George William Vella (f. 24. apríl 1942) er maltneskur stjórnmálamaður sem hefur verið forseti Möltu frá árinu 2019. Hann er meðlimur í maltneska Verkamannaflokknum og var áður aðstoðarforsætisráðherra og utanríkisráðherra Möltu frá 1996 til 1998 í ríkisstjórn forsætisráðherrans Alfreds Sant. Hann varð aftur utanríkisráðherra árið 2013 og gegndi því embætti til ársins 2017 í ríkisstjórn Josephs Muscat.

Bakgrunnur
Vella fæddist í Żejtun þann 24. apríl 1942 og lauk grunnskólanámi þar. Vella útskrifaðist úr lækna- og skurðlæknadeild Möltuháskóla árið 1964 og varð löggiltur læknir. Hann hlaut vottorð í fluglækningum frá Farnborough í Bretlandi og hefur sérhæft sig í fjölskyldulækningum frá árinu 2003. Vella var starfsnemi við Spitala Heilags Lúkasar og vann síðan sem yfirlæknir í þurrkví hafnargarðs Möltu frá 1966 til 1973. Hann vann síðan sem yfirlæknir hjá maltneska ríkisflugfélaginu Air Malta og sem ráðgjafi í fluglækningum.

Eiginkona Vella er Miriam og þau eiga tvær dætur, einn son og sjö barnabörn.

Ferill

Verkamannaflokkurinn
Vella gekk í maltneska Verkamannaflokkinn og hóf störf fyrir þing landsins árið 1976. Hann var kjörinn á þing í janúar 1978 og aftur árin 1981, 1992, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2008 og 2013. Hann var þingmaður fyrir þriðja og fimmta kjördæmi landsins.

Árið 1978 var Vella varafulltrúi á Evrópuráðsþinginu og veitti skýrslu um mengun hafsins við Fastaþing sveitar- og héraðsstjórna Evrópu (CLRAE). Frá janúar til maí 1987 var Vella fastafulltrúi Möltu hjá Evrópuráðinu.

Árið 1992 var Vella kjörinn varaleiðtogi Verkamannaflokksins í þingmálefnum og talsmaður flokksins i utanríkismálum. Hann gegndi þessu hlutverki til ársins 2003. Hann var varaformaður sameiginlegrar þingnefndar Möltu og Evrópusambandsins. Frá 1995 til 1996 sat Vella í viðskipta- og utanríkismálanefndum þingsins.

Varaforsætisráðherra og utanríkisráðherra

Vella var útnefndur varaforsætisráðherra og utanríkis- og umhverfisráðherra í október árið 1996. Hann fór aftur fyrir utanríkisráðuneytinu frá mars 2013 til júní 2017.

Vella hefur lýst yfir stuðningi við lýðræðislegar umbætur innan Sameinuðu þjóðanna og stofnun alþjóðlegs stjórnmálakerfis sem gerði það auðveldara að draga aðila til ábyrgðar.

Forseti Möltu
Snemma árið 2019 voru uppi vangaveltur um að Vella yrði næsti forseti Möltu. Verkamannaflokkurinn útnefndi síðan Vella forsetaefni sitt ásamt samstarfsflokki sínum, Þjóðernisflokknum. Maltneski Lýðræðisflokkurinn lýsti yfir stuðningi við tilnefningu Vella en sniðgekk engu að síður atkvæðagreiðslu um forsetakjörið til þess að krefjast stjórnarskrárbreytingar þess efnis að stuðning tveggja þriðju þingmanna þyrfti til að kjósa forsetann. Atkvæðagreiðsla um nýjan forseta fór fram þann 2. apríl 2019 og þingið kaus að staðfesta tilnefningu Vella, sem var eini frambjóðandinn. Vella sór embættiseið sem nýr forseti Möltu þann 4. apríl 2019.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Möltu

George Vella


Gianni di Calais (título original en italiano; en español, Juan de Calais) es un melodramma semiserio en tres actos con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto de Domenico Gilardoni. Se estrenó el 2 de agosto de 1828 en el Teatro del Fondo de Nápoles, Italia. Buena parte del éxito de la ópera se debió a la interpretación de los dos célebres cantantes Antonio Tamburini, para el cual Donizetti había escrito el papel de Rustano, y Giovanni Battista Rubini, que representó al protagonista.

Notas y referencias

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1828
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles

Gianni di Calais


Richard William Prebble  (born 7 February 1948) is a former member of the New Zealand Parliament. Initially a member of the Labour Party, he joined the newly formed ACT New Zealand party under Roger Douglas in 1996, becoming its leader from 1996 to 2004.

Early and personal life

Prebble was born in Kent, England, to Kenneth Ralph Prebble and Mary Prebble (née Thoad), and raised in Auckland. His father was an Anglo-Catholic Anglican priest, and a leader in the Charismatic Renewal as archdeacon at St. Pauls, on retirement he and Mary were received into the Roman Catholic Church. He was educated at Auckland Grammar School before becoming a barrister and solicitor in 1971. From 1973 to 1974 he worked overseas in Fiji where he practised law.

Prebble's older brother, John Prebble QC, is a law professor at Victoria University of Wellington. His younger brother, Mark Prebble was the State Services Commissioner and head of New Zealand's public service. John's daughter Antonia Prebble is an actor with a number of television roles.

Prebble has been married three times. His first wife was Nancy Cocks, and his second was Doreen Kuper, a former Honorary Consul for the Solomon Islands in New Zealand. His current wife is former Press Gallery radio journalist Ngahuia Wade. Cocks was a member of the Labour Party's Fijian branch and in 1975 she was elected to Labour's national executive.

Member of Parliament

Opposition
Prebble was originally a member of the Labour Party and in 1965 he became chairman of the  Electorate Committee. At the  and  elections he was a campaign organiser for Auckland Central MP Norman Douglas. When Douglas announced his retirement Prebble was selected, aged 27, to replace him as Labour's candidate in the seat. He was successful in being elected in the Auckland Central electorate at the 1975 election.

Soon after his election, owing mainly to Labour's drastic reduction in MPs in their 1975 defeat, he was made Labour's spokesman for race relations and the environment. Following the 1978 election he was given the more prominent portfolio of justice by Labour leader Bill Rowling. From 1978 until 1980 he was additionally the Labour Party's junior whip. In 1979 Rowling decided to create a separate shadow cabinet above the caucus. Prebble was given a seat in the shadow cabinet, but was displeased at the change in portfolio allocations in which he lost justice and was instead given immigration, regional development and the environment. As a result, he refused to join the shadow cabinet to protest his allocation of portfolios he did not want. Colleagues described the move as petulant, with Prebble countering by saying "The difference in opposition to being in a shadow cabinet and being a backbencher is only in name. It's a shadow rather than a substance." He resigned as junior whip as well and returned to the backbench until March 1981 when he rejoined the shadow cabinet as Shadow Minister for Social Welfare and Pacific Island Affairs.

On 2 September 1983 Prebble was injured in a head-on car collision whilst he was returning to Wellington after addressing the Taxi Proprietors' Association conference. He was taken to Dannevirke Hospital and was treated for a concussion and broken pelvis.

Owed to his legal background Prebble became quickly known for his "tough, aggressive, non-compromising debating style." From 1975 to 1984 Labour was in opposition, and Ross Meurant recalled that "Sir Rob has often said that when he was in government, the most irritating and damaging of his opponents was Richard Prebble. 'Always at it' said Sir Rob, 'Always a bother to us. Even if some thought he was mad the way he carried on, we never knew what he was going to come up with next.'"

Government
When the Fourth Labour Government was formed, after the 1984 election, Prebble was elected to the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Transport, Minister of Civil Aviation and Meteorological Services, Minister of Railways and Minister of Pacific Island Affairs. He pressed for a Pacific affairs ministerial portfolio to be established, having an interest in the experiences of Pacific Island New Zealanders due to his time working in Fiji and the large concentration of Pacific Islanders living in his  constituency.

During the government Prebble aligned himself with Roger Douglas, the controversial Minister of Finance, and was an associate finance minister. Douglas, Prebble and David Caygill were together dubbed "the Treasury Troika", and were responsible for most of the economic reform undertaken by the Labour government. The "Rogernomics" reforms, which were based on free market economic theory, were unpopular with many traditional Labour supporters. In August 1988 Prebble spoke at a public meeting in Sydenham and was greeted with jeering crowds of Labour supporters who were angry with the reforms and their consequent unemployment. While being interviewed by a television reporter he was hit, mid-sentence, by an egg thrown from the crowd. The egg was thrown by Christopher Owen-Cooper, a former serviceman who served in both World War II and the Korean War, who faced a disorderly behaviour charge. Owen-Cooper was quoted by The Dominion newspaper as saying "We've all built up frustration, we're sick of what the Government's doing. They [politicians] can't give us any answers so it was time someone gave them the hurry along." He was discharged but paid $50 in costs.

Prebble held more portfolios than any other minister in the government as his post of Minister for State Owned Enterprises absorbed almost all the portfolios of government owned operations and assets which were scheduled to be privatised (much to the opposition of the public). As such Prebble became grossly overworked and colleagues noticed he paid little attention to his appearance with unkempt hair and ragged suits. Other ministers also felt his portfolio took up too much time in cabinet meetings. Lange, in tune with the public mood, was opposed to public asset sales and impeded Prebble's efforts in selling them. The disagreement became a very public falling-out when Lange stripped him of the State Owned Enterprises (SOE) portfolio on 4 November 1988. Prebble publicly counterattacked in a television interview that night saying that Lange was acting dictatorial and was in no state to be making decisions. Prebble commented: "He [Lange] said the matter had been eating and gnawing at him and was killing him. I said I didn't think this was a proper basis for making policy. Mr Lange said in that case I should resign." The comments on television by Prebble lead to his dismissal from cabinet altogether the following day. Lange stated at a press conference that Prebble had misrepresented the detail and nature of a private conversation between the two.

Prebble returned to the backbenches afterwards. In August 1989 he put himself forward to fill one of two vacant seats in cabinet, but lost a caucus ballot to Annette King. When Lange's replacement as Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer held a complete re-election of cabinet in January 1990 Prebble was elected and returned to the frontbench and cabinet. Palmer gave him the SOE portfolio once again and later appointed him Minister of Police as well.

1990 and 1993 elections

Prebble retained his Auckland Central seat in the 1990 election. In opposition he was appointed Shadow Minister of State Owned Enterprises, Works, Police and Pacific Island Affairs. In the 1993 election, Prebble lost his seat to Sandra Lee, deputy leader of the new left-wing Alliance party.

In the 1995 New Year Honours, Prebble was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for public services.

After leaving parliament Prebble worked making consultancy deals and moved to Vietnam tendering to build New Zealand's first embassy there. In 1996 he also secured a joint-venture deal to restructure Vietnam's railway system (which was still using steam engines). He also joined Auckland businessman Malcolm McConnell to create the company McConnell International.

ACT New Zealand
New Zealand switched to the mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation electoral system in 1993. Roger Douglas established the ACT New Zealand party, and was joined by Prebble. Initially he did not take an active role in the party and, though frequently invited to speak at ACT functions, he stated in July 1995 that he had not intention of standing for parliament again. However, in March 1996, Douglas stepped down as the new party's leader, and Prebble took over beating former Federated Farmers president Owen Jennings for the party leadership.

1996 election
In the 1996 election, the first to be held under MMP, ACT won eight seats in Parliament. Prebble won the Wellington Central electorate following a campaign that saw National Party leader and Prime Minister Jim Bolger predict Prebble would win rather than National's candidate so as to help ACT win the electorate and provide National with a support party in the next government. The events were captured in the documentary Campaign.

1999 election
Prebble lost his Wellington Central seat in the 1999 election, but remained in Parliament as a list MP and leader of ACT.

2002 election
Prebble was re-elected as a list MP and leader of ACT in the 2002 election.

Retirement
Prebble was replaced as ACT leader by Rodney Hide in 2004, and did not stand in the 2005 election.

Prebble's book, Out of the Red, was released on 23 October 2006.

He became campaign manager for ACT leading up to the 2014 election with his stated aim to bring 9 ACT MP's into Parliament; this did not eventuate however as ACT did not gain any new seats, only retaining Epsom.

Prebble now lives in Rotorua and he is a columnist with The New Zealand Herald.

Publications

 Prebble's contribution was the paper: "New Zealand: tenth by 2010."

 Prebble's contribution was the paper: "Old values, new ideas."

 The second edition of this book is entitled Now it's time to act.

 This is the second edition of I've been thinking - containing additional material.

 Prebble's contributions are the papers: "Why I do not vote National"; and (co-authored with Deborah Coddington) "Lessons of freedom and choice."

Notes

References

1948 births
ACT New Zealand MPs
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
20th-century New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand libertarians
ACT New Zealand leaders
University of Auckland alumni
New Zealand list MPs
English emigrants to New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
New Zealand MPs for Wellington electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1993 New Zealand general election
21st-century New Zealand politicians
People educated at Auckland Grammar School

Richard Prebble


Colossus of Destiny es un álbum en vivo de Melvins fue lanzado en 2001 por Ipecac Recordings. La grabación se llevó a cabo el día viernes 13 de diciembre de 1998 en el Club Mangler de Cupertino, California. Es casi una hora de experimentos con sintetizadores y samples cerrando con la presentación en vivo de la canción "Eye Flys".  Se informó que los miembros del público estaban tirados en el suelo y tapándose los oídos durante el desempeño. El álbum fue originalmente destinado a ser la tercera parte de la trilogía de 1999 (The Maggot, The Bootlicker y The Crybaby) hasta que a la banda se le ocurrió la magnífica idea de The Crybaby.

El nombre del álbum está sacado del libro The Road to Los Angeles de John Fante, en la que el personaje principal, Arturo Bandini, escribe un libro que lleva el nombre Colossus of Destiny (Coloso del destino).

Lista de canciones

El track 2 son 5 segundos de nada.

Personnel
 King Buzzo - Intérprete
 Dale Crover - Intérprete
 Korny Ass Joker - Intérprete
 Adam Jones - Intérprete
 Mackie Osborne - Arte
 Randy Hawkins - Ingeniero en vivo
 Kurt Schlegle - Ingeniero en vivo

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Melvins
Álbumes de Ipecac Recordings
Álbumes de 2001
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Colossus of Destiny


Carlos Alberto Valderrama Palacio (d. 2 Eylül 1961, Santa Marta) Kolombiyalı eski millî futbolcudur.

Yaratıcı orta saha olarak Kolombiya'nın en iyi futbolcularından biri olarak gösterilmektedir. FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda 1990,1994 ve 1998 yılları olmak üzere 3 kere forma giyme başarısı göstermiştir.

Başarılar

Kulüp
 Montpellier HSC
Coupe de France: 1990

 Atlético Junior
 Kolombiya Şampiyonası: 1993, 1995

 Tampa Bay Mutiny
MLS Supporters' Shield : 1996

Bireysel
Güney Amerika Yılın futbolcusu: 1987, 1993
MLS All-Star kadrosu: 1996
Major League Soccer MVP: 1996
 FIFA 100 Dünyanın Yaşayan En İyi 125 Futbolcusu.

İstatistik

|-
|1981||rowspan="3"|Unión Magdalena||||||||||||||
|-
|1982||||||||||||||
|-
|1983||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||Millonarios||||||||||||||
|-
|1985||rowspan="3"|Deportivo Cali||||||||||||||
|-
|1986||||||||||||||
|-
|1987||||||||||||||

|-
|1988-89||rowspan="3"|Montpellier||rowspan="3"|Division 1||24||1||||||||
|-
|1989-90||18||1||||||||
|-
|1990-91||35||2||||||||

|-
|1990-91||Valladolid||La Liga||17||1||||||||

|-
|1992||Independiente Medellín||||||||||||||
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Atlético Junior||||35||4||||||||
|-
|1994||||18||1||||||||
|-
|1995||||29||0||||||||

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Tampa Bay Mutiny||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||23||4||||||||
|-
|1997||20||3||||||||
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Miami Fusion||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||18||2||||||||
|-
|1999||4||1||||||||
|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Tampa Bay Mutiny||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||27||3||||||||
|-
|2000||32||1||||||||
|-
|2001||12||1||||||||
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Colorado Rapids||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||12||0||||||||
|-
|2002||27||1||||||||
|-
|2003||0||0||||||||
||||||||||
77||4||||||||
17||1||||||||
175||16||||||||
||||||||||
|}

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Career details at National Football Teams
International statistics at RSSSF
Profile at Columbia.com

Yaşayan insanlar
1961 doğumlular
Kolombiyalı futbolcular
Kolombiya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Montpellier HSC futbolcuları
Real Valladolid CF futbolcuları
Fransa'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
FIFA 100
Kolombiyalı gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransa'daki Kolombiyalı gurbetçiler
İspanya'daki Kolombiyalı gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Kolombiyalı gurbetçiler
1987 Copa América futbolcuları
1989 Copa América futbolcuları
1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1991 Copa América futbolcuları
1993 Copa América futbolcuları
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1995 Copa América futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Colorado Rapids SC futbolcuları
AD Cali futbolcuları
FIFA Century Club
Independiente Medellín futbolcuları
Junior FC futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Major League Soccer futbolcuları
Miami Fusion futbolcuları
Millonarios FC futbolcuları
Güney Amerika'da Yılın Futbolcusu Ödülü sahipleri
Unión Magdalena futbolcuları
Categoría Primera A futbolcuları
Landon Donovan MVP Ödülü sahipleri
MLS All-Star'ları
Tampa Bay Mutiny futbolcuları

Carlos Valderrama


Marcel Sarnito, est un joueur de pétanque français.

Biographie

Clubs

 ?-? : Lou Pitchoun Paris (Paris)
 ?-? : PC XVI Paris (Paris)

Palmarès

Séniors

Championnats du Monde
 Troisième
 Triplette 1965 (avec Jean Paon et François Melis) :  Équipe de France

Championnats de France
 Champion de France
 Triplette 1965 (avec Jean Paon et François Melis) : Lou Pitchoun Paris
 Doublette 1974 (avec Jean-Claude Amrouche) : PC XVI Paris

Références

Liens externes

Joueur français de pétanque
Champion de France de pétanque
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Marcel Sarnito


Evencio García Bibiano fue un salvavidas profesional de la Zona Federal Marítimo Terrestre y surfista mexicano. Fue de 1978 a 1984 por 6 años consecutivos campeón nacional de surf, al ganar en todos los Torneos celebrados en México desde ese año hasta su 2.º lugar que obtuvo en el Torneo Nacional en Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca en noviembre de 1984. Como salvavidas, se dedicaba a salvar turistas en la Playa Revolcadero, ya que era un muy buen nadador y había ganado el Maratón Guadalupano de Natación del 12 de diciembre de 1984 de las Playas Caleta y Caletilla a la Base Naval, ganándoles a  nadadores profesionales de aguas abiertas. Jamás practicó el surf utilizando "la liga de seguridad". Evencio fue  Campeón Nacional en la Historia del Surf en México, al ganar el  Torneo Nacional de Surfing organizado en Petacalco, localidad del municipio de La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca, Guerrero en diciembre de 1978. Evencio fue el primer mexicano en haber sido invitado a surfear en el Torneo de surf Pipeline Masters, de Hawái, en 1985, evento que ganó el australiano Mark Occhilupo.

Logros

A lo largo de su carrera, ganó 8 Torneos Estatales en los años 1974, 1981, 1982, 1983 en Zihuatanejo, 1984 y los 3 Torneos Estatales que se realizaron en la Playa Bonfil en 1985 en los meses de junio, julio y noviembre de ese año. Además, ganó los Torneos Locales de julio de 1972 y de mayo de 1984; el Torneo Interestatal celebrado en Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca en abril de 1979 y el Torneo Nacional de Surf en Petacalco, Estado de Guerrero en diciembre de 1978. Logró un 8.º Lugar en el Torneo Internacional celebrado en Ensenada, Baja California en octubre de 1983 y un 2.º lugar que obtuvo en el Torneo Nacional en Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca en noviembre de 1984.

Desaparición
Durante su participación en el Torneo del Circuito Estatal de Surfing 1985, el día domingo 3 de noviembre, pasó en primeros lugares de sus grupos eliminatorios en la competencia llegando hasta la final del evento. Evencio desapareció cuando faltaba menos de 1 minuto para finalizar el torneo. Ganó ese torneo y el Circuito estatal en  lugar. Su cuerpo nunca fue localizado, a pesar de que desapareció a 15 metros de la orilla de la playa, frente a más de 1,000 personas, y de haber sido buscado a lo largo de 7 días. Se le ha declarado muerto desde el 3 de noviembre de 1985.

Legado

Actualmente se celebra cada año en la playa Bonfil en Acapulco, el Torneo Internacional de Surfing Evencio García en su honor.

Referencias

Nacidos en San Marcos (Guerrero)
Surfistas de México
Deportistas fallecidos en competición
Personas desaparecidas
Nacidos en el siglo XX

Evencio García Bibiano


Brobyværk Kro er en dansk landevejskro beliggende i Brobyværk i Faaborg-Midtfyn Kommune.

Historie
Kroen kan føres tilbage til midten af 1600-tallet. Her valgte rigsmarsk Anders Bille at oprette våbenfabrikken Brobyværk. I forbindelse med etableringen af våbenværket byggede Bille også Brobyværk Kro.

Den første bygning på grunden blev brugt som spisesal for arbejderne på våbenværket. Bygningen havde et højt spir med en klokke, som man ringede med når medarbejderne skulle gå til og fra arbejdet.

Brobyværk Kro blev kongelig privilegeret landevejskro i 1732, og den originale tilladelse fra kongen eksisterer stadig.

Brobyværk Kro har været ejet af den samme familie siden 1918, hvor familien Jørgensen købte stedet af Brobygård. Jørgensen havde siden 1907 været forpagter af kroen. I 1911 gennemgik kroen en omfattende renovering. I 1988 tilbyggede man 14 værelser.

I februar 2020  købte lokal gartner, Claus Feldborg kroen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Højgaard, Steen (31. maj 2012). "En kro med historie".  Fyens Stiftstidende (fyens.dk)

Kroer i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Faaborg-Midtfyn Kommune

Brobyværk Kro


est un film américain réalisé par W. S. Van Dyke et sorti en 1928.

Synopsis
L'action se déroule pendant la première Guerre mondiale. Le jeune artiste allemand Karl von Zorn est un pacifiste, enrôlé de force dans l'armée, devant laisser sa bien-aimée et son chien à la maison. Alors qu'il est blessé sur le champ de bataille, son chien le retrouve et lui sauve la vie.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : W. S. Van Dyke
 Scénario : Bradley King, Madeleine Ruthven d'après une histoire de Norman Houston
 Production : Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 Photographie : Hendrik Sartov
 Montage : Ben Lewis
 Genre : Drame, guerre
 Durée : 6 bobines
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
Ralph Forbes : Karl von Zorn
Marceline Day : Margareta
Bert Roach : Hans Schmidt
William Fairbanks : Ulrich Muller
Marc McDermott : Col. Luden
Flash the Dog : Prinz

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1928
Film dramatique américain
Film de guerre américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film muet américain
Film de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Film sur la Première Guerre mondiale

Under the Black Eagle


The Pereiaslav Agreement or Pereyaslav Agreement (, ), was an official meeting that convened for a ceremonial pledge of allegiance by Cossacks to the Tsar of Russia (then Alexis, who reigned 1645–1676) in the town of Pereiaslav, in central Ukraine, in January 1654. The ceremony took place concurrently with ongoing negotiations that started on the initiative of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and which concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav (also known as the March Articles). The treaty itself was finalized in Moscow in April 1654 (in March according to the Julian calendar).

Khmelnytsky secured the military protection of the Tsardom of Russia in exchange for allegiance to the Tsar. An oath of allegiance to the Russian monarch from the leadership of the Cossack Hetmanate was taken, shortly thereafter followed by other officials, the clergy and the inhabitants of the Hetmanate swearing allegiance. The exact nature of the relationship stipulated by the agreement between the Hetmanate and Russia is a matter of scholarly controversy. The council of Pereiaslav was followed by an exchange of official documents: the March Articles (from the Cossack Hetmanate) and the Tsar's Declaration (from Muscovy).

The council was attended by a delegation from Moscow headed by Vasiliy Buturlin. The event was soon thereafter followed by the adoption in Moscow of the so-called March Articles that stipulated an autonomous status of the Hetmanate within the Russian state. The agreement precipitated the Russo-Polish War (1654–67). The definitive legal settlement was effected under the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 concluded by Russia and Poland that re-affirmed Russia's sovereignty over the lands of Zaporozhian Sich and left-bank Ukraine, as well as the city of Kiev.

Background of negotiations
In January 1648, a major anti-Polish uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky began in the Zaporizhia lands. Supported by popular masses and by Crimean Khanate the rebels won a number of victories over the government forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth seeking the increase of Cossack registry (kept at the expense of the state treasury), weakening of the Polish aristocratic oppression, oppression by the Jews who governed estates as well as recovery of positions of the Orthodox Church in own lands. However, the autonomy obtained by Khmelnytsky found itself squeezed between three Great powers: the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Being the main leader of the uprising, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi was not able to declare independence because he was not a legitimate monarch, and there was not such a candidate among other leaders of the uprising. Considering the economic and human resources, the rebellion was taking place in regions of the Polish Crown, Kijów (Kyiv), Czernihow (Chernihiv) and Bracław (Bratslav) voivodeships. The Crimean Khan, the only ally, was not interested in a decisive victory of Cossacks.

Cossack — Moscow negotiations timeline
It is believed that negotiations to unite the Zaporizhia land with Russia started as early as in 1648. Such idea is common among Soviet historians of Ukraine and Russia such as Mykola Petrovsky. Many other Ukrainian historians among which are Ivan Krypiakevych, Dmitriy Ilovaisky, Myron Korduba, Valeriy Smoliy and others interpret negotiations as an attempt to attract the Tsar to military support of Cossacks and motivate him to struggle for the Polish Crown which became available after the death of Władysław IV Vasa.

 June 18, 1648 – the first known official letter of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to the Tsar Alexis I; it was finished: "So let the God fulfill the prophecy, which was celebrated from ancient times, to which we gave ourselves, and to the merciful feet of your royal majesty, like the lower ones, submit obediently."
 June 18, 1648 – letter of Khmelnytskyi to the Muscovite voivode of Siveria, Leontiev. Mention of favorable attitude of the Cossacks to the Tsar. The issue of allegiance to the Tsar is not raised.
 July 21, 1648 – letter of Khmelnytskyi to the Muscovite voivode of Putivl, Pleshcheyev. Mention of motivation of the Tsar of Muscovy to the struggle for the Polish Crown. The issue of allegiance to the Tsar is not raised.
 end of December 1648 – departing of Khmelnytskyi delegation to Moscow. The delegation included the chief envoy Syluyan Muzhylovsky and Patriarch Paisius I of Jerusalem.
 January 1649 – in Moscow Patriarch Paisius convinced the Tsar of Khmelnytskyi's intentions "...striking with forehead to your Imperial Majesty, so the emperor ordered to grant him, Khmelnytskyi and all the Zaporizhian Host adoption under His high imperial hand...", but in the Muzhylovsky's notes is mentioned only request for military assistance, while the issue of allegiance to the Tsar was not raised.
 April 1649 – meeting of Khmelnytskyi with the Tsar's envoy Grigoriy Unkovsky in Chyhyryn. Hetman emphasized on the kinship of Ukraine with Moscow: "...from the baptizing by St.Vladimir we had with Moscow our one pious Christian faith and one power..." and asked for military assistance.
 May 1649 – deportation of Khmelnytskyi's envoys to Moscow headed by Chyhyryn Colonel Fedir Veshnyak. In accreditation letter it was expressed petition for protectorate of the Muscovite Tsar. "...take under own mercy and defense... whole Ruthenia" At the same time, similar delegation was sent to the Prince of Transylvania George II Rákóczi to encourage him to fight for the Polish Crown.
 August 16, 1649 – hollow victory at the Battle of Zboriv. Betrayed by Crimean Tatars, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi blamed Moscow for not sending help. Cossack-Moscow relations worsened. Hetman and his associates resorted to diplomatic pressure on Moscow: openly expressed about the need for campaign onto Muscovites and refused to give impostor Timofey Akudinov who claimed to be the son of Moscow Tsar Vasili IV of Russia.
 March 1650 – Khmelnytskyi ignored orders of the King of Poland on preparations to a shared Polish-Crimean campaign against Moscow.
 Summer-fall of 1650 – revival of the Turkish-Ukrainian dialogue to transfer under the Ottoman protectorate: "... Ukraine, White Ruthenia, Volhynia, Podolie with whole Ruthenia all the way to Wisla..."
 March 1, 1651 – Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Moscow clergy found it possible in case of not following by the Polish side conditions of the Eternal Peace permit Alexis Mikhailovich to adopt the Zaporizhian Host as one of his subjects.
 September 1651 – to Chyhyryn arrived envoy Osman-aga and informed about readiness of the High Porte to take under its protection Ukraine. Khmelnytskyi did not rush anticipating the Moscow's answer.
 March 1652 – Khmelnytskyi's envoys in Moscow. Envoy Ivan Iskra proposed immediately to take the Zaporizhian Host under the Tsar's custody. The Tsar's government agreed to take only the army without the territory anticipating in the future give it lands in the interfluve of Don and Medveditsa.

Preparations for official meeting
The 1653 Zemsky Sobor that took place in Moscow in the fall adopted decision on including Ukraine to Muscovy and on November 2, 1653 the Moscow's government declared war onto the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. To conduct negotiations between two states to Ukraine from Moscow departed a big delegation headed by boyar Vasili Buturlin. In its composition were also okolnichiy I.Olferiev, dyak L.Lopukhin and representatives of clergy.

The travel took almost three months. Besides bad roads and disorder, a new royal standard had to be made, the Buturlin's speech text, and the mace (bulawa) designated to Hetman disappeared several precious stones that had to be recovered. Also, the delegation had to wait almost a week for arrival of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, who was delayed in Chyhyryn at the burial of his older son Tymofiy Khmelnytsky and later was not able to cross the Dnieper since the ice on the river was not strong enough.

Pereiaslav meeting and the autonomous Cossack state

At a meeting between the council of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Vasiliy Buturlin, representative of Tsar Alexey I of the Tsardom of Russia, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. The Pereiaslav Council of Ukrainians took place on January 18; it was meant to act as the supreme Cossack council and demonstrate the unity and determination of the "Rus' nation". Military leaders and representatives of regiments, nobles and townspeople listened to the speech by the Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, who expounded the necessity of seeking the Russian protection. The audience responded with applause and consent. The treaty, initiated with Buturlin later on the same day, invoked only protection of the Cossack state by the Tsar and was intended as an act of official separation of Ukraine from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Ukrainian independence had been informally declared earlier in the course of the Uprising by Khmelnytsky). Participants in the preparation of the treaty at Pereiaslav included, besides Khmelnytsky, Chief Scribe Ivan Vyhovsky and numerous other Cossack elders, as well as a large visiting contingent from Russia.

The Cossack leaders tried in vain to exact from Buturlin some binding declarations; the envoy refused, claiming lack of authority and deferred resolution of specific issues to future rulings by the Tsar, which he expected to be favourable to the Cossacks. Khmelnytsky and many Ukrainians (127,000 total, including 64,000 Cossacks, according to the Russian reckoning) ended up swearing allegiance to the Tsar. In many Ukrainian towns, residents were forced to go to the central square to take the oath. Part of the Orthodox clergy took the oath only after a long resistance, and some Cossack leaders did not take the oath. The actual details of the agreement were negotiated the following March and April in Moscow by Cossack emissaries and the Tsardom. The Russians agreed to the majority of the Ukrainian demands, granting the Cossack state broad autonomy, large Cossack register and preservation of the status of the Kiev Orthodox Metropolitan, who would keep reporting to the Patriarch of Constantinople (rather than Moscow). The Cossack hetman was prohibited from conducting independent foreign policy, especially in respect to the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, as the Tsardom pledged now to provide the Hetmanate's defense. The status of Ukraine, seen by the negotiators as being now in union with the Russian state (rather than Poland), was thus settled. The erroneous but stubborn policies of the Commonwealth are widely seen as the cause of the Cossacks' changed direction, which gave rise to a new and lasting configuration of power in central, eastern and southern Europe.

The seemingly generous provisions of the Pereiaslav-Moscow pact were soon undermined by practical politics, Moscow's imperial policies and Khmelnytsky's own maneuvering. Disappointed by the Truce of Vilna (1656) and other Russian moves, he attempted to extricate the Hetmanate from the dependency. The Pereyaslav treaty led to the outbreak of the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667) and in 1667 to the Truce of Andrusovo, in which eastern Ukraine was ceded by Poland to Russia (in practice it meant a limited recovery of western Ukraine by the Commonwealth). The Cossack Hetmanate, the autonomous Ukrainian state established by Khmelnytsky, was later restricted to left-bank Ukraine and existed under the Russian Empire until it was destroyed by Russia in 1764-1775.

The contemporary written records of the Pereiaslav-Moscow transactions do exist and are kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow.

Historical consequences

The eventual consequence for the Hetmanate was the dissolution of the Zaporizhian Host in 1775 and the imposition of serfdom in the region.

For Russia, the deal eventually led to the full incorporation of the Hetmanate into the Russian state, providing a justification for the title of Russian tsars and emperors, the Autocrat of all the Russias (). Russia, being at that time the only part of former Kievan Rus' which was not dominated by a foreign power, considered itself the successor of Kievan Rus' and the re-unifier of all Rus' lands. Subsequently, in the 20th century, in Soviet history and epistemology, the Council of Pereiaslav was viewed and referred to as an act of "re-unification of Ukraine with Russia".

The treaty was a political plan to save Ukraine from Polish domination. For the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the deal provided one of the early signs of its gradual decline and eventual demise by the end of the 18th century.

In 1954, anniversary celebrations of "Ukraine's re-unification with Russia" were widespread in the Soviet Union and included the transfer of Crimea from the Russian Federation to Ukraine.

In 2004, after the celebration of the 350th anniversary of the event, the administration of President Leonid Kuchma of Ukraine established January 18 as the official date to commemorate the event.

The decision adopted in Pereiaslav is viewed by Ukrainian nationalists negatively as a failed opportunity for Ukrainian independence. Since then, Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War was short-lived as a result of the Ukrainian–Soviet War, with the country achieving independence during the dissolution of the USSR. Pro-Russian Ukrainian parties celebrate the date of this event and renew calls for re-unification of the three East Slavic nations: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

In 2023, President of Poland Andrzej Duda suggested President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy the idea of bringing the Russians to Pereiaslav following a hypothetical Russian defeat during the Russian invasion of Ukraine for the signal of a peace treaty.

See also
Cossack Hetmanate
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)
Khmelnytsky Uprising
Pereiaslav Articles
Union of Russia and Ukraine Tercentenary

References

Literature

Printed
Basarab, J. Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study (Edmonton 1982)
Braichevsky, M. Annexation or Unification?: Critical Notes on One Conception, ed and trans G. Kulchycky (Munich 1974)
Hrushevs'kyi, M. Istoriia Ukraïny-Rusy, vol 9, bk 1 (Kiev 1928; New York 1957)
Iakovliv, A. Ukraïns'ko-moskovs'ki dohovory v XVII–XVIII vikakh (Warsaw 1934)
Dohovir het'mana Bohdana Khmel'nyts'koho z moskovs'kym tsarem Oleksiiem Mykhailovychem (New York 1954)
Ohloblyn, A. Treaty of Pereyaslav 1654 (Toronto and New York 1954)
Prokopovych, V. 'The Problem of the Juridical Nature of the Ukraine's Union with Muscovy,' AUA, 4 (Winter–Spring 1955)
O'Brien, C.B. Muscovy and the Ukraine: From the Pereiaslavl Agreement to the Truce of Andrusovo, 1654–1667 (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1963)
Pereiaslavs'ka rada 1654 roku. Istoriohrafiia ta doslidzhennia (Kiev 2003)
Velychenko, S., THE INFLUENCE OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL IDEAS,
ON THE POLITICS OF BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKY AND THE COSSACK OFFICERS BETWEEN 1648 AND 1657 PhD Dissertation (University of London, 1981) <>

Online
To the History of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), October 4–10, 2003, available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
Encyclopedia of Ukraine entry on the subject
Ukrainian World Congress' Statement Press Release - On Observance of the Pereyaslav Treaty
The Treaty of Pereyaslav

1654 in Russia
Cossack Rada
1654 treaties
Pereyaslav
Military alliances involving Russia
Russia–Ukraine relations
Treaties of the Cossack Hetmanate
Cossack uprisings
17th century in the Zaporozhian Host
Bilateral treaties of Russia
Alexis of Russia

Pereiaslav Agreement


Nannaria swiftae est une espèce de mille-pattes à dos plat de la famille des Xystodesmidae vivant dans l'État américain du Tennessee. Elle a été nommée en l'honneur de l'auteure-compositrice-interprète américaine Taylor Swift.

Systématique
L'espèce Nannaria swiftae a été décrite en 2022 par les myriadopologistes américains ,  et .

Découverte
Dans le cadre d'un projet pluriannuel visant à collecter de nouveaux spécimens de mille-pattes dans l'Est des États-Unis, des scientifiques, dont Derek Hennen de Virginia Tech, se sont rendus dans  pour trouver des espèces, séquencer leur ADN et les décrire scientifiquement. En cinq ans, plus de  ont été collectés et caractérisés. Finalement, l'équipe a décrit  espèces, dont Nannaria swiftae.

Description
Nannaria swiftae est un mille-pattes à dos plat qui a des tergites avec deux taches orange paranotales, un collum bordé d'orange et des tergites avec un fond marron.

Taxon
La dénomination d'une espèce animale doit respecter les directives établies par la Commission internationale de nomenclature zoologique (ICZN), qui autorisent les noms qui honorent les personnes, y compris les célébrités. Nannaria swiftae a été nommé en honneur à l'auteure-compositrice-interprète américaine Taylor Swift. Derek Hennen, l'auteur principal de l'équipe scientifique qui a découvert l'espèce, a déclaré que la musique de Swift  Sur les  espèces décrites par Hennen, il a attribué le nom de la chanteuse à celle-ci car elle est endémique de l'État dont Taylor Swift est originaire, le Tennessee.

Distribution
Nannaria swiftae se trouve actuellement uniquement dans le Tennessee, l'un État des États-Unis, en particulier dans les comtés appalachiens de Cumberland, Monroe et Van Buren.

Habitat
L'espèce a été collectée dans des forêts mésiques de pruches, d'érables, de chênes, de tulipiers, d'hamamélis et de pins, à des altitudes allant de 500 à .

Publication originale

Voir aussi
 Liste d'animaux et de végétaux portant le nom d'une célébrité

Notes et références

Liens externes

Diplopoda
Ordre de myriapodes (nom scientifique)

Nannaria swiftae


Junior Senior were a Danish pop duo. The duo consisted of Jesper "Junior" Mortensen (vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar, drums, percussion) (born 7 February 1977) and Jeppe "Senior" Laursen (vocals, programming) (born 25 December 1975). They were well known for their 2002 single "Move Your Feet", which gained worldwide success in 2003, most notably in the United Kingdom.

History

Early career
Junior Senior formed in 1998 when Jesper Mortensen and Jeppe Laursen got back together after their previous band Ludo-X broke up in 1995. The band signed a deal with Danish label Crunchy Frog Records.

D-D-Don't Don't Stop the Beat
The band released their debut album D-D-Don't Don't Stop the Beat in 2002. The first single, "Move Your Feet", was one of the most played songs on Danish radio and eventually climbed the charts in over thirteen countries, including the United States, Australia, France, and the United Kingdom. The single is available on the soundtrack of the popular American television show Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. "Move Your Feet" is featured on the Northern American music video game Dance Dance Revolution Extreme for the PlayStation 2. Ubisoft included the song in the Wii game, Just Dance 2. It was a featured dance. It is associated with its animated pixel art music video, as seen in the VH1 commercial for I Love the 90's: Part Deux and in the background of its Dance Dance Revolution: DDR Extreme dance. It was featured on the soundtrack of the movie, White Chicks. "Move Your Feet" appears as background music in the 2003 film Looney Tunes: Back in Action and is featured in the movie How to Eat Fried Worms (2006) as the "finishing" song before and during the end credits. In 2013, "Move Your Feet" was used in a television commercial for Google Chromebook.  Kohl's Active also used this song in their 'bust a brand new move' advert (2015).

The follow-up single, "Rhythm Bandits", made the singles charts in the UK and Australia, and was included in the soundtrack of the game FIFA Football 2004.

D-D-Don't Don't Stop the Beat was included in several publications' "Best Albums of 2003" lists, including Rolling Stone, NME, Entertainment Weekly and Blender. The Sunday Chronicle in San Francisco rated "Move Your Feet" as the single of the year, calling it "the best song ever".

The CD features the video to "Move Your Feet" (made by designer group Shynola) and a "Making Of" as enhanced content.

The single "Shake Your Coconuts" is available on the Looney Tunes: Back in Action soundtrack, and is used as the menu music in the game Worms 3D by Team17. It was also featured in the 2004 movie Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen and Malcolm in the Middle's season 5 episode "Experiment". In addition, on 21 July 2017, the band Phish used the song as the kickoff for a 13-night run at Madison Square Garden dubbed The Baker's Dozen. The song coincided with free coconut donuts given to the audience.

The song "White Trash" from this album was used in the advertisement for music magazine TV show Popworld in the United Kingdom. The advert featured the two presenters of the show doing a synchronized dance routine to the song whilst wearing identical outfits.

Hey Hey My My Yo Yo
Junior Senior released their second album, Hey Hey My My Yo Yo on 24 August 2005 in Japan. It was released in the US in 2007. The first single from the album was "Itch U Can't Skratch". The track "Take My Time" features Cindy Wilson and Kate Pierson of new wave band The B-52's. "Take My Time" has also been featured in the PSP video game Lumines II.

In February 2006 and March 2006 the band held a contest for fans to appear in a music video for their song "Can I Get Get Get". The song "Can I Get Get Get" has been used on the TV shows Ugly Betty, Cavemen, Castle, Eastbound & Down and was featured in the film What Happens in Vegas. This song was also featured on the Nordic edition of Lips as an on-disc song as well as downloadable content worldwide. The music video for this song was released on 25 July 2006.

"Hip Hop a Lula" was featured in a Sears back-to-school commercial in August 2007. It was used extensively in Network Ten Australia's advertising in 2008.

Disbandment
Mortensen and Laursen announced on their blog that they would split and pursue solo projects on 26 September 2008. Both Junior and Senior have launched new projects. In 2008, Mortensen released a 12" single called "Trust Tissue" under the moniker I Scream Ice Cream on Kitsune Records. In 2010, Mortensen formed the group MAKE OUT. Laursen began working on a debut album, which released the Big Lucky EP in May 2009.

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Singles

Footnotes
British chart reference
APeaked at number 29 in France originally in 2003 but reached number 11 in a re-release in 2013

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Junior Senior on Myspace
 Junior Senior chart information
 Junior Senior at AllMusic
 MTV Europe July 2005 interview with Junior Senior, and concert clips

Danish dance music groups
Danish musical duos
Atlantic Records artists
EMI Records artists
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
People from Thisted

Junior Senior


Emerson Palmieri dos Santos (Santos, 3. kolovoza 1994.) talijanski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji lijevog beka. Trenutačno igra za West Ham United.

Klupska karijera

Santos
Tijekom svoje omladinske karijere igrao je za brazilski Santos. Za prvu momčad Santosa debitirao je 17. travnja 2011. kada je zamijenio Keirrisona u utakmici Campeonato Pauliste u kojoj je Santos pobijedio Paulistu 3:0. U brazilskoj Sériji A debitirao je 17. lipnja kada je Santos izgubio od Flamenga 0:1.

Palermo (posudba)
Dana 25. kolovoza 2014. posuđen je talijanskom prvoligašu Palermu. U ligi je debitirao 24. rujna kada je Palermo igrao 3:3 protiv Napolija.

Roma
Dana 31. kolovoza 2015. posuđen je Romi na jednu godinu. U ligi je debitirao 4. listopada kada je Roma pobijedila njegov prethodni klub 2:4. Svoj prvi ligaški gol za Romu postigao je 14. svibnja 2016. kada je Milan poražen 1:3. Emersonova posudba produljena je 7. srpnja te ga je Roma 5. prosinca kupila od Santosa za 2 milijuna eura.

Chelsea
Dana 30. siječnja 2018. prešao je u Chelsea za nepoznati iznos. Prema Romi početni iznos transfera iznosio je 20 milijuna eura te je on mogao narasti za još 9 milijuna eura kroz bonuse. Za novi klub debitirao je 17. veljače u utakmici pete runde FA kupa protiv Hull Cityja (4:0) u kojoj je asistirao zimskom pojačanju Olivieru Giroudu za njegov prvi klupski gol.< U Premier ligi debitirao je 4. ožujka 2018. kada je Manchester City pobijedio Chelsea s minimalnih 1:0. Svoj prvi gol za klub postigao je 26. rujna u utakmici treće runde Liga kupa u kojoj je Liverpool izgubio 1:2. Dana 29. svibnja 2019. asistirao je Giroudu za prvi gol finalne utakmice UEFA Europske lige 2018./19. u kojoj je Chelsea pobijedio Arsenal 4:1. Svoj prvi gol u UEFA Ligi prvaka postigao je 17. ožujka 2021. u utakmici osmine finala odigrane protiv Atlético Madrida koja je završila 2:0.

Lyon (posudba)
Dana 19. kolovoza 2021. posuđen je Lyonu na jednu godinu.

West Ham United
Dana 23. kolovoza 2022. prešao je iz Chelseaja u West Ham United za nepoznati iznos. S West Ham Unitedom potpisao je četverogodišnji ugovor uz mogučnost produljenja na još jednu sezonu.

Reprezentativna karijera
Tijekom svoje omladinske karijere nastupao je za selekciju Brazila do 17 godina. S tom selekcijom nastupao je na Južnoameričkom prvenstvu 2011. koje je osvojio te na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2011. Godine 2017. odlućio je da će ubuduće nastupati za Italiju. Za talijansku reprezentaciju debitirao je 10. rujna 2018. kada je Italiju porazio Portugal 0:1. S Italijom je osvojio Europsko prvenstvo 2020.

Priznanja

Klupska
Santos
 Campeonato Paulista: 2011., 2012.

Chelsea
 UEFA Liga prvaka: 2020./21.
 UEFA Europska liga: 2018./19.
 Finalist FA kupa: 2019./20., 2020./21.
 Finalist Liga kupa: 2018./19.

Reprezentativna
Brazil do 17 godina
 Južnoameričko prvenstvo do 17 godina: 2011.

Italija
 Europsko prvenstvo: 2020.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil , Chelsea

 Profil, Sambafoot

 Profil , LegaSerieA.it

Brazilski nogometaši
Talijanski nogometaši
Nogometaši Santosa
Nogometaši Palerma
Nogometaši A.S. Rome
Nogometaši Chelseaja
Nogometaši Olympique Lyonnaisa
Nogometaši West Ham Uniteda
Aktivni nogometaši

Emerson Palmieri


عمر محمد داوود أو عمر ذاوود مواليد سنة 1982 من مواليد مدينة شحات، لاعب كرة قدم ليبي، لعب في نادي الأهلي طرابلس، حمل غلالة رقم 04، بمركز قلب الدفاع. كان صاحب الهدف التاريخي في مرمى المنتخب السعودي في الدقيقة 94 في الدورة الرياضية العربية الحادية عشر سنة 2007 التي أقيمت في جمهورية مصر العربية. لعب مند سنة 2015 وحتى وفاته في نادي الصداقة في شحات.

متزوج ولديه ولد. توفى إثر حادث سير في مدينة شحات يوم 9 مايو 2018.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الجزائر
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون ليبيون مغتربون في الجزائر
لاعبو شبيبة القبائل
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم ليبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم ليبيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الجزائر
لاعبو منتخب ليبيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أهلي طرابلس
مواليد 1403 هـ
مواليد 1982
وفيات 1439 هـ
وفيات 2018
وفيات حوادث الطرق في ليبيا
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الليبي

عمر داوود


Mézy-sur-Seine ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern () im Département Yvelines in der Region Île-de-France. Teile des Gemeindegebietes gehören zum Regionalen Naturpark Vexin français.

Geografie

Mézy-sur-Seine liegt in Nordfrankreich in der Landschaft Vexin français an der Seine, 36 Kilometer nordwestlich von Paris, etwa 14 Kilometer nordwestlich von Mantes-la-Jolie, dem Sitz der Unterpräfektur des Arrondissements, und 1,9 Kilometer südwestlich von Meulan-en-Yvelines, dem Hauptort des Kantons und des Kommunalverbands Vexin-Seine auf einer mittleren Höhe von 86 Metern über dem Meeresspiegel. Die Mairie steht auf einer Höhe von 77 Metern. Nachbargemeinden von Mézy-sur-Seine sind Oinville-sur-Montcient im Norden, Hardricourt im Osten, Les Mureaux im Südosten und Juziers im Südwesten. Das Gemeindegebiet hat eine Fläche von 476 Hektar.

Die Gemeinde ist einer Klimazone des Typs Cfb (nach Köppen und Geiger) zugeordnet: Warmgemäßigtes Regenklima (C), vollfeucht (f), wärmster Monat unter 22 °C, mindestens vier Monate über 10 °C (b). Es herrscht Seeklima mit gemäßigtem Sommer.

Geschichte
In dem Band der "Scriptores rerum Germanicorum", der die Schenkungen an die ehemalige Abtei Fontenelle (heute St. Wandrille, Departement Seine-Maritime) aufzählt, lesen wir für das Jahr 719 ("anno quinto regnante Dagoberto") von einer Manse "in Magatiaco villa", mit dem nach Meinung der Historiker das heutige Mézy gemeint ist (SS rer. Germ. 28,7). Im 10./11. Jahrhundert wurde in Mézy, das nun "Maisiaci" oder "Mesiaco" genannt wird, eine befestigte Anlage zum Schutz der Meulanschen Besitzungen errichtet. Bis zum 13. Jahrhundert war Mézy ein Lehen des Vicomte von Meulan. Dann wurde es eine Ortschaft mit eigener Kirche.

Im 17. Jahrhundert wuchs die Gemeinde. Die Wohnhäuser wurden häufiger außerhalb des Ortskerns gebaut. Der Weinbau erreichte seinen Höhepunkt. Später wurden besonders Erbsen angebaut. Im 18. Jahrhundert entstand die Straße von Paris nach Mantes-la-Jolie.

1793 erhielt Mézy-sur-Seine als Mézy im Zuge der Französischen Revolution (1789–1799) den Status einer Gemeinde und 1801 unter dem Namen Mezy-les-Mureaux durch die Verwaltungsreform unter Napoleon Bonaparte das Recht auf kommunale Selbstverwaltung. Seit 1971 heißt die Gemeinde Mézy-sur-Seine.

1879 wurde das alte Rathaus gebaut, in dem zugleich die Dorfschule untergebracht war. 1984 zog das Rathaus in das Schloss um.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Mézy-sur-Seine

Mézy-sur-Seine gehört zur römisch-katholischen Pfarrei Meulan - Rive Droite de la Seine des Bistums Versailles. Die Kirche Saint-Germain wurde im 13. Jahrhundert errichtet und im 16. Jahrhundert restauriert. Das Gebäude wurde 1926 in das Zusatzverzeichnis der Monuments historiques ('historischen Denkmale') eingetragen. In der Kirche gibt es verschiedene Textilien aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, zum Beispiel eine Kasel. Die Gegenstände wurden 1973 als Monument historique klassifiziert. Eine Statue aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, die die Jungfrau mit dem Kinde darstellt, wurde 1963 als historisches Denkmal eingestuft.

Die Villa Poiret wurde 1923 vom Architekten Robert Mallet-Stevens für den Modeschöpfer Paul Poiret erbaut. Nach 1924 stand die Villa leer. 1934 führte Mallet-Stevens für die neue Besitzerin Elvira Popescu einige Änderungen am Gebäude durch. Die Villa befindet sich im Privatbesitz und wurde 1984 in das Zusatzverzeichnis der Monuments historiques eingetragen.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Im Jahr 2009 waren 6,2 Prozent der Arbeitnehmer arbeitslos.

Es gibt eine öffentliche Grundschule in der Gemeinde.

Der nächstgelegene Bahnhof ist der 1,9 Kilometer entfernte Bahnhof Meulan-Hardricourt. Der nächste Flughafen ist der 15,7 Kilometer entfernt liegende Flughafen Pontoise-Cormeilles-en-Vexin.

Auf dem Gemeindegebiet gelten geschützte geographische Angaben (IGP) für Geflügel (Volailles de Houdan).

Persönlichkeiten
 François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), Schriftsteller
 Berthe Morisot (1841–1895), Malerin
 Jean Jaurès (1859–1914), Politiker
 Paul Poiret (1879–1944), Modeschöpfer
 Lili Boulanger (1893–1918), Komponistin und erste Trägerin des "Prix de Rome" 1913, verbrachte nach ihrer Evakuierung aus dem beschossenen Paris ihre letzten Monate in Mézy-sur-Seine und verstarb auch dort.
 Elvira Popescu (1894–1993), Schauspielerin
 Alfred Sauvy (1898–1990), Demograph
 Albert Dubout (1905–1976), Künstler
 Colette Darfeuil (1906–1998), Schauspielerin

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes des Yvelines. Band 1, Flohic Editions, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-84234-070-1, S. 509–512.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Île-de-France
Ersterwähnung im 10. Jahrhundert
Ort an der Seine

Mézy-sur-Seine


Dölau ist ein Ort des Stadtteils Sachswitz/Dölau/Rothenthal der Stadt Greiz im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen.

Lage

Dölau liegt an der Bundesstraße 92 südlich der Stadt Greiz im Tal der Weißen Elster im Thüringer Schiefergebirge. Das Siedlungsgebiet selbst befindet sich östlich der Weißen Elster, der südliche Teil zieht sich entlang des Kleingeraer Wegs in Richtung des sächsischen Orts Kleingera.

Eine Besonderheit besteht in der Straße Zwischen den Sandgruben, welche genau auf der Grenze zu Sachsen liegt. Dort gehören die Grundstücke der nordwestlichen Seite zu Dölau, die der südöstlichen zu Kleingera.

Zur Gemarkung Dölau gehören außerdem einige Grundstücke des Greizer Ortsteils Eichleite.

Geschichte
Die Burg Dölau wurde wahrscheinlich im 12. Jahrhundert von den Lobdeburgern, den Besitzern der Herrschaft Elsterberg angelegt. Heutige Ruinen der Burg liegen auf einem Felsen über dem rechten Ufer der Weißen Elster. 1288 wurde ein Ritter von dolen (Dölau) im Gefolge der Vögte von Weida zum ersten Mal genannt. Die Burg befand sich zu dieser Zeit im Besitz der Reußen von Plauen zu Greiz. Am 12. Juni 1359 wurde der Ort Dölau erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Mehrmals war Dölau Residenz eigener Herrschaften Reuß-Dölau. Am 9. April 1621 legte Heinrich IV. Reuß von Plauen älterer Linie, Haus Dölau, in seiner Residenz Dölau ein Münzwerk an und prägte eigene Münzen. Später, im Fürstentum Reuß älterer Linie, war Dölau Hauptort des Amtes Dölau, zu dem u. a. Zeulenroda gehörte.
Dölau hat seit dem 8. September 1875, der Eröffnung des zweiten Teils der Elstertalbahn, eine Bahnstation an der Bahnstrecke Gera–Weischlitz. Zuerst als Dölau (Elster) bezeichnet, wurde die Station Ende 1916 in Dölau (Reuß) umbenannt und erhielt nach der Eingemeindung 1922 den noch gültigen Namen Greiz-Dölau.
Am 16. Mai 1894 erhielt Dölau eine Postagentur.

Am 1. April 1922 wurden die Nachbarorte Rothenthal und Sachswitz eingemeindet. Schon am 1. Oktober desselben Jahres kam die neue Gemeinde zur Stadt Greiz.

Persönlichkeiten
 Alfred Eckart (1901–1940), Politiker (NSDAP) und SA-Führer

Literatur
 Ulf Meyer: Familienbuch Caselwitz mit Moschwitz, Obergrochlitz, Untergrochlitz, Dölau und Rothenthal (Landkreis Greiz), Thüringen 1617 bis 1800. Leipzig: AMF 2012 (= Mitteldeutsche Ortsfamilienbücher der AMF 71)
 Ulf Meyer: Familienbuch Caselwitz II mit Moschwitz, Obergrochlitz, Untergrochlitz, Dölau und Rothenthal (Landkreis Greiz), Thüringen 1800 bis 1945. Leipzig: AMF 2016 (= Mitteldeutsche Ortsfamilienbücher der AMF 95)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Geographie (Greiz)
Ersterwähnung 1359

Dölau (Greiz)


Los días intactos es el quinto álbum del cantautor español Manolo García como solista, que salió a la venta el 25 de octubre de 2011. Se podría decir que en este álbum, el estilo de las canciones es más cercano al de los dos primeros discos, pero con los toques alternativos que han caracterizado los dos últimos. Es considerado su álbum más "natural", el título de la placa se refiere a "los días vírgenes, cuando todavía te ha agredido la realidad, cuando has decidido no leer los periódicos, cuando te apetece escuchar buena música y, quizás, pintar o componer algo."

Cuenta con la colaboración de la cantante catalana Ivette Nadal en la canción Creyente bajo torres de alta tensión, siendo así el primer artista invitado en toda la discografía de Manolo García en solitario. Debutó en la posición 1 de los álbumes más vendidos de España. Ha sido certificado triple disco de platino en España con ventas de más de 120 000 copias.

Lista de canciones

Edición en CD

Edición en Doble Vinilo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página oficial de Manolo García

Álbumes de Manolo García
Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes en español
Álbumes número uno en España
Álbumes certificados de platino por Productores de Música de España
Álbumes de España de 2011

Los días intactos


Guaduinae, je podtribus jednosupnica iz porodica trava (Poaceae), dio tribusa Bambuseae. Postoji šest rodova, a ime dolazi po rodu Guadua.

Rodovi
 Tibisia C. D. Tyrrell, Londoño & L. G. Clark (3 spp.)
 Otatea (McClure & Sm.) C. E. Calderón & Sodiro (13 spp.)
 Olmeca Soderstr. (5 spp.)
 Guadua Kunth (33 spp.)
 Eremocaulon Soderstr. & Londoño (5 spp.)
 Apoclada McClure (1 sp.)

Izvori

Bambuseae

Guaduinae


Evelyna Christina "Evelyn" Wever-Croes (Leiden, 5 de dezembro de 1966) é uma política arubana e atual primeira-ministra de Aruba, servindo desde novembro de 2017 e sendo a primeira mulher a ocupar esse cargo.

Ela esta filiada ao partido chamado Movimento Eleitoral Popular (MEP) e é a líder da sigla desde 2011.

Carreira política
Wever-Croes tornou-se membro do parlamento em 29 de outubro de 2009, tendo sido eleito nas eleições do mesmo ano e dois anos depois foi eleita líder do partido chamado Movimento Eleitoral Popular e tornou-se líder parlamentar em 2013.

Nas eleições gerais de 2017, Wever-Croes obteve 9 assentos. Após quase cinco semanas de negociações, ela conseguiu formar um governo de coalizão sob sua liderança com os partidos Pueblo Orguyoso y Respeta [nl] (POR) e a Rede de Democracia Eleitoral (RED), sendo empossada como primeiro-ministra em 17 de novembro de 2017.

Ela foi empossada para o seu segundo mandato em 21 de setembro de 2021, pelo governador-geral Alfonso Boekhoudt.

Nascidos em 1966
Naturais de Leida
Primeiras-ministras
Primeiros-ministros de Aruba

Evelyn Wever-Croes


Maliborda, ticaret gemilerinde yükleme sırasında denklerin bordada hasar yapmasını önlemek için borda üzerine sarkıtılan geniş tahtalardan her biridir. Bazen tahta yerine kalın branda parçaları kullanılır.

Denizcilik terimleri

Maliborda


Termenul hipotaxă, din limba greacă veche (hypótaxis, derivat din verbul hypotássein "a aranja sub"), este folosit în lingvistică, în retorică și în stilistică.

În lingvistică, hipotaxa nu este definită în mod unitar. Conform unei definiții, este un procedeu sintactic care exprimă printr-o conjuncție subordonatoare sau coordonatoare raportul de dependență între două propoziții care se succed într-un enunț lung. În limba franceză sunt exemple de hipotaxă următoarele: Cet homme est habile, aussi réussira-t-il "Omul acesta este abil, de aceea va reuși", Cet homme est habile et il réussira "Omul acesta este abil și va reuși", Cet homme réussira parce qu'il est habile "Omul acesta va reuși, pentru că este abil".

Altă definiție restrânge hipotaxa la construcții realizate prin raport de subordonare, în care constituenții acestora sunt legați prin conjuncții subordonatoare sau pronume relative, ori sunt construcții cu verb la infinitiv. Exemplu în limba engleză: The keeper laughed when the dog barked "Paznicul a râs când a lătrat câinele".

Aceste definiții au în comun opunerea termenului "hipotaxă" cu termenul "parataxă", care pune în legătură entități lingvistice prin juxtapunere, adică simplă alăturare, și diferențiere în vorbire cu ajutorul intonației, iar în scris având între ele semne de punctuație. Exemple:
 Cet homme est habile, il réussira "Omul acesta este abil, va reuși";
 The keeper laughed; the dog barked "Paznicul a râs, câinele a lătrat".

Unii autori consideră că termenul "hipotaxă" aparține de fapt retoricii, în lingvistică corespunzându-i termenul "subordonare".

În stilistică, cu referire la limba literaturii artistice, prin hipotaxă se înțelege un procedeu stilistic, cel de a folosi relativ multe propoziții subordonate într-o frază sau în fraze care se succed. Un scriitor care este cunoscut pentru a fi folosit frecvent acest procedeu, este Marcel Proust. Scriitorul Laurent Mauvignier, de exemplu, spune că în al său "patrimoniu genetic" este și caracteristica stilistică a hipotaxei, ceea ce i se datorează în parte lui Proust și lui Honoré de Balzac.

Referințe

Surse bibliografice

  Bussmann, Hadumod (coord.), Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (Dicționarul limbii și lingvisticii), Londra – New York, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-203-98005-0 (accesat la 4 ianuarie 2018)
  Crystal, David, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics  (Dicționar de lingvistică și fonetică), ediția a VI-a, Blackwell Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4051-5296-9 (accesat la 10 noiembrie 2018)
  Dubois, Jean et al., Dictionnaire de linguistique (Dicționar de lingvistică), Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, 2002
  Neveu, Franck, Petit glossaire pour l'étude stylistique de la phrase (Mic glosar pentru studiul stilistic al propoziției/frazei), Paris, Universitatea Sorbona, f. a. (accesat la 14 octombrie 2022)
  Office québécois de la langue française (Oficiul din Québec al limbii franceze), Bibliothèque virtuelle (Bibliotecă virtuală), Glossaires thématiques (Glosare tematice), Figurez-vous que vous avez du style (Închipuiți-vă că aveți stil), ultima actualizare: 2008 (accesat la 4 ianuarie 2018)

Lingvistică
Retorică
Stilistică

Hipotaxă


En ekstra indsats er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Anton Carey Bidstrup.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Jesper Kaplan, Gustav
 Søren Poppel, Mand i skov
 Gerard Carey Bidstrup, Mand i have
 Søren Maribo, Død mand
 Pernille Hilgart, Receptionist
 Søren Thomsen, Chef

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

En ekstra indsats


Hyunri née Hyunri Lee est une actrice d'origine sud-coréenne principalement active au Japon.

Biographie
Dans son enfance, elle vécut dans une maison conçue par Tadao Andō et passa quelques années à Oxford.

Elle est trilingue (anglais, coréen, japonais).

Filmographie sélective

Cinéma
 2016 : A Bride for Rip Van Winkle de Shunji Iwai
 2020 : Les Amants sacrifiés de Kiyoshi Kurosawa
 2021 : Contes du hasard et autres fantaisies de Ryūsuke Hamaguchi

Télévision
 Le Réalisateur nu

Internet
 Street Fighter: Assassin's Fist

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1986
Naissance à Tokyo
Actrice japonaise de cinéma
Actrice japonaise de télévision
Étudiant de l'université Aoyama Gakuin

Hyunri


Nasjonal Samlings Kvinneorganisasjon (NSK) var Nasjonal Samlings særorganisation for kvinder over 18 år, dannet kort efter NS grundlæggelse i 1933. NSK udsprang oprindelig ud af Maria Quislings bekendtskabskredse, men blev snart en permanent del af NS-organisationen. Under krigen havde Nasjonal Samling en stor kvindeandel. Omkring en ud af tre NS-medlemmer var kvinder. NSK var dermed en af NS' tre store særorganisationer, sammen med ungdomsforbundet (NSUF) og Hirden. Leder fra 1941 til krigens afslutning var Olga Bjoner.

Referencer

Nasjonal Samling
Etableret i 1933
Ophørt i 1945

NS Kvinneorganisasjon


La  Temporada 1995 de la Primera B, conocida como Copa Concasa 1995 por motivos comerciales, fue la Quinta en la historia de la segunda división del fútbol profesional colombiano.

Sistema del torneo

Los 14 equipos participantes jugaron una fase de todos contra todos divididos en dos grupos, los tres primeros clasificaron al Hexagonal final y el líder de este logró el ascenso a la Primera A en su temporada 1995-1996.

Datos de los clubes

Relevo anual de clubes

Equipos participantes

Todos contra todos

Grupo A

{| width=100%
| valign=top width=50% align=left |

| valign=top width=50% align=left |

|}

Grupo B

Resultados
{| width=100%
| valign=top width=50% align=left |

| valign=top width=50% align=left |

|}

Hexagonal final

Reclasificación Anual

Pos.
Equipos
PJ
PG
PE
PP
GF
GC
Dif.
Pts.

1.
Atlético Bucaramanga
22
16
2
4
31
6
25
50
2.
Lanceros Boyacá
22
12
7
3
32
16
16
43
3.
Alianza Llanos
22
11
6
5
30
20
10
39
4.
Deportivo Unicosta
22
11
3
8
28
22
6
39
      5.
      El Cóndor
      22
      6
      7
      9
      14
      21
      -7
      25

          6.
      Real Cartagena
      22
      5
      8
      9
      14
      21
      -7
      23

          7.
      Independiente Popayán
      12
      5
      3
      4
      17
      10
      7
      18

          8.
      Deportivo Rionegro
      12
      4
      4
      4
      12
      13
      -1
      16

          9.
      Ferroclub Risaralda
      12
      4
      4
      4
      8
      9
      -1
      16

          10.
      Deportivo Antioquía
      12
      3
      4
      5
      13
      15
      -2
      13

          11.
      Alianza Petrolera
      12
      2
      4
      6
      8
      17
      -9
      10

          12.
      Academia Bogotana
      12
      2
      3
      7
      9
      18
      -9
      9

          13.
      Bello F.C.
      12
      1
      5
      6
      5
      14
      -9
      8

          14.
      Fiorentina Caquetá
      12
      1
      2
      9
      3
      22
      -19
      5

Véase también
 Categoría Primera B

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de Dimayor
 Colombia 1995 - Rsssf

1995
Primera B 1995

Primera B 1995 (Colombia)


Melvin van Suijdam (født i Amsterdam Holland) er en hollandsk professionel MMA-udøver, der konkurrer i fjervægt-klassen. Van Suijdam har sort bælte i judo hvor han har vundet 10 kampe og tabt 1.
Van Suijdam har vundet to af sine sidste tre professionelle kampe. Han er mest kendt for at have kæmpet mod belgiske Maarten Wouters som han vandt via submission ved Staredown Fighting Championship 12 i Antwerp i Belgien den 17. marts 2018.

Van Suijdam møder danske Louis Glismann til Danish MMA Night den 9. juni 2018 i Brøndbyhallen i København.

MMA-karriere

Profesionel karriere
Van Suijdam fik sin professionelle MMA-debut ved K.O. Events - Tough is Not Enough i Rhoon i Holland den 24. april 2013, hvor han tabte et KO-nederlag mod Djamil Chan.

Privatliv
Van Suijdam har studeret på Academie voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding.

Eksterne henvisninger

MMA-udøvere fra Holland

Melvin van Suijdam


The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG; ) is the coast guard of Canada. Formed in 1962, the coast guard is tasked with marine search and rescue (SAR), communication, navigation, and transportation issues in Canadian waters, such as navigation aids and icebreaking, marine pollution response, and support for other Canadian government initiatives. The Coast Guard operates 119 vessels of varying sizes and 23 helicopters, along with a variety of smaller craft. The CCG is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, and is a special operating agency within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Department of Fisheries and Oceans).

Role and responsibility

Unlike armed coast guards of some other nations, the CCG is a government marine organization without naval or law enforcement responsibilities. Naval operations in Canada's maritime environment are exclusively the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Navy. Enforcement of Canada's maritime-related federal statutes may be carried out by peace officers serving with various federal, provincial or even municipal law enforcement agencies.

Although CCG personnel are neither a naval nor law enforcement force, they may operate CCG vessels in support of naval operations, or they may serve an operational role in the delivery of maritime law enforcement and security services in Canadian federal waters by providing a platform for personnel serving with one or more law enforcement agencies. The CCG's responsibility encompasses Canada's  coastline. Its vessels and aircraft operate over an area of ocean and inland waters covering approximately .

Mission and mandate
"Canadian Coast Guard services support government priorities and economic prosperity and contribute to the safety, accessibility and security of Canadian waters."

The CCG's mandate is stated in the Oceans Act and the Canada Shipping Act.

The Oceans Act gives the minister of Fisheries and Oceans responsibility for providing:

 aids to navigation;
 marine communications and traffic management services;
 icebreaking and ice-management services;
 channel maintenance;
 marine search and rescue;
 marine pollution response; and
 support of other government departments, boards and agencies by providing ships, aircraft and other services.

The Canada Shipping Act gives the minister powers, responsibilities and obligations concerning:

 aids to navigation;
 Sable Island;
 search and rescue;
 pollution response; and
 vessel traffic services.

History

Predecessor agencies and formation (1867–1962)
Originally a variety of federal departments and even the navy performed the work which the CCG does today. Following Confederation in 1867, the federal government placed many of the responsibilities for maintaining aids to navigation (primarily lighthouses at the time), marine safety, and search and rescue under the Marine Service of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, with some responsibility for waterways resting with the Canal Branch of the Department of Railways and Canals.

Lifeboat stations had been established on the east and west coasts as part of the Canadian Lifesaving Service; the station at Sable Island being one of the first in the nation. On the Pacific coast, the service operated the Dominion Lifesaving Trail (now called the West Coast Trail) which provided a rural communications route for survivors of shipwrecks on the treacherous Pacific Ocean coast off Vancouver Island. These stations maintained, sometimes sporadically in the earliest days, pulling (rowed) lifeboats crewed by volunteers and eventually motorized lifeboats.

After the Department of Marine and Fisheries was split into separate departments, the Department of Marine continued to take responsibility for the federal government's coastal protection services. During the inter-war period, the Royal Canadian Navy also performed similar duties at a time when the navy was wavering on the point of becoming a civilian organization. Laws related to customs and revenue were enforced by the marine division of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A government reorganization in 1936 saw the Department of Marine and its Marine Service, along with several other government departments and agencies, folded into the new Department of Transport.

Following the Second World War, Canada experienced a major expansion in ocean commerce, culminating with the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. The shipping industry was changing throughout eastern Canada and required an expanded federal government role in the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast, as well as an increased presence in the Arctic and Pacific coasts for sovereignty purposes. The government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker decided to consolidate the duties of the Marine Service of the Department of Transport and on January 26, 1962, the Canadian Coast Guard was formed as a subsidiary of DOT. One of the more notable inheritances at the time of formation was the icebreaker , transferred from the Royal Canadian Navy.

Expansion years (1962–1990)

A period of expansion followed the creation of the CCG between the 1960s and the 1980s. The outdated ships the CCG inherited from the Marine Service were scheduled for replacement, along with dozens of new ships for the expanding role of the organization. Built under a complementary national shipbuilding policy which saw the CCG contracts go to Canadian shipyards, the new ships were delivered throughout this golden age of the organization.

In addition to expanded geographic responsibilities in the Great Lakes, the rise in coastal and ocean shipping ranged from new mining shipments such as Labrador iron ore, to increased cargo handling at the nation's major ports, and Arctic development and sovereignty patrols—all requiring additional ships and aircraft. The federal government also began to develop a series of CCG bases near major ports and shipping routes throughout southern Canada, for example Victoria, British Columbia, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and Parry Sound, Ontario.

The expansion of the CCG fleet required new navigation and engineering officers, as well as crewmembers. To meet the former requirement, in 1965 the Canadian Coast Guard College (CCGC) opened on the former navy base  at Point Edward, Nova Scotia. By the late 1970s, the college had outgrown the temporary navy facilities and a new campus was opened in the adjacent community of Westmount in 1981.

During the mid-1980s, the long-standing disagreement between the U.S. and Canada over the legal status of the Northwest Passage came to a head after  transited the passage in what were asserted by Canada to be Canadian waters and by the U.S. to be international waters. During the period of increased nationalism that followed this event, the Conservative administration of Brian Mulroney announced plans to build several enormous icebreakers, the Polar 8 class which would be used primarily for sovereignty patrols.

However, the proposed Polar 8 class was abandoned during the late 1980s as part of general government budget cuts; in their place, a program of vessel modernizations was instituted. Additional budget cuts to CCG in the mid-1990s following a change in government saw many of CCG's older vessels built during the 1960s and 1970s retired.

From its formation in 1962 until 1995, CCG was the responsibility of the Department of Transport. Both the department and CCG shared complementary responsibilities related to marine safety, whereby DOT had responsibility for implementing transportation policy, regulations and safety inspections, and CCG was operationally responsible for navigation safety and SAR, among others.

Budget cuts and bureaucratic oversight (1994–2005)
Following the 1995 Canadian federal budget, the federal government announced that it was transferring responsibility for the CCG from the Department of Transport to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO). The reason for placing CCG under DFO was ostensibly to achieve cost savings by amalgamating the two largest civilian vessel fleets within the federal government under a single department.

Arising out of this arrangement, the CCG became ultimately responsible for crewing, operating, and maintaining a larger fleet—both the original CCG fleet before 1995 of dedicated SAR vessels, Navaid tenders, and multi-purpose icebreakers along with DFO's smaller fleet of scientific research and fisheries enforcement vessels, all without any increase in budget—in fact the overall budget for CCG was decreased after absorbing the DFO patrol and scientific vessels.

There were serious stumbling blocks arising out of this reorganization, namely in the different management practices and differences in organizational culture at DFO, versus DOT. DFO is dedicated to conservation and protection of fish through enforcement whereas the CCG's primary focus is marine safety and SAR. There were valid concerns raised within CCG about reluctance on the part of the marine community to ask for assistance from CCG vessels since the CCG was being viewed as aligned with an enforcement department. In the early 2000s, the federal government began to investigate the possibility of remaking CCG as a separate agency, thereby not falling under a specific functional department and allowing more operational independence.

Special operating agency (2005–present)
In one of several reorganization moves of the federal ministries following the swearing-in of Prime Minister Paul Martin's cabinet on December 12, 2003, several policy/regulatory responsibilities (including boating safety and navigable waters protection) were transferred from CCG back to Transport Canada to provide a single point of contact for issues related to marine safety regulation and security, although CCG maintained an operational role for some of these tasks.

The services offered by CCG under this arrangement include:

 Icebreaking and Arctic sovereignty protection

 Marine search and rescue: primary marine SAR vessels, personnel to staff Joint Rescue Coordination Centres (JRCCs) trained and designated as maritime SAR co-ordinators per the Canada Shipping Act
 Marine security: monitor vessel movements within Canadian waters, coordinate information to other government departments and agencies regarding 96-hour pre-arrival notification from vessels per the Marine Transportation Security Act, personnel to staff Marine Security Operations Centres (MSOCs)
 Environmental response: spill containment and clean-up
 Marine navigation services including aids to navigation: buoy tending, light station keeping, beacon maintenance, publication of Notices to Mariners (NOTMAR) annually and monthly, and Notices to Shipping (NOTSHIP) as well as broadcasting safety Notices to Shipping over marine radio frequencies; and the publication of Radio Aids to Marine Navigation (RAMNav) and the List of Lights, Buoys & Fog Signals (Lights List)
 Maritime mobile safety services: marine radio communications, electronic aids to radio navigation systems (e.g. LORAN, Differential GPS)
 Vessel traffic services to co-ordinate vessel movement safety, monitoring vessel movements including 96-hour reporting protocol before vessels are permitted to enter Canadian waters
 Support to fisheries research (as a platform)
 Offshore, mid-shore and coastal fisheries enforcement (as a platform)
 Integrated border-enforcement teams (IBETs) with the RCMP and Canada Border Services Agency (as a platform)
 Marine support to other federal government departments (as a platform)

On April 4, 2005, it was announced by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans that the CCG was being designated a "special operating agency"—the largest one in the federal government. Although the CCG still falls under the ministerial responsibility of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, it has more autonomy where it is not as tightly integrated within the department. An example is that now all CCG bases, aids to navigation, vessels, aircraft, and personnel are wholly the responsibility of the Commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard, who is also of assistant deputy ministerial rank. The commissioner is, in turn, supported by the CCG headquarters which develop a budget for the organization. The arrangement is not unlike the relationship of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, also headed by a Commissioner, toward that organization's parent department, the Department of Public Safety. As of December 6, 2019, Mario Pelletier has been appointed the current Commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard.

The special operating agency reorganization is different from the past under both DOT and DFO where regional directors general for these departments were responsible for CCG operations within their respective regions; this reportedly caused problems under DFO that did not occur under DOT. Now all operations of CCG are directed by the Commissioner, who reports directly to the Deputy Minister of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Assistant Commissioners are responsible for CCG operations within each region and they report directly to the Commissioner. This management and financial flexibility is being enhanced by an increased budget for CCG to acquire new vessels and other assets to assist in its growing role in marine security.

CCG continues to provide vessels and crew for supporting DFO's fisheries science, enforcement, conservation, and protection requirements. The changes resulting in CCG becoming a special operating agency under DFO did not address some of the key concerns raised by an all-party Parliamentary committee investigating low morale among CCG employees following the transfer from DOT to DFO and budget cuts since 1995. This committee had recommended that CCG become a separate agency under DOT and that its role be changed to that of an armed, paramilitary organization involved in maritime security by arming its vessels with deck guns, similar to the United States Coast Guard, and that employees be given peace officer status for enforcing federal laws on the oceans and Great Lakes. As a compromise, the CCG now partners with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) to create what are known as integrated border-enforcement teams (IBETs), which patrol Canadian waters along the Canada–United States border.

Fleet modernization (1990–present)
In the 1990s–2000s, CCG modernized part of its SAR fleet after ordering British Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)-designed  high-endurance lifeboat cutters for open coastal areas, and the USCG-designed 47-foot Motor Lifeboat (designated by CCG as the ) as medium-endurance lifeboat cutters for the Great Lakes and more sheltered coastal areas. The CCG ordered five  motor lifeboats in September 2009, to add to the 31 existing boats. New vessels delivered to the CCG from 2009 onward included the hovercraft  and the near-shore fisheries research vessels  and .

Several major vessels have undergone extensive refits in recent decades, most notably  in place of procuring the Polar 8 class of icebreakers.

In the first decade of the 21st century, CCG announced plans for the Mid Shore Patrol Vessel Project (a class of nine vessels) as well as a "Polar"-class icebreaker – since named  – in addition to inshore and offshore fisheries science vessels and a new oceanographic research vessel as part of efforts to modernize the fleet.

In 2012, the Government of Canada announced procurement of 24 helicopters to replace the current fleet.

Modernizing the Coast Guard's icebreakers

The Coast Guard has acknowledged that it is not just Louis S. St. Laurent that is old, and needs replacing, all its icebreakers are old. Some critics have argued that with global warming, and the scramble for Arctic nations to document claims to a share of the Arctic Ocean seafloor, Canada lacked sufficient icebreakers. In 2018 the Coast Guard started to publicly search for existing large, capable icebreakers it could purchase. On August 13, 2018, the Coast Guard confirmed it would be buying and retrofitting three large, icebreaking, anchor-handling tugs, ,  and  from Viking Supply Ships.

On 22 May 2019, it was announced two more s will be built for the Canadian Coast Guard, in addition to the six being constructed for the Royal Canadian Navy. Additionally, $15.7B was announced for the production of 16 additional multi-purpose vessels.

Organizational structure
CCG's management and organizational structure reflects its paramilitary nature. The CCG agency supports several functional departments as outlined here:

 Operations Directorate
 National Strategies Directorate
 Integrated Technical Services Directorate
 Major Projects Directorate
 Integrated Business Management Services

Paramilitary structure
The Canadian Coast Guard is a civilian, paramilitary organization. The enforcement of laws in Canada's territorial sea is the responsibility of Canada's federal police force, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as all ocean waters in Canada are under federal (not provincial) jurisdiction. Saltwater fisheries enforcement is a specific responsibility of DFO's Fisheries Officers.

CCG does not have a conventional paramilitary rank structure; instead, its rank structure roughly approximates that of the civilian merchant marine.

In late October 2010 the Stephen Harper government tabled a report that recommended that arming Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers should be considered. Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Gail Shea presented the government's response to a December 2009 report from the Senate's Fisheries Committee, entitled "Controlling Canada's Arctic Waters: Role of the Canadian Coast Guard." The Senate Committee's report had also recommended arming Canadian Coast Guard vessels in the Arctic. Randy Boswell, of the Canwest News Service quoted Michael Byers, an expert on the law of the sea, who used the phrase "quiet authority of a deck-mounted gun".

Operational regions

CCG as a whole is divided into four operational regions: Atlantic, Central, Western, and Arctic. The newest region, the Arctic, was established in October 2018. Previously responsibility for the Arctic areas of Canada was split between the three existing regions. The new unit includes a mandate which ensures increased support for Inuit communities, including search and rescue, icebreaking and for community resupply. The new region is headquartered in Yellowknife.

Auxiliary
The CCG does not have a "reserve" element. There is a Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary (CCGA) which is a separate non-profit organization composed of some 5,000 civilian volunteers across Canada who support search and rescue activities. The CCGA, formerly the Canadian Marine Rescue Auxiliary (CMRA), is made up of volunteer recreational boaters and commercial fishermen who assist CCG with search and rescue as well as boating safety education. CCGA members who assist in SAR operations have their vessel insurance covered by CCG, as well as any fuel and operating costs associated with a particular tasking. The CCGA enables the CCG to provide marine SAR coverage in many isolated areas of Canada's coastlines without having to maintain an active base and/or vessels in those areas.

Commissioner
The head of CCG is called the "Commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard". The rank of "Commissioner" is used in other Canadian federal agencies, such as the RCMP. However, rank and associated insignia are viewed differently in the CCG than in the Royal Canadian Navy.

Facilities

Bases and stations

Lighthouses

CCG operates one of the largest networks of navigational buoys, lighthouses and foghorns in the world.   These facilities assist marine navigation on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts as well as selected inland waterways. CCG represents Canada at the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).

CCG completed a large-scale program of lighthouse automation and de-staffing which began in 1968 and was largely completed in the 1990s. The result of this program saw the automation of all lighthouses and the removal of light keepers except for a handful of stations in British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick.

Budget cuts and technological changes in the marine shipping industry, such as the increased use of GPS, electronic navigation charts and the Global Maritime Distress Safety System, has led CCG to undertake several service reviews for aids to navigation in recent decades. Such reviews have resulted in the further decommissioning of buoys and shore-based light stations as well as a dramatic reduction in the number of foghorns.

Canadian lightkeepers were notified September 1, 2009 that upper management was once again commencing the de-staffing process. The first round, to be completed before the end of the fiscal year, was to include Trial Island, Entrance Island, Cape Mudge and Dryad Point. The second round included Green Island, Addenbroke, Carmanah Point, Pachena Pt and Chrome Island. The decision was taken without input or consultation from the public or user-groups in spite of the fact that during the last round of de-staffing the public and user-groups spoke vocally against cuts to this service. Once again a large outcry forced Minister of Fisheries Gail Shea to respond and on September 30, 2009, she suspended the de-staffing process pending a review of services lightkeepers provide.

Historic facilities
The Department of Fisheries and Oceans, on behalf of the Canadian Coast Guard, is the custodian of many significant heritage buildings, including the oldest lighthouse in North America, the Sambro Island Lighthouse. The department has selectively maintained some heritage lighthouses and permitted some alternative use of its historic structures. However, many historic buildings have been neglected and the department has been accused of ignoring and abandoning even federally recognized buildings. Critics have pointed out that the department has lagged far behind other nations such as the United States in preserving its historic lighthouses. These concerns have led community groups and heritage building advocates to promote the Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act in the Canadian Parliament.

Equipment

Navigational aid and services

The Canadian Coast Guard produces the Notice to Mariners (NOTMAR) publication which informs mariners of important navigational safety matters affecting Canadian waters. This electronic publication is published on a monthly basis and can be downloaded from the Notices to Mariners website. The information in the Notice to Mariners is formatted to simplify the correction of paper charts and navigational publications published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service.

Rank insignia and badges

Epaulettes
Military epaulettes are used to represent ranks. In the CCG they represent levels of responsibility and commensurate salary levels. The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary epaulettes are similar except they use silver braid to distinguish them from the Canadian Coast Guard.

Branch is denoted by coloured cloth between the gold braid. Deck officers, helicopter pilots, hovercraft pilots and JRCC/MRSC marine SAR controllers do not wear any distinctive cloth.

Auxiliary epaulettes

Cap badges

Qualification insignia

Medals, awards, and long service pins

Insignias and other representations

As a special operating agency within the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, the CCG uses generic identifiers imposed by the Federal Identity Program. However, the CCG is one of several federal departments and agencies (primarily those involved with law enforcement, security, or having a regulatory function) that have been granted heraldic symbols.

The CCG badge was originally approved in 1962. Blue symbolizes water, white represents ice, and dolphins are considered a friend of mariners. The Latin motto  translates as "Safety First, Service Always".

In addition to the Coast Guard jack, distinctive flags have been approved for use by senior CCG officials, including the Honorary Chief Commissioner (the Governor General) and the Minister of Transport.
The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary was granted a flag and badge by the Canadian Heraldic Authority in 2012.

See also
 National Search and Rescue Program
 North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum
 Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Trenton
 Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax
 successor to Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre St. John's
 Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Victoria
 Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre Quebec

References

External links

 Official website
 "Usque Ad Mare" A History of the Canadian Coast Guard and Marine Services
 "Marinfo" Canadian Coast Guard homepage – Quebec Region

Federal departments and agencies of Canada
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Coast guards
Government agencies established in 1962
Sea rescue organizations
Uniformed services of Canada
1962 establishments in Canada
Coast_Guard, Canadian

Canadian Coast Guard


The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is a system of ten radio telescopes which are operated remotely from their Array Operations Center located in Socorro, New Mexico, as a part of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).  These ten radio antennas work together as an array that forms the longest system in the world that uses very long baseline interferometry. The longest baseline available in this interferometer is about .

The construction of the VLBA began in February 1986 and it was completed in May 1993.  The first astrometrical observation using all ten antennas was carried out on May 29, 1993.  The total cost of building the VLBA was about $85 million. The array is funded by the National Science Foundation, and costs about $10 million a year to operate.

Each receiver in the VLBA consists of a parabolic dish antenna 25 meters (82 feet) in diameter, along with its adjacent control building. This contains the supporting electronics and machinery for the receiver, including low-noise electronics, digital computers, data storage units, and the antenna-pointing machinery. Each of the antennas is about as tall as a ten-story building when the antenna is pointed straight up, and each antenna weighs about 218 metric tons (240 short tons).

The signals from each antenna are recorded on a bank of approximately one-terabyte hard disc drives, and the information is time-stamped using atomic clocks. Once the disc drives are loaded with information, they are carried to the Pete V. Domenici Science Operations Center at the NRAO in Socorro. There, the information undergoes signal processing in a powerful set of digital computers that carry out the interferometry. These computers also make corrections for the rotation of the Earth, the slight shifts in the crust of the Earth over time, and other small measurement errors.

Observations by the VLBA
The Very Long Baseline Array usually makes radio observations at wavelengths from three millimeters to 90 centimeters, or in other words, at frequencies from 0.3 gigahertz to 96 gigahertz. Within this frequency range, the VLBA observes in eight different frequency bands that are useful for radio astronomy. The VLBA also makes observations in two narrow radio bands below one gigahertz that include spectral lines produced by bright maser emissions.

The VLBA radio telescopes are located at:

High-Sensitivity Array
The use of the VLBA can be scheduled dynamically, and its sensitivity can be improved by a factor of five by including other radio telescopes such as the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico and the Effelsberg radio telescope in Germany. These three additional sites are brought online for as much as 100 hours per four-month trimester. In this configuration, the entire array is known as the High-Sensitivity Array (HSA). The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico was also used, before it collapsed.

Baseline distance and angular resolution
Distance between each VLBA baseline (km): The longest baseline in the array is .

See also
 List of radio telescopes

References

External links

Radio telescopes
Interferometric telescopes
Kitt Peak National Observatory
1993 establishments in the United States

Very Long Baseline Array


Iridologia (sau analiza irisului, diagnosticul pe iris , sau diagnostic ocular) este o metodă de diagnostic folosită în medicina alternativă bazată pe ideea că bolile oamenilor pot fi detectate prin analiza imaginii irisului. Această metodă este considerată pseudoștiințifică, neavând baza științifică pe care practicanții de regulă pretind că ar avea-o.

Diagnosticarea pe baza aspectului irisului nu trebuie confundată cu identificarea după iris a persoanelor, metodă care, similar cu identificarea după amprentele digitale), profită de faptul că structura irisului este unică la fiecare persoană.

Critica
În mai multe rânduri, s-a demonstrat că diagnosticul pe iris este lipsit de orice bază științifică.

Note și referințe

Ochi

Iridologie


¡Viva Chile! es el primer álbum de estudio de la banda chilena Electrodomésticos, lanzado originalmente en formato casete el 7 de septiembre de 1986 en Chile por el sello EMI Odeon, en vinilo LP el mismo año en Argentina, y relanzado luego en 2006 en disco compacto.

El disco contiene las canciones «Yo la quería», uno de sus temas más conocidos parcialmente inspirado en la historia del crimen que hizo famoso al Chacal de Nahueltoro, y «Viva Chile», corte que da nombre al disco y que musicaliza una grabación donde se oye la música de inicio de Televisión Nacional de Chile en los 80, junto con un diálogo radial entre el locutor Carlos Sapag y la mentalista Yolanda Sultana.

En abril de 2008, la edición chilena de la revista Rolling Stone situó a este álbum en el 25º. lugar dentro de los 50 mejores discos chilenos de todos los tiempos.

Lista de canciones

Créditos
Electrodomésticos
 Carlos Cabezas: Voz, programación, sintetizadores, teclados, coros.
 Ernesto Medina: Voz, sintetizadores, coros.
 Silvio Paredes: Bajo, sintetizadores, coros.

Referencias

Álbumes debut de 1986
Álbumes de Chile de 1986
Álbumes de EMI Records
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de rock
Álbumes de música experimental

¡Viva Chile! (álbum)