Norman Julius "Boomer" Esiason (; born April 17, 1961) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons, primarily with the Cincinnati Bengals. He was selected in the second round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Bengals, where he spent 10 non-consecutive seasons. Esiason was also a member of the New York Jets and Arizona Cardinals.

Esiason's most successful season was in 1988 when he won NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) and led the Bengals to an appearance in Super Bowl XXIII, which ended in a close defeat. He was also named to four Pro Bowls and one first-team All-Pro. After nine years in Cincinnati, Esiason spent three seasons with the Jets and one season with the Cardinals before returning to the Bengals for his final season in 1997.

Since retiring from football, Esiason has worked as a football analyst for CBS Sports on The NFL Today and Showtime's Inside the NFL and was previously with ABC, HBO, and Westwood One. He also hosts the morning sports radio program Boomer and Gio on WFAN in New York.

Early life
Esiason was born and raised in East Islip, New York. He got the "Boomer" nickname before he was born. His mother Irene, reacting to his constant kicking in the womb, called him "Boomer," and he has kept the name since.   Irene, a singer, dancer and piano player, from whom he inherited his blond hair and blue eyes, died at the age of 37, of ovarian cancer when he was seven years old. His father Norman, a veteran of WWII, never remarried, and in spite of a three-hour daily commute to New York City raised Esiason and his two sisters.  His father was of Norwegian and Swedish descent; grandmother Nora Ingrid Gulbrandsen was born in Norway and his grandfather Fritz Henning Esiason was born in Sweden. His father was the cousin of Norwegian actress and singer Sølvi Wang.

He attended Timber Point Elementary and East Islip High School, where he graduated in 1979. In high school, he was a three-sport varsity player in football, basketball, and baseball.

College football career
Esiason played college football at the University of Maryland for head coaches Jerry Claiborne and Bobby Ross and offensive coordinator Ralph Friedgen. Maryland was the only college to offer him a scholarship. At Maryland, he set 17 school records. He completed 461 of 850 passes (54.2 percent) for 6,169 yards and 42 touchdowns with 27 interceptions.  He was a two-time honorable mention All-American in 1982 and 1983.  In his final home game, he threw two third-quarter touchdown passes to lead a comeback victory over No. 3 North Carolina and seal the ACC title. At Maryland, his backup and roommate was future NFL quarterback and head coach Frank Reich. Boomer graduated in 1984 with a B.A., and received the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1999.

Professional football career

Cincinnati Bengals
Esiason was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 1984 NFL Draft with the 38th overall pick, surprisingly low considering his successful college career. ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. was, in Esiason's words, "going ballistic" that he was still available in the latter stages of the first round. No quarterbacks were drafted in the first round; Esiason was actually the first quarterback selected, as Steve Young had signed with the L.A. Express of the now-defunct United States Football League. Esiason's USFL territorial rights were controlled by the Washington Federals, the worst team in the league.

Esiason's teammate from Maryland, defensive end Pete Koch, was taken by the Bengals with the 16th pick in the first round of the same draft. Koch lasted just one season in Cincinnati and five total in the NFL.

At 6'-5" and 224 pounds, and with a powerful arm, Esiason was the signal caller on one of the most potent offenses of the late 1980s.

Boomer got his first pro start on October 7, 1984, in a home game against the Houston Oilers. On a rainy day, he led the Bengals to a 13–3 win over Houston, and scored the game's only touchdown on a three-yard run. He took over for Ken Anderson as the Bengals' full-time starting quarterback on September 22, 1985, in a 44-41 home loss to the San Diego Chargers and future Hall of Famer Dan Fouts. Although well short of Anderson's rushing total of over 2,200 yards, Esiason was surprisingly mobile, rushing for 1,598 yards on 447 attempts and scoring seven touchdowns by this point in his career. He became particularly adept at running the difficult "no huddle" offense devised by Bengals head coach Sam Wyche.

On December 21, 1986, the final game of the 1986 season, Esiason set a team record by throwing five touchdown passes, as the Bengals defeated the New York Jets 52–21. He also set the team single season passing record of 3,959 yards in this game. It was the last game of Bengals' quarterback Ken Anderson's playing career.

After leading Cincinnati to six straight wins to begin the 1988 season, Esiason set a dismal single game team record on October 16 by throwing 5 interceptions in a 27–21 loss to the New England Patriots. The team finished the season 12–4, utilizing the highest scoring offense in the NFL, and securing the organization's fifth AFC Central division title. Esiason finished the season as the NFL's top rated passer. In the playoffs, Cincinnati defeated first the Seattle Seahawks and then the Buffalo Bills to reach Super Bowl XXIII, the franchise's second appearance in a Super Bowl (after Super Bowl XVI), as they faced off with the team they had lost to the first time around, the San Francisco 49ers.

In a tight Super Bowl, Bengals cornerback Lewis Billups dropped what seemed like a sure interception in the end zone which would have potentially sealed a Cincinnati win. The 49ers, led by future Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, marched 92 yards on their last drive, scoring on a touchdown pass to receiver John Taylor with 34 seconds remaining in the game. A last-ditch pass by Esiason to wide receiver Cris Collinsworth was broken up, resulting in a 20–16 loss for the Bengals.

On October 29, 1989, Esiason tied his own record for touchdown passes in a game with five, as the Bengals demolished the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 56–23. In that same game, the Bengals tied a team record with eight touchdowns.

On October 7, 1990, he threw for 490 yards (a single game team passing record) in a 34–31 victory over the Los Angeles Rams.

New York Jets
Before the 1993 season, Esiason was traded to his hometown team, the New York Jets, in exchange for a third round pick that year (which became linebacker Steve Tovar) as well as a conditional second round pick the following year (which did not kick in). The trade reunited Esiason with Bruce Coslet, Esiason's mentor as offensive coordinator in Cincinnati, who had been hired by the Jets' to be their head coach after the Bengals 1988 Super Bowl run. Esiason played three seasons for the Jets, each year under a different head coach: Coslet (1993), Pete Carroll (1994), and Rich Kotite (1995). During his 1995 season with the team, Esiason was seriously injured in a game on October 8 against the Buffalo Bills when rookie Everett McIver was whistled for a false start, and Bruce Smith of the Bills raced around him and caught Esiason under his face mask. Smith was terribly upset about Esiason's injury, saying that he hadn't heard a whistle blowing the play dead. That horrific collision gave Esiason a severe concussion, which kept him out until November 19. He is thought to have been the first NFL player to enter a concussion study during the season. When he returned to the field, it was coincidentally against the Bills.

Esiason was released by the Jets after the 1995 season.

Arizona Cardinals
Esiason signed with the Arizona Cardinals as a free agent in 1996. It was during this season, on November 10, 1996, that he threw for the fifth best passing yardage day in NFL history, with 522 yards in a 37–34 overtime victory over the Washington Redskins. Two weeks later he led a fourth-quarter comeback against the playoff-bound Philadelphia Eagles.

Second stint with the Cincinnati Bengals
Esiason contemplated retirement in the offseason, but was talked into playing one more season with the Bengals. He was effective after replacing Jeff Blake midway through the 1997 campaign, throwing for 13 touchdowns against only two interceptions, and garnering a passer rating of 106.9 for the season. The Bengals were 3–8 with Blake under center. With Esiason at quarterback, they won four of their last five games and scored over 30 points four times. Twice they broke 40 points, in a 44–42 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles and in a 41–14 win over the Tennessee Oilers. The Bengals wanted Esiason to come back for two more years.

On December 21, 1997, Esiason played his last NFL game. His final play was a 79-yard game winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Darnay Scott in a 16–14 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.

NFL career statistics

Records and honors
Esiason was named to four Pro Bowl games (1986, 1988, 1989, 1993) and holds several NFL career records for left-handed quarterbacks, including most touchdown passes (247), passing yards (37,920), and completions (2,969).  He also led the AFC in passing in both 1988 and 1989.

Among the awards he has earned during his career include the NFL Most Valuable Player Award in 1988 (leading the league with a passer rating of 97.4), and the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award in 1995 for his charitable work. At his retirement in 1997 he finished in the top 10 all-time in many QB career statistical categories.

Football Nation ranks him as the 25th greatest quarterback of the post-merger era.

Esiason was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame in the Football Category with the Class of 1990. In 2004, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.

In 2023, the Bengals inducted Esiason into their Ring of Honor.

Entertainment career

Television, film and literature
Esiason has appeared in over 25 commercials including ones for Diet Coke, Wheaties, Reebok, Samsung, Hanes, Doritos and Domino's Pizza. He has also appeared in many TV shows and movies, such as The Game Plan, Miss America 1999, Spin City, and Blue Bloods among others.

He made two appearances on the game show Family Feud. On March 18, 1989, he appeared in the episode "Bengals v. 49ers", reminiscent of their latest Super Bowl match. In 1993, his second Family Feud appearance came in the episode "NFC v. AFC".

He authored a children's reader in 1995 titled A Boy Named Boomer and co-wrote (with Lowell Cauffiel) a 1998 novel titled Toss.

He co-hosted the Miss America Pageant with Meredith Vieira on September 19, 1998, and co-hosted with Julie Chen the CBS broadcast of the 2002 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.

He and partner Craig Carton served as judges on the May 29, 2011, episode of Iron Chef America.

He has co-hosted Super Bowl's Greatest Commercials from 2012 to 2023.

He made a cameo appearance as himself on the October 3, 2014, episode of Blue Bloods.

In 2015, he became the Commissioner of the FFL (Feline Football League) for Kitten Bowl II on the Hallmark Channel, and still holds that position today.  He has provided analysis and commentary for all the Kitten Bowls since Kitten Bowl II, which airs during half time of the Super Bowl.

Esiason launched Game Time With Boomer Esiason, interviews with sports personalities from the past, on Saturday September 14, 2019.

Broadcasting
While still playing, Esiason appeared as a color analyst on the USA Network's two-year broadcast of the World League of American Football (WLAF) on Monday nights, partnered with Brad Nessler. After his retirement from playing, he went into broadcasting full-time. He was a color commentator for ABC's Monday Night Football from 1998 to 1999. Following his dismissal by ABC (due primarily to personal conflicts between him and play-by-play announcer Al Michaels), he was hired by the Westwood One radio network to become the lead analyst for radio broadcasts of Monday Night Football  and Super Bowl games. He broadcast every Super Bowl from SB XXXIV in 2000 to SB LII in 2018, a total of 19, which is a broadcast record.

As planned, after broadcasting the Thursday Night Football game on September 6, 2018, he left Westwood One.  He was quoted as saying "I'm going to miss it, but in all reality I kind of have to get part of my life back." He currently serves as an in-studio analyst for The NFL Today on CBS television, Inside the NFL on Showtime, and hosts Boomer and Gio on WFAN Radio in New York and the CBS Sports Network. In September 2012, CBS Radio announced he was added to their collection of talent to deliver five sports updates per day Monday through Friday.

Starting in 2013, he began appearing once a week as a guest on The Jim Rome Show during the NFL season to break down the upcoming weekend's NFL action.

WFAN morning show

In April 2007, after the firing of Don Imus, CBS Radio gave Esiason a one-week "try-out" as Imus' replacement on WFAN. The station announced him as the permanent host on August 13, with radio veteran Craig Carton joining as co-host. Boomer and Carton officially started on September 4, 2007. As an analyst with Westwood One, Esiason would do the Monday morning show, travel to do the Monday Night Football game and travel back to New York in time to do the Tuesday morning show. The Boomer and Carton radio program became the number-one rated morning show in all key demographics in the greater New York listening area and was seen on the MSG Network from 2010 to 2013. On March 8, 2013, both Esiason and Carton worked the radio broadcast of a Brooklyn Nets basketball game. The radio program had been simulcast on the CBS Sports Network since January 2014.

Craig Carton was arrested in September 2017 and charged with operating a concert ticket Ponzi scheme. Carton then resigned from WFAN, leaving Esiason as the sole host of the show, which was rebranded The Morning Show with Boomer. Gregg Giannotti joined Boomer as permanent co-host starting on January 2, 2018, with the show rechistened as Boomer and Gio.

Personal life
In 1986, Esiason married his wife, Cheryl. They have two children, son Gunnar and daughter Sydney. Sydney is married to New York Islanders forward Matt Martin. While at a Jets mini-camp in 1993, Esiason was notified that two-year-old Gunnar had to be taken to the hospital with breathing difficulties. Soon after, Gunnar was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis; he still undergoes daily treatments, and takes cystic fibrosis medications. He was a quarterback for his high school football team at Friends Academy in Locust Valley, New York, and played forward on his ice hockey team for the Manhasset/Roslyn varsity hockey team. He went on to graduate from Boston College. He writes a popular blog, and appears daily in a podcast discussing the issues confronting cystic fibrosis patients.

Esiason and his family have lived in the village of Plandome, New York, since at least 1998.

Esiason is an avid ice hockey fan, and a devoted supporter of the New York Rangers. He is also a fan of the New York Mets and New York Knicks. As of 2019, he plays in up to 70 recreational-league hockey games a year. Gunnar and his father are teammates on their local hockey team. Esiason plays in the annual Mikey Strong Charity Hockey game with NHL alumni. His foundation sponsors the annual Guinness Cup Hockey Tournament.

Boomer Esiason Foundation
The Boomer Esiason Foundation (BEF) was formed soon after Gunnar's diagnosis to fund research to find a cure for cystic fibrosis. The foundation also provides scholarships, transplant grants, hospital grants, and education and awareness of CF to help provide a higher quality of life for people with CF. The foundation has raised in excess of $100 million, and has supported numerous hospitals, including Cincinnati Children's Hospital with the Gunnar H Esiason CF/Lung Center and Columbia Presbyterian in NYC with the Gunnar H Esiason Adult CF and Lung Program. In 2018 the foundation awarded over $400,000 in scholarships to almost 100 students. The foundation is located in New York City and runs numerous events around the country. The foundation annually receives four stars from Charity Navigator.

In 1996, Esiason formed a partnership with Cantor Fitzgerald and Howard Lutnick (CEO) as the foundation offices were moved to the North Tower of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan on the 101st floor, which was destroyed in 2001 in the September 11 attacks. All five full-time employees survived, as none were in the building at the time, but "Esiason figured he knew over 100 people personally" who were killed in the attack, including his best friend Tim O'Brien who was a partner at Cantor.

See also
 List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League
 List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating

References

External links
 Boomer Esiason Foundation Fighting Cystic Fibrosis

1961 births
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football quarterbacks
American people of Norwegian descent
American sports radio personalities
American television sports announcers
American television talk show hosts
Arizona Cardinals players
Cincinnati Bengals players
College football announcers
Living people
Maryland Terrapins football players
MSG Network people
National Football League announcers
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
New York Jets players
People from East Islip, New York
People from West Islip, New York
Players of American football from Nassau County, New York
Players of American football from Suffolk County, New York
WFAN people

Boomer Esiason


Yuta Nakano (født 30. august 1989) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama FC og Fagiano Okayama.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuta Nakano


AN/SEQ-3 Laser Weapon System ili XN-1 LaWS je lasersko oružje koje je razvila Mornarica Sjedinjenih Država. Oružje je postavljeno na USS Ponce za testiranje na terenu 2014. U prosincu 2014., Mornarica Sjedinjenih Američkih Država izvijestila je da je sustav LaWS savršeno funkcionirao protiv asimetričnih prijetnji niske razine te da je zapovjednik Poncea ovlašten koristiti sustav kao obrambeno oružje.

Svrha
LaWS je brodski obrambeni sustav koji je do sada upotrijebljen protiv bespilotne letjelice (UAV ili dron) i simuliranog malog napadača na brod. LaWS koristi infracrvenu zraku iz poluprovodničkog laserskog niza koji se može podesiti na visoku izlaznu snagu da uništi metu ili nisku izlaznu snagu da upozori ili onesposobi senzore mete. Jedna od njegovih prednosti u odnosu na projektilno oružje je niska cijena po hicu: svako opaljenje iz oružja zahtijeva samo minimalne troškove generiranja energetskog pulsa; nasuprot tome, ubojna sredstva za projektilno oružje moraju biti dizajnirana, proizvedena, njima se mora rukovati, transportirati i održavati te zauzimaju skladišni prostor.

LaWS je dizajniran za korištenje protiv asimetričnih prijetnji niske razine. Skalabilne razine snage dopuštaju da se koristi na niskoj snazi da nesmrtonosno zasljepljuje oči osobe  i da se koristi na visokoj snazi, do 30 kilovata, za prženje senzora, spaljivanje motora i detoniranje eksplozivnih materijala.  LaWS može oboriti mali UAV za samo dvije sekunde. Kada je suočen s malim čamcima, laser može ciljati motor plovila kako bi ga onesposobio, zatim to ponoviti protiv drugih čamaca u brzom slijedu, zahtijevajući samo nekoliko sekundi paljbe po čamcu. Ciljanje platforme je učinkovitije od ciljanja pojedinačnih članova posade, iako je LaWS dovoljno precizan da cilja eksplozivne rakete ako su na njoj, čije bi detonacije mogle ubiti operatere. Protiv veće letjelice poput helikoptera, LaWS može progorjeti neke vitalne komponente i uzrokovati rušenje.

Povijest
U 2010., Kratos Defence & Security Solutions dobio je ugovor vrijedan 11 milijuna dolara za potporu Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) u razvoju LaWS-a za program američke mornarice usmjerene energije i sustava električnog oružja (DE&EWS). Test NSWC-a iz svibnja 2012. koristio je sustav kontrole oružja iz neposredne blizine kako bi se omogućilo usmjeravanju snopa da prati metu u obliku bespilotne letjelice.

Raspoređivanje
LaWS je raspoređen na Ponceu krajem kolovoza 2014. u Perzijskom zaljevu s američkom 5. flotom  kako bi se testirala izvedivost laserskog oružja u pomorskom okruženju protiv topline, vlage, prašine i slane vode i kako bi se vidjelo koliko se snage koristi. Sustav ima skalabilne razine snage kako bi mogao ispaliti nesmrtonosni snop da zaslijepi sumnjivo plovilo i ispaliti jače snope za fizičko uništenje mete; raspon je klasificiran. Iako je susjedni Iran prijetio da će blokirati Hormuški tjesnac pomoću malih brodskih rojeva kojima se LaWS može suprotstaviti, on nije dizajniran niti postavljen posebno za upotrebu protiv bilo koje određene zemlje.

Nakon pregleda nekoliko klasa brodova kako bi se utvrdilo koji imaju raspoloživi prostor, snagu i hlađenje, odlučeno je da će se nakon planiranog stavljanja Poncea van pogona 2018. LaWS premjestiti na novi amfibijski transportni brod USS Portland (LPD-27) za testiranje na neodređeno vrijeme. Iskoristit će prostor i priključke za napajanje rezervirane za njegov vertikalni sustav lansiranja za smještaj LaWS energetskih i kontrolnih modula, dok će sam laser biti pričvršćen za palubu. Budući da će instalacija biti samo probna, LaWS neće biti integriran u brodski ratni sustav.

U siječnju 2018. mornarica je objavila ugovor vrijedan 150 milijuna dolara s Lockheed Martinom za proizvodnju još dvije LaWS jedinice koje će biti isporučene 2020.; jedan će biti postavljen na USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51), dok će se drugi koristiti za testiranje na kopnu. Daljnje mogućnosti ugovora mogle bi povećati njegovu vrijednost na 942,8 milijuna dolara.

Izvori

Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima
Laseri
Američka vojna oprema

Laserski oružani sustav AN/SEQ-3


يوليوس روبرت أوبنهايمر  (22 أبريل 1904 - 18 فبراير 1967) كان فيزيائيًا نظريًا أمريكيًا. كان أوبنهايمر مديرًا لمختبر لوس ألاموس أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، وغالبًا ما يسمى «أب القنبلة الذرية» لدوره في مشروع مانهاتن، وهو مشروع للبحث والتطوير الذي أنتج أول الأسلحة النووية.

حصل أوبنهايمر على درجة البكالوريوس في الكيمياء من جامعة هارفارد في عام 1925، ثم درس الفيزياء في جامعة كامبريدج وجامعة غوتينغن، حيث حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في عام 1927. وتقلد مناصب أكاديمية في جامعة كاليفورنيا في بيركلي ومعهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا، ومساهمات كبيرة في الفيزياء النظرية، بما في ذلك الإنجازات في ميكانيكا الكم والفيزياء النووية مثل تقريب بورن-أوبنهايمر لدوال الموجات الجزيئية، والعمل على نظرية الإلكترونات والبوزيترونات، وعملية أوبنهايمر-فيليبس في الاندماج النووي، وأول تنبؤ بالنفق الكمي. قدم مع طلابه أيضًا مساهمات مهمة في النظرية الحديثة للنجوم النيوترونية والثقوب السوداء، ونظرية الحقل الكمومي، وتفاعلات الأشعة الكونية. كمدرس ومروج للعلوم، يُذكر بأنه الأب المؤسس للمدرسة الأمريكية للفيزياء النظرية التي اكتسبت شهرة عالمية في ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي.

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، جُند للعمل في مشروع مانهاتن، وفي عام 1943 عُين مديرًا لمختبر لوس ألاموس التابع للمشروع في نيومكسيكو، حيث كُلف بتطوير أول الأسلحة النووية، لعبت قيادته وخبرته العلمية دورًا أساسيًا في نجاح المشروع، في 16 يوليو 1945 كان حاضرًا في اختبار ترينيتي للقنبلة الذرية الأولى.

بعد الحرب، أصبح أوبنهايمر مديرًا لمعهد الدراسات المتقدمة في برينستون، نيو جيرسي، وكذلك رئيسًا للجنة الاستشارية العامة المؤثرة لهيئة الطاقة الذرية الأمريكية المنشأة حديثًا، لقد ضغط من أجل السيطرة الدولية على الطاقة النووية، لتجنب الانتشار النووي وسباق التسلح النووي مع الاتحاد السوفيتي، كما عارض تطوير القنبلة الهيدروجينية خلال نقاش حكومي 1949-1950 حول هذه المسألة واتخذ بعد ذلك مواقف بشأن القضايا المتعلقة بالدفاع والتي أثارت غضب بعض الفصائل الحكومية والعسكرية الأمريكية، خلال الرعب الأحمر الثاني، أدت هذه المواقف، جنبًا إلى جنب مع الجمعيات السابقة التي كان لأوبنهايمر مع أشخاص ومنظمات تابعة للحزب الشيوعي، إلى إلغاء تصريحه الأمني في جلسة استماع أمنية عام 1954 التي نوقشت كثيرًا، وبعد تجريده من نفوذه السياسي المباشر، واصل إلقاء المحاضرات والكتابة والعمل في الفيزياء. بعد تسع سنوات، منحه الرئيس جون كينيدي (وقدم له ليندون جونسون) جائزة إنريكو فيرمي كبادرة لإعادة التأهيل السياسي. في عام 2022، ألغت الحكومة الأمريكية قرارها الصادر عام 1954، بتأكيد ولاء أوبنهايمر.

الحياة المبكرة

الطفولة والتعليم
ولد روبرت أوبنهايمر في عائلة يهودية (غير ملتزمة) في مدينة نيويورك في 22 أبريل 1904، لإيلا (فريدمان)، رسامة، ويوليوس سيليجمان أوبنهايمر، مستورد منسوجات ناجح. وُلِد يوليوس في هاناو، التي كانت آنذاك جزءًا من مقاطعة هسن-ناساو في مملكة بروسيا، وجاء إلى الولايات المتحدة في سن المراهقة عام 1888 بموارد قليلة، ولا مال، ولا دراسات للبكالوريوس، ولا يعرف اللغة الإنجليزية. تم تعيينه من قبل شركة نسيج وفي غضون عقد من الزمان أصبح مديرًا تنفيذيًا هناك، وفي النهاية أصبح ثريًا. في عام 1912، انتقلت العائلة إلى شقة في الطابق 11 من 155 ريفرسايد درايف، بالقرب من شارع ويست 88، مانهاتن، وهي منطقة معروفة بالقصور الفاخرة والمنازل. تضمنت مجموعتهم الفنية أعمال بابلو بيكاسو وإدوارد فويار، وثلاث لوحات أصلية على الأقل لفينسنت فان خوخ. كان لروبرت شقيق أصغر، فرانك، الذي أصبح أيضًا فيزيائيًا، والذي أسس لاحقًا متحف العلوم إكسبلوراتوريوم في سان فرانسيسكو.

تلقى أوبنهايمر تعليمه في البداية في مدرسة ألكوين الإعدادية. في عام 1911، التحق بمدرسة جمعية الثقافة الأخلاقية التي أسسها فيليكس أدلر للترويج لشكل من أشكال التدريب الأخلاقي القائم على حركة الثقافة الأخلاقية، والتي كان شعارها "الفعل قبل العقيدة". كان والده عضوًا في الجمعية لسنوات عديدة، حيث خدم في مجلس أمنائها من عام 1907 إلى عام 1915. كان أوبنهايمر باحثًا متعدد الجوانب، مهتمًا بالأدب الإنجليزي والفرنسي، وخاصة في علم المعادن. أكمل الصفين الثالث والرابع في سنة واحدة وتخطى نصف الصف الثامن.

خلال سنته الأخيرة، أصبح مهتمًا بالكيمياء. تخرج في عام 1921 ودخل كلية هارفارد بعد عام واحد، في سن 18، لأنه عانى من نوبة التهاب القولون أثناء التنقيب في ياخيموف خلال عطلة عائلية صيفية في أوروبا. لمساعدته على التعافي من المرض، استعان والده بمساعدة مدرس اللغة الإنجليزية هربرت سميث، الذي نقله إلى نيو مكسيكو، حيث وقع أوبنهايمر في حب ركوب الخيل وجنوب غرب الولايات المتحدة.

تخصص أوبنهايمر في الكيمياء، لكن جامعة هارفارد طلبت من طلاب العلوم أيضًا دراسة التاريخ والأدب والفلسفة أو الرياضيات. عوّض بدايته المتأخرة من خلال أخذ ست دورات في كل فصل دراسي وقُبل في جمعية الشرف الجامعية فاي بيتا كابا. في سنته الأولى، قُبل للتخرج وهو يدرس الفيزياء على أساس دراسة مستقلة، مما يعني أنه لم يكن مطلوبًا أن يأخذ الفصول الأساسية ويمكنه بدلاً من ذلك التسجيل في الفصول المتقدمة. لقد انجذب إلى الفيزياء التجريبية من خلال دورة في الديناميكا الحرارية قام بتدريسها بيرسي ويليامز بريجمان. في عام 1925، وبعد ثلاث سنوات من الدراسة، تخرج أوبنهايمر بدرجة بكالوريوس الآداب بامتياز.

الدراسة في أوروبا

في عام 1924، أُبلغ أوبنهايمر أنه قُبل في كلية المسيح، كامبريدج. كتب إلى إرنست رذرفورد يطلب الإذن بالعمل في مختبر كافندش. قدم بريدجمان توصية إلى أوبنهايمر، والتي أقرت بأن مستوى أوبنهايمر في المختبر جعلت من الواضح أن موطنه لم يكن تجريبيًا بل نظريًا. لم يتأثر رذرفورد، لكن أوبنهايمر ذهب إلى كامبريدج على أمل الحصول على عرض آخر. قُبل في النهاية من قبل جوزيف جون طومسون بشرط أن يكمل دورة معملية أساسية.

لم يكن أوبنهايمر سعيدًا للغاية في كامبريدج وكتب إلى صديق: "أمضي وقتًا سيئًا للغاية. العمل في المختبر مروع للغاية، وأنا سيء للغاية فيه لدرجة أنه من المستحيل الشعور بأنني أتعلم أي شيء". طور علاقة عدائية مع معلمه، باتريك بلاكيت. أثناء إجازته، كما يتذكر صديقه فرنسيس فيرجاسن، اعترف أوبنهايمر ذات مرة أنه ترك تفاحة مغموسة بمواد كيميائية ضارة على مكتب بلاكيت. في حين أن رواية فيرغسون هي النسخة المفصلة الوحيدة من هذا الحدث، فقد نُبه والدي أوبنهايمر من قبل سلطات الجامعة، التي فكرت في وضعه تحت المراقبة. نجح والديه في الضغط على السلطات كي لا تفعل ذلك.

كان أوبنهايمر مدخنًا طويلًا ورفيعًا، وغالبًا ما كان يتجاهل تناول الطعام خلال فترات التفكير الشديد والتركيز. قال العديد من أصدقائه إن لديه ميول تدمير الذات. وقع حدث مزعج عندما أخذ إجازة من دراسته في كامبريدج للقاء فيرجاسن في باريس. لاحظ فيرجاسن أن أوبنهايمر لم يكن على ما يرام. للمساعدة في صرف انتباهه عن اكتئابه، أخبر فيرجاسن أوبنهايمر أنه (فيرجاسن) سيتزوج صديقته، فرانسيس كيلي. لم يأخذ أوبنهايمر الأخبار جيدًا. قفز على فيرجاسن وحاول خنقه. على الرغم من أن فيرجاسن صد الهجوم بسهولة، إلا أن الحادثة أقنعته بوجود مشاكل نفسية عميقة لأوبنهايمر. طوال حياته، عانى أوبنهايمر من فترات من الاكتئاب، وقد أخبر أخيه ذات مرة، "أنا بحاجة إلى الفيزياء أكثر من الأصدقاء".

في عام 1926، غادر أوبنهايمر كامبريدج إلى جامعة غوتينغن للدراسة تحت إشراف ماكس بورن. كانت غوتنغن أحد المراكز الرائدة في العالم للفيزياء النظرية. قام أوبنهايمر بتكوين أصدقاء حققوا نجاحًا كبيرًا، بما في ذلك فيرنر هايزنبيرغ وباسكوال جوردان وفولفغانغ باولي وبول ديراك وإنريكو فيرمي وإدوارد تيلر. كان معروفًا بحماسته الشديدة للمناقشة، وأحيانًا إلى درجة تولي جلسات الندوة. أثار هذا غضب بعض طلاب بورن الآخرين لدرجة أن ماريا غوبرت ماير قدمت لبورن عريضة موقعة من نفسها والآخرين تهدد بمقاطعة الفصل ما لم يهدأ أوبنهايمر. تركها بورن على مكتبه حيث يمكن لأوبنهايمر قراءتها، وكانت فعالة دون أن ينبس ببنت شفة.

حصل أوبنهايمر على درجة الدكتوراه في الفلسفة مارس 1927 في سن 23 عامًا، تحت إشراف بورن. بعد الامتحان الشفوي، قال البروفيسور جيمس فرانك، "أنا سعيد لأن هذا انتهى. لقد كان على وشك استجوابي." نشر أوبنهايمر أكثر من اثني عشر بحثًا أثناء وجوده في أوروبا، بما في ذلك العديد من المساهمات المهمة في مجال ميكانيكا الكم الجديدة. نشر هو وبورن مقالة شهيرة عن تقريب بورن-أوبنهايمر، الذي يفصل بين الحركة النووية والحركة الإلكترونية في المعالجة الرياضية للجزيئات، مما يسمح بإهمال الحركة النووية لتبسيط الحسابات. ولا يزال أكثر أعماله الاستشهاد بها.

رأيه في السلاح النووي
في مقال نشر في عام 1946، بعنوان «السلاح الجديد» يصف صورة عامة للعصر، ويقول: «إن المتفجرات النووية تحدث زيادة هائلة في قوة التدمير بالنسبة إلى كل دولار ننفقه، وبالنسبة إلى كل ما نستثمره بحساب ساعات عمل الشخص الواحد: فهي تحدث خللاُ شديدا في التوازن الدقيق بين الجهد اللازم للتدمير ومدى التدمير».

وأضاف قائلا: «إن أيا من العوامل غير المؤكدة لا يمكن أن يخفي الحقيقة القائلة بأن تكلفة تدمير ميل مربع بالأسلحة النووية ستقل بدرجة هائلة عن تكلفة استخدام أي أسلحة عرفتها الحرب حتى الآن. وفي تقديري إن ظهور مثل هذه الأسلحة سيقلل التكلفة، يقينا بما يفوق عاملا قدره عشرة، والأرجح بعامل قدره مائة».

وأضاف أيضا: «يبدو أن الحرب البيولوجية هي وحدها التي توفر منافسا للضرر الذي يمكن أن يتحقق بدولار واحد».

انظر أيضًا
 أوبنهايمر (فيلم)

ببليوجرافيا

 }
 }
 } (posthumous)
  (posthumous)
  (posthumous)
  (posthumous)

ملاحظات

المراجع

الاستشهاد

المصادر

روابط خارجية

أساتذة جامعة كاليفورنيا في بركلي
أشخاص مرتبطون بمشروع مانهاتن
أشخاص من مدينة نيويورك
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد الدراسات المتقدمة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
أكاديميو جامعة كامبريدج
أمريكيون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي ألماني
أمريكيون مناهضون للفاشية
خريجو جامعة غوتنغن
خريجو جامعة كامبريدج
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
خريجو كلية كريست (جامعة كامبريدج)
خريجو كلية هارفارد
ضباط وسام جوقة الشرف
ضحايا المكارثية
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء أمريكيون يهود
علماء ذرة أمريكيون
علماء فيزياء الكم
علماء من مدينة نيويورك
علماء ومهندسو أسلحة
فيزيائيو القرن 20
فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
فيزيائيون أمريكيون يهود
فيزيائيون نظريون
فيزيائيون يهود
لاأدريون أمريكيون
لاأدريون يهود
مدفونون في البحار
منظرو النسبية
مواليد 1904
مواليد في نيويورك
وفيات 1967
وفيات السرطان في نيو جيرسي
وفيات بسبب سرطان الحنجرة
وفيات في برينستون (نيو جيرسي)
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 20
يهود معادون للفاشية

روبرت أوبنهايمر


Die Sphagnorubine sind eine Stoffgruppe von roten Farbstoffen, die in den Zellwänden von Torfmoosen entdeckt wurden.

Vertreter
Bisher sind Sphagnorubin A, B und C bekannt.

Vorkommen
Die sekundären Pflanzenstoffe kommen an der Zellwand von Torfmoosen wie Sphagnum rubellum oder Sphagnum magellanicum vor. Phenylpropanoide wie Sphagnorubin sind wesentliche Strukturbestandteile der als wichtige Kohlenstoffsenke dienenden Moore.

Beschreibung
Die mit den Anthocyanen verwandten Substanzen haben ein Phenyl-phenanthro-pyran-Gerüst.

In polaren Lösungsmitteln ist die Löslichkeit der Sphagnorubine gering, was aber bereits für eine tiefgefärbte Lösung ausreicht, während sie in unpolaren Lösungsmitteln praktisch unlöslich ist.

Funktion
Bei niedrigen Temperaturen, wie sie etwa für Hochmoore typisch sind, ist der Stoffwechsel der Torfmoose verlangsamt. Tritt unter diesen Bedingungen hohe Lichtintensität auf, also bei geeignetem Sonnenstand ohne Schatten, so kann das Moos durch Photooxidation geschädigt werden. Da das Moos tagsüber bei kühler Temperatur mehr Sphagnorubine erzeugt als bei warmen, wird dem Pflanzenstoff eine Schutzfunktion zugeschrieben. Eine zweite biologische Funktion könnte die direkte Aufnahme von Restwärme aus der Umgebung sein, wie aus einer analogen Situation bei Ruderfußkrebsen geschlossen wird.

Biosynthese
Die Biosynthese ist mit der von Lignin verwandt insofern als sie von Phenylalanin ausgeht. Zwischenstufe ist das Hydroxy-Derivat eines an Coenzym A gebundenen Zimtsäurerestes. Der komplexe Ablauf ist noch nicht vollständig geklärt, obwohl die technische Synthese bereits 1975 beschrieben wurde.

Literatur

 Rolf Mentlein, Erich Vowinkel: Die roten Wandfarbstoffe des Torfmooses Sphagnum rubellum. In: Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 1984, 1984, S. 1024–1035, doi:10.1002/jlac.198419840520.

Einzelnachweise

Stoffgruppe
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine
 Sphagnorubine

Sphagnorubine


نادي سيرفيت لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم سويسري يلعب في دوري التحدي السويسري . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1890 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1890
أندية كرة قدم في سويسرا
تأسيسات سنة 1890 في سويسرا
الرياضة في جنيف

نادي سيرفيت


بلدية سانت فيليوْ ساسيرا (بالكاتالانية: Sant Feliu Sasserra) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 612 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
بلديات في باجس
أماكن مأهولة في باجس

سانت فيلايو ساسيرا


Kongres et større møde hvor medlemmer af en politisk eller faglig organisation diskuterer aktuelle emner.

Se også

 Landsmøde

Møder
Politiske forsamlinger

Kongres (møde)


O Club Universitario de Deportes em 2014, participou de duas competições: Campeonato Peruano e Copa Libertadores.

Competições

Campeonato Peruano

Torneo del Inca
O Torneio Inca de 2014 foi um torneio de copa realizado antes do Campeonato Descentralizado de 2014.

Torneo Apertura

Torneo Clausura

Copa Libertadores

A Copa Libertadores 2014 foi a quinquagésima quinta edição do mais importante torneio de clubes da América do Sul, organizada pela Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol. Universitario jogou a fase de grupos.

Fase de grupos

Temporadas do Club Universitario de Deportes
Temporadas 2014 de clubes de futebol

Temporada do Club Universitario de Deportes de 2014


وهو من مهندسين القرن الثاني الذين قاموا ببناء بغداد وبكر اليعقوبى في كتاب البلدان فيمن هندس بغداد من المهندسين وذكر المنصور العباسي لما شعرف في بناء بغداد قسم ارضها إلى أربعة اجزاء وأعطى كل جزء إلى رجل من المهندسين وكان لعبد الله بن محزر الربع الذي من باب الكوفة إلى باب الشام وشارع طريق الانبار إلى حد بض حرب بن عبد الله. ولم نقف له على ترجمة، وإنما ذكره اليعقوبي في كتاب البلدان فيمن هندس بغداد من المهندسين. وخلاصة ما ذكره أن المنصور العباسي لما شرع في بناء بغداد قسم أرباضها إلى أربعة أرباع، وقلد للقيام بكل ربع رجلًا من المهندسين، وضمَّ إليه اثنين من رجاله للإشراف على الأعمال، بعدما بيّن لأصحاب كل ربع ما يصير لكل رجل من الذرع وما قدره للحوانيت والأسواق والمساجد والحمامات فقلد عبد لله بن محرز المهندس الربع الذي من باب الكوفة إلى باب الشام، وشارع طريق الأنبار إلى حد ربض حرب بن عبد لله، وجعل معه من رجاله سليمان بن مجالد وواضحًا مولاه.

مراجع

أشخاص من بغداد
أعلام المهندسين في الإسلام
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مهندسون عراقيون

عبد الله بن محرز


Quoted-Printable, or QP encoding, is a binary-to-text encoding system using printable ASCII characters (alphanumeric and the equals sign =) to transmit 8-bit data over a 7-bit data path or, generally, over a medium which is not 8-bit clean. Historically, because of the wide range of systems and protocols that could be used to transfer messages, e-mail was often assumed to be non-8-bit-clean – however, modern SMTP servers are in most cases 8-bit clean and support 8BITMIME extension. It can also be used with data that contains non-permitted octets or line lengths exceeding SMTP limits. It is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in e-mail.

QP works by using the equals sign = as an escape character. It also limits line length to 76, as some software has limits on line length.

Introduction
MIME defines mechanisms for sending other kinds of information in e-mail, including text in languages other than English, using character encodings other than ASCII. However, these encodings often use byte values outside the ASCII range so they need to be encoded further before they are suitable for use in a non-8-bit-clean environment. Quoted-Printable encoding is one method used for mapping arbitrary bytes into sequences of ASCII characters. So, Quoted-Printable is not a character encoding scheme itself, but a data coding layer to be used under some byte-oriented character encoding. QP encoding is reversible, meaning the original bytes and hence the non-ASCII characters they represent can be identically recovered.

Quoted-Printable and Base64 are the two MIME content transfer encodings, if the trivial "7bit" and "8bit" encoding are not counted. If the text to be encoded does not contain many non-ASCII characters, then Quoted-Printable results in a fairly readable and compact encoded result. On the other hand, if the input has many 8-bit characters, then Quoted-Printable becomes both unreadable and extremely inefficient. Base64 is not human-readable, but has a uniform overhead for all data and is the more sensible choice for binary formats or text in a script other than the Latin script.

Quoted-printable encoding
Any 8-bit byte value may be encoded with 3 characters: an = followed by two hexadecimal digits (0–9 or A–F) representing the byte's numeric value. For example, an ASCII form feed character (decimal value 12) can be represented by =0C, and an ASCII equal sign (decimal value 61) must be represented by =3D. All characters except printable ASCII characters or end of line characters (but also =) must be encoded in this fashion.

All printable ASCII characters (decimal values between 33 and 126) may be represented by themselves, except = (decimal 61, hexadecimal 3D, therefore =3D).

ASCII tab and space characters, decimal values 9 and 32, may be represented by themselves, except if these characters would appear at the end of the encoded line. In that case, they would need to be escaped as =09 (tab) or =20 (space), or be followed by a = (soft line break) as the last character of the encoded line. This last solution is valid because it prevents the tab or space from being the last character of the encoded line.

If the data being encoded contains meaningful line breaks, they must be encoded as an ASCII CR LF sequence, not as their original byte values, neither directly nor via = signs. Conversely, if byte values 13 and 10 have meanings other than end of line (in media types, for example), then they must be encoded as =0D and =0A respectively.

Lines of Quoted-Printable encoded data must not be longer than 76 characters. To satisfy this requirement without altering the encoded text, soft line breaks may be added as desired. A soft line break consists of an = at the end of an encoded line, and does not appear as a line break in the decoded text. These soft line breaks also allow encoding text without line breaks (or containing very long lines) for an environment where line size is limited, such as the 1000 characters per line limit of some SMTP software, as allowed by RFC 2821.

A slightly modified version of Quoted-Printable is used in message headers; see MIME#Encoded-Word.

Example
The following example is a French text (encoded in UTF-8), with a high frequency of letters with diacritical marks (such as the é).
 J'interdis aux marchands de vanter trop leurs marchandises. Car ils se font=
  vite p=C3=A9dagogues et t'enseignent comme but ce qui n'est par essence qu=
 'un moyen, et te trompant ainsi sur la route =C3=A0 suivre les voil=C3=A0 b=
 ient=C3=B4t qui te d=C3=A9gradent, car si leur musique est vulgaire ils te =
 fabriquent pour te la vendre une =C3=A2me vulgaire.

    =E2=80=94=E2=80=89Antoine de Saint-Exup=C3=A9ry, Citadelle (1948)

This encodes the following quotation:

See also
 Percent-encoding (data encoding in URLs, mostly used for text)
 Numeric character reference (text encoding in SGML, HTML, XML)
 Rich Text Format#Character encoding (a component of text encoding)

Notes

External links
  (obsolete)
  (MIME)
 RFC 2045 — 6.7. Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding

Binary-to-text encoding formats
Email

Quoted-printable


Tarsila do Amaral () a fost o pictoriță braziliană și cofondatoare a mișcării antropofagice.

Biografie
Împreună cu partenerul ei, Oswald de Andrade, al cărui prieten era Mário de Andrade, împreună cu Anita Malfatti, studentă a lui Georg Fischer-Elpons și Menotti del Picchia, aparținea grupului de artiști Grupo dos Cinco ("Grupul celor Cinci") și a fost membră a revistei culturale Semana de Arte Moderna.

Una dintre cele mai faimoase picturi intitulata Abaporu a fost creata în 1928. Abaporu înseamnă în limba populației tupí, antropofag, după care s-a numit ea însăși mișcarea-antropofagie. Pictura de 85 cm × 73 cm a fost achiziționată de către colecționarul și milionarul argentinian Eduardo Costantini în anul 1995 cu 1,5 milioane dolari și este în prezent în Museu de arte latino-americana din Buenos Aires (MALBA).

Ideea europeană de primitivitate a culturilor lor străine, combinată cu atribuirea sălbaticului nobil, uneori corespunde imaginii canibalismului. Ca mișcare artistică împotriva eurocentrismului și pentru o referință încrezătoare atât la tradițiile proprii, cât și la direcțiile europene moderne de stil, Tarsila do Amaral și Movimento antropófago au atacat stereotipuri și atribuții europene pentru a le deconstrui.

În critica postcoloniană de astăzi, există referințe destul de clare la Movimento antropófago. Luzenir Caixeta și Lucia Helena se referă, de asemenea, în legătura cu Movimento antropófago, la carnavalul brazilian în stilul său dionisiac și militant, a cărui trăsătură principală reprezintă critica la cultura dominantă europeană.

În 2007, asteroidul (4123) Tarsila a fost numit după ea.

Note

Bibliografie
 Lucia Helena (1983): Uma literatura antropofagica. UNI Ceara.
 Luzenir Caixeta (2004): Antropofagia ca răspuns la Hegemonia Culturală Eurocentrică sau: Cum societatea majoritară trebuie să "înghită" femeile feministe migrante. În: Hito Steyerl, Encarnación Gutiérrez Rodríguez (Ed.): Subalternul vorbeste germana? Migrație și critici postcoloniale, Editura Unrast, Münster, ISBN 3-89771-425-6.

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial al Tarsila do Amaral (portugheză)
 Tarsila do Amaral în Google Arts & Culture
 Tarsila do Amaral  în Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural (portugheză)
 Tarsila: Catalog Raisonné  (engleză, portugheză)
 Manifestul Antropófago în traducerea în limba engleză Manifestul Cannibal Februarie 2006 în Arhiva de Internet ) (în engleză)
 Thomas Sandfuhr: Só a Antropofagia nós une : Asimilarea și diferența în figura lui Anthropophagen  (document Word)

Nașteri în 1886
Decese în 1973
Pictori brazilieni
Pages with unreviewed translations
Eponime ale asteroizilor

Tarsila do Amaral


{{Infobox Opéra (œuvre)
 | titre                        = Costanza e fortezza
 | titre autre                  =
 | image                        = Arolsen Klebeband 15 029.jpg
 | légende                      = Le théâtre spécialement construit dans la cour de l'école d'équitation du château de Prague, vue sur la scène.
 | alternative                  =
 | genre                        = Festa teatrale
 | actes                        = Trois
 | musique                      = Johann Joseph Fux, Nicola Matteis
 | livret                       = Pietro Pariati
 | langue                       = Italien
 | sources                      =
 | durée                        = 5 h 30
 | composition                  =
 | partition                    =
 | première monde date          =
 | première monde lieu          = Château de Prague
 | première france date         =
 | première france lieu         =
 | versions successives         =
 | représentations notables     =
 | personnages                  =
 Publio Valerio Publicola, consul romain (basse)
 Porsenna, roi des Étrusques, amoureux de Valeria (alto, castrat)
 Tito Tarquinio, fils de Tarquin le Superbe, amoureux de Clelia (soprano, castrat)
 Valeria, fille de Publio Valerio, amante et fiancée de Muzio (soprano)
 Clelia, noble demoiselle romaine, aimée d'Orazio (alto)
 Orazio, amoureux de Clelia (ténor)
 Muzio, amant et fiancé de Valeria (contralto, castrat)
 Erminio, fils de Publio Valerio, amoureux de Clelia (soprano, castrat)
 Il fiume Tevere, le fleuve Tevere (ténor)
 Il genio di Roma, le génie de Roma (ténor)
 Soldats étrusques, captifs romains, soldats romains, nymphes du Tibre, affluents du Tibre, peuple romain, jardiniers, Saliens (prêtres de Mars), haruspices, pénates (chœur)
 Licteurs, soldats romains, gardes royaux de Porsenna, soldats étrusques, chevaliers romains, nobles généraux étrusques, assaillants romains, peuple romain, pages de Porsenna, pages de Valeria, pages de Clelia, nymphes du Tibre, affluents du Tibre (figurants)
 | grands airs                  =
}}Costanza e fortezza (français : constance et fortitude) est une festa teatrale en trois actes du compositeur Johann Joseph Fux sur un livret de Pietro Pariati. La musique des ballets et de la  sont de Nicola Matteis. L'œuvre est créée le  au château de Prague à Hradčany, à l'occasion du couronnement de Charles VI, roi de Bohème.

 Contexte
L'action se déroule près de Rome le 9 juin 508 av. J.-C.. Le contexte historique se trouve dans le deuxième des Ab Urbe condita libri de Tite-Live : le roi romain Tarquin le Superbe a été renversé et banni de Rome à cause de son régime tyrannique. Pour reprendre leur pouvoir, les Tarquins font alliance avec le roi étrusque Porsenna. Les combats aboutissent finalement au siège de Rome par les Étrusques. L'intrigue de l'œuvre est centrée sur les négociations de paix entre Rome et les Étrusques, compliquées par des relations amoureuses et les exploits des Romains. Des parallèles sont établis à plusieurs reprises entre Rome et l'empire autrichien. Même le titre de l'ouvrage est basé sur la devise personnelle de Charles VI, ''. L'impératrice Élisabeth, dont l'anniversaire est célébré le jour de la première, reçoit une reconnaissance spéciale par son identification avec la déesse Vesta. Chacun des trois actes se termine par un ballet. Au début et à la fin de l'œuvre, des transformations sont réalisées à l'aide des .

Intrigue
Les Étrusques sous les ordres de leur roi Porsenna assiègent Rome afin de rétablir sur le trône Titus Tarquinio, fils du roi exilé Lucio Tarquinio Superbus. Ils ont fait des prisonniers, dont Valeria et Erminio, les enfants du consul romain Publio Valerio Publicola. Valeria aime le Romain Muzio, mais est aussi désirée par Porsenna. Tarquinio et Erminio sont tous deux amoureux de la noble romaine Clelia qui est fiancée à Orazio.

Au départ, le dieu fleuve du Tibre promet à Rome un grand avenir. Porsenna envoie Valeria et Erminio sur leur parole d'honneur à Rome pour des négociations de paix. Ses conditions sont la reddition du trône à Tarquinio et son mariage avec Clélia. Les négociations échouent et les deux otages retournent chez les Étrusques. Tarquinio lance alors une attaque contre Rome qu'Orazio repousse en défendant seul le Pont Sublicius démoli derrière lui. Il nage ensuite jusqu'au rivage romain.

Au deuxième acte, Muzio tente de libérer Valeria des mains des Étrusques. Comme elle veut rester pour ne pas décevoir son père, il tente vainement d'assassiner Porsenna. Il est arrêté, mais prouve sa « constance et sa fortitude » en tenant sa main dans le feu de l'autel. Impressionné, Porsenna le libère et conclut une trêve avec Publio Valerio. Après une querelle entre les prétendants de Clélia, Tarquinio, Erminio et Orazio, Orazio défie Tarquinio en un duel que Porsenna parvient à empêcher.

Au début du troisième acte, Tarquinio tente de violer Clelia. Elle se défend avec succès et lui arrache son épée. Erminio l'empêche de tuer son adversaire. Clelia libère alors les otages romains et nage avec eux à travers le Tibre jusqu'à Rome. Tarquinio accuse Orazio et le fait arrêter. Indigné, Orazio tire son épée, mais est apaisé par Muzio en disant à Publio Valerio de décider de son sort ce qui provoque de nouvelles négociations et ramène Clelia évadée au camp étrusque. Clelia explique sa fuite par la tentative de viol de Tarquinio, qu'elle peut prouver avec son épée. Porsenna abandonne Tarquinio et accepte la paix avec Rome.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Opéra se déroulant dans l'Antiquité
Opéra s'inspirant de la mythologie gréco-romaine
Serenata
Opéra créé à Prague
Opéra des années 1720

Costanza e fortezza


El Diez es una serie mexicana de televisión producida por Epoca Films emitida por ESPN Deportes en Latinoamérica, México y Estados Unidos, y por Canal 5 en México.

La serie fue creada por Mauricio Quintana, estuvo bajo la dirección de Noé Santillán y bajo la producción de Emilio Diez Barroso, se estrenó en ESPN el 1 de septiembre de 2011 y finalizó el 27 de octubre de 2011.

Trama
Salvador "Chava" Espinoza un joven originario de Ocotlán , Jalisco se traslada a la Ciudad de México luego de competir en la Copa Mundial Sub-20. Su buen desempeño lo convertirá de la noche a la mañana en una estrella de fútbol.

Pero no está solo. Chava cuenta con su mejor amigo de ...toda la vida, "El Cremas" (Ernesto Loera), quien viene con él para apoyarlo en lo que necesite, y a Gonzalo Gómez Riva (Mauricio Quintana) su representante y amigo.

También esta Javier Rubalcava (Joaquín Cosío) el dueño y presidente de los Lobos del Atlético Nacional (equipo ficticio de la Primera División Mexicana), un equipo que desea que Chava juegue con ellos.

Los periodistas lo seguirán constantemente, incluyendo Ximena Calleja (Eréndira Ibarra) una cronista atractiva e inteligente de la que se enamora. Pero las expectativas alrededor de "Chava" son muy grandes, y el joven jugador dudará del camino emprendido, aunque no abandonará su sueño de conseguir el número 10 en la selección mexicana.

La serie fue filmada en el Distrito Federal.

Elenco
 Alfonso Herrera - Salvador Chava Espínoza
 Eréndira Ibarra - Ximena Calleja
 Ernesto Loera - El Cremas
 Mauricio Quintana - Gonzalo Gómez Riva
 Joaquín Cosío - Javier Ruvalcaba
 Alberto Agnesi - Jorge Alberto Dumont
 César Rodríguez - Gerardo Romero
 Miguel Couturier† - Gustavo 'Profe' Lara
 Ihtzi Hurtado	 - Andrea de la Costa
 Juan Pablo de Santiago - Efraín 'La Pastilla' Roldán
 René Pereyra - Antonio López Garza
 Ari Brickman	- Alfredo Portilla
 Eduardo Montes - Tomás Gerardo 'Tommy Jerry' Carvajal
 Mikel García Bilbao - Alex Gerard
 Juan Luis Orendain - Plutarco Herrera III

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Facebook
 Twitter oficial
  en IMDb

Series de televisión de México
Ficción deportiva

El Diez


Asirska umjetnost (1900. – 539. pr. Kr.) u sjevernoj Mezopotamiji (Asirija) je bila najutjecajnija civilizacija mezopotamijske umjetnosti srednjeg razdoblja. Javlja se jačanjem gradova Ašur i Niniva (možda i Erbil) oko 2500. pr. Kr., a za vrijeme vladara Novoasirskog carstva (1075. – 612. pr. Kr.) Asirsko Carstvo je obuhvaćalo cijelu Mezopotamiju, Levant, Cipar, Elam i Egipat. Medijci su 612. pr. Kr. pomogli Babilonu da osvoji Ninivu, čime je okončano Asirsko carstvo i na ovom prostoru zavladala ponovno babilonska umjetnost koja je za vrijeme Asirskog carstva stagnirala.

Asirska arhitektura

Asirska umjetnost je danas poznata zahvaljujući iskopavanjima i kasnijim proučavanjima u Ninivi (uz današnji grad Mosul), i drugim gradovima Asirije. Temeljnim proučavanjima palača, hramova i ostataka asirskih gradova, arheolozi su stekli iskustvo koje im je kasnije omogućilo da lakše pristupe proučavanju drugih mezopotamskih gradova koji su bili skoro potpuno uništeni.
Asirska civilizacija je počivala na ostvarenjima Sumera, ali su ih tumačili na osobit način.Sumerske, akadske i babilonske gradove od opeke lako osvaja ratnički narod Asiraca i umjesto njih nastaju gradovi od kamena (obično vapnenac)  i reprezentativna (i agresivna) kraljevska umjetnost. Palače asirskih vladara dostigle su veliku veličinu i sjaj. Iako su građevine još uvijek uglavnom od opeke, kapije i niži dijelovi unutrašnjih zidova važnih prostorija oblagani su velikim kamenim pločama (npr. Asurbanipalova palača u Ninivi).

Asirska skulptura

Kamene ploče su asirski dodatak, jer na sjeveru Mezopotamije za razliku od pustinjskog i močvarnog juga, može se pronaći kamen u obilju. One su ukrašene niskim reljefima koji predstavljaju demone-čuvare u kombinaciji reljefa i slobodne plastike sa zadatkom da na pojedinca ostave utisak moći i veličanstva kralja. Lamasu čuvari-demoni su bili namijenjeni gledanju frontalno (gdje se vide dvije noge) ili iz profila (gdje se vide četiri noge), zato imaju pet prikazanih nogu ako ih se gleda iskosa. Ostali zaštitni izrezbareni likovi asirskih palača bili su krilati geniji u niskom reljefu, poznati kao apkallu, koji obično imaju ljudske glave, ali ponekad i ptičje glave te nose sakralne predmete. U palačama su se nalazili reljefi koji su opisivali kraljeve vojničke podvige s natpisima. Natpisi sadrže mnoštvo podataka o bitkama, događajima i učesnicima. U tim prizorima nema ni drame ni heroizma, a ishod se ne dovodi u pitanje. To su najstariji narativni reljefi. Oni opisuju događaj u točno određenom vremenu i prostoru, što je bilo izvan domašaja i egipatske i sumerske umjetnosti. Asirci su morali da stvore čitav niz novih rješenja da bi se izborili s problemom slikarskog pripovijedanja. Reljef je plitak, ali zahvaljujući vještog stupnjevanja površine, velike je mase i volumena, figure su velike fizičke snage, a prizori su dramatični. Karakterizacija likova postiže se određenim tipom frizure, posebnom odjećom ili određenim stavom, pa je tako uvijek vladar na prijestolju ili u ratnim kolima.
Zbog mnoštva prikazanih događaja na reljefima nije ostajalo dovoljno mjesta na zidu za glorifikaciju vladara. Toj svrsi su poslužili posebni reljefi na kojima je vladar prikazivan u lovu na lavove. To je bio više ceremonijalni lov u znak sjećanja na rano razdoblje kada su vladari morali da zaista štite svoje pleme od lavova. Vojnici bi štitovima oblikovali kvadrat u koji bi bila puštana životinja koju je kralj ceremonijalno ubijao.

Mnoštvo reljefa, istih odlika kamene umjetnosti, izvedeno je od bronce i bjelokosti, posebice oni pronađeni u Nimrudu jer je bio veliko trgovačko središte egzotične bjelokosti iz Afrike, i tu su djelovali strani majstori iz Sirije i Fenicije.

Izvori

Poveznice
 Mezopotamijska umjetnost
 Sumerska umjetnost
 Babilonska umjetnost

Umjetnost starog vijeka
Mezopotamijska umjetnost
Umjetnost

Asirska umjetnost


Samuel de Assis (Aracaju, 05 de maio de 1982) é um ator brasileiro. Conhecido por seus papéis nas séries 3%, O Doutrinador e Rensga Hits. Em 2023, ganhou destaque ao interpretar o advogado Ben, um dos protagonistas de Vai na Fé.

Biografia
Nasceu em 05 de maio de 1983, em Aracaju, capital de Sergipe, mas foi criado em Salvador. Seu primeiro contato com a atuação se deu em um grupo espírita. Aos 17 anos se mudou para São Paulo, onde entrou na Escola de Arte Dramática da USP. É filho de um coronel da PM, Francisco, e de Adelame, e tem duas irmãs, Simone e Sueli.

Em 2006, o ator fez teste na Rede Globo, e em 2008 conseguiu seu primeiro papel na TV: Emiliano, na novela Ciranda de Pedra, personagem que acabou saindo da trama um tempo depois No cinema, debutou no longa-metragem de Daniel Filho, Chico Xavier, de 2010, biografia do personagem título.

Ganhou notoriedade ao interpretar o guarda-costa Kevin, na série Rensga Hits!, um homossexual que acaba se envolvendo com o patrão, o cantor sertanejo Deivid Cafajeste. Em seguida, emplacou um dos protagonistas da novela Vai na Fé, de autoria de Rosane Svartman, telenovela das sete da TV Globo. Na trama, seu personagem, o advogado Benjamin (Ben), reencontra um amor de juventude (Sol, interpretada por Sheron Menezzes). Ainda teve personagens marcantes na série de terror Insânia, produção da Star+, como Lucas, e na série Lov3, da Amazon Prime Video, como o homossexual na meia-idade Luís. No cinema, ficou conhecido com seu papel em O Doutrinador, adaptação da história em quadrinhos de mesmo nome.

Filmografia

Televisão

Cinema

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Referências
Atores de Sergipe
Naturais de Aracaju
Atores afro-brasileiros
Atores do Brasil

Samuel de Assis


Anna Olegivina Muzytjuk (Анна Олегівна Музичук, født 28. feb. 1990 i Lviv) er en ukrainsk stormester i skak. Hun er den fjerde kvinde til at passere de 2600 ELO-rangerings point. Anna Muzytjuk har vundet VM i skak for kvinder to gange (2014, 2016). Trods hendes ukrainske statsborgerskab, stillede hun op for Slovenien i perioden 2004 til 2014. Hun er storesøster til Marija Muzytjuk, der ligeledes kan betegne sig som verdensmester i skak.

Anna lærte skak allerede som 3-årig. Det hører dog med til historien, at begge hendes forældre er professionelle sportstrænere. Hun deltog og blev nr. 2 i sin første turnering som kun 5-årig.

Kilder

Skakstormestre fra Ukraine

Anna Muzytjuk


Huangpu District (), makes up the eastern part of Shanghai's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai's 16 districts. Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government, includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple, as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road, Huaihai Road, and Xintiandi. The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world.

Location

The Huangpu District is located in central Shanghai, People's Republic of China on the left bank (i.e., west or north bank) of Huangpu River, after which the district is named. It is opposite to Pudong and is bounded by Suzhou Creek to the north.

Today's Huangpu District is sometimes referred to as "new Huangpu" to distinguish it from the pre-merger Huangpu District which existed before 2000. In 2000, the pre-merger Huangpu and Nanshi districts were combined to form a new district, also called Huangpu. In June 2011, the existing Huangpu District was combined with Luwan District to form a further new district, again called Huangpu. As a result of this merger, it currently has an area of  and 678,670 inhabitants (as of 2010 census).

Of the three previous districts that make up today's Huangpu, the pre-merger Huangpu District is located to the north, bounded by Suzhou Creek in the north and the Huangpu River to the east. South of the per-merger Huangpu District was Nanshi District, bounded by the Huangpu River to the east. West of Nanshi District was Luwan District, bounded by the Huangpu River to the south.

Administrative Division of Huangpu District

Huangpu District has ten subdistricts.

Note: Nanshi District and Luwan District were merged with the former Huangpu District in June 2000 and June 2011 respectively to form the current Huangpu District.

History
Today's Huangpu District is the result of the merger of three long-standing districts of Shanghai: Nanshi, Huangpu and Luwan. Each of these have a distinct history and character.

Nanshi

The former Nanshi District, literally "southern city", was the historical core of Shanghai. It included the old, walled city as well as the nearby docklands on both sides of the Huangpu River. Shanghai County was established at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built to repel the Wokou, and this Ming Dynasty wall defined the extent of urban Shanghai for the next few centuries.

In 1842, the area north of the old city was established as the British concession in Shanghai, which later became the Shanghai International Settlement. At the time, the concession was referred to by locals as the "northern city" while the walled Chinese city was the "southern city". From this reference was later derived the name Nanshi (). Upon the defeat of Japan at the end of World War II, a unified municipal administration was established over urban Shanghai for the first time since the mid 19th century.

In 1945, after the Republic of China government took control, the old city was divided into the Third District (Yimiao District) and the Fourth District (Penglai District). In 1959 these were merged to form Nanshi District (with a small part of former Yimiao District merging into Luwan District).

Huangpu

The pre-merger Huangpu District was largely located in the former Shanghai International Settlement. In the later part of the 19th century and the early 20th century, this area quickly became the commercial centre of Shanghai. The International Settlement was handed back to the Chinese government in 1943.

In 1945, after the Republic of China government took control, the south eastern part of the former International Settlement was divided into the First District (Huangpu District) and the Second District (Laozha District). Of these, the First District lay on the bank of the Huangpu River, and so was named after the river. In 1956, the two districts were merged to form a new and expanded Huangpu District.

Since 1943, the Shanghai Municipal Government has always been located in Huangpu District – first at the old Shanghai Municipal Council building, then in the old HSBC Building, and presently in a purpose-built building on People's Square.

Luwan

The former Luwan District occupied most of the eastern part of the former Shanghai French Concession and some nearby areas. This area was long regarded as the premier residential and high end commercial area of Shanghai. It is known for its leafy streets lined with London planes, cafes and restaurants, high end retail and historical houses.

In 1945, after the Republic of China government took control, the eastern-central part of the former French Concession was divided into the Fifth District (Taishan) and the Sixth District (Lujiawan), separated by South Chongqing Road and Luban Road. Of these, the Sixth District was named after Lokawei (), "Lu's Bay", an area named after a bend on the Zhaojiabang creek. The main police depot and prison of the French concession was located here. In 1947, Taishan District was renamed "Songshan District".

In 1950, Lujiawan District was renamed "Luwan District". In 1956, Songshan District was merged into Luwan District. In 1959, part of former Yimiao District was also merged into Luwan District.

Merger in the 1990s and 2000s
The district boundaries remained largely unchanged between 1959 and 1993. In 1993, the part of Nanshi east of the Huangpu River was merged into the Pudong New District.

In 2000, the Shanghai Municipal Government abolished Nanshi District entirely, merging it into Huangpu District. In 2011, the merger of Luwan District with Huangpu District was announced. On June 8, 2011, it was announced that the proposed plan of merging Luwan and Huangpu Districts had been approved by the State Council.

Features

Despite the mergers, the three previous districts which make up today's Huangpu District retain their distinct characters.

Huangpu
The pre-merger Huangpu District was long the commercial centre of Shanghai. Along the Huangpu riverfront were located the major docks of Shanghai. Behind the docks, on the Bund, were offices of major financial institutions and trading houses. Extending from the Bund westward are several major commercial streets. These include the East Nanjing Road, popular with visitors from around the country. Fuzhou Road is the centre of bookselling in Shanghai, featuring large scale general and specialist book shops and publishers.

The People's Square, previously the Shanghai race course, is now the site of the Shanghai Grand Theatre, Shanghai Museum, Shanghai Art Museum, and the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall. The Shanghai Natural History Museum is also located in Huangpu District.

Nanshi
The old Nanshi district is the old, walled city of Shanghai, and retains a number of important sights, including City God Temple and the nearby Yuyuan Garden. The old city is undergoing extensive redevelopment, with the existing houses being replaced by high rise apartment buildings as well as modern constructions with traditional Chinese style facades. The boundaries of the walled city can still be traced in the form of a wide ring road built over the course of the old city wall and moat. The city wall has almost entirely been demolished, except for one tower and a short section of wall attached to it, which survived because the tower was converted into a temple in the medieval period.

Luwan
The old Luwan district was a part of the old French Concession area, traditionally one of the most prestigious sections of the city. It was famous for its boulevards lined with plane trees, which had been imported over 100 years ago. Despite rampant redevelopment, the district retains a distinct character and is a tourist attraction in itself. The district included the historical residences of Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Agnes Smedley, and Mei Lanfang, among many others. Huaihai Road is the major commercial thoroughfare in this part of the city.

Economy
The headquarters of Xiaohongshu are in Huangpu District.

Government and infrastructure
The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Shanghai is in The Headquarters Building in Huangpu District.

Transportation

Main Roads
(Huangpu District Parts)
 Yan'an Elevated Road (Shaanxi N/S Road - Zhongshan East 1st/2nd Road)
 North–South Elevated Road (Suzhou Creek - Huangpu River)
 Inner Ring Elevated Road (Ruijin S Road/Rihui E Road - Nanpu Bridge)

Shanghai Ferry
 Dongjin Line (East Jinling Road - Dongchang Road)
 Dongfu Line (East Fuxing Road - Dongchang Road)
 Yangfu Line (East Fuxing Road - Yangjiadu)
 Tangdong Line (Dongjiadu - Tangqiao)
 Nanlu Line (Lujiabang Road - Nanmatou)

Shanghai Metro
Huangpu is currently served and/or under construction by nine metro lines operated by Shanghai Metro, metro lines and/or metro stations which are in company with "*" mean they are currently under construction:
  – South Shaanxi Road , South Huangpi Road , People's Square , Xinzha Road
  – People's Square , East Nanjing Road
  – Nanpu Bridge, South Xizang Road , Luban Road
  – People's Square , Dashijie , Laoximen , Lujiabang Road , South Xizang Road
  – Dapuqiao, Madang Road , Lujiabang Road , Xiaonanmen
  – South Shaanxi Road , Xintiandi , Laoximen , Yuyuan Garden , East Nanjing Road
  - South Shaanxi Road station
  - Middle Huaihai Road station, Xintiandi station , Madang Road  , World Expo Museum
  - South Huangpi Road , Dashijie , Yuyuan Garden

See also

 Old City of Shanghai
 Shanghai International Settlement
 Shanghai French Concession and Luwan District

References

Further reading

External links

 Official site

Districts of Shanghai

Huangpu, Shanghai


Christof Loy (* 5. Dezember 1962 in Essen) ist ein deutscher Regisseur.

Leben und Werk
Christof Loy wurde als Sohn des Architekten Horst Loy und einer Dolmetscherin geboren. Er besuchte das Essener Burggymnasium und begann dort 14-jährig an der Folkwang-Schule bei Dieter Bülter-Marell Opernregie zu studieren. Als Abiturient inszenierte er erstmals und erhielt für seine Pimpinone-Aufführung den auch international begehrten Folkwang-Preis der Hochschule. Anschließend studierte Loy bis 1982 an der Folkwang Hochschule und dann bis 1984 in München im Rahmen eines Studiums generale Theaterwissenschaft, Kunstgeschichte und italienische Philologie.

1984 wurde Loy in Gelsenkirchen Regieassistent am Musiktheater im Revier, wo er u. a. mit Dietrich Hilsdorf und Jaroslav Chundela zusammenarbeitete. 1986 wechselte er ans Staatstheater Wiesbaden und machte sich 1990 als freischaffender Regisseur für Oper und Schauspiel selbständig.

Bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre inszenierte Loy vielfach am Staatstheater Stuttgart im Bereich Schauspiel und Oper, anschließend dann auch in Freiburg im Breisgau, Bremen und Gelsenkirchen. Mit seinen Versionen von Shakespeares Ein Wintermärchen sowie der Marivaux-Komödie Triumph der Liebe (Stuttgarter Premiere 1996) wurde Loy zum Berliner Theatertreffen 1997 eingeladen.

In der Düsseldorfer Deutschen Oper am Rhein inszenierte er ab 1997 und an den Münchner Kammerspielen ab 1998 (etwa die deutsche Erstaufführung von Patrick Marbers Hautnah). In Graz inszenierte Loy 1999 und 2000 zwei Mozart-Opern. Die Deutsche Oper am Rhein aber wurde ihm zur "künstlerischen Heimat". Von 2001 bis 2004 entwickelte er dort seinen Monteverdi-Zyklus mit den drei erhaltenen Opern des Komponisten. Eine weitere wichtige Station war das Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brüssel. Dort fand Loy künstlerische Wegbegleiter, die für seine weitere Laufbahn prägend sind: Bernd Loebe, der in Brüssel als künstlerischer Direktor wirkte und in die Position des Intendanten an die Oper Frankfurt wechselte, hat mit Loy eine Reihe von Projekten umgesetzt. Brüssels damaliger Generalmusikdirektor Antonio Pappano hat mit Beginn der Saison 2002/2003 die Covent Garden Oper übernommen und eröffnete die Saison mit einer Inszenierung von Loy.

Als Koproduktion des Staatstheaters Stuttgart, der Hamburgischen Staatsoper und der Deutschen Oper am Rhein entstand 2005 das Projekt "Mozart in Paris", erzählt von Christof Loy nach Briefen der Familie Mozart.

Inzwischen inszenierte Loy auch mehrfach am Theater an der Wien sowie bei den Salzburger Festspielen. 2012 kam seine erste Inszenierung an der Deutschen Oper Berlin heraus, 2013 am Opernhaus Zürich.

Inszenierungen

Operninszenierungen (Auswahl, chronologisch nach Komponisten)
 Claudio Monteverdi
 L'Orfeo (2001 Düsseldorf)
 Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (2003 Düsseldorf)
 L'incoronazione di Poppea (2004 Deutsche Oper am Rhein)
 Georg Friedrich Händel
 Alcina (2002 Hamburg), (2014 Opernhaus Zürich)
 Saul (2003 München, Bayerische Staatsoper)
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 La finta semplice (2006 Oper Frankfurt)
 La finta giardiniera (1998 Düsseldorf)
 Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1992 Freiburg, 1999 Brüssel, 2003 Frankfurt a. M.)
 Le nozze di Figaro (1998 Brüssel)
 Don Giovanni (1999 Graz)
 Don Giovanni (2014 Oper Frankfurt a. M.)
 Die Zauberflöte (1990 Stuttgart, 2004 Deutsche Oper am Rhein)
 La clemenza di Tito (2006 Frankfurt)
 Così fan tutte (2020 Salzburger Festspiele)
 Gioachino Rossini
 Il turco in Italia (2005 Hamburg)
 L'italiana in Algeri
 La donna del lago (2010 Grand Théâtre de Genève)
 Gaetano Donizetti
 Lucia di Lammermoor (1999 Düsseldorf)
 Roberto Devereux (2004 München, Bayerische Staatsoper)
 Lucrezia Borgia (2010 München, Bayerische Staatsoper)
 Hector Berlioz
 La damnation de Faust (2000 Bremen)
 Les Troyens (2005 Deutsche Oper am Rhein)
 Richard Wagner
 Tannhäuser (1995 Gelsenkirchen)
 Giuseppe Verdi
 Don Carlos (2000  Duisburg)
 Jacques Offenbach
 La belle Hélène (2005 Deutsche Oper am Rhein)
 Les contes d'Hoffmann (2004 Deutsche Oper am Rhein)
 Charles Gounod
 Faust (2005 Frankfurt)
 Peter Iljitsch Tschaikowski
 Eugen Onegin
 Pique Dame (2001 Bremen)
 Jules Massenet
 Werther (1996 Bremen)
 Manon (1997 Düsseldorf)
 Giacomo Puccini
 La Bohème (2002 Brüssel)
 Il trittico (2022 Salzburger Festspiele)
 Pietro Mascagni / Ruggero Leoncavallo
 Cavalleria rusticana und Pagliacci (2003 Düsseldorf)
 Leoš Janáček
 Její pastorkyňa (Jenůfa) (2012 Deutsche Oper Berlin)
 Richard Strauss
 Salome (2022 Helsinki, Finnische Nationaloper)
 Der Rosenkavalier (2001 Brüssel)
 Ariadne auf Naxos (2002 London)
 Die Frau ohne Schatten (2011 Salzburger Festspiele)
 Intermezzo (2009 Theater an der Wien)
 Franz Lehár
 Die lustige Witwe (1992 Ulm)
 Erich Wolfgang Korngold
 Das Wunder der Heliane (2018 Deutsche Oper Berlin)
 Benjamin Britten
 Peter Grimes (1993 Bremen, 2015 Theater an der Wien, erhielt den International Opera Award 2016)
 Hans Werner Henze
 Der Prinz von Homburg (2010 Theater an der Wien)
 Andrea Lorenzo Scartazzini (* 1971)
 Der Sandmann in neun Szenen (2012 Theater Basel)
 Edward II., Februar 2017, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Dirigent: Thomas Søndergård.

 Christoph Willibald Gluck

 Alceste (2012 Staatsoper Wien)
 Orfeo ed Euridice (2023 Salzburger Festspiele)

 Riccardo Zandonai

 Francesca da Rimini (2021 Deutsche Oper Berlin)

Schauspielinszenierungen (Auswahl)
 William Shakespeare
 Ein Wintermärchen
 Pierre Marivaux
 Triumph der Liebe
 Maxim Gorki
 Kinder der Sonne
 Patrick Marber
 Hautnah (1998 München)

Film- und Fernsehaufzeichnungen (Auswahl)
Loys Arbeiten wurden teilweise als Filmdokumente veröffentlicht: L'Orfeo (Speranza Classics), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (hrMedia) und Roberto Devereux (Deutsche Grammophon, ab Juni 2006), Lucrezia Borgia (München) 2010.

Auszeichnungen
 1982: Folkwang-Preis
 1998: "Stern" der Münchner Abendzeitung für die Inszenierung von Hautnah
 2001: Musikpreis der Stadt Duisburg
 2003: Nominierung für den Laurence Olivier Award
 2003: "Regisseur des Jahres", Auszeichnung der Zeitschrift Opernwelt
 2004: "Regisseur des Jahres", Auszeichnung der Zeitschrift Opernwelt
 2008: "Regisseur des Jahres", Auszeichnung der Zeitschrift Opernwelt
 2008: Deutscher Theaterpreis Der Faust für seine Inszenierung von Così fan tutte an der Oper Frankfurt am Main
 2010: Olivier Award für Tristan und Isolde am Royal Opera House
 2017: International Opera Awards als bester Opernregisseur
 2021: Österreichischer Musiktheaterpreis in der Kategorie Beste Regie für Cosi fan tutte bei den Salzburger Festspielen

Weblinks
 Persönliche Homepage von Christof Loy

Einzelnachweise

Theaterregisseur
Opernregisseur
Deutscher
Geboren 1962
Mann

Christof Loy


Bjørgen Station (Bjørgen stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Rørosbanen, der ligger i Midtre Gauldal kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 4. januar 1876 sammen med den nordlige del af banen mellem Singsås og Støren. Den blev nedgraderet til holdeplads 11. december 1960 og til trinbræt 2. oktober 1961. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 14. december 2003.

Stationsbygningen blev opført til åbningen i 1876 efter tegninger af Georg Andreas Bull. Den blev revet ned i 1974.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Rørosbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1876
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag

Bjørgen Station


Brasiliguana es un género de lagarto iguanio el cual vivió durante el período Cretácico Superior (Turoniense a Santoniense) en lo que ahora es Brasil. Es conocido a partir del holotipo MN 7230-V, un maxilar izquierdo aislado con algunos dientes parcialmente preservados, los cuales fueron hallados en la formación Adamantina, parte del Grupo Bauru del estado de São Paulo, al sureste de Brasil. Brasiliguana fue nombrado por William R. Nava y Agustín G. Martinelli en 2011 y la especie tipo es Brasiliguana prudentis. El nombre científico se refiere a su procedencia del Cretácico tardío de Brasil y la palabra iguana, de origen indígena que se refiere a estos lagartos de Centro y Suramérica. El nombre de la especie, prudentis, se refiere a la municipalidad de Presidente Prudente, donde se encontró el holotipo.

Referencias

Fósiles del Cretáceo
Reptiles extintos
Fósiles de América
Iguania

Brasiliguana


McWatters ist der Familienname von

 Donald McWatters (* 1941), australischer Hockeyspieler
 Keith McWatters (1931–1995), australischer Romanist und Literaturwissenschaftler

McWatters


Mračna kći (en. The Lost Daughter) psihološki je dramski film iz 2021. temeljen na romanu Elene Ferrante iz 2006. godine. Scenaristica i redateljica je glumica Maggie Gyllenhaal, i to je njezin redateljski debi. U filmu glume Olivia Colman, Dakota Johnson, Jessie Buckley, Paul Mescal, Dagmara Domińczyk, Jack Farthing, Oliver Jackson-Cohen, s Peterom Sarsgaardom i Edom Harrisom. Uz glavnu ulogu, Olivia Colman uključena je i kao izvršna producentica filma. U filmu, glavni lik, Leda, otkriva da je dobila ime po ženi u pjesmi WB Yeatsa Leda i labud, koju je Yeats temeljio na priči o Ledi iz grčke mitologije.

Mračna kći imala je svjetsku premijeru na 78. Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu u Veneciji 3. rujna 2021., gdje je Maggie Gyllenhaal osvojila nagradu Zlatna Osella za najbolji scenarij. Ograničena distribucija u kinima započela je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 17. prosinca 2021., a od 31. prosinca 2021. film je dostupan je na Netflixu. Film je dobio tri nominacije na 94. dodjeli Oskara za najbolju glumicu (Colman), najbolju sporednu glumicu (Buckley) i najbolji adaptirani scenarij.

Sadržaj
Dok je na odmoru u Grčkoj, sredovječna sveučilišna profesorica i poznata prevoditeljica, Leda Caruso (Olivia Colman; Jessie Buckley u flashbackovima), upoznaje Ninu (Dakota Johnson), mladu majku, koja je očigledno iscrpljena i nesretna zbog zahtjevne trogodišnje kćeri Elene. Elena je uznemirena zbog gubitka omiljene lutke, koju je Leda potajno uzela. Kroz flashbackove saznajemo da se mlada Leda (Jessie Buckley) također borila sa zahtjevima majčinstva i odgoja svoje dvije kćeri, Bianche i Marthe, često gubeći strpljenje i udaljujući se od obitelji.

Jedne večeri Leda je na večeri s hotelskim domarom Lyleom (Ed Harris),koji vidi da je lutka kod Lede, ali to ne komentira niti kaže Nini. Leda kasnije otkriva da Nina ima aferu s Willom (Paul Mescal), pomoćnikom u ljetovalištu, a Nina objašnjava da ju njezin suprug Toni (Oliver Jackson-Cohen) jako kontrolira. Potraga za Eleninom lutkom se nastavlja, a Nina čak postavlja letke s nagradom za njezin povratak.

Kada Nina pita Ledu o njezinim kćerima, Leda postaje emotivna; otkriva da ih je napustila na tri godine zbog opterećenosti, ostavljajući ih sa sada već bivšim suprugom, a za to vrijeme imala je aferu s kolegom profesorom (Peter Sarsgaard). Priznaje da joj je odvajanje od kćeri bilo "nevjerojatno", a vratila im se tek kad su joj iskreno nedostajale. Nina saznaje da Leda zna za nju i Willa, a Will kasnije pita Ledu mogu li posuditi njezin stan za seks.

Sljedeći dan kada Nina dođe kod Lede po ključeve od stana, Leda priznaje da je sebična i "neprirodna" majka te upozorava Ninu da njezina depresija nikada neće proći. Leda joj daje i Eleninu lutku, priznajući da ju je uzela i da se "samo igrala". Nina se naljuti, i pri odlasku ubode Ledu u trbuh iglom za šešir. Te noći Leda pakira kofere i odlazi iz odmarališta, ali zbog bolne rane skreće s ceste, spušta se na plažu i sruši na obali.

Sljedećeg jutra Leda se probudi na plaži i nazove Biancu, koja je s Marthom. Djevojkama je laknulo kad su čule majku jer nisu razgovarale već nekoliko dana, i zabrinule su se. Leda kaže da je dobro, a zatim spušta pogled i otkriva naranču u svojim rukama, te joj oguli kožu "kao zmija", onako kako je činila svojim kćerima dok su bile male.

Glumice i glumci

 Olivia Colman kao Leda Caruso
 Jessie Buckley kao mlada Leda Caruso
 Dakota Johnson kao Nina
 Ed Harris kao Lyle
 Peter Sarasgaard kao Professor Hardy
 Dagmara Dominczyk kao Callie
 Paul Mescal kao Will
 Robyn Elwell kao Bianca
 Ellie Blake kao Martha
 Jack Farthing kao Joe
 Oliver Jackson-Cohen kao Toni
 Athena Martin kao Elena
 Panos Koronis kao Vassili

Reakcije
Na svjetskoj premijeri film je dobio četverominutne ovacije gledatelja na Venecijanskom filmskom festivalu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službeni scenarij

Američki filmovi 2020-ih

Mračna kći (film)


Zoetrope war eine US-amerikanische Thrash-Metal-Band aus Chicago, Illinois die im Jahr 1976 gegründet wurde und sich 1993 auflöste.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im Jahr 1976 von Schlagzeuger und Sänger Barry Stern, Gitarrist Kevin Michael Rasofsky, Bassist Calvin "Willis" Humphrey und Gitarrist Ken Black gegründet. Zusammen spielte die Band anfangs nur Coverversionen, entwickelte bald jedoch auch eigene Lieder, sodass 1980 die erste Single veröffentlicht wurde. Obwohl Zoetrope eine Metal-Band war, war sie auch in Chicagos Hardcore-Punk-Szene sehr aktiv. So spielte die diverse Auftritte im O'Banions, einer Punk-Bar in Chicago. Ken Black und Barry Stern produzierten außerdem das selbstbetitelte Album der Hardcore-Punk-Band Life Sentence im Jahr 1986. Nach der Veröffentlichung der Single wurden einige Demos veröffentlicht, wodurch die Band einen Vertrag mit Combat Records erreichte. Das Album Amnesty erschien im Jahr 1985. Im Jahr 1987 begab sich die Band nach Los Angeles, um das zweite Album A Life of Crime mit Produzent Randy Burns (Megadeth, Nuclear Assault) aufzunehmen. Während der Aufnahmen verließ Ken Black die Band, um seine Drogenprobleme zu bekämpfen. Er wurde durch Louis Svitek ersetzt. Obwohl Svitek auf dem Albumcover zu sehen war, stammen sämtliche Aufnahmen noch von Black. Während der Tour zu A Life of Crime verließ Svitek die Band und trat M.O.D. bei. Nach der Tour trat außerdem Barry Stern der Band Trouble bei. Das Album Mind Over Splatter wurde im Jahr 1993 neben Rasofsky mit einer neuen Besetzung veröffentlicht, bevor sich die Band noch im selben Jahr auflöste.

Louis Svitek spielte später in Bands wie Lost Cause, Ministry, Mind Funk, Pigface, The Hollow Steps und Project 44. Momentan betreibt er das Label Wu Li Records, ein Hip-Hop-Label aus Chicago. Barry Stern war Schlagzeuger auf einer Tour von Cathedral und machte einen Gastauftritt auf dem selbstbetitelten Debütalbum von Debris Inc., auf dem auch Ex-Mitglieder von Saint Vitus und Trouble zu hören waren. Barry verstarb am 1. April 2005 aufgrund von Komplikationen nach einer Hüftoperation. Bis zu seinem Tod war er in der Band D-Connect aktiv. Trouble widmeten ihm das Album Simple Mind Condition aus dem Jahr 2007.

Stil
Die Band bezeichnete ihre Musik mit dem Namen "Street Metal". Die Musik wird als simpel und aggressiv beschrieben und wird mit Bands wie Exciter, Muro und Blood Money verglichen.

Diskografie
 1980: The Right Way (Single, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 1983: The Metal Log Vol. 1 (Demo, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 1985: The Metal Log Vol. 2 (Demo, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 1985: Amnesty (Album, Combat Records, Wiederveröffentlichung mit den Metal Log-Demos als Bonuslieder über Century Media in Europa im Jahr 1999)
 1987: A Life of Crime (Album, Combat Records, Wiederveröffentlichung über Century Media in Europa im Jahr 1998)
 1993: Mind Over Splatter (Album, Grind Core Records / Red Light Records)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Thrash-Metal-Band
US-amerikanische Band

Zoetrope


Texelfår stammer fra vadehavsøen Texel, der hører til de Vestfrisiske Øer i Nederlandene, hvor de indfødte får hed Pielsteert pindhale på grund af deres tynde korte hale).

For at øge tilvækst og størrelse blev der indkrydset engelske racer som Lincoln, Leicester, Oxford Down og Wensleydale i slutningen af det 19. århundrede. Streng udvælgelse resulterede i et stort, frodigt og kødfuldt får. Lammenes størrelse gav dog vanskelige læmnninger.

Omkring 1933 blev texelfår indført i Frankrig og er etableret især i de nordlige provinser. I 1970 blev de indført i England af Animal Breeding Research Organisation, der købte fire væddere til forsøg. De viste, at texelfår udmærkede sig i uldkvalitet og især i magert kød.

I Danmark er texelavlere organiseret i Texelforeningen.

Noter

Får

Texelfår


Das Eternithaus (offizielle Bezeichnung: Interbau Objekt 25 A) ist Teil einer denkmalgeschützten Wohnanlage in der Altonaer Straße 1 im Berliner Ortsteil Hansaviertel. Es wurde 1957 von Paul Baumgarten anlässlich der Interbau errichtet. Bauherr war die Eternit AG Deutschland und als Wandverkleidungen wurden Faserzementplatten der Eternit-Werke eingesetzt.

Geschichte und Funktion des Gebäudes

Das Gebäude ist Teil einer Gesamtanlage, die zwischen Altonaer Straße, Bartning- und Händelallee sowie dem Hanseatenweg und der Klopstockstraße entstand. Sie zeigt den städtebaulichen Neubeginn nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg an, wird aber auch als Antwort auf die Großbauten in der DDR wie beispielsweise die damalige Stalinallee (heute: Karl-Marx-Allee) gewertet. Die offene Gestaltung der Anlage spiegelt sich auch in dem Gebäude wider. So wurde das Erdgeschoss ursprünglich als Ausstellungsfläche genutzt, während die beiden oberen Geschosse zu Wohnzwecken verwendet wurden. Die auffällige Gestaltung entsteht durch in Reihe liegende Maisonettewohnungen mit Dachterrassen, die über einen Laubengang miteinander verbunden sind. Kulturwissenschaftler bewundern die Optik "aufgrund seiner Linienführung und dem subtilen Nebeneinander von privaten und öffentlichen Räumen. Am Querriegel, den Egon Eiermann gestaltet hat, gefällt […] dieses formale Spiel mit der Ästhetik eines Bücherregals."

Das Gebäude ist 54,75 Meter lang, 9,25 Meter breit und 9,10 Meter hoch und wurde als Stahlbetonkonstruktion in Schottenbauweise errichtet.

Die Räume im Erdgeschoss werden heute als Büroräume eines Personaldienstleisters genutzt, die oberen Geschosse nach wie vor als Wohnraum.

Literatur
 Jürgen Tietz: Eternithaus im Hansaviertel Berlin (= Die neuen Architekturführer, Band 52.) 2. Auflage, Stadtwandel Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86711-110-2.

Weblinks

 Kulturelles Engagement und Corporate Architecture von Eternit
 Eternit Unternehmenschronik

Einzelnachweise

Wohngebäude in Berlin
Baudenkmal in Berlin
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Berlin-Hansaviertel
Bauwerk der Nachkriegsmoderne in Deutschland

Eternithaus


São Domingos de Benfica, Portekiz'de Lizbon belediyesine bağlı olan, 4,30 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 33.678 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Lizbon'ın bucakları

São Domingos de Benfica


Mayflower II is a reproduction of the 17th-century ship Mayflower, celebrated for transporting the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620.
The reproduction was built in Devon, England during 1955–1956, in a collaboration between Englishman Warwick Charlton and Plimoth Patuxet (at the time known as Plimoth Plantation), a living history museum. The work drew upon reconstructed ship blueprints held by the American museum, along with hand construction by English shipbuilders using traditional methods.
Mayflower II was sailed from Plymouth, Devon on April 20, 1957, recreating the original voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, under the command of Alan Villiers.
According to the ship's log, Mayflower II arrived at Plymouth on June 22; it was towed up the East River into New York City on Monday, July 1, 1957, where Villiers and crew received a ticker-tape parade.  The ship was listed on the US National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

The ship was built at the Upham Shipyard in Brixham and financed by private donations in England and Plimoth Plantation. It represented the alliance between the United Kingdom and the United States for collaboration during the Second World War.  The ship is considered a faithful generic reproduction within a few details (electric lights added and ladder replaced with a lower-deck staircase), with solid oak timbers, tarred hemp rigging, and hand-coloured maps. It is  long by  wide, 236 tons displacement, three masts (mainmast, foremast, mizzen), a bowsprit and 6 sails.

The ship is seaworthy and sailed to Providence, Rhode Island in 2002. In December 2012, Mayflower II was towed to dry dock at Fairhaven Shipyard in Fairhaven, Massachusetts for Coast Guard inspection as well as repairs. The repairs took longer than originally planned because unexpected damage was discovered during the inspection. Repairs were eventually completed and Mayflower II returned to her berth in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on August 7, 2013. In December 2015, the ship arrived at the Henry B. duPont Preservation Shipyard in Mystic, CT for restoration. The ship returned temporarily to Plymouth for the 2016 summer season and has returned permanently in 2020, just in time for the 400th anniversary of the pilgrims' arrival.

History

In August 1954, Warwick Charlton, conceived the idea to construct a reproduction of Mayflower to commemorate the wartime cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States.  He had served alongside many American allies in the North African theatre during World War II. Project Mayflower was created in 1955 to build a replica of Mayflower in England and sail the ship to the United States as a symbol of Anglo-American friendship.

The project's sponsors wanted to ensure proper siting of the ship after it reached the United States. They were aware that earlier reproduction vessels had rotted away after interest in their initial voyages faded. Project Mayflower learned of the Plimoth Plantation museum, and John Lowe of Project Mayflower, came to the United States in March 1955. He met with representatives of Plimoth Plantation to gain assistance in future berthing and exhibition of Mayflower II.

Plimoth Plantation had planned years earlier to add a replica of Mayflower to its exhibits.  In 1951, the museum had already commissioned plans for a Mayflower II from naval architect William A. Baker of MIT. Baker's detailed plans had been finished by the time that Project Mayflower announced its goals. A waterline model of the vessel's hull had also been built, but nothing more.

By the spring of 1955, the two organizations negotiated an agreement:
in exchange for using Baker's design plans and advice, plus the Plimouth Plantations' guarantee to maintain and exhibit the vessel permanently, Project Mayflower agreed to build Mayflower II and sail her across the Atlantic, visiting various East Coast ports to exhibit the ship. The Project would then release it to Plimoth Plantation.

The construction of Mayflower II was conducted at the Upham shipyard in Brixham, Devon, England. The ship's keel was laid on July 27, 1955, and William A. Baker was sent by Plimoth Plantation to advise the builders and view the progress of the ship's construction.

The ship was replicated as accurately as possible, with carefully chosen English oak timbers, hand-forged nails, hand-sewn linen canvas sails, hemp cordage, and the Stockholm tar of the type used on 17th-century ships. Mayflower II has the brown hull and the dark-red strapwork ornamentation of 17th-century merchant ships, based on analysis of the traditional colors and designs of English merchant ships illustrated in Dutch and English paintings. Carved into the stern of Mayflower II is a blossom of a hawthorne or English mayflower. In England, the skills of elderly traditional workmen were employed to build a vessel that reflected Baker's detailed research which could sail the Atlantic as securely as the original ship.

Mayflower II was launched on September 22, 1956, a rainy day. The ceremony was based on knowledge about christenings of 17th-century vessels. The ship was toasted from a gold loving cup that was afterward thrown into the water, and then quickly retrieved by an underwater diver, in the traditional manner. The ship slid gracefully down the ways to enter Brixham harbor with a large splash.

She was towed round to Plymouth, Devon, and on April 20, 1957 towed from there to begin her transatlantic voyage. Her captain, Commander Alan Villiers, soon decided that with her somewhat slender spars and authentic 17th century rigging, which lacked the later bobstay to hold the bowsprit steady, she might not make a direct route against the Atlantic storms without being dismasted. He altered course southwards and followed the trade winds in a wide southerly loop before sailing up the east coast of America, where on June 8 off Bermuda she met the one real gale of the crossing. She lay to all night and weathered it without loss, and made land at Provincetown, where the original Mayflower had first put in on June 12. Among the crew was Peter Padfield, who went on to become a naval historian.

Since 1957, Mayflower II has been a pier side tourist attraction, moored at Long Wharf near the site of Plymouth Rock.  The ship has been a popular attraction near Boston; it has become the site of national and state celebrations.

On Thanksgiving 1970 (the 350th anniversary of Mayflower landing), members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) led by Russell Means seized Mayflower II in protest of the United States government's failure to abide by treaties with American Indians and its poor treatment of them.

Recent events

In December 2012, Mayflower II was towed to dry dock in Fairhaven Ship Yard in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, where shipbuilders and U.S. Coast Guard inspectors called for extensive repairs. This was the first in a number of scheduled repairs over the next seven years to restore Mayflower II to pristine condition for the 400th anniversary of the English settlement of Plymouth in 2020. Expected costs for these repairs were expected to exceed two million dollars.

Starting in December 2014 and continuing until 2020, Mayflower II spent its summers in Plymouth on display and winters at the Mystic Seaport being restored.  It left Plymouth on November 1, 2016 and again sailed through the Cape Cod Canal.  On September 7, 2019, the ship was launched in a public ceremony, and spent several further months at the shipyard before its first voyage, to Boston, in May 2020.

See also
Ship replica (including a list of replicas)

References

External links

Official Site
All about the Mayflower and Plymouth, UK
Mayflower II Tour – My Big Adventure (72 Images)

 "The Mayflower" Popular Mechanics, April 1957, pp. 90–91 cutaway drawing.
 Mayflower II repairs underway
 The Harwich Mayflower Project – A separate project building its own Mayflower replica
 Life Magazine June 17, 1957 and Life Magazine June 24, 1957 Articles about voyage and arrival.

1956 ships
Ships built in Devon
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Replica ships
Individual sailing vessels
Sailing ships
Museum ships in Massachusetts
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Replications of ancient voyages
Mayflower
National Register of Historic Places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts

Mayflower II