Emre Gönensay (d. 13 Ağustos 1937, Kızıltoprak), Üniversite dünyasında, özel sektörde, koordinatör sıfatıyla bürokraside üst düzey mevkilerde bulunmuş, ayrıca kısa bir dönem Dışişleri Bakanlığı yapmış bir akademisyen/siyasetçidir.

Hayatı
Köklü bir aileye mensuptur. Babasının amcası öğretmen ve tarihçi Hıfzı Tevfik Gönensay'dır. Hıfzı Tevfik Gönensay, Fevzi Ati Lisesi (Işık Lisesi) ve Boğaziçi Lisesi müdürlüğü yapmış, Zeki Müren, Kadir Has, Seyfi Dursunoğlu (Huysuz Virjin) gibi öğrenciler yetiştirmiştir. Eşi Aylin Gönensay, trafik kazasında ölen ünlü rallici Renç Koçibey'in babası Sadi Koçibey'in amcasının kızıdır.

Robert Kolej'i bitirdikten sonra Columbia Üniversitesi'nde Master, Londra Üniversitesi'nde de Doktora derecesi almıştır. Türkiye'ye dönüşünde Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'nde profesör olmuş, çeşitli özel kuruluşların ve bankaların yönetim kurullarında görev almıştır. 1987'de Manisa'dan milletvekili adayı, daha sonra da Cumhurbaşkanlığı Başmüşaviri oldu. 1994-1995 yıllarında Başbakanlık'ta ekonominin koordinasyonu, Gümrük Birliği, Bakü-Ceyhan Boru Hattı gibi konularda çalışmalarda bulundu. DYP-ANAP Hükûmetinde (ANAYOL) Dışişleri Bakanlığı yaptı. Haziran 2007'de İstanbul'da gerçekleştirilen 55. Bilderberg Toplantısı'nın 13 Türk katılımcısı arasında da yer almıştır.

Kaynakça

1937 doğumlular
Robert Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Londra Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 20. dönem Antalya milletvekilleri
Bilderberg Toplantıları
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi dekanları
Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanlığı başdanışmanları
Yaşayan insanlar
Türkiye'nin büyükelçileri
Doğru Yol Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Türkiye başbakan başmüşavirleri

Emre Gönensay


İpek, ipekböceğinin ürettiği yumuşak, parlak bir liftir. İpekböceği bir tırtıldır ve bu lifi kendine koza örmek için üretir. İnsanlar bu liften iplik yapar ve kumaş dokurlar.

İpek çok sağlamdır. Boyanınca da çok gösterişli olur. Bazen ipeğe başka lifler karıştırılarak döşemelik ve perdelik kumaşlar yapılır. İpek dokumacılığı bundan 4.600 yıl önce Çin'de başladı. 16. yüzyıl ile 20. yüzyıl arasında İtalya ve Fransa'da büyük gelişme gösterdi. İpek en çok dut ipekböceğinden elde edilir. Bu böceğin dişisi 200-500 yumurta bıraktıktan sonra ölür. Yumurtalardan çıkan minik tırtıllar dut yaprağıyla beslenir. Hızla büyüyerek 20-30 günde 7-8 santimetreyi bulur. Büyümesi tamamlanınca yemeyi bırakır ve incecik ipek liften çevresine bir koza örer. İnsanlar ipek elde etmek için üretme çiftliklerinde ipek böcekçiliği yaparlar. Yırtılarak zarar görmesine mani olmak için ipekböceğinin içinden çıkabileceği kadar gelişmesini beklemeden kozalar kaynatılır. Ardından ipek elle ya da makinelerle çözülerek çile haline getirilir. Bir kozadan 450 ile 900 metre arasında kesiksiz iplik çıkabilir. Bu iplikler tezgâhlarda dokunarak kumaş yapılır.

İpek güzel görünüşlü, yumuşak, parlak ve dayanıklı olup, kolaylıkla ve iyi boya tuttuğu için daha da güzelleştirilebilen hayvansal kaynaklı bir liftir. İpek liflerin kraliçesi olarak bilinir. 4000 yılı aşkın bir süreden beri, insanların ekonomik hayatında önemli bir rol oynamakta olan ipek, yıllar boyu Çin, Hindistan, Taşkent, Bağdat, Şam ve İstanbul'dan geçen ipek yolunu takiben Avrupa'ya taşınmıştır. Bu zaman zarfında ipek altından daha değerli bir ürün olarak alıcı bulmuştur. Türkiye coğrafi yeri ve iklimi bakımından ipekböceği ve dut ağacı yetiştirilmesine uygun ülkelerden biridir. Trakya, Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz, bölgelerinde bulunan bazı iller ile özellikle Amasya, Diyarbakır, Hatay yöreleri ipekböcekçiliğinin yayılmış olduğu alanlardır.

Aynı zamanda İpek bir tür patlayıcı olan Pikrik Asit yapımında da kullanılır.

Hayvan Refahı

Kozalardan ipeğin elde edilme işlemi larvaları kaynatarak öldürmeyi gerektirdiğinden, ipekçilik, hayvan refahı ve hakları aktivistleri tarafından eleştirilmiştir. Bir kilogram ipek üretimi için yaklaşık altı bin kurtçuk öldürülmek zorundadır.

Ayrıca Bakınız
 İpek Böceği

Kaynakça

İpek


L'antilithium est l'atome d'antimatière « symétrique » de celui de lithium (7Li, hélium ordinaire).

Il est composé de trois positons formant un nuage autour de trois antiprotons et de quatre antineutrons comme noyau atomique.

Représentation
Il est souvent représenté par le symbole chimique , dont l'usage n'est cependant pas reconnu par l'Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée.

Notes et références

lithium

Antilithium


Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (d. 29 Eylül 1571, Milano – ö. 18 Temmuz 1610), İtalyan ressamdır. Roma, Napoli, Malta ve Sicilya'da çalışmıştır. Barok sanat akımının ilk büyük sanatçısıdır.

Caravaggio, soyadını doğduğu kasabadan almıştır. "Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio" gerçek ismidir. Caravaggio, güçlü ışık-gölge kullanımı ve resimsel düzenlemeyi dramatik bir açıdan ele alışıyla barok sanatının en özgün uygulayıcılarından biri olmuştur. 1584'te Bergamolu bir ressam olan Simone Peterzano'nun yanına 4 yıllığına çırak olarak girmiş, ilk deneyimlerini Lorenzo Lotto ve Giovanni Girolama Savoldo (1480-1548) gibi sanatçıların yapıtlarını incelemekle kazanmış, Tiziano'nun öğrencisi iken Venedik Okulu'yla da ilişki kurmuştur. Roma'da çalıştığı dönem yapıtları dramatik bir anlatım sunmayan kendi portreleri ve ölü doğa resimleridir. Bunlarda güçlü bir ışık gölge kullanılmış ve ayrıntıları özenle betimlemiştir.

Caravaggio'nun gerçekçi doğalcılığının ilk kez bütünüyle ortaya çıktığı yapıt Roma'daki San Luigi dei Francesi Kilisesi'nin Contarelli Şapeli'ndeki Aziz Matta'nın yaşamını konu alan bir dizi resimdi. Bu, Aziz Matta ve Melek, Aziz Matta'nın Çağrısı ve Aziz Matta'nın Şehit Edilişi konulu üç resimden oluşan görkemli bir tasarıydı. Sunağın üzerine yerleştirilmesi düşünülen Aziz Matta ve Melek'in ilk biçimi S. Luigi dei Francesci'nin o güne değin bir azizin böyle canlandırıldığını görmemiş rahiplerine o kadar ters geldi ki, resmin yeniden yapılmasını istediler. İncil yazarlarından biri olan Aziz Matta resimde sıradan bir işçi ya da rençper görünümündeydi.; ayağını resmin dışına çıkıp insanın yüzüne gelecekmiş gibi uzatmış, kaba bir biçimde bacak bacak üstüne atmış olarak betimlenmişti. İncelikten yoksun melek figürü ise cahil birisine yol gösterircesine azizin elini zorla kitaba doğru bastırır gibiydi. Kilise ileri gelenleri Caravaggio'nun sıradan bir kişiyi yüceltirken gerçekte Aziz Matta'yı sokaklardan kurtaran İsa'ya öykündüğünü kavrayamamışlardı.

Yaşadığı dönem
Caravaggio, Otuz Yıl Savaşları döneminde yaşamıştır. Barok önceleri, kuyumculuk dilinde düzensiz ve acayip biçimli taş ve incileri niteleyen bir kelime olarak kullanılmıştır. Önce İtalya'da doğmuş, daha sonra Avrupa'ya ve hatta, Latin Amerika'ya kadar yayılmıştır. Karşı-reform hareketini benimseyen sanatçılar eserlerinde dini coşku ve heyecanın yaratılmasına çalışmışlardır. Dini atmosfer dışındaki alanlara da yönelmişlerdir.

Rönesans'ın denge ve uyum konusunda eriştiği ölçüden çok, maniyerizm'de beliren abartı ve hareketlilik hakimdir. Işık, gölge oyunlarına dayanarak heykel, resim ve mimarinin kaynaştırıldığı tüm sanat anlayışı getirilmiştir. Çiçek, meyve gibi nesnelerin belli bir düzende ele alındığı ölü tabiat (natürmort) türü bu dönemde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemin sanatçıları, Agostino Carracci, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Velazquez, Rubens ve Rembrandt'dır. Her ne kadar barok denilen anlayış ve stil 16. yüzyıldaki bazı sanatçılarda görülse de, esas itibarıyla kilisenin önderlik ettiği karşı-reform hareketi içerisinde ortaya çıkıp geliştiği kabul edilir. Gerçekten de, 18. yüzyılda birçok Katolik Avrupa ülkesinde mimar, heykeltıraş ve ressamları teşvik eden, onların kutsal amaca yönelik nitelikteki eserlerinin müşterisi olan; kral ya da prenslerden önce kilisedir.

Ölümü
Caravaggio'nun ölümü sırasında yüksek ateşi vardı ve onu neyin öldürdüğü o zamanlar bir tartışma konusuydu. O zamandan beri tarihsel bir tartışma ve araştırma konusu oldu. Çağdaş söylentiler, ya Tommasoni ailesinin ya da şövalyelerin onu intikam almak için öldürttüğüne inanıyordu. Geleneksel olarak tarihçiler uzun zamandır onun frengiden öldüğünü düşünmüşlerdir. Bazıları, pastörize edilmemiş süt ürünlerinden sıtma veya muhtemelen bruselloz olduğunu söyledi. Bazı akademisyenler, Caravaggio'nun Malta'dan, muhtemelen Wignacourt'tan ve/veya Şövalyelerin hiziplerinden kaçtığından beri onu takip eden aynı "düşmanlar" tarafından saldırıya uğradığını ve öldürüldüğünü ileri sürdüler. Caravaggio'nun kalıntıları araştırmacılar tarafından 2010'da bir yıl boyunca incelendi. İlk testler, Caravaggio'nun kurşun zehirlenmesinden ölmüş olabileceğini öne sürdü. O dönemlerde boyalar yüksek miktarda kurşun tuzu içeriyordu. Ancak 2012'deki araştırmalar sonucunda ise Caravaggio'nun Napoli'deki bir arbedede, özellikle Staphylococcus aureus'un neden olduğu sepsisten aldığı bir yaranın sonucu olarak öldüğü sonucuna vardı.

2002'de yayınlanan Vatikan belgelerinde ise zengin Tommasoni ailesinin üyesi olan model Fillide Melandroni'nin sevgisi yüzünden Caravaggio'yu öldürmesi için tetikçi gönderdiğini raporlandığı görüldü.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1571 doğumlular
Milano doğumlular
1610 yılında ölenler
17. yüzyılda İtalyanlar
16. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları
17. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları
Barok ressamlar
Katolik ressamlar
Fransa'da veremden ölenler

Caravaggio


الدُّرَّة المُطَوَّقَة أو الدرة الوردية الطوق أو البَرَكيت الأخضر هو طائر ينتمي إلى ببغاوات العالم القديم. تطول نحو 16 بوصة وشكلها يساعد على التخفي. ذيولها طويلة أما أحجامها فمتوسطة أو صغيرة. يغلب فيها اللون الأخضر، ومنها الصفراء والزرقاء الرمداء. تبدو الذكور والإناث متشابهةً متناظرةً إلا أن للذكر حلقة سوداء حول عنقه تغيب عند الأُنثى. لكل من الجنسين ذيل طويل مؤلف من 12 ريشة، ويغلب أن يكون لون أكبرها أزرق.

الموطن
أصل هذه الطيور قارتي آسيا ووسط إفريقيا وبعض البقاع في شمال إفريقيا كما ان غليلة موطنه الاصلي نسبة لطبيعة غليلة حيث يوجد الجبال والغابات والأراضي الزراعية في المنطقة، ويتواجدون في الأراضي القاحلة أو الأراضي الزراعية، وإنه ليس من غير المألوف أن نراهم في المناطق الحضارية.
يعتبر البيبي متوه من الطيور الأليفة الناطقة. فهم يتعلمون بسرعة.
وهي طيور ذكية ويمكن لهذه الطيور بالتحدث بوضوح

السلوك العام وطريقة الحياة
يعتبر الدرة طائر ضوضائي أي أنه يسبب الإزعاج بإطلاق صفيره وصراخه طوال فترات نشاطه، كما يتميز بأنه في حالة بحث دائم عن الغذاء ويساعده في ذلك تركيب جسمه الرشيق وأجنحته القوية وذيله الطويل جدا الذي يساعده على التحليق بأقل مجهود، وهو طائر فزع بأقصى الدرجات ويفزع لأي صوت خفيف أو أي حركة غير طبيعية، ويدافع طائر الدرة عن نفسه عن طريق الصراخ الشديد والعض فعضة هذا الطائر مؤلمة للغاية وعادة ما تسبب جرح ليس من السهولة نسيان ألمه فمنقار هذا الطائر غاية في الصلابة ويساعده شكله المعقوف لأسفل في حفر العشوش وقطع الفواكة والأخشاب الجافة وكثيرا ما تسبب طيور الدرة دمارا كبيرا للمحاصيل الزراعية مثل: محاصيل عباد الشمس والبن والفاكهة

يصل طول الطائر البالغ منه إلى 55 سم تشمل الذيل، أما متوسط طول الطيور البالغة من الدرة هو 35 سم تشمل الذيل، أما عن تكاثر هذا الطائر فيختلف موسم التكاثر باختلاف البلد الذي يتكاثر فيه الطائر، ففي الهند وباكستان وبعض الدول الخليجية يكون موسم التكاثر هو شهري يناير ومايو من كل عام وفي إفريقيا يكون موسم التكاثر للدرة المطوقة الأفريقية في شهري ديسمبر وأبريل، غذاؤه الرئيسي هو حبوب عباد الشمس والفواكه والخضروات.

التعشيش
في البرية يعشش طائر الدرة على قمم النخيل أو في تجاويف الأشجار، وأيضا قد يعشش في تجاويف الحوائط الطينية، ولا مانع عنده في التعشيش في العشوش القديمة للطيور الأخرى بعد أن يقوم بتوسيعها لتكون ملائمة له ولفراخه، أما في الأقفاص فيعشش في العشوش الخاصة بالكوكاتيل أو الأكبر منها قليلا، تضع أنثى الدرة المطوقة من ثلاث إلى خمس بيضات في العش وترقد عليها منفردة لمدة 22 يوما بعدها يفقس البيض لتخرج الفِراخ عارية من الريش قرنفلية اللون ذات منقار أصفر، ثم لا يلبث حجمها أن يزداد بسرعة رهيبة يوميا، وتبدأ الصغار في مغادرة العش بعد أن تتم الإسبوع السابع من عمرها لتنطلق للحياة لتجديد دورة الحياة لهذا الطائر

يفقد الذكر ريشه مرتين خلال السنوات الثلاث الأولى في حياته بما يسمى تبديل الريش ويحتفظ بريشه القوي بعد مرور ثلاث سنوات من عمره، ويتمتع طائر الدرة بذكاء حاد وإن كان ذكاؤه لا يقارن بذكاء الببغاء الرمادي الفائق، كما أن الدرة قد تستطيع ترديد بعض الكلمات التي تتعلمها من الإنسان غير أنه ليس بالمتحدث الطلوق مثل الببغاء الرمادي أو الأمازوني، وهو قابل للترويض ويصبح أليفا لو تم تدريبه صغيرا ـ ولكن عيبه الكبير هو سرعة هروبه من أقرب نافذة مهما كان مروّضا.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة طيور مصر
 طيور زينة

مراجع

أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
باراكيتات
ببغاء إفريقي
ببغاوات إفريقيا
بستاكولا
طيور الهند
طيور باكستان
طيور بوتان
طيور جنوب آسيا
طيور جنوب الصحراء الكبرى
طيور سريلانكا
طيور منزلية أليفة
طيور ناطقة
طيور نيبال
طيور وصفت في 1769

درة وردية الطوق


Józef Fontana (italienischer Name: Giacomo Giuseppe Fontana, auch als Józef II. Fontana bezeichnet, * 21. Juni 1676 in Mendrisio, Schweiz; † 1739 in Warschau) war ein polnischer Architekt, der als ein Vertreter des klassizisierenden Barocks gilt. Er war der Vater der Architekten Giacomo Fontana und Jan Kanty Fontana Sein Schwiegersohn war Johann Georg Plersch.

Leben
Die Lebensumstände Fontanas sind umstritten, so soll er gemäss dem Allgemeinen Künstlerlexikon 1743 Wilno verlassen haben, nachdem er sich dort bei dem Entwurf für einen Kirchenbau nicht gegen Johann Christoph Glaubitz durchsetzen konnte. Giuseppe Fontana wurde am 21. Juni 1676 in Mendrisio geboren. Sein Vater Giacomo stammte aus Novazzano, im heutigen Kanton Tessin, seine Mutter Orsola Ceroni aus dem italienischen Valsolda. Wahrscheinlich kam er am Ende der Regierungszeit von Johann III. Sobieskis nach Polen. Sein Name wird 1707 im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau des Klosters und der Kirche der Piaristen in Szczuczyn erwähnt. Vermutlich hatten ihn seine beiden Onkel Ceroni – italienische Architekten, die in Polen lebten und arbeiteten – zu dem Ortswechsel ermuntert. Sein Gönner in Polen war unter anderem der Vizekanzler Stanisław Antoni Szczuka. Fontana bildete seine Söhne aus. Gemeinsam mit Jakub entwarf er der Türme der Piaristenkirche in Łowicz. Auch an der Warschauer Heiligkreuzkirche wurde von Vater und Sohn gemeinsam gewirkt. Nach seinem Tode ging sein Geschäft an Jakub über.

Erhalten geblieben ist die Korrespondenz Fontanas mit der Ehefrau Elżbieta Helena des Hetmans der Krone Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski aus den Jahren 1717 bis 1726.

Werke (Auswahl)
 St.-Johannes-Kirche und Kloster der Barmherzigen Brüder vom hl. Johannes von Gott in Warschau – gemeinsam mit Antonio Solari (1728 eingesegnet)
 Bieliński-Palast an der Ulica Królewska, Warschau; existiert nicht mehr (vor 1730)
 Planung zum Umbau des Kazimierz-Palastes zu Kasernen (1732)
 Umbau des Bieliński-Palastes in Otwock Wielki
 Palast in Kozłówka
 Fassade der Feldkatedrale der polnischen Armee (ehemalige Piaristenkirche) in Warschau
 Umbau des Potocki-Palastes in der Krakowskie Przedmieście in Warschau
 Arbeiten am Wilanów-Palast
 Salesianerinnen-Kirche in Warschau
 Umbau des Primas-Palastes

Literatur
 Mariusz Karpowicz: Artisti ticinesi in Polonia nella prima metà del '700. Edito dallo Stato del Canton Ticino, Arti Grafiche Bernasconi S.A., Agno 1999, S. 8, 37–42, 43, 56, 68, 72, 85, 106, 113–115, 117, 140, 200.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf und Bauten bei Warszawa1939.pl (in Polnisch)
 Kurzbeschreibung zu Józef Fontana auf der Webseite des Palastmuseums Wilanów (abgerufen am 20. Mai 2012; in Polnisch)

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Architekt (Warschau)
Architekt des Barock
Pole
Historische Person (Italien)
Geboren 1676
Gestorben 1739
Mann

Józef Fontana


Aleta Ediciones es una editorial española de cómic ubicada en el Mareny de Barraquetes (Valencia) y fundada en 1996 por Joseba Basalo, quien también la dirige. Está enfocada hacia el tebeo popular, típico de quiosco.

Trayectoria
Joseba Basalo empezó a editar su fanzine "Voluntario" en 1996 en su País Vasco natal. Dos años después, lanzó la colección de comic books Aleta Presenta.

Ya en Valencia, la editorial se profesionalizó y expandió su línea con traducciones de series estadounidenses, como The Savage Dragon, y de la editorial italiana Bonelli, además de novedades españolas (sobre todo de los integrantes del colectivo 7 monos).

Durante los años 2005 y 2006, Aleta pasó por dificultades, llegando a aliarse posteriormente con la mallorquina Dolmen.

En 2020 Basalo anunció el cierre de la editorial, debido a los problemas que atravesaba, pero en octubre del mismo año se anuncia que ha llegado a un acuerdo con el Grupo Editorial Sargantana, con lo que el sello editorial sigue adelante con sus publicaciones.

Colecciones

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Aleta, página web de la editorial;
 Aleta Ediciones, "Tebeosfera"

Editoriales de historieta de España
Fanzines de España

Aleta Ediciones


Les Championnats du monde juniors de ski alpin 1990 sont la neuvième édition des Championnats du monde juniors de ski alpin. Ils se déroulent du  au  à Zinal, en Suisse. L'édition comporte dix épreuves : descente, super G, slalom géant, slalom et combiné dans les catégories féminine et masculine. Les combinés ne sont pas des courses supplémentaires mais la combinaison des résultats des descentes, slaloms géants et slaloms. Avec dix médailles dont quatre titres, la Norvège est la nation avec le meilleur bilan, devant la Suisse et l'Allemagne de l'Ouest. Côté performances individuelles, la Suisse  se distingue avec deux titres mais c'est le Norvégien Kjetil André Aamodt qui marque l'édition en remportant trois titres et deux médailles d'argent, soit une médaille dans chaque discipline.

Tableau des médailles

Podiums

Hommes

Femmes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

1990
Ski alpin juniors
Alpin Monde juniors
Ski 1990
Monde juniors 1990
Sport en Suisse en 1990
Sport en mars 1990


Iran deltog første gang i olympiske lege under sommer-OL 1900 i Paris, men deltog ikke igen før i 1948 i London. Nationen har deltaget i alle efterfølgende sommerlege undtaget 1980 i Moskva og 1984 i Los Angeles. Iran deltog første gang i vinterlegene i 1956 i Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Irans OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

OL

Iran ved OL


Acest articol prezintă aparițiile discografice ale rapperului Tupac Shakur. Acesta a lansat 12 albume de studio, 44 discuri single și 7 albume postume.

Albume de studio

"–" denotă că albumul a fost lansat dar nu a intrat în top

Albume postum

Colaborări

"–" denotă că albumul a fost lansat dar nu a intrat în top

Live

"–" denotă că albumul a fost lansat dar nu a intrat în top

Compilații

"–" denotă că albumul a fost lansat dar nu a intrat în top

Discuri EP

Discuri single

Video albume

Videoclipuri

Note

Tupac Shakur

Discografia lui Tupac Shakur


La Noctuelle dysodée (Hecatera dysodea) est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Noctuidae et du genre Hecatera décrite par Denis & Schiffermüller en 1775.

Répartition
C'est une espèce paléarctique, largement répandue en Europe, on la retrouve du sud de l'Espagne jusqu'en Scandinavie. Elle est aussi présente en Russie ainsi que dans la partie ouest de la Chine.

Elle a été introduite aux États-Unis où l'espèce est maintenant établie dans plusieurs États de la côte ouest.

Description
Dans son livre Handbook of British Lepidoptera Edward Meyrick décrit cette espèce de la façon suivante :

 Imago : « Les ailes antérieures sont blanchâtres irritées de gris, la zone médiane est couverte de gris et partiellement mélangée d'orange ; la ligne subbasale est blanchâtre, bordée antérieurement de noir mélangé d'orange ; la première et deuxième lignes sont blanchâtres, bordées intérieurement de noir ; les taches sont bordées de noir mélangé d'orange ; la ligne subterminale est formée de taches orange, précédée de quelques écailles noires. Les Ailes postérieures sont gris pâle, avec une couverture postérieure plus foncée. »

 Chenille : « La larve est vert pâle terne, ou jaunâtre tacheté de brun ; la ligne dorsale est pâle à bords sombres ; la ligne latérale est sombre et indistincte ; les spiracles sont noirs et la tête est de couleur brun-ocre ou verdâtre terne »

Biologie
En France, l'imago peut être observée d'avril à septembre dans des milieux ou pousse différentes espèces d'Astéracées dont la chenille se nourrit des inflorescences.

Du fait du régime alimentaire de la chenille, cette espèce est considérée comme un potentiel ravageur de la laitue cultivée, plus particulièrement des laitues cultivées à des fins de production de graines.

Liste des sous-espèces
Selon  :
 Hecatera dysodea dysodea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Hecatera dysodea faroulti Rothschild, 1914
 Hecatera dysodea khala Rungs, 1972
 Hecatera dysodea nebulosa Hacker & Kautt, 1996

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Hecatera dysodea (Denis & Schiffermüller), 1775.

L'espèce a été initialement classée dans le genre Noctua sous le protonyme Noctua dysodea Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775.

Ce taxon porte en français les noms vernaculaires ou normalisés suivants : La Noctuelle dysodée.

Hecatera dysodea a pour synonymes :

Liens externes

Notes et références

Noctuidae

Noctuelle dysodée


The Longmynd () is a heath and moorland plateau that forms part of the Shropshire Hills in Shropshire, England. The high ground, which is common land and designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, lies between the Stiperstones range to the west and the Stretton Hills and Wenlock Edge to the east. Much of it is owned by the National Trust, and is managed by the Longmynd Commoners.

The Longmynd is approximately  long by  wide, and is broadly characterised by steep valleys on its eastern flanks, and a long slope to the western side rising in a steep escarpment. In its vicinity are the principal settlements of Church Stretton, Little Stretton and All Stretton, Pulverbatch, Smethcott, Woolstaston, Asterton, Myndtown, Wentnor and Ratlinghope.

The highest point on the Longmynd is Pole Bank (); this and the adjacent hill of Caer Caradoc () are classed as Marilyns.

Etymology
The name Long Mynd means "long mountain", the second element being Brittonic in origin. In modern Welsh it is named Mynydd Hir , which has the same meaning, or Cefn Hirfynydd, meaning "long mountain ridge".

Commoning on Long Mynd
There is pollen evidence to show that trees began to be replaced by grass on the plateau of the Long Mynd from the Bronze Age over 2,000 years ago and written evidence of organised management as a grazed common from the 13th century over 700 years ago. The Longmynd commoners' ponies and sheep grazed here are hardy animals and are well adapted to the harsh conditions of life on the hill. They graze selectively and very close to the ground, leaving patches of long vegetation which benefits insects and small mammals.

This grazing pattern has resulted in a special ecology and the Long Mynd Common is therefore designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. To enhance the ecology the Longmynd commoners have, since 1999 been in an environmental stewardship scheme that also supports sustainable farming practices.

Livestock grazing plays an important role in maintaining species-rich habitats by controlling the more aggressive plant species which would otherwise dominate the area.

Other than the boundary fence which is largely maintained by the Longmynd commoners, there is no other fencing on the hill that restricts the movement of livestock. Therefore to undertake routine husbandry tasks, Longmynd commoners use dogs to gather their flocks together before driving them off the hill back to the farm. The sheep from each farm know instinctively where their flock's grazing boundary is. This ancient practice, known as hefting, is passed down the generations of sheep through the shepherding by the Longmynd commoners.

Geology

Precambrian
The geology dates back to the Precambrian, and during at least part of that long period this area would have been around 60° south of the equator, the same as the current latitude of the Falkland Islands. Shropshire would have been at the very edge of a large continent near the sea, which was being buckled by tectonic activity, causing volcanoes to form. The area had broad rivers; evidence of mudflats has been found. The rivers would have flowed out to sea, creating large estuaries; over time, the mudflats would have built up, and volcanic eruptions deposited ash in layers between the sand and mud. The primary rock of the Long Mynd is sandstone, usually coloured purple or grey. The volcanoes created the nearby Stretton Hills and the Wrekin, and eruptions would have been frequent. There are layers in the rocks of the Long Mynd that were previously described as raindrop marks. Unpublished research, including electron micrographs, by the now deceased Professor Martin Brasier, showed that these are actually ichnofossils created by an unknown Ediacaran biota. Field observations of the stratigraphy present, and its laminar nature, leave no doubt that they are in a marine environment; the absence of infilled or mineralised syncresis (shrinkage cracks) adds to this. Examples of these fossilised marks can be viewed today in the National Trust tearoom exhibition, in Carding Mill Valley. The layers of rock built up over the millennia to create an approximately  thick layer composed of sand, mud, silt and very occasional thin ash bands. The stratigraphy, mineral compositions and surrounding volcanology suggests an infilling island arc basin.

Towards the end of the Precambrian, the volcanoes ceased their eruptions, and the rivers had dried up. Instead the forces that created the volcanoes caused the new rocks to lift and fold, creating mountains and valleys in the area. Much of the rock was melted during this period, underneath the Earth's crust, causing the mountains to continually change towards the latter part of the Precambrian. The Church Stretton Fault Zone probably formed during this period. It is still active today. The hill of Caer Caradoc adjacent to the Long Mynd and from the same time is volcanic in origin, and is thought to be a remnant of the great mountain chain.

Palaeozoic
During the Cambrian, Shropshire was flooded by the sea, after the Global Ice Age ended 539 million years ago. Thick layers of beach pebbles and white sand were built up against the sea cliffs that were once molten lava. During this time, the shallow sea played host to the huge explosion of new life which occurred during the Cambrian. Shropshire has some of the most historically important evidence in the explosion of life and this is referred to in the naming and dividing of the Cambrian period. Trilobites that are found in the county are internationally important for deciding how the Cambrian is divided into smaller segments of time.

The Ordovician had Shropshire back to volcanic activity, and saw the county temporarily split in two, along the Pontesford – Linley fault line. Everything west of this line was ocean, while the east was dry land. The Iapetus Ocean was closing, bringing the two halves of Britain towards each other, and volcanic eruptions created the Cumbrian Mountains and Snowdonia. Shropshire also saw volcanic activity. To the west of the Pontesford – Linley fault, volcanic rocks have been found. The other side of the fault line was quieter. The land was slowly eroded, and the sea gradually flooded it, so that only the tops of hills could be seen, such as the ancient Caer Caradoc. Towards the end of the Ordovician, the sea levels dropped, due to another ice age. An interesting observation of this erosion can be found in the stratigraphy as a sea stump (an eroded sea stack).

The Silurian period, around 439 million years ago, has been well preserved nearby, in Wenlock Edge. During this time, Shropshire would have been flooded again by shallow sea. Wenlock Edge would have formed during this time, and the fossils of ancient corals and shellfish can be found all along the edge, preserved in limestone. Towards the end of the Silurian the Iapetus Ocean would have fully closed, and England and Scotland were joined. The closing of this ocean was important to geology in Great Britain. It caused most of our hills and mountains to align along the fault, northeast to the southwest.

During the Devonian, the newly formed Scottish mountains had rivers flowing all over the land. Shropshire was no exception; these new rivers caused thick deposits in the area. Most of the rocks from this era are red sandstones, with iron in the rock. The area was known as the Old Red Sandstone Continent. These river sediments have traces of fossilised fish. Shropshire would have remained above water until the end of the Devonian, when the seas rose once again.

The Carboniferous was a time of great change for the area. Shropshire would have been near the equator, and the Old Red Sandstone continent had been eroded away; in the early part of the period, the county was under a shallow sea. However, tectonic activity pushed Britain out of the sea. South of Shropshire this effect was felt greatly, though Shropshire was relatively quiet. Mountains to the north were being worn down by rivers, creating enormous deltas that were colonised by plant life. A tropical forest took hold all over Shropshire, with ancient tree ferns and horsetails. Shropshire eventually crossed the equator during this era, and became a part of Pangaea during the Permian; the area would have been very similar to the Sahara Desert, and would have been in the vicinity, around 20° to 30° north of the equator.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic
The Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary were very quiet in Shropshire, and very little evidence can be found from these periods. The last ice age during the Quaternary has its effect on all of Shropshire, shaping the landscape as we see it today. The Long Mynd would have been under a thick ice sheet, several hundred metres thick. As the ice melted, it carved out the valleys and hills of the Long Mynd massif we see today. The small rivers, streams and brooks still very slowly carve out the valleys.

Today the steep and narrow valleys are covered in a thin layer of acidic soil, able to support only strong grasses, rushes and heathers. Beneath the soil the evidence of the ancient and chequered past can be seen, and the rocky outcrops and scree slopes are excellent places to view the different layers of ancient rock.

From 2006, University of Cambridge scientists monitored seismic activity in the Long Mynd. The broadband seismometer was connected to the internet, and real-time traces viewable online.

History

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age period is by far the most recorded period of time on the Long Mynd. There are dozens of tumuli on the moorland. Some are small, the remains of chamber tombs for example. Others are quite large, the sites on the Long Mynd, from the Bronze Age, include dykes, cross-ridge dykes and barrows.

Barristers Plain Cross-Ridge Dyke runs southwest to northeast, almost in a straight line for . It runs across the narrowest area of a ridge between Grindle Hill and Round Hill. The remains of the dyke is now covered in heather, and is approximately  wide, and is  high. On its western side it is fronted by a  wide ditch. At both ends of the Cross Ridge Dyke, it fades into the steep hillside. A gap in the dyke,  from the south-east end, is thought to make room for a trackway along the ridge. Its purpose was to cut off Grindle Hill from the main plateau, and to create a barrier for access from the west.

Devil's Mouth Cross-Ridge Dyke lies between Cardingmill Valley and Townbrook Valley. The dyke is  long, but is cut though by the Burway road and a small car park,  of the dyke is now missing. Both ends of the dyke end on steep slopes! It was built with stone and earth, and is  wide, and  high, with shallow ditches either side. It is roughly 1,500 years old. It was probably built to control the access along the ancient east to west route, which still crosses the Long Mynd today by means of a modern road.

High Park Cross-Ridge Dyke, another dyke on the Long Mynd. At  it is the longest on the Long Mynd. It is approximately  wide, but in areas survives only as a crop mark. The highest point of the dyke, on the west side of the bank, stands at  high, and reaches its widest point at . A trackway, like that found on Barristers Plain Cross-Ridge Dyke, cuts through the dyke.

Of the Long Mynd Barrows, over twenty scatter the plateau. The best examples are in the northern area of the Long Mynd. Robin Hood's Butts barrow, near Duckley Nap, are two well known barrows, and the largest on the Long Mynd, being approximately  in diameter and  high.

The Shooting Box Barrow is named after a grouse-shooting hut that stood on the site until it was removed in 1992. It is the only known example of a disc barrow in Shropshire.  in diameter and  high, it is in the centre of a flat circular enclosure  in diameter, the edge of which is defined by a  wide bank, which has been partially destroyed by a modern path. It had been dated to  1950–1700 BC.

The Port Way is an ancient trackway, which runs the length of the Long Mynd massif, and is the largest historical feature on the Long Mynd, at just over  long. It is still walked today, and is part of the Shropshire Way, and a road that goes to the Gliding Club. A common misconception is that it goes over Pole Bank, but instead it bypasses the hill, following its contours.

Iron Age

Very little Iron Age human activity has been recorded on the Long Mynd. However, this later period has a specific ancient site.

Bodbury Ring Hill Fort, a hill fort above Cardingmill Valley, and sits on the top of Bodbury Hill at . This feature dates from the Iron Age,  500 BC, and is therefore much later than other ancient sites on the Long Mynd. Another hill fort nearby sits on the summit of Caer Caradoc. Bodbury Ring is now looked after by the National Trust.

18th century

During the 18th century, Church Stretton began to grow in the wide valley between the Long Mynd and Caer Caradoc, as a market town, and later a spa. Historically the town was known for its textiles, specifically in Cardingmill Valley. Carding Mill was built in the 18th century, and named after a stage in making cloth, the three stages being carding, spinning and weaving. Carding would have been done by children, and involved using a hand-card that removed and untangled short fibres from the mass of raw material. The cards were wooden blocks with handles and covered in metal spikes, which were angled, (to make it easier to untangle) and set in leather. When untangled, the material would be spun, and then weaved into the final product. The mill is still in the valley today, but has been converted into luxury apartments.

20th century

The Long Mynd Hotel in Church Stretton was built in 1901, originally as the Hydro, at a time when the town was popular as a spa.

A large area of the Long Mynd (almost all its upland area) was bought by the National Trust in 1965, and was designated an AONB as part of the Shropshire Hills in 1958.

Highest points

The Long Mynd comprises many hills and moors. From the summit of nearly every hill, there are extensive views of the surrounding area and surrounding counties. North, one can see as far as Cheshire; west commands views over the Stiperstones, and into Wales; the Cambrian Mountains in Powys, notably the Berwyn range and as far as Snowdonia on clear days. The views east are obscured by other areas of the Shropshire Hills, Caer Caradoc, the Wrekin and the Clee Hills. From some locations there are views of the West Midlands. Views south are towards Clun Forest, Craven Arms and Ludlow. The highest points on the Long Mynd are as follows in order of highest to lowest, with comparisons of other nearby hills and the level of Church Stretton in bold.

Brown Clee Hill
Stiperstones
Pole Bank
Long Synalds
Wild Moor
Calf Ridge
Haddon Hill
Yearlet
Round Hill
Caer Caradoc
Grindle
Knolls
Minton Hill
Cow Ridge
Packetstone Hill
Nills
Ashlet
Black Knoll
Callow
The Wrekin
Burway Hill
Churchmoor Hill
Bodbury Hill
Priors Holt Hill
Adstone Hill
Shooters Knoll
Stanyeld
Novers Hill
Castle Hill
Church Stretton

Valleys, hollows and batches
Long Mynd comprises a multitude of valleys and the highest concentration lies along the eastern edge, near Church Stretton. Topographically many of the larger valleys lie adjacent to each other and are aligned northwest to southeast. The main valleys include:

Ashes Hollow
Barristers Batch
Bilbatch
Broadhill Dale
Burnells Brook
Callow Hollow
Carding Mill Valley
Catbatch Brook
Cwmdale
Devils Mouth Hollow
Gogbatch
Grindle Hollow
Hawkham Hollow
Hens Batch
High Park Hollow
Jonathon's Hollow
Light Spout Hollow
Long Batch
Minton Batch
Motts Road
Mount Gutter
New Pool Hollow
Nut Batch
Pike Hollow
Rams Batch
Sleekstone Bank Hollow
Stanbatch
Stony Batch
Townsbrook Valley
Woolers Batch
Yewtree Batch

Tourism and recreation

Long Mynd is part of the Shropshire Hills designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and is a popular tourist destination, particularly due to the many footpaths, varied terrain and impressive scenery and views. Two major footpaths are the Shropshire Way and the Jack Mytton Way. The Long Mynd's open spaces make it a popular place for horse riding and mountain biking on the bridleways.

Carding mill Valley is the busiest location as it is home to the National Trust's centre for the area.

The windward slopes to the west are popular with glider, hang-glider and paraglider pilots.

In winter some valley slopes become makeshift ski slopes, but Long Mynd can be treacherous in severe weather, and has claimed many lives. In 2015 snow gates were installed at various points of access onto the Long Mynd, to deter motorists planning to use the routes in wintry conditions.<ref>Evesham Journal Regional: Snow gates installed at the Long Mynd (23 January 2015)</ref>

The Longmynd Hike is a  competitive race that crosses over the Long Mynd twice and must be completed in under 24 hours. It has been running since 1967 and takes place annually, usually on the first weekend in October.

There is a golf course, the Church Stretton Golf Club, located near the Cardingmill Valley, on the slopes of Stanyeld Hill and Bodbury Hill. The clubhouse is at approximately  above sea level and the hilly links course rises up to around 375 m (1,230 ft). It is the oldest 18-hole golf course in Shropshire, opened in 1898, and one of the highest in the country.

Cycle racing's British National Hill Climb Championship was held on the Burway, the road ascending the Long Mynd from Church Stretton, in 1989. The title was won by Chris Boardman, the second of his four National Hill Climb titles, who went on to win a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and have a successful professional cycling career.

Gliding

The Long Mynd has been home to the Midland Gliding Club since 1934. The club owns  of land on the south end and flies gliders there throughout the year. It runs residential training courses and offers members of the public trial lesson flights. Many long flights have started from the Long Mynd, most recently one of  during the summer of 2007. The gliding club is one of the few remaining clubs in Europe to regularly launch gliders by bungee. One early distinguished past member was Amy Johnson, from 1937 to 1939.

Flora and fauna
Historical grazing rights are held by the Long Mynd Commoners who graze sheep and ponies on the land. The grazing livestock slow the invasion of trees by pushing into the scrub and bracken helping to create and maintain the heath. They also graze in the pools, eating the pondweed and consequently there is a healthy population of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and otter (Lutra lutra). Tree pipit (Anthus trivialis) and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica) are found here as well as the recent arrival of the grayling butterfly (Hipparchia semele).

Popular culture

The Revd E. D. Carr's A Night in the Snow describes his experience, in 1865, of surviving a winter's night on the Long Mynd when attempting to walk home after conducting a Sunday service and visiting an isolated parishioner. He spent 23 hours struggling to force a route to safety.

The Long Mynd features in literature in the poetry of A. E. Housman, the novels of Mary Webb (in particular Gone to Earth), Malcolm Saville's Lone Pine series for children, and Sheena Porter's The Knockers'' (1965).

References

External links

 The National Trust's Blog for Carding Mill Valley and Long Mynd
 Long Mynd hang-gliding & paragliding
 Long Mynd Hike
 National Trust | Carding Mill Valley
 Midland Gliding Club
 Shropshire Rocks

Church Stretton
Marilyns of England
Hills of Shropshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Shropshire
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
Geology of Shropshire
Moorlands of England
National Trust properties in Shropshire

Long Mynd


Vi besøger Næstved er en turistfilm instrueret af Eskild "Fut" Jensen efter manuskript af Theodor Christensen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1939

Kultur i Næstved
Turistfilm fra Danmark

Vi besøger Næstved


Turiscai (Mambai für "Stamm des Turibaums") steht für:

 einen Ort in Manufahi in Osttimor, siehe Turiscai
 ein Verwaltungsamt in Manufahi in Osttimor, siehe Turiscai (Verwaltungsamt)
 ein Dorf in der Gemeinde Aileu in Osttimor, siehe Turiscai (Madabeno)
 ein Ort in Westtimor in Indonesien, siehe Turiscai (Westtimor)

Turiscai (Begriffsklärung)


Dört zamanlı motorlar (Dört Fazlı), pistonun bir çevriminin (cycle) 4 aşamada (4-stroke cycle) tamamlandığı motor tipleridir. İçten yanmalı motorlar (internal combustion engines) sınıfında yer alırlar.

Çalışma
Motorlarda güç üretimi önce yakıtın içindeki kimyasal enerjinin ısı enerjisine dönüşmesi, sonra da bu ısı enerjisinin pistonu harekete geçirmesiyle gerçekleşir. Bir dört zamanlı motorda bu işlem şu aşamaları izler:

1. Yakıt ve hava karışımı pistonun dışarı hareketiyle dolar.

2. Karışım pistonun içeri hareket etmesiyle sıkıştırılır.

3. Sıkışmış karışım benzinli motorlarda bir kıvılcım ile tutuşturulur, dizel motorlarda ise yüksek basınç ve sıcaklık altında kendiliğinden tutuşur ve yanma gerçekleşir. Yanma sonucu açığa çıkan enerji ile piston dışarı doğru itilir. Bu sayede krank mili döndürülür ve kinetik enerji elde edilmiş olur.

4. Pistonun geri dönüşü sırasında egzoz valfi açıktır ve egzoz gazları silindirden atılır. Döngü böylece başlangıç konumuna gelir ve 1. aşamadan itibaren işlemler yinelenir.

Motorun bir döngüsünü yukarıda anlatılan 4 aşamada tamamlamasından dolayı bu tip motorlara 4 zamanlı motorlar ismi verilir. Hareket halindeki benzinli bir araçta bu döngü dakikada ortalama 3.000-3.500 defa tekrarlanır.

İki zamanlı motorlara göre daha verimli olan 4 zamanlı motorlar günümüzde en çok kullanılan içten yanmalı motor tipidir. Ancak imalat aşamasında iki zamanlı motor daha ucuzdur. Fakat iki zamanlı motorun avantajı sadece bu adımda vardır. Çünkü sonrasında (motor üretilip, kullanılacağı makinede kullanılmaya başlandığında), yine dört zamanlı motor avantajlıdır. Çünkü, üstte de yazdığı üzere dört zamanlı motor daha verimlidir.
İki zamanlı motorlarda ayrıca:
 Yakıt karışımının bir kısmı yanmadan egzoz gazı ile atıldığı için çevre ve yakıt ekonomisi konularında başarılı değildir.
 Yakıt karışımının pistonun üst kısma ulaşması krank bölümü ile sağlandığından, krank bölümü devamlı yağlamaya maruz değildir ve yağlama yakıt karışımı içine karıştırılan yağ ile olur. Bu yağın yakılması çevre açısından zararlıdır.
 İki strokta çalıştığı için pistonun her yukarı çıkışında yanma olur ve aşırı ısınma meydana gelir.
İki zamanlı motorların avantajı ise, soğuk havalarda daha kolay marş almalarıdır. Ancak dört zamanlı motorlar için bu durumu eşitlemek kolaydır: çoğu dört zamanlı motor donduğunda, karbüratöre (motor turboşarjlıysa da intercooler üzerinden karbüratöre) eter sıkılır, kolayca marş alır.
Bu sayısız dezavantaja rağmen iki zamanlı motor kullanılan birçok dizel motor vardır. Ancak, iki zamanlı motorun kullanımı için uygun olan yer, küçük benzinli motorlardır (çim biçme makinesi gibi).

4 zamanlı

Dört zamanlı motor


Daisuke Nasu (født 10. oktober 1981) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2004.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Daisuke Nasu


Olaylar
 Ahdü Mervân ilâ İbnihi Ubeydillâh isimli, Arap edebiyatının ilk siyasetnamesi yazıldı.

Doğumlar
 Aikanaka, antik Hawaii asilzadesi
 Mehdi veya Muhammed el-Mehdî bin Abdullâh Mansûr, Abbasi halifesi (ö. 785)

Ölümler
 Hammâd bin Ebu Süleyman, Tabiun dönemi hadis ve fıkıh bilgini

746


الأمير محمد علي باشا توفيق (1875 ـ 1954) هو ثاني أبناء الخديوي محمد توفيق والشقيق الذكر الوحيد للخديوي عباس حلمي الثاني، كان وصيا على العرش ما بين وفاة الملك فؤاد الأول وجلوس ابن عمه الملك فاروق على عرش مملكة مصر لحين إكماله السن القانونية بتاريخ 28 أبريل 1936م، ثم أصبح وليا للعهد إلى أن أنجب فاروق ابنه الأمير أحمد فؤاد الثاني. كان يأمل أكثر من مرة أن يتولى حكم مصر بعد وفاة الملك فؤاد الأول بحكم أن الملك فاروق الأول كان صغير السن ولكن بحكمة الملكة نازلي لم يستطع فعل ذلك. كان مولعا باقتناء الخيول العربية الأصيلة.

كان دائما حليفاً للإنجليز لأنه كان يرى أنهم من يقدرون أن يجعلوه حاكماً على مصر وخصوصا في حادث 4 فبراير 1942 عندما طالب سفير إنجلترا بتعيين مصطفى النحاس رئيسا للوزراء وكاد أن يخلع السفير الإنجليزي الملك فاروق عن الحكم بأن يجبره على التنازل عن العرش ويقوم بتعيين الأمير محمد علي توفيق ملكاً على مصر.

البداية

ولد الأمير محمد علي توفيق بالقاهرة عام 1875م (11 شوال 1292 هـ)، ودرس بالمدرسة العليَّة بعابدين (مدرسة الأنجال) ما بين 1881-1883م، ثم أُرسل إلى سويسرا لإستكمال دراسته، حيث التحق وشقيقه عباس حلمي بمدرسة «هكسوس» بمدينة جنيف لدراسة العلوم العسكرية، ثم التحقا بمدرسة ترزيانوم بالنمسا، قبل أن يعود كلاهما إلى مصر بعد وفاة والدهما الخديوي توفيق سنة 1892م.

لم يتزوج لإصابته في حادث منعه من الإنجاب.

الحياة السياسية
بعدما تم عزل الخديوي عباس عام 1914، نفاه الإنجليز خارج مصر وتم إيقاف مرتباته من قبل السلطان حسين كامل، فذهب إلى مونترو بسويسرا حيث سمح له بتحويل إيرادات أملاكه إليه. ولكن الإنجليز قلّصوا مرتبه إلى 250 جنيه شهريا بعد اكتشافهم بعلاقاته مع علي باشا الشمسي ذو الميول التركية ضد الإنجليز وخوفا من استخدام المال لدعم الحركات الوطنية بمصر ضدهم. ولكنهم وافقوا على إعطائه جواز سفر مع منعه من السفر إلى مصر أو أي من الدول التي حاربت إنجلترا.

قصر المنيل

قام الأمير محمد علي باشا ببناء قصره عام 1901، وقام علي إنشاء هذا القصر الفريد سعياً لإحياء للعمارة الإسلامية التي عشقها فبني أول الأمر قصراً للإقامة ثم أكمل بعد ذلك باقي سرايا القصر..

قام بنفسه بوضع التصميمات الهندسية والزخرفية اللازمة، وأشرف على كل خطوات التنفيذ، وتبلغ المساحة الكلية للقصر حوال 61711 متراً مربعاً منها خمسة آلاف متر هي مساحة المباني، وحوالي 34 ألف متر للحدائق وحوالي 22711 متراً عبارة عن طرق داخلية وغيرها.

تشمل السرايا التي يتكون منها القصر على العديد من الفنون والزخارف المعمارية من طرز إسلامية مختلفة كما تضم العديد من التحف النادرة.. والقصر به سراي الاستقبال وبرج الساعة والسبيل والمسجد ومتحف الصيد وسراي العرش والمتحف الخاص والقاعة الذهبية وحديقة تعد في حد ذاتها فريدة من نوعها.

وقد أقام في قصره قاعة للعرش بعد أن أصبح قاب قوسين أو أدنى من تحقيق الحلم الذي ظل يراوده لسنوات على أن يصبح ملكاً على مصر.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 عزيز عزت باشا

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من القاهرة
أمراء مصريون
أوصياء على العرش في مصر
الأسرة العلوية
مصريون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
منفيون مصريون
مواليد 1875
نبلاء مصريون
وفيات 1954
وفيات 1955

محمد علي توفيق


Károly Ferenczy (geboren 8. Februar 1862 in Wien, Kaisertum Österreich als Carl Freund; gestorben 18. März 1917 in Budapest, Österreich-Ungarn) war ein ungarischer Maler des Impressionismus.

Leben
Carl Freund war ein Sohn der Ida Graenzenstein und des österreichischen Eisenbahnbaubeamten Karel Freund, der mit der Baugesellschaft nach Budapest zog, dort geadelt wurde und den Familiennamen zu Ferenczy magyarisierte. Károly Ferenczy besuchte die Knaben-Erziehungs-Anstalt Friedrich Lähne in Ödenburg und begann zunächst in Wien ein Jurastudium, besuchte dann die wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Wien und wandte sich dann auf Anraten seiner Cousine und späteren Frau Olga von Fialka der Kunst zu. Er schrieb sich 1885 an der Kunstakademie Neapel (Accad. di Belle Arti) ein, wechselte jedoch im darauffolgenden Jahr nach München, wo er unter anderem mit István Csók und Simon Hollósy in Kontakt kam. Er verbrachte die Jahre 1887 bis 1889 an der Académie Julian in Paris. Jules Bastien-Lepage war sein größter Einfluss und er schuf seine damals ersten Bilder im Stil des französischen Spätnaturalismus.

Die darauffolgenden Jahre schloss sich Ferenczy einer Künstlerkolonie in Szentendre an, ging jedoch 1893 wieder nach München, und vertiefte seine Verbindungen mit S. Hollósy und dessen Freunden. 1896 entschloss man sich zusammen in Nagybánya (Frauenbach) niederzulassen und eine Künstler-Kolonie zu gründen und eine eigene Schule zu eröffnen. Ferenczy wurde einer der führenden Künstler und Lehrer der Kolonie.

Nach einer erfolgreichen Ausstellung in Budapest im Jahre 1906 erhielt er eine Professur an der Ungarischen Akademie der Bildenden Künste und von da an verbrachte er nur mehr die Sommermonate in Nagybánya. 1907 wurde er eines der Gründungsmitglieder der MIÉNK.

Károly Ferenczy war mit der Malerin Olga Fialka  verheiratet, die ihren Beruf für die Ehe aufgab. Sie hatten die Kinder Valér (Radierer), Béni (Bildhauer) und dessen Zwillingsschwester Noémi (Bildwirkerin). Sohn Valér schrieb 1925 eine Biografie des Vaters, für die er 1935 den Baumgarten-Preis erhielt.

Nachleben
In Szentendre wurde 1951 das Károly-Ferenczy-Museum eingerichtet, das neben Werken des Vaters und der Mutter auch Werke der drei Kinder zeigt und die Nachlässe verwahrt.

Werke (Auswahl)

Literatur / Ausstellungen (Auswahl)
 Ferenczy Valér: Ferenczy Károly. Budapest 1925

 István Genthon: Die Familie Ferenczy. Ausstellung im Burgschloss Buda. Magyar Nemzeti Galéria, Budapest 1968
 Judit Szabadi: Jugendstil in Ungarn, Corvina, Budapest 1982
 László Beke: 80 Jahre ungarische Malerei von der Romantik bis zum Surrealismus, Kunsthalle Mannheim, 1989

Weblinks

 Eintrag von Károly Ferenczy auf Artfacts.net

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Ungarn)
Hochschullehrer (Ungarische Akademie der Bildenden Künste)
Person (Transleithanien)
Geboren 1862
Gestorben 1917
Mann

Károly Ferenczy


An Thelymitra sanscilia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Howard Samuel Irwin ngan Edwin Daniel Hatch. An Thelymitra sanscilia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Thelymitra

Thelymitra sanscilia


In Ireland, a national school () is a type of primary school that is financed directly by the state, but typically administered jointly by the state, a patron body, and local representatives. In national schools, most major policies, such as the curriculum and teacher salaries and conditions, are managed by the state through the Department of Education. Minor policies of the school are managed by local people, sometimes directed by a member of the clergy, as representative of the patron, through a local 'board of management'. Most primary schools in Ireland fall into this category, which is a pre-independence concept.

While there are other forms of primary school in Ireland, including a relatively small number of private denominational schools which do not receive state aid, there were just 34 such private primary schools in 2012, with a combined enrollment of 7,600 pupils. By comparison there were, as of 2019, over 3,200 national schools in Ireland with a combined enrollment of 567,000 pupils.

History
National schools, established by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland government, post the Stanley Letter of 1831, and were intended to be multi-denominational. The schools were controlled by a state body, the National Board of Education, with a six-member board consisting of two Roman Catholics, two Church of Ireland, and two Presbyterians.

In the national schools, there was to be strict delimitation between religious and non-religious education, where the teacher had to declare that religious education was beginning, hang a sign on the wall or door indicating that religious education was in process, and remove all religious symbols and objects from sight when religious education finished. Also, parents had the a notional right to remove their children from this period of religious education if it conflicted with their religious beliefs. Lastly, schools who failed to abide by these rules or who refused admissions of different faiths to the patron were denied state funding. These rules largely remain in place today, but are not consistently recognised by the state, the patron bodies, or the general public.

In the early nineteenth century, in a climate of animosity between the churches, the multi-denominational system was strongly opposed: the established church (Church of Ireland), though the church of the minority, held a special position and a right to government support in promoting Anglicanism. Both the Roman Catholic Church, which was emerging from a period of suppression in Ireland, and the Protestant Presbyterians, who had also suffered under the penal laws, had sought state support for schools of their own tradition.

For example, James Doyle (Roman Catholic Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin) was an early proponent, seeking to improve on the informal hedge school system. Doyle spoke before a Parliamentary Committee as follows, "I do not see how any man wishing well to the public peace, and who looks to Ireland as his country, can think that peace can be permanently established, or the prosperity of the country ever well secured, if children are separated at the commencement of life on account of their religious opinions". From a political point of view, Doyle believed that separate schools would endanger the public peace, which was not yet permanent. He dealt with the effect of separation on the children themselves by saying "I do not know of any measures that would prepare the way for better feeling in Ireland than uniting children at an early age, and bringing them up in the same school, leading them to commune with one another and to form those little intimacies and friendships which subsist through life. Children thus united know and love each other as children brought up together always will and to separate them is I think, to destroy some of the finest feelings in the hearts of men".

In 1831, Edward Stanley (who later became the 14th Earl of Derby), Chief Secretary for Ireland, in the Stanley Letter to Augustus FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster, outlined the new state-supported system of primary education (this letter remains today the legal basis of the system). The two legal pillars of the national school system were to be (i) children of all religious denominations to be taught together in the same school, with (ii) separate religious instruction. There was to be no hint of proselytism in this new school system. The new system, initially well supported by the religious denominations, quickly lost support of the Churches. However, the population showed great enthusiasm and flocked to attend these new national schools. One of the civil servants managing implementation was Belfast-born Sir Alexander Macdonnell, 1st Baronet.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, first the Catholic Church, and later the Protestant churches conceded to the state, and accepted the "all religious denominations together" legal position. Where possible, parents sent their children of a national school under the local management of their particular Church. The result was that by the end of the nineteenth century the system had become increasingly denominational, with individuals choosing to attend schools primarily catering to children of their own religion. However, the legal position de jure, that all national schools are multi-denominational, remains to this day. Although, since the establishment of the Free State consistent pressure has been exerted by the Catholic Church to drop the multi-denominational legal position, this has never been conceded by the state. A report was submitted to government in 1953 showing more than 90% of the schools were attended by only one denomination – that most national schools were de facto denominational. From 1965, changes in the 'Rules for National Schools' allowed for the integration of religious education into the curriculum. Today, following many years of immigration, a majority of national schools cater for more than one religion. Today national schools are both de jure and de facto multi-denominational.

Terminology
While there is no prescribed naming scheme for national schools, initials (within the name) are sometimes used to describe the type of school it is. For example, 'GNS' (as an abbreviation for Girls' National School) may denote a girl-only single gender school. Similarly, 'BNS' is used as an abbreviation for Boys' National School. 'SN', an abbreviation for the Irish language term Scoil Naisiúnta may sometimes appear before the name of the school (rather than after it).

While national-school teachers would sometimes historically use the post-nominal letters 'N.T.', this is no longer common.

Gallery

See also

 Educate Together
 Gaelscoileanna, (primary schools which teach through the Irish language) cater for 6.4% of the schooling population in the Republic of Ireland and 0.4% of the schooling population in Northern Ireland.

References

1831 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1831

Schools in Ireland
School types
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby

National school (Ireland)


In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space.  Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other.  In Euclidean space, the linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves (this is not true for curves in most 3-manifolds, where linking numbers can also be fractions or just not exist at all).

The linking number was introduced by Gauss in the form of the linking integral.  It is an important object of study in knot theory, algebraic topology, and differential geometry, and has numerous applications in mathematics and science, including quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and the study of DNA supercoiling.

Definition
Any two closed curves in space, if allowed to pass through themselves but not each other, can be moved into exactly one of the following standard positions.  This determines the linking number:

Each curve may pass through itself during this motion, but the two curves must remain separated throughout. This is formalized as regular homotopy, which further requires that each curve be an immersion, not just any map. However, this added condition does not change the definition of linking number (it does not matter if the curves are required to always be immersions or not), which is an example of an h-principle (homotopy-principle), meaning that geometry reduces to topology.

Proof
This fact (that the linking number is the only invariant) is most easily proven by placing one circle in standard position, and then showing that linking number is the only invariant of the other circle. In detail:
 A single curve is regular homotopic to a standard circle (any knot can be unknotted if the curve is allowed to pass through itself). The fact that it is homotopic is clear, since 3-space is contractible and thus all maps into it are homotopic, though the fact that this can be done through immersions requires some geometric argument.
 The complement of a standard circle is homeomorphic to a solid torus with a point removed (this can be seen by interpreting 3-space as the 3-sphere with the point at infinity removed, and the 3-sphere as two solid tori glued along the boundary), or the complement can be analyzed directly.
 The fundamental group of 3-space minus a circle is the integers, corresponding to linking number. This can be seen via the Seifert–Van Kampen theorem (either adding the point at infinity to get a solid torus, or adding the circle to get 3-space, allows one to compute the fundamental group of the desired space).
 Thus homotopy classes of a curve in 3-space minus a circle are determined by linking number.
 It is also true that regular homotopy classes are determined by linking number, which requires additional geometric argument.

Computing the linking number

There is an algorithm to compute the linking number of two curves from a link diagram.  Label each crossing as positive or negative, according to the following rule:

The total number of positive crossings minus the total number of negative crossings is equal to twice the linking number.  That is:

where n1, n2, n3, n4 represent the number of crossings of each of the four types. The two sums  and  are always equal, which leads to the following alternative formula

The formula  involves only the undercrossings of the blue curve by the red, while  involves only the overcrossings.

Properties and examples

 Any two unlinked curves have linking number zero.  However, two curves with linking number zero may still be linked (e.g. the Whitehead link).
 Reversing the orientation of either of the curves negates the linking number, while reversing the orientation of both curves leaves it unchanged.
 The linking number is chiral: taking the mirror image of link negates the linking number.  The convention for positive linking number is based on a right-hand rule.
 The winding number of an oriented curve in the x-y plane is equal to its linking number with the z-axis (thinking of the z-axis as a closed curve in the 3-sphere).
 More generally, if either of the curves is simple, then the first homology group of its complement is isomorphic to Z.  In this case, the linking number is determined by the homology class of the other curve.
 In physics, the linking number is an example of a topological quantum number.

Gauss's integral definition
Given two non-intersecting differentiable curves , define the Gauss map  from the torus to the sphere by

Pick a point in the unit sphere, v, so that orthogonal projection of the link to the plane perpendicular to v gives a link diagram.  Observe that a point (s, t) that goes to v under the Gauss map corresponds to a crossing in the link diagram where  is over .  Also, a neighborhood of (s, t) is mapped under the Gauss map to a neighborhood of v preserving or reversing orientation depending on the sign of the crossing.  Thus in order to compute the linking number of the diagram corresponding to v it suffices to count the signed number of times the Gauss map covers v.  Since v is a regular value, this is precisely the degree of the Gauss map (i.e. the signed number of times that the image of Γ covers the sphere).  Isotopy invariance of the linking number is automatically obtained as the degree is invariant under homotopic maps.  Any other regular value would give the same number, so the linking number doesn't depend on any particular link diagram.

This formulation of the linking number of γ1 and γ2  enables an explicit formula as a double line integral, the Gauss linking integral:

This integral computes the total signed area of the image of the Gauss map (the integrand being the Jacobian of Γ) and then divides by the area of the sphere (which is 4).

In quantum field theory
In quantum field theory, Gauss' integral definition arises when computing the expectation value of the Wilson loop observable in  Chern–Simons gauge theory. Explicitly, the abelian Chern–Simons action for a gauge potential one-form  on a three-manifold  is given by

We are interested in doing the Feynman path integral for Chern–Simons in :

Here,  is the antisymmetric symbol. Since the theory is just Gaussian, no ultraviolet regularization or renormalization is needed. Therefore, the topological invariance of right hand side ensures that the result of the path integral will be a topological invariant. The only thing left to do is provide an overall normalization factor, and a natural choice will present itself. Since the theory is Gaussian and abelian, the path integral can be done simply by solving the theory classically and substituting for .

The classical equations of motion are

Here, we have coupled the Chern–Simons field to a source with a term  in the Lagrangian. Obviously, by substituting the appropriate , we can get back the Wilson loops. Since we are in 3 dimensions, we can rewrite the equations of motion in a more familiar notation:

Taking the curl of both sides and choosing Lorenz gauge , the equations become

From electrostatics, the solution is

The path integral for arbitrary  is now easily done by substituting this into the Chern–Simons action to get an effective action for the  field. To get the path integral for the Wilson loops, we substitute for a source describing two particles moving in closed loops, i.e. , with

Since the effective action is quadratic in , it is clear that there will be terms describing the self-interaction of the particles, and these are uninteresting since they would be there even in the presence of just one loop. Therefore, we normalize the path integral by a factor precisely cancelling these terms. Going through the algebra, we obtain

where

which is simply Gauss' linking integral. This is the simplest example of a topological quantum field theory, where the path integral computes topological invariants. This also served as a hint that the nonabelian variant of Chern–Simons theory computes other knot invariants, and it was shown explicitly by Edward Witten that the nonabelian theory gives the invariant known as the Jones polynomial.

The Chern-Simons gauge theory lives in 3 spacetime dimensions. More generally, there exists higher dimensional topological quantum field theories. There exists more complicated multi-loop/string-braiding statistics of 4-dimensional gauge theories captured by the link invariants of exotic topological quantum field theories in 4 spacetime dimensions.

Generalizations

 Just as closed curves can be linked in three dimensions, any two closed manifolds of dimensions m and n may be linked in a Euclidean space of dimension .  Any such link has an associated Gauss map, whose degree is a generalization of the linking number.
 Any framed knot has a self-linking number obtained by computing the linking number of the knot C with a new curve obtained by slightly moving the points of C along the framing vectors.  The self-linking number obtained by moving vertically (along the blackboard framing) is known as Kauffman's self-linking number.
 The linking number is defined for two linked circles; given three or more circles, one can define the Milnor invariants, which are a numerical invariant generalizing linking number.
 In algebraic topology, the cup product is a far-reaching algebraic generalization of the linking number, with the Massey products being the algebraic analogs for the Milnor invariants.
 A linkless embedding of an undirected graph is an embedding into three-dimensional space such that every two cycles have zero linking number. The graphs that have a linkless embedding have a forbidden minor characterization as the graphs with no Petersen family minor.

See also

Notes

References

Curves

Linking number


The Thrissur Pooram (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര് പൂരം) is an annual Hindu temple festival held in Thrissur, Kerala, India. It is held at the Vadakkunnathan (Shiva) Temple in Thrissur every year on the Pooram (pronounced ) day—the day when the moon rises with the Pooram star in the Malayalam Calendar month of Medam. It is the largest and most famous of all poorams in India. Thrissur pooram is also one of the largest festivals in Asia with more than 1 million visitors.

History

Thrissur Pooram (തൃശ്ശൂര് പൂരം) was the brainchild of Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of Cochin (1790–1805). Before the start of Thrissur Pooram, the largest temple festival in Kerala was the one-day festival held at Aarattupuzha known as Arattupuzha Pooram. Temples in and around the city of Thrissur were regular participants. In the year 1798 because of incessant rains, the temples from Thrissur were late for the Arattupuzha Pooram and were denied access to the Pooram procession. Feeling embarrassed and angered by the denial, the temple authorities raised the issue with Sakthan Thampuran.

This made him take the decision to unify the 10 temples situated around Vadakkunnathan Temple and organized the celebration of Thrissur Pooram as a mass festival. He invited temples with their deities to the city of Thrissur to pay obeisance to Vadakkunnathan (Shiva), the presiding deity of the Vadakkunnathan Temple. Something unique about this festival is that everything used in the festival is made fresh every year from scratch. There are people who are given the duty to craft the umbrellas and the nettipattam.

Participants
Sakthan Thampuran ordained the temples into two groups, namely "Paramekkavu side" and "Thiruvambady side". These are headed by the principal participants, Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple at Thrissur Swaraj Round and Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple at Shoranur road.

Western Group (Thiruvambady side)
 Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple
 Laloor Bhagavathy Temple
 Ayyanthole Sree Karthyayani Temple
 Nethilakkavu Bhagavathy Temple

Eastern Group (Paramekkavu side)
 Paramekkavu Bhagavathy Temple
 Chembukkavu Bhagavathy Temple
 Panamukkumpally Sastha Temple
 Choorakkottukavu Bhagavathy Temple
 Pookattikkara - Karamukku Bhagavathy Temple
 Kanimangalam Sastha temple

The Pooram is centered on the Vadakkunnathan Temple, with all these temples sending their processions to pay obeisance to the Shiva, the presiding deity. The Thampuran is believed to have chalked out the program and the main events of the Thrissur Pooram festival.

Flag Hoisting
The pooram officially begins from the event of flag hoisting (കൊടിയേറ്റം).

The flag hosting ceremony (Kodiyettam) begins seven days before Thrissur Pooram. All the participating temples of Thrissur Pooram are present for the ceremony, and there is a light fireworks to announce the commencement of the festival.

Poora Vilambharam
Poora Vilambaram is a custom where the elephant pushes open the south entrance gate of the Vadakkunnathan Temple, which hosts the Thrissur Pooram, with the idol of 'Neithilakkavilamma' atop it.

Display of fireworks (first round)
The first round of pyrotechnics, known as Sample Vedikettu, happens on the fourth day after the flag hoisting of the Pooram. It is a one-hour show presented by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms. Swaraj Round is venue for this fireworks and starts at 7:15 pm. The display usually has innovative patterns and varieties of fireworks. Even though there were several controversies, permission was granted to conduct Thrissur Pooram in 2017

Display of caparisons
The golden elephant caparison (Nettipattam), elephant accoutrements (Chamayam), ornamental fan made of peacock feathers (Aalavattom), royal fan (Venchamarom), sacred bells and decorative umbrellas are prepared new by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devawsoms separately. Paramekkavu Devaswom exhibits this at the Agrasala in Thrissur City, and the Thiruvambady Devaswom displays the caparisons at the Church Mission Society High School in Thrissur City on the fourth and fifth day before the Pooram. In 2014 and 2015, it was displayed in Kousthubham Hall at Shornur Road

Main pooram
The pooram starts at the time of Kanimangalam sasthavu ezhunnellippu in the early morning and is followed by the ezhunnellippu of other six temples. One of the major events in Thrissur Pooram is "Madathil varavu", a panchavadhyam melam, participating more than 200 artists, with instruments such as thimila, madhalam, trumpet, cymbal and edakka. At 2:00, inside the vadakkumnathan temple starts the Ilanjithara melam is one of the central attractions of the pooram, consisting of drum, trumpets, pipe and cymbal.

The pooram has a good collection of elephants (more than 50) decorated with nettipattam (decorative golden headdress), strikingly crafted Kolam, decorative bells, and ornaments.

At the end of the pooram, after the Ilanjithara melam, both Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi groups enter the temple through the western gate, come out through the southern gate and array themselves face to face in distant places. The two groups in the presence of melam exchange colourful and crafted umbrellas competitively at the top of the elephants, called Kudamattom, which is the eye-catching attraction of the pooram.

Later all poorams conclude at Nilapaduthara near western gopuram of Vadakkunnathan Temple.

Another notable feature of the pooram is its secular nature. All religious communities actively participate and play prominent roles in the festival. While most of the pandal works are crafted by the Muslim community, materials for the umbrellas for Kudamattom are offered by the churches and their members. This harmonious relationship amongst various religious groups that has been prevalent historically in the region is something Keralites are extremely proud of.

Display of fireworks (main round)
Thrissur pooram main fireworks (vedikettu / വെടിക്കെട്ട് ) are well renowned all over the country. This amazing display of fireworks is held in the heart of Thrissur city, in Thekkinkadu Maidan.

Thiruvambadi and Parmekavu are the main participants in this event. The main fireworks begin in the early morning of the seventh day. Most pooram enthusiasts stay up all night to get a better view of the fireworks. People come from faraway places to watch this amazing display of pyrotechnics. There are four major firework displays in Thrissur Pooram: the 'sample fireworks' on the day before the Pooram, the colorful sparklers that light up the sky (amittu) by both sides on the Pooram evening after the Southward Descent, the most impressive event that mark the peak of Pooram celebrations in the early morning hours, and the final fireworks the following noon after the goddesses bid farewell to each other that mark the end of the pooram.

Farewell ceremony
The seventh day of the pooram is the last day. It is also known as "Pakal Pooram" (പകല് പൂരം). For the people of Thrissur, the pooram is not only a festival but also a time for hospitality. Upacharam Cholli Piriyal (ഉപചാരം ചൊല്ലി പിരിയല്) (farewell ceremony) is the last event held at Swaraj Round. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple idols were taken from the Swaraj Round to their respective temples to mark the end of the Pooram celebrations. The festival ends with display of fireworks known as Pakal Vedikkettu.

Cultural influences

Despite being a Hindu festival, the Thrissur Pooram is attended by different sections of Kerala society. Several replicas of the festival are held in places in Kerala as well as outside the state.

Thrissur Pooram is considered one of the greatest gatherings in Asia. It has an important place in the tourism map of India, as tourists enjoy the beauty and traditions of this pooram. Rail  and bus connectivity is excellent in Thrissur, which attracts many foreign tourists to the gala. It is considered as meeting of Devas (ദേവ സംഗമം).

The Oscar-winning sound editor Resul Pookutty and his team recorded the sounds of the 36-hour festivities and made a movie The Sound Story.

References

External links

All Information About Thrissur District
Thrissur Pooram Festival
Thrissur Pooram - Community Media Website
Thrissur - History
Instagram

Festivals in Thrissur district
Elephant festivals in Kerala
Hindu festivals in Kerala
March observances
April observances
May observances

Thrissur Pooram


Ruralna cjelina Godinj, ruralna cjelina unutar područja sela Rašćana, Grad Vrgorac.

Povijest
Oblikovala se je od 18. do 20. stoljeća. Ruralna cjelina Godinj oko koje se prostiru plodna polja sastoji se od tri zaseoka koji se zovu Veliki Godinj-Pavlinovići, Babulji-Bašići, Mali Godinj-Kovačevići. U zaseoku Pavlinovićima sačuvana je izvorna organizacija prostora i upotreba tradicijskih materijala. Prevladavaju stambene katnice s balaturama, popločanim dvorištima i gustirnama. Zaseok Babulji-Bašići povezan je makadamskim putem s Pavlinovićima, čine ga nekoliko stambeno-gospodarskih sklopova, prizemnica. Izvan zaseoka nalaze se čatrnje koje su bile zajedničke. Kovačevići se nalaze dva kilometra južno od Babulja-Bašića, te se sastoje od dvije skupine obiteljskih stambeno-gospodarskih sklopova (stambene katnice s balaturama).

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3687 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "kulturno-povijesna cjelina".

Izvori

Zaštićene ruralne cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Vrgorac

Godinj (ruralna cjelina)


Le sucralfate, vendu sous diverses marques, est un médicament utilisé pour traiter les ulcères d'estomac, le reflux gastro-œsophagien (RGO), la rectite radique et l'inflammation de l'estomac et pour prévenir les ulcères de stress. Son efficacité chez les personnes avec une infection de H. pylori est limitée. Il est administré par voie orale (pour les ulcères gastro-intestinaux supérieurs) et par voie rectale (pour la rectite radique).

Les effets secondaires courants incluent la constipation. Les effets secondaires graves peuvent inclure la formation de bézoard et l'encéphalopathie. L'utilisation semble être sans danger pendant la grossesse et l'allaitement. Le fonctionnement du médicament n'est pas clair, il semble se fixer à l'ulcère pour le protéger contre l'action des sécrétions gastriques .

Le sucralfate a été approuvé pour usage médical aux États-Unis en 1981. Il est disponible en tant que médicament générique. En 2019, c'était le 186 médicament le plus couramment prescrit aux États-Unis, avec plus de 3 millions d'ordonnances.

Utilisations médicales
Le sucralfate est utilisé pour le traitement des ulcères duodénaux actifs non liés à l'utilisation d'anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS), car le mécanisme à l'origine de ces ulcères est dû à une hypersécrétion acide. Il n'est pas approuvé par la FDA pour les ulcères gastriques, mais il est largement utilisé en raison de preuves d'efficacité à cet égard. L'utilisation du sucralfate dans l'ulcère peptique a récemment diminué, mais il reste l'agent préféré pour la prévention des ulcères de stress.

Le sucralfate a également été utilisé pour les conditions suivantes :

 Ulcère duodénal actif non lié à l'utilisation d'AINS
 Traitement d'entretien pour les ulcères duodénaux résolus
 Ulcère gastrique non lié à l'utilisation d'AINS et gastrite due au RGO— La trithérapie avec lansoprazole + cisapride + sucralfate peut améliorer de manière significative les symptômes et la qualité de vie et était plus rentable que ce groupe en combinaison avec le ranitidine.
 Ulcère aphteux et stomatite dus à la radiothérapie ou à la chimiothérapie - Les lignes directrices de 2013 de la Société internationale d'oncologie buccale ne recommandent pas le sucralfate pour la prévention de la mucosite buccale chez les patients atteints d'un cancer de la tête et du cou recevant une radiothérapie ou une chimioradiothérapie en raison d'un manque d'efficacité constaté dans une étude randomisée d'essai contrôlé.
 Reflux gastro-œsophagien pendant la grossesse — Traitement médicamenteux de première intention associé à une modification du mode de vie et du régime alimentaire.
 Prophylaxie des ulcères de stress — Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de sucralfate plutôt que d'antagonistes H2 pour la prophylaxie des ulcères de stress et les mesures visant à prévenir l'aspiration, telles que l'aspiration sous-glottique continue, réduisent le risque de pneumonie associée à la ventilation assistée (PAV). Le sucralfate est moins efficace pour la prophylaxie contre les saignements gastro-intestinaux qu'un IPP ou qu'un anti-H2. Pour cette raison, il n'est pas couramment utilisé pour la prophylaxie des ulcères de stress.
 Prévention de la formation de sténose - Le sucralfate a un effet inhibiteur sur la formation de sténoses dans les brûlures corrosives expérimentales et peut être utilisé dans le traitement des brûlures œsophagiennes corrosives pour améliorer la cicatrisation des muqueuses et pour supprimer la formation de sténoses
 Rectite due à la colite ulcéreuse
 Saignements rectaux dus à une proctite due aux radiations pour traiter les cancers du col de l'utérus, de la prostate et du côlon .
 Les saignements de grade 1 ont été soulagés immédiatement avec un lavement au sucrasulfate pendant 1 mois.
 Saignement de grade 2, lavement au sucrasulfate et/ou la coagulation ont été efficaces.
 Les saignements de grade 3 ont duré 1 an malgré des transfusions fréquentes et une coagulation.
 Des saignements rectaux de grade 2 et 3 sont survenus chez 8,5 % des personnes. Le facteur de risque le plus important était l'ICRU-CRBED. Un traitement rapide avec une combinaison de lavement au sucrasulfate et de coagulation est efficace pour contrôler les saignements rectaux de grade 1 et 2 sans développement de fistule ou de rétrécissement.
 Traitement de l'ulcère anastomotique après le pontage gastrique
 Une suspension de sucralfate est recommandée par le National Capital Poison Center (anti-poison) basé aux États-Unis comme intervention pour les ingestions connues ou suspectées de piles bouton afin de réduire le risque et la gravité des blessures à l'œsophage avant le retrait endoscopique de la pile.
 Protection contre la pneumonie associée à la ventilation - Les réductions de l'acidité et des volumes gastriques augmentent la prolifération bactérienne et l'incidence de la pneumonie associée à la ventilation. Le sucralfate peut être considéré comme ayant l'avantage sur les anti-H2 et les IPP à cet égard, car le sucralfate ne modifie pas le pH du liquide gastrique. Une majorité de méta-analyses ont révélé que le traitement au sucralfate diminuait l'incidence de la pneumonie associée à la ventilation par rapport aux antagonistes H2.

Effets secondaires
L'effet indésirable le plus fréquemment observé est la constipation (de 2 à 3 %). Les effets secondaires moins fréquemment signalés (de moins de 0,5 %) comprennent les flatulences, les maux de tête, l'hypophosphatémie, la xérostomie (bouche sèche) et la formation de bézoard. L'utilisation du médicament n'est pas recommandée pour les personnes souffrant d'insuffisance rénale chronique, car cela pourrait entraîner une accumulation d'aluminium et une toxicité. Quelques études bien contrôlées ont été menées sur l'innocuité et l'efficacité du sucralfate chez les enfants et les femmes enceintes (catégorie de grossesse B).

Mécanisme d'action
Le sucralfate est une substance à action locale qui, dans un environnement acide (pH < 4), réagit avec l'acide chlorhydrique dans l'estomac pour former un matériau réticulé, visqueux, pâteux, capable d'agir comme tampon acide pendant 6 à 8 heures après une dose unique. Il se fixe également aux protéines à la surface des ulcères, telles que l'albumine et le fibrinogène, pour former des complexes insolubles stables. Ces complexes servent de barrières protectrices à la surface de l'ulcère, empêchant d'autres dommages causés par l'acide, la pepsine et la bile. De plus, le sucralfate empêche la rétrodiffusion des ions hydrogène et adsorbe à la fois la pepsine et les acides biliaires.

On postule que le sucralfate stimule également la production de prostaglandine E 2, les facteurs de croissance épidermique (EGF), le bFGF et du mucus gastrique.

Pharmacocinétique
Début : 1 à 2 heures (apparition initiale de l'ulcère gastro-duodénal )

Absorption : < 5 % par voie orale

Durée : jusqu'à 6 heures en raison de la forte affinité pour les muqueuses défectueuses ( PUD )

Biodisponibilité : 5 %, le sucralfate est considéré comme non systémique, l'octasulfate de saccharose : 5 %, l'aluminium : 0,005 %

Métabolisme : Non métabolisé, excrété sous forme inchangée dans l'urine

Excrétion : principalement dans les fèces sous forme de médicament inchangé

Les noms de marques
Les noms de marque incluent Carafate aux États-Unis, Sucramal en Italie, Sucrafil, Sufrate, Sucralpro, Sucralcoat, Pepsigard, Sucral, Hapifate, Sucralpro en Inde, Sutra ou Musin dans certaines parties de l'Asie du Sud-Est, Sulcrate au Canada, Discral (sucralfato) au Mexique, Ulsanic en Afrique du Sud et en Israël, Andapsin en Suède et Antepsin. Sucracell en Inde.

Références

Composé de l'aluminium
Diholoside
Médicament du système gastro-intestinal
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Sucralfate


سرعة الطور هي وتيرة تقدم طور الموجة في وسط ما.

الموجة هي دالة متعلقة بالزمن التي تحقق: .

من هنا ينبع ان الموجة هي دالة في المستوى متغيرة الزمن تحافظ على شكلها، وقيمها تتقدم بسرعة ثابتة المساوية ل- ، هذه سرعة الطور - سرعة تقدم الموجة.

مثال على حل لمعادلة الأمواج، الموجة المعروفة: .
هي دالة بمستوى واحد، بحيث ان قيم الموجة تتحرك بسرعة ثابتة باتجاه محور X. هذه السرعة مساوية لطول الموجة على زمن الدورة:
 .

كما يمكن بشكل مكافئ التعريف رياضياً بمقادير التردد الزاوي ω ورقم الموجة k كالتالي:

من الجدير بالذكر، أن لموجة كهرومغناطيسية في الفراغ سرعة الطور هي سرعة الضوء c.

طالع أيضاً
 سرعة الزمرة

مراجع

ميكانيكا موجية

سرعة الطور


Slovenská Ľupča este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Banská Bystrica din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 3.253 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Slovenská Ľupča este atestată documentar din 1250.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Slovenská Ľupča, Banská Bystrica


Die Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1986 fand im April 1986 in Tartu statt. Es war die 22. Austragung der Titelkämpfe.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
Statistiken zum estnischen Badminton

1986
Badminton 1986
Badmintonwettbewerb in Tartu

Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1986


Aloja may refer to:
 Aloja, Latvia, a town in Latvia
 Aloja (mythology), mythical creatures in Catalan legends

Aloja


Audrey Marie Munson, američki umjetnički model i filmska glumica, poznata i pod nadimcima "Gospođica Manhattan" i "Američka Venera". Smatra se prvim američkim supermodelom. Poslužila je kao model za brojne kipove, vodoskoke i pročelja, a bila je i zaštitno lice Panamsko-pacifičke željeznice. Najpoznatija je po naslovnoj ulozi u nijemom filmu Nadahnuće.

Vanjske poveznice
 IMDb

Američki filmski glumci
Modeli

Audrey Marie Munson


ටැන් ලී (උපත 1977 මැයි 20),  - වියට්නාම-ඕස්ට්රේලියානු විදුලි සංදේශ ව්‍යවසායිකාවක සහ  Emotivහි සම නිර්මාතෘවරියද වේ. ඇය 1998 වසරේදී තරුණ ඕස්ට්රේලියානුවා බවටද නම් කරන ලදී.

මුල් කාලය
දකුණු වියට්නාමය උපත ලද ටැන් ලී 1982 දී තම පවුලේ අය සමඟ සරණාගත ලෙස ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට සංක්‍රමණය විය.

වෘත්තීය
Footscray සංගමයේ වියට්නාම ප්‍රජා සභාපති ලෙස, ඇය, මෙල්බර්න් පුරා පුන්‍යාධාර ආයතන මගින් සහ පුවත්පත් මාර්ගයෙන් ඇය දායකත්වයන් ගණනාවක් කර ඇත.

පිළිගැනීම්
ඇය 1998 වසරේදී තරුණ ඕස්ට්රේලියානුවා බවටද නම් කරන ලදී. සහ වයස අවුරුදු 30න් පහළ සාර්ථක ඕස්ට්රේලියානු කාන්තා තිස්දෙනා අතරටද පත්ව ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1977 උපත්
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ව්‍යාපාරික කාන්තාවන්
වියට්නාම සම්භවයක් ඇති ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජනතාව

ටැන් ලී


Sparkassenstraße ist die Bezeichnung folgender Straßen
 Sparkassenstraße (Bozen)
 Sparkassenstraße (München) (Altstadt)
 Sparkassenstraße (Meran)
 Sparkassenstraße (Feldkirchen)

Sparkassenstraße


Smiljan Reljić (Šibenik, 23. veljače 1958.), hrvatski političar. Bivši ravnatelj Službe za zaštitu ustavnog poretka (SZUP-a, današnje SOA-e), pomoćnik ministra unutarnjih poslova te voditelj Nadzorne službe Ureda za nacionalnu sigurnost (UNS-a). Po struci diplomirani pravnik.

Životopis
Djed po ocu Josip Reljić Vizzulin doselio je iz Kaštela u drniški kraj gdje se počeo baviti vinarstvom i ugostiteljstvom. Vjerojatno pod utjecajem narodnjaštva je samo prezime Reljić. U Drnišu završio osnovnu školu, u Šibeniku srednju školu, Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu. Od 1985. u Drnišu radi u lokalnom kamenolomu Kalun. Jedan je od prvih članova HDZ-a. U Drnišu je osnovao krajem 1989. HDZ-ovu podružnicu u Drnišu. Na prvim slobodnim i demokratskim izborima u Hrvatskoj uvjerljivo je pobijedio u svome kraju i postao saborski zastupnik u Vijeću općina. U Drnišu je bio tajnik za opću upravu. Godine 1990. izabran je za predsjednika Izvršnog vijeća općine Drniš. Kad je izbila balvan-revolucija, imenovan je predsjednikom drniškog Kriznog štaba. 1. rujna 1991. preselio se u Zagreb na nagovor predsjednika Tuđmana jer je dobio posao u MUP-u kao pomoćnik ministra za javnu sigurnost. Dva tjedna potom Drniš je okupiran. U MUP-u je bio osnivač i šef kriminalističke policije, a od 1992. godine na čelu SZUP-a. Za njegova mandata ističu se dvije akcije, operacija Labrador i akcija Zenit. Bio je jedan od pregovarača na zadnjim pregovorima s pobunjenim Srbima pred kraj rata, s njim su bili Ivić Pašalić, Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, general Stipetić. Uvečer 3. kolovoza vratili su se s neuspješnih pregovora u Ženevi gdje s pobunjenici nisu pristajali na uvjete čak i uz nerazumno širokogrudni plan Z4, na što je predsjednik Tuđman najavio Oluju. Promjenu vlasti 2000. godine je preživio na položaju i ostao je policiji. U jednom od mnogih proživljenih prevrata, u kojima je nekako i on bio i sudionik i osobno ga se diralo, odlučio je da više ne želi raditi taj posao te svojom voljom umirovio se 2002. godine. Nakon odlaska u mirovinu, Reljić se posvetio vinogradarstvu i vinarstvu. Uzgaja pošip na južnim stranama planine Promine. Godine 2015., za svoj pošip Vizzulin na Zavodu za vinarstvo dobio je ocjenu vrhunskoga vina.

Izvori

Životopisi, Šibenik
Životopisi, Drniš
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski političari od 1989.
Obavještajci

Smiljan Reljić


Ljudski koronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) pripadnik je vrste Betakoronavirus 1 koja inficira ljude i stoku. Infektirajući koronavirusom je jednolančani RNK virus u pozitivnom smislu koji ulazi u stanicu domaćina vezanjem na receptor N-acetil-9-O-acetilneuraminske kiseline.

OC43 je jedan od sedam poznatih koronavirusa koji inficiraju ljude, uključujući HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, izvorni SARS-CoV (ili SARS-CoV-1) i SARS-CoV-2. Uz ljudski koronavirus 229E, jedan je od virusa odgovornih za prehladu. Ima, kao i drugi koronavirusi iz roda Betakoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, dodatni kraći površinski protein u obliku šiljaka koji se naziva hemaglutinin esteraza (HE).

Vidi još
 Ljudski koronavirus
 Koronavirus

Izvori

Embecovirus

HCoV-OC43


دراغون بول كاي أو دراغون بول زد كاي  هو أنمي ياباني، مقتبس من سلسلة مانغا دراغون بول الذي سمي عصره عصر الذهبي لشركة شونن جمب وهي الناشر للمانغا وهي من تأليف ورسوم أكيرا تورياما.

نبذة عن الأنمي

هذا المسلسل عبارة عن تجديد لمسلسل الأنمي دراغون بول زد الذي لاقى نجاحًا باهرًا حتى الآن وتم حذف لقطات وحلقات الفلر وأيضًا تم تطوير الجودة إلى HD، أي عالية الجودة. وأيضًا تم عرضه أول مرة في 5 أبريل، وهو تاريخ ميلاد المؤلف أكيرا توراياما. واختضر الأنمي من 291 إلى 167 حلقة، والأنمي له جزئين فالأول به 98 حلقة والثاني 69 حلقة ودراغون بول زد كاي عنده نسختان نسخة اليابانية عدد الحلقات 159 واما نسخة الدولية فعدد الحلقات 167، وكما عرضت 54 حلقة منه على سبيستون مُدبلج في عام 2015 بمناسبة مرور 15 سنة على إطلاق القناة.

الممثلون بالدبلجة العربية
 رأفت بازو - غوغو
 أيمن السالك - فيجيتا، تورتو
 محمد خير أبو حسون - بيكولا، فريزر
 لينا ضوا - جوهان
 عادل أبو حسون - تيان، راديتس، نيل، شينرون، بورونغا
 أميرة حذيفي - هوشي (الصوت الأول)، تشي تشي (الصوت الأول)
 رغدة الخطيب - بالما
 محمد مصطفى - ياماكا
 طالب الرفاعي - جيسي
 جيهان قرحيلي - ديندي
 رزان الحبش - ياغي
 رشا بيدس - تشي تشي (الصوت الثاني)
 رائد مشرف - دودريا، غينيا
 خلدون قاروط - ساربون، نابا
 عدنان عبد الجليل - كبير الناميك
 حنان شقير - هوشي (الصوت الثاني)
 هشام كفارنة - نبتون
 مأمون الرفاعي - الراوي

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة حلقات دراغون بول زد كاي
 دراغون بول زد
 دراغون بول
 دراغون بول جي تي
 دراغون بول سوبر

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعمال مركز الزهرة
برامج قناة سبيستون
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2009
توئيه أنميشن

دراغون بول زد كاي


Dionysios eller Dionysius er et navn, der henviser til blandt andre:

 Dionysius - pave
 Dionysios af Alexandria - biskop, teolog og helgen
 Dionysios Areopagita - græsk helgen
 Sankt Dionysius - fransk helgen
 Dionysius Exiguus - munk
 Dionysius 1. af Portugal - portugisisk konge
 Dionysios den ældre - tyran i Syracusa
 Dionysios den yngre - tyran i Syracusa
 Dionysius Beurraeus - svenskt riksråd
 Peter Dionysius - svensk-tysk arkitekt
 Dionysios af Fokaia - græsk amiral i slaget ved Lade
 Dionysios af Halikarnassos - græsk historiker
 Dionysios Kasdaglis - græsk-ægyptisk tennisspiller

Se også
 Dionysius (månekrater)

Dionysios


Orthalicus pulchellus é uma espécie de caramujo do gênero Orthalicus.   É encontrada no Brasil.

Taxonomia
Foi denominada originalmente Achatina pulchella por Spix em 1827, sendo posteriormente denominada Oxystyla pulchella e, em um terceiro momento, atribuída ao gênero Orthalicus por suas características morfológicas.

Orthalicus

Orthalicus pulchellus


تختلف تسمية التريليون بالنسبة للنظام الإنجليزي والنظام الأمريكي فلكل منهما تعريف للرقم تريليون

فبالنسبة للنظام الإنجليزي

 Trillion هو العدد 1.000.000.000.000.000.000 ؛ أي مليون مرفوع بالأس 3 ، ولهذا تبدأ الكلمة بـ tri . طبقا للنظام الإنكليزي ؛ ويُكتب أيضا 1018 (في النظام الإنكليزي) .

وبالنسبة للنظام الأمريكي:

 التريليون {Trillion} هو عدد يساوي ألف مليار أو يساوى مليون المليون، ويكتب على شكل عدد يكون فيه الرقم واحد وأمامه اثنا عشر صفراً 1,000,000,000,000، أو يكتب بالشكل  وذلك في الجدول القصير (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية).
 لهذا يجب الحذر عند الترجمة من اللغة الإنكليزية أو الأمريكية.

توضيح

كان الإنجليزي الأمريكي يستخدم دائماً ما يُسمى بالجدول القصير. وتاريخياً كانت الإمبراطورية الإنجليزية تستخدم ما يُسمى بالجدول الطويل في تقييمها للعدد تريليون، ولكن منذ عام 1974 أصبحت بريطانيا تستخدم الجدول القصير مثل أمريكا في الإحصاء وفي التقنية والإعلام؛ مع العلم بأن الجدول الطويل لا زال يُستخدم في بعض التطبيقات المحدودة.

انظر أيضًا
 أسماء الأرقام

المراجع

أعداد صحيحة
أعداد كبيرة
كلمات إنجليزية

تريليون


Benedikts Plads Station er en letbanestation på Odense Letbane, beliggende på Benedikts Plads i Odense. Stationen åbnede sammen med letbanen 28. maj 2022.

Letbanen ligger i en græsbelægning i midten af Albanigade. Herfra svinger den over pladsen, hvor stationen ligger. Derefter fortsætter letbanen i midten ad Benediktsgade, hvor der er græsbelægning og træer. Selve stationen består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron. Pladsen som sådan blev udvidet og omdannet til et nyt byrum i forbindelse med anlæggelsen af letbanen. Det medførte blandt andet, at en grillbar blev flyttet ca. 30 m fra sin oprindelige plads, hvor letbanestationen kom til at ligge.

Omgivelserne udgøres primært af forskelligt boligbyggeri med forretninger, herunder nogle etageejendomme ved pladsen. Desuden ligger Odense Friskole lige syd for pladsen.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Odense Letbane

Noter

Odense Letbane

Benedikts Plads Station


Haggadah (în ebraică: הַגָּדָה, "a spune"; plural: Haggadot) sau Hagada este un text evreiesc care stabilește ordinea Sederului de Paște. Citirea Hagadei la masa Seder este o împlinire a poruncii scripturale adresate fiecărui evreu de "a spune fiului său" despre eliberarea evreiască din robie în , așa cum este descrisă în Cartea Exodului din Tora.

Ritualuri
Iudaism

Hagada


آث منصور بلدة وبلدية في ولاية البويرة، الجزائر. يبلغ عدد سكانها 9283 نسمة حسب تعداد عام 1998.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية البويرة
 دوائر ولاية البويرة

المصادر

آث منصور

آث منصور


Krien er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Anklam-Land i den centrale del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Ind til 31. december 2004 var byen administrationsby for det daværende Amt Krien.

Geografi
Krien er beliggende ved Bundesstraße B 199. Motorvejen A 20 passerer omkring fem kilometer mod vest. Byen Anklam ligger omkring 20 km øst for kommunen, og Jarmen omkring 12 kilometer nordvest for kommunen.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Byens side  på amtets websted
 Statistik

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Anklam-Land
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Krien


Phil Collins (fæddur 30. janúar 1951) er enskur trommuleikari, söngvari, lagahöfundur, og leikari. Hann er einna best þekktur fyrir þátttöku sinn í hljómsveitinni Genesis. Hann er einn af eingöngu þremur tónlistarmönnum, ásamt Paul McCartney og Michael Jackson, sem hefur tekist að selja yfir hundrað milljón eintök á heimsvísu bæði innan og utan hljómsveitar.

Fólk fætt árið 1951
Enskir trommarar
Breskir söngvarar

Phil Collins