Marcus Piavonius Victorinus was emperor in the Gallic provinces from 268 to 270 or 269 to 271, following the brief reign of Marius. He was murdered by a jealous husband whose wife he had tried to seduce.

Reign

Hailing from Gaul, Victorinus was born into a Gallic family of great wealth, and was a soldier under Postumus, the first of the so-called Gallic emperors. He showed considerable ability, as he held the title of tribunus praetorianorum (tribune of the praetorians) in 266/267, and rose swiftly to become co-consul with Postumus in 268. It is also possible that Postumus then elevated him to the post of praetorian prefect. Shortly after putting down a rebellion by Laelianus in 269, Postumus was murdered by his own troops, who appointed Marius as emperor in his place.

After engineering the death of Marius, Victorinus was declared emperor by the troops located at Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in the fall of 269. His principal concern was to prevent the western provinces from submitting to the central authority of the Roman Empire, a fact made clear to him from the first few weeks when only the provinces of Gaul, Germania and Britain recognised him. Hispania deserted the Gallic Empire and declared its loyalty to Claudius Gothicus. Claudius then sent his trusted general Placidianus to south-east Gaul with instructions to bring over as many of the wavering cities as he could. Very quickly Placidianus captured Cularo (Grenoble), but did not proceed any further.

The presence of Placidianus inspired the city of Augustodunum Haeduorum (Autun) to abandon Victorinus and declare its intention to declare for Claudius Gothicus.  This forced Victorinus to march south and besiege it, where it fell after seven months, after which Victorinus' troops plundered and destroyed the city. Victorinus returned to Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) in triumph. It remains a mystery just why Claudius did not authorise Placidianus to go to the relief of Augustodunum; however, it is speculated that Claudius, who was fully engaged either in Italy against the Alamanni or in the Balkans against the Goths, did not wish to open a second theatre of operations in Gaul, which would not only have involved a major military effort, but would also have required Claudius to assume responsibility for the defense of the Rhine frontier had he been successful. There is evidence to suggest that Claudius was having some difficulties in the East, which also occupied his attention.

Victorinus was murdered at Colonia in early 271 by Attitianus, one of his officers, whose wife Victorinus had supposedly seduced.  Since the motive was personal and not political, Victorinus' mother, Victoria (or Vitruvia), was able to continue to hold power after the death of Victorinus and she arranged for his deification and, after considerable payment to the troops, the appointment of Tetricus I as his successor. Another military commander appears to have been proclaimed as the emperor Domitianus II, but was soon eliminated.

Victorinus is listed among the Thirty Tyrants in the Historia Augusta. The dubious Historia Augusta equally has a short description of Victorinus Junior, allegedly the son of Victorinus, who was appointed emperor by his family the day his father was murdered, and would have been killed immediately afterwards by the troops. The Historia Augusta also says that both father and son were buried near Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in marble tombs.

Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources
 Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus
 Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus
 Eutropius, Brevarium, Book 9
 Historia Augusta, The Thirty Tyrants

Secondary sources

 J. F. Drinkwater, The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the North-western Provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260–274 (Stuttgart 1987)
 Richard Abdy, "The Domitian II coin from Chalgrove: a Gallic emperor returns to history". Antiquity. 83 (321), 2009: 751–757.

External links

Gallic emperors
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
Imperial Roman consuls
3rd-century monarchs in Europe
3rd-century murdered monarchs
Piavonii
Year of birth unknown
270s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Gallic consuls

Victorinus


John Preston Martin (* 11. Oktober 1811 bei Jonesville, Lee County, Virginia; † 23. Dezember 1862 in Prestonsburg, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1845 und 1847 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
John Martin war der ältere Bruder von Elbert S. Martin (1829–1876), der zwischen 1859 und 1861 den Staat Virginia im Kongress vertrat. Er war außerdem der Großvater des US-Senators George B. Martin (1876–1945). Nach einer guten Schulausbildung zog John Martin nach Prestonsburg in Kentucky. Dort begann er eine politische Laufbahn als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Zwischen 1841 und 1843 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1844 wurde er im sechsten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1845 die Nachfolge von John White antrat. Da er im Jahr 1846 auf eine erneute Kandidatur verzichtete, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1847 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren. Diese war von den Ereignissen des Mexikanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges geprägt. In dieser Zeit war Martin Vorsitzender des Committee on Mileage.

Zwischen 1855 und 1859 saß Martin im Senat von Kentucky. Im Juni 1856 war er Delegierter zur Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati, auf der James Buchanan als Präsidentschaftskandidat nominiert wurde. John Martin starb am 23. Dezember 1862 in Prestonsburg.

Nach ihm ist Martin County in Kentucky benannt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Senats von Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1811
Gestorben 1862
Mann

John Preston Martin


The 2002 Veterans Day weekend tornado outbreak was an unusually severe and expansive severe weather event across portions of the Central and Eastern United States from the evening hours of November 9 into the early morning hours of Veterans Day, November 11, 2002. A series of troughs tracked eastward across the United States, providing strong wind shear, while anomalously warm and unstable air surged northward into the Ohio River Valley. As a result, multiple tornadoes occurred across Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri on November 9. A far more widespread and severe event occurred the following day, with three distinct tornado outbreaks focused across areas from Illinois to Pennsylvania; Tennessee and Kentucky; and areas from Mississippi to South Carolina. The most intense tornado of the outbreak was a violent F4 tornado that occurred near Van Wert, Ohio. A total of 76 tornadoes occurred during the 3-day period, collectively resulting in 36 deaths and 303 injuries. As of 2022, the event ranks as the third-largest tornado outbreak on record in November.

Meteorological synopsis

November 9
The first signs for organized severe weather became apparent on November 7, when the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) outlined a Slight risk across portions of the mid-Mississippi and western Ohio River valleys valid for November 9. On that day, a powerful and negatively-tilted upper-level trough upwards of  was observed driving east-southeastward toward the U.S. Central and Southern Plains. While a shortwave trough at the leading edge of this feature progressed across the Texas Panhandle, a surface area of low pressure resided across the Central and Northern Plains. Southerly flow associated with the cyclone prompted the northward advection of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, with dewpoints rising into the lower 60s °F as far north as southern Illinois; this moisture promoted modest destabilization and mid-level convective available potential energy (CAPE) values from 500 to 1,000 J/kg. As the shortwave trough continued eastward, it aided in the formation of thunderstorms across northeastern Arkansas around 00:00 UTC. These storms resided in a strongly sheared environment, with storm relative helicity – a measure of the potential for cyclonic updrafts – around 800 m2/s2. Despite initial concern that the lower levels of the atmosphere were not quite as favorable, evening atmospheric soundings from Little Rock, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee, showcased an extremely favorable environment for significant tornadoes. Clusters of supercells tracked from Arkansas into Tennessee over ensuing hours, and in fact, the persistence of these storms resulted in the formation of a weak outflow boundary that further enhanced the tornado threat. A total of 10 tornadoes occurred throughout the evening of November 9, including multiple strong tornadoes and one that killed two people near Huntingdon, Tennessee.

November 10–11

On November 10, the SPC warned of the potential for a significant tornado outbreak and/or widespread damaging wind episode across northeastern Mississippi, much of Tennessee, northwestern Alabama, and much of Kentucky, where the organization issued a High risk of severe weather. Morning upper-air analyses showed mid- to upper-level winds of  across the southern Rocky Mountains, as well as an embedded shortwave trough moving east toward the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. At the surface, a strong area of low pressure was positioned over Wisconsin and moving northeastward toward Ontario. Throughout the afternoon hours, the tornado outbreak unfolded in three distinct locations. To the north across Indiana and Ohio, temperatures rose into the lower 70s and dewpoints climbed into the mid-60s °F, supporting CAPE values of 1,000–2,000 J/kg. In addition, significant pressure falls in the region contributed to backed surface winds, aiding in favorable low-level shear profiles. Although storms in this region were initially congealed into a squall line ahead of a cold front, the presence of strong shear and dry air in the mid-levels supported the line's breakdown into supercells and bowing segments. Ahead of this activity, additional discrete supercells overspread much of Ohio owing to a prefrontal trough. A long-tracked, violent F4 tornado began in Van Wert and tracked for over , killing 4 people and injuring 17 others. An F3 tornado near Tiffin killed one person and injured two others. An F2 tornado in Clark, Pennsylvania, killed 1 person. Numerous other tornadoes were recorded throughout the afternoon. The event evolved into more of a significant damaging wind episode as storms progressed farther east into Pennsylvania by the evening hours.

With the northern outbreak unfolding, a central outbreak simultaneously overspread portions of Tennessee and Kentucky, while a southern outbreak spanned areas from Mississippi into South Carolina. Surface observations and atmospheric soundings across the High and Moderate risk areas showed a very unstable environment with surface-based CAPE values in the 2,000–3,000 J/kg range. Despite the presence of a cap, this inversion was weak and expected to be eroded by warming daytime temperatures. Meanwhile, deep-layer wind shear of  overspread the area. Though shear profiles were largely unidirectional initially, low-level winds were expected to become more conducive for discrete supercells and tornadoes. As expected, temperatures climbing to around  and dewpoints reaching the mid-60s °F allowed for deep convective development into the afternoon. Multiple swaths of supercells developed throughout the region, including one in middle Tennessee, a second from central Mississippi into northwestern Alabama, and a third from northeastern Louisiana into central Mississippi. Fatal tornadoes occurred near Shelbyville, Joyner, and Crossville in Tennessee;  Carbon Hill,  Saragossa, and Centre in Alabama; and Crawford in Mississippi. Numerous other tornadoes were documented throughout the area. Much like the outbreak farther north, the event transitioned into more of a damaging wind event by the evening hours, though a few tornadoes still occurred during the early morning hours across Georgia and South Carolina.

Confirmed tornadoes

November 9 event

November 10 event

November 11 event

Gallery

See also
November 1989 tornado outbreak
Tornado outbreak of November 14–16, 2006

Notes

References

External links

 Veterans Day Tornado Outbreak (NWS Birmingham, Alabama)
 November 10, 2002 (NWS Huntsville, Alabama)
 Severe Weather Event - November 10-11, 2002 (NWS Jackson, Mississippi)
 Tornadoes in Middle Tennessee on November 10, 2002 (NWS Nashville, Tennessee)
 Tornadoes devastate parts of northwest Ohio and northeast Indiana (NWS Northern Indiana)
 Severe Weather Outbreak - November 10, 2002 (Midwestern Regional Climate Center)
 NWS Service Assessment
 The severe weather outbreak of 10 November 2002: Lightning and radar analysis of storms in the deep South (22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society)
 Video of the Van Wert, Ohio F4 tornado, from the Ohio State Highway Patrol.

F4 tornadoes by date
Tornadoes of 2002
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in Indiana
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Ohio
Tornadoes in Pennsylvania
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Veterans Day Weekend Tornado Outbreak
Tornado outbreak 2002-11-09


Kratica ACID (engl. atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) u računarstvu označava četiri svojstva koja moraju biti ostvarena pri izvođenju transakcije s bazom podataka, kako bi se osigurala valjanost podataka, čak i pri padu sustava. Transkacija je niz slijednih operacija na bazi podataka, koji se mogu promatrati kao jedna logička operacija nad podatcima.

Akronim su 1983. godine smislili Theo Haerder i Andreas Reuter.

Četiri svojstva su:

 Atomarnost (atomičnost) - ako bilo koja radnja s bazom u sklopu neke transkacije završi pogreškom, cijela transakcija prestaje, i baza ostaje nepromijenjena
 Konzistentnost - transkacije mogu dovesti bazu isključivo iz jednog validnog stanja u drugo validno stanje, pri čemu se čuva referencijalni integritet veze primarnog i sekundarnog ključa. Drugim riječima, izvođenje transakcije nikad neće "strgati" bazu. To ne osigurava da su uneseni podatci točni, samo da su ispravno uneseni u bazu.
 Izolacija - istovremene radnje s bazom daju isti rezultat kao da su radnje obavljene jedna iza druge. Svaka radnja je izolirana od druge.
 Durabilnost - sve završene transakcije s bazom ostat će zapisane i nepromijenjene u slučaju nestanka struje ili sličnog kvara

Izvori

Baze podataka

ACID (računarstvo)


محطة مدائن صالح هي محطة من محطات الخط الحديدي الحجازي تقع بمدينة مدائن صالح بين محطة الدار الحمراء ومحطة العلا في السعودية.

البناء
انتهى بناء محطة مدائن صالح في عام 1325 هـ الموافق 1907م، كتب التاريخ على عدد من مباني المحطة.

الوصف
تقع محطة مدائن صالح شمال آثار مدائن صالح، وهي إحدى محطات سكة حديد الحجاز والذي كان يربط الشام بالمدينة المنورة، وتعتبر محطة الحِجْر ثاني أكبر محطة للقطار في الحجاز بعد محطة المدينة المنورة، تتألف محطة مدائن صالح من ورشة كبيرة لاصلاح القطارات وقلاع كبيرة ومنازل للسكن ومساجد ومخازن أسلحة ودورات للمياه وخزان مياه كبير.

تقع المحطة شمال شرق العلا بنحو 25 كيلومتر، وهي من محطات درب الحج الشامي الكبيرة، وإحدى محطات السكة الحديد الرئيسة، ويحتوي الموقع على قلعة إسلامية قديمة في وسطها بئر الناقة، كما توجد بركة قديمة وخمسة آبار مطوية بالأحجار، وكذلك ستة عشر مبنى من مباني السكة الحديد قد بنيت بالحجر المشذب، فضلاً عن محطة العذيب التي تقع فوق جبل على مسافة 2 كيلومتر شمال العذيب يعرف بموقع قويع الترك، وجنوب محطة مدائن صالح بنحو 9 كيلومترات بوادي العذيب، بنيت المحطة من الحجر المشذب إلى جانب محطة وادي القرى بمدينة العلا، وهي إحدى المحطات الكبيرة على درب الحج الشامي وإحدى محطات السكة الحديد، ويحتوي الموقع على مدينة كبيرة قديمة محاطة بجدار شمال المدينة عبر الوادي، ويوجد بها عدة قنوات تمتد إلى عكمة حيث عيون الماء، كما توجد قلعة وبها قبر موسى بن نصير فوق جبل مرتفع يتوسط البلدة القديمة حي الديرة بالعلا.

مكونات المحطة
تتكون المحطة من التالي:

 ورشة بها قطار ألماني من نوع (Jung) موديل 1906، وقد أعيدت صباغته حديثاً.
 مبنى ثكنة مكون من دورين.
 سكن عمال.
 عدة كبائن للقطار.
 خزان ماء.

مشروع التطوير
تقع محطة سكة حديد الحجاز في الطرف الشمالي الغربي من موقع مدائن صالح، وتشكل محور الأنشطة السياحية ذات الصلة بالموقع من خلال تقديم الخدمات الأساسية مثل الاستقبال، والمعلومات السياحية والإرشاد، والعرض المتحفي.

وقد قامت الهيئة العامة للسياحة والتراث الوطني بترميم مباني محطة سكة الحديد في مدائن صالح البالغ عددها (16) مبنى حجرياً للاستفادة من المباني في أغراض تخدم الموقع وإدارته.

وتضمن مشروع التطوير تحويل ورشة القاطرات بالحجر إلى متحف لسكة حديد الحجر، حيث يعرض قصة مشروع السكة وأقسام الخط الحديدي، ويحتوي المتحف على مخططات ووثائق أثرية ذات علاقة بتاريخ المملكة، ويوجد بالمبنى قاطرة وعربتا قطار من بقايا السكة الحديد الأصلية، وتم ترميم العربتين، وخصصت إحداهما لعرض بعض القطع المتعلقة بالسكة الحديد، في حين تستخدم الأخرى كقاعه للعرض المرئي.

وتضمن مشروع التأهيل تطوير أحد المباني في محطة سكة حديد الحجر الواقع في الجهة الجنوبية من المحطة ليصبح مركزاً للزوار، ويقدم معلومات متكاملة عن الموقع من خلال المطبوعات والخرائط والأفلام الوثائقية، وتم تزويد المبنى بلوحات تعريفية، وأربع شاشات للعرض.

طالع أيضاً
 خط حديد الحجاز
 محطة الحجاز
 محطة المفرق
 محطة الزرقاء
 محطة عمان

مراجع

آثار السعودية
محطات خط حديد الحجاز
محطات السكك الحديدية في السعودية

محطة مدائن صالح


La Milla del Páramo es una localidad de España perteneciente al municipio de Bustillo del Páramo, en la provincia de León, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Algunas de sus celebraciones más populares son la fiesta de la Virgen de las Angustias y la romería de El pendón.

Situación

Se accede por la carretera CV-194-2.

Limita al N con San Martín del Camino; al S con Bustillo del Páramo; al SO con Acebes del Páramo y al O con Villavante.

Evolución demográfica

Localidades de El Páramo
Localidades de Bustillo del Páramo

La Milla del Páramo


Rice, Brown Sugar, Cardamon, Dried Ginger, Baking Powder, Water and Salt

සිංහල කැවිලි වර්ගයකි. උත්සව වල දී, විශේෂයෙන් සිංහල අලුත් අවුරුද්දේ දී වැදගත් වන කැවිලි වර්ගයකි.

සිංහල කැවිලි

අතිරස


Le Friendship of Salem est une reproduction du vaisseau Friendship, un Indiaman de 1797. Ce trois-mâts carré a été construit en 1995-96 dans le chantier naval Scarano Brothers à Albany, dans l'État de New York.

Le navire fonctionne généralement comme un navire-musée stationnaire pendant la majeure partie de l'année sur le Salem Maritime National Historic Site où il est amarré. Mais il s'agit d'un navire certifié par l'United States Coast Guard pleinement opérationnel, capable de voyager avec des passagers et des équipages ; il effectue des traversées spéciales à différentes périodes de l'année. Le site a été créé en 1938 comme le premier site de ce type aux États-Unis . Celui-ci, qui comprend plusieurs structures, artefacts et archives, est exploité par le National Park Service. Le navire est exploité par un équipage bénévole sous la supervision du National Park Service et navigue en tant que navire ambassadeur du  dans le comté d'Essex.

Construction

La réplique du Friendship a été commandée par le National Park Service sous le nom de Friendship of Salem. Il a été construit en utilisant des matériaux et des méthodes de construction modernes, tout en conservant l'apparence du navire d'origine du XVIIIe siècle. La coque est moulée à froid avec du bois stratifié et de l'époxy. La conception de la réplique est basée sur un modèle des collections du Peabody Essex Museum. Le modèle a été construit par Thomas Russell, le second officier du Friendship, et M. Odell, le charpentier, comme cadeau pour le fils en bas âge du capitaine William Story. Russell et Odell ont réalisé le modèle lors d'un voyage en Chine et à Sumatra de juin 1802 à août 1804. La palette de couleurs de la réplique a été tirée d'une peinture du navire de 1805 par le célèbre artiste marin , Jr. Ce tableau fait maintenant partie de la collection du Peabody Essex Museum de Salem.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Bibliographie
Trow, Charles Edward. The old shipmasters of Salem. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 4669778.

Liens externes

 The East Indiaman - FRIENDSHIP - 1797 - Site The Peregrine Sea
  Salemweb.com Friendship of Salem

Liens internes

 Salem Maritime National Historic Site

Bateau lancé en 1996
Trois-mâts carré
Réplique de bateau
Navire construit dans l'État de New York
Navire musée au Massachusetts
Salem (Massachusetts)

Friendship of Salem


Vera Nikolaïevna Nemchinova ou Nemtchinova en , née le 26 [14 ] août 1899 à Moscou et morte le 22 juillet 1984 à New York, est une danseuse de ballet russe.

Biographie
A l'âge de 10 ans, elle commence à étudier avec Lidia Nelidova du Ballet du Bolchoï. Elle étudie brièvement avec  À partir de 1915, elle vit à l'étranger. La même année, Nemchinova rencontre Serge Grigoriev, qui l'engage dans la troupe des Ballets russes de Sergueï Diaghilev.

Elle débute avec la Mazurka et le Pas de Deux avec Alexandre Gavrilov, dans Les Sylphides en 1916. En 1919, Léonide Massine et Grigoriev donne à Vera Nemtchinova le rôle de Lydia Lopokova dans La Boutique fantasque. Ce qui lance sa carrière.

Elle crée le rôle travesti du page ou de la garçonne dans Les Biches de Bronislava Nijinska, le 6 janvier 1924,. Elle devient danseuse étoile la même année.

Nemtchinova et Diaghilev se disputent sur le costume d'une fille en bleu dans Les Biches. Diaghilev voyant  comment Nemtchinova porte une veste bleue, qui était à l'origine beaucoup plus longue, ordonne à Grigoriev de lui apporter des ciseaux, il commence à redessiner le costume de ses propres mains. Il coupe le col, faisant une coupe profonde, puis raccourci la jupe jusqu'aux hanches. Lorsque Nemchinova se plaint de se sentir nue, il déclare calmement : « Alors va t'acheter une paire de gants blancs ». Ainsi, les gants deviennent une partie de la chorégraphie. Nemchinova déclare plus tard que Diaghilev ne voulait pas non plus qu'elle porte une coiffure.

Elle crée les rôles principaux dans Les Tentations de la bergère (1924), Les Matelots (1925).

En 1926, elle quitte les Ballets russes de Sergueï Diaghilev en raison de sa rivalité avec Alice Nikitina. Après avoir quitté les Ballets russes, elle crée en 1927 sa propre compagnie, avec Anton Dolin et Anatoly Obukhov, engageant George Balanchine et d'autres chorégraphes.

Elle se produit au Théâtre des Champs Elysées en 1928 et fait une tournée en Europe jusqu'à ce que Dolin quitte la compagnie pour retourner aux Ballets russes. Avant de partir, Dolin chorégraphié Rhapsody in Blue pour Nemchinova. Diaghilev n'aime pas cette musique, il est hostile au jazz et le considère comme inadaptée au ballet.

Par la suite, Nemchinova se produit avec Leonide Massine, George Balanchine et d'autres danseurs. Elle danse dans Giselle, Le Lac des cygnes, Coppelia, Pulcinella,.... Elle est reconnue pour sa supériorité technique dans l'exécution des fouettés ; Anton Dolin insiste pour qu'elle les ajoute au troisième acte du Lac des cygnes après le pas de deux du cygne blanc. Nemchinova a toujours cru que cet insert éclipsait le ballet, mais son talent artistique général compense les dommages causés à la chorégraphie de Lev Ivanov.

En 1929-1930, elle fonde avec Nicolas Sverev le Ballet russe de Vera Nemchinova. Elle est une artiste recherchée, dansant lors de concerts et de bals, notamment : en 1930 au bal traditionnel de la Fédération des Fourreurs Français à l'Opéra de Paris ; en 1931 à un bal de charité de l'Union des Pages ; en 1934 à un concert de gala à la mémoire d'Anna Pavlova ; en 1936, lors de la soirée Pouchkine à la salle Pleyel.

Vera Nemtchinova et Anatole Oboukhoff fondent le ballet lituanien ; elle est danseuse étoile du Théâtre d'État de Kaunas, en Lituanie (1931-1935)  soliste de la troupe du Ballet russe de Monte-Carlo (depuis 1936), elle danse dans des productions des Ballets russes du colonel de Basil (1939), participe à des représentations à l'exposition parisienne des Ballets russes de Diaghilev.

En 1940, fuyant la guerre, elle s'installe à New York avec son mari, le danseur Anatole Oboukhoff, qui excelle dans le ballet classique. Ils enseignent à la School of American Ballet. Nemchinova est artiste invité de l'American Ballet Theatre (1943) et du San Francisco Ballet (1946).

En 1947, elle se tourne vers l'enseignement de la danse à la School of Ballet de New York. En 1962, elle ouvre sa propre école de ballet classique. Nemchinova continue à  pratiquer la danse privée jusqu'à sa mort . Parmi ses élèves célèbres figure la ballerine lithuanienne Marija Juozapaitytė.

Répertoire

 Carnaval, musique de Robert Schumann- Colombine
 La Boutique fantasque, chorégraphie de Léonide Massine, musique de Rossini, première fois à l'Alhambra Theatre de Londres le 5 juin 1919           ,.
 Le Prince Igor - une jeune fille polovtsienne, 1920.
 Les Contes russes, chorégraphie de Léonide Massine - La Fille des neiges, 1920.
 Pulcinella,, musique de Stravinsky, première le 15 mai 1920, à l'Opéra de Paris - Rosetta.
 Variation de la princesse Aurore, d'après la chorégraphie de Marius Petipa, chorégraphie supplémentaire de Bronislava Nijinska sur le troisième acte de La Belle au bois dormant, musique de Tchaïkovski,  première le 2 novembre 1921 à l'Alhambra Theatre de Londres - la Fée des œillets,
 Les Tentations de la Bergère, musique de Michel Pignolet de Montéclair
 Coppélia, musique de Léo Delibes
 Les Biches, chorégraphie de Bronislava Nijinska, musique de Francis Poulenc, première le 6 janvier 1924 au Théâtre de Monte-Carlo.
 Le Spectre de la rose, chorégraphie de Michel Fokine, musique de Carl Maria von Weber.
 Le Hulla, musique de Marcel Samuel-Rousseau, première le 12 février 1925, à l'Opéra de Monte-Carlo.
 Les Matelots musique de Georges Auric, chorégraphie de Léonide Massine, première à Paris le 17 juin 1925.
 Le Lac des Cygnes musique de Tchaïkovski - Odette-Odile, 1925, à l'Opéra de Monte-Carlo
 Les Noces d'Aurore, basé sur le troisième acte de La Belle au bois dormant - Aurore, 1925
 Cimarosiana, chorégraphie de Léonide Massine ; musique de Domenico Cimarosa , 1926
 Aubade, musique de Francis Poulenc, première 21 janvier 1930, théâtre des Champs-Elysées.
 Giselle musique d'Adolphe Adam - Giselle, en 1935.

Vie privée
Elle se marie d'abord avec Nicolas Sverev, avec qui elle danse dans la troupe des Ballets russes, puis avec Anatole Oboukhoff (1896-1962), de la troupe du ballet Mariinsky.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :
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.
.
.
.

Liens externes

 Photographies de Vera Nemtchinova disponible sur .
Photographie de Vera Nemtchinova dans le rôle de Rosetta; Pulcinella, 1920  par .
 Vera Nemtchinova (1899–1964)
 Vera Nemtchinova, danseuse et enseignante sur le site simanaitissays.com, 16 janvier 2016.

Naissance en août 1899
Naissance à Moscou
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Moscou
Danseuse russe du XXe siècle
Danseuse de danse classique
Maîtresse de ballet
Ballets russes
Décès en juillet 1984
Décès à New York
Décès à 84 ans

Vera Nemtchinova


Ikovača, pećina, kod Ciste Velike, općina Cista Provo. U kompletu s gradinom Vitrenikom čini zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Nalazi se južno od centra Ciste Velike, na sjeveroistočnoj padini brda Vitrenika. Nalazi u Ikovači potvrđuju njeno naseljavanje od neolitika, a u uskoj je svezi s kasnijim životom na samoj gradini.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4476 cjelina s gradinom zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Špilje u Hrvatskoj
Cista Provo

Ikovača


Staples Inc. is an American office supply retail company headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts.

Founded by Leo Kahn and Thomas G. Stemberg, the company opened its first store in Brighton, Massachusetts on May 1, 1986. By 1996, it had reached the Fortune 500, and it later acquired the office supplies company Quill Corporation.  In 2014, in the wake of increasing competition from e-commerce market, Staples began to close some of its locations. In 2015, Staples announced its intent to acquire Office Depot and OfficeMax. However, the purchase was blocked under antitrust grounds due to the consolidation that would result.

After the failed acquisition, Staples began to refocus its operations to downplay its brick-and-mortar outlets and place more prominence on its business-to-business (B2B) services. In 2017, after its sale to Sycamore Partners, the company was effectively split into three "independently managed and capitalized" entities sharing the Staples name, separating its U.S. retail operations, and Canadian retail operations, from the B2B business.

History
Staples was founded by Leo Kahn and Thomas G. Stemberg, who were former rivals in the New England retail supermarket industry, and Myra Hart.

The idea for Staples originated in 1985, while Stemberg was working on a proposal for a different business. He needed a ribbon for his printer, but was unable to obtain one because his local dealer was closed for the Independence Day holiday. A frustration with the reliance on small stores for critical supplies combined with Stemberg's background in the grocery business led to a vision for an office supply superstore.

The first store was opened in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston in 1986. Staples started with backing from private equity firms including Bain Capital; Bain co-founder Mitt Romney served on the company's board of directors for the next 15 years, helping shape their business model.

In 1991, Staples founded its Canadian subsidiary, The Business Depot, and began opening stores under that name, though over a decade later, all stores were renamed as "Staples". The first store opened in Vaughan, Ontario, north of Toronto. The following year, Staples began expanding into Europe, and opened its first British store in Swansea.

During its tenth anniversary in 1996, Staples became a member of the Fortune 500 companies as sales surpassed $3 billion. On September 4, 1996, Staples and Office Depot announced plans to merge. The Federal Trade Commission decided that the merged company would unfairly increase office supply prices despite competition from OfficeMax, because OfficeMax did not have stores in many of the local markets that the merger would affect. Staples argued that chains such as Walmart and Circuit City represented significant competition, but this argument did little to sway the FTC. Following the denial of the merger by the FTC, a rivalry formed between the two companies.

Staples acquired the naming rights for the Staples Center in Los Angeles shortly before construction began in 1998. Staples also acquired Quill Corporation, an online and catalog retailer of office supplies, for about $685 million in cash and stock. Between 1999 and 2001, unsuccessful attempts to enter the telecommunications business were made as Staples created Staples Communications after the purchase of Canada-based company, Claricom, from an investment group. The company was later sold to Platinum Equities and renamed NextiraOne.

In 2002, Staples acquired Medical Arts Press, which became a subsidiary of Quill. By 2004, Staples expanded to Austria and Denmark and in 2007, Staples opened its first store in India.

In March 2005, Staples and Ahold announced a plan to include a Staples branded store-within-store section in all Stop & Shop Supermarkets and Giant Food stores throughout the Northeast. In August 2006, Ahold announced the addition of the Staples section to all Tops Friendly Markets locations as well.

In 2008, Staples acquired Dutch office supplies company Corporate Express, one of the largest office supply wholesalers in the world.

Attempted merger with Office Depot; sale of UK division
On March 6, 2014, Staples announced it would close up to 225 stores in North America by the end of 2015, in order to cut $500 million in costs annually, and focus more on e-commerce.

On February 4, 2015, Staples announced a plan to once again acquire Office Depot, which itself had recently acquired OfficeMax in a bid to compete against Staples. CEO Ron Sargent stated that this purchase would "[enable] Staples to provide more value to customers, and more effectively compete in a rapidly evolving competitive environment", and would result in at least $1 billion in "cost synergies" within three years.

It was reported that the deal could face antitrust scrutiny for its monopolization of the office supply market, unless growing competition against online retailers is considered a factor as well. In December, the FTC filed a lawsuit to halt the merger, arguing that it would harm competition in the commercial office supply market. and as of January 2016, the FTC has not changed its stance.

At the end of January 2016, it was announced to employees that Staples would be laying off hundreds of workers at their headquarters location. The layoffs were seen by some analysts as a preemptive tactic in case the merger did not receive regulatory approval from the Federal Trade Commission. On May 10, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia granted the FTC a preliminary injunction against the merger. As a result, the sale was called off, and Staples was required to pay a $250 million breakup fee.

In November 2016, it was announced that Staples had sold its 106 British stores to Hilco Capital for a "nominal" amount, as part of an effort to streamline its international operations following the failed merger. Hilco stated that it would discontinue the Staples brand in the region; the stores were rebranded as "Office Outlet", a new brand retaining the Staples chain's red and white color scheme. In August 2018, the chain closed some of its stores under a company voluntary arrangement, and underwent a management buyout the following month. In March 2019, Office Outlet went into administration, citing that it had "recently experienced a reduction in credit from key suppliers, given the economic outlook which has severely impacted the financial position of the company."

In January 2021, Staples announced that it would again try to buy Office Depot. Their offer was turned down in June 2022.

In 2022, Staples launched same-day passport photo services in over 1,000 stores and TSA PreCheck enrollment at select locations.

Pivot to B2B and sale to Sycamore Partners
Following the aborted acquisition of Office Depot, Staples began to reposition its operations by promoting itself as a "solutions partner" for the business market, and placing a stronger focus on its B2B-oriented delivery and e-commerce businesses. In May 2017, the chain began a new advertising campaign with the slogan "It's Pro Time", which largely downplayed its retail operations.

In 2017, Sycamore Partners acquired Staples for $6.9 billion, of which $1.6 billion was funded as equity, with the remaining deal value raised as debt. As part of the purchase, Sycamore implemented a major restructuring of the company, under which the chain's B2B business (Staples North American Delivery, also known as simply "Staples"), retail locations (Staples U.S. Retail), and Staples Canada would be split into three "independently managed and capitalized" entities under Sycamore.

On April 9, 2019, Sycamore Partners conducted a dividend recapitalization, refinancing $5.4 billion in debt against its ownership of Staples, producing a $1 billion one-time dividend for the private equity firm. A Bloomberg report on this refinancing noted that the deal allowed Sycamore to recover roughly 80% of its equity investment in Staples in less than two years, compared to the typical profit-taking exit timeframe of five to eight years for most private equity buyouts. That month, Staples also unveiled a new logo, which features an icon representing both an unused staple and an office desk. The company also announced that it would introduce a new line of store brands, including Tru Red, Coastwide Professional (facility supplies),  NXT Technologies (technology accessories), Perk (office break room supplies), and Union & Scale (furniture), as well as a new catalog known as The Loop. With the rebranding, then CEO Sandy Douglas (who joined the company in 2018) stated that Staples was now being marketed as a "worklife fulfillment" company, which he explained was "about helping businesses of all sizes as they create the most dynamic and productive work environments for their teams."

The following month, CEO Mike Motz (who joined the company in 2019 to head Staples U.S. Retail) unveiled a new store concept known as "Staples Connect": it is aligned with a similar store concept being trialed by Staples Canada, featuring "Staples Studio" co-working areas and an auditorium-style "Spotlight" theater (which can be rented for sessions and events). The new concept will be trialed in the Boston area, while elements of the concept will be implemented chain-wide. As part of a partnership with radio broadcaster iHeartMedia, Staples also added recording studios intended for podcasting to six of these stores, with access to recording engineers and a partnership with Spreaker to offer discounted hosting and distribution services to its customers.

Advertising

Throughout most of the company's history, Staples employed, in its American commercials and advertising promotions, the slogan "Yeah, we've got that.", signifying their wide selection of products. This slogan was retired in 2003, to be replaced with "That was easy". Expanding on that theme, 2005 adverts featured a large red push-button marked "easy". In the United Kingdom, Staples had used the slogan "You want it. We've got it"; this changed to "That was Easy".

The "Easy Button"
Originally, the "Easy Button" was only intended to be a fictitious button with 'magical' properties, featured in their television advertisement campaign. However, when the adverts appeared, customers began contacting the company to inquire how they could buy one. The company responded by making the "Easy Button" a real product (available in English "easy", French "simple", Spanish "fácil" and German "einfach easy").

These buttons were shipped to stores in the United States, Canada and Germany starting in the fall of 2005. Sales of the buttons reached 1.5 million by the end of 2006. The button has been referred to as a "Marketer's Dream", effectively turning millions of Staples customers into advertisers, resulting in greatly increased brand recognition.

The Staples Sno-Bot

The Staples Sno-Bot was an advertising character that appeared in the United States, in television and print advertising during the Christmas seasons from 1995 until 2001.

The Sno-Bot was a robot shaped like a snowman who refuses to let go of the inkjet printer he has fallen in love with. After the printer is wrestled from his grasp, the robot utters a monotone "Weeping. Weeping." He is consoled by a Staples employee who offers him a surge protector or a computer mouse (depending on the ad) instead.

The robot's "Weeping. Weeping." catchphrase briefly became a popular meme on the Internet, and the ad itself was parodied in a 2002 Christmas advertisement for Dell Computers, in which a robot hassles a shopper (including striking him with a candy cane) when he attempts to purchase a PC at an unnamed office supplies retailer.

Back-to-school
Another advertisement style is used during its annual back-to-school campaign, in which the Christmas song "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" is played while a father joyously shops for school supplies for his sullen-faced children, used for several years from 1995 until 2005.

Later, Alice Cooper appeared in a back-to-school campaign from August 2004. Within the ad, a hand is seen selecting various supplies while a girl looks on unhappily. She finally says, "I thought you said, 'School's out forever. Alice is shown behind the cart, saying, "The song goes 'School's out for summer'. Nice try, though." The hit song then plays as supplies are shown. The tagline, "That was easy", is heard playing over the company logo, formed to resemble a stapler.

Other advertising
During the 2008 holiday season, Staples advertising for the first time engaged Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and other social media platforms. The company created a character named "Coach Tom" to promote its "Gift it for Free" sweepstakes, in which 10,000 Staples customers won up to $5,000 in merchandise.

Acquisitions and divestitures

 1992: Workplace stores based in Lakeland, Florida
 1994: National Office Products based in Hackensack, New Jersey
 1994: Spectrum Office Products based in Rochester, New York
 1994: MacIsaac Office Products based in Canton, Massachusetts
 1994: Philadelphia Stationers based in Philadelphia
 1995: Macauley's Business Resources based in Canton, Michigan
 1996: Staples Office Products based in Texas
 1998: Quill Corporation, the largest mail order office supply retailer in the United States. Headquartered in Lincolnshire, Illinois, Quill offers products including school and office supplies, office machines, furniture, technology, cleaning and break room, as well as custom-printed and promotional products.
 2002: Medical Arts Press, a United States supplier of front office and exam-room products for healthcare facilities.
 2004: United Kingdom-based chain Office World, owned by Globus Group.
 2006: Chiswick, which distributes industrial and retail packaging, shipping and warehouse products to thousands of small and mid–sized manufacturers, distributors and retailers throughout the United States and Canada. The company offers over 7,500 industrial and retail packaging and shipping products, and their product line includes a wide variety of polyethylene bags, corrugated boxes, tape, labels, protective packaging, mailers, retail shopping bags and related packaging supplies. Sales channels include Catalog/Direct Mail, the Internet and Outside Sales. It is now branded as Staples Industrial.
 2007: Thrive Networks, an IT services company that provides IT support to small and mid–level businesses.
 2007: American Identity, one of the largest global distributors of corporate branded merchandise. American Identity has since been re-branded as Staples Promotional Products.
 2008: Corporate Express, a Dutch company that supplies office products to businesses and institutions. The firm was known as Buhrmann prior to April 20, 2007, when it changed its trading name to that of its best known brand, taken from the United States-based corporation it acquired in 1999. The company was acquired by Staples Inc. in August 2008, and has been integrated into the Staples Advantage brand.
 2010: Miami Systems, a commercial printing company based in Cincinnati OH with 250 employees.
 2014: PNI Digital Media, a Canadian software maker that powers in-store kiosks for printing photographs, calendars and wedding invitations. Staples spent $67.3 million in an all-cash deal for this acquisition.
 2016: Staples divested its Australian and New Zealand branches as part of a strategic shift to focus on its US-based retail store format. The company's Australian and New Zealand businesses were rebranded as Winc. In May 2016, a proposed $6.3 billion merger between Staples and key rival Office Depot was successfully blocked by the Federal Trade Commission.
2018: HiTouch Business Services, offering office supplies, workspace design services and IT solutions.
 2019: Essendant, a national wholesale distributor of office supplies, and DEX Imaging, an independent document imaging technology dealer in the United States.
 2020: Staples acquired Montana office supply company 360 Office Solutions. 360 has locations in the following Montana cities Billings, Bozeman, Butte, Great Falls and Helena, MT.
 2021: Staples divested its branches in Germany, Portugal, the Benelux, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Great Britain and Poland, resulting in the brand's disappearance from most of Europe. The Staples brand will continue to be used in the Benelux.

Community relations
In August 2002, the company started the Staples Foundation for Learning, which supports youth groups and education. It also is a partner of Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Ashoka, Earth Force, Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, Hispanic Heritage Foundation and through Staples, ReadBoston.

In August 2005, Staples introduced the "Easy Button", a novelty item for offices which is advertised as a fun way of relieving stress. The button does nothing other than say "That was easy" when pressed. The first US$1 million of profits each year from the Easy Button are donated to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. As of December 2006, it was sold for US$4.99 to $6.99 in all US and Canadian stores (where profits go to Special Olympics in Canada) and on the company's website. Donations also went to the Children's Fund. Staples has reportedly sold more than $7.5 million worth of Easy Buttons.

Environmental record
Staples is ranked in the top 25 of EPA's Green Power Partner list. In 2006, Staples offered more than 2,900 different office products incorporating recycled content.

Staples is currently trying to pursue developing Staples brand products with green raw materials. In response to a two-year campaign targeting the company, Staples adopted an environmentally friendly paper policy, in hopes of increasing the amount of post-consumer recycled paper made available for sale, phasing out products originating from endangered forests.

The Hanover, Maryland fulfillment center is powered by a 1.01 megawatt solar installation covering nearly  of roof space. Its Savi Ranch store in Yorba Linda, California also has a sizeable rooftop solar installation. Staples has also recently implemented power reduction strategies in all of their Copy & Print Centers, where the copiers enter sleep mode in as little as 15 minutes after use.

This technique will save Staples nearly $1 million a year in reduced energy costs and prevent over 11 million pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere. In November 2014, Staples partnered with EnergySage to give Staples giftcards to homeowners and businesses that installed solar panels.

Recycling
Staples accepts all used ink and toner cartridges for recycling. Prior to 2008, the only cartridge brands that could be recycled were HP, Kodak, and Dell, and customers were given a $3 coupon for the store, with the maximum number of coupons to be given, or redeemed, at any one time being 25. Since 2009, ink recycling has been a part of the Staples Rewards program.

Staples now gives back two dollars (Staples.com) on all ink cartridges and toners as of July 2010. Ink recycling credit comes to Rewards members as a separate coupon, monthly, instead of the normal quarterly rewards check. Most customers are able to trade in ten per month for credit, whilst Staples Plus and Premier Rewards members are able to trade in twenty per month.

As of February 28, 2013, Staples announced that in order to receive $2 per ink cartridge recycled, customers would be required to spend at least $30 at Staples in ink purchases within 180 days of recycling.

Price discrimination
A 2012 study by the Wall Street Journal found that Staples displayed different prices to customers in different locations (distinct from shipping prices), based on proximity to competitors like OfficeMax and Office Depot. This generally resulted in higher prices for customers in more rural areas, who were on average less wealthy than customers seeing lower prices.

Security breaches
KrebsOnSecurity reported a suspected breach at Staples on October 20, 2014,  after hearing multiple banks had identified a pattern of card fraud (suggesting that several Staples office supply locations in the Northeastern United States were dealing with a data breach). At the time, Staples would say only that it was investigating "a potential issue" and had contacted law enforcement.

On December 19, 2014, Staples reported that criminals had deployed malware to point-of-sale systems at 115 of their retail stores in the United States. At 113 stores, the malware may have allowed access to this data for purchases made from August 10, 2014, through September 16, 2014. At two stores, the malware may have allowed access to data from purchases made from July 20, 2014, through September 16, 2014. Overall, the company believed that approximately 1.16 million payment cards may have been affected.

On July 14, 2015, Numerous news outlets started to report a suspected data breach at retailers served by online photo software from PNI – Staples' recent acquisition. The first reported victim was Walmart Canada, followed by CVS, Rite-Aid, Costco US, Costco Canada and Tesco UK.

During the period July 13 to 28, 2015, Staples Inc share price fell from $15.59 to $13.97, a 10% fall which reflected a reduction in Staples market value of almost $1bn.

Store layout

Print and marketing services

In addition to selling office supplies, business machines, and tech services, Staples also offers a copy and print center for photocopies, scans, digital printing, faxing, custom business cards, custom rubber stamps, promotional products, binding, lamination, folding, cutting and engraved products. While many products can be produced in-store, larger, more complex jobs, or jobs requiring special materials such as PVC signs are routed to production facilities in various locations through the country.

Most US locations have a limited service UPS shipping center offering air and ground services, as well as USPS labelled package dropoff service. Canadian stores offer three providers (Canada Post, FedEx, and Purolator), which include international shipping; whereas in US stores, this service is limited to Canada and Mexico.

In Canada, most web submission jobs and larger orders, including business cards, posters and books are produced in central production facility in each region. The production facilities operate on a 24-hour basis and orders are shipped to most of the stores within its regions within a day. The regions in Canada are BC/Yukon, Alberta/NWT, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime. The Copy & Print Center was also the first Print Center to offer custom business cards printed in store. Known as 'Instant Business Cards' customers are able to have custom business cards in a matter of hours. Staples also operates stand-alone Print & Marketing Stores (currently there are four New York City locations, and one in Salem, Massachusetts) where Print & Marketing Services is a brand of Staples.

Tech services
Some stores also feature Staples Tech Services (formerly EasyTech) an in-store and on-site service for PC repair, PC upgrades, home and office networking setup, and PC tutorials.

Starting in November 2005, Staples began a test called "Heavy Up" primarily using stores in New York state to experiment with the expansion of the offerings by the Staples Tech Center. A subsequent test known as "Double Up" was planned for an unspecified test market and was scheduled to begin the first half of 2006. The tests ran to promote competition with Best Buy's Geek Squad and Circuit City's Fire dog.

Beginning in early 2006, Staples also launched the "Easy Resident Tech" program, employing one to two resident computer repair technicians to do in-store repair during normal business hours.

On January 30, 2007, Staples launched Staples EasyTech. The launch rebranded the "Easy Mobile Tech" name with plans to install an 11' x 17' kiosk in every store. The kiosk may vary from store to store depending on its size and volume. Most kiosks take up part of the Customer Service desk. Within the kiosk, Easy Resident Techs offered repair service as well as sold products. These technicians wore gray "Easy Tech" polo shirts to distinguish them from regular Staples workers. While there was typically one tech per store, a second tech may have been employed for high-volume stores.

Beginning in July 2008, Staples launched a new program labeling all technology workers as "EasyTechs". Under the new guidelines all technology workers are required to have the skills necessary to perform basic services such as memory installation and PC configuration. In addition, all technology workers wear black polo shirts with green "EasyTech" emblems to set them apart from other store workers. The change was due to the company's new focus on services, allowing more customers to be assisted in less time. Most stores will still have a main "EasyTech" who performs most of the more complex tasks.

Beginning in November 2008, eleven concept stores featuring a broader array of small business technology services were launched, which are known within the company as Best Tech stores. EasyTechs and sales workers were now referred to as "Tech Advisors" and "Solutions Advisors". The concept stores carry many more technology related products such as digital signage, small business servers, NAS (Network Attached Storage), and business networking. Staples also partnered with an on demand IT service provider, with such services as network monitoring, advanced network configurations, and server setup.

These concept stores are mainly based in New Hampshire, with stores in Nashua, Seabrook, West Lebanon, Dover and Concord. Some stores with this new concept also opened in Massachusetts, including the Auburn store. Other existing stores have been renovated to include Best Tech's services, including the Newington, Connecticut, and Natick store.

See also

 Stationery
 Staples (Canada), known as Bureau en Gros in Québec.
 Winc

Citations

General and cited references
 Dalkir, S. and F. Warren-Boulton (2003). "Market Definition and the Price Effects of Mergers: Staples-Office Depot (1997)", in John E. Kwoka and Lawrence J. White, eds. The Antitrust Revolution: Economics, Competition and Policy, 4th edition. Oxford University Press.

External links

1986 establishments in Massachusetts
2017 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1986
Companies based in Framingham, Massachusetts
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Office supply retailers of the United States
Private equity portfolio companies
Retail companies established in 1986

Staples Inc.


Protzen steht für:

den folgenden Ort
 Protzen, Ortsteil von Fehrbellin, Landkreis Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg

den Familiennamen folgender Personen:

 Carl Theodor Protzen (1887–1956), deutscher Maler
 Henny Protzen-Kundmüller (1896–1967), deutsche Malerin
 Jean-Pierre Protzen (1934–2021), Schweizer Architekt und Designtheoretiker
 Jenny Protzen (Geburtsname von Jenny Gronen; 1845–1910), deutsche Malerin
 Ludwig Protzen von Schramm (1777–1856), preußischer Generalmajor
 Otto Protzen (1868–1925), deutscher Segler und Landschaftsmaler
 Richard Protzen (1848–1931), deutscher Generalleutnant

die Nutzung als Verb:

 Protzen mit materiellen Gütern, siehe Geltungskonsum
 Imponieren mit Muskeln ("Muskelprotz"), siehe Bodybuilding
 für das Absetzen (Abprotzen) des Geschützes
 umgangssprachlich: eine Toilette aufsuchen

Siehe auch:
 Brotzen
 Protze (Begriffsklärung)
 Protzer
 Einheitsprotzhaken

Protzen (Begriffsklärung)


Stará Bystrica este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Čadca din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.759 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Stará Bystrica este atestată documentar din 1417.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Stará Bystrica


Pelicano bzw. Pelícano steht für:
 Indra Pelícano, unbemanntes Hubschraubermodell des Herstellers Indra Sistemas
 Jorge Pelicano (* 1977), portugiesischer Dokumentarfilmer und Fernsehkameramann

Siehe auch:
 Pelikano, Füllfederhalter

Pelicano


TOI 2109 (également nommée  ou ) est une étoile située à  () du Soleil en direction de la constellation d'Hercule.

Le système est constitué d'au moins une planète, , découverte en .

Caractéristiques
 Masse : 1,447 ± 0,077 MSun
 Rayon : 1,698 ± 0,06 RSun
 Type spectral : F0

Exoplanètes
TOI 2109 b est une exoplanète de la catégorie Jupiter ultra-chaud. D'une masse d'environ 5 MJ, elle a un rayon de 1,35 RJ. Elle orbite à seulement  de kilomètres () de son étoile, et en fait le tour en , soit  environ. De par sa proximité avec son étoile, il y a lieu de penser qu'elle est verrouillée gravitationnellement et lui présente toujours la même face, avec une face jour dont la température avoisine probablement les 3500°C. On pense qu'elle est vouée à disparaître, en se rapprochant de plus en plus puis en tombant sur son étoile.

La découverte de l'exoplanète, à l'aide des données du télescope spatial TESS, est publiée le .

Voir aussi
 Liste des planètes connues
 Liste des planètes découvertes grâce au Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Notes et références

Liens externes

Constellation d'Hercule
Étoile de type spectral F
Système planétaire
Objet du Bonner Durchmusterung

TOI 2109


Autoportret cu urechea bandajată este un autoportret realizat în anul 1889 de artistul postimpresionist olandez Vincent van Gogh.

Descriere

În acest autoportret, van Gogh poartă o căciulă albastră cu blană neagră și o haină de culoare verde, cu un bandaj ce îi acoperă urechea și care se extinde până sub bărbie. Se află într-o postură tradițională de semiprofil iar privirea sa este ușor îndreptată spre dreapta. În spatele său se află o fereastră deschisă, o pânză pe un șevalet cu câteva semne ce nu pot fi distinse, precum și un tablou japonez pe panel de lemn. Acest tablou a fost indentificat ca fiind Gheișe într-un peisaj publicat de Sato Tokyo. Aceasta denotă o influență importantă a japonismului în lucrarea lui van Gogh, care apare în fundalul altor portrete pe care el le-a realizat. Pictura este realizată prin tehnica impasto, în mare parte executată în plan vertical. Tonul pielii este realizat cu nuanțe de verde și galben. Bandajul ce acoperă urechea lui van Gogh în acest tablou este o aluzie la cel mai celebru conflict al său. Van Gogh a folosit o oglindă pentru a realiza autoportretele sale și de aceea mulți cred în mod eronat că el și-a tăiat o parte din urechea dreaptă în loc de cea stângă.

Povestea

Van Gogh s-a mutat de la Paris la Arles în speranța de a înființa o comunitate de artiști care să conviețuiască în sprijin și încurajare reciprocă. L-a invitat pe Paul Gauguin, un artist cu care s-a împrietenit la Paris, să vină și să locuiască cu el. Cei doi au avut viziuni și opinii diferite și, de aceea, se certau des, uneori violent. În seara zilei de 23 decembrie 1888, în timpul unui conflict între cei doi, van Gogh a avut un acces de furie când l-a amenințat pe Gauguin cu un brici dar apoi s-a rănit singur, tăindu-și o parte din urechea stângă. Într-o stare de încântare, a dus lobul tăiat la bordelul Maison de Tolérance unde l-a dat unei prostituate pe nume Rachel. Când Gauguin s-a întors în dimineața următoare a descoperit că poliția a sosit la domiciliu și că erau pete de sânge în fiecare cameră. Van Gogh și-a secționat o arteră din zona gâtului și s-a aflat în pericol de moarte după ce a pierdut foarte mult sânge. A fost dus la spital și a declarat că nu își amintea ceea ce s-a întâmplat. De-a lungul vieții sale van Gogh a continuat să sufere de asemenea stări, uneori caracterizate de paranoia acută.

Istoricul achizițiilor

La momentul morții lui van Gogh tabloul se afla în posesia lui Père Tanguy, deși nu se știe cum l-a căpătat. Tanguy a pozat de două ori pentru van Gogh în 1887. A fost expus la Paris în 1901 și 1905 într-o importantă retrospectivă van Gogh. În 1928 a fost cumpărat de colecționarul Samuel Courtauld. În prezent se află expus la Courtauld Gallery din Londra.

Unii critici consideră ca acest tablou ar fi un fals sau o copie. Totuși, dacă acest lucru ar fi adevărat, ar fi fost pictat într-un moment din anii 1890 deoarece artistul a ar fi decedat cu doar câțiva ani înainte și a vândut doar câteva tablouri în timpul vieții sale. Pe 17 ianuarie 1889 van Gogh i-a scris fratelui său Theo ca finalizat "un alt autoportret". S-a creat confuzie cu privire la faptul dacă autoportretul se referă la acest tablou sau la lucrarea Autoportret cu urechea bandajată și pipă. În ambele tablouri van Gogh poartă aceeași îmbrăcăminte și se află în aceeași postură, deși diferă schema culorilor, decorațiunile și locația. Autoportret cu urechea bandajată și pipă a devenit mult mai larg acceptat în comunitatea academică drept un autoportret autentic al lui van Gogh.

Referințe

Autoportrete
Picturi realizate de Vincent van Gogh

Autoportret cu urechea bandajată


Biserica "Intrarea în Biserică" și "Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul" din Urșani este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului aparținător Urșani al orașului Horezu.

Istoric și trăsături

Ctitorii au fost vătaful de plai Ioan Urșanu, împreună cu familia sa și obștea moșnenilor din localitate.

Din punct de vedere tipologic este o biserică de plan triconc, cu turlă peste naos și clopotniță peste pronaos.
Pictura în frescă este cea originară și a fost realizată între anii 1802-1803 de zugravii Dinu din Craiova, Preda din Cioroi, Milcu și Gheorghe.

Se remarcă în interior un amplu tablou votiv, ce cuprinde 37 de personaje, zugrăvite pe pereții de nord, vest și sud ai pronaosului. Sunt reprezentați, alături de vătaful Ioan Urșanu și mama sa, cei care au participat, într-o măsură mai mică sau mai mare, la ridicarea lăcașului de cult.

La exterior, în registrul superior al fațadelor, sunt reprezentați prooroci, sibile și filosofi, după tradiția vâlceană a sfârșitului de secol al XVIII-lea și începutul celui următor.

La fațada vestică a fost adosată o construcție cu structură din lemn, ce are rol de spațiu adăpostit pentru slujbele de hram sau parastase.

Note

Vezi și
 Urșani, Vâlcea

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Vâlcea
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul
Biserici din județul Vâlcea

Biserica „Intrarea în Biserică” și „Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul” din Urșani


Sankt Maria af Egypten (ca. 344 – ca. 421) er fejret som en skytshelgen af bodfærdige kvinder, hovedsagelig i den ortodokse kirke, orientalske ortodokse kirker, og orientalske katolske kirker, samt den romersk-katolske kirke og den anglikanske kirke.

Liv
Hovedkilden til information om sankt Maria af Egypten er en Vita skrevet om hende af Sophronius, patriarken af Jerusalem (634 – 638).

Maria var født et sted i Egypten, og da hun var tyve år flygtede hun til byen Alexandria, hvor hun levede et ekstremt tøjlesløst liv. Nogen autoriteter omtaler hende som en prostitueret under denne periode, men hennes Vita fastholder, at hun ofte afslog penge for seksuelle tjenester. Hun var, sagde hun, drevet "af et umætteligt begær og en ustyrlig lidenskab" og at hun hovedsagelig levede af tiggeri og at spinde garn.

Efter 17 år med denne livsførelse rejste hun til Jerusalem for højtiden eksaltationen af det hellige kors (14. september). Hun drog på en form for "anti-pilgrimsrejse" og udtalte, at hun håbede at finde nogen flere samlejepartnere i mængden af pilgrimme. Hun betalte for rejsen ved at tilbyde seksuelle tjenester til andre pilgrimme, og hun fortsatte som normalt i Jerusalem. Hendes Vita fortæller, at hun forsøgte at komme ind i Den Hellige Gravs Kirke under fejringen, men blev forhindret af en ukendt kraft. Da hun forstod, at det var på grund af hendes urenhed, blev hun ramt af anger, og da hun så ikonet af Theotokos (jomfru Maria) uden for kirken, bad hun om tilgivelse og lovede at opgive denne verden (det vil sige blive asketisk). Derefter forsøgte hun på ny at komme ind i kirken, og denne gang fik hun tilladelse. Efter at have æret det sande kors drog hun tilbage til ikonet for give sin tak, og hørte da en stemme, som sagde til hende: "Hvis du krydser (floden) Jordan, vil du finde storartet fred". Hun drog øjeblikkelig til klosteret Johannes Døberen ved bredden af floden Jordan, hvor hun modtog nadver. Den næste morgen krydsede hun Jordan og levede i ørkenen der resten af sit liv som en eremit. Hun medtog kun tre brød, og da disse var blevet spist, levede hun kun af hvad hun kunne finde i vildmarken.

Omtrent et år før hendes død gav hun en optegnelse af sit liv til Zosimas af Palæstina. Da han uventet mødte hende i ørkenen, var hun helt nøgen og næsten ikke til at kende igen som et menneske. Hun bad Zosimas om hans kappe således, at hun kunne dække sig til, og der efter fortalte hun om sitt liv til ham og viste et storslået klarsyn. Hun bad ham møde hende ved bredden af Jordan på skærtorsdag det følgende år og give hende nadver. Da han opfyldte hendes ønske, krydsede hun floden for at komme til ham ved at gå på vandet og modtog nadveren, fortalte ham at møde hende på ny i ørkenen den følgende faste. Det næste år rejste Zosimas til det samme sted, hvor han første gang havde mødt hende, en rejse på tyve dage fra hans kloster, og fandt hende da liggende død. I henhold til en inskription skrevet i sandet ved hendes hoved døde hun den samme aften, hvor han havde givet nadver og var mirakuløst blevet fragtet til det sted, hvor han fandt hende, og hendes krop var blevet bevaret ufordærvet. Han begravede liget ved hjælp af en løve, som kom forbi. Da han var kommet tilbage til klosteret, fortalte han om hende til sine klosterbrødre og den fortælling blev bevaret blandt dem som en mundtlig tradition, indtil den blev skrevet ned af Sophronius.

Datering af døden

Det er flere selvmodsigelser blandt de ulige kilder i henhold til dateringen af sankt Marias liv. Datoerne givet over for svarer til dem i Catholic Encyclopedia. Bollandistene placerer hendes død i år 421, den ortodokse kirke daterer hendes død til 522, eller 530 (se Prolog fra Ohrid, 1. april). Den eneste nøgle givet i hendes Vita er det faktum, at dagen for hennes død var 1. april, som er angivet til at være Kristi himmelfartsdag, hvilket betyder, at påsken faldt den 4. april det år.

Hvis man konsulterer en evighedskalender som er knyttet til juliansk kalender (den ene i brug i samtiden) finder man ud af, at der er 24 år i de relvante århundreder, hvor 1. april falder på en torsdag. Af disse er årene, hvor påsken falder den 4. april i henhold til juliansk kalender: 443, 454, 527, 538, og 549.

Religiøs mindefest
I ikonografien er sankt Maria af Egypten afbildet meget solbrændt eller brun, en udtæret, ældre kvinde med ukæmmet gråt hår, enten nøgen eller dækket af den kappe, hun lånte fra Zosimas. Hun er ofte vist med de tre brød, hun brakte med sig ud i ørkenen.

Hendes mindefest er af den ortodokse kirke i henhold til Varig cyklus den 1. april. På den Bevægelige cyklus fejrer den ortodokse kirke hende også den femte søndag af den store faste, og på denne dag er det almindelig for præsterne at velsigne tørret frugt efter den hellige liturgi. Sophronius' Livet til sankt Maria av Egypt bliver læst i løbet af matutin (morgenbøn) til sankt Andreas af Kreta på den påfølgende torsdag.

I den romersk-katolske kirke bliver hun fejret den 3. april (eller 2. april, i henhold til romerske martyrfortegnelse).

Det er et kapel dedikeret til hende i Den hellige gravs kirke i Jerusalem og mindes hennes konverteringsøjeblik.

Noter

Litteratur
 P.D. Steidl: Legenderoser fra Vor Frues Urtegaard. Andr. Fred. Høst & Søns Forlag. København 1922.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Original Vita of Saint Mary of Egypt by St. Sophronius, as read in Orthodox churches on Thursday of the fifth week of Great Lent
 Saint Mary the Egyptian from the Prologue from Ohrid, April 1
 Mary of Egypt article in Catholic Encyclopedia
 The Golden Legend: The Life of Saint Mary of Egypt  (på persisk med engelsk oversettelse)
 Fifth Sunday of Great Lent: St. Mary of Egypt icon and synaxarion
 Mary of Egypt Orthodox Wiki

Egyptiske helgener
Personer fra Alexandria

Maria af Egypten


Monako Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Monaco), her sene Monako ülkesinde düzenlenen ve Monako sokaklarının piste dönüştürülmesiyle oluşturulan Circuit de Monaco pistinde yapılan Formula 1 organizasyonudur.

Kazananlar

Monako Grand Prix