveru i sjeveroistoku također je od vrha prema dolje strm, slijede kose koje su kraće i sve završava dolinom Velike Tinje i njene pritoke.

Sa susjednim uzvisinama povezan je preko dva blaža prijevoja. Jedan je na sjeverozapadu prema području Bukve (500 m) i dalje ka planini Trebavi. Drugi je na jugoistoku preko niskog prijevoja Previla (350 – 370 m), preko brdskog područja Obodnice gdje se nadovezuje na glavni greben planine Majevice. Majevici se također približava u području Orlove klisure uz rijeku Tinju.

Vrh
Vjernici su se na vrhu Ratišu okupljali u vrijeme suša i molili se za kišu. Trag je starije vjere, a informacijska ploča na Dovištu navodi 700 godina tradicije održavanja molitve. To je primjer sinkretizma dva vrlo česta kulta i običaja, a to su kult vrhova i molitve za kišu koji datiraju iz predslavenskih vremena, preko slavenskih paganskih običaja, kršćanskih elemenata, bogumilskih vjerovanja, sve do običaja i vjerovanja u islamu. Islamizacijom ovo su postale tzv. kišne dove. Odatle i drugo ime za vrh Dovište. Molitve su poslije bez obzira na količinu oborina u toj godini postale tradicija pa ih se molilo redovno svake godine. Počinjale su prvog ponedjeljka u svibnju a završavale prvog ponedjeljka u kolovozu završnom dovom koja je okupljala i najviše vjernika. I danas i vjernici se svakog ponedjeljka okupe na molitvi i vazu. Prema toj lokaciji i na toj lokaciji napravljeni su infrastrukturni zahvati tako da su poboljšani uvjeti za molitvu. Osobitost je što ga tradicijski posjećuju muškarci. Druga osobitost je što se nasuprot drugim dovištima gdje se dove čine utorkom, dove na Ratišu obavljaju ponedjeljkom.

Hidrografija
Hidrografski je vrlo bogat. Brojni su izvori vode. Na vrhu je bunar s pitkom vodom koji nikada ne presušuje. Sam Ratiš je razvodnica između slijevova rijeka Spreče i Velike Tinje.

Promet
Prometno je bio važan od davnina. Grebenom je prolazio stari srednjovjekovni put kojim su poslije i u osmanskim vremenima prolazili karavani. Vrlo važna putna komunikacija vodila je iz grada Gračanice, pravcem zapad – istok sjeverom dolinom Spreče, ka Donjoj i Gornjoj Tuzli. Put se križao se jednom drugom prometnicom poviše Tinje na točki Konak. Ta druga prometnica vodila je pravcem jug – sjever iz srednje Bosne, preko Ozrena i gaza na Spreči kod Porječine, poljem pored potoka i brda na dolinu Tinje otkamo je izlazio u Posavinu.

Antropogeografija
Naseljen je sa sviju strana. Pripada trima općinama: Gračanici, Lukavcu i Srebreniku.
Toponimi sugeriraju nazočnost kršćanstva (Krst, Crkvine, Priore) i bogumilstva (Mramorje, Babunovići). S južne strane je nekropola sa stećcima između Miričine i Berkovice. Na početku 17. stoljeća zabilježena je u Miričini katolička župa, vjerojatno s manjom crkvom. Dolaskom Osmanlija stanovništvo je masovno pod pritiscima prešlo na islam.

Izvori

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini

Ratiš


Las niñas en negro (Jeunes filles en noir) es una pintura al óleo sobre lienzo, realizada en 1881 por el pintor francés Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Se expone en el Museo Pushkin de Moscú, que tiene otra obra de este pintor, llamada Jeanne Samary.

La chica de la derecha está pintada con trazos fuertes, a diferencia de la de la izquierda, cuyas formas se plasman de forma suave.

Véase también
 Escena de género

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cuadros de Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Colecciones del Museo Pushkin
Escenas de género
Cuadros de 1881
Cuadros de Francia de los años 1880
Francia en 1881

Niñas en negro


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Tesáre enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Tesáre im Okres Topoľčany.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Tesare


بدأت العلاقات بين المغرب والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في 20 ديسمبر 1777، وهي الأيام الأولى من تاريخ الولايات المتحدة، وتوطدت رسميا في 1787 عندما صادق الكونغرس الأمريكي على معاهدة السلام والصداقة بين البلدين، وكانت الإمبراطورية المغربية أنذاك أول دولة في العالم تعترف رسميا بالمستعمرات الأمريكية كدولة ذات سيادة موحدة عام 1777.

وتم إعادة التفاوض حول المعاهدة في عام 1836، وهي لا تزال سارية المفعول إلى يومنا هذا، مُشكلةً بذلك أطول معاهدة في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة دون انقطاع. كما احتضنت طنجة أقدم مقر دبلوماسي أمريكي في العالم، الذي تحول اليوم إلى متحف، وهي المعلمة التاريخية الأمريكية الوحيدة التي تقع خارج أرض الولايات المتحدة.

تاريخ

اعترفت السلطنة الشريفة باستقلال الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية سنة 1777، حيث أقدم محمد الثالث على إصدار منشور من مدينة مكناس يتعلق بالسماح لعدة دول بممارسة نشاطاتها التجارية مع المغرب، وكانت من ضمنها الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وقد اعتـُبـِرت المبادرة المغربية اعترافا بسيادة أمريكا واستقلالها. كما قام السلطان بتعيين إتيان دو ديبير كاي وهو فرنسي مقيم في سلا، بتولي مهمّة قنصل أمريكا في المغرب. ومباشرة بعد هذا التعيين قام إتيان دو ديبير كاي، في سبتمبر 1779، وبتعليمات من سلطان المغرب، بمراسلة الكونغرس الأمريكي عبر بنيامين فرانكلين، يخبر الأمريكيين بتعيينه قنصلا لهم في المغرب.

وبسبب بطئ الدبلماسية الأمريكية بسبب الصّراعات الداخلية، اتخذ المغرب إجراءات صارمة ضد السفن الأمريكية التي تمارس الملاحة البحرية دون أداء الواجبات التي تفرضها الاتفاقيات على باقي الدول. فقام الجانب المغربي، سنة 1784، بحجز سفينة أمريكية كبيرة في انتظار أن تقوم الولايات المتحدة بتوقيع اتفاقيتها مع المغرب. وعقب الحادث اتخذ السلطان سيدي محمد بن عبد الله قرارات للتقرب من أمريكا، خاصة حينما قام بالإفراج عن تسعة أسرى أمريكيين وقعوا، مع مَركبهم، في أيدي البحّارة المغاربة. وفي سنة 1786 تم التوقيع على معاهدة الصداقة بين البلدين، السائرة إلى اليوم.

وحينما خلـَف المولى سليمان والده على كرسي الحكم، عهد كاتب الدولة إدمون راندولف للوزير الأمريكي المفوض في البرتغال الكولونيل دافيد رامفري بأنْ يقوم بالمساعي اللازمة من أجل الحصول من السلطان مولاي سليمان على تجديد الاعتراف بالاتفاقية الأمريكية -المغربية.

وبسبب مخاوفَ أمريكا من سياسة الانغلاق أو الاحتراز التي اعتمدها المولى سليمان، حيث قطع جميع الصّلات التي كانت بين المغرب وأوروبا، وقلـّل من المعاهدات التي أبرمها والده، وأغلق المراسي ومنع العلاقات التجارية الدبلوماسية، استطاعت واشنطن أن تنتزع اعتراف المولى سليمان بالاتفاقية التجارية، حيث راسل السلطان الجديد الرئيس الأمريكي، وجاء في خطابه: «نحن على السّلم والمهادنة معكم على نحو ما كان بينكم وبين والدنا المقدس». وقد رحّب أعضاء الكونغرس بالرسالة، وتم إثر ذلك تعيين قنصل جديد لأمريكا في المغرب، وهو جيمس سيمسون، الذي التحق بطنجة، حيث توجد البعثات الدبلوماسية.

العهد الحديث
عمل فرانكلين روزفلت منذ سنة 1943 على منح دعمه للسلطان محمد الخامس بن يوسف في كفاحه من أجل استقلال المملكة. ومن منطلق هذا التقارب نشأت العديد من الصداقات الشخصية، كتلك التي نشأت خلال نفس السنة بين ولي العهد آنذاك، مولاي الحسن، والشخص الذي سيصبح في ما بعد نائبا لمدير وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية الأمريكية، فيرنون وولترز.

تحافظ العائلة الملكية و على علاقات تتجاوز إطار البروتوكول، وهو ما كان واضحا خلال حضور بيل كلنتون لجنازة الملك الحسن الثاني وزفاف خلفه الملك محمد السادس.

من الحرب الباردة إلى غزو العراق، مرورا باستقبال حلفاء الغرب المطاح بهم، أمثال شاه إيران وموبوتو سيسيسيكو، والعاصمتان تحافظان على نفس التوافق. وثمة بعض الاختلافات بين الطرفين من حيث الشكل وذلك منذ فشل اتفاقيات أوسلو، غير أن ذلك لم يحل دون إشادة الخارجية الأمريكية بالمغرب و«دور الوساطة» الذي يلعبه في إطار الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني. رئاسة لجنة القدس التي أُسندت إلى الملك ، وأهمية جالية اليهود المغاربة الموجودة بإسرائيل تفسر جزئيا هذه المكانة الديبلوماسية المتميزة للمغرب. وعندما تعلق الأمر بإنقاذ مشروع الرئيس السابق، جورج وولكر بوش، الرامي لدمقرطة «الشرق الأوسط الكبير»، وقع الاختيار على الرباط من أجل احتضان منتدى المشروع الذي لم يكتب له النجاح.

كان لوساطة وزير الخارجية الأسبق كولين باول دور حاسم في الرسو بأزمة جزيرة ليلى إلى بر الأمان وإيجاد حل صيف سنة 2002. رغم أن الموقف الأمريكي لا يظهر حول قضية الصحراء كما هو الشأن بالنسبة للموقف الفرنسي، إلا أن الدعم الأمريكي لم يطرأ عليه أي تغيير في إطار الشرعية الدولية وداخل الأمم المتحدة.

وخلال الخطاب الشهير لباراك أوباما بالقاهرة سنة 2009 ذكر ما نصه:

العلاقات السياسية
في 10 ديسمبر 2020، إعترفت الولايات المتحدة بالسيادة المغربية على كامل الصحراء، وجددت دعمها لمقترح الحكم الذاتي المغربي الجاد والواقعي وذي المصداقية، باعتباره الأساس الوحيد لحل عادل ودائم للنزاع حول الصحراء. كما أعلنت الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عن فتح قنصلية لها بمدينة الداخلة.

التعاون العسكري

وقعت الرباط وواشنطن سنة 1983 على بروتوكول يتعلق بإجراء الأبحاث من أجل إنشاء مفاعل مدني تشرف على تموينه جينرال أتوميكس. ولا يزال البرنامج مستمرا تحت متابعة دقيقة من الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية.

يعد المغرب شريكا للولايات المتحدة في الحرب على الإرهاب، التي تم إعلانها عقب أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر 2001. وإذا كانت السلطات المغربية قد وقفت أمام الضغوط الكبيرة للإدارة الرئيس السابق بوش من أجل إشراكها في الحملة العسكرية بالعراق، إلا أنها أبدت تعاونا كبيرا مع واشنطن على عدة مستويات مثل التنقيل وتوفير الخبراء وخدمات الترجمة والمتابعة الدقيقة للمجموعات السلفية. ولقد تعبأت الأجهزة المغربية كاملة من أجل التصدي لتهديد القاعدة. وكانت الرباط محطة توقف ل «الطائرات الشبح» التابعة لوكالة الاستخبارات المركزية، والتي استعملتها من أجل تنقيل جلسات الاستنطاق التي كان يخضع لها بعض معتقلي غوانتنامو.
مع ظهور تنظيم القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي، تعززت مكانة المغرب في إطار المبادرة الأمريكية لمنطقة الساحل، الرامية لتأمين الامتدادات الصحراوية الشاسعة من موريتانيا إلى تشاد. وعلى اعتبار عراقة العلاقات بين وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية الأمريكية والاستخبارات المغربية ولادجيد، فإن التعاون بين الطرفين ظل دوما متسما بسلاسة كبيرة.

التبادل التجاري

تم التوقيع على اتفاقية التجارة الحرة الأمريكية المغربية في 15 يونيو 2004. ثم تم التصديق عليها بأغلبية أعضاء مجلس النواب، وإجماع أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي في شهر يوليو من نفس العام. وافق البرلمان المغربي على الاتفاقية في يناير 2005، وبدأ العمل بها في الأول من يناير 2006.

توفر هذه الاتفاقية للولايات المتحدة أكبر قدرة على الدخول إلى الأسوق عن أي اتفاقية تجارة حرة عقدتها مع دولة نامية: حيث أصبحت 95 بالمائة من البضائع معفاه من الضرائب، ومن المخطط إزالة جميع التعريفات الضريبية المفروضة على باقي البضائع خلال 15 عاما، ومعظمها خلال 9 سنوات فقط. ووثقت هذه الاتفاقية أنواع أخرى من التنمية  وحقوق الملكية الفكرية، من أجل إزالة المزيد من العوائق التجارية التي تعترض الشركات الأمريكية الآملة في العمل بالمغرب.

في العام الأول من بدء العمل بالاتفاقية زادت صادرات الولايات المتحدة للمغرب بنسبة 65 بالمائة، كما ارتفعت الصادرات المغربية لأمريكا بنسبة 20 بالمائة عن العام السابق.

تبادل الزيارات
23-19 يونيو 2000 - الملك محمد السادس، مرفوقا بالأميرة للا مريم، يقوم بزيارة إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بدعوة من الرئيس الأمريكي بيل كلينتون. وقد تميزت الزيارة الملكية بالمحادثات التي أجراها الملك مع الرئيس الأمريكي وبالحفل الذي أقيم بمناسبة منحه الدكتوراه الفخرية من طرف جامعة جورج واشنطن.

21 أبريل - 9 ماي 2002 - الملك محمد السادس يقوم بزيارة عمل للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، تميزت بالمباحثات التي أجراها بالبيت الأبيض بواشنطن، مع الرئيس الأمريكي جورج وولكر بوش والتي تمحورت حول التعاون الثنائي والوضع في منطقة المغرب العربي ومكافحة الإرهاب والنزاع في الشرق الأوسط.

24-21 شتنبر 2003 - الملك محمد السادس يشارك بنيويورك في المناقشات العامة للدورة ال58 للجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة.

12-8 يوليوز 2004 - الملك محمد السادس يقوم بزيارة عمل للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

20 شتنبر - 2 أكتوبر 2004 - الملك محمد السادس يشارك بنيويورك في الدورة ال59 للجمعية العمومية لمنظمة الامم المتحدة.

22-20 شتنبر 2010 - الملك محمد السادس يشارك بنيويورك في قمة أهداف الألفية للتنمية.

نونبر 2013 - زيارة عمل قام بها الملك محمد السادس للولايات المتحدة.

5 دجنبر 2019 - حل وزير الخارجية الأمريكي مايك بومبيو بالمغرب في إطار زيارة لتعزيز الشراكة الاقتصادية والأمنية.

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 علاقات المغرب الخارجية

مراجع

ولايات متحدة
مغرب

العلاقات الأمريكية المغربية


The postage stamps and postal system of the Confederate States of America carried the mail of the Confederacy for a brief period in American history. Early in 1861 when South Carolina no longer considered itself part of the Union and demanded that the U.S. Army abandon Fort Sumter, plans for a Confederate postal system were already underway. Indeed, the Confederate Post Office was established on February 21, 1861; and it was not until April 12 that the American Civil War officially began, when the Confederate Army fired upon US soldiers who had refused to abandon the fort. However, the United States Post Office Department continued to handle the mail of the seceded states as usual during the first weeks of the war.  It was not until June 1 that the Confederate Post Office took over collection and delivery, now faced with the task of providing postage stamps and mail services for its citizens.

The CSA Constitution had provided for a national postal service to be established, then required it to be self-financing beginning March 1, 1863 (Section 8. Powers of Congress, Item 7). President Jefferson Davis had appointed John Henninger Reagan on March 6, 1861, to head the new Confederate States of America Post-office Department.  The Confederate Post Office proved to be very efficient and remained in operation for the entire duration of the Civil War.

Beginnings

During the first seven weeks of the Civil War, the US Post Office still delivered mail from the seceded states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing U.S. (Union) postage is deemed to represent 'Confederate State Usage of U.S. Stamps'. i.e., Confederate covers franked with Union stamps. After this time, private express companies still managed to carry the mail across enemy lines. The three major express companies in operation throughout the south were Adams Express, American Letter Express, and Whiteside's Express. They had been operating freely for approximately two months when the U.S. Post Office ordered an end to such traffic, effective August 26, 1861.  Mail destined to states that were not among their own unions now had to be sent by Flag of Truce, although some express companies still continued to run their mail operations illegally; Adams continued its Southern operations under a nominally-separate Southern Express Company, in actuality a subsidiary. Mail was also smuggled in and out by blockade-running ships—which, however, were often captured or destroyed by Union ships on blockade patrol. Because Confederate post offices existed for only a few years and official and informal records of them are lacking, relatively little is known about their operations in many regions of the South. Existing data has been studied by several experts in the field, who have reconstructed an account of their existence and operation largely from surviving Confederate covers (stamped-addressed envelopes), and by researchers specializing in advanced studies of Confederate philately, notably Colonel Harvey E. Sheppard, United States Army, Fort Hood, Texas; the late Van Dyk MacBride, Newark, New Jersey; George N. Malpass, St. Petersburg, Florida; Earl Antrim, Nampa, Idaho; David Kohn, Washington, D. C., and a few others, each contributing material in the concerted effort to create an overall account of Confederate postal history.

Confederate Post Office

One of the first undertakings in establishing the Confederate Post Office was the appointment of John H. Reagan (1818–1905) to Postmaster General, by Jefferson Davis in 1861, making him the first Postmaster General of the newly formed Confederate Post Office.  Reagan was a Democratic congressman from Texas (many years after the Civil War, Texas would elect him to a Senate seat). Upon appointment Reagan became a close friend of Davis and was Postmaster General for the duration of the war, making him the only PMG of the short-lived Confederacy. In preparation for wartime mail delivery Reagan proved to be very resourceful. He sent an agent to Washington with letters asking the various heads of the U.S. Post Office Department to come work for the new Confederate Post Office. Amazingly nearly all of them did, bringing copies of records, and account books along with them. "Reagan in effect had stolen the U.S. Post Office," notable historian William C. Davis wrote. Reagan was obviously an able administrator, presiding over the only CSA cabinet department that functioned well during the war. It established new rates rather higher than those in the Union: 5¢ (equal to $ today) per half-ounce under , 10¢ per half-ounce over , 2¢ for drop letters and circulars. Later the under- rate was raised to 10¢ also. There was a 50¢ rate for express mail, and after 1863 a 40¢ rate for Trans-Mississippi mail to cover the costs of smuggling the mail through a Federal blockade that operated along the entire length of the lower Mississippi River. At the beginning of the war, Union blockades prevented supplies from reaching their destinations in the South, which from time to time resulted in the shortage of postage stamps, paper and other basic supplies that were much needed throughout the Confederate states.  Although the Confederate government had contracted for the printing of its own stamps, they were not yet available on June 1, forcing postmasters all over the South to improvise.  Most of the time they simply went back to the old practice of accepting payment in cash and applying a "PAID" hand-stamp to the envelope. However, a number of postmasters, particularly those in the larger cities, could not afford to be handling long lines of cash customers, and developed a variety of Postmaster's provisionals. These took a variety of forms, from envelopes prestamped with a postmark modified to say "paid" or an amount, to regular stamps produced by local printers. Some are today among the great rarities of philately.

Confederate postage

Within a month after his appointment as Postmaster General, Reagan ordered that ads be placed in both Southern and Northern newspapers seeking sealed proposals from printing companies for producing Confederate postage stamps. Bids arrived from companies in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Newark, New Orleans and Richmond. After the war started, however, it became evident that the contract to print Confederate stamps should go to a Confederate firm. The Confederate Post Office Department therefore awarded the contract to lithographers Hoyer & Ludwig, a small firm in Richmond. The stamps they produced were inferior in image quality to the line engraved stamps printed by the US Post Office, but with what resources they had, they produced some handsome images by many accounts. The first Confederate postage issues were placed in circulation in October 1861, five months after postal service between the North and South had ended. Jefferson Davis is depicted on the first issue of 1861. The appearance of a living person on a postage stamp marked a break from the tradition adhered to by the US Post Office, that a person may be depicted on US postage or currency only after death.

Provisional stamps

During the five months between the US Post office's withdrawal of services from the seceded states and the first issue of Confederate postage stamps, postmasters throughout the Confederacy used temporary substitutes for postal payment. Postmasters had to improvise and used various methods to apply confirmation of postage to mailed covers, ranging from the creation of their own adhesive postage stamps to the marking of letters with either rate-altered hand-stamps or the manuscript indication "Paid." The improvised stamps and pre-paid covers are known to collectors as 'Postmaster Provisionals', so-called because they were used 'provisionally' until the first Confederate general postage stamp issues appeared. Some Confederate post offices would subsequently experience shortages in postage stamps and would revert to the use of Provisional stamps and hand-stamps.  There are many dozens of types of Provisional stamps and hand-stamps from different towns and cities about the Confederacy. In some circles, Postmaster Provisionals are referred to as 'locals' since they were intended only for use from the town in which they were issued.

The following places are known to have issued such provisionals.  [Where a name appears (other than in manuscript) on the stamp(s), such as that of the Post Master [P.M.] or printer, this is appended here in italics]:
 ATHENS, Georgia [T. Crawford, P.M.]
 BATON ROUGE, Louisiana [J. McCormick]
 BEAUMONT, Texas
 BRIDGEVILLE, Alabama
 CHARLESTON, South Carolina
 DANVILLE, Virginia [W.D Coleman P.M]
 EMORY, Virginia
 FREDERICKSBURG, Virginia [R.T. Thom]
 GOLIAD, Texas [J.A. Clarke, Post Master]
 GONZALES, Texas [Coleman & Law, Booksellers and Druggists]
 GREENVILLE, Alabama
 GREENWOOD, Virginia
 GROVE HILL, Alabama
 HELENA, Texas
 INDEPENDENCE, Texas (some issues erroneously inscribed INDEPENDANCE)
 JETERSVILLE, Virginia
 KNOXVILLE, Tennessee [CH Charlton PM]
 LENOIR, North Carolina
 LIBERTY, Louisiana - used stamp of Salem, Virginia
 LIVINGSTON, Alabama
 LYNCHBURG, Virginia [R.H. Glass PM]
 MACON, Georgia
 MARION, Virginia
 MEMPHIS, Tennessee [M.C Callaway]
 MOBILE, Alabama
 MOUNT LEBANON, Louisiana (only a single example is known to exist)
 NASHVILLE, Tennessee [W.D. McNish, P M.]
 NEW ORLEANS, Louisiana [J.L. Riddell]
 NEW SMYRNA, Florida
 PETERSBURG, Virginia [W.E. Bass, P.M]
 PITTSYLVANIA, Virginia [J.P. Johnson, P.M.]
 PLEASANT SHADE, Virginia [W.E. Davis, P.M.]
 RHEATOWN, Tennessee [D. Pence, P.M]
 SALEM, Virginia (stamp also used in Liberty, Louisiana)
 SPARTANBURG, South Carolina
 TELLICO PLAINS, Tennessee [M.F. Johnson, P.M.]
 UNIONTOWN, Alabama
 UNIONVILLE, South Carolina
 VICTORIA, Texas [J.A. Moody, P.M.]

Postage stamps
As the Confederate States of America existed for only four years, it was able to issue only a modest number of postage stamps, nine basic types in all.  During this brief span, the Confederate Post Office contracted with five different printing companies to produce postage stamps: Archer & Daly of Richmond, Virginia; Hoyer & Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia; J. T. Paterson & Co. of Augusta, Georgia; Thomas de la Rue & Co., Ltd., of London, England; and Keatinge & Ball of Columbia, South Carolina. Among them, these firms employed all three methods of printing commonly in use at that time: lithography, typography and line-engraving. The first Confederate Postage stamps were issued and placed in circulation on October 16, 1861, five months after postal service between the North and South had been suspended.

 The first postage stamp issued by the Confederate States (1861) was a 5¢ green depicting Jefferson Davis. It was printed by the lithograph process by Hoyer and Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia. Like almost all Confederate issues, these stamps were imperforate, and single stamps had to be cut from the sheet with razors or scissors. This stamp was reprinted in blue in 1862.
 A 10¢ blue with Thomas Jefferson also appeared in 1861, designed by Charles Ludwig of Hoyer & Ludwig, Richmond, Virginia. This issue was printed by two different companies: Hoyer & Ludwig and, later, J. T. Paterson & Co. of Augusta, Georgia. The image of Thomas Jefferson used on both printings lithographically reproduced the same image that had been engraved on the U.S. 5-cent issue of 1856.  Secret marks were added by the Paterson firm to the transfer stones to distinguish its version from the Hoyer & Ludwig prints of the same design. The most typical use was for the ten-cent rate after July 1, 1862. This stamp, like the 5¢ Davis, was reprinted in 1862, in a rose-colored version that is considerably rarer than the blue original.
 In 1862, a 2¢ stamp of Andrew Jackson appeared, in green, and was issued imperforate. This issue was again lithographed by Hoyer & Ludwig of Richmond, Virginia. Only one transfer stone used in this printing. The earliest known usage of this stamp was March 21, 1862. Sheets of this issue consisted of two panes of 100 stamps each arranged in two blocks of fifty (10X5) taken from the 50-subject transfer stone with a wide vertical gutter between panes. This was the last lithographed stamp produced by the Confederate Post Office.
 Also in 1862, a new 5¢ stamp of Davis, this time utilizing typography, was issued in large quantities. Produced by the De La Rue firm in London (which had been supplying postage stamps for England since 1855), it employed an engraving of Davis by Ferdinand Joubert (1810–1884).  De La Rue shipped 12,000,000 copies of this issue to the Confederacy, accompanied by a set of printing plates and a supply of English paper so that additional copies could be produced locally. More than 36,000,000 of the 5¢ Davis stamps were subsequently printed from the De La Rue plates by Archer & Daly in Richmond. Archer & Daly eventually ran out of the English paper, and their later printings on Confederate paper tended to become increasingly coarse, with individual examples exhibiting blank areas in the design from plate damage or filled in areas due to plate wear. (Today they can be purchased for approximately US$10 depending on condition.)
 De La Rue also printed and shipped a typographed 1¢ orange stamp depicting John C. Calhoun.  The Confederate Post office had planned to reduce the drop-letter rate to one cent, but this proved impractical and, as a result, the 1¢ stamp was never put into use. Joubert De La Ferte again engraved the central image of Calhoun, placing it in the same framework design used for the Jefferson Davis 5-cent issue, a clear attempt to show that the two stamps were part of the same series. (Later, De La Rue sent altered plates of both typographed stamps to the Confederacy with revised denominations, intended for 2-cent Calhoun and 10-cent Davis issues, but neither stamp was put into production.  The printed versions of these that are sometimes seen all date from the 20th century, and cannot be considered true Confederate stamps.)

 In 1863, a new 2¢ Jackson design appeared, engraved in steel by Frederick Halpin (1805–1880) and printed by Archer & Daly in pale red.  A second printing appeared in brown red. Line-engraving would be employed in all subsequent Confederate stamps.
 Also in 1863, a 10-cent stamp was released bearing the profile of Jefferson Davis in blue. This issue was designed and engraved on steel by John Archer and transferred to either copper plates or steel plates. Many shades of exist for these stamps, ranging from light milky blue and darker blue to shades that tend toward greenish blue and green. There are four similar designs of engraved ten cent stamps.

 The easiest to distinguish from the other three has the value expressed as "TEN". The portrait of Jefferson Davis was designed and line engraved by John Archer, and then transferred to a copper plate. This issue was imperforate and was printed on soft, porous paper of varying thickness and with colorless gum. The earliest recorded usage is April 23, 1863. Color variations occur from dark-blue to gray-blue.

 The next easiest to distinguish (on which the value is expressed as "10") has straight lines enclosing the design in a rectangle. Several distinct shades of blue occur in this printing. The earliest recorded usage is April 23, 1863. All of these were printed by Archer and Daly of Richmond. This "frame-line" variety is by far the rarest of the stamps issued by the Confederate Post Office. Even poor copies shorn of most of the framing can command prices upwards of US$1000.
 Type I, initially printed by Archer & Daly, Bank Note Engravers, Richmond, Virginia, employs the same engraving as the "Frame Line" issue but without the frame lines. There were approximately 23,800,000 stamps printed from two plates, each with two panes of one hundred. The earliest recorded usage is April 21, 1863.
 Type II, also at first printed by Archer & Daly, is very similar to type I. Frederick Halpin designed and engraved the image of Davis. The corner ornaments are filled, and a faint line follows the outside of the design and encloses it.  The Archer & Daly plates for both Type I and Type II were moved from Richmond to Columbia, South Carolina, when the fall of Richmond became imminent in late 1864. The company of Keatinge & Ball then printed the two stamps. A small number of Types I and II in Archer & Daly printings were perforated and released for use by the Confederate Post Office Department in 1864.  The perforations (gauge ) on these were often of notably poor quality, and forgeries abound, many of which betray themselves by perforations that either employ the wrong gauge or are cut too crisply.
 A 20¢ stamp with George Washington also appeared in 1863, again employing a design engraved in steel by Halpin and printed by Archer & Daly.  This issue saw only limited use, with the result that genuine used copies are today worth 10 times more than mint examples.

Covers

A considerable number of Confederate covers (i.e. stamped - addressed envelope) survived the Civil War and through the many years since they were mailed and have been avidly sought after and preserved by historians and collectors alike. The war had divided family members and friends across the country, and letter writing naturally increased dramatically, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an army. Letters written by soldiers reveal how they would frequently ask parents, wives and family members to write often and to also ask others to write letters back to them. As mail sent to and from the soldiers became more commonplace in the mail streams of the divided states, various Christian charity groups provided pens, paper and envelopes for the soldiers in response to their constant need for these items, since soldiers on active duty during wartime rarely had the opportunity to buy these things. The variety of mail from this time period provides the student of Civil War history with an excellent cross-reference of the history involved then. Special categories of interest include covers to and from soldiers, patriotic covers, prisoner-of-war covers, Flag of Truce and through-the-lines mail, mail carried by blockade runners to and from Europe, and a variety of other types. All of these specialties have been intensively studied. Although contemporary official records are often fragmentary or missing, and many details remain unclear, the covers with their addresses, dated postmarks, special markings and the letters themselves have provided much insight for historians and collectors in their studies of Civil War postal history. Some forging of material went on in the late 19th century, and authentication is a challenge for experts. As a rule of thumb a collector should be wary of fancy cancels on Confederate mail, as the CSA Post Office never used fancy cancels. Other common types of forgeries include added stamps to a cover and forged postmarks.  Another common oversight of the forger is postmarking stamps with dates before the stamp was issued. Many collectors over the years have marked or destroyed fakes and forgeries upon identification in an effort to keep the collecting pool safe from such material. This is a practice common to most of philately.

Prisoner of war mail

During the American Civil War the number of Union and Confederate soldiers in prisoner of war prisons and camps would reach an astonishing one and a half million men. The prison population at the Andersonville Confederate POW camp alone reached 45,000 men by the war's end. At the onset of the war the United States did not recognize the legitimacy of the Confederate States and refused to establish a system that allowed for a formal prisoner and mail exchange. By the summer of 1862, more than a year into the war, prison populations in the north were at alarming proportions and the US government began to see the necessity of a prisoner and mail exchange system. On July 2, 1862 it signed what was referred to as a Prisoner exchange cartel, and by September of that year prison populations were almost emptied. However, as the war dragged on the US government had increasing distrust for the Confederate government and stopped the prisoner and mail exchanges in June 1863, less than a year after it had signed the exchange agreement.   Flag of Truce mail exchanges resumed a month later and were used until the end of the war. Prisoner mail that was carried by Flag-of-Truce had to be put in an unsealed envelope with address and postage for delivery on the other side, then placed in an outer cover for delivery to the exchange point where the outer envelope would be destroyed and the inner envelope containing the prisoner's letter was inspected. The letter would then be placed in and sealed in the stamped addressed envelope and hand-stamped indicating that the item had been inspected.

Often correspondents did not observe the two-envelope regulation, so there are examples of covers where instead of an inner and outer envelope arrangement both US and Confederate postage was applied to the prisoner's letter and where both US and Confederate markings were applied. These covers are often referred to as dual-use postage covers.  Mail exchange between the divided states was only allowed to cross the lines at specified exchange points. Mail which was going from the North destined to points in the South passed primarily at City Point, Virginia, while most of the mail going from the South to the North passed through at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and usually bear an Old Point Comfort postmark.  A prisoner's cover was usually docketed with the prisoner's name, rank, and company. The marking, "Examined", on the face of the cover, usually in manuscript, indicated that the cover had been opened and examined by prison officials. Once at the exchange point, the outer envelope was removed and discarded while the inner cover containing the prisoner's letter was examined by military officials and delivered. There also exist covers that were carried to transfer points by exchanged prisoners and consequently bear no confederate examiner's markings.

Mail to and from the various military prisons and prison camps is one of the most intriguing and challenging areas in Civil War postal history. Letters addressed to the various prisoner of war prisons are in most cases much scarcer than letters sent from  these facilities. The south had its paper shortages and, because Confederate prisons limited the amount of correspondence, mail from Confederate prisons is much rarer than mail from Union prisons.

Prisoner of war prisons and camps

When the Civil War got underway, both sides were ill-prepared to deal with the very large numbers of captured troops. For a time a prisoner and mail exchange program was in use that lasted until June 1863, when the U.S. Government terminated any further cooperation due to mounting war tensions and increased mistrust. The postmarks and stampings found on wartime mail from military prisons and camps during the war are sought after by historians and collectors, not only for their souvenir value but also as confirmation that various people, events and places existed at the time of mailing indicated by the name, address, postmark and other official markings.  The mailed covers often bear the postmark of the nearest town or city from where the prison or camp was located. The study of Civil War military postal history and postmarks is an area of philately that involves a great volume of material covering town names, history, rarity, postmarks and other official markings found on mail to and from POW facilities. In the navigation boxes below are two partial lists of some of the larger prison facilities, Union and Confederate, in operation during some or all of the war. Numbers for inmate totals are included to provide insight into knowing the amount of any surviving mail that is or may be in existence. There were also prison facilities that contained much smaller numbers of prisoners (a couple listed here) also. Records for some prison facilities are completely lacking, the total numbers of prisoners held, peak prison population amounts, escapes and deaths remaining unknown at the present time. Surviving prisoner of war mail to or from some of these places is exceedingly rare, and in some cases no covers are known to exist.

(List of Prisons/Camps currently not complete)
 Alton Military Prison - Alton, Illinois - 12,000
 Camp Butler - Springfield, Illinois  - 3,000
 Camp Chase – Columbus, Ohio - 10,000
 Camp Douglas – Chicago, Illinois - 18,000
 Camp Morton - Indianapolis, Indiana - 3,000
 Castle Williams - Governors Island, New York City - 1,500
 Davids Island – New York City - 2,500
 Elmira Prison – Elmira, New York - 12,000
 Fort Delaware – Delaware City, Delaware - 12,500
 Fort Lafayette - New York City - 163
 Fort McHenry - Baltimore, Maryland - 6,900
 Fort Warren – Boston, Massachusetts - 1,000
 Gratiot Street Prison – St. Louis, Missouri - 2,000
 Hart Island New York City - 3,400
 Johnson's Island – Lake Erie, Sandusky, Ohio - 10,000
 Ohio Penitentiary – Columbus, Ohio  - 360
 Old Capitol Prison – Washington, D.C.  - 300
 Point Lookout – Saint Mary's County, Maryland - 52,000
 Rock Island Prison – Rock Island, Illinois - 12,000
(Numbers for inmate totals are approximate.)

(List of Prisons/Camps currently not complete)
 Andersonville – Andersonville, Georgia - 45,000 - 50,000
 Belle Isle – Richmond, Virginia - 18,000
 Blackshear Prison – Blackshear, Georgia  - 5,000
 Cahaba Prison (Castle Morgan) – Selma, Alabama - 600
 Camp Ford – near Tyler, Texas - 5,300
 Camp Groce, Camp Gillespie and Camp Felder - Camp Groce 2 miles east of Hempstead, Texas, Camp Gillespie near Burleigh, Texas, and Camp Felder 6.5 miles Northeast of Chappell Hill, Texas -  1,110 held of which 220 died or are missing
Camp Oglethorpe - Macon, Georgia 1,200
 Castle Pinckney – Charleston, South Carolina - 300
 Castle Sorghum – Columbia, South Carolina - 1,400
 Castle Thunder – Richmond, Virginia - 1,400
 Danville Prison – Danville, Virginia - 4,000
 Florence Stockade – Florence, South Carolina - 18,000
 Fort Pulaski – Savannah, Georgia - 600
 Libby Prison – Richmond, Virginia - 50,000
 Salisbury Prison – Salisbury, North Carolina - 1,700
(Numbers for inmate totals are approximate.)

Blockade mail

At the onset of the American Civil War it was imperative for the Confederacy to get crucial correspondence to suppliers and other mail into and out of the country. On April 19, 1861, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade along the entire coastline of the Confederacy to prevent it from obtaining supplies and to prevent it from communicating with the rest of the world by means of mail. Twelve major ports and approximately  of coastline along the Confederate States were patrolled by some 500 ships that were commissioned by the US Navy; however, some accounts vary considerably and place the number of commissioned ships for blockade patrol at about 200, taking into account the high numbers of Union ships that were withdrawn from blockade duty for repairs. The blockade played a major role in the Union's victory over the Confederate states. By the end of the Civil War, the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels. The Union blockade reduced a vital source of revenue for the south, cotton exports, to a fraction of what they were prior to the war, as well as preventing much of its mail from being sent or received. In response to the blockade various specially-built steamers were built and put to use by British investors who were heavily invested in the cotton and tobacco trade.  These vessels were typically smaller and lighter in weight, often giving them an advantage of maneuverability and record speeds of up to 17 knots, which enabled them to evade or outrun Union ships on patrol. Their cargoes were usually small, light-weight and often included mail.

Blockade runners

During the beginning of the Civil War, getting Confederate mail in and out of the Confederacy to and from foreign suppliers and other interested parties overseas posed a problem. At first, getting a ship through the Union blockade was easier, but as the war progressed the number of Union ships on blockade patrol increased while veteran crews were becoming more experienced and growing wiser to the evasive tactics employed by blockade-runners. To escape detection, blockade-runners would often try to get the mail and cargo through by making night runs, especially when the moon was new. Many of the vessels were also painted a dark gray color to help them blend in with the backdrop of the night sea, a practice that earned these vessels the nickname of Greyhounds. Some of the steamers also burned a smokeless anthracite coal which greatly reduced their profile against the horizon.  However, as the war went on, the prospect of getting a ship through diminished greatly, and many of these ships faced capture or destruction, their cargoes and mail never reaching their ports of destination. As many of the vessels used as blockade-runners were built in England for British investors, the captured crews and passengers were usually British also. The cargo aboard was rewarded to the captain and crew of the capturing vessel, it is assumed as an added incentive for captains and crews on blockade patrolling ships to be extra vigilant. Mail was also confiscated and sometimes used as evidence against the parties involved with the ship and its cargo. (figure 2) Consequently, inbound covers that were prepared by forwarding agents for transfer to and delivery within the Confederacy never received various postmarks or other markings from the Confederate post office.

Among the most notable blockade runners were steamers like the SS Syren, a  steel-hulled sidewheel steamer that made a record 33 successful runs through the Union blockade.  Another steamer called the Alice, a  steel-hulled vessel, made 24 successful runs, while the Kate, a wooden-hulled steamer, made 20 successful runs before being run aground in November 1862. It is likely that most of the blockade runners brought mail into the Confederate mail stream, as the Confederate states were in dire need of basic supplies, the procurement of which was conducted through mailed correspondence. The various cargoes would likely have mail attached to them to notify various parties that their shipment has arrived at port. Today, Confederate blockade covers are highly sought after by collectors and historians who often regard these mailings as figurative time-stamps and historical confirmation that various people, ships and post offices existed in and among these times and places.

The principal transfer points for mail arriving from or destined to Europe and other locations were Nassau in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Cuba. Ships carrying letters that were addressed to points in the Confederacy would deposit their cargo of mail at one of these transfer points. Here the inbound mail was handled by a forwarding agent who would remove the mail or inner cover and prepare it for transfer on a blockade runner.  Often the forwarding agents would apply their own markings to the cover of mail. Mail placed aboard a blockade runner would then, perhaps with some luck, make its way to the ports of New Orleans, Charleston or Wilmington, where it was received by Confederate postal operators who would then include it in with the regular Confederate mail for delivery.  The captain of the blockade runner would typically get two cents for every letter he delivered to port, which was a nominal sum, as his main source of revenue was from delivering his cargo. The average number of successful runs by a blockade runner was only about four, many of them meeting a fateful ending on their first run. Various ports along the coastline of the Confederacy saw the most traffic from blockade runners. Charleston in South Carolina was particularly well situated as a port for blockade runners with their shallow drafts, as was the Port in Wilmington in North Carolina which saw the most traffic. Because the lower Mississippi River was being blockaded effectively dividing the Western Confederate states from those east, New Orleans became one of the busiest of ports. Consequently, many blockade covers have postmarks from these locations.

Patriotic covers

The years during the American Civil War were a period marked with strong sentiments and loyalties towards both sides involved, and this sentiment is clearly displayed on various Civil War correspondence known to collectors and historians as Patriotic Covers. Citizens, many of whom had family members and friends off fighting in the war, or who had died in battle, often expressed their loyalties with envelopes illustrated with flags, portraits, slogans and allegorical figures such as that of Liberty, which clearly captured the sentiments of that time. This practice was most evident in the North where there were many printers, especially in the larger cities, who produced an assortment of envelopes that proudly displayed these designs and which quickly became popular among the citizenry. The situation in the south was quite different. The demand for printers in the agrarian South was much less, and consequently established and qualified printers were generally nonexistent throughout most of the Confederacy. The South also lacked the North's industrialized advantages and supplies, and so the various Confederate patriotic covers that have survived the years are scarce and rare and usually have considerable value.

Adversity covers
Due to the Union blockade, the South was unable to get many needed basic supplies including paper, and as such envelopes and writing paper were scarce throughout most of the South. People would reuse old paper and envelopes, bags, and old forms and sometimes would use wallpaper to construct envelopes with. These covers are usually referred to by collectors as adversity covers.

Mourning covers

Mourning covers are also widely collected. These are covers which bear signs of sympathy or recognition of an adverse event. The most common type of adversity cover that occurs in Civil War postal history, Confederate or Union, are what is referred to by collectors as Mourning covers.  Many families shared in the loss of loved ones and friends who died in battle during the four-year war. Letters of sympathy were often sent between family members and friends. The covers often bear various markings, usually pen inscribed by the sender. One of the most common markings found on these covers is the symbolic black border put about the outer face of the envelope. As many thousands of men died during the war, the black border became commonplace in the Union and Confederate mail streams and in Civil War philately.

Manuscript covers

Manuscript covers are addressed envelopes that were designated as Paid or where the amount of postage due was hand-written with pen and ink. Manuscript markings can also be found along with various hand-stamp markings, or in combination with postage stamps, which were sometimes applied prior to or after the manuscript marking(s). If the manuscript cover was mail carried by a blockade runner, the cover is usually referred to then as a blockade cover, and so forth with patriotic and other covers.

Postal history exhibits

See also
 August Dietz, publisher of Confederate States of America postal history
 Confederate States of America
 Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
 Frank Crown
 Lawrence L. Shenfield, author of Confederate States of America: The Special Postal Routes (1961)
 Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
 Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps, Civil War era
 Confederate Stamp Alliance

References

Further reading
 Anderson, John Nathan. (2013) "Money or Nothing: Confederate Postal System Collapse during the Civil War," American Journalism, 30 (Winter 2013), 65–86.
Bennett, Michael, (1998) United States and Confederate Postal History: The 206th Public Auction, November 15, 1998, Michael Bennett, Incorporated, 214 pages, Book
Boyd, Steven R. (2010). Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: The Iconography of Union and Confederate Covers, LSU Press, 169 pages, Book
 Clemens, William Montgomery (1884). Confederate Postage-Stamps, Book
 Confederate Stamp Alliance, (2012).Confederate States of America Catalog and Handbook of Stamps and Postal History, Confederate Stamp Alliance, 528 pages, Book
 Deaton, Charles W. (2012). The Great Texas Stamp Collection, University of Texas Press, 118 pages, Book
 Leavy, Joseph B. (1916). The Philatelic Gazette, Volume 6, Nassau Stamp Co., 396 pages, E'book
MacBride, Van Dyk  (1950). Fort Delaware and Its Prisoner-of-war Covers, American philatelic, 11 pages, Book
 Seward, Henry; MacBride, Van Dyk (1952). Season's Greetings from a Philatelic Confederate, 2 pages, Book
Smith, R.M. (1864). The statutes at large of the provisional government of the Confederate States of America,from the institution of the government, February 8, 1861, to its termination, February 18, 1862, inclusive, R. M. Smith, printed to Congress, 411 pages, E'book
Todd, Richard Cecil (2009). Confederate Finance, University of Georgia Press, 270 pages, , Book

Other sources
 August Dietz, Postal Service of the Confederate States of America (1929) - the standard work on Confederate philately
 Dietz Confederate States Catalog and Hand-Book (1931–1986)
 AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
 Encyclopaedia of Postal History
 Stuart Rossiter & John Flower: The Stamp Atlas
 Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
 Civil War Prisons and Their Covers, by Earl Antrim
 Prisoners' Mail from the American Civil War, by Galen D. Harrison. Union and Confederate Civil War covers from prisoners of war in 83 Union and 58 Confederate Prisons, compiled from a total over 2,700 covers.
 The Handbook of Civil War Patriotic Envelopes and Postal History, Grant, 1977

External links
Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Confederate hand-stamp cover collection
Confederate Stamp Alliance homepage
Civil War Prisons
Prisoner of War Camps, the American Civil War
Postal History of Vicksburg
Sons of Confederate Veterans
The Confederate Philatelist
Civil War Postal History Articles and Resources, by Patricia A. Kaufmann
Confederate Stamp Alliance, John L. Kimbrough, MD, Conrad L Bush
Adam's Express Company
 Boston Athenæum: Postage Stamps from the Confederate States of America, Digital Collection.

1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America
1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America
History of the Confederate States of America
Confederate States
Confederate States

Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States