Mel Allen (born Melvin Allen Israel; February 14, 1913 – June 16, 1996) was an American sportscaster, best known for his long tenure as the primary play-by-play announcer for the New York Yankees.  During the peak of his career in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Allen was arguably the most prominent member of his profession, his voice familiar to millions.  Years after his death, he is still promoted as having been "The Voice of the Yankees."

In his later years, Allen was the first host of This Week in Baseball.

Early life and career
Melvin Allen Israel was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of the Kappa Nu fraternity as an undergraduate.

During his time at Alabama, Israel served as the public address announcer for Alabama Crimson Tide football games.  In 1933, when the station manager or sports director of Birmingham's radio station WBRC asked Alabama coach Frank Thomas to recommend a new play-by-play announcer, he suggested Allen. His first broadcast was Alabama's home opener that year, against the Tulane Green Wave.

Allen graduated from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1937. Shortly after graduating, Allen took a train to New York City for a week's vacation. While on that vacation, he auditioned for a staff announcer's position at the CBS Radio Network.  CBS executives already knew of Allen; the network's top sportscaster, Ted Husing, had heard many of his Crimson Tide broadcasts. He was hired at $45 () a week.  He often did non-sports announcing such as for big band remotes, or "emceeing" game shows such as Truth or Consequences, serving as an understudy for both sportscaster Husing and newscaster Bob Trout.

In his first year at CBS, Allen announced the crash of the Hindenburg when the station cut away from singer Kate Smith's show. He first became a national celebrity when he ad libbed for a half-hour during the rain-delayed Vanderbilt Cup from an airplane. In 1939, he was the announcer for the Warner Brothers & Vitaphone film musical short-subject, On the Air, with Leith Stevens and the Saturday Night Swing Club.

Stephen Borelli, in his biography How About That?! (a favorite expression of Allen's after an outstanding play by the home team), states that it was at CBS's suggestion in 1937, the year Melvin Israel joined the network, that he go by a different last name on the air. He chose Allen, his father's middle name as well as his own, and legally changed his name to Melvin Allen in 1943.

Broadcasting career

Baseball
Allen was used as a color commentator for CBS's radio broadcast of the 1938 World Series. This led Wheaties to tap him to replace Arch McDonald, who was moving on to New York as the first full-time radio voice of both the Yankees and the New York Giants for their home games, as the voice of the Washington Senators for the 1939 season. Senators' owner Clark Griffith wanted Walter Johnson, a former Senators pitcher, instead of Allen, and Wheaties relented.

In June 1939, Garnett Marks, McDonald's partner on Yankee broadcasts, twice mispronounced Ivory Soap, the Yankees' sponsor at the time, as "Ovary Soap." He was fired, and Allen was tapped to replace him. McDonald himself went back to Washington after only one season, and Allen became the Yankees' and Giants' lead announcer, doing double duty for both teams because only their home games were broadcast at that time.

He periodically recounted an anecdote that occurred during his first full season (1940) as Yankee play-by-play man. Hall of Fame first baseman Lou Gehrig had been forced to retire the year before after having been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal illness. Speaking with Allen in the Yankee dugout, Gehrig told him "Mel, I never got a chance to listen to your games before because I was playing every day. But I want you to know they're the only thing that keeps me going." Allen broke down in tears after Gehrig departed.

Allen's stint with the Yankees and Giants was interrupted in 1941, when no sponsor could be found and both teams went off the air, but the broadcasts resumed in 1942.  Allen was the voice of both the Yankees and the Giants until 1943, when he entered the United States Army during World War II, broadcasting on The Army Hour and Armed Forces Radio.

After the war, Allen called Yankee games exclusively. By this time, road games were added to the broadcast schedule. Before long Allen and the Yankees were fused in the public consciousness, an association strengthened by the team's frequent World Series appearances. Allen eventually called 22 World Series on radio or television, including all but one in the 17-year stretch between 1947 and 1963, and also called 24 All-Star Games. Interestingly, Allen's play-by-play of the 1948 World Series between the Cleveland Indians and the Boston Braves alongside Boston Braves
announcer Jim Britt occurred because neither Cleveland Indians announcer was selected by MLB commissioner Happy Chandler; Jack Graney was ineligible due to having been a former player, and Jimmy Dudley was passed over due to a lack of experience.

In 1952, Allen was one of the first three celebrities spoofed in the just-created Mad satirical comic book. In the second issue, Allen, Giant manager Leo Durocher and Hall of Fame Yankee catcher Yogi Berra were all caricatured in a baseball story, "Hex!", illustrated by Jack Davis. His likeness was also licensed by Standard Comics for a two-issue "Mel Allen's Sports Comics" series between 1949 and 1950.

After Russ Hodges departed from the Yankee booth to become the longtime voice of the New York (and starting in 1958, San Francisco) Giants, the young Curt Gowdy replaced him as Allen's broadcast partner in 1949 & 1950, having been brought in from Oklahoma City after winning a national audition. Gowdy, originally from Wyoming, credited Mel Allen's mentoring as a big factor in his own success as a broadcaster and became the voice of the Boston Red Sox from 1951 to 1965. Red Barber, the former Brooklyn Dodgers announcer who had served as Allen's crosstown rival and frequent World Series broadcast partner, joined the Yankees' booth in 1954 and teamed with Allen until the latter's dismissal a decade later.

Allen called the second half of Game 7 of the 1960 World Series, as broadcasting duties were split between Allen and Pittsburgh broadcaster Bob Prince. Bill Mazeroski hit a walk-off home run off Ralph Terry to win the fall classic for the Pittsburgh Pirates. It was the only walk-off home run ever to occur in a Game 7 of a World Series.

Allen lost his voice late in the fourth and last game of the 1963 World Series, in which the Dodgers swept the Yankees in four games and their longtime announcer, Vin Scully, paired with Allen on the national telecast, spontaneously took over from him for the end of the game after he could no longer talk, telling him soothingly, "That's all right, Mel." (Scully had announced the first half of the game, and Allen had begun to announce the second half.)

Among Allen's many catchphrases were "Hello there, everybody!" to start a game, "How a-bout that?!" on outstanding Yankee plays, "There's a  drive, hit deep to right. That ball is go-ing, go-ing, gonnne!!" for Yankee home runs, for full counts, "Three and two. What'll he do?" and after a robust Yankee swing and miss, "He took a good cut!"

Other sports
Allen called a number of college football bowl games, including 14 Rose Bowls, two Orange Bowls, and two Sugar Bowls. In the National Football League, Allen served as play-by-play announcer for the Washington Redskins in 1952 and 1953 and for the New York Giants on WCBS-AM in 1960, with some of the Giants' broadcasts also carried nationally by the CBS Radio Network. He also did radio play-by-play for the Miami Dolphins' and for the Miami Hurricanes.

Allen hosted Jackpot Bowling on NBC in 1959 after Leo Durocher had left to return to major league baseball coaching, but his lack of bowling knowledge made him an unpopular host and Bud Palmer replaced him as the show's host in April.

Allen narrated a film about the 1961 Maccabiah Games which took place in Israel, titled The Sixth World Maccabiah Games.

Non-sports work
In the early 1940s, Allen hosted Thirty Minutes to Play on CBS radio. The program featured "interviews of sports and musical personalities." In the early 1940s Mel Allen announced a few Glenn Miller radio programs as well.

In 1947, Allen was a disc jockey on 1010 WINS in New York City, with a 2-5 p.m. program daily. An ad for the station in Broadcasting called the show "the initial step in our plans for bloc [sic] programming."

In the early 1960s, Allen hosted the three-hour Saturday morning segment of the weekend NBC Radio program Monitor. He also contributed sportscasts to the program until the late 1960s.  Allen also provided voiceover narration for Fox Movietone newsreels for many years.

Allen appeared in a cameo role in the 1988 comedy film The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!.

In 1994, he voiced the stadium announcer for the Broadway revival of Damn Yankees, as himself.

Fired by the Yankees
On September 21, 1964—prior to the start of the World Series—the Yankees informed Allen that his contract with the team would not be renewed for 1965.  In those days, the main announcers for both Series participants always called the World Series on NBC television.  Although Allen was thus technically eligible to call the 1964 World Series, Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick honored the Yankees' request to have retired Yankee star shortstop Phil Rizzuto, Allen's sidekick in the radio booth, join the Series crew instead.  It would be one of only four Yankee World Series going back to 1938 that Allen had not broadcast, and the first since 1943 (which he'd missed due to his Army service).

On December 17, 1964, after much media speculation and many letters to the Yankees from fans disgruntled by Allen's absence from the Series, the Yankees issued a terse press release announcing Allen's firing; he was replaced by Joe Garagiola. NBC and Movietone dropped him soon afterward.  To this day, the Yankees have never given an explanation for the sudden firing, and rumors abounded.  Depending on the rumor, Allen was either homosexual, an alcoholic, a drug addict, or had a nervous breakdown.

Years later, Allen told author Curt Smith that the Yankees had fired him under pressure from the team's longtime sponsor, Ballantine Beer.  According to Allen, he was fired as a cost-cutting move by Ballantine, which had been experiencing poor sales for years (it would eventually be sold in 1969).  Smith, in his book Voices of Summer, also indicated that the medications Allen took to see him through his busy schedule may have affected his on-air performance. (Stephen Borelli, another biographer, has also pointed out that Allen's heavy workload did not allow him time to take care of his health.)

Allen became Merle Harmon's partner for Milwaukee Braves games in 1965, and worked Cleveland Indians games on television in 1968. But he would not commit to either team full-time, nor to the Oakland Athletics, who also wanted to hire him after the team's move from Kansas City. Despite the firing in 1964, Allen remained loyal to the Yankees for the remainder of his life, and to this day—years after his death—he is still popularly known as "the Voice of the Yankees."

The Yankees eventually brought Allen back to emcee special Yankee Stadium ceremonies, including Old-Timers' Day, which Allen had originally handled when he was lead announcer. Although Yankee broadcaster Frank Messer, who joined the club in 1968, replaced him as emcee for Old-Timers' Day and other special events like Mickey Mantle Day, the Yankees continued to invite Allen to call the actual exhibition game between the Old Timers, and to take part in players' number-retirement ceremonies.

Return to the Yankees
Allen was brought back to the Yankees' on-air team in 1976 as a pre/post-game host for the cable telecasts with John Sterling, and also started calling play-by-play again. He announced Yankees cable telecasts on SportsChannel New York (now MSG Plus) with Phil Rizzuto, Bill White, Frank Messer, and occasionally, Fran Healy.

Allen remained with the Yankees' play-by-play crew until 1985 and made occasional appearances on Yankee telecasts and commercials into the late 1980s. In 1990, Allen called play-by-play for a WPIX Yankees game to officially make him baseball's first seven-decade announcer.  Among the memorable moments Allen called in his latter stretch were Yankee outfielder Reggie Jackson's 400th home run in 1980, and Yankee pitcher Dave Righetti's no-hitter on July 4, 1983.

This Week in Baseball

In his later years, Allen was exposed to a new audience as the host of the syndicated highlights show This Week in Baseball, which he hosted from its inception in 1977 until his death. When FOX relaunched TWIB in 2000 (after a one-year hiatus), it used a claymation version of Allen to open and close the show until 2002.

Computer games
Allen recorded the play-by-play for two computer baseball games, Tony La Russa Baseball and Old Time Baseball, which were published by Stormfront Studios. The games included his signature "How about that?!" home run call. He also used the same catch-phrase during his cameo appearances in the films The Naked Gun (1988) and Needful Things (1993).

Producer Don Daglow said in a 1995 interview with Computer Gaming World that

Awards
The National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association inducted Allen into its Hall of Fame in 1972. In 1978, he was one of the first two winners of the Baseball Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasting, along with Red Barber. In 1985, Allen was inducted into the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame along with former Yankee partner (and later Red Sox and NBC Sports voice) Curt Gowdy and Chicago legend Jack Brickhouse. He was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1988. In 2009, the American Sportscasters Association ranked Allen as the #2 greatest sportscaster of all time, second only to Vin Scully.

Death and legacy
Allen died of heart failure at age 83 on June 16, 1996; he had undergone open-heart surgery in 1989. His one-week vacation to New York had turned into 60 years; he had settled in New York after landing a job at CBS Radio and lived there and in southwestern Connecticut for the rest of his life.

Allen was buried at Temple Beth El Cemetery in Stamford, Connecticut. On July 25, 1998, the Yankees dedicated a plaque in his memory at Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. The plaque calls him "A Yankee institution, a national treasure" and includes his much-spoken line "How about that?!"

Film roles
The Babe Ruth Story (1948) - New York Yankees Radio Announcer
The Flamingo Kid (1984) - Himself (voice)
The Naked Gun (1988) - The Baseball Announcer #4
Born on the Fourth of July (1989) - Himself (voice)
Needful Things (1993) - Baseball Announcer

References

External links
Mel Allen Ford C. Frick Award biography at the National Baseball Hall of Fame
Mel Allen at the Radio Hall of Fame

A guide to the Mel Allen papers, photographs, etc. at University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama

1913 births
1996 deaths
Alabama Crimson Tide football announcers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American Football League announcers
American game show hosts
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Bowling broadcasters
Burials in Connecticut
Cleveland Indians announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Jewish American baseball people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Miami Dolphins announcers
Miami Hurricanes football announcers
Milwaukee Braves announcers
National Football League announcers
New York Giants announcers
New York Giants (NL) announcers
New York Yankees announcers
Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
University of Alabama alumni
University of Alabama School of Law alumni
Washington Redskins announcers
20th-century American Jews
United States Army soldiers

Mel Allen


دكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى، كاتب ومؤلف وصحفي مصري، من مواليد القاهرة في 14 يونيو/حزيران 1947م.

حياته
حصل على ليسانس آداب من جامعة عين شمس علم 1977م، وماجستير في التاريخ الحديث عام 1981م بأطروحة بعنوان «طه حسين ودوره السياسي 1954 - 1970م»، ودكتوراه في فلسفة التاريخ الحديث عام 1988م بأطروحة بعنوان «المثقفون وعبد الناصر 1945 - 1968م». تولى رئاسة القسم الثقافي في جريدة الأهرام، خاصة النسخة الدولية منها. عضو في العديد من المؤسسات الثقافية، منها:
 عضو لجنة الدراسات الأدبية بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة.
 عضو مجلس إدارة اتحاد الكتاب، (رئيس لجنة العلاقات العربية).
 عضو الجمعية التاريخية.
 عضو جمعية النقد الأدبي.
 مستشار سابق لمجلة (بريزم) التي تصدر بأكثر من لغة عن وزارة الثقافة.

يواصل المؤلف مشروعه لكتابة تاريخ وتطور اتجاهات النقد العربي في العصر الحديث، وقد صدر من هذا المشروع الجزء الأول بعنوان: (اتجاهات النقد العربي الحديث) عن الهيئة العامة للكتاب.

مؤلفاته
وصلت أعماله إلى قرابة سبعين مؤلفا. تم تدريس بعض مؤلفاته في الجامعات الغربية إذ سعت جامعة السوربون في باريس إلى تدريس كتاباته عن الفكر السياسي على يد العالم الفرنسي المعروف جاك بيرك وذلك في قسم الدراسات العليا. له العديد من المقالات والدراسات المهمة في العديد من الدوريات العربية منها: "عالم الفكر، المستقبل العربي، الناقد، فصول، القاهرة، البيان، الاجتهاد.. وغيرها. تناول الاتجاه القومي في الرواية العربية من خلال بحث دؤوب استمر لسنوات زار خلالها معظم الأقطار العربية، وعقد لقاءات مفتوحة مع أغلب كتاب الرواية العرب، للتعرف على مداخلهم الإبداعية، كما انكب على نصوصهم الإبداعية درسا وتحليلا ونقدا. وعلى هذا النحو، فإن "مشروعه" يتحدد في عدة محاور لعل من أهمها: رصد (اتجاهات النقد العربي الحديث والمعاصر) وقد صدر له منه بالفعل – الجزء الأول، وبقية الأجزاء قيد الطبع. إعادة صياغة سلسلة من السيرة الذاتية وأدب الرحلة، تغلب عليها الطابع الأدبي، منها (قبل الخروج: سيرة ذاتية وفكرية)، و (جسر الجمرات: من أدب الرحلات) و (مشرق ومغرب: من أدب الرحلات).. إلى غير ذلك.

الأعمال الفكرية
 طه حسين والسياسة، دار المستقبل، القاهرة، 1976.
 الشرقاوي متمردا، دار التعاون، القاهرة، 1987
 طه حسين وثورة يوليو، ج 3، القاهرة، 1989.
 تحولات طه حسين، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، ج 2، 1990.
 البنية الشعرية عند فاروق شوشة، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1992
 الاتجاه القومي في الرواية، سلسلة عالم المعرفة، الكويت، 1994م.
 نجيب محفوظ: الثورة والتصوف، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، ط1، 1994
 شهرزاد في الفكر العربي الحديث، ط1، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 1985، ط2، دار شرقيات، القاهرة، 1995
 الجبرتي والغرب: دراسة حضارية مقارنة، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1995
 عنصر المكان عند محمد أبو سنة، هيئة قصور الثقافة، القاهرة، 1996
 أحمد بهاء الدين: سيرة قومية، دار هلا، القاهرة، 1996
 اعفترافات عبد الرحمن الشرقاوي، المجلس الأعلى للثقافة، القاهرة، 1996
 مثقفون وجواسيس: دراسة في أزمة الخليج، دار الأمين، القاهرة، 1997
 المفكر والأمير، العلاقة بين طه حسين والسلطة، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1997
 الجات والتبعية الثقافية، مركز الحضارة العربية، القاهرة، 1998
 نقد الذات في الرواية الفلسطينية، دار سيناء، القاهرة، 1998
 الذاكرة المثقوبة: نخب وثائق العرب، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1999
 قضايا الرواية العربية في نهاية القرن العشرين، المكتبة اللبنانية المصرية، 1999
 المثقفون وعبد الناصر، دار سعاد الصباح، ط 1، القاهرة، 1992. الطبعة الثانية، دار غريب، القاهرة، 2000
 المثقف العربي والعولمة، مهرجان القراءة للجميع، الهيئة لمصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 2001
 الفريسة والصياد، الدور الأمريكي في اغتيال حسن البنا، مدبولي الصغير، القاهرة، 2001
 الغيم والمطر: الرواية الفلسطينية من النكبة إلى الانتفاضة، دار جهاد، 2002
 طه حسين الذي لا يعرفة أحد، ج4، المجلس الأعلى للثقافة، القاهرة، 2005
 الرقابة المركزية الأمريكية على الإنترنت في لوطن العربي، دار العين، القاهرة، 2006
 الأوقاف على القدس، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 2006

جوائز
حصل الدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى على جوائز عديدة من جهات ثقافية مصرية وعربية، أهم هذه الجوائز:
 جائزة وزارة الثقافة المصرية عام 1982. جائزة نقابة الصحفيين المصريين عام 1987.
 جائزة المجلس الأعلى للثقافة في (النقد الأدبي) عام 1966.
 جائزة أحسن كتاب عن عام 1996 من معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب عن كتاب: «أحمد بهاء الدين: سيرة قومية»، دار الهلال، القاهرة، 1996.
 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية في النقد الأدبي (عام 1997 عن كتابه: «الإتجاه القومي في الرواية»، سلسلة عالم المعرفة – الكويت، 1994، وطبع الكتاب لأكثر من مرة.
 الجائزة الأولى من جامعة المنيا في الثمانينات عن كتابه: «شهرزاد في الفكر العربي».

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من القاهرة
خريجو جامعة عين شمس
كتاب مصريون في القرن 20
كتاب مصريون في القرن 21
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التشجيعية
مصريون شاركوا في حرب الاستنزاف
مفكرون مصريون
مواليد 1366 هـ
مواليد 1947
مواليد في القاهرة

مصطفى عبد الغني (كاتب)


Le Marlborough Nomads Football Club est un club anglais de rugby du , connu pour être l'un des vingt-et-un membres fondateurs de la fédération anglaise de rugby à XV. Il a également fourni un certain nombre de joueurs pour les premières rencontres internationales de ce sport.

Histoire

Le club des Marlborough Nomads est fondé en 1868 par James Bourdillon, membre de l'Indian Civil Service et par F. I. Currey, qui en est devenu le premier secrétaire, puis le capitaine. Il s'agit d'un club pour les anciens élèves du Marlborough College qui avaient déménagé pour vivre et travailler à Londres, mais qui souhaitaient toujours jouer activement au football, d'où le nom de  donné par certains.

Le premier match du club est joué en 1868 contre le Richmond Football Club, sur le terrain de Richmond dans le Old Deer Park. Lors de ce match les Marlborough Nomads sont battus. À l'origine, les Marlborough Nomads jouent à Blackheath, de l'autre côté de la route du Blackheath Football Club, sauf lorsque ce dernier joue à l'extérieur, ils utilisent alors leur terrain. Le terrain de Blackheath n'est pas clos et les spectateurs empiètent souvent sur le terrain. Fidèles à leur nom, ils déménagent et s'installent plus tard à Surbiton sur un terrain privé. Le club commence à s'imposer et leur calendrier comprend un match régulier contre le Blackheath Football Club qu'ils battent finalement en 1882, grâce principalement à A. Kaye Butterworth et Harry Vassal.

Notes et références

Club de rugby à XV fondé en 1868
Club de rugby à XV à Londres
Club de rugby à XV disparu

Marlborough Nomads


O efeito poste de luz, ou o princípio da busca do bêbado, é um tipo de viés observacional que ocorre quando as pessoas procuram apenas por algo onde é mais fácil olhar. Ambos os nomes se referem a uma conhecida piada:

A anedota é atribuída a Nasreddin . De acordo com Idries Shah, este conto é usado por muitos sufis, comentando sobre pessoas que buscam fontes exóticas de iluminação. Fora do corpus de Nasreddin, a anedota remonta pelo menos à década de 1920, e tem sido usada metaforicamente nas ciências sociais desde pelo menos 1964, quando Abraham Kaplan se referiu a ela como "o princípio da busca do bêbado". Noam Chomsky, por exemplo, usa o conto como uma imagem de como a ciência opera: "A ciência é um pouco como a piada sobre o bêbado que procura debaixo de um poste uma chave que perdeu do outro lado da rua, porque é onde está a luz. Não tem outra escolha."

Metáforas
Observação científica

Efeito poste de luz


Hovedgården "Gråsten", på Ærø, var en hertugelig gård med flere bygninger. Området benævnes stadig i nutiden matrikulært "Gråsten by". Gråsten var inden stavnbåndets ophævelse administrationsenheden for Graasten Amt på Ærø.

Hertug Hans den Yngre overtog Ærø i 1564 og oprettede tre hovedgårde: Gråsten, Søbygård og Gudsgave Her residerede bl.a. hertug Christian.

Efter hertug Christians død i 1633 blev Ærø opdelt ligeligt i fire dele, som ved lodtrækning blev delt mellem de tre overlevende sønner af Hans den Yngre og deres afdøde broder Alexanders børn. Herregården Guds Gave i Marstal tilfaldt hertug Hans Christian af Sønderborg, Søbygård tilfaldt hertug Joachim Ernst af Plön, mens Ærøskøbing med Voderup gik til Philip af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg. Endelig tilfaldt Gråsten hertug Frederik af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Nordborg, men han solgte hurtigt sin part til hertug Philip af Glücksburg, således at Glücksburgerne blev de førende godejere på øen. Hertug Philip indrettede herregården "Købinghof" i Ærøskøbing som administrativt centrum for sine besiddelser på Ærø.

I 1750 samlede den danske konge Frederik den 5. Ærø under det danske kongerige i hans egenskab som hertug af Slesvig og Holsten. Herefter udstykkedes alle marker fra Gråsten på en auktion og bygningerne blev senere nedrevet. Gravendal er den største matrikel fra Gråsten. Alle bøndergårdene i Eske, Helle, Kallehave, Vejsnæs og Skovbrynke udgjorde overvejende marker fra Graasten. Derfor står de gamle hertugelige skel og stendiger næsten urørte og landskabet er kulturhistorisk bevaringsværdigt. Hele området afgrænses stadigt naturligt af det store gamle hertugelige stendige.

1767 blev ca. 1750 tønder land drevet af de 4 ærøske godser gennem hoveripligten. Staten overtog jorden i 1767 og solgte jorden i småparceller på nær et par større gårde. Disse jordlodder kunne lejes af lokalbefolkningen, således at forstå at de blev solgt mod en årlig afgift – en form for afbetaling. 1767 blev godserne Gråsten og Voderup nedlagt og solgt, og gårdene nedrevet. Samme år nedbrændt godset Gudsgave, og jorden udstykkedes 1768. 1772 fulgte endelig Søbygård med.

Ejerforholdene til de to andre hertugelige dele af Ærø, Søbygård og Gudsgave er komplicerede. Søbygård blev i den plønske hertugfamilies eje i de næste 100 år, inden slægten uddøde. Gudsgave var i perioder i gottorpernes besiddelse, blev senere konfiskeret af den danske konge og senere i 1684 overdraget hertug August af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Nordborg.

Ved siden af Gråsten ligger også i nutiden gården Gravendal opført i 1769. 1857 brændte den firelængede gård, og blev genopført året efter, som en trelænget gård i slesvigsk stil. Gården er 1800-tallets største landbrugsbyggeri på Ærø. Byggestilen er markant anderledes end samtidige gårde på Ærø. Gården må derfor anses for at være bevaringsværdig. Gravendal ligger på den ærøske højderyg og er offentligt tilgængelig, med udsigt til Sydfynske Øhav, Østersøen, Als, Tyskland, Langeland, Tåsinge, Fyn, samt til det store inddæmmede engområde Gråsten Nor.

I 1977 blev stuehuset moderniseret og i 1984 bygges ny tilbygning til det eksisterende stuehus.
Der har tidligere været mælkekvæg på gården men efter 1993 om der kødkvæg ind i staldene.

Fra 1987 indtil 2014 var der bed & breakfast hvor gæster kom fra hele verden. I 1997 købes der jord og bygninger fra Tornhave og i 2012 oprettes gårdbutik med salg af egne okskødsprodukter.

Lokaliteter på Ærø
Dansk lokalhistorie

Gråsten (Ærø)


Die Motorenbaureihe OM 300 (groß) des Herstellers Daimler-Benz umfasst mehrere Generationen Sechszylindermotoren, die hauptsächlich für den Antrieb mittelschwerer und schwerer Lastwagen produziert wurden. Die Ursprünge reichen mit der Vorgängerkonstruktion OM 67 bis in die Mitte der 1930er Jahre zurück, abgelöst wurden die Motoren ab 1970 durch die Baureihe OM 400.

Geschichte und Entwicklung
Unmittelbar nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde der mittelschwere Lastwagen L 4500 zunächst unverändert weitergebaut, d. h. mit dem Vorkriegsmotor OM 67/4. 1954 erhielt der Motor bei unverändertem Hubraum (und ansonsten unbekannten Änderungen) die Bezeichnung OM 325. Bereits im Jahr 1950 wurde aus dem Vorkriegsmotor bereits der hubraum- und leistungsstärkere OM 315 abgeleitet. 1956 folgte mit dem OM 326 ein nochmals stärkerer Motor mit vier Ventilen je Zylinder.

Umstellung auf Direkteinspritzung
Bis ca. 1964 hatten die Motoren Vorkammer-, danach Direkteinspritzung. Für den normalen LKW-Einsatz lag die maximale Leistung zuletzt bei 177 kW (240 PS) in Deutschland. Ab ca. 1970 wurden die Motoren ersetzt durch die neu entwickelte Baureihe OM 400.

In Brasilien wurde zumindest der OM 355 jedoch weitergebaut und später weiterentwickelt. Wahlweise als Sauger mit 240 PS oder als Turbomotor mit 280 PS verrichtet er in Haubern wie dem 1924 oder 1928 seinen Dienst. Ab 1988 erreicht dieser Motor mit Turboaufladung sowie Ladeluftkühlung 340 PS.

Technische Daten

Weblinks

Dieselmotoren in Mercedes-Benz Nutzfahrzeugen
Diesel-Meilensteine und Mercedes-Benz
Geschichte der Mercedes-Benz Lkw

OM 300#groß
Motorenmodell (Reihenmotor)
Motorenmodell (Diesel)

Mercedes-Benz OM 300 (groß)


Mændenes 3 meter synkroniseret udspring fra vippe under sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro fandt sted 10. august 2016 på Maria Lenk Aquatic Center.

Tidsoversigt
Alle tider er brasilianske tid (UTC−3)

3 meter synkroniseret udspring fra vippe (herrer)

Udspring under sommer-OL 2016 – 3 meter synkroniseret udspring fra vippe (herrer)


Maximilian von Poseck (* 1. Oktober 1865 in Rastatt; † 18. November 1946 in Berge) war ein deutscher General der Kavallerie der Reichswehr.

Leben

Herkunft
Seine Eltern waren der preußische Major Theodor von Poseck (1820–1888) und dessen Ehefrau Mary, geborene Boys (1825–1885).

Karriere
Poseck trat nach dem Besuch der Kadettenanstalt am 14. April 1885 als Sekondeleutnant in das 1. Badische Leib-Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 20 der Preußischen Armee ein. Als Rittmeister war er u. a. 1903 Chef der 5. Eskadron im Westfälischen Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 7 in Saarbrücken. Am 27. Januar 1905 beförderte man Poseck zum Major und als solcher war er Adjutant der Generalinspektion der Kavallerie und später Chef des Stabes. Mit der Beförderung zum Oberstleutnant am 27. Januar 1912 wechselte Poseck wieder in den Truppendienst über und wurde Kommandeur des 1. Brandenburgischen Dragoner-Regiments Nr. 2 in Schwedt/Oder. Diese Stellung behielt er bis Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs bei und wurde zwischenzeitlich am 22. März 1914 zum Oberst befördert.

Mit Kriegsbeginn wurde er Chef des Generalstabes des Höheren Kavallerie-Kommandos Nr. 2, mit dem Poseck an der Westfront zum Einsatz kam. Nach der Auflösung des Verbandes war in gleicher Funktion beim Höheren Kavallerie-Kommando Nr. 1 an der Ostfront tätig. Ab 21. Januar 1918 fungierte Poseck als Kommandeur der Garde-Ersatz-Division, die er u. a. während der deutschen Frühjahrsoffensive befehligte.

Nach Kriegsende führte Poseck den Verband in die Heimat zurück und wurde dann in die Reichswehr übernommen. Mit der Beförderung zum Generalleutnant am 1. Oktober 1920 wurde er Inspekteur der Kavallerie (In 3) im Reichswehrministerium. In dieser Funktion folgte am 1. Januar 1925 die Beförderung zum General der Kavallerie. Am 30. September 1926 wurde Poseck von seinem Posten abgelöst und in den Ruhestand verabschiedet.

1933 wurde er Präsident des gleichgeschalteten Reichsverbandes für Zucht und Prüfung deutschen Warmbluts. Er besuchte den 3. Waffentag der deutschen Kavallerie im Juli 1933 in Düsseldorf, eine propagandistische Großveranstaltung. Posek war Rechtsritter des Johanniterordens.

Familie
Er heiratete am 12. Oktober 1889 Natalie Brunner (1866–1897). Nach ihrem frühen Tod heiratete Poseck deren Schwester Adolfine (* 1870). Aus den Ehen gingen die Kinder Günther (* 1890), Mary (* 1892), Max (*/† 1897) und Magarethe (* 1902) hervor.

Auszeichnungen
 Preußisches Dienstauszeichnungskreuz
 Ritterkreuz des Ordens der Württembergischen Krone mit den Löwen
 Ritterkreuz I. Klasse des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen
 Ritter II. Klasse des Ordens Albrechts des Bären
 Ritter der Ehrenlegion
 Eisernes Kreuz (1914) II. und I. Klasse
 Ritterkreuz des Königlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern mit Schwertern
 Roter Adlerorden II. Klasse mit Schwertern
 Kronenorden II. Klasse mit Stern
 Ehrenkreuz I. Klasse des Fürstlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern mit Schwertern
 Offizier des Bayerischen Militärverdienstordens mit Schwertern
 Komtur I. Klasse des Albrechts-Ordens mit Schwertern
 Hanseatenkreuz Hamburg
 Hanseatenkreuz Bremen

Literatur
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Uradeligen Häuser. 12. Jg., Justus Perthes, Gotha 1911, S. 596
 Maximilian von Poseck: Verzeichniß der in der Poseck'schen familiengeschichtlichen Sammlungen vorkommenden adeligen Namen. In: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Wappen-, Siegel- und Familienkunde. 24 (1896), S. 135–153. online Überwiegend thüringische und sächsische Adelsfamilien erfasst.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Generalmajor (Königreich Preußen)
General der Kavallerie (Reichswehr)
Befehlshaber im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Rechtsritter (Johanniterorden)
Träger des Ordens der Württembergischen Krone (Ritter)
Träger des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen (Ritter I. Klasse)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Ritter des Königlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern
Träger des Roten Adlerordens 2. Klasse
Träger des Preußischen Königlichen Kronenordens 2. Klasse
Träger des Bayerischen Militärverdienstordens (Offizierskreuz)
Träger des Albrechts-Ordens (Komtur 1. Klasse)
Ritter des Hausordens Albrechts des Bären
Träger des Hanseatenkreuzes (Hamburg)
Träger des Hanseatenkreuzes (Bremen)
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes I. Klasse
Adliger
Deutscher
Geboren 1865
Gestorben 1946
Mann

Maximilian von Poseck


In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type glutamate receptors. These synapses are named "silent" because normal AMPA receptor-mediated signaling is not present, rendering the synapse inactive under typical conditions. Silent synapses are typically considered to be immature glutamatergic synapses. As the brain matures, the relative number of silent synapses decreases. However, recent research on hippocampal silent synapses shows that while they may indeed be a developmental landmark in the formation of a synapse, that synapses can be "silenced" by activity, even once they have acquired AMPA receptors. Thus, silence may be a state that synapses can visit many times during their lifetimes.

Synaptic transmission

Normal transmission across a glutamatergic synapse relies on the neurotransmitter glutamate, the glutamate-specific AMPA receptor (AMPAR), and calcium ions. Calcium ion entry into the presynaptic terminal causes the presynaptic release of glutamate, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binding to glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. There are four subtypes of glutamate receptors: AMPA receptors (AMPARs) (formerly known as quisqualate receptors), NMDA receptors (NMDARs), kainate receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Most research has been focused on the AMPARs and the NMDARs. When glutamate binds to AMPARs located on the postsynaptic membrane, they permit a mixed flow of Na+ and K+ to cross the cells membrane, causing a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This localized depolarization is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Silent synapses release glutamate as do prototypical glutamatergic synapses, but their postsynaptic membranes contain only NMDA—and possibly mGlu—receptors able to bind glutamate. Though AMPA receptors are not expressed in the postsynaptic membranes of silent synapses, they are stored in vesicles inside the postsynaptic cells, where they cannot detect extracellular glutamate, but can be quickly inserted into the postsynaptic cell membrane in response to a tetanizing stimulus. The NMDAR is functionally similar to AMPAR except for two major differences: NMDARs carry ion currents composed of Na+, K+, but also (unlike most AMPAR) Ca2+; NMDARs also have a site inside their ion channel that binds magnesium ions (Mg2+). This magnesium binding site is located in the pore of the channel, at a place within the electrical field generated by the membrane potential. Normally, current will not flow through the NMDAR channel, even when it has bound glutamate. This is because the ion channel associated with this receptor is plugged by magnesium, acting like a cork in a bottle. However, since the Mg2+ is charged and is bound within the membrane's electric field, depolarization of the membrane potential above threshold can dislodge the magnesium, allowing current flow through the NMDAR channel. This gives the NMDAR the property of being voltage-dependent, in that it requires strong postsynaptic depolarization to allow ion flux.

Characteristics

Silent synapses were proposed as an explanation for differences in quantal content of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) mediated by AMPARs and NMDARs in hippocampal neurons. More direct evidence came from experiments where only a few axons were stimulated.
The stimulation of a silent synapse does not elicit EPSCs when the postsynaptic cell is clamped at -60 mV. Stimulation of a silent synapse will elicit EPSCs when the postsynaptic cell is depolarized beyond -40 mV. This is because they lack surface AMPAR to pass current at hyperpolarized potentials, but do possess NMDARs that will pass current at more positive potentials (because of relief of magnesium block). Moreover, the EPSCs elicited with depolarized membrane potentials can be completely blocked by D-APV, a selective NMDAR blocker.

Activation
Silent synapses are activated via the insertion of AMPARs into the postsynaptic membrane, a phenomenon commonly called "AMPA receptor trafficking."

When glutamate binds to a strongly-depolarized postsynaptic cell (e.g., during Hebbian LTP), Ca2+ quickly enters and binds to calmodulin. Calmodulin activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which — among other things — acts on AMPAR-containing vesicles near the postsynaptic membrane. CaMKII phosphorylates these AMPARs, which serves as a signal to insert them into the postsynaptic membrane. Once AMPARs are inserted, the synapse is no longer silent; activated synapses no longer require simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic activity in order to elicit EPSPs.  After initial activation (Early Long Term Potentiation), if the post synaptic neuron continues to be stimulated, it will adjust to become permanently excitable (Late Long Term Potentiation).  It does this by changing its level of AMPA Receptor production which are then inserted into the membrane at the synapse.

Evidence suggests that dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1), an Ig superfamily member, is involved in the maturation of synapses, essentially "awakening" the silent synapses.

Competing Hypotheses
The characterization of silent synapses is an ongoing field of research and there are many things about them that are not yet known. Some of what is currently accepted about the properties of silent synapses may still prove to be incorrect in whole or in part. Some controversies about silent synapses have however, been settled. For example, until recently, there were four competing hypotheses for the mechanisms of synapse silence:

The "whispering synapse" hypothesis:
A synapse that releases glutamate more slowly than normal, thus activating only high affinity NMDA receptors, but not low affinity AMPA receptors
The "low Pr" synapse hypothesis:
A synapse that is not technically silent, but appears to be so, because it has such a low presynaptic probability of release that it rarely is activated.
The "glutamate spillover" hypothesis:
A synapse that does not release its own presynaptic glutamate, but in which the postsynapse detects low concentrations of glutamate "spilling over" from neighboring synapses.  Only the high affinity NMDARs, but not the low affinity AMPARs can detect this low level of glutamate
The "lack of AMPA receptor" hypothesis
A synapse that lacks postsynaptic AMPA receptors

All four of these hypotheses had their adherents, but the first three were largely ruled out as a mechanism for synapse silence by work published before 2008. However, recent experiments have clearly established that silent synapses can be observed at brainstem synapses bearing postsynaptic AMPA receptors. This study favors the glutamate spillover hypothesis by showing that at silent synapses the glutamate concentration is reduced. At least, this study indicates that the popular hypothesis of the postsynaptic silent synapses does not apply in all systems.

Integration with other topics
The Role of Silent Synapses in Long Term Potentiation

 Many of the mechanisms involved in Long Term Potentiation are similar if not identical to those involved in silent synapse activation.  Both processes require the recruitment of AMPA receptors to the synapse.

Neural Development

 During development there are certain critical periods where sensory input is essential for correct development.  This is necessary for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions.  Activating silent synapses helps build the neural networks needed for this development.

AMPA Receptor Trafficking

 Because silent synapses are activated by the insertion of AMPAR's, the trafficking of those receptors is highly applicable.  Evidence suggests that the main source of AMPA receptor recruitment in Long Term Potentiation comes from the endocytic/recycling pathway, but there is also evidence that lateral membrane diffusion from extrasynaptic areas could also contribute to AMPAR recruitment.

See also
Long-term potentiation
Hebbian theory
Learning
Memory

References

External links
 http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Silent_synapse

Neuroplasticity

Silent synapse


La saison 2022-2023 du Mans FC, club de football français, voit le club évoluer en National avec le statut professionnel. L'équipe participe également à la Coupe de France.

Il s'agit de la huitième saison du club sarthois en troisième division du championnat de France de football, la quatrième sous l'appellation actuelle "National" et la troisième consécutive depuis la relégation à l'issue de la saison 2019-2020.

Avant-saison
L'équipe première du Mans FC reprend l'entraînement le lundi 27 juin après une trêve estivale d'environ un mois et demi.

Entre le 4 et le 9 juillet, les joueurs et le staff partent en stage à Parigné avant d'aborder le programme de six matchs amicaux de préparation avant la reprise du championnat, programmée le 12 août. Le bilan comptable de cette préparation est plutôt mitigé avec seulement deux victoires pour quatre défaites.

Transferts

Mercato estival
À l'issue de la saison 2021-2022, le club enregistre de nombreux départs, à commencer par les cinq joueurs prêtés qui retrouvent leurs clubs respectifs. Neuf autres joueurs se retrouvent en fin de contrat, dont les deux anciens Hamza Hafidi et Alexandre Vardin, présents depuis 2016 parmi l'effectif des "Sang et Or". À ces départs s'ajoutent ceux de sept joueurs de la réserve ayant côtoyé l'équipe première.

Dans le sens des arrivées, Tristan Boubaya, les frères Jeffrey et Edwin Quarshie, Alexandre Vincent, Lilian Njoh, Harold Voyer, Jonas Smith, Freddy Colombo et Mike Bettinger sont progressivement officialisés par le club. Le retour de l'entraîneur adjoint Yohann Feurprier est également annoncé à la suite du départ de William Prunier en fin de saison. De son côté, Noa Cervantes arrive en provenance de Reims sous forme de prêt sans option d'achat.

Le club officialise également la signature des premiers contrats professionnels de quatre jeunes du centre de formation : Martin Rossignol, Zaïd Amir, Paul Lehoux, et Mickaël Bod.

La veille de la reprise, le club annonce sa recrue la plus importante jusqu'ici : Fahd El Khoumisti, élu meilleur joueur de National la saison passée. Le club déclare avoir terminé son mercato, et invite également trois jeunes joueurs à la reprise avec les pros : Ianis Polla Boyom, Théo Argoud et Adam Hammoudi. Seul le premier cité restera durablement parmi l'effectif.

Une semaine après la reprise, le club perd son gardien Pierre Patron, parti à Charleroi, et fait revenir Nicolas Kocik, passé au Mans lors de la saison 2018-2019. À la suite des blessures d'Alexandre Lauray et Mike Bettinger, le club ne compte plus de latéral droit parmi son effectif professionnel. Cela permet au jeune Oscar Verneau d'intégrer provisoirement le groupe, avant que Pierre-Daniel Nguinda ne soit recruté pour pallier ce poste. Cela marque la fin du mercato estival du Mans FC.

Mercato hivernal
À la suite d'une nouvelle défaite à Cholet (1-2), l'entraîneur brésilien Cris est démis de ses fonctions, Yohann Feurprier assurant l'intérim. Après une large victoire face au Puy Foot (5-1), Réginald Ray est nommé à la tête de l'équipe mancelle, qu'il avait déjà entraîné lors de la fin de saison 2019-2020. Une semaine après son arrivée, un premier mouvement notable a lieu avec la signature professionnelle du jeune défenseur Théo Eyoum, arrivé en provenance de la réserve de Rennes en début de saison et peu à peu intégré au groupe pro.

Le mercredi 30 novembre, le club annonce le départ définitif de Fahd El Khoumisti vers Concarneau, alors que le joueur était en conflit avec la direction depuis de longues semaines et ne jouait plus.

Le lundi 2 janvier 2023, soit un jour après l'ouverture officielle du mercato hivernal, Le Mans FC accueille sa première recrue en la personne d'Iyad Mohamed, prêté par le Stade Malherbe de Caen. Le même jour, l'ensemble du groupe pro se rend à Ploufragan pour débuter un stage de préparation avant la reprise du championnat.

Deux semaines jour pour jour après l'arrivée d'Iyad Mohamed, une seconde recrue est officialisée par le club. Il s'agit du défenseur expérimenté Lamine Koné, libre après son départ du FC Lausanne-Sport.

En manque de temps de jeu, Freddy Colombo et Paul Lehoux sont respectivement prêtés au Bergerac Périgord FC et au Bourges Foot 18. De son côté, Jeffrey Quarshie est libéré de son contrat et s'engage au CS Sedan Ardennes après avoir pris part aux  de la phase aller. Pour compenser ce départ, le club enregistre l'arrivée sous forme de prêt de N'Dri Philippe Koffi, en provenance du Stade de Reims.

Effectif

Effectif professionnel actuel
Le tableau suivant liste uniquement l'effectif professionnel du Mans pour la saison 2022-2023.

!colspan=8 style="background: #FFFFFF" align=center| Gardiens
|-

|-
!colspan=8 style="background: #FFEC00 " align=center|
|-
!colspan=8 style="background: #FFFFFF" align=center| Défenseurs
|-

|-
!colspan=8 style="background: #FFEC00 " align=center|
|-
!colspan=8 style="background: #FFFFFF" align=center| Milieux
|-

!colspan=8 style="background: #FFEC00 " align=center|
|-
!colspan=8 style="background: #FFFFFF" align=center| Attaquants
|-

Compétitions

National
La saison 2022-2023 du Championnat de France de football National est la  édition du Championnat de France de football National. Le troisième niveau du football français oppose cette saison dix-huit clubs en une série de trente-quatre rencontres. C'est le plus haut échelon auquel peuvent accéder les équipes amateurs puisqu'au-delà, les clubs doivent avoir le statut professionnel pour participer au Championnat de France de football de Ligue 2.

Du fait du passage à 18 clubs en Ligue 2 pour la saison 2023-2024, il n'y aura cette saison que deux montées en Ligue 2 (pas de  barragiste) et six descentes en National 2 au lieu de quatre auparavant.

Aller

Retour

Classement
Source : Classement officiel sur le site de la FFF.

Résultats par journée

Source : fff.fr (Fédération française de football)
Résultat : D = Défaite ; N = Nul ; V = Victoire.

Coupe de France
La coupe de France de football 2022-2023 est la  édition de la Coupe de France, compétition à élimination directe mettant aux prises des clubs de football amateurs et professionnels affiliés à la Fédération française de football, qui l'organise conjointement avec les ligues régionales.

Le vainqueur de la compétition se qualifie pour la phase de groupes de la Ligue Europa 2023-2024 et pour le Trophée des champions 2023.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

2022-2023
Le Mans FC
Le Mans FC

Saison 2022-2023 du Mans Football Club


Kim Elizabeth Giddens (nascida a 30 de dezembro de 1979) é uma política australiana. Ela é membro do Partido Trabalhista Australiano da Assembleia Legislativa da Austrália Ocidental desde 2021, representando o distrito eleitoral de Bateman.

Giddens estudou política e relações internacionais na Universidade de Nova Gales do Sul e educação na Universidade Charles Darwin. Antes de entrar na política, Giddens foi a principal conselheira política do deputado estadual Peter Tinley. Ela já havia trabalhado para o governo da Tasmânia.

Ela foi eleita na eleição estadual da Austrália Ocidental de 2021, tornando-se na primeira parlamentar trabalhista a representar o assento tradicionalmente liberal anteriormente ocupado pelo ministro Dean Nalder.

Mulheres da Austrália na política
Membros da Assembleia Legislativa da Austrália Ocidental
Nascidos em 1979
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Kim Giddens


أحمد علي الزين (5 مارس 1955 -)، روائي وصحفي لبناني. يعمل منذ أواخر السبعينات في الصحافة اللبنانية والعربية حيث يشتهر في كتابة المقالة. كتب للعديد من الصحف اليومية والدورية اللبنانية والعربية. كتب وأنجز للإذاعة والتلفزيون الكثير من البرامج الدرامية والثقافية والسياسية والوثائقية. في الكتابة ألف عدة أعمال روائية بدءًا من الطيون، روايته الأولى، ثم خربة النواح فمعبر الندم «وصولا إلى حافة النسيان وصحبة الطير، الجزء الأول والجزء الثانيمن رواية» ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال. وله إطلالات مسرحية كاتباً وممثلاً، ومنها «رؤيا»، النص المسرحي الذي عرض على مسرح قصر الأونسكو.

النشأة والبدايات

ولد أحمد علي الزين في الخامس من آذار مارس 1955 في بلدة عكار العتيقة الواقعة في جبال لبنان الشمالي. نشأ في كنف والده علي الزين ووالدته فاطمة المحمد في بيئة فلاحية ورعوية تتجلى أحيانا في كتاباته الروائية. أنهى دراسته للمرحلة الابتدائية والمتوسطة في بلدته وتابع دراسته الثانوية في بلدة القبيات المجاورة، ثم انتسب إلى دار معلمي الفنون في مدينة جونية حيث درس الموسيقى. التحق من بعدها بكلية الآداب والفنون في بيروت حيث درس الأدب العربي والمسرح وتخرج سنة 1981.

عمل لفترة من الزمن مدرسا للموسيقى والمسرح ثم غادر هذه المهنة ليتفرغ نهائيا للكتابة الإبداعية والصحافية والعمل التلفزيوني. تزامنت تجربته الكتابية والإعلامية مع فصول الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية والاجتياحات الإسرائيلية للبنان. أما بيروت فهي المدينة التي أحب والتي اختارها للعيش كمعظم أبناء جيله من المثقفين وغير المثقفين القادمين من الأطراف، المدينة التي تتجلى بكتاباته بكل ما عاشته من مسرات وأوجاع. سنة 1979 تزوج في بيروت من ندى تحصلدار، حينها طالبة في دار المعلمين، ولديهما ثلاثة أولاد: علي وكفاح وبشار.

العمل الإعلامي

الصحافة
بدأ عمله في الصحافة عام 1978 محرراً في الصفحة الثقافية لجريدة النداء البيروتية، ثم كتب في العديد من الصحافة اللبنانية والعربية ومنها جريدة السفير والنهار والحياة وزهرة الخليج.

الإذاعة
في الإعلام المسموع كان من بين مؤسسي إذاعة صوت الشعب التي عمل منسقاً ومديراً لبرامجها لسنوات.

أنجز تأليفاً وإعداداً وإخراجاً وتقديماً عشرات البرامج الدرامية والثقافية والسياسية من بينها المسلسل الدرامي: أشياء لا تموت، وبيروت 82، والتعليق السياسي وطني سماؤك، وأيام طه حسين من إعداد الكاتب محمد دكروب، وحبيبتي الدولة للشاعر محمد عبد الله والبرنامج الموسيقي من الضفة الأخرى الذي أعده الناقد الموسيقي نذار مروة، وخبز وملح مع أحمد قعبور، والعديد الآخر.

التلفزيون
أما للتلفزيون فهو شارك مع الفنان أحمد قعبور في كتابة العمل الكوميدي «حلونجي يا إسماعيل» لقناة المستقبل.

ساهم في كتابة نصوص ابن البلد للإذاعة اللبنانية وتلفزيون لبنان التي كان يقدمها الممثل اسميّه أحمد الزين أبو حسن. حقق لتلفزيون لبنان وللمؤسسة اللبنانية للإرسال (Lbc) بعض الأفلام الوثائقية عن شخصيات فكرية وثقافية وفنية لبنانية: أبو علي زين شعيب، أسعد سعيد، والمفكر السياسي كريم مروة.

ساهم في إعداد حلقات حوار العمر الذي قدمته جيزال خوري على قناة المؤسسة اللبنانية للإرسال (Lbc).

قام بقراءات تحت عنوان «كتاب» لتلفزيون أبوظبي عام 2001 إضافة لفقرات وثائقية عن فنانين وممثلين: أمثال زكريا أحمد ومحمد عبد الوهاب وأسمهان وأم كلثوم وعبد الحليم حافظ وفريد الأطرش وليلة مراد والقصبجي وفيروز.

برنامج روافد وتلفزيون العربية
منذ عام 2002 يعمل في قناة العربية حيث يعد ويقدم البرنامج التلفزيوني الحواري (روافد). ويدعو أحمد علي الزين الذي يحترف الحوار الثقافي إلى تذوق جمالية الإبداع والفكر والفن.

وثق في برنامجه لعدد من أبرز المثقفين والفنانين العرب ورافقهم في ترحالهم الفكري والوجودي زماناً ومكاناً. السؤال الإنساني حاضر في تواصله العميق مع وجدان ضيوفه، وبرنامجه مفتوح لعرض التجربة والنقاش من دون تبيان مكامن السوء، أو بالأحرى خارج منطق الخراب.

«روافد» واحد من البرامج التلفزيونية القليلة التي تقارب هموماً إبداعية عربية تنأى عنها الفضائيات العربية عادة، خصوصاً أنه يقوم على إعداد يحترم المبدع الضيف، ويحترم عقل المشاهد وذوقه، بمزجه بين المعلومة وبين العرض الشيق الذي يتأسس على الحوار بين طرفين متكافئين وليس بين «مذيع» ومبدع.

سنة 2010 نال برنامج (روافد) الجائزة الذهبية عن أفضل برنامج ثقافي وتوعوي في مهرجان الخليج للإذاعة والتلفزيون في البحرين عام 2010.

المسرح والسينما

كان له مشاركة متواضعة ممثلاً في المسرح بمشاركته في أعمال للمخرج يعقوب الشدراوي منها: الطرطور 1982 المقتبسة عن الفرافير للكاتب المسرحي يوسف إدريس، ونزهة ريفية وبلا لعب يا ولاد. شارك ممثلاً في فيلم للمخرج غسان سلهب أشباح بيروت، وفي فيلم ناجي العلي من إخراج السنمائي عاطف الطيب ومن بطولة نور الشريف، وفي المسلسل التلفزيوني برسومي لقناة المؤسسة اللبنانية للإرسال (Lbc) ومن إخراج إيلي أضباشي وكتابة سمير مراد. وله أيضا مسرحية تحت عنوان رؤيا عرضت سنة 2001 على مسرح قصر الأونسكو.

العمل الروائي

منذ أواخر الثمانينات أطل أحمد الزين روائياً، شكلت ذاكرته الريفية والرعوية مصدراً أساسا في أعماله، كذلك حكايات المسنين والمكان كانت أيضاً مصدرا لنصه الروائي، طبعا هذا بالإضافة إلى ما فعلته الحروب والصراعات من آلام ومن تصدع في النفوس ومن خراب وهجرات قصرية. ترى المشهد العربي حاضرا في أعماله من فلسطين إلى العراق بأبعاده الاجتماعية والإنسانية، وأيضا في هاجسه حيث نعثر في هذا النص أو ذاك على شخصيات تحمل أوجاع بلادها وأسئلتها وأحلامها، كمثل راشد الحيفاوي الفلسطيني في رواية «خربة النواح»، وبطل «ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال» ذو الجذور عراقية...

حافة النسيان.. ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال

عبد الجليل غزال اسم في أسماء وبطاقة تعريف في بطاقات تعريف. إنه سليل تيه سرمدي يصل بين أولى شرارات السرد وخواتيمها. في حافة النسيان، الجزء الأول من «ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال» دار المدى، 2007؛ دار الساقي، 2010، الضياع مادي بقدر ما هو مجازي، وباطني بقدر ما هو فعل خارجي. رغم الإشارات المبهمة إلى زنزانة، نظن للوهلة الأولى أن الراوي الذي يجر عرجه في دوامة الصحراء في حين يتكئ على عكاز)هو عارضة باب سجنه (، نموذج كافكوي يسدد عقابا لتهمة الوجود. يتململ بين الرغبة في المضي أو المكوث في "سجن لا سجّان فيه" ويترجح بين "البقاء ميتاً" أو "المشي ميتا" ويستفهم وجوديا "لا أدري كيف جيء بي، ومن أيّ الجهات حملوني قبل سنين"، وهي لمحات كافية لتوزيعنا في غير اتجاه. تتراءى حرية الراوي المباغتة صوريّة وامتدادا لاندثار منظّم لا ينطفئ سوى مع طي حياة الراوي، ويعزز ذلك الإحساس تناسل هيئاته. إنه حمالة أوجه: في هنيهة هو عبد الجليل، وفي ثانية مسعود سويحان أو يوسف. إنها مرثية لعالم مثخن بالمجازر والكوابيس والفراغ الذي يطحن الموجودات. فالصحراء التي يقطعها البطل بعد نجاته من دمار السجن وإحراقه هي الخلفية الدائمة لحاضر عبد الجليل التائه في برية العالم وخرائبه. والرواية برمتها تدور في فلك ذلك الخواء الذي يلتهم خطى البشر ويجعل أعمارهم ومصائرهم عرضة للتلف والضياع. أما الذاكرة فليس فيها، باستثناء ومضات الحب والجنس القليلة، سوى روائح الموت وفظاعات السلطات الجائرة وأنظمة الحكم التي لا تتقن سوى القمع والترهيب وكم الأفواه والقتل الجماعي. هكذا يجد البطل نفسه امام مكان مفتوح وأفق مغلق. وحين يحاول أن يستعين بالطفولة لا يجد فيها ما يعثر عليه الأطفال العاديون من ذكريات وردية وقصاصات أحلام، بل يجد اعقاب مجازر وفظاعات ومسيرات تهجير قسري. تحول اللغة الشعرية المفرطة في غلوها دون تسمية الاشياء بأسمائها عند أحمد علي الزين. كأن اللغة في وتائرها القصوى واحتقاناتها الدائمة لا تسمح لصاحبها بالنزول إلى الواقع المباشر والتسميات العادية. هكذا يسمي القرية التي ولد فيها «وادي الدموع» والجبل المتاخم لها «جبل الغربان» ويسمي القرية التي عاش فيها مع أهله بعد خروجهم من)الوطن الأول (إلى)الوطن الثاني (تلة سليمان.".

صحبة الطير.. ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال

«تبدأ» صحبة الطير (الرواية الثانية من الثلاثية) دار الساقي 2010، وترصد حركة البطل وكلبه في حيّزي المكان والزمان، فتتمظهر الحركة في المكان/وادي الدموع وما حوله من صحراء على شكل وقائع مروية تمتد لبضعة أيام، وتتمظهر الحركة في الزمان على شكل ذكريات يعود بعضها لستين سنة خلت، وينجم عن هذه الحركة المزدوجة، المتزامنة، النص الروائي. بكلمة أخرى، الرواية هي حصيلة هذه العلاقة المستجدة بين الراوي/عبد الجليل وكلبه/فرند، وهي تقوم على الروي يقوم به الراوي والاستماع يقوم به الكلب، وإذا كانا يشتركان في التحرك في المكان الروائي المتعدد فانهما يقتسمان الروي والإصغاء بينهما. على هامش هذه الشخصية، وبالتعالق معها، ثمة شخصيات أخرى بعضها تمثيلي يعكس أنماطاً معيّنة من السلوك، وبعضها خاص يعكس تفرّداً يتعلق بالشخصية وحدها. وفي هذا السياق، لكل شخصية حكايتها/خيطها السردي، وأحمد علي الزين يتحكّم بسائر الخيوط، يترك أحدها ليمسك بآخر، ثم يعود للامساك بالأول، في عملية تتناوب فيها الخيوط/الحكايات على الظهور والاختفاء، وتنقطع واحداً تلو الآخر. وعليه، الرواية هي هذا التلاعب المدروس بالخيوط السردية المختلفة، والتحكم بظهورها واختفائها في الوحدات السردية المتعاقبة. على أن معظم شخصيات الرواية، بنوعيها التمثيلي والمتفرد، تنتمي إلى حقل الذكريات، وبعضها ينتمي إلى حقل الوقائع، فيما يتجول عبد الجليل بين الحقلين.»

أعماله

الرواية
 الطيون طبعة أولى 1988؛ طبعة ثانية 2007
 خربة النواح طبعة أولى 1992؛ طبعة ثانية 2007
 معبر الندم طبعة أولى 1998؛ طبعة ثانية 2007
 حافة النسيان.. ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال طبعة أولى 2007
 صحبة الطير.. ثلاثية عبد الجليل غزال طبعة أولى 2010

المسرح
 رؤيا عرضت سنة 2000 على مسرح قصر الأونسكو

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

Ahmad El Zein Website

موقع روافد على العربية نت

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
روائيون لبنانيون
صحفيو قناة العربية من لبنان
صحفيون لبنانيون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1955
مقدمو برامج تلفزيونية حوارية
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 20
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 21

أحمد علي الزين


Gülden Kayalar Kuzubaşıoğlu (d. 5 Aralık 1980, Samsun) Türk eski millî kadın voleybolcudur. Libero pozisyonunda görev almıştır.

Kariyeri

Kulüp
Voleybola 8 yaşında ilkokulunda başlayan Gülden'in ilk oynadığı takım Ladikspor'dur. Daha sonra burada, Atakum ve DSİ Spor'a transfer oldu. 2002-03 sezonunda Şanlıurfa Gençlikspor'un formasını da giydi. 2002'de Ankara Numunespor için sözleşme imzaladı. 2003'te transfer olduğu Eczacıbaşı'da kariyerinin sonuna kadar 14 yıl boyunca forma giymiştir.

2003 Avrupa Bayanlar Voleybol Şampiyonası'nda en iyi libero seçildi. Şampiyonadaki başarısı onun Türkiye şampiyonu olan Eczacıbaşı'na transfer olmasına yardım etti.

Millî takım
Japonya'da düzenlenen 2003 Dünya Kupası yedinciliği sırasında oynamış, Türkiye'de yapılan 23. Avrupa Bayanlar Voleybol Şampiyonası'nda da en iyi libero seçilen Cimcime lakaplı sporcu, dünya voleybolunun yıldızları arasında sayılıyor. Türkiye'nin tarihinde ilk kez katıldığı ve 9. olarak noktaladığı 2012 Londra Olimpiyatları kadrosunda yerini aldı.

Başarılar

Kulüp
Türkiye Bayanlar Voleybol Ligi
 Şampiyon (4): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012
 İkinci (1): 2013
Türkiye Kupası,
 Şampiyon (2): 2009, 2012
 Finalist (1): 2013
Süper Kupa
 Şampiyon (2): 2011, 2012
 Finalist (2): 2009, 2013

Millî takım
 Akdeniz Oyunları
 Şampiyon (1): 2005
 Avrupa Kadınlar Voleybol Şampiyonası
 İkinci (1): 2003
 Üçüncü (1): 2011
 Voleybol Bayanlar Avrupa Ligi
 İkinci (1): 2009
 FIVB Dünya Grand Prix
 Üçüncü (1): 2012

Bireysel
 2003 Avrupa Kadınlar Voleybol Şampiyonası: En iyi libero
 2005 Avrupa Kadınlar Voleybol Şampiyonası: En iyi manşet
 2012 FIVB Dünya Grand Prix : En iyi manset
 2006-07 Bayanlar Voleybol 1. Ligi : En iyi libero
 2007-08 Bayanlar Voleybol 1. Ligi : En iyi libero
 2011-12 Bayanlar Voleybol 1. Ligi: En iyi libero
 2012-13 Bayanlar Voleybol 1. Ligi: En iyi libero
 2014-15 CEV Kadınlar Şampiyonlar Ligi: En iyi libero

Özel hayatı
Emre Kuzubaşıoğlu ile evlidir. Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi'nde Beden Eğitimi okumuştur ve İngilizce bilmektedir. 2018'de dünyaya gelen Duru adında bir kızı vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Gülden Kayalar hakkında (İngilizce) [Broken Link]

1980 doğumlular
Türk kadın voleybolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
2012 Yaz Olimpiyatları voleybolcuları
Türk Olimpiyat voleybolcuları
Samsun doğumlu sporcular
Eczacıbaşı voleybolcuları
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Liberolar

Gülden Kayalar


The Kfar Etzion massacre refers to a massacre of Jews that took place after a two-day battle in which Jewish Kibbutz residents and Haganah militia defended Kfar Etzion from a combined force of the Arab Legion and local Arab men on May 13, 1948, the day before the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Of the 127 Haganah fighters and Jewish kibbutzniks who died during the defence of the settlement, Martin Gilbert states that fifteen were killed on surrendering.

Controversy surrounds the responsibility and role of the Arab Legion in the killing of those who surrendered. The official Israeli version maintains that the kibbutz residents and Haganah soldiers were massacred by local Arabs and the Arab Legion of the Jordanian Army as they were surrendering. The Arab Legion version maintains that the Legion arrived too late to prevent the kibbutz attack by men from nearby Arab villages, which was allegedly motivated by a desire to avenge the massacre of Deir Yassin and the destruction of one of their villages several months earlier. The surrendering Jewish residents and fighters are said to have been assembled in a courtyard, only to be suddenly fired upon; it is said that many died on the spot, while most of those who managed to flee were hunted down and killed.

Four prisoners survived the massacre and were transferred to Transjordan.<ref name="Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti,[https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich/page/116 "Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948], University of California Press,  2000 p.116</ref> Immediately following the surrender on May 13, the kibbutz was looted and razed to the ground. The members of the three other kibbutzim of the Gush Etzion surrendered the next day and were taken as POWs to Jordan.

The bodies of the victims were left unburied until, one and a half years later, the Jordanian government allowed Shlomo Goren to collect the remains, which were then interred at Mount Herzl. The survivors of the Etzion Bloc were housed in former Arab houses in Jaffa.

Background
Kfar Etzion was a kibbutz founded in 1943, for military and agricultural ends, about 2 km west of the road between Jerusalem and Hebron. By the end of 1947, there were 163 adults and 50 children living there. Much of the town's population was made up of Holocaust survivors. Together with three nearby kibbutzim established 1945–1947, it formed Gush Etzion (the Etzion Bloc). According to one member of the settlement, relations were good between settlers and local Arabs, with attendance at each other's weddings, until November 1947.

The United Nations partition plan for Palestine of November 29, 1947 placed the bloc, an enclave in a purely Arab area, inside the boundaries of the intended Arab state, where, moreover, Jewish settlement was to be forbidden through a transitional period. For Hebronite Arabs, the bloc constituted an 'alien intrusion' on ground that had been wholly Arab for centuries,' though it had been built on land either purchased by Jews (1928) or acquired by them through a complex circumvention of Mandatory law in 1942. According to Henry Laurens, Kfar Etzion had started hostilities in the area in December by destroying a local Arab village. On 10 December, a convoy from Bethlehem en route to the Gush Etzion bloc was ambushed and 10 of its 26 passengers and escorts were killed.Yoav Gelber,Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem,Sussex University Press p.26.  Though on January 5, the children and some women had been evacuated with British assistance, and though David Shaltiel recommended its evacuation, the Haganah, on Yigal Yadin's counsel, decided against withdrawing from the settlements for several reasons: they commanded a strategic position on Jerusalem's southern approach from Hebron, and were considered, in the words of Abdullah Tall, a 'sharp thorn stuck in the heart of a purely Arab area'. Several relief convoys from the Haganah in Jerusalem had been ambushed.

In the months prior to May 15, Haganah militiamen in the bloc's kibbutzim repeatedly fired on Arab civilians, and British traffic, including convoys, moving between Jerusalem and Hebron, under instruction to do so in order to draw and drain Arab forces from the fight for Jerusalem.Benny Morris, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews, I.B.Tauris, 2003, pp. 135-37. On two occasions, April 12 and May 3, Arab Legion units were ambushed, and several legionnaires killed or wounded by the bloc militias, - Kfar Etzion soldiers being directly involved in the incident on April 12 - Arab irregular forces made small-scale attacks against the settlements. An emergency reinforcement convoy attempting to march to Gush Etzion under cover of darkness was discovered and its members killed by Palestinian Arab forces. Despite some emergency flights by an Auster from Jerusalem and Piper Cubs out of Tel Aviv onto an improvised airfield,  adequate supplies were not getting in.

As the end of the British Mandate drew closer, the fighting in the region intensified. Although the Arab Legion was theoretically in Palestine under British command, they began to operate more and more independently. On March 27, land communication with the rest of the Yishuv was severed completely when the Nebi Daniel Convoy was ambushed on its return to Jerusalem, and 15 Haganah soldiers died before the remainder were extricated by the British. It was ambushes by the Etzion Bloc militias conducted against Arab Legion units on April 12 and May 4 that, according to a Haganah analysis, tipped the Legion's policy towards the bloc from one of isolating it to destroying it. On May 4, following the last ambush of a Legion convoy, a joint force of British, Arab Legion and irregular troops launched a major punitive attack on Kfar Etzion. The Haganah abandoned a few outposts but generally resisted, and the attack failed, leaving 12 Haganah soldiers dead, 30 wounded, with a similar number of Arab legionnaires killed, and several dozen wounded. Units from the bloc may have attacked Arab traffic the following day, but the failure of the Legion's assault led Hebronites and Legion units to plan a final attack and destroy the Etzion Bloc militarily.
The final assault on Kfar Etzion began on May 12. Parts of two Arab Legion companies, assisted by hundreds of local irregulars, had a dozen armored cars and artillery, to which the Jewish defenders had no effective answer. The commander of Kfar Etzion requested from the Central Command in Jerusalem permission to evacuate the kibbutz, but was ordered to stay. Later in the day, the Arabs captured the Russian Orthodox monastery, which the Haganah used as a perimeter fortress for the Kfar Etzion area, killing twenty-four of its thirty-two defenders.

On May 13, an attack broke through Kfar Etzion's defences and reached the settlement's centre effectively cutting off the perimeter outposts from each other.

Massacre

In the Israeli mainstream version, when the hopelessness of their position became undeniable on May 13, dozens of defenders, the haverim, of Kfar Etzion laid down their arms and assembled in the courtyard, where they suddenly began to be shot at. Those not slain in the first volleys of fire pushed past the Arabs, and either escaped to hide, or gathered their weapons, and were hunted down. The number of people killed and the perpetrators, the Arab legion or local village irregulars or both, are in dispute. According to one account, the main group of about 50 defenders were surrounded by a large number of Arab irregulars, who shouted "Deir Yassin!" and ordered the Jews to sit down, stand up, and sit down again, when suddenly someone opened fire on the Jews with a machine gun and others joined in the killing. Those Jews not immediately cut down tried to run away but were pursued. According to Meron Benvenisti, hand grenades were thrown into a cellar, killing a group of 50 who were hiding there. The building was blown up.

According to other sources, 20 women hiding in a cellar were killed. David Ohana writes that 127 Israeli fighters were killed on the last day.

Arab losses during the two day battle, according to a Haganah estimate, numbered 69: 42 irregulars, and 27 legionnaires. A number of Israeli histories of the Kfar Etzion massacre (such as Levi, 1986, Isseroff, 2005) state that the defenders had put out the white flag and lined up to surrender in front of the school building of the German monastery. An Arab version recounts that a white flag was flown, and drew the Arabs into a trap where they were fired on. Benny Morris cites a Legion officer's statement that the defenders had not formally surrendered, that some resistance continued, with shooting at Arabs, after others had surrendered, that local villagers shot legionnaires trying to defend prisoners, and that legionnaires had to shoot some villagers engaged in the killings. The figure of 127 massacred appears to include both those who surrendered only to be slain, and the defenders who had been killed in battle over 12–13 May.

In another account, after the 133 defenders had assembled, they were photographed by a man in a kaffiyeh, and then an armored car apparently belonging to the Arab Legion opened fire with its machine gun, and then Arab irregulars joined in. A group of defenders managed to crawl into the cellar of the monastery, where they defended themselves until a large number of grenades were thrown into the cellar. The building was then blown up and collapsed on them.

About 129 persons died in the battle and its aftermath.  Only three of the remaining Kfar Etzion residents and one Palmach member survived. According to their own testimony, the circumstances of their survival were as follows.
 Yaacov Edelstein and Yitzhak Ben-Sira tried to hide amongst a jumble of boulders and branches, but they were discovered by a "wrinkled, toothless, old Arab" who told them "Don't be afraid." Then a group of Arab irregulars rushed up and threw them against a wall. The old Arab tried to shield them with his body. As they argued, two Arab Legionnaires came up and took the two Jews under their protection.
 Nahum Ben-Sira, the brother of Yitzhak, was away from the main group when the massacre started. He hid until nightfall then escaped to a nearby kibbutz.
 Alisa Feuchtwanger (Palmach) tried to hide in a ditch with several others. They were discovered and all were killed except Alisa, who was dragged away by several Arab irregulars. As the group were trying to rape her, an Arab Legion officer (Captain Hikmat Mihyar) arrived, shot two of the perpetrators and sent the rest away. Afterwards the officer gave her bread, waited until she finished eating, and said to her (quote) "You are under my protection". She testified that while the officer took her to safety, he shot dead wounded Jews.

Both Alisa and Nahum said that the Legion soldiers actively participated in the massacre.

A total of 157 defenders died in the battle of Gush Etzion (Levi, 1986), including those killed in the massacre at Kfar Etzion. About 2/3 of them were residents and the remainder were Hagana or Palmach soldiers. Israeli historical geographer Yossi Katz put the death toll at 220. Most of the kibbutz's male residents were killed.

On the following day, the Arab irregular forces continued their assault on the remaining three Etzion settlements. Fearing that the defenders might suffer the same fate as those of Kfar Etzion, Zionist leaders in Jerusalem negotiated a deal for the surrender of the settlements on condition that the Arab Legion protected the residents. The Red Cross took the wounded to Jerusalem, and the Arab Legion took the remainder as prisoners of war. In March 1949 320 prisoners from the Etzion settlements were released from the "Jordan POW camp at Mafrak", including 85 women.

Aftermath

On October 28, 1948, the Arab village al-Dawayima was conquered by the IDF 89th Commando Battalion. They then committed the Al-Dawayima massacre, as the villagers were blamed for the Kfar Etzion massacre. Estimates of the number of killed Arab villagers range from 80–100 to 100–200, depending on the source.Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007), Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War, in E. Benvenisti & al, Israel and the Palestinian Refugees, Berlin, Heidelberg, New-York : Springer, pp. 59-127

The bodies of the killed of Kfar Etzion were left at the site for a year and a half, until in November 1949, the Chief Military Rabbi, Shlomo Goren was allowed to collect their bones. They were buried in a full military funeral on November 17 in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which about half of the population of Jerusalem attended. Their communal grave was the first grave in what is today the military cemetery of Mount Herzl.

The Etzion Bloc became a symbol of Zionist heroism and martyrdom among Israelis immediately after its fall, and this importance continues. The date of the massacre was enshrined as Israel's Day of Remembrance.

The site of the Etzion Bloc was recaptured by Israel during the 1967 war. The children who had been evacuated from the Bloc in 1948 led a public campaign for the Bloc to be resettled, and Prime Minister Levi Eshkol gave his approval. Kfar Etzion was re-established as a kibbutz in September 1967, as the first Israeli settlement in the West Bank after the war.

 See also
 Convoy of 35
 Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War
 List of massacres in Israel
 Battle of the Alamo

References

Bibliography
 L. Collins and D. Lapierre, O Jerusalem!, Grafton Books, 1982, .
 I. Levi, Jerusalem in the War of Independence ("Tisha Kabin" - Nine Measures - in Hebrew) Maarachot - IDF, Israel Ministry of Defence, 1986.
 D. Ohana, Kfar Etzion: the Community of Memory and the myth of return, Israel Studies, vol. 7 no. 2 (2002) 145–174.
 J. C. Lehr and Y. Katz, Heritage Interpretation and Politics in Kfar Etzion, Israel, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2003, 215–228.
 B. Morris, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews'', I.B. Tauris (2003), .

1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 massacres of Jews in Palestine or Israel
History of Gush Etzion
Massacres in Mandatory Palestine
Burials at Mount Herzl
May 1948 events in Asia
Massacres in 1948
1948 murders in Asia
Massacres of Jews
Prisoner of war massacres
Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims 1941-49

Kfar Etzion massacre


Dalni  es un posiólok del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar del sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Ponura 1º,  constituyente del Ponura, afluente del río Kirpili, 37 km al noroeste de Dinskaya y 42 km al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 174 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Novovelichkovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Дальний (Динской район).
 El municipio en la web del raión .

Localidades del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Dalni (Dinskaya, Krasnodar)


Amt Züssow ligger midt i Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald i den tyske delstat Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. I Amtet har 15 kommer sammenlagt deres forvaltninger med administrationen liggende i byen Züssow, og med kontorer i Gützkow og Ziethen. Den eneste købstad (Stadt) i amtet er Gützkow.

Historie
Amt Züssow blev dannet i 1992 og bestod da af de seks kommuner Groß Kiesow, Karlsburg, Lühmannsdorf, Ranzin (der 1. januar 2005 blev en del af kommunen Züssow), Wrangelsburg og Züssow. 1. januar 2005 blev det sammenlagt med de gamle amter Gützkow, Züssow og Ziethen til det nye Amt Züssow .

 Det tidligere Amt Gützkow bestod af kommunerne Bandelin, Gribow, Gützkow, Kölzin og Lüssow. Kommunen Kammin var også en del af Amt Gützkow men bystyret belsuttede her at lægge sig sammen med kommunen Behrenhoff i Amt Landhagen.

 Det tidligere Amt Ziethen bestod af kommunerne Groß Polzin, Klein Bünzow, Murchin, Rubkow, Schmatzin og Ziethen. Lassan valgte at blive en del af Amt Am Peenestrom.

Geografi
Amtets område stækker sig fra baglandet til Østersøen mod nord, til floden Peene mod syd. Mod øst grænser amtet til en smal stribe af Peenestrom.

Mod syd ligger Amt Anklam-Land, mod nord amterne Landhagen og Lubmin og mod nordøst Amt Am Peenestrom. Der er ingen bakker af betydning, og der er kun få søer i amtet: Kosenowsee i Gützkow, Schlosssee i Wrangelsburg og Küchensee i Murchin samt Poldersee i Menzlin im Amtsgebiet. Højeste punkt er Moeckow-Berg der er 55 moh.

Kommuner og landsbyer
 Bandelin med Kuntzow, Schmoldow og Vargatz
 Gribow med Gloedenhof
 Groß Kiesow med Dambeck, Groß Kiesow Meierei, Kessin, Klein Kiesow, Klein Kiesow-Kolonie, Krebsow, Sanz (Hof I, III, IV, V, VI, VII), Schlagtow, Schlagtow Meierei, Strellin
 Groß Polzin med Klein Polzin, Konsages, Pätschow, Quilow, Stolpmühl og Vitense
 Stadt Gützkow med Breechen, Dargezin, Dargezin Vorwerk, Fritzow, Gützkow Meierei, Kölzin, Lüssow, Neuendorf, Owstin, Pentin, Upatel og Wieck
 Karlsburg med Moeckow, Steinfurth und Zarnekow
 Klein Bünzow med Klitschendorf, Groß Bünzow, Groß Jasedow, Krakow, Pamitz, Ramitzow og Salchow
 Lühmannsdorf med Brüssow, Giesekenhagen og Jagdkrug
 Murchin med Lentschow, Libnow, Pinnow og Relzow
 Rubkow med Bömitz, Buggow, Daugzin, Krenzow, Wahlendow og Zarrentin
 Schmatzin med Schlatkow og Wolfradshof
 Wrangelsburg med Gladrow
 Ziethen med Jargelin undog Menzlin
 Züssow med Nepzin, Oldenburg, Radlow, Ranzin, Thurow og Wilhelmshöh

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur

Unternehmen
Wirtschaftlich ist die Land- und Forstwirtschaft vorherrschend. Die Diakonie Züssow mit den Heimen in Züssow und Gützkow und das Klinikum Karlsburg sind als größere Arbeitgeber erwähnenswert. In allen Gemeinden gibt es zahlreiche Gewerbe- und Dienstleistungsbetriebe. In Gützkow bestehen zwei Gewerbegebiete mit Autobahnanbindung. Der Tourismus spielt eine noch untergeordnete Rolle mit Gastronomie- und Beherbergungsbetrieben. Industrieansiedlungen fehlen fast völlig.

Trafik
Motorvejen Bundesautobahn 20 fører gennem den vestlige del af Amtes Züssow. Bundesstraße B 109 (fra Greifswald til Anklam) 0g B 111 fra (Gützkow til Wolgast) samt L 35 (tidligere B 96) går gennem amtet.

I 1863 fik Züssow forbindelse med jernbanen Angermünde–Stralsund. Her drejer banen Züssow–Wolgast Hafen mod Wolgast og har via Usedomer Bäderbahn forbindelse til Świnoujście (Swinemünde) og Peenemünde på øen Usedom. Dermed blev stationen i Züssow betydning som omstigningsstation for badeturismen ved Østersøen.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Amtets websted

Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Amt Züssow


Victoria Tauli-Corpuz é consultora de desenvolvimento e activista indígena internacional da etnia Kankana-ey Igorot. Como relatora especial da ONU, ela foi encarregada de investigar supostas violações dos direitos dos povos indígenas e promover a implementação de padrões internacionais relativos aos direitos dos povos indígenas. Ela continuou no cargo de relatora especial até março de 2020.

Ela é a conselheira indígena e de género da Rede do Terceiro Mundo, e membro do Comité Consultivo das Organizações da Sociedade Civil do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento.

Reconhecimento
Tauli-Corpuz foi incluída numa lista de dez pessoas que tiveram um papel importante nos desenvolvimentos científicos em 2021, compilada pela revista científica Nature.

Nascidos em 1952
Pessoas vivas
Ativistas dos direitos indígenas
Ativistas das Filipinas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)
Naturais das Filipinas
Feministas

Victoria Tauli-Corpuz


Die US Open 2002 im Badminton fanden vom 17. bis zum 21. September 2002 in Orange statt.

Austragungsort
Orange County Badminton Club, Orange

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
tournamentsoftware.com

World Badminton Grand Prix 2002
2002
Badminton 2002
Badmintonwettbewerb in Orange (Kalifornien)

US Open 2002 (Badminton)


Birthe Kjær (* 1. September 1948 in Aarhus) ist eine dänische Schlagersängerin.

Schon in den späten 1960er Jahren begann ihre Gesangskarriere und sie veröffentlichte ab da beinahe jedes Jahr ein Album. Sie nahm 1980, 1986 und 1987 beim Dansk Melodi Grand Prix teil ohne jedoch einen Sieg zu erringen. 1989 allerdings gewann sie den dänischen Vorentscheid und durfte daher beim Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1989 in Lausanne für ihr Heimatland antreten. Mit dem Schlager Vi maler byen rød erreichte sie den dritten Platz.

1990 moderierte sie die dänische Vorauswahl zum Eurovision Song Contest.

2004 hatte sie einen Charthit zusammen mit dem Safri Duo: Die Single Hvor `vi fra? war die Hymne für das dänische Team bei der Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004. 2005 wollte sie bei der Tanzshow Vild med dans, dem dänischen Let's Dance, teilnehmen, erlitt aber bei den Proben einen Herzinfarkt, dem aber eine schnelle Genesung folgte. 2009 präsentierte sie erneut die dänische Vorauswahl zum Eurovision Song Contest.

Diskografie (Auswahl)

Alben

Singles
 1989: Vi Maler Byen Rød (DK: )

Weblinks

Homepage

Quellen

Musiker (Dänemark)
Schlagersänger
Interpret eines dänischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Däne
Geboren 1948
Frau

Birthe Kjær


Aloys Jousten (Sankt Vith, 2 de novembro de 1937 - Colônia, 20 de setembro de 2021) foi um bispo belga.

Aloys Jousten vem de Eibertingen, na Bélgica Oriental de língua alemã. Depois de terminar o ensino médio em Sankt Vith, Jousten estudou em Sint-Truiden e no seminário de Liège. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 8 de julho de 1962. Ele recebeu seu PhD pela Universidade Católica de Louvain em 1966.

Jousten tornou-se professor no Seminário de Liège em 1964. Em 1975 tornou-se diretor da escola secundária para meninas no Heidberg Institute em Eupen e de 1970 a 1985 foi capelão em Amel. Em 1985 tornou-se decano de Sankt Vith e vigário episcopal da área de língua alemã da diocese de Liège. Em 1990 tornou-se reitor e pastor em St. Nikolaus em Eupen.

Em 9 de maio de 2001, o Papa João Paulo II nomeou Jousten Bispo de Liège. Ele recebeu a consagração episcopal em 3 de junho do mesmo ano do Cardeal Godfried Danneels, Arcebispo de Mechelen-Bruxelas. Os co-consagradores foram o núncio apostólico na Bélgica, Pier Luigi Celata, os ex-bispos de Liège, Guillaume-Marie van Zuylen e Albert Houssiau, e o bispo de Hasselt, Paul Schruers.

Em 2 de novembro de 2012, o bispo Jousten ofereceu ao Papa sua renúncia, que o Papa Francisco aceitou em 31 de maio de 2013.

Depois de participar do evento final do Congresso Eucarístico Mundial em Budapeste com o Papa Francisco em 12 de setembro de 2021, ele morreu inesperadamente oito dias depois durante um encontro de ex-colegas em Colônia. Em 27 de setembro de 2021, as cerimônias fúnebres do Bispo Jousten aconteceram na Catedral de São Paulo em Liège, e o enterro ocorreu na cripta da catedral.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Bélgica

Aloys Jousten


Legiunea Română din Praga a fost o unitate militară formată din foști soldați și ofițeri austro-ungari constituită în Praga în 30 octombrie 1918, cu scopul declarat al concentrării, organizării și expedierii acestora spre Transilvania, pentru a se pune la dispoziția noilor autorități române. Formarea ei a fost direct legată de înființarea Senatului Militar Român Central al Ofițerilor și Soldaților din Viena, căruia i-a fost ulterior subordonată. Organizarea ei a reprezentat un segment al unui plan mai vast de creare a unei forțe militare regulate, care să fie la dispoziția Consiliului Național Român Central.

Formațiunea a activat în perioada marcată de schimbările militare, politice și sociale care au culminat cu destrămarea și prăbușirea Imperiului Austro-Ungar, prin unitățile sale aducându-și contribuția la proclamarea independenței Cehoslovaciei, precum și la apărarea acestui act politic până la constituirea unei forțe armate proprii cehoslovace.

Odată cu restabilirea ordinii în Praga și cu consumarea ultimelor încercări de redresare a monarhiei austro-ungare, Legiunea și-a considerat misiunea încheiată și s-a repatriat pe o rută care a parcurs Austria și Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven. Dat fiind că viitorul Banatului nu era încă definitiv lămurit, comandamentul militar sârb a pus în practică dezarmarea forțele militare bine echipate ale Legiunii aflate în tranzit, aducându-și în acest mod contribuția la împiedicare formării unei armate proprii transilvănene. În cele din urmă toți soldații Legiunii au ajuns totuși în Transilvania și unitatea s-a autodizolvat în 2 decembrie la Cluj. Majoritatea membrilor acesteia s-au înrolat ulterior în Gărzile Naționale Române și în Armata Română din Transilvania.

Context

În ultimele zile ale lunii octombrie 1918, pe frontul din Italia Armata Austro-Ungară a suferit o înfrîngere decisivă în Bătălia de la Vittorio Veneto, înfrângere în urma căreia a fost deschisă o breșă în frontul acesteia. În paralel, o serie de mișcări sociale asociate luptei duse pentru autodeterminare de către naționalitățile Imperiului Austro-Ungar, au făcut inutile încercările împăratului Carol I și ale demnitarilor statului dualist, de a salva de la disoluție Dubla Monarhie. În acest context, prăbușirea armatei imperiale și emiterea de către împărat a manifestului "Către popoarele mele credincioase", prin care supușii împăratului Carol au fost încurajați să își constituie consilii și senate militare, au creat condiții favorabile pentru înființarea unor senate și legiuni românești formate din foști militari austro-ungari.

La Praga, într-o conjunctură favorabilă concentrării și organizării soldaților români transilvăneni, în toamna anului 1918 s-au aflat Regimentul 2 Brașov (încărtiruit în cazarma "Franz Joseph"), o parte a Regimentului 51 Cluj (cu o componentă românească mai mare de 50 % ) și Regimentul 37 Oradea (încartiruit în cazarma "Albrechts"). Pe data de 28 octombrie 1918 Consiliul Național Cehoslovac a proclamat independența cehilor, act asociat cu ocuparea principalelor instituții administrative și manifestații cu caracter național. În aceeași zi trupele românești concentrate în Praga au refuzat să tragă în manifestanții cehi pentru a înăbuși demonstratiile de stradă. Deoarece majoritatea unităților militare constituite din cehi – la acea vreme erau angajate în luptă în alte zone ale imperiului și constituirea unei forțe armate naționale era doar începută, liderii cehoslovaci mizând pe spiritul de solidaritate al românilor, au apelat la sprijinul acestor forțe militare pentru a opune rezistență unor eventuale acțiuni cu caracter represiv, cu atât mai mult cu cât în oraș se găseau și regimentele 68 Szolnok (maghiar) și 73 Eger (german).

Constituirea Legiunii

Încurajate de rapiditatea cu care cehii și-au declarat independența, trupele românești au procedat la organizarea unui corp expediționar care să să deplaseze în Ardeal, pentru a se pune la dispoziția noilor autorități române.

Pe data de 30 octombrie 1918, la Turčiansky Svätý Martin s-a semnat "Proclamația poporului slovac", prin care Slovacia a devenit parte a Cehoslovaciei. În aceeași zi, ca urmare a inițiativei preotului militar Laurențiu Curea a avut loc o întrevedere a ofițerilor români din cazarma aflată la Praga a Regimentului 51 Cluj și s-au pus bazele unui Consiliu Național Român și ale unei formațiuni militare, prin care românii

Concomitent, s-a luat legătura și cu ofițerii celorlalte 2 regimente cu etnici români, pentru ca aceștia să se pună la dispoziția noilor autorități militare românești înființate. O delegație din rândul ofițerilor adunați a intrat în aceeași zi în legătură și cu liderii Consiliului Național Cehoslovac, pentru a-i asigura de sprijin. Noua formațiune militară în curs de constituire urma să asigure ordinea și securitatea în oraș, precum și pe o rază de 10 kilometri jurul acestuia, urmând să-și dea concursul inclusiv în cazul unei rezistențe maghiaro-germane.

Soldații români au continuat cu luarea unor măsuri asiguratorii. Astfel, fideli fiind în continuare ideii de imperiu, generalii Comandamentului austriac din Praga, Kestranek și Stonsche au fost arestați, soldații maghiari existenți au fost dezarmați și membri organizației revoluționare paramilitare a sokolilor cehi de pe plan local, au fost înarmați cu armament din depozitele celor 3 regimente.

La 1 noiembrie 1918 Legiune Română din Praga s-a constituit oficial din efectivele reduse ale celor trei regimente preponderent românești (la care s-au adăugat și români din Regatul României căzuți prizonieri) printr-o ședință în localul școlii germane, iar la 3 noiembrie în sala de gimnastică a acesteia, s-a sfințit drapelul românesc și s-a depus jurământul de credință față de națiunea română în forma stabilită de Consiliul Național Român Central, nou-înființat.

Organizare și funcționare
Efectivele Legiunii care au numărat la 1 noiembrie 1425 de suflete, au crescut pe măsură ce soldații fostei armate austro-ungare au părăsit frontul pentru a se îndrepta spre casă, fie pe măsură ce din lagărele de prizonieri au fost eliberați alți soldați.

Comandant a fost desemnat căpitanul de rezervă Alexandru Simon din Regimentul 2 Infanterie, secondat de locotenentul Zeno Herbay. Preotul militar Laurențiu Curea a fost delegat administrator și sublocotenentul Gavril Câmpeanu, secretar. S-au creat 3 trei resorturi conduse fiecare de un responsabil: "Intendența" (responsabil sublocotenent Gavril Câmpeanu), "Serviciul de legătură cu Consiliul Național Cehoslovac" (responsabili subofițerii cunoscători ai limbii cehe Octavian Bohățel și Horia Petra Petrescu) și "Serviciul medical" (responsabil medicul Brutus Macavei). Împărțirea efectivului s-a făcut în cinci companii. Cu scop de individualizare a soldaților, din 9 noiembrie 1918 comandantul acesteia a dispus renunțarea la vechile însemne imperiale și purtarea în locul acestora la braț și pe chipiu a unei panglici tricolore cu inscripția "Legiunea Română".

În perioada 4–24 noiembrie 1918, comandamentul Legiunii a luat o serie de măsuri în ceea ce privește asigurarea unor condiții acceptabile de igienă, instituirea ordinii și disciplinei, echiparea și înarmarea, organizarea unei propagande active contra  ideilor propagate de Revoluția bolșevică din Rusia și asigurarea cu rapiditate a asistenței militare. Consiliul Național Cehoslovac a pus la dispoziția Legiunii române un spațiu pentru încărtiruire, armament, alimente, medicamente și o soldă zilnică.

Printr-o declarație, conducătorii Legiunii Române din Praga s-au subordonat Senatului Militar Român Central al Ofițerilor și Soldaților din Viena (îndrumat de trimisul Partidului Național Român din Transilvania, Iuliu Maniu), organism care-și propusese gruparea și organizare în jurul său a soldaților și ofițerilor români din vestul Dublei Monarhii și care la data de 1 noiembrie trimesese o delegație (formată din ofițerii Petru Popovici și Emil Colbazi) la Praga. Pentru a colabora eficient Legiunea Română din Praga a trimis un delegat ca membru al Senatului Militar Român Central.

Activitate
Pe parcursul lunii noiembrie 1918, s-au depus eforturi semnificative cu scopul de a localiza, concentra, organiza și încadra în continuare soldați români din fosta armata austro-ungară în cadrul Legiunii.

Conform înțelegerii încheiate de partea română (reprezentată de ofițerii Gheorghe Repede, Laurențiu Curea și V. Cioban) cu liderii Consiliului Național Cehoslovac (reprezentat de dr. Scheiner), militarii Legiunii au contribuit la menținerea ordinii în Praga, precum și la sprijinirea acțiunilor desfășurate de Regimentul 28 ceh. De asemeni, au participat la lucrările de fortificare și întărire a cazărmilor militare și a altor puncte importante din oraș, pentru ca acesta să facă față în eventualității declanșării unei eventuale intervenții de represiune, după cum au contribuit la repunerea în funcțiune a unor activități industriale, a unor clădiri și a unor instalații dezafectate necesare reluării activității economice.
Este de menționat că, succesov unei la solicitări de ajutor din partea Consiliului Național Ceh, o parte din trupele române din Viena organizate și încadrate de către Senatul Militar Român Central (anume fostul Regiment 2 de la Brașov, sub comanda colonelului Alexandru Simion) au fost trimise la Praga , pentru a ajuta la calmarea manifestările naționaliste ale celor care erau încă adepții ideii de imperiu și a asigura liniștea.

Spre sfârșitul acestei luni însă, dat fiind că soldați români nu mai soseau de pe front și în contextul restabilirii ordinii în Praga și a eșecului ultimelor încercări de redresare a monarhiei austro-ungare, Legiunea Română din Praga și-a considerat misiunea încheiată. Conducerea Legiunii a luat în calcul acordarea de sprijin militar cehilor pentru eliberarea Slovaciei, într-un moment în care teritoriul slovac era amenințată de trupele maghiare, ulterior urmând ca trupele române să treacă în Ardeal. După primirea știrii despre convocarea Mareii Adunări Naționale de la Alba Iulia însă, planul a fost abandonat și s-a trecut la elaborarea unui plan de expediere directă a a soldaților spre Transilvania.

Este de menționat faptul că, prin organizarea unor unitati militare Consiliul Național Român Central a urmărit consolidarea pozitiei sale. Printr-un plan mai vast al acestui Consiliu, s-a urmărit însă și organizarea unei forțe militare regulate, înafară de cea reprezentată de Gărzile Naționale Române. În acest context, unitățile din etnici români care s-au aflat la Pragu trebuiau să revină în Transilvania conform indicațiilor Senatului de la Viena.

Drumul spre casă

Cadrul Convenției de Armistițiu

Convenția de armistițiu care a fost semnată la Belgrad la data de 13 noiembrie între Antantă – reprezentată de generalul Louis Franchet d'Esperey si guvernul Karolyi, a determinat apariția unei situații cu caracter relativ confuz fixând o linie de demarcație între trupele Antantei si acelea ale Ungariei, într-un context în care teritoriile aflate la sudul acestei linii au rămas în administrația statului meaghiar și în Banat au intrat trupe sârbe. Astfel, exercitarea autoritatii Consiliilor Naționale a devenit dificilă.

Cadrul Convenției lăsând loc de o interpretare mai elastică, nu era clar dacă garzile și trupele cu caracter național român organizate de Consiliul Național Român Central, ar fi trebuit sau nu să părăsească teritoriul ce urma a fi evacuat. Astfel, unele formațiuni care primiseră ordin să traverseze teritoriul evacuat si să se îndrepte spre Arad au fost dezarmate de către trupele sârbe.

De la Praga la Cluj

O echipă de recunoaștere condusă de către sublocotenentul Comșa fost trimisă până la Cracovia, pentru a verifica mai întâi posibilitatea întoarcerii prin Galiția. Datorită faptului că între ucraineni și polonezi izbucniseră lupte și linia dintre Lemberg și Colomeea fusese întreruptă prin aruncarea în aer a podului de peste râul San la Przemyśl, proiectul a fost abandonat, la fel cum a fost abandonat și proiectul de reîntoarcere în Transilvania pe drumul cel mai scurt, datorită refuzului conducerii maghiare de a autoriza traversarea Ungariei. La final s-a ales pentru a ajunge la timp la deschiderea Marii Adunări Naționale de la Alba-Iulia, drept rută de repatriere un drum care a parcurs Austria și Regatul Sârbo-Croato-Sloven.

Conform cererii comandanților Legiunii, Consiliul Național Cehoslovac a pus la dispoziție militarilor români o garnitură de tren, bani necesari pentru acoperirea cheltuielilor de transport, precum și echipamentul și armamentul necesare. De asemeni, pentru a facilita călătoria același consiliu a eliberat o scrisoare de recomandadare către autoritățile sârbo-croato-slovene.

Pe data de 24 noiembrie 1918 activitatea din Praga a Legiunii a luat sfârșit, militarii români îmbarcându-se în tren pe 25 noiembrie într-un cadru festiv, însoțiți fiind de o companie cehă și de muzică militară. Pe parcursul drumului comanda a fost preluată de către locotenentul Virgil Mircea, căpitanul Simon și locotenentul Herbay râmânând în Praga pentru a definitiva predarea inventarului. La Zagreb însă, unitățile românești au fost oprite și dezarmate în mod umilitor de către sârbi. Dat fiind că viitorul Banatului nu era încă definitiv  lămurit, prudent, comandamentul militar sârb a decis astfel să dezarmeze forțele militare bine echipate ale Legiunii, spulberând în acest mod speranța românilor din Ardeal de formare a unei armate proprii. În cele din urmă toți soldații acesteia au ajuns Transilvania, fiind la Cluj pe 2 decembrie, dată la care Legiunea Română din Praga s-a autodizolvat. Ulterior, majoritatea ofițerilor și soldaților unității s-au înrolat în Gărzile Naționale Române și în Armata Română din Transilvania.

Problemele pe care le-a întâmpinat Legiunea în timpul drumului de la Praga, au reprezentat unul dintre motivele pentru care Consiliul Național Român Central a adresat un memoriu ministrului pentru afaceri externe al Frantei. În acest memoriu, Consiliul a cerut să se intervină la Consiliul de război al Antantei în scopul modificarii unor prevederi neclare, a unor formulări echivoce sau defavorabile intereselor etnicilor români din Transilvania, ale Convenției de armistițiu.

In memoriam

În anul 1935 în prezența unui fost membrul al Legiunii – în același timp și reprezentant al României, doctorul Gheorghe Repede, autoritățile cehoslovace au amplasat o placă omagială din bronz pe clădirea Comandamentului Militar din Praga, cu următorul text:

Dupa Primul Război Mondial, voluntari români – inclusiv dintre cei aflați l-a Praga, s-au organizat într-o Uniune a foștilor voluntari din Războiul pentru întregirea neamului și au editat Gazeta voluntarilor între anii 1923 si 1937. În perioada 29-30 septembrie 1923, la Bratislava a avut loc un Congres al foștilor voluntari din România, Cehoslovacia și Iugoslavia, unde s-a hotărât crearea unei Federații a tuturor voluntarilor din țările Micii Antante. Această organizație a fost creată în cele din urmă la 30 decembrie 1923, a ținut congrese până în anul 1935 și a avut secretariatul la Praga.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Groza, Mihai-Octavian; Românii apărând Praga.Fragmente din activitatea Legiunii Române din Praga (30 Octombrie – 24 noiembrie 1918) în Lucrările Conferinței Naționale "Fragmente din trecut.Tinerii cercetători și Istoria" - Cluj-Napoca, 27-29 martie 2015; Presa Universitară Clujeană; Cluj; 2015; pp. 235-244; ISBN 978-973-595-876-3
 Studii - Revistă de Istorie; Tom. 21/1968, Nr. 6;
 Nuțu, Constantin; Partidul National Roman din Transilvania si problema unirii; pp. 1009-1038
 Țuțu, D; Voluntarii români din Transilvania în lupta împotriva Puterilor Centrale, pentru eliberare națională și unitate (1916-1918); pp. 1125-1144
Lectură suplimentară
 Marin Pop; Activitatea Legiunii Române din Praga reflectată în colecția personală "Gavril Câmpeanu"; Buletinul Muzeului Militar, 1/2003, vol. II; București; 2003; pp. 276-284
 Șerban, Ioan. I.; Din lupta voluntarilor transilvăneni pentru Unire. Senatul Central al ofițerilor și Soldaților Români din Viena și Legiunea Română de la Praga; Sargeția. Acta Mvsei Devensis, număr XV, 1981; pp. 278–286

Legături externe
 Popescu, George; Istorica: Voluntari și prizonieri români din Marele Război – Fișier audio; Radio România Actualități; 5 noiembrie 2013

Vezi și

 Armata Comună
 Ministerul Imperial și Regal de Război
 Manifestul Popoarelor

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial
Cehoslovacia
Corpuri de voluntari români care au luptat în acțiunile militare postbelice (1918-1920)

Legiunea Română din Praga