New Mexico, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin güneybatı kesiminde bulunan bir eyalettir. Başkenti Sante Fe, en büyük şehri Albuquerque'dir. 1 Temmuz 2019 itibarıyla nüfusu 2.096.829'dur. New Mexico 4 ana bölgeye ayrılabilir: Great Plains (Büyük Düzlükler), Rocky Dağları, Colorado Platosu ile Basin-Range Bölgesi. İngilizce ve İspanyolca eyaletin resmi dilleridir.

Eyaletin doğu tarafını işgal eden 'Büyük Düzlükler Bölgesi'nde, engebeli bir plato, derin akarsular, petrol ve doğalgaz yatakları, düz sahalar ve Pecos Nehri Vadisi yer alır. Rocky Dağları eyaletin kuzey merkezi bölümünde yer alır. New Mexico'nun kuzeybatı köşesinde bulunan Colorado Platosu zengin petrol ve gaz yataklarıyla uranyum depolarına sahiptir. Eyaletin güney batı ve merkez bölümünde bulunan Basin-Range bölgesinde ise, dağ sıraları ve alçak çöl havzaları vardır. New Mexico'nun iklimi kuru ve sıcaktır. Su havzalarının karaya oranının en az olduğu eyalette içme suyu havzaları yapay göletlerden oluşur. Nüfus yoğunluğunun çok az olduğu eyaletlerden biridir. Pek çok çizgi film karakterinin yaratıcısı William Hanna, Hilton otellerinin kurucusu Conrad Hilton ile ünlü araba yarışçıları Al ve Bobby Unser New Mexicoludur.

Köken bilimi
Rio Grande nehrinin batısı ve kuzeyindeki arazilere İspanyollar tarafından verilen isimdir.

Kızılderililer
New Mexico Kızılderilileri arasında Apaçiler (Meskalero, Hikarilla, Çirikava, Mimbreno) ve Navaholar çoğunluktadır. Bunları Pueblo yerlileri ile Zuniler izler. Daha az olarak da Uteler, Komançiler ve "Jocome, Jano ile Suma" kabileleri yer alır.

Eyalet bayrağı
Sarı alan ve kırmızı sembol renkleri İspanya'nın renkleridir. New Mexico'ya ilk kez 1540 yılında İspanyol kaşifler tarafından getirilmiştir. New Mexico bayrağının üzerinde etrafa ışık saçan kırmızı bir güneş görürüz. Dörderli ışınlardan oluşmuş dört grup ışık vardır. Bu, Zia olarak adlandırılan yerli bir Amerikan halkının tarihi güneş sembolüdür. Zia'lar tanrının bütün iyi şeyleri onlara bu dört grup içinde hediye ettiğine inanırlar. Bu hediyeler:

 4 yön- kuzey, doğu, güney ve batı
 4 mevsim- ilkbahar, yaz, sonbahar ve kış
 Gün- sabah, öğle, akşam ve gece
 Yaşamın kendisi- çocukluk, gençlik, orta yaş ve yaşlılık.

Komşu eyaletler
Arizona, Kolorado, Oklahoma, Teksas, Utah

Üniversiteleri
 College Of Santa Fe
 College Of The Southwest
 Eastern New Mexico University (College of Business, College of Education & Technology, College of Fine Arts, College of  Liberal Arts & Sciences)
 New Mexico Highlands University
 New Mexico Institute Of Mining & Technology
 New Mexico State University (College of Agriculture & Home Economics, College of Arts & Sciences, College of Business Administration & Economics, College of Education, College of Engineering, College of Health & Social Services, Graduate School)  * St. John's College-santa Fe
 University Of New Mexico (College of Arts & Sciences, College of Education, College of Fine Arts, College of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, Robert O. Anderson Graduate School of Management, School of Architecture & Planning, School of Engineering, School of Law, School of Medicine, School of Public Administration)
 Western New Mexico University

Dipnotlar

New Mexico


Coventry City Football Club is a professional football club based in Coventry, England. The team currently play in the EFL Championship, the second tier of the English football league system.

Coventry City formed as Singers F.C. in 1883 following a general meeting of the Singer Factory Gentleman's club. They adopted their current name in 1898 and joined the Southern League in 1908, before being selected into the Football League in 1919. Relegated in 1925, they returned to the Second Division as champions of the Third Division South and Third Division South Cup winners in 1935–36. Relegated in 1952, they won promotion in the inaugural Fourth Division season in 1958–59. Coventry reached the First Division after winning the Third Division title in 1963–64 and the Second Division title in 1966– 67 under the management of Jimmy Hill. In the 1970–71 season, the team competed in the European Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, reaching the second round. Despite beating Bayern Munich 2–1 in the home leg, they had lost 6–1 in the first leg in Germany, and thus were eliminated.

Coventry's only period in the top division to date lasted 34 consecutive years between 1967 and 2001, and the club were inaugural members of the Premier League in 1992. They won the FA Cup in 1987, the club's only major trophy, when they beat Tottenham Hotspur 3–2. They experienced further relegations in 2012 and 2017, though did manage to win the EFL Trophy in 2017.

Coventry returned to Wembley in 2018, beating Exeter City in the League Two play-off final. Manager Mark Robins built on this success guiding the Sky Blues to eighth in League One the next season and then led the club to promotion back to the EFL Championship as League One champions in 2020. In the 2022–23 season, Coventry secured a play-off place in the Championship, before losing the play-off final to Luton Town on penalties.
For 106 years, from 1899 to 2005, Coventry City played at Highfield Road. The 32,609-capacity Coventry Arena was opened in August 2005 to replace Highfield Road, but the club has struggled with the new stadium lease since moving.

History

Early years (1883–1919)
Coventry City was founded in 1883 as Singers F.C., following a meeting between William Stanley and seven colleagues from the Singer Cycle Company at the Lord Aylesford Inn in Hillfields. It was one of several 19th century clubs linked to Coventry's bicycle factories, and the company founder George Singer was its first president. Singers joined the Birmingham County Football Association in 1884 and played around forty games in their first four years at Dowells Field in the Stoke area. In early seasons they lacked a regular playing staff and sometimes lacked equipment such as goal nets. In 1887, the club moved to the larger Stoke Road Ground, which had rudimentary stands, and they charged an entrance fee for the first time. The following five seasons were very successful, culminating in back-to-back Birmingham Junior Cup titles in 1891 and 1892.

Singers turned professional in 1892 and joined the Birmingham & District League in 1894, competing against strong reserve sides from established regional teams such as Aston Villa. Coventry residents not connected to the cycle company began supporting the club, and it was renamed Coventry City in 1898. Highfield Road opened in 1899, but its construction caused a financial crisis and subsequent salary disputes with the players. The club endured several poor seasons on the field, having to re-apply for membership of the league three times in the space of five years. In 1901, Coventry suffered their worst ever defeat with an 11–2 loss against Worcester-based Berwick Rangers in the qualifying round of the FA Cup. The club became a limited company in July 1907 and the team was more successful the following season, reaching the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time before being eliminated by Crystal Palace.

In 1908, Coventry joined the Southern League, at the time the third-strongest English division. In their second season, Coventry reached the FA Cup quarter final, beating top-flight teams Preston and Nottingham Forest before losing to Everton. Another two successful seasons followed but in 1914 the club was relegated, amid renewed financial problems. Its economic health worsened as attendances dropped sharply, and the club was in danger of dissolution. It was saved in part by the abandonment of competitive football in mid-1915 due to World War I. The club's debts were then paid off by benefactor David Cooke in 1917. During the war, they played some friendly matches against local clubs and joined a temporary wartime division for 1918–19.

League football and the "Old Five" (1919–1945)
In 1919, Coventry submitted a successful application to join the Football League and were placed into the Second Division for the 1919–20 season, the first played after the war. In preparation for league football, the club invested in new players and increased Highfield Road's capacity to 40,000. They avoided finishing last in 1919–20 when they won their final game against Bury, but this result was later found to be rigged, the club receiving a heavy fine in 1923. In 1924–25, after their sixth successive relegation battle, Coventry finished bottom of the table and dropped into the Third Division North. A year later they were asked by the League to switch to the Third Division South, to keep the sizes of the divisions even. Their poor form continued, and in 1927–28 they narrowly avoided having to seek re-election. Supporters rioted after the final game that season, some calling for the club to be wound up and a phoenix club established in its place. In 1928, the club's worst ever attendance was recorded with a gate of 2,059 for a match against Crystal Palace.

In addition to poor form on the field, the club ran into financial difficulties by the end of the 1920s, having to rely on fundraisers by supporters and a cash injection by Cooke, who had become club president. A committee of enquiry in 1928 concluded that the club was being mismanaged, leading to resignation of chairman W. Carpenter and his replacement by Walter Brandish. The club's form began to improve under the new board, and the appointment of Harry Storer as manager in 1931 brought in an era of success at the club. Coventry scored a total of 108 goals in the 1931–32 season, gaining the nickname "The Old Five" as a result of scoring five or more in many games. New signing Clarrie Bourton's individual tally of 49 goals was the Football League record for that season, and his overall total of 50 remains the club record. Two further 100-goal seasons followed, the first time in the league that a team had achieved three in a row, and Coventry recorded their largest ever league victory in April 1934, 9–0 against Bristol City. Despite scoring heavily, Coventry missed out on promotion every season until 1935–36, when they finished as Third Division North champions.

The club continued their good form in the second tier, finishing eighth, fourth and fourth again between 1936 and 1939. They also constructed a new main stand and purchased the freehold of Highfield Road, utilising a loan of £20,000 from local motor-industry entrepreneur John Siddeley. In 1937–38 they met with Midlands rivals Aston Villa the first time in league football, securing with a win and a draw in the two meetings as well as a higher-placed finish than the Birmingham club. In September 1939, the league season was aborted after three games due to the start of World War II. Many supporters at the time blamed the war for robbing the team of a probable imminent promotion to the First Division, although several top players including Bourton had been sold by 1939, and attendances had begun to fall. Coventry continued playing some friendly games until November 1940, when the Coventry Blitz damaged the stadium and brought all football in the city to a halt. Friendly matches resumed again in 1942, as parts of Highfield Road had been rebuilt, and the team joined the Midland Regional League.

Rise to the First Division, Europe, and FA Cup victory (1945–1987)
Storer left Coventry for Birmingham City after the war, and many of the 1939 squad had retired by 1945. New manager Dick Bayliss assembled a squad with a mixture of pre-war players and newcomers, but his tenure was cut short when he died after being stranded in a snow storm in 1947. Replacement Billy Frith was dismissed following a poor start to 1948–49 and the club persuaded Storer to return from Birmingham. In 1950–51, Coventry led the Second Division table at Christmas, but a poor run ended their promotion hopes and the following season they were relegated. They spent the next six seasons in the Third Division South, with seven different managers, but were never in contention for promotion. The average attendance at Highfield Road dropped sharply during this period, and several top players had to be sold amid financial difficulties. In 1958, the north and south divisions were replaced by a single nationwide third and a new fourth. Coventry were placed in the latter as a result of a bottom-half finish in 1957–58. Three games into 1958–59, the club occupied its lowest ever overall league position, 91st, but recovered to secure promotion back into the third tier.

The appointment of Derrick Robins as chairman in 1958 and Jimmy Hill as manager in 1961, marked the start of the "Sky Blue revolution" at the club. Hill changed the club's kit colour and nickname, introduced the Sky Blue Song, and added pre-match entertainment. Backed by an injection of cash from Robins, Hill led Coventry to the Third and Second Division championships in 1964 and 1967 respectively, taking them to the top division for the first time. Coventry's record attendance was set in 1967, against fellow title-chasers Wolverhampton Wanderers; the official gate was 51,455 although the club estimated that the figure was higher. In 1969–70, under Hill's successor Noel Cantwell, the club finished sixth in the First Division, which  remains their highest ever position. The top-six finish earned them a place in the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which ended in the second round with a 7–3 aggregate defeat against Bayern Munich. In the mid-1970s, the club faced renewed financial difficulty and sold several top players. A relegation battle followed in 1976–77, which culminated in a controversial 2–2 draw with Bristol City that saw both sides survive at the expense of Sunderland, playing out the final minutes without any attempt to score further goals. A season of success followed in 1977–78, as Coventry finished seventh, narrowly missing a European place. In 1980–81, Coventry reached their first major semi-final, losing to West Ham United in the League Cup.

Hill returned to the club as managing director in 1975, and was elevated to chairman in 1980. He initiated several transformations at the club, including the conversion of Highfield Road to England's first all-seat stadium in 1981, and the opening of a sports centre and training ground in Ryton-on-Dunsmore. Hill attempted to rename the club "Coventry Talbot", after their sponsors, but this was rejected by the Football Association. To pay for the developments, the club sold top players including popular striker Tommy Hutchison, and results suffered. Hill was forced out of the club in 1983 and terraces reintroduced. Despite surviving relegation battles for four successive seasons, with three changes of manager, by 1986 the club had assembled a strong squad. Under duo George Curtis and John Sillett, they spent most of the following season in the top eight, and advanced to the 1987 FA Cup Final. In a match later described by Steven Pye of The Guardian as a "classic final", Coventry beat Tottenham Hotspur 3–2 at Wembley which, , is the club's only major trophy to date.

 Recent history (1987–present)
Coventry's FA Cup defence ended with a fourth-round defeat to Watford, followed a season later by one of the biggest upsets in FA Cup history when they lost 2–1 to non-league Sutton United in the third round. They finished seventh in the league that season, however, their highest finish since 1978. A last-day escape in 1991–92 earned Coventry a place in the newly-formed Premier League. Bryan Richardson took over as club chairman in summer 1993, making large sums of money available for players over subsequent years. With Ron Atkinson and then Gordon Strachan as manager, Coventry signed several high-profile players such as Dion Dublin, Moustapha Hadji and Robbie Keane, but did not finish higher than 11th place for the remainder of their Premier League tenure.

In 1997, Richardson revealed the initial proposals for a new stadium in the north of Coventry, at the time envisaged as having 40,000 seats and included in England's unsuccessful bid for the 2006 World Cup. The project was backed by Coventry City Council and gained planning permission in 1998, but involved high costs, inducing the board to sell Highfield Road to a property developer and lease it back, before construction had started. On the field, Coventry were forced by the rising debts to sell their top players without replacement, and were finally relegated in 2000–01, ending 34 years of continuous tenure in the top flight.

In their first season back in the second tier, Coventry occupied 4th place with seven games remaining, but ultimately finished 11th, outside the play-off places. The new stadium opened in 2005, having been reduced in size and delayed several times; the club had previously sold its 50% share to the Alan Higgs charity to repay debts. The club's financial situation remained poor, and by 2007 they faced the possibility of being forced out of business; this was averted when the club was bought by hedge fund owner Sisu Capital. Led by chairman Ray Ranson, Coventry signed several promising youngsters in the early Sisu years, but they failed to achieve on-field success. Sisu began reducing investment from 2009 as debts mounted, leading eventually to Ranson's resignation in 2011. They were relegated to League One in 2012, and were forced to groundshare with Northampton Town for more than a year from 2013, following a rent dispute with the Ricoh Arena owners. The club also fell into liquidation, but were allowed to continue playing in League One under Sisu company Otium.

In 2016–17, Coventry were relegated to League Two, but also won the EFL Trophy in the same season, their first trophy for 30 years. The following season, their first in the fourth tier since 1959, they were promoted straight back, finishing sixth and beating Exeter City in the play-off final. Two seasons later, they were promoted again, being awarded the League One championship via a points-per-game system after the season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of curtailment in March 2020, they led the table with 67 points from 34 games. They were exiled from the Ricoh Arena again from 2019 to 2021, playing their home games at St Andrew's in Birmingham, amid ongoing legal action by Sisu over the 2014 purchase of the stadium by rugby club Wasps, which concluded only in 2022 when the European Commission declined to hear an appeal.

The Sisu era at Coventry City ended in 2023, when local businessman Doug King purchased the club. King had also attempted to acquire the CBS Arena, after both Wasps and the stadium holding company had fallen into administration, but his bid came too late and the stadium was eventually sold to Mike Ashley. Coventry went on to finish fifth in the Championship at the end of the season, earning a play-off place. After beating Middlesbrough in the semi-final they played in the 2023 EFL Championship play-off final at Wembley, missing out on promotion to the Premier League after a 6–5 penalty shoot-out defeat against Luton Town.

Playing kit

Colours
Coventry's home shirts are either completely or predominantly sky blue. However, in past seasons, different 'home colours' were worn. For example, in 1889, the then Singers FC wore pink and blue halved shirts (mirroring the corporate colours of Singers Motors). Furthermore, in the 1890s, black and red were the club's colours. In the early 1920s, the club wore red and green (to reflect the colours of the city crest). Sky blue was first used by Coventry in 1898 and the theme was used until 1922. Variations of blue and white were then used until the 1960s and the beginning of the 'sky blue revolution'. The colour made its return in 1962 thanks to the then manager, Jimmy Hill. To mark the 125th year of the club, Coventry wore a special brown shirt in the last home game of the 2008–09 season against Watford, having first worn a chocolate brown away kit in 1978. This kit has been cited by some as the worst in English football history, but also has an iconic status with some fans.

In 2012, in the Third round FA Cup tie versus Southampton, the team wore a commemorative blue and white striped kit, marking the 25th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup in 1987. The strip was worn again in January 2013 for Coventry's 3rd round FA Cup fixture with Tottenham Hotspur, whom they beat in the 1987 final. In 2019, Coventry City announced a new third kit in black and white honouring the city's connection with 2 Tone Records on the 40th anniversary of the record label.

Kit maker and sponsorship
Since the 2019–20 season, the kit is made by Hummel. The home, away and third kit is sponsored by BoyleSports.

The first official kit manufacture deal came in 1974 when Umbro signed a deal with the club. Coventry also had the first kit sponsorship deal in the football league, when Jimmy Hill, then Chairman of the club, negotiated a deal with Talbot, who manufactured cars in the city.

Stadium

Grounds
Dowells Field: 1883–1887
Stoke Road: 1887–1899
Highfield Road: 1899–2005
Coventry Building Society Arena: 2005–2013, 2014–2019, 2021– (known as the Ricoh Arena 2005–2021)
Sixfields Stadium: 2013–2014 (ground-share with Northampton Town for 27 competitive matches)
St Andrew's: 2019–2021 (ground-share with Birmingham City for 46 competitive matches)
Pirelli Stadium: 2022 (ground-share with Burton Albion for 1 competitive match)

106 years at Highfield Road

Coventry City began playing at the Highfield Road stadium in 1899 within the Hillfields district of the city, although the club did not buy the freehold to the site until 1937.

In November 1940, the main stand which backed onto terraced houses in Mowbray Street was bombed by the Luftwaffe. Heavy turnstiles from the ground and gas meters from houses in Mowbray Street were discovered in Gosford Park, some 500 metres away. Bombs also damaged the roof of the terrace at the city end of the ground and the pitch resulting in the ground being unusable for more than two years.

The record crowd at the ground was on 29 April 1967 when 51,452 watched the Second Division title decider against Wolverhampton Wanderers. This was over 6,000 more than the previous record of 44,930 set against Aston Villa in 1938. Many people who were at the Wolves game suggest the attendance was higher, possibly over 55,000. Supporters climbed onto the roofs of the stands and up the floodlights.

In 1968, the main stand and the club's offices suffered serious damage in a fire following a reserve game. The Second Division Championship trophy was destroyed in the fire and the club decided to demolish the stand and built its replacement within four months. Ten days after the fire the club hosted Manchester United and were able to use half the stand. The game attracted the club's second highest attendance of all time (47,111).

In 1981, Highfield Road was converted into England's first-ever all-seater stadium with a capacity of around 24,500, which many criticised as killing the atmosphere of the ground. Some seats were removed a few years later. It had been gradually upgraded since then, with the final phase of work being completed in the mid-1990s, including two fully enclosed corners, providing some much-needed modernity. On 30 April 2005, the final game played at the stadium was against Midlands rivals Derby County; Coventry won 6–2. The stadium was subsequently demolished and replaced by a housing development.

Coventry Building Society Arena

For the 2005–06 season, Coventry City moved to the new 32,609-capacity Coventry Building Society Arena (then named the Ricoh Arena) after 106 years at Highfield Road. In 1998, the club had decided that it was time to relocate to a new stadium in the Rowleys Green area of the city,  north of the city centre and close to junction 3 of the M6 motorway. The original plan was for a state-of-the-art, 45,000-seater multipurpose stadium with removable pitch and retractable roof. It was due to be ready for the 2001–02 season and was touted to be one of the finest and most advanced stadiums in Europe. However, the club's subsequent relegation, financial problems, financier/contractor withdrawals, and England's failure to secure the 2006 World Cup competition led to a radical redesign. The resulting stadium was built to a standard bowl design with steep stands in line with several other new stadia built during that period. It has excellent acoustics and has been used to host several major rock concerts.

Despite initiating the project and being the principal attraction there, Coventry City's financial situation means that it no longer owned the stadium and must pay rent to use it; this appeared to raise concerns over the managing of the club's finances by previous club officials, because in 2001 the club was the fourth-longest serving club in the top flight of English football. The stadium naming rights were originally sold to Jaguar Cars, which has strong links with Coventry. Jaguar pulled out of the project on 16 December 2004 and a new major sponsor was needed. A £10 million deal, which included naming rights, was signed and electronics manufacturer Ricoh became the new chief sponsor for the stadium. The project was funded largely by Coventry City Council and the (Alan Edward) Higgs Charity (of which former CCFC and ACL director the late Sir Derek Higgs was a trustee), and includes shopping facilities, a casino, exhibition halls and a concert venue.

At the beginning of the 2005–06 season, construction delays at the ground forced Coventry City to play their first three games of the season away and postpone their home games. On Saturday 20 August 2005, City hosted Queens Park Rangers in the first-ever game at the Ricoh Arena; Coventry won the game 3–0. On 28 July 2011, a statue of Jimmy Hill was installed at the main entrance to the Ricoh Arena, with Hill appearing in person to unveil it.

Sixfields

On 3 May 2013, Coventry City put a contingency plan in place to play elsewhere for the 2013–14 season. It was argued by the club that this was due to ACL (Arena Coventry Limited), which managed the stadium, being unwilling to negotiate with the club to agree to a new lease. However, that led to the local newspaper, the Coventry Telegraph, starting a petition to stop Coventry City from playing outside of Coventry. It was sent to all 72 clubs in the Football League and Football League chairman Greg Clarke. In May 2013, managing director Tim Fisher set a plan of building a new stadium within the city over the next three years, and ground-sharing whilst the new ground was being built. In June 2013, ACL made an offer that Coventry City F.C. could play at the Ricoh Arena rent free while the club was in administration.

It was believed that Coventry City might ground-share with Walsall at the Bescot Stadium or attempt to stay at the Ricoh Arena, following the appointment of new owners. However, by July 2013, the Walsall rumours were denied and the club ground-shared at Northampton Town's Sixfields Stadium – a venue that had less than a quarter the capacity of the Ricoh Arena, and involved a round-trip of . That arrangement was due to continue until at least 2016. Plans for the club to play its home matches outside of the city were met with strong opposition, and led to protests by Coventry fans. Member of parliament for Coventry South, Jim Cunningham, described the move as "a disgrace".

Return to the Coventry Building Society Arena
On 21 August 2014 it was announced that an agreement had been reached allowing the club to return to the Ricoh Arena for the next two years with the option of another two years. Coventry City's first home game back at the Ricoh Arena was played against Gillingham on 5 September 2014. Steve Waggott, who led the negotiations for the club, said: "We are delighted to get this deal done and I am sure every supporter of Coventry City will be thrilled with the news." City won their first match back at the Ricoh Arena 1–0 with Frank Nouble scoring the only goal of the match in front of 27,306 supporters.

The return followed a social media campaign entitled #bringCityhome by the Coventry Telegraph and a protest march by the Sky Blue Trust supporters' group. The campaign drew praise from national media and figures within the football world. It was short-listed at the 2014 British Press Awards in the "Campaign of the Year" category.

Because the tenancy agreement with Wasps was to expire in August 2018, it was reported in November 2015 that there would be a relocation to another site within the city. However it was later confirmed that Coventry City would remain at the Ricoh Arena for another year.

In May 2016 the Coventry Telegraph broke the news that the club had drawn up plans with Coventry Rugby Club for a ground-share arrangement at a redeveloped Butts Park Arena. That was eventually denied by Rugby Club chairman Jon Sharp, who said there could be no deal with the football club while it was still owned by SISU.

St Andrew's
On 7 June 2019 it was reported that talks between SISU and Wasps had again broken down meaning that Coventry would have to play their 2019–20 home matches at Birmingham City's St Andrew's ground.

The club had the option to spend a further two seasons away from Coventry and remained at St Andrew's for the 2020–21 season. The club returned to the Coventry Building Society Arena in August 2021, ending the ground-share agreement between Coventry and Birmingham.

 New Stadium at the University of Warwick and second return to Coventry
In July 2020, the club confirmed that they had commenced a partnership with the University of Warwick which would see land provided for a new stadium.

In March 2021, the club announced that they had secured a ten-year agreement to return to the Ricoh Arena from the start of the 2021–22 season. The deal, described by the club's owners as "the best the club has had in terms of commercial revenue" during their time at the stadium, would not affect the longer-term goal of constructing a new stadium. The new deal also included a seven-year break clause should the club require it.

On 5 May 2021, it was announced that the Ricoh Arena would be renamed for the first time, when it would become the Coventry Building Society Arena. The name change came into effect in July 2021 as a part of a 10-year naming rights deal with the building society.

On 8 August 2021, Coventry City played Nottingham Forest at the Coventry Building Society Arena in the club's first game back at the ground in 2 years and their first Championship game in Coventry since 2012. They won the match 2–1. On 16 September 2021, Coventry City owner Joy Seppala told the BBC the club remained "firmly committed" to a new stadium, planned for a site owned by the University of Warwick.

The club were forced to move at least 1 match away from Coventry again in August 2022 when their EFL Cup match against Bristol City was held at Burton Albion's Pirelli Stadium due to the pitch being deemed "unsafe".

Arena Coventry entered Administration in November 2022 and was subsequently bought by Frasers Group. Coventry City did not sign to continue the previous deal with the new owners and were issued a notice of eviction on 5 December unless they signed a new deal which only ran until May 2023. The new deal was signed on 13 December meaning the Sky Blues would remain at the CBS Arena only until at least May 2023. The deal was subsequently extended by 5 years; additional guarantees in the lease included that City would be the sole tenant of the CBS Arena throughout the lease, would move back into the original home dressing room (previously used by Wasps), a new club shop, and enhanced Sky Blues branding in the concourse.

Supporters

Former Players' Association
In February 2007 a Former Players' Association was launched. Set up by club historian and statistician Jim Brown, former 1980s player Kirk Stephens and a committee of volunteers, its aim was to bring former players of the club together and cherish their memories. To qualify for membership players have to have made at least one first-team competitive appearance for the club or been a manager.

Around 50 former stars of the club attended the launch including Coventry City legends George Hudson, Cyrille Regis, Charlie Timmins and Bill Glazier. The association's first newsletter was published in autumn 2007 and a website launched. The launch of 2007 was followed by subsequent Legends' Days. The 2009 event, held at the home game against Doncaster Rovers was attended by 43 former players including the first visit to Coventry for many years of Roy Barry and Dave Clements. In March 2012 the membership had increased past the 200 mark with former captain Terry Yorath inducted as the 200th member at the 2012 Legends' Day.

Legends' Day has become an almost permanent fixture amongst Coventry supporters. Legends' Day has been held almost every year since the Inaugural Event. The only exceptions being in 2014 when the club were exiled playing home games in Northampton and in 2020 and 2021 after fans were shut out of stadiums as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic.IdentityThe club's support is collectively known as The Sky Blue Army. In Coventry and Warwickshire the use of the term 'Going Up The City' is a term used to say you are going to watch a Coventry City match.

The club's support massively dropped off in the years of the SISU ownership, with the decline in average attendances falling in line with the club's slide down the league pyramid. The exit from The Ricoh Arena in 2013 led to many supporters protesting against SISU's ownership of the club and a section of the support enforce a 'Not One Penny More' policy in which its backers vowed not to give any more money to the club as long as SISU remained in charge.

In the 2013–14 season, in which the club was exiled at Northampton Town's Sixfields Stadium the average attendance dropped to just over 2,000.

The Sky Blue Trust is the largest member-based supporters club and in its peak was fighting to gain a stake in the club and to get fan representation on the board of directors. As of 2022 The Sky Blue Trust are less vocal and are viewed as obsolete by many supporters.

Sky Blue anthem
The words to the club's song were written in 1962 by Team Manager Jimmy Hill and Director John Camkin; The words being set to the tune of the Eton Boating Song. It was launched at the home game with Colchester on 22 December 1962 (a match abandoned at half-time because of fog) with the words printed in the programme. It quickly became popular with supporters during the epic FA Cup run in 1963 when the then Third Division team reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup before losing to eventual winners Manchester United:

Original Words:
Let's all sing together
Play up, Sky Blues
While we sing together
We will never lose
Proud, Posh or Cobblers
Oysters or anyone
They shan't defeat us
We'll fight till the game is won!
City! City! City!

Current Words:
Let's all sing together
Play up, Sky Blues
While we sing together
We will never lose
Tottenham or Chelsea
United or anyone
They shan't defeat us
We'll fight till the game is won!
City! City! City!Famous SupportersThe club has a number of famous supporters, Television Broadcaster Richard Keys was born in the City and is a lifelong supporter of the club. Fellow broadcaster Jon Gaunt is also a City fan.

The principal of the Red Bull Formula 1 team Christian Horner was outed as a supporter of the club when he jokingly claimed in an interview with Sky F1 he was trying to convince Kevin De Bruyne to join the club.

Comedian Josh Pugh grew up in nearby Atherstone and currently lives in Coventry and supports the Sky Blues.

From the world of music, Musician Neville Staple of The Specials is also a keen supporter of the club and in 2019, appeared in a kit launch for the clubs new 'Two Tone' themed Third Kit. Tom Clarke, Andy Hopkins and Liam Watts who formed local rock band The Enemy are all big City supporters.

Singer/Songwriter Tom Grennan is also a fan of the club owing to his manager and agent being a Sky Blues fan.

The actor Graeme Hawley who is best known for playing the role of John Stape in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street is a season ticket holder at the club.

Other famous fans include professional Darts players Steve Beaton and Steve Hine, Formula 1 mogul Eddie Jordan and Westlife member Brian McFadden.

Malcolm In The Middle actor Frankie Muniz is reportedly a Coventry City fan, apparently owing to a producer he made friends with on the set of the film Agent Cody Banks 2.

Politician Geoffrey Robinson is a fan of the club and once served as Chairman.

Rivalries

Leicester City are considered Coventry City's main rival and the two clubs compete the M69 Derby. However, largely due to the clubs' differing fortunes meetings between the two have been rare in recent years; the two clubs had not played each other between 2012 and 2023. The clubs met for the first time in eleven years in the 2023–24 EFL Championship season, following Leicester's relegation from the Premier League.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s and to the turn of the millennium, Aston Villa were considered Coventry's main rivals as they continually competed against each other in the First Division and then the Premier League. The two clubs however have not met since Coventry's relegation from the Premier League in 2001.

In the 1960s and 1970s there was intense rivalry with Wolverhampton Wanderers which started in 1965 after Wolves were relegated from Division One and the two clubs met in Division Two. The two sides were promoted together in 1967 and there were fierce battles in both city centres when the clubs met during the period. There was also rivalries with West Bromwich Albion and Walsall but these are much less fierce than the ones with Leicester, Wolves and Villa.

A local rivalry also exists with Birmingham City, however the ground share agreement at St Andrew's between 2019 and 2021 – which effectively spared Coventry from being expelled from the EFL – has led to friendlier relations between the two clubs' supporters.

The club has an unusual long-distance rivalry with North-East side Sunderland, which stems back to the end of the 1976–77 season, when Coventry, Sunderland and Bristol City were all battling against relegation from Division One on the final day of the season. With Coventry and Bristol City facing each other at Highfield Road, the referee, on the advice of the police, delayed the kick-off of the match by five minutes as many fans were still trying to enter the ground and there was a risk of serious trouble. Sunderland, who were playing away to Everton at the same time, lost 2–0, and the result was displayed on the Highfield Road scoreboard. There were still five minutes left to play and Coventry and Bristol City effectively stopped playing knowing that a 2–2 draw would keep both teams up and send Sunderland down. There was an inquiry but the result was allowed to stand and Sunderland were relegated. Some Sunderland fans have held a grudge and there has been some rivalry more recently as the two clubs competed for promotion from League One together in 2018–19 and 2019–20. In 2018–19 crowd trouble marred the meetings between the two at The Ricoh Arena and The Stadium of Light leading to numerous arrests among both sets of fans.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Under-21 squad

Out on loan

Under-18 squad

Backroom staff and club officials

Seasons

 Coventry City deducted 10 points by the Football League for going into administration.
 Coventry City deducted 10 points by the Football League.
 Bury were expelled from the EFL on 27 August 2019 due to financial issues at the club. The season was postponed on 13 March 2020 and later concluded prematurely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with league positions and promotions decided on a points-per-game basis.
* Season in progress.

HonoursLeague Second Division / Championship (level 2)Champions: 1966–67
 Third Division / League One (level 3)Champions: 1963–64, 2019–20
 Third Division South (level 3)Champions: 1935–36
Runners-up: 1933–34
 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)Runners-up: 1958–59
Play-off winners: 2018Cup FA CupWinners: 1986–87
 FA Charity ShieldRunners-up: 1987
 EFL TrophyWinners: 2016–17
 Third Division South CupWinners: 1935–36Minor honours'
 Birmingham Senior Cup
Winners: 1910–11, 1922–23, 2006–07
Runners-up: 2022–23
 Southern Professional Floodlit Cup
Winners: 1959–60
 FA Youth Cup
Winners: 1986–87
Runners-up: 1967–68, 1969–70, 1998–99, 1999–00

Notable players

Official Hall of Fame

Notable Academy graduates

Player records

Managers

Chairmen

Notes

References

 </ref>

External links

Official club website

 Soccerbase – Results  | Squad Stats  | Transfers
Sky Sports Coventry City
Coventry City Former Players Association

Football clubs in England
Premier League clubs
Association football clubs established in 1883
FA Cup winners
EFL Trophy winners
English Football League clubs
1883 establishments in England
Southern Football League clubs
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Sport in Coventry
Sport in Birmingham, West Midlands
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom

Coventry City F.C.


La Firma de Lamport es un esquema de firma digital de un solo uso, inventada  por Leslie Lamport en 1979. La firma se aplica sobre mensajes sin efectuar ninguna modificación previa de los mismos.

La esquema de firma de Lamport utiliza un juego de claves, compuesto por una clave privada y una clave pública. La clave privada es un conjunto de  elementos privados. La clave pública es otro conjunto de  elementos, formados, generalmente, por la  aplicación de una función hash a cada elemento privado. Para firmar un documento, se aplica una función hash al documento del que se obtienen  bits, y se utilizan para seleccionar  elementos de la clave pública.

La firma de Lamport se debe utilizar una sola vez por cada juego de claves. Sin embargo, combinado el esquema de firma de Lamport con un Árbol de Merkle, un solo juego de claves podría usarse para firmar varios mensajes, lo que la convierte en un esquema de firma digital bastante eficiente.

El desarrollo potencial de la computación cuántica amenaza la seguridad de muchas formas comunes de criptografía como RSA, pero se cree que las firmas de Lamport estarían seguras si se usan, como componentes de las claves, valores de tamaño adecuado.

Descripción formal

A continuación se muestra una descripción de como funciona una firma Lamport, en notación matemática. Notar que el "mensaje" en esta descripción es un bloque de  datos siendo posiblemente (pero no necesariamente) el resultado de aplicar una función hash al mensaje que realmente se quiere firmar.

Claves

Sea  un entero positivo y sea  una función unidireccional.

Para  y  el firmante elige aleatoriamente  y luego calcula .

La clave privada, , consiste en  valores .
La clave pública,, consiste en otros  valores .

Firma de un mensaje

Sea   el bloque descriptor del mensaje:

La firma del mensaje es:

.

Verificación de la firma

Quien necesite validar la firma debe verificar que:
  para todo  .

Se debe conservar los elementos privados que forman la firma, la clave pública y el mensaje original para futuras validaciones.

Para que Eva pueda falsificar una firma, debe poder invertir los valores de la clave pública. Y esto se asume como un problema computacionalmente inviable si se usan valores de tamaño adecuado.

Inconvenientes

El primer inconveniente es que se debe utilizar cada juego de claves una sola vez. La razón es que al firmar se hacen visibles los  elementos privados que generaron los  elementos públicos. Es decir, se exponen el 50% de los elementos que forman la clave privada, por lo tanto una vez que se firma un documento no se debe reutilizar el juego de clave pública y privada. Además se debe destruir el 50% remanente de elementos privados que forman la clave privada y no que fueron expuestos.

Otro inconvenientes es el de la excesiva longitud de las claves y la firma.

Referencias

Algoritmos criptográficos
Sistemas de firma digital
Lamport-Diffie, firma

Firma de Lamport-Diffie


مشروع كاميلوت  هو مشروع بحث لعلمِ اجتماع الجيش الأمريكي في عام 1964، وكان هدف المشروع تقييم أسباب التمرّد الاجتماعي العنيف وتمييز الأعمال التي يمكن للحكومة أَن تميزها لمنع سقوطها. سبّبَ الاقتراح خلافاً كثيراً بين العلماء الاجتماعيينِ، العديد من الذين جادلوا بأنَّ مثل هذه الدراسةِ تنتهي باستعمال البحث العلمي الاجتماعيِ لتقوِية الحكومة المؤسَّسة ولتنزيل حركات ثورية في أمريكا اللاتينية وأماكن قلقة أخرى.دولة تشيلي كانت ستصبحُ القضية القضائيةَ للمشروع، لكن عالمَ الاجتماع النرويجيَ يوهان جالتونج، الذي كان قد دُعِى لِكي يكون مساهماً في المشروع، عمل بجدّ لإنذار العلماء الاجتماعيينِ التشيليينِ والأمريكيينِ من أغراض المشروع الحقيقية.

التاريخ
ألغي المشروع وتعرضت وزارة الدفاع الأميركية لنقدٍ متزايد وذلك لمحاولتها تخريب البحث الاجتماعي، بالإضافة إلى الحجج القائلة بأن ذلك البحث لعلْم الاجتماع كان طريقاً ملائماً لتَفادي النزاع الثقافيِ. كما اعترفتْ الولايات المتحدة بأنّ السبب الغالب لدخولها حرب مع اليابان جاءت من قلة التعاطف مع ثقافة اليابان، و من ثم كلّفوا عالمَ الإنسانيات، روث بنيديكت، لكتابة كتاب وزّعَ على نحو واسع عن المجتمع والاعتقادات اليابانية.

المنظمة
كاميلوت كانت برنامج للجيش الأمريكيِ، ليست عملية لوكالة المخابرات المركزية الأمريكية.
المشروع كاميلوت هو دراسة هدفها أن يقرّر عملية تَطوير النظم الاجتماعية عامّة التي تكون محتملة لتوقُّع و للتأثير على السمات الهامّة سياسياً من التغير الاجتماعي في الدول الناميةِ من العالمِ. بشكل مُحدّد أكثر، أهدافه:
 أولاً، لابتكار الإجراءات لتقييم الإمكانيةِ للحرب الداخلية ضمن مجتمعات وطنية.
 الثانية، للشُعُور بنفس شعور الدرجات المتزايدة من الثقة تجاه الأعمال أو الخطوات التي قد تتخذها الحكومة للتخفيف من الشروط المُقَيَّمة كسبب لإمكانية الحربِ الداخلية.
 وأخيراً، لتَقييم عملية وَصْف خصائص نظام معين للحُصُول على المعلومات الضرورية لعمل الهدفان أعلاه.

المصادر

 Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition, Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc. ISBN 0-534-62029-9

الحرب الباردة في أمريكا اللاتينية
العلاقات الأمريكية التشيلية
انحلالات سنة 1965 في الولايات المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 1964 في الولايات المتحدة
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة في الحرب الباردة
علم الاجتماع
العلوم السياسية في الولايات المتحدة
مخابرات عسكرية
مشاريع عسكرية مهجورة للولايات المتحدة
وزارة دفاع الولايات المتحدة

مشروع كاميلوت


Derek William Temple (født 13. november 1938 i Liverpool, England) er en engelsk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

På klubplan spillede Temple de første ti sæsoner af sin karriere hos Everton F.C. i sin fødeby. Her var han i 1966 med til at vinde FA Cuppen, og scorede det ene mål i Evertons 3-2-sejr i finalen over Sheffield Wednesday. Senere i karrieren repræsenterede han Preston North End og Wigan.

Temple spillede desuden én kamp for det engelske landshold, en venskabskamp mod Vesttyskland 12. maj 1965.

Titler
FA Cup
 1966 med Everton

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Everton F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Preston North End F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Wigan Athletic F.C.
Personer fra Liverpool

Derek Temple


An Carex baronii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Carex baronii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex baronii


මින්නේරිය ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක්  වන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු මැද පළාත තුළ  පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය 1997 අගෝස්තු 12 දී ජාතික උද්‍යානයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර, 1938 මුලින් ම වනජීවී අභය භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය ආරක්ෂා  ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට හේතුව වන්නේ මින්නේරිය වැව අවට ජල පෝෂක හා අවට ප්‍රදේශයේ වනජීවී ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි. වැව ඓතිහාසික වැදගත්කමක් සහිත අතර, මහසෙන් රජු විසින් ක්‍රි.ව. තුන්වන සියවසේ දී ඉදි කර ඇත. මෙම උද්‍යානය වියළි සමයේ මාතලේ, පොලොන්නරුව, ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වල වාසය කරන අලි ජනගහනය සඳහා පෝෂණ බිමක් වේ. උද්‍යානය 2009 අගෝස්තු මාසයෙන් අවසන් මාස හය තුලදී උපයා ගත් ආදායම රු. මිලියන 10.7.මින්නේරිය,  කවුඩුල්ල හා ගිරිතලේ එක්ව ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBAs)  ආකෘති 70 ක් සාදයි. මෙම උද්‍යානය කොළඹ සිට  පිහිටා ඇත .

භෞතික ලක්ෂණ
ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ වියළි කලාපය තුල පිහිටි අතර ලැබෙන සාමාන්ය වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර 1500-2000  (59-79 in) කි. උද්‍යානයේ අඩුම හා වැඩිම උෂ්ණත්වය පිළිවෙලින්  20.6 °C (69.1 °F) හා 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) වේ. වැව සඳහා ජලය ලැබෙන ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍ර වන්නේ අඹන් ගඟ හා ඇලහැර ඇල හැරවීම වේ. ඔක්තෝබර් සිට ජනවාරි තුළ උතුරු නැගෙනහිර මෝසම් මගින් තෙත් සමයේ පවතින අතර මැයි සිට සැප්තැම්බර් දක්වා  වියළි සමය ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. මින්නේරිය ප්‍රධාන වාසස්ථාන වර්ග කිහිපයක් වේ, අඩු-වියන් කඳුකර වනාන්තර ඇතුළු අතරමැදි ඉහළ වියන් ද්විතීයික වනාන්තර, ළඳු කැලෑ, අතහැර දමා හේන් ඉඩම්, තෘණ බිම්, ගල්පර හා තෙත් බිම්.

ශාක
Terminalia arjuna (කුඹුක්), Manilkara hexandra (පලු ගස්), කොහොඹ (Azadirachta indica), Azadirachta indica (කොහොඹ), sacred fig (ඇසතු) (Ficus religiosa) සහ Piliostigma racemosum (මයිල) පොදුවේ මින්නේරිය වැව අවට ප්‍රදේශය තුළ දක්නට ලැබේ.  Chloroxylon swietenia, Vitex altissima, Berrya cordifolia, Diospyros quaesita, සහ Drypetes sepiaria (වීර) මින්නේරිය අධිපති ශාක විශේෂ වේ. Randia dumetorum, crotons, සහ Calotropis gigantea අතහැර දමා ඇති හේන් වගාව හා ළඳු කැලෑ තුල  පොදු දෙයකි.වන සංරක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මගින් ස්ථාපිත යුකැලිප්ටස් සහ තේක්ක වගාව, උද්යානය තුළ දැකිය හැකි ය. Monocots සහ Bambusa bambos, ලංකා ඉඳි (Phoenix pusilla), Imperata cylindrica සහ Panicum maximum ඇතුලත් තෘණ විශේෂ ද දැකිය හැක.

සත්ව
මෙම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය තුල ඇතුලත් සත්ව විශේෂ අතර  ක්ෂීරපායී විශේෂ  24 ක්, පක්ෂීන් විශේෂ 160 ක්, උභයජීවීන් විශේෂ 9 ක්, උරග විශේෂ 25 ක්, මාළු 26 විශේෂ ක්, සහ සමනල විශේෂ 75 ක් පමණ ද දැකගත හැකිය.

අලි පිරිසක්

ශ්‍රි ලාංකික අලි ඇතුන් විශාල සංඛයාවක්, වියළි කාලයේදී ජලාශයේ  දාර මත ඇති  තෘණ ක්ෂේත්‍ර සඳහා ආකර්ෂණය වී පවතී.  මින්නේරිය වැව, විශාල අලි රංචුවක් වුවද තිරසාරව පවත්වා ගැනීමට දායක වේ. අලි ඇතුන් 150-200 ක් පමණ ප‍්‍රමාණයක් මෙහි රැස් වේ. ඇතැම් වාර්තා 700 ක් තරම් ඉහල අලි ඇතුන් සංඛයාවක් ඇති බවට පවසයි. ඔවුන් වස්ගමුව ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයේ සිට මෙහි සංක්‍රමණය වි ආහාර හා උද්‍යානයේ වනාන්තර වලින් නවාතැන් ප‍්‍රතිලාභ ලබා ගනි. සංචාරකයන් විශේෂයෙන් වියළි කාලයේදි , බොහෝ දුරට අලි ඇතුන්  දැක බලා ගැනිමේ අරමුණ ඇතුව  මින්නේරිය වන අඩවියට පිවිසේ.

වෙනත් සතුන්
මෙම වනෝද්‍යානය ශ්‍රි ලංකාවට ආවේණික වඳුරු විශේෂ දෙකක් සඳහා වැදගත් වාස භූමියක් වේ: purple-faced langur සහ toque macaque.  Sri Lankan sambar deer සහ Sri Lankan axis deer වැනි විශාල ශාක භක්ෂක ක්ෂීරපායීන්  නිතර නිතර මෙම උද්‍යානයේ දැකගත හැකිය. දුර්ලභ හා වඳවීමේ තර්ජනයට ලක්වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකා කොටියා සහ Sri Lankan sloth bear යන ජීවී විශේෂ ද මින්නේරිය වනෝද්‍යානය තුල වාසය කරයි.gray slender loris ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ දක්නට ලැබෙන ප‍්‍රදේශ වලින් එකක් ලෙස මින්නේරිය වාර්තා අතරට එක් වේ.

මින්නේරිය ජලාශය lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican වැනි විශාල ජලජ පක්ෂීන් සඳහා වැදගත් වාස භූමියක් වේ. මින්නේරිය බොහෝ පදිංචි මෙන්ම සංක්‍රමණික පක්ෂි විශේෂ සඳහා වාසභූමියක් වේ.little cormorants රැළවල් වර්ග  2000 පමණ වාර්තා වී ඇත. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, සහ grey heron මෙහි ඇති අනෙක් ජලජ කුරුල්ලෝ ය. ලංකාවට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් අතරSri Lanka junglefowl(වළි කුකුළා), Sri Lanka hanging parrot(ලංකා ගිරාමලිත්තා), brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill(අළු කෑදැත්තා), black-crested bulbul සහ crimson-fronted barbet වේ.මෙම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයෙන් වාර්තා වි ඇති තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ කුරුල්ලන් සංඛයාව 11 ක් වේ.

Fejervarya pulla සහ Polypedates cruciger යන උභයජීවීන් මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙන් වාර්තා වී ඇත.ලංකාවට ආවේණික උරග විශේෂ අටක් ඇති අතර, ඔවුන් සියලුදෙනාම තර්ජනයට ලක් වූ බවට සලකනු ලැබේ. Painted-lip lizard සහ Lankascincus fallax ඔවුන් අතර සිටියි. Saltwater crocodile(ගැට කිඹුලා), Indian python, Asian water monitor(කබරගොයා), සහ Bengal monitor අනෙක් උරගයන් අතර වේ. ලංකාවට ආවේණික වන මිරිදිය මසුන් වර්ග හතරක් මින්නේරිය වනාන්තරයෙන් වාර්තා වේ.

තර්ජන හා සංරක්ෂණය
උද්‍යාන වනාන්තරයේ ප්‍රධාන තර්ජනයන් ලෙස දර සඳහා ශාක නිෂ්කාශනය වන අතර, එම ක්‍රියාවලිය නිසා ජලාශයේ ජල මට්ටම අඩු වීම ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පෙන්විය හැකිය.  නාන ස්ථානවල ජල දූෂණය,නාන ස්ථාන අල්ලා ගැනීම්, නීති විරෝධී කෘෂිකාර්මික භාවිතයන්මසුන් ඈල්ලීම,හොර දඩයම්, මැණික් කැණීම්  මිනිසා විසින්  එල්ල කරන ලද අනෙකුත් තර්ජන ලෙස දැක්විය හැකිය.Lantana camara(ගඳපාන) යන ආක්‍රමණික පැතිරීම ස්වභාවික තර්ජනයක් වේ.මෙම  ප්‍රදේශය 1988 සිට 1997 දක්වා අදියර හතරක දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද මින්නේරිය-ගිරිතලේ ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ කොටසකි. වාසස්ථාන පුනස්ථාපනය හා එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පශු සම්පත් ඉවත් කිරිම ඇතුළු කොන්සර්වේටිව් පියවර යෝජනා වී ඇත.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රක්‍ෂිත ස්වාභාවික ප්‍රදේශ

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික උද්‍යාන

මින්නේරිය ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය


Iklanberény (em : Biernja) é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 39 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Iklanberény


أكْجُوْجَت عاصمة ولاية إنشيري الموريتانيّة. تقع 256 كلم إلى شمال شرق العاصمة نواكشوط.

الاسم
أكجوجت كلمة بربريّة وتطلق في الأصل على بئر كان الناس يشربون منه في المنطقة المعروفة بشحّ المصادر المائية.

الأبناء
الرئيس الثامن لموريتانيا محمد ولد عبد العزيز في الأصل من أهل المدينة.

الأحياء
أهمّ أحياء أكجوجت:

 حي دبي
 سيت
 الحدائق
 إمكيزيرة
 لمبيطيح
 أدباي
 لوجمهات
 حي ماتل
 صانتر
 امبيقيرة
 سيتي كادر

الثقافة
يقام بها مهرجان سنوي لإحياء تراث المدينة العريق بتنوعه وثراءه.

المواصلات
يربطها بالعاصمة الطريق الوطني 1 الاسفلتيّ.

الاقتصاد
يوجد بالمدينة منجم مهمّ للذهب والنحاس يسمّى منجم قلب ام قرين تديره شركة First Quantum Minerals الكنديّة.

أعلام
محمد ولد عبد العزيز
محمد ولد الطالب

مصادر

أماكن مأهولة في موريتانيا
بلديات موريتانيا
عواصم ولايات موريتانيا
مدن موريتانيا
مناجم
ولاية إينشيري

أكجوجت


The Battle of Edgcote (also known as the Battle of Banbury or the Battle of Danes Moor) took place on 24 July 1469, during the Wars of the Roses. It was fought between a Royal army, commanded by the earls of Pembroke and Devon, and a rebel force led by supporters of the Earl of Warwick.

The battle took place  northeast of Banbury in Oxfordshire; it resulted in a rebel victory which temporarily handed power over to the Earl of Warwick. By September, though, Edward IV of England was back in control, and Warwick found himself in a situation similar to the one before the battle, prompting him to plan a second rebellion.  After Edgcote there was no turning back. Edward could no longer trust him fully and he was inexorably moving towards becoming a Lancastrian.

Edgcote has a reputation for being one of the least well-documented battles of the period, though numerous contemporary, or near contemporary, records and chronicles refer to it. Details in accounts diverge in terms of numbers, leaders, casualties, and the course of the fighting, but not all of these "divergences" are contradictory. The heavy casualties suffered by Pembroke's Welsh forces made it a popular topic for Welsh poets.

Background

Close allies in deposing Henry VI in 1461, by 1469 Warwick and Edward IV had fallen out. After marrying Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, Edward increasingly relied on her family, who competed with the Nevilles for lands and positions. Concerned by his close connection with Warwick, Edward blocked a proposed marriage between Clarence, his younger brother and heir, and Warwick's eldest daughter Isabel. For various reasons, Clarence greatly resented this.

In April 1469, a revolt broke out in Yorkshire, under a leader called Robin of Redesdale. His true identity is unknown. Numerous candidates have been suggested:  Sir John Conyers, steward of Warwick's Middleham Castle, either of his son, another John Conyers or Sir William Conyers of Marske (d. 1469), Sir Richard Welles, and Sir Henry Neville. Alternatively, he could have been an unknown commoner, a "villain called Robin of Riddesdale" as described in Jean de Waurin's Chronicle. In May, a second rebellion began, led by a figure known as Robin of Holderness, demanding the restoration of Henry Percy, traditional Earl of Northumberland.

John Neville, the current Earl, quickly suppressed this and executed its leader, although he made little attempt to intercept Robin of Redesdale. Confident the rebellion was well in hand and accompanied only by his personal household troops, Edward moved slowly north through Lincolnshire, reaching Crowland in early July. On 9 July, he discovered the rebel army was considerably larger than previously advised, followed by even more disturbing news from London.

Warwick and Clarence spent the summer assembling troops, allegedly to help suppress the revolt; in early July, they travelled to Calais, where Clarence married Isabel in a ceremony conducted by Warwick's brother George, Archbishop of York. The three men then issued a 'remonstrance', listing alleged abuses by the Woodvilles, William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon among others. They entered London on 12 July, and on 18th, marched north with to link up with the Yorkshire rebels.

Edward withdrew to Nottingham and sent urgent instructions to Pembroke in Raglan Castle and Devon in Dorchester, ordering them to meet him there with as many men as they could muster. The northern rebels headed for Northampton, intending to link up with Warwick and Clarence. A small skirmish was fought in the area of Northampton, before the Royal forces retreated towards Banbury. The army camped on Edgcote Lodge Hill and late in the afternoon of 23 July, a brief skirmish was fought between the Royal picquets and the rebel outriders. Sir Henry Neville was captured in the skirmish, and killed after attempting to yield. Pembroke himself, together with the other commander, Devon, were in lodgings in Banbury. According to most of the chroniclers they had a disagreement over lodgings, and Devon retired, taking his part of the army with him. Devon reportedly took his troops ten or twelve miles away. Tradition has it he retreated to Deddington Castle, but there is no contemporary evidence that this was his final location.

Battle

Estimates suggest Pembroke had some 3,000 to 5,000 Welsh knights and spearmen, with 800 to 1,500 under Devon, including most of the archers. Aware of the need to destroy the northern army before they were reinforced, Pembroke's army was camped overnight on high ground to the north-east. This overlooked the site of the 914 CE Battle of Danes Moor, with the two armies separated by a tributary of the River Cherwell.

The rebel army contained a large contingent of archers, putting Pembroke at a disadvantage; he ordered his troops forward and the two sides fought at close quarters for the rest of the morning. By early afternoon, the Royal army had gained control of the river crossing, but at this point, Warwick's advance guard arrived upon the field, led by Sir Geoffrey Gates and Sir William Parr. Gates and Parr were able to hold the rebels together, but they were still under severe pressure when further rebel reinforcements arrived, led by John Clapham.

In one account Devon was still present, and fled at this point. However, what ever was the case, the Royal army believed this to be Warwick and his forces. Pembroke's men broke. Casualties were reported as 168 knights and gentry, plus 2,000 rank and file, losses significant enough to be remembered and referenced by Welsh poets a century later. Pembroke was captured and executed at Northampton later in the week, on Thursday 27 July; his brother Sir Richard Herbert had been executed the previous day, Wednesday 26 July. Their half brother Sir Richard Vaughan died during the battle and Devon was beheaded at Bridgwater on 17 August.

There are few details on rebel casualties but they would have been considerably less than those suffered by Pembroke since most deaths occurred during a pursuit. Apart from Henry Neville, killed on the evening before the battle, these included Sir William Conyers, and Sir Oliver Dudley, youngest son of John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley.

Aftermath

Edward was taken into custody and held in Middleham Castle. His in-laws Earl Rivers and John Woodville were executed at Gosford Green Coventry on 12 August 1469. There is no evidence of any summary trial taking place. However, it soon became clear there was little support for Warwick or Clarence; Edward was released in September and resumed the throne.

Richard Herbert was buried in the Herbert chapel at Abergavenny Priory, which survived the damage caused during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 to 1541. It also includes the tomb of William Herbert's illegitimate son, Richard Herbert of Ewyas, who was brought up with Henry Tudor, later Henry VII and fought on his side at Bosworth in 1485.

Although this is one of the least studied and analyzed battles, the biographer of Edward IV, spoke of "total confusion amongst contemporary chroniclers" which leaves the events of Edgcote "far from clear today".

Commemoration and re-enactments
On 12 and 13 September 2009 there was a re-creation of the battle on the actual battlefield, staged by the Medieval Siege Society and the English Tournament Society to commemorate the 540th anniversary.

Following the success of the 2009 commemoration and re-enactment, a second recreation was staged on 11 and 12 September 2010 for the 541st anniversary.

The 550th anniversary was the subject of several activities organised by the Northamptonshire Battlefields Society, the Medieval Siege Society no longer being actively involved in events connected with Edgcote. These activities included a day conference highlighting new research, and the publication of a book. The Society also organises an annual walk to commemorate the battle on the anniversary itself. Details can be found on the Society's Facebook page.

In 2021 Edgcote was one of eight Wars of the Roses battles commemorated on stamps issued by the Royal Mail to mark the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Tewkesbury. The stamps used paintings by noted historical artist Graham Turner, and included a presentation pack with notes by historian David Grummitt. Controversy arose because the Edgcote stamp was incorrectly labelled "Edgecote Moor", and the accompanying presentation pack stated the date of the battle as being the 26th July. These errors were highlighted by the Northamptonshire Battlefields Society, and the story was picked up by BBC Radio Northampton, and subsequently reported on the BBC website. The Royal Mail issued a statement saying they were aware of the controversy over the name, but had chosen to go with their expert's recommendation, although both the spelling of "Edgecote", and the place name "Edgecote Moor" do not appear in the Royal Mail postal address database.

Threats
The Registered Battlefield area is described by Historic England as "largely undeveloped" and that " comparisons with other War of the Roses sites indicates that a high order of archaeological potential can be anticipated here". In August 2020 One Planet Ltd, experts in obtaining planning permission for renewable energy projects submitted a screening proposal on behalf of the landowners, Culworth Grounds, requesting the waiver of an Environmental Impact Assessment ahead of a full planning application. The proposal places the development on the "East Hill" mentioned in the sources, at the heart of the fighting. The development will have considerable visual impact on the location, as it will be surrounded by high "deer fences" and CCTV cameras on poles. Despite opposition from Historic England, NCC Archaeology, the Battlefields Trust, the Northamptonshire Battlefields Society and numerous members of the public, the waiver was granted, principally on the grounds that at 40 years lifespan the development is regarded as temporary and reversible. Heritage groups continue to express their concern, and objections to the formal planning application are anticipated.

The proposed route of HS2 passes along the North Eastern edge of the registered battlefield, but by-passes Danes Moor, the location of the fighting.

Historiographical errors
Two major errors in respect of the battle have entered the historiography of the battle, through excessive reliance on one or two major sources in English. The first is the reference to the battle as "Edgecote Moor". A review of all of the primary or near primary records show that the battle was known as Edgcote (although contemporary spellings varied), Banbury or Danes Moor, as stated above. In the 19th century it was referred to as "The Battle of Edgecote", before the Ordnance Survey standardised the spelling to Edgcote on or before 1884. "Edgecote Moor" is a more recent affectation, combining "Edgecote" and "Danes Moor", and dates from the mid 1990s. Uniquely amongst battles in the Wars of the Roses modern writers have not consistently used the modern day spelling.

The second error relates to the date of the battle. Welsh sources, and contemporary English official records, such as the Coventry Leet Book, and early chronicles clearly place the battle of the eve of the Feast of Saint James, or Monday, the 24 July 1469. The reference to the 26 July comes from Warkworth's Chronicle, and is repeated in Hall, who places the battle the day after the Feast of Saint James. Hall's work, as it contains the most detail, has then formed the basis for most descriptions and accounts of the battle. The error in respect of the date was identified as early as 1982, and has been restated particularly by Welsh scholars. This has been overlooked by English writers, with the notable exception of Michael Hicks who places the battle on the 24th July.

References

Sources

External links

1469 in England
Edgcote 1469
Edgcote
Edgcote
Edgcote

Battle of Edgcote


The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (, also known as the Bi and Bi Commission and the Laurendeau-Dunton Commission) was a Canadian royal commission established on 19 July 1963, by the government of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson to "inquire into and report upon the existing state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada and to recommend what steps should be taken to develop the Canadian Confederation on the basis of an equal partnership between the two founding races, taking into account the contribution made by the other ethnic groups to the cultural enrichment of Canada and the measures that should be taken to safeguard that contribution".

The Commission was jointly chaired by André Laurendeau, publisher of Le Devoir, and Davidson Dunton, president of Carleton University. As a result, it was sometimes known as the Laurendeau-Dunton commission.

Ten commissioners representing each of the provinces were also included in the commission as areas such as education were provincial responsibilities.

Background
Throughout the Quiet Revolution, modern Quebec nationalism rose as the federation-wide French Canadian nationalism became less and less supported by the younger Francophone generations of this province. The failure of Canada to establish the equality of the English and French languages within governmental institutions is one of main reasons for the rise of the Quebec secessionist movement.

Recommendations
The Commission recommended sweeping changes when its final report was published, in five parts, 1967-1970, after a report of preliminary findings, February 1965.  Among other things, it reported that Francophones were underrepresented in the nation's political and business communities. 1961 statistics of the salaries of Quebec men based on ethnic origin revealed that French Canadian incomes lagged behind all other ethnic groups, with the exception of Italian Canadians and aboriginal Canadians.

- The recommendations included the following:

 That bilingual districts be created in regions of Canada where members of the minority community, either French or English, made up 10% or more of the local population.
 That parents be able to have their children attend schools in the language of their choice in regions where there is sufficient demand.
 That Ottawa become a bilingual city.
 That English and French be declared official languages of Canada.

Cultural legacy
While in some circles the Commission's legacy is controversial, others view it as a success.  The under representation of French-Canadians in positions of power is less of a problem and French-Canadians have access to government services in their own language.

Political response
Incoming Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau included the Commission's recommendations among his priorities. Prime Minister Pearson's policy statement on bilingualism was strengthened by the Official Languages Act, 1969, making Canada an officially bilingual nation.   The provinces were also recommended to make reforms, and many did. Canada's education system was overhauled and school children across the country were made to learn both languages. Quebec later legislated French as its official language and limited English schooling to qualified families. French education in western provinces remained limited by  provincial regulation as well.

The Commission and its recommendations were supported by both the Progressive Conservative Party and the New Democratic Party, but the Tories did have concerns with the costly implementation of the reforms. Regional parties like the Social Credit Party, the Confederation of Regions Party and the Reform Party later objected strongly to these changes.

In 1971, the Trudeau government departed from the Commission's findings. While Canada remained a bilingual nation, it pursued a policy of multiculturalism rather than biculturalism.

Constitutional incorporation
In the Constitution Act, 1982, Trudeau ensured that many of the Commission's recommendations were permanently included in the Constitution of Canada, as sections 16 through section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms included several language rights.

See also
Bilingualism in Canada
Gendron Commission
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, commissioner who argued for change from biculturalism to multiculturalism
Gertrude M. Laing, member of the commission.

References

 Thomas M. Prymak, "The Royal Commission and Rudnyckyj's Mission: The Forging of Official Multiculturalism in Canada, 1963-1971," The University of Toronto Quarterly, LXXXVIII, 1 (2019), 43-63. Scholarly investigation of Jaroslav Rudnyckyj's participation in the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which gave rise to the federal policy of "Multiculturalism in a Bilingual Framework." Also treats the question of possible links between the national question in Canada and the foreign policies of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Further reading

External links
 The Commission's final report in PDF form
  Other Federal Royal Commissions
  History of Canadian Language Politics from Confederation to a Royal Commission
 An article on the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Radio interview of Davidson Dunton by Simon Durivage on Radio-Canada (12 November 1978)  (in French)

Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism
Bilingualism in Canada
Political history of Quebec
Franco-Ontarian history
Lester B. Pearson


Ahmet Refik Altınay (1881, Beşiktaş - 10 Ekim 1937), Türk tarihçi, yazar, şair, Darülfünun tarih müderrisi ve yüzbaşı.

Tarih öğretmenliğindeki tecrübesini; gazete ve dergilerde yayınladığı araştırma dizileri ve tarihi hikâyeler yoluyla daha geniş kitlelere tarihi okutma ve sevdirmek için kullanmış bir yazardır. "Tarihi sevdiren adam" sıfatıyla anılır. Çalışmaları ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı Devleti üzerinedir.

Yaşamı
1880 veya 1881 yılının Şubat ayında İstanbul'da, Beşiktaş'ın Valideçeşme semtinde dünyaya geldi. Babası, Sultan Abdülaziz'in vekilharcı Ürgüplü Ahmed Ağa'dır.

İlk öğrenimini Vişnezade Sıbyan Mektebi'nde, orta öğrenimini Beşiktaş Askeri Rüştiyesi ve Kuleli Askeri İdadisi'nde gördü. 1898 yılında Harp Okulu'ndan piyade birincisi olarak mezun oldu. Küçük yaşta teğmen çıktığı için kıtaya gönderilmeyip öğretmen sınıfında bırakıldı. Toptaşı ve Soğukçeşme Askeri Ortaokullarında 4 yıl süre ile coğrafya öğretmenliği yaptı. 1902 yılında Harp Okuluna Fransızca öğretmeni, 1908 yılında ise tarih öğretmeni oldu.

Gazetecilik hayatı
Öğretmenlik tecrübesini zaman içinde daha geniş kitlelere hitap etme ve okumayı sevdirme isteğine dönüştüren Ahmet Refik Bey, bazı gazete ve mecmualarda ilk yazılarını yayınlamaya öğretmenlik yaptığı yıllarda başladı. İlk yazılarının konusu ilk İslam kahramanları ve dini savaşlar idi II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanına kadar "İrtika", "Malumat", "Hazine-i Fünun", "Mecmua-i Ebuzziya gibi dergilerde makaleler yayımladı; Tercüman-ı Hakikat ve Millet gazetelerinde başyazarlık yaptı. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra İkdam, Peyam ve Millet gibi gazetelerde yazılarını yayımladı. İkdam'da günlük olarak tefrika ettiği yazıları onun "müverrih" olarak tanınmasında etkili oldu.

Askeri hayatı
1909 yılında tarihi araştırmalar için bir heyetle birlikte Fransa'ya gitti. Paris Hazine-i Evrakı'nı bu gezi sayesinde yakında tanıma imkânı buldu ve bilgisini, Osmanlı Hazine-i Evrakı'nı tanımak için kullandı. Yine bu gezide tarih anlayışını etkileyen kimi Fransız tarihçilerle tanıştı.

1909 yılında Erkan-ı Harp Yayın Şubesinde görevlendirildi ve "Askeri Mecmua"'yı yönetti. Dergide, Osmanlı savaşları ve askerliğine dair yazılar yazdı. Aynı yıl, o zamanki adı "Tarihi Osmani Encümeni"' olan Türk Tarih Encümeni'ne üye seçildi. Tarihi Osmani Encümeni Mecmuası'nda bilimsel çalışmalarını yayımlarken altı ciltlik "Büyük Tarihi Umumi"'yi yayımladı; İkdam'da "Geçmiş Asırlarda Osmanlı Hayatı" adlı dizi ile tefrika ettiği yazılarını da kitaplaştırdı.

1912 yılında Balkan Savaşı'nda Askeri Sansür Müfettişi oldu. 1913 yılında gözleri bozuk olduğu için yüzbaşı iken emekliye ayrıldı; serbest çalışmaya başladı. I. Dünya Savaşı nedeniyle orduya çağrılana değin öğretmenlik ve gazetecilik yaptı.

I. Dünya Savaşı yılları
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda ordunun isteği ile Türkiye-Rusya ilişkilerine dair yazılar yazan Ahmet Refik Bey, Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa'yı ihanetle suçlayan bir yazısı nedeniyle "arpa saman memuriyeti" gibi bir görevle Anadolu'ya görevlendirilerek cezalandırıldı. Bu görevi sırasında Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa hakkında incelemelerde bulundu. 1915 yılında Eskişehir'e Askeri Sevk Komisyonu Başkanı olarak atandığında Osmanlı Devleti'nin kuruluşuna ilişkin araştırmalar yaptı. Hastalığı nedeniyle kısa süre sonra yeniden İstanbul'a döndü. Hazine-i Evrak'ta çalışarak eski İstanbul yaşantısına dair belgeler derledi. Bu belgeler "Asr-ı Hicriler" adlı kitapta toplandı.

Savaşın sonlarında Ermeni kırımı Raporu için Avrupa'dan gelen bir gazeteci heyete Doğu Anadolu gezisinde eşlik etti. Trabzon, Kars, Ardahan Artvin, Batum, Erzincan ve Erzurum'u kapsayan bu geziyi Kafkas Yollarında adlı eserle dile getirdi. . Ayrıca gezi sırasında tuttuğu notlar telgraflarla Osmanlı Devleti tarafından Avrupa'ya duyuruldu. Savaş sonunda ikinci kez emekli oldu.

Savaş sonrasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun parçalanması karşısında Türkçülük'ü benimsedi. Köprülüzade Fuad, Ziya Gökalp ve Necmeddin Sadık Bey'lerle birlikte İttihat ve Terakki'nin resmi sözcülüğünü üstlenen "Yeni Mecmua"'da çalıştı. Vatanın dünyanın merkezi sayılması düşüncesini esas aldı.

Darülfünun müderrisliği
1918 yılında İstanbul Darülfünun Osmanlı Tarihi Öğretmenliğine, 1919 yılında Türkiye Tarihi Müderrisliğine atandı. Bir yandan da Osmanlı Hazine-i Evrak'ında çalışmaya başladı. Bu arada Demirbaş Şarl ile ilgili bir çalışması nedeniyle İsveç hükümeti tarafından ödüllendirildi

Mütareke döneminde (1919-1922) "Darülfünun-u Osmaniye Nizamnamesi"'nin oluşturulmasına katkıda bulundu.1919-1920 öğretim yılında uygulanmaya başlayan nizamname gereği okutulan "Osmanlı tarihi" dersini üstlendi.

Mütareke döneminde siyasetle de ilgilenen Ahmet Refik, Hürriyet ve İtilaf Fırkası'na katıldı; Veliaht Abdülmecit ile yakınlık kurdu

Cumhuriyet dönemi
Ahmet Refik Bey, 1925 yılında Türk-Bulgar ilişkileri hakkındaki çalışmaları nedeniyle Bulgar hükümeti tarafından ödüllendirildi.

O yıl, Türk Tarih Encümeni'nde Abdurrahman Şeref Bey'in ölümü üzerine boşalan başkanlık görevini üstlendi ancak, aynı yıl içinde görevi Fuat Köprülü'ye bıraktı.

Yine 1925'te, Milli Mücadele döneminde faaliyet gösteren "Tarikat-ı Salahiyye" adlı bir örgütle ilişkisi olduğu iddiasıyla tutuklanıp Ankara İstiklâl Mahkemesi'de Distolcular Davası'nda yargılandı. Savunmasında duygusal bir konuşma yaparak cemiyetle ilişkisini kesinlikle reddetti ve beraat etti.

1930'lu yıllarda devlet başkanı Mustafa Kemal'in teşviki ile başlayan "yeni tarih anlayışı"na adapte olamamış; dönemin tarih çalışmalarında aktif olarak yer almamıştır. Özellikle Orta Asya, Güneş Dil Teorisi gibi akımlar onun için tersti.

1931'de İstanbul Belediyesi ile Surp Agop Mezarlığı arasındaki davada bilirkişi olarak atandı. Elmadağ-Harbiye arasındaki arazinin Ermeniler'in değil, Sultan Beyazit Veli Vakfı'nın mülkü olduğunu tarihi belgelerle kanıtlaması nedeniyle belediye tarafından kendisine Büyükada'da bir ev hediye edildi.

1932 yılında I. Tarih Kongresi'ne katıldı. "Türk Tarihinin Anahatları" adlı çalışmanın yazı kurulunda yer aldı.

1933 yılında üniversite öğretmenliğinden kadro dışı bırakıldı. Kurumun dışında bırakılmasından ötürü derin bir kırıklık yaşadı. Ölümüne değin resmi bir görev almadı.

Son yılları
Hayatının son yıllarını Büyükada'da sefalet içinde geçirdi. Değerli kütüphanesini parça parça sattı. Uzun bir hastalığın ardından 10 Ekim 1937 tarihinde İstanbul'da Haydarpaşa Numune Hastanesi'nde 56 yaşında iken zatürreden vefat etti. Mezarı Büyükada'da Tepeköy Mezarlığı'ndadır.

Yapıtları
Hayatı boyunca dünya tarihinden çocuk kitaplarına kadar geniş bir sahada yapıt üretti. Kitaplarının sayısı 150'yi geçer. Geçmiş Asırlarda Türk Hayatı" başlığı altında yayınladığı "Bizans Karşısında Türkler", "Sokullu", "Cem Sultan", "Âlimler ve Sanatkârlar", "Kadınlar Saltanatı", "Felaket Seneleri", "Lale Devri" en ünlü eserleridir.

Tarihçiliğinin yanı sıra edebiyata da ilgi göstermiş, 1932'de "Gönül" adlı bir şiir kitabı yayınlamıştır. Bektaşi nefesleri şeklinde yazdığı birçok güftesi bestelenmiştir.
 Gazevat-ı Zelile-i Peygamberi, Mahmud Bey Matbaası, İstanbul, 1908.
 Bizans İmparatoriçeleri, Teshil-i Tıbaat Matbaası, 1915
 Tarihte Osmanlı Neferi, Matbaa-i Askeriye, İstanbul, 1915.
 İki Komite İki Kıtal, Matbaa-i Orhaniyye, İstanbul, 1919.
 Kadınlar Saltanatı (1094-1058), Orhaniye Matbaası, İstanbul, 1923.
 Sokollu, Kütüphane-i Hilmi, 1924.
 Mimar Sinan, Devlet Matbaası, 1929.
 Viyana Önünde Türkler, Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitaphanesi, İstanbul, 1931.
 Eski İstanbul, Kanaat Kütüphanesi, İstanbul, 1931.
 Osmanlı Devrinde Türk Madenleri, Devlet Matbaası, İstanbul, 1931.
 Türkler ve Kraliçe Elizabet, Matbaacılık ve Neşriyat, İstanbul, 1932
 Küçüklere Tarih Dersi, İstanbul, 1917/1918.
 Kafkas Yollarında

Kaynakça
 Osmanlı Tarihi Yazarları, M.Orhan Bayrak, İstanbul 1982

1881 doğumlular
1937 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
Türk yüzbaşılar
Türk öğretmenler
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı askerleri
Türkçüler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Beşiktaş doğumlular
Mekteb-i Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
İstiklâl mahkemeleri sanıkları
Kuleli Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Büyükada Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Ahmet Refik Altınay


Prise (Forever, Lulu) est un film germano-américain réalisé par Amos Kollek, sorti en 1986.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Forever, Lulu
 Titre français : Prise
 Réalisation : Amos Kollek
 Scénario : Amos Kollek
 Photographie : Lisa Rinzler
 Montage : Jay Freund
 Musique : Paul Chihara
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis - Allemagne
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Date de sortie : 1986

Distribution
 Hanna Schygulla : Elaine
 Debbie Harry : Lulu
 Alec Baldwin : Buck
 Annie Golden : Diana
 Paul Gleason : Robert
 Ruth Westheimer : elle-même
 Raymond Serra : Alphonse
 Bill Corsair : Blackmailer
 Jonathan Freeman : Don
 Amos Kollek : Larry
 Susan Blommaert : Jackie Coles
 Wayne Knight : Stevie
 Antonia Rey : Clara
 Patti Astor : Mary Anne Zlutnik
 Joe Lisi : un flic
 B. D. Wong (non crédité)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film allemand sorti en 1986
Film américain sorti en 1986
Comédie dramatique allemande
Comédie dramatique américaine
Film réalisé par Amos Kollek
Film se déroulant à New York
Film tourné à New York
Film de TriStar Pictures

Prise (film)


The Predator este un film american SF de groază și acțiune din 2018 regizat de Shane Black dupa un scenariu de Black și Fred Dekker. Este al patrulea film din franciza Predator, după Predator (1987), Predator 2 (1990) și Predators (2010), acțiunea filmului are loc între cea din Predator 2 și Predators. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Boyd Holbrook, Olivia Munn, Trevante Rhodes, Keegan-Michael Key, Sterling K. Brown, Jacob Tremblay și Thomas Jane.

Prezentare

Quinn McKenna (Boyd Holbrook) a descoperit existența Predatorilor și încearcă să convingă lumea de amenințarea pe care o reprezintă.

Distribuție
 Boyd Holbrook - Quinn McKenna
 Olivia Munn - Casey Bracket
 Trevante Rhodes - Nebraska Williams
 Keegan-Michael Key
 Sterling K. Brown
 Jacob Tremblay
 Thomas Jane
 Yvonne Strahovski
 Alfie Allen
 Augusto Aguilera
 Jake Busey
 Edward James Olmos - un militar.

Producție
Filmările au început la 20 februarie 2017  în Vancouver.

Primire

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2018
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Shane Black
Filme SF din anii 2010
Filme de acțiune
Filme de groază din anii 2010
Filme SF de groază
Filme cu extratereștri
20th Century Fox

The Predator (film)


Hatugau ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Letefoho (Gemeinde Ermera).

Der Suco

Hatugau hat eine Fläche von 10,05 km². Der Suco liegt im Westen des Verwaltungsamts Letefoho. Östlich liegt der Suco Haupu und südlich der Suco Catraileten. Im Westen grenzt Hatugau an das Verwaltungsamt Hatulia mit seinen Sucos Leimea-Sarinbalo und Coilate-Letelo und im Norden an das Verwaltungsamt Ermera mit seinem Suco Raimerhei. Der Fluss Meipu und einer seiner Nebenflüsse bilden die Grenze zu Coilate-Letelo und Raimerhei. Der Meipu gehört zum System des Lóis. Im Suco befinden sich die sechs Aldeias Cailiti, Hatugau, Hunda, Riaheu, Rialau und Sauria.

Der Ort Hatugau liegt im Westen des Sucos, auf einer Meereshöhe von . Im Norden liegen die Dörfer Sauria und Hunda (Honda), im Westen Hatugau, Cailiti (Kailiti) und Riaheu und im Osten Rialau (Rialaun). Im Dorf Hatugau befinden sich eine medizinische Station und die Grundschule des Sucos, die Escola Básico Filial Hatugau.

Einwohner
In Hatugau leben 973 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 520 Männer und 453 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 298 Haushalte. Knapp 83 % der Einwohner geben Mambai als ihre Muttersprache an. Fast 10 % sprechen Kemak, über 5 % Tetum Prasa und kleine Minderheiten Sa'ane oder Habun.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Miguel M. Sarmento zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Graciano Soares und 2016 Miguel Madeira Sarmento.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Hatugau (tetum; PDF; 8,5 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Hatugau (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Letefoho (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Hatugau


Cuzman Bogdan (n. 12 septembrie 1884, Pesca județul Timiș-Torontal) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie

Cuzman Bogdan a participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, în calitate de delegat oficial al cercului Lovrin din județul Timiș-Torontal.

Note

Bibliografie
 Mircea Vaida-Voevod, Gelu Neamțu, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documennne la un sfert de veac de la Marea unire, Editura Academiei Române, 2005

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1884
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Cuzman Bogdan


Gara Câmpulung Moldovenesc este o stație de cale ferată care deservește municipiul Câmpulung Moldovenesc, România.

Câmpulung Moldovenesc

Gara Câmpulung Moldovenesc


بلدية إرونيا دي أوكا (بالإسبانية: Iruña de Oca) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية إرونيا دي أوكا 2.966 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية إرونيا دي أوكا

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

إرونيا دي أوكا


Kleber Romero (født 14. februar 1976) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Kleber Romero


Indeks troškova života je teoretski indeks cijena koji mjeri relativne troškove života u vremena ili regijama. To je indeks koji mjeri razlike u cijenama roba i usluga i dopušta supstituciju s drugim artiklima kako cijene variraju.

Postoji mnogo različitih metodologija razvijenih za aproksimaciju indeksa troškova života.

Konüsov indeks je vrsta indeksa troškova života koji koristi funkciju rashoda kao što je ona koja se koristi u procjeni očekivane kompenzacijske varijacije. Očekivana neizravna korisnost izjednačena je u oba razdoblja.

Primjena na teoriju indeksa cijena
Indeks potrošačkih cijena (CPI) je indeks cijena koji se temelji na ideji indeksa troškova života. Ured za statistiku rada (BLS) američkog Ministarstva rada objašnjava da postoje razlike:"CPI se često naziva indeksom troškova života, ali postoje važne razlike koje ga dijele od potpune mjere troškova života. BLS je neko vrijeme koristio okvir troškova života u donošenju praktičnih odluka o pitanjima koja se nameću pri konstruiranju CPI-a. Indeks troškova života je konceptualni cilj mjerenja, međutim, nije izravna alternativa CPI. Indeks troškova života mjerio bi promjene tijekom vremena u iznosu koji potrošači trebaju potrošiti da bi dosegli određenu razinu korisnosti ili životni standard. CPI i indeks troškova života bi odražavali promjene u cijenama dobara i usluga, kao što su hrana i odjeća koja se izravno kupuju na tržištu. No, potpuni indeks troškova života nadilazio bi to kako bi također uzeo u obzir promjene u drugim državnim ili okolišnim čimbenicima koji utječu na dobrobit potrošača. Vrlo je teško odrediti pravilan tretman javnih dobara, kao što su sigurnost i obrazovanje, i drugih velikih problema, kao što su zdravlje, kvaliteta vode i kriminal koji bi predstavljali potpuni okvir troškova života."

Ekonomska teorija
Osnovu za teoriju koja stoji iza indeksa troškova života pripisuje se ruskom ekonomistu A. A. Konüsu. Teorija pretpostavlja da su potrošači optimizatori i da žele što veću korisnost od novca koji moraju potrošiti. Može se pokazati da ove pretpostavke dovode do "funkcije troškova potrošača", C ( u, p ), troška postizanja razine korisnosti u s obzirom na skup cijena p . Pod pretpostavkom da se funkcija troškova održava tijekom vremena (tj. ljudi dobivaju istu količinu korisnosti od jednog skupa kupnji u godini kao što bi kupili isti skup u drugoj godini) dovodi do "pravog indeksa troškova života".

Opći oblik za Konüsov pravi indeks troškova života uspoređuje funkciju troškova potrošača s obzirom na cijene u jednoj godini s funkcijom troškova potrošača s obzirom na cijene u drugoj godini:

Budući da se u može definirati kao korisnost primljena od skupa dobara mjerenih u količini, q, u se može zamijeniti s f ( q ) kako bi se dobila verzija stvarnog indeksa troškova života koja se temelji na cijeni i količinama kao i većina drugih indeksa cijena:

Jednostavnije rečeno, pravi indeks troškova života je trošak postizanja određene razine korisnosti (ili životnog standarda) u jednoj godini u odnosu na cijenu postizanja iste razine sljedeće godine.

Korisnost nije izravno mjerljiva, tako da pravi indeks troškova života služi samo kao teoretski ideal, a ne praktična formula indeksa cijena. Međutim, praktičnije formule mogu se procijeniti na temelju njihovog odnosa s pravim indeksom troškova života. Jedna od najčešće korištenih formula za indekse potrošačkih cijena, Laspeyresov indeks cijena, uspoređuje cijenu onoga što je potrošač kupio u jednom vremenskom razdoblju (q0 ) s time koliko bi koštala kupnja istog skupa roba i usluga (košarice) u kasnijem razdoblju. Budući da bi korisnost iz q0 u prvoj godini trebala biti jednaka korisnosti iz q0 u sljedećoj godini, Laspeyres daje gornju granicu za pravi indeks troškova života. Laspeyres služi samo kao gornja granica, jer se potrošači mogu okrenuti supstituiranju za onu robu koja je postala skuplja i postigla istu razinu korisnosti od q0 za nižu cijenu. Nasuprot tome, Paascheov indeks cijena koristi trošak skupa dobara kupljenih u jednom vremenskom razdoblju s troškom koji bi bio poduzet za kupnju istog skupa dobara u ranijem vremenskom razdoblju. Može se pokazati da je Paasche donja granica za pravi indeks troškova života. Budući da se gornja i donja granica stvarnog indeksa troškova života mogu pronaći kroz Laspeyresov i Paascheov indeks, geometrijski prosjek ta dva, poznat kao Fisherov indeks cijena, bliska je aproksimacija stvarnog indeksa troškova života ako gornja i donja granica nisu previše udaljene.

Vidi još

 Indeks potrošačkih cijena
 Inflacija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Indeks troškova života u pojmovniku, US Bureau of Labour Statistics Division of Information Services, ,

Mikroekonomija
Statistika

Indeks troškova života


Adina Florea () este procuror la Parchetul de pe lângă Curtea de Apel Constanța. Ea a fost propusă de ministrul justiției, Tudorel Toader, să  preia conducerea Direcției Naționale Anticorupție, în urma concursului organizat după înlocuirea Laurei Codruța Kovesi, numire refuzata de două ori de președintele Klaus Iohannis.

A făcut școala și liceul la Târgu Ocna, după care a urmat Facultatea de Drept din București.

Mai mulți ani Adina Florea a condus Parchetul de pe lângă Tribunalul Constanța și a fost apoi procuror general adjunct al Parchetului de pe lângă Curtea de Apel Constanța.

Tatăl ei este membru PSD de la începutul anilor 1990 și consilier județean în Constanța din 1996, fiind la al șaselea mandat consecutiv.

Note

Legături externe

 Adina Florea, Proiect managerial - Proiect referitor la exercitarea atribuțiilor specifice funcției de Procuror Șef al Direcției Naționale Anticorupție

Procurori români
Nașteri în 1966

Adina Florea


Roberto Feliciano Bolonti (født 2. marts 1984 i Buenos Aires, Argentina) er en argentinsk professionel bokser, der kæmper i letsværvægt. Han er den nuværende WBC Latino letsværvægtsmester.

Professionelle karriere
Den 17. november 2012 blev Bolonti slået af Tony Bellew i en kamp om WBC's sølvtitel. Bellew stærkt skadet, men gik de fulde 12 omgange til en enstemmig afgørelse.

7. juni 2014 i en kamp om WBA World letsværvægt -titel, tabte Bolonti i en enstemmig afgørelse til Jürgen Brähmer.

Den 6. december 2014 endte hans kamp mod Jean Pascal i en no contest efter canadiske utilsigtede fejl.

Den 11. juni 2016 tabte han ligeledes en enstemmig afgørelse til sydafrikanske Kevin Lerena i Sydafrika.

Referencer

Boksere fra Argentina

Roberto Bolonti


Die Libysche Kommunistische Partei (, ) ist eine marxistisch-leninistische Partei in Libyen.

Geschichte
Der Marxismus kam nach Libyen durch italienische Siedler während der italienischen Kolonialzeit in Libyen sowie durch bürgerliche Intellektuelle und Studenten, die im Ausland studierten und mit der kommunistischen Bewegung in Kontakt kamen.

Die Partei selbst wurde kurz nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gegründet und hatte zumeist Italiener unter ihren Mitgliedern. Sie war rechtlich als Politischer Verband für den Fortschritt Libyens organisiert. Um die Regierung des neuen monarchischen Regimes zu erleichtern, vertrieben die britischen Besatzer viele Italiener, darunter auch viele Kommunisten. Im November 1951 wurden sieben Anführer der Partei des Landes verwiesen und die Organisation wurde daraufhin von der Polizei überwacht. Das Hauptquartier der Libyschen Kommunistischen Partei war in Bengasi. Der Einfluss der Partei war auf eine kleine Gruppe in der Kyrenaika beschränkt, zudem hatte die Partei das Haupthindernis das Diktat der religiösen Geistlichen und der amerikanisch-britischen Truppen auf Libyen. Unter solchen Umständen konnte die Partei kaum Einfluss auf die nationale Wirtschaft ausüben.

Allerdings stifteten die kommunistischen Kämpfer Studentendemonstrationen gegen die Regierung. Im Jahre 1952 verbot die Regierung alle politischen Parteien. Nach der Revolution des 1. September 1969 begann die Regierung der Republik unter der Leitung von Muammar al-Gaddafi mit einer neuen Kampagne gegen die libyschen Kommunisten und unterdrückte sie. Im Jahr 2011 unterstützte die Libysche Kommunistische Partei die Rebellion gegen die Gaddafi-Regierung, wie auch der Rest der Manifestationen des so genannten "arabischen Frühlings".

Die Partei veröffentlicht die Zeitung Corriere del Lunedì ("Mail am Montag").

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte (Italienisch-Libyen)
Kommunistische Partei
Libyen
Marxistisch-Leninistische Organisation

Libysche Kommunistische Partei


Each generation of floppy disk drive (FDD) began with a variety of incompatible interfaces but soon evolved into one de facto standard interface for the generations of 8-inch FDDs, 5.25-inch FDDs and 3.5-inch FDDs.  For example, before adopting 3.5-inch FDD standards for interface, media and form factor there were drives and media proposed by Hitachi, Tabor, Sony, Tandon, Shugart and Canon.

Sizes

8 inch
The de facto standard 8 inch FDD interface is based upon the Shugart Associates models SA800/801 FDDs and models SA850/851 FDDs. The signal interface uses a dual in-line 50-pin PCB edge connector which mates to a flat ribbon cable connector; separate connectors are provided for both AC and DC power.

5.25 inch
The de facto standard 5.25 inch FDD interface is based upon the Shugart Associates SA400 FDD. The signal interface uses a dual in-line 34-pin PCB edge connector which mates to a flat ribbon cable connector; a separate connector is for DC power.  The 34-pin connector is similar in pinout to the standard 50-pin connector for 8 inch FDDs.

3.5 inch
The de facto standard for 3.5 inch drives uses a dual in-line pin style connector mating to a socket connector, collectively slightly smaller than the PCB edge pin connector and mating socket used for the 5¼ inch standard but with the same 34 pin definitions as the 5¼ inch standard. A 'universal' cable would have four drive connectors, two for each size of FDD, although cables which have only two drive connectors are common.  The cable is normally formed into a ribbon, and a twist located between the pairs of connectors for the drives (see image) is usually applied to the conductors for pins 10 to 16 inclusive.  This allows two drives connected to the same cable to be addressed by the host controller.  Only two drives may be connected to such a cable.  If there are four drive connectors at least two must remain unused.  A separate connector is provided for DC power.

Signal and control interface
3.5-inch and 5.25-inch drives connect to the floppy controller using a 34-conductor flat ribbon cable for signal and control; a separate cable provides d.c. power. Most controllers support two floppy drives, so a cable could have 5.25-inch style connectors, 3.5-inch style connectors, or a combination. After IBM introduced the "twist" to floppy cables, and when both 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch drives were in common use, many cables had four connectors: one of each type before the twist, and one of each type after the twist. These cables still only supported two drives, one before and one after the twist, but they allowed using one cable for any combination of drives with differing connectors. This type of cable is called a universal cable.

When multiple floppy disks are connected, many pins are shared, including the read and write data pins. As a result, early floppy drives required jumpers to be set on the drive to tell it which controller commands it should receive. When introducing the PC, IBM sliced the cable between the first and second drive, and twisted seven of the conductors, effectively flipping the four conductors which specifically addressed the first or second drive. (The remaining three were ground only, so were not affected by the twist.) As a result, all drives could have their jumpers set to be drive "B", but if they were connected after the twist, they would appear to the controller as drive "A". This eliminated the need to change selection jumpers in the drive, and eventually many floppy drives were manufactured without jumpers at all, instead being hardwired as drive "B". As the IBM PC created a market for clones and compatibles, many manufacturers adopted the same cable twist system, although jumpers may still be required on systems that are older, or not based on the IBM PC.

The drive that is at furthest end of the cable additionally would have a terminating resistor installed to maintain signal quality.

"#" indicates that the low electric level is effective (aka "active low").

Motor A,B is also known as Motor 0,1.

Since floppy disks are rarely used nowadays, "MOTEB#" and "DRVSB" pins are not connected in motherboards designed with floppy disk data interfaces, and only one floppy disk drive can be connected.

See also
 Floppy disk controller
Floppy drive power connector

References

Further reading

Computer buses

Floppy disk drive interface


Geştinanna, Sümer mitolojisinde Enki ve Ninhursag'ın kızı.

Dumuzi öldüğünde, Geştinanna günler ve geceler boyunca matem tutup, dövünmüştür. Geştinanna öldükten sonra şarabın ve soğuk mevsimlerin tanrıçası olmuştur.

Sümer mitolojisi
Hikmet tanrıçaları
Mezopotamya tanrıçaları
Kâtipler

Geştinanna